BRITISH LICHENS
BRITISH LICHENS
BRITISH LICHENS
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<strong>BRITISH</strong> <strong>LICHENS</strong>
A MONOGRAPH<br />
OF THE<br />
<strong>BRITISH</strong> <strong>LICHENS</strong><br />
A DESCRIPTIVE' CATALOGUE<br />
OF THE SPECIES IN THE<br />
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, <strong>BRITISH</strong> MUSEillI<br />
PART II<br />
SEOOND EDITION REVISED<br />
BY<br />
ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L.S.<br />
ILONDON:<br />
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE<br />
<strong>BRITISH</strong> MUSEUJ\'l<br />
SOLD .I.T<br />
THE <strong>BRITISH</strong> MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORy), OROlIWELL ROAD, S.W.7<br />
AND BY<br />
B. QUA.RlTOII, LTD; DULA.U & 00., LTD.; THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY<br />
PRESS; AND WHELDON & WESLEY, LTD., LONDON; ALSO BY<br />
OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH<br />
1926<br />
(All rights reserved)
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY<br />
RWR"RD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,<br />
BUNOAY, SUFFOLK.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION<br />
THE long interval in time between the pUblication of Parts I.<br />
and II. of the Monograph of British Lichens has been caused by<br />
the continued ill-health and ultimate death of the Rev. James<br />
Crombie, the author of Part I. Mr. Crombie had determined,<br />
and partly arranged, a number of specimens, and had also begun<br />
to prepare descriptions of the genera and species for Part II.,<br />
when the work was finally interrupted by his death in 1906.<br />
His collections, together with his MSS., were generously presented<br />
to the Trustees of the British Museum by Mrs. Crombie, and I<br />
was fortunately able to arrange with Miss Annie Lorrain Smith to<br />
continue thc work. In the preparation of Part II. Miss Smith<br />
has followed the form and arrangement adopted in Part 1., except<br />
where dIVergence seemed absolutely necessary.<br />
A. B. RENDLE.<br />
DEPART3JENT OF BOTANY,<br />
<strong>BRITISH</strong> MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),<br />
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W.<br />
February 1911.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION<br />
THE preparation of the new edition has given opportunity for<br />
revision and for the incorporation of the large amount of material<br />
received at the Museum since the publication of the first edition<br />
in 1911. These additions include the herbarium of J. R. Martindale,<br />
a set of Dr. James Stirton's lichens, and some of the later<br />
issues of the Rev. W. Johnson's exsiccataJ.<br />
Some of the families included in the Appendix to Part 1. have<br />
now been incorporated in Part II.<br />
A classified list of species of Microfungi recorded by British<br />
authors as Lichens has been added; and an Appendix including<br />
emendations and additions to Part I. (1918) brings the whole<br />
work up to date.<br />
A. B. RENDLE.<br />
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,<br />
<strong>BRITISH</strong> MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),<br />
CROMWELL ROAn, LONDON, S.W.<br />
January 1926.<br />
vi
NOTE TO FIRST EDITION<br />
IN the preparation of Part II. of the Monograph of British Lichens<br />
I have incorporated, as far as possible, the work previously done<br />
by Mr. Crombie, and the classification adopted follows, for the<br />
most part, the main lines of that projected by him in the first<br />
volume. Any discrepancies between the sequence of orders and<br />
genera and that outlined in the Synopsis in Part I. are explained<br />
where they arise. The" Natural Orders" under which the<br />
genera are classified correspond with tho " Families" recognised<br />
by A. Zahlbruckner in Engler and Prantl's "Pfianzenfamilien." In<br />
Mr. Crombie's Synopsis the" Families" represent the first grade<br />
of division of the Lichens and are subdivided into series, tribes<br />
and genera. In Part II. the term" Natural Order" has been<br />
employed to avoid confusion, and, at the same time, to bring the<br />
Monograph into line with recent systematic methods.<br />
According to modern views, more importance is assigned to<br />
the microscopic structure of the fruit than was allowed by<br />
Nylander and Crombie in their scheme of classification. The<br />
systematic value of the form, colour and septation of the spores<br />
had, however, already been recognised by Massalongo and other<br />
continental Lichenologists, and by Mudd in our own country.<br />
I wish to acknowledge my great indebtedness to the Staff of<br />
the Botanical Department of the British Museum with whom I<br />
have been associated during the course of the work and whose<br />
assistance has been most fully given, and to Dr. A. Zahlbruckner,<br />
of Vienna, who has kindly advised me on some points of nomenclature.<br />
I have to thank Mr. A. W. Dennis, who brought to me<br />
the first specimens of Gongylia viridis, collected by 1\1r. B. W. J.<br />
Starling. For further new or rare specimens I am indebted to<br />
the Rev. D. Lillie, the Rev. W. Johnson, and the Rev. H. P.<br />
Reader, and to Messrs. E. M. Holmes, J. A. Martindale, J. A.<br />
vii
viii NOTE TO SECOND EDITION<br />
Wheldon and A. Wilson. I wish also to thank Mr. P. Highley<br />
for the care he has shown in making the drawings for the plates<br />
which have been expressly prepared for this work.<br />
ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH.<br />
NOTE TO SECOND EDITION<br />
THERE have been no fundamental changes in the new edition.<br />
Some alteration in the grouping of species, especially in the genus<br />
Lecidea, has been made: the plan of the small Handbook * in<br />
giving leading importance to the internal structure and colouring<br />
of the apothecium has been followed, ana:should aid in the identification<br />
of species.<br />
Generous help has been given by :Miss M. C. Knowles,<br />
Messrs. D. A. Jones, H. H. Knight, J. Menzies, R. Paulson, Rev.<br />
P. G. 1\1. Rhodes and Dr. W. Watson in sending specimens as<br />
well as new records of species or localities and in pointing out<br />
omissions in the text of the previous edition or errors in placenames.<br />
Their assistance has been invaluable and has been much<br />
appreciated. I have also to thank Dr. A. H. Magnusson for notes<br />
of his work on Acarosporae, and my colleagues in the Botanical<br />
Department for freely given advice on critical points.<br />
ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH .<br />
• A Handbook of British Lichens, !by Annie Lorrain Smith, F.L.S.<br />
Published by the Trustees of the British Museum, 1921. Price 6/6.
CYCLOCARPINEiE C
4 CYCLOCAl'INEAll GYALECT<br />
Var. dolichospora B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. Suppl. 116 (1914).<br />
Thallus thin. Apothecia smaller and more superficial than in the<br />
species; spores larger, up to 35 f.L long, 11 f.L thick.<br />
I am indebted to Dr. Watson for drawing my attention to this<br />
variety. Mr. Knight states that it is the common form in W. England<br />
and has also been observed in the Isle of Wight.<br />
Hab. On Limestone.-B.lIf. Birdlip and Cirencester, Gloucester·<br />
shire.<br />
§ ii. EUGYALECTA A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf.<br />
i. 1*, 126 (1905). Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecial margin<br />
typically entire; spores 3- or more-septate or muriform.<br />
2. G. cupularis Schmr. Enum. 94 (1850).-Thallus effuse, very<br />
thin, continuous, subleprose, whitish or pale-greyish, partly<br />
immersed (K -, CaCl -). Apotheeia moderate, superficial and<br />
prominent; epithecium impressed, concave, flesh-coloured or<br />
yellowish-red, the margin thickish, entire or at times radiatostriate,<br />
whitish; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender,<br />
not well discrete; spores ellipsoid, 3- then multi-septate and<br />
muriform, 15-17 f.L long, 7-9 f.L thick (or up to 25 !.t X 12 !.t);<br />
hymenial gelatine slightly bluish then wine-red with iodine.<br />
.Mudd Man. 166 and passim, t. 3. f. 59; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 33,<br />
t. 13. f. 1. Lichen cupularis Ehrh. Beitr. iv. 45 (1789); Dicks.<br />
Crypt. {asc. ii. 18; With. Arr. cd. 3, iv. 22 (excl. hab. ,. on<br />
trees "). Lichen marmoreus With. l.c. (1796) (excL hab. "on<br />
trees ") ; Engl. Bot. t. 739. Lecidea cupularis Ach. Meth. 56<br />
(IB03); Carroll in Nat. Hist. Rev. vi. 525; Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
62; Leight. Lich. Fl. 352; cd. 3, 381. L. marmorea Ach. Syn.<br />
46 (1814); Hook. 1U Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 184 (1833); Hook. Fl.<br />
Scot. ii. 40 (excl. hab. "on trees"); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 473;<br />
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 129 (exel. hab. " on trees ").<br />
Exsicc. BohI. n. 33, pI.; Leight. n. 122; Mudd n. 139; Cromb.<br />
n. 76; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 186; Johns. n. 329.<br />
As in the preceding species. the thallus penetrates the rock to a<br />
depth of 310 f.L or more. The numerous but not crowded apothecia<br />
are almost closed at first, but become open with the margin frequently<br />
radiate·rugose except in muscicolous specimens.<br />
Hab. On rocks, chiefly ealcareous, and on mortar of walls, rarely<br />
on schistose rocks or overspreading mosses, in maritime, upland, and<br />
subalpine localities.-Di.str. General and usually plentiful, where it<br />
oocurs, in mQst parts of Great Britain; apparently rarer in N. and S.<br />
Ireland, as 0.180 in the Channel Islands.-B . .M. Rozel, Jersey; Kymyal<br />
Cliff, near Penzance, Cornwall; J3athampton Downs, Somerset; Hall.<br />
ing Hill, near Lewes, Sussex; Breda Hill, Leicestershire; Whltecliffe<br />
Rocks, near Ludlow, and Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shropshire; Bllsdale<br />
and Guisboro' Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley<br />
and Mallerstang, Westmorland; Lamplugh, Cumberland; Island of<br />
Lismore and Appin House, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and
GYALECTA OYALECTACElE 5<br />
Craig Tulloch. Perthshire; Cuchullin Hills, Isle of Skye; Craig Ouie<br />
and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Grogans Glen and Colin Glen,<br />
near Belfast, Antrim; Ballaghbeama Gap, Kerry; Ballynahineh and<br />
near Erriff, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Var. marmorea Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. Fr. pt. 2,178 (1902).<br />
Distinguished from the species by the entire margin and by the<br />
habitat.-W. G. Travis, Lanc. Nat. iii. 82 (1910).<br />
Recorded on decayed moss. The condition of the margin scems<br />
to be merely a growth phase that occurs in plants on lImestone as well<br />
as in those on mosses.<br />
Hab. On mosses on mortar of an old limestone wall at Downham,<br />
Lancashire.<br />
3. G. foveolaris Schoor. Enum. 94: (1850).-Thallus effuse,<br />
granulose or subleprose, whitish or greyiflh-white (K -, CaCI-).<br />
Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, numerous, scattered,<br />
urceolate, flesh- or pale-rose-coloured, the margin thin, entire or<br />
subcrenulate, paler; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses not<br />
well discrete; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 18-21 (J. long,<br />
6-7 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid with iodine.<br />
Urceolaria foveolaris Ach. Meth. 14:9 (1803). Lecidea foveolaris<br />
Ny!. in Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. 119 (1857); Carroll in Journ. Bot.<br />
iv. 23 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 62; Leight. Lich. Fl. 334;<br />
ed. 3, 359.<br />
Resembles Gyalecta rubra in the form of apothecia and spores, but<br />
differs in the absence of an outer thalline margin.<br />
Hab. Incrusting decayed mosses on the ground in subalpine and<br />
alpine regions.-Dtstr. Sparingly in Yorkshire and on the Grampmns.<br />
Seotland.-B. ltf. Teesdale, Durham; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers and<br />
Killin, Perthshire; Morrone, Bracmar, Abcrdeenshire.<br />
4. G. geoica Ach. Lich. Univ. 31 (181O).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thin, subpulverulent, greyish (K -, Ca01-). Apotheeia minute,<br />
urceolate, more or less immersed, pale yellowish-flesh-coloured,<br />
the margin entire, persistent, whitish; hypothecium pale; paraphyses<br />
somewhat coherent, clavate at the apices; spores oblong<br />
or ellipsoid, 3-septate, usually 12-15 (J.long, 6-7 (J. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatin; bluish then sordid-violet with iodine.-G. Wahlenbergiana<br />
Aeh. Syn. 9 (1814:); Leight. Angioc. Lich. t. 13. f. 2. G. foveolaris<br />
Mudd Man. 167 (1861) (non Schoor.). Lichen geoicus Wahlenb.<br />
in Vet. Ak. Handl. 142, t. 4. f. 5 (1806). Lecidea geoica Ny!. in<br />
Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. 119 (1857); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 62; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 333; cd. 3, 359.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 123.<br />
Closely related to the preceding. with which at times it has been<br />
confounded, but differs in the much smaller fructification and the<br />
shortcr spores. The disc of the numerous, at times aggregate, apothecia<br />
often collapses in age, so that. as in other plants of this section, they<br />
appear whitish from the colour of thl' h,Ypothecium.
6 CYCLOCARPINElE GYALECTA<br />
Hab. On calcareous soil among rocks and on wall· tops in upland<br />
rarely mantime situations.-Distr. Very local in England and the<br />
Highlands of Scotland.-B. JJf. Cromer, Norfolk; Stiperstones and<br />
Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire; Barcaldine, Argyll;<br />
Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,<br />
A berdeenshire.<br />
5. G. rubra MassaI. Ric. Lich. Crost. 146 (1852).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, powdery or granulose, whitish, the hypothallus<br />
whitish, scarcely visible (K -). Apothecia moderate in size<br />
(rarely up to 1·5 mm. across), at first closed then open and<br />
concave, the disc rosy-red or reddish flesh-coloured, sometimes<br />
slightly pruinose, the outer margin prominent, persistent, crenulate;<br />
paraphyses stoutish, septate, clavate and red at the tips;<br />
spores oblong-ellIpsoid, 3-septate, 15-23 fJ. long, 5-8 fJ. thick.<br />
Mudd Man. 166, t. 3, fig. 58. Patellarw rubra Hoffm. PI. Lich.<br />
i. 81, t. 17, fig. 2 (1790). Parmelia rubra Ach. Meth. Lieh. 170<br />
(1803); Leight. Angioc. Lich. 86, t. 14, fig. 1. Lecanora rubra<br />
Ach. Lich. Univ. 389 (1810); Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 49 & in Sm.<br />
Engl. Fl. v. 190; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 58 & Monogr. i. 457; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 230; ed. 3, 222. Lichen Ulmi Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2218<br />
(1810). Rinodina rubra S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 457 (1821).<br />
Phialopsis rubra Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 170 (1855); Mudd<br />
Man. 165.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 168; Leight. n. 236; Mudd n. 138.<br />
Forming a thin widely effuse scurf on the substratum of bark or<br />
m(Jss. The apothecia are numerous and prominent and well marked<br />
by the white crenulate margin and the rose·red disc.<br />
Though classified by various lichcnologists under Lecanora, the<br />
structure of the thallus (with Trentepohha gonidia), and of the apothecia,<br />
agree with the Gyalectre.<br />
Hab. On old trunks of trees-oaks or elms, and on mosses on<br />
walls, &c.-Distr. Local or rare in S .. W. and N. England and in the<br />
Scottish Highlands.-B. lIf. Beedmg Priory, Sussex; Wigmore Castle,<br />
Herefordshire; Craig.y·Rhiw, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near<br />
Rievaulx, Bilsdale and Greta Bridge, Yorkshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair<br />
Athole, Perthshirc. '"<br />
'" "Phialopsis livida Mudd Man. 166 (1861).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thinnish, subtartareous, granulose.verrucose, becoming somewhat<br />
leprose, white. Apothecia small, not numerous, scattered, sessile,<br />
the disc dull· or bluish· black, slightly concave then plane, the margin<br />
thickish, smooth, polished, white; hypothecium dark·red, grumous;<br />
spores ellipsOld-oblong, irregularly 4-celIed." Specimen not seen.<br />
Mudd has stated that" this species somewhat resembles Lecanora.<br />
(Aspicilia) verrycosa in its mode of expansion and outward appearance.<br />
It may be known by the colour of its hypothecium, stout<br />
paraphyses and by the internal organization of its spores." In the<br />
absence of specimens it IS advisable to leave it where Mudd placed itnext<br />
to " Phialopsis rubra." Carroll (Journ. Bot. vi. 100, 1868) has<br />
suggested that this may be a state of Biatorma pulverea, but the spores<br />
are different.<br />
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, Killarney, Kerry.
GYALECTA GYALECTACElE 9<br />
tate, 58-80 (.L long, 3-4 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish<br />
with iodine.-Lichen corneus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 20, t. 31. f. 3<br />
(1796) (non herb.); Eng!. Bot. t. 965; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 86,<br />
t. xiv. f. 4. Lecidea carneola Ach. Lich. Univ. 194, t. 2. f. 7 (1810);<br />
Ny!. Lich. Scand. 191; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 472; Carroll in<br />
Journ. Bot. vi. 100 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 63; Leight. Lich.<br />
F!. 34; ed. 3, 367. L. cornea Hook. in Sm. Eng!. F!. v. 183<br />
(1833); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 128. Bacidia carneola<br />
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 186 (1855); Mudd Man. ] 82. The<br />
description and fig. of Withering correspond with this plant,<br />
though the specimens in his herbarium belong to a different<br />
species, Biatorina Griffitlni Massa!. (cf. Grevillea xii. 59).<br />
Exsicc. J.Jeight. n. 117 ; Johns. n. 330.<br />
This species has been placed under the genus Pachyphiale Lonnr.<br />
by various lichenologists. It is well characterized by the form, septa·<br />
tion and size of the spores, which readily distinguish it from all the<br />
allied species. The apothecia, somewhat scattered. are semitransparent,<br />
and become in age less concave, with the margin darker. At<br />
times the whole plant is more or less infested by a reddish Trentepohlia.<br />
A plant corresponding WIth this in the form and septation of the<br />
spores is Lecidea chrysophrxa Ny!. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i.<br />
438 (1856); but this is doubtfully British.<br />
Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded maritime and upland<br />
districts.-Distr. Somewhat rare in England and Wales; rare in S.W.<br />
Ireland; not seen from Scotland or the Channel Islands.-B. M.<br />
Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Lustleigh,<br />
Devon; Ashdown Forest, Tilgate, and Eridgo Park, Sussex; near Colesborne,<br />
Gloucestershire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Barmouth, lVferioneth;<br />
Trefriw, Gam and Gwdir, DenbIghshire; Haughmond HIll, Shropshire;<br />
Egglestono and Teesdale, Durham; Levens Park, Westmorland;<br />
Keswick, Cumberland; Dinis, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
11. G. corticola A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, sordidgreenish<br />
(K -, CaCI -), often evanescent. Apothecia minute,<br />
concav.e, at length slightly prominent, pale-red or somewhat<br />
brick-red, the margin subconcolorous; paraphyses slender;<br />
hypothecium colourless: spores 24-32 in the ascus, fusiform,<br />
3-7-septate, 16-34 (.L long, 5-7 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine palebluish<br />
with iodine.-Pachyphiale corticola Lonnr. in Flora xli.<br />
612 (1858). Lecidea congruella Nyl. Lich. Scand. 191 (1861);<br />
Cromb. in Grevlllea xxii. 8.<br />
Externally somewhat similar to G. truncigena, but distinct in the<br />
number, septation and form of the spores. In the single British<br />
specimen gathered, which is only sparingly fertile, the thallus is but<br />
little visible (fide Crombie).<br />
Hab. On trunk of pine in wooded mountainous district. Recorded<br />
by Crombie from Craig Calliach Killin, Perthshire.<br />
o § iii. MICROPIIIALE Wain. Lich. Bresil. ii. 70 (1890). Algal<br />
cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia with entire proper margin; spores<br />
I-septate, similar to spores of Biatorina, under which genus the<br />
species were formerly classified (see ed. I, 13).
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 11<br />
An inconspicuous plant, the thallus bcing often scarcely yisible;<br />
the apothecia, though abundant, are very minute. Occasionally<br />
they are congested and almost whitish (f. leucostigma Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 314, recorded on elm).<br />
Hab. On the trunks of old firs in maritime and upland districts.<br />
Distr. Somewhat local in Great Britain and Ireland, rare in the<br />
Channel Islands.-B. lIf. Rozel, Jersey; Ulting. Hadleigh Woods;<br />
Stanstead, Mount Fitchet and Hockley Woods, Essex; Wakehurst,<br />
Midhurst and Woolstonbury, SUBsex; Brockenhurst and near Stoney<br />
Cross, New Forest, Hants; Sapperton, Gloucestershlre; near Newmarket,<br />
Cambridgeshire; Twycross and GopsaU, Leicestershire;<br />
Wclshpool, Montgomery-shire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Shrewsbnry,<br />
Shelton and Llanforda, Shropshire; Costessey, near Norwich,<br />
Norfolk; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Craggy Park, Stayeley,<br />
and KIrkby Lonsdale; Westmorland; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Falloch<br />
and Bl'n Lawers, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; near Cork;<br />
Glenstele, Tipperary; near Limerick, Clare.<br />
Family XXI. LECIDEACElE.<br />
Thallus minutely squamulose or crustaceous, sometimes<br />
obsolete. Algal cells Protococcacero. Apothecia discoid or patellate<br />
with proper margin only; spores usually 8 in the ascus, rarely<br />
fewer or more, simple or variously septate, colourless or coloured.<br />
Spermogones immersed, spermatia elongate, ellipsoid, cylindrical<br />
or arcuate.<br />
The yicw held by carly writers that the form of tho spores is of<br />
generic importancc has been revived by recent lichenologists. The<br />
genem have been arranged according to spore-characters as follows :-<br />
Spores colourless.<br />
Spores simple.<br />
S (rarely more or fewer) in the ascus<br />
Many in the ascus ....................... .<br />
Spores septate.<br />
I-septate ................................... .<br />
3- or more-septate, fusiform .......... ..<br />
Pluri-septate, elongate, acicular ........ .<br />
Spores brown, septate.<br />
I-septatc ................................... .<br />
3-septate (parasitic) ...................... ..<br />
Spores colourless or becoming brown, septate.<br />
S in the ascus:<br />
Muriform (sometimes 1-3-septate in<br />
specics 1) ............................... ..<br />
1 in the ascus:<br />
Elongate, pluri.septatc, largc ........... .<br />
MUflform, large ............................. .<br />
73. Lecidea.<br />
74. Biatorella.<br />
75. Biatorina.<br />
76. Bilimbia.<br />
77. Bacidia.<br />
7S. Buellia.<br />
79. Leciographa.<br />
SO. Rhizocarpon.<br />
SI. Bombyliospora.<br />
S2. Lopadium.<br />
73. LECIDEA Ach. Meth. 32 (1803); emend. Th. Fries Lich.<br />
Scand. 410 (1874).<br />
Thallus squamulose or crustaceous, pulverulent, granular,<br />
continuous or areolatc, sometimes evanescent; hypothallus per-
12 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
sis tent or indistinct. Algal cells. Protococcaceoo. Apothecia<br />
either light-coloured to dark-brown and biatorine, or black and<br />
lecideine, the proper margin often obliterated; spores usually<br />
eight in the ascus, ellipsoid or oblong, simple, colourless; hymenial<br />
gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with spermatia<br />
acicular, straight, rarely arcuate, or shortly cylindrical.<br />
This extensive genus has been grouped under four sections. The<br />
spores are colourless and simple or rarely faintly I·septate; the asci<br />
are 8· or more- sometimes 6-spored, excepting in the section Mycoblast'us,<br />
whieh contains one species with a 1- or 2-spored ascus. The term<br />
biatorine, from Biatora. has been applied to those apothecia that are<br />
lighter in colour and soft in texture, while lecideine signifies the dark<br />
almost black fruits that are carbonaceous and hard, and that belong<br />
more particularly to the EulecideaJ. There is, however, no clear<br />
line of demarcatlOn, as the colour and form of the fruits change with<br />
age. The genus is very well represented in our islands, where a<br />
considerable number of species seem to be endemic. The chemical<br />
reactions, which have been given as far as possible, will be found to<br />
be useful in distinguishing plants WhICh otherwise might readily be<br />
confounded. The species have been grouped in four sections distinguished<br />
by thalline or apothecial characters. In the first three<br />
sections occur variable species that might be listed in either of the<br />
other two.<br />
Thallus distinctly squamulose .. , ...... § i. PSORA (1-16).<br />
Thallus variously crustaceous.<br />
Ascus 8-spored.<br />
Apothecia lighter in colour ...... § i1. DIATORA (17-82).<br />
Apothecia dark and carbonaceous § iii. EULECIDEA (83-209).<br />
Ascus 1- or 2-spored.<br />
Apothecia dark ..................... § iv. MYCOBLASTUS (210, Il).<br />
§ i. PSORA Haller Hist. Stirp. Helv. iii. 93 (1768) et auctt.,<br />
pro parte. (PI. 4.) Thallus gquamulose; spores 8 in the ascus.<br />
Spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight spermatia.<br />
1. L. )urida Ach. Meth. 77 (1803) & Syn. 51 (1814).-Thallus<br />
imbricate, appressed, dull- or dark-brown (K -, CaCI-); the<br />
squamules orbicular, rigid, sinuate-Iobed, dark beneath. Apothecia<br />
superficial on the squamules, adnate, plane, brownishblack,<br />
the margin obtuse, slightly flexuose, becoming convex<br />
. and immarginate; hypothecium thick, dark-brown; paraphyses<br />
stout, coherent, reddish-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid<br />
or oblong-ellipsoid, 13-15 [J. long, 5-7 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
slightly bluish then wine-red with iodinc.-Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.<br />
40; Carroll in Nat. Rist. Rev. vi. 525; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 64;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 252; ed. 3, 244. Lichen luridus Sw. in Nov.<br />
Act. Upsal. iv. 247 (1784); Dicks. Crypt. fasc. ii. 20; With.<br />
Arr. ed. 3, iv. 28; Engl. Bot. t. 1329. Lepidoma luridum S. F.<br />
Gray Nat. Arr. i. 460 (1821). Psora lurida DC. Fl. FJ;. ii. 370<br />
(1805); Mudd Man. 170. Lichenoides pulmonarius saxatilis<br />
viridis l etc' l Dill. lIist, 1\11,1sc. 228 1 t. 30. f. 134 (1741).
Lt
LECI:DEA LECtDEACElE 17<br />
what rare in England, but plentiful where it occurs.-lJ. .Jf. Henham,<br />
Suffolk; Hampstead and near Hendon, MIddlesex; Keston, Kent;<br />
near Reigate. Surrey; Ardingly (saxicolous), Sussex; New Forest,<br />
Hants; TotterIdge and near Elstree, Herts; Hoe Street, Walthamstow,<br />
Gosfield Hall and Brentwood, Essex; near Ampthill, Bedfordshire;<br />
Twycross, Leicestershue; Hay Park, Herefordsp.ue; near Worcester<br />
and LIttle Malvern, Worcestcrshire; Harboro' Magna, ViTarwickshire;<br />
Haughmond Hill, the W rekin and Church Stretton, Shropshire;<br />
Westerdale and Stagdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire.<br />
Var. myrmecina Ny!. Lich. Scand. 243 (1861).-Thallus with<br />
the squamules tawny- or chestnut-brown. Apothecia naked.<br />
-Lectdea scalans var. myrmecina Ach. Meth. 78 (1803).<br />
Differs merely in the colour of the thallus and in the constantly<br />
naked apothecm. In the single BrItIsh speCImen, which is only very<br />
sparingly fertile, the squamules are nearly erect.<br />
Hab. On a decorticated stump of an old oak in a wooded upland<br />
sItuation.-B. M. Bramble HIll, New Forest, Hants.<br />
10. L. acutula Ny!. in Flora lxix. 100 (1886).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thm, granular-squamulose, greyish-green or greyish-brown (K -),<br />
the squamules minute, subimbncate, somewhat convex and<br />
difform. Apothecia small, thin, black, margmed, often angulose<br />
and subplicate, the margin thin, somewhat acute; paraphyses<br />
subdiscrete; epithecium and hypothecium olive-brownish-black;<br />
penthecium dark (K + obsoletely purplish); spores fusiform,<br />
12-15 !l. long, 2·5-3·5 !l. thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged but<br />
the aSCI wine-reddish with iodme.<br />
DIstinguished from L. ostreata by the closely packed gibbous<br />
squamules.<br />
Hab. On bark of pine in upland situations.-B . .Jf. Penrith Beacon,<br />
Cumberland. (SpeCImen also receIved from Bouly de Lesdains, N.<br />
France.)<br />
11. L. decipiens Ach. Meth. 80 (1803).-Thallus indeterminate,<br />
squamulose, appressed, reddish or pale-flesh-coloured, white<br />
beneath; the squamules more or less scattered, subflexllose or<br />
subcrenate, and often whItish at the margins (K -, CaCl -).<br />
Apothecia marginal, adnate, plane or convex, blackish, the<br />
margin thin, entire, at length evanescent; hypothecium palebrown;<br />
paraphyses concrete, brown towards the apices; spores<br />
ovoid or ellipsoid, 12-16 !l. long, 5-6 !l. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 76; Leight. Lich. F!.<br />
249; ed. 3, 240; Hook. F!. Scot. ii. 41. Lichen decipiens Ehrh.<br />
in Hedw. Stirp. Crypt. ii. 7 (1789); Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. 21;<br />
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 26; Eng!. Bot. t. 870. Lepidoma decipiens<br />
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 462 (1821). Psora decipiens Hook. in<br />
Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 193 (1833); Mudd Man. 171.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 334.<br />
An earlier designation, Lichen pezizoides, had been given to this<br />
lichen by Swartz (N. Act. Ups. iv. 247 (1784)), but that name had<br />
IT C
20 CYCLOCARPINEllE Ll!lClDEA<br />
age, may be broken up and warted-granular in the centre_ The<br />
apothecia, usually somewhat scattered, are occasionally confluent<br />
and difform.<br />
Hab. On peaty and gravelly soil, very rarely on naked schIstose<br />
boulders in mountainous regions.-Distr. Only in N. England, Wales<br />
and on tho Grampians, Scotland; not certainly found in Ireland,<br />
though roported from Wicklow.-B. JJf. Cader Jdns and Hhinog Fach,<br />
Merioneth ; Snowdon, CarnarvonshIrc; Farndale Moor , Yorkshire;<br />
Staveley Head, Westmorland; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Cruachan,<br />
Argyll; Ben Lawers, near Loch ErICht and CraIg Calliach, Perthshire;<br />
Lochnagar, Ben-naboord and Bcn Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire;<br />
Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.<br />
§ ii. BIATORA Fr. in Vet. Ak. Handl. ] 822, 263; NyI. in<br />
Mem. Soc. Sci. Cherb. ii. 182 (1855). (PI. 5.)<br />
Thallus very variable, at times almost obsolete. Apothecia<br />
plane or convex, brightly coloured, biatorine, partly or very<br />
rarely entirely black; asci usually 8-spored; spores simple,<br />
colourless. Spermogoncs with simple rarely septate sterigmata<br />
and straight very rarely arcuate spermatia.<br />
As distinguished from the following Sect. Eulecidea, the apothecia<br />
in Sect. Biatora are lighter in colour, especially in the early stages;<br />
in many of the species they become dark with age. The colour of the<br />
epithecium, rarely dark-brown, is never quite black. The species have<br />
been grouped as far as possible in related series, but a final arrangement<br />
except on artificial hnes IS, as yet, impracticable.<br />
17. L. clnnabarina Sommed. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 115 (1823).<br />
-Thallus eHuse, thIll, smooth or leprose-granulose, whitish<br />
(K + yellowish, CaCI-). Apothecia adnate or appressed, somewhat<br />
plane and obtusely margined, then convex and immargin<br />
ate, cinnabarine-reddish; paraphyses coherent; epithecium<br />
reddish (K + rose-coloured) ; hypothecium colourless; spores<br />
oblong or fusiform, small, 8-12 (.J. long, 2-3 (.J. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine, especially the asci, bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea xxii. 9.<br />
A very distmot species. readily distinguished by the oolour of the<br />
apothccia. The thallus, whICh may spread extensively, is sprinkled<br />
with whItish, pulvinate'soreilla. It is one of our rarest lichens, only<br />
two fertile British specimens havmg been gathered, though the sterile<br />
thallus may not be uncommon in the distrICt cited.<br />
flab. On the smooth bark of old stunted birches in a wooded<br />
mountainous region.-B. M. Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire<br />
(tho only British locality).<br />
18. L .. lucida 'Ach. Meth. 74 (1803).-ThalluB eHuse, thin,<br />
leprose, rarely granulose, yellow, citrine-yellow or yellowish-green<br />
(K -, CaCl-). Apothecia minute, scattered, plane or convex,<br />
very thinly margined or immarginate, pale lemon-yellow; spores<br />
oblong-ovoid or narrowly obovate, simple, colourless, minute,<br />
4-6 (.J. long, 2-2,5 (.J. thick; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
stoutish, coherent: epithecium granulose; hymenial gelatine
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE . 21<br />
bluish then wine-red witli iodine.-S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 475;<br />
Hook. Fl. Scot. il. 40 & In Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 185; Mudd Man.<br />
193; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 65; Leight. Lich. Fl. 258; ed. 3, 254.<br />
Lichen lucidus Ach. Pro dr. 39 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1550.<br />
EXSlCC. Johns. n. 331; Larb. Crnsar. n. 36; Lich. Rb. n. 306;<br />
Leight. n. 385.<br />
Easily recognized among the allied species by the colour of tho<br />
thallus and of the apothecia. When sterile, as is very frequently tho<br />
case in this country, the thallus has a superfiCIal resemblance to that<br />
of Goniocybe furfuracea, for which it might be mistaken. The bright<br />
colour is due to the presence of rhizocarpic acid III the thallus. When<br />
ligmcolous it is var. thewtea Ach. in Vet. Ak. Hand!. 1808, 270;<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea i. 172; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 255; and when<br />
terricolous and herbicolous it is var. jI satura Ach. (fide Th. Fries Lich.<br />
Scand. 432 (1874). These, however, are mere states, both of which<br />
seem to be very rare in Great Britain. The apothecia are usually<br />
somewhat scattered. Frequently the host of Galicium arenanum.<br />
Hab. On shady rocks and walls, seldom on decaying trunks of<br />
trees and grasses on the ground, in lowland and upland situations.<br />
Distr. General and not uncommon in England, rare in Scotland and<br />
the Channel Islands; not seen fertile in Ireland (fide Carroll).-B. M.<br />
Rozel, Jetsey; Guernsey; Ightham, Kent; Dawlish and near Chagford,<br />
Devon; Trellick, Monmouthshire; Knigh tsford Bridge, W orcestershire;<br />
Llanderfel, near Bala, Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merioneth;<br />
Oswestry, Shropshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near<br />
Staveley, Kendal, Westmorland; Keswick, Cumberland; New Galloway.<br />
Kirkcudbright; Glen Creran, Argyll; Craigforth, near Stirling; Falls<br />
of Tummel and Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Killarney,<br />
Kerry.<br />
19. L. clavulifera Nyl. in Flora Iii. 294 (1869) & lxiv. 539<br />
(1881).-Thallus effuse, thin, granulate or subleprose, the granules<br />
often somewhat scattered, white, greyish-green or yellowishgreen<br />
(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute, convex, immarginate,<br />
sordid-ochraceous or testaceous-red, blackish or black; paraphyses<br />
coherent; epithecium and hypothecium pale; spores<br />
oblong or clavate, very minute, 4-6 fL long, 1 fL thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea vi. 115; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 255.<br />
A variable plant as to the colour of the thallus and apothecia;<br />
it is, however, well characterized by the minute, clavate spores. '1'he<br />
gonidia are small and minutely clustered. In Lapland, where it was<br />
originally gathered, it is corticolous. In our saxicolous specimens the<br />
thallus IS very thin and more or less scattered. The apothecia are<br />
numerous and constantly convex.<br />
llab. On shady rocks and stones of walls in an upland situation.<br />
-B. ]}f. Near CIifden, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Form subviridicans Nyl. in Flora Ix. 463 (1877).-ThalluB<br />
greenish. Apothecia and spores as in the species.-Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea vi. 115; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 255 (errore suOviridans).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 29.
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 23<br />
line. The apothecia are more or less scattered, becoming somewhat<br />
difform in age.<br />
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland<br />
districts.-Distr. Not uncommon in most parts of England, rare m<br />
N. Wales, Ireland, and the Channel Islands; not seen from Scotland.<br />
-B . .JJ1. Rozel, Island of Jersey; Ickworth, Suffolk; Epping Forest<br />
and Hadleigh Woods, Essex; Shere, Surrey; W.rotham, Kent; Clayton,<br />
Withyham, Henfield, Wakehurst Park. Tilgate and St. Leonard's<br />
Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Torquay, Lustleigh and near<br />
Kingskerswell, Devon; Downton, WIlts; Oakley Park, near Cuencester,<br />
Gloucestershire; near the Lodge, Herefordshire; Crowle Road, near<br />
Worcester and Ledbury, Worcestershire; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire;<br />
Aston, Warwickshire; Royston Hill, The Wrekm, Gobowen, and<br />
Buildwas, Shropshire; Easby Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near<br />
Bishop Auckland, Durham; Antrim; Castle Bernard Park and near<br />
Riverstown, Cork; Glandarry Wood and Dugort, Achill Island; Deer<br />
Park, Killarney, Kerry; near Belfast, Antrim.<br />
22. L. ijenrica Larb. ex Nyl. in Flora Ix. 563 (1877).-Thallus<br />
white, tartareous, thickish, contmuous, smooth, slightly rimulose<br />
(K + yellow, CaCI + yellow). Apothecia pale-yellow-fleshcoloured,<br />
scattered, sessile, plane or convex, with an obtuse<br />
margin or almost immarginate; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
distinct, stout, colourless at the apices; spores 4, 6 or 8 in<br />
the ascus, ellipsoid or fusiform-ellipsoid, 15-20 p.long, 6-7 p. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine blue then yellowish, the asci violet-yellow, with<br />
iodine. Spermatia arcuate, 18-22 p. long, ·5 p. thick.-Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea vi, 111; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 298.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 171.<br />
A specimen from New Galloway agrees with the above except that<br />
the apothecia are crowded and sublobate and the spores smaller<br />
(12 I-' x 61-'), but they are somewhat immature.<br />
IIab. On rocks in shady localities. B. M. New Galloway, Kircudbright;<br />
ravine near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.<br />
23. L. phreops Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. iv.<br />
5 (1858).-Thallus tartareous, determinate, thickish, smooth,<br />
continuous, irregularly rimulose, white or greyish-white<br />
(K + yellowish, CI1Cl-); hypothallus whitish. Apothecia small,<br />
innate, angulose, plane, immarginate, brown or reddish-brown;<br />
paraphyses slender, crowded, slightly reddish; °hypothecium<br />
reddish; spores fusiform-ellipsoid, 9-17 p. long, 5-6 p. thIck;<br />
hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-Salw. in Trans. Bot.<br />
Soc. Edin. vii. 554; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 65; Leight. Lich. Fl. 296.<br />
Lecanora phmops Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 287 (1874); Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 181.<br />
Exswc. Larb. Licp. Hb. n. 17.<br />
Frequently classified under Lecanora sect. Aspicilia near to L.<br />
lacustris, which It resembles in the innate apothecia and in the smooth<br />
\haI1us largely due, as in L. lacustris, to the habitat. From the general<br />
habIt and structure it agrees more nearly with the Biatoras. The
28 OYCLOCARPINE2E LECIDEA<br />
in the colour (persistent) of the apothecia and of the epithecium, and<br />
in the shorter spores. In one of the two specimens seen the thallus is<br />
determinate and small, with the apothecia sparingly present; and in<br />
the other it is diffuse and scarcely visible, with the apothecia more<br />
frequent.<br />
Hub. On deoomposed quartzose rocks in a mountainous distriot.-<br />
B. M. Delphi, Connemara, Galway (recorded also from Howth, near<br />
Dublin).<br />
29. L. granulosa' Ach. Meth. 65 (1803).-Thallus efiuse,<br />
thinnish, granulose or leprose, whitish or glaucous-grey (K +<br />
yellowish, CaCI + reddish). Apothecia moderate in size,<br />
appressed, plane or convex, variable in colour, brick-red, paleor<br />
livid-brown, or blackish, the margin thin, entire or flexuose,<br />
pale, at length obliterated; hypothecium colourless or palegreenish-yellow;<br />
paraphyses coherent, thickish and brownish at<br />
the apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 9-16 p. long, 4-7 p. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine slightly bluish then reddish or sordid-violet<br />
with iodine.-L. decolorans Floerke in Berl. Mag. iii. 193 (1809);<br />
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 470 (1821); Mudd Man. 197 ; Cromb. Lien.<br />
Brit. 66; Leight. Lich. Fl. 261; ed. 3, 258; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.<br />
29 (incl. var. granulosa); L. quadricolor Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl.<br />
v.182 (1833); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.128. Lichengranulosus<br />
Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. n. 145 (1785). L. quadricolor Dicks. Crypt.<br />
fasc. iii. 15, t. ix. f. 3 (1793); Engl. Bot. t. 1185; With. Arr. ed. 3,<br />
iv. 24 (1796). Verrucaria granulosa Hofim. PI. Lich. ii. 21, t.<br />
30, f. 3 (1794) & Deutschl. Fl. ii. 177 (1795).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. nos. 59, 352; Mudd n. 165; Larb. Lich.<br />
Rb. n. 140.<br />
Well oharacterized by the variously coloured apothecia, the different<br />
tints being apparently due to age; these, however, are not always<br />
present in the same specimen, some plants being merely unicolorous.<br />
On bare moorlands it often spreads extensively, and when sterile and<br />
associated with species of Cladonia might be taken for their basal<br />
crust. When lignicolous the thallus is thinner and usually more<br />
pulverulent. The not unfrequent spermogones have the sterigmata<br />
simple, short, with straight spermatia 5-6 I-' long, scarcely 1 I-' thick.<br />
Crombie (Grevillea vii. 142 (1879)) has suggested that Lecanorafarinaria<br />
Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2727 (1832) is synonymous with this species,<br />
but an examination of the specimens quoted scarcely bears out his<br />
statement.<br />
Hab. On peaty ground, not unfrequently on stumps of dead firs,<br />
rarely incrusting mosses, from upland to alpine situations.-Distr.<br />
General and cOly-mon in Great Britain, no doubt also in Ireland, very<br />
abundant on the Grampians; not seen from the Channel Islands.<br />
B. M. Epping Forest, Essex; Ightham, Kent; New Forest, Hants;<br />
Dartmoor, Devon; North Wootton Common, Norfolk; near Buxton,<br />
Derbyshire; Lickey Hills, Worcestershire; Cader Idris, Merioneth;<br />
Long Mynd, Arcoll Hill, and Stiperstones Hill, Shropshire; Parkgate,<br />
Cheshire; Guisboro' Moor and Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Egglestone, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; Pentland Hills,<br />
near Edinbmgh l Aohosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll j Cockhill, Callander,
ao CYdLOC.ARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
the apices; spores ellipsoid, minute, 7-9 [J. long, 3·5-4·5 [J. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then tawny-reddIsh with iodine.<br />
Mudd Man. 196; Leight. Lich. Fl. 260;- ed. 3, 256. L. decolorans<br />
subsp. flexuosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. 66 (1870). Biatora flexuosa<br />
Fr. in Vet. Ak. Hand!. 1822, 268 (nomen) & Sched. erit. viii. 11<br />
(1826).<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 80; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 341.<br />
The thallus in some of the spebimens resembles that of Leca'IWra<br />
conizfEa, with whlCh it might be confused in a sterile c(Jlldition. It<br />
differs from the precedmg species in the more finely granulose crust,<br />
in the constantly darker apothecia and in thc much smaller spores.<br />
British specimens seen are well fertile.<br />
Hab. On old pales and stumps of trees, chiefly larch, in upland<br />
wooded districts.-Distr. Rather local, though plentiful where it<br />
occurs, in Great Britain; not seen from Ireland.-B . .1If. Near UlIa·<br />
combe, Bovey Tracey, Devon; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Haughmond<br />
Hill, Shropshire, near Llanwrtyd; Lounsdale, Cleveland, York·<br />
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley, Westmorland; Glen Falloch,<br />
Graig CaIIiach, and Achmore, Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells Woods,<br />
near Aberdeen.<br />
Form reruginosa Leight. Lich. Fl. 260 (1871); ed. 3, 256.<br />
Thallus leprose-pulverulent, dark verdigris-green; otherwise as in<br />
the species.-Lecidea mruginosa Borr. in Engl. Bot. Sup pI. t. 2682<br />
(1831); Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 181. L.jlexuosa var. (3 roruginosa<br />
Mudd Man. 197 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 406; Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 65, 66; Johns. n.<br />
442.<br />
Differs merely in the darker thalline granules becoming dissolved<br />
into an reruginose powder. It often occurs sterile and might then be<br />
taken for the Lepraria form of some othcr species.<br />
Hab. On old pales and on the bark of old trees in upland wooded<br />
situations.-Disir. Not uncommon throughout England; rare in S.<br />
Ireland; not seen from Scotland.-B. M. Highbeech, Epping Forest,<br />
and Chelmsford, Essex; near MIll Hill, Middlesex; Leith Hill, Surrey;<br />
Bolney, Ardingly, Cuckfield and Henfield, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New<br />
Forest, Hants; Ullacom be, near Bovey Tracey, Devon; near Virginia<br />
Water, Berks; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire; Babraham Park,<br />
Cambridgeshire; North Wootton:Norfolk; Goyt Bridge, near Buxton,<br />
Derbyshire; Twyeross, Leicestershire; Battenhall, Worcestershire;<br />
Morda, Oswestry, Shropshire; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Staveley, Westmorland; Whitehaven, Cumberland.<br />
31. L. viridescens Ach. Meth. 62 (1803).-Thallus effuse, thin,<br />
minutely granulose-Ieprose, pale-greenish (Kf + yellowish,<br />
K(CaCI) + crimson). Apothecia minute, almost sessile, subconvex,<br />
subimmarginate, opaque, brownish- or dull-black, within<br />
dark or whitish; hypothecium and hymenium, pale or yellowish;<br />
paraphyses slender, subconcrete, brown 'at the apices; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 10-13 [J.long, 4-6 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with<br />
iodine.-Mudd Man. 196; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 67; Leight_ Lich.<br />
FI. 264; cd. 3, 262. Lichen vin'descens Schrad. SpiciI. 88 (1794).
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 35<br />
Hab. On decayed mosses upon the ground and on boulders in alpinc<br />
situations.-Distr. Extremely local and scarce, having been gathered<br />
only very sparingly in N. England on two of the Grampians, and in the<br />
west of Scotland.-B. JJI. Mardalo, Westmorland, near Killin; above<br />
Loch·na·Gat and near the summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire; near the<br />
summit of Ben·naboorcl, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Aviemore,<br />
Invernessshire.<br />
Subsp. minor Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.<br />
n. ser. xlii. 335 (1873).-Thallus thin or very thin, smoothish or<br />
minutely granulose, whitish or pale-greenish. Apotheeia subminute,<br />
pale brick-red to brown; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 10-20 [Jlong,<br />
4-6 [J. thiek-L. vernalis f. minor Nyl. op. cit. v. 145 (1866);<br />
Cromb. Lieh. Brit. 68; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 259. L. conglomerata<br />
Mudd Man. 194 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. 260; ed. 3,257.<br />
L. subvemalis Stirton in Grevillea iii. 33 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 308. Lichen conglomeratns Heyder ex Hoffm. Deutsch!. Fl.<br />
ii. 174 (1795).<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 172; Leight. n. 151; Mudd n. 162 (see Ny!.<br />
in Flora xlvi. 78, as L. vernalis f. corticalis).<br />
Distinguished from the species by the less developed thallus which<br />
at times is subevanescent, by the smaller apothecia and spores and by<br />
the different substratum. The apothecia are often several conglomerate,<br />
and may become dark. brown.<br />
L. subvernalis as described by Stirton agrees in microscopic<br />
characters, but the apothecia, he states, from pale yellow become<br />
bluish or brownish· black. The specimen (from Grantown) has not<br />
been found in his herbarium.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees in upland wooded districts.-Distr. Seen<br />
from only a few localities in England and the S. Grampians, Scotland.<br />
B. jJf. Oswestry, Shropshire; Bathford Hill, Somerset; Rodmarton,<br />
Gloucestershire; Yarmouth, Norfolk; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Broad·<br />
was, Worcestershire; Airyholme Wood and Cliffrig, Cleveland and<br />
Ingleby, Yorkshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Airds, Appin,<br />
Argyll.<br />
39. L. meiocarpa Ny!. in Flora lix. 577 (1876).-Thalluf!<br />
effuse, very thin, granulose-Ieprose, greyish or greenish-white,<br />
often subevaneseent (K -, CaCI-). ApotheCla minute, convex,<br />
immarginate, pale-yellow, yellow-testaceous or reddish; paraphyses<br />
colourless at the apices; hypotheeium pale; spores oblong.<br />
7-11 [J- long, 3-4 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine,<br />
-Cromb. III Grevillea xxii. 10. L. anomaZa var. y minuta Sehrer.<br />
SpiciI. 170 (1833) pro parte. L. rninuta Cromb. Lich. Brit. 68 pro<br />
parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. 266; ed. 3, 264 pro parte. L. effusa Mudd<br />
Man. 195 (1861), (non Sm. Eng!. Bot.).<br />
A rather inconspicuous plant, resembling a diminutive state of<br />
L. vernalis subsp. minor, but differing in the smaller apothecia and<br />
spores. The apothecia are numerous, at times somewhat crowded,<br />
becoming reddish· black in age. Lecidea minuta var. sarcopisioides,<br />
considered as a variety of L. meiocarpa has been referred to Lecanora<br />
sarcopisioides. See Monogr. i. 295.
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 41<br />
Distinguished from others in this group by the smooth, subdeterminate<br />
thallus, and by the spores which are thick-walled and very<br />
distinct.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Seen from only a few localities<br />
m S. and W. England and Ireland.-B. lIf. Tregawn, Withiel and near<br />
Penzance, Cornwall; Bovey Tracey, Hustyn's Wood and Torquay,<br />
Devon; Copse below the \Vych, Gloucestershire; Dolgelly, Merioneth;<br />
Castle Bernard Park, Cork; Mangerton, Killarney and Blackwater<br />
Bridge, Iterry; near Ballmasloe, Galway; Mount Shannon, Limerick;<br />
Killaloc, Clare; Achlll Island.<br />
,<br />
53. L. rufofusca Ny!. in Flora Iii. 409 (1869).-Thallus effuse,<br />
whitish-yellow or brownish, thicklsh, forming a granulose crust,<br />
wIth a whitish hypothallus. Apothecia small, dark-red dishbrown,<br />
plane and marginate, becoming convex and immarginate ;<br />
hypothecium yellow; paraphyses concrete; epithecium yellowishbrown;<br />
spores ellipsoid-oblong, 10-15 flo long, 5-6·5 flo thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Flora<br />
ed. 3, 266. Biatora rufofusca Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. 76 (1860).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. lO2.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-B. },t. Near Kylemore, Connemara,<br />
and Ballyna,hinch, Galway.<br />
54. L. ochrococca Ny!. in Ocfvers. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1860, 297<br />
&. Lich. Scand. 206.-Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, yellowochraceous;<br />
the granules small, firm, contiguous or subdispersed<br />
(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia small or moderate in size, sessile, plane,<br />
at length convex, reddish or rusty-brown, the margin obtuse or<br />
indistmct, paler; hypothecium pale; paraphyses concrete; spores<br />
ol-jlong-fuaiform, 7-10 flo long, 3-4 flo thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then, expecially the asci, wine-red with iodine.-l\Iudd Man.<br />
194; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. 261; ed. 3, 257.<br />
Well distinguished from all allied species by the colours of the<br />
thallus and of the apothecia. It occurs elsewhere only in Norway.<br />
The thallus is occasionally evanescent, when the apothecla appear on<br />
darkencd parts of the substratum. Our British specimens are well<br />
fertile.<br />
Hab. On tho trunks of pine trees in upland tracts of mountainous<br />
regions.-Distr. Very local and scarce in the W. Highlands of Scotland.<br />
--B. III. Inverouran, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Ben Lawers, and Black<br />
Wood of Rannoch, Perthshire; Dinish, KIllarney, Kerry.<br />
55. L. symmictella Ny!. in Flora Ii. 163 (1868).-Thallus<br />
obsolete, developed withm the bark (hypophlceodal). Apothecm<br />
very small, adnate-sessile, convex, immarginate, at first waxyyellow,<br />
then livid, somewhat shming; paraphyses colourless;<br />
epithecium granulose, yellowish; hypothecium colourless; spores<br />
oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, 4-6 flo long, 1·5-2·5 flo thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 10.<br />
Agyrium c(1}sium Fr. Syst. Myoo1. ii. 231 (1823).
42 OYCLOCARl'INE.iE LECIDEA<br />
Resembles an ecrustaceous state of Lecanora symrnicta Ach., but<br />
from the character of the apothecia belongs to·this sectIon of Lecidea.<br />
Though no distinct thallus is visIble, yet, _as observed by Th. Fries<br />
(Lich. Scand. 433), gonidial groups are always present among the fibres<br />
of the substratum, especially in the neighbourhood of the apothecia.<br />
Hab. On a decorticated fir tree in a mountainous region.-B. M.<br />
Glen Derry, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
56. L. cuprea Sommerf. SuppI. FI. Lapp. 165 (1826).<br />
Thallus effuse, thickish, rimose-granulate, unequal, whitish (K -,<br />
CaCI-). Apothecia adnate, convex, immarginate, red-ochraceous<br />
or sub£erruginous, within brown (the hymenium paler); hypothecium<br />
pale then dull-brown; paraphyses concrete ·tawny or<br />
brownish; spores elongate- or ellipsoid-oblong, 9-21 (1. long, 3-6 (1.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish then wine-red with<br />
iodine.-Cromb. LICh. Brit. 68 pro parte & in Grevillea xxii. 10;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 273 pro parte; ed. 3, 273 pro parte.<br />
;Resembles L. vernalis, but differs in the more developed thallus<br />
and the characters given of the apothecia. These are at tImes conglomerate<br />
and difform.<br />
Hab. On the fl;round in alpine situations.-Distr. Very local and<br />
scarce.-B. ]}f. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben Avon, Braemar,<br />
A berdeenshrre.<br />
57. L. Berengeriana Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 433 (1874).<br />
Thallus effuse, thickish, granulose, continuous or· diffract-rimose,<br />
the granules small, whitish or greenish-grey (K -, CaCI -).<br />
Apothecia submoderate, adnate, at first plane with thin, darker<br />
margin, at length convex, immarginate and somewhat difform,<br />
brown to dark; hypothecium brown; paraphyses colourless,<br />
capitate-incrassate and yellow to brown at the apices; spores<br />
oblong or ovoid, 10-18 (1. long, 4-6 [l. thick; hymenial gelatine winered<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 273. L. cuprea Bubsp. Berengeriana Cromb. LICh. Brit. 69<br />
(1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 273; ed. 3, 273 (1879), as var. Biatora<br />
Berengeriana Massal. Ric. Lich. 128, f. 254 (1852).<br />
Closely related to the preceding, differing chiefly in the colour of the<br />
apothecia, the character of the paraphyses and the form of the spores.<br />
Hab. On the ground at hIgh altitudes in mountainous districts,<br />
very rare.-B. ]Jf. Ben Lawers and Mael Graedha, Perthshrre; Bennaboord,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
Var. lecanodes Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 10 (1893).<br />
-Apothecia circumscissed, with a whltish epithalline margin.<br />
-L. cupretJormis var. lecanodes Nyl. ex Stirton in Grevillea ii.<br />
71 (1873). L. cuprea var. lecanorles Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 273<br />
(1879). L. Berengeriana var. perileuctza Nyl. ex Cromb. in<br />
Journ. Bot. xx. 275 (1882).<br />
Well characterized by the thalline circle round the apothecia. The<br />
other characters are entirely as in the following, though the paraphyses<br />
are occasionally nearly simple.
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 45<br />
the S. Grampians, Scotland, and N. lreland.-B. ]JI. Cader ldris,<br />
Merioneth; Ben Lawers, Pcrthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire;<br />
Invermoriston, lnvernessshirc; Armagh; near Belfast, Antrim;<br />
Doughruagh Mt., Galway; Dunkerron, Kerry.<br />
60. L. fuscorubens Nyl. ex Salw. in Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc. vii.<br />
551 (1863).-Thallus effuse, very thin, smooth, sordid-greyish<br />
or yellowish (K -, CaCI - ) ; often obsolete. Apothecia<br />
small, sessile, plane, marginate, then convcx and immarginate,<br />
brownish or black, reddish-brown when moist; hypothecium<br />
thick, brown; epithecium pale-reddish; spores ellipsoId, 10-14 (.L<br />
long, 5-9 (.L thick; hymemal gelatine bluish then wine-red with<br />
iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 68 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. 300<br />
pro parte; ed. 3,310. L. ochracea Wedd. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat.<br />
Cherb. xvii. 369 (1873); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 141 (1875);<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 251. L. subochracea Nyl. Lich. Env.<br />
Paris Suppl. 5 (1897). Biatom fuscorubens Nyl. in Bot. Not.<br />
1853, 183 pro parte. B. ochracea Hepp Flecht. Europ. n. 263<br />
(1851).<br />
L. fuscorubens was considered by Nylander as possibly a variety or<br />
subspecies of L. sanguineotra (Lich. Env. Paris, 79). It differs in the<br />
absence of the purple hymeuial granules and in other characters.<br />
Th. Fries (Lich. Scand. 440) has rightly judged L. ochracea to be<br />
synonymous. They differ only in the occasional yellowness of the<br />
very thin thallus of the latter. As in other calcicolous lichens, the<br />
thallus is not always visible, being evidently immersed in the rock<br />
(L. ochracea f. ecrustacea Larb. in Leight. l. c.).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 64, 137; Johns. n. 336.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks and flints in maritime and upland districts.<br />
-Distr. Common on oolitic rocks and Silurian limestone in W. England;<br />
here and there in the British Isles probably overlooked.-Downs,<br />
Lewes and Hastings, Sussex; Portland, Dorset; Staple Fitzpaine,<br />
Somerset; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Epping Forest, Essex;<br />
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Colwyn Bay, Denbigh; Kentmere, Levens Park<br />
and Cunswick Scar, W Qstmorland; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; Ben<br />
Lawers, Perthshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, .Argyll; near Cork.<br />
61. L. immersa Ach. Meth. 34 (1803).-Thallus effuse, very<br />
thin, leprose, white or greyish-white, mostly immersed (K-,<br />
CaCI -). Apothecia medium-sized, immersed in depressions or<br />
pits (foveolate), plane, blackish, cresio-pruinose or naked, within<br />
greyish in the middle, the margin thin, evanescent; paraphyses<br />
concrete; epithecium and hypothecium more or less brownish;<br />
spores ellipsoid or sub ellipsoid, 12-18 (.L long, 7-10 (.L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with iodine.-S. F. Gray<br />
Nat. Arr. i. 467; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 179; Tayl. in Mackay<br />
Fl. Hib. ii. 125. L. calcivora Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bard. ser. 3,<br />
i. 381 (1856); Mudd Man. 203; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 81; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 300; ed. 3, 310. lAchen immersus Web. Spicil. Fl.<br />
Goett. 188 (1778) pro parte; Engl. Bot. t. 193; With. Arr. ed. 3,<br />
iv. 6 pro parte. L. calm'l'orus Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. n. 244 (1793).<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 49 (plate); Leight. n. 94; Cromb. 11. 184.
46 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
The thallus is very rarely visible, being almost always immersed<br />
in the substratum to a dcpth of at least 8 mm., when It is mdicated by<br />
more or less scattered gonidia and hyphro immersed in the rock. The<br />
apothecia when young resemblc those of Verrucaria immersa, with<br />
which it is then apt to be ·confounded. Under the apothecia, the<br />
pits (fossulae), as stated by Nylander, present minute confused<br />
colourless thalline cellules. Occasionally the thallus is intersected by<br />
black hypothallic hnes (f. intercmcta Cromb. ms.). Bouly de Lesdam<br />
(Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Iii. 615, 1905) gives spore-length as 16--21 fL'<br />
rarely 24 fL.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks and cretaceous stones m marItime and<br />
upland tracts.-Distr. Here and there in England and N. Wales, rare<br />
in the Highlands of Scotland and in S.E. Ireland.-B. ]}f. Shere,<br />
Surrey; above Anstey's Cove, Torquay, and Elburton, near Plymouth,<br />
Devon; Horton Down, Kent; Weston-super-Mare and Bathampton,<br />
and near Bath, Somerset; Cunning Dale, and Deep Dale (f. intercincta),<br />
near Bmrton, Derbyshire; Eglwyseg rocks, ncar Llangollen, Denbighshire;<br />
Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire; Craig-y-Rhlw, Oswestry<br />
and LIanymynach, Shropshire; near Thirsk, Yorkshire; Teesdale,<br />
Durham; Levens Park and Cunswick Scar, Westmorland; Lamplugh,<br />
Cumberland; Island of Lismore, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire;<br />
Middleton, Cork; Dromoland, Clare; Glenarm, Antrim.<br />
62. L. Metzleri Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 478 (1874).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, whitish or greyish-white, usually obliterated (K-,<br />
CaCI -). Apothecia small, innate in pits (foveolate), becoming<br />
slightly prominent, blackish, naked, plane and thinly margined,<br />
at length convex, immarginate; paraphyses conglutinate, darkbrown<br />
at the apices; hypothecium pale-brownish; spores broadly<br />
oblong, 18-28 fL long, 6-12 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine blUlsh<br />
then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 311.<br />
Biatora Metzlen Koerb. Parel·g. Lich. 162 (1860).<br />
Very similar to the preceding, for which it might readily be taken.<br />
It differs, however, externally in the apothecia being smaller, less<br />
deeply imbedded, dark-purplish when moistened, constantly epruinose;<br />
and internally by the much larger spores. A closely allied plant is<br />
L. chondrodes (Massal.) Nyl., recorded as .British by Leighton (Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 253), but Leighton's specimen belongs to the present species.<br />
Hab. On cretaceous stones and calcareous rocks in maritime and<br />
upland tracts.-Distr. Only Ii very few localities in S. England and<br />
S. Wales.-B. ]}f. The DownS. Lewes, Poyning, Beeding and Seddlescomb,<br />
Sussex; Shere, Surrey; Yatton, Somerset; Giltar Point, Tenby,<br />
Pembrokeshire; Breedon Hill, Worcestershire; Levens Park, ",Yestmorland.<br />
63. L. cyclisca Malbr. in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Rouen xvii. 131<br />
(1881).-Thallus thick, cartilaginous, subdeterminate,' unequal,<br />
glaucous-cinerequs- or white-furfuraceous. Apothecia minute,<br />
blackish-brown, plane, immarginate, reddish when moistened<br />
and becoming convex; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
indistinct, reddish-brown upwards; spores ellipsoid-oblong, with<br />
a thick epispore, large, 16-20 fL long, 9-10 fL thick.-Biatora cyclisca<br />
Massal. Symm. Lich. 40 (1855).
LECIDEA LECIDEACE.iE 47<br />
Somewhat like L. leptostigma, but very distinctive on account of the<br />
large spores and the thick uneven thallus, which becomes pitted after<br />
the disappearance of the apothecia. The apothecia are orlginally<br />
descrIbed as Irregularly grouped in small circles, a character not well<br />
marked in our specimen.<br />
Hab. On limestone.-B. lrf. Bathampton Downs, Wiltshire.<br />
64. L. Bauschiana A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, filmy or furfuraceous,<br />
pale-tawny. Apothecia minute, convex, yellowishbrown<br />
to dark-brown or black; hypothecium brownish-yellow or<br />
colourless in thin section; paraphyses conglutinate, the epithecium<br />
colourless or brownish; spores ellipsoid, minute, 8 1.1. long,<br />
4 1.1. thick or smaller.-L. dilutiuscula Nyl. in Flora lix. 308 (1876);<br />
Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 256 (187n). Biatora' Bauschiana Koerb.<br />
Parerg. Lich. 157 (186), fide N yl. Lich. Env. Paris, 93 (1896).<br />
In the preVIOUS edItion this species had been associated with L.<br />
sylvicola var. indigula. Some of the specimens determined as L.<br />
dilutiuscula are now included here. The thallus and apothecia closely<br />
resemble those of L. sylvicola.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks.-Distr. Rare in S. England.-B. ltl. Near<br />
Ditcham Cove and ncar Buckfastleigh, S. Devon.<br />
65. L. rusticula Nyl. in Flora xlix. 371 (1866).-Thallus<br />
effuse, granulate, the granules depressed-convex, sub crenate ,<br />
smooth, glaucous-white (K + yellowish, CaCI + yellow). Apothe<br />
cia minute, somewhat plane, margined, black, the margin<br />
entire, at length obliterated; paraphyses concrete; epithecium<br />
vaguely brownish; hypothecium brown; spores ellipsoid, 10-15 1.1.<br />
long, 5-8 1.1. thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue then sordidyellowish<br />
with iodine.-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. xix. 407<br />
(1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. 271; ed. 3, 272.<br />
Considered by Nylander to be related to L. expansa, but the<br />
character of the apothecia indicates its pOSItion in Sect. Biatora. These<br />
are at first concave with an obtuse margin. In the small specimen<br />
seen they are few and scattered. Spermogones have not been detected.<br />
Hab. On quartzose rocks in mountainous districts.-Distr. FQund<br />
only very sparingly in N. Wales and N.W. Ireland (Salrock Road,<br />
Connemara, Galway fide Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 l. c.).-B. jJl. Giant's<br />
Pebbles, Cader Idris, Merioneth.<br />
66. L. rusticella Nyl. in Flora lxi. 245 (1878).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thin, subleprose, whitish-ochraceous (Ie + reddish, CaCI -).<br />
Apothecia minute, convex, immarginate, black, opaque, dark,<br />
within; paraphyses concrete; epithecium and hypothecium<br />
brown or brownish; spores sub oblong, 6-9 1.1. long, 2'5-3'5 1.1. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine.<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea vii. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 252.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 504.<br />
Comparable with L. rusticula, but distinct in the character of the<br />
thallus and in the smaller spores. The colour of the thallus, which<br />
:Nylander, l. c., says may be normally greyish, is evidently dUll to<br />
suffusion by peroxide of iron. The apothecia are rather scattered.
48 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
Hub. On schistose ferrugmous stones of a wall m upland situations.<br />
-E. 111. Herdhouse Fell, Cumberland; Tullywhee Bridge, Connemara.,<br />
Galway (also reported from ElIersgill, Teesdale, Durham).<br />
67. L. Iiveseens Leight. in Grevillea iv. 78 (l875).-Thallus<br />
white, granulose or granulate-verrucose (K -, CaCI + palereddish),<br />
the granules scattered and dispersed on a black predominating<br />
hypothallus. Apothecia scattered, sessile on the<br />
hypothallus, round or angular-difform, concave with a thick<br />
black prominent entire or flexuose margin, the disc of a pale grey<br />
colour; hypothecium blackish-brown; paraphyses thick, brown<br />
at the apices; spores linear-oblong, minute, 7-8 [L long, 3 [L thick.<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 276.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. M. Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway (the<br />
only locality).<br />
68. L. antrophiIa Larb. ex Leight. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,<br />
i. 242, t. xxxiiI. figs. 10 & 11 (1878).-Thallus yellowish-green,<br />
thin, effuse, pulverulent-furfuraceous (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia<br />
yellowish-red, small, scattered, sessile, excessively convex and<br />
prominent, with only a pale narrow margin when wetted;<br />
hypothecium thick, dark yellowish-red; paraphyses indistinct,<br />
colourless; spores linear or linear-oblong, minute, 9 [L long, 2·5 [L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine pale-blue with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
ed. 3,252.<br />
Hab. On the interior of caves.-B . . M. Mwellan near Kylemore,<br />
Galway (the only locality).<br />
69. L. pieiIa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 251 (1879).-Thallus<br />
dirty yellowish-white, thin, effuse, furfuraceous. Apothecia<br />
black, sessile, plane or hemispherical, confluent, marginate, when<br />
wet transparent pale-brown; hypothecium black; paraphyses<br />
thickish, coherent; spores minute oblong, 9 [L long, 2-3 [L thick.<br />
Biatora picila Massal. Misc. Lich. 38 (1856).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 264.<br />
The spores in the British specimens are larger than the size given by<br />
Massalongo, measuring up to 12 [L long; in the specimens examined from<br />
Craig Tulloch and Twelve Pins, they are mostly simple but occasionally<br />
I.septate.<br />
Hab. On rocks in upland regions.-Distr. Somewhat local and<br />
rare in the Scottish HIghlands and S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Craig<br />
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth shire ; Derryclare and Twelve Pins,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
70. L. indigula Nyl. in Flora Ix. 563 (1877).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thin, continuous, :mgulose, whitish, often scarcely visible (K-,<br />
CaCI -). Apothecia small, subprominent, plane, thinly<br />
margined, blackish; paraphyses slender, colourless at the apices;<br />
hypothecium reddish, the upper subhymenial portion thick,<br />
blackish-brown; spores ellipsoid, 13-16 [L long, 6-7 [L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
in Grevillea vi. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 307.
LECIDEA LECIDEACEJE 49<br />
Considered by Nylander to be related to L. sangllineoatra, but<br />
separated by the internal characters of the apothecium. In the single<br />
small specimen seen, the apothecia are numerous, 8ubminute, at length<br />
convex and immarginate.<br />
Hab. On schistose stones of a wall in a mountainous district.-<br />
B. M. Glencorbot, near Kylemore, Galway (the only localIty).<br />
71. L. botryiza Nyl. ex Stirton in Grevillea ii. 71 (1873).<br />
Thallus effuse, thin, minutely areolate-rimulose or as if minutely<br />
appressed-squamulose, greenish-white (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia<br />
small, superficial, somewhat prominent, convex, simple or<br />
conglomerate and verrucose, brown; paraphyses coherent;<br />
epithecium colourless; hypothecium brown; spores ellipsoid,<br />
6-9 fL long, 3'5--4'5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 247.<br />
Closely allIed to L. botryocarpa Nyl., which does not occur in Great<br />
Britain, externally agreeing with it in the thallus and apothecia. When<br />
conglomerate, the hypothecia are confluent in one common brown<br />
hypothecium in each glomerule of the apothecia. Specimen not seen.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous district.-Distr.<br />
Extremely local and scarce On the S. Grampians, Scotland (Ben<br />
Voirlich, Perthshrre).<br />
72. L. semipallens Nyl. in Flora lix. 234 (1876).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thin, rimulose, sordid-whitish, whitish or glaucous (K + yellowish,<br />
CaCl-). Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, pale or livid;<br />
epithecium and hypothecium colourless; spores minute, ellipsoid,<br />
6-9 fL long, 3'5--4'5 fL thIck; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea v. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
298.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 68 .<br />
. An inconspicuous plant; the apothecia are more or less scattered,<br />
One of the speCImens seen is tinged with peroxide of iron.<br />
Hab. On quartzose and schistose rocks in streams.-Distr. Found<br />
only in W. !reland.-B. M. Near Kylemore, Lough Inagh and Twelve<br />
Pms, Connemara, Galway.<br />
73. L. ealliearpa Larb. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 266 (1879).<br />
Thallus pale-whitish sulphur-coloured, pulverulent granular,<br />
effuse (K -, CaCI + reddish). Apothecia pallid, flesh-coloured,<br />
minute, clustered or scattered, convex; hypothecium colourless;<br />
paraphyses coherent, apices colourless; spores not seen.<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Very similar to the preceding, except in the thalline reaction. The<br />
absence of spores makes idenhficatlOn almost impossible.<br />
Hab. On damp perpendicular rocks at Glencorbot, near Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
74. L. polio des NyI. in Flora lviii. 10 (1875).-Thallus blackishor<br />
greenish-grey, thin, opaque, wrinkled-granulate. Apothecia<br />
n E
LECIDEA LECIDEACEJE 51<br />
78. L. antiloga Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. 164 (1877).-Thallus<br />
nearly evanescent. Apothecia black, minute, adnate, plane with<br />
a thickish margin; hypothecium colourless, darker upwards;<br />
paraphyses indistinct, but clavate and greenish-black at the tips;<br />
spores globose, minute, 4-5'5 flo in diameter; hymenial gelatine<br />
blue then dark violet with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 309.<br />
A very distinct species. The thallus is reduced to scattered hyphoo<br />
and gonidia among the superficial rather loose fibres of the wood.<br />
Hab. On decorticated wood.-B. 111. Road to Loch-an-Eilan,<br />
A viemore, Inverness-shIre.<br />
79. L. geophana Ny!. Lich. Scand. 212 (1861).-Thallus thin,<br />
greenish or greyish, indistinct, consisting of a confused layer of<br />
hyphm and algm. Apothecia minute, plane or convex, about<br />
'250 mm. in dIameter, immarginate, dark-brown; hypothecium<br />
narrow, brownish-red; epithecium brownish-red; paraphyses<br />
few, slender, conglutinate, scarcely visible; asci oblong-clavate,<br />
about 75 flo long, 12 flo wide, 12-18-spored; spores globose or<br />
slightly irregular in size and form, with a distinct epispore,<br />
6-8 flo in diameter; hymenial gelatine blue then sordid-wine-red<br />
with iodine.-L. pleiospora A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 352 (1911).<br />
Classified by Nylander as allied to L. granulosa. It is placed here<br />
with other species that have globose spores. L. pleiospora has been<br />
included under L. geophana, as the only real difference between the<br />
two species is the halonate character of tho spores in L. pleiospora, and<br />
that character is probably a stage of development. There is also<br />
some difference in locality, most specimens of L. geophana occurring<br />
in northern or alpine regions, but that also seems insufficient to<br />
•. eparate the species.<br />
Hab. On argillaceous or sandy soil. Distr. Generally in northern<br />
regions, but found also in southern localities.-B. ])[. Ashey Down,<br />
near Ryde, I. of Wight; Little Bowden, Northamptonshire; Sanddunes,<br />
Freshfield, north Lancashire; on tableland, S. of Glen Callater,<br />
Aberdeenshire.<br />
80. L. calpodes Stirton in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field Nat. 1875,<br />
a9.-Thallus dark-grey, cracked-areolate, the areolm somewhat<br />
convex, contiguous, or dispersed. Apothecia black, minute,<br />
numerous, innate-sessile, concave, suburceolate, acutely margined,<br />
b ·coming plane; hypothecium brown or pallid brown, thin;<br />
paraphyses irregular, indistinct, branching, brownish at the apices;<br />
spores ellipsoid, or almost globose, 7-9 flo long, 6-7 (1. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine slightly blue then wine-red with iodine.<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 288. Specimen not seen.<br />
Hab. On rocks. Collected by Dr. Stirton at Killiecrankie,<br />
Perthshire.<br />
a1. L. rubidula Ny!. in Flora lxvii. 214 (1884).-Thallus effuse,<br />
scarcely visible. Apothecia small, subglobose, ferruginous red;<br />
hypothecium not dark; paraphyses slender, not well discrete;
52 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
epithecium tawny-ochraceous (K + purplish) ; asci saccate,<br />
spores globose 6-7 f1. diam.; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish<br />
then tawny-wine-red with iodine. Specimen not seen.<br />
A well-marked species, somewhat resembling Biatorella ochrophora.<br />
Nylander observes that the hymenium and hypothecium contain<br />
parietin, though in less degree tha,n the epitheclUm. Originally found<br />
III Behring's Straits, it has since been detected sparingly III YorkshIre<br />
(fide Nyl. Lich. Labuan et Singapore, 44 (1891».<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a hilly dlstrict.-Distr. Only in N.<br />
England.<br />
82. L. leptostigma Nyl. in Flora Ii. 344 (1868).-Thallus subdeterminate,<br />
somewhat thick, scarcely cracked, greyish-white<br />
(K -, CaCI -). Apothecia small, innate, thin, gregarious,<br />
brownish-black; paraphyses thickened upwards, sordid-yellow<br />
towards the apices; hypothecium pale yellowish; asci cylindrical,<br />
spores globose or globose-ellipsoid, uniseriate in the ascus, 5-9 f1. in<br />
diameter; hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
in J ourn. Bot. vii. 49 (1869), & Lich. Brit. 76; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
356; ed.· 3, 385.<br />
The thallus and apfJthecia are somewhat similar to L. cyclisca, but<br />
is distinguished by the form of the spores. Nylander has stated that<br />
the thallus in all probabilIty is not proper, and in that case it might<br />
be classified as parasItic. The apotheCla are numerous and crowded.<br />
Hab. On a mica-schistose boulder in a subalpine situation.-B. M.<br />
Near Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
§ iii. EULECIDEA Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. n. ser. v.<br />
157 (1866). PI. 6. Thallus crustaceous, very variable, at times<br />
evanescent or absent. Apothecia mostly carbonaceous (lecideine),<br />
plane or convex, black or brownish-black; asci usually 8-spored;<br />
spores simple, rarely faintly I-septate, colourless or sometimes<br />
with a brownish tinge. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and<br />
straight or rarely arcuate spermatia.<br />
There is no clear line of demarcation between the two sections<br />
Biatora and Eulecidea, though in general the difference is easily recognized:<br />
in the latter the apothecia are distinguished by their darker and<br />
more carbonaceous character; occasionally, however, they are at some<br />
stage of development lighter in colour and rather soft. One very<br />
striking character is the darker colour of the tips of the paraphyses<br />
(epIthecium). The species grow, WIth few exceptions, on rocks, stones<br />
or earth, and are very abundant in upland or alpine regions.<br />
Species of Eulecldea are arranged here in two groups according<br />
to the colour of the hypothecium.<br />
1. (83-133). Hypothecium colourless or yellowish or pale<br />
brownish. (See also L. aglma and L. armeniaca.)<br />
83. L. sporadiza Stirton in Grevillea iii. 33 (1874).-Thallus<br />
yellow or greenish-yellow, granulate, the granules often con-
LECIDEA LECIDEACE2E 53<br />
glomerate or pulverulent (K + yellow, CaCI + orange-red).<br />
Apothecia black, sessile, small or medium-sized, plane, marginate;<br />
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses few, irregular, indIStinct,<br />
vaguely dark at the apices; spores ellipsoid, small, 6-7 fL long,<br />
4-6 I'- thick; hymenial gelatine pale-blue then sordid with<br />
iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 266.<br />
Considered by Stirton to be allied to L. neglecta. Its affinity seems<br />
rather with the L. parasema group. In the specimen (from Rb. Stirton)<br />
m the British Museum herbarium the granules are conglomerate<br />
and almost subsquamulose. The asci are about 35 fL long, 7 fL wide;<br />
the paraphyses, as shown on the application of potash, are slender,<br />
septate, branched at the tips, and end in chains of mmute globose<br />
cells.<br />
Hab. On old worked wood.-B. 111. Glen Loehay, Killin, Perthshire.<br />
Recorded by Stirton also from Grantown, Inverness-shire.<br />
84. L. dubia Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.<br />
176 (1833).-Thallus effuse subleprose, pale-yellowish-green,<br />
extremely pulverulent or almost smooth and minutely areolate<br />
(K + yellow, CaCI + orange-red). Apothecia black, usually<br />
numerous, scattered or confluent, subsessile, plane, becoming<br />
convex and immarginate, the disc smooth or granular; hypothecium<br />
brownish; paraphyses distinct, dark-bluish-green at the<br />
apices, the colour extendmg downwards: spores ellipsoid, 12-14 fL<br />
long, 5-7 I'- thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Tayl.<br />
in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 120; Leight. Lie-h. Fl. 263; ed. 3, 260.<br />
lichen dubius Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2547 (1814).<br />
Euicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 143 (as Lichen leproides); Boh!. n.<br />
H2 (douhtful).<br />
Closely allt(,d to L. parasema. It differs from that speCIes in the<br />
powdery thallus and in the somewhat smaller spores. The type specimen<br />
was renamed by Nylander L. parasema var. jlavens, and another specimen<br />
in the Sowerby herbarium was Similarly labelled by Crombie.<br />
Our specimens form a well· connected series m which thc surface of the<br />
thallus varIeS from bring almost smooth to completely powdery.<br />
They also differ from L. parasema in the larger and more crowded<br />
apoth('eia, and from var. fiavens m the rather denser powdery thallus.<br />
Hab. On old palmgs.-Dist. Local and not uncommon in the S.<br />
of England, extending as far north as Cambridgeshrre.-B.lIl. Near<br />
p, ·nzance, Cornwall; Penshurst, Kent; near Isfield, Sussex; Shere,<br />
Burrey; Ulting and Chalk End, Essex; Hinchley, Middlesex; Great<br />
Comberton, Worcestcrshrre; Oakmgton, Cambridgeshire; Overton near<br />
Ludlow, Shropshire.<br />
85. L. parasema Ach. l\Ieth. Lich. 35 (1803) pro parte; Ny!.<br />
in Bot. Not. 1852, 175 & Lich. Scand. 217 pro parte.-Thallus<br />
determinate or subdeterminate, thin or thinnish, granulose or<br />
rather smooth, whitish or grey-coloured (K + yellowish, CaCI -,<br />
K (CaCI) + orange-red); hypothaUus black, at times limIting the<br />
thallus. Apothecia small, uf,ually numerous and crowded, at
LECIDEA LECIDEACEiE 55<br />
internally whitish, and the hypothecium almost colourless.<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 77; Leight. Lich. Fl. 270; ed. 3, 269.<br />
Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on soil.-Distr. Rare in the<br />
southern counties of England and in E. and N. Scotland, not recorded<br />
from the Channel Islands or from Ireland.-B. lIf. Ilsham Valley,<br />
Torquay, Devon; New Forest, Hants; 'Vindsor Great Park, Berks;<br />
Portlethen, Forfarshire; Glen Girnac, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Applecross<br />
House, Ross-shire.<br />
Var. elreochroma Ach. Meth. 36 (1803) pro parte; Nyl. Lich.<br />
Scand. 217.-Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thin, yellowish,<br />
yellowish-grey or olivaceous. Apothecia black, livid-black, or<br />
partly dark-reddish or dark-bluish-green; hypothecium pale or<br />
yellowish-brown.-Mudd Man. 200; Cromb. Lich. Brit_ 77;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 270; ed. 3, 269. L. elwochroma Tayl. in Mackay,<br />
Fl. Hib. ii. 119 (1836). L. enteroleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. 177 (1810).<br />
L. parasema var. enteroleuca Nyl. Lich. Scand. 217 (1861) pro<br />
parte (corticolous), Mudd Man. 201; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 77.<br />
Lichen parasemus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1450 (1805) pro parte.<br />
Lichenoides leprosum, &c., Dill. Hist. Muse. l. c. pro parte.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 181; Leight. nos. 126, 327, 328, 332 (as<br />
L. scabrosa); Mudd nos. 169, 170; Baxt. Stirp. Crypt. Ox. n.<br />
19; Bohl. n. 45; J ohus. n. 345.<br />
Distinguished from the type by the dIfferently coloured thin thallus,<br />
which at first sight would almost seem to render It specifically distinct.<br />
The apothecia are usually smaller I
56 CYCLOCARrINElE LECIDEA<br />
dark-bluish-green or almost black at the. tips; spores ellipsoid,<br />
10-18 [.Llong, 5-9 [.L thick.-L. scabrosa 'J.'ay!. in Mackay F!. Rib. ii.<br />
122 (1836) (non Ach.), fide Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 24 (1866).<br />
L. parasema var. latypea Ny!. Lich. Scand. 217 (1861); Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 77; Leight. Lich. Fl. 269; ed. 3, 270 (inc!. var.<br />
monticola). L. conwps Mudd Man. 201 (1861), (non Wablenb.).<br />
L. continuior Nyl. in Flora Ix. 463 (excl. var.) (877); Leight.<br />
Lich. F!. ed. 3, 277.<br />
Exswc. Larb. Rb. n. 103.<br />
Differs from L. parasema in habitat, in the thicker granular thallus,<br />
which is either conglomerate or broken up and scattered, and in the<br />
somewhat darker hypothecium. The apothecia are plane and scattered<br />
or sometimes subconfluent with the margin evanescent. I have not<br />
seen specimens of L. continuior; Nylander says it differs only In the<br />
rather flat rimose-areolate thallus and the more rapId reaction with<br />
hypochlorite of lime.<br />
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime and upland<br />
distrIets.-Distr. Somewhat general throughout Great Britain.-B. M.<br />
Islands of Alderney and Sark; Hommet Basnet and Vale Castle,<br />
Guernsey; Mount Orgueil Castle, Jersey; Bole Head, and near<br />
Plymouth, Devon; Gerrans, and near Penzance, Cornwall; Beeleigh,<br />
near Maldon and Ulting, Essex; Langbaurghrigg, and near Ayton,<br />
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Isle of Man; Barcaldine,<br />
Argyll; Nigg and Portlethen, Kincardineshire; SybIl Head, Kerry;<br />
Dawros ClIffs, near Kylemore, and near Letterfrack, Connemara,<br />
Galway; Lambay Island, Dublin; Borris, Carlow; Clare Island,<br />
Mayo.<br />
Form latypiza A. L. Sm.-Thallus subcinereous, effuse (K +<br />
yellow, CaCI - ).-L. parascma subsp. latypiza Ny!. in Bull. Soc.<br />
Linn. Norm. set. 2, vi. 310 (1872); var. latypea f. latypiza Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 270 (1879).<br />
Differs from the type in the colour reaction and in the somewhat<br />
greyer more effuse thallus.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. M. Twelve Pins, Connemara, Galway (the only<br />
BrItish locality). •<br />
87. L. protrusa Schoor. Spicil. 201 (1833) (non Fries).<br />
Thallus effuse pale sulphur-coloured, thickish, granular-verrucose,<br />
the granules contiguous and areolate or scattered, sometimes<br />
Borediate (K + yellow, CaCI + orange-red). Apothecia black,<br />
numerous, often confluent, innate-sessile, plane then convex, the<br />
thin smooth entire margin eventually obliterated; hypothecium<br />
reddish-brown; paraphyses loosely coherent, blackish-green at<br />
the tips; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 11-20 (J. long, 7-8 [.L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.-Mudd Man. 207; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 271; cd. 3, 270. L. sea bra Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib.<br />
ii. 121 (1836). L. enterochlora Tayl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. 271;<br />
ed. 3, 271. .<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 299; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 67; Johns. n. 378.
58 CYCLOCARPINE;E LECIDEA<br />
Differs from L. latypea in the reaction with CaCI, in the much<br />
thinner, more furfuraceous thallus, and in the usually almost colourless<br />
hypothecium. Acharius' species L. enteroleuca (Lieh. Univ. 177 (1810»<br />
grows on trees and is included under L. parasema var. elceochroma.<br />
Nylander has drawn a distinction between L. goniophila and L. entero·<br />
[euca in that the spermatia of the former are straight, while those of<br />
L. enteroleuca are arcuate 20-30 [J. X 1 [J.. (See Lich. Env. Paris, 90<br />
(1896».<br />
Hab. On rocks mostly siliceous and on stones.-Distr. Frequent in<br />
all parts of the British Isles.-B. M. St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight;<br />
Ardingly Rocks, St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; illtihg, Essex; Llmpley<br />
Stoke, Wilts; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Llandyssll, Cardigans hire ;<br />
Knighton, Radnorshire; near Oswestry and Tong Priory, Shropshire;<br />
Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Shawswell, Gloucestershire; Ayton, Cleveland Dent, and near Battersby,<br />
Yorkshire; Mallerstrang, Staveley and ncar Plumgarths, Westmor.<br />
land; Barnard Castle, Teesdale, Durham; near Berwick; Lamplugh,<br />
Cockermouth, Cumberland; Glen Tilt, Craig Calhach and Cralg Tulloch,<br />
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; neat Kylemore, Conne.<br />
mara and Lough Cooter, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo.<br />
Var. acervata Mudd Man. 202 (1861).-Thallus effuse,<br />
greyish-white, granular, the granules becoming more or less<br />
pulverulent and greenish-yellow. Apothecia small, aggregated<br />
into clusters of 4 to 20, at first plane and marginate, becoming<br />
convex and immarginate; paraphyses lax, black at the tips.<br />
Exsico. Mudd n. 173.<br />
Bab. On rocks and stones in mountainous districts.-B. M. Fre·<br />
quent at Highcliff, Cleveland, Yorkshire (the only locality).<br />
89. L. inserena Ny!. in Flora, Iii. 84 (1869).-Thallus thickish,<br />
cinereous, glaucous grey, rimose-areolate or areolate-granulose,<br />
the areolal plane, often occurring as scattered granules on a black<br />
hypothallus. Apothecia black, plane or slightly convex; hypothecium<br />
colourless, with an opaque white stratum in the lower<br />
portion; paraphyses indistinct, bluish-black at the tips; spores<br />
ellipsoid, oblong, 14-17 [J. long, 6-8 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
sordid-blue, the asci becoming violet-coloured with iodine.<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Linn. 80£. (Bot.) xv. 487 (187]) & Lich. Brit. 85;<br />
Leight. Lich FJ. 278; ed. 3, 280.<br />
Resembling somewhat tumid forms of L. griseoatra, but well clis·<br />
tinguished by the colourless hypotheciulll.<br />
Hab. On granite rocks.-Distr. Very rare 011 the Grampians,<br />
Scotland.-B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshrre; Craig auio and Morrone,<br />
13raemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
90. L. vitidans Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 271 (1879).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, minutely granulose, yellowish-green or sordidgreenish<br />
(Kf + yellowish, CaCI - K(CaCI) + orange-red); hypothallus<br />
evanescent. Apothecia small, innate-sessile, at first<br />
plane, and thickly margined, at length convex and Bubmarginate,
LEClDEA LEClDEACElE 59<br />
black, sometimes greenish-suffused; hypothecium yellowish;<br />
paraphyses subdiscrete, dark-greenish above; spores ellipsoidoblong,<br />
small, 9-12 !LIang, 6-8 !L thick; hymenial gelatine lJIuish<br />
with iodine.-L. sabuletorum var. viridans Flot. in Flora xi. 697<br />
(1828). Lecidella vin'dans Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 242 (1855).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 331; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 307.<br />
Flotow points out that the apothecia, when moistened, appear<br />
paler and transparent (owing to the pale hypothecium), surrounded by<br />
a dark ring.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, Wales and<br />
central England.-B. lJI. Between Rozel and Boulay Bay, Jersey;<br />
Lyth Hill, Shropshire.<br />
91. L. Ieucophrea Ny1. in Flora 1iii. 35 (1870)"-Thal1us 'indeterminate,<br />
thinnish, verrucose-areolate, the areolre more or<br />
less convex, greyish (K - or yellowish, CaCl -); hypothallus<br />
black. Apothecia small, adnate or appressed, plane and thinly<br />
margined, reddish-brown, dark-purplish or livid-black, within<br />
whitish, the margin often paler, at length excluded; hypothecium<br />
pale; paraphyses brown or dark-brown at the apices; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 9-14 !Llong, 4-8 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish,<br />
the asci tawny-wine-coloured, with iodine.-Lecanora leucophma<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 51 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 194; cd. 3, 178<br />
(incl. var. conglobata); var. conglobata Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi.<br />
134 (1873). Biatora leucophaJa Floerke ex Koerb. Syst. Lich.<br />
Germ. 194 (1855). Lecanora leucophmiza Nyl. in Flora lvii. 308<br />
(1874); Leight. Lieh. Fl. ed. 3, 178.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 63.<br />
Nylander l.c. has stated that Lecanora leucophceiza differs from<br />
Lecidea leucopha!a in the reaction with iodine; in the former the asci<br />
alone being affected by the stain, and also in the thallus bccoming<br />
slightly yellow with K.<br />
Sometimes the thallus is more massive and scattered, with the<br />
apothecia convex, dIfform and tuberculatc; it is then var. cong[obata<br />
Cromb. The apothecia are occasionally crowded to_gether.<br />
Hab. On subalpine rocks.-Distr. Plentiful where it occurs in the<br />
hilly districts of Wales, N. England, Scotland and W. lreland.-B. lJI.<br />
Cader ldris, near Llyn Aran, Dolgclly, Barmouth and Aran Mawddwy,<br />
Menoneth: Snowdon and Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire; Blakeney,<br />
Norfolk; High Force, Teesdale and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Hoed Screcs, Crow Fell and Black Lot, Westmorland; Portlethen,<br />
Kincardineshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Ben Lawers, ncar Loch<br />
Voil and Bcn.y-gloe, Perthshirc; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll;<br />
lIIorrone and Craig Ouie, Bracmar, Abcrdeenshire; near Kylcmore and<br />
near Lough Mask, Connemara, Galway.<br />
92. L. leucophreoides Ny!. in Flora liii. 35 (1870).-Thallus<br />
areolate-granulose, the areolro smooth, plane or somewhat rounded,<br />
greyish-white (K + yellow, then orange-red); hypothallus black.<br />
at times limiting the thallus. Apotheeia black, or brownishblack,<br />
somewhat plane, becoming immarginate; hypothecium
LE0IDEA r,ECIDEACElE 61<br />
or somewhat largo, adnato, at nrst plane and thinly margined,<br />
at length convex and immarginate, brownish-black or black;<br />
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses concrete, somewhat<br />
fuliginous at the apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 15-18 {L long,<br />
5-7 flo thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid with iodine.<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. 135 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 297.<br />
The species has been found in mountainous regions of Southern and<br />
Northern Europe. The apothecia in the British Museum specimen have<br />
a dense white layer immediately beneath the hymenium and lower<br />
down a dark-brown hypothecium which is absent in the continental<br />
specimens. The species is retained here but the plants from Braemar<br />
might rather be included under L.fuscoatra. The spermatia in L. cenea<br />
are long, acicular and arcuate (fide Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 457).<br />
Hab. On a mica· schist boulder in a mountainous region.-B. lJI.<br />
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only locallty).<br />
96. L. nigroglomerata Leight. Lieh. Fl. 252 (1871}.-ThailuB<br />
effuse, subareolate, minutely squamulose, the squamules smooth<br />
and shining, crenulate, glaucous-white, very small, and crowded<br />
round the groups of apothecia (K + yellow, CaCl + yellow),<br />
hypothallus black, little visible. Apothecia black, moderato in<br />
size, crowded and deformed, shining, plane or convex, with a<br />
thickish slIghtly paler margin; hypothecium colourless, lateral<br />
walls thin, dusky-blackish, often continuous under the hypothecium<br />
as a thin dusky line; paraphyses coherent, greenishblack<br />
at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 11-15 flo long, 6--8 {L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid-yellow with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
in Journ. Bot. ix. 179 (1871). Lecanora mgroglomerata Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 179 (1879).<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 64.<br />
Externally this species has a general resemblance to L. auriculata<br />
var. diducens, but is sufficiently distinguished by the subsquamulose<br />
dispersed thallus and the colourless hypothecium.<br />
Hab. On quartzose stones in bare alpine places.-B. lJI. Summit<br />
of Cairn Gowar, Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only locality).<br />
97. L. scotinodes Ny!. in Flora lvi. 295 (1873}.-Thallus subdeterminate,<br />
thinnish, unequal, areolate-rimose, dark-greyish.<br />
Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black, hypothecium<br />
colourless; paraphyses moderate, dark-blue at the incrassate<br />
apices; epithecium K + pale-violet; spores oblong, simple or<br />
occasionally I-septate, 14-18 {L long, 5-6 flo thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-coloured or reddish with iodine.<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 90; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 332.<br />
Allied to L. scotina, a plant of Bavaria, but differs in the esquamulose<br />
thallus, the convex: apothecia, the larger spores and other<br />
characters given. The numerous apothecia are occasionally somewhat<br />
crowded.
64 CYCLOCARPINEJE LECIDEA<br />
The plant recorded by Salwey was collected by him on rocks at<br />
Jerbourg, Gucrnsey, and was determined by Nylander. The species<br />
has a very wide European distribution.<br />
Hab. On rocks, mostly alpine. Distr. Rare in the British Is1es.-<br />
B. Jll. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
104. L. prominula Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. 2687, fig. ]a<br />
(1831).-Thallus pale tawny-brown, thin, minutcly granular<br />
(K + yellow, CaCl + yellow). Apotheeia black, small, numerous,<br />
crowded, sessile, plane, with an obtuse entire margin; hypothecium<br />
colourless or yellowish-brown, the lateral excipulum<br />
blackish-brown; paraphyses rather lax, pale, dark-brown at the<br />
apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 11-15 [L long, 6-9 [L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine blue then dirty-violet with iodine.-Hook. in<br />
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 175; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 119; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 259; ed. 3, 255.<br />
Scarcely to be distinguished outwarclly from L. crustulata, but<br />
differing m the lighter. coloured hypotheclUm, and the colour reaction<br />
of the thallus, whICh, however, is not constant.<br />
llab. On calcareous rocks and fimts.-Distr. Not common in S. and<br />
Central England.-B. JJf. Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Matlock, Derbyshire;<br />
·Westmorland.<br />
105. L. instratula Nyl. in Flora lxi. 242 (1878).-Thallus<br />
dark-grey, thin, smooth, plane, minutely cracked-areolate, with a<br />
black hypo thallus. Apothecia minute, black, innate and immarginate;<br />
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses distinct but very<br />
coherent, the epithecium blackISh-green; asci ventriform;<br />
spores ellipsoid, 8-11 [Llong, 4-5 Po thick.-B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc.<br />
Bot. Fr. liv. 444, 1907; Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i. 152 (1912);<br />
A.L.Sm. Monogr. Lich. i. 470 (1918). Specimen not seen.<br />
The description is taken from Nylander and from B. de Lesdain.<br />
Nylander describes the apothecium as "dark withm" and places it<br />
near to L. jU8coatra. B. de Lesdain gives the internal characters as<br />
above, which indicate affinity with L. lapiczda.<br />
lIab. On granite rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Camster Cairns,<br />
Caithness.<br />
106. L. marginata Schrer. Enum. 115 (1850).-Thallus<br />
tartareous, light-grey or -yellowish or -brown, thickish, crackedareolate,<br />
determinate, with a black hypothallus (K + yellow).<br />
Apothecia black, sessile, plane or tumid with a prominent flexuose<br />
margin, at length immarginate; hypothecium pale; paraphyses<br />
coherent, dark olive-green at the tIps; spores ellipsoid, 10-15 [L<br />
long, 5-7 [L thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 83; Leight. Lich. FI. 284; ed. 3, 289.<br />
llab. On alpine rocks, rare. Collected on Ben Lawers by Admiral<br />
Jones (18G8).
LECIDEA LECIDElACEM Gil<br />
107. L. lapicida Ach. Moth. 37 (1803) pro partc.-Thallus<br />
tal'tareous, thin, cracked-areolate, the areolro plane, light- or<br />
ash-grey (K - or + y, then red; medulla I + blue). Apothecia<br />
appressed or adnate, plane or slightly concave with a thin<br />
prominent margin; hypothecium pale or brownish; paraphyses<br />
loosely coherent, blue-greemsh-black or dark-brown at the<br />
apices; spores ellipsoid, 9-13 fL long, 4-6 fl' thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine blue then sordid with iodine.-Mudd Man. 209 pro parte;<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 81 pro parte (excl. vars.); Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
284 (exel. vars.); ed. 3, 289 (excl. var.). L. polycarpa Floerke ex<br />
Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 149 (1826); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 82;<br />
LClght. Lich. Fl. 283; ed. 3, 288. Lichen lapiC'tda Ach. Lich. Suec.<br />
Prodr. 61 (1798).<br />
Exswc. Johns. n. 350.<br />
Th. Fries (Lich. Scand. 491, 493) places L. polyoarpa under L.<br />
pantherina, of which he regards L. lapiCtda as a subspecies. The only<br />
dIfference between the two is in the reaction with potash: in L. polyoarpa<br />
the reaction varies from yellow to yellow followed by red, while<br />
in L. lapicida there is usually no colour-reaction. Fries further states<br />
that some specimens of Zapicida give no reaction in one part of the<br />
thallus, while III another they tmge red. The reactIOn of our specimens<br />
varies from a faint yellow to CrImson. .<br />
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks.-Distr. Found chiefly in<br />
mountainous regions.-B. ]Jf. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Llyn Geironydd,<br />
Trefriw; Nant Francon and Llanberis, Carnarvonshll'e; Malvern Hills,<br />
Worcestershire; Red Screes, Reston Scar, and Pugh Crag, Westmorland;<br />
Dent Hill, Cumberland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,<br />
AberdeenshIre; coast of Kincardineshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shue;<br />
Clare Island, Mayo.<br />
Var declinans Nyl. Lich. Scand. 226 (1861).-Similar to the<br />
type but with a darker hypothecium and nearly ecrustaceOUB<br />
thallus (K + yellow, then red).-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist.<br />
ser. 3, xix. 403 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 81. L. polycarpa var.<br />
declinans Leight. Lich. Fl. 284 (1871); ed. 3, 289. L. declinans<br />
Nyl. in Flora IXI. 243 (1878).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 505.<br />
Hab. On rocks in mountainous regions.-B. ]Jf. Ennerdale, Cumberland;<br />
two doubtful specimens without spores from Ben Lawers, Perthshire,<br />
and Braemar, Aberdeenshll'e, collected and named by Carroll.<br />
108. L. lithophila Ach. Syn. 14 (1814).-Thallus tartareous,<br />
whitish or ashy-grey, thin, cracked-areolate, the areolre plane<br />
(K -, CaCI -) ; hypo thallus black. Apothecia numerous,<br />
moderate in SIze or small, scattered or aggregate and angular,<br />
plane, brownish-black, velvety and soft, almost black-pruinose<br />
with a thin prominent flexuose margin; hypothecium colourless<br />
or pale; paraphyses slender, loosely coherent, sometimes with a<br />
greenish tinge, clavate, and blackish-brown at the tips (NO a + roseviolet);<br />
spores ellipsoid, 9-15 fL long, 5-6 fL thick; hymenial<br />
IT F
68 CYCLOCAHPINElE LECIDEA<br />
112. L. mesotropoides NyI. in Flora Iv. 359 (1872).-Thallus<br />
subdeterminate, moderate, verrucose-areolate, grcyish, the areolw<br />
convex (K + yellowish, CaCl -, medulla 1-). Apothecla<br />
small, prominent, blackish, at first plane and thmly margined,<br />
then convex and immarginate; paraphyses slender, more or less<br />
coherent; hypotheeium colourless; spores ellipsoid, 9-11 fI. long,<br />
6-7 fI. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea i. 69; Leight. Lich. FL ed. 3, 282.<br />
Distinguished from L. mesotropa by the thalline reactions, the<br />
thinner apothecia and the shorter spores. The two BrItish specimens<br />
are well fertile. The spermogones, here and there vislble, have the<br />
spermatia 7-10 (.I. long, scarcely 1 (.I. thICk.<br />
Hab. On calcareous and schistose stones of a wall in an upland<br />
situation.-B. IH. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshrre (the only<br />
locality).<br />
113. L. mesotropiza Nyl. in Flora lvi. 20 (1873).-Thallus<br />
indeterminate, moderate, verrucose-rugulose, whitish (K + deep<br />
yellow, CaCI -). Apothecia small or sub moderate, more or leSB<br />
crowded, adnate, black, at first plane and thinly margined, at<br />
length convex, immarginate, sometimes slightly pruinose, bluishgrey<br />
within; paraphyses not very discrete; epithecium darkgreeniRh-blue;<br />
hypothecium colourless; spores ellipsoid, 11-12 (.I.<br />
long, 7 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci violet, with<br />
iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea i. 142; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 275.<br />
Externally very similar to the preceding, from which it differs<br />
chiefly in the whitish verrucose thallus and the bluish epithecium.<br />
Hab. On schistose stones of a wall in an upland district.-B. 111.<br />
Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen (the only locality).<br />
114. L. aggregatula Nyl. in Flora lxvi. 101 (1883).-Thallus<br />
thickish, indetermmate, minutely granulate, the granules aggregate,<br />
grouped in areolw, whitish or greyish-white (K -, CaCI -).<br />
Apothecia small, adnate, plane, subrugulose, at times more or less<br />
congregate, blackish or brownish-black; hypothecium colourless;<br />
paraphyses slender, somewhat clavate and brown at the apices;<br />
spores oblong, 11-15 (.I. long; 5--6 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish,<br />
then tawny wine-coloured with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea<br />
xii. 90.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 338 (as LecanoJ"a aggl'egatula).<br />
Considered by Nylander as allied to L. leucophwa. The thallus is<br />
overrun by a blue-green alga. The spermogones have the spermatia<br />
arcuate, 14-18 t+ long, ·5 (.I. thick.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. Ill. Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire.<br />
115. L. subkochiana Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. 179 (1871).<br />
Thallus crustaceous, smooth, whitish or greyish, determinate,<br />
cracked-areolate, the areolw plane, contiguous (K + yellowish,<br />
then red, CaCI -). Apothecia black, numerous, innate or sessile
LECIDEA LECIDEACEA!: 71<br />
8 ..... 11 [L long, 6-8 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the apices of<br />
the asci at length wine-red, with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 79;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 281; ed. 3, 285. L. rivulosa var. Kochiana Mudd<br />
Man. 199. Biatora rivulosa var. Kochiana Fr. Lich. Eur. 272<br />
(1831).. Lecanora mammilhfera Stirt. in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field<br />
Nat. 1875, 85; A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 309 (1918).<br />
Differs from the preceding mainly in the absence of intersecting<br />
hypothalline lines, in the darker innate immarginate apothecia, and<br />
the more globose spores. It is rather a variable plant, according to<br />
the habitat, but presents only the followmg well-marked variety. Tho<br />
apothecia, which are even with the thallus, are in a very young state<br />
thinly margined, but the margin is speedily evanescent.<br />
Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions.-Distr. Only<br />
here and there in Great Britain; not seen from Ireland or the Channel<br />
Islands.-B. M. Trellick, Monmouthshire; Cader Idris, Merioneth;<br />
Pen· y-gwryd, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Y strad·ffn, Carmarthenshire;<br />
Llanyrtyd, Breconshire; Kildale and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Eskdale, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Craig<br />
Rossie, The Ochils, and Ben-y-Gloe, Perthshire; Upper Glen Dee and<br />
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire.<br />
Var. Iygrea Leight. Lich. Fl. 282 (1871).-Thallus dark,<br />
umber-brownish-coloured, effuse, continuous, smooth, slightly<br />
cracked-areolate. Apothecia smaller than in the species.-Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 286. Lecidea lygcea Ach. Syn. 34 (1814) (excl. vars.<br />
pel1dna, etc.).<br />
Distinguished by the thinner and smoother thallus and by the<br />
minute apothecia. Occasionally the thallus is intersected and limited<br />
by the dark hypothallus and the apothecia are rather larger.<br />
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous regions.-Distr.<br />
Somewhat rare in the Channel Islands, Wales, the Grampians of Scotland<br />
and W. Ireland; not recorded from England.-B. M. Boulay Bay,<br />
Jersey; Sark; Dolgelly, Barmouth and Cader Idris, Merionoth;<br />
Beddgelert and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Crianlarich, Perthshirc;<br />
Doughruagh Mt. and Letterfrack, Galway.<br />
119. L. mollis Nyl. Lich. Scand. 223 (1861).-Thallus determinate,<br />
minutely cracked-areolate, slightly furfuraceous on the<br />
surface, greyish or pale-brownish-grey (K -, CaCI-); hypothallus<br />
blackish, limiting the thallus. Apothecia rather small,<br />
superficial, with thickish entire margin, black or brownish-black,<br />
whitish within; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses stoutish,<br />
loosely coherent, thicker and blackish at the apices; spores<br />
shortly ellipsoid or subglobose, 7-9 [Llong, 5 ..... 6 [L thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine pale-bluish, the asci at length wine-coloured, with iodine.<br />
-Leight. Lich. Fl. 277 pro parte; ed. 3, 280 pro parte. L.<br />
rivulosa val'. molUs Wahlenb. FI. Lapp. 472 (1812).<br />
Differs from L. rivulosa in thalline characters. Th. Fries (Lich.<br />
Scand. 45) describes the paraphyses as brown or black at tho apices.<br />
In our specimen they are blackish-green. •
72 QYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
Hab. On quartzose rocks.-B. ]f. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire_<br />
120. L. pammicta Stirton in Grevillea iii. 34 (1874).-Thallus,<br />
whitish or greyish, thick, cracked-areolate, the areolro minutely<br />
papillose (K + yellow, then orange-red). Apothecla black, sessile,<br />
plane, or somewhat convex wIth an undulate sometimes paler<br />
margin, the disc almost constantly gyrose-plicate; hypothecium<br />
colourless; paraphyses stout, coherent, with blackish clavate<br />
apices; spores ellipsoid, 8-10 fL long, 5-6 fL thick.-Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 283.<br />
Collected by Dr. Stirton on Ben Arthur (The Cobbler), Argyll, and<br />
considered by him to be allied to L. mollis or L. tessellata, but distinguished<br />
by the chemical reaction of the thallus and other characters.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B . .lIf. Ben Arthur, Argyll.<br />
121. L. interludens Nyl. in Flora liii. 35 (1870).-Thallus<br />
determinate, thin, cracked-areolate, whitish or greyish-white<br />
. (K + tawny-yellow, CaCl -); the areolro plane, minutely<br />
rugulose; hypothallus blackish. Apothecia superficial, somewhat<br />
convex, black, immarginate, or often plane with a very thin<br />
white epithalline margin, colourless within; paraphyses clavate<br />
and brownish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 10-12 fL long, 6-8 fL<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine blUIsh, the asci wine- or violet-reddish,<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 485 (1871); Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 287; ed. 3, 292.<br />
Near L. mollis, but distinguished by the firmer whiter thallus, the<br />
positive reaction with K, and especially by the form of the larger spores.<br />
The thallus is distinctly lImited, and also here and there intersected<br />
by the hypothallus. The two specimens gathered are well fertile. The<br />
not uncommon spermogones have the spermatia somewhat short.<br />
Hab. On'a'quartzose boulder in a subalpine.locality.-B. M. Morrone,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshrre (the only localIty).<br />
122. L. restricta Stirton in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field Nat. 1875,<br />
88.-Thallus blackish-grey, wrinkled, thin. Apothecia black,<br />
adnate, small, plane, obtusely margined; hypothecium colourless;<br />
paraphyses distinct, filif6rm, the epithecium brownish; asci<br />
saccate; spores ellipsoid, 13-17 fL long, 8-10 fL thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine blue, then yellowish with iodme.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed.<br />
3,298.<br />
The specimen in Rb. Stirton was too small for examination.<br />
Hab. On rocks, Blair Athole, Perthshire.<br />
123. L. coriaceIIa Nyl. in Flora lxv. 454 (1882).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thinnish or moderate, somewhat smooth, leathery, imbedded<br />
in the rock, blackish-grey (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia<br />
sub moderate, innate, opaque, immarginate, blackish; hypotlwcium<br />
colourless; paraphyses moderate, the epithecium brown;
71 CYCLOCARPINEiE LECIDEA<br />
rimose-areolate or areolate-gmnulose, blackish, rarely palegreyish<br />
or lead-coloured, the areolm .more or less tumid, crowded<br />
or dispersed (K T yellowish, OaOI-, K(OaOI) + yellow then<br />
rose-red, quickly disappearing), medulla I + reddish); hypothallus<br />
thin, black, limitmg the thallus. Apothecia small,<br />
subinnate, at length partly prominent, at first depressed, then<br />
plane, at times convex, black, the margin thin, entire or obsolete;<br />
hypothecium thin, nearly colourless or brownish; paraphyses<br />
discrete, bluish-black at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 10-17 l-L long,<br />
6-8 (L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid, the asci tawnywine-red,<br />
with iodine.-L. tenebrosa Flot. ex Nyl. in Act. Soc.<br />
Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 373 (1856); Mudd Man. 204; Oromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. 281; ed. 3, 283.-L. endocyanea Stirt.<br />
in Scott. Nat. iv. 165 (1877); A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 17 (1911).<br />
Verrucaria griseoatra Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. 182 (1795).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 188 (in some sets); Oromb. n. 185.<br />
From its appearance this has sometimes been placed in Lecanora,<br />
near L. cinerea. The thallus IS occasionall,,- partly limited by the hypothallus,<br />
which is in young plants radiating. It has been noted by<br />
Zahlbruckner that a small portion of the thallus placed on a slide gives<br />
the reaction K(CaCI) as stated above (Bot. Abt. k. k. Nat. Hist. Mus.<br />
(Wien) xv. n. 2, ISO (1902). In our specimens the apothecia are usually<br />
numerous and not unfrequently abortive. The asci are cylindricalclavate,<br />
somewhat lax, and WIth the paraphyses separate readily from<br />
the hypothecium. The spermogones, rarely present, have the spermatia<br />
short, straight, bacillar, 6-9 l-L long, about I (L thick (fide Th. M.<br />
Fries Lich. Scand. 541).<br />
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.-Distr.<br />
Local, though plentIful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, N.<br />
England and Wales, among the Grampians, Scotland; apparently<br />
rare in S.E. Ireland.-B. M. NOlrmont, Jersey; Sark; Malvern HIlls,<br />
Worcestershire; Abdon Burf, Shropshire; Cader Idris, Barmouth,<br />
and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Cwm Idwall, Nant Francon, Carnarvonshrre;<br />
\Vindermere, Westmorland; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Achosragan Hill,<br />
Appin, Argyll; Crianlarich, Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers, and Ben-ygloe,<br />
Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Glen Callater and<br />
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Ben<br />
More, 1. of Mull; near Cork.<br />
,<br />
128. L. athrocarpa Ach. Meth. 41 (1803).-Thallus indeterminate,<br />
flattened, areolate-diffract, subopaque, greyish- or<br />
brownish-black (K -, OaOI-, medulla I + bluish); hypothallus<br />
black, only here and there visible. Apothecia adnate,<br />
plane, at length slIghtly convex, thinly margined, often subangulose,<br />
bla,ck; hypothecium colourless or brownish; paraphyses<br />
slender, soft, somewhat irregular; epithecium brownish; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 18-20 (L long, 9-1] [J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish,<br />
then partly wine-red with iodine.-L. atrofuscescens Nyl. in Flora<br />
xlIx. 371 (1866); Oromb. Lich. Brit. 83; Leight. Lich. Fl. 286;<br />
cd. 3, 292. Lwhen athrocarpus Ach. Prodr. Lich. Suec. (179R)'
LECIDEA LECIDEACEJE<br />
Intermediate between J-. fuscoatra and L. griseoatra, but readily<br />
distinguished from these and the allied species by the larger' spores ..<br />
The thallus generally spreads somewhat extensively over the substratum,<br />
though at times interruptedly when associated with other<br />
lichens. In our specimens the apothecia are numerous, crowded but<br />
distinct, and usually angulose. The spermogones, here ani! there<br />
visible, have the spermatia bacillar, 7-9 [J- long, 1 [J- thick (fide Nyl. in<br />
Flora lxx. 134 (1887».<br />
Hab. On rocks and boulders, schistose and greenstone, in upland<br />
situations.-Distr. Seen only from two localIties in Scotland.-B. 111.<br />
King's Park, Stirling; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
129. L. confusula Ny!. in Flora Iv. 360 (1872).-Thallus<br />
thinnish, indeterminate, granulate or granulate-conglomerate, the<br />
glomcrules thin, scattered, olive-grey or greyish-brown (K-,<br />
CaCI -). Apothecia small, adnate, convex, immarginate, black;<br />
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses conglutinate; epithecium<br />
yellowish-brown; spores ellipsoid, 7-11 [J- long, 4-5 [J- thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.--Cromb. in Grevillea i.<br />
61; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 266.<br />
Hab. On micaceous rocks or on walls.-B. ]}1. Craig Tulloch, Blair<br />
Athole, Perthshire (the only localIty).<br />
130. L. nigrificans Ny!. in Flora lix. 307 (1876).-Thallus<br />
indeterminate, effuse, thin, rugulose, areolate-cracked, opaque,<br />
blackish, internally green (K -). Apothecia small, subprominent,<br />
plane, slightly margined, black, the margin at times<br />
bluish-grey-pruinose; hypotheeium colourless; paraphyses<br />
distinct, moderate; the epithecium blackish-blue-green; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 11-12 [J- long, 6-7 [J- thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea v. 27; Leight. Lieh. Fl. ed.<br />
3,292.<br />
Distinguished from L. confusula by the darker thallus and by the<br />
apothecial characters.<br />
Hab. On a schistose rock in a maritime district.-B. 111. Killery Bay,<br />
Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
131. L. asperella Stirton in .Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field Nat.<br />
1875, 87.-Thallus black, thickish, granular, furfuraceous,<br />
cracked-areolate, determinate. Apothecia black, small, adnate,<br />
plane, the margin thin, shining; hypothecium colourless,<br />
sub tended by a brownish-black eXClpulum; paraphyses not very<br />
distinct, the apices clavate, bluish; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 7-10 [Jlong,<br />
4-5 [J- thick; hymenial gelatine intensely and persistently<br />
blue with iodine_-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 283.<br />
. Our portion of Stirton's specimen is too minute for examination.<br />
ThE! species was regarded by Stirton as close to L. furvella, but the<br />
colourless hypothecium is a sufficiently distinguishing character and<br />
placcs it in thIS group.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. ]}f. Ben-y.gloe, Perthshire.
LECIDEA LECIDEACELE 77<br />
In the Br;tish specimens the thallus is either rather scattered (form<br />
dispersa Arnold III Flora h. 35 (1868)), or more commonly scarcely<br />
visible. The apothecia are rather variable, being frequently, as<br />
Schrerer says, minute and several aggregate with a common exciple.<br />
TIns, as in other cases, is owing to the growth of young fruit upon<br />
the old.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks in hIlly and mountainous districts.<br />
Distr. Seen from only a few locahties III W. and Central England, N.<br />
Wales and the Grampians, Scotland.-B.ll:l. Bathampton Downs,<br />
Somerset; Black Dale, near Buxton, Derbyshire; Lyn Cae, Cader<br />
Idris, Merioneth; Cunswick Scar, Whitbarrow and Mallerstang, West·<br />
morland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair<br />
Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
135. L. subumbonella Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxx. 409<br />
(1883).-Thallus effuse, thinnish, unequal, white, subopaque<br />
(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute or subminute, somewhat<br />
plane, margined, umbonate in the centre, black, opaque; hypothecium<br />
thickish, brown; paraphyses sub coherent, pale-brown<br />
at the apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 16-22 [! long, 7-9 [l. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci at length tawny-wine-red,<br />
with lOdine.-L. subumbonata Nyl. in Flora lix. 236 (1876), non<br />
in Flora Iv. 358 (1872); Cromb. in Grevillea v. 28; Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 306.<br />
Exs!cc. Johns. n. 42\).<br />
Tho apothecia, frequent in the specimens from Ireland, often appear<br />
as if divided into several hymenia. The spermogones, sparmgly<br />
present, have the spermatia cylindrical, or fusiform-cylindrical, 4-7 [l.<br />
long, 0·8 [l. thick. Johnson's speClmen from Cumberland has a somewhat<br />
thicker areolate thallus, and the apothecia arc occasionally<br />
aggregate.<br />
Hab. On mica-schist rocks in upland situations.-B. M. Wastdale,<br />
Cumberland; near Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway.<br />
136. L. contortula Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. 167 (1877).<br />
Thallus pale or leaden-grey, thickish, somewhat wrinkled, rimoseareolate<br />
(K -, CaCI -). Apothecia black, adnate, rather large,<br />
plane or somewhat convex, umbonate or gyrose-plicate, with a<br />
thlCk margin; hypothecium brownIsh-black, brownish upwards;<br />
paraphyses distinct, brown at the apices; spores oblong or fusiform<br />
oblong, 15-21 [l. long, 6-7'5 fL broad, hymenial gelatine blue<br />
then wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 307.<br />
Stirton considered his species as allied to L. 81lbumbonella, but in<br />
L. contortula the paraphyses are slender and distmct and bright<br />
olivaceous-green to brown at the apices. The gyrose character as in<br />
L. jurana is due to the inclusion of several small apothecia of varying<br />
stages of development within a rather flexuose common exciple_<br />
Johnson's specimen from Bywell is more akin to L. contigua var.<br />
platycarpa.<br />
Hub. On rocks.-B. M. Near Salen, I. of Mull, Argyll.
80 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
continuous and fiat or sometimrs l50nvex and somewhat tumid<br />
(K -, CaCl -); hypothalllls black. Apothecia seated on the<br />
thallus, varying in size, '5 mm. to 2 mm. wide, plane or convex,<br />
somewhat rough, the margin thick obtuse, prominent, or generally<br />
almost opliterated; hypothecium thick, blackish-brown; paraphyses<br />
slender, subcoherent, dark- or olivaceous-brown at the<br />
apices; spores ellipsoid, large, 16-27 (J. long, 8-13 (J. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodme.-l\Iudd Man.<br />
209 (excl. syn.); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 80 (excl. vars. crustulata and<br />
speirea); Leight. Lieh. FJ. 292; cd. 3, 299 (exel. forms meiospora<br />
and aggerata). Verrucafia contigua RoHm. Deutsehl. Fl. ii. 184<br />
(1795).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. nos. 381 (f. limitata), 380; Leight. nos. 155,<br />
156, 357; Mudd n. 180 (as L. conjluens).<br />
The thallus and apothecia of this lichen vary considerably in<br />
appearance, giving rise to a large number of varieties which have been<br />
described by Leighton as forms. They arc all distinguished by the<br />
constant characters of the apothecium, its thick dark· coloured hypothecium<br />
and somewhat large ellipsoid spores. When the thallus is<br />
bmited and intersected by the hypothallus, it is f. lirnitata Leight.<br />
(Lich. Fl. 292; ed. 3, 299); when it occurs in round somewhat furfuraceous<br />
patches with rather small apothecia, it is f. leprosa LeIght.<br />
(ll. c.). Another series of forms have a thick well-developed thallus<br />
and occasionally very large apothecia; var. nobilis Fr. (I. c. 301, f.<br />
nobilis Leight. ll. c.) is characterized by having the thallus thick,<br />
tartareouB, areolate and turgid; while f. Hoffrnanni Leight. (ll. c.) is<br />
lighter in colour and less turgid with larger apothecia. In var. notabilia<br />
Ny!. (in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn n. ser. i. 241 (1859», (f. notabilis<br />
Leight. 1. c. ed. 3, 302), the thallus is whitish and unequally minutely<br />
granulose, the granules dispersed or sometimes in small clusters (acervulate),<br />
resembling the thallus of Stereocaulon condensatum. Leighton<br />
describes a further evidently rare form as f. pustulata (1. c. 302), which<br />
is yellowish-grey, limited by the black hypothallus, and areolate, the<br />
areoloo plane with central sorediate protuberances; some of these are<br />
enlarged into orbicular, rather flat tubercles, in which are embedded<br />
a conglomeration of minute marginate black apothecia.<br />
Hab. On rocks in maritime or hilly regions.-Distr. Common<br />
throughout Great Britam and Ireland.-B . .IJf. Endellion and Roscoila,<br />
Cornwall (f. lirtntata); Crown, East Down, Dartmoor, Devon; Leith<br />
Hill, Surrey; Charnwood Forest, Leicester; near Mal vern, Worcester;<br />
Caer Caradoc, Haughmond Hill (I. leprosa), and near Ludlow, Shropshire;<br />
near Monmouth; Aran Mawddwy, Llyn Aran, Cader Idris,<br />
and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Carnedd Dafydd, Nant Ffrancon, Beddgelert,<br />
and Capel Curig, Carnarvon; Roughton, Lincoln; Ayton,<br />
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley, Croggs Bridge,<br />
Red Soreos, Langdale, Mardale, and Pugh Crag, Westmorland; near<br />
Whitehaven and St. Bees, Cumberland; Westwater, FOliar; Lochlillo-gat,<br />
Ben Lawers, Killin, near Crieff, Glen Lochay, Craig Calliach,<br />
and Ben-y-gloe, Perthshire; Barcaldine, Lorne, Achosragan Hill,<br />
Appin and Island of Lismore, Argyll; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire;<br />
Brandon Mt., Kerry; near Cork; Lettermore and Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway; Slievemore Mt., Achili Island, Mayo.
82 CYCLOCARPINElE LEctDla<br />
141. L. percontigua Ny!. in .Florl!- lxv. 457 (1882).-Thallus<br />
unequally granulate-areolate, ashy-grey (K + yellow then red).<br />
Apothecia large, umbonate, otherwise, as in L. contigua.-L.<br />
cont1gua var. percontlgua A. L. Sm. Monogr. Part Ii. 68 (1911).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 444.<br />
As a number of specimens have been added to the herbarium in<br />
recent years in all of which the thalline reaction with potash is very<br />
pronounced, it has seemed advisable to give the plant specific ranIr<br />
as first published by Nylander.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distj·. Rare in Wales, more abundant in N.<br />
England.-B. JJ1. Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Reston Scar and Staveley,<br />
Northumberland; Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, Cum berland.<br />
142. L. petrosa Arn. in Flora Ii. 36 (1868).-Thallus whitish,<br />
hluish- or yellowish-white, thinly cracked-areolate or almost<br />
obsolete (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia sessile or adnate, solitary<br />
or two or three together, at first plane with a prominent margin,<br />
brownish-black; hypothecium brownish or reddish-black; paraphyses<br />
stoutish, conglutinate, the hymenium faintly blue-green<br />
or coerulescent, the epithecium dark, purplish-bluish- or greenishbrown;<br />
spores ellipsoid, 16-3Q !J. long, 9-13 p. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine blue with iodine.<br />
Distinguished by the pervading blue colour internally of the<br />
apothecium which becomes violet on the application of potash.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Di8tr. Chiefly in hilly or mountainous<br />
regions.-B. M. Malham, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire.<br />
143. L. mersata Stirton in Scott. Nat. v. 218 (1880).-TballuB<br />
pallid or bluish-white, sometimes faintly reddish, rather thin,<br />
almost continuous, smooth, here and there slightly crackedareolate<br />
(K -, CaCI -). Apotheeia adnate, black, rather large,<br />
plane, narrowly marginate becoming convex; hypothecium<br />
thick, brownish-black; paraphyses discrete, slender slightly<br />
clavate, clear greenish-blue at the tips; spores ellipsoid or fusiform-ellipsoid,<br />
22-36 1J. long, 8-11 p. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
blue, the asci yellowish with iodine.<br />
Nearly allied to L. petro8a but differing in the substratum ahd in<br />
tho form of the thallus, &0. These differences might possibly be due<br />
to the submerged habitat. Stirton considered it as near to L. cyanothalama<br />
Ny!. (Flora Iv. 358 (1872) from the Faroe Islands.<br />
Hab. On granitic submerged rooks.-B . .lIf. Looh Rannach, Perthshire.<br />
144. L. sorediza Ny!. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. set. 2, vi.<br />
292 (1872).-l'hallus determinate, smooth, areolate-rimulose,<br />
crowdedly p,oredil)se, greyish; the soredia thin, plane, rotundatr<br />
(K. -. CaCl- medulla I - or + bluish); hypothallus blackish.
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 83<br />
Apothecia large or submoderate. plane, margined, black, bluishgrey-pruinose;<br />
hypothecium brownish-black; paraphyses<br />
moderate or thickish; epithecium brownish; spores fusiformellipsoid,<br />
15-22 !.I. long, 7-9 (1. thick; hymonial gelatine, as also<br />
the asci, bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 141<br />
(1875); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 305.<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 181; Johns. n. 349.<br />
Differs from L. contigua in the peculiar soredia, the thicker paraphyses,<br />
and the reaction with iodine ; Johnson gives the thalline reaction<br />
as CaCI + yellowish in his specimen. The hypothallus limits the<br />
thallus and is occasionally elsewhere visible. In the British specimens<br />
the apothecia are usually somewhat scattered. The spermogones have<br />
the spermatia straight, 6-8 (1. long (fide Ny!. Lich. Pyr. Or. Obs. Nov. 63<br />
(1891)).<br />
Hab. On rocks, gneissic and schistose, in upland hilly situations.<br />
Distr. Widely distributed and frequent in W. and N. England, N. Wales,<br />
and the S. Grampians, Scotland.-B. M. Malvern Hills, Worcestershire;<br />
Dolgelly, Merioncth; Dent and Langbaurghrigg, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Reston Scar, Westmorland; Keswick, Cumberland; The<br />
Trossachs, Perthshire.<br />
Form depauperata Cromb. ms.-Thallus thin, nearly esoridiose,<br />
greyish or glaucous-white. the areolre dispersed; hypothallus<br />
predominating.<br />
Probably only a less developed state with a few very small soredia<br />
here and there visible. The apothecia are but little pruinose. It<br />
seoms to connect the type with form esorediza Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull.<br />
Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. 454 (1878).<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a mountainous district.-B. 1JI.<br />
Twelve Pins, Connemara, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo.<br />
145. L. tenebrans Nyl. in Flora lix. 309 (1876). Thallus determinate,<br />
continuous, rimulose, leaden-greyish or dark-Ioadencoloured<br />
(K -, CaCI -, medulla partly I + bluish); hypothallus<br />
black. Apothecia moderate in size, plane and tllinly margined,<br />
then convex and immarginate, black; hypotheeium thick,<br />
brownish-black; paraphyses slender, greenish-black at the<br />
apices; • spores ellipsoid, 18-24 (1. long, 10-13 (1. thick; hymonial<br />
gelatine and asci persistently deep-blue with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
in Grevillea v. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,·303.<br />
Perhaps, as Nylander says, only a subspecies of L. contigua, differing<br />
chiefly in the dark colour of the thallus and in the reaction of the<br />
hymerual gelatine. In the two specimens seen the apothecia are here<br />
and there several confluent.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous region.-B. M. Summit<br />
of Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
146. L. albocrerulescens Ach. Meth. 52 (1803).-Thallus Bubdeterminate,<br />
thickish, smooth, continuous or at length cracked,
LECIDEA LECIDEAOElE 87<br />
parte; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FJ. 175; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib.<br />
ii. 118 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 80 (excl. var.); LeIght. Lich.<br />
Fl. 295; ed. 3, 303-4 (incJ. forms lwv2.qata and rimoso-a,·eolata).<br />
L. contigua var. confluerls Mudd Man. 210 (1861) pro parte.<br />
Lichen confluens Weber Spicil. Fl. Goett. 180, t. 2 (1778), With.<br />
Arr. ed. 3, iv. 8 (exd. vars.); Eng!. Bot. t. 1964.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 182; Johns. nos. 382, 383, 384.<br />
Differs from L. contigua in the frequently confluent apothecia,<br />
the chemical reaction of the medulla, and the much smaller spores.<br />
Where the apothecia are complicate by exceSSIve lateral pressure and<br />
reticulate from the combined prominent margms it is f. complicata<br />
Leight. (Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 304), represented in the British Museum by two<br />
specimens from Cader Idris, Merioneth, and from Morrone, Braemar,<br />
Aberdeenshire. In f. steriza Leight. (l. c.) the thallus is evanescent;<br />
in f. minor Leight. (l. c.) the apothecia are minute, plane or convex,<br />
and more or less confluent.<br />
Hab. On rocks and stone walls.-Distr. Common in mountainous<br />
districts, rare in S. England.-B. M. Neal' St. Austell, Cornwall;<br />
Ardingly Rocks and Arundel, Sussex; Vlting, Essex; Cader Idrls,<br />
Merioneth; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale and near Darlmgton,<br />
Durham; Kentmere, 'Vestmorland; Ennerdale, Cumberland; Gullane<br />
Links, Haddmgton; West Water, File; Sidlaw Hills and Baldovan,<br />
Forfarshire; Ben Chalun, Ben More, Ben Lawers, Cairn Gowar, Blair<br />
Athole and near "Killin, Perthshire; Achosragan HIll, Appin, Argyll;<br />
Ben Nevis, Inverness·shire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
Form oxydata Leight. Lich. FJ. ed. 3, 304.-Thallus rustyred<br />
or yellowish. Apothecia confluent or scattered.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 385.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Somewhat rare in mountainous districts.-<br />
B. lJ!. Beddgelert, Merioneth; Herdhouse Fell, Cumberland; Achosragan<br />
Hill, Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,<br />
A berdeenshire.<br />
152. L. cinerascens A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate or snbeffuse,<br />
cracked-areolate, whitish or glaucous-white (K -, CaCI -,<br />
medulla I + bluish); hypothallus whitish, at times limiting the<br />
thallus. Apothecia submoderate, at first innate, plane, with<br />
whitish-suffused pseudothalline margin, at length convex, prominent<br />
and immarginate, black, naked or slightly pruinose;<br />
hypothecium thick, blackish; paraphyses slender, conglutinate,<br />
dark-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 10-15 !L long, 5-7 !L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Lecidea speirea<br />
Ach. Meth. 52 (1803); in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808, 263; Cromb.<br />
in Grevillea xii. 57. L. contigua var. speirea Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
80. Lichen speireus Ach. Prodr. 59 (1798). Lichen cinerascens<br />
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 8 (1796); Cromb. in Grevillea xii. 57 (1883).<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 121 pl.; Johns. ll. 386.<br />
Distinct from the preceding in the whitish hypothallus and in the<br />
pseudo-Iecanorine apothecia, which are usually scattered ano 80htar:y
L1WID1!lA LECIDEACElE<br />
164. L. tabidula Nyl. in Flora lxii. 357 (1879).-Thallus effuse,<br />
scattered, thin or very thin, unequal, blackish (K -, CaCI -).<br />
ApotheCla minute, plane, slightly margined, often aggregate,<br />
black; hypothecium and perithecium dark-brown (or reddIshbrown<br />
in thin section); paraphyses not well discrete, the<br />
epithecmm sordid-bluish-black; spores ellipsoid, 11-16 !L long,<br />
6-7 !L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-coloured<br />
with iodme.-Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 112.<br />
The thallus is but little visible and appears only in £he immediate<br />
vicinity of the fructifications wInch generally occur in scattered small<br />
groups. It is near to L. deparcula but dIffers in the larger spores and<br />
other characters. Spermogones are here and there present with<br />
slightly arcuate spermatia 12-14 fl. long, ·5 !L thick, though their<br />
identity with the species, as in other instances, IS uncertain.<br />
Hab. On quartzose stones in an alpine situation.-B. M. Summit of<br />
Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only record).<br />
165. L. polyantha Tayl. ex Leight. Lich. F1. ed. 3, 252 (1879).<br />
-Thallus yellowish-brown, tartareous, thin, plane, rimulose,<br />
areolate, (K + yellow, CaCI + orange-yellow). ApotheCla black,<br />
small, sessile, with a prominent entire margin; hypothecium<br />
thick, reddish-brown; paraphyses distinct, pale at the tips;<br />
spores ellIpsoid, 11-12 fl. Jong, 7 !J. thick (or smaller); hymenial<br />
gelatine blue, the asci brown, with iodine.<br />
On examination of the type specimen at Kew it was found that the<br />
epithecium was blue-green or faintly blackIsh, the parapllyses slender<br />
and very lax.<br />
'Hab. On sandstone.-Di8Ir. Rare in S. England and Wales.<br />
166. L. contIguella Ny!. in Flora lvi. 295 (1873).-Thallus<br />
determinate, thinly areolate-rimose, whitish (K -, CaCI-,<br />
medulla I -); hypothallus black, limiting the thallus. Apothe<br />
cia moderate, adnate, plane, marginate, black; hypothecium<br />
dark-brown; paraphyses slender, almost distinct; epithecium<br />
bluish-black; spores oblong, 11-15 fl. long, 4'5-5'5 !J. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-reddish with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
in Grevillea ii. 90 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 296.<br />
Resembles L. laclea Floerke, but is distinguished by the absence of<br />
any thalline reactions. The apothecia are often crowded and angulose,<br />
wIth the margin more or less flexuose. The spcrmogones, rarely<br />
present in the specimens gathered, have the spermatia bacillar, about<br />
7 fl. long, 1 [L thick.<br />
Hab. On a felspathic boulder in an alpine locality.-B. M. Morrone,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only locality).<br />
167. L. auriculata Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 213 (1860).-Thallus<br />
whitish, ashy-grey or brownish, cracked-areolate sometimes<br />
evanescent (K -, CaCI -). Apothecia appressed or adnate, at<br />
first plane then more or less convex, with the centre somewhat
98 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
parte; ed. 3, 243, pro parce. Rhizocarpon armeniacum DC. Fl.<br />
:I!'r. ii. 366 (1805). .<br />
Readily distinguished by the turgid b.rightly coloured thallus and by<br />
the thaJline reactions. The two varieties, according to Nylander, grow<br />
together with intermediate states on the mountains of Dauphine.<br />
Hab. On siliceous rocks.-B. ],1. Craig-na-Lochan, Breadalbane,<br />
Perthshire (specimen from Stirton herbarium).<br />
Var. aglreoides Nyl. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. vii. 401 (1863).<br />
Thallus normally yellow or pale-ochroleucous, the areolre usually<br />
rugose. Apothecia convex; spores 9-13 (J.long, 4'5-5'5 (J. thick.<br />
-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 83.<br />
Nylander (in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. ser. 2, vi. 278 (1872)) has more<br />
recently suggested that this is only a state in which the thallus remains<br />
longer of a paler colour, though at length in the herbarium it becomes<br />
concolorous with that of the type. In the single British specimen the<br />
areolm are somewhat'scattered, with the hypothallus very conspicuous.<br />
Hab. On a granitoid boulder in an alpine situation.-B. M. Near<br />
the summit of Craig Calliach. Perthshire (the only locality).<br />
Var. lutescens Ny!. l. c.-Thallus smoothish, pale-ochroleucous<br />
or whitish, subopaque. Apothecia at length superficial,<br />
somewhat convex; spores as in the preceding variety. -Psora<br />
spectabilis var. lutescens Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. 66 (1860).<br />
Characterized by the paler thallus which apparently does not<br />
become reddish in the herbarIUm. Nylander says that it often has<br />
the aspect of L. marginata Schmr., but differs from that in the internal<br />
colour of the apothecia. The single BrItish specimen is well fertile,<br />
both apothecia and spermogones being frequent.<br />
Hab. On a schistose rock in an alpine locality.-B. M. Near the<br />
summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
176. L. fuscoatra Ach. Meth. 44 (1803) pro parte.--..Thallus<br />
determmate, arcolate, the areolre plane or slightly convex;brown,<br />
chestnut-brown or copper-coloured, somewhat shining (K-,<br />
CaCI + reddish, medulla I -) ; hypothallus black, usually<br />
limiting the thallus. Apothecia moderate in size, black,<br />
appressed, at first plan'e and thinly margined, becoming often<br />
convex and immargmate; hypothccium dark-brown; paraphyses<br />
coherent, blackish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, or oblongellipsoid,<br />
10-16 (J.long, 5-7 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then<br />
violet-wine-coloured with iodine.-Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 37; S. F.<br />
Gray Nat. Arr. i. 463; Hook. in Sm. Eng!. F!. 174; Tay!. in Mackay<br />
FI. Hib. ii. 117; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 83; Leight. Lich. FI. 287;<br />
ed. 3, 293; 'var. gibba Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 475 (1812); f. gibba<br />
Leight. ll.c.; f. dendritica Cromb. Lich. Brit. 83 (1870). L.<br />
fumosa Ach. Meth. 41 (1803); Hook. F!. Scot. ii. 37; S. F. Gray<br />
Nat. Arr. i. 463 (excl. syn.); Mudd Man. 211. L. cechumena<br />
Ach. Moth. 42 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 175. Mchen
100 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
Nab. On rocks and boulders, very rarely on brick walls, from<br />
maritime to subalpine tracts.-Distr. Here and there in Great Britain;<br />
rare in W. Ireland; not found with certainty in the Channel Islands.<br />
B. III. Near Hastings, Sussex; Crown Hill, Devon; near Monmouth;<br />
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Lyth Hill. Shropshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland,<br />
and Langbaurghrigg, Yorkshire; Durham; near Hexham. Northumber.<br />
land; Black Lot, ncar Brandon and Pugh Crag, Westmorland; Ennerdale<br />
and near Penrith, Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll;<br />
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Letter Hill, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Var. Mosigii Nyl. Lich. Scand. 230 (1861).-ThalluB chestnutor<br />
greyish-brown, smoothish. Apothecia moderate or somewhat<br />
large, innate, plane, thinly margined, pruinose, the margin often<br />
flexuose and naked.-f. Mosigii Leight. Lich. Fl. 288; ed. 3, 294;<br />
f. deusta Leight. Lich. Fl. 289; ed. 3, l. c. L.fumosa var. Mosigii<br />
Ach. Lich. Univ. 157 (1810); val'. deusta Mudd Man. 211 (1861)<br />
(non Fries).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 450; Leight. n. 240 pro parte.<br />
Dlffers chiefly in the pruinoso apothecia which arc either somewhat<br />
scattered or crowded and at times contiuent. The thallus is limited<br />
by the hypothallus, which is also occasionally more or less visible<br />
between the areollE.<br />
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime and mountainous<br />
districts.-Distr. Only here and there in Great Britain; rare in S.<br />
and W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway, fide Leight.); not found with<br />
certainty in the Channel Islands.-B. M. Roughton, Cornwall; N.<br />
Derbyshire; Dolgelly, Merionoth; The Wrekin, Shropshire; near<br />
Llanwrtyd, Breconshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Penrith,<br />
Cumberland; Achosmgan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Perthshire;<br />
near Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire;<br />
ncar Bantry, Cork<br />
177. L. nigrogrisea Ny!. in Flora lxii. 357 (1879).-Thallus<br />
indeterminate, moderate or thinnish, granulate-areolate, greyish;<br />
the areolre subconvex, somewhat shining (K -, OaOI -, medulla<br />
I -). Apothecia at first plane and thinly margined, then somewhat<br />
convex and almost immarginate, black; hypothecium<br />
brown; epithecium and perithecium blackish; spores ellipsoidoblong,<br />
7 -11 [L)ong, 4-5'[1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci<br />
at length tawny-wine-coloured, with iodine.-Oromb. in Grevillea<br />
viii. 113.<br />
Distinguished from all states of L. jU8coatra by the absence of any<br />
thalline reactions and by the smaller spores. In the specimen aeen, the<br />
apothecia are somewhat crowded. The spermogones, occasionally<br />
present, have the spermatia straight, 6-8 [1. long, 6 !J. thick.<br />
Hab. On a mica-schist wall in an upland district.-B. M. Craig<br />
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the_only locality).<br />
178. L. macula Tay!. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 115 (1836); N yl.<br />
in Flora lxii. 361 (1879).-Thallus determinate, thin, areolaterimose,<br />
smooth, the areolre minute, concave, then somewhat plane,
LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 101<br />
more or less scattered, pale- or olive-greyish (K -, CaCI -) ;<br />
hypo thallus very thin, black. Apothecia minute, innate, plane,<br />
margined, black, the margin slightly prominent; hypothecium<br />
brown; paraphyses concrete; epithecium bluish-brown; spores<br />
minute, oblong-ellipsoid, 6--8 [L long, 3-4 (.L thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine pale-bluish then tawny with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. xx. 275 (1882). L. perustu1a Ny!. 1. c. 221; Cromb. in<br />
GreviIIea viii. 29. L. nitida Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 295, pro parte<br />
(non Schoor.).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 278 (as L. juscoatra var.).<br />
Resembles a diminutive state of L. jU8coatra, but differs in the<br />
absence of any thalline reactions and the much smaller spores. The<br />
numerous inconspicuous apotheeia occasionally have the margins paler.<br />
The predominant black hypo thallus gives a very dark appearance.<br />
Ilab. On siliceous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.<br />
Dilltr. Only a few localities in Wales and W. Ireland, probably overlooked<br />
elsewhere.-B. M. Barmouth, Merioneth; lJanberis, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Dunkerron, Kerry; Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway.<br />
179. L. endomelaena Leight. in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) ser.<br />
2, i. 239, t. 32, figs. 13 & 14 (1878).-Thallus pale-greyish-green,<br />
opaque, granular, the granules large, scattered or aggregate,<br />
convex, composed of minute conglomerate convex roundish Ot·<br />
sublobate subfurfuraceous squamules (K + pale-yellow, CaCI +<br />
pale-yellow). Apothecia violet-black, rather large, innate-sessile,<br />
at first plane with a thickish margin, then convex and immarginate,<br />
slightly pruinose; hypothecium very thick, brownish-black, with<br />
a paler brown stratum below; paraphyses coherent, brown at<br />
the apices; spores elongate-cylindrical, small, 11-12 (.L long, 4-5 (.L<br />
thick or rather larger; hymenial gelatine palish-blue-violet with<br />
iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 247.<br />
Hab. On stone walls in upland districts.-B. M. Moel-y-gest, neal<br />
Tremadoc, C'arnarvonshire.<br />
18u. L. fuHginosa 'ray!. in Mackay FJ. Hib_ ii. 131 (1836).<br />
Thallus dark-brown or reddish, granular-squamulose, conglomerate<br />
(K -, CaCI -), with a blackish-brown byssoid hypothallus.<br />
Apotheria black, small, solitary or aggregate, somewhat<br />
convex, with a thin disappearing margin; hypothecium thick,<br />
brownish-black; paraphyses coherent, yellowish-brown, and<br />
brownish- or bluish-black at the apices; spores ellipsoid, smail,<br />
8-10 [J. long, 4-6 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the asci,<br />
bluish with iodine.-Mudd Man. 208; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 77;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 255; cd. 3, 247. L. conjusa Ny!. Lich. Scand.<br />
216 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 305.<br />
The thallus is somewhat variable, as the squamulose granules may<br />
be either congested or scattered. The hypothallus is mainly composed
LEOIDEA LECIDEACElE 103<br />
brownish-black; paraphyses few, slender, irregular; spores<br />
oblong, 13 !L long, 6-7 !L thick; hymenial gelatine pale-blue then<br />
dark-wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 278.<br />
Hab. On turfy earth. Collected by Dr. Stirton near Garve, Rossshire.<br />
184. L. mullensis Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. 166 (1877).<br />
Thallus dark or blackish-grey, areolate-warted, cracked, formed<br />
of erect columellm, either connate or dispersed (K + yellow,<br />
medulla + yellow then ferruginous-red). Apothecia black, subinnate,<br />
small, plane, acutely margined, the margin often fiexuose<br />
or undulate; hypothecium thickish, brown or brownish-black;<br />
paraphyses irregular, indistinct, black at the apices; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 6-9 !L long, 4-6 !L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then<br />
wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 288.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. II!. Ben More, Island of Mull.<br />
185. L. callista Stirton in Grevillea iii. 34 (1874).-'I.'hallus<br />
dark-brownish-black, granular, the granules dispersed or conglomerate.<br />
Apothecia black, small, bluish-grey pruinose, sessile,<br />
crowded, often contiguous, the margin prominent, infiexed; hypothecium<br />
brownish-black, thin; paraphyses rather indistinct,<br />
thickish, clavate, and brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid or<br />
cylindrical, small, 12-14 !L long, -3 !L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
intensely blue or almost black with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. cd.<br />
3,276.<br />
Hab. On rocks. Collected by Dr. Stirton near Grantown, Invernessshiro.<br />
186. L. furvella Nyl. in Mudd Man. 207 (1861).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thickish, granulose-furfuraceous, areolate-diffract, darkolive-brown<br />
or blackish, opaque (K -, CaCI-); hypothallus<br />
blackish. Apothecia small, appressed, plane, wrinkled, margined,<br />
black, the margin thin, fiexuose, persistent; paraphyses coherent,<br />
bluish- or brownish-black at the apices; hypothecium dark-brown;<br />
spores ellipsoid, 11-16 !L long, 6-9 !L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 84; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 272; ed. 3, 272. L. furvu1a Nyl. in Flora xlix. 418<br />
(1866); Cromb. 1. c.; Leight. ll. c.<br />
A well-marked species, having much the appearance of Pannularia<br />
nigra. The soft somewhat iSldioid thallus is loosely adherent to the<br />
substratum. Tho more or less scattered apothecia are usually as if<br />
plieate, though hore and there quito regular.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in mountainous regions.-Distr.<br />
Local, though not \mfrequent where It occurs, among the Grampians,<br />
Scotland.-B. JJ1. Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Glen Fonder and Ben<br />
Vrackie, Perthshire; Morrone and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
101 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
187. L. subfurva Ny!. in Flora Iv. 360 (1872).-Thallus<br />
indeterminate minutely furfuraceous and deeply cracked-areolate,<br />
brownish-black or greyish-brown (K -, CaCI -); hypo thallus<br />
black, scarcely visible. Apothecia small, plane, thin wrinkled,<br />
often angulose with a thin persistent margin, brownish-black;<br />
hypothecium dark-brown; paraphyses indistinct, irregularly<br />
coherent, the epithecium dark-greenish blue, the colour penetrating<br />
downwards; spores broadly ellipsoid, 11-12 fL long, 9 fL<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea i. 61; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 250.<br />
The thallus resembles that of L. furvella, but it differs in the smaller<br />
spores and in the colour of the epithecium. In some of the specimens<br />
examined the paraphyses are brown upwards. The thallus spreads<br />
extensively, but the apothecia are few and mostly developed towards the<br />
centre.<br />
Hab. On micaceous rocks and walls in upland situations.-Dislr.<br />
Local though plentiful where it occurs among the Central Grampians,<br />
Scotland.-B. M. Craig Tulloch and Glen Fender, Blair Athole, by<br />
Loch Earn and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
188. L. insularis Ny!. in Bot. Not. 1852, 177.-Thallus<br />
determinate, verrucose-unequal, areolate-difIract, moderately<br />
thick; the areolm verrucose-plicate, somewhat shining, brownishgrey<br />
or tawny-brown (K + yellow, CaCI-) ; hypothallus blackish.<br />
Apothecia small, appressed, plane, black, margined, the margin<br />
thin, prominent, flexuose; hypothecium brownish-black; paraphyses<br />
concrete, dark-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid,<br />
10-12 fL long, 5-6 fL thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordidviolet<br />
with iodine.-L. intumescens Ny!. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.<br />
sk 3, i. 373 (1856); Mudd Man. 205, t. 3, f. 76; Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 85; Leight. Lich. F!. 254; ed. 3, 246. L. badia var.<br />
intumcscens Flot. Lich. SIles. n. 175 (1830).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 161; Mudd n. 174.<br />
Distinguished by the manner and place of growth. With us it<br />
always forms small, orbicular, insulated patches on the thallus of<br />
Lecanora (glaucoma) sordida, usually limIted by the hypothallus. As<br />
noted by Mudd, though not strictly a paraSIte, It at length destroys the<br />
thallus of the plant upon which it grows. In the specimens seen the<br />
apothecia are numerous and crowded.<br />
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland hilly districts.-Dislr.<br />
Only here and there sparingly III Great Britain; not seen from Ireland<br />
or the Channel Islands.-B. lIf. Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Gimlet<br />
Rock, Pwllheli, and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire;<br />
Lounsdale and Clifi'rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Portlethen,<br />
Kincardineshire. .<br />
189. L. submoestula Ny!. in Flora lix. 235 (1876).-Thallus<br />
effuse, minutely granular, crowded or subdispersed, brownish-grey<br />
(K -, CaCl -). Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black,<br />
often several-connate; hypothecium thick, dark-reddish-brown;
LECIDEA LECIDEACEiE 105<br />
paraphyses indistinct, the epithecium greenish-black, the colour<br />
penetrating into the narrow hymenium; spores ellIpsoid, small,<br />
6-10 (.I. long, 3·5 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then tawnywine-coloured<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea v. 26; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 268.<br />
Considered by Nylander to be near to L. moestula, but the epithecial<br />
colOUrIng indicates the sect. Euleculea.<br />
The specim.ens from Ireland are overrun by a blue.green alga<br />
(Stigonema sp.). In the Cornwall specimen (from Hb. Martmdale)<br />
determined by E. 'V. Holmes, there is no alga present and the scattered<br />
granules have flattened and developed into small scattered whitish-grey<br />
areolffi.<br />
Hab. On dry arenaceous rocks in maritime districts.-B. M.<br />
Grayley, Cornwall; road to Westport, Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.<br />
190. L. alienata Nyl. in Flora lxii. 362 (1879).-Thallus effuse,<br />
somewhat granular or leprose, unequal, thin, scattered, greyishyellow<br />
JKf + yellowish, K(CaCI) + pale-tawny-reddish). Apothe<br />
cia minute, prominent, thinly margined, glomerulose-connate,<br />
black; hypothecium blackish; paraphyses moderate, palebluish<br />
at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 12-15 (.I. long, 7-8 (.I. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the asci bluish then tawny<br />
with iodine.-Lithographa Larbalestierii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
394 (1879).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 153.<br />
From its graphideine aspect referred by Leighton to Lithographa.<br />
The fructification constitutes irregular, scattered glomerules, each of<br />
which is composed of 12 or more apothecia. The gomdla are cithcr<br />
simple or subglomerulose. Spermogones not seon.<br />
Hab. On moist schistose rooks.-B. M. Kylemorc Lake, Galway.<br />
191. L. advertens Nyl. in :Flora xlIx. 419 (1866).-Thallus<br />
indeterminate, thin, subfurfuraceous, byssoid, olive-black (K-,<br />
CaCI -). Apothecia minute, at length somewhat convex and<br />
immarginate, black; paraphyses concrete; hypothecium black<br />
or brownish-black; epithecium sordid-bluish; spores ellipsoid,<br />
11-14 (.I. long, 7-9 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.<br />
-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. SE'r. 3, xix. 408 (1867) & Lich.<br />
Fl. 255; ed. 3, 251; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 86.<br />
Associated with blue-green algrn, and has the aspect externally of<br />
Spilonema revertens.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and subalpine tracts.lJistr.<br />
Found only in Wales and N.W. Ireland.-B.1J1. GIl tar Point,<br />
Tenby, Pembrokeshire.<br />
192. L. segregans Nyl. in. Flora xlix. 372 (1866).-ThaIIus<br />
indeterminate, verrucose-granular, whitish or greyish-white, the<br />
granules more or less segregate, or here and there confluent;<br />
hypothallus blackish, usually little visible. Apothecia small,
106 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
subplane, immarginate, at length convex, often aggregateconfluent<br />
and then rather small, black; hypothecium brown;<br />
paraphyses not well discrcte, spores oblong, 10-13 !Llong, 3'5-4'5 !L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then tawny-wine-coloured<br />
with iodine.-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xix. 332<br />
(1867) & Lich. Fl. 282; ed. 3, 286; Cromb. Lich. lJrit. 92.<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Nylander placcs this near L. melancheima Tuck.; its position is,<br />
however, uncertain.<br />
Hab. On a mica-schist rock.-Distr. Ben Lawcrs, Perthshire.<br />
193. L. neglecta Ny!. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. iv.<br />
233 (1859) & Lich. Scand. 244.-Thallus subdeterminate, thinly<br />
granulose, greyish-white or leaden-greyish, the granules minute,<br />
sub confluent in patches (K + yellow, CaCl -). Apothecia<br />
minute, superficial, somewhat plane, black, opaque, the margin<br />
obtuse, at length evanescent; paraphyses dark-brownish at the<br />
apices; hypothecium brownish or dark; spores oblong or fusiformoblong,<br />
8-11 [l- long, 3-4 !L thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged or<br />
only sordid-yellow with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiIi. 141<br />
(1875); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 276.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 189.<br />
A very distinct and rather peculiar spccics, which in a sterile<br />
condition might readily be taken for a rudimentary condition of a<br />
Stereocaulon. The thallus, normally orbicular, becomes, through the<br />
confluence of several, more or less effuse. Apothecia rare.<br />
Hab. Incrusting mosses (spccies of Grimmia and Aruireaa) on boulders<br />
in subalpine districts.-Distr. Local and scarce on the S. Grampians,<br />
Scotland, and in N. England.-B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
194. L. obsoleta Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 604 (1865).-Thallus not<br />
visible. Apothecia minute, opaque, black, concolorous within,<br />
the margin obtuse or indistinct; paraphyses discrete, the apices<br />
8ubclavate, thickened, nearly colourless; hypothecium sordidbrownish;<br />
spores oblong, sometimes obsoletely septate, 9-11 [llong,<br />
3 [l- thick; hym'enial gelatine scarcely tinged with iodine.<br />
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xvii. 350 (1866) & Lich. Fl.<br />
299; I'd. 3, 309; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 92. Specimen not seen.<br />
Differs from the preceding in the absence of a proper thallus and<br />
in the character of the paraphyses.<br />
Hab. On cretaceous soil in an upland situation.-Distr. The Downs,<br />
near Lewes, Sussex.<br />
195. L. pedatula Ny!. in Flora lix. 236 (1876).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, granulose, whitish (K + yellow). Apothecia minute,<br />
somewhat convex, stipitate, immarginate, black; hymenium in<br />
thin section bluish, the epithecium darker; hypothecium stipitiform,<br />
reddish; spores not seen fully developed; hymenial
108 . CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
epithecium and hymenium dark-greenish-blue; spores ellipsoid,<br />
9-13 [L long, 4'5-5'5 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then<br />
violet-red with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. 107 (1869)<br />
& Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. LlCh. Fl. 267, ed. 3, 265.<br />
In the single known specimen the apothecia are numerous and<br />
approxmlate, though not crowded.<br />
Hab. On a boulder in a subalpine locality.-B. M. Near thc summit<br />
of Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only locality).<br />
198. L. meJaphana Nyl. in Flora Iii. 83 (1869).-'l'hal1us<br />
subeffuse, thin, opaque, somewhat diffract, unequal, blackish<br />
(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black;<br />
paraphyses somewhat lax, slightly clavate; epithec,ium (and the<br />
hymenium abdve) bluish-green; hypothecium thickish, brown<br />
beneath; spores oblong, 11-19 [L long, 4'5-5'5 [L thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine bluish then partly VIOlet-coloured with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
in Journ. Bot. vii. 107 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. Lich. FJ.<br />
297; ed. 3, 306.<br />
Intimately related to L. aphanotdes, from which it IS distinguished<br />
by the darker colour of the hypothecium and by the longer spores.<br />
The single specimen, which is only sparingly fertIle, was associated<br />
with Lecanora smaragdula f. stnoptca and with Lecidea contiyua var.<br />
flavicunda, the latter of which it partIally overruns.<br />
Hab. On a granitic boulder in upland tracts of mountainous<br />
districts.--B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthslnre; Craig Guic. Braemar, Abcl'dcenshlre.<br />
199. L. expansa Nyl. ex Mudd Man. 208 (1861).-'l'hallwl<br />
effuse, thin, furfuraceous, continuous or nmulose, black or sordidgreyish<br />
(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute, sessile, plane, margined,<br />
black, the margin thin, smooth; hypothecium dark-brown;<br />
paraphyses concrete, blackish-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid,<br />
minute, 7-10 [L long, 3'5---4 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish<br />
with iodine.-L. dispansa Nyl. in Flora xlIx. 87 (1866); Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. 256; ed. 3, 248.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 186; Mudd n. 176; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 222.<br />
The thallus when black and lIttle developed forms mk·like stains<br />
on the substratum. The apothecia, though very numerous, are scattered<br />
and solitary. The very minute spermogones are frequent, with<br />
cylindrICal or su bellipsoid spermatia, 3--4 [L long, 1·5 [L thick.<br />
Hab. On rocks and flmt stones in maritime and upland situations.<br />
--Dislr. Only here and there in England and Wales, Ireland and the<br />
Channcl Islands; not secn from Scotland.-B. M. Rozel, Jersey;<br />
Lydd Beach,- Kent; Langford, Essex; Blue Anchor, Somerset;<br />
Thetford, Norfolk; Bewdley, Worcestershire; Stiperstones, Shropshire;<br />
near Battersby and Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,<br />
Durham; Glencorbot, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Subsp. demarginata Nyl. in Flora lxi. 245 (1878).-'l'hallus<br />
very thin, subleprose, whitish or greyish. Apothecia convex,
110 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA<br />
black, somewhat convex, iinmarginate, dispersed or conglomerate<br />
in dense orbicular groups; hypothecium dark-brown; paraphyses<br />
coherent, dark-brown towards the apices; spores linear-oblong,<br />
12-17 !1. long, 3-6 11. thick; hymeriial gelatine and asci blue then<br />
\Vine-red with iodine.-L. symphorella Nyl. in Flora lxiii. 35 (1870);<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. 99 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 301; ed. 3,<br />
286. L. amphfJtera Leight. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. 179<br />
(1871) & Lich. Fl. 283; ed. 3, 287.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 89.<br />
Hab. On granitic and sandstone rocks.-Distr. Rare in mountainous<br />
places, N. Scotland.-B. JJf. Dan Hill, Westmorland; Ben<br />
Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Ben-y-Gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Canlochan,<br />
Forfarshire; Morrone, Braemar and Hill of Ardo, Aberdeenshire;<br />
Sligo Mountains.<br />
203. L. commaculans Ny!. in Flora Ii. 476 (1868) -Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, opaque, subareolate, the areolal scattered, depressed,<br />
greyish- or brownish-black (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia sub moderate ,<br />
slightly convex, scarcely margined, black; hypothecium thickish,<br />
reddish-brown, the colour passing into the hymenium; paraphyses<br />
concrete; epithecium blackish; spores oblong, 8-11 !1. long,<br />
3-4 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in<br />
J ourn. Bot. vii. 106 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. 282 ;<br />
ed. 3, 287.<br />
Considered by Nylander to approach L. kajanita (Lich. Scand. 245),<br />
a Scandinavian plant, but differs in the form of the spores and especially<br />
in the colour of the hypothecium. From L. expansa Nyl. it is separated<br />
by the hypothecium and also by the larger immarginate apothecia.<br />
The spermogones here and there visible have the spermatia cylindrical,<br />
straight, O-ll !1. long, 1 !1. thick.<br />
Hab_ On a felspathic boulder, and quartzose stones in an alpine<br />
situation.-B. M. Summit of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
PARARITIC ON OTHER <strong>LICHENS</strong>, OFTEN CLASSIFIED<br />
,WITH FUNGI.<br />
204. L. vitellinaria Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1852, 177.-Thallus<br />
absent. Apothecia sessile, minute, concave, at length plane,<br />
margined black, the margin slightly prominent, shining; hypothecium<br />
thin brownish; paraphyses conglutinate, greenish-black<br />
at the apices; spores ellipsoid with a thick outer wall, 10-12 !1.<br />
long, 6!1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then violet with iodine.<br />
Mudd Man. 212, t. 3, f. 77; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 78; Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. 355; ed. 3, 384.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 182.<br />
In structure the apothecia are very similar to Lecidea parasema<br />
(Nyl. Lich. Scand. 218). Recently it has been classified by Rehm as<br />
a fungus under Nesolechia (Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. iii. 319 (1896)).<br />
Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Candelariella vitellina,' recorded<br />
more rarely on Lecidea lactea. On rocks in upland situations.-Distr.
112 CYCLOCARPINEJE LECIDEA<br />
(Buellia) parmeliarum, (Jxcept that tho paraphyses are neither<br />
thickened nor darker-coloured at their apices. The spores are<br />
colourless, or present, in a few instances, a faint tinge of yellow,<br />
and the reactIOn on the hymenial gelatine by means of iodine<br />
shows a deep vinous red without any preceding cool'ulescent<br />
tints, instead of being negative as in L. parmeliarum. This<br />
lichen bears the same relationship to L. parmeliarum that L.<br />
solorinaria does to L. oxyspora."-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 388.<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Crombie (Journ. Bot. xii. 148 (1874)) suggests that this may be<br />
Biatorina Wallrothii, but thIs is denied by Stuton (Grevillea ill. 25).<br />
Hab. Parasitic on Solonna bispora. Collected by Dr. Stirton on<br />
Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
209. L. insita Stirton in Scott. Nat. 1879, 17.-Thallus none.<br />
Apothecia black, small, convex, immarginate, generally nearly<br />
spherical, internally rufescent; hypothecium reddish or reddishblack;<br />
paraphyses distinct, slender, filiform, reddish or almost<br />
colourless at the apices; spores 12-16 in the somewhat clavate<br />
ascus, spherical; hymenial gelatine intense-blue then deep-wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 545. Evidently allied, as<br />
Stirton suggests, to L. geophana.<br />
Hab, Parasitic on Peltigera aphthosa. Collected by Dr. Stirton at<br />
Craig-na-Lochan, Scotland.<br />
§ iv. MYCOBLASTus Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 479 (1874); Norm.<br />
in Nyt. Mag. Nat. vii. 250 (1852) as genus. (PI. 7.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous. Spores usually 1, rarely 2 or 3 in the<br />
ascus; spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight<br />
spermatia. Mycoblastus is frequently classified as a genus.<br />
210. L. sanguinaria Ach. Meth. 39 (1803) & Lich. Univ. 170.<br />
Thallus effuse, moderate or thickish, granulose-unequal or<br />
granulose-concrescent, greyish-white or whitish (K + yellow,<br />
CaCI -); medulla blood-red beneath the apothecia (K + crimson).<br />
Apothecia adnate, moderate or somewhat large, convex, immarginate,<br />
black, greyish within; paraphyses concrete, dark-bluish<br />
at the apices; hyp(')thecium thin, pale or slightly dark; spores<br />
solitary, very large, with a broad epispore, 70-100 !Llong, 28-38 !L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the asci, deep-blue with<br />
iodine.-Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 37; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 464;<br />
Hook. in Sm. Engi. Fl. v. 177; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 120;<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. 265; ed. 3, 262. Lichen<br />
sanguinarius L. Sp. PI. 1140 (1753) (excI. syn. Dill.); Huds. FI.<br />
Angl. 442 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. 803 pro parte; Engl.<br />
Bot. t. 155; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 6. Megalospora sanguinaria<br />
Massal. Ric. Lich. 106, fig. 211 (1852); Mudd Man. 213, t. 4, f. 79.<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 46; Leight. n. 307; Mudd n. 184; Cromb.<br />
n.94.
114 CYCLOCARPINEiE LECIDEA<br />
L. affinis var. melina. Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 149 (1874).<br />
Lichenoides tartareum tinctorwrn candidum, tuberculis atris Dill.<br />
Rist. Musc. 128 t. 18, fig. 8 (174] ).. Megalospora melina Krempelh.<br />
cx Nyl. I. c.<br />
Closely related to the preceding, of which, but for the 2-spored asci<br />
and the smaller spores, it might be regarded as only a form (see Ny!.<br />
in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. n. ser. v. 166 (1866)).<br />
Hab. On the trunks of firs in mountainous districts.-Distr. Very<br />
local and rare in N. Wales and the S. GrampJans, Scotland.-B. M.<br />
Cader Idris, l\,[erioneth; Glyder. Carnarvonshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
Var. endorhoda Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 479 (1874).-The thallus<br />
similar to the species, but within continuously, or here and there,<br />
reddish.- Subsp. subsanguinaj·ia Stirton in Scott. Nat. v. 218<br />
(1880). A.L.Sm. Monogr. Brit. Lich. i. 471 (1918).<br />
Stilton based his subspecies on the presence of the red colouring<br />
in the thallus apart from the apothecia, a character already noted by<br />
Th. Fries (tom. cit. 480). Stirton states that there is no reaction with<br />
K, but that is a variable character.<br />
Hab. On bark.-B. JJf. Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire.<br />
211. L. fucata Stirton in Scott. Nat. 1879, 16.-Thallus<br />
cinereous, granulose or evanescent. Apothecia black, round or<br />
oblong or somewhat irregular, convex and immarginate internally,<br />
entirely of an intense-violet colour, scarcely changed by iodine<br />
(K + blue-greenish); hypothecium colourless; paraphyses distinct,<br />
thickish, irregular; spores 1-3 in the ascus, ellipsbid or<br />
oblong-ellipsoid, the epispore thick and pellucid, 32-48 !'- long,<br />
15-22 !'- thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 545.<br />
Tbe beautiful violet colour of the thecium internally is very pronounced.<br />
The spores have a tendency to become brown, probably<br />
by degeneration.<br />
Hab. On decorticated wood in an upland district.-B.],f. Near<br />
Tyndrum, Perthshire.<br />
74. BIATORELLA De Not. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. 192 (1846);<br />
Massal. Ric. LlCh. 130 (1852) emend. (PI. 8.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, effuse or definite, rarely almost obsolete.<br />
Algal cells Protococcaceae. Apothecia light-coloured or dark and<br />
carbonaceous, with proper margin only; asci many-spored, the<br />
spores minute, simple, colourless, oblong or spherical. Spermogones<br />
with ovoid or shortly cylindrical spermatia.<br />
By Ii printer's error, whlCh is pointed out by Massalongo, l. c., the<br />
genus was publIshed as 8-spored instead of
116 CYCLOCARPINE}E BIATORELLA<br />
(b) Spores globose.<br />
3. B. ochrophora Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 399 (1874).-ThaUus<br />
effuse, very thin, occurring in patches (K -, CaCI -), or usually<br />
obsolete. Apothecia small, convex, at length subglobose, immarginate,<br />
yellowish-pruinose, sordidly pale within; paraphyses<br />
slender, discrete, often irregular; hypothecium colourless; epithecium<br />
minutely granulose, yellow-ochraceous (K + rose-violet);<br />
spores spherical, 3'5-4'5 [L in diameter; hymenial gelatine bluish<br />
with iodine.-Lecidea ochrophora Nyl. in Flora xlviii. 355 (1865);<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot. vii. 100 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 75;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 354; ed. 3, 383.<br />
Distinguished amongst its allies by the ochraceous-pulverulent<br />
apothecia, which are at times several aggregate; when the powdery<br />
surface is rubbed off they become brown.<br />
Hab. Spreading over decayed mosses on trunks of trees in maritime<br />
and upland districts.-Distr. Very local and rare in the Channel<br />
Islands, Wales and S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Rozcl, Jersey; Harlech,<br />
Mcrioneth; Dinish, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
4. B. moriformis Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 401 (1874).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thinnish or thin, granulose-Ieprose, greyish or brownishgrey<br />
(K + yellow, CaCI + red), often evanescent. Apothecia<br />
submoderate or small, sessile, somewhat plane or convex, immarginate,<br />
blackish or brownish-black, greyish within; paraphyses<br />
very slender, indistinct, the epithecium reruginous-green or darkbrownish<br />
olive; hypotheeium colourless; asci tumid; spores<br />
globose, minute, 2'5-3'5 [L in diameter; hymenial gelatine deepblue<br />
then dark with iodiae.-B. resinm var. rubicundlllm :Mudd<br />
Man. 191 (1861). Arthom'a morifo1'1nis Ach. Syn. 5 (1814).<br />
Lecidea tant111a Nyl. III Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 363 (1856);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 76; Leight. Lich. Fl. 354; ed. 3, 382. L.<br />
improvisa Nyl. in Not. SaUsle. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. iv. 233 (1859);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 76.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. nos. 408, 411 (as Lecidea tantilla).<br />
The thallus, greyish-green when moist, varies somewhat in thickness,<br />
and is often either almost absent or obliterated by other lichens<br />
associated with it; it usually spreads extensively over the substratum,<br />
especially when subevanescent. The apothecia are numerous, scattered<br />
or approximate, unequal, sometimes two together; when moistened,<br />
or when the plant grows in shady situations, they are reddish-brown.<br />
Hab. On old palings in lowland and upland tracts.-Distr. Somewhat<br />
plentiful throughout England, rare in Wales, not recorded from<br />
Scotland or· Ireland.-B. M. Penshurst, Kent; Reigate, Surrey;<br />
Mill Hill, Middlesex; near Baunton and near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire;<br />
Spetchley, Whittington and Hindlip, Worcestershire; Stableford,<br />
Port Hill, near Shrewsbury, Neescliff, Wellington, Upton Magna<br />
and Bomere Pool, Shropshire; Nannau, Dolgelly, l'I'Ierioneth; near<br />
Hedcar and Stokes!ey, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
120 CYCLOCARPINElE BIATORELLA<br />
Lamy found this form abundant on the granitic stones of old<br />
buildings, and remarks on the regular well-opened epruinose apothecia.<br />
It is often difficult to distinguish it from the species.<br />
Hab. On rocks chiefly calcareous, rarely siliceous and on mortar<br />
of walls in upland regions.-Distr. Widely distributed but rather rare<br />
in the British Is1es.-B. JI. Near Bovey Tracey, Devon; Egerton and<br />
Scvenoaks, Kent; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire;<br />
Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,<br />
Perthshire; Applecross, Rossshire.<br />
Var. albocincta A. L. Sm.-Thallus immersed. ApMhecia<br />
thinly prulllose or naked, with a white pruinose pseudo-margin.<br />
Lecanora pruinosa var. albocincta Cromb. Monogr. i. 488 (1894).<br />
I<br />
Hab. On the mortar of a wall in an upland district.-B. M. Mathon,<br />
Malvern Hills, Worcestershire (the only record).<br />
10. B. hypophrea A, L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally<br />
granulate, greyish- or dull yellowish-green (K -). Apothecia<br />
rather omall, plane, dark-red or blackish, the proper margin<br />
unequal or subcrenulate, becoming excluded; hypothecium pale<br />
or brownish; paraphyses rather stout, thickly septate, variously<br />
widened at the yellowish-brown apices; spores many, oblong,<br />
5-6 !1. long, 1'5 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red<br />
or tawny with iodine.-Lecanora hypophma Ny!. in Flora hii. 34<br />
(1870); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. 97 (1870) & Monogr. i. 489;<br />
Leight. Lich. F!. 186; cd. 3, 172.<br />
Differs from B. privi(Jna, with which it is closely allied, in the<br />
presence of the superficial thallus and in the somewhat dIfferent spores;<br />
the paraphyses are exactly ahkc.<br />
Hab. On granitic stones of a wall.-B. Jll. Old Machar Cathedral,<br />
Aberdeen (the only record).<br />
11. B. flava A. L. Sm. ex Johns. in Naturalist 1917, 88.<br />
Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally granulate-cracked or scattered<br />
'and furfuraceous, dull ochraceous-brown (IC -). Apothecia<br />
rather small (about '5 mm. in diam.), sessile or subinnate, sometimes<br />
circumscissed, plane or rarely convex, dark reddish-brown<br />
or black, the thallme margin indIstinct or disappearing; hypothecium<br />
and hymenium colourless; paraphyses slender, conglutinate<br />
above, flexuose, sparsely septate except near the tips which<br />
are slightly clavate and bright-brown; spores many, minute,<br />
oblong-ellipsoid, about 3 fL long, 1-2 !1. t]liek; hymenial gelatine<br />
perRistently btue with iodIne.-Lecanora privigna var.flara Johns.<br />
in litt.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 503.<br />
The thallus is not unlIke that of B. hypophrea, but in the internal<br />
structure it differs from that species as also from B. privigna.<br />
Hab. On limestone in a quarry.-B. M. Near Langdon Beck,<br />
Teesdale, Durham.
BIATORELLA LECIDEACElE 121<br />
Thallus not evident.<br />
12. B. clavus Th. lrr. Lich. Scand. 409 (1874).-Thallus very<br />
reduced, occasionally a few granules only visible below the<br />
apothecia. Apothecia large, often aggregate, attached at· a<br />
central point, sometimes several connate III a common attachment,<br />
concave then plane, dark-reddish or almost black, with a<br />
prominent proper margin which is persistent and crenulate;<br />
hypothecium thin, blackish-brown; paraphyses conglutinate,<br />
stoutish, septate, scarcely widened at the tips, the epithecium<br />
dark-brown; spores many, oblong-ellipsoid 4-5 !L long, about<br />
2 !J. thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-Patellaria<br />
clavus DC. If!. Fr. ii. 34.8 (1805). Lecidea eucarpa Nyl. in Bot.<br />
Not. 1853, 163. Lecanora eucarpa Nyl. in Not. SaUsk. Faun. &<br />
Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. viii. (1871); Cromb. in Grevillea xix. 58<br />
(1891) & Monogr. i. 488. L. glattcocarpa f. eucarpa Leight. I .. ieh.<br />
Fl. 183 (187]); ed. 3, 168. Cathisinia concinna Stil't. in Scott.<br />
Nat. iii. 307 (1888).<br />
Distinguished by the large apotheeia with rugose margins.<br />
Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime districts or by inland waters.<br />
-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands and in Seilry, and among the<br />
Scottish Grampians.-B. JJ1. West Coast of Guernsey; St. Mary's,<br />
Scilly; Loch Rannoch, Perthshire.<br />
13. B. privigna A. L. Sm.-Thallus indistinct or obsolete.<br />
Apothecia moderate in size, generally congregate, rounded or<br />
angular from pressure, the disc plane, reddish when moist,<br />
blackish when dry, brick-red under the outer black crust, the<br />
margin prominent, persistent, generally entire; hypothecium<br />
pale-coloured; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, thickly septate,<br />
reddish-brown upwards; spores many, minutely ellipsoid, 3-4 !J.<br />
long, 1'5 !L thick; hymenial gelatine blue then dull-greenish 01'<br />
tawny with iodine.-Lwhen simplex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2152 (two<br />
right-hand figs.) (1810) (non Dav.). Lecidea privigna Ach. Meth.<br />
Lich. 49 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 184. Endocarpon<br />
smaragdulum var. privigna Leight. Angioc. JJich. 16 (1851).<br />
Lecanom fuscata var. lJnvigna Cl'omb. Lich. Brit. 56 (1870).<br />
L. squamulosa f. privzgna Leight. Lich. Fl. 185; cd. 3, 170. L.<br />
privigna Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. ser. 2, vi. 288 (1872);<br />
Cromb. Monogr. i. 489.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 277; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 254.<br />
Distinguished from B. clavus especially by the smaller apothecia<br />
and by tho pale colour of the hypothecium.<br />
Hab. On arenaceous and granitic roeks in maritime and upland<br />
districts.-Distr. Rare but widely distributed in the British Isles.<br />
B . .1JI. Alderney; St. Brelade's, Jersey; Shanklin, I. of WIght; BywelI,<br />
Northumberland; Bay of Nigg, Kinoardineshire; Woodside, near<br />
Aberdeen.
126 CYCLOCARPINEA
BIATORINA LECIDEAOElE 127<br />
Hab. On mica·schist rocks ncar tho sea.-B. JJI. Doughruagh Mts.,<br />
Letterbeg and Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Var. gIaucocarnea A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, rugulose<br />
or subleprose, cracked-areolate, glaucous-green. Apothecia paleflesh-coloured<br />
or livid, sometimes slIghtly pruinose, the margin<br />
somewhat paler, at length evanescent.-LtC'!dea glaucocarnea<br />
Nyl. in Flora Ix. 459 (1877). L. c((Jsiolepra Nyl. op. czt. lxiv. 532<br />
(1881); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. 275 (1882). Lecanora glaucocamea<br />
Nyl. in Flora Ix. 562 (1877); Leight. Licll. Fl. ed. 3, 221.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 135, 336 (as Lecanora albariella<br />
f. caesia).<br />
The apothecia, as in the species, are extremely minute and look as<br />
if seated on small pale cushions of the thallus, though in the variety<br />
the thalline growth tends to disappear.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare III the Channel Islands and W. Ireland.<br />
-B. M. Eperquerie, Sark; Glendalough, Connemara, Galway.<br />
8. B. littorella A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, rimulose,<br />
glaucous-green. Apothecia small, plane, sub marginate , paleyellow,<br />
becoming deeper yellow; paraphyses slender; epithecium<br />
and hypothecium colourless; spores oblong, 8-12 !Llong, 3·5-4·5 !L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with ioiline.<br />
Lecidea littorella Ny!. in Flora Ix. 229 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea<br />
vi. 19; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 339.<br />
Differs from the preceding in the brighter coloured apothecia and<br />
in the constantly smaller spores.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks.-B. JJI. Penzance, Cornwall; Quantock<br />
Hills, Somerset; Foynes, Limerick; Lough Inagh, Connemara,<br />
Galway.<br />
9. B. pilularis Koerb. Parerg. Lich.136 (1860).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thin, finely granular, greyish-white or greenish (K -,CaCI-).<br />
Apothecia adnate, convex or almost globose, immarginate,<br />
yellowish-flesh-coloured or brick-reddish; hypothecium colourless;<br />
paraphyses coherent, apices colourless; spores ellipsoid, I-septate<br />
or sometimes simple, 11-17 !Llong, 5-6 !L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then violet or wine-reddish with iodine.-Lecidea vernalis<br />
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 127 (1836) (non Ach.). L. vernalis f.<br />
subdztplex Ny!. Lich. Seand. 201 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 68;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 262; ed. 3, 259. L. pilularis Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
I'd. 3, 341 (1879). L. subduplex Ny!. Lich. Fret. Behr. 50 (1888).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 231, 270 .<br />
. , Characterized by the bright prominent sometimes almost spherical<br />
apothecia whICh have caused it to be confused with Bilimbia SphlEToides<br />
Koerh. The apothecia arc numerous and vary in size; at times they<br />
arE' crowded and rather small. Lichen pilularis Dav. (Trans. Linn. Soc.<br />
iI. 283, t. 28, fig. 2 (1794)) from Bodowen Park, Anglesea, is quoted<br />
in With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 7: the specimen from the same locality has been
132 CYCLOCARPINEJE BIATORINA<br />
Var. byssacea A. L. Sm.-Thallus ·minutely granular, dirtygreenish.<br />
Apothecia dark; paraphyses dark at the tips.-Biatora<br />
byssacea Zwackh. in Flora xlv. 510 (1862). Lecidea er/Jsiboides f.<br />
sordidescens Nyl. ex Norrlin III Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.<br />
n. ser. viiI. 188 (1871); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 72; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
323; ed. 3, 343. Biatol'ina prasiniza f. byssacea Arnold Lich. Fl.<br />
Munich, 24 (1897).<br />
Differs from the species in the darker colour of the apothecia and<br />
of the paraphyses.<br />
Hab. On old decorticated trees in mpist pll'Ces.-B. M. Lyndhurst,<br />
New Forest, Hants; Ravenscar, Westmorland.<br />
18. B. globulosa Koerh. Syst. Lich. Germ. 191 (1855).<br />
Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose-pulverulent, whitish (K -,<br />
CaCl -), often evanescent. Apothecia small, adnate, convex,<br />
immarginate, blackish or leaden-black, greJlsh within; paraphyses<br />
concrete; epithecium blackish; hypotbecium pale or<br />
slightly sordld above; spores oblong or fusiform-oblong, simple<br />
or thinly I-septate, 9-14 [J. long, 2-4 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then dark-wine-red with lOdine.-Lecidea globttlosa Floerke<br />
Deutsche Lich. lief. 10, 1 (1821); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 256<br />
(1867); Cromb. LlCh. Brit. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. 319; ed. 3, 334-.<br />
L. ano11lala Nyl. Lich. Scund. 202 (non Ach.); Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
318; cd. 3, 337. Biatora anomala Fr. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1822,<br />
266. Btlimbia anomala Mudd Man. 187 (1861) pro parte.<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 155 (pro parte).<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Uncommon throughout the<br />
British Isles.-B. M. Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshlre; Glenear, Kerry.<br />
19. B. spodiza A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, subopaque,<br />
minutely granulate, dark-greyish or inspersed wlth minute<br />
greyish-green granules (K(CaCl) + deep-red). Apothecia small,<br />
somewhat convex, immarginate, livid-greyish or pale-livid;<br />
hypotheeium colourless; epithecium sordid; paraphyses not<br />
well discrete; spores oblong, at times somewhat curved,<br />
occasionally obsoletelY'or spuriously I-septate, 11-17 [J. long,<br />
2'5-3·5 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Lecidea<br />
spodiza Ny!. in Flora lvii. 9 (1874); Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 140;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 339.<br />
Closely allied to the following. In the original locality the thallus<br />
spread extensively over the substratum, but was only hNe and there<br />
fertile; the apothecia in the specimens are somewhat scattered.<br />
Hab. On an old fir paling in a wooded upland district.-B. ]f.<br />
Fmlarig, Killin, Perthshire (the only locality).<br />
20. B. synothea Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 144 (1860) (excl. var.<br />
chalybwa).-Thallus effuse, thin, mirtutely granulose, greyishgreen<br />
or whitish (K -, CaCI-), at times nearly evanescent.<br />
Apothecia small, adnate or appressed, convex, Bubimmarginate,
13G CYCLOCARPINElE BIATORINA<br />
•<br />
Surrey; St. Leonard's Forest, Ardingly Rock8. near Parham. ncar<br />
Petworth, near Eastham, Cuckfield, Hayward's Heath and Wiggonbolt<br />
Common, Sussex; Lyndhurst, Kew Forest, Hants; Tunbridge Wells.<br />
Kent; Lewknor, Oxfordshire; near Raider Du, Radnorshire; Dolymelynen<br />
and Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth; Eaysdale, Cleycland,<br />
Yorkshire; Ravenscar and near Levens, Westmorland; New Galloway.<br />
Kirkcudbnghtshlre; Ormidale, Kyles of Eute; Riverstown, Cork;<br />
Dunkerron, Kerry.<br />
Var. commutata Mudd l. c.-Thallus granulose-Ieprose or<br />
subpulverulent, greenish-grey. Apothecia as in the species.<br />
LecanOl'a commutata Ach. Lich. Umv. 352 (1810). Lecidea lAghtfootii<br />
var. commutata Schrer. Enum. 138 (1850); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 65; f. commutata Leight. Lich. Fl. 319; ed. 3, 334.<br />
Might perhaps be regarded as merely an old conditIOn, characterIzed<br />
by the thallus becoming dissolved and pulverulent throughout.<br />
Transition states to the type are not wanting, and In otherWise typical<br />
specimens the granules are here and therc deliquescent. Schrorer<br />
describes the apothecia as being also carneous or reddish-brown,<br />
colours not visible in his own specimen nor in ours; they are blackish<br />
and sometimes slightly umbonate.<br />
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on olel palings, in marItime<br />
and upland tracts.-Distr. Rare in S. England, S. Ireland, and the<br />
Channel Islands.-B. M. Patrimonie, Jersey; near Parham, Sussex;<br />
Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire;<br />
Killaloe, Clare; Cahirlogue, near Glenmire, and Agharda, Cork.<br />
24. B. atropurpurea Massal. RlC. Lich. 135, fig. 265 (1852).<br />
-Thallus effuse, thin, granulose-Ieprose, greenish-grey (Ie-,<br />
CaCl-). Apothecia small, appressed or adnate, plane, thinly<br />
margined, purplIsh- or brownish-black; paraphyses discretl:',<br />
brownish at the apices; hypothecium pale; spores Bubellipsoid,<br />
11-15 f.l. long, 5-7 f.l. thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish thE:'n<br />
deep-wine-red with iodine.-Mudd Man. 178. Lecidea sphwl'oides<br />
var. atropurpurea Schrer. Spicil. 165 (1833). L. atropurpurea<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 64 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 324; ed. 3, 338.<br />
L. atropurpu1'ascens Nyl. in Flora lvi. 294 (1873); Leight. LlCh. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 338.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 151; Johns. n. 338.<br />
Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded maritime and upland<br />
districts.-Distr. Only a few localities in S. England, Wales, and<br />
W. Ireland; not seen from Scotland.-B. JJ1. Rozel, Jersey; St.<br />
Leonard's Forest and Chillington, Sussex; New Forest, Rants; near<br />
Exeter and Cockmgton, Devon; Selhurst, Surrey; Stanstead Park,<br />
Essex; Garth, DolgeUy, Merioneth; Gwydir Woods, Bettws·y.Coed,<br />
Denbighshire; Calder Abbey Grounds, Cumberland; Glenbower Wood,<br />
Cork; Turk l\1t., Dinish, Cromaglown and Glengariff, Kerry; Lough<br />
Inagh, Connemara, Galway.<br />
25. B. intermixta A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, thin,<br />
subgranulose-rugulose, greyish or greyish-green (K + yellow,<br />
CaCI -). Apothecia moderate, plane or somewhat convex,
BIATORINA LECIDEACElE 14.3<br />
Living on other Lichens.<br />
Most of the following species have been classified under<br />
Scutula, a genus of Discomycetes by Rehm, Zopf and finally by<br />
Vouaux in Bull. Soc. 1\1ycol. Fr. xxix. 419 (1913). They are<br />
retained here, as the fructification is lichenoid in character. It<br />
is doubtful if they are truly parasitic.<br />
37. B. supernula A. L. Sm.-Thallus absent. Apothecia<br />
small, plane, and thinly margined, at length convex, immarginate,<br />
black; hypothecium bluish-black, brick-red above; paraphyses<br />
moderate or rather thick, bluish-black at the clavate apices;<br />
spores oblong-oviform, 9-'-14 f1. long, 4-5 f1. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Lecidea supernula Nyl. in Flora lix.<br />
574 (1876); Cromb. in Grevillea v. 107; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
389.<br />
\<br />
An athalline plant very simIlar in the form of the Arthonia-like<br />
spores to the Biatorinia 8ubviriais. The apothecia are nnmerous and<br />
usually several (3-6, rarely 8) aggregate.<br />
Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora calcarea var. Hoffmanni<br />
in a maritime tract.-B. 1J1. Island of Lismore, Argyll (the only<br />
locality).<br />
38. B. episema A. L. Sm.-Thallus absent. Apothecia small,<br />
black, aggregate or solitary, plane or rarely convex, marginate,<br />
the margin obtuse, entIre; hypothecium brown; paraphyses<br />
distinct, blackish at the tips of the clavate apices; spores ellipsoid<br />
or elongate-oblong, typically I-septate, rarely 1-3-septate, 10-18<br />
f1. long, 4-5 f1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-rcd with<br />
iodine.-Lecidea episema Nyl. III Bot. Not. 1853, 161; Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 78; LeIght. Lich. Fl. 356; ed. 3, 385.<br />
Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora calcarea.-Distr. Somewhat<br />
rare though widely distnbuted in the British Isll's.-B. 1J1. Ncar<br />
Yatton, Somerset; Barnsley Park and Cirencester, Gloucestershire;<br />
Aran Mawddwy, Merioneth; Trefnw and Great Orme's Hcad, Carnarvonshire;<br />
I. of Lismore, Argyll; CraIg Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire;<br />
Cong, Lough Corrib and near Ballinakill, Galway.<br />
39. B. cristata A. L. Sm.-No proper thallus. Apothecia<br />
black, very minute, solitary, or clustered, or in narrow flexuose<br />
lines, concave, the margin thick and obtuse; hypothecium black,<br />
carbonaceous; spores linear-oblong, minute, faintly I-septate,<br />
6-8 (.I. long, 2-3 (.I. thick.-Lecidea cristata Leight. Lich. Fl. 356<br />
(1871); ed. 3, 385. Specimen not seen.<br />
Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora subcarnea.-Distr. Rare,<br />
recorded only from Wales (Barmouth, Merioneth).<br />
40. B. stereocaulorum Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 188 (1860).-<br />
Thallus absent. Apothecia parasitic, small, plane, at length<br />
convex, immarginate, black, blackish or pale, dark within;
146 CYGLOCARPINElE BILIMBIA<br />
St. Aubin's H!trbour, Jersey; Port Gorey, Sark; I. of Wight; TOl'quay<br />
and Bolt Head, Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton Hill,<br />
Somerset; Shoreham and Tillington; Sussex; Lechlade and Hempstead,<br />
Gloucestel'shire; Barrnouth, Merioneth; Trcfriw, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Oswcstry, Llanymynech Hill and Llanforda, Shropshire; Tenby,<br />
Pembrokeshire; Anglesea; near Yarmouth, Norfolk; near Roseberry<br />
and Ayton. Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; 'Vhitbarrow,<br />
Reston Hall and near Barton, Northumberland; Whitehaven, Cumberland;<br />
near Appin House, Argyll; Craig Tulloch and Ben Lawers,<br />
Perthshire; Cra.lg Guie, Braemar, Aberdccnshirc; Cloghan near<br />
Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; Castlebar, Mayo.<br />
3. B. carbonacea Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. 403 (1900).-Thallus<br />
brownish-black, suborbicular, rather thick, formed of minute<br />
convex entIre or crenate wrinkled squamules, sometimes crackedareolatc.<br />
.i\pothecia small, black, solitary or aggregate, sessile<br />
with a prominent margin, becoming immarginate; hypothecium<br />
thick, reddish-black; paraphyses distinct, brownish or greenishblack<br />
at the clavate apices; spores linear-oblong, straight or<br />
curved, 3-septate, 15-22 !J. long, 4 !J. thick.-Toninia carbonacea<br />
Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. 68 (1860). Lecidea aromalica subsp.<br />
carbonacea Cromb. I.ich. Brit. 78 (1870). L. carbonacea Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 331 (1871); cd. 3, 351.<br />
Differs from B. aronwtica in the form and colour of the thallus,<br />
and in the darker·coloured epithecium.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in mountainous regions in N. England.<br />
N. Scotland and 'V. Ireland.-B. lJI. Orton Scar, Cunswick Scar and<br />
Haverbrack, 'Vestmorland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Achosragan<br />
Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Quie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
4. B_ squamulosa A. L. Sm.-Thallus subdeterminate, thick<br />
or thinnish, squamulose, appressed, pale- or tawny-brown;<br />
squamules small, subimbricate, angular, crenate at the margins<br />
(K -, CaCl-). Apothecia small, innate-sessile, at first plane'<br />
and thinly margined, then convex and immarginate, black;<br />
paraphyses slender, bluish-black at the slightly clavate apices;<br />
hypothecium thick, reddish-black; spores fusiform-cylindrical,<br />
3-septate, 15-18 IJ. long, 4-5 !J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish<br />
then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Tomnia squamulosa Mudd<br />
Man. 174 (1861). Lecidea squamulosa Deakin ex Mudd 1. c.;<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 79; Leight. Lich. FL 331; ed. 3, 353.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 181 (as Lecidea al'omatica).<br />
Found originally by Salwey and partly described without name in<br />
Trans. Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. 1853, 144, where he says that in<br />
age the squamules become flat, noncrenate, and lighter in colour.<br />
The numerous apothecia are either solitary or several congregate.<br />
Hab. On rocks, walls, and the Boil in crevices, in maritime rarely<br />
upland hilly districts.-Distr. Rather local in England, rare in N.E.<br />
Scotland. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.-B. M. Port Gorey, Sark;<br />
above Anstey's Cov!', Torquay, and near Kingsbridg!', Devon; near
BILIMBIA LECIDEACElE 153<br />
Var. alborubella A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, or<br />
evanescent, whitIsh or greenish-white (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia<br />
small, convex, immarginate, yellow- or reddish-flesh-coloured;<br />
epithecium and hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender,<br />
cIa vate at the apices; spores linear- or fusiform-oblong, 3-septate,<br />
thinner than in the speCIes, 14-21 !.I. long, 2 !.I. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine tawny-wine-reddish with iodine.-Lecidea alborubella<br />
Nyl. III Flora lxii. 205 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 28.<br />
Nylander observes that while the thalline gonidla aro normal.<br />
then} are sometimes present hymenial gonidia consisting of cylindrical<br />
erect gonidia, not verifiable in our specimens. In the two specimens<br />
seen, which are very sparingly fertile, the thallus IS little viSible, being<br />
for the most part overrun by a Lepraria.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a cave in a maritime locahty.-B. 11[.<br />
Derryclare, Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
Subsp. chlorotropoides A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin,<br />
subleprose, greenish (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute, margined,<br />
reddish-yellow, the margin usually darker; perithecium<br />
violet in thin section; hypothecium often pale-violet; paraphyses<br />
sub discrete, clavate at the apices; spores fusiformoblong,<br />
1-3-septate, 14-20 !.I. long, 2-3 !.I. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
blUIsh, the asci wine-red with iodine.-Leczdea chlorotropoides<br />
Nyl. in Flora Ix. 567 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 112; Leight.<br />
LlCh. ]'l. ed. 3, 346.<br />
Subsimilar to the speCies, but differs in the colour of the apothecia<br />
and III that of the eXCIpulum and hypothecium. In our specimen<br />
collected by Larbalestier the few apothecia are oehraceous or somewhat<br />
reddish· yellow and immarginate. The spores are narrow and become<br />
3.septate when mature. One of the two specimens from Kylemore is<br />
associated with mlllute patches of a bright purple alga, which may<br />
explain thc sometimes pale. violet colour of the hypothecium.<br />
Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in a maritimc district.-B. 111.<br />
Kylemore, Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
17. B. herbidula A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thinnish, subleprose,<br />
rimulose or rimulose-diffract, opaque, yellowish-green<br />
(K + yellowish, CaCI -). ApotheCla minute, plane or somewhat<br />
convex, pale-reddish, pale within, the margin thin, darker;<br />
paraphyses not well discrete; epithecium and hypothecium<br />
colourless; spores fusiform, 1-3-septate, 11-18 !.I. long, 2·5 !.I.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Leczdea he1bidula<br />
Nyl. in Flora Ix. 563 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 112; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 357.<br />
A doubtful species perhaps referable to B. cuprea. Nylander has<br />
deSCrIbed the thallus as having the characters of Gongrosira Kuetz. with<br />
subchroolepoid filaments containing numerous large rotundate greenish<br />
granules. Our specimen evidently consists of, or IS overrun by a dense<br />
layer of cells of some alga; I have been unable to find any apotheCia.
154 CYCLOOARPINElE nILUIBIA<br />
Hab. On a schistose rock in a maritime district.-B.M. Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
18. B. byssoboliza A. L. Sm.-Thallus indeterminate, very<br />
thin, continuous, opaque, greenish or greyish-green. Apothecia<br />
small, somewhat prominent, yellow-flesh-coloured, the margin<br />
paler, at length undulate or scarcely distinct, with a white,<br />
pubescent base; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender,<br />
discrete, colourless; spores fusiform, 3-5-septate, 23-27 fL long,<br />
3-4 fL thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then tawny-winecoloured<br />
with iodine.-Lecidea byssoboliza Ny!. in Flora lxii.<br />
206 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58.<br />
Exsicc. Larh. Lich. Rb. n. 267.<br />
Readily recognized by the pubescence at the base of the apothecia.<br />
The specimen seen is only sparingly fertile.<br />
Hab. In damp recesses of rocks and walls in a maritime district.-<br />
B. M. Killery Bay, Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
19. B. hemipolioides A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin or very<br />
thin, rugulose, subopaque, greyish-green. Apothecia small,<br />
sessile, convex, immarginate, leaden-coloured or partly pale,<br />
epithecium and hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, not<br />
well discrete, much branched; spores fusiform-oblong, usually<br />
somewhat curved, 3-septate. 12-18 fL long, 4'5 fL thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine bluish then, especially the asci, tawny-wine-red with<br />
ibdine.-Lecidea hemipolioides Ny!. in Flora lvi. 294 (1873);<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 148 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
356. Exsicc. Larb. Lieh. lIb. n. 347.<br />
llab. On rocks.-B. M. Rozel, .Tersey (the only loealIty).<br />
20. B. lubens A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thinnish, granulose,<br />
greyish-glaucous. Apothecia small, subplane, then convex and<br />
immarginate, pale-flesh-coloured or dull-brown; hypothecium<br />
brownish; paraphyses coherent, colourless; spores very variable,<br />
5-9-septate, 28-50 [I. long,,7-11 [I. thick; hymenial gelatine deepblue<br />
with iodine.-Lecidea sabuletorum subsp. lubens Ny!. in<br />
Flora lvii. 311 (1874). L. lubens Cromb. in Grevillea iii. 23<br />
(1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 366.<br />
Distinguished from L. sabule/orum by the lighter. coloured apotheeia<br />
and by the larger spores.<br />
llab. On trunks of trees.-B. M. Shere, Surrey.<br />
(b) Apothecia dark-coloured, or becoming dark.<br />
21. B. Nitschkeana Lahm in Rabenh. Exs. no. 583 (1861).<br />
Thallus effuse, thm, leprose or granulose, greyish-green or greenishyellow<br />
(K -, CaCl--), often nearly evanescent. Apotheria
BILIMBIA 159<br />
25. B. mel rena Arnold in Flora xlviii. 596 (1865).-Thallus<br />
effuse, very thin, leprose-granulose, or sometimes gelatinous,<br />
sordid-greenish, greyish or brownish-black (K -, CaCI-), often<br />
evanescent. Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black;<br />
hypothecium brownish-red or purplish-black; paraphyses concrete,<br />
violet- or bluish-black at the apices, the colour often<br />
penetrating downwards; spores linear-oblong, 3-septate, 14--22 f1.<br />
long, 4-6 f1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then dark-violet with<br />
iodme.-B. m111iarta var. melro)1a Mudd Man. 188 (1861). B.<br />
ilyophora Wheld. & Wils. in Journ. Bot. liii. Suppl. 63 (1915).<br />
Lecidea maZrona Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1853, 182; Carroll in Journ.<br />
Bot. v. 256 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 71; Leight. Lich. Fl. 329;<br />
eJ. 3,353. L. 1'ZyoplIOra Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. 220 (1880).<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 169; Johns. n. 376.<br />
Readily distinguished by the very dark thallus and apotheCla.<br />
Hab. On turfy ground, occasionally on dead wood, in upland dis·<br />
tricts.-Distr. Apparently very local in England, Wales and Ireland;<br />
common on the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from the Channel<br />
Islands.-B. M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; above Abergwesyn,<br />
Breconshire; Cader Idris, Merioneth; Ingleby Moor, Clev!'land,<br />
Yorkshire; Eskdale, Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appm,<br />
Argyll; Ben Lawers, Rannoch, and at base of Ben-y-Gloe, Pertbshue;<br />
Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Howth, Dublin; Croghan,<br />
Killarney, Kerry.<br />
26. B. leucoblephara Arnold in Flora lxvii. 574 (1884).<br />
Thallus determinate or sub effuse, thin, opaque, greyish- or<br />
greyish-green (K + yellow, CaCl-). Apothecia small, plane,<br />
margmed, brownish-black or black, blackish within, the margin<br />
white; hypothecium brownish-black; paraphyses concrete;<br />
spores fusiform-oblong, 3-septate, colourless, 10-19 [J. long, 4-6 f1.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then violet-coloured with iodine.<br />
Lec!dea leucoblephara Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat, ser. 4, xix. 338<br />
(1863); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 35]; Cromb. in Grevillea XXIi.<br />
57.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. without number.<br />
Easlly.recognized by the whIte pubescence encirclmg the apothccia.<br />
Hab. On rocks (found on the Continent on furze, heather, etc.).-<br />
B. M. Near Kylemore, Conncmara, Galway.<br />
27. B. rhexoblephara A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, greyish<br />
or dirty-white (K -, CaCI-), often little visible. Apothecia<br />
rather small, black, urceolate, then plane, with a thickish prominent<br />
deeply-crenate margin; hypothecium thick, black, darkbrown<br />
in thin section; hymenium whitish; paraphyses brown,<br />
somewhat thick and septate at the apices; spores oblong- or<br />
fusiform-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 17-21 [J. long, 6-7 f1. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine bluish WIth iodine.-Lecidea rhexoblephara Nyl. in :Mem.<br />
Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherh. v. 337 (1857) & in Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad.
BILlMBlA tECIDElACEJE 161<br />
or wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria tmchona Ach. Meth. SuppI.<br />
16 (1803); Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. 2647. f. 1. Lectdea traclwna<br />
Nyl. in Flora xlvii. 620 (1864); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 71; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 329; ed. 3, 351.<br />
Exswc. Larb. Cffisar. n. 80.<br />
In our specimens the thallus is sordid-greenish: Borrer notes its<br />
resemblance to a Leprana. Apothecia and spermogones are frequent;<br />
when the latter only are present the plant resembles superficially a<br />
VerrllcU1'ia. Wainio (Lwh. Fenn. ii. 232, 1922) states that B. trachona<br />
grows in shady places or in caves.<br />
Hab. On rocks III maritime localities.-Dislr. Hare in the Channel<br />
Islands, S.W. England, and S.W. Ircland.-B . .l'tl. The Warren, Noirmont,<br />
,Tersey; Dixcarl Bay, Sark; ncar Penzance, Cornwall; Turk<br />
l\'[t., KIllarney, Kerry.<br />
31. B. chlorococca Grrowe ex Th. Fries Lich. Scand.<br />
380 (1874).-Thallus thin, furfuraceous or granulose, dullyellowish-green.<br />
ApotheCla reddish-brown or black, minute,<br />
adnate, convex, immarginate; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
gelatinous, distinct, dull-olive-green or pale at the tips;<br />
spores fusiform, straight or curved, 3-7-septate, 22-38 (J. long.<br />
3-5 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine blue then dull-wme-Fed with iodme.<br />
-Biatora hypnophila var. cltlorococca Grmwe in Ofvers. K. Vet.<br />
Akad. Forh. 1862, 473. Lccldea chlorococca Stiz. in Nov. Act.<br />
Acad. Leop.-Carol. xxxiv. 2, 24 (1868).<br />
Val'. hilarior Th. Fr. & Hult. LICh. Scand. 380 (1874).<br />
Apothecia reddish or reddish-brown; paraphyses pale at the tips<br />
otherwise as in the specIes, which has not been found ill Britalll.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 351.<br />
H abo On trees.-B. .l'tI. l\Iickieham, Surrey; Chl1rnwood Forest,<br />
Leiccstershire; Tinnahinch, Carlow.<br />
32. B. subturgidula A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin,<br />
greenish-white or obsolete. Apothecia small, scattered, convex,<br />
Immarginate, dark-brown or pale-leaden-coloured; hypothecmm<br />
brown, whitish in uppcr layer; paraphyses concrete; epithecium<br />
white or yellowish-whitc; spores oblong, 8-14 (J. long, 3-4 (J.<br />
thick; hymemal gelatine blUIsh then often tawny-yellow with<br />
iodine.-Lccldea subturgidula Nyl. III Flora Ii. 343 (1868); Cromb.<br />
in J ourn. Bot. vito 48 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 72; Leight. hch. Fl.<br />
324; ed. 3, 344.<br />
According to Nylander allIed to L. apocll1wella, a Fmland species,<br />
but dlffers in the larger spores and the colour of the hypothecium.<br />
Hab. On old stumps of holly.-B. M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest,<br />
Rants.<br />
33. B. deducta A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, leprose,<br />
dispersed, greenish (K -, CaCl-), scarcely visible. Apothecia<br />
subminute, blackish, somewhat plane, and thinly margined, then<br />
IT M
162 .CYCLOCARl'tNElE BILtMBIA<br />
convex and immarginate, reddish in thin section, hypothecium<br />
darker in the middle; paraphyses indistinct; spores elhpsoid or<br />
oblong, 3-septatc, colourlcss, brownish in the mass, 10-13 [J. long,<br />
3'5-4'5 [J. thIck; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-reddish<br />
wIth iodine.-Lecidea deducta NyL in Flora hi. 410 (1869); Cromb.<br />
in Journ. Bot. viI. 233 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 72; Leight. Lich. FL<br />
328; ed. 3, 349.<br />
Distinguished from the preceding chiefly by the darker apothecia<br />
and by mternal charactcrs. Tho proper thallus, often obscured by a<br />
foreign gelatmous thallus, IS sparmgly present in the specimens gathered.<br />
Hab. On old stumps of holly.-B. M. Near Brockenhurst, New<br />
Forest, Rants.<br />
77. BACIDIA De Not. in Giorn. Bot. ItaL Ann. 2, I. i. 189 (1846)<br />
emend.; Th. Fries Lich. Arct. 179 (1860). ScoliclOSp01''U1n<br />
MassaL Ric. Lich. 104 (1852); Mudd Man. 185. Raphiospom<br />
MassaL Alc. Gen. Lich. 11 (1853); Mudd Man. 186. (PI. 11.)<br />
Thallus effuse, minutely squamulose or crustaceous. Algal cells<br />
Protococcacere. Apothecia brightly coloured or dark, sometimes<br />
carbonaceous (Raphwspora), immarginate or with proper margin<br />
only; asci usually 8-spored; spores elongate, colourless, pluriseptate,<br />
straight, sometimes spirally-curved (Scoliciosporum).<br />
The genus Bacidia, as here understood, includes not only those<br />
forms of Lecideacere with acicular straight spores, but also Scolicio.<br />
sporum in which the spores are spirally curved, and Raphiospora<br />
WhICh has been considered by some authors distinct on account of<br />
the carbonaceous outer wall of the apothecium. Tho colour of the<br />
apothecia is variable, but refers generally to the earlier growth stages.<br />
Thallus more Of Zeos squamulose.<br />
1. B. pulvinata Mudd Man. 185 (1861).-Thallus indetel'mmate,<br />
thickish, pulvinate, granulose-squamulose, the squamules<br />
minute, congrcgate in subconvex tufts, pale-greemsh-brown or<br />
cream-coloured (K + yellow, CaCI -) ; hypothallus thickish,<br />
black. Apothecia small, at first concave then plane, with thIck<br />
obtuse margin, at length convex and immarginate, black; hypothecium<br />
thIck, dark-redd'ish-brown (K + blackish); paraphyses<br />
slender, conglutinate; epithecium deep-yellow; spores acicular<br />
or slightly clavate, straight or somewhat curved, 3-7-septate,<br />
20-38 [J. long, 3-5 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the<br />
asci, bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Lectdea pulmnata Tayl.<br />
in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 123 (1836); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 75; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 345; ed. 3, 372.<br />
Characterized by the peculiar thallus which grows in small<br />
scatt.ered tumid roundish or difform pulvinate masses. The apothecia<br />
are not numerous m the spoclmens seen.<br />
Hab. Overspreading decayed mosses on turfy soil in mountainous<br />
distncts.-Distr. Rare in Wales, S.W. and N.W. Ireland.-B. M.
164 CYCLOCARPINElE DACIDIA<br />
Sussex; Ilear Ringwood, Rants; Oldbury and ncar Alfrick, \Vorcestershire;<br />
Dunkerron, Kerry_<br />
4. B_ Iuteola Mudd Man. 183, t. 3, f. 68 (1861) pro parte.<br />
Thallus effuse, thin, leprose-granulose, greyish or greyish-green<br />
(Kf + yellowish, CaCl-), at times nearly obsolete. Apothecia<br />
moderate, sessile, naked, at first concave, becoming plane and<br />
obtusely margined, at length convex or subglobose, the margm<br />
excluded, yellow-reddish or reddish-flesh-coloured; hypothecium<br />
pale-yellowish; paraphyses slender, loosely coherent; epithecium<br />
not distinct; spores acicular, pluri-septate (the septa at length<br />
16), 45-90 [.L long, 3-4·5 IJ. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish thcn<br />
dark-wine-red or violet with iodine.-B. rubella Massal. Ric.<br />
Lich. 118 (1852); Mudd Man. 182, t. 3, f. 68 (excl. vars.). Lichen<br />
lutereus Gmelin Syst. Nat. ii. 1359 (1791) 1 L. luteolus Schrad.<br />
Spicil. Fl. Germ. 85 (1794). L. vernalis With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 14<br />
(1796) (non L., non Hoffm.); Engl. Bot. t. 845. Verrucaria<br />
rubella Hoflm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. 174 (1795). Lecidea luteola Ach.<br />
Meth. 60 (1803) (excl. vars.); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 472; Tayl.<br />
in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 126; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73. L. vernalis<br />
Ach. Meth. 68 (1803); S. F. Gray tom. cit. 470; Hook. in Sm.<br />
Eng. Fl. v. 183 pro parte. L. rubella Schoor. Spicil. 168 (1836);<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 341; ed. 3, 369 (excl. syn. Lichen porriginosus);<br />
Cromb. in Grevillca xxii. 58.<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 91; Leight. n. 92; Cromb. n. 86; Larb.<br />
Lich. Hb. n. 184 ; Johns. n. 374.<br />
Lichen lutereu8 Gmelin is quoted by Aeharius (Prod. Lich. Suee.<br />
42 (1798)), as It synonym, but this identification is uncertain. Tho<br />
species-name vernalis, based on Lichen vernalis Lightf. (Fl. Soot. ii.<br />
805 (1777)) has been adopted by some authors; but Lightfoot's plant<br />
is identical, in part, with Placodium jerrugineum (Pt. i. 221).<br />
Dichen rubellu8 Ehrh. docs not rank, being only a 1Wmen nudum.<br />
Tho apothecia are usually abundant and scattered, but sometimes<br />
there are soveral aggregate with the margin irregular and sublobatc.<br />
Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly elms, in wooded maritime and<br />
upland situations.-Distr. General and common in most parts of<br />
England, raro in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and tho Channel Islands.<br />
-B. 1JI. PatrlmoinQ, Jersey; Guernsey; Vlting, Broomfield, Gosfield<br />
Rail, Quondon and Epping Forest, Essex; Clulstone Park, Kent;<br />
Middleton, Lavington Park, Chanctonbury and Glynde, Sussex;<br />
Hingwood and Lyndhurst, New Forest, lIants; Ilsham, Torquay,<br />
Devon; Kynanco, Coverack, ncar tho Lizard, St. Judy and near<br />
Penzanee, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; near Bourtonon-'Vat,or.<br />
Clrencester, Clifton and Chesterton, Gloucestcrshiro; Banbury,<br />
Oxfordshiro; near Cambridge; near Yarmouth, Norfolk; Gopsail,<br />
Leicestershire; Broadwas and near North Malvern, W orcestershire ;<br />
Aberdovey, Merioneth; Oswestry and Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury,<br />
Shropshire; Kildalo and Newton Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Teesdale, Durham; Cumberland; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Craiglockart,<br />
near Edinburgh; Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Tervoe and Carrigogunnel,<br />
near Limerick; Shane's Castle, Antrim; Connemara, Galway.
BAOIDIA LECIDEACEJE 165<br />
Var. porriginosa A. L. Sm.-Thallus as III the type. Apothecia<br />
reddish-flesh-coloured, the margin white-suffused, at<br />
length convex and immarginate; spores 3-7 -septate, 48-62 (.t<br />
long, 3-3'5 (.t thick.-Lichen porriginosus Turn. in Trans. Linn.<br />
Soc. viii. 94, t. 8, f. 4 (1807). Lecidea luteola var. porriginosa<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73 (1870). L. rubella var. pom'ginosa Cromb.<br />
in Grevillea xxii. 58 (1893).<br />
Distinguished by the white marginal pruina, ultimately evanescent,<br />
which gives the apothecia much the aspect of those of B. rosella.<br />
Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly elms, in maritime and upland<br />
tracts.-Distr. Seen from only a few localities in E. and S. England<br />
and S. Wales.-B. M. Near the Lizard, Cornwall; near Beeding<br />
Windmill and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Brockenhurst, Hants; Llandrindod,<br />
Radnorshire; Yarmouth, Norfolk.<br />
5. B. acerina Arn. in Flora xlv. 391 (1862).-Thallus thinnish,<br />
coarsely granular, yellowish- or greenish-white. Apothecia<br />
prominent, at first concave with a thick rounded margin, becoming<br />
plane or sometimes subconvex, flesh-red, then chestnutbrown<br />
to blackish; excipulum colourless or rose-coloured;<br />
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, coherent, more or<br />
lcss violet-blue or violet-red at the apices according to the colour<br />
of the apothecium; spores acute at each end, straight or spirally<br />
curved, up to 15-septate, 50-80 (.t long, 2,5-3,5 (.t thick.-Lecidea<br />
luteola var. acerina Ach. Meth. 60 (1803). L. acerina Nyl. in<br />
Flora Iv. 356 (1872); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58.<br />
Included by Crombio in his list of British Lichens. Thoro is no<br />
British specimen in the Museum, and I know of no record.<br />
flab. On bark ohiefly of pine, moro raroly of oak. Originally found<br />
on Acer by Parsoon and sent by him to Acharius.<br />
6. B. phacodes Kocrb. Parerg. Lich. 130 (1860).-Thallus<br />
cffuse, thin, leprose-granulose, greenish or whitish. Apothecia<br />
small, sessile, whitIsh or pale, becoming darker rcd or reddish<br />
rose, at first almost plane with paler margin, then convex, immarginate;<br />
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses concrete, colourless,<br />
pale-yellowish at the apices; spores very thinly acicular,<br />
faintly 3-15-septate, 27--40 (.t long, 2 (.t thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then wine-rod with iodinc.-B. albescens Zwackh in Flora<br />
xlv. 495 (1862). Lecidea luteola var. chlorottca Ach. Lich. Univ.<br />
196 (1810). L. arceutina f. chlorotica Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73<br />
(1870). L. phacodes Leight. Lich. Fl. 343 (187l); ed. 3, 363<br />
(incl. f. chlorotica). L. chlorotica Nyl. ex Norrl. in Medd. Sallsk.<br />
Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. 31 (1876); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 21; f.<br />
albescens Hepp ex Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 546 (1879).<br />
Exst·cc. Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 108, 183, 351 (as Lecidea Nylal1deriana,<br />
nomen nudum (1881 )), & Lich. Cantab. n. 32; Cromb. n.<br />
173.
166 CYCLOCARPINEJE BACIDIA<br />
Leighton (1. c.) records f. 'chlorotica on Thymus, Ulex, Oalluna,<br />
and Ulmus. According to Zahlbruckner, .Pyrenothea furcella, which is<br />
occasionally present, is the spermogonial form, with spermatia 6·5 f.t<br />
long, 1·5-2 (J. thick. .<br />
Hab. On trunks of trees, birch, ash, maple, etc., also on leather, in<br />
maritime and upland wooded situations.-Distr. Not uncommon in England<br />
and S. and W. Ireland, rare in S. Wales and the Channel Islands, not<br />
recorded from Scotland.-B. M. St. Ann Port, Jersey; Newlyn Cliff,<br />
Penzance, Cornwall; Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Bovey Tracey,<br />
Devon; New Forest, Hants; Glynde, Sussex; Maidstone, Kent;<br />
Ultmg and Gosfield Hall, Essex; WImp ole Park and near Newmarket,<br />
CambridgeshIre; near Brandon, Suffolk; Deerhurst, GloucestorshIre;<br />
near Worcester; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershrre; Fort<br />
HIll, FIshguard, Pem brokeshire ; near Yarm, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Leven's Park, Westmorland; Dunscombe's Wood, Cork; Tervoe and<br />
Castleconnel, Limerick; Dinish, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
7. B. fuscorubella Am. in Flora liv. 55 (1871).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, dark-grey or whitish. Apothecia brown (containing<br />
Bacidia-brown), sessile or adnate, large, at first plane and thinly<br />
margined, then convex and immarginate; hypothecium brownishyellow<br />
(K + carmine-red); paraphyses slender, loosely coherent,<br />
yellowish at the apices; spores straight, rather stout, attenuate<br />
towards the base, 4-16-septate, 60-75 f.t long, 3-5 f.t thick;<br />
hymenial gelatme deep-purple-violet with iodine.-Verrucarw<br />
fuscorubella Roffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. 175 (1795). Lecidea fuscorubella<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58 (1893).<br />
A rare lichen. Arnold gives as the chief distinction between it<br />
and allied lichens the reaction of the hypothecium with potash, probably<br />
indicating the presence of parietin.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dist. Rare in S. and Central England.<br />
--B. M. Near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; Malvern. Worcestershire.<br />
8. B. herb arum Am. in Flora xlviii. 596 (1865).-Thallus<br />
effuse, very thin, granulose, greyish-white (K - , CaCI-), often<br />
obsolete. ApotheCla moderate in size, sessile, at first promment<br />
and almost closed, with a shining margin, at length convex and<br />
immarginate, reddish or 'dark-red; hypothecium brownish- or<br />
reddish-yellow; paraphyses coherent, slightly clavate at the<br />
apices; epithecium colourless; spores acicular, straight or somewhat<br />
flexuose, narrower at the apICes, 3-5- or usually 5-7-septate,<br />
38-56 f.t long, 1-2 f.t thick; hymenial gelatine blue then sordidwine-red<br />
with iodine.-Secoltga herbarum Stiz. in Acad. Cres.<br />
Leop. Nov. AC,t. xxx. 3, 46 (1863). Lectdea herbarum Cromb. in<br />
Joum. Bot. xii. 148 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 372.<br />
Ilzsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 350.<br />
Stizenberger considered this plant to be intermediate between<br />
B. effusa or B. fuscorubella and B. muscorum, agreemg with the<br />
latter ill habitat and colour of the older apothecia, but approaching
BACIDIA LECIDEACEJE 167<br />
more nearly to B. effusa in the form and size of the spores. Tho<br />
thallus varies from being very granular and contiguous to dispersed,<br />
scanty, or obsolete .<br />
• Hab. Incrusting decaying mosses on granitic rocks in maritime<br />
tracts.-Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands.-B. JJI. Near<br />
Rozel, Jersey; Port Gorey and the Eperquerie, Sark.<br />
9. B. effusa Arn. in Flora xli. 505 (1858).-Thallus effuse,<br />
thin, crustaceous, scurfy, yellowish-green or whitish, sometimes<br />
scarcely visible. Apothecia rather small, scattered or sometimes<br />
several aggregate, at first plane with a thickish margin,<br />
then convex and immarginate, pale-yellowish-flesh-coloured,<br />
sometimes becoming reddish-brown or almost black; hypothecium<br />
colourless; paraphyses slender, sub discrete, colourless,<br />
the epithecium sometimes thinly brownish; spores narrowly<br />
clavate, straight or slightly curved, pluri-septate, usually about<br />
45 f1. long, 1-2 f1. thick, sometimes shorter or sometimes longer;<br />
hymenial gelatine and asci blue with iodine.-L1·chen effusus<br />
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1863, two upper figures (1808). Biatora effusa<br />
var. intermedia Hepp ex Stiz. in Acad. Coos. Leop. Nov. Act.<br />
xxx. 3, 42, t. 2, f. 17 (1863). Lectdea effusa LeIght. Lich. Fl.<br />
343 (1871) (excl. vars.); ed. 3, 370 (excl. vars); Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea xxii. 58 (incl. var. intermedw, excl. vars. arce1ttina and<br />
hypnG3a). L. intermedia Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 368 (1879).<br />
Exswc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 233; Lich. Coosar. n. 74.<br />
Resembles B. arceutina in the character of the thallus and tho<br />
long, narrow spores, but differs in the constantly lighter coloured<br />
apothecia, which in some specimens become brOWnIsh.<br />
Hab. On trees, leather, etc.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands,<br />
England, Wales and Ireland; not recorded from Scotland.-B. lYI. New<br />
Forest, Hltnts; Somerton, Somerset; Stowell Park, Gloucestershire;<br />
Penmaenmawr, Carnarvonshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Westport, Mayo; Lough Feagh, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Form hemipolia A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, whitish-grey,<br />
smooth. Apothecia convex, semiglobose, partly pale-brownish,<br />
partly livid; epithecium yellowish; otherWIse as in the species.<br />
-Lecidea arceutina f. hemipolia Nyl. in Flora In. 413 (1869)<br />
nomen.<br />
Characterized by tho colour of tho epithecium and of tho constantly<br />
convex apothecia.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees m maritime districts in S. England.-<br />
B. lYI. Near Lymington, Hants.<br />
10. B. Iatebricola Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.)<br />
xliii. 127 (1915).-Thallus greenish-yellow, granular-Ieprose,<br />
effuse (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia rare, mmute, at first fleshcoloured,<br />
then lIvid, blackish when old; hypothccium almost<br />
colourless; paraphyses clavate, colourless, WIth colourless epi-
DAClDIA LEClDEACElE 169<br />
spreads over the stone, and the apothecm are crowded in one small<br />
group. The spores are famtly but quite distmctly pluri-septate, and<br />
the slender arcuate spermatia measure up to 50 (J. long, ·8 (J. thick.<br />
Hab. On mica-schist rocks.-B . . M. Mweelan, Connemara, Galway<br />
(in a stream); Lough Tay, WlCklow (submerged in summer).<br />
14. B. carneoalbens A. L. Sm.-Thallus greenish-glaucous,<br />
thin, effuse, granulose (K + yellow, CaCI + red). Apothecia<br />
pale-flesh-coloured, sometimes becoming partly dark-coloured,<br />
convex, immarginate; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
concrete, colourless at the apices; spores elongate-fusiform,<br />
3-7 -septate, 23-27 (J. long, 2,5-3,5 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
tawny-wine-red with iodine, especially the asci which are at first<br />
blue at the tips.-Lecidea carneoalbens Nyl. in Flora lix. 307<br />
(1876); Cromb. in Grevilloa v. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 365.<br />
Near to B. inundata, but differs in the lighter-coloured apothecia<br />
and in the form of the spores, which are straight and slightly narrower<br />
at one end. The paraphyses are yellow in the mass.<br />
Hab. On water-washed rocks in a maritime district.-B. JJ/. Killery<br />
Bay, Connemara, Galway (the only locality).<br />
15. B. scopulicola A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, granularverrucose,<br />
unequal, greyish- or brownish-green. Apothecia small,<br />
at first plane and obtusely margined, then convex and immarginate,<br />
brownish-flesh-coloured; epithecium colourless; hypothecium<br />
colourless (the subhymenial layer tawny-brownish);<br />
paraphyses slender; spores acicular, thinly or obsoletely 3-5septate,<br />
32-44 (J. long, 2 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then<br />
tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Lemdea scopulicola Nyl. in Flora<br />
lvii. 312 (1874); Cromb. in Grevillea iii. 23; Leight. Lich. FI.<br />
ed. 3, 368.<br />
Distinguished from the preceding species by the more developed<br />
thallus and longer spores.<br />
Hab. On soil on maritime rooks in S. England.-B. JJI. Rosemodris<br />
Cliff, Penzanoe, Cornwall (the only locality).<br />
16. B. inundata Koerb. Syst. J.Jich. Germ. 187 (1855).<br />
Thallus effuse, granulose or rimose-areolate, greenish (K -,<br />
CaCl-). Apothecia minute, subinnate-sessile, at first concave<br />
and thinly margined, at length convex and immarginate, palebrown,<br />
leaden-coloured, dark-red or finally blackish; hypothecium<br />
pale; paraphyses coherent, colourless at the apices;<br />
spores straight or curved, clongate, attenuate at the apices,<br />
3-7- (or more}-septate, 34-50 (J. long, 1'5-2·5 (J. thick; hymeuial<br />
gelatine bluish then wine-red or violet with iodine.-B. luteola<br />
var. mundata Mudd Man. 183 (1861). Biatora inundata Fr. in<br />
Vet. Acad. Handl. 1822, 270. Lecidea inundata Nyl. in Flora<br />
lviii. 106 (1875); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58, L. arceutina Nyl.
170 CYCLOCARPINElE BACIDIA<br />
f. inundata Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73 (1870). L. effusa var. inundata<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 344 (1871); ed. 3, 371.<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 149.<br />
The thallus, occasionally little developed, varies somewhat in<br />
thickness, and when dry is often tawny-greenish. It is usually well<br />
fertile; the apothecia are very variable in colour in dIfferent specimens;<br />
the spores are often curved to an S-shape. The spermogones<br />
are frequent with curved spermatia, 2·5--3 (.I. long, ·6 (.I. thick.<br />
Hab. On rocks and boulders, at times inundated, in maritime and<br />
upland tracts, also on moist wood.-Distr. Seen only from a few<br />
localities in Great Britain and Ireland; no doubt often overlookcd.<br />
B. M. Malpas, near Truro, and Mt. Edgecumbe, Cornwall; Fishguard<br />
Harbour, Pembrokeshire; near Ayton and Airyholme Wood, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland;<br />
ncar Ballachulish, Argyll; Glen Lochay, KIllin, Perthshire; Glen<br />
Callater, Braemar, Aberdcenshire; Killery Bay and Lettermore,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
Subsp. allecta A. L. Sm.-Apothecia white-flesh-coloured;<br />
spores acicular, thin, 56-70 (.I. long, 1 (J. thick; otherwise as in<br />
the species.-Lecidea inundata subsp. allecta Ny!. in Flora Ix. 567<br />
(1877); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. 275 (1882) & in Grevillea xxii.<br />
58. Specimen not seen.<br />
Characterized by the paler colour of the apothccia and the thinner,<br />
longer acicular spores. Spermatia as in the species.<br />
Hab. On siliceous rocks in a maritime district.-Distr. Local and<br />
scarce in W. Ireland (Kylemore, Galway).<br />
(b) Apothecia dark-coloured.<br />
17. B. caligans A. L. Sm.-Thallus indeterminate, thinnish,<br />
rugose, deeply cracked, fuliginous-black (K -, CaCI). Apothecia<br />
small, plane, obtusely margined, blackish; hypothecium colourless<br />
(the perithecium somewhat brownish above); paraphyses<br />
concrete, colourless at the apices; spores thinly acicular, indistinctly<br />
septate, 30-35 (.I. long, 1·5 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
wine-reddish with iodine.-Lecidea caligans Ny!. in Flora lvii.<br />
10 (1874); Cromb. in Gr,evillea ii. 140 & xxii. 58; Leight. Lich.<br />
ed. 3, 283, 371.<br />
Closely resemblmg B. inundata. The dark colour of the thallus<br />
is due to the' presence of blue-green algae.<br />
Hab. On rocks in a maritime district.-B. M. Island of Alderney<br />
(the only locality.)<br />
18. B. egenula Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 363 (1874}.-Thallus<br />
very thinly granulose, greyish (Kf + yellowish), nearly obsolete.<br />
Apothecia small, plane, obtusely margined, at first brown then<br />
blackish or dark-brown, the margin thickish, at length evanescent;<br />
hypothecium brownish; paraphyses loosely coherent, clavatecapitate<br />
and colourless at the apices, the epithecium brown;
llACIDIA LECIDEACElE 175<br />
Thetford Warren, Norfolk; ShiffnaI, Shropshire; Whitman's Hill, near<br />
Malvern, Worcestershire; Dolgelly, McrlOneth; Hedcar, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Freshfield, Lancashire; East Allendale, Northumberland;<br />
Wmdcrmcre, Westmorland; Appin and Ballachuhsh, Argyll; Glen<br />
Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Blarney, Cork; Croghan, KIllarney,<br />
Kerry.<br />
Var. atriseda Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xliii.<br />
129 (1915).-Thallus effuse, granulose, the granules bright green<br />
when moist, cinereous when dry, scattered over a black hypothallus.<br />
Apothecia solitary or aggregate, at first pale-tawny, becommg<br />
black, with a thin margm, becoming convex, immarginate and<br />
difform. Hypothecium reddish-brown; hymenium brownish,<br />
the epithecium blackish; spores straight or slightly curved,<br />
acute at one end or sometimes with an appendage at each end,<br />
30-39 fL long, 2·3 fL thick.-A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 471 (1918).<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Forming patches which appear blackish owing to the dark hypothallus.<br />
It dIffers from the species in colour and habItat, and in the<br />
spore appendages, which, however, suggest germmation.<br />
Hab. Associated with Oladonia pyxidata on decaymg mosses and<br />
thin moist humus on bare low Salix repens dunes. (Formby, Lancashire,<br />
Oct. 1907 and Jan. 1914).<br />
25. B. atrosanguinea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 354 (1874).<br />
Thallus effuse, thin or thickish, verrucose, pale or whitish (K-,<br />
CaCl -), often little visible. Apothecia small, plane, thinly<br />
margined, black or blackish; paraphyses thickish, often bluish<br />
at the apices; hypothecium purple- or reddish-brown; epithecium<br />
aeruginous-black; spores acicular, 3-7-septate, 22-44 fL long,<br />
2,5-3'5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with<br />
iodine.-Biatora atrosanguinea Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 286 (1857).<br />
Lectdea subincompta Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 147 (1865); Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea xxii. 59.<br />
Classified by some recent writers as B. affinis. There is no specimen<br />
in our British collection, but it has probably been ovorlooked, as it is<br />
common"'on the continent. B. mcmnpta var. atrosangumea Mudd Man.<br />
184 may be a synonym, but a specimen in the herbarIUm so named by<br />
hIm is Identical with B. incompta.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.<br />
Subsp. oribata A. L. Sm.-Thallus thinly subgranuloseverrucose,<br />
greyish-brown. Spores 3-5-septate, 23-40 fL long,<br />
3-4 fL thick; otherwise as in the species.-Lecidea oribata Ny!.<br />
in Flora lvii. 16 (1874); ;Leight. LlCh. Fl. ed. 3, 372. L. 8ubincompta<br />
subsp. oribata Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 141 (1874) & xxii.<br />
59.<br />
Apparently, as Nylander himself says, only a subspecies differing<br />
ChICHy in the more developed thallus and the rather smaller spores<br />
and in the habitat.
BAOtDIA LECIDEACElE 177<br />
thick.-Patellaria Laurocerasi Duby in DC. Bot. Gall. 653 (1830).<br />
Lectdea endoleuca f. Laurocerasi Nyl. in Flora xlvIi. 620 (1864);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 74.<br />
Perhaps rather a state than a dlstmct form, differing in the lIghtercoloured<br />
apothecia, whICh are rather scattered III t,he two British<br />
specimens, and are obtusely margined only in a very young conditIOn.<br />
Nylander (l. c.) gives the larger spore Sizes, usually they are about<br />
65 !.Llong.<br />
Hab. On ash and elm in maritime and upland districts.-Dislr.<br />
Rare in S. England and the Channel Islands.-B. ]',1. Quenvais, Jersey;<br />
near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants.<br />
28. B. umbrina Branth & Rostr. in Bot. Tidsskr. Iii. 235<br />
(1869).-Thallus sub effuse, thin, granulose-Ieprose or subareolate,<br />
dark-greyish, dark-green, blackish or yellowish (K -, CaCI -),<br />
sometimes subobsolete. Apothecia small, sessile, plane and<br />
thinly margined, at length convex, immarginate, brownish or<br />
blackish; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses coherent, olivebrown<br />
or dark-greenish-blue at the subclavate apices; spores<br />
vermiform-cylmdrical, spirally curved, 3-5-pluri-septate, 20-40 !.L<br />
long, 2·5-3·5 !.L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red<br />
or vIOlet with iodine.-Lecidea umbrina Ach. Lich. Univ. 183<br />
(l81O); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 255 (1867); Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 359; f. vermifera Ny!. Lich. Scand. 210 (1861). L. peltdna<br />
Ach. tom. Ctt. 158; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 74; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
344. L. holomeZmna Floerke ex Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 256 (1827)<br />
pro parte. L. vermifera Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1853, 98; Salw. in<br />
Trans. Penz. Nat. Rist. Soc. 1853, 143. L. holomelmna subsp.<br />
vermifera Cromb. Lich. Brit. 91 (1871). Scoliciosporum venniferum<br />
Mudd Man. 185 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 158; Mudd n. 153; Johns. n. 342.<br />
Easily recognized by the spirally-curved spores, which are usually<br />
pluriseptate, though sometimes apparently simple. The thallus covers<br />
the substratum with a thin minutely broken crust. The apothecia are<br />
numerous. Leighton's f. leptomera (E. c.) (Lecidea leptomera Sommerf.<br />
SuppI. FI. Lapp. 161 (1826)) has a somewhat lighter thallus. Crombie<br />
cites as Lectdea holomelrena (Biatora holomelrena Hepp Flecht. Eur. n.<br />
12 (1853)), a species that from its two-celled spores belongs to the genus<br />
Biatorina. ,<br />
Hab. On rocks and stones, more rarely on old palings.-Distr.<br />
General and common throughout the British Isles.-B. M. Boulay<br />
Bay, Jersey; Launceston, Cornwall; Shoreham, Shermanbury and<br />
Wisborough Green, Sussex; Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Barmouth,<br />
Merioneth; near Oswestry, Sutton, near Shrewsbury, Stlperstones and<br />
Lyth Hill, Shropshire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Snowdon and Trefriw.<br />
Carnarvonshire; Buxton. Derbyshire; near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
High Force, Teesdale, Durham; Glen Helen, 1. of Man; Kendal,<br />
Westmorland; As by, Cum berland; near Portlethen, Kincardineshire;<br />
Canlochan, Forfarshue; Ben Lawers, Glen Fender and Craig Tulloch,<br />
mau Athole, Perthshire; Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Abcrdeenshire;<br />
II N
nUELLIA LECIDEACEJE 183<br />
Silloth, Cumberland; Port Grcenaugh, I. of Man; Kinloch Rannoch,<br />
Perthshire; Clare Island, Mayo.<br />
5. B. occulta Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 186 (1860).-Thallus<br />
greyish-yellow, effuse, thin, minutely cracked-areolate, the areolm<br />
somewhat convex (K + yellow, CaCl-); hypothallus black.<br />
Apothecia minute, blackish-brown, adnate and margined by the<br />
thallus, becoming convex, the proper margin more or less visible;<br />
hypothecium yellowish; paraphyses indistinct, dark-brown and<br />
clavate at the tips; spores ellipSOId, 14-17 !1. long, 7-8!1. thick.<br />
-Lecidea occulta Leight. in Grevillea i. 58, t. 4, f. 6 (1872), &<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 325. L. leucoclinella Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. ix. 179 (1871) & xi. 135 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. 310; ed.<br />
3,325.<br />
Exsicc: Leight. n. 217 pro parte.<br />
Differs from the preceding in the colour of the thallus, which is<br />
thinner and often somewhat scattered. Crombie (l. c.) included<br />
Leighton's Exsicc. n. 189 (L. verT11culosa) under L. leucoclinella, but<br />
the British Museum specimen is a form of Rhizocarpon confervoides.<br />
The specimens in the herbarium were collected by Leighton except the<br />
one from Ayton determined by Mudd as B. verruculosa.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in Central England and Wales.-<br />
B. M. Lyth Hill, Shropshire; Bottws-y.Coed, Carnarvonshire; near<br />
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.<br />
6. B. discolor Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 185 (1860).-Thallus palegreyish-brown,<br />
thin, tartareous, minutely cracked-areolate or<br />
almost continuous, the areolm plane (K + yellow, CaCI + yellow),<br />
limited by a more or less conspicuous dark-brown hypothallus.<br />
Apothecia blackish-brown, minute, numerous, adnate or submnate,<br />
plane with a thickish persistent margin; hypothecium<br />
colourless; paraphyses distinct, dark-brown at the apices; spores<br />
ellipsoid, almost colourless, then dark-brown, the large guttulm<br />
of the cells connected by a tube, 19-21 !1. long, 10-11 !1. thick.<br />
Lecidea discolor Hepp Flecht. Eur. nos. 319 & 320 (1857); Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 325.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 356.<br />
Hab. On rocks and stones.-Distr. Somewhat rare in S. and N.<br />
England and S. Iroland.-B. M. Sussex Downs; Sunny Brow and<br />
near High Reston, Sta veley, Westmorland; sea· banks between<br />
Whitehaven and St. Bees, Cumberland.<br />
7. B. interpolata A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, greyishbrown,<br />
minutely squamulose-areolate, the areolm minute, appressed,<br />
mostly dispersed ona dense black hypothallus. Apothecia<br />
black, small, adnate, plane, marginate; hypothecium colourless;<br />
paraphyses slender not well discrete, the apices clavate-capitate,<br />
brownish-black; spores ellipsoid, greenish or dark-brown, the<br />
large guttulm of the cells sometimes connected by a tube, about
BUELLIA . LECIDEACEA> 187<br />
brown or black; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, dark-amberbrown<br />
at the tips, forming a reddish-brown epithecium; hypothecium<br />
(especially above) reddish-brown; spores ellipsoid,<br />
reddish-brown, 14-17 fL long, 6-8 fL thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Lecidea prmcavenda NyL in<br />
Flora Iii. 411 (1869); Cromb. in J ourn. Bot. vii. 232 (1869) &<br />
Lich. Brit. 88; Leight. Lich. FL 309; ed. 3, 323.<br />
Distinguished by the biatorine character of the apothecia and by<br />
the reddish colour internally. In the single specimen gathered, the<br />
thallus and apothecia are sparingly present, and are interspersed with<br />
a sphffiriaceous fungus.<br />
Hab. On a decaying holly.-B M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest,<br />
Hants.<br />
13. B. rethelea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 604 (1874).-Thallus<br />
eff.use, thin or thickish, minutely cracked-areolate, greyish or<br />
brownish-grey (K + yellow then red, CaCI - ); hypothallus<br />
black. Apothecia minute, innate, concave or almost plane, with<br />
l1 thin prominent margin; hypothecium brownish or dark-brown;<br />
paraphyses coherent, dark-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid,<br />
usually constricted at the septum, dark-brown, 10-15 fL long,<br />
6-8 fL thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-B.<br />
badioatra var. atroalbella Mudd Man. 214 (1861). Gyalecta<br />
cethalea Ach. Lich. Dniv. 669 (1810). Lecidea atroalba var.<br />
atroalbella NyL Ob3. Syn. Lich. Holm. 6 (1853). L. atroalbella<br />
Leight. Lich. FL 310 (1871); ed. 3, 324. L. mthalea Stiz. in<br />
Jahresber. St. GalL Nat. Ges. 456 (1882); Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. xx. 275 (1882).<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 185 (as B. coracina); Leight. n. 184 (as<br />
Lecidea atroalba var. atroalbella); Johns. n. 510.<br />
The thallus is typically very thin, the areolffi being contiguous or<br />
dispersed on a black hypothallus; when more developed the areolffi<br />
are more compact and deeply cracked.<br />
Hab. On quartzose and schistose rocks.-Distr. Rather rare in<br />
maritime and upland districts.-.B M. Shanklin, I. of Wight; Lyth<br />
Hill and near Church Stretton, Shropshire; Easby, Lounsdale and<br />
Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Warton Crag, Lancashire; Staveley,<br />
Westmorland; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; I. of Lismore, Barc.<br />
aldine, Appm, and Saddell, Carradale, Argyll; Lough Feagh, Conne.<br />
mara, Galway; Achill Island, Mayo.<br />
14. B. succedens A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, granulate,<br />
unequal, or subareolate, whitish. Apothecia submoderate, margined,<br />
brownish-black; paraphyses moderate, jointed, thickened<br />
and brownish at the apices; hypothecium brown or reddishbrown;<br />
spores ellipsoid, simple or I-septate, blackish, 11-14 fL<br />
long, 4'5-5'5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Lecidea succedens NyL in Flora xlix. 372 (1866);<br />
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xix. 332 (1867) & Lich.
188 .CYCLOCARPINEJE BUELLIA<br />
Fl. 308; ed. 3, 322; Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 258 (1867); Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 89. Specimen not seen.<br />
Closely allied with L. secedens NyI.-, a corticolous species of N.W.<br />
France.<br />
Hab. On a mica-schist rock on one of the S. Grampians (Ben<br />
Lawers, Perthshire).<br />
15. B. verruculosa Mudd Man. 215 (1861) (excl. var. spuria).<br />
-Thallus effuse, minutely cracked-areolate, the areolre scattered<br />
or contiguous, plane or slightly convex, smooth, yellowish-green<br />
(K -, CaCl + orange-red, medulla I - ); hypothallus blackish,<br />
often little visible. Apothecia black, minute, innate, almost<br />
plane, thinly margined, becoming convex and immarginate;<br />
hypothecium dull-brown; paraphyses coherent, brown at the<br />
clavate apices; spores oblong, sometimes slightly constricted at<br />
the septum, brown, 12-16 [.L long, 6-9 [.L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
deep-blue with iodine.-B. ocellata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 224<br />
(1855). Lichen verruculosus Borr. in Engl. Bot. t. 2317 (1812).<br />
Lecidea verruculosa Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 174<br />
(1833); Leight. Lich. Fl. 303; ed. 3, 315. L. ocellata Floerke<br />
ex Flot. in Flora xi. 691 (1828); Cromb. in J ourn. Bot. vii. 108<br />
(1869) & LlCh. Brit. 93. L. kaleida Tayl. in Lond. Joum. Bot.<br />
vi. 150 (1847). L. lecanorina Salw. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.<br />
vii. 552 (1863) t "<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 186.<br />
Differs from B. spuria in the colour of the thallus ari9- in the larger<br />
spores. The hypothecium in both these species is t1)rown in thick<br />
section, but paler in thm section. The areolre are 66casionally sub·<br />
squamulose. - ,<br />
Hab. On rocks and flints.-Distr. Somewhat rare in maritime and<br />
upland regions.-B. M. Lydd Beach, Kent; Carlton Bank, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Muggleswick Hill, Durham; Staveley, Westmorland;<br />
Lamplugh, Cumberland; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; near<br />
Cork; Blackwater Bridge, Lough Caragh and Dunkerron, Kerry.<br />
Subsp. prreponens A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, wartedareolate<br />
or thinly granular, yellowish-green. Apothecia small,<br />
subinnate, uneven, Immarginate; spores 15-17 [.L long, 8-10 [.L<br />
thick.-Lecidea ocellata subsp. prmponens Nyl. in Flora Ii. 347<br />
(1868); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. 108 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 94.<br />
L. verruculosa var. prmponens Leight. Lich. Fl. 304; ed 3, 316.<br />
Hab. On rocks in maritime regions.-B. M. Portlethen and near<br />
Cove and Nigg, Kincardinshire (the only localities).<br />
16. B. saxatilis Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 228 (1855).<br />
Thallus thickish, unequal, cracked, faintly yellowish-white or<br />
greyish (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia black, minute, scattered,<br />
innate, then sessIle, plane, the margin entire, sometImes prominent;<br />
hypotheciUJll blackish-brown i paraphyses sub coherent,
194 CYOLOCARPINElE BUELLIA<br />
26. B. lyperiza A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish or blackish-grey,<br />
thin, smooth, continuous, obscurely hmited (K -, CaCl -).<br />
Apothecia black, plane or slightly convex, rather large, margin<br />
obtuse; hypothecmm dark-brownish, grumous; paraphyses distinct,<br />
slender, often septate, branched above; spores dark-brown,<br />
ellipsoid, sometimes 3-4-nucleate, rather large, 16-22 (.L long,<br />
9-12 (.L thick; hymenial gelatme intensely-blue with iodine.<br />
Lecidea lyperiza Stirton in Grevillea iii. 35 (1874); Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 323 (1879) (sphalm. hypenza).<br />
Hab. On smooth bark of trees. Collected by Dr. Stirton near<br />
Killin, Perth.<br />
27. B. coniops Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 231 (1860).-Thallus<br />
determinate, warted-granulose, unequal, moderate, greyish-brown<br />
or greyish-ferruginous, the granules small, crenate, at length<br />
conglomerate (K -, CaCI-); hypothallus blackish, often hmit<br />
,ing the thallus. Apothecia subminute, plane, adnate-appressed,<br />
black or brownish-black, margined, the margin prominent, thin,<br />
entire; hypothecium brown; paraphyses coherent, brown at<br />
the thickened apices; spores ellipsoid, obtuse, shghtly constricted<br />
in the middle, blackish-brown,' 12-17 (.L long, 8-9 (.L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Leddea coniops Wahlenb.<br />
in Ach. Meth. SuppI. 8 (1803); Cromb. Lich. Brit: 88;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 306; ed. 3, 318.<br />
EX8icc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 344 (as Lecidea myriocarpa var.<br />
alepta).<br />
Often confounded by authors with Lecidea latypea. It at first<br />
forms small circular patches on the substratum, limited by a radiatmg<br />
hypothaJlus, which subsequently becoine confluent, with the hypothallus<br />
evanescent. The British specimens gathered are well fertile.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks in mantime or upland dlstricts.-B. M.<br />
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; near Cove, Kmcardineshire; Clare<br />
Island, Mayo.<br />
28. B. atrata Mudd Man. 215 (1861).-Thallus greyish or<br />
usually greyish-black, rather thick, cracked-areolate, the areolro<br />
small, smooth, plane or convex (K + yellow then red); hypothallus<br />
black. Apothecia black, innate or appressed, becommg<br />
superficial, plane or convex, the margin thm, entIre, disappearing;<br />
hypothecium thick, dark-brown; paraphyses somewhat lax, darkblUlsh-green<br />
or almost black at the apices; spores dark-brown,<br />
ellipsoid, 11-17 (.L long, 6-10 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine deepblue<br />
with iodine.-B. coracina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 224<br />
(1855); Mudd Man. 214. Verrucaria coracina RoHm. Deutschl.<br />
Fl. ii. 183 (1795)? Lichen atratu8 Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2335 (1811).<br />
Lecidea at rata Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. 174 (1833) (non Ach . . fide<br />
Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 607). L. coracina Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn.<br />
Bard. ser. 3, i. 372 (1856) (non Ach. vel pro minore parte, fide Th.
BUELLIA LECIDEACElE 195<br />
Fr. Lich. Scand. 607); Cromb. Lich. BrIt. 86; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
307; ed. 3, 321.<br />
EXSlCC. Cromb. n. 92.<br />
Easlly recognized by the very dark colour of the thallus and<br />
apothecia. The specimens collected by Mudd and named by him<br />
B. coractna are includcd under B. a3thalea. They have a lightercoloured<br />
thallus and light-brown hypothecium. Hoffmann's plant is<br />
doubtful; he cites as a synonym DlCkson's Lwhen atrocmereus, which<br />
is a species of Rmodina.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Somewhat rare in subalpine districts of<br />
England, Scotland and Ireland.-B. M. Canlochan, Forfarslnre;<br />
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdecnshire; Glen Spean,.Inverness-shire.<br />
Var. brunnea A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 179 (1911).-Thallus<br />
formed of small browmsh areohc contIguous or somewhat scattered<br />
on a black, predommant, radiating hypothallus (K -, CaCI-).<br />
Apothecia black, convex, with a thm unequal margin, sometimes<br />
several aggregate; hypothecium thICk, black; paraphyses easily<br />
separating from the hypothecium and browmsh at the base,<br />
subdlscrete, clavate and dark-greenish-blue or almost black at<br />
the tIpS; spores rounded-oblong, becoming dark-brown, 12-15 [L<br />
long, 8 [L thIck; hymemal gelatine deep-blue with iodine.<br />
Outwardly resembling Lecidea atrobrunnea Schffir., a continental<br />
species. It differs from the species in the lighter, morc dispersed<br />
thallus and in the absence of any thallme reaction.<br />
Hab. On a granitlC boulder.-B. M. Summit of Craig Calliach,<br />
Perthshire.<br />
29. B. scabrosa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 227 (1855).<br />
Thallus determmate, appressed, thin, areolate or areolate-granular,<br />
citrine or yellow-greenish (K + yellow, CaCI-), hypothallus<br />
obsolete. ApotheCla small, appresscd, somewhat convex,<br />
at length immarginate, black, slightly seabrid; hypothecium<br />
black; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, dull-greenish in the<br />
mass, the epithecium black; spores ellipsoid, brown, 12-18 [Llong,<br />
6-8("[L thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red with iodine.<br />
Lec!dea scabrosa Ach. Meth. 48 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.<br />
466 pro parte; Hook. m Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 178; Tayl. m Mackay<br />
Fl. Hib. ii. 122; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. 304;<br />
ed. 3, 316; Lichen scabrosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1878 (1808).<br />
Exstcc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 146.<br />
Has much the general aspect of more developed states of Bacidia<br />
(lavomrescens, of which It was subsequently regarded by Achanus as<br />
a variety. Apart, howevcr, from other characters, it differs in the<br />
anatomical structure of the apothecia. In the BritIsh specimens the<br />
thallus usually forms small orbicular patches. The apothecia are<br />
numerous, often aggregate and confluent, arranged as it were in<br />
circles.<br />
Hab. On the ground, rarely encrusting mosses on rocks in mountamous<br />
districts, generally assocIated wlth Ba30myces rufus.-Distr.
198 CYCLOCARPINEAl: RUELLIA<br />
hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Lecidea deludens Nyl.<br />
i n Flora lvi. 296 (1873); Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 90; Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 323.<br />
The apothecia usually scattered, are occasionally 2-3-confluent,<br />
the margin then being obliterated.<br />
Hab. On quartzose stones in an alpine situation.-B. M. Summit<br />
of Cairn Gowar, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only locality).<br />
34. B. confervoides Krempelh. Lich.-Fl. Bay. 200 (1861).<br />
-Thallus effuse, greyish or browmsh, thin, tartareous, areolate,<br />
the areolre small, contiguous 01' scattered, plane or slightly convex<br />
(medulla I + blue); hypothallus blackish. Apothecia small,<br />
black, innate, sessile, plane, indistinctly marginate; hypothecium<br />
blackish-brown; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, slightly<br />
clavate, and blackish-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, at<br />
first colourless, becoming brown, with a hyaline epispore, 21-30 (L<br />
long, 8-14 (L thIck.-Lecidea atroalbicans Nyl. in Flora IVIii. 363<br />
(1875); Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 328.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 511; Larb. Lich. Rb. without a number (as<br />
Lecidea atro-albicans).<br />
Distinguished by the smooth thallus, by the prominent hypothallus,<br />
and also by the amyloid character of the medullary hyphm.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rather rare in our western counties.-<br />
B. M. Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Douglas Bay and Port Soderick, Isle<br />
of Man; Barcaldine, Argyll; Kinloch-Rannoch, Perthshire; Loch<br />
Linnhe, Inverness-shire; Cloghan, Copnemara, Galway.<br />
35. B. badioatra Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 223 (1855).<br />
Thallus determinate, thickish, areolate or cracked-areolate, the<br />
areolre plane, brownish or dark-brown (Ie -, CaCI-, medulla<br />
1-); hypothallus blackish. Apothecia innate, plane, thinly<br />
margined, black; hypothecium dark-brown; paraphyses<br />
coherent or lax, purplish or reddish-brown at the slightly clavate<br />
apices; epithecium blackish (K + purplish-violet); spores<br />
ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, often slightly constricted in the<br />
middle, brown or at length blackish-brown, with a thin hyaline<br />
epIspore, 26-36 (L long, 12-18 (L thick; hymenial gelatine deepblue<br />
with iodine.-Mudd Man. 214, t. 4, f. 81. Lecidea badwatra<br />
Floerke ex Spreng. Neu. Entdeck. ii. 95 (1821); Schrer. Enum.<br />
lll; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 86; Leight. Lich. Fl. 306; ed. 3, 318.<br />
The thallus is scarcely if at all affected by K or by CaCI. The<br />
spores rarely reach the extreme size recorded, usually they measure<br />
about 26 (L X 14 (L.<br />
Hab. On alpine schistose rocks.-Distr. Rare in N. Wales, on the<br />
Grampians, Scotland, and S. W. Ireland.-B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth;<br />
Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshiro; Killarney, Kerry.<br />
Var. atrobadia A. L. Sm.-Differs from the species in the<br />
more scatt(;lred thallus and in the more marked rll-diating hypo-
BUELLIA LECIDEACElE 201<br />
athalline and smaller, in the darker epithecium and hypothecium, as<br />
also in the number of the rather thicker spores. The apothecia are<br />
usually somewhat scattered.<br />
Hab. On the thallus of Pertusaria WUlfenii var. rupicola and P.<br />
sulphurea III mountainous distncts.-Distr. Only a few localities in<br />
N. Wales, the S. Gramplans, Scotland and W. Ireland.-B. JJI. Llanbedrog,<br />
near Pwllheh, Merioneth; The Trossachs, Perthshire; Achos·<br />
ragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; near Kylemore and Doughruagh Mt.,<br />
Connemara.<br />
79. LECIOGRAPHA MassaI. Gen. Lich. 14 (1854.). Dacty1ospora<br />
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 271 (1855); Mudd Man. 223.<br />
(PI. 13.)<br />
Thallus none. Apothecia parasitic on the thallus of other<br />
lichens, immersed then superficial, discoid black and carbonaceous;<br />
hypothecium dark-coloured; spores 8 in the ascus,<br />
oblong-ellipsoid or oblong-fusiform, 3-septate, brown.<br />
1. L. parasitica MassaI. 1. c. & Symm. Lich. 66 (1855).<br />
Apothecia small, sessile, at first somewhat concave, then plane,<br />
margined, black, the margin thin, entire, prominent, slightly<br />
shining; hypothecium dark-reddish-brown; paraphyses conglutinate,<br />
thicker and reddIsh-brown at the tips; spores oblongcylindrical,<br />
3-septate, brown, 9-15 f1. long, 3·5-4·5 f1. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine deep-blue WIth iodine.-Lecidea parasitica<br />
Floerke Deutsch. Lich. 6, 3 (1819); Cromb. Lich. Brit: 94;<br />
Leight. Lich. FI. 357; ed. 3, 387. L. inspersa TuI. in Ann.<br />
Sci. Nat. seI. 3, xvii. 118 (1852). L. Zwackhii Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. xiv. 362 (1876) 1 Dactylospora inspersa Mudd Man. 224,<br />
t. 4, fig. 85 (1861).<br />
EXSlCC. Leight. n. 183; Larb. Lich. Cresar. n. 86.<br />
When corticolous not to be confounded with Trachylia stigonella,<br />
to whicll it bears considerable resemblance in its habits and external<br />
appearance, but from which it is separated by the spores. The<br />
apothecia are either scattered or often aggregate.<br />
Hab. On the thallus of Lecanora parella and Pertusaria communis<br />
in mantime and upland situations.-Disir. General and not uncommon<br />
in England; apparently rare in the Channel Islands, Wales and<br />
S. Ireland; not seen from Scotland.-B. M. La Moye, Island of<br />
Jersey; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Totnes, Lydford, and<br />
near Newton Bushell, Devon; TIIgate, Sussex; Chedworth Woods,<br />
Gloucestershire; near Twycross, Leicestershire; Hale End and near<br />
the Ragged Stone, Malvern, Worcestershlre; Harboro' Magna,<br />
WarwIckshire; Barmouth and near Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth;<br />
Aber, Carnarvonshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brown's<br />
Dem€,sne, Riverstown, Cork; Muckross, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
Var. parellaria A. L. Sm.-Paraphyses usually darker at the<br />
tips; spores remaining longer I-septate, sometimes also 2- or<br />
3-septate.-Leddea parellana NyI. in Flora lix. 239 (1876);<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876); Leight. in Trans. Linn.
RHIZOCARPON LECIDEACEAi: 211<br />
Leight. and f. coarctata Leight. (l. c. 379) the apothecia are more concave<br />
and at times circumscissed; in the latter the thallus is also diffuse<br />
or scattered. The spermogones are not uncommon, the spermatia<br />
rod-shaped, 6 [J. long, ·6 [.L thick.<br />
Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, more rarely schistose and<br />
arenaceous.-Distr. Frequent m mantime and upland regions.<br />
B. M. Wadebridge, Cornwall; near Beeding and Sullmgton Heath and<br />
Graffham Down, Sussex; Ullacombe, Dartmoor, Devon; Leith Hill,<br />
Surrey; Wickwar, Gloucestershire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire;<br />
near Ledbury, Herefordshire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Charnwood<br />
Forest, Lercestershlre; near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire; Cader<br />
Idris and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Capel Cung, Carnarvonshire; Llangollen,<br />
Denbighshlre; I. of Anglesea; Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
near Brigsteer and near Kendal and Shap, Westmorland; St. Bees<br />
and Alston, Cumberland; S. Queensferry, Linhthgow; Pentland Hills,<br />
near Edinburgh; near Balmerino, Fife; Baldovan, Forfarshlre; Glen<br />
Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Killarney. Kerry; Devil's Glen, Wicklow.<br />
Var. excentricum A. L. Sm. (non Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. pt. 2,<br />
240 (1902)).-Thallus whitish, effuse, less developed than in the<br />
species, sometimes almost evanescent. Apothecia numerous,<br />
scattered irregularly over the thallus, rarely in indistinct lines,<br />
sometimes innate and circumscissed as in the species.-Lectdea<br />
petrwa var. excentrica Ach. :Meth. 37 (1803); subsp. excentrica<br />
Nyl. Lich. Scand. 234; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 87. L. concentrica<br />
var. excentrica Leight. Lich. Fl. 350 (1871). L. excentrica Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 379 (1879). .<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 457; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 75; Mudd n. 194<br />
(as Diplotomma calcareum).<br />
Retained as a variety of the preceding but distinguished only by<br />
the more irregularly placed apothecia. Leighton notes a difference<br />
in the "albo-suffused" margins of the apothecia in the species, but<br />
that is not a constant character.<br />
Hab. On calcareous or arenaceous rocks.-Distr. Somewhat rare<br />
throughout the British Isles.-B. M. Jersey; Broomfield, Essex;<br />
Builth. Breconshire; Llanymynech, Shropshire; Dolgelly and Cader<br />
Idris, Merioneth; Carlton Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 'Whitehaven,<br />
Cumberland; Aehosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Morrone, Braemar,<br />
A berdcenshire.<br />
10. Rh. confervoides DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 366 (1805) emend.<br />
(non Massal.).-Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, often in small<br />
patches, greyish-white or -brown, finely areolate, the areolro<br />
contiguous or dispersed, convex or depressed, on a thin black<br />
spreading often fimbriate hypothallus. Apothecia numerous,<br />
moderate in size, black, innate-sessile, plane, with a thin margin;<br />
hypothecium thlck, brownish-black; paraphyses lax, involved<br />
in mucilage, slender and thickly septate, clavate and greenishbrown<br />
at the tips; spores oblong, ovate or ellipsoid; at first<br />
colourless, becoming dark-coloured, often halonl\te, irregularly<br />
munform, 20-38 [.L long, 10-17 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine blue
218 OYOLOOARPINEJE LOPADIUM<br />
glutinate, blackish at the apices; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong,<br />
often narrowed at one or the other end, 22-40 (J. long, 10-18 (J.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine deep bluish with iodine.-L. 80ciale<br />
Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 174 (1860). Biatora 80cialis Hepp ex<br />
Koerb. 1. c. Lecidea fecunda Ny!. ex Stiz. Lich. Helv. 171<br />
(1882); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 59 (non Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
374, fide Cromb. ms.). L. socialis Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx.<br />
275 (1882).<br />
Crombie in ms. notes has rejected Leighton's description and thc<br />
spccimen collected near the Wl'ekin, Shropshire. I have not seen<br />
the specimen.<br />
Hab. On dead mosses among rocks in an alpine loeality.-Distr.<br />
Very scarce on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.-B. M. Summit<br />
of Craig Calliach, Perthshire.<br />
Subseries III. GRAPHIDINElE.<br />
Thallus shrubby or crustaceous, sometimes developed under<br />
the bark (hypophlmodal), often little visible or wanting. Algal<br />
cells (gonidia) Chlorophycem (Trentepohlia or rarely Palmellacem).<br />
Apothecia roundish or irregular (ardellm), or linear (lirellm),<br />
immarginate or with a proper margin only.<br />
The Graphidinem are distinguished generally by the presence<br />
of chrysogonidia (Trentepohlia) in the thallus, and by the form<br />
of the apothecia. There are six families represented in the<br />
British Isles :-<br />
Thallus crustaceous, corticate on upper<br />
surface............ ......... ........... ..... XXII. DmINACElE.<br />
Thallus fruticose, strap·shaped or round·<br />
ish, corticate on both surfaces..... XXIII. ROCOELLACElE.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, not corticate.<br />
Apothecia irregularly roundish,<br />
usually marginate............ ......... XXIV. LECANACTIDACEM.<br />
Apothecia irregularly roundish, linear<br />
or stoll ate, immarginate............... XXV. ARTRONIACElE.<br />
Apothecia linear, marginate............ XXVI. GRAPHIDACElE.<br />
Apothecia aggregate in stroma·lIke<br />
portions of the thallus ................. XXVII. CRIODECTONACElE.<br />
Family XXII. DIRINACElE.<br />
Thallus- crustaceous, attached by hyphre, corticate on the<br />
upper surface, the cortex of closely packed upright hyphal<br />
branches disposed at right angles to the surface (fastigiate).<br />
Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia discoid or somewhat elongate,<br />
with proper and thalline margins; hypothecium and disc<br />
dark-coloured; spores elongate, septate. Spermogones with<br />
simple sterigmata and acicular bent aerogenous spermatia.
DIRINA DIRINACEJE 219<br />
A small family represented in the British Isles by a single genus<br />
and speCIes. It IS classified under Graphidinero on account both of<br />
thalline and apotheeial characters, and is nearly allied to Roccellacero,<br />
as was pointed out by Crombie in Monogr. i. 491 (1894).<br />
Spores fusiform, 3.septate .. colourless ............ 83. Dirina.<br />
83. DIRINA Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 244 (1825). (PI. 17.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, continuous or cracked. Apothecia<br />
discoid or somewhat irregular or elongate, subimmersed in the<br />
areolro or superficial, with a distinct thalline margin; hypothecium<br />
thickish, black; spores 8 in the ascus, elongate-fusiform,<br />
4-8-septate, colourless.<br />
A maritime genus of few spccies but of wide distribution in warm<br />
of subtropical regions.<br />
1. D. repanda Fr. l. c.; NyI. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. eherb.<br />
ii. 313 (1854).-Thallus determinate and subeffigurate, thick,<br />
continuous or areolate, generally unequal and coarsely wartedgranulate,<br />
greyish-white with a soft farinose surface and a white<br />
hypothallus (Kf + yellow, CaCI + rose-red). Apothecia moderate<br />
in size (up to 2 mm. across), at first closed then plane, black,<br />
covered generally with a white pruina, the thalline margin thick,<br />
obtuse, more or less infiexed; hypothecium thick, black; paraphyses<br />
simple, slightly widened or irregular upwards; spores<br />
fusiform, often slightly bent, 3-septate, generally about 22 !L<br />
long, 5 !L thick, but sometimes smaller or larger; hymenial<br />
gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. 178<br />
(1871) & Monogr. i. 491, fig. 69; Leight. Lich. FI. 235; ed. 3,<br />
226. Parmelia repanda Fr. Lich. Eur. 177 (1831).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 421.<br />
A Mediterranean plant chiefly. The apothecia are often crowded<br />
and become difform, with the margin flexuose. Spermogones are<br />
abundant.<br />
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.-Di8tr. Rare in the Channel<br />
Islands, S.W. England and N. Wales.-B. M. La Coupe and Rozel,<br />
Jersey; Portland Island, Dorset; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshiro.<br />
Family XXIII. ROCCELLACEJE.<br />
Thallus mostly fruticose, of strap-shaped or rounded branching<br />
fronds, attached to the substratum by a basal sheath, corticate,<br />
with a central medulla generally of loosely interwoven hyphre.<br />
Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia discoid or somewhat elongate,<br />
usually with proper and thalline margins; spores 8 in the<br />
ascus, colourless or rarely brownish, .elongate, septate. Spermoganes<br />
with simple or sparingly branched sterigmata and straight<br />
or curved aerogenous spermatia.
LECANACTIS LECAN ACTIDACElE 223<br />
Moccas Court and Brampton Bryan Park, Herefordshlre; Norton,<br />
Worcestershire; Bradgate Park, Leiccstershue; Harboro' Magna<br />
and Packington Park, Warwickshire; Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth ;<br />
Abdon and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Ickworth, Suffolk; Nottmghamshirc;<br />
Derbyshire; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Castle Bernard<br />
Park, Bandon, Cork; Derryquin, Kerry; Adare Abbey, LimerIck.<br />
Var. saxicola A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-green, thin, furfuraceous.<br />
Apothecia black, sessile, greenish-pruinose or naked,<br />
otherwise as in the species. Schismatomma premneum var. saxicolum<br />
Mudd Man. 222 (1861). Lecidea premnea f. saxicola<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 365 (1879).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 185; Mudd n. 198; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 73.<br />
Differing mainly in the habitat. Leighton distinguishes two<br />
other saxicolous forms: teichoycna and crenatula (Lecidea premnea<br />
f. tcichoyena Nyl. ex Leight. l. c., and i. crenatula Ny!. ex Leight. l. c.),<br />
both with Bcanty or evanescent thallus, the apothecia naked, the<br />
margin somewhat crenulate or flexuose in the latter.<br />
Hab. On rocks, walls, &c.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands,<br />
England and W. Il'eland.-B. 111. La Moye, Jersey; Ventnor, I. of<br />
Wight; Nesscliffe, Shropshire; Airyholme Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Doughruagh Mt., Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.<br />
2. L. abietina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 276 (1855).-Thallus<br />
white or greyish-white, effuse, thin, furfuraceous (K -, CaCl-).<br />
Apothecia moderate in size or larger, sessile, with a thickish,<br />
prominent margin, black, but thickly whitish- or pale-yellowishpruinose;<br />
hypothecium black; paraphyses slender, conglutinate;<br />
epithecium brownish; spores acicular-fusiform, 3-septate, 35-40 (.L<br />
long, 4-6 (.L thiek; hymenial gelatine slIghtly bluish then wine-red<br />
with iodinc.-Lichen abietinus Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi.<br />
139, t. 5, f. 7 (1795). Sphwria leucocephala Pers. Syn. Fung.<br />
Add. xxvii. (1801) (spermogoniiferous). Verrucaria leucocephala<br />
Ach. Meth. 116 (1803); Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2642, f. 2<br />
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 152; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 90.<br />
Pyrenothea leucocephala Fr. Lich. Eur. 450 (1831); Leight.<br />
Angioc. Lich. 65, t. 28, ff. 1 & 2. Lecidea abietina Ach. Meth.<br />
54 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 468; Hook. in Sm. Engl. F!.<br />
v. 179; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 90; Leight. Lich. Fl. 330; ed. 3,<br />
354. Schismatomma abtetinum Massa!. RlC. Lich. 56, f. 102<br />
(1852); Mudd Man. 223.<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 115 (as Verlucaria leucocephala); Leight<br />
nos. 163 & 164; Mudd n. 200; Johns. n. 344.<br />
Differs from the preceding in the dense whitish pnnna covering<br />
more especially the apothecul.. The spermogones (Sphrona leucocephala)<br />
which have rather large spermatla (12-16 (.L long, 3--4 !L thick),<br />
are sometimes alone present, and resemble small whitish.grey globules.<br />
Leighton (Angioc. Lich. 66 & 67, t. 28, ff. 6 & 7) describes two somewhat<br />
similar forms: Pyrenothea rudis (Exsicc. n. 102 as P. vermicelliferal<br />
and P. aphanes (Verrucana rudis Borr. Eng). Bot. Supp). t. 2637,
230 GRAPHIDlNElE ARTHONIA<br />
Well distinguished by tho form and septatIOn of the spores and<br />
also frequently by tho red coloration, whIch is more or less apparent<br />
on thallus or apothecia, becoming more pronounced in var. kermesma<br />
and disappearmg in vars. pruinata and anerythren. The thallus is<br />
usually suborbwular in outline and often limited by a rather broad<br />
dark line. Salwey (Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. 1853, 142) notes that<br />
species of " Spiloma" are rare in moist localities.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dislr. Frequent in England and<br />
Ireland.-B. .JI. S. Devon; Hassock's Gate, Crawley; Fairlight.<br />
Hurstpierpoint, Glynde, and Baleombo, Sussex; Reigate, Surrey;<br />
Oakley Park, Cirencoster, Gloucestorshuo; Menstre, Lyndhurst and<br />
Malley, New Forest, Rants; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Forden. near<br />
Welshpool, Montgomeryshire; Pateham, W orccstershire ; Chffrigg<br />
and ncar Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, \Vestmor·<br />
land; l\fuckross Demesne and Deer Park, Killarney, Kerry; Adare<br />
and near Limerick; Glenstale, Tipperary; Dromoland, Clare; Bally.<br />
edmond Glen, Cork; Louisburgh, Mayo.<br />
Var. astroidea Mudd Man. 250 (1861), emend.-Thallua usually<br />
thin, smooth or minutely cracked, whitish or tinged with purple.<br />
Apothecia subimmersed, depressed, confluent in radiate or<br />
stellate groups, naked or often vermilion-powdered at the margins.<br />
-Coniocarpon cinnabarinum var. astroideum Leight. in Ann.<br />
Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 445 (1854) pro parte. Arthonia<br />
cinnabarina var. anerythrea f. astroidea Leight. Lich. F!. 400<br />
(1871); ed. 3, 423; var. kermesina f. marginata Leight. ll. c. pro<br />
parte; var. opegraphina Leight. in Grevillea i. 59, t. 4, f. 7 (1872)<br />
& Lich. Fl: ed. 3, 423. A. radwta var. opegraphina Ach. Lich.<br />
Univ. 669 (1810). A. astroidea var. opegraphina Ach. Syn. 6<br />
(1814); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 103; var. epipastoides Leight. n. c.<br />
(non Ny!.).<br />
Exsicc. Mudd nos. 233 (as var. marginata), 234.<br />
Perhaps only a growth form. The narrow edge of bright red<br />
granules round the ardell:e is very striking 1Il nearly all the specimens.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Somewhat rare in Rand N. England and<br />
S. lreland.-B. ]',f. WithICI and St. Breock, Cornwall; New Forest,<br />
Hants; Oakley Park, Cirenceflter, Glouccstershire; Trefriw, Carnarvon·<br />
shIre; Airyholme and Ayton, Cleveland, YorkshIre.<br />
Form cuspidans A. L. Sm.-Thallus as in the variety.<br />
Apothecia elongate, slender, the ends pointed, scarcely tinged<br />
with red; spores rather smaller, 16-19 [.I. long, 5-7 [.I. thick.<br />
Arthonia einnabarina f. cuspidans Ny!. in Flora lix. 310 (1876);<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea v. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 423.<br />
Exstcc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 235.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and W. lreland.-B. ]',f. Cromaglown,<br />
Killarney and Glencar, Kerry; Doughruagh l\'[t. and Derryclare,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
Var. kermesina A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish or tinged red or<br />
purple. Apothecia usually convex, powdery, more or less
232 GRAPHIDINEJE ARTHONIA<br />
Distinguished by the round promment apothecia without any<br />
pruina. .<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. England and in S. and W.<br />
Ireland.-B. lIf. Near Becky Falls, Devon; near Lyndhurst, New<br />
Forest, Hants; Castle Bernard and Crosshaven, Cork; Glencar and<br />
Turk Mt , Killarney, Kerry; Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway.<br />
5. A. astroidestera Nyl. in Flora IviI. 13 (IS74).-Thallus<br />
white or cream-coloured, thin, smooth. Apothecia dark-brown,<br />
innate, slender, elongate, radiate or stellate; spores 3-5-septate<br />
(usually 4-septate), colourless, 21-26 !.I. long, 7-S !.I. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine blue WIth iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii.<br />
149 (IS74); Leight. Lich. Fl. eu. 3, 424. -;.4. punctiformis Mudd<br />
Man. 247 (1861) pro parte (non Ach.) A. armorzcana Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 103 (1870) (non Nyl.); LeIght. Lich. Fl. 401.<br />
The specimens collectcd by Larbalestier and Crombie, now in the<br />
British Museum, have 4-celled spores, the upper cell bemg larger than<br />
the others, and resembling the spores of A. gregaria," the apothecia<br />
ar.e partly whIte-suffused, and have not the red-colourmg matter<br />
usually to be found in that species. Mudd descrIbes the spores of his<br />
A. punctiformM as 3-septate, the upper cell largest.<br />
Hnb_ On holly or heech.-Dtstr. Rare in S. England and S. Ireland.<br />
-B. lIf. Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants.<br />
6. A. elegans Ach. Lich. Umv. 135, t. 1, fig. 1 (ISlO) emend. ;<br />
Almquist in K. Svensk. Vet_-Akad. Handl. XVIi. n. 6, 19.<br />
Thallus whitish, thin. Apothecia dark reddIsh-brown, ochraceous-pruinose,<br />
roundish or somewhat difform (K + crimson);<br />
spores obovate, 3-septate, upper cell largest, 15-1S !.I. long, 7-S !.I.<br />
thIck.-A. ochracea Duf. in Journ. Phys. lxxxvii. 205 (ISIS);<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot. in. 291 (IS65); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 102;<br />
LeIght. Lich. Fl. 394; ed. 3, 41S.<br />
DIffers from A. gregaria in the apothccia and m the smaller spores.<br />
Almquist fails to note that the spores as figured by Massalongo (Comocarpon<br />
ochraceum Ric. Lich. 47, f. 83) have the upper cell largest, as in<br />
A. gregaria," in the speCImen from Glencar they correspond with<br />
Massalongo's figure, and measure 15-17 !.I. long and 3-6 !.I. thICk.<br />
Hab. On trecs.-Distr. Rare in Wales and S. Ireland.-B. M.<br />
Glencar, Kerry. '<br />
§ ii. EUARTHONIA A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat.<br />
Pflanzenf. i. 1*, 90 (1903).<br />
Algal cells Trentepohlw. Apothecia blackish; spores 1- or<br />
more-septate.<br />
Spores I-septate.<br />
7. A. asperseila Leight. in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, f. 4 (IS72).<br />
-Thallus in patches, effuse, pale yellowish. Apothecia very<br />
minute, scattered, punctiform, linear, angular, sometimes confluent,<br />
blackish-brown, hymenium K -; spores obovate, colourless,<br />
I-septate, 11-15 !.I. long, 5-6 !.I. broad.-Lmght. Lich. Fl. ed.
ARTHONIA ARTHONIACEJE 235<br />
14. A. dcndritica A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish or greyish,<br />
effuse, tartareous, rather thick in places, smooth. Apothecia<br />
black, innate, roundish or somewhat elongate and irregularly<br />
radiate, contiguous and confluent or solitary, plane, internally<br />
pale; asci pyriform; spores obovate, or clavate, colourless, 2-4septate,<br />
upper cell largest, 17-22 {.I. long, 5-7 !J. thick.-Stigmatidium<br />
dendntwum Leight. in Journ. Bot. xiIi. 257, t. 166 (1875) &<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 413.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 192.<br />
Resembles Enterographa in the character of the thallus, but is<br />
separated from that genus by the character of the apothecia and by the<br />
form and structure of asci and spores.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Very rare in W. Ireland.-B. JJf. Tully and<br />
Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway (the only localities).<br />
15. A. ilicina Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 105 (1836).<br />
Thallus cream-coloured, thin, smooth, shining, limited by a<br />
brownish border varying in width. Apothecia small, scattered,<br />
subimmersed, irregularly round or oblong, blackish-brown, plane;<br />
spores colourless or pale yellow, obovate-clavate, 6-septate, the<br />
upper cell largest, 21-36 {.I. long, 9-12 !J. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
blue, the asci yellowish or wine-red, with iodine.-Leight. In<br />
Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 441, t. 8, f. 36 (1854) & Lich.<br />
Fl. 401; ed. 3, 425; Mudd Man. 248; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 102.<br />
A. ilicinella Nyl. in Flora 1.179 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v.<br />
259 (1867); Cromb. l. c.; Leight. Lich. Fl. ll. c. A. subexcedens<br />
Nyl. in Flora lxii. 221 (1879); Cromb. in Grcvillea viii. 29.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 196; Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 154, 277 (as<br />
A. subexcedens).<br />
Hab. On holly.-Distr. Rare in S. England and in S. and W.<br />
lreland.-B. ]}f. Withiel, Cornwall; Ivybridge, Devon; New Forest,<br />
Hants; Eridge Park, Essex; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Glenbower<br />
'Vood, Cork; near Derrycurrihy, Cromaglown, Eagle'S Nest, Cloghan<br />
and Tore Mt., Killarney, Kerry; Ballynahinch, Lough Inagh and Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
Spores 3-5-septate, cells equal in size.<br />
16. A. cascarillre Leight. Lich. Fl. 394 (1871); ed. 3, 418.<br />
Thallus pallid-glaucous, thin. Apothecia blackish, minute,<br />
simple, plane, oblong, or linear-oblong or irregularly difform by<br />
confluence; spores elongate, colourless, 4-5-septate, 18 fL long,<br />
6 fL thlCk.-Comocarpon cascarillce Fee ESB. Crypt. 99, t. 15, f.<br />
4 (1824) & Suppl. 94, t. 42, f. 3 (1837). Specimen not seen.<br />
Hab. On bark.-Distr. Reported from Glencar, Kerry and Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway, though Leighton (ll. c..) questions the<br />
ldentity of these plants. Those he examined had spores 3-septate,<br />
wlth a large upper cell. Fee's figure represents 4.septate spores, the<br />
cells equal in size. A specimen from Johnson marked A. cascarzllre does
236 GRAPHIDlNE1E ARTHONIA<br />
not differ from A. radwta. The. Irish'specimens determined by<br />
Nylander (fide Leighton) bad spores measuring 18 [1. X 6 [1..<br />
17. A. pruinata Steudel Nomencl. Bot. 267 (1824}.-Thallus<br />
broadly effused, tartareous, thin whitish or pale-yellow, cracked<br />
and uneven, somewhat pulverulent (K + yellow, CaCI + rosecoloured).<br />
Apothecia brownish or lead-coloured, appressed,<br />
irregularly roundish or oblong, plane or slightly convex, rough,<br />
white-pruinosc; spores linear-obovate, colourless, usually 4-,<br />
rarely 3- or 5-septate, the cells equal in size, 14-20 (J. long, 6-8 [1.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodine.-A.<br />
pruinosa Ach. Lich. Umv. 147, t. 1, £. 3 (181O); S. F. Gray Nat.<br />
Arr. i. 480; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 103; Leight. Lich. Fl. 400; ed. 3,<br />
424. A. impolzta Borr. in Engl. Bot. SuppI. t. 2692, f. I (1831);<br />
Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 143; TayI. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii.<br />
104; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat: Rist. ser. 2, xlii. 440, t. 8, f. 35<br />
(1854); Mudd Man. 248. Patellaria pruinata Pers. in Ust. Ann.<br />
Bot. vIi. 28 (1794). Verruca ria impolita Hoffm. DeutschI. Fl. ii.<br />
172 (1795). Lichen impolitus Ehrh. Crypt. n. 274 (1793) nomen.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 131; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 114.<br />
Hab. On old oaks, ivy, elm, yew and old tlmber.-Distr. Frequent<br />
in England, recorded also from Wales and Ircland.-B. M. Castle<br />
Hornock, Penzance, Cornwall; Lustlmgh, Devon; Stoke St. Mary,<br />
Somerset; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Shere, Surrey; HurstplCrpoint,<br />
Sussex; Ulting and Epping Forest, Essex; near Oaksey, WIlts;<br />
Twyeross, Leicestershire; Hay Wood, Herefordshire; Battenhall,<br />
Worcestershire; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshue; Llanrwst, Denbighshire;<br />
Oswestry, Shropshire; Ickworth Park, Suffolk; Kildale, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; BIShop Auckland, Durham; Tralee, Kerry; Adare,<br />
Limerick.<br />
18. A. radiata Ach. Lich. Univ. 144 (1810) (incl. vars.).<br />
Thallus developed under the bark, forming whitish or greyish<br />
determinate patchcs, sometimes with a dark outline. Apothecia<br />
small, dark-brown, ,rough, innate, clustered in substellate or<br />
radiate groups, pale within, the epithecium dark-brown; spores<br />
linear-clavate, 3-septate, rounded at the ends, the cells equal in<br />
size, colourless, sometimes with a clear epispore, 12-20 (.L long,<br />
4-6 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine blue then violet, the asci and<br />
spores wine-red, with iodme. A. astroidea Ach. in Schrad. Neu.<br />
Journ. Bot. i. 3,17, t. 4, f. 4 (1806) & Syn. 6 (1814) (excl. var.<br />
anastomosans); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 36; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.<br />
479; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 438, t. 8, f. 32<br />
(1854) & Lich. Fl. 396; ed. 3, 419; Mudd Man. 246 (mel. var.<br />
anastomosans (non Ach.)); Cromb. Lich. BrIt. 103 pro partc.<br />
Opegrapha radiata Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. 29 (1794). O.<br />
astroidea Aeh. Meth. 25 (1803); Engl. Bot. t. 1847. Lichen<br />
astroites Ach. Lich. Suec. Pro dr. 24 (1798).<br />
Exsicc. Baxt. Stlrp. Crypt. Oxon. n. 22; Bohl. n. 51 (as
240 GRAPHIDINEAJ: ARTHONIA<br />
23. A. Lilliei B. ue Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii. 34 (1910).<br />
-Thallus blackish, leprose, very slight. Apothecia black,<br />
minute, about '1-'2 mm. in diam., round, persistently plane;<br />
hypothecium colourless; hymenium colourless or pale-brown;<br />
paraphyses closely coherent, the apices free and capitate, the<br />
epithecium olivaceous; asci ventricose; spores 8 in the ascus,<br />
colourless, oblong or ellipsoid, I-septate, scarcely constricted, the<br />
cells equal, 10-12 (.L long, 4-5 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i. 153 (1912); A. L. Sm.<br />
Monogr. i. 481 (1918). Specimen not seen.<br />
Somow hat dIfficult to place in tho lack of information as to the<br />
gonidia; it seems to agree with § Lecideopsis rather than WIth § Euarthoma.<br />
Hab. On siliceous rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Achastle,<br />
Caithness.<br />
Spores 3-4-septate.<br />
24. A. paralia Nyl. in Flora Ix. 565 (1877).-Thallus darkgreyish<br />
or reddish-brown, thin, rather smooth. Apothecia<br />
dark-brown, roundish, nearly plane; colourless within; spores<br />
elongate-ovate, subconstricted in the middle, 3-4-septate, 18-22 (.L<br />
long, 7 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red WIth iodine.<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 114; LeIght. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 421.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 113.<br />
Hab. On maritime rocks.-B. lIf. Cleghan, Connemara, Galway<br />
(the only locality).<br />
25. A. myriocarpella Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, xx. 238<br />
(1863).-Thallus pale-ashy-grey, efiuse, thin, subareolate or<br />
subpulverulent, sometimes evanescent. Apothecia minute,<br />
brownish-black, roundish, plane or convex, blackish within;<br />
spores oblong-ovoid, colourless, 3-septate, 10-12 (.L long, 3-4 (.L<br />
thick.-Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
104; Leight. Lich. Fl. 394; ed. 3, 418. Specimen not seen.<br />
llab. On mica· schist rocks, collected at Aviemore, Inverness·shire,<br />
Parasitic 01! other Lichens.<br />
26. A. varians Ny!. Lich. Scand. 260 (1861).-Thallus none.<br />
Apothecia dull-black, rounded, scattered or confiuent, plane or<br />
somewhat convex, roughish, internally pale-brown; spores<br />
oblong, usually 3-, sometimes 1- or 2-septate, colourless, 12-18 (.L<br />
long, 6-8 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine usually blue then wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 104; Leight. Lich. Fl. 402;<br />
ed. 3, 426. A. glaucomaria Ny!. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb.<br />
iv. 98 (1856); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xviii. 330<br />
(1856); Carroll in Nat. Rist. Rev. vi. 532 (1859). A. parasemoides<br />
Ny!. 1. c. and in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. eherb. ii. 330 (1854); Mudd<br />
Man.251. Lichen varians DaVIes in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) ii. 284,
LITHOGRAPHA GRAPHIDACEAi: 243<br />
The more distinctly elongate apothecia. which have a well-developed<br />
proper margin, distmguish Graphidacern from the two preceding<br />
families. It is represented in Bntam by the following genera :-<br />
Thallus with Palmella gonidia; apothecia oblong or ovoid_<br />
Spores simple, colourless_<br />
Hymenium simple_<br />
Apothecia carbonaceous .. __ . __ '-" 89. Lithographa.<br />
;, not carbonaceous ... 90. Xylographa.<br />
Hymemum compound ....... , .. , ., . 91. Ptychographa.<br />
Spores I-septate, brown ... __ .. '" .............. 92. Encephalographa.<br />
Thallus with Trentepohha gonidJa; apothecia elongate or roundIsh.<br />
Spores I-septate, colourless or brown ..... 93. Melaspilea.<br />
Spores 3-pluri-septate.<br />
Apothecia superficial.<br />
Spores colourless.. ... . ........... 94. Opegrapha.<br />
Apothecia immersed.<br />
Spores colourless.. ... ... ...... ... .. 95. Graphis.<br />
Spores brown ........... , .......... 96. Phmographis.<br />
Spores munform. __ . __ .. .-................. __ ... 97. Graphina.<br />
89. LITHOGRAPHA Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3,<br />
i. 393 (1856). (PI. 23.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, sometimes evanescent. Algal cells<br />
Palmella. Apothecia shortly elongate, lirelliform, carbonaceous,<br />
the disc usually narrow, the margins prominent, inflexed; hypothecium<br />
usually dark-coloured; paraphyses very rarely discrete;<br />
asci clavate, 8- or many-spored; spores simple, colourless.<br />
1. L. tesserata Nyl. tom. cit. 441 & Lich. Scand. 290.<br />
Thallus thickish, verrucose-areolate or areolate-rimose, greyish,<br />
pale-greyish-brown or whitish (K + yellow then reddish,<br />
CaCl-). Apothecia moderate in size, rather prominent, shortly<br />
lirelliform, obtuse, simple or at times divided, black, the margin<br />
somewhat shining; disc narrow; paraphyses irregular or indistinct;<br />
hypothecium thick, blackish-brown; spores 8 in the ascus,<br />
oblong or ellipsoid, 8-15 f1. long, 5--8 f1. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
pale-bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Mudd Man.<br />
225, t. 4, fig. 87; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; Leight. Lich. FI. 360;<br />
ed. 3, 393. Opegrapha tesserata DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 313 (1805);<br />
Borr. Engl. Bot. SuppI. t. 2632, f. 2; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl.<br />
v. 146; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 88, t. 5, f. 1<br />
(1854).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 396.<br />
The thalline areolrn are either contiguous or somewhat scattered,<br />
the black hypothallus being more or less visible. The apothecia,<br />
variable in form, are either solitary or crowded and congested.<br />
Hab. On rocks from upland to alpine situations in mountainous<br />
regIOns. Distr. With certamty only in N. Wales, N. England, on the<br />
Grampians, and in the N.W. HIghlands of Scotland.-B. JJf. Near<br />
Llyn Aran and Cader ,,[dris, Menoneth; Ystrad-ffin, Carmarthenshire;
244 GRAPHIDINEJE LTTHOGRAPHA<br />
Capel Curig, Cwm Clyd, Nant Frangcon, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire;<br />
near StaveJey, Kendal, W'estmorJand; lIolwick Scar, Teesdale,<br />
Durham; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; summit of Morrone, Braemar,<br />
Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross, Ross:shire.<br />
2. L. flexella A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzen£.<br />
i. 1*, 93 (1903).-Thallus effuse, thin, whitish, or nearly<br />
obsolete (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia superficial, minute, black,<br />
oblong or angular, the disc narrow and slit-like or irregularly<br />
dilated; hypothecium brown or blackish-brown; paraphyses not<br />
well discrete, dark at the apices; spores 8 in the ascus, ovoid or<br />
ellipsoid, minute, 4-6 !L long, 2-3 !L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
bluish then sordid-wine-red with iodine.-Limboria flexella Ach.<br />
in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1815, 258. Xylographa flexella Fr. Summa<br />
Veg. Scand. 372 (1849); Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v.<br />
128 (1857); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876); Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 392.<br />
An aberrant species, allied to Xylographa, but with a dark carbonaceous<br />
hypothecium.<br />
Hab. On stumps of felled trees.-B. M. Oakley Park, near Cirencester,<br />
Gloucestershire.<br />
3. L. Andrewii Stirton in Scott. Nat. 1878, 300.-Thallus<br />
indeterminate, thickish, subareolate, white or greyish-white<br />
(K -, CaCl-). Apothecia small, sessile or innate-sessile,<br />
roundish or oblong, simple or rarely divided, the margins prominent,<br />
black, the epithecium becoming applanate; hypothecium<br />
brownish; paraphyses slender, discrete; spores ellipsoid or subglobose<br />
8-9 !L long, 5-6 !L thick, with a distinct epispore; hymenial<br />
gelatine not tinged, the asci tawny-yellow, with iodme.-Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 394.<br />
The apothecia in the single specimen scen are crowded; Stirton<br />
states that they are albo·velate in a young state.<br />
Hab. On a granitic rock in an upland hilly district.-B. M. Cairn<br />
Edward, New Galloway, Kircudbrightshlfe (the only locality).<br />
4. L. dendrographa Nyl. in Flora xlvii. 488 (1864).-Thallus<br />
effuse, very thin, greyish (K -, CaCl-), subevanescent. Apothecia<br />
erumpent, linear, oblong or elliptical, simple or slightly dividedfurcate,<br />
black, concolorous withm; epithecium narrow, becoming<br />
applanate; paraphyses slender, irregular, not well discrete;<br />
h.ypothecium brownish-black; ascus many-spored; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 5-8 p. long, 3-4 !L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; Leight. Lich. Fl. 361; ed.<br />
3,393.<br />
In the British specimens the thallus is usually but little visible,<br />
and becomes at length quite obsolete. The arothecia are numerous<br />
and crowded, though at times somewhat scattered. 'Vhen these are
LITHOGRAPHA GRAPHIDACE.iE 245<br />
simple the plant has ,cry much the external aspect of a Hysterium.<br />
Zahlbruckner 1. c. considers that species wIth many· spored asC! should<br />
be classified under Biatorella.<br />
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland tracts.<br />
Distr. Rathcr local and scarce in S. and S. W. England.-B. M. Colrinick<br />
Park, Cornwall; near Sidmouth, Cockmgton, near Torquay and the<br />
Dart, Devon; Swanage, Dorset; WhItefield, I. of Wight; New Forest,<br />
Rants.<br />
5. L. petrrea Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 393<br />
(1856).-Thallus obsolete. Apothecia linear, simple, black,<br />
slightly shining, gregarious, often somewhat flexuose; margins<br />
tumid; disc narrow; hypothecium thick, black; paraphyses<br />
very slender, somewhat branched; ascus many-spored; spores<br />
very minute, 3-4 ,_. long, 1 ,_. thick; hymemal gelatine palebluish,<br />
then. wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 360; ed. 3, 393. Opegrapha petraJu Dur. Expl.<br />
Sci. Alger. 278 (1846) (excl. syn.) (non Ach.).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Cresar. n. 40.<br />
Not to be confounded wIth Bwtorella simplex, to states of which<br />
it bears consIderable resemblance, but differs in the lirelliform, congregate<br />
apothecia and the black hypothecium. The thallus is indicated<br />
merely by a rudImentary dark hypo thallus.<br />
Hab. On rocks, in maritime dlstricts.-Di61r. Found only in tho<br />
Channel Islands and W. Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.<br />
-B. M. Le Fret, Noirmont and La Moye, Jersey; near Kylemol'e and<br />
Lettel'more, Galway.<br />
90. XYLOGRAPHA Fr. Summa Veg. Scand. 372 (1849) pro<br />
parte; Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 187 (1855); Massee<br />
Fungus-Flora iv. 64 (as fungus). (Stletis § Xylographa Fr. Syst.<br />
1\1yc. ii. 197 (1823) emend.) (Pl. 24.)<br />
Thallus developed under the bark (hypophlreodal). Algal<br />
cells Palmella. Apothecia innate or erumpent, lirelliform, not<br />
carbonaceous, roundish-oblong or irregular; the disc plane or<br />
concave; hypothecium usually pale; paraphyses slender; spores<br />
8 in the ascus, simple, colourless; spermogones with simple<br />
sterigmata and acicular curved spermatia.<br />
Differs from Lithor;rapha in the plane or concave apothecia and in<br />
the colourless or pale hypothecium.<br />
1. X. parallela Fr. Summa Vcg. Scand. 372 (1849).-Thallus<br />
forming elongate whitish spots or httle visible (Ie -, CaCl-).<br />
Apothecia innate, erumpent, black, narrowly linear, straight,<br />
developed in parallel rows, at first concave with slightly elevated<br />
margin, becoming plane and immarginate; hypothecium colourless;<br />
paraphyses discrete, brownish at the apices; spores ellipsoid,<br />
11-16 fJ. long, 5-7 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then vlOletcoloured<br />
with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; Leight. Lich. Fl.
XYLOGRAPHA GRAPHIDACElE 247<br />
Hab. On the bark of an old larch tree, near its base, in an upland<br />
mountainous region.-B. JJ1. Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only locahty).<br />
3. X. spilomatica Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 639 (1874).-Thallus<br />
effuse, greyish-white, thinnish, with numerous yellowish-green<br />
soredia (K -, CaCI -). Apotaecia erumpent, subminute,<br />
innate, sessile, roundish or difform, plane, reddish or sordidyellowish-red,<br />
thmly margined; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
slender, subdiscrete, pale-brownish at the apices; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 8-12 !1. long, 4-6 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then<br />
violet with iodine.-Agyrium spilomaticum Anzi in Comm. Soc.<br />
Critt. Ital. ii. 20 (1864).<br />
The soredIate thallus, which, as noticed by Th. Fries, is often<br />
.stenle, apart from the other diagnostic characters, readIly identifies<br />
the plant. The apothecia, sparingly visible in the British specimen,<br />
are eIther solitary or conglomerate, and in the latter case more or less<br />
corrugate.<br />
Hab. On a deeorticated fir tree in an upland mountainous district.<br />
-B. JJ1. Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshlre.<br />
91. PTYCHOGRAPHA NyI. in Flora lVli. 315 (1874). (PI. 25.)<br />
Thallus effuse. Algal cells Palmella. Apothecia elongate,<br />
compound, with 2 to 4 parallel hymenia; margins prominent,<br />
incurved; hypothecium black, carbonaceous; spores 8 in the<br />
ascus, simple, colourless.<br />
DIstinguished from all other genera of the family by the compound<br />
hymenia.<br />
P. xylographoides Nyl. l. c.-Thallus effuse, in thin greyishwhite<br />
spots or nearly obsolete (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia<br />
slightly prominent, plane above, margined, black, concolorous<br />
within; epithecium longitudinally 1- or 3-plicate, subincolorous;<br />
hypothecium and perithecium black; spores ellipsoid, 11-14 !1.<br />
long, 6-7 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 257, t. 150 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 392.<br />
Exswc. Cromb. n. 192.<br />
MIght at first sight be taken for XyloYlapha parallela, which it<br />
closely resembles in the parallel grouping of the apothecia. It is,<br />
however, separated by the peculiar character of the hymenia.<br />
Hab. On a decorticated trunk of Pyru8 Au,cllparia in a subalpine<br />
mountainous distnct.-B. lYi. Craig Calliach, KIllm, Perthshire (the<br />
Qnly locality).<br />
92. ENCEPHALOGRAPHA ]\fassal. Geneac. Lich. 13 (1854).<br />
Melanospora Mudd ]\fan. 226 (1861). (PI. 26.)<br />
Thallus effuse, crustaceous. Algal cells Palmella. Apothecia<br />
sessile, usually in groups, elongate, roundish or angular, simple or<br />
branched; disc usually narrow; hypothecium carbonaceous,
250 GRAPHIDINElE 1IlELASPILEA<br />
5. M. amota Nyl. in Flora 1. 178 (1867).-Thallus effuse,<br />
whitish or scarcely visible. Apothecia black, innate, moderate<br />
in size, roundish or angular; margiJ;ls thin, uneven; hypothecium<br />
thin, dark-brown; paraphyses slender, very few; epithecium<br />
brownish or yellowish-brown; spores 4 to 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid-ovoid,<br />
I-septate, constricted in the middle, colourless or<br />
faintly brownish, 16-22 {lo long, 7-10 {lo thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
and asci slightly and evanescently blue with iodine.-Carroll<br />
in Journ. Bot. v. 259 (1867); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.<br />
ser. 3, xx. 256 (1867) & Lich. Fl. 404; ed. 3, 436; Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 105.<br />
Distinguished by the rather large apothecia, the almost colourless<br />
spores and the almost entIre absence of paraphyses. The apothecla<br />
are scattered or sometImes several congregate and are often circumscissed.<br />
.<br />
Hab. On the branches of old trees, chiefly oak.-Distr. Very local<br />
III S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Turk Mt .. DIllish, Muckross, Cromaglown<br />
and near Derrycumhy, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
6. M. constrictella A. L. Sm. Thallus whitish, thin. Apothecia<br />
black, simple, sometimes aggregate, internally pallidbrown;<br />
perithecium lateral; dISC broad, concave or flattened;<br />
paraphyses crowded, irregular, not well distinct, brown at the<br />
apices; hypothecium colourless; spores obovoid, colourless,<br />
I-septate, constricted, 12-17 {lo long, 4·5-6·5 {lo thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine untinged with iodine.-Opegrapha constrictella Stirton<br />
in Scott. Nat. iv. 29 (1877); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 396.<br />
The specimen from Ben Brecht in the Stirton herbarIum bears<br />
the note" came (nearly certainly) from New Zealand or Australia."<br />
The published deSCrIption agrees with the anatomical characters;<br />
the epithecium becomes blue with potash; the asci have thickened<br />
tips.<br />
Hab. On old bark.-B. JJf. Ben Brecht, Argyll.<br />
7. M. proximella Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. &. Fl.<br />
Fenn. forh. xiii. 342 (1873).-Thallus effuse, whitish, developed<br />
under the bark or evanescent. Apothecia small, black, roundish,<br />
obtusely margined; disc plane, somewhat wrinkled; hypothecium<br />
colourless or sordid; spores ovoid, becoming brown, I-septate,<br />
17-21 {lolong, 7-10 \L thick; hymenial gelatine brownish and then<br />
wine-red WIth iodine.-Lecidea proxLmella Nyl. in Herb. Mus.<br />
Fenn. 90 (1859) nomen. Arthonia proximella Nyl. Lich. Scand.<br />
262 (1861); Leight. in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, f. 3 & Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
417. .<br />
Somewhat resemblmg Arthonia patellillata but dIffering in the<br />
character of the spores.<br />
Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly oak and holly III wooded upland<br />
districts.-Distr. Only a few localIties in S. and W. England, but
OPEGRAPHA GRAPHIDACEJE 253<br />
to O. herpetica, but with straight spermatia, 4-5 f.I. long, 1 f.I. thiok, a<br />
character I have been unable to verify in any of our BrItish speCImens.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Not uncommon in England and Wales.-<br />
B. M. \Vhitestaunton, Somerset; Cirencester, Gloucestershlre; Chalkney<br />
Woods, WhIte Colne, Hadleigh Woods, Vlting, Hatfield Peverel<br />
and Epping Forest. Essex; Patcham, near Worcester; Gopsan Wood,<br />
Leicestershire; Suffolk; Ingle by, YorkshIre.<br />
Form arthonoidea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 397 (1879).<br />
Thallus as in the preceding variety. Apothecia suborbicular,<br />
innate, immarginate, plane.-Opegrapha rufescehs var. arthonoidea<br />
Schoor. Spicil. 328 (1836).<br />
-Hab. On ash trees.-Distr. Rare in England.-B. M. Chalford,<br />
Gloucestel'shire.<br />
Var. subocellata Ach. Syn. 73 (1814).-Thallus somewhat<br />
pulverulent. Apothecia small, oblong, simple or substellate,<br />
embedded in the thallus and surrounded by a white margin.<br />
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 206, t. 5, fig. 12 (1854)<br />
&. Lich. Fl. 374; ed. 3, 396; Mudd Man. 234; Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 99.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 222.<br />
Regarded by Nylander as a variety of O. l·u!escens. It IS easily<br />
recognIzed by the spurIOUS whIte margin of the apothecia. The<br />
spermatia III our British specimens so far as observed are minute and<br />
somewhat OVOId, 3 f.I. long and 1-2 f.I. thICk.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Dislr. Frequent in N. and S. England, rare in<br />
Wales, the Channel Islands, and Ireland.-B. M. Near Exeter and<br />
near B_ecky Falls, Devon; New Forest, Hants; near Bath, Somerset:<br />
Tilgate, near Clayton, near Glynde and Balcombe, Sussex; Epping<br />
Forest, Essex; Airyholme Wood, Easby Wood, and Cliffngg, Cleveland,<br />
YorkshIre; Killarney, Kerry.<br />
2. O. contexta Stirton in Grevillea iii. 35 (1874).-Thallus<br />
reddish-buff-coloured, thin, limited by the brown hypothallus.<br />
Apothecia small, black, flattened, roundish, usually aggregate,<br />
the disc gyrose-plicate; hypothecium blackish-brown; paraphyses<br />
indistinct; spores fusiform, blunt at the apices, 3-septate, colourless,<br />
17-25 f.I. long, 4·5 f.I. thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 403.<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Perhaps only a form of the preceding.<br />
Hab. On elm, near Grantown, Inverness-shire.<br />
3. O. atra Pel's. in Vst. Ann. Bot. vii. 30 (1794).-Thallus<br />
thin, forming white or yellowish patches, sometimes limited.<br />
Apothecia black, numerous, lying in all directions or subparallel,<br />
linear, usually simple, flexuose; disc slit-like, narrow, uniform,<br />
the margins thick, elevated, wavy; hypothecium dark, reddish<br />
upward; spores obovate-fusiform, 3- or rarely 4-septate, colour-
256 GRAPHIDINEJE OPEGRAPHA<br />
occasionally 4-septate, 17-23 II. long, 5-7 !L thick; spermogones<br />
with rod-shaped spermatia, 4-6 II. long, 2 II. thick.-Hook. in Sm.<br />
Engl. Fl. v. 145 (excl. syn.). O. hcrbarum Mont. in Arch.<br />
Bot. 302, t. 15, f. 1 (1833) 1 0: atm f. herbarum Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
377; ed. 3, 399. O. Turneri Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser.<br />
2, xiii. 202, t. 5, f. 10 (1854) & Lich. Fl. 378; ed. 3, 400; Mudd<br />
Man. 231; Cromb. in Grevillea i. 173. O. atrorimalis Nyl. in<br />
Flora xlvii. 488 (1864); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 98.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 462; Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 76, 109.<br />
Forming a transItion between O. alra and O. varia. The apothecia<br />
are stouter than in O. alra, and the spores broader and with a more<br />
distinct epispore, somewhat like those of O. varia m appearance, though<br />
smaller and usually 3-septate.<br />
Hab. On trccs, occasionally on palings.-Distr. Somewhat frequent<br />
in England, rarer m Scotland and Ireland, not recorded from the<br />
Channel Islands.-B. M. Lustleigh, Devon: near Lyndhurst, New<br />
Forest, Hants; Circncester, Gloucestershire; near Lewes, near Steyning,<br />
Stanmer Park, Glynde, Beeding, Ardingly and Wakehurst, Sussex;<br />
Ulting, Hockley and Hadleigh Woods, and Epping Forest, Essex;<br />
Cader Idris, Merioneth; Malvern, Worcestershlre; Babraham and<br />
Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Thwaite<br />
St. George, Suffolk; Easby, Kildale, Ayton and Clifirigg, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; High Force, Teesdale, Durham; Lowthcr Park. Westmorland;<br />
Barcaldine, Argyll; Riverstown, Cork; Old Dromore, Killarney,<br />
Kerry; Glenarm, Antrim.<br />
Form Iutescens B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. Suppl. 134 (1914).<br />
Apothecia powdered greenish-yellow; spores 3-septate 18-22 !L<br />
long, 6-8 !L thick. (The pruina appears also on the thallus.)<br />
Hab. On bark.-B. M. On holly, Wivelscombe, Somerset. Comm.<br />
W. Watson.<br />
6. O. prosiliens Stirton in Grevillea iii. 36 (1874).-Thallus<br />
white or whitish, thin. Apothecia black, prominent, ovate or<br />
oblong; disc narrow; margins rounded and prominent; spores<br />
fusiform-ellipsoid, colourless, 3-septate, with a colourless epispore,<br />
20-28 II. long, 6-7 !L thick; spermogones with rod-like spermatia<br />
4-6 !L long.-Leight. !-ich. Fl. ed. 3, 403. Specimen not seen.<br />
Evidently ¥ery close to O. betubna, but with longer spores.<br />
Hab. On dead decorticated trees; near Grantown, Inverness-shire.<br />
7. O. saxicola Ach. Syn. 71 (814).-Thallus effuse, greyish<br />
or greenish, or rusty-brown or dark, thin, scurfy. Apothecia<br />
scattered, oblong or ovate, long or short, variously branched or<br />
difformed' and angular; disc slit-like more or less expanded;<br />
margins tmp.id, rounded, incurved; asci slightly thickened at<br />
the apex, broadly clavate; spores ellipsoid or elongate-clavate,<br />
colourless, becoming brownish, 3-septate, 16-18 [.L long or somewhat<br />
longer, 6-7 II. thick; spermogones with rod-like spermatia
OPEGRAP!IA (jRAP!IIDACE2E 257<br />
4 [1. long; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 98; Leight. Lich. Fl. 378 pro parte; ed. 3, 401 pro<br />
parte. O. rupestris Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. 20 (1794) 1 ; Leight.<br />
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 91 (1854); Mudd Man. 228<br />
pro parte.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 243.<br />
The species is closely allicd to O. alra and to O. betulina. In the<br />
specimen from Dinish the apothecia, as III O. alra, are occasionally<br />
invadcd by the yellow granules of some crustaccous PI1Jcodium.<br />
Hab. On sihccous or calcareous rocks.-Dislr. Somewhat rare in<br />
thc Channel Islands, N. England, Wales, N. Scotland, and S.W.<br />
Jrl'land.-B. ]if. Rozel and Boulay Bay, Jersey; Newton, Cleveland,<br />
Y orkshirc ; Nan tgwynant, Snowdon, Trefrnv and Lland udno, Carnarvon·<br />
shiro, Port Greenaugh, 1. of Man; Carnforth, Lancashire; Levcns,<br />
Westmorland; Thurso, Sutherland; Cloghan and Dinish, Killarney,<br />
Kerry; Achill lsI., Mayo.<br />
Var. DecandoHei Stiz. in Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol. xxxii.<br />
4, 26, t. 2, fig. 2 q-z (1865).-Thallus somewhat thicker than<br />
in the species, seldom absent, yellowish-green or greyish. Apothecm<br />
prominent, massed in small groups, or growing singly,<br />
linear-oblong or ovate, usually simple, obtuse at the extremities;<br />
spores elongate, rounded at the ends, 21-24 !J. long, 5 !J. thick.<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 98; Leight. Lich. Fl. 379; ed. 3, 401. O.<br />
saxatilis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. 312 (1805) (non Leight.). O. saxigena<br />
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 259 (1836); Leight. in Ann. Mag.<br />
Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 93 (1854). O. rupestris var. saxigena Mudd<br />
Man. 229 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 311.<br />
Accordmg to Bachmann (Nov. Act. Acad. Lcop.-Carol. av. 41<br />
(1920)) the hyphro of the lIchcn on limestone have been traced to a dcpth<br />
of about 2 mm.<br />
Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcarcous.-Di8tr. Not common in the<br />
Channel Islands, N. England, Wales, Scotland and S. and W. Ireland.<br />
-B. M. Island of Sark; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Cader<br />
Idns, Barmouth, lIIenoneth; Snowdon and Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire;<br />
West Water, FIf('sliire; Appin, Argyll; Dunkerron, Killarney,<br />
Kerry; Kilkee, Clare; Lettermore and Kylemore, Connemara, Galway;<br />
Lough Dan, WlCklow.<br />
Form clarescens A. L. Sm. Differs from the variety in the<br />
more continuous greenish-white thallus and in the more regularly<br />
scattered short apothecia.-O. saxigena f. clarescens Nyl. in<br />
Flora lxii. 224 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 30 (1879).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. LlCh. Rb. n. 79.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in W. Scotland and W. lreland.-<br />
B. M. Isle of LIsmore, Argyll; Twelve Pms and Kylemore, Connemara,<br />
Galway.<br />
Var. Persoonii Stiz. tom. cit. 30, t. 2, f. 2, p and !T.-Thallus<br />
thin, whitish or greyish. Apothecia oblong, small, often deformed;<br />
IT S
OPEGRAPIIA QRAPHIDACElE 259<br />
elongate or angular; disc bluish-pruinosc; margins thin, prominent,<br />
persistent; hypothecium thick, black; paraphyses thickish,<br />
shortly branched above and somewhat conglutinate; spores<br />
colourless, oblong-fusiform, 3-septate, 15-17 fL long, 3-4 (J.<br />
thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. 380; ed. 3, 403 & in Grevillea ii. 171,<br />
t. 26, f. 2 (1874).<br />
Apt to be confused with Lecanactis Dillemana, but with a much<br />
thicker thallus, and more graphideinc apothccla. The reaction with<br />
CaCI on our speCimens is very faint.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, S. England and<br />
W. Scotland.-B. M. Near Rozel, Jersey; Walls of Old Nunnery,<br />
Alderney; Lynton and Lynmouth, Devon; I. of Portland, Dorset;<br />
l\flllport, I. of Cumbrae.<br />
10. O. nothiza Nyl. in Flora lxxx. 13 (1880).-Thallus greyish,<br />
thin and firm, cracked into small areolm on a blackish almost<br />
obsolete hypothallus. Apothecia black, oblong, roundish or<br />
angular; disc plane, usually bluish-pruinose; margins thin,<br />
prominent, disappearing; hypothecium thick, brownish-black;<br />
paraphyses thickish, shortly branched above and somewhat<br />
conglutinate; spores oblong, 3-septatr, colourless, 15-17 (J. long,<br />
3-4 (J. thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 113 & in Journ. Bot. xx.<br />
276 (1882). O. varia f. notha (saxicolous). Leight. J_Jich. Fl.<br />
381; ed. 3, 404 (see Larb. exswc. n. 317).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 317 & Lich. Cmsar. n. 91.<br />
Perhaps only a growth form of the prcceding, which it strongly<br />
resembles, dIffering chiefly in the thin grey areolato thallus and the<br />
less distinctly pruinose apothecia.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands.-B. M.<br />
La Coupe, East Coast, Jersey; Moulm Huet Bay, Sark.<br />
11. O. calcarea Turn. in Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1790 (1807); Ach.<br />
Lich. Univ. 250 (1810).-Thallus white or yellowish, tartareous,<br />
sometimes very thin and pulverulent. Apothecia lmear-elongate,<br />
black, simple, curved, flexuose and wavy, usually conglomerate<br />
in small crowded swards, sometimes scattered, shining; disc<br />
slit-like, rather open; paraphyses crowded, slender, subdiscrete;<br />
asci broadly clavate with a thick wall at the tip; spores somewhat<br />
clavate, colourless, sometimes becoming brownish, 3-septate,<br />
14-19 fL long, 4-6 (J. thick.-O. saxatilis Fr. Lich. Eur. 366 (1831),<br />
pro parte (non DC.); Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 145 pro parte;<br />
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 106. O. Chevallieri Leight. in Ann.<br />
Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, Xlii. 90, t. 5, f. 4 (1854) (excl. syn.); Mudd<br />
Man. 228 (excl. syn.). O. atra var. calcarea Stiz. in Nov. Act.<br />
Acad. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. 4, 18, t. 1, f. 5, a-d (1865); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 98; var. Chevallieri Stiz. l. c. 20, t. 1, f. 5, t-z; Cromb. l. c.<br />
O. saxicola var. Chevallieri Leight. Lich. Fl. 379; ed. 3, 402.<br />
Hysterina calcarea S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 505 (1821).
260 GRAPIDDINEjE OPEGRAPRA<br />
Exsicc. Leight. nos. 67, 242; M_udd n. 203; Larb. Lich. Rb.<br />
n.275.<br />
Differs from O. confluens in the ·white and usually more developed<br />
thallus, the more crowded lirellre, the conglutinate paraphyses and the<br />
thick apex of the ascus.<br />
Hab. On rocks mostly calcareous or arenaceous, rarely on clay<br />
Boil.-Distr. General throughout the Channel Islands and England,<br />
rarer in Scotland and Ireland.-B. M. St. Ouen's Bay, Jcrsey; Bodmin,<br />
Cornwall; Kingsbridge and Torquay, Dovon; Ventnor, I. of Wight;<br />
Ardmgly, HastiI2gs and Keymer Church, Sussex; ncar Cirencester,<br />
Gloucestershire; Bathampton, Somerset; Hereford; Lcigh Court,<br />
Worcestershire; Yarmouth, Norfolk; Giltar Point, Tenby. Pembrokeshire;<br />
Aberdovey, MerlOneth; Holyhead, Anglesea; Great Orme's<br />
Head, Carnarvon; CastcIl-Dinas·Bran, Denblghshirc; Parson Drove,<br />
Cambridgeshire; ColIingham, Ayton and Roseberry, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Arnbarrow, Westmorland; North Berwick; Bay of Nigg,<br />
Kincardineshuc; Thul'so, Sutherland; Kilbarl'ick Church, ncar<br />
Dublin; Ross and Kilkee, Clare; Glenarm, Antrim; Louisburgh and<br />
Achill Isl., Mayo.<br />
Form heteromorpha A. L. Sm.-Thallus almost obsolete.<br />
Apothecia more scattered than in the species and the groups<br />
smaller, rather large and prominent, simple or sometimes branched;<br />
internal structure similar.-Opegrapha utra val'. Chevallieri f.<br />
heteromorpha Stiz. tom. cit. 21, t. 1, f. 5, a-to O. atra f. helemmorpha<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 98 (1870). O. saxicola val'. Ohevallieri<br />
f. heterornorpha Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 402.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 77.<br />
Hab. On maritime rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands,<br />
S. England, E. and W. Scotland and S. and W. Ireland.-B. M. Port<br />
Moulin, Sark; Noirmont, Jersey; Wembury. Devon, Aberdovoy,<br />
Merionoth; 1. of Man; Arnside, Westmorland; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire;<br />
near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire; Barcaldme, Argyll;<br />
Old Head of Kinsale, and RosteIlan, Cork; Twelve Pins and KIIlary,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
12. O. contluens Stiz. in Flora xlviii. 75 (1865).-Thallus<br />
greyish-green, effuse, thin or wanting. Apothecia usually<br />
grouped in little masses, rarely solitary and scattered; sessile<br />
simple, rather thick, cylindrical, straight or curved and contorted;<br />
disc slit-like, becoming somewhat open, the margins rounded,<br />
inflexed, becoming acute; paraphyses discrete, slightly swollen<br />
and brown at the tips; spores colourless, elongate-ovate, 3-septate,<br />
16-24 (J.long, 4-6 (J. thick.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 99; Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. 378; ed. 3, 40l.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 195.<br />
Differs f'rom the preceding in the almost constant absence of<br />
thallus, the grouping of the lirellro, the more lax character of the paraphyses<br />
and the thinner walled asci at the tips.<br />
Hab. On roeks.-Distr. Rather rare throughout the British Isles.<br />
-D. M. I. of Wight, near Cirencestcr, Gloucestcrshire; Aberdovey,
OPEGRAPIIA GRAPHIDACElE 261<br />
Merioneth; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Peel, 1. of Man; Aehosragan,<br />
Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,<br />
Perthshire; 1. of Unst, Shetland; Dinish Island, Killarney, Kerry;<br />
Lettermore, Connemam, Galway_<br />
13.· O. xanthodes Nyl. in Flora lxi. 245 (1878).-Thallus<br />
yellow or yellowish-grey, thin, rather smooth, cracked into mmute<br />
areolre. Apothecia minute, oblong, black with a narrow dISC;<br />
hypothecium black; paraphyses upright, crowded; spores<br />
fusIform-oblong, 3- sometimes 4-septate, colourless, 15-18 IL long,<br />
5-6 IL thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine; spermatia<br />
straight, 4 IL long, 1 IL thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea vii. 97;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 404.<br />
Well characterized by the areolate thallus and the mmute scattered<br />
apothecia.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. M. Kylemore, Connemara, Galway (the only<br />
locality).<br />
Spores 5-7 -septate.<br />
14. O. paraxanthodes Nyl. in Flora lxii. 357 (1879).-Thallus<br />
pale-yellow or pale-greenish, thin, minutely cracked-areolate.<br />
Apothecia minute, oblong or linear-oblong, disc slit-like; spores<br />
fusiform-oblong, 5- (sometimes 4-) septate, 23-25 /.l. long, 8-9 /.l.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-reddish with iodine;<br />
spermatia straight, 5-7 /.l. long, '6 IL thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea<br />
viii. 113 (1880).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. without number.<br />
Similar to O. xanthodes, but distinguished by the larger spores.<br />
Hab. On shady calcareous rocks.-B. M. Near Tintern, Monmouthshire<br />
(comm. H. H. Knight); Achnanure, Galway.<br />
15. O. varia Pers. in Vst. Ann. Bot. vii. 30 (1794).-Thallus<br />
effuse, whitish, pulverulent, thin. Apothecia prominent, black,<br />
sessile, roundish-oblong, elliptical, or elongate, often attenuate<br />
at each end; the margins prominent, rather thin and inflexed<br />
or often disappearing; the disc forming a narrow slit or dilated<br />
and plane, sometimes almost convex; hypothecium dark-brown;<br />
paraphyses slender, wavy and branched, involved above in a<br />
brown mucilage; spores irregularly ovate-fusiform, usually<br />
5-septate, colourless or becoming brownish, rather large, 20-30 IL<br />
long, 7-9 IL thick.-Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 145 (excl. syn. O.<br />
1ichenoides & O. notha); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 106 (excl.<br />
syn. Engl. Bot. t. 1890 & O. notha); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.<br />
Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 94, t. 5, f. 9 (1854) (incl. vars. pu1icaris Fr.<br />
Lich. Eur. 364 (1831), diaplwra Fr. 1. C. 365, tigrina Schrer. Enum.<br />
157 (1850) & tridens Schrer. tom. cit. 158) & Lich. Fl. 381; ed. 3,<br />
404 (incl. ff. pu1icaris, diaphora, tigrina and tridens); Mudd Man.,<br />
229 (incl. vars. pu1icaris, signata (Fr. 1. c.), tigrina f. tridens Mudd,<br />
& diaphora); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97 pro parte. O. diaphora
OPEGRAPHA GRAPHIDACE.IE 263<br />
margins often obliterated, otherwise as in the species.-Leight.<br />
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 95 (1854); Mudd Man. 230;<br />
f. notha Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 381<br />
(lignicolous); ed. 3, 404. Lwhen nothus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.<br />
19 (1798). Opegrapha notha Ach. Meth. 17 (1803) pro parte;<br />
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1890; Grev. Fl. Edin. 352. Alyxoria rwtha<br />
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 504 (1821).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 463; Leight. n. 66.<br />
Connected WIth the species by mtermediate forms, but generally<br />
distinguished by the broader and more rounded apothecia.<br />
Hab. On trees; t'ltrely on old paIings.-Distr. Coextensive with<br />
the species.-B. .Jf. Lustleigh, Devon; near Bartley Lodge, New<br />
Forest, Hants; MIllhiIl, MIddlesex; Eppmg Forest and UItmg, Essex;<br />
Fishguard, Pembrokeshire; Malvern and TIbberton, Worcestershire;<br />
Bardon HilI, LeIcestershire; Montford BridgC', near Shrewsbury and<br />
Llanyblodwell, Shropshire; Llangollen, DenbighshIre; near Yarmouth.<br />
Norfolk; Bilsdale, Ayton and near GUlsbrough, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Levens and Lowther Park, Westmorland; Teesdale, Durham; Killin,<br />
Perthshire; Muckross Demesne, Killarney, Kerry; Rostellan, near<br />
Cork; Adare and near Limerick; near BallinakIll, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Var. rimalis Fr. Lich. Eur. 365 (1831).-Apothecia short<br />
or elongate, simple, straight or flexuose, narrow; disc narrow;<br />
margins elevated, inflexed; spores usually 5- sometimes 4-septate.<br />
-Mudd Man. 231 pro parte; subsp. nmalts Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
D7 (1870); f. nmalis Leight. Lich. Fl. 383 (1871); ed. 3, 406;<br />
O. rimalis Ach. Lich. Univ. 260 (1810); Carroll in Nat. Rist.<br />
Rev. vi. 531 (1859). O. varia f. herbicola Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
406 (1879). O. diaphora var. herbicola Nyl. in Flora Ix. 463 (1877).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 192; Mudd n. 207.<br />
Some of the lirelloo as in var. lutescens are yellowish·pruinose.<br />
liuh. On trees, shrubs or ferns; rarely on wood.-Distr. Common<br />
and coextensive with the species.-B. M. Withiel, Cornwall; Crawley,<br />
Sussex; Epping Forest and Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex; Dolgclly,<br />
Merioneth; Gopsall, Lcicestershire; Krldale and AIryholme Wood.<br />
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Malvern, WorcestershIre; Ben Lawers and<br />
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Carrigogunnel, Limerick;<br />
Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway.<br />
16. O. vulgata Ach. Meth. 20 (1803).-Thallus effuse, membranaceous,<br />
smooth or cracked and scaly, sometimes pulverulent,<br />
greyish-white or brownish. Apothecia prominent, scattered or<br />
crowded, varying in size, short and roundIsh or oblong, or elongate,<br />
slender, linear, sometimes bent and wavy, occasionally branched;<br />
disc narrow, uniform; margins round, inflexed; hypothecium<br />
dark-brown, paraphyses slender, branched above; epithecium<br />
brown; spores colourless, elongate, narrowly fusiform, 5-7 -septate<br />
(rarely 9-septate ?), 15-29 !l. long, 2-4 !l. thick, usually about,<br />
25-27 !1. long, 3 !l. thick; spermogones with curved slender<br />
spermatia, 14-16 !l. long or shorter, 1 !l. thick.-Eng). Bot. t
264 GRAPHIDINEAi} OPEGRAPHA<br />
1811; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 43 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 145; Grev. Fl.<br />
Edin. 352; Tayl. in Mackay FI: Rib. ii. 106; Leight. in Ann.<br />
Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 207, t. 5, f. 13a (excl. fl. lithYl'ga and<br />
steriza, incl. var. stenocal'pa Leight. 1. c. 209, f. 13, la (1854}) &<br />
Lieh. Fl. 383; ed. 3, 406 (incl. f. stenocal'pa); Mudd Man. 232<br />
(inel. vars. stenocal'pa Leight. & dubia Mudd); Cromb. Lieh.<br />
Brit. 99 (exel. f. hthYl'ga). O. stenocarpa Aeh. Lich. Univ. 257<br />
(181O) pro parte. O. amplwtem Nyl. in Flora xlix. 374 (1866);<br />
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xix. 406 (1867) & Lich. Fl.<br />
386; ed. 3, 410; Cromb. Lieh. Brit. 99. O. devulgata Nyl. in<br />
Flora lxii. 358 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 113. Lichen<br />
vulgatus Aeh. Lieh. Suee. Pro dr. 21 (1798) (exel. syn.). Hystel'ina<br />
vulgata Gray Nat. Arr. i. 506 (1821).<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 127; Leight. nos. 194, 312 (as O. dubia<br />
Leight.), 381; Mudd n. 211; Larb. Lieh. Hb. 110; Johns. n. 464.<br />
Distmguished from the preccding species by the form of the spores,<br />
which show consIderable variation III length and septation according<br />
to the stage of development. The apothecia vary greatly in size, being<br />
sometImes very long and numerous (f. stenocarpa), though usually both<br />
short and long frUIts occur on the same speCImen. The thallus, usually<br />
brownish-green, is greYIsh and continuous when it occurs on pmes<br />
(0. amphotera Ny!.). (See Verrucaria niveoatra, p. 322, for spermogones.)<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees; rarely on wood.-Distr. Frequent in<br />
the Channel Islands, England and Ireland; somewhat rare in Scotland,<br />
though probably overlooked.-B. M. Rozel Manor, Jersey; Wlthiel<br />
and near Penzance, Cornwall; Torquay, Devon; New Forest, Hants;<br />
Woolsenbury. Saddlescomb, Mount Harry, Hayward's Heath, Wivelsfield,<br />
Charlton Forest and near Plumpton, Sussex; Brasted, Kent;<br />
Northampton; Twycross, Leicestershire; Suffolk; Sutton, Haughmond<br />
Hill and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Mundon, Chalkney<br />
Woods, Hadleigh Woods, Vlting and Eppmg Forest, Essex; Worces-<br />
. terahire; Coltlshall and Yarmouth, Norfolk; Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire;<br />
Easby Wood and Ayton, Cleveland, YorkshIre; Monmouth;<br />
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Trafriw, Gwydir Woods, Bettws-y-Coed and<br />
Bryn Maelgwyn, Carnarvonshlre; 1. of Man; Levens Park, Westmorland;<br />
Eskdale, Cumberland; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Killin and near<br />
Callander, Perthshire; Deer Park, Castle martyr and near Cork, Blackwater<br />
Bridge, Dimsh, Tore Mt., Deer Park and Derrycumhy, Killarney,<br />
and Glenear, Kerry; 'Castleconnel and Carrigogunnel, Limenck.<br />
Val'. siderella Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 131<br />
(1857) & in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 405 (1856).-Thallus<br />
usually smooth. Apothecia narrow, often slightly flattened,<br />
growing in more or less radiate-stellate groups; spermogones<br />
with shorter slightly-bent or straight spermatia 3-6 fL long,<br />
1 fL thick.-Mudd Man. 233. Val'. subsidel'ella Nyl. Lich. Scand.<br />
255 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 99; f. subsidel'ella Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. 385 (1871); ed. 3, 407. O. hapaleoides Nyl. in Flora Iii. 296<br />
(1869) 1 Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. 135 (1873); Leight. Lieh. Fl.<br />
ed. 3, 408. Lichen siderellus Aeh. Lieh. Suee. Pro dr. 24 (1798) 1<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 212; Larb. Lieh. Rb. n. 78 (as O. hapaleoides).
OPEGRAPHA GRAPHIDACEJE 265<br />
Hab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Somewhat rare throughout Great<br />
Britain.-B. M. Ncar Lustleigh, Devon; near Brockenhurst, New<br />
Forest, Rants; Hawbridge, Somerset; near Lewes, near Poynings<br />
Springs, Beeding and Blatchmgton, Sussex; Theydon, Broomfield and<br />
Bocking, Essex; Alfrick and Norton, and near Claines, Worcestershire;<br />
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Nannau, Dolgelly,<br />
Merioneth; I. of Man; Barcaldine, Argyll; Kenmore, Perthshire;<br />
Carrigaloe, near Cork, Muekross Demesne, Killarney, Kerry; Dough.<br />
ruagh Mt., Glendalough and Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.<br />
17. O. areniseda Nyl. in Flora lviii. 446 (1875}.-Thallus<br />
scarcely visible. Apothecia black, linear, very long, massed<br />
in small heaps; disc narrow; hypothecium blackish-brown;<br />
paraphyses slender, branched, conglutinate; spores colourless,<br />
fusiform, 3-5-septate, up to 30 {L long, 4-6 {L thick; spermogones<br />
heaped in small groups, with straight spermatia, 3·5-4·5 {L long,<br />
1 {L thick.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. XIV. 362 (1876); Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 406. O. actophda Nyl. in Flora lxiii. 13 (1880); Cromb.<br />
in Grevillea viii. 113 & in Journ. Bot. xx. 276 (1882).<br />
Nylander gives spore measurements as 14-16 {L long; when fully<br />
developed, however, they mpasure from 20-30 {L in length, and are<br />
usually 5·septate.<br />
Hab. On sandy soil and old wood.-Distr. Very rare in the Channel<br />
Islands (Jersey).-B. M. On sandy soil: Noirmont and Belcroute Bay;<br />
on decayed rafters: St. John's, Jersey; 1. of Man.<br />
18. O. zonata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 279 (1855).-Thallus<br />
reddish or reddish-brown, thin, subtartareous, smoothish, with<br />
numerous yellowish-white soredia, often liJ:l!ited and intersected<br />
by raised blackish lines formed by the hypothallus. Apothecia<br />
small, brownish-black, scattered, shortly oblong or round, the<br />
margins elevated, often resembling the perithecium of a Verrucaria,.<br />
hypothecium subtended by a thinnish black line, colourless<br />
or brownish; paraphyses conglutinate; spores elongate-fusiform,<br />
5-septate, 16-22 {L long, 3-4 {L thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
408. Verrucaria horistica Leight. Lich. Fl. 451 (1871); ed. 3, 482<br />
& in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, f. 1.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 438.<br />
Well characterized by the presence of soredia, and usually by the<br />
numerous, prominent, mtersecting black lines. The spores vary from<br />
3· to 5.septate, sometImes on the same specimen, though usually only<br />
one or the other number of septa are present.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Dislr. Rare in the Channel Islands, N. Wales<br />
and N. England.-B. 41. Port Gorey, Sark; Boulay Bay, Jersey;<br />
Cader Idris, MerlOneth; Llyn Cowlyd, near Capel Curig, Bettws-y.<br />
Coed and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; above Scroggs Bridge, Staveley,<br />
Oxenholme and Ravensborough Crag, Westmorland; near Basspn·<br />
thwaite, Cumberland; Glendalough, Wicklow.<br />
19. O. cresariensis Ny!. in Flora Ii. 477 (1868).-Thallus<br />
whIte, indeterminate, thin, often only slightly developed.
266 . GRAPHIDINEJE OPEGItAPHA<br />
Apothecia prominent, cylindrical, simple, subftexuose about 1 mm.<br />
in length; disc slit-lIke; paraphyses conglutinate; hypothecium<br />
and epithecium dark-brown or blackish; spores oblong-fusiform,<br />
colourless, 5-septate, 17-21 (J. long, 4 1'- thick.-Oromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 99; LeIght. Lich. Fl. 383; ed. 3, 406.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 353.<br />
Hab. On quartzose rocks.-Dislr. Rare in the Channel Islands<br />
and S. England.-B. M. Sark; near Rozel, La Coupe, Noirmont and<br />
L'Etacq ( ?), Jersey; the Lizard and PentIre, St. Minver, Cornwall.<br />
20. O. lithyrga Ach. Lich. Univ. 247 (1810) pro parte &<br />
Syn. 72 (1814) (inc!. var . .steriza).-Thallus greenish-grey, darkcoloured,<br />
or whitish, sometimes wanting. Apothecia roundish,<br />
elongate-ovoid or usually elongate and slender, simple or sometimes<br />
divided, rarely stellately arranged or in groups; disc<br />
narrow; margins incurved; paraphyses slender, distinct, not<br />
discrete; spores narrow, fusiform, colourless, 5-7-septate, 20-<br />
28 [10 long, 3, rarely 4-5 (J. thick; spermogones with straight Or<br />
slightly-bent spermatia, 4-5 (J. long, 1 [10 thick.-O. vulgata var.<br />
lithyrga Nyl. Lich. Scand. 255 (1861); f. lithyrga Stiz. in Nov.<br />
Act. Acad. Leop.-OaroI. xxxii. 4, 7, t. 1, f. 2 (1865); Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 99; Leight. Lich. Fl. 385; ed. 3, 408; f. steriza<br />
Leight. ll. c.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 318,354 & Lich. Cresar. n. 42, 43?<br />
Distinguished by the usually slender thread-like apothecia and by<br />
the narrow spores resembling those of O. vulgata.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Dislr. Rare in the Channel Islands, Central<br />
England and S. and W. Ireland.-B. M. St. Brelade's Bay and Noirmont,<br />
Jersey; Cloghan, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
21. O. lithyrgodes Nyl. in Flora lviii. 106 (1875).-Thallus<br />
greyish-brown, thin, continuous. Apothecia minute, scattered,<br />
shining-black, sessile, oblong or linear-oblong; disc narrow;<br />
margins thickish, round, inflexed; spores elongate, fusiform,<br />
3-7-septate,32 (J. l
268 GRAPIDDINEAll OPEGRAPHA<br />
The specimen in the Crombie herbarium was collected at Holmwood.<br />
Surrey.<br />
Hub. On old oaks.-Dislr. Rather rare in the Channel Islands and<br />
England.-B. ]rIo Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Glynde.<br />
Danny, Hurstpierpoint, Parham Park, Sussex; Holmwood and<br />
Shere, Surrey; Thorndon Hall, Gosfield Hall, and Epping Forest,<br />
Hamault Forest, Essex; Penshurst, Kent; Windsor Forest, Berks;<br />
Ickworth Park and Dennington Park, Suffolk; Sherwood Forest,<br />
Nottinghamshlre; Purton, Wiltshire; Packington Park, Warwickshire;<br />
Donnington Park, Leicestershlro; Haughmolld Hill, Shropshire;<br />
Hoggarts Wood, Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire.<br />
24. O. prosodea Ach. Meth. 22 (1803}.-Thallus effuse,<br />
thickish, membranaceous, dull-pallid-brownish. Apothecia<br />
prominent, stout, subcylindrical, somewhat shining, straIght;<br />
disc narrow; margins elevated, connivent; paraphyses distinct;<br />
spores elongate-fusiform, colourless, up to 17 -septate, about<br />
50-60 (J. or more long, 6 (J. thick; spermogones rod-shaped 5-6 (J.<br />
long, ·7 (J. thick.-NyI. in Prodr. FI. N. Gran. 568; Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 99; Leight. Lich. FI. 387; ed. 3, 410.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Cresar. n. 92.<br />
Hub. On bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in Chann('l Islands and S.<br />
England.-B. M. Ann Port and St. Peter's Valley, Jersey; near<br />
Penzance, Cornwall; Newton Bushell, Devon; New Forest, Hants;<br />
Shere, Surroy.<br />
25. O. viridis Pers. ex Ach. Meth. 22 (1803}.-Thallus paleyellowish<br />
or brownish, thin, somewhat vaguely limited. Apothecia<br />
innate or sessile, oblong or linear, rounded, straight or<br />
curved mostly simple; disc narrow, uniform, the margins rounded,<br />
inflexed; spores elongate-acicular or narrowly fusiform, up to<br />
15-septate, colourless, 40-80 (J. long, 6-7 f1. thick; spermogones<br />
with arcuate spermatia 14-16 (J. long, 5 (J. thick.-Carroll in<br />
Journ. Bot. vi. 100 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 100; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 387; cd. 3, 410. O. siderella Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.<br />
Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 209, t. 6, f. 14 (1854) (non Ach.1). O. rubella<br />
Mudd Man. 233"t. 4, f. 90 (1861) (non Pers.1).<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 213 (as O. rubella).<br />
Distinguished from the preceding by the thinner thallus and tho<br />
smaller and more slender apothecia.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dtstr. Rare in the Channel Islands,<br />
England, Wales and Ireland.-B. M. Near St. Martin's Church,<br />
Jersey; near Penzance, Cornwall; Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey,<br />
Devon; near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; near Glynde, Sussex;<br />
Shere, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Trefriw,<br />
Carnarvon; Hoggart's Wood, Ingle by, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Castle<br />
Bernard Park, Cork; Tore Mt. and Dmlsh, Killarney.<br />
Form taxicola Cromb. Lich. Brit. 100 (1870}.-Differs from<br />
the species in the slightly pulverulcnt thallus and in the more
GRA!'lIIS GRAPHIDACEJE 275<br />
Jersey; Tregawn, Withiel, Cornwall; Now Forest, Hants; UIlacombe<br />
and Lustleigh, Devon; Codham Hall, Hockley Woods, Tolleshunt<br />
d'Arcy and LIttle Waltham, Essex; near Worcester; Capel Curig,<br />
Carnarvonshire.<br />
Form eiongata Malbr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxxi. 98 (1884).<br />
-Thallus grey; lirellru elongate, prominent; spores 40-70 !L<br />
long, 8-10 !L thick.-Graphis elongata Arn. in Flora lxiii. 568<br />
(1880).<br />
Distinguished by the long lireJIre and by the larger spores.<br />
IJab. On·bark.-B. M. Near Oxford (collected by Dr. A. H. Church,<br />
May, 1924).<br />
96. PHlEOGRAPHIS Muel!. Arg. in Flora lxv. 336 (1882).<br />
Hymenodecton Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 279<br />
(1854). Chiographa Leight. tom. cit. 388. (P!. 30.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, thin, superficial or developed under the<br />
bark (hypophIUlodal). Algal cells Trentepohlta. Apothecia<br />
(hrellw) elongate, rarely roundish, immersed then erumpent,<br />
simple or branched; disc narrow and slit-like or expanded;<br />
proper margins prominent or disappearing; hypothecium colourless<br />
or dark-coloured; asci clavate or elongate, usually 8-spored;<br />
spores brown, or colourless then brown, elongate, pluriseptate.<br />
Mueller's arrangement of Graphts and the allIed genera has been<br />
followed in order to avoid confusion. Earlier generic names, WIth<br />
undoubted claims to conSIderatIOn, have been rejected as bdng too<br />
vague or too restrIcted in definition. Tlte two genera IJymenodeclon<br />
and ChiorJrapha were forml'd by Leighton to mark the dIfference in<br />
the fOlmatwn of the outer carbonaceous wall of the apothccmm: in<br />
the former tho wall is continuous brnrath the base as a thin dark layrr;<br />
in tho latter it is developed only at. the sides (dimIdIate), and the<br />
colourlcss hypotheeium rests on the substratum. More recently<br />
Lmghton and CromblO included all the species under Graphis.<br />
1. Ph. inusta Muel!. Arg. in Flora lxv. 383 (1882).-Thallus<br />
greyish or whitish-yellow, thin, membranaceous, smooth or<br />
wrmkled (K. + y, then red). Apothecia black, immersed, usually<br />
rather short and broad, obtuse at the ends, simple or branched;<br />
proper margins very narrow, with a thin thallOld border; disc<br />
plane, naked or pruinose; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses<br />
slender, brownish at the slightly clavate tIpS; spores elongatelinear,<br />
becoming dark-brown, 5-7-septate, 28-38 !.I. long, 9 !.I.<br />
thick.-Opegrapha scripta Sm. Eng!. Bot. t. 1813 (1807) (non<br />
Ach.). Graphts tnusta Ach. Syn. 85 (1814); Mudd Man. 240<br />
(inc!. var. vera); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97; Leight. Lich. F!. 368;<br />
ed. 3, 431 (inc!. f. vera). G. Smithii Leight. m Ann. Mag. Nat.<br />
Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 278, t. 6, f. 22 (1854) (inc!. var. vera).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Crusar. n. 89.<br />
In tho typical form descnbed by Acharius (f. vera Leight.) the<br />
thallus IS sometImes surrounded by a dark line; the apothecia are<br />
short and stellately arranged in crowdod or scattered .groups. It is
276 G itAPIi:mINElE PttJEOGRAl>ttIS<br />
..<br />
distinguished from other British members of the genus by the dis·<br />
tmetly dimidlate apotheem, the· carbonaceous walls being developed<br />
at the sidcs only.<br />
Hab. On the bark of various trees.-Distr. Rather rare in the<br />
Channel Islands, S. and Central England, and S. and W. Ireland, not<br />
yet recorded from Scotland.-B. M. Beaumont, St. Lawrence, Jersey;<br />
Withiel, Cornwall; Chudleigh, Lustleigh and near Lidford, Devon;<br />
ncar Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex;<br />
Epping Forest, Hockley Woods, Hadleigh Woods, and Gosfield Hall,<br />
Essex; Hollybush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire; Glenbower Wood,<br />
Cork; Clonmel, Tipperary; Louisburgh, Mayo.<br />
Form divaricata A. L. Sm.-Thallus similar to that of the<br />
species. Apothecia more elongate and scattered, occasionally<br />
branching at right angles.-Graphis Smithii vars. elongata and<br />
divaricata Leight. in Ann. & Mag. tom. mt. 279. G. inusta vars.<br />
elongata and divaricata Mudd Man. 240 (1861); if. elongata and<br />
divaricata Leight. Lich. FI. 369; ed. 3, 432.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 469.<br />
Differs chiefly in the more elongate apothecia which are often acute<br />
at the ends.<br />
Hab. On the bark of various trees.-Distr. Rare in S., E. and N.<br />
England.-B. M. Hurst, Balcombe and Newtimber Downs, Sussex;<br />
Gosfield Hall and Codham Hall, Bockmg, Essex; Asby, Cumberland.<br />
Var. macularis A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish, usually forming<br />
rather large determinate spots on the bark. Apothecia short,<br />
rarely furcate, straight or curved, densely scattered over the<br />
thallus.-Graphis Smithii vars. macularis and simpliciuscula<br />
Leight. in Ann. & Mag. tom. cit. 279. G. inusta vars. macularis .<br />
and simpliciuscula Mudd Man. 240 (1861); if. macularis and<br />
simpliciuscula Leight. Lich. FI. 369; ed. 3, 432.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Coosar. n. 90; Leight. n. 285.<br />
JIab. On the bark of varIOUS trees.-Distr. More frequent than<br />
the species in the same localitIes and also in Wales.-B. M. Rozel,<br />
.Jersey; Withiel, Cornwall; Torquay and Bovey Tracey, Dcvon;<br />
I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard's Forest and Glynde,<br />
Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Braydon Forest, Wilts; Epping Forest,<br />
Hadleigh Woods, Codham Hall, Messmg, and Barking. Essex; Malvern.<br />
Worcestershire; near Barmouth, Merioneth; Bettws·y·Coed, Car·<br />
narvonshire; Glenmire and near Cork; Killarney, Kerry; Loughcooter,<br />
Galway.<br />
2. Ph. dendritica Muell. Arg. in Flora lxv. 382 (1882).<br />
Thallus white or greyish, thin or rather thick, more or less<br />
wrinkled (K + yellow, then red). Apothecia somewhat variable,<br />
long or short, acute at the ends, or almost round, brownish-black,<br />
immersed, scattered, curved or straight and sparingly branched<br />
towards the centre of the thallus, usually branched and radiating<br />
at the Clrcumference; disc rather broad and flat, pruinose, with
PHlEOGRAPHIS GRAPHlDACElE 277<br />
thin margins, the thallus forming a white pseudo margin ; perithecial<br />
wall contmuous as a dark line under the base; paraphyses<br />
closely conglutinate, inspersed with small granules, slightly<br />
swollen and brown at the tips; spores elongate, colourless, then<br />
brown, 7-8-septate, 42-48 {1. long, 9-12 {1. thick.---Opegrapha<br />
dendr1tica Ach. Meth. 31, t. 1, f. 10 (1803); Engl. Bot. t. 1756;<br />
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 147; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 106.<br />
Graphis dendritica Ach. Lich. Univ. 271 (1810). S. F. Gray Nat.<br />
Arr. i. 503; Mudd Man. 241; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 367; ed. 3, 431 (incl. fl. Smithii and acuta). Hymenoclecton<br />
dendr1twum Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiIi.<br />
387, t. 7, f. 23 (1854) (inc!. vars. Smtthii & acuta).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Coosar. n. 41; Carroll Lich. Rib. n. 11.<br />
Well differentiated by the whitish well· developed thallus and tho<br />
dendroid branchmg of the lirellre. Among the forms distinguished by<br />
Leighton, f. Sm2thii is marked by the more deeply.immersed apothecll1<br />
whICh branch at an obtuse angle, in this respect differmg from f. acula<br />
in which the angle is acute. Usually the carbonaceous waJI is thinly<br />
developed at the base of the apothecium, but in some forms it is thicker,<br />
and occasionally there is a gap, observable in section with the mICro·<br />
scope, causing the apotheeium to appear semidimidiate.<br />
lIab. On trees.-Distr. In wooded regions, chiefly in S. England<br />
and S. Ireland.-B. M. Guernscy; Rozel, Jersey; Hustyn Wood,<br />
Bodmin, Cornwall; Carisbrookc, and near Shanklin, I. of Wight;<br />
Totnes, Torquay, near Becky Falls, Ivy BrIdge and UIIacombe, Devon;<br />
Southton Common, Som('rset; Stoney Cross, near Bartley Lodge,<br />
Brockenhurst, and near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Minety,<br />
Wilts; Ardingly, St. Leonard's, TunbrIdge Wells, Tilgate, Danny,<br />
Charlton, near BrIghton, and Buckhurst Park, Sussex; near Penshurst,<br />
Kent; Shere, Surrey; Llttle Waltham, Pod's Wood, Messmg and<br />
Epping Forest, Essex; Craigforda, Shropshile; ncar Malvern, Wor·<br />
cestcrshire; near Dolgelly, Merioneth; Castle Bernard Park, Bandon,<br />
lUverstown and Rostellan, Cork; KIllarney, Kerry.<br />
Form obtusa A. L. Sm.-Apothecia rounded and obtuse at<br />
the ends, frequently furcate or sparingly branched, almost<br />
superficial, the thalloidal margin almost disappearing.-Hymenodecton<br />
dendriticum var. obtusa Leight. tom. cit. 388. Graphis<br />
dendntwa f. obtusa Leight. Lich. Fl. 368; ed. 3, 43l.<br />
A distinctlve form owing to the rather crowded and short blunt<br />
superfiCIal lircllre. Leighton notes branchmg at an obtuse angle as<br />
characterIstIC, but the branches form qUlte as frequently a right angle<br />
with the main apothecium.<br />
Ilab. On trees.-Distr. Rather rare, but coextensive with tho<br />
species.-B. M. Torquay and near I1sington, Devon; New Forest,<br />
Bants; Kemble, Wilts; Castle Bernard, Cork; Cromaglown, Killarney,<br />
Kerry.<br />
3. Ph. Lyellii A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*,<br />
99 (1905).-Thallus thin, membranaceous, smooth, pale-olive<br />
or rather dark (K + yellowish or yellow then red). Apothecia
280 G RAPHIDINElE GRAPHINA<br />
simple or branched, disc narrow or dilated and often whitishpruinose,<br />
tapering towards the ends.-Opegrapha pulverulenta Sm.<br />
Eng!. Bot. t. 1754 (1807) 1 (excl syn.) (non Pers.). Graphis scripta<br />
vars. flexuosa and dwaricata Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist.<br />
ser. 2, xiii. 265, 266 (1854). G. pulverulenta Leight. tom. cit.<br />
268, t. 6, f. 18. G. sophistica ff. flexuosa and divaricata, and var.<br />
pulverulenta Leight. Lich. F!. 371 (1871); ed. 3, 434; var.<br />
dendriticoides Leight. l. c. 435 (1879). Stenographa anguina<br />
vars. jlexuosa and pulverulenta Mudd Man. 236 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 471; Leight. n. 18 (as Graphis scripta var.<br />
jlexllosa), n. 19 pro parte (as G. scnpta var. divancata), n. 20 (as<br />
G. pttlverulenta),. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 236.<br />
Differs from the species, more partICularly III the character of the<br />
thallus, wInch IS often very pulverulent. The apothecia are usually<br />
narrow, as in the species, but frequently become dilated and pruinose.<br />
Smith's figure of Opegrapha pulverulenta in Eng!. Bot. closely resembles<br />
the outward aspect of the plant, but I have been unable to find a<br />
specimen III his herb anum to verIfy the internal structure.<br />
Hab. On twes III wooded reglOns.-Dislr. Somewhat frequent in<br />
the S. of England and in S. and W. Ireland, rarer in N. England and<br />
Wales, eVIdently not yet found in Scotland.-B. 111. Lyndhurst. New<br />
Forest, and 1. of Wight, Hants; Mldhurst, Tllgate, Ardlllgly and<br />
Balcombe, Suss!.'f'; Hadleigh and Hockley Woods, Messmg, Stansted<br />
Mountfitchet and Epping Forest, Essex; Gloddaeth, near Conway and<br />
Gwydir Woods, Bettws.y-Cocd, Carnarvonshlre; Holly Park. near<br />
Stokesay, Shropshire; Newton Wood and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
WhItehaven, Cumberland; Crosshaven, Cork; Castleconnel, Limerick;<br />
K.illaloe, Clare; KIllarney, Kerry; near Clifden, Connemara, Galway;<br />
Malaranny, Achill, Mayo.<br />
2. Gr. inustula A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, white, slightly<br />
warted and wrinkled, subdeterminate (K + orange-yellow).<br />
Apothecia immersed, thinly scattered, short, obtuse, simple or<br />
branched; disc broad, plane, whltish-pruinose, proper margins<br />
thin, elevated; hypothecium colourless, the apothecial walls<br />
lateral only; paraphyses slender, sub discrete ; epithecium<br />
blackish-brown; spores muriform, colourless, 35-48 [l- long,<br />
12-20 [l- thick.-Graphis inusttda Ny!. in Flora Ix. 566 (1877);<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 114; Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 435.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. without a number.<br />
DIffers from the preceding spccies in the flat short pruinose apo·<br />
the cia which somewhat resemble those of Phroograph!8 inusla.<br />
Hab. On holly.-B. lIr Westport, Mayo.<br />
3. Gr:Ruiziana Muel!. Arg. in Flora lxiii. 20 (1880).-Thallus<br />
greyish-cream-coloured, thin, smooth, determmate or effuse,<br />
sometimes limited by a black line. Apothecia black, prominent,<br />
sessile or slightly immersed at the base, linear-oblong, rather short,<br />
straight or subflexuose; usually simple; disc narrow, sometimes<br />
slightly dilated; proper margins tumid, connivent; hypotheciu
2B8 PYRENOcARpEJIi:. CORlSclUM<br />
among the Grampians, Scotland and in Ireland.-B. lIf. Guernsey;<br />
Helmen Tor, Cornwall; Ardingly Rocks, Tunbridge Wells and Maresfield,<br />
Sussex; Esher, Surrey; Hmigershall Rocks, Kent; Oswestry,<br />
Shropshire; Barmouth, Arran Penllyn and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth;<br />
Aber, Carnedd Dafydd, and Sychnant near Conway, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Black Edge near Buxton, Derbyshire; Broughton Bank and Ingleby<br />
Moor, Cleveland, Y orkslure; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Ledi and Ben<br />
Lawers, Perthshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Doneraile Mt., Cork;<br />
Mangerton, Kerry; Connemara, Galway.<br />
103. PYRENIDIUM NyI. in Flora xlviii. 210 (1865). (PI. 37.)<br />
Thallus minute upright (frutlCose) rismg from a crustaceous<br />
base, with a distinct plectenchymatous cortex. Algal cells<br />
Nostoc. Perithecia, innate opening by a pore; spores oblongellipsoid,<br />
brownish, septate.<br />
An interesting and unique lichen, being the only example of fruticose<br />
growth among the blue-green Pyrenocarpere. CrombIe has suggested<br />
that the fruits mar be parasitic fungi; unfortunately the specimens in<br />
the British Museum herbarium are sterile. There is no record of any<br />
recent collection of the plant. The figures of the fructification on<br />
PI. 37 are taken from Crombie's Monograph.<br />
P. actinellum NyI. l. c.-Thallus adnate and crustaceous at<br />
the base, or sward-like with minute upright or semi-prostrate<br />
branching fronds which are somewhat nodulose, but generally<br />
cylindrical, dark olive-brown in colour; cortex distinct, one cell<br />
thick; gonidia in short chains or in groups scattered through the<br />
medulla. Perithecia "minute, scarcely promment, almost<br />
entirely mnate, the pyrenium entirely black"; spores 4 in the<br />
ascus (as figured) "3-septate, browmsh, 20-24 [J. long, 8-9 [J.<br />
thick."-Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 286 (1865); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 10 & Monogr. i. 81, fig. 21 (1894); Leight. Lich. Fl. 36;<br />
ed. 3, 37.<br />
Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous pebbles in moist maritime and<br />
upland districts.-Rare m S. and S.W. England.-B. M. Anstey's Cove,<br />
Torquay, Devon; ncar Brighton, Susscx; Bexley HIll, Kent; Shere,<br />
Surrcy.<br />
104. OBRYZUM Wallr. Naturg. Flecht. i. 253 (182(5) emend.;<br />
Nyl. in Flora Iv. 353 (1872). (PI. 38.)<br />
Thallus none. Perithecia minute, globose, parasitIc, Immerscd<br />
in the tissue of the host-plant or almost superfiCIal, opemng above<br />
by a pore; spores 8 in the ascus, fUSIform, SImple or septate,<br />
colourless.<br />
Described at first as homogeneous with the thallus on which the<br />
species grow (Collemacere); its parasitic nature was determmed by<br />
Nylander (l. c.). Vouaux has placed both species of ObT?JZum under<br />
the fungus genus Sphrorulina (Bull. Soc. MycoI. France xxix. 36, 37,<br />
Ull3).
290 PYRE NOCARP:gA
DERMA'l'OCAll.PO:N DERMATOCARPACElE! 291<br />
Var. leptophyllum Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Fl. Tirol. 503 (1902).<br />
-Thallus small, peltate, solitary or of several lobes, greyish or<br />
dark-brown, the under surface dark-coloured.-Lichen leptophyllus<br />
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 141 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2012,<br />
f. 2. Endocarpon leptophyllum Ach. Meth. 127 (1803); S. F.<br />
Gray Nat. Arr. i. 501; Rook. Fl. Scot. ii. 44 & in Sm. Engl. Fl.<br />
v. 157 pro parte; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 99; Leight. Angioc.<br />
Lich. 12, t. 2, f. 2. E. miniatum var. leptophyllum Wahlenb. Fl.<br />
Suec. 875 (1826); Mudd Man. 266; Cromb. Lich. BrIt. 107;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 4lO; ed. 3, 44-2.<br />
Distinguished from the species by the small size of the thallus<br />
(3-10, rarely -23 mm. across). Vairuo in his Lich. Fenn. 1. 16 (HJ21)<br />
has made this variety a species, D. meiophyllum, although he states<br />
that it seems to pass into D. miniatum.<br />
Hab. On moist rocks.-Distr. Rare in subalpine or hilly regions,<br />
in N. England, Wales, N. Scotland and S.W. Ireland.-B.M. Aberedw,<br />
Radnorshire; Bala Lake and Llyn Bodlyn, Merioneth; Cumberland;<br />
Loch·na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire;<br />
Killarney Woods, Kerry.<br />
Var. complicatum Th. Fr. l. c. Thallus asc('nding, composed<br />
of numerous densely mespitose lobes'- imbricate and complicate,<br />
with the under surface darker than in the species.-Dill. l. c.<br />
f. 127 A. Lichen minwtus var. complicatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.<br />
858 (1777) pro parte. L. cornplicatus Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal.<br />
iv. 251 (1784). L. amphibius With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 66 (1796).<br />
L. mintatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 593 lower fig. (1799). Endocarpon<br />
complicatum Ach. Meth. 128 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 501 ;<br />
Rook. Fl. Scot. ii. 44; Grev. Fl. Edin. 329. E. miniatttm var.<br />
complwatum Wahlenb. l. c.; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 98;<br />
Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 156; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 11, t. 2, f. 1<br />
& Lich. Fl. 410; ed. 3, 442; Mudd Man. 265; Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
107. Exsicc. Leight. n. 167; Mudd n. 256; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 158.<br />
Hab. On damp rocks, exposed to spray or occasionally inundated.<br />
-Distr. Somewhat frequent throughout the British Isles.-B. lIf.<br />
L'Etacq, Jersey; Petit-Bot Bay, Guernsey; St. Minver and near<br />
Penzance, Cornwall; Dartmoor Tors, Devon; Ebbor Gorge, Somerset;<br />
ncar Cirencester, St. Vincent's Rocks and ncar Cheltenham, Gloucestershire;<br />
Barmouth, Merioneth; near LIanberis, Carnarvonshire; Puffin<br />
Island; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Falcon Clmts, Teesdale, Durham;<br />
Craiglockhart near Edinburgh; Bowling, Dumbarton; Kinnoull Hill,<br />
Glen Lochay, Killin, Ben Lawers and Kenmore, Perthshirc; 1. of<br />
Lismore, Argyll; Fort Wilham and Invcrmoriston, Inverness-shire;<br />
Craig Guic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Connor Cliffs, Dingle, Killarney,<br />
Kerry; Glencorbot and Dawros River, Connemara, Galway.<br />
Form decipiens A. L. Sm. Lobes of the thallus ascending,<br />
smallcr than in var. complicatum and morc compact, more or less<br />
involute and crowded in the centre, spreading at the periphery.-
ENDOCARPON DERMATOCARPACE.iE 297<br />
thick - Verrucaria Hookeri Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2622, fig.<br />
2 (1830); Hook. in Sm. EngI. FI. v. 155; Leight. AnglOc. Lich.<br />
64, 77, t. 27, fig. 5. Lecidea Hoolceri Schoor. Enum. 102 (1850);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Bnt. 88; Leight. Lich. FI. 309; ed. 3, 322.<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 318.<br />
Considerable confusion of views has arisen as to the structure<br />
and systematIc position of Borrer's plant, the perithecia having more<br />
recently been described as fungi parasitic on the thallus of Lecidea<br />
Hookeri, the latter having 2-celled brown spores. There is no record of<br />
L. Hookeri in Britain other than the specimens bearing the perithecia<br />
of Dacampta, and in that respect the continental specimens examined<br />
agree with the British. The 2-celled brown spores are occasionally<br />
present along with the more developed muriform ones. The thallus<br />
becomes dlLrk-brown in the lower parts, passing into brown fungal<br />
hyphUl (the hypothallus of the lichen), and from this lower stratum the<br />
perithecia are developed; they are true perithecia when first formcd,<br />
but tcnd to widen out or collapse above to an almost lecideinc form<br />
as described by SchUlrer. Further investigation and more accurate<br />
observations of fresh material are necessary to determine the existence<br />
of two plants, and the fungal or symbiotic character of the penthecium.<br />
Hab. On earth on alpine rocks.-B . .RI. Plentiful on the summit of<br />
Ben Lawers.<br />
108. ENDOCARPON Hedw. Descr. Adumbr. l\Iusc. frond.<br />
ii. 56 (1788); emend. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 257 (1860); A. Zahlbr.<br />
in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, 61 (1903). (PI. 42.)<br />
Thallus squamulose, or almost crustaceous, corticatcd on both<br />
surfaces or only on the upper surface, sometimes rhizinose<br />
beneath. Algal cells Protococcaceoo. Peri the cia simple, immersed<br />
in the thallus, globose or ovate, with a more or less prominent<br />
ostiole and with hymenial gonidia; paraphyses mucilaginous, disappearing;<br />
asci 1-6-, usually 2-spored; spores elongate-ellipsoid,<br />
muriform, at first colourless, becoming dark-brown.<br />
First published as a genus by Hedwig with E. pllsillum as the<br />
type; it was finally emended by A. Zahlbruckner to include only<br />
those forms that have a squamulose thallus with muriform spores<br />
and hymenial gonidia; these green algal cells are produced in loose<br />
filaments or masses alongside of the asci and paraphyses, and are<br />
ejected from the perithecium with the mature spores.<br />
Erulocarpon rugosum Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 258 (1856) is<br />
indeterminable. Leighton Angioc. Lich. 15, pointed outIts resemblance<br />
to Pertusana rather than to Endocarpon ..<br />
1. E. pusillum Hedw. 1. C. t. 20A, figs. 1-8.-Thallus<br />
squamulose, greyish- or reddish-brown, the squamules scattered<br />
or crowded, small, closely ad nate to the substratum, the margins<br />
slightly raised and crenate. Peri the cia minute, black, with a<br />
prominent black ostiole; hymenial gonidia small, in lines parallel<br />
with the asci or in masses; spores 2 in the ascus, oblong, becoming<br />
brown, slightly constricted in the middle, muriform, and multi-
306 PYRENOCARPElE VERRl1CARIA<br />
immersion: in that case V. hYu'1"ela would rank as a variety or growth<br />
form of the previously described plant. b<br />
Hab. On rocks and stones usually in streams.-Distr. In upland<br />
districts, rare in N. England, the Grampians, Scotland, and S. and<br />
W. Ireland.-B. lIJ. River Ithon, Llandrindod, Radnorshire; Airy.<br />
holme Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Cork;<br />
Blackwater Bridge, Killarney, Kerry.<br />
14. V. degenerascens Nyl. ex Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 200, nomen.<br />
Thallus dark-brown, moderately thick, subdeterminate, mucilaginous<br />
when moist, continuous, then irregularly cracked, not<br />
distinctly areolate. Perithecia minute, semi-immersed, slightly<br />
depressed round the prominent ostiole; perithecial wall black,<br />
entire, thick above, continued beneath the base by a thinner<br />
layer; spores somewhat oblong, narrower at one end, 17- rarely<br />
20 flo long, 5-7 flo thick.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 200.<br />
Differing from the two preceding species in the drier habitat, in<br />
the smooth superficially cracked thallus and in the smaller spores.<br />
[Jab. On rocks.-B. M. Ben-y-Gloe, Perthshlre; Island on Lough<br />
Feagh, Connemara, Galway.<br />
15. V. margacea Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 465 (1812).-Thallus<br />
olive- or greyish-brown, thin, smooth, somewhat shining, continuous,<br />
effuse or determinate. Perithecia moderate in size,<br />
immersed in the thallus, becoming emergent, opening by a pore,<br />
the perithecial wall dimidiate, or thinly developed under the base;<br />
,spores ellipsoid or oblong, rather large, 24-35 flo long, 10-16 flo<br />
thICk or rather larger; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. III (excl. vars.); Leight. Lich. Fl. 416;<br />
ed. 3, 446 (excl. vars.). V. subme1·sa Borr. in Sm. Engl. Bot.<br />
Suppl. t. 2768 (1833). V. Letghtonii Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 95<br />
(1853); Mudd Man. 287 pro parte. Thelotrema margacea Wahlenb.<br />
ex Ach. Meth. Suppl. 30 (1803).<br />
On moist rocks often about the margins of streams.-Disl1". Rather<br />
rare throughout the British Isles.-B. ]1,1. Trefriw Falls, Bettws.y.<br />
Coed, Carnarvonshire; Dan HIll and Staveley, Westmorland; Craig<br />
Tulloch, Blair Athole and Ben Lawers, Perthshlre; Morrone, Braemar,<br />
Aberdeenshire; near Balllllhasslg, Cork; Caher Mt., Kerry.<br />
16. V. latebrosa Kmrb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 349 (1855).<br />
Thallus reddish-grey, effuse, thin, faintly areolate. Pcrithecia<br />
moderate in size, somewhat shining black, sessile more or less<br />
covered at the base by the thallus; perithecial wall dlmidiate;<br />
spores usually 8 in the ascus, large, ellipsoid, becoming slightly<br />
brownish, 30-35 flo long, 12-15 flo thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3,<br />
448.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 237.<br />
Nearly allied to the preceding but with a less gelatinous thallus<br />
and more emergent perithecia.
310 PYRENOCARPElE VERRUCARIA<br />
21. V. ochrostoma Mudd Man. 290 (1861). - Thallus<br />
thickish, crustaceous, warted and wrinkled, cracked-areolate,<br />
varying in colour from dusky-cream or grey to olive, brownishblack<br />
or umber. Perithecia immersed, then partly emergent,<br />
black (brownish at an early stage); perithecial wall thin, entire;<br />
spores oblong or elliptical, 18-22 flo long, 10 [I. thick.-Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 1l1; Leight. Lich. Fl. 424; ed. 3, 454. Sagedia<br />
ochrostoma Borr. ex Leight. Angioc. Lich. 23, t. 7, fig. 4 (1851).<br />
Very similar in the appearance of the thallus to some states of the<br />
preceding, of which it is perhaps only a form. The perithecia are<br />
browlllsh when young.<br />
Hab. On mortar and rocks.-B. JJf. Near Henfield, Sussex;<br />
Llanbedr, Merioneth.<br />
22. V. maerostoma DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 319 (1805).-Thallus<br />
tawny-brownish, cartilaginous, rather thick, cracked-areolate, the<br />
areoire subsquamulose or raised into irregular warts. .Perithecia<br />
black, rather large, immersed in the areoIre, with more or less<br />
prominent ostioles; perithecial wall black, thick above, spreading<br />
at the base with a thinner layer underneath; spores ellipsoid,<br />
rather large, 25-35 flo long, 12-15 or -20 flo thick.-Leight. Angioc.<br />
Lich. 48, t. 21, fig. 4 & Lich. Fl. 423; ed. 3, 454 (spore measurements<br />
too small). V. nigrescens var. macrostoma Ny!. in Mem.<br />
Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 192 (1855); Mudd Man. 289; Cromb.<br />
Lich. Brit. 1l0.<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 278; Larb. Lich. Cresar. n. 97 & Lich. Rb.<br />
239 (as Verrucaria incrustans Nyl. nomen nudum, 1880).<br />
Distinguished from allied BI!ecies by the Bubsquamulose brown<br />
thallus. Not unlike Dermatocarpon macrocarpon, which should perhaps<br />
be included here, though the spore sizes of that species are larger and<br />
the thallus more distinctly squamulose. Here also is included Verrttcaria<br />
incruslan8: the thallus is of swollen olivaceous warts when moist,<br />
darker when dry; the perithecia immersed, entire; spores oblongovoid,<br />
23-30 flo long, 15-20 flo thick, but imperfectly developed. The<br />
specimen came recently into the possessIOn of the British Museum<br />
with the Martindale herbarium. It was found in the interstices of<br />
old walls 'at Thetford, Norfolk.<br />
Hab. On walls and mortar.-Distr. Not common in the Chan"ucl<br />
Islands, S.W. and N. England, rare in Scotland and Ireland.-B. llf.<br />
Alderney; St. Aubin's and St. Brelade'S, Jersey; near Penzance,<br />
Cornwall; near Torquay, Devon; Falmer, Climping and Danny,<br />
Sussex; Stratton and Cowcombe Wood, Gloucestershire; near Shrews·<br />
bury, Shropshire; Worcester; Harlech Castle, MeriQneth; near<br />
Guisboro', Cleveland, Yorkshire; Thetford, Norfolk; Middleton, Cork.<br />
Form aphanostoma Shackleton & Hebden in Naturalist<br />
1892, 17.-Differs from the species in the smaller ostioles and<br />
in the somewhat larger spores, 26-36 IJ. long, 16-20 flo thick.<br />
Hab. On mortar, wall-tops and sandstone.-B. M. MaIsis, CrosshillB,<br />
near Keighley, Yorkshire.
VERRUOARIA VERRUOARIAOEJE 311<br />
23. V. thrombioides Massal. Mem. Lich. 144 (1853).-Thallus<br />
brownish-red, cartilaginous, shining, becoming cracked-areolate,<br />
effuse. Perithecia large, black, immersed, the apex projecting,<br />
depressed; penthecial wall thick and black, dimIdiate, with a<br />
thin black layer beneath the base; spores broadly oblong or<br />
oblong-ellipsoid, rather large, 24-30 f.L long, 14-16 f.L thick or<br />
rather larger. Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 452.-Lithoicea thrombioides<br />
Baglietto ex Massal. Symm. Lich. 89 (1855).<br />
Leighton records a specimen collected by W. Joshua in Cowcombo<br />
Wood, Gloucestershire, but the one in the British Museum that bears<br />
that label is identieal with V. macrostoma.<br />
Hab. On walls.-Distr. W. England (Cowcombe Wood, Gloucester·<br />
shire), fide Leighton.<br />
24. V. aquilella Nyl. in Flora lix. 237 (1876).-Thallus reddishbrown,<br />
minutely areolate or areolate·granulate, thin. Perithecia<br />
almost superficial; perithecial wall black, dimidiate; spores<br />
ellipsoid, sImple, 18-22 f.L long, 7-9 f.L thick.-Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. xiv. 362 (1876) & in Grevillea v. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
451.<br />
The specimens of this and the following species in the British<br />
Muscum were collected at the same time and place as the type speci.<br />
mens sent to Nylander and agree outwardly with the descnptions givon,<br />
but the spores, though at first simple, become finally 1· or more.septate.<br />
Hab. On micaceous rocks.-B. ]JI. Lough Feagh, Connemam (the<br />
only locality).<br />
25. V. fuscp-cinerascens Nyl. in Flora lix. 310 (1876).<br />
Thallus greyish-brown, cracked-areolatc, unequal, thin. Perithecia<br />
black, semi-immersed; perithecial wall entirely black;<br />
spores oblong, 22-27 f.L long, 8-10 f.L thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea<br />
v. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 451.<br />
The specimen from the Martindale herbarium agrees with the<br />
description given by Nylander.<br />
Hab. On mioaceous rocks.-B. 111. Bowness, Westmorland; Dawros<br />
River, Connemara, Galway?<br />
Thallus crustaceous or cartilaginous, continuous or cracked-areolate,<br />
determinate.<br />
26. V. nigrescens Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xiv. 36 (1795).<br />
Thallus brown or nearly black, tartareous, cracked-areolate, or<br />
uneven, thin or thickish, determinate, with a black hypothallus.<br />
Perithecia of a medium size, immersed, then more or less projecting,<br />
usually numerous; perithecial wall entire, thick above,<br />
spreading at the base, with a thinner layer below; spores oblong,<br />
15-24 f.L long, 5-9 f.L thick or occasionally larger; hymenial<br />
gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 155;<br />
Leight. Angioc. Lich. 62, t. 27, fig. 1 & Lich. Fl. 420; ed. 3,
VERRUCARIA VERRUCARIACElE 313<br />
determinate. Perithecia immersed in the thallus, becoming<br />
emergent and prominent; perithecial wall black or brownishblack;<br />
spores ellipsoid, narrower at the ends, 18-24 !J. long,<br />
10-12 !J. thick-Yo margacea var. cataleptoides Nyl. in Act. Soc.<br />
Linn. Bord. ser 3, i. 428 (1856).<br />
Hab. On rocks, granitic or schistose.<br />
Form ferruginosa Lamy Catal. Lich. 160 (1880).-Thallus<br />
bright ochraceous-red, cracked-areolate; spores 18 !J. long,<br />
8 !J. thick-Shackleton & Hebden in Naturalist, 1892, 17. V.<br />
margacea var. cataleptoides f. ferrugmosa Nyl. in Maine et Loire<br />
Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 26 (1868).<br />
The specimen from Yorkshire had spores 19-23 t.t long, 9-11 t.t thick.<br />
Hab. On lim('stone crags.-B. lrI. Malham, Yorkshire.<br />
29. v. coerulea DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 318 (1805); Schmr. Enum.<br />
216 (1850).-Thallus bluish-lead-coloured, greyish or greyishbrown,<br />
rather thick, determinate, faintly cracked-areolate.<br />
Perithecia black, small, semi-immersed, scarcely prominent,<br />
slightly depressed at the ostiole; perithecial wall thick, entire;<br />
spores ellipsoid or oblong, 14-19 !J. long, 4-7 t.t thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine wine-red with iodine.-V. plumbea Ach. Lich. Univ.<br />
285 (1810); Hook in Sm. Eng!. FI. v. 153 (1833); Tay!. in<br />
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 91; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 45, t. 19, fig. 5 &<br />
Lich. Fl. 421; ed. 3, 452; Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser.<br />
2, xiii. 36, t. 3, fig. 8 (1854); Mudd Man. 288 (incl. var. cineracea);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 111. Lichen coeruleus Ramond ex DC. 1. c.<br />
L. plurnbosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2540 (1814). Lithocia p1urnbea<br />
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 497 (1821).<br />
EX8tCC. Mudd n. 275 (as V. p1umbea var. cineracea).<br />
The thickish, sometimes orbicular thallus is limited and occasionally<br />
intersected by the dark-coloured hypothallus.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. Uncommon in 'V. and N.<br />
England, W. Scotland and in S. and w. Ireland.-B. M. Hazleton,<br />
Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Rievaulx and Newton<br />
Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Whitbarrow and Arnside, Westmorland;<br />
Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; I. of Lismore, Argyll; Kenmare, Kerry;<br />
Dromoland, Clare.<br />
30. v. murina Leight. Angioc. Lich. 44, t. 19, fig. 3 (1851).<br />
Thallus mouse-grey or brownish, thin, effuse, continuous and<br />
slightly pulverulent or occurring in spots and determinate.<br />
Perithecia small, numerous, semi-immersed, prominent; perithecial<br />
wall thickish, black, entire; spores ellipsoid, 18-24 !J. long,<br />
6-12 !J. thIck-Mudd Man. 291; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 115; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 425; ed. 3, 455. V. myrwcarpa Hepp Flecht. Eur.<br />
n. 430 (1857); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876); Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 456.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 160 (as V. myriocarpa).
VERRUCARIA VERRUCARIACEJE 321<br />
Distinguished by the fissured apex of the perithecia, on account<br />
of which it has been placed by some authors in a separate genus,<br />
Ltmboria.<br />
The distinguishing character of the species-the fissured apex of<br />
the perithecium-has been associated with DeCandolIe's V. calciseda<br />
by British authors with the exception of Taylor. The fissuring was<br />
first distinctly indicated in Fries Lich. Eur. as a character of the new<br />
genus and species Limboria sphinctrina. The specific name sphinctrina<br />
has now been generally adopted. V. calcfseda has been retained as a<br />
species emended by Stemer (Verh. K. K. ZooL-bot. Gesell. Wien. lxi.<br />
36 (1911)), with a thaIIine structure similar to V_ sphinctrina but the<br />
perithecia without fissures, and classified by some authors as a variety<br />
of V. rupestris.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. Rather common in S. and<br />
N. England, rare in Scotland, S. and S.W. Ireland.-B. lIf. Torquay,<br />
Devonshire; LandsIip, I. of Wight; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire;<br />
Llanymynech, Shropshire; Laleston near Bridge-end, GIamorganshire;<br />
Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire; Buxton, Derbyshire; Bilsdale,<br />
Yorkshire; Levens and Cunswick Scar, \Vestmorland; Morrone,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Cork; Dunkerron and Killarney, Kerry.<br />
Doubtful or parasitic species.<br />
47. V. Harrimanni Ach. Lich. Univ. 284 (181O).-Thallus<br />
effuse, tartareous, smooth, mouse-coloured, determinate. Perithecia<br />
minute, black, immersed in the substratum, globose,<br />
dimidiate, depressed round the emerging ostiole; spores ovoid,<br />
very minute.-Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 153; Leight. Angioc.<br />
Lich. 63, t. 19, fig. 4; Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. llist. ser. 2, xiii.<br />
38, t. 3, fig. 9 (1854). Ltehen Harrimanm Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2539<br />
(1814). Lithocia Harrimanni S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 497 (1821).<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
A doubtful species. Considered by Hepp (Flecht. Eur. n. 691) to<br />
be synonymous with V. hiascens, the spermogoniferous form of V.<br />
Hochstetteri, which has not been recorded for the Bntish Isles, though<br />
probably to be found. The minute spores indicate the spcrmogonial<br />
character of the perithecia, though Deakin (1. c.) states that asci are<br />
present.<br />
Hab. On hard grey calcareous rocks (Torquay, Devonshire; Durham).<br />
48. V. pulposa Leight. Lich. Fl. 427 (1871).-Thallus chroolepoid<br />
or evanescent. Perithecia blackish, subglobose, pulpose,<br />
polished, prominent; epithecium indistinct; perithecial wall<br />
dimidiate, blackish; spores numerous, fuscous, oblong or irregularly<br />
globose, simple; paraphyses very short, crowded; hymenial<br />
gelatine untinged with iodine.-Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 457.<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
An aberrant and imperfectly described species, probably a fungus.<br />
Hab. On old rails near Shrewsbury, Shropshire.<br />
49. V. elachistophora Ny!. in Flora lxi. 246 (1878).-Thallus<br />
white, unequal, cracked (perhaps not proper). Penthecia<br />
II Y
322 PYRENOCARPElE VERRUCARIA<br />
(parasitic 1) black, partly emergent" slightly depressed above;<br />
perithecial wall black, entire; spores 8 in the ascus, oblongellipsoid,<br />
colourless, simple (or sometimes spuriously I-septate),<br />
7-8 fl.long, 3·5 f.I. thick; paraphyses moderate; hymenial gelatine<br />
not tinged with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea vii. 98; Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 454. Specimen not seen.<br />
ThE' presence of paraphyses would exclude this speciea from the<br />
genus, but it requires further investigation.<br />
Hab. On quartzose rocks. Kylemore, Connemara, Galway, the<br />
only locality.<br />
50. V. conturmatula Nyl. in Flora lxii. 222 (I879).-Thallus<br />
indicated by greyish spots. Perithecia small, black, depressed,<br />
subconfluent; perithecial wall dimidiate; spores 8 in the ascus,<br />
ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid (sometimes obsoletely I-septate),<br />
11-14 fl. long, 5-6 fl. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with<br />
icf.line.-Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 29 (1879). -<br />
Nylander considers that the species is possibly parasitic. The<br />
specimen in the herbarium of the British Museum is too small and<br />
scanty for examination. Larbalestier states that only two small<br />
specimens were met with.<br />
Hab. On quartzose rocks in a stream associated with Lecanora<br />
laclistris.-B. M. Near Glencorbet, Connemara, Galway.<br />
I mperfect Species.<br />
V. niveoatra Borr. in Eng!. Bot. Supp!. t. 2637, fig. 1 (1830);<br />
Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 151. and V. mollis Tay!. in Mackay Fl.<br />
Hib. ii. 97 (1836) recorded respectively as Pyrenothea niveoatra<br />
Leight. Angioc. Lich. 67, t. 29, fig. 1, and P. mollis Leight. l. c.<br />
t. 29, fig. 2, are the spermogonial condition of other lichens.<br />
V. niveoatra has been determined by Nylander (Lich. Env. Paris,<br />
108 (1896)), as the spermogonial state of Opegrapha cinerea, a<br />
species not otherwise recorded in the British Isles. It has arcuate<br />
spermatia measuring 12-16 fl. long, 1 !J. thick, and in this respect<br />
alone differs from p. vulgata, in which the spermatia are 14-16 fl.<br />
long, '5 fl.. thick (fide Ny!. l. c.); the two species are probably<br />
identical. A specimen of V. mollis from Craig Mt., Kerry, has<br />
been determined by Nylander as the spermogonial state of<br />
an Opographa.<br />
V. Iithina Tay!. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 92 (1836) (non Ach.) on<br />
rocks from Dernquin, Kerry, has been determined as Pyrenathea<br />
lithina Leight. Angioc. Lich. 68, t. 29, fig. 3. P. lulea Leight.<br />
1. c. t. 29, fig. 4, collected on trees at Gopsal, Leicestershire, and<br />
P. sulplturea Leight. tom. cit. 69, t. 29, fig. 5, on sandstone rocks,<br />
Niton, I. of Wight, are also, judging from the descriptions and<br />
figures, spermogonial states of hchens not determined. :For other<br />
" Verrucariw" see" Microfungi recorded as British Lichens."
THELIDIUM VERRUCARIACE..-E 325<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 283.<br />
Apt to be confused with Thelidium Auruntii on account of the<br />
thin light.coloured thallus and the pitting of the substratum. The<br />
spore characters rccorded Are both smaller and larger than the size<br />
given by Leighton; but the 2·celled spores and the pitted substratum<br />
are charactenstic of all the forms. Watson (in litt.) reports this species<br />
as frequent on carboniferous limestone.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. In upland regions.-B. M.<br />
Hailey Wood and Tetbury near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Bwlebgwyn,<br />
near 'Wrexham, Denbighshire; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Heversham<br />
Head, Westmorland; :l\forrone, Braemar, Aberdcenshire; Dunkerron,<br />
Kerry; White Park Bay, Antrim.<br />
5. Th. viride A. Zahlbr. eatal. Lich. Univ. i. 135 (1922).<br />
Thallus crustaceous, thin, greyish-green, brighter green when<br />
moist and sometimes gelatinous, effuse, With a whitIsh hypothallus.<br />
Perithecia small, scattered, black, hemispherical, prominent, at<br />
length depressed, the ostiole poriform; perithecial wall dimidiate;<br />
paraphyses mucilaginous, disappearing; asci ellipsoid-ovoid,<br />
about 70 [L long, 25-30 [L thick; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid,<br />
rather blunt at the ends, with colourless or brownish granular<br />
contents, I-septate, 22-33 [L long, 9-14 [L thick.-Tlt. Nylanderi<br />
Lonnr. in Oefvers. Kgl.-Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockholm, 1858, 284<br />
(1859); A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 298 (1911). Verrucaria viridis<br />
Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hlst. ser. 2, xiii. 36, t. 3, f. 7, 1854;<br />
Sagedia Nylanderi Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 440 (1857).<br />
Not always easy to distinguish from Th. cataractarum, but the<br />
habItat is drier, and the spores more definitely I·septate.<br />
Hab. On sandstone or oolite rocks.-B. 1.1. Torquay, Devon;<br />
Mickleham, Surrey ; West Hatch, Somerset; Coweombe 'Wood,<br />
Chalford, Gloucestershire; Sligo.<br />
6. Th. terrestre Wats. in Journ. Bot. Iv. 107, fig. B. (1917).<br />
Thallus thin, effuse, crustaceous or leprose, green or darker.<br />
Perithecia minute, black, scattered, semi-immersed, at length<br />
more or less sessile; perithecial wall dimidiate, the outer wall<br />
dark-brown, inner pale-brown, ostiole minute, not depressed;<br />
ostiolar filaments few or none; paraphyses disappearing or<br />
absent; asci clavate; spores colourless or greyish, granular,<br />
ellipsoid, one end usually narrower, I-septate, slightly constrICted<br />
in the middle, 16-28 [Llong, 7-11 [L thick.<br />
Allied to Th. viride. Watson considers it to be near to Th. Zwackhii<br />
MassaI. a saxicolous and soil species of Central and S. Europe, the<br />
spores of which are large!; and 1.3·septate.<br />
Hab. On soil of hedge.bank among mosses.-B. M. Cheddon<br />
Fitzpaine, Somerset.<br />
Spores mostly 3-septate.<br />
7. Th. cataractarum Lonnr. in Oefvers Kgl Vet.-Akad.<br />
Stockholm, 1858, 284 (1859).-Thallus greyish-green, effuse,
POL YBLASTIA VERR UCARIACE.'E 329<br />
It has seemed advisable to retain this species under Polyblastia,<br />
though Zahlbruckner has made it the type of his new genus, Agonimia,<br />
and has classified it near to Endocarpon, to which he considers it to bear<br />
the same relation as Polyblastia to Staurothele.<br />
Hab. OIl. mosses usually in upland regions.-B. M. Trull, near<br />
Taunton, Somerset (W. Watson); Aviemore, Inverness·shire; Assynt,<br />
Sutherland (H. H. Knight).<br />
Thallus crustaceous.<br />
Spores colourless.<br />
2. P. intercedens Lannr. in Flora xli. 631 (1858).-Thallus<br />
greyish or dark-brownish, tartareous, thin, continuous or faintly<br />
cracked, effuse, or determined by a black line, sometimes obsolete.<br />
Perithecia moderate in size, black, prominent, immersed at the<br />
base, subhemispherical, usually somewhat depressed round the<br />
poriform ostiole; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses none;<br />
spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, rarely pale-brownish, ellipsoid,<br />
muriform, the cells numerous, irregular, 24-42 (L long, 15-21 (L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria<br />
intercedens Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 137 (1857) and<br />
in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 33 (1858); Carroll in Journ.<br />
Bot. iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 114; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
454:; ed. 3, 487.<br />
Very variable in appearance according to the form of development.<br />
In some specimens the perithecia are strongly umbilicate and are<br />
comparable with those of l'errucaria Dufourii or Thelidium papulare;<br />
in others the ostiole is scarcely visible.<br />
Hab. On schistose, arenaccous and calcareous rocks.-Distr. Rare<br />
in mountainous regions in Scotland and N. England, but also rccorded<br />
from S. England.-B. lJI. Buxton, Derbyshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
3. P. spurcella A. L. Sm.-Very similar to the preceding,<br />
except for the thinner, obscurely smoky thallus; spores colourless,<br />
muriform, 22-25 (L long, 11-14 (L thick.-Verrucaria spurcellu Nyl.<br />
ex Shackleton & Hebden in Naturalist. 1892, 17.<br />
Hab. Limestone walls. B. lJ1. Malham, Gordale, Yorkshire.<br />
4. P. fuscoargillacea Anzi in Comm. Soc. Critt Ital. ii. 1, 26<br />
(1864).-Thallus brownish- or whitish-grey, thin, effuse, minutely<br />
cracked-areolate, becoming farinose. Perithecia black, small,<br />
numerous, often crowded, sessile, hemispherical, the base only<br />
immersed, the ostiole poriform; perithecial wall dimidiate;<br />
paraphyses disappearing; spores 6 to 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid,<br />
colourless or faintly yellowish, muriform, 18-28 (L long, 11-16 (L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine reddish with iodine.-Verrucana<br />
fuscoargillacea Cromb. in J ourn. Bot. ix. 179 (1871); Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 455; ed. 3, 487.
330 PYRENOCARPElE POL YBLASTIA<br />
Hab. On rocks, mostly culcureous.-Dislr. Rure in W. England,<br />
N. Scotland und W. Irelund.-B. M. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,<br />
Perthshire.<br />
,<br />
Spores colourless becoming brownish.<br />
5. P. Schraderi A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-white, thin,<br />
tartareous and somewhat farinose. Perithecia black, globose,<br />
deeply immersed and leaving pits in the rock, the ostiole only<br />
slightly emerging; perithecial wall entire; spores 8 in the ascus<br />
ellipsoid, muriform, usually 3-septate with an irregular longitudinal<br />
division, colourless, becoming brownish, about 40-45 (1.<br />
long, 12-17 (1. thick.-Lichen Schraderi Sm. Eng!. Bot. t. 1711<br />
(1807) (non Ach.). Lithocia Schraderi S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.<br />
497 (1821). Verrucaria Schraderi Winch Bot. Guide Northumberland<br />
and Durham, 44 (1805).<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 9, pI.? (as Verrucaria rupestris).<br />
The perithecia are thickly scattered over the stone and tend to<br />
grow in concentric lines, u churacter distinctive of Bohler's plate. There<br />
are also present on the surface of the stone small groups of Verrucaria<br />
Dufourii, probably the" male scattered warts" of Smlth's description.<br />
Hab. On chalk or calcareous stones.-Distr. Rather rare in limestone<br />
districts.-B. IJf. Sussex (specimen collected by W. Borrer); Crickley<br />
Hill, near Chcltenham, Gloucestershire; Dovedale, Derbyshire; near<br />
Aviemore, Inverness·shire; Lough Gill, Sligo.<br />
6. P. deminuta Am. in Flora xliv. 264 (1861).-Thallus<br />
greyish-white, thin, tartareous. Perithecia globose, minute, black,<br />
entirely immersed, leaving pits in the rock, the ostiole slightly<br />
prominent; perithecial wall entire; asci ventricose (ca. 70-85 (1. by<br />
45 (1.); paraphyses none; spores 8, colourless then brown, ellipsoid<br />
or broadly oblong, muriform, and with a mucilaginous epispore,<br />
22-30 (1. long, 9-16 mm. thick.-Verruca ria deminuta Cromb. in<br />
Joum. Bot. xiv. 363 (1876); Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 491 (errore<br />
diminuta).<br />
This and the preceding are the only British species of Polyblastia<br />
that form perithecial pits (foveolate) in the substratum.<br />
Hab. On moist rpcks.-B. M. Near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire;<br />
Moryliton Fell, Yorkshire; Recess Road, Connemara, Galway; Lough<br />
Gill, Sligo ( ?).<br />
7. P. inumbrata A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark-brownish or greyish,<br />
thin, effuse, unequal or dispersed. Perithecia moderate in size,<br />
semi-immersed, the ostiole projecting, generally with a m nut('<br />
papilla; perithecial wall thick, black, entire; paraphyses mucilaginous,<br />
disappearing; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid.<br />
light-yellowish-brown, muriform, large, 33-62 (1. long, 17-32 (1.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria<br />
inumbrata Ny!. in Flora xlvii. 355 (1864); Carroll in Joum. Bot.<br />
iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Bnt. 114; LLight. Lich. FI. 460;<br />
ed. 3, 492.
POL YBLASTIA VERRUCARIACELE 331<br />
Nylander describes the spores as colourless. but in the authentic<br />
specimens examined they are a clear light-brown with very distinct<br />
1-3 well-marked transverse septa and muriform with small cells.<br />
Hab. On schistose and arenaceous rocks.-B. M. Ben Lawers and<br />
Craig-na-Lochan ( ?). Perthshire.<br />
8. P. subviridicans A. L. Sm.-Thallus pale-greenish, thin,<br />
continuous and wrinkled. Perithecia black, embedded in large<br />
thalline tubercles, the ostiole papillate, small, depressed; perithecial<br />
wall dimidiate; paraphyses none; spores 2 or 4 in the<br />
ascus, oblong, colourless, muriform, large, 46-70!L long, 24-30 !L<br />
thick.-Verrucaria subviridicans Nyl. in Flora Ix. 566 (1877);<br />
Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 114 (1878); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 488.<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Considered by Nylander to be very like the preceding, of which it<br />
may be a subspecies. He also states that the thallus contains bluegreen<br />
algal (gonimiose); that may however be acridental, and due to<br />
the moist habitat.<br />
Hab. On stones in torrents.-Dist. Rare in 'V. Ireland, near<br />
Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.<br />
9. P. subinumbrata A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-brown, very<br />
thin or subevanescent. Perithecia immersed in brownish thalline<br />
warts; perithecial wall black, entire; spores similar to those of<br />
P. inumbrata but smaller, 22-30 !L long, 15-18 !L thick.-Verrucaria<br />
subinumbrata Nyl. in Flora Ixi. 246 (1878); Cromb. in<br />
Grevillea vii. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 492.<br />
Perhaps only a subspecies of P. inumbrala (Ny]'l. c.). The specimen<br />
in the herbarium of the British Museum collected by Larbalestier at<br />
the same locality is a form of P. scotinospora with small, very dark,<br />
muriform spores.<br />
llab. On schistose rocks, Kylemore, Connemarn, Galway (the only<br />
locality).<br />
10. P. Sendtneri Krempelh. in Flora xxxviii. 67 (1855).<br />
Thallus whitish-grey, cartilaginous, incrusting, granular, unequal.<br />
Perithecia black, minute, globose, semi-immersed, the ostiole<br />
depressed; perithecial wall entire; paraphyses mucilaginous,<br />
disappearing; spores 8 in the ascus, almost colourless or pa lidbrownish,<br />
ovoid, muriform, 15-30 !L long, 9-15 !L thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria Sendtneri Nyl. in<br />
Maine et Loire. Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 33 (1858); Carroll in Journ.<br />
Bot. iii. 292 (1865); Leight. Lich. Fl. 4.59; ed. 3, 490.<br />
The colour of the spores seems to vary a great deal, some authors<br />
describing them as brownish, in the specimens examined they are<br />
almost colourless.<br />
llab. On mossy earth in alpine regions.-B. M. Ben Lawers, Perth·<br />
shire.<br />
11. P. gelatinosa Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 262 (1860) & in Kgl.<br />
Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. vii. 2, 49 (1867).-Thallus thinnish,
332 PYRENOCARPEA!: POL YBLASTIA<br />
effuse, somewhat gelatinous, _ dark-brownish or blackish. Perithecia<br />
moderate in size, semi-immersed, somewhat prominent, the<br />
ostiole slightly depressed; perithecial wall entire; paraphyses<br />
m.ucilaginous, disappearing, ostiolar filaments numerous, distinct;<br />
asci saccate-clavate; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, palebrownish<br />
or almost colourless, muriform, 30-45 !-L long, 12-24 !-L<br />
thick.-Verrucaria gelatinosa Ach. Lich. Univ. 283 (1810) (non<br />
Nyl. in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 21 (1858)). V. nigrata<br />
NyI. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 430 (1856); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. llO; Leight. Lich. FI. 456; ed. 3, 489. Sphmromphale<br />
nigrata Mudd Man. 282 (1861).<br />
Leighton has described the spores as dark-brown, but Nylander<br />
includes the species in a section with colourless spores. In the specimens<br />
examined they are colourless or slightly brownish. Nylander's<br />
Verrltcaria gelatinosa is Polyblastia helvetica, not recorded in Britain.<br />
Hab. On mossy earth in alpine places.-B. M. Ben Luwers (the<br />
only British locality).<br />
12. P. mortensis Wats. in Journ. Bot. Iv. 108, fig. B. (1917).<br />
Thallus thin, crustaceous, minutely granulose, effuse, continuous,<br />
greyish or greenish-grey or olivaceous, sometimes darker or<br />
evanescent, not gelatinous when moist. Perithecia small or<br />
moderate, semi-immersed with the upper third emergent, convex,<br />
shining; perithecial wall black, thin and brown at the base;<br />
ostiole slightly depressed; penphyses few.or none; asci clavate,<br />
somewhat inflated; paraphyses few or none, mucilaginous; spores<br />
oblong, colourless, becoming brownish, muriform, with 7-14<br />
transverse rows of small cells, 40-50 !-L long, 16-20 !-L thick.-<br />
A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 483 (1918).<br />
Near to P. gelatinosa, but differs in the lighter-coloured non-gelatinous<br />
thallus.<br />
Hab. On soil of walls or on mortar, often on decaying mosses such as<br />
Tortula muralis.-D!str. Near the sea.-B. M. Morte, Devon (Dec.<br />
1!H3).<br />
Spores becoming darle-brown.<br />
13. P. theleodes Th. Fr. in KgI. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad.<br />
Handl. vii. n. 2, 48 (1867).-Thallus greyish-white, thickish,<br />
wrinkled-areolatc, with thicker wart-like protuberances, sometimes<br />
almost disappearing. Perithecia partly enclosed in the<br />
warts or superficial, large, hemispherical with a slight depression<br />
round the ostiole; perithecial wall black, entire, thicker over the<br />
top; paraphyses disappearing; spores 8 in the ascus, broadly<br />
ellipsoid, very large, colourless, then dark-brown, munform,<br />
variable, 60-84 !-L long, 24-45 !-L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red<br />
with iodine.-Verrucaria theleodes Sommerf. SuppI. Fl. Lapp.<br />
140 (1826); Cromb. Lich. Brit. llO; Leight. Lich. Fl. 457; ed.<br />
3, 489 (incI. f. verrucoso-areolata). V. verrucoso-areolata NyI. in<br />
Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 438 (1856) & in Maine et Loire
POL YBLASTJA VERRUCARIACElE 333<br />
Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 34 (1858); Carroll in Journ. Bot. ii. 292 (1865).<br />
V. subpyrenophora Leight. Lich. Fl. 454; ed. 3, 486. Lecanora<br />
atm var. verrucoso-areolata Schoor. Enum. 73 (1850). Sphwromphale<br />
verrucosa-areolata Mudd Man. 282, t. 5, fig. 119 (1861).<br />
The thallus varies considerably in thickness; sometimes the peritbecia<br />
are sessile and the thallus scarcely visible. There is a distinct<br />
thin blackish wall at the base of the perithecia, the upper portion<br />
being much thicker and easIly breaking away. The spores are often<br />
smaller than the size recorded, occasionally not longer than 50 (.I..<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rather rare in alpine districts of the British<br />
Isles.-B . .JJf. Cwm Idwal, Cwm Cywion and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire;<br />
MaIIerstang, 'Westmorland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Achosragan Hill,<br />
Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glendalough (shores of Lower Lake),<br />
Wicklow.<br />
Form inundata Th. Fr. in Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala,<br />
Vol. extraord. n. 8, 11 (1877).-Thallus thin, smooth, somewhat<br />
gelatinous. Perithecia semi-immersed in the thallus.-Verrucaria<br />
theleodes var. inundata Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 110; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 490 (note).<br />
Hab. On moist rocks._Distr. Rare in Wales and in S.W. Ireland.-<br />
B. M. Inlet to Llyn Idwal, Carnarvonsbire (W. Watson); BaIIagbbeama,<br />
Kerry.<br />
14. P. scotinospora Hellb. in Vet. Akad. Forh. 1865, 478.<br />
Thallus whitish or greyish-brown, warted-areolate, sometimes<br />
almost obsolete. Perithecia rather large, sessile, prominent,<br />
somewhat depressed round the ostiole; perithecial wall incurved<br />
at the base and almost entire; paraphyses disappearing; spores<br />
8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, irregular, muriform, brown, 26-40 (.I.<br />
long, 13-21 (.I. thick or larger.-Verrucaria scotinospora Nyl. Lich.<br />
Scand. 270 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 110; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
453; ed. 3, 485. Sphwromphale scotinospora Mudd Man. 282<br />
(1861).<br />
Zahlbruckncr in his Catal. Lich. Univ. has classified this species as<br />
P. me.laspora (Verrucaria melas]Jora Tayl. in Joul'n. Bot. vi. 153 (1847)).<br />
Taylor's specimen is recorded from Carig l\It., Kerry, "on wet mural<br />
rocks." There is no specimen in the British Museum nor at Kew.<br />
Hab. On schistose rocks.-Distr. Rare in alpine regions.-B. M.<br />
Cwm Clwyd, Denbighshire; Breadalbane, Ben Lawers, Ben·y.Gloe,<br />
Blair Athole, and Tyndrum, Perthshire; Kylemore, Connemara,<br />
Galway.<br />
15. P. Henscheliana L'onnr. in Floca xli. 631 (1858).-Thallus<br />
greyish or dark-brownish, thin, continuous or somewhat cracked.<br />
Perithecia rather large, subglobose or hemispherical, the base<br />
immersed in the thallus, with a black prominent ostiole; perithecial<br />
wall black, almost dimidiate; paraphyses disappearing; spores
POLYBLASTIA VERRUCARIACElE 335<br />
Hab. On decaying mosses and humus (P. (Jothica); on larch-poles<br />
(V. pituphloia).--Dtstr. Shrewsbury, Shropshire.<br />
18. P. peitophora A. L. Sm.-Thallus squamulose, the<br />
squamules thin, green, smooth, either approximate or scattered.<br />
Perithecia black, large, prominent; perithecial wall dimidlate;<br />
paraphyses few, filiform, interspersed with oily granules; ostlOlar<br />
filaments (periphyses) numerous; spores 8 in the ascus, darkbrown,<br />
ellipsoid, muriform, rather large, 35-48 (.L long, 20-30 (.L<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucariu<br />
p8ltophora Stirton in GreviIlea iii. 37 (1874); Leight. Lich. F!. ed.<br />
3, 486. Specimen not seen.<br />
Should possibly be placed next to P. tnstlcula on p. 329.<br />
Hab. On earth, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
113. THROMBIUM Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. 1, 287 (1831);<br />
emend. Massa!. Ric. Lich. 156 (1852). Inoderma S. F. Gray<br />
Nat. Arr. i. 498 (1821) pro parte. Verruca ria subgen. Inoderma<br />
Ach. Lich. Univ. 294 (1810). (P!. 47.)<br />
Thallus crustae eo us, uniform, membranaceous, mucilaginous,<br />
thin, sometimes developed within the substratum or altogether<br />
wanting. Algal cells Protococcacero. Perithecia simple, immersed<br />
in the thallus or superficial, the outer wall of a carbonaceous<br />
or horny structure, light or dark-coloured, opening by a poriform<br />
ostiole; paraphyses slender, branched, persistent; asci 4-8spored;<br />
spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless or brownish.<br />
The only British genus of simple-spored Verrucariacero with persistent<br />
paraphyses. Acharius's subgenus lnoderma represented species<br />
of Verrucaria with a somewhat soft thallus. S. P. Gray raised it to<br />
generic rank and included in it two British species, 1. epigwa and<br />
1. byssacea, the latter of doubtful position, based on Sphwria byssacea<br />
Weig. Obs. Bot. 42, t. 2, f. 9 (1772) which Nylander considered to be the<br />
spermogonial form of Arthonia pruinosa (pruinata) (Flora xxxviii. 297<br />
(1855)). Almquist describes it as Arthonia byssacea (K. Svensk.<br />
Vet.·Akad. Hand!. xvii. n. 6, 25 (1880)), while Arnold (Flora Ixvii.594<br />
(1884)) referred it to Lecanactes byssacea, synonymous with Almquist's<br />
species.<br />
1. Thr. lretevirens A. L. Sm.-Thallus forming a broadly<br />
effused rather thick inseparable film, smooth, even, rather<br />
gelatinous, bright olive-green, the lobed margin paler and yellowish;<br />
gonidia protococcoid, globose, 12-15 (.L in diameter. Perithecia<br />
minute, crowded, globose, entire, black, completely immersed<br />
in the thallus, with a minute black ring round the ostiole;<br />
asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless, 11-12 (.L long,<br />
6 (.L thick; paraphyses scanty, slender, cylindrical; spermogones<br />
immersed, mixed with the perithecia, with filiform straight<br />
sterigmata and simple cylindrical straight spermatia, 8-9 (.L long,<br />
2 (.L thick.-Verrucaria Z(lJtevirens Massee in J ourn. Bot. xxx. 193,<br />
t. 324, figs. 1-9 (1892).
338 PYRENOCARPElE MICROGLlENA<br />
2. M. isidioides A. L. Sm.-Thallus yellowish-brown, smooth,<br />
crustaceous-cartilaginous, or subsquamulose, rather thick,<br />
areolate, the areolm crowded, convex. Perithecia immersed in<br />
the areolm, minute; perithecial wall brownish below, darker<br />
upwards, dark-brown towards the ostiole; paraphyses slender,<br />
persistent, conglutinate; spores 8 in the ascus (or fewer), ellipsoidfusiform,<br />
colourless, then becoming brown, muriform, rather<br />
large, 30-46 {J. long, 12-16 {J. thick.-Verrucaria isidioides Borr.<br />
in Eng!. Bot. Supp!. t. 2622, fig. 1 (1830); Carroll in Journ. Bot.<br />
iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 117; Leight. Lich. F!. 454;<br />
ed. 3, 486. Pertusaria z'sidioides Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 160<br />
(1833). Porina isidioides Tay!. in Mackay F!. HIb. ii. 102 (1836).<br />
Endocarpon isidioides Leight. Angioc. Lich. 20, t. 6, fig. 4 (1851).<br />
Dermatocarpon isidioides Mudd Man. 270 (1861).<br />
Hab. On rocks.-B. lIf. Glengariff near Bantry, Cork (the only<br />
locality).<br />
3. M. corrosa Am. in Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien xxvii.<br />
555 (1877) and in Flora lxviii. 155 (1885).-Thallus whitish or dirtywhite,<br />
warted or granular and dispersed or obsolete. Perithecia<br />
minute, black, embedded in the swollen thalline warts (when<br />
present), the upper part protruding; perithecial wall dImidiate;<br />
paraphyses distinct, slender, loosely coherent; asci subcylindrical ;<br />
spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid-fusiform, colourless, becoming<br />
muriform, 18-22 {J. long, 7-11 {J. thick.-Var. nericiensis A. L.<br />
Sm. Monogr. ii. 309 (1911). Microglama nericiensis Hellb.<br />
Nerikes Laffiora, 123 (1871). Limboria corrosa Koerb. Syst. Lich.<br />
Germ. 376 (1885).<br />
The specimens from Wales and Scotland were collected by H. B.<br />
Holl, and called by him Verrucaria dispersa. The thallus is broken<br />
up into the small scattered warts that form the bases of the perithecia;<br />
the spores are at first simple, then finally septate and muriform.<br />
J1ab. On rocks in alpine regions.-Distr. Rare in N. Wales and<br />
the Scottish Grampians.-B . .111. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Ben Lawers,<br />
Perthshire; Lough Nahanagan, Wicklow (1\1. C. Knowles).<br />
4. M. nuda WhaId. & Trav. in .Tourn. Linn. Soc. xliii. 132<br />
(1915).-Thallus obsolete or reduced to a few cinereous granules<br />
at the base of the perithecia. Perithecia minute, black, superficial,<br />
dimidiate, with a distinct somewhat depressed ostiole;<br />
paraphyses_ subpersistent, visible until the spores are fully formed,<br />
branched, slender; asci cylindrical; spores 8 in the ascus, irregularly<br />
arranged, 2-3-septate, becoming sparingly and irregularly<br />
septate 'longitudinally, the cells unequal, colourless or palegreenish,<br />
oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends, 14-22 {J. long,<br />
6-9 {J. thick.-A. L. Sm. Monogr. Brit. Lieh. i. 484 (1918).<br />
First recorded on half-buried gritstone pebbles in glacial drift on<br />
the banks of the Ribble at Chatburn (March, 1913). It is very near to<br />
1Yl. corrosa.
MlCROGL.
342 PYRENOCARPElE STAUROTHELE<br />
rupifraga Massa!. Symm. Lich. 100 (1855). Verrucaria umbrina<br />
var. calcarea Ny!. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 426 (1856);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. L09. V. rupifraga Ny!. ex Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 109 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 456; ed. 3, 488. V. terebrata<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 456 (1871); ed. 3,488. Sph(J3romphale terebrata<br />
Mudd Man. 281 (1861).<br />
Sometimes the perithecia are so immersed as to be visible merely<br />
as minute black points in the stone. The spores are divided into<br />
small cells without any definite transverse septa. The hymenial<br />
gonidia are roundish.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. Rare in W. England, N. Scotland<br />
and W. Ireland.-B. M. Sapperton, Gloucestershire; Berwig,<br />
near 'Vrexham, Denbighshire; Cunswick Scar, Westmorland; Craig<br />
Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Assynt, Sutherland; Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
Family XXXI. PYRENULACElE.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the substratum,<br />
not corticated. Algal cells Trentepohlia. Perithecia<br />
simple, globose or semi-globose, more or less immersed, opening<br />
by a pore at the apex (ostiole). Spermogones small, globose or<br />
ovoid, with simple or sparingly branched sterigmata and spermatia<br />
produced apically.<br />
Distinguished by the yellowish filamentous gonidia (Trentepohlia).<br />
and also by the almost constantly persistent paraphyses. There are<br />
nine genera represented in the British Islands :-<br />
Perithecia scattered.<br />
Paraphyses branched. entangled or wanting.<br />
Asci cylindrical, spores uniseriate.<br />
Spores I-septate ..................... 117. Acrocordia.<br />
Asci clavate or ovate. spores more or less<br />
massed.<br />
Spores colourless.<br />
Spores elongate - fusiform, 1-5septate<br />
.............................. lIS. Arthopyrenia.<br />
Spores elongate - acicular, multiseptate<br />
.............................. lI9. Leptorhaphis.<br />
Spores brown.<br />
Spores 1-5-septate .................. 120. Microthelia.<br />
Paraphyses unbranched, distinct.<br />
Spores colourless, S in the ascus.<br />
Spores I-pluri-septate ............... 121. Parina.<br />
Spores muriform ..................... 122. Clathroporina.<br />
Spores colourless, many in the ascus.<br />
Spores 1-3-septate .................. 123. Thelopsis.<br />
Spores brown.<br />
Spores 1-5-septate with short cells 124. Pyrenula.<br />
Perithecia often united.<br />
Sp,?rcs brown, muriform ............ 125. Anthracotheaium.
344 PYRENOCARPEJE ACROCORDIA<br />
2. A. biformis Am. in Flora xliy. 537 (1861).-Thallus effuse,<br />
white or whitish-grey, thin, somewhat pulverulent, somet.imes<br />
slightly cracked or wrinkled. Perithecia numerous, small, semiimmersed,<br />
prominent, the ostiole at first a minute pore becoming<br />
widened and torn; perithecial wall incurved, thin under the base;<br />
paraphyses slender, numerous; spores obliquely uniseriate,<br />
sometimes almost biseriate, ellipsoid, I-septate, colourless, 12-16 fL<br />
long, 5-7 fL thick.-Vcrrucart"a biformis Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl.<br />
n. 2617, fig. 1 (1829); Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 150; Tay!. in<br />
Mackay Fl. Hlb. ii. 89; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 37, t. 16, f. 2 &<br />
Lich. Fl. 439; ed. 3, 468; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119. Thelidium<br />
biformis Mudd Man. 297 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 473; Leight. n. 100; Mudd n. 286.<br />
Nearly allied to the preceding, but differing in the more numerous<br />
smaller apothecia and smaller spores, which are often unequally<br />
2·celled and tapering towards the base. The perithecial wall is<br />
described by Leighton and Mudd as entire, but although black and<br />
thick over the upper surface, it is brown below, the perithecium being<br />
seated on the substratum.<br />
Hab. On trunks of trees.-Distr. Somewhat common throughout<br />
England, Wales and Ireland, not reported from Scotland.-B. M.<br />
Torquay, Devon; St. Leonard's Forest, 'Voolsenbury, Clayton and<br />
Poynings, Sussex; Hadleigh Woods, Springfield, Hatfield Peverel and<br />
Walthamstow, Essex; Shere, Surrey; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Yoxall,<br />
Staffordshire; Shelton Rough near Shrewsbury, Shropshlre; Harlech,<br />
Merioneth; Bettws.y·Coed, Carnarvonshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
1. of Man; Keswick, Cumberland; Taymouth Castle, and<br />
Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Fort Augustus, Inverness·shire; Tullagreen,<br />
Cork; ArdtulJy and Dromore, near Dunkerron and near Killarney,<br />
Kcrry; Clonmel, Tipperary; Adare and Castleconnel, Limerick;<br />
Kylemore and Renvyle, Conncmara, Galway; Westport, Mayo.<br />
Var. conformis A. L. Sm.-Similar to the species, but differing<br />
in the more distinctly dimidiate perithecial wall, and occasionally<br />
in the biguttulate contents of the spore-cells.-Verrucaria conformis<br />
Ny!. in Flora xlvii. 357 (1864); Carroll in Journ. Bot.<br />
vi. 101 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119; Leight. Lich. Fl. 430; ed.<br />
3,463. ,<br />
EX8icc. Larb. Lich. Rb. (without number).<br />
}Jab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in Channel Islands, W. Scotland,<br />
Wales and S. and W. Ireland.-B. AI. Jersey; Inverary, Argyll;<br />
Ballynahinch, Galway.<br />
3. A. epipolrea A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish or whitish, sometimes<br />
tiqged with rose, tartareous or powdery, very thin, finely<br />
areolate at the centre, penetrating the rock to 550 (J., sometimes<br />
seemingly obsolete. Perithecia dull-brownish-black, sometimes<br />
partly pruinose, rather large but mixed with smaller, conical or<br />
hemispherical, slightly immersed, spreading at the base, the<br />
ostiole papillate, shining; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphysrs<br />
numerous, slender; asci cylindrical; spores oblong or broadly
ACROCORDIA PYRENULACEiE 345<br />
ellipsoid, I-septate, 15-28 fI. long, 7-11 fI. thick.-Verrucaria<br />
eptpolma Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2647, fig. 3 (1830) (non Ach.);<br />
Rook. in Sm. EngI. Fl. v. 154; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. RIb. ii. 92;<br />
Leight. Angioc. Lich. 61, t. 26, fig. 2. V. conoidea Fr. Lich. Eur.<br />
432 (1831); Cramb. Lich. Brit. 118; Leight. Lich. Fl. 430; ed.<br />
3, 460. Sagedia calcarea Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2,<br />
xill. 39, t. 4, f. 12 (1854). Theltdium conoideum Mudd Man.<br />
296 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 474; Leight. n. 31; Mudd n. 284; Larb.<br />
Lich. Rb. n. 118 . ..<br />
The tinge of rose in the thallus is due, according to Bachmann, to the<br />
presence of a sterile parasitic fungus (Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol.<br />
Deutsch. Acad. Nat.-forseh. Halle CV. n. i. 32 (1919)).<br />
The specific name conoidea is retained by Zahlbruckner (Catal.<br />
Lich. Univ. 321 (1922». It is based on Verrllcaria conoidea Fr., but<br />
that is antedated by the citation from Engl. Bot. Suppl., the published<br />
plate being dated 1830.<br />
Hab. On calcareous (or arenaceous) rocks.-Distr. Rather common<br />
throughout England, Wales and Ireland, rare in Scotland.-B. M.<br />
Shanklin, 1. of \Vight; Torquay, Devon; Hyde, Gloucestershire;<br />
Leigh Woods, Clifton, Somerset; Lll1nymynech and Llanorda, Oswestry,<br />
Shropshire; near Monmouth; Carig Cennen, Carmarthcnshire;<br />
Harlech, Merioneth; Beddgelert and Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Youlgreave and Buxton, Derbyshire; Llangollen and Minera<br />
near Wrexham, Denbighshire; Inglestone and Ingleby, tleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Levens, \Vestmorland; Alston, Cumberland; near Cork; Derryquin,<br />
Kerry; Ballinakill, Connemara, Galway.<br />
4. A. Salweii A. L. Sm.-Thallus white or greyish, thin, tartareous,<br />
powdery or nearly obsolete. Perithecia black, rather<br />
large, prominent, almost globose, slightly immersed or almost<br />
entirely sessile, somewhat wrinkled, the ostiole poriform; perithecial<br />
wall thick, black, entire; paraphyses numerous, slender,<br />
distinct; asci cylindrical; spores oblong or broadly ellipsoid,<br />
I-septate, 21-23 fl.long, 8-11 fI. thick.-Verrucana gemmata subsp.<br />
Salweii Leight. ex Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. set. 3, i. 435<br />
(1856). V. Salweii Leight. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. 118 (1870);<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 439; ed. 3, 469. Thelidium Salweii Mudd Man.<br />
296 (1861).<br />
Closely allied to the preceding, but differing in the entire perithecial<br />
wall and the non-papillate ostiole.<br />
Hab. On calcareous or arenaceous rocks and mortar of walls.<br />
Distr. Rare in S. and W. England and in S. and W. Ireland.-B. M.<br />
Near Taunton, Somerset; near Hurstpierpoint, Sheffield Park and<br />
Danny, Sussex; Oswestry, Shropshire; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Harlech Castle, Mcrioneth; Glanmire, Cork.<br />
5. A. monensis Wheld. in Lanc. Nat. viii. 196, pI. 3 (1915).<br />
Thallus greyish-white, thiJ?, tartareous, pulverulent, or nearly<br />
obsolete, when it consists of a few granules round the base of the
350 PYRENOOARPEAil ARTHOPYRENIA<br />
Easily distinguished from the preceding three species by the larger<br />
spreading perithecia, and usually _ by the darker thallus. Arnold<br />
(Flora lxviii. 159 (1868)) quotes Leight. Exsicc. n. 29 a,s A. jallax,<br />
but the specimen in the British Museum is A. analepta. The spores<br />
usually about 22 [L X 7 [L, may be much larger (30 [L X 10 [L).<br />
Hab. On the amooth bark of trees.-Distr. Not uncommon in<br />
Engla,nd, rare in S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Rants.;<br />
Hadleigh Woods, l\fark's Hall, Ulting a,nd Hoe Street, Essex; Haughmond<br />
Hill, Shropshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Bettws-y-Coed,<br />
Carnarvonshire; Newton Wood and Hoggart's Wood, Ingleby, Ayton<br />
and CHffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Levens Park, 'Vestmorland;<br />
Lamplugh, Cumberland; Cromaglown, Killarney.<br />
6. A. fallax Arn. in Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xxiii. 505<br />
(1873) (excl. syn.) & in Flora lxviii. 159 (1885).-Thallus effuse,<br />
developed under the bark which it colours light or dark-brown.<br />
Perithecia moderate in size, hemispherical, semi-immersed,<br />
spreading at the base, often ringed by a darker circle of the<br />
thallus; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses distinct, few or<br />
numerous, free; asci clavate-oblong; spores colourless, ellipsoid<br />
or oblong, I-septate, slightly constricted in the middle, the lower<br />
cell usually smaller, 16-24 [L long, 6-9 [L thick, spermogones with<br />
rod-like spermatia, 10 [L long, 1 [L thick.-A. epidermidis var.<br />
fallax Mudd Man. 303, t. 5, fig. 126 (1861). Lichen analeptus Sm.<br />
Engl. Bot. t. 1848 (1808). Verrucaria epidermidis var. fallax<br />
Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1852, 178; var. analepta f. fallax Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 119 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 432; ed. 3, 464. V. analeptella<br />
Nyl. in Flora. Iv. 363 (1872) e descript.; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,<br />
464. Exsicc. Bohl. n. 66 (as Verrucaria cinerea); Johns. n. 477;<br />
Mudd n. 292.<br />
Characterized by the distinct paraphyses, but in form and appearance<br />
very similar to the preceding, of which it may be only a variety<br />
or growth form. V. analeptella has been included here, as Nylander<br />
says it differs from V. analepta only in the possession of distinct<br />
paraphyses; there is no specimen of it at the British Museum.<br />
Nylander (l. c.) gives &ayedia Cl!nea in Anzi Lich. Min. rar. n. 395 as a<br />
synonym, but that plant has been identified by him in MS. as<br />
Verrucaria grisea.<br />
llab. On the smooth bark of trees.-Distr. Common throughout<br />
England, rare in Scotland and S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Newlyn Cliff,<br />
Cornwall; Torquay and Lustleigh Cleeve, Devon; Buckland and<br />
Cl1stlc Nerocke, Somerset; Pease Cottl1ge Gate, New Timber Wood,<br />
Hayward's Reath and St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Writtle, Essex;<br />
Cradley, Herefordshire; Savernake, Wilts; Chedworth, Gloucestershire;<br />
near Malvern, Worcestershire; N esscliff, Shropshire; Rarlech,<br />
Merioneth; Denbigh; Ayton, Ingleby and Hob Hole, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Staveley,<br />
Westmorland; Ashgill Alston, Cumberland; near Perth; Altnaharra,<br />
Sutherland; near Macroom and Muckross, Cork; Cloghan and Kenmare,<br />
Kerry; Castle bar, Mayo.
ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACElE 351<br />
7. A. stigmatella A. L. Sm. (non Massal.).-Thallus smooth,<br />
greyish or brownish, effuse, thin. Perithecia black, small,<br />
varying in size, often a mere point, semi-immersed and hemispherical<br />
or more emergent and somewhat convex; perithecial<br />
wall dimidiate; paraphyses usually indistinct; asci, elongateelliptical;<br />
spores colourless, elongate-oblong, usually tapering at<br />
one or both ends, often becoming brownish, large, I-septate,<br />
27-40 [J. long, 7-10 [J. thick.-Lichen stigmatellus Sm. Engl. Bot.<br />
t. 1891 (1808) (non Ach.). Lejophlea stigmatella S. F. Gray Nat.<br />
Arr. i. 496 (1823). Verrucaria cinerea Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. 149<br />
(1833) (non Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. 28, t. 3, fig. 6A (1794»; Tayl. in<br />
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 88; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 3D, t. 17, fig. 2 &<br />
Lich. Fl. 433; ed. 3, 464. V. antecellens Nyl. in Flora xlix. 86<br />
(1866); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 260 (1867); Cromb. Brit. Lich.<br />
119 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. 435; ed. 3, 465 & in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, fig. 2.<br />
V. epidermidis var. cinerea Mudd Man. 304 (1861); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 119.<br />
EXS1·CC. Leight. n. 343; l\fudd n. 295 (both specimens<br />
imperfectly developed); Carroll Lich. Rib. n. 32.<br />
Easily recognized by the large I-septate spores, and usually by the<br />
mixture of larger and smaller perithecia and spermogones dotted over<br />
the thallus. In the absence of authentic information as to Lichen<br />
stigmalellu8 Ach., the specimen in Sowerby's herbarium has been taken<br />
as the type. Verruca ria antecellens (authentic specimen in Davies'<br />
herbarium) agrees with A. stigmatellus in outward and internal characters.<br />
The thallus is perhaps less grey than in our specimens of Verrucaria<br />
cinerea,' that species is also otherwise identical.<br />
Hab. On the barK of trees, chiefly holly.-Distr. Not uncommon<br />
in S. England. Rare in N. England, Wales and Scotland, common in<br />
S. and W. Ireland.-B. ],1. Withiel and St. Breock, Cornwall; Ivy<br />
Bridge, Devon; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Pease Pottage Gate,<br />
Tilgate and St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Shere, Surrey; Leckhampton,<br />
Gloucestershire; DolgelIy, l\Ierioneth; Bettws-y-Coed,<br />
Carnarvonshire; Ingle by, Newton and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire;<br />
Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Glenbower, Glanmire, Crosshaven,<br />
Castle Bernard and Castlemartyr, Cork; Cloghan, Tore Mt., Cromaglown,<br />
Loch Inchiquin, Dinish, Killarney, Old Dromore and Glencar,<br />
Kerry; Loughcooter, Galway.<br />
8. A. analeptoides A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish-grey, thin, effuse.<br />
Perithecia black, moderate in size, hemispherical, semi-immersed<br />
and slightly spreading at the base, or small, emergent and subglobose;<br />
perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses numerous, septate,<br />
lax or coherent; asci ventricose-elongate; spores elongate, fusiformclavate,<br />
I-septate, the cells with several guttulru and spuriously<br />
3-5-septate, colourless or slightly tinged yellowish, 23-37 [J. long,<br />
6-7 {.L thick.-Verl'ucaria analeptoides Nyl. in Flora 1. 180 (1867)<br />
(non Bagl. & Carest.). V. analeptiza Ny!. in Op. cit. lvi. 300<br />
(1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 464. V. antecellens var. analeptoides<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 435. V.
352 . PYRENOCARPElE ARTHOPYRENIA<br />
elongat1lla Nyl. in Flora Ii. 164 (1868). V. punctiformis f.<br />
elongatula Leight. Lich. Fl. 434; ed. 3, 466; Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
120.<br />
Not to be confused with A. liUbmicans, the spores of which are<br />
4·guttulate but finally 3·septate. It differs from A. stigmatella, with<br />
which it has been associated, in the greyer more superficial thallus,<br />
in the narrower guttulate spores which are massed in the ascus and<br />
in the presence of paraphyses. Nylander gives the size of the spores<br />
at 36-50 (J. long, 7-10 (J. thick, but these measurements are not borne<br />
out by an examination of Carroll's specimens.<br />
Hab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in S.W. Ireland.-B. M.<br />
Dinish and Torc Mt., Killarney, Kerry; Loughcooter, Galway.<br />
9. A. byssacea A. L. Sm.-Thallus filmy, whitish, thin, effuse.<br />
Peri the cia minute, black, globose, semi-immersed; perithecial<br />
wall curving inward, dimidiate; paraphyses numerous, branched,<br />
free; asci elongate-clavate, about 70 !-tlong, 17 (J. wide; spores 8 in<br />
the ascus, fusiform, I-septate( 1), colourless, 15 (J. long, 4 (J. thick.<br />
- Verrucaria byssacea Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 89 (1836) .(non<br />
Ach. fide Leight. Angioc. Lich. 38).<br />
Leighton suggests (t. c.) that Taylor's species is identical with<br />
Acrocordta biformis, but the minute perithecia and the structure of<br />
asci and spores are entirely distinct. There is only one small specimen<br />
in the herbarium of the British Museum collected by Dr. Taylor; the<br />
spores are somewhat imperfectly developed, but so far as can be<br />
determined they are I.septate.<br />
Hab. On barks of trees, oak and elm.-B. M. Presumably Kerry.<br />
(Ex Herb. Salwey.)<br />
Growing on trees,- thallus dark-coloured,- spores I-septate.<br />
10. A. Laburni Arn. in Flora xliv. 537 (1861); Sydow Flecht.<br />
Deutschl. 295 (1887).-Thallus thin, smooth, brown or brownishblack,<br />
forming dark spots on the bark. Peri the cia minute,<br />
hemispherical, semi-immersed, black and shining; perithecial<br />
wall dimidiate; paraphyses indistinct, disappearing-; asci<br />
rather swollen, narrower upwards; spores oblong-linear, I-septate,<br />
scarcely constricted, the' cells almost equal, sometimes with two<br />
or more guttulal; 20-25 (J. long, 4-5 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
yellow with iodine.-A. FU'l11ago Mudd Man. 302 (1861) (non<br />
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 370 (1855)). Verrucaria Laburni<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 435 (1871); ed. 3, 465 ..<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 254; Mudd n. 291.<br />
Easily confused with A. rhyponta; it differs in the narrower,<br />
2·celled spores.<br />
Hab. On laburnum and other trees.-Distr. Rare throughout the<br />
British Isles.-B. }rI. Near Whitestaunton, Somerset; Cirencester,<br />
GIoucestershire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Trefriw, Carnarvon·<br />
shire; Aberfeldy, Pcrthshire. •
ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACE.al: 353<br />
11. A. microspila Koerb. Parel'g. Lich. 392 (1865).-Thallus<br />
forming dull black filmy or roughish spots on the bark. Perithe<br />
cia minute, black, prominent, hemispherical, slightly papillose<br />
above; perithecial wall entire with a thin wall under the base;<br />
paraphyses indistinct or disappearing; spores colourless, linearoblong,<br />
I-septate, rather small, 13-17 [.L long, 3-5 [.L thick, or<br />
sometimes a httle longer.-A. rhyponta Mudd Man. 303 (1861)<br />
(non Massal.). Verruca ria rhyponta Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. n.<br />
2597, fig. 2 (1829) (non Ach.); Rook. in Sm. Eng1. F1. v. 150<br />
(exc1. syn. Ach.); Tay1. in Mackay F1. RIb. ii. 89; LeIght. Angioc.<br />
Lich. 37, t. 16, fig. 1; var. rhypontella Ny1. in Flora 1. 374 (1867);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120. V. capnodes Ny1. in Flora 1. 330 (1867);<br />
Carroll in Journ. 'Bot. v. 259 (1867); Lindsay in Quart. Journ.<br />
Microsc. Sci. ix. 351 (1869); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120; Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. 438; ed. 3, 468; val'. rhypontella Leight. Lich. F1. 439 (1871);<br />
ed. 3, 468.<br />
The brown coloration is due partly or wholly to a brown fungus<br />
mycelium. Confused with A. rhyponta, but dIffers in the more felted<br />
thallus, the form and size of the spores and the habitat, it being often<br />
found growing on the thallus of Graphis sp. It has been classified by<br />
Vouaux and others as a fungus. Pharcidta microspila Wint. (Bull.<br />
Soc. Mycol. Fr. xxviii. 247 (1912)). It is, however, a lichenoid species.<br />
Hab. On bark, associated with, or growing over, Graphis sp.<br />
Distr. Rare in S. and N. England and S. Ireland.-B. lIf. Sussex;<br />
Castle Bernard Park, Cork; Armagh; Castle bar, Mayo.<br />
12. A. Taylori Mudd Man. 302 (1861).-Thallus dark-brown,<br />
thin, forming irregular determinate spots. Perithecia black,<br />
minute, numerous, globose-conical, immersed at the base, the<br />
ostiole minutely papillate; perithecial wall entire, black; paraphyses<br />
free, slender; asci elongate-clavate; spores colourless,<br />
fusiform, I-septate, constricted, the cells usually with two or<br />
more guttulre, 25-30 [.L long, 4-5 [.L thick; hymenial gelatine yellow,<br />
the spores brown with iodine.-Verrucaria Taylori Carroll ex Ny1.<br />
in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 82 (1858); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 120; Leight. Lich. F1. 438; ed. 3, 467.<br />
Exsicc. Carroll Lich. Rib n. 29.<br />
Hab. On trees, chiefly ash or oak.-Distr. Rare in S.W. England.<br />
Not uncommon in S. and S.W. Ireland.-B. III. Torquay, Devon;<br />
Glenbower Wood, Dunscombes Wood, Castle Bernard Park and<br />
RosteIlan, Cork; Dinish, Killarney and Valentia Island, Kerry; Clare<br />
Glen, Tipperary.<br />
13. A. aphorisasa A. L. Sm.-Thallus indicated by brownishblack<br />
detached well-defined spots. Perithecia black, almost<br />
innate and hemispherical, many being congregated in each spot;<br />
perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses numerous, branching, indistinct;<br />
spores 4 to 8 in the ascus, colourless, at length brown,<br />
oblong, I-septate, 20-28 [.L long, 5-7 [.L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
II A A
356 PYRENOCARPEA': ARTHOPYRENIA<br />
Paraf3£tic and doubtf-ul species; spores I-septate.<br />
20. A. allogena Arn. in Flora liii. 484 (1870).-Thallus wanting.<br />
Perithecia black, hemispherical;. perithccial wall dimidlate;<br />
paraphyses indistinct; sporcs oblong or slightly clavate-oblong,<br />
colourless, I-septate, one cell slightly thicker, 23-37 IL long, 7-9 IL<br />
thick.-Verrucaria allogena Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 357 (1865);<br />
Leight. Lich. F!. 461; ed. 3, 492. V. epidermidis var. allogena<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120.<br />
Retainod in this genus on acoount of the dimidiate apothecium, a<br />
strongly lichenological character. The spores are very like those of<br />
A. epidermidis, of which Nylander thought it might possibly be a<br />
variety.<br />
Hab. Parasitio on the thallus of Rhizocarpon petrCEUtn var. excentricum.-B.<br />
111. Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only locality).<br />
21. A. (?) colIeta A. L. Sm.-Thallus black, thin, co·ntinuous.<br />
Perithecia black, small, diameter ,1-·2 mm. in diameter, spherical<br />
at times almost aggregate; perithecial wall entire; spores 8 in the<br />
ascus, colourless, fusIform, often constricted at the middle,<br />
I-septate, large, 32-45 IL long, 10-13 IL thick; paraphyses very<br />
indistinct; hymenial gelatine within the asci wine-red with iodinc.<br />
the rest untinted.-Verrucaria colleta Stirton in Grevillea iii. 37<br />
(1874); Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 468. Specimen not seen.<br />
Stirton states that the '. gonidia are seen interspersed, having, in<br />
many instanoes, a dIameter from 16-20 IL, but It is questionable whether<br />
they belong to the thallus of this lichen." An aberrant species, possibly<br />
a pyrenomyoetous fungus. •<br />
Hab. On Gymnomitrium concinnatum on Ben Lawers.<br />
1I1aritime species growing 01, rocks by the sea; spores<br />
1- (rarely 3-) septate.<br />
22. A. litoralis B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France liii. 585<br />
(1906).-Thallus eyanescent. Perithecia minute, black, scattered,<br />
prominent, or semi-immersed; perithecial wall thick, subentire;<br />
paraphyses rather scanty, distinct; asci cyhndrical or slightly<br />
swollen in the middle; :;pores oblong-ovate, colourless, I-septate,<br />
the upper cell sometimcs thIcker, 12-19 IL long or longer (up to<br />
24 IL), 5-7 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine brown with iodine.<br />
Verrucaria lztorahs Tayl. ex Leight. Angioc. Lich. 46, t. 20, fig. 2<br />
(1851), & Lich. F!. 440; ed. 3, 470 (non V. lttloralis Tay!. in<br />
Rook. Journ. Bot. vi. 154 (1847)); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii.<br />
293 (1865); Cromb. LlCh. Brit. 120. V. consequens Nyl. in Flora<br />
xlvii. 357 (1864) (fide Wedd. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. xix.<br />
306 (1875)); Jones in Proc. Nat. Rist. Soc. Dublin iv. i. 149<br />
(1864). V. sublttoralis Leight. LlCh. Fl. 435 (1871); ed. 3, 461.<br />
Arnold has published Arthopyrenia littoralis in Ber. Bayr. Bot.<br />
Ges. i. Anhang 120 (18!)1), based on Verrucaria littoralis Tayl. which
ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACElE 357<br />
is doubtfully identical with Verrucaria microspora. There is no record<br />
of a specific name" littoralis" in Taylor's FL Hib. 91-92, as quoted by<br />
Arnold; the species there recorded V. muralis is, however, quoted by<br />
Leighton under V. litoralis.<br />
Hab. On shells or on rocks by the sea.-Dislr. Rare in S. England,<br />
Wales and S.E. and N. Ireland.-B. ]Jl. Penzance, Cornwall; between<br />
Seaton and Beer and Mudstone Bay, Brixham, Devon; Goodwick<br />
Bay, Fishguard, 1\'Ianorbeer and Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Robin Hood's<br />
Bay, Yorkshire; Ballinahassig, Cork; Glenarm, Antrim.<br />
23. A. foveolata A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 43 (1911).<br />
Thallus thin, faintly yellOWIsh-green or evanescent. Perithecia<br />
minute, black, almost completely immersed, leaving distinct<br />
small pits in the substratum; pcrithecial wall subentire, black<br />
above, brown below; paraphyses very scanty or wanting, not<br />
mucilaginous; asci cylindrical-clavate, 70-80 f1. long, 17 f1. thick,<br />
8-spored; spores I-septate, colourless, oblong-ovate, thinner at<br />
the ends, 15-18 mm. long, 6-7 f1. thick.<br />
Very near the preceding species in habitat and form of spores, but<br />
differing in size and degree of immersion of perithecia and in the less<br />
distinct paraphyses.<br />
Hab. On shells by the sea-shore.-B. ill. Plymouth, Devon; Robin<br />
Hood's Bay, Yorkshire (collected by 1\'Ir. E. 1\1. Holmes).<br />
24. A. leptotera Arn. in Flora liii. 485 (1870).-Thallus darkolivaceous-grecn,<br />
somewhat gelatinous, smooth or cracked in<br />
drying, subdcterminate. Perithecia black, minute, subinnate;<br />
perithecial wall dimidlate; paraphyses breaking up or obsolete;<br />
asci oblong, ovate; spores oblong-clavate, I-septate, the upper<br />
cell rather thicker, colourless, 16-18 !1.long, 5 !1. thick.-Verrucaria<br />
leptotera Nyl. in Flora xlviii. 212 (1865).<br />
Distinguished from A. litoralis by the sub gelatinous thallus and<br />
immersed apothecia. M. C. Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc.<br />
XIV. 140 (1913) notes the minute dimidiatc perithecia thickly scattered<br />
on the surface, and the narrow spores of an almost uniform width,<br />
in the species found by her associated with Verrucaria aquatilis on rocks<br />
over which fresh water frequently flows; she records it also on rocks<br />
associated with Lichina pygmrea and Verrucarta striatula.<br />
Hab. On maritime rocks with a fairly wide range.-Distr. Rare in<br />
the Channel Islands, S. England and E. Ireland.-B. ]Jl. Greve-au<br />
Lalll;,on, Jersey; Mudstone Bay, Devon; Clevedon, Somerset;<br />
Talsarnau, Menoneth; Lough Gill, Sligo.<br />
25. A. balodytes Am. Lichenenflora :Munchen in Ber. Bayr.<br />
Bot. Gcs. i. Anhang 1891, 121; Olivo Exp. Syst. Lich. France ii.<br />
2, 261 (1901).-Thallus olivaceous-brown or blackish, thin,<br />
continuous or sparsely cracked, somewhat gelatinous. Perithecia<br />
very small, black, slightly prominent, becoming impressed above,<br />
numerous and somewhat congregate, intermixed with spcrmo·<br />
gones; perithecial wall dimldiate; paraphyses few, slonder,
ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACElE 359<br />
Hab. On maritime rocks.-Dislr. Rare on the coast of S.W. England<br />
and Wales, and E. Scotland.-B. M. Manorbecr Bay, North Cliff and<br />
Giltar Points, Tenby, Pembrokeshire.<br />
27. A. viridula A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, greenisholive,<br />
tartareous, smooth or slightly cracked. Peri the cia<br />
immersed, hemispherical, emerging, the ostlOle umbilicate;<br />
perithecial wall dimidlate, spreading and incurved at the base;<br />
spores colourless, linear-oblong, I-septate, 17-19 (..I. long, 6-7 (..I.<br />
thick.-L'lChen mridulus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2455 (1812) pro parte<br />
and under t. 2623, f. 2, text. Verrucana elanna Borr. in Sm.<br />
Eng!. Bot. under t. 2455, fig. 2 (1812); Hook. III Sm. Eng!. Fl.<br />
v. 152 pro parte; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 63, t. 27, fig. 2 & Lich. Fl.<br />
436; ed. 3, 462. Thelidium elwinum Mudd Man. 296 (1861).<br />
Specimen not seen.<br />
Perhaps identical with A. halizoa, to which the drawing in English<br />
Botany bears a strong resemblance.<br />
Hab. On maritime slaty rocks.-Distr. Rare on the W. coast of<br />
Wales and 'V. Ireland.<br />
28. A. marina A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark-olive-green, subgelatinous,<br />
smooth, determinate, with a black line at the circumference.<br />
Penthecia minute, black, immersed in the thallus, the<br />
ostiole rather flat or shghtly depressed; penthecial wall entIre,<br />
black; paraphyses none, sporLs 8 in the ascus, minute, ellipsoirloblong,<br />
colourless, I-septate, becoming 3-septate at maturity,<br />
9-14 fL long, 3-5 fL thlCk.-Sagedia marina Deakin in Ann. &<br />
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 40, t. 4, fig. 13 (1854). Verrucana<br />
marina Leight. Lich. Fl. 446 (1871); ed. 3, 477; Massee in Journ.<br />
Bot. xxx. 193, t. 324, fig. 8 (1892).<br />
SImilar to A. leptotera in appearance of thallus and perithecia,<br />
but differing in the structure and size of the spores. Weddell's Verrucarta<br />
leptotera var. marmorans (Mem. Soc. Scl. Nat. Cherb. xix. 309<br />
(1875)) is probably identical with A. marina.<br />
Hab. On maritime rocks below high tide.-Distr. Rare in the<br />
Channel Islands, S. England and E. and W. Scotland.-B. IlL Greve·<br />
au-Langan, Jersey; Torquay, Devon.<br />
Growing on trees,- spores 3-septate.<br />
29. A. rhyponta Massal. Ric. Lich. 166 (1852).-Thallus<br />
thin, subeffuse, dark-brown or blackish, forming dark-coloured<br />
spots on the bark. Perithecia minute, hemispherical, scmiimmersed,<br />
black; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses almost<br />
obsolete; spores colourless or becoming shghtly browmsh, llllearoblong,<br />
3-scptate, 18-22 fL long, 4-5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
red or yellow-brown with iodine.-Verrucaria rhyponta Ach.<br />
Lich. Univ. 282 (1810); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
411; ed. 3, 471.
360 PYRENOCARPElE ARTHOPYRENIA<br />
Often confused with A. microspila, owing to the dark-coloured<br />
thallus which in both occurs in rather small patches.<br />
Hab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Very rare throughout the British<br />
Isles.-B. 111. Curland near Taunton, Somerset; St. Leonard's Forest,<br />
Sussex; Airyholm, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Killin, Perthshire.<br />
30. A. Cerasi Massal. Ric. Lich. 167 (1852).-Thallus greyish<br />
or brownish, thin, morc or less shining, subdeterminate. Pedthecia<br />
very small, more or less elliptical, numerous, black, shining;<br />
perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses breaking up, entangled<br />
upwards, often becoming almost obsolete; spores colourless,<br />
elongate-oblong, generally rather narrow, blunt at the ends,<br />
3-septate, 15-25 11. long, 4-8 11. thick.-Verrucaria Cerasi Aeh.<br />
Meth. 119 (1803); Leight. Lich. Fl. 441; ed. 3, 471.<br />
Distinguished by the shining thallus and the elliptical perithecia,<br />
a character that is sometimes rather obscure. The spores in the<br />
Somerset specimen are for a long time I-septate.<br />
Hab. On the bark of cherry and other trees.-Distr. Rare in S.<br />
and S.W. England.-B. ]}I. Castle Neroche, near Taunton, Somerset;<br />
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex.<br />
31. A. grisea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 369 (1855).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, yellowish- or reddish-brown, rather shining. Perithccia<br />
scattered, minute ('35 mm. diam.), hemispherical, immersed,<br />
. the small poriform ostiole emerging; perithecial wall dimidiate;<br />
asci obovoid-cylindrical, about 55 11. long, 17-20 f1. wide; paraphyses<br />
few, stoutish, entangled; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-clavate,<br />
1- then 3-septate, round at the ends, almost breaking up into<br />
halves, 20-22 11. long or rather longer, 5-6 11. thick.-A. Crombiei<br />
A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 43 (19] 1) & Monogr. Lich. ii. 328<br />
(1911); Verrucaria epidermidis var. grisea Schleich. ex Schrer.<br />
Spicil. 56 (1826).<br />
Differs from A. submicans in the form of the spores and the presence<br />
of paraphyses. Owmg to a misunderstandmg of the spores of<br />
Verrucaria grisea, the above was described as a new species, A.<br />
Crombiei.<br />
Hab. On bark of trceS (alder).-B. M. Banks of the Garry, Blair<br />
Athole, Perthshire.<br />
32. A. submicans Arn. in Verh. KK Zool.-Bot. Ges. xxiii.<br />
530 (1873).-Thallus yellowish or paie-reddish-brown, thin,<br />
effuse. Perithecia numerous, small, hemispherical, shining, black,<br />
the ostiole minutely poriform; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses<br />
very' scanty or none; asci obclavate, rather short; spores<br />
8 in the ascus, linear-oblong or slightly clavate, 4-guttulate, 1then<br />
3-septate, colourless, sometimes becoming brownish, 16-2511.<br />
long, 4-6 11. thick.-Verrucaria submicans Nyl. in Flora Iv. 363<br />
(1872); emend. Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 471 (1879).<br />
The spores originally described by Nylander as 2-celled only,
ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACElE 361<br />
remain so for a long time, the presence of the large guttul::e also tends<br />
to obscure the additional septa.<br />
Hab. On smooth trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and N. England, Wales,<br />
W. Scotland and Ireland.-B. JJ1. Bosnieves, Cornwall; Lyndhurst,<br />
New Forest, Hants; Torquay, Devon; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Ingleby and Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Arrochar, Dumbartonshire;<br />
near l\'[uckross, Killarney and Dromore, Kerry; Saintfield,<br />
Down.<br />
Growi'ng on trees,. spores 3-7 -septate.<br />
33. A. platypyrenia Arn. in Flora liii. 485 (1870).-Thallus<br />
effuse, thin, faintly brownish-yellow. PentheCla black, immersed<br />
at first, hemispherical-depressed, the ostiole a very minute pore;<br />
perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses branched, soft and<br />
irregular or indIstinct; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 3-5-septate<br />
(rarely 7 -septate), the central cells largest, colourless, sometimes<br />
becoming smoky-brown when old, 23-30 {1. long, 9-11 {1. thick.<br />
Verrucaria platypyrenia Nyl. m Flora xlviIi. 358 (1865); Leight.<br />
Lich. Fl. 450; ed. 3, 481. V. eptdermidis var. platypyrenia<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119 (1870).<br />
Distinguished by the flattened perithecia and by the peculiar spore<br />
characters.<br />
Hab. On bark of ivy and other trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and S.W.<br />
Ircland.-B. M. Ballyedmond, Enniskean and Glenbower, Cork;<br />
Old Dromorc, Kerry.<br />
34. A. chlorococca A. L. Sm.-Thallus green, thickish, subsquamulose-granular.<br />
Peri the cia minute, black, innate, convex<br />
or depressed above, the ostiole a minute pore; perithecial wall<br />
black, thin, scarcely visible under the base; asci ellipsoid rather<br />
short; paraphyses slender, mUCIlaginous, dIsappearing; spores 8<br />
in the ascus, colourless or faintly yellowish, broadly fusiform,<br />
obtuse at the apices, 5-7-septate, 30-37 {1. long, 4-5 {1. thick.<br />
Verrucaria chlorococca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 484 (1879) emend.<br />
Hab. On mossy bark of tree.-B. JJ1. Stokenchurch, Chiltern Hills,<br />
Oxfordshire (the only locality).<br />
35. A. desistens A. L. Sm.-Thallus scanty. Perithecia<br />
minute, black, prominent, the upper part convex; perithecial<br />
wall entire; paraphyses none; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless,<br />
fuslform, 3-5-septate, 11-16 {1. long, 3-4 !L thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria desistens Nyl. in Flora<br />
1. 180 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 260 (1867); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 122; Leight. Lich. FI. 450; ed. 3, 481. Specimen not seen.<br />
Hab. On old trees -Distr. Rare in S.W. Ireland (Tore Mt.,<br />
Killarney, Kerry).<br />
119. LEPTORHAPHIS Koerb. Syst. Lie_h. Germ. 371 (1855).<br />
(PI. 53.)<br />
Thallus, crustaceous, thin, usually developed within the bark.
362 PYRENOCARPElE LEPTORHAPHIS<br />
Perithecia simple, globose or semi-globose, black, innate-sessile;<br />
ostiole poriform; paraphyses persistent, branched and entangled;<br />
asci cylindrical, 4-S-spored; spores acicular-fusiform, straight or<br />
bent, I-pluri-septate, colourless. Spermogones globose or ovoid,<br />
with rod-like spermatia.<br />
Similar to Arthopyrenta, but with acicular spores.<br />
1. L. epidermidis Th. Fr. Lieh. Arct. 273 (1860).-Thallus<br />
very thin, cream-coloured or greyish, effuse, smooth. Peri the cia<br />
ellIptical-hemispherical, bursting the bark, black and somewhat<br />
shining; perithecial wall dimidiatc, spreading at the base;<br />
paraphyses rather indistinct; spores 8 in the ascus, more or less<br />
curved, 1-5-septate, 20-37 f/. long, 3-4 f/. thick.-L'lChen epldermidis<br />
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 16 (1798). Verrucaria epldermldts<br />
Ach. Meth. 118 (1803); Winch Bot. GUlde ii. 44 (1807)? var.<br />
albtsstma Ach. Lich. Univ. 276 (1810). V. oxyspora NyI. III Bot.<br />
Not. 1852, 179; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 121. V. albissima Nyl. Lich.<br />
Scand. 282 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. 449, ed. 3, 481. Arthopyrenia<br />
oxyspora :Mudd Man. 306 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 478; Mudd n. 299.<br />
Hab. On bark of buch.-Di8tr. Rare throughout England, Scot·<br />
land and S. and ·W. Ireland.-B. lIf. Pease Pottage Gate, Sussex;<br />
Thorndon Hall near Brentwood, Essex; DolgelIy, .M:erioneth; Haggart's<br />
Wood, Ingleby, Cleveland; Crummock Lake Side, Cumberland;<br />
Swanston Wood, Edinburgh; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Morrone,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Killarney, Kerry.<br />
2. L. Carrollii A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 43 (1911).<br />
Thallus crustaceous, thin, brownish. Penthecia minute, black,<br />
scattered, hemispherical, immersed at the base, opening by a<br />
small pore; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses slender,<br />
branched and entangled; asci elongate-cylmdrical, about 90-100<br />
!J.long, 10 flo thick; spores 8, parallel in the ascus, slender, aCICular,<br />
llldistinctly multi-septate, 50-80 IJ. long, 1-2 flo thick, straIght or<br />
variously bent.<br />
Distinguished by the long slender spores. The peritheeia are<br />
rather few and scattered.<br />
Di8tr. On bark of trces.-B. lIf. Glenbower, Cork (the only locality).<br />
120. MICROTHELIA Koe1'b. Syst. Lich. Germ. 372 (1855);<br />
emend. Massal. Misc. Lich. 57 (1856). (PI. 54.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the substratum,<br />
not corticated. Perithecia small, superficial or semiimmersed,<br />
semi-globose; paraphyses branched, entangled, sometimes<br />
mucilaginous and disappearing; asci cylIndrical-clavate or<br />
pyriform, 2-8-spored; spores ovate or elongate-fusiform, usually<br />
I-septate, rarely 3-5-septate, brown. Spermogones globose<br />
minute, with short rod-like spermatia.
MICROTHELIA PYRENULACEJE 363<br />
1. M. micula Flot. ex Koerb. Lich. Syst. Germ. 373 (1855).<br />
-Thallus pale-whltish-brown, thin, smooth, effuse. Perithecia<br />
minute, black, hemispherical, semi-immersed; perithecial wall<br />
dimidlate; spores 8 in the ascus, dark-brown, oblong, I-septate,<br />
slightly constricted, the upper cell rather larger, 15-25 Il. long,<br />
5-7 Il. thick (usually about 17 Il. long, 5 Il. thick).-Verrucarla<br />
Lyelhi Leight. Angioc. Lich. 42, t. 18, fig. 3 (1851) 1 V. cinerella<br />
Flot. ex Ny!. in Mame et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 60 (1858) &<br />
Lich. Scand. 281 (non Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, iii. 174 (1855) );<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 293 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 121;<br />
Leight. Lich. Fl. 437; ed. 3, 465.<br />
The species Verrucaria cinerella Ny!. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 1. c.) is a<br />
Chilian plant, and has faintly coloured largc spores, measuring 32-36 Il.<br />
long, IIIl. thick; the characters of the British specimens agree with those<br />
republished by Nylander in Lich. Scand. 1. c.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and W. England, more frequent<br />
in S. and W. Ireland, not recorded from Scotland.-B. 111. Ivybridge,<br />
Devon; Sapperton, Glouccstershlre; Glengariff, Cork; Torc Mt.,<br />
Cloghan, Mangcrton and Dmish, Killarney, Lough Inchiquin, Glencar<br />
and Old Dromore, Kerry.<br />
Var. megaspora B. de Lesdain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France liii.<br />
688 (1906).-Slmilar to the species but with larger spores, 23-36 Il.<br />
long, 9-13 Il. thick.-Verrucari.!L cmerella var. megaspora N}':l. in<br />
Flora Ii. 348 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 121 & in Journ. Linn.<br />
Soc. xi. 490 (1871); Leight. ll. c. Specimen not seen.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Dislr. Rare in S. England, and in Wales, recorded<br />
from New Forest, Hants; Trefriw, Carnarvonshire.<br />
2. M. atomaria Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 373 (1855).-Thallus<br />
thin, greyish. Perithecia minute, hemispherical, semi-immersed,<br />
somewhat shining; spores ellipsoid-oblong, I-septate, dark-brown,<br />
small, 12-14 Il. long, 4-6 Il. thlCk.-.u·chen atomanU8 Ach. Lich.<br />
Suec. Prodr. 16 (1798) 1 Verrucaria atomaria DC. Fl. Franc. ii.<br />
313 (1805); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 467.<br />
Hab. On bark of hazel, &c.-Dislr. Rare in 'V. Ireland, Kylemore,<br />
Connemara, Galway.<br />
3. M. dispora A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 44, t. 510, fig. 8<br />
(1911).-Thallus greyish-white, pulverulent, very thm or disappearing.<br />
PerI the CIa minute, 150-200 Il. III diameter, almost<br />
globose, shining, black, semi-immersed or almost superficial, or<br />
leaving shallow pits in the substratum; perithecial wall black,<br />
rather soft, almost entire; paraphyses slender, branched and<br />
entangled; asci elongate-clavate, somewhat thickened at the<br />
apex, 65 Il. long, 15 Il. thick, 2-spored; spores oblong, blunt or<br />
tapering at one or both ends, I-septate constrIcted, brown, 25-35 Il.<br />
long, 10-12 Il. thick.
364 PYRENOCARPElE MICROTHELIA<br />
The specimens in the British Museum were collected by W. Joshua<br />
and labelled by him A. saxicola var.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks.-B. M. Sapperton, GIoucestershire.<br />
Form octospora Wats. in Journ. Bot. lxiii. (1925).-Similar<br />
to the species, but with 8 spores in the ascus.<br />
Hab. On calcareous rocks, Cheltenham (H. H. Knight).<br />
4. M. exerrans A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, blackish, scattered.<br />
Perithecia minute, black; perithecial waH entire; spores 8 in the<br />
ascus, blackish, oblong, I-septate, 10-15 {L long, 3-5 {L thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodme.-Endococcus exerrans<br />
Ny!. in Flora lxii. 360 (1879); Cromb. in GreviHea viii. 114 (1880).<br />
Distinguished by the narrow spores. Nylander notes the rather<br />
thick colourless chroolepoid gonidia with cells 18-23 [1. thick.<br />
Hab. On quartzose stones.-B. M. Ben-y-GIoe, Blair Athole,<br />
Pcrthshire.<br />
5. M. dissepta A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish-grey, sometimes<br />
faintly yellowish, tartareous, thm, slightly cracked-areolate, subdeterminate<br />
(probably not proper). Perithecia black, numerous,<br />
somewhat prominent, the upper part convex, the ostiole a minute<br />
pore; perithecial wall entire, paraphyses indistinct; spores 8 in<br />
the ascus, eUipsoid, brown, 3-septate, 18-22 {Llong, 7-10 [1. thick;<br />
hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine.-Verrucaria dissepta<br />
NyI. in Flora lix. 576 (1876); Cromb. in Grevil1ea v. 107 (1877);<br />
Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 480.<br />
Nylander (l. c.) suggests that possibly the perithecia may be<br />
parasitic on the thallus of some other lichen. The specimen from<br />
Achill lsI. is on Rhizocarpon conJervotdes.<br />
lIab. On mica-schist rocks.-Dis!r. W. Ireland.-B. M. Dooega<br />
Road, Achill lsI., Mayo.<br />
121. PORINA Ach. Lich. Dniv. 60 (1810) pro parte, emend.<br />
MueH. Arg. in Flora lxvi. 320 (1883).-Segestrella Fr. Lich. Eur.<br />
460 (1831) (Segestria tom. Cit. 429); Mudd Man. 283. (PI. 55.)<br />
Thallus variously crustaceous, not corticated, sometimes<br />
developed within the substratum. Peri the cia simple, superficial<br />
or semi-immersed; perithecial wall light-coloured, becoming<br />
darker towards the ostiole, entirely dark-coloured, entire or<br />
dimidiate; paraphyses persistent, sImple; asci elongate, 6--8spored;<br />
spores elongate-fusiform or clavate, colourless, 2- to multiseptate,<br />
rarely wIth longItudinal septa. Spermogones small,<br />
globose wIth simple or branched sterigmata and rod-hke or<br />
elongate-fusiform spermatia.<br />
Distinguished from Arlhopyrenia by the character of the paraphyses<br />
and spores. The texture of the peritheClal wall is also more<br />
variable; it is usually softer iu texture, and in some species waxy and<br />
light-coloured (Segestrella).
366 P.YRENOCARPElE PORINA<br />
3. P. leptalea A. L. Sm.':_Thallus thin, greyish, effuse or<br />
brownish and subdeterminate. Peri the cia minute, hemispherical,<br />
almost superficial, reddish, shining, _becoming darker especially<br />
round the ostiole; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses slender,<br />
distinct; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, 3-septate, 16-23 !-L long,<br />
3--5 !-L thick.-Bzatora leptalea Dur. & Mont. Fl. d' Alg. i. 268 (1849).<br />
Verrllcaria lectissima f. leptalea Nyl. in Mame & Loire Mem. Soc.<br />
Acad. iv. 38 (1858); subsp. lepta lea Cromb. Lieh. Brit. 117;<br />
var.leptalea LeIght. Lich. Fl. 443; ed. 3, 475. V.leptaleellaNyl.<br />
in Flora lix. 237 (1876); Cromb. in Grevillea v. 29; Leight. Lich.<br />
Fl. ed. 3, 480 pro parte.<br />
EXS7CC. Larb. Lich. Rb. without number.<br />
V. leplaleella was given specific rank by Nylander on account of its<br />
narrower spores; they resemble, when mature, those of P. leplalea.<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. England, Wales, and S. and W.<br />
Ireland.-B. JJl. Llanbedr, Merioneth; near Crosshaven and Glenbower,<br />
Cork; McCarthy's Island, Dinish and Eagle's Nest, Killarney,<br />
Kerry; Delphi, Killary Bay, Connemara, Galway.<br />
4. P. succina A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark-brownish, thin, effuse.<br />
Perithecia numerous, large, amber-coloured throughout, hemispherical-conical<br />
with a papIllate ostiole; perithecial wall dimidlate,<br />
spreading at the base; paraphyses slender, dIstinct; asci<br />
linear-clavate; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, fusiform, 7 -septate,<br />
large, 46 fJ. long, 5--8 fJ. thick.-Verruearia sueeina Leight. in<br />
Grevillea iv. 78 (1875) & in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) ser. 2, i. 145,<br />
t. 22, figs. 8-12 (1876); Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 483; Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. xiv. 363 (1876).<br />
Considered by Leighton to be closely allIed to P. jaginea, but its<br />
affinity is rather with P. lectissima, from which it differs dueHy in the<br />
larger perithecia and spores.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in S. and S.W. Ireland.-B . . M. Blackwater,<br />
Wexford.<br />
5. P. globosa A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-greenish, thin,<br />
unequal, continuous. Perithecla rather large, yellowish or<br />
yellow flesh-coloured, subglobose; spores 8 in the ascus, broadly<br />
fusiform, with a thick efJispore, 7 -septate, 50-70 fJ. long, 10-14 [L<br />
thick; spores tinged tawny-yellow with iodme.-Verrucaria<br />
globosa Tayl. ex Nyl. in Flora lxvi. 534 (188_3); Cromb. in Grevillea<br />
xii. 91 (1884).<br />
The species was overlooked in the previous edition, as it occurs on<br />
the same specimen as Porina BUcGina, which alone was tested. Nylander<br />
has noted that the thallus often covers the fructifications which<br />
Crombie (l. 15.) has described as "pertusarioid"; they are more like a<br />
closed Gyalecta, in which genus the IlChen would rank as a new species;<br />
but without more evidence it seems best to leave it, where Nylander<br />
placed it, in the Pyrenocarpero.<br />
11ab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in S. Ireland.-B. M. Blackwater,<br />
Wexford (the only locality).
PORINA PYRENULACEiE 367<br />
Perithecia dark-coloured; spores 3-septate.<br />
6. P. carpinea A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzen£' i. 1*,<br />
66 (1903).-Thallus thin, developed within the bark, grey, olive,<br />
or dark-brown, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, effuse or determinate.<br />
Peri the cia small, black, shining, sessile and subglobose;<br />
peritheclal wall dImidiate; paraphyses numerous, slender,<br />
involved III mucus but distinct, not branched; asci elongatecylindrical<br />
or -clavate, spores fusiform, 3-septate, colourless,<br />
usually 16-20 !L long, 4-6 !L thick, sometImes longer and slIghtly<br />
thicker.-Verrucaria carpinea Pers. ex Ach. Meth. 120 (1803);<br />
Winch. Fl. North. & Durh. 85 (1831). V. fusiforrnis Leight.<br />
Angioc. Lich. 42, t. 18, fig. 2 (1851). V. chlorotica f. carpmea<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 116 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 445; ed. 3, 473.<br />
Artlwpyrenia macularis var. fusiformis Mudd Man. 301 (1861).<br />
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 82 (as Verrucarw olivacea); Leight. n. 99;<br />
Mudd n. 289; Carroll Lich. Rib. n. 34.<br />
Similar to P. chlorotica in the form and contents of the perithecia,<br />
but differing in habitat and in the strueture of the thallus. There<br />
has been considerable confusion between this plant and Verrucaria<br />
olivacea Borr.: the latter has longer multiseptate spores (see p. 370).<br />
Nab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Frequent in the Channel Islands,<br />
England, and S., W. and Central Ireland, very rare in Scotland.<br />
B. JJf. Torquay, Devon; Crawley, Sussex; Ulting, Essex; near Norton<br />
and Shrawly \Vood, \Vorcester; Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury, and<br />
Church Stretton, ShropshIre; Gwydir Woods, Bettws.y.Coed and<br />
Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Ayton, Sowerdale and Cliffrigg, Cleveland,<br />
YorkshIre; near Harlech, Merioneth; near Wrexham, Denbighshire;<br />
Matlock Tor, Derbyshire; near Perth; Castle Bernard, Enniskean,<br />
Crosshaven and Tullagreen, Cork; Glenear and Killarney, Kerry;<br />
Killaloe, Clare; Mamturk Mts. and Dawros Bridge, Connemara,<br />
Galway; Armagh; Louisburgh and Achill lsI., Mayo.<br />
7. P. amnis A. Zahlbr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. Ii. 277 (1901).<br />
-Thallus whitish-grey or brownish, effuse, smooth or wrinkled.<br />
Perithecia black, minute, hemispherical, semi-immersed, becoming<br />
prominent; perithecial wall dimidiatc; paraphyses distmct,<br />
slcnder, loose; asci small, elongate-cylindrical, slightly swollen<br />
in the middle; spores 6-8 III the ascus, colourless, cylindricalfusiform,<br />
3-septate, 14-21 !L long, 3--4 !L thick.-Sagedw affinis<br />
Massal. Mem. Lich. 138, t. 25, fig. 169 (1853). Verrucaria affinis<br />
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876), Leight. Lich. Fl. ed.<br />
3,472.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 119.<br />
Closely related to the preceding, but with more distinct paraphyses<br />
and wLh smaller asci and spores, the latter being often rather blunt<br />
at the ends.<br />
Nab. On bark of trees, holly, birch, &c.-Distr. Rare in W. Ireland.<br />
-B. M. Doughruagh Mt., Loughcooter, Letterfrack and Kylemore.<br />
Connemara, Galway.
370 PYRENOCARPEJE PORINA<br />
Perithecia dark-coloured; spores 3-7- (rarely more-) septate.<br />
11. P. olivacea A. L. Sm.-'l'hallus effuse, thin, continuous<br />
or becoming slightly cracked, smooth or somewhat wrinkled,<br />
dull olive-brown. Perithecia hemispherical, small, numerous,<br />
prominent, immersed at the base, black; perithecial wall dimidiate;<br />
paraphyses stoutish, free; asci cylindrical-clavate; spores<br />
elongate-clavate, 3-7 -septate, colourless, 27-40 fL long, 4-5 fL<br />
thick.-Verrucaria olivacea Pers. in Vst. Ann. Bot. vii. 28, t. 3,<br />
fig. 6 (1794) 1 Borr. in Sm. EngI. Bot. Sup pI. t. 2597, fig. 1 (1829);<br />
Hook. in Sm. EngI. Fl. v. 150; TayI. in Mackay Fl. Hib. Ii. 89;<br />
Leight. Angioc. Lich. 42, t. 18, f. 1 & Lich. Fl. 452; ed. 3, 483;<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 117. Arthopyrenia ohvacea Mudd Man. 301<br />
(1861).<br />
Exsicc. BohI. n. 82; Leight. n. 199; Mudd n. 290.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Rather rare throughout England<br />
and Wales and S. and W. Ireland, not recorded from the Channel<br />
Islands nor from Scotland.-B . .ill. Duncton and Henfield, Sussex;<br />
Shere, Surrey; Silbertswold, Kent; near Cirencester and Stowell Park,<br />
Gloucestershlre; Matlock Tor, Derbyshire; Gwydir Woods, Bettws.y<br />
Coed, Carnarvonshire; Easby Wood and Sowerdale, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Levens, Westmorland; Tullagreen and Ballyedmond,<br />
Cork, Muckross, Killarney, Kerry; Killaloe, Clare; Loughcooter,<br />
Galway.<br />
12. P. faginea Arn. in Flora lxviii. 166 (1885).-Thallus<br />
whitish or crcam-coloured, thin, effuse. Perithecia black,<br />
minute, semi-immersed, hemispherical; perithecial wall dimidiate ;<br />
paraphyses crowded, distinct; spores broadly lanceolate-fusiform,<br />
colourless, usually 5-7- (rarely more-) septate; 30-37 fL long (or<br />
longer), 3-8 fL thick.-Sagedia faginea (sub Segestria) Schrer.<br />
Enum. 208 (1850). S. lactea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 366 (1855).<br />
Verrucaria lactea Leight. Lich. FI 452; ed. 3, 483.<br />
,<br />
Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. England (Sussex).<br />
13. P. ieptospora A. L. Sm.-Thallus very thin, brown.<br />
Perithecia minute, black, hemispherical, the base immersed; the<br />
ostiole a minute papilla, perithecial wall entire, or thin under<br />
the base; paraphyses scanty, distinct; asci cylindrical, slightly<br />
narrower upwards, about 90 fL long, 10-12 fL thick; spores 8 in<br />
the ascus, colourless, elongate-fusiform, 8- or more-septate,<br />
45-55 fL long, 3-4 fL thick.-Verrucana leptospora Nyl. in Flora<br />
xlvii. 487 (1864) & Ii. 164 (1868); Carroll in Journ. Bot.<br />
vi. 101 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 117; Leight. Lich. FI. 452;<br />
ed. 3, 484.<br />
Outwardly very similar to P. olivacea, but differing in the entire<br />
perithecium and in the character of the spores.<br />
Hab. On bark of holly.-B. M. Dinish, Killarney, Kerry.
CLATHROPORINA PYRENULACElE 373<br />
1. CI. calcarea Wats. in Journ. Bot. lxiii. 131 (1925}.-Thallus<br />
thin or thickIsh, whitish, usually with a reddish tinge, or orangered<br />
with minute darker areas, effuse or subdeterminate, pulverulent<br />
(1-), with Trentepohlia gonidia, 6-10 [.l broad. Perithecia<br />
minute, almost globose, immersed at the base, pale yellow or<br />
becoming greyer and darker when old, with ostioles usually<br />
depressed; wall yellow, with rectangular cells; pamphyses<br />
Clafnroporina calcarea Wats.-A, Plant on rock with pcrithecia.<br />
B, Vertical section of perithecium. C, Section of thallus with gonidia.<br />
D, Ascus and paraphyses. E, Spores. -<br />
numerous, long, slender, hyaline, non-septate; spores 6 to 8 III<br />
the ascus, massed or almost uniseriate, broadly fusIform pointed<br />
at the ends, 54-75 [.l long, 1O-l5 [.l thick, 15- or more-septate<br />
when mature and muriform; hymenial gelatine slightly greenishblue,<br />
then tawny-reddish wlth iodine.<br />
An extremely interesting lichen, easily overlooked, as the thallus<br />
at first sight seems to be sterile, or some undeveloped soredial stage.<br />
The reddish colour tends to dIsappear in the herbarium. We are<br />
indebted to H. H. Knight for both speCImens.<br />
Hab. On oolitic walls and on other calcareous rocks.-B. lJI. Winch.<br />
combe, Somerset; Dovedale, Derbyshire (the only records).
374 PYRENOCARPElE CLATHROPORINA<br />
2. CI. Larbalestierii A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, brownish,<br />
mucilaginous when wet, cracked, wrinkled and scattered when<br />
dry. Perithecia black above and shining immersed in the thallus,<br />
conical, the ostiole protruding, perithecial wall colourless at the<br />
base; paraphyses slender, numerous; asci oblong-cylindrical,<br />
8-spored; spores oblong-fusiform, pointed at the ends, colourless,<br />
murifoI'm, with many transverse septa (12 or 13) and one or more<br />
longitudinal divisions, about 50-55 fl. long, 8-10 fl. thick.<br />
MwrogllBna Larbalestierii A. L. Sm. Monogr. Brit. Lich. ii. 310<br />
1911).<br />
As noted above, the thallus has been found to contain Trentepohlia<br />
gonidia. It is evidently very near to 01. calcarea, but different in<br />
colour and habitat. The spores were colourless when first examined,<br />
but in the microscopic section they have taken up a brownish colour.<br />
Collected by Larbalestier and labelled by him Verruca ria erratica.<br />
Hab. On rocks in a stream.-B. ]f. Twelve Pins, Connemara,<br />
Galway.<br />
123. THELOPSIS Ny!. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii.<br />
194 (1855); emend. A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf.<br />
i. 1 *, 67 (1903). (PI. 56.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, not corticated, thin or scarcely visible.<br />
Peri the cia surrounded by the thallus, becoming promment and<br />
superficial, or immersed m the thallus; peritheeial wall soft, lightcoloured<br />
or dark; paraphyses slender, persistent, unbranched,<br />
free; asci many-spored; spores ellipsoid or elongate, usually 1--3septate,<br />
rarely simple, colourless.<br />
Differs from all other genera of the Family in the many-spored<br />
asci.<br />
1. Th. rubella Nyl. tom. cit. 194 & 202.-Thallus indistinct,<br />
greyish, or obsolete. Perithecia pale-reddish, spherical,<br />
prominent, with a distinct poriform ostiole; perithecial wall<br />
colourless in lower portion; asci with 100 or more spores;<br />
paraphyses slender, septate; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 10-17 fl.<br />
long, 5-8 fl. thick; hymemal gelatine wine-red with iodine.<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot: vi. 10l (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 123.<br />
JTerrucaria rubella Leight. Lich. Fl. 442 (1871); ed. 3, 472.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in Central Scotland and<br />
S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Lanrick Castle, ncar Doune, Pcrthshire; Dinish,<br />
Killarney. Kerry.<br />
2. Th. melathelia Nyl. in Flora xlvii. 358 (1864).-Thallus<br />
almost obsolete. Perithecia black, prominent, somewhat<br />
wrinkled and irregular; perithecial waH blackish or reddish,<br />
entire; ·paraphyses slender, distinct; spores many in the ascus,<br />
ellipsoid or oblong, 3-septate, 14-18 f.l.long, 4-7 [.t thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine blue, then dark-violet, with iodine.-Carroll in Journ.
PYRENULA PYRE NULACElE 375<br />
Bot. iii. 293 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 123. Verruca ria melathelia<br />
Leight. Lich. FI. 447; ed. 3, 478.<br />
Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground.-Distr. Rare in mountainous<br />
regions.-B. 1JI. Above Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers and Craig<br />
Calliach, Perthshire.<br />
124. PYRENULA Ach_ Lich. Univ. 64 (1810); emend. Massa1.<br />
Ric. Lich. 162 (1852); Mudd Man. 298. (PI. 57.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the<br />
substratum, not corticated. Perithecia simple, variously globose,<br />
with poriform or shghtly beaked ostiole; paraphyses slender,<br />
distinct; asci 8-spored; spores elongate, 2-5-septate, the cells<br />
variously lentiform or angular in shape, brown. Spermogones<br />
with branched sterigmata and slender bent acrogenous spermatia.<br />
Distinguished from M icrothelia, which also has brown septate<br />
spores, not only "by the unbranched paraphyses, but also by the form<br />
of the spores. It is largely a tropical or Bubtropical genus, and only a<br />
few species occur in Europe.<br />
P. nitida Ach. Syn. Lich. 125 (1814).-Thallus yellowisholive<br />
or greyish-brown, waxy, continuous, smooth, somewhat<br />
shining, sometimes traversed and intersected by blackish lines.<br />
Perithecia rather large, black, globose-hemispherical, immersed<br />
in or veiled by the thallus, the ostiole more or less protruding,<br />
depressed and umbilicate; perithecial wall entire, black; paraphyses<br />
distinct; sporcs ellIpsoid-oblong, 3-septate, brown, each<br />
cell with an angular oil-drop, 20-27 !klong, 7-10 fI. thick; hymenial<br />
gelatine not tinged with iodine; spermogones borne on the<br />
limiting hypothallus.-Mudd Man. 298. SphCl'ria m·tida Weigel<br />
Obs. Bot. 45, t. 2, fig. 14 (1772); Dicks. P.lant. Crypt. Brit. 1, 23;<br />
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 393; Sow. EngI. Fungi, n. 275. Verrucaria<br />
nitida Schrad. Journ. Bot. i. 79 (1801); Wmch. Bot. Guide ii, 45<br />
(1807); Grev. FI. Edin. 353; Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2607,<br />
fig. 1; Hook. in Sm. EngI. FI. v. 149; TayI. in Mackay FI. Hib.<br />
ii. 87; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 35, t. 15, fig. 3 & Lich. FI. 447; ed.<br />
3, 478; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 118. V. glabmta Carroll in Journ.<br />
Bot. iii. 293 (1865) (non Ach.); Gromb. LlCh. Brit. 118 pro parte;<br />
Leight. Lich. FI. 448; ed. 3, 479.<br />
Exsicc. Larh. Lich. Cresar, n. 48; Leight. n. 27; BohI. n. 106.<br />
The thallus is often punctuated by clear white dots, a growth<br />
character not always present. The specimens of "V. glabrata"<br />
collected by Carroll all bclong to this species; they differ only in the<br />
absence of the white dots on the thallus.<br />
Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dislr. Frequent in the Channel Islands,<br />
England and Wales, somewhat rare in Scotland and Ireland.-B. 1JI.<br />
Jersey; Sark; Boconnoc and Withiel, Cornwall; near Plymouth, near<br />
Totnes and Torquay, Devon; I. of Wight; Dorset; New Forest,<br />
Hants; Arundel Park and Henfield, Sussex; Leigh Woods, Bristol,<br />
Somerset; Epping Forest, Gosfield Hall Woods, Vlting, Massing and
376 PYRENOCARPEJE PYRENULA<br />
Great Braxted, Essex; Church Stretton, Shropshire; Harlech and<br />
DolgeUy, Menoneth; Gloddaeth near Con.way and Bettws-y-Coed,<br />
Carnarvonshire; Thirsk, Kildale, Cleveland and Bilsdale, Yorkshire;<br />
Largo, Ayrshire; Aehosragan Hill and Barealdine, Argyll; Glen<br />
Falloeh, Perthshire; Loehinver, Sutherland; Ballyedmond, Cork;<br />
Derrycunihy, Cromaglown, Tore Mts. and Glenear, Killarney;<br />
Lough Inehiquin, Kerry; Glenstale, Tipperary; Tully, Connemara,<br />
Galway; Belelare and Westport, Mayo; Tinnahineh, Carlow.<br />
Form. eJreodes A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark blackish or purplishbrown,<br />
resemblIng a dIffuse dark oily stain.-Verrucarw mtida,<br />
f. eZmodes Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 479.<br />
Hab. On old laurel and other trees.-Distr. Rare in N. Wales.<br />
B .. M. Bettws.y.Coed, Carnarvonshire.<br />
Var. nitidella Schaer. Enum. 212 (1850).-Thallus thin,<br />
yellowish or brownish. Perithecia smaller than in the species,<br />
entirely immersed or more or less uncovered, the ostiole a small<br />
pore not always visible; spores similar to those of the species.<br />
Mudd Man. 299 (1861). Var. dermatodes Mudd 1. c. Verrucarta<br />
dermatodes Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2607, fig. 2 (1829); Rook.<br />
in Sm. Engl. FI. v. 149; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Rib. ii. 87; Salw.<br />
in Trans. Penz. Nat. Rist. Soc., 1853, 141. V. nit!da var. dermalodes<br />
Leight. Angioc. Lich. 36, t. 15, fig. 4 (1851). V. mtida var.<br />
nitidella Floerke Deutsche Lich. i. 9 (1815); NyI. in Maine et<br />
Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 46 (1858); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 118;<br />
Leight. Lich. FI. 448; cd. 3, 479. V. achroopora NyI. in Flora 1.<br />
179 (1867). V. glabratula Nyl. tom. cit. 330. V. glabrata var.<br />
glabratula Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 260 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit.<br />
118; var. dermatodes Leight. Lich. FI. 449 (1871); ed. 3, 480.<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Cresar. n. 99 & Lich. Rb. n. 359; Leight.<br />
n. 28; Baxt. Stirp. Crypt n. 73.<br />
The perithecia are somewhat more persistently immersed than in<br />
the species; the smaller size in extreme forms represents almost a<br />
specific divergence from the type, but in many specimens individual<br />
perithecia become larger or are more emergent.<br />
Hab. On smooth bark of trees.-Distr. Almost coextensive but rarer<br />
than the species; not recorood from Scotland.-B. M. Jersey; Sark;<br />
Withiel, Cornwall; Becky Falls, Ullacombe, and Berry Castle, Totnes,<br />
Devon; Studland, Dorset; Chalford, Gloueestershire; Wakehurst. and<br />
Hastings, Sussex; Bagley 'Voods, Berks; Gloddaeth, Conway, Carnarvonshire;<br />
Bolton Woods, Lancashire; Kildale and Ayton, Cleveland,<br />
Yorkshire; Derrycunihy and Torc Mts., Cromaglown, Cloghan<br />
and Muckross Demesne, Killarney, Kerry; Dunfanaghy, Donegal;<br />
Saintfield, Down.<br />
125. ANTHRACOTHECIUM Hampe ex Massal. in Att. 1st.<br />
Veneto ser. 3, V. 330 (1860); A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl<br />
Pflanzenf. i. 1 *, 68 (1903). (PI. 58.)<br />
Thallus erustaceous, superficial or developed within the<br />
substratum. Perithecia simple, scattered or coherent, more or
378 . PYRENOCARPEJE THELOCARPON<br />
one enclosing a perithecium. Perithecia almost globose, completely<br />
enclosed or opening abovc by a pore; perithecial wall<br />
colourless, slightly developed; paraphyses slender, simple or<br />
branched or wanting; asci elongate, clavate or ventricose-fusiform,<br />
many-spored; spores minute, colourless, simple or pseudoseptate.<br />
Spermogones unknown.<br />
Species of Thelocarpon are evidently of raro occurrence, but owing<br />
to their minute size they are probably overlooked. There have been<br />
no records in recent years.<br />
1. Th. Laureri Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 191<br />
(1855) & in Flora xlviii. 261 (1865).-Thallus confined to minute<br />
scattered or aggregate verrucm, yellowish-green. Perithecla<br />
minute, enclosed in the verrucm, soft, globose, citrine- or greenishyellow,<br />
the ostiole slightly depressed and inconspicuous; perithecial<br />
wall colourlcss; paraphyses scanty, slender, branched,<br />
shorter than the asci; asci flask-shaped, broad in the middle,<br />
narrower upwards, about 100 fJ.long, 12 fJ. thick; spores minute,<br />
colourless, oblong, obsoletely guttulate at each end, 2·5-4 fJ. long,<br />
1,5-2 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, the asci palebluish,<br />
with iodine.-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xiv.<br />
401, t. 9, fl. 1-5 (1864) & Lich. Fl. 407; ed. 3, 439; Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 106. Sphmrops1s Laureri Flot. in Bot. Zeit. v. 65 (1847).<br />
Exsicc. Leight. n. 351; Larb. Lich. Rh. n. 357.<br />
Hab. On old rails and on burnt ground.-Distr. Rare and scarce<br />
in Central England.-B. lIf. Middletown and Arkoll Hill, Shropshire.<br />
2. Th. intermediellum Nyl. in Flora xlviii. 261 (1865).<br />
Thallus forming small verrucm, yellowish-green. Perithecia<br />
minute, globose, enclosed in the verrucm, depressed at the ostiole ;<br />
paraphyses absent; asci broad towards the middle, tapering<br />
upwards; spores minute, oblong, guttulate at each end, 3·5-5 fJ.<br />
long, 2 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red, the asci<br />
faintly bluish, with iodine.-Phillips in Grevillea Ii. 125, t. 21<br />
(1874); Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 439.<br />
Distinguished from J;he preceding species by the somewhat large<br />
size of the perithecia and the absence of paraphyses. I have given<br />
the size of the spores as recorded by PhIllips, but in the specimens<br />
examined they are constantly small, measuring about 2-3 fJ. long, 1'5-2 fJ.<br />
thick. Nylander calls attention to the penphyses, fasciculate filaments<br />
which occur near the ostiole and replace the paraphyses.<br />
Hab. On rotten wood and old leather.-B. 1II. Near Shrewsbury,<br />
Shropshire;<br />
3. Th. superellum Ny!. in Flora xlviIi. 261 (1865).-Thallus in<br />
scattered verrucaJ, greemsh-yellow. Perithecia small, globose,<br />
the ostiole subconical; paraphyses very abundant, straight,<br />
slender and thread-lIke; asci tapering upwards; spores ellipsoid,<br />
9-12 !I. long, 4-4·5 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged, the
THEf,.OCARrON TRYPETHELIACElE 379<br />
asci bright-blue, with iodine.-Leight. in Grevillea iii. 116 &<br />
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 440; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 142 (1875).<br />
Externally not unlike the two preceding species though the perithecia<br />
are slightly larger and not depressed above. The paraphyses<br />
are markedly dissimilar, and the spores larger.<br />
Hab. On earth and decaying hepatics, rare.-B. JJI. Trefriw,<br />
Carnarvon.<br />
4. Th. epithallinum Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3,<br />
xviii. 24 (1866); Nyl. in Flora xlix. 420 (1866).-Thallus in<br />
scattered verrucro, yellowish-green. Perithecia minute, globose;<br />
paraphyses stouter than in the preceding species, rather short<br />
and unbranched; asci elongate, linear-cylindrical; spores oblong<br />
or cylmdrical-oblong, 6-7 !Llong, 2-2,5 !L thick; hymenial gelatine<br />
not tinged, the asci tawny-reddish, with iodine.-Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 107; Leight. Lich. Fl. 4.07; ed. 3, 439. Specimen not seen.<br />
Allied to the Lapland species, Th. epibolum Nyl. l. C., but differing<br />
in the slightly larger spores and stouter paraphyses. Leighton referred<br />
to it in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xiv. 402 (1864), but did not then<br />
discriminate between it and Th. Laureri.<br />
Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of B(JJomyces rufUS in an upland hilly<br />
district (Stiperstones RIll, Shropshire).<br />
Family XXXIII. TRYPETHELIACElE.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, not corticated, superficial or developed<br />
under the bark (hypophlceodal), sometimes almost obsolete. Algal<br />
cells (gonidw) l'rentepohlia. Perithecia united in a stroma, each<br />
with a separate ostiole; spores 2-S in the ascus, septate, colourless<br />
or brown.<br />
The Family is well represented in tropical and subtropical regions;<br />
there is only one British genus.<br />
127. MELANOTHECA Fee Ess. Crypt. Suppl. 70 (1837);<br />
emend. Nyl. in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 69 (1858).<br />
(PI. 60.)<br />
Thallus forming spots on the substratum or scarcely visible.<br />
Perithecia several confluent in a stroma, the inner dividing walls<br />
more or less distinct, the upper common wall black; paraphyses<br />
present, confused or distinct; asci usually 8-spored; spores<br />
elongate, I-many-septate, colourless or coloured.<br />
Mueller Argau (in Engl. Bot. Jabrb. vi. 376 (1885» has limiteu<br />
the genus to include only species wlth coloured spores. As here<br />
understood it includes species with spores either colourless or coloured.<br />
Species with coloured spores have been classified under Tomasellia.<br />
JJ/ elanotheca and Tomasellia are mainly tropical genera.<br />
1. M. gelatinosa Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 140,<br />
145 (1857), emend.-Thallus forming pale or brown spots on the
JIIYCOPORUM MYCOPORACEl.E 381<br />
and I-multi-pseudo-scptatc, 60-115 v- long, 1-2 v- thick.-Cromb.<br />
in Journ. Bot. xiv. 363 (1876); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 499.<br />
Verrucaria myriospora Leight. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, i. 145,<br />
t. 22, figs. 1-3 (1876).<br />
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rh. n. 60.<br />
Distinguished by the smaller stromata and by the acicular, colourless<br />
spores.<br />
Hab. On holly.-B. M. Kylemore, Connemara, Galway (the only<br />
locality).<br />
Family XXXIV. MYCOPORACElE.<br />
Thallus crustaceous not corticated, superficial or developed<br />
within the bark (hypophlc£odal). Algal cells Palmella or Trentepohlta.<br />
Perithecia compound, several united in a common outer<br />
dark-coloured wall (peridiwn), but with separate ostioles; spores<br />
6--8 in the ascus, variously septate, colourless or coloured.<br />
A small Family represented in Great Britain by two genera ;<br />
Algal cells Palmella........................ 128. Mycoporum.<br />
Algal cells Trentepohlia ............... 129. Mycoporellum.<br />
128. MYCOPORUM Flot. ex Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat.<br />
Cherb. iil. 186 (1855). (PI. 6l.)<br />
Thallus thin or obsolete. Algal cells Palmella. Perithecia<br />
compound with a dark-coloured outer wall (peridium) , the<br />
different hymenia not distinctly separated; asci elongate or<br />
pyriform-ellipsoid; paraphyses entangled or disappearing; spores<br />
6--8 in the ascus, colourless or becoming dark-coloured, variously<br />
septate or muriform.<br />
The generic name Derma!ina Almq. m K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad.<br />
Hand!. xvii. n. 6, 8, note (1880) has been substitutcd by Zahlbruckner<br />
(Catal. Lich. Univ. i. 547 (1922». The established name lllycoporum<br />
has been retamed here, on account of long usage and also of Its<br />
association with llIycoporellum.<br />
l. M. Quercus Muell. Arg. in Flora lxv. 402 (1882).-Thallus<br />
very thin, indicated by a pale spot, or obsolete. Perithecia<br />
2-{i-compound; the outer peridium small, black, nodulose with<br />
the ostlOles of the enclosed perithecia; pcnthecial walls dark<br />
below, indistinct laterally; paraphyses crushed, almost disappearmg;<br />
asci broadly ellipsoid; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong,<br />
3-5-septate with 1 or 2 longitudinal divisions, colourless, becoming<br />
brOWnIsh, 15-18 v- long, 5--8 v- thick.-lIf. miserrimum Nyl. in<br />
Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 145 (1857); Carroll in Journ. Bot.<br />
iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 106; Leight. Lich. Fl. 406,<br />
485; ed. 3, 438. A. L. Sm. Monogr. Lich. Part. ii. 349. Arthopyrenia<br />
Quercus MassaI. Ric. Lich. 169, fig. 337 (1852). Dermatina<br />
Quercus Zahlbr. tom Ctt. 551.<br />
Exsicc. Mudd n. 231 (as Arthonia punctiformts).
386 PYRENOMYCETES<br />
(1829). Endocarpon psoromoides Hook. in Sm. Eng!. F!. v. 157<br />
(1833); Leight. Angioc. Lich. 13; Mudd Man. 267.<br />
Pharcidia 1 dubiella A. L. Sm. Monogr. Lich. ii. 344 (1911).<br />
Verrucaria dubiella Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 356 (1865); Carroll in<br />
Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 115; Leight. Lich.<br />
F!. 446; cd. 3, 477.<br />
Ph. epicymatia Wint.; in Rabenh. Krypt. F!. I. 2, 342 (1885);<br />
Vouaux tom. cit. 227.-Ph. congesta Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 470<br />
(1865); Linds. in Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. n. ser. ix. 343 (1869).<br />
Listed as a microlichen by Lindsay.<br />
Ph. innatula Vouaux tom. cit. 244.-Verrucaria innata Ny!.<br />
in Flora xlviii. 358 (1865); Linds. tom. cit. 353; Leight. Lich.<br />
F!. 462; ed. 3, 494. V. innatula Hue Add. 301 (1886-1888).<br />
Ph. Crombii Sacco & D. Sacco Syll. xvii. 468 (1905).-Endocarpon<br />
Crombii Mudd Brit. Clad. 36 (1865). Cromb. in Journ.<br />
Bot. vii. 233 (1869); Linds. tom. cit. 351.<br />
Ph. aggregata Vouaux op. cit. xxviii. 252 (1912).-Thelidium<br />
aggregatum Mudd Man. 298 (1861); Jones in Proc. Nat. Hist.<br />
Soc. Dublin iv. 137 (1865); Linds. tom. cit. 346.<br />
Ph. superposita Sacco & D. Sacco tom. cit. 649; Vouaux tom.<br />
cit. 248.-Verrucaria superposita Ny!.; Lind. tom. cit. 350.<br />
Recorded as Thelidium superpositum (see p. 328).<br />
Ph. microspila Wint. in Rabenh. Krypt. F!. I. 2,346 (1885);<br />
Vouaux tom. cit. 247.-Recorded as Arthopyrenia microspzla (see<br />
p. 353).<br />
Ph. allogena Sacco & D. Sacco tom. cit. 648; Vouaux tom. cit.<br />
244.-Verrucana allogena Ny!.; Linds. tom. cit. 350. Recorded<br />
as Arthopyrenia allogena (see p. 356).<br />
? Ph. consociata A. L. Sm.-Verrucaria consociata Ny!. ex<br />
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 293 (1885). A very minute, unsatisfactory<br />
plant, "apparently parasitic on an alien thallus. The<br />
spores are I-septate and broader at on'e end."<br />
Sphrorulina endococcoidea Sacco & D. Sacco tom. 02'/. 695;<br />
Vouaux op. cit. xxix. 35 (1913).-Verrucaria endococcoidea Ny!.<br />
in Flora xlviii. 356 (1865); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866);<br />
Linds. in Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. n. ser. ix. 351 (1869);<br />
Cromb. Lich. Brit. 116i Leight. J,ich. F!. 461; ed. 3, 493.<br />
Under this genus Vouaux (tom. cit. 36, 37) has placed the species of<br />
Obr'lJzllm, O. cornic1l1atum and O. dolichoteron (see p. 289).<br />
Muellerella polyspora Hepp ex Mueller in Mem. Soc. Phys.<br />
Hist. Nat. Geneve xvi. 420; A. L. Sm. Monogr. Lich. il. 345<br />
(exc!. syn. !5ndococcus haplotellus, &c.).<br />
This species has been considered distinet from the following on<br />
account of the perithecia being lighter coloured at maturity.<br />
M. haplotella Arn. in Flora lvii. 155 (1874).-Endococcus<br />
haplotellus Ny!. in Flora!. 180 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. vi.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA<br />
P. 122. Under Biatorella simplex delete citation Exsicc.<br />
Johns. n. 419 (transferred to Acarospora veronensis, p. 401).<br />
P. 165, line 5: read Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 94, t. 8, f. 4 (1804.),<br />
instead of viii. (1807).<br />
P. 356. Under maritime species, before n. 22, insert the<br />
following :-<br />
Arthopyrenia gyalectoidea Knowles, sp. nov. Thallus pallidus<br />
vel stato humido flavo-brunneus. Perithecia numerosa, minuta,<br />
immersa, madore flavo-brunnea; pyrenio dimidiato; paraphyses<br />
graciles, ramosre; sporre 4-8nao in ascis 0 blongis, 0 blongo-ovoidere,<br />
I-septatro, 12-15 !L long, 5 !L thick.<br />
Thallus light-coloured, light-yellow-brown when moist, algal<br />
cells yellow (Trentepohlia). Perithecia minute (about ·2 mm.<br />
wide), thickly scattered on the surface, deeply immersed, yellowbrown<br />
when moist; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses<br />
slender, branched; asci 58-70!L long, 12-15!L wide, often bent at<br />
the base; spores usually 4, but sometimes 8 in ascus, I-septate,<br />
oblong-ovoid, 12-15 !L long, 5 !L thick, lower cell tapering;<br />
hymenial gelatine tawny-red with iodine.<br />
Distinguished by tho brown perithecia; in tho dry state they are<br />
sunk below the orifices, giving the lichen a gyalectoid appearance; with<br />
moisture they swell up and fill t,he cavities, the yellow. brown tops of the<br />
perithecia becoming level with tho well-markod rims of the orifices.<br />
Hab. Growing in little hollows on the surface of fiat limestone rocks<br />
(white chalk with flint). Distr. Between neap tides, near tho Harbour,<br />
Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, associated with Vcrrucaria mucosa and Arthopyrenia<br />
halodytcs.-B. M. Ballycastle, Antrim.<br />
391
APPENDIX TO PART I<br />
TUE genera and species described below are emendations or<br />
addItions to Part I (published in 1918). Their place in the text<br />
is indicated.<br />
Family I. CALICIACElE.<br />
After Stenocybe byssacea, p. 20, add :-<br />
Stenocybe bryophila Wats. in Journ. Bot. lxiii. 130 (1925).<br />
Thallus little evident, obsolete or none proper. Apothecia<br />
stalked, 1-1·5 mm. long, dark or greyish, often with a bluish<br />
tinge, somewhat shining, especIally at margin of disc'; capitulum<br />
clavate-truncate, with the margin of the disc inflexed; paraphyses<br />
not very evident, sometimes showing as more or less entangled<br />
hyaline filaments; ascus cylindrical, about 350 tJ. long, 25 tJ. wide,<br />
narrowed at base, bluish with iodine; spores 8 in the ascus, darkbrown,<br />
obliquely I-seriate, 3-septate with paler and smaller endcells,<br />
35-40 tJ.long, 12-15 tJ. thick; asci and paraphyses bluish with<br />
iodine.<br />
IIab. On stems of Hepatics on rocks or trees.-B. M. Cwm-y-glo,<br />
Llanbcris (on rocks, W. 'Watson), Cennant l\fawr, Nantygwrhyd,<br />
Snowdonia (on alder, D. A. Jones), Carnarvonshire.<br />
Family IV. PYRENOPSIDACElE.<br />
After Psorotichia pyrenopsoides, p. 42, add :-<br />
Psorotichia lugubris Dal. Tor. & Sarnth Flecht. Tirol. 592<br />
(1902); A. L. Sm. MQnogr. i. 487.-Thallus indeterminate,<br />
thickish, minutely squamulose, granulose-concrete, breaking up<br />
into crumb-like portions, brownish or chocolate-grey (K-,<br />
CaCI-); hypothallus black. Apothecia generally scattered,<br />
small or submoderate, superficial, plane, margined, black, the<br />
margin thickish, prominent, entire, occasionally subflexuose,<br />
persistent; paraphyses slender, very loosely coherent, thickened<br />
at the apices,. the epithecium dark-green; hypothecium blackishbrown;<br />
spores spherical or subspherical, halonate, 8-9 tJ. diam.<br />
(or 12-15 tJ. X 9-12 tJ.); hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.<br />
Lecidea lugubris Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 143 (1826), pro parte;<br />
Nyl. in Bot. Not. 176 (1852); Linds. in Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci.<br />
v. 177, t. 11 (1857); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl.<br />
31)2
APPENDIX 393<br />
255; ed. 3, 246; A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 16. Schmreria lugubns<br />
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 232 (1855); Mudd Man. 213, t. 4, f. 78.<br />
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 91; Mudd n. 183.<br />
The species was doubtfully included under Lecidea, but the gonidlll.<br />
(GlaJocapsa sp.) place it in Pyrenopsidacem. The thallus, which<br />
usually spreads extensively, is composed of minute crowded sublobulate<br />
squamules; these are larger, planer and more scattered when<br />
the plant is muscicolous. Spermogones, not often visible, are punctiform,<br />
black, with short cylindrical straight spermatia.<br />
Hab. On rocks and boulders, granitic and schistose, rarely incrusting<br />
mosses in mountainous districts.-Distr. N. Wales, N. England and<br />
among the Grampians, Scotland.-B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Ayton,<br />
Kildale Moor, Cleveland and Cronkley Scar, Yorkshire; High Force,<br />
Teesdale, Durham; Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch and Glen Fender, Blair<br />
Athole, Perthshire; Morrone Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
Var. lugubrior A. L. Sm.-Thallus more or less minutely<br />
granular, effuse, not squamulose, dark-greyish or -brownish on a<br />
black hypothallus. Apothecia scattered, black, small, with a thick<br />
tumid margin; spores uniseriate in the ascus, with a very thick<br />
border almost cuboid at first from compression, about 12 (J. III<br />
diameter. Lecidea lugubris var. lugubrior A. L. Sm. Monogr.<br />
Lich. ii.17 (1911).<br />
The specimens in the British Museum were collected from one<br />
locality. One of them Nylander had recoglllzed as distinct from,<br />
though closely allied to, the species, and had given it (in MS.) the<br />
specific name adopted for the variety.<br />
Hab. On the schistose stones of an old wall.-B. JJf. Glen Fender,<br />
Blair Athole, Perthshire.<br />
Family XIII. LECANORACElE.<br />
After Lecanora polytropa, p. 301, add :-<br />
L. actophila Wedd. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. xix. 268<br />
(1875).-Thallus rather thin, squamulose-areolate, the areolro<br />
small scattered or generally contiguous and subeffigurate at the<br />
circumference, pale greenish-grey (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia<br />
rather rare, small (less than t mm. in diam.), sessile on the thallus,<br />
the disc black with a stoutish grey thalline margin; hypothecium<br />
colourless; paraphyses conglutinate, dull-blue at the tips; spores<br />
ellipsoid, 8-14 (J. long, 5-6 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine blue with<br />
iodine ( 1).<br />
Considered by Weddell to be allied to L. polytropa. He and others<br />
describe a greenish-black hyp(}thallus, which is not present in our<br />
specimen. The latter was collected by D. A. Jones and P. G. M. Rhodes<br />
(July 1025) and sent to T. Hebden, who identified it as the above; it is<br />
new to the British Flora. The reaction with iodine has not proved<br />
satisfactory.<br />
Hab. On rocks on shore near high-water mark.-B. M. Llandanwg,<br />
Merioneth.
394 APPENDIX<br />
Acarospora, p. 333.-A monograph of the genus Acarospora<br />
has recently been published by A. H. Magnusson in Goteb. K.<br />
Vet.-och Vitt.-Samh. Handl. xxviii. 2, 1-149, 3 pIs. (1924). A<br />
continuation of this work appeared in Svensk. Bot. Tidsk. xviii.<br />
329-342 (1924). We owe cordial thanks to Dr. Magnusson for<br />
giving us the results of his examination of the British Museum<br />
specimens during a visit to London in 1925. He has found<br />
changes in nomenclature-and in some instances in determination<br />
-to be necessary, and has delimited a number of species not<br />
hitherto recognized by British lichenologists.<br />
Thc rcsults of his work, so far as they affect the British Lichen<br />
Flora, are as follows :-<br />
Instead of Acarospora squamulosa Th. Fr. (p. 333), read ;-<br />
Acarospora macrospora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 88 (1860).<br />
Magnusson rejects the generally accepted A. squarnulosa, which<br />
was based on Schrader's Lichen squarnulosus, as that lichen has,<br />
according to Arnold (Flora lxiii. 378 (1880)), a distinctly red<br />
reaction with OaOl. The more recent citations by Acharius and<br />
others only partly belong to that plant, hence the adoption of<br />
Myriospora macrospora (K -, OaOI -) Hepp Exs. 58 (1855) as the<br />
type specimen. Schrader's L. squarnulosus with the positive<br />
o reaction belongs doubtfully to A. peliocypha (see p. 338).<br />
Form albomarginata has been identified as var. incusa Magn.<br />
-A. castanea f. incusa Koerb. Parerg. 59 (1859).<br />
A. glaucocarpa (p. 334).<br />
Var. depauperata.-Magnusson distinguishes three forms in<br />
this variety: (1) f. depauperata Koerb.-thallus almost obsolete,<br />
apothecial margin thick and more brightly coloured than the disc;<br />
(2) f. sarcogynoides (Wain.) ,-thallus obsolete, the apothecia with a<br />
reddish margin, though passing over to f. depauperata; and (3)<br />
f. melaniza (Nyl.),-thallus obsolete and apothecia pruinose.<br />
A. smaragdula (p. 336).<br />
The chemical reaction of this species has unfortunately been<br />
given in British text-books as K -, OaOI -; it is now limited to<br />
specimens that react Ie + red or reddish; a reaction recorded by<br />
Magnusson only in this species, in A. Lesdainii and in A. subnifula.<br />
He notes also that the under side is pale, thus separating off A.<br />
subrufula, in which the under side is dark. He considers it as<br />
probably a nitro phIlo us species growing freely where dust<br />
accumulates.<br />
A. smaragdula var. sinopica (p. 337).<br />
This variety is treated by Magnusson as a species, A. sinopica<br />
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 156 (1855) (excl. var. smaragdula).-A<br />
very distinctive plant owing to the infiltration of the thallus by<br />
ferric oxide. The areolre are as a rule more contiguous than in
APPENDIX 395<br />
A. smaragdula and somctimcs placodioid-lobate at the circumference.<br />
There is no chemical reaction with K or with CaCl,<br />
thus differing from A. s1naragdula.<br />
A. Lcsdainii (p. 334).<br />
The thallus of this species as originally described gave the<br />
reaction K + red. Magnusson in his Key to species contrasts it<br />
WIth A. s1naragdula (K + red) thus :-<br />
Thallus thin, plane, K + red. Apothecia rcgular ... A. smaragdula<br />
Thallus thick, uneven, K - or yellowish. Apothecia irregular<br />
A. Lesdainii<br />
There is some misapprehension in Magnusson's description,<br />
as Harmand based it on the reaction, K + red. It is, however,<br />
distinct in "the thinner flattened areolro with small irregular<br />
apothccia " (Magnusson in litt.).<br />
A. scyphulifera Wain. Lich. Pitlekai in Ark. Bot. viii. n. 4, 147<br />
(1909).-Thallus thin rimulose or areolate, the areolre round or<br />
angulose, dispersed or more or less contiguous, forming a thin crust,<br />
varying in colour from pale reddish-brown to testaceous or pale<br />
and dirty ferruginous, firmly attached to the stonc (K -, CaCI -),<br />
the under surface often darkened by particles from the stone.<br />
Apothecia numerous, single or few in each arcola, the disc darkbrown,<br />
concave, ·2-·4 mm. broad with a thick dark-brown margin;<br />
asci 75 flo long, 13-15 flo wide; paraphyses coherent; rather slendcr,<br />
not capitate; spores 2-3·5 flo long, 1·5 flo thick; hymenium 125-<br />
150 flo high, yellowish-brown above, blue then wine-red with iodine.<br />
-Magn. in Goteb. K. V ct.-och Vitt.-Samh. Hand!. xxviii. 2, 57<br />
(1924).<br />
Magnusson notes that the apothecium forms a Hattened cup,<br />
mostly superficial on the thallus.<br />
IJab. On mica· schist rock.-B. l'rI. Foxdale, I. of Man. Magnusson<br />
has considered that this specimen collected by J. Hunter is probably the<br />
above species. It had been included under A. Ulaucocarpa, but dIffers<br />
in the hymenium, which in A. ulaucocarpa is only 65-75 po high and is<br />
persistently blue with iodine.<br />
A. verruciformis Magn. tom. cit. 58.-Thallus brown, subsquamulose-areolate,<br />
the areolre semi-globose or verrucose,<br />
loosely adherent, 1-3 mm. broad, dark-brown in the centre, the<br />
margins light brown, mostly dispersed, some contiguous or conglomerate<br />
in the cracks of the stone (K -, CaCI -). Apothecia<br />
one or two in each arcola, ·2-·4 mn1. Wide, round, immersed,<br />
blackish-brown With a dark-brown to blackish margin, and<br />
concave or plane disc; paraphyses coherent, slender; spores<br />
3-4 flo long, 1·5 flo thick; hymenium 120-200 flo high, somewhat<br />
brownish-yellow, brownish upward, intensely dark-blue with<br />
iodine.<br />
Similar to A. smaraudula in the scattered partly light-coloured<br />
squamules, but differs in the absence of chemical reaction and in the
396 APPENDIX<br />
somewhat high hymenium, which in A. smaragdula is 125-150 JL or<br />
sometimes 175 JL high. Our specimen was classified by Crombie under<br />
Lecanora discreta.<br />
Hab. On rocks, and evidently a nitrophilous speeies.-B. j[.<br />
Teesdale, Durham.<br />
Instead of A. percrenoides (p. 335), read-A. ccrvina Massal. Ric.<br />
Lich. 28 (1852).<br />
Magnusson emphasizes the upturned white lower surface giving a<br />
white margin to the squamllles. Apothecia rather rare in our specimen<br />
from Yatton, more abundant in A. cervina f. percaJna Magn. from<br />
Teesdale, are usually minute or up to 1-2 mm. broad; the hymenium<br />
65-75 JL high, dark-blue with iodine.<br />
'Ve have two specimens belonging to this species-both included<br />
under A. percrenoides. Magnusson has distinguished the one from<br />
Teesdale (in Mudd's herbarium) as f. percrona.<br />
·A. fuscata (p. 335).<br />
Magnusson distinguishes seven forms of this species, two of<br />
which are represented in the BritIsh Museum :-f. jlavescens from<br />
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, with paler yellow or yellowbrown<br />
squamules; and f. macra, in which the thalline areolal are<br />
dispersed and thlll. Under the latter form he places Lecanora<br />
discreta Johns. Exs. 151, and the following specimens, transferred<br />
from A. smaragdula: near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near<br />
Hexham, Northumberland; King's Park, Stirling. These arc<br />
all distinguished by the reaction CaCI + red, a character of A.<br />
juscata, and not detected (fide Magnusson) in any other British<br />
species, except A. peliocypha.<br />
A. peliscyphoides (p. 336).<br />
Magnusson tom. mi. 97 quotes A. peliscyphoides Oliv. as. a<br />
synonym of A. pelwcypha. Our specimen, from Portlethen,<br />
Kincardine, has the thallus as described, though of a deeper red<br />
colour. Magnusson has labelled it as a pachythalline form of<br />
A.juscata, and not A. pelwcypha.<br />
After A. fuscata (l. c.) add :-<br />
Acarospora opaca Magn. in Svensk. Bot. Tidsk. XVlll.<br />
337 (1924).-Thallus areolate, obscurely brown, opaque, the<br />
areolal dispersed or some contiguous, usually angulose, separated<br />
by cracks, dark reddish-brown, rather plane and even, with the<br />
margin more or less free from the stone (K -, CaCI -), the lower<br />
surface blackish. Apothecia minute, numerous, impressed or level<br />
with the thallus, more or less concolorous with the thallus, 2-5 in<br />
each areola, round, immarginate; hypothecium more or less<br />
distinctly yellowish; hymenium colourless 90-110 (.I. high, pale<br />
blue with iodine; paraphyses discrete more or less distinctly<br />
capitate, the epithecium brownish-yellow; asci about 50-60 (.I. long,<br />
15 (.I. wide; spores numerous, ellipsoid 3-4 (.I. long, 1·5 (.I. thick.
APPENDIX 397<br />
" Pycnidia " minute, not rare, the conidia punctiform 1 J1. long,<br />
0·7 J1. thick.<br />
Evidently scarcely differing from A. fuscata, the original specimen<br />
was included by M. C. Knowles under that species (Sci. Proc. Roy.<br />
Dublin Soc. xiv. 131, (1913)). According to Magnusson it differs from<br />
A. fuscata in the absence of C reaction, the opaque, not lobate and<br />
dark areolro, and in the shape of the apothecia. The hymenium in<br />
A. fuscata is 70-100 p. high.<br />
JJab. On slaty siliceous rock, on the shore.-B. M. Llandanwg and<br />
Y. Fegli Vawr, near Barmouth,)lrferioneth (the latter specimen named as<br />
above by Magnusson is Leighton's Lecanora admissa Ny!., and was<br />
included with A. discreta (Monogr. i. 338-339)); Howth, Dublin (the<br />
type locality).<br />
After A. fuseata (p. 335) add :-<br />
A. badiofusea Th. Fries Lich. Arct. 90 (1860).-Thallus<br />
verrucose-areolate, grey- or dark-reddish-brown, the areolro<br />
·5-1·5 mm. wide or larger, ·3-·75 mm. thick, somewhat slimy or<br />
opaque, scattered or more or less contiguous or rarely almost<br />
coherent, sometimes slightly wrinkled, the margin and under side<br />
usually dark (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia few, or seldom<br />
abundant, concave with steep margins, finally superficial or<br />
elevated, round or angulose by pressure ·4-1·5 mm. wide, the<br />
disc pale reddish-brown or reddish-black, becoming plane or<br />
finally convex and rough, the thalline margin distinct, or disappearing;<br />
paraphyses distinct, stout, the tips brownish and<br />
slightly swollen; asci and spores not always well developed;<br />
spores 3-4 !L long, 1·5-2 !L thick; hymenium 60-75 !L high, blue,<br />
the upper 10 !.l. yellowish-brown, with iodine.-Lecanora badiofusca<br />
Nyl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. 110 (1859) & Lich. Scand. 174.<br />
Magnusson (in litt.) remarks on the one apothecium in our specimen<br />
(labelled Lecanora admissa), which is about 4 mm. broad and irregularly<br />
sublobate.<br />
JJab. On schistose or granitic stone.-B. JJ1. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.<br />
A. Normanii Magnusson in Goteb. Ie. Vet.-och Vitt.-Samh.<br />
Handl. xxviii. 2, 118 (1924).-Thallus areolate, dark reddishbrown,<br />
the areolre dispersed or a few contiguous, opaque, ·5-1·5<br />
mm. broad, ·5-·7 mm. thick, round or angulose by pressure and<br />
separated by deep cracks (Ie -, CaCI -). Apothecia numerous,<br />
1-5 in each areola, at first impressed, punctiform, then dilated,<br />
the disc concave or plane, dark-brown, slightly wrinkled when<br />
old, with a thin disappearing margin; paraphyses coherent,<br />
stoutish (ca. 2·5 !L thick), not capitate; spores 3-5 !L long, 1·5-2 !L<br />
thick; hymenium 75-100 !L (or 120 !L) high, reddish-brown<br />
upwards, dirty wine-red to greenish-blue with iodine.<br />
Considered by Magnusson to be near to A. veronensis or to A.<br />
badiofusca var. on account of the colour, etc., but differing in the type<br />
of cortex, which consists in the higher layer of upright hyphro. The
APPENDIX 399<br />
scattered or contiguous, roundish or often variously angulose,<br />
somewhat smooth, beneath white (K -, OaCl), the cortex<br />
amorphous, but surmounted by brown capitate hyphre. Apothecia<br />
roundish or oblong, one or sometimes 2-3 in thc areolro,<br />
,15-·2 mm. wide, at first immersed then becoming plane with a<br />
thin thalline margin, thc disc plane, smooth; paraphyses rather<br />
coherent, sub capitate, fuscate; spores oblong, 3-4: !1. long, 1-1·5 !1.<br />
thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.<br />
The original specimen occurrcd on slate on the sand-dunes, :Malo.<br />
In the specimen from·Essex (which was included under A. smaragdula),<br />
the hymenium is rather high (about 200 1-'). Magnusson (in Zitt.)<br />
considers that A. jusca is nearly akin to A. smaragdula and to A.<br />
Lesdainii, perhaps only a variety of either of them.<br />
Another darker specimen on the same mount from Beeleigh, Essex.<br />
he has noted as "uncertain and belonging to the rujescens group.<br />
possibly a new species." The hymenium is not so high (about 80 p.) but<br />
the capitate brown paraphyses are very marked.<br />
Hab. On siliceous stones.-B. M. Near railway bridge, Langford,<br />
Essex.<br />
A. requatuJa Magnusson in Goteb. K. Vet.-och Vitt.-Samh.<br />
Hand!. xxviii. 2, 128 (1924).-Thallus continuous, crackedareolate,<br />
thin or rather thick, dark-reddish-brown, surface on the<br />
whole even, but areolre uneven as if composed of minute squamules<br />
(K -, CaCI -). Apothecia small, one (or few?) in each areola<br />
·2-·5 mm. wide, slightly impressed, becoming plane, concolorous<br />
with the thallus, with an inconspicuous margin; hypothecium<br />
dark-yellowish; paraphyses coherent, slender, the tips wider and<br />
brown (3-4 p. wide); asci abundant; spores 3-4 !1. long, 1'5-2 !1.<br />
thick; hymenium 100-125 !1. high, blue or, in thin section, red<br />
with iodine.<br />
Our specimens had both been determined as Lecanora rujescens, and<br />
were included under A. smaragdula, from which they differ in the<br />
absence of K reaction and in the flattened continuous thallus.<br />
Hab. On siliceous rocks.-B. ],1. DolgeUy, Merioneth; Appin,<br />
Argyll.<br />
A. Muddii Magnusson in Medd. Goteb. Bot. Triidgard ii.<br />
72 (1925).<br />
" Areolro towards the centre globulose-verrucose, very unequal<br />
in size and shape, somewhat widely affixed to the substratum.<br />
Cortical cell-lumina large, 3-6 p. wide, cortical and medullary<br />
hyphre with thin walls. Apothecia 1 to 3 in each areola, impressed,<br />
the disc ,1-,3 mm. wide without a thalline margin;<br />
hymenium 115-125 !1. high, blue or reddish with iodine; paraphyses<br />
brownish-capitate; spores somewhat broadly ellipsoid,<br />
3-4 !1.long, 1·5-1·7 !1. thick (perhaps not well developed)."<br />
This species has so far only been found in Britain: the specimens<br />
were regarded by Mudd as A. cervina var. rujescens, and the difference<br />
between them and other Acarosporre was discovered by Dr. Magnusson<br />
and publishcd in a paper entitled" New or Misunderstood European
400 APPENDIX<br />
Lichens. "We are indebted' to the author for an early intimation of<br />
this publication.<br />
"A. lffuddii seems to be nearly related to A. cequatula, but is<br />
separated through the unevenly verrucose thallus and the sunk apo·<br />
thecia." The above description has been kindly sent by A. H. Mag·<br />
nusson. The specimens had been classified in our herbarium under<br />
A. smaragdula. Tho species was discovered by Magnusson on his<br />
recent vIsit to London.<br />
Hab. On arenaceous rocks.-B. lff. Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.<br />
A. discreta (p. 338).-Under this species was included Lecanora<br />
admissa Nyl.; one sI?ecimen bearing that name has been<br />
transferred by Magnusson to hIS new species A. opaca, q. v. The<br />
specimens listed under A. discreta have now been included under<br />
an earlier name A. veronensis by Magnusson, who considers also<br />
that the species differs from A. adnnssa, as the apotheeia in the<br />
latter, at first impressed, become plane and usually rise above the<br />
surface, while in A. veronensis they are deeply impressed and<br />
without distinct margm.<br />
A. veronensis MassaL Ric. Lich. 29 (1852).-Thallus chestnutbrown<br />
or dark reddish-brown, the areolal thin or turgid, often<br />
scattered or a few contiguous, pallid beneath, round or by pressure<br />
somewhat angulose (K -, CaCI -). Apothecia numerous,<br />
sometimes single or several in each areola, round or elongate,<br />
deeply impressed, mostly without a dIstinct margin, generally<br />
·15-·2 mm. (rarely ·4-·5 mm.) wide, the disc generally concolorous<br />
with the thallus; hymenium 65-75 (- 100) fl- high,<br />
wine-red with iodine; paraphyses coherent, slender, the tips<br />
swollen, 3 fl- wide, yellowish-brown; spores 3-4 fl- long, 1·5 11thick.-Magn.<br />
tom. cit. 129.<br />
Exsicc. Johns. n. 419 (as Lecanora simplex f. herpes, and<br />
included under Biatorella simplex).<br />
Magnusson, as stated, has replaced A. discreta by A. veronensis.<br />
He finds that it grows in places rich in nitrogen near the road or houses<br />
or on stones whCl;o birds usually sit.<br />
Hab. On stones.-B.lff. St. Bees, Cumberland; The Khoil, Ballater,<br />
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.<br />
A. rufescens Magnusson tom. cit. 134 (excl. syn. Engl. Bot.)<br />
Thallus usually contiguous, rather thin, pale reddish-brown,<br />
areolate, the areolm 0·5-1 mm. broad, round or angulose by<br />
pressure (K -, CaCI -), lower SIde pale. Apothecia mostly<br />
single or few in each areola, round, with usually concave disc,<br />
darker than the prominent obtuse thalline margin. The internal<br />
structure ,resembles that of A. veronensis.-Sagedia rufescens<br />
(Turn.) in Ach. Lich. Univ. 329 (1810). Lecidea rufescens Borr.<br />
in EngL Bot. SuppI. 2657 (1831).<br />
This species has been considered (p. 337) to be synonymous with<br />
A. smaragdula. There are two speCImens in the British herbarium<br />
from Turner, collected at Gorleston, Suffolk; the one in the Salwey
APPENDIX 401<br />
Herbarium is labelled by Salwey Urceolaria rufescens as well as Sauedia<br />
and Lecidea rufescens E.B. 2657. It had been referred to Nylander and<br />
bears in his handwriting Lecanora rufescens (Ach.). That specimen is<br />
the one considered by Magnusson as the type of Acarospora rufescens,<br />
with no reaction from CaCl.<br />
The second Turner specimen, also from Gorleston, labelled Sauedia<br />
rufescens, is from the Sowerby Herbarium. It is evidently the specimen<br />
which Borrer publIshed as Lecidea rujescens (Engl. Bot. 2657). It gives<br />
the reaction CaCI + red and otherwIse agrees with A. fuscata.<br />
Family XV. THELOTREMACElE.<br />
After Thelotrema (p. 380) add :-<br />
58a. CONOTREMA Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. i. 217 (1882).<br />
(PI. 63.)<br />
Thallus crustaceous, membranaceous, uniform; algal cells<br />
Protococcacere. Apothecia urceolate, immersed, truncate-conoid,<br />
at first closed then open, becoming plane, proper margin black,<br />
thalline margin thin, soon disappearing; spores long, cylindical,<br />
colourless, multiseptate. Spermogones with simple sterigmata<br />
and oblong straight spermatia.<br />
This genus is classified in Thelotremacero on account of the<br />
urceolate, double·walled apothecium. The spores are very distinctive.<br />
1. C. urceolata Tuck. l. c.-Thallus glaucous, white or greyish,<br />
smooth, becoming wrinkled or cracked, membranaceous, limited<br />
bJ; a black line. Apothecia small, black, urceolate, becoming<br />
sessile and prominent, whitish-prumose or naked, with a thick,<br />
elevated margin; hypothecium blackish; paraphyses slender, lax,<br />
branched above, colourless; spores 8 in the ascus, elongatecylindrical,<br />
maggot-like, somewhat arcuate, 30-40-septate, 100-<br />
160 (.L long, 3-5 (.L thick.-Lecidea urceolata Ach. Lich. Univ. 671<br />
(1810); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 141 (1875); Leight. Lich. FI.<br />
ed. 3, 361.<br />
Hab. On the bark of rather smooth trees.-Distr. Rare, only<br />
recorded from W. Scotland.-B. M. Airds, Appin, Argyll.<br />
2. C. hornalotropa A. L. Sm.-Thallus white, smooth, very<br />
thin, sub determinate. Apothecia black, moderate, urceolate,<br />
becoming plane, prominent, with a thick elevated margin;<br />
hypothecium thin, blackish; paraphyses slender, lax, branched<br />
above, colourless; epithecium dusky, subrugose; spores 8 in tIle<br />
ascus, colourless, elongate-cylindrical, multiseptate, the septa at<br />
slightly irregular intervals, 130-140 (.L long, 45-50 (.L thick.<br />
Lecidea homalotropa Ny!. in Flora!' 329 (1867); Cromb. Lich.<br />
Brit. 90; Leight. Lich. F!. 337; cd. 3, 361.<br />
VK'Y closely resembles the preceding, but differs slightly in the<br />
apothecia, which are generally plane, larger and somewhat rugose.<br />
Hab. On the bark of old aAh trcflA.-Distr. Local and rare in<br />
S.W. Ireland.-B. lIf. Between Killarney and Kenmare, and on<br />
Eagle's Island, Lake of Killarney, Kerry.<br />
II DD
402 APPENDIX<br />
Family XV A. CHRYSOTHRICACEJE.<br />
Crocynia (p. 385).<br />
The genus Orocynia is widely distributed, but is seldom found<br />
in fruiting condition. Hitherto the only fertile species known was<br />
O. gossypina Nyl. from the West Indies. In a Monographia<br />
Orocyniarum begun by Abbe Hue, and now completed and<br />
published by Dr. Bouly de Lesdain (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1924,<br />
311-402), a second fertile specimen, O. antecellens Hue, is recorded<br />
from the Auvergne in Central France, where it was collected by<br />
B. de Lesdain on the trunk of an old chestnut tree.<br />
In the monograph 115 mostly new species and many varieties<br />
and forms are diagnosed at great length by Hue or by B. de<br />
Lesdain, a few of them previously recorded as Lepra or I epraria<br />
spp. Among these, 8 species and 3 varieties are described from<br />
Great Britain, from specimens sent by lichenologists in this<br />
country. Only one species, O. lanuginosa, had previously been<br />
distinguished. It would be extremely difficult to recognize<br />
species from the published descriptions, but the method of<br />
classification as outlined by B. de Lesdain is here given, and the<br />
position in the synopsis of our species indicated. In the<br />
preliminary key the species are arranged thus :-<br />
I. Hyphre entirely white.<br />
A.-Gonidia protococcoidea.<br />
Hyphre anastomosing.<br />
" not anastomosing.<br />
B.-Gonidia cystococcoidea.<br />
Hyphre anastomosing.<br />
" not anastomosing.<br />
C.-Gonidia chroolepoidea.<br />
Hyphre anastomosing.<br />
" not anastomosing.<br />
D .-Gonidia pleuroeoccoidea.<br />
Hyphre anastomosing.<br />
II. Lower hyphre coloured.<br />
A.-Gonidia protococcoidea.<br />
Hyphro anastomosing.<br />
" not anastomosing.<br />
B.-Gonidia cystococcoidea.<br />
Hyphro anastomosing.<br />
" not anastomosing.<br />
C.-Gonidia chroolepoidea.<br />
H)phre anastomosing.<br />
" not anastomosing.<br />
In. Hyphre above the gonidia forming a kind of cortex.<br />
A.-Gonidia protococcoidea.<br />
Hyphre anastomosing.
APPENDIX 403<br />
In view of much modern work on green algre and on lichen gonidia,<br />
we are at once in a difficulty as to the distinction between the algal<br />
groups cited. The leading characteristics of the 'British species or<br />
varieties are noted, with distribution and collectors as given in the text;<br />
they have been placed by Lesdain according to the key as follows :-<br />
1. A. Hyphoo anastomosing.<br />
C. fragilis B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 330.-Thallus whitish or<br />
greyish, fragile, vaguely and minutely squamulose, the hyphre<br />
with obscure red corpuscles.<br />
(Red corpuscles on Crocynia hyphre have been noted clsewhere liS of<br />
animal origin.)<br />
Hab. On decayed mosses or rocks.-Dislr. Clapham, Yorkshire;<br />
near Cramond, Corstol'phine and Liberton, Midlothian (MacAndrew).<br />
C. rigidula B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 331.-Thallus whitish not<br />
fragile, crustaceous, covering the mosses (Ie + yellowish).<br />
Hab. On decayed mosses on rocks.-Dislr. Pitlochry, Perthshire<br />
(MacAndrew).<br />
C. Andrewii B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 332.-Thallus greyish, soft,<br />
very fragile, spongy, occurring in small scattered granules, or<br />
concrescent and sinuate at the circumference.<br />
Hab. On mosses.-Dis/r. Gisburn, Yorkshire (MacAndrew).<br />
C. mollissima B. de Lesd. 1. c.-Thallus dull-white soft, very<br />
fragile, spongy, crustaceous broadly expanded, mostly continuous,<br />
sinuate at the circumference.<br />
Hab. Among mosses on calcareous rocks.-Distr. Clapham Craven,<br />
Yorkshire (Rebden).<br />
Hyphoo not anastomosing.<br />
C. tephra Hue tom. cit. MI.-Thallus ashy-grey soft, fragile<br />
in solitary granules or a few united, indeterminate.<br />
Hab. On mosses or walls.-Distr. Balerno, Midlothian (l\IacAndrew).<br />
II. A. Hyphro anastomising.<br />
C. lanuginosa (p. 385) val'. inactiva B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 356.<br />
The authors recognize six varieties and one form of this, hitherto, the<br />
only British species. Lcsdain remarks, howf>ver, that var. inacliva is<br />
of small importance as the reaction K-, is variable.<br />
llab. On decayed mosses.-Dis!r. Pitlochry, Perthshire (Mac.<br />
Andrew).<br />
f. stricta B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 339.-The meshes formed by<br />
the hyphal very narrow.<br />
Hab. On living mosses.-Di8tr. Invcrmoidart, Argyll (l\lacvicar).<br />
Var. albescens B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 362.-Thallus white.<br />
Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Aberfoyle, Perthshire (MllcAndrcw).
GLOSSARY<br />
ABRADED (Lat abrado, to rub away), rubbed or scraped off.<br />
ACERVULATE (Lat. acervlUI, a heap), heaped Up-ACERVULI.<br />
ACICULAR (Lat. acus, a needle), slender, needle·shaped.<br />
ACUMINATE (Lat. acumen, a point), coming gradually to a point.<br />
ADNATE (Lat. adnascor, to grow to), adhering to anything.<br />
ADPRESSED (Lat. ad, to, pre88lU1, kept under), lying flat.<br />
ADSPERSED (Lat. adspersu8), scattered.<br />
,ERUGINOSE (Lat mrugo, the rust of brass), blue.green colour of verdigris.<br />
AFFIXED, fixed to or upon.<br />
AGGLUTINATE (Lat. agglutino, to glue on to), glued together.<br />
AGGREGATE (Lat. augregatlUl, assembled), crowdcd, not confluent<br />
ALEcTomoID, like the genus Alectona.<br />
ALGOID, similar to algro.<br />
AMPHITlIECImr (Gr. amphi, around, theke, a case), the thallino margin of<br />
the apothecium, cl. thalloid exciple.<br />
AMYLACEOUS (Gr. amylon, fine flour), starchy.<br />
ANAPIIYSES (Gr ana, up, phusis, growth), peculiar stmigmatoid filamcnts<br />
ill the apothecium of li.'phebew.<br />
ApICULATE (Lat. apex, the end or point), terminating in a smll,!l point.<br />
ApICULUS (Lat , a little point), a sharp, short point.<br />
ApOTHECIUM (Gr. apo, up, theke, a case) open disc·shaped fructification.<br />
ApPENDICULATE (Lat ), With small appendages<br />
ApPLANATE (Lat. ad, to, planatu8, made flat), flattened or horizontally<br />
expanded.<br />
ApPRESSED, cl. adpressed.<br />
ARACHNOID (Gr. arachne, a spider), like a spIder's web.<br />
ARCUATE (Lat arcus, a bow), bent hke a bow, curved.<br />
ARDELLlE (Gr. ardo, to sprinkle), spot-hke apothecia of Arthoniac(m.<br />
AREOLA (Lat. area, a space), a small space marked out on the surface of<br />
crustaceous hchcns.<br />
ARTIIONIOID, applied to apothecia like those of the genus Arthonia.<br />
ARTlInOSTERIGMA (Gr arthron, a Joint, sterigma, a prop), soptate sterigmata.<br />
ARTICULATE (Lat. artIculus, a joint), septate.<br />
Ascus (Gr asko8, a wine skID), an enlarged cell in which the spores alO<br />
developed, usually the terminal end of a hypha.<br />
ASCYPHOUS (Gr a, WIthout, skupho8, a cup), without scyphi, q t'.<br />
ASPERSED, cl adspersed.<br />
AXIL (Lat. aXIlla, the arm-pit), the angle bctween the axis and any organ<br />
ansing from it.<br />
AXIS (Lat., an axle), the central strand of tissue or main stalk lOund which<br />
the organs are developed.<br />
BACILLAR (Lat. bacillum, a staff), rod- or club-shaped.<br />
BADIO-, BADIOUS (Lat.), chestnut-bro\m.<br />
BlEOMYCETOID, like the genus Bwomyces.<br />
BIATORINE, with soft or waxy apothcoia, oftcn brightly coloured, without<br />
a thalline margin, as in BlUtora.<br />
BIFID (Lat. bis, twice, {indo, fldi, findere, to cut), divided in two.<br />
!O&
406 GLOSSARY<br />
BILOCULAR (Lat. bi-, bi8-, twice, loculus, a compartment), having two cells.<br />
BISERIATE (Lat. bi, twice, series, a succession), m two rows.<br />
BOTRYOSE (Gr. botms, a bunch of grapes), branched like a cluster of<br />
grapes.<br />
BULLATE (Lat. bulla, a bubble), blistered or puckered.<br />
BYSSINE, BYSSOID (Lat., byssus, fine flax), hke the old genus BY88U8, slender<br />
and thread-like.<br />
CAlSIOUS (Lat ), bluish-grey.<br />
CAlSPITOSE (Lat. CaJ8pes, a sod), growing in tufts.<br />
CANALICULATE (Lat. canaliculus, a small channel), "ith longitudinal channel<br />
or furrow.<br />
CANCELLATE (Lat ), latticed.<br />
, CAPILLARY (Lat. capillus, a hair), slender and hair-lIke.<br />
CAPITATE (Lat. caput, head), formed into or havmg a hcad<br />
CAPITULUM, fructification of Oaliciei, a globose apical apothecium.<br />
CARBONACEOUS (Lat. carbo, charcoal), blnck, like charcoal.<br />
CARlOSE, CARIOUS (Lat.), rotten, decayed.<br />
CARlOSO-CANCELLATE, becoming latticed by decay.<br />
CARNEOUS (Lat. caro, camis, flesh), flesh-coloured.<br />
CARTILAGINOUS (Lat. gristly), hard and tough like a cartilage or sinew.<br />
CEPIIALODIA (gr. kephale, a head), abnormal developments upon or within<br />
the lichen-thallus, usually inducing irregular outgrowths whICh contain<br />
blue-green (rarely bright-green) alg::e.<br />
CEPHALODINE, forming a head or cephalodlUm.<br />
CERANOID (Gr. keras, a horn, eid08, lIke), having horn-like branches.<br />
CERVINE (Lat ceruus, a stag), dark-tawny m colour.<br />
ClUNK, crack or cleft in the thallus, cf rima.<br />
CUONDROID (Or chondros, cartilage), hard and tough, like cartilage, applied<br />
to a closely compact medulla, WIth the hyphre arranged longitudinally<br />
and cohering to form a solId axis.<br />
CHROOLEPOID, hke the genus Ohroolepis (Trentepol:lia), with yellow gonidia.<br />
CIIRYSOGONIDIA (Gr. ChryS08, gold, gon08, offspring), yellow-coloured algal<br />
cells belonging to the genus 'l'rentepohlia.<br />
CILIUM (Lat., an eyelash), marginal hair on thallus or fruits-CILIATE.<br />
CINNABARINE (Or kinnabari, a red pIgment), scarlet-coloured.<br />
CrnCUlIlCISS (Lat.), having a circular fissure.<br />
CITRlNE (Lat. citrus), greenish 'Or lemon-yellow<br />
CLAVATE (Lat clavus, a club), club-shaped, enlarging upwards.<br />
COARCTATE (Lat. coarctatu8, strangled), constricted<br />
COLLICULOSE (Lat. colliculu8, a little hill), covered WIth little round elevations<br />
COMPLANATE (Lat complanatus, levelled), flattened, compressed<br />
COMPLICATE (Lat ), folded together.<br />
CONCATENATE (Lat. con, together, calena, a cham), joined together lIke the<br />
lmks of a chain<br />
CONcEPTAcr,E (Lat. conceptaculum, a receptacle), a cavity "ithin which<br />
reproductive cells are produced.<br />
CONCOLOROUS, simIlar m colour<br />
CONCRESCENT (Lat concresco, to grow together), growing together.<br />
CONCRETE (Lat concntus, grown together), closely adhenng.<br />
CONGLOMERATE (Lat. con, together, glomus, a bail), clustered.<br />
CONOLU1'INATE (Lilt conglutino, to glue), glued together<br />
CONNATE (Lat. connatu8, born at the same tIme), growmg together.<br />
CONNIVENT (Lat connivens, winking), coming into contact, converging.<br />
CONSTIPATE (Lat ), crowded together.<br />
CONTIGUOUS (Lat. contiguus, adjoining), the separate parts of the thallus<br />
touchmg and contInUOUS<br />
CONTINUOl'S, having an unbrokon surfaco.<br />
CONVOLUTE' (Lat ), rolled round.<br />
COIIALLOID (Lat, corallum, coral), of a coral-like strUQtlJI'I),
GLOSSARY<br />
CORIACEOUS (Lat. corium, leather), leathery.<br />
CORNEOUS (Lat. cornu, a horn), horny.<br />
CORNICULATE, CORNUTE, horn-shaped.<br />
CORONATE (Lat. corona, a crown), formed like a crown.<br />
CORRUGATE (Lat.), wrmkled, rough with wrinkles<br />
407<br />
CORTEX (Lat, bark or rind), the outer layer of the thallus-CORTICAL,<br />
CORTICATE.<br />
CORTICOLOUS (Lat. cortex, the bark, colo, to inhabit), living on the bark<br />
of trees.<br />
CORYMBOSE (Gr. korumbos, a cluster of fruit or flowers), arranged in<br />
clusters.<br />
COSTATE (Lat. costa, a rib), rIbbed.<br />
CRENATE, CRENULATE (Lat crena, a notch), scalloped or with rounded<br />
notches on the margin.<br />
CRISPATE (Lat. crispU8, curled), curled and twisted.<br />
CmsTATE (Lat. crista, a crest or tenninal tuft), crested.<br />
CRUSTACEOUS (Lat crU8ta, rind or shell), hard, thin, brittle; applied to<br />
a closely adhering thallus without cortical layers.<br />
CUCULLATE (Lat. cucullus, a hood), hooded or hood-shaped.<br />
CuPULAR (Lat. cupula, a little cup), cup-shaped-CuPuLE.<br />
CYATHOID (Gr. kuathos, a wine cup, eidos, like), cup-shaped.<br />
CYLINDRICAL (Gr. kulindros, a cylinder), elongate and circular in crosssection.<br />
CYPHELLA (Gr. kuphella, the hollows of the ears), a minute cup-like hollow<br />
on the under-surface of the thallus of Stictei--CYPIIELLATE.<br />
DACTYLINE, DACTYLOID (Gr. dactylos, a finger), spreading lIke fingers<br />
DECOLORATE (Lat.), colourless.<br />
DECUMBENT (Lat., reclining), reclining, but ascending at the apex.<br />
DECUSSATE (Lat. decU8S0, to divide crosswise), of the thallus divided and<br />
crossed by dark lines.<br />
DEIIISCENT (Lat. dehi8co, to split open), mptured or split open.<br />
DENDRITIC, DENDROID (Gr. dendron, a tree), havmg a branched appearance.<br />
DENIGRATE (Lat.), blackened.<br />
DENTATE (Lat. dens, a tooth), toothed at the margin.<br />
DENUDATE (Lat.), stripped, made bare or naked.<br />
DEPAUPERATE (Lat.), impoverished as if starved.<br />
DEPLANATE (Lilt.), flattened or expanded.<br />
DETERMINATE (Lat., bounded), with a definite outline.<br />
DICHOTOMOUS (Gr. dichotomeo, to cut in two), forked<br />
DIFFORM (Lat. dis, apart, forma, shape), of unusual form.<br />
DIFFRACT (Lat., broken), broken into areolro.<br />
DILACERATE (Lat.), torn asunder.<br />
DIMIDIATE (Lat. dimidiatu8, halved), I1pplied to the perithecial wall when<br />
it covers only the upper half of the pcrithecium.<br />
DIffiCIOUS (Gr. dis, two, oikos, a house), having the male and female organs<br />
on different individuals.<br />
DIRINEAN, similar to the genus Dirina.<br />
DISCOID (Gr. disko8, a quoit, eidos, like) disc-like.<br />
DISCOLOROUS, of a dIfferent colour<br />
DISCRETE (Lat. discretus), separate and distinct.<br />
DISSECTED (Lat. dt8SectU8, cut up), deeply divided.<br />
DrsTIClIouS (Gr. disticho8, of two rows), dISposed in two rows.<br />
DIVARICATE (Lat., spread asunder), spreading in opposite directions.<br />
E, Latin prefix, usually signifying without, as epruinose, esquamulose,<br />
efoliolose.<br />
EFFIGURATE (Lat. e, out of, fiuura, a figure), having a distinct form or<br />
figure.<br />
EFFUSE (Lat. effu8us, poured out), spread out in an indeterminate way.
408 GLOSSARY<br />
ELLIPTICAL, ELLIPSOID, shaped like an ellipse; oblong with rounded ends.<br />
EMARGINATE (Lat emargino, to deprive of its edge), having a notch cut out.<br />
ENDEMIC (Gr. en, m, demos, a country alstrict), confined to a given region<br />
ENDOCARPOID, applied to perithecia which are sunk in the substauce of tho<br />
thallus, as m Endocarpon.<br />
EPIPHLO!!ODAL (Gr. epi, upon, phloio8, bark), applied to the thallus when<br />
growing on the outside of the bark<br />
EPISPORE (Gr. api, upon, spora, seed), the outer spore.coat.<br />
EPITIIALLINE, applied to a spuriously thallme apothecial margin.<br />
EPITIIECIUM (Gr. epi, upon, theke, a caso), the layer covering the thecmm<br />
or hymenium.<br />
ERODED, EROSE (Lat. er08U8, gnawed), as though bitten or gnawed.<br />
ERUMPENT (Lat. e, out of, rumpere, to break), Immersed then bursting<br />
outwards.<br />
EUGONIDIA (Gr eu, well, gonos, offspring), bright.green gonidla (GhlarophyceaJ).<br />
EVERNIIFORM, like the genus Evernia (with a strap-shaped thallus)<br />
EXASPERATE (Ll1t. exaspero, to mako rough), rough with hard projecting<br />
points.<br />
EXCIPLE, EXCIl'ULUM (Lat. excipula, a basin), term used for the hypothe<br />
Clum or for that part of the thallus in whICh the frUit is embedded<br />
(receptacle), or for the tIssue surroundmg the fruIt.<br />
EXPLANATE (Lat. explanatus), spread out<br />
FARINACEOUS, FARINOSE (Lat. farina, meal), with 11 mealy surface.<br />
FASCICULATE (Lat. fasci8, a bundle), growing in a close bundle or cluster<br />
FASTIGIATE (Lat fastigium, a slope or gable), with branches parallel, clustered<br />
and erect, sometimes dccrel1sing in height outwards lIke the<br />
gable of a house.<br />
FATISCENT (Lat fatt8co, to open in chinks), cracked or falling apart.<br />
FAVEOLlE, FaVEOLATE (Lat favus, a honeycomb), honey-combed.<br />
FERRUGINOUS (Lat. ferrum, Iron), rust-coloured.<br />
FIBRILLlE (Lat. (ibm, a fino thread), mmute fibre-like branches-FIDRIL<br />
LOSE.<br />
FILAIIIENTS (Lat. filum, a thread), thread-lIke constituents of the thallus-<br />
FILAMENTOUS, FILIFORM.<br />
FurBRIATE (Lat.), frmged.<br />
FlSTULOSE (Lat fistula, a pipe), hollow.<br />
FLACCID (Lat. flaccidus), flabby, limp.<br />
FLEXUOSE, FLEXUOUS (Lat flexu8, bent), wavy.<br />
FOLIACEOUS (Lat folium, a leaf), fll1t and leaf-like.<br />
FOLIOLOSE (Ll1t folium, a leaf), consistmg of minute lobes.<br />
FORNICATE (Ll1t , arched), of the thallme apices, arched and hood-like.<br />
FOVEOLATE (Lat fovea, lL smallJ,it), pitted<br />
FRUTICOSE, FnuTlCULosE (Lat. rutex, a shrub), having the thallus attl1ched<br />
by a single basl11 pomt, cylmdrical, filamentous or strap-shaped.<br />
FucolD (Gr phukos, seaweed, e,dos, lIke), resemblmg seaweed.<br />
FULIGINOUS (Lat. fuligo, soot), brown verging on black, soot-coloured.<br />
FURCATE (Lat ), forked<br />
FURCELLATE (Lat furcula, a lIttle fork), minutely forked.<br />
FURFURACEOUS (Lat furfur, bran), scurfy.<br />
Fuscous (Ll1t. fU8cu8, dark), of a dmgy-brown colour<br />
FusIFomqLl1t. fU8u8, 11 spmdle, forma, shape), long and tapering towards<br />
each end-FusoID.<br />
GElIlINATE (Ll1t gemini, twins), in pairs.<br />
GENICULATE (Lat. genu, the knee), bent lIke the knee.<br />
GIBBOUS (Lat gibbus, a hump), with hump-like swellings<br />
GLADROUS (Ll1t alaber, without hair), with a hairless surface.<br />
GLAUCOUS (Gr. glaukos, bluish-grey), sea-green or greyish· blue like the<br />
bloom on a plum or cabbage.
414 GLOSSARY<br />
TERIIIINAL (Lat. terminare, to limit), on the end of a stalk or branch.<br />
TERRICOLOUS (Lat terra, the earth, colo, to mhabit), living on soil.<br />
TESSELLATE (Lat. tessella, a small square piece of stone), resembling a<br />
tessellated pavement. -<br />
TESTACEOUS (Lat. testa, a brick or tile), brick-red.<br />
THALAIIIIUM (Gr thalamos, a bed-chamber), layer of tissue in tho apothecium,<br />
consisting of paraphyses and periphyses<br />
TIIALLINE IIIARGIN, an apothccial margm formed of and usually coloured<br />
like the thallus, cf amphitheclUm.<br />
THALLOID EXCIPLE, thalloid margin of the apotheclUm.<br />
THALLUS (Gr. thallo8, a sprout), vegetative part of the lichen-plant.<br />
THECA (Gr. theke, a case), an enlarged cell containing spores, cf. ascus.<br />
THECIFEROUS (Gr. theke, a case, Lat fero, to carry), bearmg the asci.<br />
THECIUM (Gr. theke, a case), the layer of tissue in the apothecium consisting<br />
of asci and paraphyses, cf. hymenium.<br />
THELOTREMOID, having apothecia lIke those of the genus Thelotrema.<br />
THYRSOID (Lat. thyrsus, the bacchic staff, Gr. eulos, like), With crowded,<br />
dichotomous branching.<br />
Tm!ENTOSE (Lat. tomentum, a stuffing for cushions), densely covered with<br />
down-hke hairs.<br />
TOIlULOSE (Lat. torus, muscle), cylindric, With swollen portions at successive<br />
intervals.<br />
TRABECULOSE (Lat. trabecula, a little beam), applied to reticulating fibrils.<br />
TRICIlOTOlllOUSLY (Gr. triche, in a three-fold manner, tome, a cutting),<br />
branching in a three-fold manner.<br />
TRIVIAL (Lat. trwialts, common), the specific name.<br />
TRUNCATE (Lat.), endmg abruptly, as If cut off.<br />
TUBERCLE (Lat. tuber, a tumor), a small excrescence or wart-TuBERCU<br />
LATE, TUBERCULOSE.<br />
TUBULIFORIII (Lat. tubulus, a small pipe), applied to a thallus of round<br />
pipe-lIke filaments.<br />
TUMID (Lat.), inflated, swollen.<br />
TUNICATED (Lat. tunica, a garment), having a coat or covering.<br />
TURDINATE (Lat turbo, a whipping-top), shaped like a top.<br />
TURGID (Lat. turgidus, inflated), swollen.<br />
UMBER, UMBRINE (Lat.), the colour of umber, a dull-brown.<br />
UMDILICATE (Lat. umbilicus, the navel), navel-like, depressed in the centre<br />
UMBILICATELY, applied to a thallus centrICally affixed to the matrix.<br />
UIIIBO, UMBONATE (Lat. umbo, any convex elevatIOn), bearing an umbo in<br />
the centre.<br />
UNDULA'l'E (Lat. 'linda, a wave), with a wavy margin.<br />
UNISERlATE (Lat. 'linus, one, series, a succession), in one row.<br />
URCEOLATE (Lat. urceU8, a pitcher), pitcher-like, hollow and contracted<br />
at the mouth.<br />
VARIOLARIOID (Lat. variola, the pustule of small-pox), with powdery or<br />
granular tubercles hke tho supposed fructificatIOn of the old genus<br />
Variola ria-V ARIOLOSFJ.<br />
VENTRICOSE (Lat. venter, the belly), swollen or inflated.<br />
VERIIIICULAR (Lat. vermlCulus, a lIttle worm), worm-shaped.<br />
VERRUCA (Lat., a wart), the granular wart-hke part of the thallus.<br />
VERRUCARIOID, fructification Similar to that of the genus Verrucaria.<br />
VERSICOLOROUS (Lat,·verso, to tum often, color, colour), changing colour.<br />
VERTICIL (Lat. vertex, a whirl), a whorl, circular arrangement of parts<br />
round an axil-VERTICILLATE.<br />
VESICULOSE (Lat vesicula, a bladder), as if composed of small bladders.<br />
VILLOSE (Lat. vilht8, a shaggy hair), bearing long hairs.<br />
VITELLINE (Lat. vitellus, the yolk of an egg), egg-yellow.<br />
ZEORINE, as in Zeora, in which the apothecium had a double margin.
abietina Koerb. (Leeanaetis), 25, 223<br />
abietina Aeh. (Lecidea), 222, 223<br />
abietina Mudd (Graphis vaT.), 272<br />
abietinum Massal. (Schismatomma),<br />
223<br />
abietinus Sm. (Lichen), 222<br />
abietinus Ach. (Lichen), 223<br />
ABROTHALLUS De Not., 180<br />
ACAROSPORA Massal., 394<br />
aeerina Arn. (Bacidia), 165<br />
aeeTina Nyl. (Lecidea), 165<br />
acerina Aeh. (Lecidea var.), 165<br />
acerini Mudd (Arthopyrenia 8ubvar.),<br />
349<br />
ncervata Mudd (Lecidea var.), 58<br />
allervatum A. L. Sm. (Discothecium),<br />
387<br />
INDEX<br />
(Synonyms are Indicated by .talieR.)<br />
advel'tens Nyl. (Leciden), 105<br />
omea Dufour (Lecidea), 60<br />
roquatula Mngnusson (Acllrospora),<br />
399<br />
wruginosa Borr. (Lecidea), 30<br />
wruginosa Mudd (Lecidea var.), 30<br />
roruginosa Leight. (Lecidea f.), 30<br />
restivalis Ohl. (LeCldea), 34<br />
rethalea Th. Fr. (Buolha), 187<br />
wthalea Aeh. (Oyalecta), 187<br />
wthalea Stiz. (Lecidea), 187<br />
rothioboln Wahlenb. (Verruearia), 307<br />
wthiobola Nyl. (Verrucnria var.), 307<br />
affinis A. Zahlbr. (Porina), 367<br />
affinis Schaer. (Lecidea), 113<br />
affinis Massal. (Sagedia), 367<br />
affinis Cromb. (Verrucaria), 367<br />
acervatum Stirt. (Lophothelium, 384. affinis Nyl. (Leeidea var.), 113<br />
387 aggerata Mudd (Lecidea), 107<br />
achroopora Nyl. (Verrucaria), 376 aggregata Vouaux (Phareidia), 386<br />
ACROCORDIA Massal., 343<br />
aggregata Aeh. (Porina), 282<br />
aerotella A. L. Sm. (Verruearia var.), aggregata Fr. (Sagedia), 282<br />
307 aggregatula Nyl. (Leeidea) 68,<br />
acrotella Acb. (Verrucaria), 307 aggregatula (Lecanora), 68<br />
acrotella S. F. Gray (Lithocia var.), aggregatum Mudd (Thelidium), 386<br />
307<br />
nglroa Sommerf. (Leciden), 96<br />
acrotella Leight. (VerTucaria t'ar.), 307 aglreoidcs Nyl. (Leciden var.), 98<br />
acrotellus Sm. (Lichen), 307<br />
alabastrina Aeh. (Lecidea), 163<br />
aetinellum Nyl. (Pyronidium), 288 nlabastrites Nyl. (Lecidea), 150<br />
aetophila Wedd. (Leeanom), 393 alabnstritcB A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia var.),<br />
actophila Nyl. (Opegrapha), 265<br />
150<br />
acuta (Graphis ,.),277<br />
alba A. Zahlbr. (Arthopyrenia), 343<br />
aoutula Nyl. (Leciden), 17<br />
alba Sehmd. (Verrucaria), 343<br />
addubitans A. L. Sm. (Pleospora 1), albesccn8 Zwaokh (Baeidia), 165<br />
389<br />
albeseons B. do Lead. (Croeynia var.),<br />
addubitans Wheld. & Wils. (Poly. 403<br />
blastia), 328, 389<br />
albescens Hepp (Lecidea f.), 165<br />
addubitans Stirt. ( Verrucaria), 328, albida Tayl. (Syncesia), 285<br />
389<br />
albidoenrneo. A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia), 152<br />
admissa Nyl. (Lecanora), 397, 400 albidocarnea Nyl. (Lecidea), 152<br />
advenula A. L. Sm. (Buellia), 200 albidum Leight. (Chiodeeton), 284<br />
advenula Leight. (Lecidea), 200 albidum Mudd (Chiodecton var.), 285<br />
advenula Nyl. (Verrucaria), 388 albis8ima Nyl. (Verrucaria), 362<br />
415
aphorisasa A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrcnia),<br />
353<br />
aphoTi .. asa Stirt. (V eTrucaTia), 354<br />
apoTetica Cromb. (Lecidea vaT.). 31<br />
applanata LeIght. (Lecidea), 1!J7<br />
applanata Fr. (Lecidea vaT.), 1!J7<br />
aquaticum A. Zahlbr. (Dermato.<br />
carpon), 292<br />
aquaticum Schaer. (Endocarpon var.),<br />
292<br />
aquaticus Weiss (Lichen), 292<br />
aquatHis lIIudd (Verrucaria), 301, 304<br />
aquatilis Cromb. (Verrucaria var.),<br />
304<br />
aquilella Ny!. (Verrucaria), 311<br />
arnctina ·Wahlellb. (Verrucaria), 300<br />
arceutilla Brallth & Rostr. (Bacidia),<br />
171<br />
arceutina Ny!. (Lecidea), 169, 171<br />
arceutina Ach. (Lecidea var.), 171<br />
arctica Sommerf. (Lecidea), 62<br />
arenarium Ny!. (Cahcium), 21<br />
arellicola A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 180<br />
arenicola A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrenia),<br />
354<br />
arenicola LE)ight. (Lecidea), 180<br />
arenicola Mudd (Raphiospora), 180<br />
arenicola Leight. (VeTrucaTia), 354<br />
arenicola Ny!. (Leddea var.), 180<br />
arenmeda A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrcllia),<br />
355<br />
arelliseda Ny!. (Opegrapha), 265<br />
areolata Carroll (Lectdea), !J7<br />
argllospila A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrellia),<br />
354<br />
argllospila Ny!. (Magmopsis), 351<br />
argllosptla Ny!. (Ver,TucaTia), 354<br />
armemaca Fr. (Lecidea), !J7<br />
armeniacum DC. (Rhizocarpon), 98<br />
armoricana Cromb. (Arthonia), 232<br />
Arnoldi Krempelh. (Bmtorilla), 125<br />
Arnoldi Ny!. (Lecidea), 126<br />
aromatica .latta (Blhmbia), 145<br />
aromatiCll Ach. (Lecidea), 145<br />
aTomatica Massa!. (Toninia), 145<br />
aromatica Tay!. (Lecidea vaT.), 145<br />
aromaticus Turn. (Lichen), 145<br />
arridens Ny!. (LeCldea), 27<br />
ARTHONIA Ach. 227<br />
arthonioides A. L. Sm. (Arthollia), 234<br />
arthonioides Ach. Lectdea),234<br />
II<br />
INDEX 417<br />
artholloidea Leight. (Opegrapha var.),<br />
255<br />
arthonoidea Schaer. (Opegrapha var.),<br />
253<br />
artholloidea Leight. (Opegrapha f.),<br />
253<br />
ARTHOPYRENIA Massa!., 346<br />
ARTHOTHELIUM Massa!., 242<br />
ascaridlella A. L. Sm. (Bamdia), 178<br />
ascaTidiella Ny!. (Leciiea), 178<br />
asema Ny!. (Lecidea), 92<br />
aspera Tay!. (VerrucaTia), 300<br />
asperclla StIrtoll (Lccidea), 75<br />
aspersa Leight. (Arthollia), 234.<br />
aspersella Leight. (Arthoma), 232<br />
asserculorum Ach. (Lemdea), 4.0<br />
assimihs Th. Fr. (Lecidea), 62<br />
astToidea Ach. (Arthollia), 231l<br />
astToidea Ach. (Opegrapha), 236<br />
astroidea Mudd (Arthoma var.), 230<br />
astroidea Leight. (Arthonia f.), 230<br />
astroldestera Ny!. (Arthollia), 232<br />
astroideum Leight. (Comocarpon vaT.),<br />
230<br />
astTottes Ach. (Lichen), 236<br />
athallina Muell. Arg (KaTschia), 389<br />
athallma A. L. Sm. (Buellia f.), 196<br />
athallina Ny!. (Lecideaf.), 1!J6<br />
athroa Ach. (Lecidea vaT.), 205<br />
athrocarpa Ach. (Lecidea), 74<br />
athrocaTpa Mudd (Aspicilia), 7!J<br />
athTocaTpu8 Ach (Lichen), 74<br />
athTocaTpus Sm. (Lichen), 7!J<br />
atom ana Koerb. (MlCrothelia), 363<br />
atomaTia DC. (VerrucaTia), 363<br />
atomaTia Mudd (ATthop'JTenla vaT.),<br />
346, 347, 348<br />
atomaTiu8 Ach. (Lichen), 348, 363<br />
atra Pers. (Opegrapha), 253<br />
atrata Mudd (BueJlia), 1!J4<br />
atTata Hook. (Lecidea), 1!J4<br />
aiTatus Sm. (Lichen), 194<br />
atncolor Stirt. (Opegrapha), 255<br />
atriseda Wheld. & 'frav. (Bacidia<br />
var),175<br />
atroalba Th. Fr. (Buellia), 1!J9<br />
atToalba Ach. (Lecldea), 1!J!J<br />
atToalbella Leight. (Lecidea), 187<br />
atroalbella Mudd (Buellia vaT.), 187<br />
atroalbella Ny!. (Lecidea vaT.), 187<br />
atroalbicans Ny!. (Lecidea), 198<br />
EE
cwsium Fr. (A!lyrium), 41<br />
C(lJSiU8 Dicks. (Lichen), 89<br />
calcarea. Wats. (Clathroporina), 373<br />
calcarea Turn. (Opegrapha), 259<br />
calcarea S. F. Gray (Hyslerina), 259<br />
calcarea Lcight. (Lecidea), 205<br />
calcarea Deakin (Saqedia), 345<br />
calcarea Fr. (Lecidea var.), 81<br />
calcarea Stiz. (Opegrapha var.), 259<br />
calcarea Nyl. (Verrucaria var.), 342<br />
calcarea Nyl. (Lecidea n, 209<br />
calcaroum Th. Fr. (Rhizocarpon), 209<br />
calcareum Koerb. (Diplotomma), 210,<br />
211<br />
calcareus Ny!. (Endococcus), 387<br />
calcaricola Mudd (lIIicrothelia), 387<br />
calcaricola Leight. (Verrucaria), 387<br />
calcaricolum Vouaux (DiscotherlUm),<br />
387<br />
calcaricolum Arn. (Ticothecium), 387<br />
ealcariu8 Weis (Lichen), 209<br />
caleiseda DC. (Verrucaria), 320<br />
calcwora Nyl. (Lecidea), 45<br />
calcivoru8 Ehrh. (Lichen), 45<br />
cl1ligans A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 170<br />
caligans Ny!. (Lecidea), 170<br />
callicarpa Larb. (Lecidea), 49<br />
callisto. Stirt. (Lecidea), 103<br />
calpodes Stirt. (Lecidea), 51<br />
cambnco. Wheld. (Bilimbia), 149<br />
campestris Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 115<br />
cl1ndida Jatto. (Bil1torina), 124<br />
candida Ach. (Lecidea), 124<br />
candidum S. F. Gray (Lepidoma), 124<br />
eandidum Mudd (Sehismatomma), 202<br />
eandidum Ml1ssa!. (Thalloidima), 124<br />
eandidum Mudd (Sehismalomma var.),<br />
225<br />
eandidus Wcber (Lichen), 124<br />
candidus Sm. (Lichen), 149, 224<br />
canella Ny!. (l'errucaria), 315<br />
canello. A. L. Sm. (Verrucaria Bubsp.),<br />
315<br />
canescens De Not. (Buellia), 180<br />
canescens Massa!. (Dzplolcia), 181<br />
canescens Ach. (Lecidea), 181<br />
canescens S. F. Gray (Lepidoma),<br />
181<br />
canescen8 Dicks. (Lichen), 181<br />
canescens DC. (Placodium), 181<br />
eapnodes Nyl. (VerTltearia), 353<br />
INDEX 419<br />
caradocensis A. L. Sm. (Bilirubia), Hi,<br />
144<br />
caradocensis Leight. (Leeidea), 145<br />
caradoce'(!sis Mudd (Psora), 15, 145<br />
carbonl1cen Jatta (BIIimbia), 146<br />
carbonacea Leight. (Leeidea), 146<br />
carbonacea Anzi (Toninia), 14.6<br />
carbonacea Cromb. (Leeidea 8UOSp.),<br />
146<br />
carneoalbens A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 109<br />
carneoalbens Ny!. (Lecidea), 169<br />
carneoglauca A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), IGS<br />
carneoglauca Ny!. (Lecidea), 168<br />
carneola Koerh. (Baeidia), I)<br />
carneola Ach. (Leeidea), 9<br />
carneolutea Boistel (Gyalecta), 8<br />
earneolulea Mudd (Lecania), 8<br />
carneolutea, Ach. (Lecanora), 8<br />
carneolutea Ny!. (Leeidea), 8<br />
carneolutea Turn. (Parmelia), 8<br />
earneolutea S. F. Gray (Rinodina), 8<br />
earneoluteus Sm. (Lwhen), 8<br />
carpinea A. Zahlbr. (Porina), 367<br />
earpinea Pers. ( Verrucaria), 367<br />
carpinea Cromb. (Ven:uearia j.), 367,<br />
368<br />
Carrollil A. L. Sm. (Leptorhaphis), 302<br />
Garrollii Mudd (SphCllrompltale), 337<br />
Garrollii Ny!. (Verrucaria), 337<br />
cartilaginea Carroll (Verrllcarza), 295<br />
cartllaginea Ny). (Verruearia !'ar.),<br />
295<br />
cartilagineum A. L. Sm. (Dcrmatocarpon<br />
var.), 21)5<br />
cascanIlro Leight. (Arthonia), 235<br />
casearillCll Fee (Goniocarpon), 235<br />
cataleptoides Ny!. (Verrucaril1), 312,<br />
313<br />
cataractarum Lonnr. (Thehdmm), 325<br />
cataractarum Hepp (Sagedw), 326<br />
calaractarum Cromb. (Vel'rucaria), 326<br />
cechllmena Tayl. (Lecidea), 71)<br />
ceeltumena Ach. (Leeidea), 1)8<br />
eeeltumenus Sm. (Lichen), 09<br />
CerMI l\[assa!. (Arthopyrenia), 360<br />
Gerasi Ach. (Graphz..), 273<br />
Gerasi Pers. (Opegrapha), 273<br />
Gerasi Ach. (T'errucaria), 360<br />
eerebrina Massa!. (Encephalographa),<br />
248<br />
eereorina Leight. (Litltographa), 248
424 INDEX<br />
dispersa Duf. (Arlhonia), 242<br />
dispersa Sehrad. (Opegrapha), 233<br />
di8persa DC. (Opegrapha), 242<br />
dispersum Mudd (Arthothehum), 242<br />
dlsporn A. L. Sm. (Mierothelia), 363<br />
dissepta A. L. Sm. (Mierotheha), 364<br />
dissepta Ny!. (Verrucaria), 364<br />
distinctum Th. Fr. (Rhizoearpon), 213<br />
divancala Leight. (Graphis var.), 272,<br />
276, 280<br />
divaricata l\Iudd (Graphis var.), 276<br />
divaricata Mudd (Stenographa var.),<br />
270<br />
divaricata A. L. Sm. (Phruographis f.),<br />
276<br />
doliehospora B. do Lesd. (Gyalecta<br />
var.),4<br />
dolichotera Leight. (Verrucaria), 280<br />
dqlichoteron Ny!. (Obryzum), 289, 386<br />
dolomitica Massa!. (Verrueana), 319<br />
dolomiticum Massa!. (Amphorzdium),<br />
310<br />
dolosa A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 140<br />
dolo8US Sm. (Lichen), 140<br />
dubia Turn. & Borr. (Leeidea), 53<br />
dubla Leight. (Opegrapha); 264<br />
dubia Mudd (Arthonta var.), 231<br />
dubia Mudd (Opegrapha var.), 264<br />
dubiella A. L. Sm. (Pharcidia ?), 386<br />
dubiella Ny!. (Verrucarla), 386<br />
dubiuB Sm. (Lichen), 53<br />
Dujourel Ach. (Lecidea), 156<br />
Dujourel Cromb. (Lecidea wr.), 156<br />
Dufourii DC. (Verruearia), 316<br />
Dufourii Borr. (Verrucaria), 324<br />
cbborensis Wats. (Staurothcle), 341<br />
ebenea Dlllw. (Conjerva), 1<br />
cbeneum A. L. Sm. (Camogonium" 1,<br />
2<br />
ebeneus Ag. (Chroolepus), 1<br />
ebeneus Thwaites (Gystocoleus), I<br />
effusa Am. (Bacidia), 167<br />
efjusa Mudd (Lecidea), 35<br />
effusa Leight. (Lecidea), 167<br />
effusus Sm. (Lichen), 10, 167<br />
egenula Th. Fr. (Baeidia), 170<br />
egenula Ny!. (Lecidea), 171<br />
Ehrhartiana Mudd (Biatorina), 128<br />
Ehrhartlana Ach. (Lecidea), 129<br />
Ehrhartianus Ach. (Lichen), 129<br />
elaborala Leight. (Platygramma), 283<br />
elaehlstophora Ny!. (Verrueana), 321<br />
elacistu' Aeh. (Parmelia), 25<br />
elacista Cromb. (Lecidea yar.), 25<br />
elacista Mudd (Lecanora mr.), 25<br />
elreina Borr. (Verrucaria), 359<br />
elreinum Mudd (Thelldiwn), 351)<br />
elreochroma Tay!. (Lecidea), 55<br />
elwoehroma Aeh. (Lecidea var.), 55<br />
elwodes A. L. Sm. (Pyrenula f.), 376<br />
clreodes Leight. (Verrucaria f.), 376<br />
clreomelrena Massa!. (Lithoicea), 305<br />
elreomelrena Massa!. (Verrucaria), 305<br />
elegans Aeh. (Arthonia), 232<br />
elegans Ach. (GraphIs), 260<br />
elegans Leight. (Aulacographa), 270<br />
degans Borr. (Opegrapha), 270<br />
elegans Borr. (Opographa var.), 252<br />
elegans LeIght. (OpegraphaJ.), 252<br />
elliptioa Ny!. (Xylographa f.), 246<br />
elongata Am. (Graphis), 275<br />
elongata LeIght. (Graphis var.), 276<br />
elongata Mudd (Graphis var.), 276<br />
elongata l\Ialbr. (Graphis f.), 275, 276<br />
elongatula Ny!. (Verrucaria), 352<br />
elongalula LeIght. (Verrucaria f.), 348,<br />
352<br />
emphysa Stirt. (Lecidea), 228<br />
ENCEPHALOGRAPHA Massa!', 247<br />
cnciItlca Nyl. (Lecidea), 109<br />
endocarpicola Vouaux (Mycobilimbia),<br />
389<br />
endocarpicola Lmds. (Lecidea), 380<br />
ENDOCARPON Hedw., 207<br />
endocarpon With. (Lichen), 298<br />
endococcoidca Sace. & D. Sacco<br />
(Sphrorulina), 386<br />
endococcoidea Ny!. (Verrucaria), 386<br />
endocyanea Stirt. (Lecidea), 74<br />
endoleuca Ny!. (Lecidea), 176<br />
endomelwna Leight. (Leeidea), 101<br />
endopella Cromb. (Lecidea), 39<br />
endopella Cromb. (LeCldea var), 3D<br />
endorhoda Th. Fr. (Lecidea var.), 114<br />
enterochlora Tay!. (Lecidea), 56<br />
ENTEROGRAPHA Fee, 281<br />
enteroleuca Ach. (Lecidea), 55<br />
enteroleuca Leight. (Lecidea), 54, 57<br />
enteroleuca Ny!. (Lecidea var.), 55, 57<br />
eplblastematiea A. L. Sm. (Biatorina),<br />
144
epiblastematica Wallr. (Peziza), 144<br />
epicymatia Wint. (Pharcidia), 386<br />
epidermidis Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 346<br />
,epidermidis Th. Fr. (Leptorhaphls),<br />
362 .<br />
epidermidis Ach. (Lichen), 362<br />
eptdermidis Fr. (Verrucaria), 346<br />
epidermidis Leight. (Verrucaria), 348<br />
epidermidis Ach. (Verrucaria), 362<br />
epig::ca 'fuckerm. (Buellia), 181<br />
epigrea S. F. Gray (Inoderma), 336<br />
epigrea Schaer. (Lecidea), 182<br />
eptgrea Pers. (SphCllria), 336<br />
epigrea Ach. (Verrucaria), 336<br />
epig::coides A. L. Sm. (Porina), 369<br />
epigreoides Ny!. (Verruearia), 369<br />
epigmum Wallr. (Thrombium), 336<br />
epigreus Pers. (Lichen), 182<br />
cpimarta Ny!. (Lecidea), 33<br />
eptpasta Mudd (Arlhonia), 238<br />
epipasta S. F. Gray (Hysterina), 238<br />
epipasta Hook. (OpegTapha), 237,238<br />
epipasta Ny!. (Arthonia vaT.), 238<br />
epipastoides A. L. Sm. (Arthonia var.),<br />
237<br />
epipastoides Leight. (Arthonia var.),<br />
230<br />
epipastoides Ny!. (Arthonia var.), 238<br />
eptpastus Ach. (LtChen), 233<br />
epiphorbia Vouaux (Conida), 390<br />
epiphorbia Stirt. (Lecidea), Ill, 390<br />
epiphylla Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia),<br />
172<br />
epipola>B A. L. Sm. (Acrocordia),.344<br />
epipolrea Borr. (Verruoorta), 345<br />
epipolia Ach. (Lecidea), 205<br />
epipolia Schaer. (Leeidea vaT.), 205<br />
epipohum A. L. Sm. (Rhizocarpon<br />
var.),205<br />
epipolium Mudd (Diplolomma var.), 205<br />
epipolius Ach. (Lichen), 205<br />
epipoIytropa Ber!. & Vog!. (DidymeIIa),389<br />
epipolytropa Wint. (Didymosphreria),<br />
380<br />
epipolytropa Gromb. (Verrucaria), 380<br />
epipolytropum Mudd (Thelidzum), 380<br />
episema A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 143<br />
episema Ny!. (Lectdea), 143<br />
epithallinum Leight. (TheIocarpon),<br />
379,388<br />
INDEX 425<br />
erratiea Leight. (J' erruearia), 388<br />
erraticum MassaI. (Tieothecium), 388<br />
erraticus Ny!. (Endococcus), 388<br />
erubescens Stirt. (Lecidea), 181<br />
erubesccns Koerb. (Biatorina yar.),<br />
138<br />
erubcs cens A. L. Sm. (BueIIia var.),<br />
181<br />
erubescens FIot. (Zeora var.), 138<br />
erysiboda Tay!. (J'errucaria), 365<br />
erysiboda Leight. (VerrueaTla t'ar.),<br />
307,365<br />
erysiboides Th. Fr. (Biatorina), 131<br />
erysiboides Ny!. (Lecidea), 131<br />
eseharoides Ehrh. (Ltehen), 29<br />
escharoides Schaer. (Lecidea var.),<br />
29<br />
eseharoides Mudd (Lee idea var ), 29<br />
eucarpa Ny!. (Lecanora), 121<br />
eucarpa Ny!. (Leeidea), 121<br />
eucarpa Leight. (Lecanora /.), 121<br />
euploca Dorr. (T' errucaria), 203<br />
euplocum Ach. (Endoearpon), 202<br />
eupIocum A. L. Sm. (Dermatocarpon<br />
var.), 292<br />
euploeum lIIudd (Endocarpon var.), 293<br />
euplocum WahIenb. (Endocarpon vaT.),<br />
293<br />
cuploeu8 Ach. (Lichen), 292<br />
eutypa Leight. (Graphis vaT.), 274<br />
exanthematica Fr. (GyaIecta), 3<br />
exanthemattca Ny!. (Leddea), 3<br />
exanthematica Fr. (Petractis), 3<br />
exanthematica S. F. Gray (Thelotrema),<br />
3<br />
exanthematieu8 Sm. (Lichen), 3<br />
excelsa A. L. Sm. (Buellm), 189<br />
excentrica Leight. (Lecidea), 211<br />
exeentrica Ny!. (Lecidea subsp.), 211<br />
excentrica Ach. (Lecidea mr.), 211<br />
excentricum A. L. Sm. (Rhizocarpon<br />
var.), 211, 356<br />
excipienda Cromb. (Arthonia), 233<br />
excipienda Ny!. (Arthonia subsp.), 233<br />
exerrans A. L. Sm. (l\1icrotheIia), 364<br />
exerrans Ny!. (Endocoeeua), 364<br />
exigua Ny!. (Lecanora), 226<br />
exiguum Ny!. (Endocarpon), 204<br />
exiguum Leight. (Endocarpon f.), 294<br />
exoriens A. L. Sm. (Phroospora), 388<br />
exoriens StIrt. (Endococcu8), 384, 388
INDEX<br />
lretevirens Ny!. (Normandina), 287<br />
lretevirens Borr. (Verrllcaria), 287<br />
latevirens Macsee (Verrltcaria), 335<br />
lrevata Ach. (Verrucaria), 305<br />
lavata Leight. ( Verrucaria), 305<br />
lrevigata Nyl. (Lecidea), 24<br />
lapicida Ach. (Lecidea), 65<br />
lapicida Ach. (Lichen), 65<br />
lapidicola Branth & Rostr. (Arthonia),<br />
239<br />
lapidicola Tayl. (Lecidea), 239<br />
Larbalestierii A: L. Sm. (Clathro.<br />
porina), 374<br />
J_arbalestierJi A. L. Sm. (Micro.<br />
glmna),374<br />
Larbalestierii J..eight. (Liihographu),<br />
105<br />
Larbalestierii Leight. (Verrucaria), 387<br />
1l1ricicota Ny!. (Xylographa), 246<br />
latebricola Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia),<br />
167<br />
latebrosa.Koerb. (Verfucaria), 306<br />
latens Tay!. (Lecidea), 107<br />
latypea Ach. (Lecidea), 55<br />
lutypea Nyl. (Lecidea var.), 56<br />
lutypiza Nyl. (Lecidea subsp.), 56<br />
Jatypizl1 A. L. Sm. (Lecidel1 f.), 56<br />
latypodes Nyl. (Leczdea), 91<br />
Laureri Nyl. (Thelocarpon), 378<br />
Laureri Hepp (Catillaria), 137<br />
Laureri Leight. (Lecidea), 137<br />
Laureri Flot. (SpluEropsis), 378<br />
Laurocera.si Duby (Patellaria), 177<br />
Laurocerasi A. L. Sm. (Bacidm f.), 176<br />
LaUrOCeriMi Ny!. (Lecidea f.), 177<br />
lavala Cromb. (Leddeaf.), 214<br />
lavatu.m Mudd (Rhizocarpon var.), 214<br />
LECANACTIS Eschw., 222<br />
lecanodes Ny!. (Lecidea var.), 42<br />
lecanodes Leight. (I,ecidea vaT.), 42<br />
lecanodes Ny!. (Lecidea vaT.), 42<br />
lecanorina Salw. (Lecidea), 188<br />
lecanorinum Floerko (Rhlzocarpon<br />
var.).208<br />
LECIDEA Ach., II<br />
LECIOGRAPHA Massal., 201<br />
lectissima A. Zahlbr. (Porina), 365<br />
lectissima Mudd (Segestrella), 365<br />
lecl'issima Fr. (8egestTia), 365<br />
lectissima Ny!. (Vcrrucaria), 365<br />
Leightoniana Larb. (Leddea), 171<br />
431<br />
Leightonii Cromb. (Opegrapha), 266<br />
Leightonii Deakin (Verru.caria), 182<br />
I,eightonii Hepp (Verrucaria), 306<br />
leiotea Nyl. (Lecidea), 76<br />
I,EJOPHLEA S. F. Gray, 346<br />
lenticularis Koerb. (Biatorina), 137<br />
lentioularis Ach. (Lecidea), 137<br />
lenticularis Flot. tZeora), 137<br />
lentiginosa A. Zahlbr. (Jlfelaspdea),<br />
248<br />
lentiginosa Lyell (Opegrapha), 248<br />
lentiginosa Mudd (Stictographa), 248<br />
lentiginosula A. L. Sm. (Melaspdea),<br />
249<br />
lent.gino8ula Nyl. (Opegrapha), 249<br />
leptalea A. L. Sm. (Porina), 366<br />
leptalea Dur. & Mont. (Biatora), 366<br />
lepta lea Cromb. (Verrucari!t 8ubsp),<br />
366<br />
leptalea Leight. (Verrucaria var.), 3uO<br />
lepta lea Nyl. (Verrucaria f.), 366<br />
leptaleella Nyl. (Verrucaria), 366<br />
leptocline Koerb. (Buellia), 190<br />
leptocline Flot. (Lecidea), 190<br />
leptoclinoides Steiner (Buellia), 190<br />
leptoclinoides Nyl. (Lecideu), 190<br />
leptophyllU1n Ach. (Endocarpon), 291<br />
leptophyllum Dill. 'I'or. & Sarnth.<br />
(Dermatocarpon var.), 291<br />
leplophyllum Wahlenb. (Endocarpon<br />
var.),291<br />
leptophyllu, Ach. (Lichen), 291<br />
leptophyllu8 Sm. (Lichen), 293<br />
LEPTORHAPHIS Koerb., 3(iI<br />
leptospora A. L. Sm. (Porina), 370<br />
leptospora Nyl. (VeTrucaria), 370<br />
leptostigma Ny!. (Lecidea), 52<br />
leptotera Arn. (Arthopyrenia), 357<br />
leptoiera Ny!. (Verrucaria), 301, 357<br />
Lesdainii Harm. (Acarospora), 3!l5<br />
leucoblephara Arn. (Bilimbia), 159<br />
leucoblephara Ny!. (Lecidea), 159<br />
leucocephala Fr. (Pyrenothea), 223<br />
le'Ucocephala Pers. (Sphreriu), 223<br />
le'Ucocephala Ach. {Verruca ria), 25, 223<br />
leucoclinella Ny!. (Lecidea), 183<br />
Jeucophrea A. L. Sm. (Bilimbla), 147<br />
leucophrea Ny!. (Lecidca), 59<br />
le'Ucophl£a Floerke (Biatora), 59<br />
leucophlJJa Cromb. (Lecanora), 59<br />
leucophlJJiza Nyl. (Lecanora), 59
Morio Fr. (Leddea), U8<br />
7nortarii Leight. ( V (rrucaria), 309<br />
mortensis Wats. (Polyblastia), 332<br />
l\losigii Ny!. (Lecidea var), 100<br />
JJIoyigii Ach. (Lecidea var.), 100<br />
JJIouqeotii Hcpp (Lecidea), J!)O<br />
lIfougeotii Th. Fr. (Buellia var.), 190<br />
mucosa Stirt. (Lecidea), 38<br />
mucosa Wahlenb. (Vcrrucaria), 300<br />
mucosula Wedd. (Verrucaria var.), 301<br />
1I1uddii lIIagnusson (Acarospora), 399<br />
mullensis Stirt. (Lecidea), 103<br />
muralis Ach. (Vertucaria), 317<br />
7nuralis Tay!. (Verrucaria), 304<br />
muralis Borr. (Verrucaria), 340<br />
muralis Ny!. (Verrucaria subsp.), 317<br />
muralis Mudd (Verrucaria t·ar.), 317<br />
murina Leight. (Verrucaria), 313<br />
muscorum Mudd (Bacidia), 174<br />
muscorum Leight. (Biatora), 155<br />
muscorum Ach. (Lecidea), 174<br />
muscorum Linn. fi!. (Liclten), 44<br />
muscorU7n Weber (Lichen), 174<br />
muscorum Cromb. (Leeidea subsp.), 174<br />
muscorum Naeg. (Lecidea var.), 193<br />
mutabilis Fee (Lecidea), 40<br />
mutabilis Borr. (Verrucaria), 316<br />
lIIYCOPORELLUlIl A. Zahlbr., 382<br />
MYCOMRUlII Flot., 381<br />
myriocarpa lIludd (Buellia), 184<br />
myriocarpa Ny!. (Lecidea), 185<br />
myriocarpa DC. (Patellaria), 185<br />
myriocarpa Hepp (Verrucaria), 313<br />
myriocarpella Ny!. (Arthonia), 240<br />
myriocarpeZla Johns. (Artltonia), 234<br />
myriospora Leight. (Verrucaria), 381<br />
myrmecina Nyl. (Lecidea var.), 17<br />
mYT7necina Ach. (Lecidea vaT.), 17<br />
myrticola Fee (Chiodecton), 285<br />
Nregelii Anzi (Bilimbia);150<br />
NageZti Hepp (Biatora), 151<br />
Nagelii Stiz. (Lecidea), 151<br />
neglecta Ny!. (Leddea), 106<br />
neglecta Deakin (Verrucaria), 312<br />
neottizans Zopf (Leptosphreria), 389<br />
neottizans Leight. (Verrucaria), 389<br />
nericiensis Hellb. (JJIicroglana), 338<br />
nericiensis A. L. Sm (JJ!icroglama mr.)<br />
338<br />
NESOLECHIA Massa!., 389<br />
INDEX 435<br />
nigra Huds. (Byssus), 2<br />
nigrata Mudd (Sphwromphale), 332<br />
nigrata Nyl. (Verrucaria), 332<br />
nigrata A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia f.), 158<br />
nigrata Ny!. (Lecidea /.), 158<br />
mgrata L£'ight. (Opegraplla f.), 251<br />
nigrata Leigh t. ( Verruca ria /.), 305<br />
nigrescens Pers. (Verrucaria), 311<br />
nigrescens Ach. (Pyrenula), 312<br />
nigricans Am. (Biatorina f.), 138<br />
nigricans Leight. (Lecidea j.), 138<br />
nigrificans Ny!. (Lecidea), 75<br />
nigntella A. L. Sm. (Polyblastia), 334<br />
nigritella Ny!. (Verrucaria), 334<br />
nigritula Mudd (Buellia), 186<br />
mgritula Ny!. (Lecidea), 186<br />
l1igroclavata Ny!. (Lecidea), 38<br />
mgroclavata Cromb. (Lecidea subsp.),<br />
38<br />
niyroclavata Ny!. (Lecidea var.), 38<br />
nigroglomerata Leight. (Lecidea), 61<br />
nigroglomerata Leight. (Lecanora), 61<br />
nigrogrisea Ny!. (Lecidea), 100<br />
nimbosa Sm. (Opegrapha), 255<br />
nitescens Leight. (Lecidea), 85<br />
nitescens Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 346<br />
nitescens Salwey ( Verruca ria ), 347<br />
nite.scen8 Cromb. (Verrucaria var.), 347<br />
nitida Ach. (Pyrenula), 375<br />
nitida Leight. (Lecidea), 101<br />
nitida Weigel (Spliaria), 375<br />
nitida Schrad. (Verrucaria), 375<br />
nitidella Schaer. (Pyrenula var.), 376<br />
nitidella Floerke (Verrucaria var.), 376<br />
Nitschkeana Lahm (Bilimbia), 154<br />
Nitscltkeana Stiz. (Lecidea), 155<br />
niveoatra Borr. (Verrucaria), 322<br />
niveoatra Leight. (Pyrenothea), 322<br />
NORMANDINA Ny!., 295<br />
Normanii Magnusson (Acarospora),<br />
397<br />
nolha S. F. Gray (Alyxoria), 263<br />
notlta, Ach. (Opeyraplia), 261, 203<br />
notha Fr. (Opegrapha var.), 262<br />
notha Leight. (Opegrapha f.), 259<br />
notlla Cromb. (Opegrapha/.), 263<br />
nothiza Ny!. (Opegrapha), 259<br />
nothu8 Ach. (Lichen), 263<br />
nuda Wheld. & Trav. (Microglama),<br />
338<br />
nuda A. L. Sm. (Biatorella f.), 119
iNDEX<br />
parallela Schaer. (Opegrapha mr.), 270<br />
parallela Leight. (Graphis f.), 270<br />
parallela Leight. (Opegrapha f.), 254<br />
parallelu8 Ach. (Lichen), 246<br />
parasema Ach. (LeCldea), 53<br />
parascmoldcs Ny!. (Arthonia), 240<br />
parasemus Ach. (Lichen), 54<br />
parasemu8 Sm. (Lichen), 55<br />
parasitlca Massa!. (Leciographa), 201,<br />
390<br />
parasitica Floerke (Lecidea), 201<br />
paras,ticus Sm. (Lichen), 199<br />
paraxanthodes Ny). (Opegrapha), 261<br />
parella Ach. (Leeanora), 202<br />
parellaria A. L. Sm. (Leciographa),<br />
201<br />
parellaria Ny!. (Lec,dea), 201<br />
parissima Ny!. (Lecidea), 133<br />
parOleliarum Vouaux (Abrothallus),<br />
390<br />
Parmeharum Olivo (Buelha), 199, 390<br />
Parmeliarum SomOlerf. (Lecidea), 199<br />
partioularis A. L. Sm. (Buellia), 200<br />
particularis Ny!. (Lecidea), 200<br />
parva Deakin (\' errucaria), 320<br />
. patellulata Ny!. (Arthonia), 239<br />
Patersoni Stirt. pfelaspilea), 248<br />
patula Leight. (Verrueana), 317<br />
paucula Ny!. (Lecidea), 50<br />
pedatula Ny!. (Leoidea), lOG<br />
pelidna Ach. (Lecidea), 177<br />
pehdniza Ny!. (Leeidea), 178<br />
pehdniza Leight (Lee,deaj.), 178<br />
pehsoyphoides OlIvo (Acarospora), 396<br />
peloolita Ny!. (Verrucaria), 314<br />
peltigerea Th. Fr. (Arthonia), 2-11<br />
peltophora A. L. Sm. (Polyblastia),<br />
335<br />
peltophora Stirt. (Verrucaria), 335<br />
percoonOldes Flag. (Acarospora), 39G<br />
percontIgua Ny!. (LeCldea), 82<br />
pereont'gua A. L. Sm. (Lecidea rar.),<br />
82<br />
penclea Ny). (Platygrapha), 226<br />
pericleus Ach. (L,ehen), 226<br />
perileuciza Ny!. (Leeidea vaT.),42<br />
peripherica Mudd (Mlcrothella), 388<br />
pertpherwa Tay!. (Verrucaria), 388<br />
periphericus CroOlb. (Endococcus), 388<br />
periplaca Ny!. (Lecidea), 73<br />
perluta Ny!. (Lecidea), 203<br />
437<br />
perlutum A. Zahlbr. (Rhizocarpon),<br />
203<br />
perminuta Deakin (Verrucaria), 3G8<br />
perobscura Nyl (Leeidea),33<br />
perpallescens Ny!. (Leeidea 8ubsp.), 148<br />
perpallescens A. L.8m. (Btlimbia var.),<br />
148<br />
peTpusilla LeIght. (Verrucaria), 387<br />
perpusillum Arn. (Ticothecium), 387<br />
perpusillus Ny!. (Endococcus), 387<br />
pers,cina Koerb. (Sagedia), 369<br />
persicina A. L. Sm. (Porina var.), 369<br />
pers'cina Nyl ( Verruca ria n, 369<br />
persimtlis Ny!. (Lecidea), 202<br />
Persoonii Ach. (Ltchen), 258<br />
Persoonil Stiz. (Opegrapha var.), 257<br />
pertenuis Leight. (Verrucarta), 369<br />
perustula Ny!. (Lecidea), 101<br />
petrroa Ny!. (Lithographa), 245<br />
petrcea Ach. (Lee,dea), 210<br />
pelrrea Tay!. (Lwdea), 212<br />
petrrea Dur. (Opegrapha), 245<br />
petrooum De!. (Chiodeeton), 285<br />
petroouOl Massal. (RhIzocarpon), 210<br />
petrreum Koerb. (Rhizocarpon), 212<br />
petrreus WuHen. (Lichen), 210<br />
petrina Ny!. (Graphis), 271<br />
petrosa Arn. (teCldea), 82<br />
pezizo,dea Ach. (Leemea), 217<br />
peztzoides 8w. (Lichen), 17<br />
pezlzoideum Koerb. (Lopadium), 217<br />
phacodes Koerb. (Bacidm), 165<br />
phacodes Leight. (Lec,dea), 165<br />
phreenterodes Ny!. (Lecidea), 84<br />
PHAWGRAPHIS Muell. Arg, 275<br />
phooops Ny!. (Lecidea), 23<br />
phreops Th. Fr. (Lecanora), 23<br />
PIIARCIDIA Sacc., 328<br />
phycopsis Ach. (Roceel/a), 220<br />
phycopsis Mudd (Roccella var.), 220<br />
phylltscina Ny!. (Lccidea), GO<br />
phylliscoearpa Ny!. (Ltcidea), 04<br />
phyllodisca StIrt. (Leculca), 60<br />
picila Leight. (LecIdea), 48<br />
picila !\Iassa!. (Bia/ora), 48<br />
pilatl Koerb. (Lemdea), 69<br />
pilulans Kocrb. (Biatorina), 127<br />
pilularis LeIght. (Lecidea), 127<br />
pilularis Dav. (L,ehen), 127<br />
pineti Koerb. (Arthoma), 228<br />
pineti Ach. (Lccldea), 10
438 INDEX<br />
pineti Schrad. (Lichen), 10<br />
pineti Leight. (Arthonia var.), 22!J<br />
pinguicula Massal. (Verrucaria), 3-14<br />
pinicola Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 117<br />
pinicola Borr. (Lecidea), 185, 186<br />
pinicola Ach. (Lichen), 185<br />
pinicola Sm. (Lichen), 186<br />
pinicola Massal. (Sarcoayne), 117<br />
pinicola Leight. (Lecidea J.), 185<br />
pithyophill1 Nyl. (Lecidea var.), 30<br />
pithyophila Sommerf. (Lecidea vaT.),<br />
30<br />
pituphloia Leight. (Verrucaria), 334<br />
plana Nyl. (Lecidea), 66<br />
plana Lahm (Lecidella), 66<br />
platycarpa Fr. (Lecidea var.), 81<br />
platycarpa Ach. (Leeidea), 81<br />
PLATYGRAJIlIIA Leight., 281<br />
PLATYGRAPHA Nyl , 225<br />
platypyrenia Am. (Arthopyrenia), 361<br />
platypyrenia Nyl. (Verrucaria), 361<br />
platypyrenia Carroll (Verruearia var.),<br />
361<br />
pleiospora A. L. Sm. (Lecidea), 51<br />
plicatile A. L. Sm. (Rhizocarpon), 214<br />
plicatili8 Leight. (Lecidea), 215<br />
plumbea S. F. Gray (Lithocia), 313<br />
plumbea Ach. (Verrucaria), 313<br />
plumbina Anzi (Leciographa), 202<br />
plumbo8u8 Sm. (Lichen), 313<br />
poliwna Ny!. (Lee idea subsp.), 173<br />
polirenl1 Am. (Bacidia var.), 173<br />
poliodes Ny!. (Lecidea), 40<br />
polospora. A. L. Sm. (Buelha), 184<br />
polospora Leight. (Lecidea), 184<br />
polyantha Tayl. (Lecidea), 03<br />
POLYBLASTIA Massal., 328 •<br />
polycarpa Floerke (Lecidea), 65<br />
polysita A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 163<br />
polys ita Stirt. (Lecidea), 163<br />
polyspora Hepp (Muellerella), 386<br />
polystieta Borr. (Verruearia), 314<br />
polysticta Larb. (Verrucaria), 315<br />
polystietum Borr.·(Endocarpon), 315<br />
polytheeium Hook. (Endoearpon var.),<br />
315<br />
populorum Massa!. (Diplolomma), 205<br />
poplllorum Mudd (Diplotomma '/)ar.),<br />
204<br />
populorum Leight. (LecideaJ.), 204<br />
PORINA Ach., 364<br />
porriginosa A. L. Sm. (Bacidia var.),<br />
165<br />
porriainosa Cromb. (Lecidea vaT.), 165<br />
porriginosus Turn. (Lichen), 165<br />
postuma Ny1. (Lecidea), 213<br />
postumum Th. Fr. (Rhizocarpon), 212<br />
prrecaycnda A. L. Sm. (BuelIia), 186<br />
prrecat'enda Ny!. (Lecidea), 187<br />
prroponens A. L. Sm. (Buellia subap.),<br />
188<br />
prreponenIJ Ny!. (Lecidea sllbsp.), 188<br />
prreponens Leight. (Lecidea !"aT.), 188<br />
prrorimata Ny!. (Leciden), 27<br />
prasina Syd. (Biatorina), 131<br />
prasina Schaer. (Lecidea), 31, 131<br />
prasina Fr. (lilicarea), 131<br />
prasiniza Nyl. (Leeidea), 131<br />
prasinoides Olivo (BaCldia), 168<br />
prasinoides Nyl. (Lecidea), 168<br />
prasinolepis Th. Fr. (Lecidea), 36<br />
prasinolepis Ny!. (Lecidea 8ubsp.), 36<br />
prasinorufa Ny!. (Leddea subsp.), 31<br />
premnea A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 134<br />
premnea Weddell (Lecanactis), 222<br />
premnea Leight. (Biatora), 176<br />
premnea Fr. (Lecidea), 134<br />
premnea Ach. (Leeidea), 222<br />
premneoides A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia), 160<br />
premneoidee Ny!. (Leeidea), 160<br />
premnellm Mudd (Schismatomma). 222<br />
privigna A. L. Sm. (BiatorelIa), 121<br />
priviana Ny!. (Lecanora). 121<br />
priviana Ach. (Leddea), 121<br />
primgna S. F. Gray (Rinodina), 122<br />
privigna Leight. (Endocarpon mr.),<br />
121<br />
privigna Cromb. (Leeanora var.), 121<br />
proiata Ny!. (Lecidea vaT.), 190<br />
prominula Borr. (Lecidea), 64<br />
prominula Nyl. (Verrucaria), 303<br />
prominula Borr. (Lecidea). 85<br />
promiscens Ny!. (Lecidea), 88<br />
prosiliens Stirt. (Opegrapha), 256<br />
prosodel1 Ach. (Opegrapha), 268<br />
prostratula Stirt. (Lecidea), 16<br />
protrusa Schaer. (Lecldea), 56<br />
proximella Ny!. (Melaspilea), 250<br />
proximella Ny!. (Arthonia), 250<br />
proximeila Ny!. (Leeidea), 250<br />
pruinata Steudel (Arthonia), 23G<br />
pruinata Pers. (Patellaria), 234
440 INDEX<br />
RACODIUM Pers., 2<br />
radiata Aeh. (Arthonia), 236<br />
radiala Pers. (Opegrapha), 236<br />
radiala Leight. (Graphis var.), 274, 279<br />
radiata lIIudd (8tenographa var.), 279<br />
radiata A. I,. Sm. (Graphma f.), 279<br />
ramifieans Ny!. (Graphis), 271<br />
RAPHlO8PORA Massal, In2<br />
recensa Stirt. (Lecidea), 70<br />
recta Humb. (Opegraphal, 273<br />
recta Mudd (Graphis var.), 273<br />
recta Fr (Opegrapha vaT.), 273<br />
recta Ny!. (Graphi .• f.), 272<br />
regularis Koerb. (8arcoflyne), lUI<br />
relicta Stirt. (Lecidea), 102<br />
repanda Fr. (Dmlm). 219<br />
repanda Fr. (Parmeita), 219<br />
reSlnre Th. Fr. (BiatoreUIl), 117<br />
rNinre Fr. (Lectdea), Il7<br />
resin,re Fr. (Peziza), I I7<br />
restricta Stut. (Lecidea), 72<br />
rhexoblephara A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia),<br />
159<br />
rhe:roblephara Nyl. (Lecidea), 159<br />
rhizobola Ny!. (Lecidea), 14<br />
RHIZOCARPON Ramond, 203<br />
rhodosticta Tay!. (Verrucaria), 304<br />
rhyparocarpa Ny!. (Lecideaf.), 138<br />
rhypodiza A. L. Sm. (Biatorma), 138<br />
rhypodiza Ny!. (Lfcidea), 138<br />
rhyponta Massa!. (Arthopyrenia), 359<br />
rhyponta Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 353<br />
rhyponla Borr. (V errucaria), 353<br />
rhyponla Aeh. (Verrucaria), 359<br />
rhyponlella Leight. (Verrucaria var.),<br />
353<br />
rhypontclla Ny!. (Verrucaria var.), 353<br />
ngidula B. de. Lesd (Crocyma),403<br />
rimalis Ach. (Opegrapha ), 263<br />
rimalis Cromb. (Oppgrapha 8ubsp 1, 263<br />
nmahs Fr. (Opegrapha var.), 263<br />
rimatll Ny!. (Platygrapha), 226<br />
rimalum Flat. (Schismalomma var.),<br />
226<br />
rimosa Leight. (Lecidea), 210<br />
nmosieola Zopf (Ph:eospora), 388<br />
rimosicola Mudd (llticrothelia), 388<br />
rimosirola Leight. (Verrucaria), 388<br />
rimosicolum Am. (Ticolhecium), 388<br />
rimosus Dicks. (Lichen), 209<br />
rivulosa Ach. (Lecidea), 69<br />
rivulo8us Sm. (Lichen), 70<br />
ROCCELLA DC., 220<br />
Roccplla Dicks. (Lichen), 220<br />
roridulum '[h. Fr. (Rhizocarpon<br />
subsp ), ?14<br />
rosacea Mudd (Arthonia mr.), 231<br />
rosella De Not. (Bacidla), IIl3<br />
rosella Ach. (Lecidea), 163<br />
rosellus Pers. (T.when), 163<br />
rubelht Ny!. (Thelopsls), 374<br />
rubella Massa!. (Baculza), 164<br />
rubella Schaer. (Lecidea), 1 fl4<br />
rubrlla Pers. (Opegrapha), 252<br />
rubella Mudd (Opegrapha), 268<br />
rubella Hoffm. (Verrucaria), 164<br />
rubella Leight. (Verrucaria), 374<br />
rubella Leight. (Opegrapha /.), 252<br />
rubellu8 Ach. (Liche"l), 252<br />
rubescens Th. Fr. (Rhizocarpon), 215<br />
rubicundulre lIIudd (Biatorella var.),<br />
Il6<br />
rubida Chev. (Opegrapha), 252<br />
rubida Mudd (Opegrapha var.), 252<br />
rubidula Ny!. (Lecidea), 51<br />
rubiformis Wahlenb. (Lecidea), 13<br />
rubi/ormis Wahlcnb. (Breomyces), 14<br />
rubl/ormis S. F. Gray (Lepidoma), 14<br />
Tuln/ormid Sm. (Lichen), 14<br />
Tublformi9 Hook. (Psora), 14<br />
Tubtformis Cromb. (Leczdea var.), 14<br />
Tubiginosa Tay!. (Verrucaria), 365<br />
rubra Massa!. (Gyalecta), 6<br />
rubra Ach. (Lpeanora), 6<br />
rubra Ach. (Parmelia), 6<br />
rubra Hoffm. (Patellana), 6<br />
rubra Koerb. (Phialopsis), 6<br />
rubra S. F. Gray (Rmodina), Il<br />
ruderalis Ny!. (Arthonia), 239<br />
ruderum DC. (Verrucuria), 318<br />
ruderum Ny!. (Verrucaria var.), 218<br />
rufescens Magn. (Acarospora), 400<br />
ru/escens Ach. (EndocIJrprm), 293<br />
rn/escens Borr. (Lecidea), 400<br />
Tu/e8cens Pers. (Opegrapha), 252<br />
Tu/escens Ach. (Sagedia), 400<br />
TU/escens Mudd (OpegrapJ.,a l'ar.), 252<br />
rufofusca Ny!. (LeCldeal, 41<br />
ru/o/u8ca Anzi (Biatora), 41<br />
Tu/ovirescens Tay!. (Endocarpon), 398<br />
ru/ovirescens Lelght.(Endocarpon vaT.),<br />
39S
viridescens Hook. (Lecidea), 155<br />
viridescens Schrad. (Lichen), 30<br />
v1Tidescens Sm. (Lichen), 155<br />
viridiatra Schaer. (Lecidea) 60<br />
viridiatra Stenh. (Biatora), 60<br />
viridiatra Floerko (Lecidea), 209<br />
viridialra Leight. (Leculea var.), 209<br />
viridiatrum Koerb. (Rhizocarpon), 209<br />
viridis A. L. Sm. (Gongylia), 337<br />
viridis Pers. (Opegrapha), 268<br />
viridis Ny!. (Normandina), 287<br />
viridis Deakin (Verrucaria), 325<br />
viridula A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrenia), 359<br />
viridula Ach. (Verrucaria), 309<br />
viridula Fr. (Sayedia), 309<br />
viridula Mudd (Leculea var.), 29<br />
viridula A. L. Sm. (Lecidea i.), 29<br />
viridulum Schrad. (Endoearpon), 309<br />
viridulu8 Sm. (Lichen), 359<br />
vitellina Muell.Arg. (Candelariella), lIO<br />
vitellinaria Ny!. (Lecidea), 110, 389<br />
vulgaris Breb. (Botrydina), 383<br />
INDEX 4047<br />
(Published 27th February, 1926.)<br />
vulgata Ach. (Opegrapha), 263<br />
vulgata Gray (Hysterina), 264<br />
vulyatus Ach. (Lichen), 264<br />
lVahlenbcryiana Ach. (Gyalecta), 5<br />
WoJlrothii Flocrkc (Lecidca), 19<br />
!Vallrothii Ny!. (Lecidea), 144<br />
lVallrothii Tu!. (Scutula), 144<br />
Weberi Ach. (Endocarpon), 292<br />
Weberi Ach. (Lichen), 292<br />
Whichcotii Larb. (Verrucaria), 301<br />
JVjt[Jenii Mudd (Lecidea), 62<br />
xanthococca Sommerf. (Lccidca), 109<br />
xanthodes Ny!. (Opegrapha), 261<br />
XYLOGRAPHA Fr., 245<br />
xylogrnphoidcs Ny!. (Ptychographa),<br />
247<br />
zonata KoeTb. (Opegrnpha), 265<br />
Zwackllii Cromb. (Lecidea), 201<br />
Zwackllii Massal. (Thelidium), 325
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN l!Y<br />
1l1l.: nARD CLAY &, BONS, IJUlITND,<br />
llVSO AY, SUFFOLK.
a b x 25<br />
CCENOGONIUM EBENE'GM A. L. Sm.<br />
a. Plant on atone. b. Portion 0: tha.llus. c. Fila.ments o{ tha.llus.<br />
PL.ATE 1
•
I<br />
RACODI(JM RUPEST.RE Pers.<br />
a. Plant on rock. b. P ortion of thallus. c. Filaments of thallus.<br />
PLATE 2
a<br />
d x 50<br />
GYALEOTA UUPULARIB Bohrer .<br />
b x 8<br />
c<br />
\<br />
x 1200<br />
. Plant on rock. b. Portion of t.!Jallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of<br />
tha.llus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses.<br />
f. Spores.<br />
PLATE 3
a<br />
x 700<br />
a. Plant.<br />
thallus.<br />
d<br />
f<br />
/<br />
r<br />
\<br />
)<br />
/'<br />
I X 1200<br />
c<br />
x 500<br />
LECIDEA (PSORA) LURIDA Acb.<br />
b. Portion 01 thallus ancl apothocia. c. Vertical section of<br />
{Z. Vedical section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses.<br />
/. Spores.<br />
PLATE 4
•
c<br />
LIWIDJ£A (MYCOBLASTL'S) SANGUINARIA Ach.<br />
a. Plant. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of<br />
thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus with spore<br />
and paraphyses.<br />
PLATE 7
e<br />
x 600<br />
a<br />
f<br />
(700 c<br />
x 600<br />
BUELLIA lHYHIOCARPA Mudel<br />
PLATE 12<br />
I<br />
x 20<br />
a. I'ln,llL 011 wood. b. Portioll of Umllml and aputlwciu.. c. Vertica.l seetion of<br />
thallus. d. VerLieal HccLioJI of Ilopotheuiulil. I'. Asclis .wrl paral'hYHis.<br />
f. Spores.
•
d x 40<br />
x :WOO<br />
f<br />
x 500 x 500<br />
ROCCELLA l!'UCIFORM:IS DC.<br />
c<br />
b<br />
x 10<br />
a. Plant from rook. b. Portioll of plant with apothccia. c. 'l'ra.nsverse<br />
section of frond. cl. Vertical scctiolJ of apothecium.<br />
e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spore.<br />
PLATE 18
a<br />
/<br />
/<br />
d x 35<br />
LECANACTlS PRbDINEA Wedd.<br />
c<br />
b<br />
PLATE 19<br />
a. Plant on bark. b. Portiou of tha.llus and apotu t:ia.. c. Vertical section of<br />
thallus. d. Vertica.l section .)f apothecia. e. Ascus and J!u.raphyslfl.<br />
f. Spores.
(I /:, 1<br />
x 100<br />
r<br />
\<br />
I<br />
\<br />
( ,; 1.1 I \ f<br />
x 600<br />
e<br />
x 1000<br />
PLATE 28<br />
OPE<br />
GRAPHA ATRA Pers. . Vertical section.<br />
. f thallus aud apo<br />
theCla<br />
.<br />
c.<br />
and pa.raphysis.<br />
.<br />
a. Plant on ba.rdk. Ve;tioal b Portion seotion 0 of apot h e oia . e. Asous<br />
of tha.llus. . j. Spore.
(1) ,<br />
\<br />
. I<br />
I<br />
! /1<br />
\\ I<br />
x 100 d<br />
\\ \<br />
/<br />
I B<br />
\<br />
i<br />
\\ \<br />
x 500<br />
f<br />
x 1000<br />
G RAPHIS ELEG AN S Ach.<br />
c<br />
PLATE 29<br />
a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertioal 8(lotion<br />
of thallus. d. Vertioal section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis.<br />
/. Spore.
· "
•
- ,<br />
x 800<br />
c<br />
x 600<br />
ENDOCAltPON PUSILLU:lI Hedw.<br />
PLATE 42<br />
Q,. Whole plant on soil. b. Portion of thallus and perithecia. c. \' ertical<br />
section of thallus. d. Vertical section of peritbecium nnd 8pet'lllogollium.<br />
e. Ascus and bymeuial gunidia. f. Spure. g. tlterigmata and spermatia.<br />
x 25
•
a<br />
d x 100<br />
,<br />
I ,', ,<br />
e<br />
b<br />
x 550<br />
SARCOPYTIENIA Gll3BA Nyl.<br />
f<br />
,<br />
\x 1100 \<br />
I<br />
I<br />
\<br />
!J<br />
a. Plant on rock. b. Portioll of plant. c. \'ertical section of thallus.<br />
d. Vertical sectio11 of peritbecium. e. Ascus. J. Spores.<br />
PLAn: 44
x ]31')<br />
. '<br />
•<br />
e - /<br />
x 600<br />
I<br />
....__r-'<br />
POLYBLASTIA THELEODES Th. ]'r.<br />
f<br />
PLATE 46<br />
J<br />
-..:...-b<br />
x 10<br />
x 35<br />
a. Whole pla.nt. b. PortioD of thallus and perithecia. c. Vertica.l section of<br />
thallus. d. Vertical seotion of perithecium. e. Ascus and para.physis.<br />
f. Spore.<br />
I ,<br />
i<br />
)
a<br />
.I I<br />
\<br />
:.,1 ) ./<br />
(.,; )<br />
CiJ<br />
.,:;,<br />
((j<br />
./' ,,'<br />
u<br />
-----..._-.b<br />
y_<br />
x 600 x 600<br />
S'rAURO'rI-IELE UlI1BltlNUM A. L. Sm.<br />
PLATE 50<br />
l_.,(<br />
Ci<br />
\,._<br />
.:.r._ __<br />
x 25<br />
...... ,I :;...'<br />
"'_ ., , ... ,1<br />
" '- )<br />
a. Whole plant. U. Portion of thallus and perithecia. c. Vertical section of<br />
thallus. d. Yertical secLi011 of perithecium. e. Ascus and hymenial gonidia.<br />
j . i-3pore.<br />
I
) ..<br />
r<br />
1<br />
. f
e<br />
\ \ x 600<br />
A I<br />
x 1200<br />
POIU.NA OLIVACl
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