Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species - Rawlings ...

Natural Heritage Program 

List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 

2006 

Edited by Misty A. Franklin, Botanist 

John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager 

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program 

Office of Conservation and Community Affairs 

N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 

1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601

NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE PLANTS OF NORTH CAROLINA 

2006 Edition 

edited by Misty A. Franklin, Botanist and John Finnegan, Information Systems Manager 

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation and Community Affairs 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 

www.ncnhp.org 

THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA ........1 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................2 

INTRODUCTION .............................................................3 

LIST FORMAT ...............................................................7 

NORTH CAROLINA PLANT RARE LIST ........................................14 

Vascular Plants .........................................................14 

Mosses ...............................................................62 

Liverworts ............................................................69 

Hornworts ............................................................73 

Lichens ...............................................................73 

NORTH CAROLINA PLANT WATCH LIST ......................................75 

Watch List - Vascular Plants ..............................................77 

Mosses ..............................................................105 

Hornworts and Liverworts ...............................................109 

Lichens ..............................................................111 

Watch Category 5a and 5b ...............................................112 

Watch Category 6 ( regionally rare) ........................................114 

PLANT TAXA ENDEMIC TO NORTH CAROLINA ...............................116 

POTENTIAL NEW TO NORTH CAROLINA PLANTS .............................117 

RARE LIST ADDITIONS .....................................................121 

WATCH LIST ADDITIONS ...................................................122 

TAXA REMOVED FROM RARE AND WATCH LISTS SINCE 2004 .................123 

NAME CHANGES SINCE 2004 RARE LIST PUBLICATION .......................124 

RARE PLANT FIELD SURVEY FORM .........................................125 

WATCH LIST PLANT SURVEY FORM ........................................127 

Cover Photo: Lilium pyrophilum (Sandhills Lily), by Scott Hartley, Weymouth Woods Sandhills 

Nature Preserve

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

This list was originally compiled and published by Alan Weakley in 1991, and it has been revised and 

updated over the years by Alan Weakley, Jame Amoroso, and Misty Franklin. Special thanks are given to 

Richard LeBlond, Harry LeGrand, Suzanne Mason, Shawn Oakley, James Padgett, Michael Schafale, Bruce 

Sorrie, Alan Weakley, and Brenda Wichmann for their involvement in the development of the list and to Paul 

Davison and Blanka Shaw for assistance with the bryophyte lists, and Gary Perlmutter for assistance with 

the lichen list. 

The list of people who have assisted in the preparation of the vascular plant list, provided information to NC 

NHP on rare species occurrences, or otherwise contributed to our understanding of the rare flora of the state 

are too many to mention, but a partial list of recent contributors includes: Larry Barden, Moni Bates, Gary 

Blank, Beth Bockoven, Alvin Braswell, Ken Bridle, Dan Brunton, A.J. Bullard, Anne Burroughs, Kevin 

Caldwell, Clint Calhoun, David Campbell, Jay Carter, Roy Coomins, David Danley, Sudie Daves, Pete 

Diamond, Jamey Donaldson, Dave Dumond, Lee Echols, Rob Evans, Susan Farmer, Elisabeth Feil, John 

Finnegan, Laura Fogo, Mary Frazer, John Fussell, Chick Gaddy, Lisa Gaffney, Eric Galamb, Frank 

Galloway, Tom Govus, Janet Gray, Steve Hall, Scott Hartley, Dennis Herman, Marie Hicks, Charlotte 

Jones-Roe, Dean Kanipe, Josh Kelly, Lisa Kelly, Bob Kral, Jay Kranyik, Alexander Krings, Kerry Heafner, 

Karin Heiman, Tom Howard, Claudia Jolls, Gary Kauffman, Ron Lance, Keith Langdon, Karen Lynch, 

Merrill Lynch, Laura Mansberg, Jim Matthews, Carol Ann McCormick, Catherine McRae, Patrick 

McMillan, Julie Moore, William S. Moye, Judy Murray, Zack Murrell, Carl Nordman, Tom Patrick, Linda 

Pearsall, Bob Peet, Dan Pittillo, Bert Pittman, Liz Pullman, Milo Pyne, Johnny Randall, Doug Rayner, Betsy 

Reardon, Jerry Reese, Nick Roark, Janet Rock, Josh Rose, Mary Russo, Tim Savidge, Jon Shaw, Susan 

Shelingoski, Ed Schwartzman, Dale Shew, Steve Simon, Alan Smith, Jon Stucky, Dale Suiter, John Taggart, 

Scott Taylor, William Taylor, Craig Ten Brink, Chris Ulrey, Gustavo Vazquez, Andy Walker, Bobby Ward, 

Allison Weakley, Rachel Wellman, Carolyn Wells, Tom Wentworth, Peter White, Brent Wilson, Donna 

Wright, Alice Zawadzki and participants in the N.C. Vegetation Survey. 

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NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE PLANTS OF NORTH CAROLINA 

Introduction for 2006 list by Alan Weakley, Curator, UNC Herbarium 

Rare plants and rare plant lists in North Carolina 

Since the 1970s, lists of taxa "of conservation concern" have become a mainstay of the effort to conserve 

biodiversity on local to worldwide levels. These lists, often termed "red lists," "rare lists," or "endangered 

and threatened species lists" have varying legal implications and are used in a variety of ways, including 

formal "listing" of species (giving them various legal protections), priority-setting for conservation inventory 

and study, and as the basis for conservation planning or "portfolio development." In the United States the 

development of approaches to conservation planning was begun in earnest in the early 1970s by scientists 

at The Nature Conservancy, notably Dr. Robert Jenkins, who felt that the Conservancy needed to move from 

an "ad hoc" and "expert testimony" model of decision making to a model based on more objective data on 

the whereabouts of viable occurrences of imperiled conservation elements (rare plants, rare animals, and 

highest quality natural communities or ecosystems). The approach initially consisted of gathering consistent 

information on the locations of rare plants and animals (conservation elements) across broad geographic 

regions, to provide a basis for more objective decision-making about where to spend financial and other 

resources. This led to the foundation of the Natural Heritage Network, and the development of a series of 

software platforms and non-software methodologies for storing and analyzing information. 

The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program was one of the earlier programs to be established and to start 

to apply these methodologies. As a result, the North Carolina Rare Plant List now has a three decade history. 

Starting with the results of a 1975 symposium which created the first rare plant list for North Carolina, the 

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program began operations in 1976, gathering herbarium records and then 

field data on the status of North Carolina's rare flora. Over the years since, Heritage Program botanists have 

reviewed and modified the existing lists, based on newly available information and in consultation with 

botanists from the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, academic 

experts, and others. Among state rare plant lists, the North Carolina Rare Plant List has one of longest 

histories and is one of the most thoroughly researched. 

Changes in the list from 1976 to 2004 

In total, 780 taxa have been tracked at one time or another. Of these, 414 were tracked in 1976, 296 in 1983, 

467 in 1990, 480 in 1997, and 622 in 2004. While a core set of 237 taxa (30 percent of the total number 

tracked on at least one list) is present on all five lists through the span of 27 years (30 percent), an even larger 

percentage (70 percent) of taxa have not been consistently tracked. Among the most imperiled taxa on the 

list are those with official federal or state status as Endangered or Threatened. One might anticipate that 

these subsets would be more stable parts of the List than the remainder, as these are the most imperiled, 

highest profile taxa in the state. However, of the 27 plants in North Carolina currently federally listed as 

Endangered or Threatened, seven were not even tracked in 1976 (Aeschynomene virginica, Amaranthus 

pumilus, Carex lutea, Gymnoderma lineare, Houstonia montana, Oxypolis canbyi, Sarracenia oreophila, 

Sisyrinchium dichotomum). This is because they were considered taxonomically indistinct at the time 

(Houstonia montana, Sisyrinchium dichotomum), their rangewide imperilment was not appreciated 

(Aeschynomene virginica, Amaranthus pumilus), they had not been discovered to be in North Carolina 

(Oxypolis canbyi, Sarracenia oreophila), they had not yet been discovered and described (Carex lutea), or 

they were taxonomically part of a group (lichens, mosses, liverworts, hornworts) which had not been 

assessed (Gymnoderma lineare). Looking at federal status more broadly, there are currently 124 taxa with 

federal status of Endangered, Threatened, Federal Special Concern, or Candidate. Sixty-one of these (49 

percent) were not even tracked in 1976 - nearly half of the taxa now considered to be of highest rangewide 

conservation concern. Turning to state listing, 134 taxa were listed as North Carolina Endangered or 

Threatened as of January 2006; of these, 31 (23 percent) were not tracked at all in 1976. [In May 2006 

additional species were added to the PCP list and at the time of publication, 164 taxa were listed as NC 

Endangered or Threatened -ed.] 

3

What are the main drivers of these changes in the Rare Plant List? 

Taxonomic changes. Taxa are added to and deleted from the list based on current understanding of 

taxonomy. A small number of taxa have been deleted from the list because they were determined not to 

warrant taxonomic recognition (5 taxa), and therefore also not to warrant conservation tracking and action. 

An additional 6 taxa have been deleted because the name was misapplied and the taxon was not actually 

present in the state by current circumscription, and 5 have been taxa deleted because the specimens upon 

which their occurrence in North Carolina was based have been shown to be misidentified. A considerably 

larger number of taxa (44) have been added to the Rare Plant List because they are newly recognized as valid 

taxa, having "come out of synonymy (44 taxa) or newly described, named, and determined to be rare enough 

to be of conservation concern (36 taxa). 

Change in knowledge about nativity. Perhaps surprisingly, 13 tracked taxa have been determined not to 

be native components of North Carolina's flora. While some of these are native in nearby states and their 

nativity status in North Carolina was understandably unclear (Angelica atropurpurea, Hypericum 

frondosum), others (Callicarpa dichotoma, Carex divisa, Carex arenaria) are Eurasian taxa. Conioselinum 

chinense, a native species in North Carolina and one of the rarest species in the state (now listed as North 

Carolina Endangered), was excluded from earlier lists, presumably because Linnaeus's misnomer epithet led 

botanists to assume that it was not native. 

New information on conservation status resulting from inventory. The existence of the Rare Plant List 

and the uses to which it is put generates inventory attention and effort. Once placed on the list, species 

receive a considerable amount of focus and effort by biologists conducting conservation assessments, rare 

species inventory, county natural area inventory, environmental impact assessments, and (on federal lands) 

National Environmental Policy Act assessments. A large number of taxa (103) on the list at some point in 

the past have been removed because additional information gathered indicates that they are "secure" at the 

present time. An even larger number (152 taxa) has been added to the list because inventory and herbarium 

assessments suggest that they warrant conservation attention. 

Native taxa newly discovered to be rare components of North Carolina's flora. Continued botanical 

exploration and conservation inventory of North Carolina over the last 27 years has revealed a considerable 

number of additional taxa (112) to be native and rare components of the state's flora. Once discovered in the 

state, these are added to the list. 

Actual changes in conservation status. Very few taxa can definitely be shown to have been added to or 

deleted from the List because of an actual change in biodiversity status. One of the few is Abies fraseri, a 

narrow endemic to the high mountains of the Southern Blue Ridge, which is newly imperiled by the 

introduction in the early 1960s and spread of a pathogen, the balsam woolly adelgid. Another ambiguous 

case, Tofieldia glabra (a narrow endemic of wet pine savannas and sandhill seeps in the Coastal Plain of the 

Carolinas), was removed from the list in part because many of its populations are in secure natural areas. 

The addition of mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens to the List. Early lists ignored nonvascular 

groups, but these groups of course have their own share of taxa imperiled in North Carolina, and with a 

somewhat different geographic pattern across the state, with rare taxa more concentrated in humid, relictual, 

western North Carolina than in other parts of the state. 

Overall, the level of change in the List and the reasons for that change show a dynamic Rare Plant List which 

creates its own feedback loop for continual improvement. Adding taxa to the List generates the attention that 

determines the real need (or not) for the taxa to be on the List. Corrections are made over time to reflect new 

knowledge about taxonomy, nativity, and conservation status. The importance of conservation inventory and 

ongoing taxonomic reassessment is clear. 

Do changes in the Rare Plant List make a difference in setting the land conservation agenda? 

It would seem likely that changes in the Rare Plant List and associated occurrence records would make a 

4

difference in the set of lands needed to conserve the state's plant biodiversity. However, imperiled plants 

are strongly clustered in specialized habitats and remnant natural areas, such that where one occurs, there 

are likely to be others. This strongly clustered pattern of distribution of rare plants might mean that any 

reasonable set of rare plants would tend to lead one to the same biodiversity hot spots, and that changes in 

the List would have little effect of a "conservation portfolio" for the state. 

Comparing the 1976 Rare Plant List and occurrences of those taxa known in 1976 to the 2004 Rare Plant List 

and occurrences of those taxa known in 2004 reveals that changes in the List do have a very significant effect 

on the "portfolio" of lands needed to conserve North Carolina's botanical richness. An analysis to reveal the 

50 most important sites for plant conservation based on 1976 and 2004 information yielded little overlap, 

with only 8 sites on both lists (Bluff Mountain, Long Hope Valley, Buck Creek Serpentine Barren, Roan 

Mountain, Hot Springs Limestone, Whitewater Falls, Cedar Cliff Mountain, and Bluff Mountain Cowface). 

This is an amazingly low number, but it corroborates the general poor correlation of conservation portfolios 

developed based on the 1976 data (1976 list lacking nonvascular plants, largely herbarium record population 

occurrences, no viability data) and those developed based on the 2005 data (2005 list with nonvascular plants 

and other substantial additions and deletions, population occurrences resulting from directed conservation 

inventory, viability data). 

A site by site analysis of the reasons for the non-overlap is informative. Sites in the 2005 Top 50 and lacking 

in the 1976 are largely a result of new inventory information: nearly half (23 out of 50) were not known in 

any way in 1976, and represent new discoveries made since that time, mainly by Natural Heritage Program 

staff. Among the top 20 sites in 2005, these include The Neck Savanna, Butner Glade, Fort Bragg (Calf 

Branch), Old Dock/Schulkens Savannas, Butner (Knap of Reeds Creek), Camp Lejeune (Lyman Road), 

Sandhills Game Land (Beaverdam Creek), Waccamaw River Savanna, and Skunk Cabbage Bogs. Many 

other sites (an additional 21) were at least slightly known of in 1976, but had been poorly and inadequately 

inventoried, and new inventory discoveries (and changes in the Rare List) added to their significance. Seven 

sites reached the Top 50 at least in part because of important nonvascular plant contributions to their richness 

(see Appendix 7). Undoubtedly, list changes have contributed to the Top 50 status of many of these sites. 

Of the 42 sites on the Top 50 list for 1976 that are not in the top 50 now, several sites have been destroyed 

or degraded (East Flat Rock Bog, Dunn Mountain, Hester Diabase). Other sites (14 of 50) have "historic" 

population occurrences, and are deemed to be unlikely to still support many (or all) of the rare taxa that once 

earned them a place in the top 50. Two sites were in the top 50 in 1976 based on populations of taxa which 

have since been delisted. Half of the sites are still of conservation significance (and most are likely to be 

found in the complete conservation portfolio), but their relative priority has declined because of the discovery 

of additional sites, or of other new information. 

Changes in our understanding of the flora of North Carolina have resulted in very substantial changes in the 

list of taxa considered to warrant conservation surveillance and action in North Carolina. These changes 

might be considered to be likely to alter the "conservation portfolio" (the set of lands needed to conserve 

North Carolina's flora), and indeed significant changes in conservation portfolios can be traced strictly to the 

addition and deletion of hundreds of taxa based on the improved information gathered during conservation 

inventory. Other factors have also had great impacts on the ability of conservation planners and practitioners 

to effectively set conservation priorities in North Carolina. The discovery and inventory of new sites, as well 

as the more careful and conservation-oriented inventory of known sites, has resulted in profound changes 

in North Carolina's conservation portfolio. The development of the ability to set priorities for taxa based on 

rangewide status, and of populations of taxa based on predicted viability, also has large impacts on the 

resulting conservation portfolios. These changes can be considered a vindication of the directed conservation 

inventory and database approach used by NatureServe and the Natural Heritage Network Heritage. The poor 

correlation of the pre-Heritage 1976 portfolio with the 2005 portfolio is perhaps a sobering lesson on our 

ability to target conservation effectively in areas where inventory effort will remain sporadic. The inclusion 

of detailed species data (as reflected in this analysis) with other data layers provides the best opportunity to 

5

target conservation activity most efficiently and effectively. Many of the "hotspots" in the 2005 portfolio 

have been discovered and protected since 1976 through the activity of the North Carolina Natural Heritage 

Program, the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program, The Nature Conservancy, and federal and state 

land management agencies. 

NC Natural Heritage Program Rare Plant List 

BACKGROUND INFORMATION. The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NC NHP), as part of 

its mission to preserve the biological diversity of North Carolina, maintains an inventory of all known 

locations of rare taxa. NC NHP takes the lead role in North Carolina in the inventory of the state's natural 

diversity, the identification of important natural areas and rare species habitats, and the protection and 

management of natural areas. It serves as the state's data bank of locality information of natural areas and 

rare and endangered plant and animal species. It conducts environmental reviews of projects involving state 

or federal permits or monies, to minimize negative impacts on North Carolina's natural areas and rare species. 

This list incorporates the most recent federal status of rare plants, as determined by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (USFWS) with amendments current to May 1, 2006. Federally listed species are protected 

by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. The USFWS is the federal agency responsible for 

listing and protecting nationally endangered and threatened species. 

This list also includes North Carolina legal status information from the most recent version of the NC Plant 

Conservation Program (NC PCP) List of North Carolina's Endangered, Threatened and Candidate Plant 

Species, which can be found on the website: www.ncplant.com. This website includes discussion of and 

information on the legal status of Endangered (E), Threatened (T), and Special Concern (SC) species. NC 

PCP, a unit of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, is the agency responsible for the listing 

and protection of North Carolina's endangered and threatened plants, under provisions of the North Carolina 

Plant Protection and Conservation Act of 1979 (General Statutes, Article 19B, 106: 202.12-22), as amended. 

NC PCP acts under the direction of a Plant Conservation Board and with the advice of a Scientific 

Committee to maintain and revise the state lists of protected (Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern) 

plant species, to investigate protection needs and survival requirements of native plants, to carry out 

conservation programs, to make and enforce regulations, and to issue permits concerning protected plants. 

In general, removal of Endangered or Threatened plants from the wild and their sale or distribution is illegal. 

Particular regulations concerning collection, propagation, and sale apply to those species (Endangered, 

Threatened, or otherwise) listed as Special Concern. 

All plant taxa native to North Carolina which are officially recognized by federal or state agencies as 

protected or otherwise rare are included on this list. NC NHP, NC PCP, and USFWS work cooperatively 

to ensure the continued survival of all of North Carolina's rich flora. 

Many species which lack formal, legal protection are nonetheless imperiled in North Carolina. Therefore, 

NC NHP collects data on species in addition to the three categories of protected plants (Endangered, 

Threatened, and Special Concern). These additional rare species are placed in two other categories of rare 

plants: Significantly Rare (SR) and Watch List (W). Definitions of all status categories are listed below, 

under "North Carolina Status." NC NHP requests locality and population data on the species listed in this 

publication. Plant survey forms have been provided in the back of this publication for this purpose. 

6

NUMBER OF PLANT TAXA WITH THE INDICATED STATUS 1 

GROUP 

APPROXIMATE 

NUMBER IN 

NORTH CAROLINA 

(as of May 2006) 

1 includes species, as well as valid unique varieties and subspecies 

7 

N.C. STATUS U.S. STATUS 

E T SC SR E T C FSC 

Flowering Plants 4232 109 46 19 552 17 9 5 97 

Mosses 440 4 1 - 118 - - 3 

Liverworts 225 2 - - 61 - - 9 

Hornworts 9 - - - 2 - - - 1 

Lichens 651 1 1 - 24 1 - - 2 

Total 5701 116 48 19 757 18 9 5 112 

LIST FORMAT. Species are placed into five groups: Vascular Plants, Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, 

and Lichens. They are listed alphabetically by scientific name within each group. The following information 

is presented for each species on the list. 

Scientific Name. Taxonomy and nomenclature of vascular plants (dicots, monocots, gymnosperms, ferns, 

and fern allies) generally follow A.S. Weakley's Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, and Surrounding 

States (working draft of 6 January 2006) and J.T. Kartesz’s A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with 

Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. 

(In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina 

Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC. Copyright c 1999). Scientific authorities for names have been omitted 

to save space, but follow Weakley et al. (2006 draft) and Kartesz (1999). Taxonomy and nomenclature of 

nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens) generally follow Bryophyte Flora of North 

America, provisional publication, Missouri Botanical Garden. 2006. Available at: 

http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/BFNA/bfnamenu.htm (accessed January 3, 2006), L.E. Anderson, H.A. 

Crum, and W.R. Buck's List of the Mosses of North America North of Mexico (Bryologist 93: 448-499 

[1990]), L.E. Anderson's A Checklist of Sphagnum in North America North of Mexico (Bryologist 93: 

500-501 [1990]), R. Schuster's The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America east of the Hundredth 

Meridian (1966, 1969, 1974, 1980, and 1992), M.L. Hicks's Liverworts of the Mountains of North Carolina 

(1982), M.L. Hicks's Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina (1992), M.L. Hicks and P.G. Davison's Some 

Rare, Endemic, and Disjunct Liverworts in North Carolina (Castanea 54: 255-261 [1989]), Esslinger, T.L. 

1997, A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United 

States and Canada. North Dakota State University: 

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.html (most recent update 14 June 2005), Fargo, 

North Dakota. and Brodo, Sharnoff and Sharnoff Lichens of North America (2001). 

Common Name. A common name is provided for the convenience of the user. Common names for plants 

are not standardized, and many plants have no satisfactory common name.

North Carolina Rank. Natural Heritage Programs, Conservation Data Centers (CDC's), and NatureServe 

have developed a consistent method for evaluating the relative imperilment of both species and ecological 

communities. These assessments lead to the designation of a conservation status rank. For plant and animal 

species these ranks provide an estimate of extinction risk. Conservation rank values have been assigned over 

the past thirty years by the NC Natural Heritage Program, NatureServe, and a large number of collaborators 

in government agencies, universities, natural history museums and botanical gardens, and other conservation 

organizations. The information has been developed primarily to help in guiding conservation and informing 

environmental planning and management. Conservation status ranks are based on a one to five scale, ranging 

from critically imperiled (S1) to demonstrably secure (S5). These status assessments are based on the best 

available information, considering a variety of factors such as abundance, distribution, population trends, 

and threats. 

RANK NUMBER OF 

EXTANT 

POPULATIONS 

NORTH CAROLINA RANK DEFINITION 

S1 1-5 Critically imperiled - Critically imperiled in North Carolina due to 

extreme rarity or some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to 

extirpation (local extinction) from the state. Typically 5 or fewer 

occurrences or very few remaining individuals (

SU Unknown Unrankable - Currently unrankable in North Carolina due to lack of 

information or substantially conflicting information about status or 

trends. More information is needed. 

SNR Unknown Not Ranked - Rank in NC not yet assessed. 

SNA N/A Not Applicable - A conservation status rank is not applicable 

because the element is not a suitable target for conservation for one 

of the following reasons: 

- Hybrid - an interspecific hybrid without conservation value; 

- Exotic Origin - not native to North Carolina; 

- Accidental/nonregular - outside usual range and not regularly 

found in North Carolina; 

- Not confidently present - never documented as present in North 

Carolina; 

- Synonym - the taxon is not recognized by the NC Natural Heritage 

Program. 

-? – Uncertain - Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank. 

A rank involving two numbers indicates a range of uncertainty about the conservation rank in North Carolina. 

For example, a S2S3 rank indicates that the species may be a S2 or a S3, but existing data do not allow that 

determination to be made. 

Global Rank. Similar to North Carolina ranks, global ranks are assigned by a consensus of scientific experts, 

Natural Heritage Programs, CDC's, NatureServe, and TNC. They apply to the status of a species throughout 

its range. This system is widely used by other agencies and organizations, as the best available scientific and 

objective assessment of a species' rarity throughout its range. 

RANK NUMBER OF 

EXTANT 

POPULATIONS 

GLOBAL RANK DEFINITION 

G1 1-5 Critically imperiled - Critically imperiled globally because of 

extreme rarity or because of some factor(s) making it especially 

vulnerable to extinction. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very 

few remaining individuals (

G4 101-1000 Apparently Secure - Uncommon but not rare (although it may be 

rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery) and usually 

widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its range, but 

possibly cause for long-term concern. Typically more than 100 

occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. 

G5 1001+ Secure - Common, widespread, and abundant (although it may be 

rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery). Not 

vulnerable in most of its range. Typically with considerably more 

than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. 

GH 0? Historical - Known from only historical occurrences, but with some 

expectation that it may be rediscovered. May still be extant; further 

searching is needed. 

GX 0 Presumed Extinct - Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g., 

passenger pigeon) with virtually no likelihood that it will be 

rediscovered. Not located despite intensive searches of historical 

sites and other appropriate habitat. 

GU Unknown Unrankable - Currently unrankable due to lack of information or due 

to substantially conflicting information about status or trends; need 

more information. 

GNR Unknown Not Ranked - Global rank not yet assessed. 

T_ – The rank of a subspecies or variety. As an example, G4T1 would 

apply to a subspecies of a species with an overall rank of G4, but the 

subspecies warranting a rank of G1. 

-? – Uncertain - Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank. 

Q – Questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority. 

Distinctiveness of this entity as a taxon at the current level is 

questionable. Resolution of this uncertainty may result in change 

from a species to a subspecies or inclusion of this taxon in another 

taxon, with the resulting Element having a lower-priority 

conservation status rank. 

A rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty of rank. For example, a G2G3 rank indicates that the 

species may be a G2 or a G3, but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made. 

North Carolina Status. Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species have legally protected status 

in North Carolina through NC PCP. NC NHP maintains computer and map files on Endangered, Threatened, 

Proposed, Special Concern, and Significantly Rare species; paper files are maintained on Watch List species. 

10

STATUS 

CODE 

STATUS NORTH CAROLINA STATUS DEFINITION 

E Endangered "Any species or higher taxon of plant whose continued existence as a 

viable component of the State's flora is determined to be in jeopardy" (GS 

19B 106: 202.12). (Endangered species may not be removed from the wild 

except when a permit is obtained for research, propagation, or rescue 

which will enhance the survival of the species.) 

T Threatened "Any resident species of plant which is likely to become an endangered 

species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion 

of its range" (GS 19B 106:202.12). (Regulations are the same as for 

Endangered species.) 

SC Special 

Concern 

SR Significantly 

Rare 

"Any species of plant in North Carolina which requires monitoring but 

which may be collected and sold under regulations adopted under the 

provisions of [the Plant Protection and Conservation Act]" (GS 19B 

106:202.12). (Special Concern species which are not also listed as 

Endangered or Threatened may be collected from the wild and sold under 

specific regulations. Propagated material only of Special Concern species 

which are also listed as Endangered or Threatened may be traded or sold 

under specific regulations.) 

Any species not listed by the NC Plant Conservation Program as 

Endangered, Threatened, or Candidate, which is rare in North Carolina, 

generally with 1-100 populations in the state, frequently substantially 

reduced in numbers by habitat destruction (and sometimes also by direct 

exploitation or disease). 

-L Limited The range of the species is limited to North Carolina and adjacent states 

(endemic or near endemic). These are species which may have 20-50 

populations in North Carolina, but fewer than 100 populations rangewide. 

The preponderance of their distribution is in North Carolina and their fate 

depends largely on conservation here. 

-T Throughout The species is rare throughout its range (fewer than 100 populations 

total). 

-D Disjunct The species is disjunct to NC from a main range in a different part of the 

country or world. 

-P Peripheral The species is at the periphery of its range in NC. These species are 

generally more common somewhere else in their ranges, occurring in 

North Carolina peripherally to their main ranges, mostly in habitats which 

are unusual in North Carolina. 

-O Other The range of the species is sporadic or cannot be described by the other 

Significantly Rare categories 

W Watch List Any other species believed to be rare and of conservation concern in the 

state but not warranting active monitoring at this time (see the Watch List 

section for a more complete discussion). 

11

P Proposed A species which has been formally proposed for listing as Endangered, 

Threatened, or Special Concern, but has not yet completed the legally 

mandated listing process. 

United States Status is designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the U.S. National 

Marine Fisheries Service in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (U.S. 

ESA). Plants and plant varieties, (including fungi and lichens), animal species and subspecies, and vertebrate 

populations are considered for Endangered or Threatened status according to the criteria established under 

the U.S. ESA. Proposals and determinations to add taxa or populations to the Lists of Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife and Plants are published in the Federal Register. Additionally, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service periodically publish a Notice of Review or Notice 

of Reclassification in the Federal Register that present an updated list of plant and animal taxa which are 

regarded as candidates or proposed for possible addition to the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 

and Plants. Consult the Asheville or Raleigh Ecological Services Field Offices for more information. 

STATUS 

CODE 

STATUS UNITED STATES STATUS DEFINITION 

E Endangered A taxon "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion 

of its range" (Endangered Species Act, Section 3). 

T Threatened A taxon "likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable 

future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Endangered 

Species Act, Section 3). 

C Candidate "Taxa for which the [Fish and Wildlife] Service has on file enough 

substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to 

support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened. Proposed 

rules have not yet been issued because this action is precluded at 

present by other listing activity. Development and publication of 

proposed rules on these taxa are anticipated. The Service encourages 

State and other Federal agencies as well as other affected parties to give 

consideration to these taxa in environmental planning.” (Federal 

Register, February 28, 1996). Taxa formerly in ‘Category 1' are now 

considered as ‘Candidate’. 

FSC (Federal) 

Species of 

Concern 

A species under consideration for listing, for which there is insufficient 

information to support listing at this time. These species may or may 

not be listed in the future, and many of these species were formerly 

recognized as "C2" candidate species. “...The Service remains 

concerned about these species but further biological research and field 

study are needed to resolve the conservation status of these taxa. Many 

species of concern will be found not to warrant listing, either because 

they are not threatened or endangered or because they do not qualify as 

species under the definition in the [Endangered Species] Act. Others 

may be found to be in greater danger of extinction than some present 

candidate taxa. The Service is working with the States and other 

private and public interests to assess their need for protection under the 

Act. Such species are the pool from which future candidates for listing 

will be drawn.” (Federal Register, February 28, 1996). 

12

Physiographic Province. The provinces in which the species is known to occur are indicated. This 

should not be regarded as the only province(s) of the state in which the species could occur; as our 

knowledge of the flora of North Carolina is still very imperfect. The provinces are abbreviated as 

follows: 

M Mountains (Blue Ridge) All parts of North Carolina west of the foot of the Blue Ridge 

Escarpment. 

P Piedmont All parts of North Carolina east of the foot of the Blue Ridge 

Escarpment and west of the Fall Line, including outlying "foothill" 

ranges, such as the Brushy, Uwharrie, Sauratown, and South 

Mountains. This province is shallowly underlain by crystalline 

metamorphic, igneous, or (rarely) consolidated sedimentary rocks. 

S Sandhills Portions of Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond, 

Scotland, and Montgomery counties consisting mostly of deep 

aeolian sands of the Middendorf and Pinehurst formations 

(Cretaceous to Tertiary age). The Sandhills are really part of the 

coastal plain but are here distinguished because of their distinctive 

geomorphology and vegetation. Areas somewhat resembling the 

Sandhills region but occurring in other parts of the state (such as 

Carolina bay rims and aeolian or beach ridge deposits in the outer 

Coastal Plain) are considered part of the Coastal Plain Province. 

C Coastal Plain All parts of North Carolina east of the fall line, excluding the 

Sandhills, generally consisting of unconsolidated sands, silts, clays, 

and peats, though rarely shallowly underlain by consolidated 

coquina limestone ("marl"). 

T Tidewater That part of the state associated with tidal water such as the ocean 

and barrier islands, sounds, estuaries and mainland brackish or salt 

marshes. 

Habitat. The known habitats are described; as with provinces, these should not be regarded as the only 

possible habitats of the species in the state. 

Counties of known occurrence. Following the description of habitats is a listing of the known counties of 

occurrence in the NC Natural Heritage Program database. We request information about any new occurrences 

in the state. 

* All recorded occurrences in the county are either extirpated, have not been found in recent surveys, or 

have not been surveyed recently enough to be confident they are still present. Un-surveyed occurrences 

are regarded as historical after 20-40 years, the number depending on the species and the amount of 

alteration in the area. An asterisk should not be regarded as a definitive statement that the species is 

gone from the county, but indicates that there is reason to doubt its continued existence. 

+ Counties with obscure or undatable records are marked with a plus (+). 

? If there is some question as to the validity of the county report, it is marked with a question mark (?). 

The botanical exploration of North Carolina is far from complete, and many additional county records will 

be found, generally (but not always) in proximity to counties listed. Most species which do not have county 

of occurrence information listed are new to the rare list and county status information had not been compiled 

at the time of publication. Visit the Natural Heritage Program website for the most up-to-date county 

occurrence information: www.ncnhp.org. 

13

Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 

Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 

NORTH CAROLINA PLANT RARE LIST 

Vascular Plants 

Abies fraseri Fraser Fir SR-L FSC S2 G2 

M: spruce-fir forests 

Acmella repens Creeping Spotflower SR-D - S1 G5 

CP: low wet areas and floating 

mats in alluvial forests and 

swamps 

Aconitum reclinatum Trailing Wolfsbane SR-T - S3 G3 

M: rich coves, seepage slopes, 

boulderfields, rocky stream banks, 

mainly associated with mafic 

rocks (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, 

Caldwell+, Graham, Haywood, 

Macon, Mitchell, Transylvania, 

Watauga, Yancey) 

Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus Hair Fern E - S1 G5 

C: coquina limestone (marl) 

outcrops, also adventitious on 

mortar of old stone walls in 

Wilmington, New Hanover 

County (Columbus) 

Adlumia fungosa Climbing Fumitory SR-P - S2 G4 

M: coves and cliffs (Alleghany*, 

Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, 

Yancey) 

Aeschynomene virginica Sensitive Jointvetch E T S1 G2 

TC: freshwater to slightly brackish 

tidal marshes and wet ditches 

(Beaufort, Craven*, Hyde, 

Lenoir*) 

Agalinis aphylla Scale-leaf Gerardia SR-P - S3 G3G4 

CS: wet savannas and Sandhills 

streamhead pocosin ecotones 

(Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, 

Craven, Cumberland, Duplin+, 

Harnett, Hoke+, Jones+, New 

Hanover+, Onslow, Pender, 

Richmond) 

Agalinis virgata Branched Gerardia SR-P - S2 G3G4Q 

CS: savannas and depression pond 

shores (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Craven, Duplin+, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Pender, Scotland) 

Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant-hyssop SR-T - S1 G5 

P: oak--hickory forests, especially 

over mafic rocks 

Agrostis altissima Tall Bentgrass SR-T - S2 G4 

C: wet savannas 

Agrostis mertensii Arctic Bentgrass E - S1 G5 

M: high elevation rocky summits 

and b alds (Avery, Mitchell*, 

Yancey) 

Allium allegheniense Allegheny Onion SR-T - S2 G3? 

M: rock outcrops and woodlands 

over mafic rock at moderate to 

high elevations 

14



Allium cuthbertii Striped Garlic SR-T - S2 G4 

PM: low elevation granitic domes 

and other rocky sites with 

circumneutral soils (Alexander, 

Chatham*, Madison*, Wilkes) 

Allium sp. 1 Savanna Onion SR-L FSC S1S2 G1G2 

C: wet savannas (Brunswick, 

Onslow, Pender) 

Alnus viridis ssp. crispa Green Alder SR-D - S1 G5T5 

M: balds (Avery, McDowell, 

Mitchell) 

Amaranthus pumilus Seabeach Amaranth T T S2 G2 

T: ocean beaches and island-end 

flats (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New 

Hanover, Onslow, Pender) 

Amelanchier sanguinea Roundleaf Serviceberry SR-P - S2 G5 

M: thin soils around mafic rock 

outcrops at lower and middle 

elevations (Buncombe, Burke, 

Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, 

Macon, McDowell+, Rutherford) 

Amorpha georgiana var. confusa Savanna Indigo-bush T FSC S3 G3T3 

C: wet savannas (Bladen*, 

Brunswick, Columbus, New 

Hanover*) 

Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Georgia Indigo-bush E FSC S2 G3T2 

CS: mesic to moist terraces along 

blackwater streams and ecotones 

between pocosins and savannas 

(Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, 

Lenoir*, Moore, Pender, 

Richmond, Robeson*, Scotland) 

Amorpha schwerinii Piedmont Indigo-bush SR-T - S3 G3G4 

P: dry forests (Anson, Burke, 

Catawba, Cleveland, Davidson, 

Gaston, Iredell*, Montgomery, 

Rand olph, Ro wan, Ruth erford*, 

Stanly) 

Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum Florida Goober Grass E - S1 G4 

C: clay-based Carolina bays 

(Hoke, Robeson, Scotland) 

Andropogon longiberbis Long-beard Bluestem SR-L - S1 G5 

C: sandhills 

Andropogon mohrii Bog Bluestem SR-P - S2 G4? 


Columbus, Craven, Onslow, 

Pender, Robeson*, Washington*) 

Anemone berlandieri Southern Anemone SR-P - S2 G4? 

P: thin soils around rock outcrops 

(Alexander, Anson *, 

Mecklenburg*, Montgomery, 

Orange, Polk*, Rowan, 

Rutherford, Stanly) 

Anemone caroliniana Prairie Anemone SR-P - S1 G5 

P: clayey woodlands over mafic 

rocks (Mecklenburg, Stanly*) 

Arabis glabra Tower-mustard SR-P - S1 G5 

M: mountain forests and meadows 

(Avery, Madiso n*, Watauga*) 

15



Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis Hairy Rockcress SR-P - S1 G5T4Q 

PM: thin soils around basic rock 

outcrops (Alexander, Buncombe) 

Arabis missouriensis Missouri Rockcress SR-P - S1 G5?Q 

P: thin soils around basic rock 

outcrops (Anson, Stanly) 

Arabis patens Spreading Rockcress SR-T - S1 G3 

M: thin soils around limestone and 

nutrient-rich seepage from 

amphibolite (Madison, 

Rutherford, Swain) 

Arenaria lanuginosa ssp. lanuginosa Spreading Sandwort SR-P - S1 G5T5 

TC: maritime grasslands and 

forests, other sandy sites, shell 

middens, coquina limestone (marl) 

outcrop s (Beaufort*, Brunswick*, 

Carteret*, Dare*, Hyd e*, Jones*, 

Onslow, P ender*) 

Arethusa bulbosa Bog Rose E - S1 G4 

MP: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe*, 

Avery, For syth*, Henderson*, 

Transylvania) 

Arisaema triphyllum ssp. stewardsonii Bog Jack-in-the-pulpit SR-P - S2 G5T4 

M: bogs (Alleghany, Avery, 

Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell, Transylvania, 

Watauga*) 

Aristida condensata Big Three-awn Grass SR-P - S1 G4? 

C: bay rims with xeric pine-oak 

scrub (Bladen, Hoke*, New 

Hanover, Pender, Richmond*, 

Scot land *) 

Aristida simpliciflora Chapman's Three-awn SR-T - S1S2 G3G4 


Columbus, Onslow, Pender) 

Aristida tenuispica Hillsboro Three-awn Grass SR-P - S1 G5TNR 

C: xeric sandhill scrub (New 

Hanover, Pender) 

Arnoglossum ovatum Savanna Indian-plantain SR-P - S2 G4G5 


Brunswick, Columbus, Jones, 


Asclepias pedicellata Savanna Milkweed SR-P - S3 G4 

C: dry savannas and moist 

flatwoods (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Carteret, Columbus, New 

Hanover, Onslow, Pender, 

Sampson) 

Asclepias purpurascens Purple Milkweed SR-T - S1? G5? 

PMC: swamps, bottomlands, 

edges of moist woods (Avery, 

Burke, Caldwell, Hertford, 

McDowell) 

Asplenium bradleyi Bradley's Spleenwort SR-P - S2 G4 

PM: acidic rock outcrops and 

cliffs (Burke, Cleveland*, Gaston, 

McDowell, Orange, Polk, 

Rutherford, Stokes+) 

16



Asplenium heteroresiliens Carolina Spleenwort E FSC S2 GNA 

C: coquina limestone outcrops 

(Bladen, Craven, Jones, Onslow*) 

Asplenium monanthes Single-sorus Spleenwort E - S1 G4 

M: outcrops near waterfalls in 

escarpment gorges (Transylvania) 

Asplenium pinnatifidum Lobed Spleenwort SR-P - S1 G4 

PM: acidic rock outcrops and 

cliffs (Caldwell*, Henderson*, 

Madison, Rutherford, Wilkes) 

Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue Spleenwort SR-P - S1 G5 

M: limestone outcrops (Burke, 

Madison, McDowell) 

Astilbe crenatiloba Roan False Goat's-beard SR-T FSC SX GX 

M: cove forests (Avery*, 

Mitchell*) 

Astragalus michauxii Sandhills Milk-vetch T FSC S3 G3 

SC: dry to xeric longleaf pine-oak 

woodlands and river-deposited 

sandhills (Bladen*, Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New 

Hanover*, Pender, Richmond, 

Robeson*, Sampson, Scotland) 

Baccharis glomeruliflora Silverling SR-P - SH G4 

T: shrubby areas on margins of 

brackish marsh es (Brunswick*) 

Bacopa caroliniana Blue Water-hyssop SR-P - S1 G4G5 

C: Shallow ponds, marshes, 

natural lakes, and tidal creeks 

(Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, 

New Hanover*, Pender) 

Bacopa innominata Tropical Water-hyssop SR-P - SH G3G5 

C: tidal freshwater marshes 

(Chowan*, New Hanover+, 

Pender+) 

Bacopa rotundifolia Round-leaf Water-hyssop SR-D - SH G5 

C: natural lakes 

Balduina atropurpurea Purple-disk Honeycomb-head SR-T FSC SH G2 

C: savannas (Brunswick*) 

Baptisia alba Thick-pod White Wild Indigo SR-P - S2 G5 

PCS: open woodlands, clearings 

(Anson, Cabarrus, Davidson, 

Johnston, Montgomery, Randolph, 

Stanly) 

Baptisia albescens Thin-pod White Wild Indigo SR-P - S2 G4 

MPS: open woodlands, clearings 

(Anson*, Burke, Catawba*, 

Chatham*, Cleveland, Iredell*, 

McDowell, Mecklenburg*, 

Montgomery, Moore*, P erson*, 

Polk*, Richmond, Rockingh am*, 

Rowan*, Ru therford, Stanly*, 

Stokes, Surry*, Transylvania*, 

Union) 

Baptisia bracteata var. bracteata Creamy Wild Indigo SR-P - SH G4G5T4? 

P: open woodland s (McDowell*) 

17



Baptisia minor var. aberrans Prairie Blue Wild Indigo T - S2 G5T2 

P: glades and open forests on 

basic soils (Cabarrus*, Caswell*, 

Durham, Granville, Mon tgomery, 

Orange+, Person*, Stanly) 

Bartonia paniculata ssp. paniculata Twining Screwstem SR-P - S2 G5T5 

SC: wet savannas, sandhill seeps, 

other open wet areas (Carteret, 

Duplin*, Gates*, Pender, New 

Hanover,Scot land *, Wake*) 

Berberis canadensis American Barberry SR-T - S2 G3 

PM: open forests and glades on 

basic soils (Alaman ce*, 

Alexander*, Buncombe*, Durham, 

Granville, Guilford*, Haywood*, 

Iredell*, Madison, McDowell, 

Orange*, Person*, Randolph*, 

Rockingh am, Ru therford, Swain*, 

Transylvania*) 

Betula cordifolia Mountain Paper Birch SR-D - S1 G5 

M: high elevation forests and 

landslide scars (Yancey) 

Bidens coronata Crowned Beggar-ticks SR-P - SH G5 

CT: brackish marshes (Beaufort*, 

Chowan*, Craven*) 

Botrychium jenmanii Alabama Grape-fern SR-P - S2 G3G4 

MP: moist woods (Bunco mbe*, 

Burke, Cherokee*, Clay*, Iredell*, 

Jackson*, McDowell, 

Mecklenb urg*, Rockingh am*, 

Ruth erford, S tokes*, 


Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum Lance-leaf Moonwort SR-P - S1 GNR 

MP: cove forests (Burke, 

Macon*) 

Botrychium matricariifolium Daisy-leaf Moonwort SR-P - S1 G5 

MP: cove forests (Avery, Burke, 

Haywood, Jackson, Swain*, 

Yancey) 

Botrychium multifidum Leathery Grape-fern SR-P - SH G5 

M: grassy balds 

Botrychium oneidense Blunt-lobed Grape-fern SR-P - S2 G4Q 

MP: cove forests, bogs (Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Burke, Forsyth+, 

Haywood*, Jackson, McDowell, 

Mitchell*, Yancey*) 

Botrychium simplex var. simplex Least Moonwort SR-P - S2 G5T5 

M: open, grassy sites (Haywood, 

Jackson, Mitchell, Transylvania*) 

Brachyelytrum septentrionale Northern Shorthusk SR-P - S3 G4G5 

M: northern hardwood forests 

(Ashe*, Avery, Caldwell*, Clay, 

Graham, Haywood*, Jackson, 

Macon, Swain, Transylvania, 

Watauga*) 

Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome SR-P - S1 G5 

M: moist areas near high elevation 

grassy balds (Ashe, Mitchell+, 

Watauga) 

18



Buchnera americana American Bluehearts SR-P - SH G5? 

MPS: glades, open forests, 

streambanks, probably primarily 

over mafic or calcareous rocks 

(Cumberland*, Durham*, 

Harnett*, Orange*, Polk*, 

Sampson*, Wake*) 

Buckleya distichophylla Piratebush E FSC S2 G2 

M: bluffs, dry slopes, forests on 

lower slopes (Buncombe, 

Haywood, Macon, Madison, 

Mitchell, Swain+) 

Bulbostylis warei Ware's Hair Sedge SR-P - SH G3G4 

T: interdunes, riverine sandhills, 

and other xeric sand deposits 

(Brunswick*) 

Calamagrostis cainii Cain's Reed Grass E FSC S1 G1 


(Bunco mbe, Yancey) 

Calamagrostis canadensis Canada Reed Grass SR-P - S1 G5 

M: high elevation openings 

(Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery, 

Haywood*, Jackson*, Mitchell*, 

Watauga*) 

Calamagrostis porteri Porter's Reed Grass SR-P - S1 G4 

M: middle elevation ridgetop 

forests (Clay, Henderson, 

Jackson, Rutherford, Surry, 


Calopogon multiflorus Many-flower Grass-pink E FSC S1 G2G3 

C: savannas (Onslow+) 

Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold SR-P - S1 G5 

M: boggy sites (Alleghany, 

Ashe*, Avery*, Buncombe*, 

Madi son*, Watauga, Yancey*) 

Calystegia catesbeiana ssp. sericata Blue Ridge Bindweed SR-T - S3 G3T2T3Q 

MP: open, sunny sites (Burke, 

Clay, Cleveland, Henderson, 

Jackson, Macon, Polk, Rutherford, 

Transylvania) 

Camassia scilloides Wild Hyacinth T - S1 G4G5 

CP: rich levees, slopes, and 

bottomlands (Northampton, 

Vance) 

Campanula aparinoides Marsh Bellflower SR-P - S2 G5 

M: bogs and other wet, open sites 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, 

Clay+, Haywood, Henderson, 

Jackson, Mitchell+, 

Transylvania*, Wilkes+, Yancey) 

Campanula rotundifolia Bluebells SR-P - S1 G5 


(Ashe) 

Cardamine clematitis Mountain Bittercress SR-T FSC S2 G2G3 

M: high elevation seeps, shaded 

outcrops, and streambanks 

(Avery, Caldwell, Graham, 

Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, 

Swain*, Transylvania, Watauga, 

Yancey*) 

19



Cardamine dissecta Dissected Toothwort SR-P - S2 G4? 

PM: rich woods, cove forests, 

bottomlands (Anson, Davidson, 

Durh am, Guilford*, 

Mecklenburg*, Montgomery, 

Randolph, Rowan+, Rutherford+) 

Cardamine douglassii Douglass's Bittercress SR-P - S2 G5 

P: bottomlands, rich lower slopes 

(Cumberland, Durham, Granville, 

Harnett, Northampton, Orange*, 

Wake) 

Cardamine longii Long's Bittercress SR-T - S1 G3 

C: tidal marshes and tidal 

cypress-gum forests (Bladen, 

Craven*, New Hanover, Pender) 

Cardamine micranthera Small-anthered Bittercress E E S1 G1 

P: seeps, streamside sandbars, and 

floodplain depressions (Forsyth*, 

Stokes) 

Cardamine rotundifolia Mountain Watercress SR-P - S2 G4 

MP: seeps, banks of mountain 

brooks (Ashe+, Mitchell, Stokes, 

Watauga) 

Carex aenea Bronze Sedge E - SNA G5 

Not occurring in NC; populations 

have been shown to be C. ovalis. 

Carex arctata Black Sedge SR-P - S1 G5? 

M: northern hardwood and spruce 

forests, bog edges 

Carex argyrantha Hay Sedge SR-P - SH G5 

M: wet mead ows (Ashe*) 

Carex baileyi Bailey's Sedge SR-P - S2 G4 

M: bogs and seeps 

Carex barrattii Barratt's Sedge E - SH G4 

MS: seepage slopes (Harnett*, 

Henderson*) 

Carex basiantha Widow Sedge SR-D - S1 G5 

C: mesic forests, bottomlands, and 

lower slopes, over calcareous rock 

(Jones, Pender) 

Carex biltmoreana Biltmore Sedge SR-L - S3 G3 

M: granitic domes and other cliffs 

and outcrops (Buncombe, 


Macon, McDowell, Polk, 

Rutherford, Transylvania) 

Carex bushii Bush's Sedge SR-P - S1 G4 

PM: open wet areas (Ashe*, 

Durh am*, Granville*, John ston *, 

Nash*, Orange, Rowan*) 

Carex buxbaumii Brown Bog Sedge SR-P - S2 G5 

MP: bogs and fens (Alleghany, 

Ashe, Forsyth*, Henderson, 

Watauga, Yancey*) 

Carex calcifugens Calcium-fleeing Sedge SR-T - S2? G2G4 

C: mesic deciduous forests and 

maritime woodlands 

Carex canescens ssp. disjuncta Silvery Sedge SR-P - S2 G5T4? 

CS: beaver ponds, old millponds, 

impoundments; usually on Nyssa 

20



biflora (Hoke, Richmond, 

Scot land , Tyrrell*) 

Carex careyana Carey's Sedge SR-P - S1 G4G5 

M: rich cove forests (Jackson) 

Carex cherokeensis Cherokee Sedge SR-P - S1 G4G5 

MP: floodplains (Cherokee*, 

Madison, Pender, Polk) 

Carex communis var. amplisquama Fort Mountain Sedge SR-T FSC S1 G5T3 

M: rich woods (Henderson) 

Carex conoidea Cone-shaped Sedge T - S1 G5 

MP: bogs (Ashe, Iredell*) 

Carex cristatella Small-crested Sedge SR-P - SH G5 

M: grassy balds, bogs (Jackson*, 

Swain*) 

Carex crus-corvi Crowfoot Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

C: swamp forests (Columbus, 

Edgecombe*, Martin *, Pitt*) 

Carex decomposita Cypress Knee Sedge SR-T - S2 G3 

C: beaver ponds, old millponds; 

often on Taxodium ascendens 

trunks and knees (Brunswick, 

Cumberland, New Hanover*, 

Richmond, Warren*) 

Carex deflexa A Sedge SR-D - S1 G5 

M: high elevation seepy forests 

Carex eburnea Bristle-leaf Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

M: calcareous outcrops 

(Madison) 

Carex exilis Coastal Sedge T - S2 G5 

S: seepage slopes, wet seepy 

powerlines (Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Moo re*) 

Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock's Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

M: moist to dryish forests over 

calcareous or mafic rocks 

(Buncombe, Jackson, Macon) 

Carex hormathodes A Sedge SR-P - S1 G4G5 

C: marshes (Currituck) 

Carex impressinervia Ravine Sedge SR-T FSC S1 G1G2 

CP: rich alluvial forests (Harnett, 

Montgomery) 

Carex jamesii James's Sedge SR-P - S2 G5 

PC: rich woods, especially over 

mafic rocks (Caswell*, 

Cumberland, Durham, Halifax*, 

Lee*, Moore, North ampton*) 

Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Slender Sedge SR-P - S1 G5T5 

M: shallow water of alkaline 

spring seep, hummocks in acidic 

basin marsh, high elevation fen 

over amphibolite 

Carex leptonervia A Wood Sedge SR-P - S2 G4 

M: rich cove forests and seepage 

slop es (Alleghany, Avery*, 

Buncombe, Clay*, Graham, 


Macon, Madiso n*, Swain*, 

Watauga*, Yancey) 

21



Carex lupuliformis Hop-like Sedge SR-P - S1 G4 

CP: moist bottomlands, especially 

in calcareous or mafic areas 

(Brunswick, Craven*, Fo rsyth*, 

Jones) 

Carex lutea Golden Sedge E E S2 G2 

C: savanna-swamp forest 

ecotones, over coquina limestone 

(Onslow, Pender) 

Carex meadii Mead's Sedge SR-P - S1 G4G5 

P: low wet places over diabase 

(Durham*, Granville) 

Carex misera Wretched Sedge SR-L - S3 G3 

M: high elevation rock outcrops 

(Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Clay, 


Macon, Mitchell, Swain, 

Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) 

Carex oligocarpa Rich-woods Sedge SR-P - S2? G4 

CM: rich woods, mostly over 


(Carteret, McDowell) 

Carex oligosperma Few-seeded Sedge E - S1 G5? 

M: seeps and bogs (Avery, 

Mitchell, Watauga) 

Carex pedunculata Longstalk Sedge SR-P - S2 G5 

M: rich cove forests (Henderson, 

Polk, Transylvania) 

Carex physorhyncha Bellow's-beak Sedge SR-P - S2 G5T5 

CP: dry woods, perhaps associated 

wiht calcareous or mafic rock 

Carex projecta Necklace Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

CMP: bogs, marshes, swamps, 

brownwater floodplain forests and 

open ings (Avery, Cherokee*, 

Cumberland*, Iredell*, Lee, 

Madison, Mecklenburg*, Mitchell, 

Swain*, Transylvania) 

Carex purpurifera Purple Sedge SR-P - S2 G4? 

M: low elevation, rich forests over 

limestone or marble (Cherokee, 

Graham, Macon) 

Carex radfordii Radford's Sedge E FSC S1 G2 

M: rich cove forests in the Blue 

Ridge escarpment region 

(Jackson) 

Carex reniformis Kidney Sedge SR-P - SH G4? 

CP: swamps, open wet areas 

(Joh nsto n*, Wake*) 

Carex roanensis Roan Sedge SR-T - S2 G2 

M: forests (Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe, McDowell, Mitchell, 

Yancey) 

Carex schweinitzii Schweinitz's Sedge E FSC SNA G3G4 

The alleged occurrences of C. 

schweinitzii in w. NC are based on 

misidentification of C. utriculata. 

Carex socialis Social Sedge SR-P - S1 G4 

C: streambeds and riverbanks 

(Columbus, Cumberland, Pender) 

22



Carex sp. 2 Fen Sedge SR-T FSC S1 G1 

M: seepage over mafic or 

ultramafic rocks (Allegh any) 

Carex sp. 4 A Sedge SR-L - S2 G2G3 

CS: streamhead pocosins and 

floodplains of small blackwater 

streams (Brunswick, Harnett, 

Hoke, Moore, Onslow, Pender, 

Richmond, Scotland) 

Carex tenax Wire Sedge SR-P - S1 G5? 

CS: xeric sandhills (Moore, 

Wayne*) 

Carex tetanica Rigid Sedge SR-P - S1 G4G5 

MC: bogs and swamps (Macon, 

Wake*, Warren*, Wilson+) 

Carex trichocarpa Hairy-fruit Sedge SR-P - SH G4 

M: marshy bogs (Ashe*, 

Haywood*) 

Carex trisperma Three-seeded Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs, wet forests at high 

elevations (Avery, Buncombe+, 

Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga) 

Carex utriculata Beaked Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

M: wet meadows (Henderson) 

Carex verrucosa Warty Sedge SR-P - S2 G3G4 

CS: savannas and pinelands 

(Beaufort*, Brunswick, 

Columbus*, Henderson, New 

Hanover*, Onslow) 

Carex vesicaria Inflated Sedge SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs 

Carex vestita Velvet Sedge SR-P - SH G5 

P: low woods (Durh am*) 

Carex woodii Wood's Sedge SR-P - S2 G4 

MPC: forested slopes, cove 

forests, and northern hardwoods 

(Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery, Clay, 

Henderson, Jackson, Jones+, 

Macon, Mi tchell*, Orange*, 

Transylvania, Watauga*) 

Carya laciniosa Big Shellbark Hickory SR-P - S1 G5 

PC: brownwater river levees 

(Durham, Halifax) 

Carya myristiciformis Nutmeg Hickory E - S1 G4 

C: wet marl forests (Pender) 

Caulophyllum giganteum Northern Blue Cohosh SR-P - SH G4G5Q 

M: cove forests (Alleghany*) 

Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet SR-P - S2? G5 

MP: cove forests and rich woods 

(Ashe*, Buncombe*, Burke, 

Cleveland, Haywood*, Henderson, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Madiso n*, 

McDowell*, Mit chell*, 

Rand olph*, Ru therford, Swain*, 

Transylvania*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Ceratophyllum australe Southern Hornwort SR-P - S1 G5TNR 

CT: pools in maritime forests, 

possibly other natural depression 

wetlands (Carteret*, Chowan) 

23



Chamaesyce bombensis Southern Seabeach Sandmat SR-T - S2? G4G5 

T: seabeaches 

Chamaesyce cordifolia Heartleaf Sandmat SR-P - S1 G5 

CS: sandhills (Bladen, 

Richmond*, Wayne*) 

Chamerion platyphyllum Fireweed SR-P - S1 G5T5 

M: grassy balds, roadsides, 

disturbed areas (Avery, Caldwell, 

Haywood, Mitchell, Yancey*) 

Chasmanthium nitidum A Spanglegrass SR-T - S1 G3 

C: blackwater bottomlands over 

marl (Pender) 

Cheilanthes alabamensis Alabama Lip-fern SR-P - S1 G4G5 

M: calcareous outcrops 

(Madison) 

Chelone cuthbertii Cuthbert's Turtlehead SR-L FSC S3? G3 

MPC: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, 

Avery*, Burke, Cumberland, 

Jackson, Macon*, Madison, 

McDowell, Stokes, Transylvania, 

Wayne, Yancey) 

Chelone obliqua Red Turtlehead SR-T - S2 G4 

CM: swamp forests, bogs, wet 

places 

Chenopodium foggii Fogg's Goosefoot SR-T - SH G3Q 

M: rocky, mountain slopes 

Chenopodium simplex Giant-seed Goosefoot SR-P - SH G5 

M: shaded soil at bases of cliffs 

(Ashe*, Jackson*) 

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Woody Goldenrod E - S1 G4G5 

C: riverine sand ridges and xeric 

pine-oak scrub (Columbus, 

Cumberland, Robeson) 

Cirsium carolinianum Carolina Thistle SR-P - S2 G5 

P: forests and disturbed areas, 

mostly on basic soils (Burke, 

Cabarrus*, Granville, 

Mecklenburg, Montgomery, 

Rowan*, Ru therford, Wake*, 

Wilkes*) 

Cirsium lecontei Leconte's Thistle SR-P - S2 G2G3 

C: savannas (Bladen*, 

Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, 

Craven, New Hanover*, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Cirsium nuttallii Nuttall's Thistle SR-P - S1 G5 

C: pine savannas, roadsides, and 

pastures 

Cladium mariscoides Twig-rush SR-O - S3 G5 

CSMT: bogs, fens, brackish 

marshes, sandhill seepage bogs 

(Alleghany*, Ashe, Camden, 

Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, 

Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, 


Hanover, Onslow, Pender, 


Clematis glaucophylla White-leaved Leatherflower SR-P - SH G4? 

MP: habitat not known 

(Buncombe+, Stokes+, Surry+) 

24



Clematis occidentalis Mountain Clematis SR-P - S1 G5 

M: rocky forests (Ashe, 

Buncombe) 

Clinopodium georgianum Georgia Calamint SR-P - S2 G5 

SC: rock ledges near blackwater 

streams and disturbed pine-oak 

uplands (Anson*, Brunswick, 

Pender, Richmond, Rob eson*) 

Coeloglossum viride var. virescens Long-bracted Frog Orchid SR-P - S1 G5T5 

MP: seeps in cove forests (Ashe, 

Avery*, Bun combe*, Forsyth*, 

Haywood*, Jackson*) 

Coelorachis cylindrica Carolina Jointgrass SR-P - SH G4G5 

P: open woodlands and roadsides 

(Anson*, Unio n*) 

Collinsonia tuberosa Piedmont Horsebalm SR-P - S1 G3G4 

PM: rich hardwood forests 

(Alamance*, Chatham, Gui lford*, 

Henderson*, McDowell, 

Montgomery, Orange*, 

Rutherford) 

Collinsonia verticillata Whorled Horsebalm SR-T - S2 G3 

PM: cove forests (Polk) 

Conioselinum chinense Hemlock-parsley E - S1 G5 

M: high elevation seepage slopes 

(Avery) 

Coptis trifolia ssp. groenlandica Goldthread SR-P - S1 G5T5 

M: bogs and moist, mossy forests 

(Alleghany) 

Coreopsis latifolia Broadleaf Coreopsis SR-T - S3 G3 

M: cove forests and other rich 

woods (Avery, Buncombe, 

Haywood, Henderson, McDowell, 

Mitchell*, Polk, Rutherford, 

Yancey) 

Cornus asperifolia Roughleaf Dogwood SR-P - S1 G4 

C: wet marl forests (Onslow, 

Pender) 

Cornus racemosa Gray Dogwood SR-P - S1 G5? 

P: moist soil in riparian zones, 

roadsides, and thickets 

Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha Slender Corydalis SR-P - S1 G5T4 

PM: thin, circumneutral soils on 

rock outcrops or cliffs 

(Alexander, Jackson*, Madison) 

Crataegus coccinea Scarlet Hawthorn SR-P - S2? G5 

MP: deciduous forest 

understories, pastures, upland 

thickets 

Crataegus munda Batesburg Hawthorn SR-T - S2? G3G5Q 

C: xeric or subxeric forests, 

scrublands, disturbed woodlands 

(Bladen, Cumberland*) 

Crataegus pallens Pale Hawthorn SR-L - S1S2 G1G2 

M: subxeric forests, slopes, rock 

outcrops, especially over mafic or 

calcareous substrates 

Crataegus senta A Hawthorn SR-L - S1? G2 

CM: upland hills, disturbed 

forests, pastures 

25



Crataegus succulenta Fleshy Hawthorn SR-P - S1S2 G5 

M: high elevation rocky summits, 

mesic forests, high pastures, 

especially over basic soil or mafic 

substrate 

Crinum americanum Swamp-lily SR-P - SH G5 

C: tidal swamp forests, tidal 

marsh es (New Han over*) 

Croton monanthogynus Prairie-tea Croton SR-P - S1 G5 

M: calcareous rock outcrops 

(Madison, McDowell) 

Cuscuta cephalanthi Buttonbush Dodder SR-T - S1 G5 

MP: on woody hosts 

Cuscuta coryli Hazel Dodder SR-T - S1? G5? 

CPM: on woody or herbaceous 

hosts 

Cyperus dentatus Toothed Flatsedge SR-P - SH G4 

C: mar shes (Brunswick*, 

Currituck*, Dare*) 

Cyperus granitophilus Granite Flatsedge SR-T - S2 G3Q 

P: granite flatrocks, other rock 

outcrops (Alexander*, Anson, 

Forsyth*, Franklin, Granville, 

Wake, Yadkin*) 

Cyperus houghtonii Houghton's Flatsedge SR-P - SH G4? 

P: dry soil 

Cyperus lecontei Leconte's Flatsedge SR-P - S2 G4? 

C: limesink ponds (Brunswick, 

New Hanover*, Onslow) 

Cyperus tetragonus Four-angled Flatsedge SR-P - S1 G4? 

T: maritime forests and barrier 

island grasslands (Brunswick, 

Carteret, Dare+, New Hanover+, 


Cyperus virens Green Flatsedge SR-P - S1 G5 

C:marshes and ditches 

Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum Small Yellow Lady's-slipper SR-T - S1S2 G5T3T5 

M: bogs? 

Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern SR-P - S1 G5 

M: high elevation cliffs (Mitchell, 

Watauga) 

Cystopteris tennesseensis Tennessee Bladder-fern E-SC - S1 G5 

CM: calcareous rock outcrops 

(Craven, Graham*, Jones, 

Onslow*) 

Cystopteris tenuis Upland Bladder-fern SR-P - S1 G4G5 


cliffs 

Dalibarda repens Robin Runaway E - S2 G5 

M: bogs and moist woods under 

rhododendrons (Alleghany, Ashe, 

Transylvania) 

Danthonia epilis Bog Oatgrass SR-T FSC S2? G3G4 

S: seepage bogs, wet seepy 

powerlines (Cumberland, Harnett, 

Montgomery, Moore, Richmond, 

Scotland) 

26



Delphinium exaltatum Tall Larkspur E-SC FSC S2 G3 

MP: grassy balds, glades, 

woodlands, mostly over mafic 

rock (Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery*, 

Durham, Granville, Haywood, 

Jackson, McDowell, 

Mecklenb urg*, Mitchell*, 

Watauga) 

Dendrolycopodium dendroideum Prickly Ground-pine SR-P - S2 G5 

M: openings and balds 

Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. glauca Tufted Hairgrass SR-P - S1 G5T5 

M: olivine barrens, high elevation 

outcrops of mafic rock (Clay) 

Desmodium fernaldii Fernald's Tick-trefoil SR-P - S1 G4 

SC: dry to mesic hardwood-pine 

woodland s (Bertie*, Brunswick*, 

Cumberland, Dare*, Dup lin*, 

Edgecombe*, Gates*, Hoke, 

Jones*, Lenoir*, Martin *, 

Richmond, Scotland*, 

Washington*) 

Desmodium ochroleucum Creamy Tick-trefoil SR-T FSC SH G1G2 

P: sandy or rocky woodland 

open ings (Davie*, Orange*, 

Swain*) 

Desmodium sessilifolium Sessile Tick-trefoil SR-P - SH G5 

P: open woodland s (Cabarrus*, 

Mecklenb urg*) 

Diarrhena americana Eastern Beakgrass SR-P - S1 G4? 

M: rich cove forest (Jackson) 

Dicentra eximia Bleeding Heart SR-P - S2 G4 

MP: rock outcrops (Buncombe, 

Burke, Graham, Haywood, 

Macon*, Madison, McDowell, 

Mitchell, Rutherford, Swain, 


Dichanthelium annulum A Witch Grass SR-P - SH GNR 

CP: dry sandy or rocky open 

woods and borders of thickets 

(Chatham*, Clay*, Dare*, Davie*, 

Durham*, Mecklenburg+, 

Montgomery*, Orange*, Person*, 

Rowan*, St okes*, Wake*) 

Dichanthelium caerulescens Blue Witch Grass E - S1S2 G2G3 

C: wet savannas with a calcareous 

influence (Brunswick*, Carteret, 

Dare+, Hyde, Pender) 

Dichanthelium fusiforme Spindle-fruited Witch Grass SR-P - S1 G5? 

CS: dry sandy pinelands and other 

clearings (Beaufort, Bladen*, 

Brunswick, Columbus*, Jones, 

Moore*, Onslo w, Richmond*) 

Dichanthelium hirstii (=Panicum hirstii) Hirsts' Panic Grass E C S1 G1 

C: cypress savannas (Onslow) 

Dichanthelium sp. 5 Nerved Witch Grass SR-D - S1 G3 

(=Dichanthelium aciculare ssp. 

neuranthum) T: maritime wet 

grasslands (Brunswick, Carteret*, 

Dare+, Hyd e+, New Han over*) 

27



Dichanthelium sp. 9 A Witch Grass SR-L - S2 G2G3 

C: wet streamhead pocosin 

openings, including utility 

clearings (Bladen, Brunswick*, 

Carteret, Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Johnston*, Moore, New 

Hanover*, Onslow, Wake*) 

Dichanthelium spretum Eaton's Witch Grass SR-D - S1S2 G5 

CPM: wet sands and peats of 

bogs, savannas, meadows, and 

shores 

Didiplis diandra Water Purslane SR-P - S1 G5 

CS: sluggish streams and ponds 

(Edgecombe*, Harnett+, 

Hertford*, Johnston, Moore+, 

Nash, Perquimans*, Richmond, 

Wake, Warren*) 

Diervilla rivularis Riverbank Bush-honeysuckle SR-T - S1 G3 

M: forests (Yancey) 

Dionaea muscipula Venus Flytrap SR-L, SC FSC S3 G3 

CST: savannas, seepage bogs, 

pocosin edges (Beaufort, Bladen, 


Craven, Cumberland, Duplin, 

Hoke, Jon es*, Lenoi r*, Mo ore*, 

New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico*, 

Pender, Robeson*, Sampson) 

Dodecatheon meadia var. meadia Eastern Shooting-Star SR-P - S2 G5T5 

PM: rich, rocky woods, over mafic 

or calcareous rocks (Anson*, 

Buncombe, Davidson*, Haywood, 

Henderson, Iredell*, Jackson, 

Macon, Mecklenburg+, 

Montgomery, Orange*, 

Ruth erford, S tanly, Watauga*) 

Draba ramosissima Branching Draba SR-P - S2 G4 

MP: calcareous and mafic rock 

outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, 

Jackson, Madison, Rutherford) 

Draba reptans Creeping Draba SR-P - SH G5 

P: dry soil (Linco ln*) 

Drosera filiformis Threadleaf Sundew SR-P - S2 G4 

C: depression ponds, wet borrow 

pits, and ditches in various 

habitats including savannas, 

riverine sand ridges, and bay rims 

(Bladen, Brunswick*, Columbus, 

Duplin*, Sampson) 

Echinacea laevigata Smooth Coneflower E-SC E S1 G2 

P: glades, woodlands, and open 

areas over mafic rocks (Durham, 

Granville, Mecklenburg, 

Montgomery*, Orange*, 

Rockingh am*) 

Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower SR-P - S1 G4 

M: open woods and clearings 

(Burke+, Jackson*, Madison, 

Polk*, Rutherford*, Yadkin) 

28



Echinodorus tenellus Dwarf Burhead SR-T - S1 G5? 

C: drawdown zones of clay-based 

Carolina bays and blackwater 

rivers (Brunswick, Robeson) 

Eleocharis atropurpurea Purple Spikerush SR-D - S1 G4G5 


(Scotland*) 

Eleocharis cellulosa Gulfcoast Spikerush SR-P - S2 G4G5 

CT: interdune ponds, brackish 

marshes & tidal freshwater 

marshes (Beaufort, Carteret, 

Dare*, Hyde, Onslow*, 

Washington) 

Eleocharis elongata Florida Spikerush SR-P - S1 G5? 


Onslow) 

Eleocharis halophila Saltmarsh Spikerush T - S1 G4 

CT: brackish and freshwater 

marsh es (Dare, Hyde*) 

Eleocharis montevidensis Sand Spikerush SR-P - S1 G5 

CT: maritime wet grassland 

(Currituck*, Onslow) 

Eleocharis parvula Little-spike Spikerush SR-D - S1 G5 

CT: brackish and fresh marshes 

Eleocharis robbinsii Robbins' Spikerush SR-P - S2 G4G5 

C: limesink ponds, clay-based 

Carolina bays, peat-burn lakes, 

millponds, beaver ponds, artificial 

lakes (Bladen*, Brunswick, 

Carteret, Craven*, Cumberland, 


Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, 

Scotland, Washington) 

Eleocharis rostellata Beaked Spikerush SR-O - S2 G5 


Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, 

Currituck, Dare, Hyde) 

Eleocharis vivipara Viviparous Spikerush SR-O - S1 G5 

C: bogs and pools (New Hanover, 


Elymus trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus Slender Wheatgrass SR-P - S1 G5T5 

M: olivine barrens (Clay) 

Elymus virginicus var. halophilus Terrell Grass SR-P - S1 G5T5 

C: brackish marshes, maritime 

forests, and hammocks 

Enemion biternatum Eastern Isopyrum SR-P - S2 G5 

PC: rich bottomlands, levees, and 

lower slopes (Cumberland, 

Durham, Franklin, Granville, 

Halifax, Harnett, Lee, 

Northampton, Orange*, Person, 

Vance) 

Epidendrum magnoliae Green Fly Orchid SR-P - S2 G4 

C: epiphytic on trees in blackwater 

river swamps (Bladen, 

Brunswick+, Columbus, New 


29



Epilobium ciliatum Purpleleaf Willowherb SR-P - S2 G5 

M: seeps and bogs (Avery, 

Buncombe, Henderson, Jackson+, 

Macon, Madison, Mitchell+, 

Swain*, Watauga, Yancey+) 

Eriocaulon aquaticum Seven-angled Pipewort SR-P - S2 G5 

CS: blackwater creeks, natural 

lakes, tidal freshwater marshes 

(Bladen+, Brunswick*, Columbus, 

Craven, Cumberland, Hoke, 

Moore, Perquimans*, Tyrrell, 

Washington) 

Eriocaulon lineare Linear Pipewort E - SNA G4 

No longer believed native to NC; 

specimens found to be E. decangulare 

Eriocaulon parkeri Estuary Pipewort SR-T - S1 G3 

C: natural lakes (Hyde, Tyrrell) 

Eriocaulon texense Texas Hatpins E - S1 G4 

S: streamhead seepage ecotones 

and seepage slopes (Cumberland, 

Richmond) 

Eriogonum tomentosum Southern Wild-buckwheat SR-P - SH G4G5 

C: sandhills 

Erythrina herbacea Coralbean SR-P - S2 G5 

TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, 

Carteret*, New Hanover) 

Eupatorium anomalum Anomalous Eupatorium SR-T - S1? G2G3 

C: wet savannas (Pender) 

Eupatorium godfreyanum Godfrey's Thoroughwort SR-P - S2 G4 

PM: woodlands, especially over 

mafic rocks (Burke, Caswell*, 

Catawba, Cleveland, Durham, 

Granville*, Hender son*, 

McDowell, Orange*, Person, 

Ruth erford, S wain*, Van ce*, 

Wake*) 

Eupatorium incarnatum Pink Thoroughwort SR-P - S2 G5 

PMC: rich woods and thin 

woodlands over diabase, 

calcareous rocks, other basic 

rocks, or rich alluvium 

(Alexander, Durham*, Madison, 

Martin*, Polk, Richmond, 

Warren*, Wilkes) 

Eupatorium leptophyllum Limesink Dog-fennel SR-P - S2 G4G5 

C: limesink ponds and clay-based 

Carolina bays (Brunswick, New 

Hanover, Scotland) 

Eupatorium paludicola Savanna Boneset SR-L - S2 G2 

C: cypress savannas, clay-based 

bays, and small depressions ponds 

(Onslow+, Scotland+) 

Eupatorium resinosum Pine Barren Boneset T-SC - S3 G3 

SC: seepage bogs, impoundments, 

shrub swamps, openings in 

streamhead pocosins (Bladen, 

Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, 

Moore, Sampson, Scotland) 

Eupatorium saltuense Tall Boneset SR-L - S1? G3G4 

P: upland forests, woodland 

30



borders 

Euphorbia commutata Cliff Spurge SR-P - S1 G5 

MP: thin soil around mafic or 

calcareous outcrops (Buncombe, 

Caswell*, Haywood) 

Euphorbia mercurialina Cumberland Spurge SR-P - S2 G4 

P: rich slopes over gabbro 

(Anson, Richmond) 

Euphorbia purpurea Glade Spurge SR-T FSC S2 G3 

M: forests, especially over mafic 

rock (Ashe, Bun combe, Clay, 

Graham, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Swain, 

Watauga+, Yancey) 

Eurybia avita Alexander's Rock Aster SR-T FSC SX G3 

M: thin soil around granitic 

outcrop s (Transylvania*) 

Eurybia mirabilis Piedmont Aster SR-T FSC S2 G2G3 

P: rich slopes and bottomlands 

(Anson, Macon*, Mecklenburg, 

Montgomery, Richmond, Stanly, 

Union) 

Eustachys glauca Saltmarsh Fingergrass SR-P - SH G4 

T: salt marshes 

Filipendula rubra Queen-of-the-prairie E - S1 G4G5 

M: bogs, wet meadows 

(Buncombe*, Haywood*, Macon, 


Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper's Fimbry E FSC S1 G2 

C: drawdown zones of blackwater 

rivers (Brunswick, Columbus) 

Fothergilla major Large Witch-alder SR-T - S3 G3 

MP: dry ridgetop or bluff forests 

(Burke, Chath am, Gaston*, 

McDowell, Montgomery, Orange, 

Person, Polk*, Rutherford, Stanly, 

Stokes, Surry*, Transylvania, 

Wake) 

Frasera caroliniensis Columbo SR-P - S2S3 G5 

M: deciduous forests on mafic soil 

(Cherokee*, Clay, Macon) 

Gaillardia aestivalis Sandhills Gaillardia SR-P - S2 G5 

S: dry sandy roadsides, dry 

longleaf pine-oak uplands 

(Cumberland*, Hoke, Moo re*, 


Galactia mollis Soft Milk-pea SR-P - S2 G4G5 

CST: loamy sand depressions in 

longleaf pine-oak uplands. 

(Brunswick*, Cumberland, Hoke, 

Richmond, Scotland, Wayne*) 

Gaylussacia brachycera Box Huckleberry SR-D - S1 G3 

P: dry ridges and slopes 

(Durham) 

Gaylussacia nana Confederate Huckleberry E - S1 G4 

C: coastal fringe sandhill (New 

Hanover) 

Gaylussacia orocola Appalachian Dwarf Huckleberry SR-L - S1 G1Q 

M: bogs 

31



Gelsemium rankinii Swamp Jessamine SR-P - S1S2 G5 

C: floodplains of blackwater rivers 

and streams (Brunswick, 

Columbus, Cumberland*, New 


Gentiana alba Yellow Gentian SR-D - SH G4 

M: habitat not known (Watauga*) 

Gentiana austromontana Appalachian Gentian SR-L - S2? G3 

M: high elevation forests and 

balds 

Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian E-SC - S1 G5 

M: glades, serpentine barrens, 

open sites over basic rocks (Ashe, 

Clay, Macon+, Watauga) 

Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bo gs (Avery*, Swain*) 

Geum geniculatum Bent Avens T FSC S2 G2 

M: high elevation forests, 

streambanks, seepage slopes 

(Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell, 

Watauga) 

Geum laciniatum var. trichocarpum Rough Avens SR-P - S1 G5T3T5 

M: bo gs (Avery, Wilkes*) 

Geum radiatum Spreading Avens E-SC E S2 G1 


(Ashe, Avery, Bunco mbe, Burke*, 

Mitchell, Transylvania, Watauga, 

Yancey) 

Gillenia stipulata Indian Physic SR-P - S2 G5 

P: forests and open woods, mainly 

over mafic rocks (Cabarrus*, 

Chatham*, Davidson, Durham, 

Granville, Lee*, Montgomery, 

Moore*, Orange*, Person, Union, 

Wake) 

Glyceria laxa Lax Mannagrass SR-P - SH G5 

M: seeps (Alleghany*, 

Henderson*, Macon*, 


Glyceria nubigena Smoky Mountain Mannagrass T FSC S2 G2 

M: high elevation seeps (Graham, 

Haywood, Swain, Transylvania) 

Grammitis nimbata West Ind ian Dwarf Polypody E FSC S1 G4? 

M: spray zone behind waterfalls 

(Macon) 

Gratiola aurea Golden Hedge-hyssop SR-O - S1 G5 

C: drawdown zones of blackwter 

rivers (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Columbus, Gates*, Pender, 

Sampson+) 

Gratiola ramosa Branched Hedge-hyssop SR-P - S1 G4G5 

CS: cypress savannas and 

clay-based Carolina bays (Hoke, 

Scotland) 

Gymnocarpium appalachianum Appalachian Oak Fern E FSC S1 G3 

M: shaded and sheltered crevices 

on high elevation rocky summits 

(Ashe) 

32



Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed SR-P - S1S2 G5 

MP: woods and thickets with 

circumneutral soil 

Hasteola suaveolens Sweet Indian-plantain SR-T - SH G3 

M: bottomlands (Buncombe+, 

Henderson*, Transylvania*) 

Helenium brevifolium Littleleaf Sneezeweed E - S2 G3G4 

PMC: bogs, seeps, riverbanks, 

other wet sites (Brunswick*, 

Clay, Henderson*, Iredell, 

Lenoir*, Montgomery, Rowan*, 

Stan ly*, Wake*) 

Helenium pinnatifidum Dissected Sneezeweed SR-P - S2 G4 

C: savannas and open, wet, mucky 

sites (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Columbus, Lincoln*, New 

Hanover*, Pender, Robeson) 

Helenium vernale Spring Sneezeweed E - S1 G4? 

C: savannas and adjacent ditches 

(Brunswick, Columbus) 

Helianthemum bicknellii Plains Sunrose SR-P - S1 G5 

M: rock outcrops, glades, fens 

(Ashe*, Buncombe, Haywood+, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Transylvania*) 

Helianthemum carolinianum Carolina Sunrose SR-P - S1 G4 

CS: sandhills, pinelands, dry 

savannas (Brunswick, Carteret*, 

Craven*, Cumberland*, Hoke, 

New Hanover, Pender, Robeson*, 

Wilson*) 

Helianthemum corymbosum Pinebarren Sunrose SR-P - S1 G4G5 


Carteret, Dare*) 

Helianthemum georgianum Georgia Sunrose SR-P - S1 G4 


Carteret*, Dare*, Hyde+, New 

Hanover) 

Helianthemum nashii Florida Scrub Frostweed E - S1 G3? 

C: coastal fringe sandhill 

(Brunswick+, New Hanover) 

Helianthemum propinquum Creeping Sunrose SR-P - S1 G4 

MP: rock outcrops, glades 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, 

Buncombe, Clay, Forsyth*, 

Haywood, Henderson*, 

Rockingh am*, Stokes*, 

Transylvania*, Watauga+, 

Yancey) 

Helianthemum rosmarinifolium Rosemary Sunrose SR-P - S2 G4 

SC: dry clearings and roadsides 

within longleaf pine ecosystems 

(Hoke, Richmond, Scotland) 

Helianthus floridanus Florida Sunflower E - S1 G3G4 

C: savannas and pocosins 

(Bladen+, Brunswick+, 

Columbus+) 

33



Helianthus laevigatus Smooth Sunflower SR-P - S2 G4 

PM: shaly open woods and 

roadsides (Anson, Burke, 

Cleveland*, Davidson, 

Montgomery, Rowan, Rutherford, 

Stanly, Union) 

Helianthus occidentalis Few-leaf Sunflower SR-P - SX G5 

M: sandy bottomlands 

(Bun combe*) 

Helianthus schweinitzii Schweinitz's Sunflower E E S3 G3 

P: open woods and roadsides 

(Anson, Cabarrus, Davidson, 

Gaston, Mecklenburg, 

Montgomery, Randolph, Rowan, 

Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Union) 

Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum Seaside Heliotrope SR-P - SH G5T5 

T: salt flats and salt marshes 

(Hyde*) 

Helonias bullata Swamp Pink T-SC T S2 G3 

M: bogs (Ashe, Henderson, 

Jackson, Transylvania) 

Heteranthera multiflora Multiflowered Mud-plantain SR-P - S1 G4 

C: open pools in brownwater or 

blackwater river floodplains 

(Bertie*, Martin*, Pasq uotank*, 

Perquimans*, Washington) 

Heuchera hispida Hispid Alumroot SR-P - S1 G5T3? 

P: rich, rocky woods 

Heuchera pubescens Downy Alumroot SR-P - SH G4? 

P: rock outcrops 

Hexalectris spicata Crested Coralroot SR-P - S2 G5 

PMC: dry or mesic woods on 

basic soils (Alleghany, Burke*, 

Cabarrus, Clay, Cumberland, 

Davidson*, Davie*, Durham, 

Franklin*, Granville*, Hoke, 

Jackson*, John ston *, Jon es*, 

Macon, Madiso n*, Mecklenburg*, 

Orange, Polk*, Randolph, 

Ruth erford, S tanly, Surry*) 

Hexastylis contracta Mountain Heartleaf E FSC S1 G3 

M: acidic forests under 

rhododendron (Buncombe, 

Henderson, Rutherford) 

Hexastylis naniflora Dwarf-flowered Heartleaf T T S3 G3 

P: rich deciduous forests, bluffs, 

and ravines (Alexander, Burke, 

Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, 

Lincoln, Polk, Rutherford) 

Hexastylis rhombiformis French Broad Heartleaf T FSC S2 G2 

MP: cove forests (Buncombe, 

Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) 

Hibiscus aculeatus Comfortroot SR-P - S1 G4G5 

C: bay forests, sand ridges, and 

roadsides (Carteret, New 

Hanover, Robeson*) 

Hierochloe odorata Holy Grass E - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Ashe, Macon) 

34



Hottonia inflata Featherfoil SR-O - S1 G4 

CPT: pools in black- or 

brown-water swamps, interdune 

ponds (Gates, Johnston, Martin) 

Houstonia longifolia var. glabra Granite Dome Bluet SR-L - S2 G4G5T2Q 

M: high elevation granitic domes, 

rarely other outcrops (Clay, 


Macon, Madison, Transylvania) 

Houstonia montana Roan Mountain Bluet E E S2 G2 


grassy balds (Ashe, Avery, 

Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey+) 

Hudsonia montana Mountain Golden-heather E T S1 G1 

M: gorge rim outcrops, rocky 

summits, pine-oak/heath ridges 

(Burke, McDowell) 

Hudsonia tomentosa Sand Heather SR-P - S2 G5 

T: openings in maritime forest, 

blowouts, and dunes (Currituck, 

Dare) 

Huperzia appalachiana Appalachian Fir-clubmoss SR-P - S2 G4G5 


seeps, fens (Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon, McDowell, Mitchell, 

Rutherford, Transylvania, 


Huperzia porophila Rock Fir-clubmoss SR-P - S2 G4 

M: in spray zone of waterfalls 

(Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, 

Polk*, Rutherford, Transylvania) 

Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal E-SC - S2 G4 

MP: cove forests, other rich 

deciduous forests (Alleghany+, 

Buncombe, Jackson, Macon, 

Madison, Polk, Rockingham, 

Stokes, Swain, Watauga*) 

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Largeleaf Waterleaf SR-P - S2 G5 

M: rich woods, especially rocky 

calcareous forests and cliffs 

(Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, 

Madison, Yancey) 

Hymenocallis occidentalis Hillside Spider-lily SR-P - SH G4? 

M: wooded hillsides 

(McDowell*) 

Hymenocallis pygmaea Waccamaw River Spiderlily SR-L - S1 G2G3 

C: banks of blackwater rivers 

(Brunswick, Columbus) 

Hymenophyllum tayloriae Gorge Filmy Fern E FSC S1S2 G2 

M: moist grottoes and spray cliffs 

in escarpment gorges with high 

rainfall (Jackson, Macon) 

Hypericum adpressum Bog St. John's-wort SR-T FSC SH G3 

C: streamside seepage areas, 

depression ponds and other 

isolated wetlands (Halifax*, New 

Hanover*, Northampton*) 

35



Hypericum brachyphyllum Coastal Plain St. John's-wort SR-P FSC S1S2 G5 

C: pine savannas over coquina 

limestone (Brunswick+, 

Onslow+, Pender+) 

Hypericum fasciculatum Peelbark St. John's-wort SR-D - S1 G5 

C: beaver ponds, low pinelands, 

pools (Cumberland*, Hoke, 

Moore, New Han over*) 

Hypericum sp. 1 Radford's St. John's-wort SR-L FSC S2 G2 

P: thin soils around rock outcrops 

in the Brushy Mountains 

Hypericum suffruticosum Pineland St. John's-wort SR-P - SH G4G5 

C: pine savannas (Bladen*, 

Sampson*) 

Hypoxis juncea Fringed Yellow Stargrass SR-P - S1 G4? 

C: savannas (Bladen+, Pender+) 

Hypoxis rigida Stiff-leaved Yellow Stargrass SR-P - S2 G4 

C: savannas and seepage slopes 

associated with streamheads 

(Brunswick+, Cumberland+, 

Hoke+, Moore*) 

Hypoxis sessilis Sessile Yellow Stargrass SR-P - SH G4 

CS: savannas, pinelands 

(Pender *) 

Ilex amelanchier Sarvis Holly SR-P - S3 G4 

CS: blackwater swamps and 

riverbanks, clay-based Carolina 

bays (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Columbus, Cumberland, Harnett+, 

Hoke, Montgomery, Pender, 

Richmond, Robeson, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

Ilex collina Long-stalked Holly T - S1 G3 

M: bogs, wet streamsides, or high 

elevation forests (Haywood, 

Swain, Watauga) 

Ilex longipes Georgia Holly SR-P - S1 G5 

P: upland forests and woodlands 

(Anson*, Nash*, Rutherford, 

Wilson*) 

Ipomoea imperati Beach Morning-glory SR-P - S1 G5 

T: sea beaches and foredunes 

(Brunswick, Carteret) 

Iris prismatica Slender Blue Iris SR-T - S1S2 G4G5 

CM: bogs, marshes, and wet 

powerline clearings (Harnett) 

Isoetes microvela Thin-wall Quillwort E FSC S1 G1 

C: emergent riverbanks, 

calcareous influenced riverbanks 

(Brunswick, Jones, Onslow) 

Isoetes piedmontana Piedmont Quillwort T - S2 G3 

P: granite flatrocks and diabase 

glades (Anson, Franklin, 

Granville, Rowan*, Rutherford, 

Wake) 

Isoetes riparia Riverbank Quillwort SR-P - S1 G5? 

C: tidal freshwater marshes and 

swamp forests (Craven*, 

Currituck*, Pender , Pitt*, 

Tyrrell*) 

36



Isoetes virginica Virginia Quillwort SR-L FSC S1 G1 

P: upland depression swamp 

forests, clayey soils (Cabarrus*, 

Caswell*, Chatham*, Person, 

Rowan*, St anly*, Union*) 

Isolepis carinata Keeled Beakrush SR-P - S1 G5 

PC: wet places, granitic flatrocks 

(Anson) 

Isotria medeoloides Small Whorled Pogonia E T S2 G2 

MP: forests, especially with white 

pine (Burke, Cherokee, Haywood, 

Henderson, Jackson, Macon*, 

McDowell, Rutherford, Sur ry*, 

Transylvania) 

Iva microcephala Small-headed Marsh Elder SR-P - S2 G5 


(Robeson, Scotland) 

Jeffersonia diphylla Twinleaf SR-P - S1 G5 

M: rich cove forests, especially 

over calcareous rocks (Jackson) 

Juncus articulatus Jointleaf Rush SR-D - SH G5 

C: marshes 

Juncus caesariensis New Jersey Rush E FSC S1 G2 

M: seepage bog (Clay, 

Henderson) 

Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush SR-P - S1 G5 

M: calcareous seepages and 

riverscours 

Juncus militaris Bayonet Rush SR-D - S1 G4 

C: exposed peaty-sandy shorelines 

of lakes (Washington+) 

Juncus trifidus Highland Rush E - S1 G5 


(Ashe, Buncombe, Mitchell) 

Juniperus communis var. depressa Dwarf Juniper SR-D - S1 G5T5 

MP: high elevation granitic 

domes, low elevation rocky 

summits (Buncombe*, Cleveland, 

Gaston, Macon, Rutherford) 

Kalmia angustifolia Sheep-laurel SR-P - S1 G5 

C: sandy, xeric to mesic hillsides 

Kalmia cuneata White Wicky SR-L - S3 G3 

CS: low and high pocosins, 

streamhead pocosins, and 

ecotones (Bladen, Craven*, 

Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, 

Pender, Richmond, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

Lachnocaulon minus Brown Bogbutton SR-P - S2 G3G4 

CS: depression ponds and ditches 

(Brunswick, New Hanover, 


Lathyrus pusillus Tiny Peavine SR-D - S1 G5? 

PC: wet, disturbed sites 

Lechea maritima var. virginica Maritime Pinweed SR-T - S1 G5T3Q 

T: barren dunefields with 

Hudsonia tomentosa (Dare) 

Lechea torreyi Torrey's Pinweed SR-P - S1 G4 

CS: sandhills, savannas 

(Brunswick, Moore*, Pender) 

37



Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima Long-awned Spangletop SR-O - S1 

G5T3T4Q 

CT: fresh to brackish tidal 

marshes (Brunswick, Currituck, 

Dare*, Hyde, Tyrrell) 

Liatris aspera Rough Blazing-star SR-P - S1 G4G5 

M: glades, open woods, fens 

(Ashe, Burke*, Cleveland, 

Henderson*, Jackson*, Macon+, 

McDowell, Polk*, Rutherford, 


Liatris helleri Heller's Blazing-star T-SC T S2 G2 


cliffs (Ashe, Avery, Burke, 

Caldwell, Mitchell*, Watauga) 

Liatris microcephala Small-head Blazing-star SR-P - S1 G3G4 

M: rock outcrops, glades, dry 

woodland s (Macon*, Polk*, 

Rutherford) 

Liatris squarrulosa Earle's Blazing-star SR-P - S2 G4G5 

PSM: diabase glades, open woods 

especially over mafic rocks; also 

loamy-sand soils in longleaf 

pine-oak sandhills (Cumberland, 

Durham, Graham, Granville, 

Harnett+, Hoke, Orange*, Person, 

Richmond, Robeson, Rutherford, 

Scot land , Sto kes+, Swain*) 

Liatris turgida Shale-barren Blazing-star SR-T - S1S2 G3 

M: dry rocky woods 

(Buncombe*, Burke, Cleveland, 

Macon, Polk*, Rutherford) 

Lilaeopsis carolinensis Carolina Grasswort T - S2 G3G5 

TC: freshwater marshes, pools, 

tidal marshes (Brunswick, 

Camden+, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, 

New Hanover, Pasquotank, 

Perquimans, Washington) 

Lilium canadense ssp. canadense Yellow Canada Lily SR-P - S1 G5T4? 

MP: bogs, wet meadows 

(Cabarrus, Watauga) 

Lilium canadense ssp. editorum Red Canada Lily SR-P - S1 G5T4 

MP: bogs, wet meadows 

(Alleghany*, Avery*, Cabarrus, 

Graham, Henderson+, 

Ruth erford*, S tanly*, Watauga*) 

Lilium grayi Gray's Lily T-SC FSC S3 G3 

M: bogs, wet meadows, seeps, 

grassy balds, high elevation 

forests (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe, Caldwell, 

Henderson*, McDowell, Mitchell, 


Lilium philadelphicum var. philadelphicum Wood Lily SR-P - S2 G5T4T5 

M: grassy balds, glades (Ashe, 

Avery, Haywood, Mitchell, Polk+, 

Swain*, Watauga, Yancey*) 

38



Lilium pyrophilum Sandhills Lily E-SC FSC S2 G2 

CS: streamhead pocosin ecotones 

and openings (Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, 

Nash*, Northampton*, Richmond, 

Scotland) 

Limosella australis Awl-leaf Mudwort SR-P - S1 G4G5 

T: tidal marshes (Currituck) 

Lindera melissifolia Pondberry E E S1 G2 

C: Carolina bays and seasonally 

wet depressions (Bladen*, 

Cumberland, Onslow, Sampson) 

Lindera subcoriacea Bog Spicebush T FSC S2 G2 

SP: streamhead pocosins, white 

cedar swamps, seepage slopes 

(Anson*, Cumberland, Hoke, 

Johnston, Lee, Montgomery, 

Moore, Richmond, Robeson, 

Scotland, Wake) 

Linum floridanum var. chrysocarpum Yellow-fruited Flax SR-T - S1S2 G5?T3? 

C: pine savannas (Brunswick, 

Columbus, Onslow+, Pender) 

Linum sulcatum var. sulcatum Glade Flax SR-P - SH G5T5 

P: diabase glades (Gran ville*) 

Liparis loeselii Fen Orchid SR-P - S1 G5 

MT: seeps, bay swamps 

(Alleghany, Ashe+, Avery*, Dare, 

Jackson*, Rutherford*, Swain, 

Watauga*) 

Lipocarpha micrantha Small-flowered Hemicarpha E - SH G5 

CT: drawdown zones of 

blackwater rivers, salt marshes 

(Col umbus+, Dare*) 

Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon SR-P - S2 G5 

P: diabase glades, open woods 

over diabase (Durham, Granville) 

Litsea aestivalis Pondspice SR-T FSC S2S3 G3 

C: limesink ponds, other pools 

(Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, 

Craven, Cumberland, Gates, 

Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Sampson, Wayne) 

Lobelia boykinii Boykin's Lobelia T FSC S2 G2G3 

C: depression ponds and meadows 

and clay-based cypress savannas 

(Bladen*, Cumberland, Hoke, 

Onslow, Scotland) 

Lonicera canadensis American Fly-honeysuckle SR-P - S2 G5 

M: bogs, moist woods 

(Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon, Mitchell*, Watauga, 

Yancey*) 

Lonicera flava Yellow Honeysuckle SR-P - S3 G5? 

MP: thin soils around rock 

outcrops, mainly mafic 

(Buncombe, Burke, Haywood, 

Henderson, Jackson, McDowell, 

Polk, Rutherford) 

39



Lophiola aurea Golden-crest E - S2 G4 

C: very wet, mucky habitats in 

pine savannas (Brunswick, 

Columbus, New Hanover, 

Onslow) 

Lotus helleri Carolina Birdfoot-trefoil SR-T FSC S3 G5 

P: open woods over clay soils, 

road sides (Cabarrus, Caswel l*, 

Davidson, Davie*, Granville, 

Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Moore, 

Person, Randolph, Rockingham, 

Rowan, St anly, Union, Warren*) 

Ludwigia alata Winged Seedbox SR-P - S2 G3G5 

TC: interdune ponds, marshes 

(Brunswick*, Camden, Carteret, 

Craven, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, 

New Hanover*, Onslow*, 

Pasq uotank, Tyrrell*) 

Ludwigia brevipes Long Beach Seedbox SR-T - S1S2 G2G3 

CS: natural lake shores, 

blackwater stream shores and 

impoundments, and freshwater 

interdune ponds (Brunswick, 

Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, 

Currituck*, Dare*, Gates*, 

Harnett*, Hyde*, John ston *, 

Robeson*, Sampson *, Wayne*) 

Ludwigia lanceolata Lanceleaf Seedbox SR-P - S1 G3 

TC: interdune ponds, open wet 

areas (Brunswick*, Carteret, 

Dare*, New Hanover) 

Ludwigia linifolia Flaxleaf Seedbox SR-P - S2 G4 

CT: limesink ponds (Brunswick, 

Carteret, Columbus, New 

Hanover, Onslow) 

Ludwigia ravenii Raven's Seedbox SR-T FSC S2? G2? 

C: savannas, swamps, marshes, 

wet open p laces (Brunswick*, 

Carteret, Chowan*, Columbus, 

Craven*, Duplin*, Gates*, New 

Hanover*, Pamlico*, 

Perquimans*, Sampson *) 

Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Globe-fruit Seedbox SR-P - S1 G5 

CS: bogs, pools, and lake shores 

(Bladen*, Columbus, Craven, 

Dare*, Hoke*, Johnston*, Moore, 

New Hanover, Richmond, 

Washington) 

Ludwigia suffruticosa Shrubby Seedbox SR-P - S2 G5 

CS: limesink ponds, clay-based 

Carolina bays (Bladen*, 

Brunswick, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Scotland) 

Luziola fluitans Southern Water Grass SR-P - S2 G4G5 

C: pools, lakes, streams (Bladen, 

Columbus, Moore, Pender, 

Richmond, Scotland, Washington) 

Lycopodiella inundata Bog Clubmoss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs and seeps (Avery, 

Watauga) 

40



Lycopus angustifolius Southern Bog Water-horehound SR-P - S1 G4?Q 

C: bogs and marshes (Columbus) 

Lysimachia asperulifolia Rough-leaf Loosestrife E E S3 G3 

CS: pocosin/savanna ecotones, 

pocosins (Beaufort*, Bladen, 

Brun swick, Carteret, Columbus*, 

Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, New 

Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, 

Pender, Richmond, Scotland) 

Lysimachia fraseri Fraser's Loosestrife E FSC S2 G2 

M: wet forest borders, roadsides, 

alluvial meado ws (Bu ncombe*, 

Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson, 

Macon, Transylvania) 

Lysimachia hybrida Lowland Loosestrife SR-P - S2? G5 

MPC: bottomlands (Pender) 

Lysimachia tonsa Southern Loosestrife SR-P - S2 G4 

P: upland forests and openings 

Lythrum lanceolatum Southern Winged-loosestrife SR-T - S1 G5 

C: marshes and low, wet places 

Macbridea caroliniana Carolina Bogmint T FSC S2 G2G3 

C: blackwater swamps, 

savanna/pocosin ecotones, ditches 

(Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, 

Harnett, Johnston, Jones+, Pender, 

Robeson, Sampson) 

Magnolia macrophylla Bigleaf Magnolia SR-P - S2 G5 

P: rich deciduous forests (Gaston, 

Henderson, Iredell, Wake) 

Malaxis bayardii Appalachian Adder's-mouth SR-T - S1 G1G2 

MP: upland forests (Caldwell*, 

McDowell, Watauga*) 

Malaxis spicata Florida Adder's-mouth SR-P - S1 G4? 

CT: maritime swamp forests, 

calcareous but mucky outer 

coastal plain swamps 

(Brunswick*, Carteret, Chowan+, 

Craven, Dare, Jones*) 

Marshallia grandiflora Large-flowered Barbara's-buttons SR-T FSC SH G2 

MP: bogs, dry basic soils 

(Henderson*, Polk*) 

Marshallia sp. 1 Butner Barbara's-buttons SR-L FSC S1 G1 

P: clayey upland soils over 

diabase (Granville) 

Marshallia trinervia Broadleaf Barbara's-buttons SR-P - SH G3 

M: moist rocky streambanks and 

in calcareous clays (Macon+) 

Matelea decipiens Glade Milkvine SR-P - S2 G5 

PC: thin woodlands over mafic or 

calcareous rocks (Alexander, 

Burke, Davidson*, Durham, 

Franklin, Granville, Hertford*, 

Mecklenburg, Orange, Richmond, 

Rutherford, Stanly, Wake) 

Matelea obliqua Climbing Milkvine SR-P - SH G4? 

M: dry, rocky woodlands over 

calcareous rocks 

41



Meehania cordata Meehania SR-P - S2 G5 

M: cove forests, boulderfields 

(Alleghany+, Ashe, Avery*, 

Haywood, Madison*, Watauga, 

Yancey*) 

Melanthium woodii (=Veratrum woodii) Ozark Bunchflower SR-P - SH G5 

M: circumneutral soil of 

woodlands over mafic rocks such 

as amphibolite or other calcareous 

substrates 

Melica nitens Three-flowered Melic SR-P - S1 G5 

M: open calcareous woods 

(Madison) 

Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean T - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Watauga) 

Milium effusum Millet-grass SR-P - SH G5 

M: high elevation forests or 

open ings (Swain*) 

Minuartia godfreyi Godfrey's Sandwort E FSC S1 G1 


(Craven, Jones*) 

Minuartia groenlandica Greenland Sandwort SR-D - S2 G5 

MP: high elevation and low 

elevation rocky summits 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, 

McDowell, Mitchell, Stokes+, 

Surry) 

Minuartia uniflora Single-flowered Sandwort E - S1 G4 

P: granite flatrocks (Anson, 

Rowan*, Rutherford) 

Monarda media Purple Bee-balm SR-P - S1? G4? 

M: grassy balds (Avery, Jackson) 

Monotropsis odorata Sweet Pinesap SR-T FSC S3 G3 

PM: dry forests and bluffs 

(Alamance+, Alleghany+, 

Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell*, 

Catawba, Chatham, Cleveland, 

Durham, Henderson+, Jackson, 

Macon+, McDowell, Orange, 

Person*, Polk*, Rutherford, 

Stokes, Swain*, Transylvania, 

Wake*) 

Muhlenbergia glabriflora Clay-pan Muhly SR-P - SH G4? 

P: clay soils 

Muhlenbergia glomerata Bristly Muhly SR-P - S1 G5 

M: olivine barrens, fens, mafic 

cliffs (Ashe, Avery, Clay) 

Muhlenbergia sobolifera Rock Muhly SR-P - SH G5 

M: dripping cliffs and rocky 

slop es (McDowell*, Mitchell*, 


Muhlenbergia torreyana Pinebarren Smokegrass E - S2 G3 

CS: cypress savannas (Brunswick, 

Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow, 

Pender, Richmond, Robeson) 

Myrica gale Sweet Gale E - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Henderson) 

Myriophyllum laxum Loose Water-milfoil T FSC S2 G3 

CS: limesink ponds, waters of 

natural lakes (Brunswick,Carteret, 

42



Craven*, Cumberland, Hoke, 

Onslow) 

Myriophyllum pinnatum Cutleaf Water-milfoil SR-T - S1 G5 

CS: pools, ditches (Brunswick) 

Myriophyllum tenellum Leafless Water-milfoil SR-P - S1 G5 

C: waters of natural lakes 

(Bladen, Tyrrell, Washington) 

Narthecium americanum Bog Asphodel E C SNA G2 

No longer believed to occur in NC; 

specimen determined to be N. montanum 

Narthecium montanum Appalachian Bog Asphodel SR-L - SX GX 

M: bo gs (Henderson *) 

Oenothera perennis Perennial Sundrops SR-P - S2 G5 

MPC: wet meadows and bogs 

(Avery+, Bu rke, Clay, Hertford*, 

Iredell+, Jackson, Macon, 


Tyrrell*) 

Oenothera riparia Riverbank Evening-primrose SR-L - S2S3 G2G3 

C: tidal marshes 

Oldenlandia boscii Bosc's Bluet SR-P - S2 G5 


(Brunswick, Columbus, 

Cumberland, Hoke, Scotland*) 

Oligoneuron rigidum var. glabratum Southeastern Bold Goldenrod SR-P - S2 G5T4 

P: diabase glades, other open sites 

over mafic rock (Cabarrus, 

Durham, Granville, 

Mecklenburg*, Person, 

Rockingham) 

Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum Prairie Bold Goldenrod SR-P - S1 G5T5 

M: forest openings, presumably on 

mafic or calcareous rocks 

(Haywood*, Macon, Madison*, 

McDowell) 

Orbexilum macrophyllum Bigleaf Scurfpea E FSC SX GX 

M: low mountain forests or 

outcrop s? (Polk*) 

Orbexilum onobrychis Lanceleaf Scurfpea SR-T - SH G5 

M: habitat in NC not known 

Oxypolis canbyi Canby's Dropwort E E S1 G2 


(Scotland) 

Pachysandra procumbens Allegheny Spurge SR-P - S1 G4G5 

P: cove forests (Polk) 

Packera crawfordii Bog Ragwort SR-T - S1 G2G3 

CM: bogs 

Packera millefolium (=Senecio millefolium) Divided-leaf Ragwort T FSC S2 G2 

M: granitic domes, other outcrops 

(Buncombe, Haywood, 

Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell, Polk, Rutherford) 

Packera paupercula Balsam Ragwort SR-P - S1? G5 

PMC: fens, bogs, and diabase 

glades (Alleghany*, Avery*, 

Burke, Caldwell*, McDowell, 

Nash*, Onslow, Rutherford, 


Yancey+) 

Packera plattensis Prairie Ragwort SR-P - S1 G5 

43



M: mafic and calcareous glades, 

rock outcrops, and cliffs (Ashe, 

Clay, Madison) 

Packera schweinitziana (=Senecio schweinitzianus) Schweinitz's Ragwort E - S2 G5? 

M: grassy balds (Avery, 

Buncombe, Mitchell, Watauga, 

Yancey) 

Panicum flexile Wiry Panic Grass SR-P - S1 G5 

PM: glades and openings over 

mafic rocks (Ash e*, Durham*, 

Granville, Orange*) 

Panicum lithophilum Flatrock Panic Grass SR-T FSC S1 G2G3Q 

MP: soil islands on granite domes 

(Anson) 

Parietaria praetermissa Large-seed Pellitory SR-P - S1 G3G4 

TC: shell middens, disturbed sites, 

maritime forests (Brun swick*, 

Carteret, Hyde*, New Hanover*, 

Onslow) 

Parnassia caroliniana Carolina Grass-of-parnassus E FSC S2 G3 

CS: wet savannas (Bladen, 

Brunswick, Columbus, 

Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee*, 

Onslow, Pender, Scotland) 

Parnassia grandifolia Large-leaved Grass-of-parnassus T FSC S2 G3 

MCP: fens and seeps over 


(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, 

Brunswick, Buncombe*, Clay, 

Columbus, Haywood, McDowell, 

Transylvania, Watauga) 

Paronychia herniarioides Michaux's Whitlow-wort E - S1 G2G4 

S: sandhills (Scotland) 

Parthenium auriculatum Glade Wild Quinine SR-T - S2 G3? 

PM: glades and openings over 

mafic rocks (Burke, Durham, 

Franklin, Granville, Guilford*, 

Macon*, Mecklenburg, 

Montgomery, Orange, Person, 

Rockingh am*, Warren*) 

Paspalum dissectum Mudbank Crown Grass SR-P - S2 G4? 

CTP: mudflats, other open wet 

areas (Brunswick, Columbus, 

Craven, Moore, Pender, Scotland, 

Unio n*) 

Paspalum fluitans Horsetail Crown Grass SR-D - S1 G5 

CP: seepage areas in swamp 

forests (Bertie*, Bladen*, 

Chatham*, Martin*, 

Northampton*) 

Paspalum vaginatum Seashore Crown Grass SR-P - S1S2 G5 

CPT: brackish marshes, low wet 

places (Carteret, Hyde) 

Pedicularis lanceolata Swamp Lousewort SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bottomlands, swampy woods 

(Bunco mbe*, Cherokee*, Clay, 

Haywood, Jackson*, Macon*, 

Watauga*) 

Pellaea wrightiana Wright's Cliff-brake E-SC - S1 G5 

P: rock outcrops, mafic or with 

44



nutrient-rich seepage (Alexander, 

Stanly) 

Peltandra sagittifolia Spoonflower SR-P - S2S3 G3G4 

C: pocosins, other wet, peaty sites 

(Brunswick, Carteret, Colu mbus*, 

Craven*, Dare, Jones*, New 


Persicaria amphibia Water Smartweed SR-P - S1 G5 

MPC: marshes (Beaufort*) 

Persicaria hirsuta Hairy Smartweed SR-P - S1 G3G4 


Carolina bays, drawdown zones of 

blackwater riverbanks 

(Brunswick, Carteret*, Onslow*, 


Phacelia covillei Buttercup Phacelia SR-T FSC S3 G2 

PC: bottomlands, rich lower 

slopes (Alamance, Chatham, 

Harnett, Lee, Moore, Orange, 

Vance) 

Phacelia maculata Spotted Phacelia SR-P - S1 G3G4 

P: granite flatrocks and creek 

bottomlands (Cleveland) 

Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Swamp Panic Grass SR-O - S1 G5 

C: low woods (Bladen, Martin, 

Pender) 

Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern SR-P - S2 G5 

M: spray zone of waterfalls, 

spruce-fir forests, high elevation 

seepage bogs (Buncombe, 

Haywood, Jackson, Macon, 


Phlox subulata Moss Pink SR-P - S1 G5 

M: outcrops and glades, especially 

over mafic rocks (Ashe, 

Buncombe, Jackson*, Madiso n*, 

Yancey) 

Pinguicula lutea Yellow Butterwort SR-P - S2 G4G5 

C: savannas (New Hanover) 

Pinguicula pumila Small Butterwort SR-P - S2 G4 

C: savannas (Carteret, Pender) 

Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia A Silkgrass SR-P - S1 G5T4 

C: savannas, pine flatwoods, 

sandy roadsides (Brunswick, 

Columbus) 

Plantago cordata Heart-leaf Plantain E - S1 G4 

P: beds of small, slate-bottomed, 

perennial streams (Davidson) 

Plantago sparsiflora Pineland Plantain E FSC S1S2 G3 


Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Platanthera flava var. herbiola Northern Green Orchid SR-P - S1? G4T4Q 

M: bogs and moist forests 

(Bun combe*, Clay*, Forsyth*, 

Graham*, Haywood, Jackson*, 

Macon*, Transylvania) 

45



Platanthera grandiflora Large Purple-fringed Orchid SR-P - S2 G5 

M: bogs, seeps, grassy balds, high 

elevation moist forests and banks 

(Alleghany, Ashe+, Avery, 

Buncombe, Clay, Haywood*, 

Macon, McDowell, Swain, 

Transylvania*, Watauga, Yancey) 

Platanthera integra Yellow Fringeless Orchid T - S2 G3G4 

CMP: savannas (Brunswick, 

Carteret, Cherokee*, Columbus, 

Craven, Forsyth*, Henderson+, 

Onslow*, Pamlico+, Pender, 

Robeson+, Rowan*) 

Platanthera integrilabia White Fringeless Orchid E C SX G2G3 

M: bo gs (Chero kee*, 

Henderson*) 

Platanthera nivea Snowy Orchid T - S1 G5 

C: wet savannas (Beaufort*, 

Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus*, 

Craven, Dare*, Hoke*, New 

Hanover*, Pender, Robeson*) 

Platanthera peramoena Purple Fringeless Orchid SR-P - S2 G5 

MP: bogs, forests (Buncombe+, 

Burke*, Caldwell*, Clay*, 

Durham, Forsyth+, Guilford, 

Haywood*, Henderson+, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Mi tchell*, 

Orange, Swain*, Transylvania, 

Warren*, Watauga, Yancey*) 

Poa paludigena Bog Bluegrass E FSC S1 G3 

M: bo gs (Ashe, Avery, Watauga*) 

Poa palustris Swamp Bluegrass SR-P - S1 G5 

M: spruce-fir forests, grassy balds 

(Avery, Haywood*, Henderson*, 

Macon+, Mitchell, Polk*, Swain*, 

Yancey*) 

Poa saltuensis A Bluegrass SR-P - S1 G5 

M: olivine barrens (Clay, 

Haywood) 

Polemonium reptans Jacob's-ladder SR-P - S1 G5 

PM: rich woods 

Polemonium reptans var. reptans Jacob's Ladder SR-P - S1 G5T5 

PM: moist, nutrient-rich forests 

such as bottomlands and rich 

slop es (Rockingham*, Stokes*, 

Watauga*) 

Polygala grandiflora Showy Milkwort SR-P - S2 G5? 

SC: sandhills (Hoke, Richmond, 

Scotland) 

Polygala hookeri Hooker's Milkwort SR-T - S2S3 G3 

C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Columbus*, Craven, New 


Polygala nana Dwarf Milkwort SR-D - SH G5 

M: habitat in North Carolina not 

known 

Polygala senega Seneca Snakeroot SR-D - S2 G4G5 

MP: woodlands and in thin soil 

around outcrops, usually over 

mafic or calcareous rocks 

46



Polygonella articulata Coast Jointweed SR-P - SX G5 

C: sandhills (Gates*) 

Polygonum glaucum Seabeach Knotweed SR-T - S1 G3 

T: ocean and sound beaches 

(Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, 

Dare*, Hyde*, New Hanover*) 

Ponthieva racemosa Shadow-witch SR-P - S2 G4G5 

C: blackwater forests and swamps, 

especially over marl (Beaufort*, 

Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, 

Jones, Onslow, Pender) 

Portulaca smallii Small's Portulaca T - S2 G3 

P: granite flatrocks and diabase 

glades (Cabarrus, Forsyth*, 

Franklin, Granville, Rowan, 

Wake) 

Potamogeton amplifolius Largeleaf Pondweed SR-D - SH G5 

C: submersed in blackwater 

streams (Craven*) 

Potamogeton confervoides Conferva Pondweed SR-D - S2 G4 

SC: beaverponds and old 

millponds on blackwater creeks 

(Cumberland, Gates+, Harnett, 

Hoke, Moore, Richmond, 

Scotland) 

Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois Pondweed SR-D - S1 G5 

C: alkaline waters of streams, 

rivers, lakes, and ponds 

(Brunswick*, Dare*) 

Potamogeton natans Floating Pondweed SR-D - SH G5 

M: lakes and artificial 

impoundments (Buncombe*) 

Potamogeton nodosus American Pondweed SR-D - SH G5 

CMP: ponds and streams with 

moderate to high PH 

Prenanthes alba White Rattlesnakeroot SR-P - S2? G5 

M: hardwood forests (Halifax, 

Haywood*, Henderson*, 


Northampton, Transylvania*) 

Prunus pumila var. susquehanae Susquehanna Cherry SR-P - SH G5T4 

MP: rocky forests (Durh am*) 

Pseudognaphalium helleri Heller's Rabbit-Tobacco SR-P - S3 G3G4 

PS: dry woodlands, openings, and 

glades, especially over mafic rocks 

(Anson*, Cabarrus, Davidson, 

Forsyth*, Franklin*, Granville, 

Guilford*, Halifax*, Hoke, 


Orange*, Person*, Ro wan*, 

Scotland*, Union, Wake) 

Pseudognaphalium micradenium Small Rabbit-Tobacco SR-T - S1 G3? 

P: dry woodlands (Caswell, 

Granville*, Person, St okes*, 

Vance) 

Psilotum nudum Whiskfern SR-D - S1 G5 

C: acid swamp (Chowan) 

47



Pteroglossaspis ecristata Spiked Medusa E FSC S1 G2G3 

(=Eulophia ecristata) C: pinelands 

(Bladen+, Cumberland*, Hoke, 

New Hanover*, Robeson*) 

Ptilimnium ahlesii Carolina Bishop-weed SR-L FSC S1 G1 


(Brunswick, New Hanover) 

Ptilimnium costatum Ribbed Bishop-weed SR-P - S1 G3G4 

CT: tidal swamps or marshes 

(Brunswick*, New Hanover) 

Ptilimnium nodosum Harperella E E S1 G2 

P: rocky riverbeds (Chatham*, 

Granville, Lee*) 

Pycnanthemum torrei Torrey's Mountain-mint SR-T FSC S1 G2 

PM: dry upland forests and 

woodlands, over mafic rocks 

(Alexander*, Ashe*, Cleveland*, 

Granville*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Macon*, Orange, Wilkes*) 

Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia Mountain-mint SR-P - S1? G5 

MP: forests, woodland borders 

(Brunswick, Wake) 

Pyrola elliptica Elliptic Shinleaf SR-P - S1 G5 

M: moist forests (Ashe+) 

Pyxidanthera barbulata var. brevifolia Sandhills Pyxie-moss E FSC S3 G4T3 

S: sandhills (Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Moore) 

Quercus austrina Bluff Oak SR-P - S1 G4? 

CP: bluff and bottomland forests 

over circumneutral soil (Anson, 

Craven, Johnston*, Jones, 

Montgomery, Richmond, 

Sampson*) 

Quercus ilicifolia Bear Oak T - S2 G5 

P: dry summits and rocky woods 

on Piedmont monadnocks (Burke, 

Gaston, Stokes, Surry) 

Quercus prinoides Dwarf Chinquapin Oak SR-P - S1 G5 

PM: dry, rocky slopes (Caldwell*, 

Cleveland*, Gaston *, Guilford*, 

Iredell*, Jackson*, Polk*, 

Ruth erford, S tanly*) 

Ranunculus ambigens Water-plantain Spearwort SR-P - SH G4 

CP: open wet areas (Bertie*, 

Orange*, Perqu imans*) 

Ranunculus fascicularis Thick-root Buttercup SR-P - S1 G5 

MP: serpentine and diabase 

barrens 

Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow Water-crowfoot SR-P - S1 G5 

C: pools in blackwater swamps 

(Edgecombe*, Gates*) 

Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy Buttercup SR-D - SH G5 

C: mar shes (Curritu ck*) 

Ranunculus micranthus Rock Buttercup SR-P - SH G5 

P: rich woods on circumneutral 

soil 

48



Rhexia aristosa Awned Meadow-beauty T FSC S3 G3 

C: clay-based Carolina bays and 

limesink ponds (Bladen, 

Brunswick*, Cumberland*, Hoke, 

Onslow, Robeson, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

Rhexia cubensis West Ind ies Mead ow-beau ty SR-P - S3 G4G5 

C: limesink ponds (Bladen, 


New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, 

Sampson) 

Rhododendron cumberlandense Cumberland Azalea SR-P - S1 G4? 

M: grassy or shrub balds 

(Graham*, Macon, Swain, 


Rhododendron prinophyllum Election Pink SR-P - S1 G5 

M: high elevation forests (Ashe) 

Rhododendron vaseyi Pink-shell Azalea SR-L - S3 G3 

M: wet swampy places, high 

elevation rocky areas, openings, or 

forests (Avery, Buncombe, 

Caldwell, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon, McDowell, Mitchell+, 


Rhus michauxii Michaux's Sumac E-SC E S2 G2 

SCP: sandhills, sandy forests, 

woodland, woodland edges 

(Cumberland, Davie, Durham, 

Franklin, Hoke, Johnst on*, 

Lincoln*, Mecklenburg*, Moore, 

Orange*, Richmond, Rob eson*, 

Scot land , Wake, Wilson *) 

Rhynchospora alba Northern White Beaksedge SR-P - S2 G5 

MCS: fens, bogs, pocosin 

openings, limesink ponds 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Bladen, 

Brun swick, Craven, Cumberland*, 

Dare, Mitchell, Pender*, 

Rutherford, Tyrrell*, Watauga) 

Rhynchospora breviseta Short-bristled Beaksedge SR-P - S2S3 G3G4 


Columbus, Craven, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Rhynchospora crinipes Alabama Beaksedge E FSC S1 G2 

S: seepy banks of blackwater 

rivers (Hoke, Moore) 

Rhynchospora decurrens Swamp Forest Beaksedge SR-P FSC S1S2 G3G4 

C: swamp forests (Brunswick, 

Columbus, Onslow) 

Rhynchospora divergens White-seeded Beaksedge SR-P - S2 G4 



Rhynchospora globularis var. pinetorum Small's Beaksedge SR-T - S2 G5?T3? 


Carteret, Columbus, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Rhynchospora harperi Harper's Beaksedge SR-P - S2 G4? 

C: limesink ponds and cypress 

savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Onslow) 

49



Rhynchospora macra Southern White Beaksedge E - S2 G3 

S: seepage bogs (Carteret, 


Moore, Richmond, Scotland) 

Rhynchospora odorata Fragrant Beaksedge E - S1 G4 

T: maritime wet grasslands 

(Brunswick*, Carteret, Hyde, 

Pender*) 

Rhynchospora pleiantha Coastal Beaksedge T FSC S2 G3 


Carteret, New Hanover, Onslow) 

Rhynchospora scirpoides Long-beak Baldsedge SR-O - S2S3 G4 

C: beaver ponds, limesink ponds, 

wet savannas (Bladen, 

Brun swick, Carteret, Columbus*, 

Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Richmond, Tyrrell*, 

Washington) 

Rhynchospora thornei Thorne's Beaksedge E FSC S2 G3 



Rhynchospora tracyi Tracy's Beaksedge SR-P - S2 G4 

C: clay-based Carolina bays, 

limesink ponds (Brunswick, New 

Hanover, Onslow, Scotland) 

Robinia hartwegii Hartweg's Locust SR-L - S2 G3T1 

M: high elevation granitic domes 

(Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*) 

Robinia hispida var. fertilis Fruitful Locust SR-O - S1 G4T1Q 

M: acidic cove forests, northern 

hardwoods forests, high elevation 

granitic domes (Alleghany, 

Avery, Burke*, Graham*, 

Jackson*, McDowell*) 

Robinia hispida var. kelseyi Kelsey's Locust SR-O - S1 G4T1 

M: high elevation red oak forests, 

dry rocky woods (Buncombe*, 

Burke*, Haywood*, Hender son*, 

Madi son*, Transylvania*) 

Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus Red Raspberry SR-P - S2? G5T5 

M: high elevation spruce-fir 

forests and openings (Buncombe, 

Haywood, Jackson, Swain*, 

Yancey) 

Rudbeckia heliopsidis Sun-facing Coneflower E FSC SH G2 

C: moist pine flatwoods and 

woodland bord ers (Harnett*, 

Moore*) 

Rudbeckia triloba var. pinnatiloba Pinnate-lobed Black-eyed Susan SR-T - S1 G5T3 

M: mafic cliffs (Buncombe) 

Ruellia ciliosa Sandhills Wild-petunia SR-P - S2 G3G4Q 

S: sandhills, especially in loamy, 

submesic swales (Cumberland+, 

Hoke, Richmond, Scotland) 

Ruellia humilis Low Wild-petunia T - S1 G5 

P: diabase glades (Durham, 

Granville, Wake*) 

50



Ruellia purshiana Pursh's Wild-petunia SR-O - S2 G3 

PM: glades and woodlands, 

mostly over mafic or calcareous 

rocks (Alamance, Durham*, 

Forsyth*, Granville, Madison, 

Montgomery, Orange, Rando lph*, 

Rutherford*, Wake) 

Ruellia strepens Limestone Wild-petunia SR-P - S1 G4G5 

C: low woods over marl (Pender, 

Richmond) 

Rugelia nudicaulis (=Cacalia rugelia) Rugel's Ragwort T FSC S3 G3 

M: spruce-fir forests (Haywood, 

Swain) 

Sabal palmetto Cabbage Palm SR-P - S1 G5 

TC: maritime forests on the 

southeastern coast (Brunswick, 

Carteret*) 

Sabatia kennedyana Plymouth Gentian T-SC - S2 G3 

C: drawdown zones on banks of 

blackwater rivers (Brunswick, 

Columbus) 

Sageretia minutiflora Small-flowered Buckthorn SR-P - S1 G4 

C: shell middens (Carteret, 


Sagittaria chapmanii Chapman's Arrowhead SR-P - S1 G5T3? 

C: limesink ponds (Bladen, 

Carteret, Onslow) 

Sagittaria fasciculata Bunched Arrowhead E E S1 G1 

M: bogs and mountain swamp 

forests (Buncombe*, Henderson) 

Sagittaria isoetiformis Quillwort Arrowhead SR-P - S2 G4? 


Carolina bays, beaver ponds, 

natural lakes (Bladen, 

Brunswick*, Columbus+, 

Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, New 

Hanover, Sampson, Scotland) 

Sagittaria macrocarpa Streamhead Sagittaria SR-L - S2 G2 

S: shoreline of blackwater stream 

impoundment (Moore) 

Sagittaria stagnorum Water Arrowhead SR-P - SH G4G5 

C: blackwater streams, rivers, and 

lakes (Bladen*, Col umbus*, 

Craven*, P ender*, Wilson *) 

Sagittaria weatherbiana Grassleaf Arrowhead SR-T FSC S2 G5T2 

C: fresh to slightly brackish 

marshes, streams, swamps, and 

pond margins (Beaufort*, 

Bladen*, Brunswick*, Columbus, 

Craven, Currituck*, Duplin, 

Gates*, Hyde*, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Pasquotank*, Pender, 

Pitt*, Sampson*, Wake) 

Salvia azurea Azure Sage SR-P - S2 G4G5 

SC: sandhills (Hoke, New 

Hanover*, Richmond, Scotland*) 

Sarracenia jonesii Mountain Sweet Pitcher Plant E-SC E S1 G3T1 

M: bo gs (Bunco mbe*, 

Henderson, Transylvania) 

51



Sarracenia minor Hooded Pitcher Plant T - S2 G4 

C: savannas (Brunswick, 

Columbus) 

Sarracenia oreophila Green Pitcher Plant E-SC E S1 G2 

M: seepage bogs (Clay) 

Saxifraga caroliniana Carolina Saxifrage SR-T FSC S3 G2 

MP: high to middle elevation 

moist cliffs and rock outcrops 

(Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe, Burke, Cleveland, 

Graham, Haywood, Jackson*, 

Macon+, Madison, Mitchell+, 

Rutherford, Watauga, Yancey) 

Saxifraga pensylvanica Swamp Saxifrage SR-P - S1 G5 

MP: bogs, seeps (Wake, 

Watauga) 

Sceptridium lunarioides Winter Grape-fern SR-P - SH G4? 

(=Botrychium lunarioides) 

P: dry pine woods (Davie*) 

Schisandra glabra Magnolia Vine T-SC - S1 G3 

CP: rich slopes and floodplain 

islands (Gaston, Martin) 

Schoenoplectus acutus Hardstem Bulrush SR-P - SH G5 

C: natural lakes (Carteret+, 

Craven*, Dare*, Hyde*) 

Schoenoplectus etuberculatus Canby's Bulrush SR-P - S3 G3G4 

CS: blackwater creeks (Bladen, 

Brun swick, Columbus, Craven*, 


Hyde*, Johnston*, Moore, 

Onslow, P ender*, Randolph*, 

Richmond, Scotland, Wayne*) 

Schoenoplectus subterminalis Swaying Bulrush SR-P - S3 G4G5 

S: blackwater creeks 

(Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, 


Schwalbea americana Chaffseed E E S2 G2 

SC: savannas and moist to dryish 

pinelands with frequent fire 

(Bladen*, Cumberland, Hoke, 

Moore, Pender*, Scotland) 

Scirpus flaccidifolius Reclining Bulrush E FSC S1 G2 

C: swamp forests (Northampton) 

Scirpus lineatus Drooping Bulrush SR-P - S2 G4 

C: low rich woods over marl 

(Brunswick, Craven, Jones, New 


Scirpus pendulus Rufous Bulrush SR-O - S1 G5 

PC: wet places over mafic rocks 

(Carteret, Durham*, Granville, 

Onslow) 

Scleria baldwinii Baldwin's Nutrush SR-P - S2 G4 


Carteret, Columbus, Pender) 

Scleria georgiana Georgia Nutrush SR-P - S2S3 G4 

CS: savannas (Brunswick, 

Carteret, Columbus, Craven, 

Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Pender, Robeson, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

52



Scleria reticularis Netted Nutrush SR-O - S2 G4 

CS: clay-based Carolina bays, 

limesink ponds (Brunswick, 

Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Sampson, Scotland) 

Scleria sp. 1 Smooth-seeded Hairy Nutrush SR-L FSC S1 G1 

C: pine savannas over limestone, 

diab ase glades (Granville*, 


Scleria verticillata Savanna Nutrush SR-P - S2 G5 

TC: savannas over coquina 

limestone, intermediate swales 

(Brunswick*, Carteret, Columbus, 

Dare*, Hyde+, Onslow, Pender) 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa var. 1 Appalachian Skullcap SR-T - SH G2?Q 

M: rocky forests, boulderfields 

Scutellaria australis Southern Skullcap SR-P - S1 G4?Q 

PS: alluvial forests (Granville, 

John ston *, Lee*, Orange*, 

Richmond*, Wake*) 

Scutellaria galericulata Hooded Skullcap SR-P - SH G5 

M: spring-fed seepage 

Scutellaria leonardii Shale-barren Skullcap SR-P - S2 G4Q 

P: diabase glades (Durham, 

Granville, Moore, Orange) 

Scutellaria nervosa Veined Skullcap SR-P - S1 G5 

P: alluvial forests (Chath am*, 

Durh am*, Granville, Jackson*, 

Northampton, Wake*, Warren*) 

Scutellaria saxatilis Rock Skullcap SR-T - S1 G3 

MP: northern hardwoods forests, 

rocky woodlands (Ashe, Mitchell, 

Watauga*) 

Sebastiania fruticosa Sebastian-bush SR-T - S1? G5 

C: swamp forests (Brunswick, 

Columbus, Pender*, Robeson) 

Sedum glaucophyllum Cliff Stonecrop SR-P - S2 G4 

PM: rock outcrops, mainly 

calcareous or mafic (Jackson, 

Macon, Rockingham, Stokes) 

Sedum pusillum Puck's Orpine E - S1 G3 

P: granite flatrocks (Anson) 

Sedum rosea (=Rhodiola rosea) Roseroot E - S1 G5 


(Ashe*, Avery*, Mitchell) 

Sesuvium maritimum Slender Sea-purslane SR-O - S1? G5 

T: seabeaches, marshes 

(Brunswick) 

Sesuvium portulacastrum Shoreline Sea-purslane SR-P - S1 G5 

T: seabeaches (Carteret, New 

Hanover) 

Seymeria pectinata Sticky Afzelia SR-P - SH G4G5 

C: disturbed habitats 

(Brunswick*) 

Shortia galacifolia var. brevistyla Northern Oconee Bells E-SC FSC S2 G2T2 

M: streambanks, slopes, and 

outcrops in humid gorges 

(McDowell) 

53



Shortia galacifolia var. galacifolia Southern Oconee Bells E-SC FSC S2 G2T2 

M: streambanks, slopes, and 

outcrops in humid gorges 

(Jackson*, Swain*, Transylvania) 

Sida elliottii Elliott's Fan-petal SR-P - S1 G4G5 

P: stream banks, sandy woodlands 

(Iredell) 

Sideroxylon tenax Tough Bumelia SR-P FSC S1 G3? 

T: maritime forests and scrub 

(Brunswick, New Han over*) 

Silene ovata Mountain Catchfly SR-T FSC S3 G3 

M: rich slopes, cove forests, 

montane oak-hickory forests 

(Buncombe, Cherokee, Graham, 


Macon, Madiso n, Ru therford*, 

Swain, Yancey) 

Silphium connatum Virginia Cup-plant SR-T - S2 G3?Q 

MP: floodplains, rich alluvial 

woods (Alleghany*, Iredell, 

Rockingham, Stokes) 

Silphium perfoliatum Northern Cup-plant SR-P - S1 G5 

PM: floodplains (Alleghany*, 

Ashe, Cabarrus, Forsyth+, 

Iredell*, Mecklenb urg, Stokes*, 

Surry) 

Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock SR-P - S2 G4G5 

P: diabase glades, other open or 

semi-open sites over mafic rock 

(Cabarrus, Davie, Durham, 

Granville, Mecklenburg, Stanly, 

Wake*) 

Sisyrinchium dichotomum White Irisette E E S2 G2 

M: thin woods, especially over 

amphibolite, in the escarpment 

region (Burke, Henderson, Polk, 

Rutherford) 

Smilax hugeri Huger's Carrion-flower SR-P - S2 G4 

MP: deciduous forests 

(Cumberland, Richmond) 

Smilax lasioneura Blue Ridge Carrion-flower SR-P - S1 G5 

MP: oak-hickory forests over 

mafic rocks (Guilford*, 

Henderson, Polk*) 

Solanum pseudogracile Graceful Nightshade SR-T - S1 GNR 

T: dunes (Carteret, New 

Hanover*, Onslow) 

Solidago leavenworthii Leavenworth's Goldenrod SR-P - S1 G3G4 

C: savannas, pocosin borders, 

clay-based Carolina bays, peaty 

seeps (Carteret*, Columbus, 

Robeson, Scotland*) 

Solidago plumosa Yadkin River Goldenrod E C S1 G1 

P: riverside rocks (Montgomery, 

Stanly) 

Solidago ptarmicoides Prairie Goldenrod E - S1 G5 

P: diabase glades (Granville, 

Rowan*) 

54



Solidago radula Western Rough Goldenrod SR-P - S1 G5? 

P: dry woodlands over mafic rocks 

(Montgo mery, Stanly, Wake*) 

Solidago simulans Granite Dome Goldenrod SR-L FSC S1 G1 

M: high and low elevation granitic 

domes south of the Asheville 

Basin (Jackson, Macon, 

Rutherford, Transylvania) 

Solidago spithamaea Blue Ridge Goldenrod E T S1 G1 


(Avery, Mitchell) 

Solidago squarrosa Squarrose Goldenrod SR-P - SH G4? 

M: moist forests at high elevations 

Solidago tortifolia Twisted-leaf Goldenrod SR-P - S1 G4G5 

CS: dry savannas and and mesic 

flats (Bladen, Brunswick*, Hoke, 

Jones*, New Hanover*, Rob eson*, 

Scot land *) 

Solidago uliginosa Bog Goldenrod SR-P - S1S2 G4G5 

MSP: bogs, seeps (Ashe, Clay, 

Haywood, Macon, Madiso n*, 

Moore*, Transylvania, Watauga, 

Yancey+) 

Solidago ulmifolia Elm-leaf Goldenrod SR-D - S1? G5 

PM: wooded stream banks 

Solidago verna Spring-flowering Goldenrod T FSC S3 G3 

CS: mesic to moist pinelands, 

poco sin ecoto nes (Bladen*, 


Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Johnston, Jones, Moore, 

New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, 

Pender, Richmond, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

Solidago villosicarpa Coastal Goldenrod E FSC S1 G1 

C: edge of coastal fringe evergreen 

forest (Brunswick+, New 

Hanover*, Onslow, Pender) 

Sparganium chlorocarpum Greenfruit Bur-reed SR-P - S1 G5 

M: po ndsh ores (Avery*, 

Watauga) 

Spartina pectinata Freshwater Cordgrass SR-P - S1 G5 

MCS: freshwater marshes, spray 

zones of waterfalls, other moist 

sites (Alleghany, Ashe*, 

Chowan+, Mitchell+, 

Montgomery*, Pasquotank, 

Transylvania) 

Spigelia marilandica Pink-root E - S1 G4 

M: open woods (Cherokee) 

Spiraea betulifolia ssp. corymbosa Shinyleaf Meadowsweet SR-O - S1 G5T4? 

P: open woods, thin soil over rock 

(Alexander, Catawba, Stokes+) 

Spiraea virginiana Virginia Spiraea E T S2 G2 

M: riverbanks (Ashe, 

Buncombe*, Graham, Macon, 

Mitchell, Swain, Yancey) 

55



Spiranthes eatonii Eaton's Ladies'-tresses SR-L - S2 G2G4 

CS: pine savannas and pine-oak 

sandhills 

Spiranthes floridana Florida Ladies'-tresses SR-P - SX G3G4T1 

C: moist sites (Pen der*) 

Spiranthes lacera var. lacera Northern Slender Ladies'-tresses SR-D - SH G5T5 

M: mountain balds (Clay*) 

Spiranthes laciniata Lace-lip Ladies'-tresses SR-P - S2 G4G5 

C: moist wet habitats (Beaufort*, 

Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, 

Columbus, New Hanover, 

Onslow) 

Spiranthes longilabris Giant Spiral Orchid T - S1 G3 

C: savannas (Bladen*, 

Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Spiranthes lucida Shining Ladies-tresses SR-O - S1 G5 

M: seepage over amphibolite 

(Alleghany) 

Spiranthes ochroleuca Yellow Ladies'-tresses SR-P - SH G4 

M: grassy balds, meadows, 

wooded slopes (Ashe*, Avery, 

Buncombe*, Haywood*, 

Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie Dropseed E - S1 G5 

M: olivine barrens (Clay, 

Jackson) 

Sporobolus teretifolius Wireleaf Dropseed T FSC S2 G2? 


Columbus) 

Sporobolus virginicus Saltmarsh Dropseed SR-P - S1 G5 

T: brackish marshes (Brunswick) 

Stachys clingmanii Clingman's Hedge-nettle SR-T - SH G2Q 

M: spruce-fir forests, northern 

hard woods forests (Haywood*, 

Jackson*, Swain*, Transylvania*) 

Stachys eplingii Epling's Hedge-nettle SR-T - SH G5 

M: bo gs (Burke+, Hender son*, 

Jackson*) 

Stachys nuttallii Heartleaf Hedge-nettle SR-P - S1 G5? 

M: bogs (Madison) 

Stachys sp. 1 A Hedge-nettle SR-T - S1 GNR 

P: sandy edges of forested 

floodp lains (Montgomery) 

Stachys tenuifolia Smooth Hedge-nettle SR-D - S1 G5 

C: swamp forests, edges of 

bottomlands 

Stellaria alsine Longstalk Starwort SR-P - S1 G5 

M: seeps (Madi son, Polk*) 

Stenanthium robustum Bog Featherbells SR-P - S1 G3G5Q 

M: bogs and wet meadows 

(Alleghany, Ashe) 

Stewartia ovata Mountain Camellia SR-P - S2 G4 

MP: bluffs and forests, usually 

with rhododendrons (Catawba, 

Cherokee, Granville, 

Montgomery, Rutherford) 

56



Streptopus amplexifolius White Mandarin SR-P - S1 G5 

M: spruce-fir forests, northern 

hardwoods forests (Buncombe, 

Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, 

Mitchell, Swain*, Yancey) 

Stylisma aquatica Water Dawnflower SR-P - S2 G4 

C: clay-based Carolina bays, 

pineland pools (Brunswick, 

Moore, Robeson, Scotland) 

Stylisma pickeringii var. pickeringii Pickering's Dawnflower E FSC S3 G4T3 

SC: sandhills (Bladen, 

Brunswick*, Carteret, 


Moore, New Han over, Pender *, 


Symphyotrichum depauperatum Serpentine Aster SR-D - S1 G2 

P: diabase glades (Granville) 

Symphyotrichum georgianum (=Aster georgianus) Georgia Aster T C S2 G2G3 

P: open woods and roadsides 

(Davidson, Gaston, Lincoln, 


Rand olph, Ro wan, Stanly*, 

Union) 

Symphyotrichum laeve var. concinnum Narrow-leaf Aster SR-P - S2 G5T4 

P: forests, woodland borders 

especially over mafic rocks 

(Alamance*, Alexander*, Davie*, 

Durh am, Granville, Iredell*, 

Orange*, Rutherford, Stanly, 

Unio n, Wake*) 

Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve Smooth Blue Aster SR-P - SH G5T5 

P: forests, woodland borders 

especially over mafic rocks 

(Gaston*, Henderson*, Orange*, 

Polk*, Rutherford*) 

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Aromatic Aster SR-P - S1 G5 

M: thin soils around limestone 

outcrops (Madison) 

Symphyotrichum parviceps Glade Aster E - SNA G4? 

No longer believed to occur in 

NC; populations have been shown 

to be S. depauperatum, a distinct 

species. 

Symphyotrichum rhiannon Buck Creek Aster SR-L FSC S1 G1 

M: serpentine pine barrens (Clay) 

Symphyotrichum shortii Short's Aster SR-P - SH G5 

M: bluffs and rocky banks 

(Burke*, Transylvan ia*) 

Synandra hispidula Synandra SR-T - SH G4 

M: rich cove forests (Swain*) 

Talinum mengesii Large-flowered Fameflower E - S1 G3 

P: shallow soil over mafic rock, 

where periodically wet by seepage 

(Granville) 

Taxus canadensis Canada Yew SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs, swamp forests under 

spruce (Ashe*, Watauga) 

Thalictrum cooleyi Cooley's Meadowrue E E S2 G2 


Columbus, New Hanover+, 

57




Thalictrum macrostylum Small-leaved Meadowrue SR-L FSC S2 G3G4 

CSPM: bogs and wet woods 

(Clay*, Cumberland , Henderson*, 

Hyde*, Moore, Nash, New 

Hanover, Pender, Richmond) 

Thaspium pinnatifidum Mountain Thaspium SR-T FSC S1 G2G3 

M: calcareous slop es (Jackson*, 

Madi son, Swain*) 

Thelypteris simulata Bog Fern T - S1 G4G5 

M: bogs (Alleghany, Avery) 

Thermopsis fraxinifolia Ash-leaved Golden-banner SR-T - S2? G3? 

MP: dry ridges (Buncombe, 

Burke, Hender son, Jackson*, 

Macon, McDowell, P olk, Stokes*, 

Surry*, Transylvania, Yancey) 

Thermopsis mollis Appalachian Golden-banner SR-P - S2 G3G4 

PM: dry ridges and open 

woodlands (Buncombe, Burke, 

Caldwell, Catawba, Chatham*, 

Colu mbus*, Durham*, Forsyth*, 

Franklin*, Gaston, Granville, 

Guilford*, Henderson*, Iredell*, 

Lincoln*, McDowell, 

Mecklenburg*, Orange*, Polk, 

Rutherford, Stokes*, Surry, 

Transylvania*, Vance*, Wake, 

Warren) 

Tofieldia glutinosa Sticky Bog Asphodel SR-P - S2 G5 

MP: bogs, seepages (Ashe, 

Caldwell*, Haywood, 

Henderson+, Jackson, 

Transylvania) 

Torreyochloa pallida Pale Mannagrass SR-P - S1 G5 

CM: blackwater pools, old 

millponds, and small stream 

swamps (Avery+, Colu mbus*, 

Currituck, Duplin*, Gates+) 

Tradescantia virginiana Virginia Spiderwort SR-P - S1 G5 

P: rich woods on circumneutral 

soil s (Harnett, Mo ntgo mery*, 

Moore, Rockingham, Surry, 

Wake) 

Triadenum fraseri Marsh St. John's-wort SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs and peaty wetlands 

Trichomanes boschianum Appalachian Filmy-fern T - S1 G4 

M: spray zone of waterfalls, seeps 

over rock (Jackson, Macon, 

Polk*) 

Trichomanes petersii Dwarf Filmy-fern T - S2 G4G5 

M: moist rocks in humid gorges 

(Graham, Jackson, Macon, 

Transylvania) 

Trichophorum cespitosum Deerhair Bulrush SR-D - S2S3 G5 


moist cliffs (Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell+, 


Mitchell, Rutherford, 

Transylvania, Yancey+) 

58



Trichostema brachiatum Glade Bluecurls SR-P - S1 G5 

PM: diabase glades, other dry 

calcareous or mafic outcrops 

(Granville, Madison, Orange*, 

Rockingh am, Yancey*) 

Trichostema setaceum Narrowleaf Bluecurls SR-T - S2 G5 

SPC: dry woodlands, granite 

flatrocks 

Trichostema sp. 1 Dune Bluecurls SR-L FSC S2 G2 

T: dunes, openings in maritime 

forest and scrub (Brunswick, 

Carteret, Dare, Hyde, New 

Hanover) 

Tridens ambiguus Pineland Triodia E - S1 G4 


(Scotland) 

Tridens carolinianus Carolina Triodia SR-T - S3 G3G4 

S: sandhills and pine flatwoods 

(Brunswick*, Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, 

Scotland) 

Tridens chapmanii Chapman's Redtop SR-P - S1S2 G3 

CP: dry pine and oak woods, 

sandy roadsides (Bladen, 

Carteret+, Craven, Dare*, 

Durh am*, Ho ke+, Jones, Martin*, 

Montgomery, Moore, Orange*, 

Pender+, Richmond, Scotland*) 

Tridens strictus Spike Triodia SR-P - SH G5 

C: pine flatwoods (Duplin*, 

Hoke*, Pender *, Rob eson*) 

Trientalis borealis Starflower SR-P - S1 G5 

M: coves, northern hardwood 

forest (Cherokee, Graham, 

Haywood) 

Trifolium carolinianum Carolina Clover SR-O - SH G5 

C: savannas, sandy open areas 

(Dup lin*, New Hanover*, 

Onslow*) 

Trifolium reflexum Buffalo Clover SR-T - S1S2 G3G4 

PMSC: open woods and clearings 

Trillium discolor Mottled Trillium T - S1 G2 

M: rich coves in the Savannah 

River drainage (Jackson, 

Transylvania) 

Trillium flexipes Bent White Trillium SR-P - SH G5 

M: rich coves (Henderson*, 

Swain*) 

Trillium pusillum var. ozarkanum Alabama Least Trillium E FSC S1 G3T2Q 

(=Trillium pusillum var. 1) 

M: rich cove forests (Clay, 

Haywood*) 

Trillium pusillum var. pusillum Carolina Least Trillium E FSC S2 G3T2 

CP: ecotones between savannas 

and nonriverine wet hardwood 

forests, over marl (Onslow+, 

Pender) 

59



Trillium pusillum var. virginianum Virginia Least Trillium E FSC S1 G3T2 

C: mesic to swampy hardwood 

forests (Camden, Currituck, 

Gates, Halifax, Johnston*, Nash, 

Wake) 

Trillium recurvatum Prairie Trillium SR-P - S1 G5 

M: rich coves 

Trillium sessile Sessile-flowered Trillium SR-P - S1 G4G5 

C: rich alluvial levees and slopes 

(Halifax, Northampton) 

Trillium simile Sweet White Trillium SR-L - S2 G3 

MP: rich coves (Burke, Cherokee, 

Haywood, Henderson, Macon, 

Madison, McDowell, Polk, 

Rutherford, Swain*, Yan cey) 

Trisetum spicatum Soft Trisetum E - SX G5 

M: grassy balds and/or high 

elevation rocky summits 

(Mit chell*) 

Urtica chamaedryoides Dwarf Stinging Nettle SR-P - S1 G4G5 

C: rich alluvial levees (Bertie*, 

Halifax, Northampton) 

Utricularia cornuta Horned Bladderwort SR-P - S1S2 G5 

CM: bogs, limesink ponds 

(Rutherford) 

Utricularia floridana Florida Bladderwort SR-T - SH G3G5 

C: natural lakes (Bladen+, 

Wayne*) 

Utricularia geminiscapa Two-flowered Bladderwort SR-P - S1 G4G5 

SC: seepage areas on Suffolk 

Scarp, beaver pon ds (Beaufort*, 

Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, 

Pender) 

Utricularia macrorhiza Greater Bladderwort SR-O - S1? G5 

C: pools and ponds 

Utricularia minor Small Bladderwort SR-D - SH G5 

M: bo gs (Watauga*) 

Utricularia olivacea Dwarf Bladderwort T - S2 G4 

C: limesink ponds, beaver ponds 

(Brunswick, Carteret, Craven*, 

Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, 


Utricularia resupinata Northeastern Bladderwort E - S1 G4 

C: natural lakes (Columbus, 

Washington) 

Vaccinium macrocarpon Cranberry SR-P - S2 G4 

MC: bogs, seeps, pocosins 

(Alleghany, Ashe*, Avery, 

Bladen*, Brunswick, Burke, 

Cumberland, Currituck*, Dare, 

Haywood, Hyde, Tyrrell, 

Watauga) 

Vaccinium virgatum Small-flower Blueberry SR-P - S1 G4 

S: pocosins, blackwater swamps, 

mesic pine flatwoods, sandhill 

seeps (Hoke+) 

Verbena riparia Riverbank Vervain SR-T FSC SH GUGHQ 

P: rich thickets and banks of 

streams (Caldwell*, Stanly*) 

60



Verbesina walteri Walter's Crownbeard SR-T - S1 G3G4 

M: rich cove forests (Henderson, 

Polk*) 

Veronica americana American Speedwell SR-P - S2 G5 

MC: seeps, bogs (Alleghany, 

Ashe*, Avery, Craven*, Madison, 

Mitchell*, Watauga, Yancey*) 

Viola appalachiensis Appalachian Violet SR-T - S2 G3 

M: olivine barrens and alluvial 

forests (Clay, Macon) 

Viola walteri Prostrate Blue Violet SR-T - S1 G4G5 

MP: rich cove forests and other 

rich forests (Jackson, 

Montgomery, Richmond, Stanly) 

Waldsteinia lobata Lobed Barren-strawberry SR-T FSC S1 G2 

M: streambanks and ravines 

(Jackson*, Transylvania) 

Warea cuneifolia Carolina Pineland-cress E - S1 G4 

S: sandhills (Cumberland*, 

Harnett*, Hoke) 

Woodsia appalachiana Appalachian Cliff Fern SR-P - S2 G4 

M: cliffs, rock outcrops 

(Alleghany, Ashe*, Bunco mbe*, 

Burke, McDowell, Polk, 

Rutherford, Surry, Wilkes+) 

Woodsia ilvensis Rusty Cliff Fern SR-P - S1 G5 

M: cliffs, rock outcrops 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Surry) 

Xyris chapmanii Chapman's Yellow-eyed-grass SR-T - S3 G3 

S: mucky sandhill seeps 



Xyris difformis var. floridana Florida Yellow-eyed-grass SR-P - S1 G5T4T5 

C: savannas (Carteret, Onslow, 

Pender, Robeson*) 

Xyris scabrifolia Harper's Yellow-eyed-grass SR-T FSC S2 G3 

S: sandhill seeps and bogs 



Xyris serotina Acid-swamp Yellow-eyed-grass SR-P - S1 G3G4 

C: savannas (Pender) 

Xyris stricta Pineland Yellow-eyed-grass SR-P - S1 G3G4 


Pender) 

Yucca gloriosa Moundlily Yucca SR-P - S2? G4? 

T: dunes (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Dare, Hyde, New Hanover, 


Zephyranthes simpsonii Rain Lily E FSC S1S2 G2G3 

C: roadsides, calcareous coastal 

fringe forest (Brunswick) 

Zigadenus elegans ssp. glaucus White Camas SR-P - S1 G5T4T5 

M: calcareous rock outcrops 

(Buncombe*, McDowell, 

Yancey*) 

Zigadenus leimanthoides Pinebarren Death-camas SR-O - S1 G4Q 


thin soil at high elevations 

(Ashe*, Avery, Burke, Yancey*) 

61



Mosses 

Aphanorrhegma serratum A Moss SR-O - SH G4G5 

P: soil or clay in places subject to 

inundat ion (Durham*) 

Bellibarbula recurva Recurved bryoerythrophyllum moss SR-P - S1? G3G5 

M: thin soil over moist rock 

Brachydontium trichodes Peak Moss SR-D - S1 G2G4 

M: on moist rocks in spruce-fir 

forests (Mitchell, Swain) 

Brachymenium andersonii Anderson's Melon-moss SR-L FSC SH GH 

M: on humus in acidic cove 

forests - mixed hardwood-hemlock 

(Macon*) 

Brachymenium systylium Mexican Melon-moss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: on humus in acidic cove 

forests mixed hardwood-hemlock 

(Macon*) 

Brachythecium populeum Matted Feather Moss SR-P - SH G5 

M: mountain forests (Avery*, 

Caldwell*, Watauga*) 

Brachythecium rotaeanum Rota's Feather Moss SR-D - S1 G3G4 

CMP: on bark or rock in cove 

forests (Avery*, Caldwell*, 

Camden*, Carteret*, Craven*, 

Durh am*, Haywood, Jackson*, 

Jones*, Martin*, McDowell*, 

Rowan*, Swain*, Transylvania, 

Watauga*) 

Bruchia brevifolia A Pygmy Moss SR-T - S1? G3G4 

C: soil of disturbed habitats 

(Harnett*, Pender*, Sampson) 

Bruchia carolinae A Pygmy Moss SR-L - S1? G3? 

S: sandy soil of roadsides, old 

fields, or other disturbed areas 

(Lee*) 

Bruchia fusca A Pygmy Moss SR-T - SH G1? 

S: sandy soil (Harnett*) 

Bruchia hallii A Pygmy Moss SR-T - SH G2 

C: sandy soil in open places 

(Pender *) 

Bryocrumia vivicolor Gorge Moss E FSC SH G1G2 

M: rocks and streambanks in 

humid gorges, spray zones of 

waterfalls (Jackson*, 


Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens Rust Foot Moss SR-D - S1 G3G4 

M: on moist rocks or soil at high 

elevations (Jackson, Ruth erford*) 

Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium A Foot Moss SR-D - S1 G4? 

M: on thin soil over shale 

(McDowell*) 

Bryoxiphium norvegicum Sword Moss SR-O - S1 G5? 

M: rocks in humid gorges, spray 

zones of waterfalls (Jackson, 

Macon, McDowell*, 

Transylvania) 

Bryum riparium Riverside Bryum SR-D - SH G2G4 

M: spray zones of waterfalls 

(Transylvania*) 

62



Buxbaumia aphylla Bug-on-a-stick SR-O - SH G4G5 

M: forests, roadside banks 

(Haywood*) 

Buxbaumia minakatae Hump-backed Elves SR-T - SH G2G3 

M: on rotten logs and stumps in 

mountain forests (Avery*, 

Watauga*) 

Campylium stellatum Yellow Starry Fen Moss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: fens (Ashe) 

Campylopus atrovirens var. cucullatifolius Cliff Campylopus SR-D - S1 G4G5T4 

M: cliffs, high elevation rocky 

summits 

Campylopus carolinae Savanna Campylopus SR-T FSC S2 G1G2 

C: savannas, sandhills 

(Brunswick, Carteret, 

Cumberland, Sampson, Scotland) 

Campylopus oerstedianus Oersted's Campylopus SR-D - S1 G1G3 

P: gr anite flat rocks (Wake*) 

Campylopus paradoxus Paradoxical Campylopus SR-D - S1 G5 

M: high elevation rock outcrops 

(Avery*) 

Cirriphyllum piliferum Long Leaf Mustache Moss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: moist rocks, wet by seepage or 

waterfall spray (Alleghany*, 

Jackson, McDowell*, Swain*, 

Transylvania) 

Cleistocarpidium palustre A Moss SR-T - S1 GNR 

P: wet soil, sandy swamps. 

Coscinodon cribrosus Copper Grimmia SR-T - S1 G3G4 


(Alleghany*) 

Cryphaea nervosa A Thread Cedar Moss SR-T - S1? G4? 

MP: trunks of trees in humid 

forests, sometimes in swamp 

forests 

Cyrto-hypnum pygmaeum A Moss SR-O - S1? G4G5 

M: moist woods, over moist rocks 

Dichelyma capillaceum Hair Claw Moss SR-P - S1? G5 

P: bases of trees, stumps, or on 

rocks in places submerged at high 

water 

Dichodontium pellucidum Transparent Fork Moss SR-P - S2 G4G5 

M: seepage or spray zones of 

waterfalls on mafic or calcareous 

rocks (Ash e*, Buncombe*, 

Haywood*, Henderson*, 

Jackson*, Macon*, McDowell*, 

Mitchell*, Swain*, Transylvania*) 

Dicranella rufescens Red Fork Moss SR-O - S1? G5? 

MP: wet soil on banks of roads 

and streams 

Dicranella varia Variable Fork Moss SR-O - S1? G5 

MP: wet, calcareous soil, in open, 

disturbed places 

Dicranum undulatum Bog Broom-moss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: bo gs, seeps (Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Burke*, Haywood*, 

Yancey) 

63



Didymodon fallax Fallacious Screw Moss SR-O - SH G5 

M: soil, silt, sandstone, concrete, 

calcareous rock 

Didymodon tophaceus Three-ranked Didymodon SR-O - S1? G5 

MP: on limestone, limy shale, clay 

in moist areas, seepages, waterfalls 

Ditrichum ambiguum Ambiguous Ditrichum SR-P - S1 G4? 

M: acidic cove forests (Macon) 

Ditrichum rhynchostegium A Golden Tread Moss SR-T - S1? G3G5 

MP: sandy or clay soil, clearings 

in woods, over rocks and along 

streams 

Encalypta procera Extinguisher Moss SR-D - S1 G4G5 

M: on moist calcareous rocks 

(Macon*, McDowell*) 

Entodon compressus Flattened Entodon SR-P - S1 G4 

MP: on moist calcareous rocks 

(Macon*, McDowell*, Person, 

Rockingham) 

Entodon concinnus Lime Entodon SR-P - S1 G4G5 


(McDowell*) 

Entodon sullivantii Sullivant's Entodon SR-O - S2 G3G4 

M: on rocks or bark in humid 

gorges and cove forests 

(Bun combe*, Caldwell*, 

Graham*, Jackson, Macon*, 

McDowell, Polk, Swain, 

Transylvania) 

Ephemerum cohaerens Northern Short-lived Moss SR-T - SH G4G5 

moist or drying disturbed soil 

(Durham*) 

Eucladium verticillatum Lime-seep Eucladium SR-O - S1 G4 


(McDowell*) 

Fissidens asplenioides A Plume Moss SR-O - SH G3G5 

P: sandstone ledges and crevices 

in moist ravines and grottoes, 

along streams and waterfalls 

(Sto kes*) 

Fissidens hallianus A Plume Moss SR-O - SH GNRQ 

C: in water over rocks, and bases 

of trees, in swamps (Beaufort*) 

Fissidens hallii Hall's Pocket Moss SR-T - S1 G2 

C: on bark in cypress-gum 

swamps (Jones*) 

Fissidens scalaris A Plume Moss SR-O - SH G2? 

P: bare, disturbed soil of stream 

banks and roadsides 

(Mecklenburg*) 

Fontinalis sphagnifolia A Water Moss SR-O - S1? G3G5 

M: on rocks in flowing water 

(Macon) 

Fontinalis welchiana Welch's fontinalis moss SR-T - S1? GU 

P: submerged rocks (Orange) 

Grimmia longirostris A Beard Moss SR-D - S1? GNR 

M: waterfall spray zones 


64



Herzogiella turfacea Flat Stump Moss SR-P - S1? G4G5 

M: on bases of trees and rotten log 

in coniferous woods or swamps 

Homalia trichomanoides Lime Homalia SR-P - S1 G5 

M: in spray zones of waterfalls, on 

rocks in humid gorges (Avery, 

Jackson, Macon*, McDowell*, 

Transylvania) 

Homaliadelphus sharpii Sharp's Homaliadelphus SR-P - S1 G3? 

M: on dry mafic or calcareous 

rocks in gorges (Jackson*) 

Hygrohypnum closteri Closter's Brook-hypnum SR-T - S1 G3 

MP: on rocks submersed in 

streams (Burke*, McDowell*, 

Orange, Polk*, Swain*) 

Hylocomiastrum umbratum Shaded Feather Moss SR-P - S1? G5 

M: on trees and rocks in moist 

forests, especially under spruce-fir 

(Bun combe*, Macon, Swain*, 

Yancey*) 

Hypnum pratense Meadow Feather Moss SR-P - S1? G5 

terrestrial in damp open sites, 

swampy and peatland areas 

(Ashe, Jackson) 

Leptodontium excelsum Grandfather Mountain Leptodontium SR-L - S1 G2 

M: on bark of Fraser Firs and Red 

Spruces in spruce-fir forests 

(Avery, Cal dwell, Haywood*, 

Jackson, Mitchell, Swain, 

Transylvania*, Watauga) 

Leptodontium flexifolium Pale-margined Leptodontium SR-D - S1 G5 


and moist calcareous rocks 

(Ashe*, Avery, Caldwell, 

Haywood*, Swain*, 

Transylvania*, Watauga, 

Yancey*) 

Leptohymenium sharpii Mount Leconte Moss SR-L - S1 G1 

M: moist rocks in spruce-fir 

forests (Haywood*, Mitchell*, 

Swain*, Yancey) 

Leskeella nervosa Common Fine Moss SR-O - S1? G5 

M: dry or moist, shaded substrates 

Lindbergia brachyptera Lindberg's Maple-moss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bark of hardwoods (Ash e*, 

Cherokee*, Watauga) 

Macrocoma sullivantii Sullivant's Maned-moss SR-D - S2 G3G5 

MP: bark of cedar or hardwoods 

(Clay*, Jackson, Macon, 

Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, 

Wilkes*) 

Micromitrium synoicum A Moss SR-O - S1? G4 

P: drying or dried ponds, edges of 

lakes or streams, bare soil in open 

forests (Durham) 

Neckera complanata Flat Feather Moss SR-O - S1 G5 

M: on calcareous rocks in humid 

gorges 

65



Orthodontium pellucens Translucent Orthodontium SR-O - S1 G5 

MP: moist felsic or calcareous 

rocks (Stokes*, Swain*) 

Orthotrichum exiguum Small Wood-bark Moss SR-O - SH G3? 

P: base of trees or on tree trunks 

Orthotrichum keeverae Keever's Bristle-moss E - S2 G2 

MP: on trees around low elevation 

granitic domes (Alexander, 

Alleghany, Wilkes) 

Orthotrichum obtusifolium Blunt Bristle-moss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bark of hardwoods (Ash e*) 

Orthotrichum strangulatum Drummond Moss SR-P - SH G4 

MP: exclusively on dry, exposed, 

calcareous or dolomitic bluffs and 

rock faces 

Palamocladium leskeoides Palamocladium SR-D - S1 G3G5 

M: calcareous rocks in humid 

gorges (Jackson*) 

Philonotis cernua Dwarf Apple Moss SR-D - S1 G4? 

M: in spray zones of waterfalls, 

moist rocks in humid gorges 

(Jackson, Macon*, Ruth erford*, 

Transylvania) 

Philonotis uncinata An Apple Moss SR-P - SH G5 

M: rocks and soil in open habitats 


Pilosium chlorophyllum A Moss SR-D - S1? GNR 

M: moist area on trees (Jackson, 

Transylvania) 

Plagiomnium carolinianum Carolina Star-moss SR-L - S2 G3 


humid gorges (Jackson, Macon*, 


Plagiomnium ellipticum Marsh Magnificent Moss SR-P - S1? G5 

M: rocks in moist areas 

(Graham+) 

Plagiomnium rostratum Long-beaked Thread Moss SR-P - S1? G5 

M: wet rocks 

Platydictya confervoides Alga-like Matted-moss SR-P - S1 G4G5 

M: calcareous rocks (Madiso n*, 

McDowell*) 

Platyhypnidium pringlei Pringle's Eurhynchium SR-D - S1 G2G3 


humid gorges, spray zones of 

waterfalls (Macon, Polk, 

Transylvania) 

Platyhypnidium riparioides Long-beaked Water Feather Moss SR-O - S1? G4 

M: moist hardwood forest or drier 

coniferous swamps (Haywood, 

Macon*) 

Pleuridium sullivantii A Moss SR-O - SH G3G5 

S: sandy soil in open weedy 

habitats, openings in woods, 

dist urbed roadsides (Harnett*) 

Pleurochaete luteola Spring-leaved Screw Moss SR-O - S1? G5? 

P: exposed clay or sandy soil over 

calcareous rock (Durham) 

Pogonatum dentatum Hair-like Hair-cap SR-P - S1? G3G5 

M: dry, sunny habitats, sandy or 

gravelly soil, rocks (Mitchell*) 

66



Pohlia lescuriana Spherical Bulb Nodding Moss SR-T - S1? G4? 

MP: on wet, noncalcareous soil in 

open areas (Alleghany, Ashe, 

Forsyth*, Jackson, Macon, 

Watauga, Wilkes) 

Pohlia melanodon Pink-fruited Thread-moss SR-D - S1? G4? 

P: moist, clay soils (Durham, 

Yancey*) 

Polytrichastrum alpinum Alpine Hair Moss SR-D - S1? G4G5 

M: open areas on rocks or humus 

(Mit chell*) 

Racomitrium aciculare Dark Mountain Fringe Moss SR-P - S1? G5 

M: wet, shaded, acid rocks 

Rhabdoweisia crenulata Himalayan Ribbed-weissia SR-D - S1 G3G5 

M: moist rocks in cove forests in 

humid gorges (Jackson, 

McDowell) 

Rhachithecium perpusillum Budding Tortula SR-D - S1S2 G4G5 

PM: bark of hardwoods (Ashe*, 

Cleveland*, Iredell*, McDowell*, 

Mecklenb urg*, Surry*, Watauga*, 

Wilkes*) 

Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus A Moss SR-T - S1? GNR 

M: damp to wet substrates in 

swamps and moist forests, along 

streams, spray of waterfalls 

Rhytidium rugosum Golden Tundra-moss SR-P - S2 G5 


grassy balds, glades, over mafic 

rocks (Ash e, Avery, Bunco mbe*, 

Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga, 

Yancey*) 

Schlotheimia lancifolia Highlands Moss T - S1 G2 

M: on bark of hardwoods in cove 

forests (Graham*, Jackson, 

Macon, Transylvania*) 

Scopelophila cataractae Agoyan Cataract Moss SR-D - S1 G3 

MP: copper-rich soils (Cabarrus, 

Davidson , Jackson, McDowell*, 

Montgomery, Rowan) 

Scopelophila ligulata Copper Moss SR-O - S1 G5? 

MP: copper-rich soils and rock 

faces (Cabarrus, Clay*, Graham, 

Haywood, Jackson*, Macon, 

McDowell*, Rowan, Swain, 

Transylvania) 

Sphagnum angustifolium Narrowleaf Peatmoss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, 

Jackson, Transylvania, Watauga) 

Sphagnum capillifolium Northern Peatmoss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs, heath bald (Ashe, 

Avery*, Caldwell*, Hender son*, 

Jackson, Macon*, Watauga) 

Sphagnum contortum A Peatmoss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Ashe) 

Sphagnum fallax Pretty Peatmoss SR-P - S2 G5 

CM: b ogs (Ashe, Avery*, 

Brun swick*, Burke, Colu mbus*, 

Jackson) 

67



Sphagnum flavicomans Peatmoss SR-T - SH G3 

M: spray cliff, spruce-fir forest, or 

high elevation rocky summit 

(Macon*, Mitchell*) 

Sphagnum flexuosum Flexuous Peatmoss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Jackson, Watauga) 

Sphagnum fuscum Brown Peatmoss E - S1 G5 

M: bogs (Ashe, Watauga) 

Sphagnum pylaesii Simple Peatmoss SR-D - S1 G4 

M: seepage cliffs, natural pools 

(Burke, Jackson) 

Sphagnum russowii Russow's Peatmoss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: bo gs (Bertie, Macon*, 

Watauga) 

Sphagnum squarrosum Squarrose Peatmoss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: spray zones of waterfalls, 

seepage in spruce-fir forests 

(Macon*, Watauga*, Yancey) 

Sphagnum subsecundum Orange Peatmoss SR-P - S1 G5 

M: bogs and rock ledges (Ashe, 

Avery, Burke+, Haywood+, 

Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, 

Swain+, Transylvan ia, Wake*, 

Watauga) 

Sphagnum tenellum Delicate Peatmoss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: high elevation granitic domes 

(Jackson*) 

Sphagnum torreyanum Giant Peatmoss SR-P - S1 G3G4 

C: beaver ponds and old mill 

ponds on blackwater creeks 

(Craven, Dare, Harnett*, Jones, 

Richmond, Scotland, Tyrrell) 

Sphagnum warnstorfii Fen Peatmoss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: bogs and fens (Watauga) 

Splachnum pennsylvanicum Southern Dung Moss SR-O - SH G4? 

M: bo gs (Avery*, Macon*) 

Syrrhopodon incompletus Cuban Schliessmund SR-P - S1 G5 

T: on treetrunks in maritime 

forests (Brun swick*) 

Taxiphyllum alternans Japanese Yew-moss SR-O - S1 G3? 

M: on limestone in spray zones of 

waterfalls (Macon*) 

Taxiphyllum cuspidifolium A Moss SR-T - S1 G2G4 

M: on limestone in spray zones of 

waterfalls 

Tetrodontium brownianum Little Georgia SR-T - S1 G3G4 

M: shady recesses of rock 

overhangs 

Tortula ammonsiana Ammons's Tortula E - S1 G1 

M: shaded rock faces, probably 

with nutrient-rich seepage 

(Jackson) 

Tortula fragilis Fragile Tortula SR-D - S1 G5 

M: shaded rock faces, probably 

with nutrient-rich seepage 

(Jackson*) 

Tortula papillosa Papillose Tortula SR-P - S1 G5 

PM: bark of hardwoods (Davie*, 

Haywood, Madison*, Orange, 

Surry*, Watauga) 

Tortula plinthobia A Chain-teeth Moss SR-O - S1? G4G5 

CMP: calcareous rocks, concrete 

or mortared walls 

68



Warnstorfia fluitans Floating Sickle-moss SR-D - S1 G5 

M: in spray zones of waterfalls 

(Avery, Jackson*, Transylvania*) 

Weissia ludoviciana A Moss SR-T - S1? GNR 

CP: moist soil, fields, among 

grasses, roadside banks 

Weissia sharpii A Moss SR-O - S1? G3 

P: calcareous rock, cedar-oak 

bluffs, cedar barrens 

Zygodon viridissimus var. apiculatus A Moss SR-L - SH GU 

M: bark of hardwoods in dry oakhickory 

fo rests (Alleghany*) 

Liverworts 

Acrobolbus ciliatus A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G3? 

M: on moist rocks, in spray zones 

of waterfalls in humid gorges or in 

high elevation spruce-fir forests 

(Buncombe, Haywood*, Jackson, 

Macon, Yancey*) 

Anastrophyllum saxicola A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G3G4 


(Mit chell*) 

Aneura sharpii A Liverwort SR-T - S1 G1G2 

MP: in spray zones of waterfalls 

(Durham*, Jackson*, Macon*, 

McDowell, Swain, Watauga) 

Barbilophozia barbata A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G4? 

M: on high elevation rocky 

summits (Ashe, Wilkes*) 

Barbilophozia hatcheri A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 


summits (Ashe, Yancey*) 

Bazzania nudicaulis A Liverwort SR-T - S2 G2G3 

M: on bark of Fraser Fir or on 

shaded rock in spruce-fir forests 

(Avery, Buncombe*, Caldwell, 

Mitchell, Swain, Watauga, 

Yancey) 

Cephalozia connivens var. bifida A Liverwort SR-T - S1 G5T1Q 

C: moist riverbank (New 

Hanover*, Pender*) 

Cephalozia macrostachya ssp. australis A Liverwort SR-T - S1 G4T1 

M: on moist rocks in humid 

gorges (Burke*, Macon*) 

Cephalozia pleniceps var. caroliniana A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G5T1 

M: edge of stream 


Cephalozia pleniceps var. pleniceps A Liverwort SR-D - SH G5T5 

M: moist soil near a spring 

(Yancey*) 

Cephaloziella hampeana A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 

M: fens (Ashe*, Rutherford) 

Cephaloziella spinicaulis A Liverwort SR-P - S1 G3G4 

M: in crevices of high elevation 

rocky summits (Alleghany*, 

Ashe*, Haywood, Macon, 

Madison) 

Cheilolejeunea evansii A Liverwort E - S1 G1 

M: on bark of hardwoods in 

humid gorges (Jackson, 


69



Cheilolejeunea myriantha A Liverwort SR-P - SH G3G4 

MC: on tree bark in sandhills or 

mountain forests (Sampson*, 


Cheilolejeunea rigidula A Liverwort SR-P - S2 G5 

CT: on bark in maritime forests, 

and in blackwater swamp forests 

(Brunswick, Columbus*, Hyde*) 

Chiloscyphus appalachianus A Liverwort SR-T FSC S1 G1G2Q 

M: on rock faces in spray zone of 

waterfalls (Burke, Graham, 

Jackson, Macon*) 

Chiloscyphus muricatus A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 

M: on rocks or bark in humid 

gorges (Burke, Jackson, Macon*, 

Transylvania) 

Cololejeunea ornata A Liverwort SR-T - SH G2G4 

M: on bark of trees, sometimes 

over other liverworts 

Cylindrocolea rhizantha A Liverwort SR-P - SH G3? 

C: on marl o utcrops (Colu mbus*) 

Diplophyllum apiculatum var. taxifolioides A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G5T2Q 

M: moist soil o r rocks (Ashe*, 

Burke*, Haywood*, McDowell, 

Mitchell*) 

Diplophyllum obtusatum A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G2? 

M: on rock outcrops 

(Bun combe*, Burke*, 

McDowell*) 

Diplophyllum taxifolium var. mucronatum A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G5T1 


(Haywood*, Jackson*, 


Drepanolejeunea appalachiana A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G2? 

M: on moist rock, rhododendron 

bark, and rhododendron leaves in 

humid gorges (Burke, Clay*, 

Jackson, Macon, Transylvania*) 

Frullania appalachiana A Liverwort SR-L - S1? G1? 

M: on bark of hardwoods in 

spruce-fir forests (Avery*, Burke, 

Clay*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Macon*, Rutherford) 

Frullania donnellii A Liverwort SR-T - SH G3? 

C: on bark of Ilex in marshes 

(Carteret*, Craven*) 

Lejeunea bermudiana A Liverwort SR-P - SH G3G4 

C: on marl outcrops or on 

decaying logs in blackwater 

swamps, or tree bases in swamps 

(Brunswick*, Carteret*, 

Colu mbus*, Craven*) 

Lejeunea blomquistii A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G1G2 

M: on dead tree bark or vertical 

rock faces in spray zone of 

waterfalls (Burke, Jackson, 

Macon*, McDowell, 

Transylvania) 

Lejeunea cavifolia A Liverwort SR-P - S1 G5 

M: on shaded mafic rocks (Ashe*, 

Polk*, Swain) 

70



Lejeunea dimorphophylla A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G2G3 

TC: on bark in maritime forests 

(Carteret*) 

Lejeunea glaucescens var. acrogyna Raven Rock Liverwort SR-L - SH G5TH 

C: Endemic to one historical 

location on shaded rock at the 

piedmont/coastal plain fall line 

(Harnett*) 

Leptoscyphus cuneifolius A Liverwort SR-D - S2 G4G5 

M: on bark of Fraser Firs or on 

moist rock, in spruce-fir forests 

(Haywood*, Jackson*, Mit chell*, 

Swain, Yancey) 

Lopholejeunea muelleriana A Liverwort SR-D - SH G4G5 

C: on bark of gums and cypresses 

in blackwater swamp forests 

(Col umbus*) 

Lophozia excisa A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 


summits (Ashe*) 

Lophozia heterocolpos A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 


summits (Ashe) 

Mannia californica A Liverwort SR-T - S1 G3? 

M: on mineral-rich, dry rock 

outcrops (Jackson*, McDowell+, 

Polk+) 

Marsupella emarginata var. latiloba A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G5T1T2 

M: on moist rocks in humid 

gorges, spray zones of waterfalls, 

or hi gh elevations (Burke*, 

Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, 



Marsupella funckii A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G4G5 

M: on high elevation, 

sulp hur-bearing rock (Swain*) 

Metzgeria temperata A Liverwort SR-D - S1S2 G4 

M: Fraser fir forests and hemlock 

forests (Avery, Caldwell, Clay*, 

Haywood, Jackson+, Macon+, 

Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, 


Metzgeria violacea A Liverwort SR-D - S1S2 GNR 

M: bark of trees (Haywood, 

Jackson) 

Mylia taylorii A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 

M: moist rock outcrops at high 

elevations, spray zone of 

waterfalls (Avery, Caldwell, 

Jackson, Watauga) 

Nardia scalaris ssp. botryoidea A Liverwort SR-O - S1 G5T1 

P: exposed rock ledges sometimes 

wet from seepage 

Nardia scalaris ssp. scalaris A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5T5 


summits and on moist rocks in 

spruce-fir forests (Buncombe, 

Haywood*) 

Plagiochasma intermedium A Liverwort SR-O - S1 G3G5 

M: on moist limestone 

71



Plagiochasma wrightii A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G3? 


(McDowell*) 

Plagiochila austinii A Liverwort SR-T - S1S2 G3 

M: moist rocks (Avery, Burke, 

Jackson, Macon*, Madison, 

Watauga*) 

Plagiochila caduciloba A Liverwort SR-T - S2 G2 


humid gorges, spray zone of 

waterfalls (Burke, Clay*, Graham, 

Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell*, Transylvania, 

Yancey*) 

Plagiochila corniculata A Liverwort SR-D - S2 G4? 

M: on bark of Fraser Firs in 

spruce-fir forests, rarely on 

hard woods (Avery, Bunco mbe*, 

Haywood*, Jackson*, Mitchell, 

Swain, Transylvania*, Yancey) 

Plagiochila dubia A Liverwort SR-P - S1 G4G5 

CP: on bark at bases of trees in 

swamps (Brunswick, Colu mbus*) 

Plagiochila echinata A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G2Q 


humid gorges, spray zone of 

waterfalls (Graham, Jackson, 

Macon*, Transylvania) 

Plagiochila ludoviciana A Liverwort SR-P - S1 G5 

CPM: on bark or moist rock in 

swamps and mountain gorges 

(Bladen, Brunswick*, Burke, 

Cherokee*, Clay*, Durham*, 

Jackson*, Macon*, McDowell, 

Orange, Rutherford*, S tokes*, 

Transylvania, Washington*, 

Yadkin*) 

Plagiochila miradorensis var. miradorensis A Liverwort SR-P - SH G4T4 

T: on bark in maritime forests and 

swamps (Carteret*) 

Plagiochila sharpii A Liverwort SR-L FSC S2 G2G4 

M: damp rock faces in humid 

gorges, high elevation rocky 

summits (Graham, Haywood*, 

Jackson, Macon, Transylvania, 

Yancey*) 

Plagiochila sullivantii var. spinigera A Liverwort SR-L FSC S1 G2T1 

M: on moist rocks in spray zones 

of waterfalls (Burke*, Jackson*) 

Plagiochila sullivantii var. sullivantii A Liverwort SR-T FSC S2 G2T2 

M: on moist rocks, in spray zones 

of waterfalls and in spruce-fir 

forests (Avery, Burke, Caldwell*, 

Cherokee*, Clay*, Graham, 


McDowell, Mitchell*, Swain*, 


Yancey*) 

Plagiochila virginica var. caroliniana A Liverwort SR-T FSC S1 G3T2 

M: moist rock faces, including 

spray zone of waterfalls (Avery*, 


72



Plagiochila virginica var. virginica A Liverwort SR-L - S1 G3T3 

CM: on limestone (Jackson, 

Martin*, McDowell, Pitt*, 

Wilkes*) 

Porella wataugensis A Liverwort SR-L FSC S1 G1G2Q 

M: on rocks in humid gorges 

(Burke, Graham, Macon, 


Watauga*) 

Ptilidium ciliare A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 

M: on soil in high elevation 

forests (Mitchell+) 

Radula sullivantii A Liverwort SR-L - S2 G3 

M: on moist rocks, mostly in spray 

zones of waterfalls (Jackson*, 

Macon, Transylvania*) 

Radula voluta A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G3 

M: on moist rocks in spray zones 

of waterfalls (Macon) 

Riccardia jugata A Liverwort SR-L - S1? G2 

M: on fallen logs in humid areas, 

especially gorges (Graham, 

Haywood, Macon*) 

Scapania mucronata A Liverwort SR-D - S1 G5 


(Ashe*) 

Sphenolobopsis pearsonii A Liverwort E FSC S2 G2? 

M: on bark of Fraser Firs in 

spruce-fir forests (Avery, 

Caldwell, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Mitchell, Swain, Watauga, 

Yancey) 

Tritomaria exsectiformis ssp. exsectiformis A Liverwort SR-D - SH G5T5 


summits (Ashe*) 

Hornworts 

Aspiromitus appalachianus A Hornwort SR-L FSC S1 G1 

M: on rocks on streambeds 


Megaceros aenigmaticus A Hornwort SR-L - S2S3 G2G3 

M: on rocks in streams 

(Cherokee, Clay, Graham, 

Haywood, Macon, Swain) 

Lichens 

Anaptychia setifera Hanging Fringe Lichen SR-D - S1 G3G4 


and exposed tree twigs on dry 

ridges (Mitchell) 

Anzia americana A Black-foam Lichen SR-T - S1 G3G5 

M: on bark of trees in humid 

gorges (Tr ansylvania*) 

Anzia ornata A Black-foam Lichen SR-T - SH G1G3 

C: on bark of deciduous trees 

where humidity is fairly high 

(Dup lin*) 

Canoparmelia amabilis Worthy Shield Lichen E FSC S1 G1 

M: on bark of trees in open woods 

or on sandstone in river gorges 

(Polk) 

73



Cetraria arenaria Sand-loving Iceland Lichen SR-P - S2 G4 


sandy soil, or thin soil over 

bedrock (Ashe, Avery, Watauga) 

Cetrelia cetrarioides Sea Storm Lichen SR-D - S2 G4G5 

M: on trees and mossy rocks in 

forests with an open understory; 

may prefer old growth or very 

mature forests (Buncombe*, 

Haywood*, Jackson*, Mitchell*, 

Swain*, Yancey*) 

Cladonia psoromica Bluff Mountain Reindeer Lichen SR-L FSC S1 G1 

M: rock outcrops and fens and 

glades over amphibolite rock 

(Ashe) 

Ephebe americana A Rockshag Lichen SR-T - S1 G2G3 


(Caldwell*, Haywood*, Jackson*) 

Ephebe lanata Rockshag Lichen SR-D - S1 G5 

MP: on rocks in rapidly flowing 

water and grottoes around 

mountain spray cliffs 

Ephebe solida A Rockshag Lichen SR-P - S1 G3G4 

M: on rocks in rapidly flowing 

water and possibly moist grottoes 

around mountain spray cliffs 

Gymnoderma lineare Rock Gnome Lichen T E S2 G2 

M: high elevation rock outcrops, 

outcrops in humid gorges (Ashe, 

Avery, Buncombe, Graham, 


Mitchell, Rut herford, Swain*, 

Transylvania, Yancey) 

Heterodermia appalachensis Appalachian Fringe Lichen SR-O - S1S2 G2? 

MP: hardwood bark or rock faces, 

possibly associated with old 

growth forests 

Hydrothyria venosa Waterfan Lichen SR-P - S3 G3G5 

MP: rocks and boulders in small 

streams (Avery, Buncombe, 

Cherokee, Clay, Graham, 


Madison, McDowell, Swain, 

Transylvania) 

Hypotrachyna sinuosa Green Loop Lichen SR-D - S1 G3G5 

M: on twigs or small branches in 

humid but open forests 

Hypotrachyna virginica Virginia Loop Lichen SR-T - S1S2 G1G2 

M: on twigs or rocks in open 

forests at high elevations 

Lobaria scrobiculata Textured Lungwort SR-P - S2? G3G4 

M: on bark of hardwoods at high 

elevations (primarily spruce-fir 

zone) 

Melanelia stygia Alpine Camouflage Lichen SR-D - S1S2 G4G5 


(Avery, Buncombe, Macon, 

McDowell, Mitchell, Yancey) 

Pannaria conoplea Mealy-rimmed Shingle Lichen SR-D - S1 G3G4 

M: on bark at high elevations 

(Bun combe*, Haywood*, 

Henderson) 

74



Physcia pseudospeciosa A Rosette Lichen SR-T - S1 G1G2 

M: mossy rocks in open woods 

and high elevation granitic and 

sandstone rock outcrops 

(Jackson) 

Porpidia diversa Boulder Lichen SR-T - S1 G2G3 


Porpidia herteliana Boulder Lichen SR-T - S1? G2G3 


Sticta limbata Powdered Moon Lichen SR-D - S1 G3G4 

M: on bark and over mosses on 

trees and rocks 

Teloschistes flavicans Sunrise Lichen SR-P - S1 G4 

C: on branches of trees and shrubs 

or on the ground in open areas, 

especially near the coast 

(Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow) 

Usnea angulata Old Man's Beard SR-P - S1 G3G5 

M: on branches of juniper on high 

elevation granitic domes 

(Jackson, Macon, Swain*) 

Xanthoparmelia monticola A Rock-shield Lichen SR-L - S2? G2? 


(Bun combe*, Haywood*, 

Jackson*, Mitchell*, 


NORTH CAROLINA PLANT WATCH LIST 

The North Carolina Plant Watch List includes plant species which are rare or otherwise threatened with 

serious decline, but for which current information does not justify placement on the main list (E, T, C, SR, 

or SC). Watch List species are additional indicators of significant habitats, and their presence should be 

considered in planning natural area protection efforts, though with less weight than higher priority rare 

species and natural communities. The NC NHP maintains paper files on these species, but does not include 

them in its map and computer files. Plants placed on this list fall into a number of categories, discussed 

below. NC NHP requests additional information about these species, in order to clarify their status and 

reclassify them into other appropriate categories. 

Reasons for the current placement of rare species on the Watch List rather than at a higher rarity status 

(Endangered, Threatened, Candidate, or Significantly Rare) vary . The taxonomic validity of some of these 

species is currently in doubt. For others, NC N HP lacks adequate documentation of their historic or present 

occurrence in North Carolina. Others are known to be rare in North Carolina, but it appears that they are not 

native to the state. For most species, however, their actual rarity is poorly known and we are requesting more 

data before such species receive a higher, and more formal, rarity status. A field survey form is provided in 

the back of this document. We request that people fill out this survey form and mail it to NC NHP after 

visiting occurrences of these species. 

The Watch List has been divided into seven categories as follows. A list of Potential "New-to-North 

Carolina" species is located after the Watch List. 

Watch Category 1 (W1 - rare, but relatively secure) includes rare species whose status in North Carolina 

is relatively well known and which appear to be relatively secure at this time. While still notably rare, these 

species do not currently require site-specific monitoring and so are not on the main list (E, T, C, SR, or SC). 

Many of these species were formerly on the main list; they are retained in this category because they require 

a lower level of continued monitoring to ensure their long-term security. NC NHP maintains paper files on 

W1 species and requests occurrence data. 

75

Watch Category 2 (W2 - rare, but taxonomically questionable) includes species with questionable 

taxonomy, including taxa of dubious validity and taxa under study and potentially to be named. If further 

study reveals that these are valid taxa, they would warrant addition to the Rare Plant List as Endangered, 

Threatened, Candidate, or Significantly Rare. This category has been used for named and unnamed taxa 

which currently appear to have some significant chance of being proven valid. We request data on taxonomic 

validity, as well as data on localities and populations. 

Watch Category 3 (W3 - rare, but uncertain documentation) includes species which have been reported 

from North Carolina without adequate documentation. These species should be listed at a higher level when 

their reported occurrence in North Carolina is verified. This category includes sight records, old and vague 

reports for which no documentation has appeared, and, in a few cases, more recent literature reports for 

which we have not yet received documentation. We request data documenting native occurrence in North 

Carolina, as well as locality and population data. 

Watch Category 4 (W4 - rare, but believed not native) includes species known to occur in North Carolina 

which current data suggest are not native to North Carolina, but whose native occurrence is plausible. Some 

of these species were previously listed at a higher level, but field investigations suggest that all known North 

Carolina occurrences are introductions. We request data documenting the native occurrences of the species 

in North Carolina. 

Watch Category 5a and 5b The W5 list follows the main Watch list. See that list for additional discussion. 

Watch Category 5a (W5a - rare because of severe decline) includes species which have declined 

sharply in North Carolina, but which do not appear yet to warrant site-specific monitoring. 

Watch Category 5b (W5b - exploited plants) These are generally widespread species, at least 

within their physiographic province, that are in commercial demand and are often collected and sold 

in high volume. 

Watch Category 6 (W6 - regionally rare) includes species which are rare in one region of North Carolina, 

while being uncommon to abundant within another region. These regional rarities, generally within-state 

disjuncts, are significant for protection of genetic variation and long-term viability of species. NC NHP does 

not actively maintain files on W6 species occurrences. The W6 list follows the main Watch list. See that list 

for additional discussion. 

Watch Category 7 (W 7 - rare and poorly known) includes species with inadequate information about 

their distribution and rarity in North Carolina. These are generally species which have not been previously 

listed as rare in North Carolina, but which appear to be so, based on herbarium records and field experience 

of NC NHP staff, contractees, and cooperating scientists. Further information is needed in order to determine 

the true status of these species in North Carolina. We request locality and population data on these species. 

References: 

Fuller, D.O. 1991, Medicine from the Wild: an Overview of the U.S. Native Medicinal Plant Trade and Its 

Conservation Implications. Traffic USA, World Wildlife Fund Publications. 

NatureServe. 2006. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. 

Version 4.7. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available www.natureserve.org/explorer. (March 

1, 2006). 

Robbins, C. 1999. Medicine from U.S. Wildlands: An Assesment of Native Plant Species 

Harvested in the United States for Medicinal Use and Trade and Evaluation of the Conservation 

and Management Implications. Traffic USA for the Nature Conservancy. 

76

Scientific Name Common Name Rank Status 

Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. Global N.C. U.S. 

Watch List - Vascular Plants 

Acer nigrum Black Maple S1? G5 W7 

M: rich cove forests (Ashe*, Macon, 

Madi son*, Swain*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Agalinis decemloba Piedmont Gerardia S3 G4Q W1 

PMS: dry, open sites (Buncombe*, 

Burke*, Durham, Forsyth*, Granville, 

Harnett, Henderson*, Hoke, Orange, 

Rand olph, Richmond, Ruth erford*, 

Scot land , Swain*, Transylvania*, 

Wake, Warren, Wilkes*) 

Agalinis linifolia Flaxleaf Gerardia S3 G4? W1 

C: savannas, clay-based Carolina bays, 

depression ponds, and other wet, open 

habi tats (Bladen, Brun swick, Carteret*, 

Colu mbus, Craven, Cumberland*, 

Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, 

Robeson, Sampson , Scotland*) 

Agalinis obtusifolia Ten-lobe False-foxglove S2S3 G4G5Q W1 

C: pine savannas, wet pine flatwoods, 

sandhill seeps, disturbed areas (Bladen, 

Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, 


Agarista populifolia Agarista SNR G4G5 W3 

C: blackwater swamps (Columbus*) 

Agrimonia incisa Cutleaf Agrimony SNR G3 W3 

CS: sandhill/pocosin ecotones 

Allium burdickii White Ramps SNR G4G5 W3 

M: cove forests 

Ampelaster carolinianus Climbing Aster SH G5 W4 

C: wet sites (Bladen??) 

Ampelopsis cordata Heartleaf Peppervine S2 G5 W7 

PM: floodplain forests (Anson, Burke, 

Madison*, Richmond) 

Amphicarpum amphicarpon Pinebarrens Goober Grass S3 G4 W1 

C: pine savannas, pocosins, shallow 

peat burns in pocosin/savanna ecotones 

(Beaufort*, Bladen, Brunswick, 


Cumberland, Dupl in*, Hoke, Martin*, 

Onslow, P ender, Pitt*, Robeson*, 

Sampson, Wilson*) 

Amsonia ciliata Fringed Bluestar S3 G5? W1 

CPS: sandhills (Anson*, Bladen, 

Cumberland, Moore, Richmond, 

Robeson, Scotland, Wake*) 

Andropogon arctatus Pinewoods Bluestem SH G3 W3 

C: mar sh (P amlico*) 

Andropogon brachystachyus Short-spike Bluestem SNR G4 W3 

habitat in North Carolina not known 

Andropogon perangustatus Narrowleaf Bluestem S2S3 G3G4Q W1 

CS: clay-based Carolina bays, upland 

depressions (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, 

Onslow, Richmond, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

Andropogon tracyi Tracy's Bluestem S2 G4? W7 

SCP: sandhills, other dry soils (Gates*, 

Granville*, Harnett*, Hoke, Johnston *, 

Moore, Richmond, Scotland*) 

77



Andropogon virginicus var. decipiens Deceptive Bluestem S1S2 G5T4 W7 

C: pinelands and disturbed areas 

(Bertie*, Bladen*, Dare*, Dupl in*, 

Hyde, Martin*, Nash*, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Anemone minima Dwarf Thimble-weed S2? G5T3 W3 

M: forests, openings (Burke) 

Angelica atropurpurea Purple-stem Angelica S2S3 G5 W4 

M: ro adsides (Haywood*) 

Antennaria howellii ssp. petaloidea A Pussytoes S1? G5T3T5 W7 


known (Rutherford) 

Anthaenantia rufa Purple Silkyscale S2 G5 W1 

CS: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, 


Cumberland, Duplin*, Jones, Moore, 

New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender) 

Arabidopsis lyrata Lyre-leaved Rockcress S2 G5 W1 

CM: around calcareous or mafic rock 

outcrops (Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe*, Caldwell, Jackson, 

Jones*, Madiso n, McDowell*, 

Watauga*) 

Aristida spiciformis Spike Three-awn SNR G4 W3 

C: habitat in North Carolina not known 

Asclepias longifolia Longleaf Milkweed S2S3 G4G5 W1 

CS: savannas and sandhill seeps 

(Brunswick*, Carteret*, Columbus, 

Cumberland*, Dare*, Johnston, 

Onslow, Pender, Pitt) 

Asclepias tomentosa Sandhills Milkweed S3 G4 W1 

SC: sandhills (Bladen, Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond, 

Scot land *) 

Asplenium resiliens Blackstem Spleenwort S2 G5 W1 

MP: calcareous rock outcrops (Avery, 


Madi son, McDowell, Rutherford*, 

Stanly*, Swain*, Transylvania, Yadkin) 

Athyrium angustum Northern Lady Fern SNR G5T5 W3 

M: rock outcrops and forests at high 

elevations (Avery*) 

Baccharis angustifolia Saltwater False-willow S2S2 G4 W7 

CT: brackish marshes, shrubby marsh 

edges (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Dare*, 

Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Pamlico*, Pender) 

Bartonia verna White Screwstem S2 G5? W1 

C: savannas, limesi nk po nds (Bladen*, 

Brun swick, Carteret, New Han over*, 


Boechera laevigata var. 1 Porter's Rockcress SH? G5T3T5 W7 

M: dry, rocky calcareous areas and 

shale barrens (Madison *) 

Boltonia asteroides White Doll's-daisy S2 G5 W7 

CM: clay-based Carolina bays, 

marshes, savannas, bogs (Brunswick, 

Colu mbus, Curritu ck*, Henderson *, 

Hoke, New Hanover, Robeson, 

Scotland) 

Boltonia diffusa Diffuse Doll's-daisy S1? G4 W7 

C: moist areas (Stanly??) 

Boykinia aconitifolia Brook Saxifrage S3 G4 W7 

78



M: stream banks, meadows, and 

seepage slopes (Alleghany*, Avery, 

Burke, Jackson*, Macon*, Mitchell*, 

Transylvania*, Wilkes*) 

Bromus latiglumis Riverbank Brome S1 G5 W7 

M: river fl oodplains (Alleghany*, 

Jackson) 

Bromus nottowayanus Nottoway Valley Brome S1? G3G5 W7 

P: rich woods (Rockingham*, Sur ry*) 

Burmannia biflora Northern Bluethreads S2S3 G4G5 W1 

CS: limesinks, cypress savannas, and 

sandhill seeps (Beaufort*, Bladen*, 

Brunswick, Carteret, Cumberland, 

Dare*, Harnett*, Hoke, Moore, New 

Hanover*, Onslow, Pitt, Scotland) 

Calamovilfa brevipilis Pinebarren Sandreed S3 G4 W1 

CS: savannas, sandhill seeps 

(Brunswick, Carteret, Colu mbus*, 

Craven, Cumberland, Duplin*, Harnett, 

Hoke, Johnston*, Montgomery, Moore, 

Nash, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, 

Pitt*, Richmond, Sampson*, Scotland) 

Callitriche terrestris Terrestrial Water-starwort S2? G5 W7 

CP: low, wet places (Anson*, Bladen*, 

Catawba*, Chatham*, Durham*, 

Forsyth*, Johnston*, Richmond, 

Unio n*, Washin gton *) 

Calycanthus floridus var. floridus Eastern Sweetshrub S2? G5T4 W7 

PM: mesic to dry forests (Alexander*, 

Avery*, Cherokee*, Davidson, Durham*, 

Jackson*, Randolph, St anly*, Sto kes*, Transylvania*) 

Calystegia spithamaea ssp. purshiana Shale Barren Bindweed S2S3 G4G5T4 W1 

M: shale barrens and woodlands 

Carex albursina White Bear Sedge S2 G5 W7 

M: rich cove forests, over mafic or 

calcareous rocks (Ashe*, Buncombe, 

Graham, Haywood*, Macon, 

Madi son*, Mitchell*, Transylvania*, 

Yancey) 

Carex bromoides ssp. montana Blue Ridge Brome Sedge S3? G5T3? W7 

M: bogs, moist areas along streams, 

seepages in coves (Ashe*, Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Haywood, Ru therford*, 

Watauga) 

Carex chapmanii Chapman's Sedge S3 G3 W1 

C: moist bottomlands and slopes, 

perh aps associated with marl (Bladen*, 

Brunswick*, Carteret, Columbus, 

Craven, Gates, Jon es, New Han over*, 


Carex collinsii Collins's Sedge S3 G4 W1 

SM: white cedar swamps, bogs 

(Cumberland, Harnett, Henderson, 

Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond, 

Scotland, Transylvania) 

79



Carex corrugata A Sedge S1? G5? W7 

CP: forests over basic soils (Bertie*, 

Bladen*, Brunswick, Chowan*, 

Cumberland*, Durham*, Halifax*, 

Johnston*, Jones, Lenoir*, New 

Hanover*, Orange*, Pender, 

Richmond, Rockingham*, Sampson*, 

Wake*) 

Carex echinata ssp. echinata Star Sedge S1S2 G5T5 W7 

M: bo gs and seeps (Alleghany*, Ashe*, 

Avery*, Clay*, Macon*, Wilkes*) 

Carex emmonsii Emmons's Sedge S2 G5T5 W7 

CSP: moist woods (Columbus, Jones) 

Carex festucacea Fescue Sedge S2? G5 W7 

P: piedmont swamp forests, bogs, 

upland depression swamps 

(Alamance*, Caswell*, Mo ntgo mery*, 

Orange*, Rockingham*, Stokes*) 

Carex floridana Florida Sedge S1S2 G5? W7 

CSP: dry sandy woods (Brunswick, 

Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, 

Dare*, Gates*, Hoke, Jones, 

Mecklenburg*, Montgomery*, 

Rand olph*, Richmond, Scotland *) 

Carex gholsonii Gholson's Sedge S1S2 G4G5 W7 

C: along creeks and springs (Craven, 

Jones, Pender) 

Carex granularis Limestone Meadow Sedge S1? G5 W7 

PC: piedmont bottomlands, coastal 

plain marl forests (Bladen*, Caswell*, 

Craven*, Durham*, Granville*, 

Guilford*, Jon es, Mecklenbu rg*, 

Orange*, Pender, Person*, Ro wan*, 

Stokes*, Wilson*) 

Carex hyalinolepis Shoreline Sedge S2 G4G5 W1 

C: marshes (Beaufort*, Brunswick, 

Carteret, Craven, Hyde*, New 

Hanover, Perquimans*, Richmond, 

Warren*) 

Carex leavenworthii Leavenworth's Sedge S1 G5 W7 

PM: dry woods (Durham*, Lee, 

Madison*, Randolph*, Richmond, 

Warren*) 

Carex lucorum var. austrolucorum Appalachian Woodland Sedge S2? G4T3? W7 

M: medium to high elevation forests, 

especially over calcareous or mafic 

rocks (Buncombe*, Clay*, Jackson, 

Macon*, Swain*, Transylvania*, 

Watauga*) 

Carex manhartii Manhart's Sedge S3 G3 W1 

M: rich cove forests (Ashe, Avery, 

Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood, 

Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Swain, 

Transylvania) 

Carex mitchelliana Mitchell's Sedge S2 G3G4 W1 

CMPS: swampy woodlands and forests 

(Anson*, Beaufort*, Brunswick, 

Carteret, Cherokee*, Clay*, Craven, 

Cumberland, Dare*, Gaston*, Harnett*, 

Hoke, Iredell*, Jones, Lenoir*, Moore, 

New Hanover, Pasquotank*, Pender, 

Richmond, Scotland*, Stokes*, Tyrrell*) 

80



Carex oklahomensis Oklahoma Sedge S1 G4 W7 

M: seeps (Graham) 

Carex ruthii Ruth's Sedge S3 G3 W1 

M: seeps and bogs (Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe*, Clay*, Graham*, 

Haywood, Jackson*, Macon, Mi tchell*, 

Swain*, Transylvania*, Yancey*) 

Carex sparganioides Bur-reed Sedge S2? G5 W7 

MP: rich cove forests (Alleghany*, 

Ashe*, Jackson*, Macon, Madison*, 

Mitchell*, Randolph*) 

Carex tenera Quill Sedge S1? G5 W7 

P: low woods (Anson*, Caswell*, 

Davie*, Durham*, Moore, Richmond, 

Warren*) 

Carex turgescens Pinebarren Sedge S3 G4G5 W1 

S: seepage bogs (Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Scotland) 

Celtis occidentalis Mountain Hackberry S2 G5 W7 

M: ro cky places (Bun combe*, 


Madison*, McDowell, Rutherford, 

Swain*, Warren*, Yancey*) 

Ceratophyllum echinatum Prickly Hornwort S2 G4? W7 

CT: pools, lakes, and estuaries 

(Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Dare*, 

Perquimans*, Richmond, Wayne*) 

Chasmanthium sessiliflorum Longleaf Spikegrass S2S3 G5 W1 

CMP: hardwood forests (Anson, 

Bertie*, Bladen, Brunswick*, Craven*, 

Davidson, Gates*, Graham, Harnett, 

Jones, Martin, Montgomery, Onslow, 

Pender, Richmond, Rowan) 

Chrysopogon pauciflorus Goldenbeard S1 G4G5 W4 

C: sandhills (New Hanover*) 

Chrysopsis scabrella Rough Golden-aster SNR G4 W3 

S: sandhills (Moo re*) 

Chrysopsis trichophylla S2 G5T5 W7 

C: xeric sandhills and sandhill scrub 

(Bladen, New Hanover, Pender, 

Sampson) 

Chrysosplenium americanum Golden Saxifrage S3 G5 W1 

M: seeps (Ashe, Avery, Haywood, 

Jackson, Macon, Madison*, Mitchell, 

Polk*, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga*, 

Wilkes*, Yancey) 

Cinna latifolia Slender Wood-reed S1S2 G5 W7 

M: high elevation forests and openings 

(Bun combe*, Graham, Haywood*, 

Macon*, Mi tchell*, Swain*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Cladrastis kentukea Yellowwood S2S3 G4 W7 

M: forests (Cherokee*, Clay, Graham*, 

Haywood, Macon, Madiso n, Swain*) 

Cleistes bifaria Small Spreading Pogonia S2 G4? W1 

MPC: savannas, dry meadows 

(Brunswick, Buncombe*, Burke, 

Carteret, Catawba, Cherokee*, 

Cleveland, Craven*, Graham, Harnett*, 

Henderson*, Madison*, McDowell, 

New Hanover, Onslow, Rob eson*, 

Ruth erford, S cotland*, Transylvania*) 

81



Cleistes divaricata Spreading Pogonia S3 G4 W1 

C: pine savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Columbus, Hoke, Moore, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Clematis catesbyana Coastal Virgin's-bower S2 G4G5 W7 

TCM: dunes, edges of maritime forests, 

or over dolomite (Brunswick, Burke, 

Carteret, Catawba, Cleveland, 

Currituck*, Dare, McDowell, New 

Hanover, Onslow*, Rutherford) 

Coelorachis rugosa Wrinkled Jointgrass S3 G5 W1 


Carolina bays, wet savannas 

(Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, 

Cumberland*, Dare*, Harnett*, Hoke, 

Moore*, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Pender, Richmond, Robeson, Sampson, 

Scotland) 

Collinsonia serotina Fall-line Horsebalm S1? G3G4 W7 

P: mixed deciduous forests (Iredell*, 

Richmond*, Rockingham*, Stanly) 

Corallorhiza maculata Spotted Coral-root S2 G5 W1 

M: moist forests, northern hardwood 

forests (Ashe*, Avery*, Buncombe*, 

Burke*, Clay*, Haywood*, Henderson*, 

Jackson*, Mitchell*, Watauga*) 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza Autumn Coral-root S4 G5 W7 

CMP: forests (Bun combe*, Carteret*, 

Catawba*, Davie*, Durham*, Harnett, 

Jackson*, Madison*, Mecklenb urg*, 

New Hanover*, Orange*, Polk*, 

Surr y*, Swain*) 

Corallorhiza wisteriana Spring Coral-root S2 G5 W7 

MPCT: moist to dry, nutrient-rich 

forests, including maritime forests, 

cove forests, mesic slope forests, 

upland forests; especially over 

limestone, mafic rocks or shell rich 

sands (Buncombe*, Carteret*, 

Catawba*, Cleveland, Davie*, 

Durh am*, Jackson*, Madiso n*, 

McDowell, New Hanover*, Orange*, 

Polk*, Rutherford, Sur ry*, Swain*) 

Coreopsis delphiniifolia Larkspur Coreopsis SNR G3?Q W3 

P: dry woodlands 

Coreopsis helianthoides Beadle's Coreopsis S2? G3G4Q W7 

C: swamp, peaty wetlands (Beaufort*, 


Craven*, Duplin*, Jones*, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Coreopsis pubescens var. robusta Blue Ridge Coreopsis S2? G5?T3? W7 

MP: rich woodlands, glades, outcrops 

(Alleghany*, Ashe*, Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Cherokee*, Haywood*, 

Iredell*, Jackson*, Macon*, Mi tchell*, 

Polk*, Watauga*) 

Crataegus aestivalis May Hawthorn S2 G5 W1 

C: swamp forests (Brunswick*, 

Colu mbus*, Craven*, Onslow*, 

Pender*, Wayne*) 

Crataegus schuettei Schuette's Hawthorn S2? G5? W1 

M: mesic hardwood forests (Graham, 

Macon) 

82



Crataegus spathulata Littlehip Hawthorn S1S2 G5 W1 

CPM: bottomland s (Bladen*, 

Colu mbus, Cumberland, Davidson *, 

Macon*, Stanly) 

Cymophyllus fraserianus Fraser's Sedge S3 G4 W1 

M: forests (Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery, 

Caldwell*, Clay, Graham, Haywood*, 

Jackson, Macon, McDowell*, 

Mitchell*, Swain, Watauga, Wilkes, 

Yancey*) 

Cyperus distans A Flatsedge SH G5 W4 

C: mar shes (New Hanover*) 

Cyperus squarrosus Awned Flatsedge S2 G5 W7 

P: granite flatrocks, other rock outcrops 

(Durham*, Franklin*, Rowan*) 

Cypripedium reginae Showy Ladyslipper ? G4 W4 

M: the only specimen from NC is from 

an implausible habitat for the species - 

highly acid humus under rhododendron 

(Jackson*, Macon*) 

Cystopteris bulbifera Bulblet Bladder Fern S1S2 G5 W7 

MP: calcareous rocks (Avery, 

Buncombe, Madison, McDowell, 

Orange, Swain*, Transylvania) 

Dalea pinnata Eastern Prairie-clover S2 G5 W1 

SC: sandhills and dryish pinelands 

(Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett*, Hoke, 

Lenoir*, Moore*, Pender*, Richmond, 

Robeson*, Sampson*, Scotland, 

Wayne*) 

Dendrolycopodium hickeyi Pennsylvania Ground-pine S2? G5 W7 

M: openings, balds, bog margins, and 

high elevation forests (Alleghany, 

Burke*, Haywood, Macon*, Mitchell) 

Desmodium pauciflorum Few-flower Tick-trefoil S2? G5 W7 

PC: rich forests and bottomlands 

(Anson, Cabarrus*, Caswell*, 

Chowan*, Craven*, Hertford*, Iredell*, 

John ston , Jon es, Mecklenbu rg*, 

Northampton*, Pitt*, Richmond, 

Rockingham*, Wake, Warren) 

Diamorpha smallii Elf Orpine S3 G4 W1 

PM: granite flatrocks (Alexander, 

Anson, Forsyth*, Franklin, Gaston, 

Granville, Hender son*, Iredell*, Nash*, 

Rowan*, Ru therford*, Wake, Yadkin *) 

Dichanthelium boreale Northern Witch Grass S1S2 G5 W7 

P: open woods (Chatham*, Durham*, 

Franklin*, Person *, Rowan, Wake*, 

Wilkes*) 

Dichanthelium dichotomum var. roanokense Roanoke Witch Grass S2 G5T4? W1 

CS: savannas, open swampy woods, 

wet peaty meadows (Bladen, 

Brun swick, Columbus, Dare*, Hyde*, 

Moore, Pender) 

Dichanthelium erectifolium Erectleaf Witch Grass S2 G4 W1 

C: pond shores (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Columbus, Hoke, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland) 

Dichanthelium latifolium Broadleaf Witch Grass S2 G5 W7 

M: forests (Ashe, Avery*, Caldwell*, 

Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson*, 

Macon*, Swain*, Watauga*) 

83



Dichanthelium linearifolium Low White-haired Witch Grass S1? G5 W7 

PM: dry open woods and rock outcrops 

(Durham*, Gaston*, Macon*, Rockingham) 

Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum Scribner's Witch Grass S1? G5T5 W7 

C: calcareous, coastal-fringe forests 

(Beaufort, Brunswick, Carteret, 

Craven, Onslow) 

Dichanthelium ovale var. ovale Elliott's Witch Grass S2S3 G5T5 W1 

C: dry to damp, sandy pinelands 

(Brunswick*, Carteret, Gates*, Pender) 

Dichanthelium sp. 2 Webber's Witch Grass S2S3 GNR W1 

C: moist pine savannas and flatwoods 

Dioscorea villosa var. hirticaulis Hairy Yam S2? G4G5T3Q W2 

SC: moist forests (Gates*, Halifax*, 

Hoke*, Martin*, Nash*, New 

Hanover*, Pender*, Richmond*, 

Scot land *, Wake*, Washin gton *) 

Diplazium pycnocarpon Glade Fern S2 G5 W1 

MPC: rich woods, usually over seepage 

(Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe, Burke, 

Cherokee, Clay, Durham*, Graham, 

Haywood, Hertford*, Jackson, Macon, 

Madison*, McDowell, Polk*, Swain, 

Vance*, Yancey) 

Dirca palustris Leatherwood S3 G4 W1 

PM: rich woods, either alluvial or over 

mafic or calcareous rocks (Anson*, 

Ashe, Burke, Catawba, Chath am*, 

Clay*, Cleveland*, Durham, Haywood, 

Jackson, Lee, Macon, Madiso n*, 

McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Moore, 

Person, Polk, Randolph*, Rockingham, 

Rutherford, Stanly, Swain*, Wake) 

Dryopteris carthusiana Spinulose Woodfern S2 G5 W7 

MCP: swampy woo ds (Cabarrus*, 

Camden*, Chowan*, Gates, Haywood*, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Mecklenburg*, 

Mitchell*, Perquimans, Yancey*) 

Dryopteris cristata Crested Woodfern S3 G5 W1 

MCP: bogs, wet woods (Alaman ce*, 

Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Camden*, 

Durham*, Gates*, Guilford, Haywood, 

Henderson*, Madison*, McDowell, 

Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, Orange*, 

Wake*, Watauga, Yan cey) 

Dryopteris goldiana Goldie's Woodfern S3 G4 W1 

MP: rich, moist woods (Ashe*, 

Buncombe, Burke, Cherokee, Clay, 

Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, 

Madison, Mitchell*, Orange*, Swain, 


Dryopteris ludoviciana Southern Woodfern S2 G4 W1 

C: acid swamps (Brunswick*, Carteret, 

Chowan, Columbus*, Craven, Jones, 

New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, 

Washington) 

Echinacea pallida Pale Coneflower SNA? G4 W4 

P: savannas, open wooded hillsides, 

glades (Gaston*, Granville, Madison, 

McDowell*, Mecklenburg*, 

Richmond*) 

84



Echinocystis lobata Wild Mock Cucumber S1 G5 W7 

M: alluvial forests (Alleghany*, Ashe, 

Watauga*) 

Elatine americana American Waterwort SNA G4 W4 

M: lakes (Burke, Jackson*) 

Elatine minima Tiny Waterwort SNA G5 W4 

P: lakes (Granville) 

Eleocharis engelmannii Englemann's Spikerush S1 G4G5Q W7 

PCM: marshes (Alexander *, 

Henderson*, Ho ke, North ampton*, 

Rowan*, St anly*) 

Eleocharis equisetoides Horsetail Spikerush S3 G4 W1 

C: limesink ponds (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, 

Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, 

New Hanover*, Onslow, Randolph, 


Eleocharis erythropoda Bald Spikerush S1 G5 W7 

MC: stream banks and marshes (Ashe*, 

Carteret*, Madison *) 

Eleocharis melanocarpa Blackfruit Spikerush S3 G4 W1 

C: clay-based Carolina bays, limesink 

ponds (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Cumberland, Johnston*, New Hanover, 


Scot land , Wayne*) 

Eleocharis smallii Small's Spikerush S1 G5? W3 

M: op en, wet places (Macon*) 

Eleocharis tricostata Three-angle Spikerush S2S3 G4 W1 

CP: bogs and savannas (Bladen, 

Brunswick, Carteret*, Cumberland, 

Dare*, Hoke, New Hanover, 

Northampton*, Onslow, Richmond, 

Robeson, Scotland, St anly*) 

Elodea canadensis Canada Elodea S1? G5 W7 

CPM: streams (Craven*, McDowell*, 

Orange*, Perqu imans*, Wake*, 

Watauga*) 

Elodea nuttallii Nuttall's Elodea S2? G5 W7 

CPM: lakes, ponds, and streams 

(Avery*, Currituck*, Dare*, Franklin*, 

Haywood*, Jones*, McDowell*, 

Perquimans*, Tyrrell*, Wake*, 

Wilson*, Yancey*) 

Elymus canadensis Nodding Wild Rye S1 G5 W7 

M: rich woods (Buncombe*, Swain*) 

Elymus riparius Riverbank Wild Rye S1S2 G5 W7 

MP: riverbanks and low, rich woods 

(Ashe*, Avery*, Caldwell*, Macon, 

Madi son*, Orange*, Swain, Watauga*) 

Epilobium leptophyllum Narrowleaf Willowherb S3 G5 W1 

MP: bogs and seeps (Alleghany, Ashe, 

Avery, Burke, Guilford*, Jackson, 

Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Watauga) 

Eragrostis frankii Frank's Lovegrass S1 G5 W7 

P: open, disturbed sites (Granville*) 

Eragrostis lugens Mourning Lovegrass S1 G5 W7 

P: open, wet areas (Mecklenb urg*) 

Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring SNR G5 W3 

MP?: rich woods 

Eriophorum virginicum Tawny Cottongrass S3 G5 W1 

MSCP: peaty sites - bogs, fens, pocosins, 

seeps (Alleghany, Ashe*, Bladen, 

85



Brunswick, Burke*, Cumberland, 

Currituck*, Edgecombe*, Forsyth*, 

Henderson*, Jackson, Macon*, Moore*, 

Richmond, Scotland*, Transylvania*, 

Tyrrell*, Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Eryngium aquaticum var. ravenelii Marsh Eryngo S1 G4T2T4Q W7 

C: wet flatwoods with a calcareous 

influence, ditches (Pender) 

Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum Southern Rattlesnake-master S2 G5T5 W2 

C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, 


Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum American Trout Lily S2? G5T5 W7 

P: rich slopes (Burke, Durham, 

Richmond, Wake) 

Euonymus atropurpureus Eastern Wahoo S2 G5 W7 

PMC: rich forests with circumneutral 

soils (Caswell, Cherokee*, Franklin, 

Guilford*, Halifax, Lee, Moore, 

Northampton, Orange*, Person, Polk, 

Rockingh am*, Ru therford*, Sto kes*, 

Swain*) 

Eupatorium altissimum Tall Boneset S2 G5 W1 

P: woodlands, openings, and old fields 

over mafic rocks (Cabarrus, Chatham, 

Davidson*, Granville, Mecklenburg, 

Moore, Person, Randolph, Rowan*, 

Wake*) 

Eupatorium recurvans Recurved Eupatorium S1? G3G4Q W7 

C: wet savannas 

Eupatorium sessilifolium var. brittonianum Britton's Eupatorium SH? G5T3T5 W7 

M: rocky woodlands over mafic rocks 

(Buncombe*, Macon) 

Eupatorium steelei Appalachian Joe-pye-weed S2? G4 W7 

M: cove hardwood and northern 

hard wood forests (Ashe, Avery*, 

Cherokee, Graham, Haywood, Macon, 

Watauga) 

Eurybia spectabilis Showy Aster S2? G5 W7 

CP: pine barrens and woodland borders 

(Bertie*, Cabarrus*, Chatham, 

Chowan*, Craven*, Durham, Gates*, 

Hertford*, Jones, Lee*, Mo ntgomery, 

Onslow, P itt, Rowan*) 

Eurybia surculosa Creeping Aster S3? G4G5 W1 

M: rock outcrops, glades, rocky 

woodlands (Madison) 

Euthamia graminifolia var. nuttallii S1 G5T5?Q W7 

M: bog (Buncombe*, Burke, 

Henderson, Rutherford) 

Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum Spotted Joe-pye Weed S3? G5 W7 

M: wet calcareous meadows, cove 

forests, grassy bal ds (Ashe*, Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Macon*, Mi tchell*, P olk*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Fallopia scandens var. 1 Climbing Buckwheat S2? G5T5 W7 

PMC: moist forests, especially alluvial 

forests (Alexander *, Burke, Granville*, 

Haywood*, Iredell*, Macon*, 

Onslow*, Orange*, Rutherford, 

Stokes*, Wake*, Wilkes*) 

86



Fragaria vesca Woodland Strawberry S1 G5 W4 

M: rich forests (Watauga*) 

Frangula caroliniana Carolina Buckthorn S3 G5 W1 

PMC: rich bottomlands and slopes 

(Beaufort*, Buncombe*, Burke, Cabarrus, 

Catawba, Cleveland*, Iredell*, Lincoln*, 

Madison*, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Polk, 

Rutherford, Union) 

Fuirena scirpoidea Southern Umbrella-sedge SNR G5 W3 

C: shallow water (Tyrrell*) 

Galactia minor Little Milkpea S2? G3? W1 

S: sandy fi elds and roadsides (Hoke*) 

Galium asprellum Rough Bedstraw S2 G5 W7 

M: bo gs (Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery*, 

Haywood*, Watauga) 

Galium lanceolatum Lanceleaf Wild Licorice S2 G5 W7 

M: rich cove forests (Buncombe, 

Clay*, Madison*, Mitchell*, 

Watauga*) 

Gaultheria hispidula Creeping Snowberry SH G5 W3 


known 

Gaylussacia dumosa var. bigeloviana Northern Dwarf Huckleberry S1 G5T4T5 W7 

MC: mountain bogs, moist mountain 

slopes at high elevations, in peat of 

large pocosins (Dare, Henderson, 

Jackson*, Macon*) 

Glandularia canadensis Rose Mock-vervain S1? G5 W7 

CPS: sandhills, diabase glades, and 

other dry wood s (Alamance*, 

Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Granville, 

Rand olph*, Richmond*, Washington*) 

Goodyera repens Lesser Rattlesnake Orchid S2S3 G5 W1 

MP: moist, acid forests, especially 

under rhododendrons and conifers 

(Ashe*, Avery*, Buncombe, Burke, 

Graham, Haywood, Macon*, Madison, 

Ruth erford, S wain*, Watauga*, 

Yancey) 

Habenaria repens Water-spider Orchid S2 G5 W1 

CS: in stagnant, blackwater pools and 

impoundments (Bladen*, Brunswick, 

Carteret, Columbus, Cumberland, Dare, 

Duplin*, Hoke, Moo re, New Han over*, 

Pender*, Richmond, Scotland) 

Helianthus glaucophyllus Whiteleaf Sunflower S3 G3 W1 

M: cove forests and other 

middle-elevation forests and openings 

(Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell*, 


McDowell, Mitchell*, Polk, 

Rutherford, Swain*, Watauga, Yancey) 

Helianthus longifolius Longleaf Sunflower S1? G3 W7 

M: sandstone and granite glades and 

woodland s (Macon*) 

Heteranthera reniformis Kidneyleaf Mud-plantain S2? G5 W7 

CP: muddy shores, bars, pools (Bertie, 

Chowan, Davidson *) 

Heteropogon melanocarpus Tanglehead SNA G4? W4 

C: pinelands (New Hanover*) 

87



Heuchera caroliniana Carolina Alumroot S3 G3 W7 

P: rich, rocky wood s (Alexander*, 

Anson*, Burke, Cabarrus*, Cleveland, 

Davidson *, For syth*, Gaston*, Iredell*, 

Lincoln*, Mecklenburg*, Randolph*, 

Rowan*, Ru therford, Stanly*, Stokes*, 

Surr y*, Union*) 

Heuchera longiflora Long-flower Alumroot S2 G4 W7 

M: rich and rocky cove forests, 

especially over calcareous or mafic 

rocks (Buncombe, Haywood*, 

Madi son*) 

Heuchera parviflora var. parviflora Grotto Alumroot S2S3 G4T4 W1 

MP: in deep shade under overhanging 

cliffs (Buncombe, Burke, Haywood, 

Henderson*, Jackson, Macon*, 

McDowell, Polk*, Rutherford, Stokes, 

Surry*, Transylvania) 

Hexastylis lewisii Lewis's Heartleaf S3 G4 W1 

PSC: mesic mixed hardwood forests, 

streamhead pocosin ecotones (Bladen, 

Burke, Chatham, Cumberland *, 

Duplin*, Durham, Granville, Halifax, 

Harnett, Johnston, Lenoir*, Nash, 

Orange, Person, Pender, Sampson, 

Scotland, Vance, Wake) 

Hibiscus coccineus Scarlet Hibiscus SNA G4? W4 

CP: blackwater swamps and open, wet 

ground (Columbus, Hyde*, Union) 

Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa Summer Bluet S1 G5T5 W7 

M: rocky forests, often dry 

(Bun combe*, Burke, Haywood*, 

Henderson*, McDowell*) 

Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides Hops S1 G5T5 W4 

CP: habitat in North Carolina not 

known (Randolph*, Rockingham*, 

Stokes*, Wake*) 

Humulus lupulus var. pubescens Hops S1 G5T4? W4 

P: botto mlands (Rando lph*, 

Rockingh am*, Stokes*) 

Hydrangea cinerea Ashy Hydrangea S2 G4 W7 

M: shady ledges and cliffs, secondary 

forests (Cherokee*, Clay*, Cleveland, 

Henderson*, Jackson*, Macon*, 

McDowell, Rut herford, Swain*) 

Hydrocotyle americana American Pennywort S2 G5 W7 

MP: on cliffs in spray of waterfalls, 

also in bogs (Ashe*, Burke, 

Henderson*, Jackson*, Macon, Swain, 

Transylvania, Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Hypericum buckleii Blue Ridge St. John's-wort S3 G3 W1 


granitic domes, grassy balds 

(Haywood, Jackson, Macon, 

Transylvania) 

Hypericum ellipticum Pale St. John's-wort SNR G5 W3 


known 

88



Hypericum graveolens Mountain St. John's-wort S2S3 G3 W1 

M: high elevation balds, outcrops, 

seeps (Buncombe*, Haywood, 

Jackson*, McDowell*, Mit chell*, 


Hypericum mitchellianum Mitchell's St. John's-wort S2S3 G3 W1 

M: high elevation balds, outcrops, seeps 

(Ashe*, Avery*, Buncombe*, Haywood*, 

Jackson*, Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Ilex ambigua Carolina Holly S3 G5 W1 

CSP: sandy woo ds (Beaufort*, 

Brunswick, Burke, Columbus, 

Cumberland*, Hoke, Jon es*, Lenoi r*, 

Orange, Richmond, Rob eson*, 

Rutherford, Scotland, Wayne) 

Ilex cassine Dahoon S2 G5 W1 

C: blackwater swamps and pocosins 

(Brunswick, New Hanover) 

Ipomoea macrorhiza Manroot SNA G3G5 W4 

TC: low marshy places, dunes 

(Brunswick*) 

Ipomoea pes-caprae Railroad Morning-glory S1 G5 W4 

C: ocean beaches (Carteret) 

Ipomopsis rubra Standing Cypress SNA G4G5 W4 

SC: sandy soils (Cumberland *, 

Harnett*, Moore, Richmond, Robeson, 

Scotland) 

Iresine rhizomatosa Rootstock Bloodleaf S2S3 G5 W1 

TC: low wet places, interdune swales, 

damp woods, edges of brackish 

marshes (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Cumberland, Dare, New Hanover, 

Onslow, P ender*, Sampson*) 

Isoetes hyemalis Winter Quillwort S2 G2G3 W7 

SCP: beds of blackwater and other 

streams (Brunswick*, Harnett, Hoke, 

Moore, Orange, Pender*, Richmond, 

Robeson, Sampson*, Scotland) 

Juncus brachycarpus Whiteroot Rush S2? G4G5 W7 

PC: wet sandy soil (Chatham*, 

Duplin*, Durham*, Granville*, 

Hertford*, Hyde*, Iredell*, 

Montgomery*, Nash*, Northampton*, 

Orange*, Stanly*, Union*, Wake*) 

Juncus brevicaudatus Mountain Rush S1? G5 W7 

M: bogs and seeps at high elevations 

(Clay*, Haywood*, Jackson*, Swain*, 

Transylvania*, Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Juncus georgianus Georgia Rush S1? G4 W7 

P: shallow depressions in granitic 

flatrocks and domes (Alexander, 

Franklin*, Gaston, Rowan*) 

Juncus gymnocarpus Seep Rush S3 G4 W1 

M: bogs, seeps, streambanks 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke*, 

Clay*, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell*, Rutherford, Transylvania, 


Juncus longii Long's Rush S1 G3Q W7 

CP: wet, clayey soil (Cumberland, 

Dare*, Graham*, Harnett, Hoke, 

Iredell*, Jackson*, Lee*, McDowell, 

89



Montgomery, Moore, Rutherford, Union*, Wayne*) 

Juncus secundus Nodding Rush S1S2 G5? W7 

PM: rock outcrops (Alexander, 

Alleghany*, Burke, Caswell*, Davie*, 

Fors yth*, Franklin*, Gaston*, 

Granville*, Madiso n*, Mi tchell*, 

Orange*, Person*, Ro ckingham*, 

Wake*) 

Juncus torreyi Torrey's Rush SNR G5 W3 

M: bo gs (Clay*) 

Krigia biflora Two-flower Cynthia S2? G5 W7 

MP: rich mesic woods (Ash e, Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Caldwell*, Chath am*, 

Clay*, Graham*, Haywood*, 


Krigia montana Mountain Cynthia S3 G3 W1 

M: cliffs, high elevation rocky 

summits, and grassy balds (Ashe, 

Avery, Bun combe*, Haywood*, 

Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Rutherford, 

Transylvania*, Yancey*) 

Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus Beach Pea SNR G5T4T5 W3 

T: beaches, shorelines (Dare*) 

Lathyrus palustris Marsh Peavine S2? G5 W7 

C: bottomlands, streambanks and 

marsh es (Beaufort*, Chowan*, 

Currituck, Gat es*, Hertford*, Martin*, 

Washington*) 

Lathyrus venosus Smooth Peavine S2 G5 W7 

PM: rich bottomlands and rocky slopes, 

generally over mafic rocks (Buncombe, 

Burke, Catawba, Cleveland, Durham, 

Granville*, Haywood*, Macon*, 

Madison*, Montgomery, Moore, 

Orange*, Richmond, Wake*, 

Watauga*, Wilkes*) 

Leersia lenticularis Catchfly Cutgrass S2S3 G5 W7 

C: low woods (Bladen, Ed gecombe*, 

Jones*, Lenoir*, Northampton*, 

Pender) 

Liatris scariosa New England Blazing-star S2 G5? W7 

MP: rock outcrops, glades, dry 

woodlands; mostly over mafic rocks? 

(Cherokee+, Clay, Haywood+, 

Henderson+, Jackson+, Macon+, 

Swain+) 

Liatris secunda Sandhill Blazing-star S2 G4G5 W7 

SC: sandhills (Anson*, Bladen, 

Brunswick*, Hoke, New Hanover, 

Richmond, Scotland, Wake) 

Lilium sp. 1 Blackwater Turk's Cap Lily S1 G1G3Q W2 

C: blackwater swamps (Chowan, Gates, 

Nash*) 

Lindernia monticola Flatrock Pimpernel S2 G4 W1 

PM: seepages on granitic flatrocks and 

other rock outcrops (Alexander, 

Cherokee*, Forsyth*, Franklin, Gaston, 

Granville, Nash*, Rowan*, Rutherford, 

Stokes*, Wake, Yadkin*) 

Listera australis Southern Twayblade S3 G4 W1 

CM: moist hardwood forest, swamps, 

wet woods under rhododendron (Avery*, 

Beaufort, Bladen, Brunswick, Craven*, 

90



Dare, Gates*, Halifax, Henderson, 

Hoke, Hyde, Jones, Pender, Richmond, 

Sampson, Transylvania*, Tyrrell, Wayne) 

Listera cordata Heart-leaved Twayblade SH G5 W3 


known (Avery*) 

Lobelia sp. 1 Cedar Swamp Lobelia S3 G3 W1 

SC: white cedar swamps, seepages 

along blackwater streams (Hoke+, 

Moore, Richmond, Scotland+) 

Lupinus villosus Lady Lupine S2 G5 W7 

C: sandhills and other dry sandy woods 

(Bladen, Brun swick, Columbus*, 

Cumberland*, Duplin*, Pender) 

Luzula multiflora Heath Woodrush S2? G5 W7 

MP: moist woods (Burke*, Macon*, 

Madi son*, Stokes*) 

Lycopodiella prostrata Featherstem Clubmoss S2? G5 W7 

C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, 

Columbus*, Onslow, Pender, 

Richmond) 

Lycopus amplectens Clasping Bugleweed S2 G5 W1 

CSM: clay-based Carolina bays, other 

wet places (Cumberland *, Henderson*, 

Hoke, Moore, Pender, Richmond, 

Robeson, Scotland) 

Lycopus cokeri Coker's Bugleweed S3 G3 W1 

SC: streamhead pocosins, sandhill 

seeps, clay-based Carolina bays, 

savannas (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, 

Moore, Richmond, Sampson *, 

Scotland, Wayne) 

Lysimachia loomisii Loomis's Loosestrife S3 G3 W1 

C:pine savannas and pocosins 

(Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Carteret, 

Columbus*, Craven, Cumberland, 

Duplin*, John ston *, Jon es, Lenoi r*, 

Martin*, Onslow, P amlico, P ender*, 

Robeson*, Wayne*) 

Lysimachia quadriflora Smooth Loosestrife SNR G5? W3 

P: wet meadows, streambanks 

(Rutherford) 

Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata Piedmont Cucumber-tree S1? G5T3Q W7 

P: moist slopes (An son*, 

Montgomery*, Moore*) 

Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia S1 G5 W7 

C: mainland forests with maritime 

influence on the southeastern coast of 

North Carolina; introduced elsewhere 

(Brunswick, Carteret, Jones*, New 

Hanover*, Pender+) 

Manfreda virginica Eastern Agave S3 G5 W1 

PMCS: granite flatrocks, mafic glades, 

dry outcrops, dry woodlands (Anson, 

Burke, Cabarrus, Chero kee*, Clay*, 

Cleveland*, Cumberland*, Granville, 

Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, 

Orange*, Randolph, Richmond, 

Rowan*, St anly, Union*) 

91



Matelea flavidula Yellow Carolina Milkvine SNR G4? W3 

P: habitat in North Carolina not known 

(Person *) 

Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells S2 G5 W7 

PCM: rich forests on slopes and 

bottomlands (Alamance, Bertie*, 

Caswell, Halifax, Person, 

Rockingh am*, Watauga*) 

Muhlenbergia mexicana Mexican Muhly S1 G5 W7 

M: forests and open ings (Bun combe*, 

Macon*, Mi tchell*) 

Muhlenbergia sylvatica Woodland Muhly S1S2 G5 W7 

PM: rich alluvial forests (Avery*, 

Durh am*, Forsyth*, Franklin*, 

Gaston*, Granville*, Montgo mery*, 

Orange*, Person*, Swain*) 

Najas gracillima Slender Waternymph S2 G5? W7 

CPM: pools and lakes (Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Chowan*, For syth*, 

Iredell*, Jackson*, Madison*, 

McDowell*, Orange*, Randolph*, 

Wake*, Washington*) 

Nelumbo lutea American Lotus S2 G4 W7 

CS: ponds, slow streams, natural lakes, 

estuarine rivers (Anson*, Bertie*, 

Colu mbus*, Craven, Halifax*, 

Johnston*, Perquimans*, Pitt, 

Richmond*, Robeson*, Wake, 

Wilson*) 

Nestronia umbellula Nestronia S3 G4 W1 

PSC: upland forests (Alexander *, 

Burke, Cabarrus, Chath am*, 

Cumberland, Durham, Forsyth*, 

Franklin*, Gaston, Granville, Guilford, 

Harnett, Hoke, Iredell, Lee, Lincoln, 

Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, 

Orange, Polk*, Richmond, 

Rockingham, Rowan*, Rutherford, 

Stanly, Vance, Wake) 

Nuphar sagittifolia Narrowleaf Cowlily S2 G5T2 W1 

CS: blackwater streams, rivers, and 

lakes (Beaufort*, Bladen, Brunswick*, 

Colu mbus, Cumberland, Dupl in*, 

Harnett, Hoke, Jon es*, Moore, Nash*, 

New Hanover, Pender, Pitt, Richmond, 

Robeson, Sampson*, Scotland) 

Nymphoides cordata Little Floating-heart S1S2 G5 W7 

S: blackwater streams and pools, 

Carolina bays, vernal pools 

(Cumberland*, Hoke, Moore, 


Onosmodium virginianum Virginia Marbleseed S3 G4 W1 

CTSP: sandhills, dry mafic sites, shell 

middens (Brunswick*, Burke, Catawba, 

Cleveland*, Cu mberland , Durham*, 

Harnett, Hoke, Jones*, McDowell, 

Moore, P olk*, Richmond, Rob eson*, 

Ruth erford, S cotland, Wake*) 

Ophioglossum crotalophoroides var. crotalophoroides Bulbous Adder's-tongue SNR G5T5 W7 

C: moist ditchbanks and grassy roadside 

flats (Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Carteret*, 

Craven*, Dare*, Hyde*, Martin*, Pamlico*, 

Washington*) 

92



Ophioglossum nudicaule Slender Adder's-tongue S1? G5 W7 

C: moist sandy flats (Brunswick*) 

Ophioglossum petiolatum Long-stem Adder's-tongue S2? G5 W7 

CT: maritime wet grasslands, moist 

ditchbanks, grassy roadside flats 

(Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Carteret, 

Craven*, Dare*, Washington*) 

Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius Shortleaf Basket Grass S1 G5 W7 

TC: maritime forests, bottomlands 

(Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, 

Onslow, P ender*, Washin gton *) 

Orbexilum lupinellum Lupine Scurfpea S3 G3G4 W1 

CS: sandhills (Bladen*, Craven, 

Cumberland*, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, 

Pamlico*, Richmond, Scotland) 

Orbexilum pedunculatum var. pedunculatum Sampson's Snakeroot S1 G5T5? W7 

MP: open woodlands (Catawba, 

Cherokee, Orange*, Transylvania*) 

Oxypolis ternata Savanna Cowbane S3 G3 W1 

CS: pine savannas, sandhill seeps 



Duplin*, Harnett, Hoke, Jon es*, Lee*, 

Martin*, Moore, Onslo w, Pender , Pitt*, 

Scotland) 

Packera obovata Roundleaf Ragwort S2 G5 W1 

MP: wooded slopes, mostly over mafic 

rocks (Alexander, Ashe*, Burke, Clay*, 

Cleveland, Graham, Jackson, 

Madi son*, McDowell, Polk*, 

Rutherford, Swain) 

Panax quinquefolius Ginseng S4 G3G4 W-SC 

MPS: cove forests, other rich forests 

(Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Burke, 

Caswell, Cherokee, Clay, Cleveland, 

Davidson*, Durham, Graham, 

Granville, Haywood, Henderson, 

Jackson, Lee, Macon, Madison, 

Martin*, McDowell, Mecklenburg*, 

Mitchell, Moore, Orange, Polk, 

Randolph, Rockingham, Rutherford, 

Stokes, Surry, Swain, Transylvania, 

Wake, Watauga, Wilkes, Yancey) 

Panax trifolius Dwarf Ginseng S3 G5 W1 

MP: cove forests, northern hardwoods, 

other rich forests (Ashe, Buncombe, 

Caldwell*, Caswell, Cherokee, Clay, 

Durham, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon, Orange, Swain*, Wake, 

Watauga*) 

Panicum tenerum Southeastern Panic Grass S3 G4 W1 

CST: wet savannas, sandhill seeps, 

limesink ponds (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Columbus, Moore*, New Hanover, 

Onslow, Sampson, Scotland) 

Parietaria floridana Florida Pellitory SNA G5 W4 

TC: shell middens, disturbed sites, 

maritime forests (New Hanover*) 

Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania Pellitory S2 G5 W7 

PMC: slopes and bottomlands, usu ally 

over calcareous or mafic rocks (Anson*, 

Bertie*, Buncombe*, Harnett, Haywood, 

Madi son, Martin*, Mitchell*) 

93



Paronychia montana Mountain Nailwort S1? G4 W7 

MP: rocky slopes (Alexander, 

Cherokee*, Henderson*, McDowell, 

Ruth erford, Transylvan ia*) 

Parthenium integrifolium var. mabryanum Mabry's Wild Quinine S3 G5T3 W1 

SPC: savannas, pocosin edges, upland 

pine-oak woods (Bladen*, Craven*, 

Cumberland, Franklin*, Harnett, Hoke, 

Johnston*, Lee*, Moore, Richmond, 

Scot land , Union*, Wake*) 

Paspalum bifidum Pitchfork Crown Grass S3 G5 W1 

SC: sandhills and savannas 

(Brunswick*, Craven, Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Jon es*, Montgomery*, 


Paspalum praecox Early Crown Grass S2S3 G4 W1 

CS: limesink ponds and savannas 

(Bertie*, Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, 


Dare*, Harnett, Hoke, Lee*, Martin *, 

New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico*, 

Pender, Richmond) 

Paspalum pubiflorum Hairy-seed Crown Grass S1? G5 W7 

MP: open areas (Haywood*, Madiso n*, 

Stokes*, Yadkin*) 

Paxistima canbyi Canby's Mountain-lover SNA G2 W4 

M: rock outcrops (counties of alleged 

native occurrence unknown) 

(Mit chell*) 

Pediomelum canescens Buckroot S3 G3G4 W1 

SC: sandhills (Bladen*, Brunswick, 



Pellaea atropurpurea Purple-stem Cliff-brake S3 G5 W1 

MPC: limestone outcrops (Buncombe, 

Cherokee, For syth*, Haywood*, 

Jackson, Jones*, Macon*, Madison, 

McDowell, Mitchell*, Rutherford, 

Swain, Transylvania, Wake*, Yadkin*) 

Penstemon smallii Small's Beardtongue S3 G3 W7 

M: rock outcrops and thin forests 

(Ashe, Avery*, Bunco mbe, Burke*, 

Caldwell*, Graham*, Haywood*, 

Macon*, Madiso n*, Mi tchell*, P olk*, 

Rutherford, Watauga) 

Persea borbonia Upland Red Bay S2 G5 W7 

TC: sandy upland soils in maritime 

forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Hyde, 

New Hanover, Onslow*) 

Phaseolus sinuatus Sandhills Bean S3 G3?Q W1 

SC: sandhills (Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Scotland) 

Philadelphus hirsutus Hairy Mock-orange S2 G5 W1 

MP: bluffs, cliffs, and rocky woods, 

mainly over mafic or calcareous rocks 

(Bun combe, Cleveland, Graham*, 

Madison, McDowell, Mitchell*, Polk, 

Rutherford) 

94



Philadelphus inodorus Scentless Mock-orange S3 G4G5 W1 

MP: bluffs, cliffs, and rocky woods, 

mainly over mafic or calcareous rocks 

(Avery*, Bladen*, Buncombe*, Burke, 

Cabarrus*, Cherokee*, Cleveland*, 

Fors yth*, Haywood, Iredell*, 

Madison*, Orange*, Polk, Randolph, 

Rutherford, Stanly, Swain*, Wilkes) 

Phlox amplifolia Largeleaf Phlox S2 G3G5 W1 

M: hardwood forests on mafic rock 

(Buncombe*, Burke, Graham, 

Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, 

Madi son*, McDowell, Mit chell*, 

Ruth erford, S wain, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Phlox divaricata ssp. divaricata Wild Blue Phlox S2 G5T3T5 W7 

M: rich deciduous forests (Burke, 

Henderson*, Madiso n*, Ru therford*, 

Swain, Transylvania*, Watauga*) 

Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii Wild Blue Phlox S1 G5T3T5 W7 

C: rich levee and slope forests (Halifax, 

Northampton) 

Physalis lanceolata Sandhill Ground Cherry S2? G3Q W1 

SC: sandh ills (Cumberland*, Harnett*, 

Hoke, Lee*, Montgomery*, Moore, 

New Hanover*, Richmond, Robeson*, 

Sampson*, Scotland , Wayne*) 

Phytolacca rigida Maritime Pokeweed S2 G4Q W7 

T: dunes, edges of brackish or salt 

marsh es (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare*, 

New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) 

Pieris floribunda Fetterbush S2S3 G4 W1 

MP: acid wooded slopes, heath balds at 

high elevations and summits of 

Piedmont monadocks (Bunco mbe*, 

Burke*, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, 

Stokes*, Surry*, Transylvania, 

Watauga*) 

Platanthera blephariglottis White-fringed Orchid S3? G4G5 W7 

CMPS: bo gs or depressions (Beaufort*, 

Bladen*, Brunswick*, Carteret*, 

Cumberland, Dare*, Dup lin*, Gates*, 

Henderson*, Ho ke, Johnston *, Jon es*, 

Martin*, Moore, Nash*, New 

Hanover*, Onslow*, P amlico*, 

Pender*, Richmond*, Rob eson*, 

Scot land *, Tyrrell*, Wake*, Wilson*) 

Platanthera chapmanii Chapman's Orange-fringed Orchid S1? G2 W3 

C: pine savannas and open roadsides 

(Brunswick) 

Poa nemoralis Forest Bluegrass S1? G5 W7 

M: sandy creek bottoms (Haywood*) 

Polygonella americana American Jointweed SNA G5 W4 

S: sandhills (Hoke, Richmond, 

Scotland) 

Polygonella gracilis Lesser Jointweed SNA G4G5 W4 

S: dry sandy areas (Hoke) 

Polygonum erectum Erect Knotweed S1S2 G5 W7 

MP: open places (Al amance*, Avery*, 

Caswell, Cherokee*, Clay*, Jackson*, 

Madi son*, Surry*, Wake*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

95



Polygonum ramosissimum var. prolificum Bushy Knotweed S1 G5T4T5 W7 

T: brackish marsh (Dare) 

Polygonum tenue Glade Knotweed S2? G5 W7 

MP: glades and other thin soil over 

mafic rock (Alexander, Ashe*, 

Buncombe*, Burke, Durham*, 

Fors yth*, Granville, Hender son*, 

Macon*, Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, 

Orange*, Rockingham*, Stanly*, 

Wilkes) 

Polymnia canadensis Canada Leaf-cup S2 G5 W7 

M: moist, rich forests, especially over 

calcareous rock (Haywood+, Madison*, 

Mitchell*, Surry*, Yancey) 

Populus grandidentata Bigtooth Aspen S2 G5 W7 

M: dry ridges and rocky woods 

(Alleghany*, Ashe, Haywood*, Polk, 

Swain, Wilkes, Yancey) 

Potamogeton foliosus Leafy Pondweed S2 G5 W1 

CMP: lakes, streams, and ponds 

(Alleghany*, Brunswick*, Buncombe*, 

Carteret, Cherokee*, Currituck*, 

Gates*, Jones*, Madison*, 

Mecklenburg*, Tyrrell*) 

Prenanthes roanensis Roan Rattlesnakeroot S3 G3 W1 

M: grassy balds, high elevation forests 

and outcrops (Alleghany??, Ashe??, 

Avery??, Buncombe??, Graham??, 

Haywood??, Jackson??, Macon??, 

McDowell??, Mitchell??, Surry??, 

Swain??, Transylvania??, Yancey??) 

Prosartes maculata Nodding Mandarin S3 G3G4 W1 

M: dryer cove forests, northern 

hardwood forests, and dry ridge crests 

(Buncombe, Clay, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon, Madison, Yancey) 

Prunus alleghaniensis Allegheny Sloe SH G4 W7 

M: ro cky forests (Ash e*) 

Prunus nigra Canada Plum S1 G4G5 W7 

MP: rich forests (Davie*, 

Mecklenburg*, Montgomery*, 

Orange*, Polk*, Stanly*) 

Prunus umbellata Hog Plum S2 G4G5 W7 

PSC: rocky or sandy woodlands 

(Anson, Brunswick*, Burke, 

Cabarrus*, Cleveland*, Moore*, 

Robeson*, Rutherford, Stanly, Unio n*) 

Ptelea trifoliata Wafer-ash S3 G5 W1 

MPC: rich woods, cliffs and rock 

exposures mainly over mafic or 

calcareous rocks (Alexander*, Ashe, 

Brunswick*, Burke, Cabarrus, 

Cleveland, Cu mberland *, For syth*, 

Franklin*, Granville, Guilford, Harnett, 

Jones, Madison*, McDowell, 

Montgomery, New Hanover*, Polk*, 

Rockingham, Rutherford, Wake, 

Wilkes) 

Pycnanthemum clinopodioides Basil Mountain-mint SNR G2 W3 

MP: forests, woodland borders (Burke, 

Catawba, McDowell, Rutherford) 

96



Pycnanthemum setosum Awned Mountain-mint S2 G4 W7 

CMP: dry pinelands (Bladen*, 

Brun swick, Columbus, Hertford*, 

Hyde*, McDowell, Pasquotan k*, 

Perquimans*, Robeson*, Rutherford, 

Tyrrell*) 

Pyrola americana American Shinleaf S2 G5 W1 

MPC: forests (Alleghany*, Ashe, 

Bladen*, Davidson, Durham*, 

Fors yth*, Granville*, Guilford*, 

Iredell*, Mitchell*, Orange, Person*, 

Rockingh am*, Ro wan, Wake*, 

Warren*) 

Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak S2 G5 W1 

P: upland swamp forests (Burke, 

Davie*, Durham, Granville, Guilford*, 

Mecklenburg, Nash*, Person, 

Rockingh am, Ro wan, Wake*, Wilson*) 

Quercus imbricaria Shingle Oak S3 G5 W1 

MP: floodplain forests (Anson *, 

Buncombe, Burke, Haywood, Jackson, 

Macon*, Mecklenburg*, Rockingham, 

Swain*, Wilkes*) 

Quercus minima Dwarf Live Oak S1 G5 W3 

C: pine flatwoods, coastal fringe 

sandhills (Carteret, New Hanover) 

Quercus muehlenbergii Chinquapin Oak S2 G5 W1 

MP: calcareous forsts and bluffs 

(Ashe*, Beaufort*, Burke, Cabarrus*, 

Caswell, Cherokee, Guilford*, Jackson, 

Madison, McDowell, Mo ntgomery, 

Person, Polk, Rockingham, Rutherford, 

Swain, Vance, Wake) 

Quercus palustris Pin Oak S2 G5 W1 

MP: swamps (Caswell*, Ch atham*, 

Davidson*, Davie*, Durham, Granville, 

Hertford*, Lee*, Lincoln*, McDowell, 

Mecklenburg*, Orange*, Person, 

Rowan*, Rutherford) 

Quercus pumila Running Oak S3? G3G5 W7 

CP: sandy pinelands (Bladen*, 

Brun swick*, Columbus*, Duplin*, 

New Hanover*, Pender*, Robeson*, 

Unio n*) 

Ranunculus allegheniensis Allegheny Mountain Buttercup S2 G4G5 W7 

M: rich cove forests (Alleghany*, 

Ashe, Avery, Haywood*, Mit chell*, 

Watauga) 

Ranunculus laxicaulis Swamp Buttercup S2 G5? W7 

C: swamp forests, open wet areas 

(Bladen, Columbus, Halifax, 

Northampton) 

Rhynchospora careyana Carey's Beaksedge SNR G4?Q W7 

C: limesink ponds, clay-based bays 

(Brunswick, Columbus, Hoke, New 

Hanover, Onslow, Scotland) 

Rhynchospora cephalantha var. attenuata Small Bunched Beaksedge S3 G5T3? W1 

S: boggy openings in streamhead 

pocosins (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, 

Moore, Scotland) 

Rhynchospora inundata Narrowfruit Beaksedge S3 G3G4 W7 

SC: limesink ponds, clay-based 

Carolina bays (Bladen, Brunswick, 

97



Carteret, New Hanover, Onslow) 

Rhynchospora leptocarpa Brownish Beaksedge S3 G3 W1 

S: boggy openings in streamhead 

pocosins, boggy beaverponds 

(Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, 


Rhynchospora macrostachya var. colpophila Virginia Horned Beaksedge S1? G4T3T4Q W7 

C: tidal freshwater marshes (Chowan*) 

Rhynchospora microcarpa Southern Beaksedge S2 G5 W7 

CTP: maritime wet grasslands, 

clay-based Carolina bays, limesink 

ponds, swamp forests (Bladen*, 

Brun swick, Carteret, Columbus, Dare*, 

Hyde*, Mecklenburg*, New Hanover*, 

Scotland) 

Rhynchospora nitens Shortbeak Baldsedge S3 G4? W1 

C: savannas, limesinks, other wet open 

places (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, 


Harnett, Hyde*, Johnston*, Onslow, 

Pender, Scotland) 

Rhynchospora oligantha Feather-bristle Beaksedge S3 G4 W1 

CSP: savannas, seepage bogs 


Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, 

Moore, Onslow, Pender, Richmond) 

Rhynchospora pallida Pale Beaksedge S3 G3 W1 

CS: savannas, sandhill seeps, and 

poco sins (Beaufort*, Bladen*, 


Craven*, Cumberland, Du plin *, 

Edgecombe, Harnett*, Hoke, Jones*, 

Nash*, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Pamlico*, Pender, Richmond, 

Scot land *, Wilson*) 

Rhynchospora stenophylla Littleleaf Beaksedge S3 G4 W1 

CS: savannas, seepage bogs (Carteret*, 


Onslow, Pender*, Scotland) 

Rhynchospora wrightiana Wright's Beaksedge S3 G5 W1 


Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, New 

Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Scotland, 

Wayne*) 

Robinia hispida var. rosea Boynton's Locust S2? G4T3? W7 

MP: open woods (Alexander*, 

Alleghany*, Buncombe*, Burke*, 

Catawba, Henderson*, Macon*, 

Stan ly*, Wilkes*) 

Robinia viscosa Clammy Locust S3 G3 W7 

MP: open woods (Buncombe*, Burke*, 

Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson*, 

Macon, McDowell*, M oore*, 

Richmond, Rutherford, Yancey*) 

Rudbeckia laciniata var. humilis A Coneflower S2? G5T3? W7 

CMP: seeps and stream banks (Ashe*, 

Brunswick*, Burke, McDowell, 

Moore*) 

Rudbeckia triloba var. rupestris A Coneflower S2? G5T3? W7 

M: forests at high elevations 

98



Rumex altissimus Pale Dock S2? G5 W7 

CPM: low wet places (Dare*, 

Durh am*, Guilford*, Iredell*, 

John ston *, Madison *, McDowell*, 

Wake*, Warren*, Wilso n*) 

Sabatia campestris Prairie Sabatia SH G5? W4 

M: forest edges (Haywood*) 

Sabatia capitata Rose Gentian SNR G2 W3 


known (Ch erokee*) 

Sabatia dodecandra Large Marsh Pink S3? G5? W1 

C: tidal, brackish, and freshwater 

marsh es (Beaufort*, Brun swick*, 

Carteret*, Craven*, Currituck*, Dare*, 

Hyde*, Jon es*, New Han over*, 

Pamlico*, Pasq uotank*, Tyrrell*) 

Sabatia quadrangula Four-angle Sabatia S2 G4G5 W7 

PCS: moist to mesic grassy glades, 

woodland borders, powerline clearings 

(Bertie*, Durh am*, Granville, Halifax*, 

John ston *, Orange*, Person*, 

Rand olph*, Richmond, Rowan*, 

Scot land *, Stanly*, Wake, Wayne*) 

Sagina procumbens Northern Pearlwort SNA G5 W4 

M: high elevation disturbed sites 

(Mitchell) 

Sagittaria calycina var. spongiosa Tidal Sagittaria SNR G5T4 W3 

TC: tidal freshwater to brackish 

marshes 

Sagittaria engelmanniana Englemann's Arrowhead S2 G5? W1 

SCP: mostly blackwater streams and 

bogs (Carteret, Craven*, Cumberland, 

Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Onslow, 


Sagittaria platyphylla Delta Arrowhead S1 G5 W7 

P: marshes (Union*) 

Saxifraga careyana Carey Saxifrage S3 G3 W7 

M: seepy rock faces (Ashe*, Avery*, 

Buncombe, Burke, Cleveland, 

Graham*, Haywood, Hender son*, 

Macon*, Madison, Mitchell*, Polk, 

Ruth erford, S wain*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Schizachyrium littorale Seaside Little Bluestem S2S3 G5 W1 

T: coastal dunes and maritime dry 

grasslands (Carteret, Dare*, New 

Hanover, Onslow) 

Schoenolirion croceum Sunnybell SH G4 W3 

S: wet pin elands (Richmond*) 

Schoenoplectus americanus Olney Threesquare S1? G5 W7 

T: tidal marshes (Brunswick, Carteret, 

Dare*, Hyde*, New Hanover, Onslow) 

Schoenoplectus californicus California Bulrush SH G5 W3 

C: tidal marshes (New Han over*) 

Scirpus divaricatus Spreading Bulrush S2? G5 W7 

C: swamp forests (Columbus*, 

Craven*, Edgecombe*, Jon es*, 

Martin*, Nash*, Pamlico*, Pitt*, 

Sampson*, Wilson*) 

Sclerolepis uniflora One-flower Hardscale S2? G4 W7 

C: clay-based Carolina bays, blackwater 

river foodplains, limesink pon ds (Brunswick*, 

Columbus*, Craven*, Duplin*, Harnett*, 

99



Hoke, Johnston*, Jones*, 

New Hanover*, Northampton*, 

Pender*, Richmond, Scotland) 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. bracteata A Heartleaf Skullcap S2? G5T3T5 W7 

CP: rich woods on circumneutral soil 

(Anson, Bladen*, Caswel l, Ch atham*, 

Granville, Halifax, Harnett, 

Northampton, Wake) 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. ovata A Heartleaf Skullcap SH G5T5 W7 

M: rich woods on circumneutral soil 

(Burke*, Polk*, Stanly*, Wilkes*) 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa A Heartleaf Skullcap S1 G5TNR W7 

PM: rich woods on circumneutral soil 

(Haywood*, Mit chell*, Yancey*) 

Scutellaria serrata Showy Skullcap S2S3 G4G5 W1 

PM: deciduous forests (Alamance*, 

Alexander*, Buncombe*, Burke, 

Durh am*, Granville, Harnett, Lee*, 

Macon*, McDowell, Orange, Person, 

Rockingh am*, Ru therford, Sur ry*, 

Wake) 

Senna hebecarpa Wild Senna S2S3 G5 W7 

PM: forests (Buncombe*, Burke, 

Cabarrus*, Cherokee*, Davie*, 

Durh am*, Guilford*, Henderson *, 

Iredell*, Lincoln*, McDowell, 

Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, 

Montgomery*, Moore*, Orange, 

Person*, Polk*, Randolph*, Rowan, 

Ruth erford, Transylvan ia*, Wake*, 

Wilkes*) 

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Mountain-cinquefoil S3 G5 W1 

M: grassy balds, high elevation rocky 

summits and glades (Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell, Mitchell, Transylvania, 

Watauga) 

Sideroxylon lycioides Buckthorn Bumelia S2S3 G5 W1 

TCP: maritime forests, bluffs or forests 

over calcareous or mafic rocks 

(Alexander*, Anson *, Beaufort*, 

Bladen, Brunswick, Cabarrus, 

Carteret*, Columbus*, Craven*, 

Currituck*, Dare*, Johnston *, Jon es*, 

Montgomery, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Pender, Richmond, Rowan, Stanly*, 

Tyrrell*) 

Silene caroliniana ssp. pensylvanica Pennsylvania Catchfly S1S2 G5T4 W7 

MPC: open woodlands, especially with 

calcareous soils 

Silphium asteriscus var. laevicaule Starry Rosinweed S2 G5TNR W7 

PM: forests (Alamance*, Anson*, 

Cabarrus*, Chatham*, Cleveland*, 

Davidson *, Gaston*, Granville*, 

Macon*, Mecklenburg*, P olk*, 

Richmond, Rowan*, Union*, Wake*) 

Smilax biltmoreana Biltmore Carrion-flower S3 G4? W1 

PM: dry to mesic forests, over felsic or 

mafic rocks (Buncombe*, Cabarrus*, 

Catawba, Cleveland*, Gaston*, 

Henderson, Jackson, Lincoln*, Moore, 

Polk, Randolph*, Rutherford, Transylvania) 

100



Smilax pseudochina Long-stalk Greenbrier S3? G4G5 W1 

C: streamheads, ecotones, borders of 

blackwater creek floodplains 

(Cumberland*, Gates*, Hoke*, Martin, 

Moore*, Onslo w*, Robeson*) 

Solidago arguta var. arguta Forest Goldenrod S2? G5T4T5 W7 

MPC: forests (McDowell) 

Solidago gracillima Graceful Goldenrod S3 G4? W1 

CS: savannas, boggy sites, peaty places 


Cumberland, Hoke, Jones, Moore, 

Onslow, Pender, Richmond) 

Solidago lancifolia Lance-leaf Goldenrod SNR G3G4Q W7 

M: moist forests, mostly over 5000 feet 

Solidago patula var. strictula Round-leaved Goldenrod S2? G5T5 W1 

SC: pocosins, peaty places 

(Brunswick*, Cumberland, Harnett, 

Hoke, Johnston*, Moore, Richmond, 

Scotland, Wake) 

Solidago puberula var. puberula Downy Goldenrod S2 G5T4T5 W7 

MP: bogs and wet meadows 

(Alleghany*, Avery*, Burke*, 

Cabarrus*, Haywood*, Henderson*, 

Macon*, Mi tchell*, Surry*, 


Solidago pulchra Carolina Goldenrod S3 G3 W1 

C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, 


Cumberland, Duplin, Jones, Onslow, 

Pender, Sampson) 

Solidago tarda Atlantic Goldenrod S1? GNR W3 

P: dry, disturbed roadside (Burke) 

Spergularia salina Saltmarsh Sandspurrey S1S2 G5 W7 

T: salt marshes and tidal flats 

(Brunswick*, Carteret, Currituck*, 

Dare*, Hyde*, Onslow, Pamlico*) 

Sphenopholis intermedia Prairie Wedgescale S2 G5 W7 

MPC: rich woods (Ashe*, Cabarrus*, 

Caldwell*, Graham*, Guilford*, 

Haywood*, Madison*, Martin*, 

Mitchell*, Sto kes*) 

Spiraea alba Narrow-leaf Meadowsweet S2 G5 W7 

M: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, 

Buncombe*, Clay*, Henderson, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Transylvania*, 

Wilkes*) 

Spiraea latifolia Broadleaf Meadowsweet S2? G5 W7 

M: bo gs (Alleghany*, Ashe, Avery*, 

Jackson*, Macon, Su rry*, 


Spirodela polyrrhiza Common Water-flaxseed S2? G5 W7 

C: pools, stagnant waters 

Sporobolus pinetorum Carolina Dropseed S3 G3 W1 

CS: wet savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, 

Colu mbus, Cumberland, Dupl in*, 

Green e*, Harnett, Hoke, Jones*, 

Lenoir*, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, 

Robeson*, Sampson*, Scotland) 

101



Stachys aspera Rough Hedge-nettle S2 G4? W7 

CP: moist or wet sandy soil of 

savannas, marshes, or swamp forests 

(Chatham*, Durham*, Granville*, 

Hertford*, Northampton*, Tyr rell*, 

Warren*) 

Stachys hyssopifolia var. hyssopifolia Hyssopleaf Hedge-nettle S2 G4G5 W7 

CP: moist soils of savannas, marshes, 

seasonally flooded sinkhole ponds, 

road side ditches (Burke*, Columbus*, 

Davidson *, Stanly*) 

Stellaria corei Core's Starwort S3 G4 W1 

MP: coves, seeps, northern hardwood 

forests (Avery, Buncombe, Burke, 

Caldwell*, Catawba*, Clay, Haywood, 

Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Polk, Swain, 


Streptopus roseus var. roseus Southern Twisted-stalk S1? G5T4 W7 

M: high elevation forests, mainly 

northern hardwoods and spruce-fir 

(Ashe, Avery, Haywood, Jackson, 

Mitchell) 

Stuckenia pectinata Sago Pondweed S2? G5 W1 

CT: Brackish and alkaline waters 

(Curritu ck*, Dare*) 

Symphyotrichum elliottii Elliott's Aster S2S3 G3G4 W1 

C: bogs, swamps and marshes 

(Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Chowan*, 

Dare*, Dup lin*, New Hanover*, 

Onslow*, P asquotan k*, Tyrrell*) 

Symphyotrichum firmum Purple-stem Aster S1 G5 W7 

M: moist places (Buncombe*, 

McDowell) 

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum Panicled Aster S2? G5TNR W7 

P: sunny, wet meadows (Durham, 

McDowell, Orange) 

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England Aster S3 G5 W1 

M: wet meadows, bogs, prairies 

Syngonanthus flavidulus Yellow Hatpins S3 G5 W1 

C: ditches, pocosin ecotones, savannas 

(Bladen, Brun swick, Carteret, Craven*, 

Cumberland, New Hanover*, Onslow, 

Pender, Sampson*) 

Tetragonotheca helianthoides Pineland Squarehead S3? G5 W1 

CMP: sandy woodlands, forests, 

roadsides 

Thermopsis villosa Aaron's-rod S2? G3? W7 

M: forests and open ings (Avery*, 

Cherokee*, Clay*, Graham, Haywood, 

Jackson*, Macon, Madiso n*, Su rry*, 


Thuja occidentalis American Arborvitae SNA G5 W4 

M: calcareous rocks? (no known and 

documented native occurrences in 

North Carolina) (Alleghany+, Ashe+) 

Tilia americana var. americana American Basswood S1? G5T5 W7 

MP: rich cove forests (Cherokee, 

Davidson *, Swain*, Wake*, Watauga*) 

Triadenum tubulosum Marsh St. John's-wort SNR G4? W3 

C: wet sites, pools (Dare*, Forsyth*) 

Trichomanes intricatum Grotto-felt S2 G3G4 W7 

M: moist grottoes (Burke, Jackson*, 

Macon, McDowell, Transylvan ia*) 

102



Trillium rugelii Southern Nodding Trillium S2? G3 W7 

PM: rich woods and coves over mafic 

and calcareous rocks (Avery, 

Buncombe, Burke, Cherokee, Davie*, 

Guilford*, Haywood, Henderson*, 

McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, 

Polk, Richmon d, Rutherford, Yancey) 

Triosteum angustifolium Narrowleaf Tinker's-weed S2? G5 W7 

P: thin woodlands over mafic rocks 

(Cabarrus*, Durham, Granville, 

Guilford*, Mecklenburg*, Orange*, 

Rand olph*) 

Triosteum aurantiacum Coffee Tinker's-weed S2? G5 W7 

M: rich cove forests over mafic rocks 

(Ashe, Clay*, Graham*, Haywood, 

Iredell*, Jackson, Macon, McDowell*, 

Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, Swain*, 

Transylvania, Watauga*) 

Triphora trianthophora Three Birds Orchid S2? G3G4 W7 

MC: moist forests (Ashe*, Buncombe, 

Burke, Carteret, Clay, Dare*, For syth*, 

Graham, Haywood, Hender son*, 

Jackson*, Macon*, McDowell, 

Northampton*, Polk*, Rutherford*, 


Typha domingensis Southern Cattail S2? G4G5 W7 


Brun swick, Carteret*, Dare, Hyde*, 

New Hanover*, Pamlico*, P ender*) 

Utricularia foliosa Leafy Bladderwort SNR G5 W3 

C: habitat in North Carolina not known 

Vaccinium hirsutum Hairy Blueberry S3 G3 W1 

M: ridgetop red oak forests, oak 

hickory forests, pine oak heath 

(Cherokee, Graham, Swain) 

Valerianella umbilicata Woodland Cornsalad SU G3G5 W7 

PM: rich woods and disturbed sites 

(For syth*, Randolph*, Stokes*, 

Swain*) 

Verbena scabra Sandpaper Vervain S2? G5 W7 

CT: marsh edges, shell middens 

(Bladen*, Brun swick*, Carteret*, 

Chowan*, Currituck*, Hyde*, New 

Hanover*, Onslow*, Pender, Pitt) 

Verbesina helianthoides A Crownbeard SNR G5 W3 

M: open woods and glades 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water Speedwell S1 G5 W7 

M: bogs, streambanks, rivulets (Avery, 

Madi son*, Mitchell*) 

Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's-root S2? G4 W7 

MP: bogs, wet meadows, dry soils over 

mafic rocks (Alleghany*, Ashe, 

Avery*, Bun combe*, Durham*, 

Forsyth*, Granville, Jackson, 

Madison*, Orange*, Person*, Vance, 

Wake, Warren+, Yancey*) 

Vigna luteola Wild Cowpea S1? G5 W7 

C: marsh edges, wet open areas 

(Brunswick, New Han over*) 

Viola brittoniana Northern Coastal Violet S2? G4G5 W7 

CSP: moist slopes and low wet places 

(Columbus, Cumberland, Currituck*, 

Gates, Harnett, Hertford*, Jones, 

103



Moore*, Northampton*, Perquimans*, 

Richmond*, Rob eson*, Washington *) 

Viola villosa Carolina Violet S2 G5 W7 

CSP: moist places, especially pocosin 

edges (Anson*, Bladen*, Cumberland, 

Hoke, New Hanover*, Onslow*, 

Pender, Richmond, Scotland) 

Vittaria appalachiana Appalachian Shoestring Fern S2S3 G4 W7 

MP: moist grottoes (Burke, Jackson, 

Macon, Stokes, Transylvania) 

Waldsteinia fragarioides var. fragarioides Northern Barren-strawberry S2S3 G5T5 W1 

P: forests and streambanks (Burke, 

Catawba) 

Xerophyllum asphodeloides Beargrass S3 G4 W1 

MP: dry ridges, heath balds, pine-oak 

heaths (Avery, Bu rke, Catawba, Clay, 

Cleveland, Gaston*, McDowell, 

Mitchell*, Rutherford, Stokes, 

Transylvania, Yancey*) 

Xyris brevifolia Shortleaf Yellow-eyed-grass S3 G4G5 W1 

C: savannas, other low wet areas 


Columbus+, Onslow, Pender) 

Xyris flabelliformis Savanna Yellow-eyed-grass S1 G4 W1 

CPS: savannas, streamhead pocosins 

(Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret*, Hoke, 

Moore, Onslow, Pender, Richmond) 

Xyris iridifolia Iris-leaf Yellow-eyed-grass S2 G4G5T4T5 W7 

CS: limesink ponds, pineland pools, 

marshes (Beaufort*, Brunswick, 

Carteret*, Columbus*, Craven, Jon es*, 

Onslow, Pender, Robeson) 

Xyris smalliana Small's Yellow-eyed-grass S3 G5 W1 

CS: pineland pools, limesink ponds, 

shores (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, 

Columbus, Craven*, New Hanover, 


Scotland) 

Yucca aloifolia Aloe Yucca S2? G5 W1 

T: dunes (Brunswick+, Carteret, Dare+, 

Hyde+, New Hanover, Pender) 

Yucca flaccida Weakleaf Yucca S1 G5 W7 

CSPM: open, dry woodlands (Burke, 

Catawba, Cherokee*, Jackson*, Lee*, 

Lenoir*, McDowell) 

Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed S2? G5 W7 

TC: calcareous or brackish waters of 

pools and estuaries (Brunswick*, 

Craven, Curri tuck*, Dare*, Hyd e*, 

Pamlico*, Tyrrell*) 

Zanthoxylum americanum American Prickly-ash SNR G5 W3 

CM: rich woodlands, over calcareous 

or mafic rocks (Bun combe*, Jackson*, 

Tyrrell*) 

Zizania aquatica Wild Rice S2 G5 W7 

C: freshwater marsh es (Beaufort*, 

Brun swick, Carteret*, Chowan*, 

Craven, Dare, Gates, Jones, New 

Hanover, Pender, Washington) 

Zosterella dubia Water Stargrass S1? G5 W3 

M: sluggish streams (Alleghany*) 

104



Mosses 

Amblystegium humile A Thin-net Moss S2? G5 W7 

CP: wet substrates (Bertie, Brunswick, 

Buncombe, Caswell*, Durham, 

Edgecombe, Moore, P asquotank, 

Tyrrell) 

Amphidium mougeotii Mougeot's Yoke Moss S2? G5 W7 

M: Seasonally wet crevices of neutral 

to acidic cliffs (Ashe*, Haywood*, 

Jackson, Macon, Polk*, Transylvania*, 

Watauga*) 

Anacamptodon splachnoides Knothole Moss S2? G3G5 W7 

MP: bark of trees (Burke*, Chatham*, 

Clay*, Durham*, Graham*, Haywood*, 

Henderson*, Jackson, Macon*, 

Mitchell*, Moo re*, Orange*, Stokes*, 

Yancey*) 

Andreaea rothii var. rothii Black Falcate Split Moss S2? G5 W7 

MP: shaded, calcium-free rocks 

(Haywood, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell*, Mit chell, Stokes*, Swain*, 

Yancey) 

Andreaea rupestris Rock Split Moss S2? G5 W1 

M: ro ck, typically acidic (Bunco mbe*, 

Jackson, Mitchell*) 

Anomobryum julaceum Common Silver Moss SH G4 W7 

M: high elevations on soil and rocks 

(Ashe*, Jackson*, Macon*, 

Ruth erford*, Transylvan ia*) 

Archidium donnellii An Earth Moss SNR G3G5 W7 

moist to dry soil along roadsides, in 

fields, rarely on rock 

Archidium ohioense Tokyo Soil Moss SNR G4G5 W7 

moist, open habitats 

Archidium tenerrimum An Earth Moss SNR G5? W7 

dry to moist soils of open areas and 

limestone and sandstone outcrops 

Atrichum altecristatum A Catherinea Moss S2? G4G5Q W7 

MP: open or semishaded soils, usually 

low elevations (Buncombe*, Jackson, 

Macon, Orange, Transylvania) 

Atrichum cylindricum A Catherinea Moss S2? G5 W7 

CP: moist soils of ditches and stream 

banks in bottomlands and swamp 

forests (Bertie*, Columbus*, Craven, 

Currituck, Franklin*, Johnston, 

Moore*, Orange) 

Brachelyma subulatum A Moss S2? G4G5 W7 

CP: bases of trees or on hard surfaces 

in swampy areas (Bladen, Columbus, 

Green e*, Hertford*, M ecklenbu rg*) 

Brachythecium acuminatum var. cyrtophyllum Acuminate Brachythecium S2? G5TNR W7 

bark at base of trees, logs 

Brachythecium plumosum Rusty Feather Moss S2? G5 W7 

CM: moist, acid rocks in or near 

streams (Columbus*, Harnett*, 

Haywood, Watauga, Yancey*) 

Brachythecium reflexum Reflexed Feather Moss S2? G4G5 W7 

M: on trees and boulders (Jackson, 

Watauga) 

Brachythecium rutabulum Rough-stalked Feather Moss S2? G5 W7 

MP: trees, humus, rocks in wet forests 

(Avery*, Durham*, Jackson, Mecklenburg*, 

105



Rowan*, Swain*) 

Brachythecium salebrosum Smooth-stalked Yellow Feather Moss S2? G5 W7 

MP: shaded sils, rocks, bases of trees, 

and logs in disturbed p laces (Forsyth*, 

Graham, Macon*, Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Brothera leana Boar Moss S2? G3G4 W7 

MP: on logs in forests; on thin soil 

around rock outcrops (Ashe, Avery, 

Burke*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

McDowell*, Rutherford*, Stokes, 

Surr y, Watauga*) 

Bryhnia novae-angliae Arrowhead Moss S2? G5 W1 

CM: soil, humus, or rotten logs of 

shady, wet places (Haywood, Macon, 

Martin*, Transylvania, Tyrrell) 

Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum A Red Foot Moss S2? G5 W7 

M: on soil, rock, and bark in forested 

boggy areas and stream ban ks (Clay*, 


Cryphaea ravenelii A Thread Cedar Moss S2? G3? W7 

PC: on bark of trees (An son*, 

Chatham*, Durham*, Halifax*, 

Harnett*, Hertford*, Person *) 

Dicranum fuscescens Fuscous Moss S2? G5 W7 

MP: on trees, logs, soil, rock, and 

humus in woodlands, spruce-fir forest, 

occasionally bogs (Avery*, Buncombe, 

Graham*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Mitchell*, Sto kes*, Swain*, 

Transylvania*, Yancey) 

Dicranum spurium Rusty Fork Moss S2? G5 W7 

CMP: sandy soil, decayed logs, acidic 

rock, humus over rock, pine woods, 

sometimes bogs (Alexander*, 

Alleghany*, Avery*, Burke*, Carteret*, 

Franklin*, Jackson*, Macon*, Stokes*, 

Surr y*) 

Entosthodon drummondii A Cord Moss SH G4G5 W7 

CPS: primarily sandy soils of 

dist urbed, o ften wet areas (Durh am*, 

Harnett*, Moore*, P ender*, 

Rand olph*, Tyr rell*) 

Ephemerum spinulosum Emerald Dewdrops S2? G4G5 W7 

CP: moist or drying soil in disturbed, 

partly sunny areas, or on rotting wood 

(Col umbus*, Durham, Mecklenburg*, 

Orange) 

Fabronia ciliaris var. polycarpa A False Crushed-rice Moss S2? G5T4T5 W7 

CMPT: bark of trees, less commonly 

on ro cks (Alexander *, Carteret*, Clay*, 

Cumberland*, Hyde*, Jackson*, 

Rowan*, Transylvania*, Washingto n*) 

Fissidens adianthoides Maiden Hair Moss SH G5 W7 

MP: wet areas on soil, around bases of 

trees, on decaying wood or calcareous 

rocks (Ashe*, Avery*, Brunswick*, 

Durham*, Forsyth*, Granville*, 

McDowell*) 

Fissidens appalachensis Appalachian Pocket Moss S2S3 G2G3 W7 

M: submerged in rapids of moderate to 

high elevation mountain streams (Buncombe*, 

Caldwell*, Jackson*, Macon*, McDowell*, 

Swain*, Watauga*) 

106



Fissidens elegans A Plume Moss S2? G5 W7 

CP: sandy and clayey soils along 

roadsides and streams, on trees or 

stumps (Anson *, Col umbus*, 

Cumberland*, Durham, Harnett, 

Hyde*, Jackson, Martin*, New 

Hanover*, Pender*, Sampson*, 

Stokes*) 

Fissidens exilis Small Pocket Moss SNA G3G4 W4 

P: stream banks (Cleveland, Durham, 

Gaston*) 

Fissidens fontanus Water Pocket Moss S2? G5 W7 

PC: attached to various substrata in 

stagnant and flowing water, and in 

coastal estuaries (Anson*, Craven*, 

Durh am*, Franklin*, Gates*, Jon es*, 

Macon*, Mecklenburg*, New 

Hanover*, Orange, Pitt) 

Fissidens polypodioides A Moss S2? GNR W7 

Calcareous soil, and limestone rocks 

along streams and in ravines 

Fontinalis flaccida A Water Moss S2? G4G5 W7 

CMP: bases of trees in brooks or 

swamps, submerged (Bladen*, 

Brunswick*, Columbus*, Harnett, 

Jackson, Macon, Mi tchell*, Wake*) 

Fontinalis sullivantii A Water Moss S2? G3G5 W7 

CM: rocks or trees in pools or streams 

(Brunswick*, Columbus*, Gates*, 

Macon, Mitchell*, Nash) 

Funaria serrata A Cord Moss SH G4 W7 

CP: on soil of disturbed places, near 

streams or ditches (Chatham*, 

Durh am*, Forsyth*, Gasto n*, 

Hertford*, Joh nsto n*, Nash*, 

Rand olph*) 

Grimmia olneyi A Beard Moss S2? G3G5 W7 

MP: faces of dry to periodically wet 

rocks, along streams or splash zones of 

lakes (Alexander*, Alleghany*, 

Burke*, Forsyth*, Jackson*, Macon*, 

Montgomery*, Polk*) 

Helodium paludosum Pond Fern Moss S2? G3G5 W7 

CMP: on soil, humus, trees, or logs in 

swamps, marshes, or meadows 

(Anson*, Camden, Caswel l*, 

Colu mbus*, Durham*, Gates*, 

Granville*, Haywood*, Martin *, 

Mecklenburg*, Orange, Pasquotan k*, 

Stokes*, Watauga*) 

Herpetineuron toccoae Coiled Moss S2? G4G5 W7 

M: bark of trees or calcareous to 

non-calcareous rocks (Graham*, 

Jackson*, McDowell*, Transylvania) 

Hygroamblystegium fluviatile Brookside Feather Moss S2? G5 W7 

CMP: wet, calcareous rocks (Avery*, 

Burke*, Harnett, McDowell*, Wake) 

Hypnum fauriei A Cedar Moss S2? G5 W7 

MP: logs and tree bases in deciduous 

forest (Haywood, Jackson, Jo hnst on*, 

Macon, Mo ore*, Orange, Swain*, 


107



Hypnum plicatulum A Cedar Moss S2? G5 W7 

M: epiphytic, terrestrial, and on humus 

over rock (Haywood*, Jackson, 


Leskea australis A Dusky Moss S2? G4 W7 

P: lower parts of hardwood trees and 

bald cypress and logs in woods along 

rivers, swamps (Orange) 

Micromitrium megalosporum A Moss S2? G4 W7 

CMP: unfertilized bare soil, in sun or 

partial shade (Bladen*, Colu mbus*, 

Durh am*, Mecklenbu rg*, 

Transylvania*, Wilson*) 

Philonotis longiseta An Apple Moss S2? G3G4 W7 

CMP: soil or rock, often on wet 

embankments (Alleghany*, Forsyth*, 

Haywood*, Jackson*, Jones*, Lee*, 

McDowell*, Sto kes*, Swain*, 

Transylvania) 

Philonotis marchica An Apple Moss S2? G5 W7 

CMP: rocks and soil in wet places, 

road sides, springs (Forsyth*, Fr anklin*, 

Harnett*, Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, 

McDowell*, Swain*, Tyrrell, Watauga) 

Platydictya subtilis A Moss S2? G3G5 W7 

CMP: bark at base of hardwoods, rarely 

on logs (Brunswick*, Clay*, Currituck, 

Durham*, Haywood, Surry, Watauga) 

Pohlia longicollis Long Neck Nodding Moss S2? G4G5 W1 

M: rocks on cliffs, in crevices, on 

humus or soil (Jackson, Swain*, 

Yancey*) 

Polytrichum appalachianum Appalachian Haircap Moss S3 G3 W1 

MP: rocky summits, mostly in high 

elevations (Ashe, Avery, Bun combe*, 

Burke*, Haywood*, Jackson, Macon*, 

Mitchell, Sto kes, Transylvania*, 


Pterigynandrum filiforme Twisted Thread Moss SH G4G5 W7 

M: mesic, acidic boulders and rock 

shelves (Buncombe*, Jackson*, 

McDowell*, Mit chell*, Swain*) 

Pylaisiella polyantha Many-fruited Feather Moss S2? G5 W1 

MP: on tree trunks and bases or logs 

(For syth*, Haywood, Mit chell*, 


Rauiella scita Smaller Fern Moss S2? G3G5 W7 

M: on rocks, trees, logs (Alexander*, 

Alleghany*, Ashe*, Avery*, 


McDowell*, Transylvania*, Watauga*, 

Wilkes*, Yancey*) 

Sphagnum fitzgeraldii Fitzgerald's Peatmoss S2S3 G2G3 W1 

C: pocosins and savannas (Bladen, 

Brun swick, Carteret, Craven, Du plin *, 

Onslow, Pamlico, Pender) 

Sphagnum henryense Peatmoss S2 G4? W1 

CMP: bogs (Alleghany, Anson, Beaufort, 

Bladen, Brunswick*, Carteret*, Craven, 

Cumberland, Gates*, Hyde, Iredell*, 

Jackson, Johnston*, Moore*, Onslow, 

Pender*, Richmond*, Robeson*, 

Sampson*, Scotland, Tyrrell) 

108



Sphagnum macrophyllum var. floridanum Florida Peatmoss S3 G3T3 W7 

CS: in blackwater streams; ditches 

(Beaufort*, Bladen, Brunswick*, 

Carteret*, Craven*, Dupl in*, 

Sampson*) 

Thuidium allenii Fernmoss S2? G3G5 W7 

CP: on soil, logs, exposed roots, and 

tree bases in swamps, often just above 

water line (Bertie*, Bladen*, 

Brun swick*, Carteret*, Chath am*, 

Colu mbus, Craven*, Davie*, Durham*, 

Gates*, Granville*, Lenoir*, 

Pasquotank, Pender*, Tyrrell*, Wilkes) 

Thuidium recognitum Hokkaido Fern Moss S2? G5 W7 

MP: on moist soil, humus, or rocks, in 

calcareous habitats, in woodlands, in 

clearings (Ash e*, Madison*, 

McDowell*, Orange*, Randolph*, 

Watauga*, Yadkin*) 

Tortella flavovirens Beach Moss S3 G4G5 W7 

T: dune swales (Brunswick, Carteret*, 

Dare, Hyde) 

Weissia muehlenbergiana A Moss S2? G5 W7 

CP: soil among grasses, roadsides 

(Brunswick*, Davidson*, Durham*, 

Madison*, Mecklenburg*, New 

Hanover*, Orange*, Pender*, Wake) 

Zygodon viridissimus var. rupestris A Moss W7 - S2? G5T5 

M: trunks of trees and on rocks 

(Allegnany*, Avery*, Burke*, 

Caldwell*, Jackson*, Macon*, 

Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga*, 

Yancey*) 

Hornworts and Liverworts 

Aspiromitus adscendens A Hornwort S2? G3? W7 

CP: old fields (Bladen*, Columbus*, 

Durh am*, Jo nes*, Wilson*) 

Barbilophozia attenuata A Liverwort S2 G5 W7 

M: on rocks in spruce-fir forests 

(Avery*, Buncombe*, Haywood*, 


Cephaloziella massalongi A Liverwort S1 G3G5 W7 


(Rut herford, Swain*) 

Cephaloziella obtusilobula Roundleaf Liverwort S1? GHQ W2 FSC 

M: high elevation cliffs or other moist 

rocks (Burke*, Macon*, Rutherford+) 

Cylindrocolea andersonii A Liverwort SH GHQ W2 FSC 

C: banks of blackwater rivers 

(Sampson *) 

Diplophyllum andrewsii A Liverwort S2 G3 W7 

M: on soil or rocks on ban ks (Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Burke*, Graham*, 

Jackson, Macon*, McDowell*, Swain*, 

Yancey*) 

Diplophyllum taxifolium var. taxifolium A Liverwort S2? G5T5 W7 

M: crevices and underledges of rock 

outcrops, mostly in spruce-fir forests at 

high elevations (Ashe*, Buncombe*, 

Burke*, Caldwell*, Clay*, Haywood*, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Mi tchell*, Swain*, 


109



Dumortiera hirsuta ssp. nepalensis A Liverwort S1 G5T5 W1 

M: in grottoes behind waterfalls in 

humid gorges (Graham*, Jackson*, 

Macon*, Rutherford) 

Frullania oakesiana A Liverwort SH? G4 W7 

M: on bark of conifers or deciduous 

trees at high elevation s (Avery*, 

Buncombe*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Macon*, McDowell*, M itchell*, 

Swain*, Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Frullania plana A Liverwort SH? G4 W7 

MP: on rock outcrops in gorges or near 

rivers (Burke*, Durham*, Graham*, 


McDowell, Polk*, Stokes*) 

Lophozia capitata A Liverwort S1 G4 W7 

CPM: in moist depressions in savannas 

or on clay-pans in the piedmont, rock 

outcrop s (Durham*, Jon es*, Onslo w*, 

Orange*, Watauga) 

Mannia triandra A Liverwort S1 G3G4 W7 

M: on limeston e (McDowell*) 

Metzgeria furcata var. setigera A Liverwort SH? G5T1 W7 

M: damp shaded rocks at high 

elevations in spruce-fir forests or in 

humid gorges (Caldwell*, McDowell, 

Swain*) 

Metzgeria pubescens A Liverwort SH G5 W7 

M: on bark of trees (Buncombe*, 

Swain*) 

Metzgeria uncigera A Liverwort S1 G3 W7 

CTM: on bark in maritime forests or on 

rhododendron in mountain forests 

(Brunswick, Carteret*, Gates*, 

Graham*, Hyde*, New Han over*, 

Pamlico*) 

Notothylas orbicularis var. pseudotemperata A Hornwort SH G5T1Q W2 

C: damp min eral soil (Columbus*) 

Pellia appalachiana A Liverwort SH? G2 W2 

MPC: on moist rock outcrops, usually near 

waterfalls (Harnett*, M acon*, Wake*) 

Plagiochila columbiana A Liverwort SH GHQ W2 

P: on thin soil over boulders on 

floodplains (Durham*, Orange*) 

Plagiochila undata A Liverwort S2 G4G5 W7 

CMP: on rocks or bark (Anson*, 

Chatham*, Colu mbus*, Durham*, 

Madi son*, McDowell*, Orange*, 

Polk*, Rutherford, Stanly*) 

Plagiochila virginica var. euryphylla A Liverwort SH G3THQ W2 

M: rockfaces in the sprayzone of 

waterfalls (Transylvan ia*) 

Porella japonica ssp. appalachiana A Liverwort SNR G5?T1 W3 

M: on rocks in spray zones of 

waterfalls 

Ptilidium pulcherrimum A Liverwort S1 G5 W7 

MP: on bark of trees in moist forests 

(Ashe, Avery*, Gaston , Haywood*, 

Mitchell*, Watauga*) 

110



Radula tenax A Liverwort S2 G3G4 W7 

M: on moist rocks or bark in humid 

gorges and cove forests (Ashe*, 

Buncombe*, Burke*, Caldwell*, 

Jackson*, Macon*, Mi tchell*, Swain*, 

Transylvania*, Watauga*, Yancey*) 

Reboulia hemisphaerica ssp. dioica A Liverwort S1 G5T2?Q W7 

M: in spray zone of waterfalls in humid 

gorges (Macon*, McDowell, 

Rutherford) 

Ricciocarpos natans A Liverwort S1 G5 W1 

C: floating in shaded ponds or pools 

(Dare*) 

Lichens 

Cladina evansii Green Reindeer Lichen S2 G3G5 W7 

C: sandhills (primarily near the coast) 

usually associated with Quercus 

geminata (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, 

Craven*, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, 

Pender) 

Ochrolechia yasudae Coral Saucer Lichen SH? G3G4 W7 

M: on bark or rock (Ashe*, 

Buncombe*, Macon*) 

Platismatia glauca Varied Rag Lichen SH? G5 W7 

M: on bark of spruce, fir, or hardwoods 

in th e spruce-fir zone (Avery*, 

Haywood*, Jackson*, Swain*, 

Yancey*) 

Porpidia cinereoatra A Crustose Lichen S1 G5? W7 


(Mit chell*) 

Porpidia macrocarpa A Crustose Lichen S1? G4 W7 


(Mit chell*) 

Porpidia tuberculosa A Crustose Lichen S1 G2G4 W7 


(Mit chell*) 

Punctelia reddenda A Foliose Lichen S2 G5 W7 

M: on bark of hardwoods at high 

elevations (generally spruce-fir zone) 

(Bun combe*, Haywood*, Jackson*, 

Swain*, Yancey*) 

111



Watch Category 5a and 5b. NC NHP does not actively maintain files on W5 species occurrences. 

W5a - rare because of severe decline - species which have declined sharply in North Carolina, but which 

do not appear yet to warrant site-specific monitoring. Most species in this category have undergone declines 

of more than 50% (in many cases more than 90%) from their pre-Columbian status. Reasons for decline 

include exotic pests or pathogens, massive modification of the landscape, suppression of natural fires, and 

failure of reproduction. Because many of these species were once abundant or even dominant in parts of 

North Carolina, they may still be fairly common or frequently encountered, despite the strong decline. If 

current trends continue, however, many of these species will be threatened with extirpation in all or a major 

part of their ranges in North Carolina. 

Watch Category 5b (Exploited Plants) These are generally widespread species, at least within their 

physiographic province, that are in commercial demand and are often collected and sold in high volume. 

Such high volume collection can cause local extirpation and is not sustainable in the long run . This category 

has been created to bring attention to the issue before commercial collection of these species gets to the point 

where these species become rare. Not included in this category are species that are already listed in other 

sections of this rare plant list. The NHP requests information on illegal collection incidents, but does not 

otherwise maintain files on W5b species occurrences. 


Province: Habitat (counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. U.S. 

Actaea racemosa Common Black-cohosh S4 G4 W5B 

MPC: rich cove forests, other mesic 

and moderately to very fertile forests 

(Burke, Catawba, Cleveland, 

McDowell, Rutherford) 

Aletris farinosa White-tubed Colicroot S5 G5 W5B 

CPM: pine savannas, pine flatwoods, 

seepage bogs, upland woodlands, 

roadbanks (Burke, McDowell, 

Rutherford) 

Allium tricoccum Red Ramps S4 G5 W5B 

M: cove forests and mesic slope forests 

Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia Snakeroot S4 G4 W5B 

PMC: dry to mesic forests (Burke, 

Catawba, Cleveland, McDowell, 

Rutherford) 

Chamaelirium luteum Devil's-bit S5 G5 W5B 

MPSC: rich, mesic, wooded coves and 

slopes; and moist slopes, bottomlands, 

wet savannas (Burke, Catawba, 

Cleveland, McDowell, Orange, 

Rutherford) 

Cimicifuga americana Mountain Black-cohosh S4 G4 W5B 

M: rich cove forests and slopes, at 

moderate to high elevations (Burke) 

Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens Large Yellow Lady's-slipper S3 G5T5 W5B 

PM: rich, mesic forests (Ashe, Avery*, 

Buncombe, Burke, Clay*, Durham, 

Gaston*, Graham, Granville, Guilford*, 

Haywood*, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon, 

Madison*, McDowell, Mecklenburg*, 

Mitchell*, Orange, Person, Polk*, 

Randolph*, Richmond, Rockingham*, 

Rowan, Rutherford, Stokes*, Swain*, 

Transylvania, Wake, Watauga) 

Galax urceolata Galax S5 G5 W5B 

MPC: rocky woodlands, mountain 

112



forests, and rock outcrops (Burke, 

Catawba, Cleveland, McDowell, 

Rutherford) 

Juglans cinerea Butternut S2S3 G3G4 W5A FSC 

MP: cove forests, rich woods 

(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe*, 

Burke, Caldwell*, Clay, Durham*, 

Graham, Haywood, Henderson, 

Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, 

Mitchell*, Orange*, Polk, Rutherford, 

Sampson*, Stanly*, Stokes*, Swain, 

Transylvania, Watauga*, Wilkes*, 

Yancey) 

Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot S5 G5 W5B 

MPC: mixed deciduous forests and 

wooded slopes (Burke, Catawba, 

Cleveland, McDowell, Rutherford) 

Sarracenia flava Yellow Pitcher-plant S3S4 G5? W5B 

CSP: savannas, seepage bogs, and 

pocosins (Catawba) 

Sarracenia purpurea ssp. venosa Southern Purple Pitcher-plant S3 G5T3T5 W5B 

CP: wet savannas, sandhill seepage 

bogs (Burke, Catawba) 

Sarracenia rubra ssp. rubra Sweet Pitcherplant S3 G3T3 W5B 

C: sandhill seepage bogs, pocosins, wet 

savannas 

Trillium catesbaei Catesby's Trillium S4 G4 W5B 

PCM: bottomland forests, mesic slopes, 

cove forests, and alluvial woods 

(Burke, Catawba, Cleveland, Durham, 

McDowell, Rutherford) 

Trillium cuneatum Little Sweet Trillium S3 G4G5 W5B 

PM: cove forests, moist slopes, and 

bottomlands; usually on circumneutral 

to basic soil (Anson, Burke, Catawba, 

Davidson, Graham, Guilford, Henderson, 

Iredell, McDowell, Montgomery, Orange, 

Polk, Randolph, Richmond, Rowan, 

Rutherford, Stanly, Swain) 

Trillium erectum Ill-scent Trillium S5 G5 W5B 

M: wooded slopes, usually at middle to 

high elevations (Burke) 

Trillium grandiflorum Large-flower Trillium S5 G5 W5B 

MP: rich coves and mesic slopes 

(Buncombe, Burke) 

Trillium luteum Yellow Trillium S2S3 G4 W5B 

M: moist coves over mafic or 

calcareous rocks 

Trillium undulatum Painted Trillium S4 G5 W5B 

M: acidic soils of ridges, slopes, and 

bog margins, mostly at high elevations 

Tsuga caroliniana Carolina Hemlock S3 G3 W5A 

MP: open forests on ridgetops, rocky 

bluffs, or gorge walls (Alexander, 

Burke, Catawba, Cleveland, 

McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Rutherford, 

Stokes, Surry, Transylvania) 

113

Watch Category 6 ( regionally rare) includes species which are rare in one region of North Carolina, while 

being uncommon to abundant within another region. These regional rarities, generally within-state disjuncts, 

are significant for protection of genetic variation and long-term viability of species. 

A list of North Carolina's rare plants is, of course, determined by the arbitrary, political boundaries of the 

state. Biological rarity, however, is determined by the natural boundaries of physiography, geology, soils, 

and climate. These and other physical, biological, and historic factors have determined the evolutionary 

history and phytogeography of plants currently occupying what is now called "North Carolina." Rarity in 

one part of the state — especially when disjunct from the region of greater abundance — can have as much 

biological significance as disjunctions from another state. Disjunct populations nearly always have some 

level of genetic differentiation from populations in the main part of a species' range. If this genetic 

differentiation is great enough — and obvious enough — the disjunct population may be recognized as a 

separate species, subspecies, or variety. In many cases, however, the genetic differentiation is not great 

enough (or is not obvious enough with the relatively crude taxonomic tools which have been applied to most 

taxa) to have warranted the naming of a distinct taxon. Further study will likely show that many disjunct 

populations do warrant taxonomic status. Preservation of biodiversity requires not only preventing the 

extinction of species, but also maintaining genetic diversity within the species. The long-term viability of 

a species is dependent on the genetic diversity represented within and between different populations of the 

species. Disjunct and peripheral populations are especially likely to contain genetic material rare or absent 

in the bulk of the species' populations. Moreover, within-state disjunctions are likely to serve as indicators 

of regionally unique or unusual habitats. Attention to such species is especially important in county natural 

area inventories and regional planning. 

The following list of Watch Category 6 plants is not exhaustive, but represents some of the most important 

and significant within-state disjunctions. An emphasis has been placed on species which are disjunct rather 

than peripheral — that is, which have a demonstrable gap in their North Carolina ranges. Examples are 

Rhododendron catawbiense, which is rather common at high to medium elevations in the mountains, but 

occurs in small, disjunct populations in the lower Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain, and Pogonia 

ophioglossoides, a primarily Coastal Plain species, occurring in rare bogs in the mountains. 

SANDHILLS COASTAL PLAIN 

Comptonia peregrina Anemone quinquefolia 

Drosera rotundifolia Aster cordifolius 

Leiophyllum buxifolium Castilleja coccinea 

Pinguicula caerulea Clematis ochroleuca 

Pleea tenuifolia Clematis virginiana 

Rhododendron catawbiense Delphinium tricorne 

Rhododendron minus Leiophyllum buxifolium 

Magnolia tripetala 

Pellaea atropurpurea 

Platanthera lacera [= Habenaria lacera] 

Stenanthium gramineum 

Viola blanda 

114

Watch List Category 6 continued 

MOUNTAINS 

Aristida virgata Orontium aquaticum 

Bartonia virginica Platanthera cristata [= Habenaria cristata] 

Brasenia schreberi Pogonia ophioglossoides 

Calopogon tuberosus Pycnanthemum flexuosum 

Cardamine bulbosa Rhynchospora gracilenta 

Chamaedaphne calyculata [= Cassandra calyculata] Sabatia brachiata 

Clematis crispa Sium suave 

Coreopsis gladiata Smilax laurifolia 

Cuscuta corylii Sphagnum cuspidatum 

Eriocaulon compressum Sphagnum strictum 

Eriocaulon decangulare Sphagnum tenerum 

Eryngium integrifolium Toxicodendron vernix [= Rhus vernix] 

Gaylussacia dumosa Triadenum virginicum [= Hypericum virginicum] 

Justicia americana Utricularia biflora [including U. gibba] 

Kalmia carolina [= K. angustifolia var caroliniana] Utricularia subulata 

Lespedeza angustifolia 

PIEDMONT 

Aconitum uncinatum [lower Piedmont only] Paronychia argyrocoma 

Actaea pachypoda Phalaris arundinacea 

Aralia nudicaulis Pieris floribunda 

Aralia racemosa Pinus strobus [lower Piedmont only] 

Asplenium montanum [lower Piedmont only] Platanthera flava var flava [=Ha benaria f. var f.] 

Berchemia scandens Pogonia ophioglossoides 

Campanulastrum americanum [= Campanula americanum] Rhododendron catawbiense 

Carex torta Rhynchospora chalarocephala 

Cornus alternifolia Salix humilis 

Dicentra cucullaria Sarracenia flava 

Dryopteris intermedia Sarracenia purpurea 

Eleocharis microcarpa Saxifraga micranthidifolia 

Eriocaulon compressum Scirpus pungens [= S. americanus in RAB] 

Eryngium integrifolium Sium suave 

Hydrophyllum canadense Smilax laurifolia 

Hydrophyllum virginianum Symplocarpus foetidus 

Lachnocaulon anceps Tsuga canadensis [lower Piedmont only] 

Diphasiastrum tristachyum [= Lycopodium t.] Xyris baldwiniana 

Magnolia virginiana Xyris curtissii 

Myrica heterophylla Xyris jupicai 

115

PLANT TAXA ENDEMIC TO NORTH CAROLINA 

Rank Status 

Scientific name Common Name N.C. U.S. N.C. U.S. 

Allium sp. 1 Savanna Onion S1S2 G1G2 SR-L FSC 

Carex lutea Golden Sedge S2 G2 E E 

Cladonia psoromica Bluff Mountain Reindeer Lichen S1 G1 SR-L FSC 

Crataegus pallens Pale Hawthorn S1S2 G1G2 SR-L 

Gaylussacia dumosa var. 1 Blue Ridge Dwarf Huckleberry S1? G5T1?Q W7 

Gaylussacia orocola Appalachian Dwarf Huckleberry S1 G1Q SR-L 

Hudsonia montana Mountain Golden-heather S1 G2 E E 

Hypericum sp. 1 Radford's St. John's-wort S2 G2 SR-L FSC 

Isoetes microvela Quillwort S1 G1 E FSC 

Lejeunea glaucescens var. acrogyna Raven Rock Liverwort SH G5TH SR-L 

Liatris helleri Heller's Blazing-star S2 G2 T-SC T 

Narthecium montanum Appalachian Bog Asphodel SX GX SR-L 

Orbexilum macrophyllum Bigleaf Scurfpea SX GX E FSC 

Rhododendron vaseyi Pink-Shell Azalea S3 G3 SR-L 

Scleria sp. 1 Smooth-seeded Hairy Nutrush S1 G1 SR-L FSC 

Shortia g alacifolia var. brevistyla Northern Oconee Bells S2 G2T2 E FSC 

Solidago plumosa Yadkin River Goldenrod S1 G1 E C 

Solidago villosicarpa Coastal Goldenrod S1 G1 E FSC 

Symphyotrichum rhiannon Buck Creek Aster S1 G1 SR-L FSC 

116

POTENTIAL NEW TO NORTH CAROLINA PLANTS 

The following list is of species not currently known to occur in North Carolina, but which are considered to have some 

possibility of being found in North Carolina, based on their currently known range and habitat preferences. Most are 

species which occur in the adjacent states of South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, or V irginia, in habitats at least 

relatively similar to habitats known to exist in North Carolina. The purpose of this list is to foster understanding of the 

flora of North C arolina by challenging botanists to find new state records; this list should give field investigators an idea 

of some of the species that may be native components of North Carolina's flora. While some of these species may have 

relatively remote chances of being found in North Carolina, the likelihood of finding new state records is greatly 

increased by being aware of the possibilities and by species-directed searching. State records of native vascular plants 

are being found at the rate of about five per year. Our knowledge of North Carolina's flora is still imperfect, and many 

natural areas are being destroyed before they can be investigated; certainly a number of native species have been 

extirpated from North Carolina before they were ever documented as occurring in the state. 

Following each species is the North Carolina province in which the species is considered most likely to be found. Where 

possible, a description of the typical habitat of the spec ies in the vicinity of North Carolina is also given. Sometimes, the 

nearest known occurrence(s) to North Carolina are also listed, with the distance from North Carolina in number of 

counties in brackets. For instance [1] indicates that the species has been reported from a county immediately adjacent 

to North Carolina; [5] indicates that the species has been reported from a county five counties away from the North 

Carolina border. An average co unty width in and around N orth Carolina is ab out 25 miles, so[5] indicates an approximate 

distance from North Carolina of 100-125 miles. While distance from the state is an interesting p iece of information, it 

is probably a poor indicator of the probability of occurrence in North Carolina, since long distance disjunctions to the 

mountains (from the north) and to the coastal plain (from the south) are frequent. In the coming years, some of the species 

on this list will almost certain ly be added to the flora of North Carolina. 

Agalinis auriculata (= Tomanthera a uriculata ) - P (mafic glad es) - York C ounty, SC [1 county] 

Ageratina luciaea-brauniae (= Eupatorium l.) - M (bases of overhanging cliffs) - KY, TN 

Aletris obovata - C (savannas) - Beaufort County, SC [4] 

Alnus incana ssp rugosa - M (moist mountain slopes) - Nelson County, VA [4] 

Amphianthus pusillus - P (pools on granitic flatrocks) - Lancaster County, SC [1] 

Anemone canadensis - M - Rockingham County, VA [5] 

Antennaria virginica - MP (rock outcrops) - Carroll & Patrick counties, VA [1] 

Aralia hispida - M (dry rocky woods) - Augusta County, VA [4] 

Armoracia lacustris - C (shallow water) - Southampton County, VA [1] 

Asclepias cinerea - C (savannas) - Hampton & Jasper counties, SC [5] 

Asclepias michau xii - C (savannas and pinelands) - Williamsburg & Florence counties, SC [2] 

Asclepias obovata - C (sandy pinelands) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Asclepias perennis - C (swamp forests) - Marion County, SC [2] 

Aspleniu m septentrionale - M (rock outcrops) - Monroe County, WV [4] 

Asplenium trichomanes ssp quadrivalens - MP (calcareous outcrops) - Giles County, VA [3] 

Asplenium X trudellii - PM (moist cliffs, acidic outcrops and bluffs) - Pittsylvania & Lee counties, VA [1] 

Astragalus distortus - P (glades, dry shaly places) - Pittsylvania County, VA [1] 

Baptisia p erfoliata - SC (sandhills) - Lexington County, SC [4] 

Batis maritima - C (salt and brackish marshes) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Berlandiera pumila - S (sandy woods and fields) - Chesterfield & Darlington counties, SC [1] 

Bothriochloa saccharoides - M (dry openings) - TN 

Bouteloua curtipendula - PM (calcareous or mafic glades) - Pulaski & Montgomery counties, VA [2] 

Bromus kalmii - M - Augusta & Bath counties, VA [4] 

Carex brevior (C. molesta)- M (dry woods) - Wythe County, VA [2] 

Carex conjuncta - MC (mesic woods) - Southampton & Russell counties, VA [1] 

Carex pallescens - M (grassy balds) - Unicoi County, TN [1] 

Carex polymorpha - M (dry upland woods or wetland margins) - Augusta County, VA [4] 

Carex sp. 3 - M (rich cove forests) - Oconee & Pickens counties, SC [1] 

Ceratiola ericoides - CS (sandhills) - Horry County, SC [1] 

117

Chamaecrista nictitans var aspera - C (savannas) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Cheilanthes castanea - MP (dry, shaly outcrops) - Carroll, Pittsylvania, Pulaski, & Montgomery counties, VA [1] 

Cheilanthes feei - M (calcareous outcrops) - Pulaski County, VA [2] 

Cimicifuga rubifolia - M (cove forests) - Scott County, VA [2] 

Clematis reticulata - C - (dry sandy woods) - Darlington County, SC [2] 

Collinsia verna - M - (rich moist woods) - Smyth County, VA [2] 

Coreopsis grandiflora var grandiflora - P (granite flatrocks) - Lancaster County, SC [1] 

Coreopsis integrifolia - C (creekbanks and floodplains) - Berkeley County, SC [3] 

Coreopsis rosea - C (drawdown zones of blackwater rivers, limesink ponds, Carolina bays) - Horry County, SC [1] 

Cornus can adensis - M (mountain forests) - Bath & Albemarle counties, VA [4] 

Cornus rugosa - M - Giles & Craig counties, VA [3] 

Cypripedium kentuckiense - M (forests) - TN, KY, VA 

Dasistoma macrophylla - P (glades) - York County, SC [1] 

Delphinium carolinianum - P (glades) - Lancaster County, SC [1] 

Desmodium floridanum - C - (dry sandy areas) - Beaufort & Jasper counties, SC [4] 

Dioscorea floridana - C (moist woods) - Williamsburg County, SC [3] 

Draba aprica - P (granite outcrops) - Lancaster County, SC [1] 

Dyschoriste humistrata - C (moist forests) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Dyschoriste oblongifolia - C (savannas) - Orangeburg County, SC [4] 

Elephantopus elatus - C (dry pinelands) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Ellisia nyctelea - P (bottomlands, forest) - Pittsylvania County, VA [1] 

Elytraria caroliniensis - C (low marly forests) - Berkeley County, SC [3] 

Equisetum fluviatile - M (wet places, shallow water) - Augusta County, VA [4] 

Equisetum sylvaticum - M (moist forests) - Shenandoah County, VA [6] 

Eriocau lon raven elii - C (savannas) - Berkeley County, SC [3] 

Eryngium aquaticum var ravenelii - C (savannas) - Berkeley County, SC [3] 

Erythronium americanum ssp harperi - M (moist forests) - Polk County, TN [1] 

Eupatorium scabridum - C (savannas) - SC 

Floerkea proserpinacoides - P (rich moist woods) - Fauquier County, VA [8] 

Galactia elliottii - C (low moist areas) - Beaufort & Jasper County, SC [4] 

Galium boreale - M (moist forests) - Wythe & Scott counties, VA [2] 

Galium concinnum - M (dry forests) - Giles & Smyth Counties, VA [2] 

Gaura filipes - CS (sandy areas) - Kershaw & Williamsburg counties, SC [2] 

Gaylussacia b rachycera - MP (dry acidic woodlands) - Carroll County, VA [1] 

Gaylussacia m o sieri - CS (seepages, savannas) - Lexington County, SC [3] 

Gleditsia aquatica - C (swamp forests) - Williamsburg County, SC [3] 

Glyceria acutiflora - M (wet openings) - Wythe County, VA [2] 

Glyceria cana densis (sensu stricto, non RAB) - M (high elevation seeps) - VA 

Glyceria grandis - MC - Floyd & James City counties, VA [2] 

Habenaria quinqueseta - C (wet pinelands and forests) - Charleston & Berkeley counties, SC [3] 

Honcken ya peploides ssp robusta - C (beaches and dunes) - Accomack County, VA [3] 

Houstonia canadensis - M (rocky woods and outcrops) - Wythe, Pulaski, & Washington counties, VA [2] 

Hudsonia ericoides - S (sandhills) - Chesterfield County, SC [1] 

Hydrolea corymbosa - C 

Hypericum harperi - C (clay-based Carolina bays) - Barnwell County, SC [5] 

Isoetes macrospora - M (shoals in cold streams) - TN 

Juncus brachycephalus - M (wet meadows) - GA; Giles County, VA [3] 

Juncus gerardii - C (margins of brackish marshes) - Chesapeake city, VA [1] 

Kalmia hirsuta - C (savannas, pocosin edges) - Colleton & Beaufort counties, SC [4] 

Liatris gracilis - CSP (pinelands, dry woodlands) - Laurens & Colleton counties, SC [2] 

Liatris tenuifolia - S (sandhills) - Chesterfield, Lancaster, & Marlboro counties, SC [1] 

Linnaea borealis - M (high elevation forests) - TN [1] 

Lithospermum caroliniense - C (sandhills) - Isle of Wight County, VA; Calhoun & Lexington counties, SC [2] 

Ludwigia spathulata - C (clay-based Carolina bays) - Lexington & Aiken counties, SC [4] 

118

Lycopodium annotinum - M (moist, high elevation forests) - Grayson County, VA [1] 

Magnolia pyramidata - P (rich woods) - Richland County, SC [3] 

Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacin a stellata) - M - Bedford County VA; TN [2] 

Micranthem um micran themoides - C (tidal marshes) - Charles City County, VA [4] 

Minuartia cumberlandensis - M (rock outcrops) - TN 

Minuartia patula - PM (mafic or calcareous glades and outcrops) - Rockbridge County, VA [3] 

Nolina georgiana - S (sandhills) - Kershaw County, SC [2] 

Ophioglossum engelmannii - MP (glades over calcareous or mafic rocks) - Montgomery County, VA [3] 

Ophioglossum pusillum - M (moist areas) - VA 

Opuntia stricta var dillenii - C (dunes) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Opuntia stricta var stricta - C (dunes) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Oryzopsis racemosa - MP (dry woods) - Patrick County, VA [1] 

Osmunda cinnamomea var glandulosa - C (marshes, swamps) - VA 

Paronychia virginica var virginica - M (calcareous rock outcrops) - Wythe County, VA [2] 

Paspalum plicatulum - C 

Pellaea glabella ssp glabella - M (limestone outcrops) - Wythe County, VA [2] 

Pieris phillyreifolia - C (blackwater swamps, pocosins) - Charleston County, SC [3] 

Pilularia americana - PM (muddy wet places, granite outcrops, pond margins) - TN, GA 

Pinus glabra - C (bottomland forests) - Georgetown County, SC [2] 

Pityopsis ru thii - M (riverside outcrops) - Polk County, TN [1] 

Plantago maritima - C (salt marshes) - Accomack County, VA [3] 

Platanthera leucophaea - M (damp calcareous meadows) - Augusta County, VA [4] 

Poa wolfii - M (moist forests) - Rockingham County, VA [5] 

Polygonella gracilis - SC (sandhills) 

Pseudo taenidia montana - MP (dry shaly woods) - Bedford and Roanoke counties, VA [3] 

Pyrola chlorantha - M (dry forests) - Page County, VA [6] 

Pyrola secunda - MP (moist forests) - New Kent County, VA [5] 

Quercus similis - C (wet stream bottoms, flatwoods) - SC [3 or 4] 

Quercu s sinuata (durandii) - C (hills and streambanks) - SC 

Quercus georgiana - P (granitic outcrops) - Kershaw & Spartanburg counties, SC [1] 

Quercus og lethorpensis - CP (low woods) - Greenwood & Saluda counties, SC [4] 

Ratibida pinnata - P (diabase glades) - York County, SC [1] 

Rhamnus lanceolata - M (moist calcareous woodlands) - Pulaski County, VA [2] 

Rhynchospora knieskernii - CS (peaty bogs) - NJ 

Rhynchospora saxicola - P (granitic flatrocks) - GA, SC? 

Ribes americanum - M (moist forests) - Rockbridge County, VA [3] 

Ribes echinellum - P (rich woods) - McCormick County, SC [4] 

Ribes lacustre - M (moist forests) - Bath County, VA [4] 

Rosa obtusiuscula - M (riverbank)- Cocke County, TN [1] 

Sabatia bartram ii (= S. dodecan dra var coriacea) - C (pine savannas) - Hampton County, SC [6] 

Sabatia brevifolia - C (savannas) - Berkeley County, SC [3] 

Sabatia dodecandra var foliosa - C (freshwater wetlands, ditches, streambanks) - Marion County, SC [2] 

Sagittaria rigida - PM (swamps and ponds) - Nelson County, VA [4] 

Schizachne purpurascen s - M (dry rocky woods) - Highland County, VA [5] 

Scirpus ancistrochaetus - M (temporary ponds) - VA 

Scirpus verecun dus - P (mesic banks and bluffs) - Grayson, Halifax, & Pittsylvania counties, VA [1] 

Scutellaria incana var incana - M (rocky woodlands) - Mercer County, WV [4] 

Scutellaria mellichampii - C (sandy riverbanks) - Bamberg & Beaufort counties, SC [5] 

Scutellaria montana - M (rocky woodlands) - GA, TN 

Scutellaria multiglandulosa - P (woodlands) - Anderson County, SC [2] 

Scutellaria parvula (sensu stricto, non RAB) -P (dry rocky openings) - VA 

Sedum nevii (sensu stricto) - M (rock outcrops) - Polk County, TN [1] 

Silphium dentatum var gatesii 

Smilax pumila - C (moist, maritime hardwood forests) - Horry County, SC [1] 

119

Solidago hispida - M (calcareous woodlands) - TN; Walker County, GA [4] 

Sparganium androcladum - MC (ponds and streams) - TN; Virginia Beach city, VA [1] 

Sparganium eurycarpum - MC (ponds and streams) - Pulaski County, VA [2] 

Spiranthes lacera var lacera - M (open areas) - TN, VA 

Sporob olus curtissii - C (savannas) - GA 

Sporobolus neglectus - M (mafic glades) - Montgomery & Lee counties, VA [3] 

Stillingia aquatica - C (clay-based Carolina bays) - Allendale, Barnwell, & Hampton counties, SC [6] 

Suaeda maritima - C (salt marshes) - VA, FL 

Sullivantia sullivantii - M (cliffs)- Russell County, VA [2] 

Thalictrum mirabile - M (cliff bases) - KY, TN 

Toxicodendron radican s ssp negundo - M - VA, WV 

Toxicod endronrydbergii - M - VA, WV 

Trillium cernuum (sensu stricto, non RAB) - M (wet woods) - Rappahannock & Fauquier counties, VA [7] 

Trillium decumbens - M (rich woods) - TN; Pickens & Murray counties, GA [2] 

Trillium lancifolium - P (rich forests) - Kershaw County, SC [2] 

Trillium maculatum - PC (rich forests) - Berkeley County, SC [3] 

Trillium nivale - M (moist calcareous forests) - Highland County, VA [5] 

Trillium persistens - MP (acid woods under hemlock) - SC; Rabun County, GA [1] 

Trillium reliquum - PC (rich river bluffs) - Aiken County, SC [5] 

Urtica gracilis - M (limestone outcrops) - Giles County, VA [3] 

Uvularia floridana - C (alluvial forests) - Berkeley & Charleston counties, SC [3] 

Vaccinium angustifolium - M (forests and woodlands) - Wythe, Montgomery, & Pulaski counties, VA [2] 

Vaccinium myrtilloides - M (forests and bogs) - Pulaski & Roanoke counties, VA [1] 

Vaccinium oxycoccos - M (bogs) - Pocahontas County, WV [6] 

Vaccinium sempervirens - SC (sphagnous seeps, savannas) - Lexington County, SC [4] 

Vernonia angustifolia var scaberrima - C (pinelands) - Marion County, SC [2] 

Vernonia pulchella - SC (pinelands) 

Veronica scutellata - M (swamps and bogs) - Grayson & Carroll counties, VA [1] 

Viburnum obovatum - C (moist forests) - Horry County, SC [1] 

120

RARE LIST ADDITIONS - VASCULAR PLANTS 

Taxon Former Status New Status SRANK GRANK 

Acmella repens W1 SR-D S1 G5 

Agrostis altissima W7 SR-T S2 G4 

Allium allegheniense W7 SR-T S2 G3? 

Andropogon longiberbis W7 SR-L S1 G5 

Aristida tenuispica W7 SR-P S1 G5TNR 

Bacopa rotundifolia W7 SR-D SH G5 

Carex arctata N/A SR-P S1 G5 

Carex baileyi W7 SR-P S2 G4 

Carex lasiocarpa var. americana N/A SR-P S1 G5T5 

Carex physorhyncha 

W1 SR-P S2 G5T5 

(= C. albicans var. australis) 

Carex vesicaria N/A SR-P S1 G5 

Chamaesyce bombensis W7 SR-T S2? G4G5 

Chelone obliqua W7 SR-T S2 G4 

Chenopodium foggii N/A SR-T SH G3Q 

Cirsium nuttallii N/A SR-P S1 G5 

Cornus racemosa N/A SR-P S1 G5? 

Crataegus coccinea N/A SR-P S2? G5 

Crataegus munda N/A SR-T S2? G3G5Q 

Crataegus pallens N/A SR-L S1S2 G1G2 

Crataegus senta N/A SR-L S1? G2? 

Crataegus succulenta N/A SR-P S1S2 G5 

Cuscuta cephalanthi W7 SR-T S1? G5? 

Cuscuta coryli W7 SR-T S1? G5? 

Cypripedium parv. var. parviflorum W5B SR-T S1S2 G5T3T5 

Dendrolycopodium dendroideum W7 SR-P S2 G5 

Eleocharis parvula W7 SR-D S1 G5 

Elymus virginicus var. halophilus W7 SR-P S1 G5T5 

Eupatorium anomalum W7 SR-T S1? G2G3 

Eupatorium saltuense W7 SR-L S1? G3G4 

Eupatorium sp. 1 N/A SR-L S2 G2 

Gentiana austromontana W7 SR-P S2 G3 

Hackelia virginiana W7 SR-P S1S2 G5 

Heuchera hispida W7 SR-P S1 G5T3 

Heuchera pubescens W7 SR-P SH G4? 

Hypericum brachyphyllum N/A SR-P S1S2 G5 

Isolepis carinata W7 SR-P S1 G5 

Juncus articulatus W7 SR-D SH G5 

Juncus dudleyi N/A SR-P S1 G5 

Kalmia angustifolia N/A SR-P S1 G5 

Lysimachia tonsa W7 SR-P S2 G4 

Matelea obliqua W7 SR-P SH G4? 

Myriophyllum pinnatum W7 SR-T S2? G5 

Nardia scalaris ssp. botryoidea N/A SR-O S1 G5T1 

Oenothera riparia W7 SR-L S2S3 S2G3 

Paspalum fluitans W7 SR-D S1 G5 

121

Paspalum vaginatum W3 SR-P S1S2 G5 

Phanopyrum gymnocarpon W7 SR-O S1 G5 

Sagittaria sp. 1 N/A SR-T S2 G2 

Solidago ulmifolia W7 SR-D S1? G5 

Spiranthes eatonii W7 SR-L S1S2 G2G3 

Stachys tenuifolia W7 SR-D S1 G5 

Triadenum fraseri N/A SR-P S1 G5 

Trichostema setaceum W7 SR-T S2 G5 

Trifolium reflexum W7 SR-T S1S2 G3 

WATCH LIST ADDITIONS - VASCULAR PLANTS 

Taxon Former Status New Status SRANK GRANK 

Agalinis obtusifolia N/A W1 S2 G4G5Q 

Ampelaster carolinianus SR-P W4 SH G5 

Bartonia paniculata ssp. paniculata SR-O W7 S1 G5T5 

Boechera laevigata var. 1 N/A W7 SH? G5T3T5 

Calystegia spithamaea ssp. 

N/A W1 S2S3 G4G5T4 

purshiana 

Crataegus schuettei N/A W1 S2? G5? 

Eurybia surculosa N/A W1 S3? G4G5 

Galactia minor N/A W1 S2? G3? 

Platanthera chapmanii N/A W3 S1? G2 

Solidago tarda N/A W3 S1 GNR 

Stachys aspera N/A W7 S2 G4? 

Stachys hyssopifolia var. hyssopifolia N/A W7 S2 G4G5 

Symphyotrichum elliottii N/A W1 S2S3 G3G4 

Tetragonatheca helianthoides N/A W1 S3? G5 

122

TAXA REMOVED FROM RARE AND WATCH LISTS SINCE 2004 

Taxon Former Status Comments 

Agalinis tenella W7 All records from NC determined to be A. obtusifolia. 

Carex elliottii W7 High number of populations, with many on protected lands. 

Equisetum x ferrissii W3 Hybrid not suitable for conservation; not known to occur in NC. 

Fimbristylis littoralis W7 Not native to NC (introduced from Asia). 

Fimbristylis miliacea W7 Not native to NC (introduced from Asia). 

Hexastylis lewissii SR-L Moved to the Watch List (category 1) due to high number of 

populations, with many on protected lands. 

Hypericum sp. 2 SR-L Specimens determined to be Hypericum brachyphyllum. 

Lachnocaulon 

beyrichianum 

W1 Relatively secure, with many populations occurring on protected 

lands. 

Lemna gibba W7 No known current or historical occurrences in NC. 

Liatris squarrosa var. 

hirsuta 

W3 No known current or historical occurrences in NC (name also 

changed to L. hirsuta Rydberg). 

Minuartia alabamensis W2 Entity is a self-pollinating form of Minuartia uniflora which has 

arisen repeatedly and independently at various sites in the range 

of M. uniflora. 

Packera glabella W1 Locally common, with many large populations. 

Panicum tenerum SR-P Moved to the Watch List (category 1) due to high number of 


Prenanthes roanensis SR-L Moved to the Watch List (category 1) due to high number of 


Prunus alabamensis W7 No known current or historical occurrences in NC. 

Rhynchospora oligantha SR-P Moved to the Watch List (category 1) due to high number of 


Sanguisorba canadensis W1 High number of populations, with many on protected lands. 

Scutellaria 

pseudoserrata 

W7 

Only specimen from NC is believed to be from cultivation. 

Solidago pulchra SR-L Moved to the Watch List (category 1) due to high number of 


Thalictrum steeleanum W2 Not taxonomically distinct from T. coriaceum. 

Verbena stricta W7 Believed not native to NC (introduced from midwest). 

Viola conspersa W7 Taxonomically not distinct from Viola labradorica Schrank. 

Xyris brevifolia SR-P Moved to the Watch List (category 1) due to high number of 


123

NAME CHANGES SINCE 2004 RARE LIST PUBLICATION 

Changed From Changed To 

Amphicarpum purshii Amphicarpum amphicarpon 

Bartramidula wilsonii Philonotis cernua 

Carex albicans var. australis Carex physorhyncha 

Carex willdenowii var. megarrhyncha Carex basiantha 

Epidendrum conopseum Epidendrum magnoliae 

Eupatorium maculatum Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum 

Gnaphalium helleri var micradenium Pseudognaphalium micradenium 

Hypericum sp. 2 Hypericum brachyphyllum 

Lycopodium dendroideum Dendrolycopodium dendroideum 

Lycopodium hickeyi Dendrolycopodium hickeyi 

Oplismenus setarius Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius 

Polygonum amphibium Persicaria amphibia 

Polygonum hirsutum Persicaria hirsuta 

Polygonum scandens var. cristatum Fallopia scandens var. 1 

Porteranthus stipulatus Gillenia stipulata 

Sagittaria graminea var. chapmanii Sagittaria chapmanii 

Spergularia marina Spergularia salina 

Trillium pusillum var. 1 Trillium pusillum var. ozarkanum 

Taxonomy in this publication generally follows Weakley, A.S. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, and 

Surrounding States. Working draft of 6 January 2006. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), NC 

Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 

124

NORTH CAROLINA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM ENDANGERED AND RARE PLANT 

FIELD SURVEY FORM 

Return to: N.C. Natural Heritage Program, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601. www.ncnhp.org. 

Species: Common name: 

Survey date: 

EO Number (if updating existing EO): County: 7.5' Quad Map: 

Coordinates (if known): Elevation: 

If coordinates given, indicate coordinate system and datum (State Plane 1927 or 1983, UTM, etc): 

Site Name (if this is within previously identified site): 

Site location and directions: (attach copy of map with site marked or use back of form to draw a sketch of the site): 

Number of individuals: Define individual (stem, clump, etc.): 

Size of area in which population occurs: 

Estimate whether the entire population was surveyed, or only a portion: 

Estimated Population Viability (circle one): Excellent Good Fair Poor Unknown Failed to find 

Population Viability Comments: 

Phenology (include % or # in each stage): vegetative budflower 

Evidence of reproduction: fruit seedlings clonal/vegetative 

Reproduction Comments: 

Habitat (NC NHP natural community name and description, if known; include quality, soils, geology, etc.): 

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Endangered And Rare Plant Field Survey Form cont. 

Associated species: 

Invasive species noted & degree of threat from invasive species: 

125

Area of apparently suitable habitat (suitable for, but not necessarily occupied by the species): 

If the population is within a Right-of-Way, does suitable habitat exist outside Right-of-Way? 

Topographic position (examples: crest, mid slope, alluvial, etc): 

Moisture regime (examples: inundated, dry, seasonally wet, etc): 

Light (examples: open, woodland, closed canopy, etc): 

Other information: 

Protection / management needs and opportunities: 

Landowner(s), if known: 

Person making this report, Address, & Phone: 

Other observers: 

Specimens collected (permits are required for federal or state listed species) ? 

Collection #: 

Repository: 

Draw sketch below or attach map. 

126

NORTH CAROLINA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM WATCH LIST PLANT SURVEY FORM 

Species: Survey Date: 

County: Quad: 

Location (Directions to the Site): 

Coordinates (if known): 

Population Size: 

Protected site? How? 

Observer Contact Information: 

Specimen Collected/Collection #/Repository: 

Other Notes (Including Evidence Of Reproduction): 

Return this form (along with a map) to: 

N.C. Natural Heritage Program, 1601 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 

Visit www.ncnhp.org for updated Status and contact information. 

127

Abies fraseri ..................4, 14 

Acer nigrum ....................77 

Acmella repens ..............14, 121 

Aconitum reclinatum .............14 

Acrobolbus ciliatus ...............69 

Actaea pachypoda ..............115 

Actaea racemosa ...............112 

Adiantum capillus-veneris .........14 

Adlumia fungosa ................14 

Aeschynomene virginica .........3, 14 

Agalinis aphylla .................14 

Agalinis decemloba ..............77 

Agalinis linifolia .................77 

Agalinis obtusifolia ..........77, 122 

Agalinis virgata .................14 

Agarista populifolia ..............77 

Agastache nepetoides .............14 

Agrimonia incisa ................77 

Agrostis altissima ............14, 121 

Agrostis mertensii ................14 

Aletris farinosa .................112 

Allium allegheniense .........14, 121 

Allium burdickii .................77 

Allium cuthbertii .................15 

Allium sp. 1 ................15, 116 

Allium tricoccum ...............112 

Alnus viridis ssp. crispa ...........15 

Amaranthus pumilus ............3, 15 

Amblystegium humile ............105 

Amelanchier sanguinea ...........15 

Amorpha georgiana var. confusa ....15 

Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana ..15 

Amorpha schwerinii ..............15 

Ampelaster carolinianus ......77, 122 

Ampelopsis cordata ..............77 

Amphicarpum amphicarpon ....77, 124 

Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum ...15 

Amphidium mougeotii ...........105 

Amsonia ciliata .................77 

Anacamptodon splachnoides ......105 

Anaptychia setifera ...............73 

Anastrophyllum saxicola ..........69 

Andreaea rothii var. rothii ........105 

Andreaea rupestris ..............105 

Andropogon arctatus .............77 

Andropogon brachystachyus .......77 

Andropogon longiberbis ......15, 121 

Andropogon mohrii ..............15 

Andropogon perangustatus ........77 

Andropogon tracyi ...............77 

Andropogon virginicus var. decipiens 78 

Anemone berlandieri .............15 

Anemone caroliniana .............15 

Anemone minima ................78 

Anemone quinquefolia ...........114 

Aneura sharpii ..................69 

Angelica atropurpurea ..........4, 78 

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 

Anomobryum julaceum ...........105 

Antennaria howellii ssp. petaloidea ..78 

Anthaenantia rufa ...............78 

Anzia americana .................73 

Anzia ornata ....................73 

Aphanorrhegma serratum .........62 

Arabidopsis lyrata ...............78 

Arabis glabra ...................15 

Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis ....16 

Arabis missouriensis .............16 

Arabis patens ...................16 

Aralia nudicaulis ...............115 

Aralia racemosa ................115 

Archidium donnellii .............105 

Archidium ohioense .............105 

Archidium tenerrimum ...........105 

Arenaria lanuginosa ssp. lanuginosa . 16 

Arethusa bulbosa ................16 

Arisaema triphyllum ssp. stewardsonii 16 

Aristida condensata ..............16 

Aristida simpliciflora .............16 

Aristida spiciformis ..............78 

Aristida tenuispica ...........16, 121 

Aristida virgata ................115 

Aristolochia serpentaria ..........112 

Arnoglossum ovatum .............16 

Asclepias longifolia ..............78 

Asclepias pedicellata .............16 

Asclepias purpurascens ...........16 

Asclepias tomentosa ..............78 

Aspiromitus adscendens ..........109 

Aspiromitus appalachianus ........73 

Asplenium bradleyi ...............16 

Asplenium heteroresiliens .........17 

Asplenium monanthes .............17 

Asplenium montanum ............115 

Asplenium pinnatifidum ...........17 

Asplenium resiliens ..............78 

Asplenium ruta-muraria ...........17 

Aster georgianus ................57 

Astilbe crenatiloba ...............17 

Astragalus michauxii .............17 

Athyrium angustum ..............78 

Atrichum altecristatum ...........105 

Atrichum cylindricum ............105 

Baccharis angustifolia ............78 

Baccharis glomeruliflora ..........17 

Bacopa caroliniana ..............17 

Bacopa innominata ..............17 

Bacopa rotundifolia ..........17, 121 

Balduina atropurpurea ...........17 

Baptisia alba ...................17 

Baptisia albescens ...............17 

Baptisia bracteata var. bracteata ....17 

Baptisia minor var. aberrans .......18 

Barbilophozia attenuata ..........109 

Barbilophozia barbata ............69 

128 

Barbilophozia hatcheri ............69 

Bartonia paniculata ssp. paniculata 

........................18, 122 

Bartonia verna ..................78 

Bartonia virginica ..............115 

Bazzania nudicaulis ..............69 

Bellibarbula recurva .............62 

Berberis canadensis ..............18 

Berchemia scandens .............115 

Betula cordifolia ................18 

Bidens coronata .................18 

Boechera laevigata var. 1 .....78, 122 

Boltonia asteroides ...............78 

Boltonia diffusa .................78 

Botrychium jenmanii .............18 

Botrychium lanceolatum var. 

angustisegmentum ...............18 

Botrychium lunarioides ...........52 

Botrychium matricariifolium .......18 

Botrychium multifidum ............18 

Botrychium oneidense ............18 

Botrychium simplex var. simplex ....18 

Boykinia aconitifolia .............78 

Brachelyma subulatum ...........105 

Brachydontium trichodes ..........62 

Brachyelytrum septentrionale ......18 

Brachymenium andersonii .........62 

Brachymenium systylium ..........62 

Brachythecium acuminatum var. 

cyrtophyllum ...................105 

Brachythecium plumosum ........105 

Brachythecium populeum ..........62 

Brachythecium reflexum ..........105 

Brachythecium rotaeanum .........62 

Brachythecium rutabulum ........105 

Brachythecium salebrosum .......106 

Brasenia schreberi ..............115 

Bromus ciliatus ..................18 

Bromus latiglumis ...............79 

Bromus nottowayanus ............79 

Brothera leana .................106 

Bruchia brevifolia ...............62 

Bruchia carolinae ................62 

Bruchia fusca ...................62 

Bruchia hallii ...................62 

Bryhnia novae-angliae ...........106 

Bryocrumia vivicolor .............62 

Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens ..62 

Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium . 62 

Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum . 106 

Bryoxiphium norvegicum ..........62 

Bryum riparium .................62 

Buchnera americana .............19 

Buckleya distichophylla ...........19 

Bulbostylis warei ................19 

Burmannia biflora ...............79 

Buxbaumia aphylla ..............63

Buxbaumia minakatae ............63 

Cacalia rugelia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 

Calamagrostis cainii .............19 

Calamagrostis canadensis .........19 

Calamagrostis porteri ............19 

Calamovilfa brevipilis ............79 

Callitriche terrestris ..............79 

Calopogon multiflorus ............19 

Calopogon tuberosus ............115 

Caltha palustris .................19 

Calycanthus floridus var. floridus ...79 

Calystegia catesbeiana ssp. sericata . 19 

Calystegia spithamaea ssp. 

purshiana ...............79, 122 

Camassia scilloides ..............19 

Campanula aparinoides ...........19 

Campanula rotundifolia ...........19 

Campanulastrum americanum .....115 

Campylium stellatum .............63 

Campylopus atrovirens var. cucullatifolius 

...............................63 

Campylopus carolinae ............63 

Campylopus oerstedianus .........63 

Campylopus paradoxus ...........63 

Canoparmelia amabilis ...........73 

Cardamine bulbosa .............115 

Cardamine clematitis .............19 

Cardamine dissecta ..............20 

Cardamine douglassii ............20 

Cardamine longii ................20 

Cardamine micranthera ...........20 

Cardamine rotundifolia ...........20 

Carex albursina .................79 

Carex arctata ...............20, 121 

Carex argyrantha ................20 

Carex baileyi ...............20, 121 

Carex barrattii ..................20 

Carex basiantha .............20, 124 

Carex biltmoreana ...............20 

Carex bromoides ssp. montana .....79 

Carex bushii ....................20 

Carex buxbaumii ................20 

Carex calcifugens ................20 

Carex canescens ssp. disjuncta .....20 

Carex careyana .................21 

Carex chapmanii ................79 

Carex cherokeensis ...............21 

Carex collinsii ..................79 

Carex communis var. amplisquama ..21 

Carex conoidea .................21 

Carex corrugata .................80 

Carex cristatella .................21 

Carex crus-corvi .................21 

Carex decomposita ...............21 

Carex deflexa ...................21 

Carex eburnea ..................21 

Carex echinata ssp. echinata .......80 

Carex emmonsii .................80 

Carex exilis .....................21 

Carex festucacea ................80 

Carex floridana .................80 

Carex gholsonii .................80 

Carex granularis ................80 

Carex hitchcockiana ..............21 

Carex hormathodes ..............21 

Carex hyalinolepis ...............80 

Carex impressinervia .............21 

Carex jamesii ...................21 

Carex lasiocarpa var. americana 21, 121 

Carex leavenworthii ..............80 

Carex leptonervia ................21 

Carex lucorum var. austrolucorum ..80 

Carex lupuliformis ...............22 

Carex lutea ...............3, 22, 116 

Carex manhartii .................80 

Carex meadii ...................22 

Carex misera ...................22 

Carex mitchelliana ...............80 

Carex oklahomensis ..............81 

Carex oligocarpa ................22 

Carex oligosperma ...............22 

Carex pedunculata ...............22 

Carex physorhyncha ......22, 121, 124 

Carex projecta ..................22 

Carex purpurifera ...............22 

Carex radfordii ..................22 

Carex reniformis ................22 

Carex roanensis .................22 

Carex ruthii ....................81 

Carex schweinitzii ...............22 

Carex socialis ...................22 

Carex sp. 2 .....................23 

Carex sp. 4 .....................23 

Carex sparganioides .............81 

Carex tenax ....................23 

Carex tenera ....................81 

Carex tetanica ..................23 

Carex torta ....................115 

Carex trichocarpa ...............23 

Carex trisperma .................23 

Carex turgescens ................81 

Carex utriculata .................23 

Carex verrucosa .................23 

Carex vesicaria .............23, 121 

Carex vestita ....................23 

Carex woodii ...................23 

Carya laciniosa .................23 

Carya myristiciformis .............23 

Castilleja coccinea ..............114 

Caulophyllum giganteum ..........23 

Celastrus scandens ...............23 

Celtis occidentalis ...............81 

Cephalozia connivens var. bifida ....69 

Cephalozia macrostachya ssp. 

australis .....................69 

Cephalozia pleniceps var. caroliniana 69 

Cephalozia pleniceps var. pleniceps . 69 

Cephaloziella hampeana ..........69 

129 

Cephaloziella massalongi ........109 

Cephaloziella obtusilobula ........109 

Cephaloziella spinicaulis ..........69 

Ceratophyllum australe. . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Ceratophyllum echinatum .........81 

Cetraria arenaria ................74 

Cetrelia cetrarioides .............74 

Chamaedaphne calyculata ........115 

Chamaelirium luteum ............112 

Chamaesyce bombensis .......24, 121 

Chamaesyce cordifolia ............24 

Chamerion platyphyllum ..........24 

Chasmanthium nitidum ...........24 

Chasmanthium sessiliflorum .......81 

Cheilanthes alabamensis ..........24 

Cheilolejeunea evansii ............69 

Cheilolejeunea myriantha .........70 

Cheilolejeunea rigidula ...........70 

Chelone cuthbertii ...............24 

Chelone obliqua .............24, 121 

Chenopodium foggii ..........24, 121 

Chenopodium simplex ............24 

Chiloscyphus appalachianus .......70 

Chiloscyphus muricatus ...........70 

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa .........24 

Chrysopogon pauciflorus ..........81 

Chrysopsis scabrella .............81 

Chrysopsis trichophylla ...........81 

Chrysosplenium americanum .......81 

Cimicifuga americana ...........112 

Cinna latifolia ..................81 

Cirriphyllum piliferum ............63 

Cirsium carolinianum ............24 

Cirsium lecontei .................24 

Cirsium nuttallii .............24, 121 

Cladina evansii ................111 

Cladium mariscoides .............24 

Cladonia psoromica ..........74, 116 

Cladrastis kentukea ..............81 

Cleistes bifaria ..................81 

Cleistes divaricata ...............82 

Cleistocarpidium palustre .........63 

Clematis catesbyana ..............82 

Clematis crispa .................115 

Clematis glaucophylla ............24 

Clematis occidentalis .............25 

Clematis ochroleuca .............114 

Clematis virginiana .............114 

Clinopodium georgianum ..........25 

Coeloglossum viride var. virescens ..25 

Coelorachis cylindrica ............25 

Coelorachis rugosa ..............82 

Collinsonia serotina ..............82 

Collinsonia tuberosa .............25 

Collinsonia verticillata ............25 

Cololejeunea ornata ..............70 

Comptonia peregrina ............114 

Conioselinum chinense ..........4, 25 

Coptis trifolia ssp. groenlandica ....25

Corallorhiza maculata ............82 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza ..........82 

Corallorhiza wisteriana ...........82 

Coreopsis delphiniifolia ...........82 

Coreopsis gladiata ..............115 

Coreopsis helianthoides ...........82 

Coreopsis latifolia ...............25 

Coreopsis pubescens var. robusta ...82 

Cornus alternifolia ..............115 

Cornus asperifolia ...............25 

Cornus racemosa ............25, 121 

Corydalis micrantha ssp. micrantha . 25 

Coscinodon cribrosus .............63 

Crataegus aestivalis ..............82 

Crataegus coccinea ..........25, 121 

Crataegus munda ............25, 121 

Crataegus pallens ........25, 116, 121 

Crataegus schuettei ..........82, 122 

Crataegus senta .............25, 121 

Crataegus spathulata .............83 

Crataegus succulenta .........26, 121 

Crinum americanum ..............26 

Croton monanthogynus ...........26 

Cryphaea nervosa ...............63 

Cryphaea ravenelii ..............106 

Cuscuta cephalanthi ..........26, 121 

Cuscuta coryli ..............26, 121 

Cylindrocolea andersonii .........109 

Cylindrocolea rhizantha ...........70 

Cymophyllus fraserianus ..........83 

Cyperus dentatus ................26 

Cyperus distans .................83 

Cyperus granitophilus ............26 

Cyperus houghtonii ..............26 

Cyperus lecontei .................26 

Cyperus squarrosus ..............83 

Cyperus tetragonus ..............26 

Cyperus virens ..................26 

Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum 

...............................26 

Cypripedium parviflorum var. 

pubescens ..................112 

Cypripedium reginae .............83 

Cyrto-hypnum pygmaeum .........63 

Cystopteris bulbifera .............83 

Cystopteris fragilis ...............26 

Cystopteris tennesseensis ..........26 

Cystopteris tenuis ................26 

Dalea pinnata ...................83 

Dalibarda repens ................26 

Danthonia epilis .................26 

Delphinium exaltatum ............27 

Delphinium tricorne .............114 

Dendrolycopodium 

dendroideum .........27, 121, 124 

Dendrolycopodium hickeyi .....83, 124 

Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. glauca ..27 

Desmodium fernaldii .............27 

Desmodium ochroleucum ..........27 

Desmodium pauciflorum ..........83 

Desmodium sessilifolium ..........27 

Diamorpha smallii ...............83 

Diarrhena americana .............27 

Dicentra cucullaria .............115 

Dicentra eximia .................27 

Dichanthelium annulum ...........27 

Dichanthelium boreale ............83 

Dichanthelium caerulescens ........27 

Dichanthelium dichotomum var. 

roanokense .....................83 

Dichanthelium erectifolium ........83 

Dichanthelium fusiforme ..........27 

Dichanthelium hirstii .............27 

Dichanthelium latifolium ..........83 

Dichanthelium linearifolium .......84 

Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. 

scribnerianum ..................84 

Dichanthelium ovale var. ovale .....84 

Dichanthelium sp. 2 ..............84 

Dichanthelium sp. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Dichanthelium sp. 9 ..............28 

Dichanthelium spretum ...........28 

Dichelyma capillaceum ...........63 

Dichodontium pellucidum .........63 

Dicranella rufescens .............63 

Dicranella varia .................63 

Dicranum fuscescens ............106 

Dicranum spurium ..............106 

Dicranum undulatum .............63 

Didiplis diandra .................28 

Didymodon fallax ................64 

Didymodon tophaceus ............64 

Diervilla rivularis ................28 

Dionaea muscipula ...............28 

Dioscorea villosa var. hirticaulis ....84 

Diphasiastrum tristachyum .......115 

Diplazium pycnocarpon ...........84 

Diplophyllum andrewsii ..........109 

Diplophyllum apiculatum var. 

taxifolioides .................70 

Diplophyllum obtusatum ..........70 

Diplophyllum taxifolium var. 

mucronatum .................70 

Diplophyllum taxifolium var. 

taxifolium .................109 

Dirca palustris ..................84 

Ditrichum ambiguum .............64 

Ditrichum rhynchostegium .........64 

Dodecatheon meadia var. meadia ...28 

Draba ramosissima ..............28 

Draba reptans ..................28 

Drepanolejeunea appalachiana .....70 

Drosera filiformis ................28 

Drosera rotundifolia ............114 

Dryopteris carthusiana ...........84 

Dryopteris cristata ...............84 

Dryopteris goldiana ..............84 

Dryopteris intermedia ...........115 

130 

Dryopteris ludoviciana ............84 

Dumortiera hirsuta ssp. nepalensis . 110 

Echinacea laevigata ..............28 

Echinacea pallida ...............84 

Echinacea purpurea ..............28 

Echinocystis lobata ..............85 

Echinodorus tenellus .............29 

Elatine americana ...............85 

Elatine minima ..................85 

Eleocharis atropurpurea ..........29 

Eleocharis cellulosa ..............29 

Eleocharis elongata ..............29 

Eleocharis engelmannii ...........85 

Eleocharis equisetoides ...........85 

Eleocharis erythropoda ...........85 

Eleocharis halophila .............29 

Eleocharis melanocarpa ..........85 

Eleocharis microcarpa ...........115 

Eleocharis montevidensis ..........29 

Eleocharis parvula ...........29, 121 

Eleocharis robbinsii ..............29 

Eleocharis rostellata .............29 

Eleocharis smallii ................85 

Eleocharis tricostata .............85 

Eleocharis vivipara ..............29 

Elodea canadensis ...............85 

Elodea nuttallii ..................85 

Elymus canadensis ...............85 

Elymus riparius .................85 

Elymus trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus29 

Elymus virginicus var. halophilus 29, 121 

Encalypta procera ...............64 

Enemion biternatum ..............29 

Entodon compressus ..............64 

Entodon concinnus ...............64 

Entodon sullivantii ...............64 

Entosthodon drummondii .........106 

Ephebe americana ...............74 

Ephebe lanata ..................74 

Ephebe solida ...................74 

Ephemerum cohaerens ............64 

Ephemerum spinulosum ..........106 

Epidendrum magnoliae .......29, 124 

Epilobium ciliatum ...............30 

Epilobium leptophyllum ...........85 

Eragrostis frankii ................85 

Eragrostis lugens ................85 

Erigenia bulbosa ................85 

Eriocaulon aquaticum ............30 

Eriocaulon compressum ..........115 

Eriocaulon decangulare ..........115 

Eriocaulon lineare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 

Eriocaulon parkeri ...............30 

Eriocaulon texense ...............30 

Eriogonum tomentosum ...........30 

Eriophorum virginicum ...........85 

Eryngium aquaticum var. ravenelii ..86 

Eryngium integrifolium ..........115 

Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum86

Erythrina herbacea ..............30 

Erythronium americanum ssp. 

americanum ....................86 

Eucladium verticillatum ...........64 

Euonymus atropurpureus ..........86 

Eupatorium altissimum ...........86 

Eupatorium anomalum ........30, 121 

Eupatorium godfreyanum ..........30 

Eupatorium incarnatum ...........30 

Eupatorium leptophyllum ..........30 

Eupatorium paludicola ...........30 

Eupatorium recurvans ............86 

Eupatorium resinosum ............30 

Eupatorium saltuense .........30, 121 

Eupatorium sessilifolium var. brittonianum 

...............................86 

Eupatorium steelei ...............86 

Euphorbia commutata ............31 

Euphorbia mercurialina ...........31 

Euphorbia purpurea ..............31 

Eurybia avita ...................31 

Eurybia mirabilis ................31 

Eurybia spectabilis ...............86 

Eurybia surculosa ...........86, 122 

Eustachys glauca ................31 

Euthamia graminifolia var. nuttallii . 86 

Eutrochium maculatum var. 

maculatum ...............86, 124 

Fabronia ciliaris var. polycarpa ...106 

Filipendula rubra ................31 

Fimbristylis perpusilla ............31 

Fissidens adianthoides ...........106 

Fissidens appalachensis ..........106 

Fissidens asplenioides ............64 

Fissidens elegans ...............107 

Fissidens exilis .................107 

Fissidens fontanus ..............107 

Fissidens hallianus ...............64 

Fissidens hallii ..................64 

Fissidens polypodioides ..........107 

Fissidens scalaris ................64 

Fontinalis flaccida ..............107 

Fontinalis sphagnifolia ...........64 

Fontinalis sullivantii ............107 

Fontinalis welchiana .............64 

Fothergilla major ................31 

Fragaria vesca ..................87 

Frangula caroliniana .............87 

Frasera caroliniensis .............31 

Frullania appalachiana ...........70 

Frullania donnellii ...............70 

Frullania oakesiana .............110 

Frullania plana ................110 

Fuirena scirpoidea ...............87 

Funaria serrata ................107 

Gaillardia aestivalis ..............31 

Galactia minor ..............87, 122 

Galactia mollis ..................31 

Galax urceolata ............112, 113 

Galium asprellum ................87 

Galium lanceolatum ..............87 

Gaultheria hispidula .............87 

Gaylussacia brachycera ...........31 

Gaylussacia dumosa ......87, 115, 116 

Gaylussacia dumosa var. 1 .......116 

Gaylussacia dumosa var. bigeloviana 87 

Gaylussacia nana ................31 

Gaylussacia orocola ..........31, 116 

Gelsemium rankinii ..............32 

Gentiana alba ...................32 

Gentiana austromontana ......32, 121 

Gentianopsis crinita ..............32 

Geum aleppicum .................32 

Geum geniculatum ...............32 

Geum laciniatum var. trichocarpum . 32 

Geum radiatum ..................32 

Gillenia stipulata ............32, 124 

Glandularia canadensis ...........87 

Glyceria laxa ...................32 

Glyceria nubigena ...............32 

Goodyera repens ................87 

Grammitis nimbata ...............32 

Gratiola aurea ..................32 

Gratiola ramosa .................32 

Grimmia longirostris .............64 

Grimmia olneyi .................107 

Gymnocarpium appalachianum .....32 

Gymnoderma lineare ...........3, 74 

Habenaria repens ................87 

Hackelia virginiana ..........33, 121 

Hasteola suaveolens ..............33 

Helenium brevifolium .............33 

Helenium pinnatifidum ............33 

Helenium vernale ................33 

Helianthemum bicknellii ..........33 

Helianthemum carolinianum .......33 

Helianthemum corymbosum ........33 

Helianthemum georgianum ........33 

Helianthemum nashii .............33 

Helianthemum propinquum ........33 

Helianthemum rosmarinifolium .....33 

Helianthus floridanus .............33 

Helianthus glaucophyllus ..........87 

Helianthus laevigatus .............34 

Helianthus longifolius ............87 

Helianthus occidentalis ...........34 

Helianthus schweinitzii ...........34 

Heliotropium curassavicum var. 

curassavicum ...................34 

Helodium paludosum ............107 

Helonias bullata .................34 

Herpetineuron toccoae ...........107 

Herzogiella turfacea ..............65 

Heteranthera multiflora ...........34 

Heteranthera reniformis ...........87 

Heterodermia appalachensis .......74 

Heteropogon melanocarpus ........87 

Heuchera caroliniana ............88 

131 

Heuchera hispida ............34, 121 

Heuchera longiflora ..............88 

Heuchera parviflora var. parviflora . 88 

Heuchera pubescens ..........34, 121 

Hexalectris spicata ...............34 

Hexastylis contracta ..............34 

Hexastylis lewisii ................88 

Hexastylis naniflora ..............34 

Hexastylis rhombiformis ...........34 

Hibiscus aculeatus ...............34 

Hibiscus coccineus ...............88 

Hierochloe odorata ..............34 

Homalia trichomanoides ..........65 

Homaliadelphus sharpii ...........65 

Hottonia inflata .................35 

Houstonia longifolia var. glabra ....35 

Houstonia montana ............3, 35 

Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa ...88 

Hudsonia montana ...........35, 116 

Hudsonia tomentosa ...........35, 37 

Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides ....88 

Humulus lupulus var. pubescens ....88 

Huperzia appalachiana ...........35 

Huperzia porophila ..............35 

Hydrangea cinerea ...............88 

Hydrastis canadensis .............35 

Hydrocotyle americana ...........88 

Hydrophyllum canadense .........115 

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum .......35 

Hydrophyllum virginianum .......115 

Hydrothyria venosa ..............74 

Hygroamblystegium fluviatile .....107 

Hygrohypnum closteri ............65 

Hylocomiastrum umbratum ........65 

Hymenocallis occidentalis .........35 

Hymenocallis pygmaea ...........35 

Hymenophyllum tayloriae .........35 

Hypericum adpressum ............35 

Hypericum 

brachyphyllum ....36, 121, 123, 124 

Hypericum buckleii ..............88 

Hypericum ellipticum .............88 

Hypericum fasciculatum ...........36 

Hypericum graveolens ............89 

Hypericum mitchellianum .........89 

Hypericum sp. 1 .............36, 116 

Hypericum suffruticosum ..........36 

Hypnum fauriei .................107 

Hypnum plicatulum .............108 

Hypnum pratense ................65 

Hypotrachyna sinuosa ............74 

Hypotrachyna virginica ...........74 

Hypoxis juncea ..................36 

Hypoxis rigida ..................36 

Hypoxis sessilis .................36 

Ilex ambigua ....................89 

Ilex amelanchier .................36 

Ilex cassine .....................89 

Ilex collina .....................36

Ilex longipes ....................36 

Ipomoea imperati ................36 

Ipomoea macrorhiza .............89 

Ipomoea pes-caprae ..............89 

Ipomopsis rubra .................89 

Iresine rhizomatosa ..............89 

Iris prismatica ..................36 

Isoetes hyemalis .................89 

Isoetes microvela ............36, 116 

Isoetes piedmontana ..............36 

Isoetes riparia ..................36 

Isoetes virginica .................37 

Isolepis carinata .............37, 121 

Isotria medeoloides ..............37 

Iva microcephala ................37 

Jeffersonia diphylla ..............37 

Juglans cinerea ................113 

Juncus articulatus ...........37, 121 

Juncus brachycarpus .............89 

Juncus brevicaudatus .............89 

Juncus caesariensis ..............37 

Juncus dudleyi ..............37, 121 

Juncus georgianus ...............89 

Juncus gymnocarpus .............89 

Juncus longii ...................89 

Juncus militaris .................37 

Juncus secundus .................90 

Juncus torreyi ...................90 

Juncus trifidus ..................37 

Juniperus communis var. depressa ...37 

Justicia americana ..............115 

Kalmia angustifolia ..........37, 121 

Kalmia carolina ................115 

Kalmia cuneata .................37 

Krigia biflora ...................90 

Krigia montana .................90 

Lachnocaulon anceps ............115 

Lachnocaulon minus .............37 

Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus ...90 

Lathyrus palustris ................90 

Lathyrus pusillus ................37 

Lathyrus venosus ................90 

Lechea maritima var. virginica .....37 

Lechea torreyi ..................37 

Leersia lenticularis ...............90 

Leiophyllum buxifolium ..........114 

Lejeunea bermudiana .............70 

Lejeunea blomquistii .............70 

Lejeunea cavifolia ...............70 

Lejeunea dimorphophylla ..........71 

Lejeunea glaucescens var. 

acrogyna ................71, 116 

Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima 38 

Leptodontium excelsum ...........65 

Leptodontium flexifolium ..........65 

Leptohymenium sharpii ...........65 

Leptoscyphus cuneifolius ..........71 

Leskea australis ................108 

Leskeella nervosa ................65 

Lespedeza angustifolia ...........115 

Liatris aspera ...................38 

Liatris helleri ...............38, 116 

Liatris microcephala .............38 

Liatris scariosa ..................90 

Liatris secunda ..................90 

Liatris squarrulosa ...............38 

Liatris turgida ..................38 

Lilaeopsis carolinensis ............38 

Lilium canadense ssp. canadense ....38 

Lilium canadense ssp. editorum .....38 

Lilium grayi ....................38 

Lilium philadelphicum var. 

philadelphicum ..................38 

Lilium pyrophilum .............3, 39 

Lilium sp. 1 .....................90 

Limosella australis ...............39 

Lindbergia brachyptera ...........65 

Lindera melissifolia ..............39 

Lindera subcoriacea ..............39 

Lindernia monticola ..............90 

Linum floridanum var. chrysocarpum 39 

Linum sulcatum var. sulcatum ......39 

Liparis loeselii ..................39 

Lipocarpha micrantha ............39 

Listera australis .................90 

Listera cordata ..................91 

Lithospermum canescens ..........39 

Litsea aestivalis .................39 

Lobaria scrobiculata .............74 

Lobelia boykinii .................39 

Lobelia sp. 1 ....................91 

Lonicera canadensis ..............39 

Lonicera flava ..................39 

Lophiola aurea ..................40 

Lopholejeunea muelleriana ........71 

Lophozia capitata ...............110 

Lophozia excisa .................71 

Lophozia heterocolpos ............71 

Lotus helleri ....................40 

Ludwigia alata ..................40 

Ludwigia brevipes ...............40 

Ludwigia lanceolata ..............40 

Ludwigia linifolia ................40 

Ludwigia ravenii ................40 

Ludwigia sphaerocarpa ...........40 

Ludwigia suffruticosa .............40 

Lupinus villosus .................91 

Luziola fluitans ..................40 

Luzula multiflora ................91 

Lycopodiella inundata ............40 

Lycopodiella prostrata ............91 

Lycopus amplectens ..............91 

Lycopus angustifolius .............41 

Lycopus cokeri ..................91 

Lysimachia asperulifolia ..........41 

Lysimachia fraseri ...............41 

Lysimachia hybrida ..............41 

Lysimachia loomisii ..............91 

132 

Lysimachia quadriflora ...........91 

Lysimachia tonsa ............41, 121 

Lythrum lanceolatum .............41 

Macbridea caroliniana ............41 

Macrocoma sullivantii ............65 

Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata 91 

Magnolia grandiflora .............91 

Magnolia macrophylla ............41 

Magnolia tripetala ..............114 

Magnolia virginiana ............115 

Malaxis bayardii ................41 

Malaxis spicata .................41 

Manfreda virginica ...............91 

Mannia californica ...............71 

Mannia triandra ................110 

Marshallia grandiflora ............41 

Marshallia sp. 1 .................41 

Marshallia trinervia ..............41 

Marsupella emarginata var. latiloba . 71 

Marsupella funckii ...............71 

Matelea decipiens ................41 

Matelea flavidula ................92 

Matelea obliqua .............41, 121 

Meehania cordata ...............42 

Megaceros aenigmaticus ..........73 

Melanelia stygia .................74 

Melanthium woodii ...............42 

Melica nitens ...................42 

Menyanthes trifoliata .............42 

Mertensia virginica ..............92 

Metzgeria furcata var. setigera ....110 

Metzgeria pubescens ............110 

Metzgeria temperata .............71 

Metzgeria uncigera .............110 

Metzgeria violacea ...............71 

Micromitrium megalosporum ......108 

Micromitrium synoicum ...........65 

Milium effusum ..................42 

Minuartia alabamensis ...........123 

Minuartia godfreyi ...............42 

Minuartia groenlandica ...........42 

Minuartia uniflora ...........42, 123 

Monarda media .................42 

Monotropsis odorata .............42 

Muhlenbergia glabriflora ..........42 

Muhlenbergia glomerata ..........42 

Muhlenbergia mexicana ...........92 

Muhlenbergia sobolifera ..........42 

Muhlenbergia sylvatica ...........92 

Muhlenbergia torreyana ..........42 

Mylia taylorii ...................71 

Myrica gale ....................42 

Myrica heterophylla .............115 

Myriophyllum laxum .............42 

Myriophyllum pinnatum .......43, 121 

Myriophyllum tenellum ...........43 

Najas gracillima .................92 

Nardia scalaris ssp. botryoidea . 71, 121 

Nardia scalaris ssp. scalaris .......71

Narthecium americanum ..........43 

Narthecium montanum ............43 

Neckera complanata ..............65 

Nelumbo lutea ..................92 

Nestronia umbellula ..............92 

Notothylas orbicularis var. 

pseudotemperata ...............110 

Nuphar sagittifolia ...............92 

Nymphoides cordata ..............92 

Ochrolechia yasudae ............111 

Oenothera perennis ..............43 

Oenothera riparia ...........43, 121 

Oldenlandia boscii ...............43 

Oligoneuron rigidum var. glabratum . 43 

Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum ...43 

Onosmodium virginianum .........92 

Ophioglossum crotalophoroides var. 

crotalophoroides ................92 

Ophioglossum nudicaule ..........93 

Ophioglossum petiolatum ..........93 

Oplismenus hirtellus ..........93, 124 

Orbexilum lupinellum .............93 

Orbexilum macrophyllum ......43, 116 

Orbexilum onobrychis ............43 

Orbexilum pedunculatum var. 

pedunculatum ...................93 

Orthodontium pellucens ...........66 

Orthotrichum exiguum ............66 

Orthotrichum keeverae ............66 

Orthotrichum obtusifolium .........66 

Orthotrichum strangulatum ........66 

Oxypolis canbyi ...............3, 43 

Oxypolis ternata .................93 

Pachysandra procumbens .........43 

Packera crawfordii ...............43 

Packera millefolium ..............43 

Packera obovata .................93 

Packera paupercula ..............43 

Packera plattensis ...............43 

Packera schweinitziana ...........44 

Palamocladium leskeoides .........66 

Panax quinquefolius ..............93 

Panax trifolius ..................93 

Panicum flexile ..................44 

Panicum hirstii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Panicum lithophilum .............44 

Panicum tenerum ............93, 123 

Pannaria conoplea ...............74 

Parietaria floridana ..............93 

Parietaria pensylvanica ...........93 

Parietaria praetermissa ...........44 

Parnassia caroliniana ............44 

Parnassia grandifolia ............44 

Paronychia argyrocoma ..........115 

Paronychia herniarioides ..........44 

Paronychia montana .............94 

Parthenium auriculatum ..........44 

Parthenium integrifolium var. mabryanum 

...............................94 

Paspalum bifidum ...............94 

Paspalum dissectum ..............44 

Paspalum fluitans ............44, 121 

Paspalum praecox ...............94 

Paspalum pubiflorum .............94 

Paspalum vaginatum .........44, 121 

Paxistima canbyi ................94 

Pedicularis lanceolata ............44 

Pediomelum canescens ............94 

Pellaea atropurpurea .........94, 114 

Pellaea wrightiana ...............44 

Pellia appalachiana .............110 

Peltandra sagittifolia .............45 

Penstemon smallii ...............94 

Persea borbonia .................94 

Persicaria amphibia ..........45, 124 

Persicaria hirsuta ............45, 124 

Phacelia covillei .................45 

Phacelia maculata ...............45 

Phalaris arundinacea ............115 

Phanopyrum gymnocarpon ....45, 121 

Phaseolus sinuatus ...............94 

Phegopteris connectilis ...........45 

Philadelphus hirsutus .............94 

Philadelphus inodorus ............95 

Philonotis cernua ............66, 124 

Philonotis longiseta .............108 

Philonotis marchica .............108 

Philonotis uncinata ..............66 

Phlox amplifolia .................95 

Phlox divaricata ssp. divaricata .....95 

Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii ......95 

Phlox subulata ..................45 

Physalis lanceolata ..............95 

Physcia pseudospeciosa ...........75 

Phytolacca rigida ................95 

Pieris floribunda ............95, 115 

Pilosium chlorophyllum ...........66 

Pinguicula caerulea .............114 

Pinguicula lutea .................45 

Pinguicula pumila ...............45 

Pinus strobus ..................115 

Pityopsis graminifolia var. 

graminifolia ..................45 

Plagiochasma intermedium ........71 

Plagiochasma wrightii ............72 

Plagiochila austinii ..............72 

Plagiochila caduciloba ...........72 

Plagiochila columbiana ..........110 

Plagiochila corniculata ...........72 

Plagiochila dubia ................72 

Plagiochila echinata .............72 

Plagiochila ludoviciana ...........72 

Plagiochila miradorensis var. 

miradorensis ....................72 

Plagiochila sharpii ...............72 

Plagiochila sullivantii var. spinigera . 72 

Plagiochila sullivantii var. sullivantii 72 

Plagiochila undata ..............110 

133 

Plagiochila virginica var. caroliniana 72 

Plagiochila virginica var. euryphylla 110 

Plagiochila virginica var. virginica ..73 

Plagiomnium carolinianum ........66 

Plagiomnium ellipticum ...........66 

Plagiomnium rostratum ...........66 

Plantago cordata ................45 

Plantago sparsiflora .............45 

Platanthera blephariglottis ........95 

Platanthera chapmanii ........95, 122 

Platanthera cristata .............115 

Platanthera flava var. herbiola .....45 

Platanthera grandiflora ...........46 

Platanthera integra ..............46 

Platanthera integrilabia ...........46 

Platanthera lacera ..............114 

Platanthera nivea ................46 

Platanthera peramoena ...........46 

Platismatia glauca ..............111 

Platydictya confervoides ..........66 

Platydictya subtilis ..............108 

Platyhypnidium pringlei ...........66 

Platyhypnidium riparioides ........66 

Pleea tenuifolia ................114 

Pleuridium sullivantii .............66 

Pleurochaete luteola .............66 

Poa nemoralis ..................95 

Poa paludigena .................46 

Poa palustris ...................46 

Poa saltuensis ..................46 

Pogonatum dentatum .............66 

Pogonia ophioglossoides .....114, 115 

Pohlia lescuriana ................67 

Pohlia longicollis ...............108 

Pohlia melanodon ...............67 

Polemonium reptans ..............46 

Polemonium reptans var. reptans ...46 

Polygala grandiflora .............46 

Polygala hookeri ................46 

Polygala nana ..................46 

Polygala senega .................46 

Polygonella americana ...........95 

Polygonella articulata ............47 

Polygonella gracilis ..........95, 119 

Polygonum erectum ..............95 

Polygonum glaucum ..............47 

Polygonum ramosissimum var. prolificum 

...............................96 

Polygonum tenue ................96 

Polymnia canadensis .............96 

Polytrichastrum alpinum ..........67 

Polytrichum appalachianum ......108 

Ponthieva racemosa ..............47 

Populus grandidentata ............96 

Porella japonica ssp. appalachiana . 110 

Porella wataugensis ..............73 

Porpidia cinereoatra ............111 

Porpidia diversa .................75 

Porpidia herteliana ..............75

Porpidia macrocarpa ............111 

Porpidia tuberculosa ............111 

Portulaca smallii ................47 

Potamogeton amplifolius ..........47 

Potamogeton confervoides .........47 

Potamogeton foliosus .............96 

Potamogeton illinoensis ...........47 

Potamogeton natans ..............47 

Potamogeton nodosus ............47 

Prenanthes alba .................47 

Prenanthes roanensis .........96, 123 

Prosartes maculata ..............96 

Prunus alleghaniensis ............96 

Prunus nigra ...................96 

Prunus pumila var. susquehanae ....47 

Prunus umbellata ................96 

Pseudognaphalium helleri .........47 

Pseudognaphalium micradenium 47, 124 

Psilotum nudum .................47 

Ptelea trifoliata .................96 

Pterigynandrum filiforme .........108 

Pteroglossaspis ecristata ..........48 

Ptilidium ciliare .................73 

Ptilidium pulcherrimum ..........110 

Ptilimnium ahlesii ...............48 

Ptilimnium costatum ..............48 

Ptilimnium nodosum ..............48 

Punctelia reddenda .............111 

Pycnanthemum clinopodioides ......96 

Pycnanthemum flexuosum ........115 

Pycnanthemum setosum ...........97 

Pycnanthemum torrei .............48 

Pycnanthemum virginianum ........48 

Pylaisiella polyantha ............108 

Pyrola americana ................97 

Pyrola elliptica ..................48 

Pyxidanthera barbulata var. brevifolia48 

Quercus austrina ................48 

Quercus bicolor .................97 

Quercus ilicifolia ................48 

Quercus imbricaria ..............97 

Quercus minima .................97 

Quercus muehlenbergii ...........97 

Quercus palustris ................97 

Quercus prinoides ...............48 

Quercus pumila .................97 

Racomitrium aciculare ............67 

Radula sullivantii ................73 

Radula tenax ..................111 

Radula voluta ...................73 

Ranunculus allegheniensis .........97 

Ranunculus ambigens .............48 

Ranunculus fascicularis ...........48 

Ranunculus flabellaris ............48 

Ranunculus hederaceus ...........48 

Ranunculus laxicaulis ............97 

Ranunculus micranthus ...........48 

Rauiella scita ..................108 

Reboulia hemisphaerica ssp. dioica . 111 

Rhabdoweisia crenulata ...........67 

Rhachithecium perpusillum ........67 

Rhexia aristosa ..................49 

Rhexia cubensis .................49 

Rhodiola rosea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 

Rhododendron catawbiense ...114, 115 

Rhododendron cumberlandense .....49 

Rhododendron minus ............114 

Rhododendron prinophyllum .......49 

Rhododendron vaseyi .........49, 116 

Rhus michauxii ..................49 

Rhynchospora alba ..............49 

Rhynchospora breviseta ...........49 

Rhynchospora careyana ...........97 

Rhynchospora cephalantha var. attenuata 

...............................97 

Rhynchospora chalarocephala .....115 

Rhynchospora crinipes ............49 

Rhynchospora decurrens ..........49 

Rhynchospora divergens ..........49 

Rhynchospora globularis var. 

pinetorum ...................49 

Rhynchospora gracilenta .........115 

Rhynchospora harperi ............49 

Rhynchospora inundata ...........97 

Rhynchospora leptocarpa .........98 

Rhynchospora macra .............50 

Rhynchospora macrostachya var. 

colpophila .....................98 

Rhynchospora microcarpa .........98 

Rhynchospora nitens .............98 

Rhynchospora odorata ............50 

Rhynchospora oligantha ......98, 123 

Rhynchospora pallida ............98 

Rhynchospora pleiantha ...........50 

Rhynchospora scirpoides ..........50 

Rhynchospora stenophylla .........98 

Rhynchospora thornei ............50 

Rhynchospora tracyi .............50 

Rhynchospora wrightiana .........98 

Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus .......67 

Rhytidium rugosum ..............67 

Riccardia jugata .................73 

Ricciocarpos natans .............111 

Robinia hartwegii ................50 

Robinia hispida var. fertilis ........50 

Robinia hispida var. kelseyi ........50 

Robinia hispida var. rosea .........98 

Robinia viscosa .................98 

Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus ........50 

Rudbeckia heliopsidis .............50 

Rudbeckia laciniata var. humilis ....98 

Rudbeckia triloba var. pinnatiloba ..50 

Rudbeckia triloba var. rupestris .....98 

Ruellia ciliosa ..................50 

Ruellia humilis ..................50 

Ruellia purshiana ................51 

Ruellia strepens .................51 

Rugelia nudicaulis ...............51 

134 

Rumex altissimus ................99 

Sabal palmetto ..................51 

Sabatia brachiata ...............115 

Sabatia campestris ...............99 

Sabatia capitata .................99 

Sabatia dodecandra ..........99, 119 

Sabatia kennedyana ..............51 

Sabatia quadrangula .............99 

Sageretia minutiflora .............51 

Sagina procumbens ..............99 

Sagittaria calycina var. spongiosa ...99 

Sagittaria chapmanii .........51, 124 

Sagittaria engelmanniana .........99 

Sagittaria fasciculata .............51 

Sagittaria isoetiformis ............51 

Sagittaria macrocarpa ............51 

Sagittaria platyphylla .............99 

Sagittaria stagnorum .............51 

Sagittaria weatherbiana ...........51 

Salix humilis ...................115 

Salvia azurea ...................51 

Sanguinaria canadensis ..........113 

Sarracenia flava ............113, 115 

Sarracenia jonesii ...............51 

Sarracenia minor ................52 

Sarracenia oreophila ...........3, 52 

Sarracenia purpurea ........113, 115 

Sarracenia purpurea ssp. venosa ...113 

Sarracenia rubra ssp. rubra .......113 

Saxifraga careyana ..............99 

Saxifraga caroliniana ............52 

Saxifraga micranthidifolia ........115 

Saxifraga pensylvanica ...........52 

Scapania mucronata .............73 

Schisandra glabra ...............52 

Schizachyrium littorale ...........99 

Schlotheimia lancifolia ............67 

Schoenolirion croceum ............99 

Schoenoplectus acutus ............52 

Schoenoplectus americanus ........99 

Schoenoplectus californicus ........99 

Schoenoplectus etuberculatus ......52 

Schoenoplectus subterminalis ......52 

Schwalbea americana ............52 

Scirpus divaricatus ...............99 

Scirpus flaccidifolius .............52 

Scirpus lineatus .................52 

Scirpus pendulus ................52 

Scleria baldwinii ................52 

Scleria georgiana ................52 

Scleria reticularis ................53 

Scleria sp. 1 ................53, 116 

Scleria verticillata ...............53 

Sclerolepis uniflora ..............99 

Scopelophila cataractae ...........67 

Scopelophila ligulata .............67 

Scutellaria arguta ...............53 

Scutellaria australis ..............53 

Scutellaria galericulata ...........53

Scutellaria leonardii ..............53 

Scutellaria nervosa ...............53 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. bracteata ....100 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. ovata .......100 

Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa ......100 

Scutellaria saxatilis ..............53 

Scutellaria serrata ..............100 

Sebastiania fruticosa .............53 

Sedum glaucophyllum ............53 

Sedum pusillum .................53 

Sedum rosea ....................53 

Senecio millefolium . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 43 

Senecio schweinitzianus . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

Senna hebecarpa ...............100 

Sesuvium maritimum .............53 

Sesuvium portulacastrum ..........53 

Seymeria pectinata ...............53 

Shortia galacifolia var. brevistyla53, 116 

Shortia galacifolia var. galacifolia ..54 

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata ..........100 

Sida elliottii ....................54 

Sideroxylon lycioides ............100 

Sideroxylon tenax ................54 

Silene caroliniana ssp. pensylvanica 100 

Silene ovata ....................54 

Silphium asteriscus var. laevicaule . 100 

Silphium connatum ...............54 

Silphium perfoliatum .............54 

Silphium terebinthinaceum .........54 

Sisyrinchium dichotomum .......3, 54 

Sium suave ....................115 

Smilax biltmoreana .............100 

Smilax hugeri ...................54 

Smilax lasioneura ................54 

Smilax laurifolia ................115 

Smilax pseudochina .............101 

Solanum pseudogracile ...........54 

Solidago arguta var. arguta .......101 

Solidago gracillima .............101 

Solidago lancifolia ..............101 

Solidago leavenworthii ............54 

Solidago patula var. strictula ......101 

Solidago plumosa ............54, 116 

Solidago ptarmicoides ............54 

Solidago puberula var. puberula ...101 

Solidago pulchra ...........101, 123 

Solidago radula .................55 

Solidago simulans ...............55 

Solidago spithamaea .............55 

Solidago squarrosa ..............55 

Solidago tarda .............101, 122 

Solidago tortifolia ...............55 

Solidago uliginosa ...............55 

Solidago ulmifolia ...........55, 121 

Solidago verna ..................55 

Solidago villosicarpa .........55, 116 

Sparganium chlorocarpum .........55 

Spartina pectinata ...............55 

Spergularia salina ..........101, 124 

Sphagnum angustifolium ..........67 

Sphagnum capillifolium ...........67 

Sphagnum contortum .............67 

Sphagnum cuspidatum ...........115 

Sphagnum fallax .................67 

Sphagnum fitzgeraldii ...........108 

Sphagnum flavicomans ............68 

Sphagnum flexuosum .............68 

Sphagnum fuscum ...............68 

Sphagnum henryense ............108 

Sphagnum macrophyllum var. floridanum 

..............................109 

Sphagnum pylaesii ...............68 

Sphagnum russowii ..............68 

Sphagnum squarrosum ............68 

Sphagnum strictum ..............115 

Sphagnum subsecundum ..........68 

Sphagnum tenellum ..............68 

Sphagnum tenerum ..............115 

Sphagnum torreyanum ............68 

Sphagnum warnstorfii ............68 

Sphenolobopsis pearsonii ..........73 

Sphenopholis intermedia .........101 

Spigelia marilandica .............55 

Spiraea alba ...................101 

Spiraea betulifolia ssp. corymbosa ..55 

Spiraea latifolia ................101 

Spiraea virginiana ...............55 

Spiranthes eatonii ...........56, 121 

Spiranthes floridana ..............56 

Spiranthes lacera var. lacera .......56 

Spiranthes laciniata ..............56 

Spiranthes longilabris ............56 

Spiranthes lucida ................56 

Spiranthes ochroleuca ............56 

Spirodela polyrrhiza .............101 

Splachnum pennsylvanicum ........68 

Sporobolus heterolepis ............56 

Sporobolus pinetorum ...........101 

Sporobolus teretifolius ............56 

Sporobolus virginicus .............56 

Stachys aspera .............102, 122 

Stachys clingmanii ...............56 

Stachys eplingii .................56 

Stachys hyssopifolia var. hyssopifolia 

..........................102, 122 

Stachys nuttallii .................56 

Stachys sp. 1 ....................56 

Stachys tenuifolia ............56, 121 

Stellaria alsine ..................56 

Stellaria corei ..................102 

Stenanthium gramineum ..........114 

Stenanthium robustum ............56 

Stewartia ovata .................56 

Sticta limbata ...................75 

Streptopus amplexifolius ..........57 

Streptopus roseus var. roseus ......102 

Stuckenia pectinata .............102 

Stylisma aquatica ................57 

135 

Stylisma pickeringii var. pickeringii ..57 

Symphyotrichum depauperatum .....57 

Symphyotrichum elliottii .....102, 122 

Symphyotrichum firmum .........102 

Symphyotrichum georgianum .......57 

Symphyotrichum laeve var. concinnum 57 

Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve ....57 

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. 

lanceolatum ...................102 

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae ....102 

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium .....57 

Symphyotrichum parviceps .........57 

Symphyotrichum rhiannon .....57, 116 

Symphyotrichum shortii ...........57 

Symplocarpus foetidus ...........115 

Synandra hispidula ..............57 

Syngonanthus flavidulus .........102 

Syrrhopodon incompletus ..........68 

Talinum mengesii ................57 

Taxiphyllum alternans ............68 

Taxiphyllum cuspidifolium .........68 

Taxus canadensis ................57 

Teloschistes flavicans .............75 

Tetragonotheca helianthoides .....102 

Tetrodontium brownianum .........68 

Thalictrum cooleyi ...............57 

Thalictrum macrostylum ..........58 

Thaspium pinnatifidum ...........58 

Thelypteris simulata ..............58 

Thermopsis fraxinifolia ...........58 

Thermopsis mollis ...............58 

Thermopsis villosa ..............102 

Thuidium allenii ................109 

Thuidium recognitum ............109 

Thuja occidentalis ..............102 

Tilia americana var. americana ....102 

Tofieldia glutinosa ...............58 

Torreyochloa pallida .............58 

Tortella flavovirens .............109 

Tortula ammonsiana .............68 

Tortula fragilis ..................68 

Tortula papillosa ................68 

Tortula plinthobia ...............68 

Toxicodendron vernix ............115 

Tradescantia virginiana ...........58 

Triadenum fraseri ............58, 122 

Triadenum tubulosum ............102 

Triadenum virginicum ...........115 

Trichomanes boschianum ..........58 

Trichomanes intricatum ..........102 

Trichomanes petersii .............58 

Trichophorum cespitosum .........58 

Trichostema brachiatum ..........59 

Trichostema setaceum ........59, 122 

Trichostema sp. 1 ................59 

Tridens ambiguus ................59 

Tridens carolinianus .............59 

Tridens chapmanii ...............59 

Tridens strictus ..................59

Trientalis borealis ...............59 

Trifolium carolinianum ...........59 

Trifolium reflexum ...........59, 122 

Trillium catesbaei ...............113 

Trillium cuneatum ..............113 

Trillium discolor .................59 

Trillium erectum ................113 

Trillium flexipes .................59 

Trillium grandiflorum ...........113 

Trillium luteum .................113 

Trillium pusillum var. ozarkanum 59, 124 

Trillium pusillum var. pusillum .....59 

Trillium pusillum var. virginianum ..60 

Trillium recurvatum ..............60 

Trillium rugelii .................103 

Trillium sessile ..................60 

Trillium simile ..................60 

Trillium undulatum .............113 

Triosteum angustifolium ..........103 

Triosteum aurantiacum ..........103 

Triphora trianthophora ..........103 

Trisetum spicatum ...............60 

Tritomaria exsectiformis ssp. exsectiformis 

...............................73 

Tsuga canadensis ...............115 

Tsuga caroliniana ..............113 

Typha domingensis ..............103 

Urtica chamaedryoides ...........60 

Usnea angulata .................75 

Utricularia cornuta ..............60 

Utricularia floridana .............60 

Utricularia foliosa ..............103 

Utricularia geminiscapa ..........60 

Utricularia macrorhiza ...........60 

Utricularia minor ................60 

Utricularia olivacea ..............60 

Utricularia resupinata ............60 

Utricularia subulata .............115 

Vaccinium hirsutum .............103 

Vaccinium macrocarpon ..........60 

Vaccinium virgatum ..............60 

Valerianella umbilicata ..........103 

Verbena riparia .................60 

Verbena scabra ................103 

Verbesina helianthoides ..........103 

Verbesina walteri ................61 

Veronica americana ..............61 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica ......103 

Veronicastrum virginicum ........103 

Vigna luteola ..................103 

Viola appalachiensis .............61 

Viola blanda ...................114 

Viola brittoniana ...............103 

Viola villosa ...................104 

Viola walteri ....................61 

Vittaria appalachiana ...........104 

Waldsteinia fragarioides var. fragarioides 

..............................104 

Waldsteinia lobata ...............61 

Warea cuneifolia ................61 

Warnstorfia fluitans ..............69 

Weissia ludoviciana ..............69 

Weissia muehlenbergiana ........109 

Weissia sharpii ..................69 

Woodsia appalachiana ............61 

Woodsia ilvensis .................61 

Xanthoparmelia monticola .........75 

Xerophyllum asphodeloides .......104 

Xyris brevifolia .............104, 123 

Xyris chapmanii .................61 

Xyris difformis var. floridana .......61 

Xyris flabelliformis ..............104 

Xyris iridifolia .................104 

Xyris jupicai ...................115 

Xyris scabrifolia .................61 

Xyris serotina ...................61 

Xyris smalliana .................104 

Xyris stricta ....................61 

Yucca aloifolia .................104 

Yucca flaccida .................104 

Yucca gloriosa ..................61 

Zannichellia palustris ............104 

Zanthoxylum americanum ........104 

Zephyranthes simpsonii ...........61 

Zigadenus elegans ssp. glaucus .....61 

Zigadenus leimanthoides ..........61 

Zizania aquatica ................104 

Zosterella dubia ................104 

Zygodon viridissimus var. apiculatus . 69 

Zygodon viridissimus var. rupestris . 109 

136

137

Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species - Rawlings ...

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