Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)

Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) 

As Biological Control Agents Of Pests 

A Bibliography 

Hassan Ghahari 

Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus, P. O. Box 

14515/775, Tehran – Iran; h_ghahhari@yahoo.com 

Preface 

The Ichneumonidae is one of the most species rich families of all organisms with an estimated 

60000 species in the world (Townes, 1969). Even so, many authorities regard this figure as an 

underestimate! (Gauld, 1991). An estimated 12100 species of Ichneumonidae occur in the 

Afrotropical region (Africa south of the Sahara and including Madagascar) (Townes & 

Townes, 1973), of which only 1927 have been described (Yu, 1998). This means that roughly 

16% of the afrotropical ichneumonids are known to science! These species comprise 338 

genera. The family Ichneumonidae is currently split into 37 subfamilies (including, 

Acaenitinae; Adelognathinae; Agriotypinae; Alomyinae; Anomaloninae; Banchinae; 

Brachycyrtinae; Campopleginae; Collyrinae; Cremastinae; Cryptinae; Ctenopelmatinae; 

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Diplazontinae; Eucerotinae; Ichneumoninae; Labeninae; Lycorininae; Mesochorinae; 

Metopiinae; Microleptinae; Neorhacodinae; Ophioninae; Orthopelmatinae; Orthocentrinae; 

Oxytorinae; Paxylomatinae; Phrudinae; Phygadeuontinae; Pimplinae; Rhyssinae; Stilbopinae; 

Tersilochinae; Tryphoninae; Xoridinae) (Yu, 1998). 

The Ichneumonidae, along with other groups of parasitic Hymenoptera, are supposedly no 

more species rich in the tropics than in the Northern Hemisphere temperate regions (Owen & 

Owen, 1974; Janzen, 1981; Janzen & Pond, 1975), although a number of hymenopteran 

families, for example the Chalcididae (Hespenheide, 1979) and Encyrtidae (Noyes 1989b) 

exhibit an increase in species richness with a decrease in latitude. Other hymenopteran taxa 

such as sawflies (Symphyta), gall-forming Cynipidae and bees (Apoidea) peak in species 

richness at mid or high latitudes (Michener 1979; Noyes 1989b; Kouki et al. 1994). 

Considerable debate has centred on the apparent species richness anomaly exhibited by a 

number of hymenopteran parasitoid taxa in the tropics (see Morrison et al. 1978; Gauld, 1991; 

Gauld & Gaston, 1994). 

Ichneumonids utilise a diverse array of insects and arachnids as their hosts and play an 

essential role in the normal functioning of most ecosystems, underlining the need to inventory 

their diversity. Ichneumonids have been used successfully as biocontrol agents and given the 

largely undocumented fauna there is a huge potential for their utilisation in managed 

biocontrol programmes (Gupta, 1991). Comprehensive quantitative biodiversity surveys will 

enable the identification of hotspots of species richness and endemism; essential base line 

data that will enable informed future conservation management decisions. 

Identifying characteristics for the family Ichneumonidae include: 

• Antennae apparently with 16 or more segments. 

• Hind trochanters 2-segmented. 

• Two recurrent veins. 

• Usually larger than braconids; quite variable in color. 

• Females often with long ovipositors. 

Additional information: 

• Species in the family Ichneumonidae are separated from those in Braconidae by 

having two, rather than one or zero recurrent veins. 

• Ichneumons are important internal parasitoids of other insects. Common hosts are 

larvae and pupae of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. 

A 

Bibliography on Ichneumonidae 

Abbas, M.S.T. (1988). Biological and ecological studies on Diadegma semiclausum Hellen 

(Hym.: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasite of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella 

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Umweltschutz 61 (1): 1 - 2. 

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Abbas, M.S.T., Abuo-Zeid, N.A. and Megahed, M.M. (1993). On the natural enemies of 

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Abdinbekova, A.A. and Mustafina, K.M. (1988). Characteristics of the biology and ecology 

of Hyposoter didymator Thund. (Ichneumonidae) - a parasitoid of the cotton moth 

Heliothis armigera Hb. (Noctuidae) in Azerbaidzhan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk 

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Hypsicera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique 

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