Important Trees of Haiti

BWAYO: 

IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI

I go from the woods into the cleared field: 

A place no human made, a place unmade 

By human greed, and to be made again. 

Where centuries of leaves once built by dying 

A deathless potency of light and stone 

And mold of all that grew and fell, the timeless 

Fell into time. The earth fled with the rain, 

The growth of fifty thousand years undone 

In a few careless seasons, stripped to rock 

And clay - a "new land," truly, that no race 

Was ever native to, but hungry mice 

And sparrows and the circling hawks, dry thorns 

And thistles sent by generosity 

Of new beginning. No Eden, this was 

A garden once, a good and perfect gift; 

Its possible abundance stood in it 

As it then stood. But now what it might be 

Must be foreseen, darkly, through many lives 

Thousands of years to make it what it was, 

Beginning now, in our few troubled days. 

Wendell Berry 

VIII, 1979

BWA YO: 

IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI 

Joel Timyan 

South-East Consortium for International Development 

1634 I Street, N. W, Suite 702 

Washington, D. C. 20006

© 1996 by South-East Consortium for International Development. 

All rights reserved. 

First Edition 

Printed in the United States ofAmerica 

ISBN: 0-9645449-0-3 

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-67100 

Poems from SABBATHS by Wendell Berry. © 1987 by Wendell Berry. Reprinted by 

permission ofNorth Point Press, a division ofFarrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. 

Figures 8.5, 12.8, and 14.6 from GID PEPINYERIS by Scott Josiah and Frantz 

Ewald. © 1989 by Pan American Development Foundation. Reprinted by permission 

of Pan American Development Foundation. 

This work was performed under USAID Contract No. 521-0217-C-0004-00. The 

author claims all responsibility for the accuracy ofthe information presented herein. 

The views expressed by the author are not necessarily those ofthe United States 

Agency for International Development, South-East Consortium fQr International 

Development, or Auburn University. 

Administration: SECID, 1634 I Street, N. W, Suite 702, Washington nc. 20006 

Title Bwa-yo is the shortened version ofpye bwa yo, the Creole word for "trees." 

Front cover A 12-year-old eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) planted during 

the Agroforestry Outreach Project near St. Michel de l'Attalye in 1983.

Foreword 

Acknowledgments 

Introduction 

Contents 

PART I: Important Trees of Haiti 

Wood Species 

1. Bayawonn 

2. Bwa PIe 

3. Bwa Soumi 

4. Chenn 

5. Fwenn 

6. Kajou Peyi...Kajou Etranje 

7. Palmis 

8. Sed 

9. Taveno 

Fruit Species 

10. Kokoye 

11. Mango 

12. Sitwon...Zoranj...Chadek 

13. Zaboka 

Recent Exotics 

14. Kasya 

15. Lisina...Delen 

16. Nim 

17. Piyon 

PART II: Technical Notes 

18. Pests and Diseases 

19. Wood Properties and Energy Values 

20. Medicinal Uses 

21. Biomass and Volume Tables 

22. Common and Scientific Names ofTrees 

23. Tree Proverbs 

References 

Index of Common and Scientific Tree Names 

v 

vi 

vii 

V111 

3 

13 

23 

29 

39 

47 

57 

63 

71 

79 

87 

95 

105 

111 

119 

133 

145 

155 

183 

207 

223 

231 

334 

336 

351

Foreword 

As part of USAID's continuing efforts to address environmental degradation in 

Haiti and in an effort to provide information on selected economically important tree 

species, the Office of Economic Growth of USAID/Haiti funded this book: Bwa Yo: 

Important Trees ofHaiti. 

Much of the information contained in this book has been a result of research and 

extension activities in agroforestry supported by USAID since 1981. Beginning with the 

Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1987), through the Agroforestry II (1988-1992) 

and presently, the Productive Land Use Systems (PLUS) Project, more than 63 million 

trees have been planted as part of developing environmentally-sound farming systems 

in Haiti. Today, over 250,000 farmers, approximately 35 percent of Haiti's small 

farmer's, are reaping the benefits of the trees they planted since 1981. Most significantly, 

this includes the conservation of fertile top soil and an increase in wood assets 

as a store of value. 

The efforts of several institutions are greatly appreciated for their contribution to 

the information contained in this book and their continued commitment to improving 

Haiti's productive natural resources base: the Ministry ofAgriculture Natural Resources 

and Rural Development (MARNDR), the South-East Consortium for International 

Development (SECID), Auburn University, International Resources Group (IRG), Pan 

American Development Foundation (PADF), CARE, World Bank, and FAO. 

It is our sincere hope that this book would ,serve as a valuable reference tool to all 

those concerned with the· critical role of trees in agricultural production and environmental 

management in Haiti. 

Hyatt Abdul Wahab 

Chief 

Office ofEconomic Growth 

US Agency for International Development/Haiti 

vi

Acknowledgments 

No book is ever the work of one person. A common interest about trees, shared by 

many people over the span of a decade, were involved in some way toward the creation 

of this book. The idea for the book was first suggested by Michelet Fontaine in ]992. 

We shared the same concern about the loss oftechnical information that so often accompanies 

the termination of projects in Haiti. This attempts to address part of that concern. 

I greatly appreciate the generous support, encouragement and patience of the staff 

of USAID, SEClD, Auburn University, PADF, and CARE throughout the writing period. 

Special thanks are extended to those individuals and institutions who cooperated in 

the collection of photographs, as listed below. Many suggestions and improvements 

were made as a result of the reviews by Dennis Shannon, Carl Campbell, Paul 

Campbell, William Theobald, Luc Raymond, and Susan Berstler. Last, but not least, I 

am indebted to the many Haitian farmers who shared with me a part of their world that 

extends way beyond the covers of this book. 

Photo Credits (The numbers refer to the figure numbers in the text, unless otherwise 

stated). 

Paul Campbell: 2.6-2.8,4.7,5.5,6.7,7.3,7.6,9.4, 13.4, 15.5-15.6, back cover (man 

with Colubrina arborescens tree, man harvesting Cocos nucifera, Simarouba berteroana, 

Crescentia cujute fruit, Roystonea borinquena crown shaft, woman with 

Catalpa longissima. 

Yvon Elie: 6.1,9.3,10.2-10.3,11.9, 12.1, 13.2, 13.5, 15.2, 16.5a-d. 

Andrew Henderson: 7.1, back cover (Copernicia berteroana crowns). 

Scott Josiah: 2.9, 4.4 inset, 8.5, 12.8-12.10, 13.1, 14.3-J4.5, 15.7, back cover (dead 

Cocos nucifera, Ceiba pentandra tree). 

PADF: 2.3,6.2,6.3,8.5,12.8,14.1 inset, 14.6, 15.1, l6.1 inset, 16.2, J6.4. 

Sam Reep: back cover (Altalea crassispatha). 

Kent Reid: 5.6. 

Paul Starr: 7.1 inset. 

Joel Timyan: Front cover, opposite poem # 1, 1.1-1.3, 1.7-1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 

3.1-3.3,3.5,4.1-4.6,4.7 inset, 4.9, 4.10, 5.1-5.4, 6.4-6.6, 6.11, 7.2,7.4,7.5,7.7, 

8.1-8.4,8.8,8.10,9.1,9.2,9.5,9.7,10.1, 10.5-10.8, Il.l-I 1.3, 11.5-11.7, 12.5, 

12.6,14.1,14.2, 14.8,15.3,15.4,15.11,16.1, 16.3, 16.8, 17.1-17.5, opposite Tree 

Proverbs, opposite poem # 2, back cover (Prosopis juliflora trees, Citrus maxima 

fruit, Guacicum officinale flower, Ficus sp. tree, Haematoxylon campechianum 

bark, Pseudophoenix vinifera tree, Cedrela odorata tree, Mangifera indica log, 

Spondias mombin tree, Melia azedarach flowers). 

14MI.) 

vii

Adaptability: Survival of a tree species requires a regeneration strategy and suitable 

site conditions. As the land becomes disturbed and no longer favorable for the regeneration 

of native species, it is common for more hardy, often exotic, species to dominate. 

Silvicultural interventions are often necessary to cultivate those species more sensitive 

to environmental change. These measures might include various modes ofartificial 

regeneration, site preparation and species mixing to manage light; nutrient and 

moisture factors. In the absence ofoutside assistance, making use ofthese interventions 

requires that the farmers sacrifice scarce resources that otherwise would be channeled 

toward more lucrative and immediate returns (e.g., goats, pigs, corn and beans). Given 

the resources and options available to rural Haitians, tree planting ofmany species, particularly 

those that require silvicultural inputs, is inadequate to meet the demands of 

both production and conservation. 

The ideal tree species for the Haitian farmer is one that "takes care ofitself" ([eve 

pou kal). Simarouba (Simarouba sp.) and royal palm (Roystonea borinquena) are good 

examples of such species. Fauna aid in the dispersal of seed ofboth species for regeneration 

away from the mother tree. Farmers transplant the volunteers or leave them 

eventually to replace harvested trees. Both species are adapted to a wide variety ofsoils 

and fill a range ofniches in local farming patterns with their excellent forms. As sites 

becomes more degraded, another group of tree species aids in restoring fertility. The 

more useful of these species are non-native to Haiti· and include mesquite (Prosopis 

juliflora), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata), neem (Azadirachta indica), 

and cassia (Senna siamea). These trees, filling the role ofpioneer species and being a 

component of improved fallows, are widely adapted, provide quick ground cover and 

arrest the processes that deteriorate the most important resource available to the Haitian 

farmer - the soil. 

Utility: Living on the production of a hectare of land allows little consideration for 

trees without immediate value to the household economy. Trees must provide myriad 

goods and services. A tree's failure to do so generally means its elimination, many times 

in favor of other agricultural activities, mainly grazing and land clearing for annual 

crops. 

Fruit trees, which provide a certain element offood security, as well as shade, fuelwood 

and lumber, are among the most important tree species. Mango (Mangifera indica), 

avocado (Persea americana), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and the Citrus group top the 

list. Next in importance are the species that provide construction material. Together, 

these form a key group that is surviving and playing a vital role in the peasant economy. 

They provide a basic level ofgoods and services, grow fast enough, tolerate a fair 

amount of disturbance, and are broadly adapted. The hope is that by better managing 

these few species, we can begin to learn what will be required to conserve the rest. 

Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis), the mangrove species, and the rare endemics are 

all worthy in their own right and are in critical need of a national management plan. 

Continued efforts to increase the productivity and value of tree products always will be 

a priority ifarboriculture is to remain a viable alternative to current patterns ofland use. 

ix

PART I 

IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI

Figure].1 A large P julilfora provides shade for a roadside market near Thomazeau.

1 Bayawonn· 

Species: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 

Family: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae 

Synonyms: Acacia cumanensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Algarobia juliflora (Sw.) 

Benth. ex Heynh., Mimosa juliflora Sw., M salinarum Vahl, Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) 

Raf., Prosopis bracteolata DC., P cumanensis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth, P 

dominguensis DC., P vidaliana Naves 

Common names: H - bayahonde (bayawonn), bayahonde fran

4 Bavawonn 

but have become dominated by Prosopis and Acacia as a result ofland use practices and 

changed soil conditions. Despite its reputation for adapting to a wide range of soils, the 

species performs poorly on extremely rocky sites where Acacia tortuosa and cactus 

grow. It is often the only tree species that can tolerate poorly drained, high pH (9.0+) 

sodic soils. The species is uncommon in Haitiat elevations higher than 400 m or in areas 

with annual rainfall amounts greater than 1000 mm. 

Tree Characteristics: Very large trees with heights of 15 m and trunk diameters greater 

than 1 m are found in Haiti. Most ofthe mature trees in Haiti have been pollarded, making 

it difficult to measure natural crown diameters. Crown widths have been measured 

up to 15 m. The tree is generally multi-stemmed, forking low when young (Fig. 1.2). 

Eventually, a single stem dominates, reinforced in practice as the inferior stems are harvested 

for firewood and small poles. Coppice stems grow faster and more erect, favoring 

a straight form that is ideal for construction material. On favorable sites, the tree is 

often seen to be spreading clusters of coppice and root suckers that regenerate for 

numerous harvesting cycles. The tree's shallow and deep root systems are both extensive. 

The common Creole name bayawonn is believed to be a corruption of the Spanish 

vaya hondo, which means" to go deep," a reference to the extraordinary root system. 

The main fruiting season of the species extends from May to November, though 

pods are available throughout the year. There are 20,000-35,000 seeds kg· l . During 

drought periods, the pods commonly are infested with insect larvae, particularly bruchid 

beetles. 

The heartwood is a dark red-brown that turns purplish upon exposure and contrasts 

sharply with the white sapwood. Durability is dependent on stem age; while the heartwood 

is durable, stem wood comprised mostly ofsapwood is highly susceptible to powder 

post beetles and decay fungi. The wood is moderately hard and heavy (sp. gr. 0.8) 

Figure 1.2 P juliflora stands are managed near the horne as livestock parks for shade, 

feed, fuel and construction wood.

Bayawonn S 

with calorific values ranging 15.7-17.1 megajoules kg- l at 14% moisture content 

(Maxwell, 1985; Timyan, 1987). 

Utilization: Mature stems of P juliflora are used as a source of beams, door and window 

frames, posts, and rai [ways ties in the dry areas of Haiti. Coppice stems generally 

are made into charcoal or used for light construction that does not require durability. 

The making of charcoal is the most lucrative method for converting young wood into a 

marketable product, because demand is generally steady and reliable, and the wood 

yields a high-grade charcoal (Fig. 1.3). Livestock relish the pods, which have a high 

sugar and protein content. Pod production during the winter drought, January to March, 

is an important mainstay for cattle; they should only be fed ripe, yellow pods as the 

green unripe ones are bitter and have little feed value. In areas of Peru, molasses and 

other confectionery products are made from the pods; dried pods have been ground into 

a meal as a dry land Dour and mixed with water as a beverage (Little and Wadsworth, 

1964). Options for the local production of concentrated poultry feed, largely comprised 

of dried ground pods, are being considered in northeastern Haiti as an industry. The 

proximate analysis ofP juliflora is shown in Table Ll. The tree is an important honey 

plant, with bees commonly being observed around the Dower clusters. 

Propagation: The species generally is raised from seed that requires scarification prior 

to sowlng. The simplest method for mass propagation is to immerse the seed in boiling 

water, stir it for one to two minutes in the hot water taken off the boil, and then soak it 

in cold water for 2-3 days. Nicking, filing, and sandpaper scarification of individual 

seeds is tedious, but is recommended for research accessions. 

Container volume is an important consideration for maximum early root development 

and survival under harsh environments. Decomposable fiber containers, 15 cm x 

Figure 1.3 P juliflora is valued as a source of charcoal in Haiti, commonly made from 

simple earthen kilns.

6 Bayawonn 

Table 1.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of P. juliflora, after Gohl(l975). 

COMPONENT CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE CARBO- ASH Ca P 

PROTEIN FIBER FAT HYDRATES 

Fresh leaves (Sudan) 19.0 ' 21.6 2.9 48.0 8.5 2.1 0.2 

Fresh flowers (Sudan) 21.0 15.5 3.2 50.3 10.0 1.0 0.4 

Pods (South Africa) 13.9 27.7 3.0 50.6 4.8 

Fruit pulp 7.7 12.0 0.6 77.4 2.3 

Seed (Sudan) 65.2 2.8 7.8 19.0 5.2 

Pod husks 4.3 54.3 0.6 37.4 3.4 

15 cm x 30 cm, have been used successfully on an experimental basis in Haiti (Dupuis, 

1986a; Lee et aI., 1992). The major drawback is the cost involved in preparing the deep 

holes properly to avoid J-rooting. Furthermore, complete weed control one season prior 

to field establishment is recommended to build up soil moisture reserves on arid sites. 

No serious pests are associated with the species in containerized nurseries (Josiah, 

1989). Two-year-old stumps, with basal diameters 1.5-2.5 cm and roots 25 cm long, 

also have been used in aridzones (Lamprecht, 1989). 

Vegetative methods for the species have been employed successfully in Haiti. A 

solar-powered mist system to root cuttings was experimented at Thomazeau with over 

90% rooting success (Wojtusik et aI., 1994). Grafting techniques have been successful 

utilizing a cleft graft with scion material selected and transported from Haiti to Texas 

(Wojtusik and Felker, 1993; Wojtusik et aI., 1993). The rootstock selected for grafting 

was R alba because of its vigor and influence on scion growth under greenhouse conditions 

in Texas. Five clones, selected for desirable traits, achieved a 100% success rate. 

Biomass Studies: Regression equations were determined to estimate the amount of 

total dry biomass, wood, and pole volume ofR juliflora as a function of stem diameter. 

One set of equations was developed from a sample of harvested trees at two sites near 

Cabaret and Ganthier (Ehrlich, 1985). A separate set of equations was determined for 

coppice stands near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1987). These equations are provided in Table 

1.2. 

Growth Performance: R juliflora has been tested in several trials throughout Haiti, in 

most cases being compared to other species. The slow initial growth, thorny nature, and 

prostrate form of the local variety have discouraged a wider selection of the species in 

trials. It appears that the tree devotes its early years to establishing an extensive root system 

with the aboveground portion ofbiomass developing slowly. Table 1.3 summarizes 

the growth parameters for this species in Haiti. The Oxford Forestry Institute trials were 

established with a variety originating in Honduras that survived and grew very poorly 

in Haiti, confirming the wide genetic variability found in the species. Figure 1.4 compares 

the height growth ofR juliflora across several sites in Haiti. Annual height increments 

do not exceed 0.8 m yr- 1 , even on the best sites and provenances. This level of 

growth amounts to very low yields ofwood for the estimates based on basal diameters 

and regression equations developed in Haiti. The values cited in Wojtusik et aI. (1993)

Bavawonn 7 

Table 1.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of P. juliflora in 

Haiti. 

COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION 1 R 2 

DIAMETER SITE 

RANGE (em) 

Total aboveground biomass 00408(DBH)2 0.97 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier 

Usable wood weight 0.304(DBH)2 0.99 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier 

Usable wood weight 0.195(sd)2 0.97 1.5-13.5 Cabaret & Ganthier 

Coppice biomass 0.158S(sd)/ + 0.163 0.97 2.4-18.3 Bon Repos 

Usable coppice wood weight 0.123S(sd)n 2 + 0.013 0.98 204-18.3 Bon Repos 

I DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. sd =Stump diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. n 

= Number of stems at 0.10 m above ground. 

for total biomass yields, corrected in Table 1.3 by a factor of 0.75 for estimated wood 

yields, are derived from regressions developed under different growing conditions and 

may be overestimates oflocal wood yields. 

Tree Improvement: The trial at Thomazeau is a genetic screening trial, established by 

Texas A & I University in 1987, and managed by the Convention Baptiste d'Haiti. A 

total of 70 Prosopis accessions, including 44 Haitian accessions, 12 Peruvian accessions, 

and several other Prosopis species from Nprth America, Chile, and Argentina are 

being assessed for economically important traits: biomass production, form and pod 

production. The early results indicate that the seed lots from Peru are a significant 

improvement in form, being more erect and achieving greater height growth than the 

Haitian accessions. Figures 1.5 and 1.6 compare the height and aboveground biomass 

growth ofthe top 15 accessions, which are dominated by the Peruvian accessions. The 

differences in the habit ofthe Haitian and introduced Peruvian types are significant (see 

Fig. 1.7 and Fig. 1.8). Among the Haitian selections, no geographic trends are evident 

in height or biomass yield, nor is there a significant correlation between the size ofthe 

parent tree and the growth rate of the progeny. Individual selections based on progeny 

testing would be appropriate for continued improvement ofthe local variety. The combination 

ofsuperior genetic quality and proper silvicultural management is necessary to 

develop trees for high-value wood production (Fig. 1.9). 

Table 1.3 Site and growth parameters of Prosopis juliflora trials in Haiti. Dry wood yields for 

the Thomazeau site were estimated from Wojtusik et al. (1993). 

SITE ELEVAnON ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.I. I 

(mm) (m) 

d 2 

M.A.I. 

(em) 

DRY WOOD 

YIELD 

(kg tree· I ) 

Nan Marron 450 600 3.3 28 0.2 0.2 0.1 

Mare Grand Bois 20 1200 3.5 58 0.6 

Bekin 100 1397 3.5 96 0.8 

Thomazeau (Peru) 25 970 3.8 89 0.8 

Thomazeau (Haiti) 25 970 3.8 94 0.6 

Fond-des-Blancs 250 1335 4.0 58 0.2 

Cabaret 80 900 6.9 72 0.3 

1 M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2d =Stem diameter at 0.3 m above ground level. 

0.9 1.9 

0.7 1.2 

5.0 

4.1 

0.2 0.1 

0.4 1.5

ACCESSIONS 

PERU 545 

PERU 552 

PERU 544 

HAITI 50 

PERU 559 

HAITI 44 

HAITI 26 

HAITI 32 

PERU 419 

HAITI 40 

PERU 537 

HAIT[ 30 

USA B2V50 

HAlT! [2 

HAITI [0 

HAmAN MEAN 

c:=J 27 MONTHS 

I 

Bayawonn 9 

_ 46MONTHS 

o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 

ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS (KG DRY WEIGHT) 

Figure 1.6 Aboveground biomass (kg) of the top 15 Prosopis accessions at Thomazeau 

after nearly 4 years. 95% confidence interval bars are indicated for comparison of total 

aboveground biomass means. Accession origins are reported in Lee et al. (1992). 

Figure 1.7 TypicaJ spreading habit of a 6-year-old Haitian P juliflora.

Bayawonn 11 

Figure 1.9 The graceful form of a superior specimen of P julijlora showing the potential 

for lumber.

Figure 2.1 C. arborescens is commonly planted near homes for shade and a source of 

lumber.

2 Bwa PIe 

Species: Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. 

Family: Rhamnaceae 

Synonyms: Ceonothus arborescens Mill., Colubrina colubrina Millsp., C. ferruginosa 

Brongn., Rhamnus colubrinus Jacq. 

Common Names: H - bois capable (bwa kapab), bois pele (bwa ple), bois de fer (bwa 

fe), bois de fer blanc (bwa fe blan), bois mabi (bwa mabi), capable (kapab), kapab gran 

fey, kapab ti fey, gri-gri, gri-gri sovaj, rougeole (roujiol ), RD - corazon de paloma, 

cuerno de buey; C - bijaguara, birijagua, fuego; J - black velvet, greenheart, mountain 

ebony, snake-wood, wild ebony; US - coffee colubrina, snake-bark. 

Importance: A Haitian species of choice for rural house construction, the form of C. 

arborescens fits perfectly in the mid- to upper-canopy layer oftraditional perennial gardens. 

The tree grows rapidly with an excellent form and yields a quick return of goods 

and services to the farmer. It is a popular shade tree that is easily propagated. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: At least 5 species of Colubrina occur on' 

Hispaniola (Liogier, 1982). C. arborescens, the most common species, has several varieties, 

giving rise to a proliferation ofcommon names used in Haiti. In tum, the common 

names have been used indiscriminately without careful taxonomic referencing. The 

popular large-leaf variety is known in Creole as bwa pte or bwa pete in the Cayes and 

Cap-HaYtien regions. Less utilized names are gri-gri, kapab granfey, bwa mabi and bwa 

fe . The small-leaf variety is known as bwa kapab, kapab, kapab ti fey, gri-gri sovaj or 

bwa fe blan. There is a less common long-leaf variety, occurring in the wet ravine cloud 

forests of the higher elevations. Several of the common names of C. arborescens also 

refer to C. elliptica (Sw.) Briz & Stern (syn: C. reclinata Brongn.) and Schaefferia 

frutescens Jacq. (Celastraceae). The latter species is also known as bwa kapab and is 

distinguished by smaller elliptical leaves 2.5-6 cm long and 0.8-2.0 cm wide, unisex-ual 

flowers, and an indehiscent red drupe 4-6 mm diameter. 

The varietal differences occur in tree size, leaf shape and branch. morphology. 

Differences in the seed are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Features ofthe large-leaf 

variety include: light green, thin, glabrous leaves 10-25 cm by 5-12 cm; puckered 

between recursive leaf veins; an open crown; and tree heights 20-25 m (Fig. 2.2). The 

small-leaf variety is distinguished by precocious fruiting, thicker dark green leaves 4-8 

cm by 2-4cm, twigs with a conspicuous reddish pubescence, a dense crown, and tree 

heights to 12 meters with stem diameters to 25 cm (Fig. 2.3). The less common longleafvariety 

has leaves up to 18.5 cm long by 5 cm wide with a short 1.5 cm petiole. The 

grayish-brown bark of C. arborescens cracks and peels as the tree matures, revealing 

lighter patches of new bark and giving the stem a mottled appearance. 

Distribution and Ecology: The small-leaf variety occurs on the shallow red and black 

soils overlying limestone rock of the dry coastal areas and certain parts of the upper 

Central Plateau. This variety is found at sea level to 300 m elevation in the wetter spectrum 

of the subtropical dry forest. Annual rainfall ranges from 800-1200 mm and is 

highly variable from year to year. The large-leaf variety is common to the low-elevation 

humid mountain regions of Haiti (elevations between 150-1000 m and receiving 

13

14 Billa Pie 

Figure 2.2 The large-leaf variety is distinguished by 

shiny, light green and thin leaves with puckered leaf 

veins. 

Figure 2.3 The small-leafvariety is noted for its prolific 

seeding and shiny, dark green leaves with a reddish 

pubescence on new growth. 

annual rainfall 1200-2000 mm) 

and the humid plains near sea 

level, located near Cayes and 

Cap-Ha"itien. These areas fall 

mostly within the subtropical 

humid forest zone. In several 

areas of Haiti, the natural range 

of the large-leaf variety overlaps 

with the range of the 

small-leaf variety, notably the 

mountain areas of southern 

Haiti and the Central Plateau. 

The long-leaf variety seems to 

be much rarer, definitely less 

cultivated, occurring in the lesspopulated 

higher and perhumid 

ranges along the southeastern 

and northern mountain 

chains. It is a canopy species of 

the broad-leaved forests above 

1000 m elevation and 2000 mm 

annual rainfall. 

Tree Characteristics: The 

large-leaf variety of C. 

arborescens grows to 26 m, 

with stem diameters averaging 

20-30 em and rarely larger than 

50 em. Stem form is straight 

with primary forks, if present, 

at two-thirds total tree height. 

The new growth of the horizontal 

branches is regularly spaced 

and sparse, projecting a light 

shade to understory crops. The 

average crown width:stem 

diameter ratio is 30, with crown 

closures of mature stem diameters 

occurring at 200 trees ha- I . 

The large-leaf variety is the 

preferred variety as a result of 

its greater merchantable height, 

faster growth, lighter shade, 

self-pruning and less weedy 

nature (Fig. 2.4). However, this 

advantage is less evident on the

Figure 2.4 The fast-growing, tall, straight, self-pruning 

stem of large-leaf varieties of C. arborescens is valued 

for beams and joists. 

Bwa Pie 1S 

drier, rocky sites of the lower 

el evations, particularly on 

the coastal and leeward 

slopes of mountain areas in 

Haiti. The leaves of C. 

arborescens are palatable to 

animals and damage IS 

extensive under free-grazing 

conditions. Basal sprouting 

occurs with the large-leaf 

variety in response to subhumid, 

droughty conditions 

(Fig. 2.5). This trait can be 

managed for mixed-aged 

stems by leaving a couple 

sprouts to develop in the 

shade of the main stem. 

The small-leaf variety 

rarely grows taller than 18 

m, limited by the harsher site 

conditions of its natural 

range. Stem diameters are 

generally less than 20 em. 

Adaptations to drierconditions 

are evident in the 

small-leaf variety, with its 

thicker leaves and heavier 

seeding. The crown is more 

compact than that of the 

large-leaf variety, with lateral 

branching occurring more frequently along the stem axis and extending further down 

the stem. Self-pruning is less evident and the shade cast by the crown is denser than the 

large-leaf variety. C. arborescens coppices when cut on short rotations. 

The heartwood is reddish-brown with a small proportion of lighter brown sapwood 

on mature stems. The wood is hard and heavy, with a specific gravity ranging from 

0.67--0.82 for samples taken from a 5-year-old stand in the Northwest. It seasons very 

hard so that sawing and nailing are difficult. 

The principal fruiting season of C. arborescens occurs from May tlU'ough July, with a 

smaller harvest from November through January. There are 50,000-65,000 seeds kg· l . 

Utilization: The most important use of C. arborescens is in house construction, where 

the timber is utilized in all parts of the structure (Fig. 2.6). Because the large-leaf variety 

provides one of the longest and straightest trunks ofany of the lowland tree species, 

it is prized for joists, beams, ridgepoles and supports. As soon as the tree becomes 

usable, after reaching a 10 em stem diameter, it generally is cut for building material, 

with few stems left to grow larger than 25 em. Smaller-diameter trees are worked in the

16 Bwa Pie 

Figure 2.5 Basal sprouting of C. arborescens is 

typical ofthe large-leaf varieties on droughty sites. 

round form, providing long, 

straight poles used in roofing 

timbers. The larger diameter 

stems usually are split in quarters 

or squared for use as construction 

material or sawn into planks (Fig. 

2.7). Posts are improved for durability 

by charcoaling the sapwood 

of the end that is buried in 

soil. The wood is used for rustic 

furniture and wood sculptures. 

A beverage derived from the 

astringent bark, containing various 

tannins, alkaloids and 

saponins, is used for medicinal 

purposes (Seaforth and Mohammed, 

1988). Bark tea is considered 

a diuretic; mixed with anise, 

nutmeg, mace and sugar, the tea 

is taken as an aphrodisiac. A 

decoction made from boiled 

wood and mixed with milk is 

used to build up blood, especially 

after childbirth (Altschul, 1973). 

The shade of C. arborescens 

is not deep, allowing for flexibil- 

Figure 2.6 C. arborescens is valued as a construction timber used for building houses 

in Haiti.

ity in the type of cash crops that can be 

grown in association with the tree. In field 

gardens, crops are grown right up to the 

base of the tree. Lateral branches are cut to 

control seasonal light demands, and to provide 

fodder and fuelwood. It is a common 

shade tree of the gardens grown near the 

home, particularly those associated with 

coffee and cocoa groves (Fig. 2.8). 

Propagation: C. arborescens is tricky to 

raise from seed. The hard seed coat inhibits 

germination, often giving erratic results in 

the nursery. The most common method to 

overcome seed dormancy is to immerse the 

seed in hot water and soak the seed for several 

days, changing the water daily (Josiah, 

1989). However, experimental data do not 

support this method as being the best one. 

Probably the most important aspect of propagating 

the species in a containerized system 

is to keep the germinating seed environment 

humid by placing shade cloth over the 

containers. Generally, the seed is sown in 

greater quantities to compensate for poor 

germination, with multiple emergents being 

transplanted or thinned. Seedlings ready for 

field planting require about 4 weeks in the 

shade and a total of 14 weeks in containers, 

such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Sunscald 

and overwatering are common problems 

associated with nursery culture. The species 

can be top-pruned prior to planting in the 

field. A virus is postulated to attack the 

species in the nursery (Josiah, 1989), causing 

leaves to exhibit mosaic-type symptoms, 

with a mottled appearance and curled, shriveled 

leaf margins (Fig. 2.9). Tourigny 

(J 987) proposed that the virus is transmitted 

by the citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, (B. 

de F), and that effective control of aphids 

might solve this problem. 

Barbour (1926) describes how Haitian 

farmers in the Cayes area " sow seed of a 

tree they call bois pete in wood lots behind 

their houses." However, in a detailed study 

Bwa Pie 17 

Figure 2.7 Lumber of C. arborescens is 

used in construction and furniture making. 

Figure 2.8 A stand of C. arborescens 

used as coffee shade and timber.

18 Bwa Pie 

oftraditional propagation methods in the Lascahobas area, sown seed accounts for only 

5% of the C. arborescens tallied (Campbell, 1994). More than two-thirds of the trees 

were volunteer, with an additional 16% that were transplanted volunteers. 

An attempt was made to graft and bud the species in 1988 by the Double Harvest 

nursery, but all attempts failed with the split, inverted-T bud and cleft methods. No 

knowledge of vegetative methods has been reported in Haiti. 

Seed Research: The hard seed coat inhibits germination. Scarification by nicking the 

small seed results in a 4-fold increase in total germination. However, this is not costeffective 

for bulk seed and most nurseries compensate for low and irregular germination 

by sowing extra quantities of seed for transplants. An experiment designed to test 

scarification procedures showed that immersion in 80° C water, followed by a 24-hour 

soak, significantly reduced seed germination, whereas soaking in cold water for 24 

hours had no effect. Furthermore, there was a poor correlation between laboratory germination 

tests and nursery emergence. No differences in germination were detected 

when ripe seed was harvested from the same orchard trees at 3-week intervals during 

the peak fruiting season (May to July). 

Planting Stock Quality: Various methods to establish C. arborescens in the field have 

been tested for their effect on survival and growth (Dupuis, 1986a; Reid, 1991). Direct 

seeding of the species has consistently failed in the field and can be recommended only 

ifseed is plentiful. Container types and potting mixes showed no effects on a fertile site 

near Port-au-Prince. However, seedlings raised in a polythene sack survived better on a 

drier, less fertile site than did the smaller-containerized seedlings raised in the 

Rootrainer or Winstrip. This difference was accounted for by the larger soil volume of 

the sack and a more well-developed seedling root system. 

Figure 2.9 Deformed leaves of a C. arborescens nursery seedl ing probably are caused 

by an aphid-borne virus.

Bwa Pie 19 

Biomass Studies: Ehrlich (1985) developed total and fuelwood biomass tables for C. 

arborescens, sampled from a stand oftrees located near Morne-a-Cabrit. The estimates 

are based on diameter-at-breast-height (DBH) and stump diameter measurements. 

Another set ofbiomass equations was developed on a drier site in the Northwest near 

Nan Marron in 1990. The 5-year-old stand had a narrow stem diameter range from 3-7 

cm. These equations estimate total and wood(> I cm) dry weights on the basis of stem 

diameters measured at 0.3 m above ground level. The set of equations for C. 

arborescens is given in Table 2.1. 

Table 2.1 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of C. arborescens 

in Haiti. 

COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION l R 2 DIAMETER SITE 

RANGE (CM) 

Total aboveground biomass 0.25(DBH)2 0.98 3.0-12.5 Morne-a-Cabrit 

Usable wood weight 0.204(DBH)2 0.98 3.0-12.5 Morne-a-Cabrit 

Total aboveground biomass 0.Q33hLd n 2 0.99 2.8-6.6 Nan Marron 

Usable wood weight 0.027hLdn 2 0.99 2.8--6.6 NaI).Marron 

1 DBH=Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. d =Stem diameter at 0.30 m above ground level, in em. h 

=Total tree height, in m. n =Number of stems at 0.30 m above ground level. 

Growth Performance: The oldest trials of C. arborescens were established by the FAO 

project in the mid-I 970s. Later in the 1980s, several trials were established by the 

USAID Agroforestry Outreach and AFII projects and the World Bank Projet Forestier 

National. Table 2.2 compiles the growth rates and yield information available for several 

of the trials. The species failed at the highest elevation site (Tranquille) as well as 

on the coastal sites that receive severe drought, such as Cabaret and Jean Rabel. 

However, Nan Marron is probably the driest site and the species is performing well, 

being thesame small-leafvariety that is common in the area. The Haut Camp and Lapila 

sites have an adequate rainfall distribution, but the soils are extremely shallow and 

rocky. In contrast, the fastest growth occurs on alluvial, lowland sites such as Fauche, 

near Grand Goave, and Roche Blanche, near Croix-des-Bouquets. Early height growth 

of 2.5 m yr- 1 has been observed. The O'Gorman trial, located only 5 Ian east ofRoche 

Blanche, is also an alluvial site, but with a combination ofless rainfall, poorer soils, and 

perhaps a poorly-adapted provenance. Moortele (1979) indicates that the source of the 

seed was from Grenier, a much higher (el. 800 m) and wetter location than the trial site. 

Figure 2.10 summarizes the height growth ofthe species in Haiti. 

Tree Improvement: There are distinct varieties in the species that are adapted to a wide 

range of growing conditions in Haiti. Farmers growing in moist and wetter sites prefer 

the taller and faster large-leaf variety for timber wood; the small-leaf variety is adapted 

.to shallow and rocky soils common to the dry regions ofHaiti under 1000 mm rainfall. 

The first priority in the improvement ofthis species was to focus on the large-leafvariety 

for the moist regions ofHaiti where the species is most developed as a timber tree. 

The establishment ofseed orchards is the surest method to guarantee the harvest ofpure 

large-leaf varieties and to achieve the uniformity in seedling performance that the 

farmer is seeking.

Bwa Pie 21 

expected that seed from such a wide genetic base shows a level of increased vigor. 

Continued germplasm work with C. arborescens should not neglect the small-leaf 

varieties for the drier regions where the species is under severe pressure from grazing 

and charcoal making activities. These varieties show adequate and steady growth, tolerating 

the severe droughts and rocky limestone sites common to these areas. 

4 

3 

2 

o 

HEIGHT (m) 

1.0 2.2 3.3 4.4 

TREE AGE (yr) 

A 

Family 

321 (Mersan) 

309 (Grande Plaine) 

308 (Belladere) 

310 (Source Crab) 

305 (Band Roche) 

306 (Paridon) 

304 (Band Roche) 

302 (Nan Roi) 

303 (Nan Roi) 

Figure 2.11 Comparison of height growth among C. arborescens half-sib families at 

Lapila, near Pignon. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 

p=O.05.

Figure 3.1 C. alliodora selected as a perennial garden species near Port SaJut.

3 Bwa Soumi 

Species: Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Oken. 

Family: Boraginaceae 

Synonyms: Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pavon, Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) 

Cham., C. geracanthus Jacq. 

Common Names: H - bois de rose (bwa woz), bois soumis (bwa soumi), chene caparo 

(chenn kapawo), chene franc (chennfran), chene noir (chenn nwa); RD - capa, capa de 

olor, capa de sabana, capa 0 laurel, capa prieto, guacimilla; C - varia, varia prieta, varia 

colorada, varia amirilla. 

Importance: This species is an ideal timber species for traditional agroforestry models 

utilizing multi-tiered perennial crops characteristic of the lakou garden. The natural 

form of the tree provides an excellent mix of shade, as well as valuable lumber, and 

should be considered as an integral component in coffee-growing regions of Haiti. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus Cordia includes some 200 species 

ranging from shrubs to large. trees (Liegel and Stead, 1990). Large differences in morphological 

and phenological features exist among varieties of C. alliodora and have created 

considerable taxonomic confusion. Two distinct races are recognized in Costa Rica. 

The distinguishing features of the tree are the whorled branches extending in horizontal 

layers from the main stem and the showy white flowers that cover the canopy during 

the dry season (Fig. 3.2). The flowers are clustered tightly in terminal branches, each 

flower with a tubular calyx that is 5-lobed and white, turning to brown. Leafblades are 

6.5-15 cm long, with the undersides finely hairy, extending from hairy petioles 9.5-19 

mm long. They smell like garlic when crushed. The terminal branches are swollen at the 

nodes. 

Distribution· and Ecology: This species is a native to Haiti, though it is common in 

restricted regions. The native range of the species covers the entire Caribbean area and 

extends from central Mexico to a broad belt across South America from Peru to Bolivia 

and Brazil (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). This extensive range includes an annual rainfall 

from 1000-4500 mm and 0-4 dry months. In Haiti, the species grows from sea level 

to about 600 m, mostly confined to the lower foothills of the moist subtropical forest 

(sensu Holdridge, 1967) and extending into the wet forest, where there is annual rainfall 

between 1200-2000 mm. It is common in southern Haiti, particularly along the 

southwest coast from Port Salut to Tiberon, and in the foothills extending west of the 

Chaine de Selle. Dr. Ekman collected plant specimens of the species in the Chaine de 

Mathieu on Morne-a-Cabrit in 1927. 

The soils where C. alliodora is found along the coastal regions are typically sandy 

and gravelly, commonly associated with ravines and river flood plains. The tree is adapted 

to a wide range of soils, including deep clayey and calcareous soils on gently rolling 

slopes, but it grows poorly on degraded sites and steep slopes. It naturally regenerates 

on abandoned fields and pastures. Seedlings have been found beneath 2- to 4-year-old 

stands at several sites where C. alliodora had been planted for the first time. 

23

Figure 3.3 C. alliodora grows tall and 

straight, with a self-pruning bole that is 

harvested for lumber. 

Bwa Soumi 25 

easily replace shade species such as Inga vera and Albizia saman with a more valuable 

harvest potential. The flowers of the tree are an important source of food for bees during 

the dry season. The seeds and leaves are used in home medicines, mostly for ailments 

related to throat infections and chest colds. A leaf decoction compress is applied 

to sores (Liogier, 1990). 

Propagation: Seedlings are raised from 

seed either as stumps, striplings, or in containers 

for field planting. The seed loses viability 

rapidly after several weeks unless it is 

properly stored at low moisture contents « 

10 % moisture content and 4-5 0 C). Seed is 

sown directly in containers and lightly covered 

with potting medium. Propagation in 

small containers, such as Rootrainers and 

Winstrips, require approximately 18-20 

weeks for seedlings to reach sufficient size 

for field planting. Shade is required for the 

first 3--4 weeks prior to full sun. No serious 

pests or diseases have been encountered 

with propagating the species from seed in 


Stump planting is a slower and less-utilized 

method, though cost saving, to propagate 

the species. Raised nursery beds are 

sown in rows 15 cm apart and thinned to a 

spacing of 15 cm x 15 cm. Stumps are prepared 

when root collar diameters reach 1 

cm; shoots are pruned to 5-10 cm and roots 

are pruned to 10-20 cm. Seedlings up to 3 

m tall have been balled and transplanted with 100% survival (Johnston and Morales, 

1972). Transplanting of volunteers from beneath select stands is another alternative that 

is utilized in Asia and Central America. 

Grafting methods are employed for clonal seed orchard stock:, with the side-veneer 

technique (Boshier and Mesen, 1987), though techniques are difficult and are not practiced 

for general purposes. 

Growth Performance: The species has failed at Cabaret and Terrier Rouge, both sites 

being too severe for the species with droughts extending 3-5 months. Table 3.1 summarizes 

the data that are available for the growth of this species in Haiti. Survival is 

mediocre, averaging 50-60%. After 3 years, annual growth in the Central Plateau can be 

considered marginal with annual height increments under a meter. In contrast, at low 

elevation sites with soils ranging from sandy loams (Berault, Fauche, Cazeau) to clayey 

loams (Pemel, Roche Blanche), annual height increments of 1.5-2.0 m are normal (Fig. 

3.4). Trees selected for superior traits at Cazeau, the oldest trial known to exist in Haiti, 

are averaging annual height and stem diameter increments of 2.3 m yr- I and 2.9 cm yr- I ,

Bwa Soumi 27 

resent a fairly narrow range of growing conditions in Haiti. This can be remedied only 

by testing the species on a wider range of sites, particularly in the higher-elevation coffee-growing 

areas. The tree is a natural shade/lumber candidate and should be tested 

with several agroforestry options and additional seed from advanced generations of the 

tree improvement program in Costa Rica. 

Figure 3.5 Differences in leaf retention and branching pattern are striking among C. 

alliodora provenances collected from its extensive native range.

Figure 4.1 A mature C. longissima, valued by Haitians for shade and lumber. Insetflowers 

of C. longissima.

4 Chenn 

Species: Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. 

Family: Bignonaceae 

Synonyms: Bignonia longissima Jacq., B. quercus Lam., Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) 

Sims, Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton 

Common Names: H - chene (chenn), bois chene (bwa chenn), chene hattien (chenn 

peyi), chene noir (chenn nwa), chenier; RD - roble, roble de olor; J - Jamaica-oak, mastwood, 

yokewood; PR - roble Dominicano, Haitian catalpa; US - Haitian oak; M - radegonde. 

Importance: C. longissima is one of the best-known lumber species in Haiti. Ask the 

Haitian fishermen what their boats are made of and the response is usually chenn. The 

superior wood quality and local demand for chenn are reflected in local lumber prices 

that are higher than the price ofthe renowned West Indies mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). 

The tree typically is distributed along the coastal and river plains, where farmers 

manage the species with important food crops such as plantains (Musa x paradisiaca) 

and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). The sparse crown does not compete with understory 

crops as with other tree species with denser shade. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The common name ofthis species is derived from 

the French and Spanish names for oak (Quercus: Fagaceae). The Catalpa genus is comprised 

of few species in Haiti, of which C. longissima is the largest in size. As is typical 

of other Catalpa members, the showy white flowers are bell-shaped with a faint 

pinkish tinge on the inside ofthe 5-10bed corolla (Fig. 4.1 inset). The tree is recognized 

immediately by an abundance of long, stringy pods, up to 40 cm long, that are light 

green turning to brown and twisting open to scatter hundreds of soft cottony seeds to 

the wind. The pods are persistent, hanging on the outside of the crown and giving it a 

stringy appearance. From a distance, the crown has a soft, bushy texture with slightly 

wavy branches forming a cylindrical canopy; Chenn nwa may refer to a darker heartwood 

variety or anyone of several Cordia species that exist in Haiti. 

Distribution and Ecology: C. longissima is native' to the islands of Hispaniola and 

Jamaica, but has become naturalized throughout the Caribbean as an ornamental and 

timber species (Adams, 1972). Natural stands of Haitian oak are most typically found 

near the coastal flood plains and alluvial fans of rivers, below an elevation of 250 m, 

that receive an annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm (Fig. 4.2). It tolerates seasonal flooding 

and it is common to see nearly pure stands ofthe species, as along the Ennery River 

near Passe Reine or in the valley of the Limbe river. As one travels into the mountains 

up to an elevation of 1000 m, the tree is found mostly as an occasional specimen of 

ravines and courtyards of Haitian homes, associated with other common species of the 

subtropical moist forest: mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea am'ericana), 

simarouba (Simarouba glauca), colubrina (Colubrina arborescens), mahogany 

(Swietenia mahagoni) and coconut (Cocos nucifera). 

The soils most commonly associated with Haitian oak are the calcareous alluvial 

deposits of sand, silt and gravel common to the coastal plains as well as the rivers and 

ravines that drain the mountains. Typically, these soils have a pH range of 7.0-8.2 and 

29

30 Chenn 

Figure 4.2 Stands of C. longissima are common along stream courses and river flood 

plains, as shown here near Baie-de-Henne. 

good drainage. Though Haitian oak is found on a wide range of sites, it performs poorly 

where the dry season drought is combined with shallow and rocky soils. It rarely is 

found in the lowland dry forest that is comprised mostly of the thorny Prosopis and 

Acacia species and becomes just as rare as one reaches 1000 m in elevation. It is shade 

intolerant. 

Average size-class distributions of the species, as cultivated by Haitian farmers, 

were studied in Lascahobas (Campbell, 1994). Less than 8% of the tallied stems were 

in the saw timber class, defined as having trunks larger than 25 em. Over half of the 

population were seedlings and saplings under 10 cm DBH. The balance of the population 

was in the I-2 pole merchantable class. 

Tree Characteristics: The juvenile form is often multi-stemmed and bushy, eventually 

developing into a single-stemmed tree with a narrow crown:DBH ratio. Dominant 

heights in Haiti reach up to 28 meters, with an average around 19 ill. Stem diameters 

of most of the mature trees in Haiti are between 25--40 cm, though individuals up to 80 

cm are sighted occasionally. Natural crown diameters spread to 18 m. However, Haitian 

oak growing in field gardens is pruned heavily and rarely does the crown exceed 6 m 

(Fig. 4.3). The traditional method of pruning the lateral branches keeps the crown narrow 

and is a common feature where the tree is associated with understory crops such as 

plantains, sweet potatoes, corn and beans. The tree tolerates pruning well, which not 

only allows more light and rainfall penetration, but provides fuelwood and aids in the 

development of the bole for lumber production.

Figure 4.3 C. longissima is typically pruned to 

allow more sunlight to reach understory crops and 

to increase its value as lumber. 

Chenn 31 

Haitian oak begins to flower 

at an early age, usually within 2 

years from seed. The flowers of 

the species range in color from 

white to pink. During the 

months of June, July and 

November, most trees are fruiting 

with long, stringy, cylindrical 

pods up to 40 em that split 

open and scatter hundreds of 

small brown seeds, 1 mm wide 

and 8 mm long, and enclosed 

with cotton-like fiber. 

Throughout the year, caterpillars 

and beetles attack mature 

trees sometimes causing serious 

defoliation. At other times of the 

year, mostly at the beginning of 

the rainy season, it is common to 

see juvenile trees defoliated by 

caterpillars, tortoise-shell beetles, 

and skeletonizers (Fig. 4.4). 

The wood exhibits hues of 

light gray to a darker nearcbocolate 

color. A local seed collector 

claims that the darkerwooded 

variety, sometimes 

known as chenn nwa (black 

oak), can be distinguished by the 

reddish hue of the maturing seed 

pod. The wood varies in density 

from 0.60 to 0.80 g/cm 3 with a 

straight grain that is easily 

worked (Longwood., 1962). 

Utilization: As a living tree, Haitian oak provides a light shade that is influenced in part 

by defoliation and is controlled further by pruning. As mentioned previously, an important 

byproduct ofpruning the tree is fuelwood. However, where the tree grows well, the 

primary importance of Haitian oak is for the production of lumber. It ranks second to 

mango as the main source of lumber in Haiti, though its wood is much more valuable. 

Haitian oak is the wood of choice for fishing boats (Fig. 4.5). As a furniture wood, it is 

favored over mahogany for its resistance to wood borers and for the natural grayishbrown, 

lustrous color of its heartwood. The color of the wood is not as age-sensitive as 

the color ofmahogany. Statues and woodcarvings made ofHaitian oak generally are left 

in their natural color (Fig. 4.6).

32 Chenn 

The poles commonly are 

harvested from coppice stems 

that sprout from mature stumps. 

In the urban areas of Port-au 

Prince, the poles are used mostly 

as supports for the pouring of 

concrete ceilings and building 

multi-story buildings. In the rural 

areas, the poles are used chiefly 

for house construction, both as 

vertical posts and horizontal 

beams and rafters. The leaves of 

Haitian oak are used in a decoction 

and taken orally for fevers, 

dysentery, hemorrhoids and respiratory 

problems (Weniger, 

1985; Rouzier, 1990). 

Propagation: Haitian oak is 

regenerated naturally by seed that 

is wind blown great distances 

from the mother tree. Volunteers 

left in place were the source of 

60% of the trees of known origin 

in the Lascahobas regIon 

(Campbell, 1994). The rest were 

volunteers that were transplanted 

to another location. In many 

areas of Haiti, farmers transplant 

volunteers to more secure and 

Figure 4.4 C. longissima is heavily attacked by a 

number of defoliating insects. Inset - Caterpillar 

feeding on C. longissima. 

fertile areas of their land and thus guarantee the eventual harvest of wood. After the 

mature tree is harvested, basal sprouts regenerate to provide a second, more valuable 

harvest (Fig. 4.7). Up to 20% of the C. longissima stems that one tallies on a farm is 

coppice. However, alternative means to propagating the species are numerous, the only 

limiting factors being the technical knowledge and input costs of the various options. 

Josiah (1989) summarized the methods of propagating Haitian oak utilizing containerized 

systems, such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Problems associated with raising 

Haitian oak seedlings in the nursery are I) variability in seed viability among seed 

lots and seasons, 2) seed predation in the nursery by ants, rats and mice, 3) occasional 

insect infestations of mites, caterpillars, aphids, leafminers and white fly, 4) occasional 

fungal diseases such as leafspot (Alternaria, Botrytis, and Cercospora), and anthracnose, 

caused by Colletotrichum (Runion et al., 1990). Seed germination rarely exceeds 

40% in the nursery. Factors that greatly affect the seed quality of Haitian oak are many, 

the most important being parent source, seed crop season and storage conditions. It is 

more critical to store the seed at low moisture content than at low temperature. Moisture 

content should be maintained between 5-7% (wet weight basis); storage temperatures

Figure 4.5 C. longissima is an important source of wood for boat building. 

between 4-19° C, the equivalent 

to the range between a 

refrigerator and an air-conditioned 

room, are adequate, provided 

that the seed is stored in 

air-tight containers. 

Vegetative techniques have 

been observed in Haiti, though 

the practice is not widely utilized. 

Campbell (1994) tallied 

only one tree that was established 

as a cutting by farmers 

in Lascahobas. Branch cuttings 

have rooted successfully at a 

CARE nursery near Barbe 

Pagnol. In another case, a 

farmer near Petit Goave 

demonstrated air-layering and 

stooling methods with the 

species. These methods were 

successful in propagating superior 

phenotypes. The advantages 

of vegetative methods are 

1) insured genetic superiority 

and uniformity, 2) low technological 

costs and 3) increased 

survival and growth of the 

propaguJe. Considering the 

Chenn 33 

Figure 4.6 The beauty and working ease of C. 

longissima is a favorite among Haitian wood carvers.

34 Chenn 

limited number of seedlings 

that the average Haitian farmer 

demands, vegetative propagation 

ofHaitian oak will be a distinct 

feature of this species' 

future in Haiti. 

Five grafting methods were 

experimented with C. longissima 

at Double Harvest in 

October, 1988. The methods 

utilized scion material collected 

from superior tree candidates 

and rootstock propagated in 10 

cm polythene bags. None of the 

grafting methods was successful. 

However, the experiment 

was not exhaustive and such 

factors as season, rootstock 

vigor and budwood quality were 

not studied. 

Biomass Studies: Ehrlich et al. 

(1986) developed biomass and 

volume tables for this species 

based on a stand of Haitian oak 

near Limbe that ranged in stem 

diameters from 2 to 20 cm. 

These tables are based on the 

allometric relationship between 

an easily measured parameter, 

Figure 4.7 C. longissima coppice, ready for second 

lumber harvest. Inset - Close up of coppicing 

stump. 

such as DBH, and biomass. These relationships are expressed in the equations provided 

in Table 4.1. 

Compared to species such as Leucaena leucocephala, the tree has low biomass 

coefficients, meaning that most of the wood is contained within a stocky single stem 

rather than in a heavily branched canopy. This attribute is one that makes C. longissima 

a favorite lumber species, especially if the tree is managed on a regular pruning cycle. 

No volume tables for lumber have been recorded for Haitian oak. 

Growth Performance: The tree grows moderately fast on freely-drained alluvial sites 

that receive at least 1000 mm annual rainfall. The best early growth of the species has 

been observed at the progeny trial near Laborde (Cayes) and the seed orchard at Roche 

Blanche (Croix-des-Bouquets), where average height increments of 1.2-1.4 my-I during 

the first 3 years and survival rates above 90% were recorded (Fig. 4.8). The oldest 

trial ofHaitian oak was established by FAO at Vaudreuil (Bihun, 1982). Average heights 

of2.5 m in 2 years, 6 m in 7 years and 7.5 m in 10 years were recorded at a survival rate 

of 65 %. However, Haitian oak performs poorly on sites where soils are extremely shal-

36 Chenn 

Table 4.2 Site and growth parameters of C. longissima trials in Haiti. 

SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT OBH' DRY WOOD 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.' M.A.!. YIELD 

(mm) (m) (elll) (kg tree") 

Lapila 350 1145 10 90 0.6 

Bombard 480 948 10 76 06 

Plaisance 360 1900 1.5 62 0.1 

Cazeau 30 1200 2.J 97 17 

Colin 650 1300 2.2 78 06 

Passe Catabois 120 987 2.2 65 0.8 

Grand Bassin 70 1300 2.3 40 0.4 

Crocra 30 1490 3.0 89 06 0.6 0.6 

Fauche 1436 3.0 39 10 J3 19 

HaUl Camp 180 2280 3.0 90 0.4 

Laborde 90 1875 3.0 99 1.4 1.9 5.2 

Marmol1r 280 1450 3.0 72 1.0 1.1 1.1 

Roche Blanche 2 130 1030 3.0 86 0.4 

Terrjer Rouge 20 J293 3.0 57 0.5 0.5 

Nan Manon 450 600 3.4 32 0.3 02 

Roche Blanche I 130 1030 5.0 96 12 2.2 20.0 

O'Gorman I 70 830 5.3 74 0.5 0.6 1.2 

O'Gonnon 2 70 830 5.3 89 0.5 0.4 0.1 

Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 65 0.8 0.9 14.7 

I .M.A.I. ::: Metln annual increment. 2 DBH::: Stem diameter at 1.3 III above ground level, in em. 

Figure 4.9 Pasture site before trial establishment...

Figure 4.10 ... and 4 years later, showing excellent 

growth of C. longissima. 

Chenn 37 

dates and established in a series of 

progeny trials and seedling seed 

orchards throughout Haiti. All 

progeny tests and orchards are comprised 

of open-pollinated stock. 

No maternal effects have been 

detected for 3-year survival and 

height growth. Within-family variation 

is as large as inter-family differences. 

For example, at the 

Laborde progeny trial near Cayes, a 

23% difference between the firstand 

last-ranked families in height 

growth (4.7 m v. 3.8 m) at 3 years 

was not significant. Survival likewise 

was the same across families, 

ranging from 96-100%. This finding 

directs further breeding strategies 

towards selection of individuals 

that can be vegetatively propagated 

and installed in second-generation 

orchards. 

The orchard of 55 half-sib families 

at Roche Blanche probably 

contains the broadest genetic base 

of C. longissima in its native range. 

The orchard began yielding seed in 

the second year. The photo in Fig. 4.4, taken at this orchard, shows the seasonal insect 

defoliation that often attacks the species when it is under drought stress. But it also 

underscores the worth of an investment to conserve a genetic diversity that can better 

cope with changes in pests and growing conditions of such an economically important 

tree species. Several periodic studies on the intensity of defoliation exhibited no family 

differences. However, the effect of annual attacks may be causing growth differences 

among families, with the top families showing superior vigor and an advantage of 

40-50% in height growth over 5 years. The 2 largest individuals in the orchard come 

from the same mother tree, a positive indication that improvement can be made in Haiti.

Figure 5.1 Farmers like S glauca growing in their fields because it grows tall, straight, 

and reaps good lumber.

5 Fwenn 

Species: Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. 

Family: Simaroubaceae 

Synonyms: Simarouba medicinalis Endl., S. officinalis Macfad., S. officinalis DC. 

Common names: H - bois frene (bwafwenn), bois blanc (bwa blan), d'olive (doliv), 

frene ifwenn); RD - daguilla, daguillo, juan primero, laguilla, olivio, palo amargo; C 

gavihin; J - bitter damson; G/M - acajou blanc; US - simarouba, princess tree; F - bois 

amer, quinquina d'Europe. 

Species: Simarouba berteroana Krug. and Urban 


Common names: H - bois frene (bwa fwenn), frene ifwenn), frene etranger ifwenn 

etranje); RD - aceituna, daguilla, juan primero, olivio. 

Importance: S. glauca is one ofthe major sources offast-growing, medium-grade lumber 

in Haiti. It is well adapted to the agricultural landscape, regenerating naturally 

beneath mango and other mature trees. The fast, straight growth and wide adaptability 

on shallow soils of Haiti's mountains combine to make this tree an attractive choice for 

agroforestry. The seed kernel is underutilized and has potential for supplying Haitains 

with a source of oil. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: There are 6 species of Simarouba in tropical 

America, two of which are native to Haiti (Liogier, 1985). The common S. glauca var. 

latifolia is easily distinguished from the less common S. berteroana by the leaves. Those 

of the former are dark, shiny green above, oblong, and often notched or smooth at the 

apex. S. berteroana leaves are a lighter dull green, lanceolate and have a prominent beak 

at the apex (Fig. 5.3 inset). A third Simarouba species, planted during the 1950s and 

1960s in the vicinity of Lake Peligre, probably was introduced from abroad. Locally 

known as doliv, it is distinguished from S. glauca by a smaller bivalved seed and young 

growth that is light green rather than reddish. It appears to have a shorter bole and a 

heavier crown. 

Fwenn is the Creole name derived from the French word for ash (Fraxinus: 

Oleaceae). Bwa blan is heard more often in the northern part ofHaiti, whereas fwenn is 

used for the species in the south. Where S. glauca co-exists with S. berteroana, the latter 

sometimes is referred to as fwenn etranje (foreign ash), though both are native to 

Haiti. The specimen identified as S. glauca (Ekman 3036), collected in 1925 by Dr. 

Ekman near Ganthier, is S. berteroana, as described by Liogier (1985). 

Distribution and Ecology: S. glauca is a common native of the Greater Antilles, 

Florida, Mexico and Central America. It is found mostly in Haiti as an associated 

species ofthe subtropical moist forest (sensu Holdridge, 1976), occurring from sea level 

to about 800 m. It shares the overstory position with the other common trees of the 

home and humid perennial gardens: mango (Mangifera indica), royal palm (Roystonea 

borinquena), avocado (Persea americana), plantain (Musa xparidisiaca) and as shade 

for coffee (Fig. 5.2). The species is found on the rocky, shallow calcareous soils of 

mountain slopes and ridges as well as on the deeper soils of the ravines and alluvial 

plains. 

39

40 Fwenn 

S. berteroana is endemic to Hispaniola and found scattered throughout the country 

at elevations 100-600 m. The range of the species overlaps with S. glauca in the wetter 

regions, though much less common, and extends into the drier zones which S. glauca 

does not prefer. 

S. glauca is shade tolerant and occurs as an understory tree, particularly under the 

canopy of large fruit trees where birds perch and deposit the seed. Birds relish the ripe 

drupes and play an important role in seed dispersal from March to July. The species does 

poorly on severely degraded sites and approaches the limits of its optimal range in 

regions ofI-laiti receiving less than 1200 mm annual rainfall. Stressed seedlings in these 

areas often are attacked by caterpillars and stem borers during the dry months. However, 

the bitter leaves are avoided by livestock, an advantage for seedlings that develop slowlyon 

tough sites. 

Tree Characteristics: A remarkable attribute of Simarouba is the straightness of the 

bole across sites varying widely in soil depth and quality. The tree develops a shallow 

root system that is well adapted to mountain soils. Mature trees of S. glauca attain 

heights of25-27 m and stem diameters of40-50 cm, often with a clear, cylindrical bole 

to 9 m. S. berteroana, being found frequently on less-fertile sites, rarely grows taller 

than 20 m with stem diameters ranging from 30--40 cm. The form is not as straight as 

S. glauca and tends to fork at lower heights (Fig. 5.3). The crown of both species is narrow, 

widths averaging 4-6 m, with a crown width:DBH ratio of 22-25. Boles clear of 

branches often extend to two-thirds total tree height and are managed by pruning the lateral 

branches. Pruning allows the 

flexibility to grow the tree as part of 

the upper story ofa perennial garden 

or in pure, dense stands of rak bwa 

(woodlot). The species coppices, 

though not vigorously. Approximately 

10% of the trees tallied by 

Campbell (1994) were coppice 

stems. 

At least 2 branch stories or 

whorls must be left when pruning S. 

glauca to avoid impairing growth 

rates (Lamprecht, 1989). Plantations 

have been reported to resist storms 

and drought and are favored over 

cashew (Anacardium occidentale) 

for such reasons in India (Satpathi, 

1984). 

The wood is light (sp. gr. 0.38) 

and soft with strength properties 

normal for a wood of its density. The 

creamy white color ofthe heartwood 

is barely distinguishable from the 

sapwood. It is commonly reported 

in Haiti and other Caribbean islands 

that the wood has a tendency to split 

Figure 5.2 S. glauca is managed with mixed 

annual and perennial food crops in the moist 

regions of Haiti.

Figure 5.3 S. berteroana, showing the 

typical habit of the species. Inset 

Slender and pointed leaf shape of S. 

berteroana 

Fwenn 41 

during sawing. Seasoning with prolonged weather exposure causes severe surface and 

end splitting. It exhibits variability in decay resistance, though it is generally considered 

low in resistance to decay fungi and highly susceptible to dry-wood termites and marine 

borers, contrary to a widely held beliefthat the characteristic bitter taste ofthe bark and 

wood impart a resistance to insects (Longwood, 1962). 

The plant is dioecious with both unisexual and bisexual flowers. The seed orchard 

at Roche Blanche began bearing seed at 3 

years, though full seed production is 

achieved at 6 years. Male trees made up 

approximately 40% of the population in a 

plantation established in India (Satpathi, 

1984). These were eliminated and replaced 

with bisexual plants for seed production. 

There are 1600-1800 seeds kg-I for S. glauca 

and 1100-1300 seeds kg-I for S. berteroana. 

Utilization: The moderate density, softness, 

and ease of working, make S. glauca a popular 

wood for house construction and common 

furniture of the Haitian farmer. The 

combination of fast growth, broad adaptibility, 

and ample natural regeneration provides 

an adequate supply for local wood industries 

in such regions as Maniche in the southwestern 

Haiti (Fig. 5.4). 

The wood generally is sawn into planks 

that are easy to work as a general utility 

wood. Certain staining fungi that attack the 

wood actually enhance its appearance for 

decorative uses. The wood industry in 

Central America uses the species in match 

manufacture, plywood core, veneer, wood chips and lumber. 

S. glauca yields an edible oil from its seeds. The aceituno fat also is used for soap 

production in India, where plantations have been established for commercial production. 

Methods for processing the seed to produce and refine the crude fat, as well as the 

physical and chemical characteristics of the aceituno oil, are given in Rath (1987). 

Armour (1959) mentions a toxin in the residual cake that is produced during the oilextraction 

process. 

All parts of the tree are used for medicinal purposes. The bark is taken as a decoction 

or tea for diarrhea and fever. Leaves are used for rheumatism or are applied in the 

form of a lotion for body pain, bruises or skin itch. The fruit is edible. During the flowering 

season, it is visited by swarms of bees and is considered an important honey plant. 

Propagation: S. glauca regenerates well under the deep shade of mango, where birds 

perch and drop the seed after eating the sweet pulp (Fig. 5.5). It also is dispersed by 

other small fauna that feed on the fruit. A lizard species (Ctenosaura similis) in Costa 

Rica has been observed to ingest the fruit and disperse intact seeds away from the mother 

trees (Traveset, 1990).

42 Fwenn 

Figure 5.4 Men sawing S. glauca in the Maniche area, where the species supplies a 

local lumber industry. 

For the most part, trees found in the Haitian landscape are regenerated naturally. 

However, farmers occasionally transplant volunteer seedlings or sow seeds in new locations. 

Nursery beds for stumps or bare-root seedlings are a recent development of agroforestry 

and forestry projects in Haiti (Fig. 5.6) and are better suited for local production 

of seedlings where natural regeneration is scarce. Stumps or balled seedlings are 

transplanted during the rainy season when root collar diameters reach 0.7-1.0 em. 

Vegetative techniques include air-layering, cuttings and grafting (Satpathi 1984; 

Armour, 1959). 

Special considerations are needed to propagate the species efficiently in containers. 

It is preferred to sow fresh seed, within a month following harvest, and prepare the seed 

by cracking the endocarp to overcome dormancy barriers. Emergents have a tendency 

to loop or lie on their sides. Sowing the seed on its side partially overcomes this problem; 

extra seed is sown in germination beds for replacing deformed seedlings. Young 

seedlings under shade are susceptible to root- and stem-rot diseases that should be controlled 

by proper watering and fungicide treatments. Sunsca1d is a problem when 

seedlings are placed in the sun directly from the shade. This problem is avoided if the 

seedlings are conditioned properly. Approximately 12 weeks are required to raise 

seedlings in the rigid cell containers, with the initial 4 weeks in the shade and the final 

month being hardened off (Josiah, 1989). 

Seed Research: Seed of this species exhibits dormancy as a result ofthe hard seed coat. 

Seed that are viable by the tetrazolium test fail to germinate. Furthermore, the high oil 

content of the seed causes the seed to lose viability after a couple of months when it is 

stored at ambient conditions. Drying to seed moisture contents below 10% and storing 

in air-tight containers improves seed longevity.

Fwenn 43 

Figure 5.5 Natural regeneration ofS. glauca under a harvested mango tree, where birds 

once perched and dropped seed after eating the sweet pulp. 

Seed-coat dormancy can be overcome by extracting the kernel from the endocarp 

or by cracking the endocarp prior to sowing (Timyan and Vaval, 1993). Both these treatments 

showed significant improvements in germination over the control, increasing 

total germination 2-fold in the nursery. Soaking the seed in either cold or hot (80 0 

C) 

water for 24 hours did not affect germination. However, height growth was slower for 

seedlings that germinated from the extracted kernels than for the other seed treatments. 

Growth Performance: Both species generally exhibit good to excellent survival, even 

on poor sites with shallow soils and drought periods extending to 4 months (e.g., 

Bombard and Lapila). However, the species are out of their range on low-elevation sites 

receiving less than J000 mm rainfall or sites above 900 m elevation (see Table 5.1 and 

Table 5.2). Annual stcm increments are slightly higher for S. glauca than S. berteroana, 

with the latter species exhibiting a more slender stem, less erect form, and branchier 

crown. 

Figure 5.6 S. glauca is propagated as bare-root seedlings in a CARE nursery.

44 Fwenn 

Height growth has never been observed to exceed 2 m yr- 1 for either species (see 

Fig. 5.7 and Fig. 5.8). The fastest growth has been measured at the Fauche site (1.8 m 

yr- 1 for S. glauca; 1.6 m yr- 1 for S. berteroana), with the average for the species close to 

a meter per year. The oldest trial at O'Gorman in the Cul-de-Sac plain was measured at 

9 years and showed a mean annual height increment of 0.5 m and stem-diameter increment 

of 0.6 cm for S. berteroana. S. glauca exhibited height increments of 0.7 m and 

stem-diameter increments of 0.6 cm in the same trial. However, the O'Gorman site is 

not typical of the growing conditions where S. glauca is commercially exploited for 

lumber. Fauche and La Jeune are typical sites where the native population is vigorous 

and the species is regarded as a valuable shade and timber species. These trials should 

be observed carefully to estimate the profitability of growing the species for timber. 

Tree Improvement: The selection ofS. glauca provenances for superior wood properties 

has been examined in Africa, based in part on seed collected in Haiti (Ergo and 

Deschamps, 1984). A great deal of heterogeneity was found among the seed sources 

throughout its native range in the Caribbean and Central America. Most variability was 

attributed to genetic differences, indicating the potential oftree improvement within the 

species. 

Between 1988 and 1991, a selection ofsuperior phenotypes was conducted in areas 

of Haiti where significant populations occur: La Jeune area of the Plateau Central, 

Maniche area ofthe southwest, the Grand-Anse, and areas ofBainet and Jacmel. A total 

of 79 plus trees were selected, ofwhich 35 trees were harvested for seed and propagated 

for establishment in seedling seed orchards, progeny trials, and arboreta. The same 

approach was employed for the endemic S. berteroana. Nine of 14 selected trees were 

harvested and established in orchards and progeny trials. Some of the orchards of the 

Table 5.1 Site and growth parameters of S. glauca var. latifolia trials in 


SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBUZ 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.l M.A.I. 

(mm) (m) (em) 

Laborde 2 90 1875 1.0 92 0.5 

La Jeune 400 1145 2.0 88 1.2 

Paillant 600 1300 2.0 69 0.4 

Tranquille 76-11 900 1450 2.9 41 0.2 

Bombard 480 948 3.0 75 0.8 0.8 

Fauche 1436 3.0 77 1.8 2.0 

HautCamp 180 2280 3.0 82 0:4 0.5 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 48 0.9 0.8 

Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 84 1.6 2.0 

Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 57 0.7 0.8 

Lapila 2 350 1145 3.2 52 0.7 0.9 

Lapi1a 1 350 1145 3.4 90 1.2 1.3 

a'Gorman 76-10 70 830 5.3 85 0.9 0.8 

a'Gorman 76-9 70 830 5.3 74 1.2 0.5 

a'Gorman 76-6 70 830 9.0 41 0.7 0.4 

Vaudreuil 75-1 55 830 10.0 53 1.0 1.2 

I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level.

Figure 6.1 A mature S. mahagoni shelters the courtyard of a rural residence.

48 Kajou Peyi...Kajou Etranje 

Figure 6.2 Five-parted seed capsules 

are a characteristic feature of Switetenia. 

The capsules ofS. macrophylla, 

shown here, are larger than those ofS. 

mahagoni. 

S. macrophylla occurs naturally from the 

Yucatan in Mexico to Brazil. It is a lowland 

species, most frequently found from sea level to 

450 m. 

In Haiti, S. mahagoni is common at elevations 

of 100-500 m, mostly inhabiting the drier 

hillsides where it is better adapted than the 

introduced S. macrophylla. Soils are mostly 

calcareous and annual rainfall ranges from 

800-2000 mm with a 2-3 month winter 

drought. The seed capsules fully ripen during 

the dry season, with the winged seed dispersed 

widely by the winds. 

Pure and dense stands ofthe species occur 

rarely, observed only in areas of the Plateau 

Central where the species is very common. 

Typically, the species is scattered as isolated 

trees across the agricultural landscape and 

occurs in remnant populations. In the drier 

habitats of the Northwest, commonly associated 

species are bwa blan (Phyllostylon 

brasilense), divi-divi (Caesalpinea coriaria), 

bwa kapab (Colubrina arborescens) and gayak 

(Guaiacum sp.). In the moist forest, associates are sed (Cedrela odorata), bwa doti 

(Petitia domingensis), chenn (Catalpa longissima) and bwa pIe (Colubrina 

arborescens). 

S. macrophylla was introduced into Haiti during the 1940s by SHADA 

(Societe Hai·tienne-Americaine pour le Developpement Agricole) at Bayeux, on the 

northern coast, and at Franklin, in the southwest (Fig. 6.3). Since that time, it has been 

Figure 6.3 One of the original S. macrophylla stands at Franklin, about 40 years after 

its introduction to Haiti.

Figure 6.4 S. mahagoni is deciduous in the 

drier regions of Haiti. 

Kajou Peyi ... Kajou Etranje 49 

distributed as roadside plantings and has been established in small private plantations in 

the Cap-Hai"tien and Jeremie areas. The species performs poorly on alkaline soils, particularly 

on the soft whitish limestone clays, locally known as tif, and on shallow rocky 

soils of the dry slopes and ridges. It prefers sheltered conditions and well-drained soils 

in areas of Haiti that receive more than 1800 mm annual rainfall and below 500 m elevation. 

Natural S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni hybrids are found in most areas where S. 

macrophylla has been introduced, notably in the Limbe/Riviere Sale region and Fonddes-Negres. 

Additionally, seed lots of the hybrid have been imported from Puerto Rico 

and St. Croix since 1989 and have been established in growth trials with both ofthe parent 

species. S. humilis occurs in scattered trials throughout the country and has been 

introduced to Haiti only since 1989. 

Tree Characteristics: The typical form of mature S. mahagoni has a short, buttressing 

trunk, up to I m diameter and 2-3 meters high, with a large, spherical crown, many 

heavy branches and dense shade. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, turning 

to a scaly dark reddish brown on large trees. Superior individuals have been selected 

with clear bole lengths up to 12 m. Maximum tree heights rarely exceed 24 m and average 

18 m with spreading crown diameters up to 15 m. Average crown:DBH ratio for 

this species is 22.4 (sd 2.74). The tree is deciduous where there are severe droughts, 

with a characteristic reddish flush of 

new leaves at the beginning of the 

rains (Fig. 6.4). 

The form of S. macrophylla is 

superior for lumber production, having 

a narrower crown and clear boles 

up to 16 m. Tree heights have been 

measured up to 30 m at Franklin, with 

stem diameters 40-60 cm, averaging 

an annual increment of I cm yr- 1 during 

the past 50 years. The crown of 

young trees is narrow; that of older 

trees becomes broad, dense, and highly 

branched. 

Wood properties of the two 

species differ. S. mahagoni is harder, 

with a heartwood that is brownish 

red, deepening with exposure and 

age. S. macrophylla is lighter pink 

brown, with a grain not as fine_ Both 

woods have similar density (0.5-0.8) 

with straight grain that is sometimes 

wavy, roey, and figured. The sapwood 

of both species is very susceptible to 

decay and insects. Many farmers and 

woodworkers in Haiti complain ofthe 

attack (pikin on juvenile S. mahagoni

Kajou Peyi... Kajou Etranje S1 

of the wood in turnery and sculpture. Much of the branchwood and crooked stems is 

converted to charcoal, particularly in the regions of Haiti isolated from the urban markets 

by poor roads. High-grade timber is used locally for window frames, doors, sills 

and interior woodwork, or is exported to the urban market. 

S. mahagoni is a medicinal plant throughout the Caribbean. The bark is considered 

an astringent and taken orally as a decoction for diarrhea, as a source of vitamins 

and iron, and as a medicine used to induce hemorrhage. When the bark is steeped 

to a red liquid, it is taken to clear blood, increase appetite, and regain strength in cases 

of tuberculosis (Ayensu, 1981). 

Farmers generally plant the species along the boundary of gardens or around 

the courtyard garden, where it provides deep shade. A widespread belief in Haiti is that 

S. mahagoni dries the soil and makes it "hot." This is particularly true in the drier 

regions where soil moisture is already marginal for adequate crop production. S. macrophylla 

does not suffer this reputation, being planted in regions of Haiti where rainfall is 

greater than 1500 mm and used as shade for coffee. 

Figure 6.7 Transplanting volunteer seedlings is the 

easiest method for establishing S. mahagoni at new 

locations. 

Propagation: Most farmers in 

Haiti who transplant seedlings 

do so from naturally-regenerated 

stock in the field (Fig. 

6.7). The species generally is 

propagated from seed for 

mass production of seedlings 

in containerized systems, such 

as the Winstrip and 

Rootrainer. Seed is sown 

shortly after harvest, considering 

the short viability of the 

seed under ambient conditions. 

Seed usually is prepared 

by breaking the seed 

wing to facilitate germination. 

The heavy part of the seed is 

planted into the soil with the 

top portion slightly exposed. 

Looping of the hypocotyl is a 

problem and these seedlings 

are replaced with transplants 

from a germination bed. Both 

species require about 18 

weeks to prepare seedlings for 

outplant, with the initial 3 

weeks in the shade and the 

final 4 weeks for hardening 

off. Sunscald is a problem if 

the seedlings are exposed

52 Kajou PeyieeeKajou Efranje 

directly to the sun from shade, requiring acclimation to full-sunlight conditions. 

Damping off and root-rot problems are the most serious nursery diseases and can be 

controlled by proper watering and fungicide treatments. The root plug ofthe species is 

loose and special precautions are required in lifting out the seedlings. 

Growth Performance: The growth data on S. mahagoni in Haiti are surprisingly 

sparse considering the widespread occurrence of the species (Table 6.1). It is more 

drought hardy than S. macrophylla (Table 6.2) and generally exhibits higher survival 

and growth on sites receiving less than 1000 mm rainfall. The trial at O'Gorman is typical 

of the performance of S. mahagoni in Table 6.1 compared to S. macrophylla in 

Table 6.2 on a dry site. Survival is 4-fold and mean annual diameter increments are 2fold. 

.Even height growth is faster for the more drought-tolerant native species. On 

favorable and wetter sites such as Fauche, growth ofS. macrophylla is rapid, achieving 

twice the annual height increments of S. mahagoni. Whereas S. macrophylla can 

achieve 2 m yr- 1 , S. mahagoni rarely grows faster than 1 m yr-l, even on sites where 

moisture and soil depth are not limiting. Figure 6.8 and Figure 6.9 compare the height 

Table 6.1 Site and growth parameters of S. mahagoni trials in Haiti. 

SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBH 2 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.1 M.A.I. 

(rom) (m) (em) 

Fauche 5 1436 3.0 84 1.4 1.4 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 71 1.2 1.2 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 44 1.0 0.9 

Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 48 1.1 1.2 

Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 71 0.6 0.3 

O'Gorman 70 830 9.0 85 0.6 0.6 

Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 89 0.8 1.1 

1M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. 

Table 6.2 Site and growth parameters of S. macrophylla trials in Haiti. 

SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBW 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.I. 1 M.A.I. 

(mm) (m) (em) 

Berault 25 1950 3.0 53 2.0 2.2 

Labordette 375 1350 3.0 44 0.6 1.0 

Fauch- 5 1436 3.0 47 2.2 2.1 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 32 1.4 1.5 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 44 1.0 1.0 

Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 30 1.0 1.0 

O'Gorman 70 830 5.3 22 0.4 0.3 

Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 75 1.0 1.2 

1M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em.

Kajou Pevi ... Kajou Etranje ss 

Figure 6.11 Comparison ofS. mahagoni (left) with a S. macrophyl/a x S. mahagoni 

hybrid (right) after three years of growth in the Cul-de-Sac Plain.

Figure 7.1 R. borinquena is an important source of food, fiber and construction material 

for rural populations in Haiti. Inset - The royal palm is displayed proudly in the 

Haitian coat of arms.

7 Palmis 

Species: Roystonea borinquena O. F. Cook 

Synonyms: Oreodoxa borinquena (O.F. Cook) Reasoner ex L.H. Bailey, Roystonea hispaniolana 

Bailey, R. hispaniolana f. altissima Moscoso, R. peregrina L. H. Bailey 

Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae) 

Common Names: H - palmiste (palmis), palmier royale; RD - palma, palma deyagua, 

palma real; US - Hispaniolan royal palm, Puerto· Rico royal palm, royal palm. 

Importance: This is one ofthe most useful trees in the moist lowlands of Haiti, providing 

a source of food for pigs, fiber for weaving and thatch, and construction material. 

Nearly every part ofR. borinquena can be utilized for domestic purposes or for sale 

in the market. The stately tree is a symbol ofpatrimony, and is positioned in the center 

of the Haitian flag (Fig. 7.1 inset). 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus is native to the Caribbean, and is named 

in honor of General Roy Stone (1835-1905), who served in Puerto Rico during the 

Spanish-American War. Bailey and Moore (1949) recognized 12 species, though there 

may be fewer than this when a revision of the genus is completed (Henderson et al. 

1990). The center ofdiversity for the genus is recognized as eastern Cuba (Zona, 1993). 

R. borinquena and R. hispaniolana, though often reported as distinct species, may 

be considered synonyms (S. Zona, personal communication). The palm is recognized 

by a smoothgray and solitary trunk up to 0.5 m diameter that is slightly swollen at midheight; 

a light green column ofleaf sheaths about 1.5 m high between the trunk and the 

crown of large pinnate leaves; leafblades about 2.5- 3.5 m long, with many paired pinnae 

0.4-0.6 m long, the youngest unfolded leafprojecting as a spire from the middle of 

the crown; male and female flower clusters at the base of the leaf sheaths; and light 

brown, slightly fleshy, elliptical fruits approximately 1 cm in diameter. 

Distribution and Ecology: R. borinquena occurs in Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Croix 

(Little and Wadsworth, 1964) and throughout the island of Hispaniola, from below sea 

level near Lake Enriquillo to about 1000 m elevation (Zanoni, 1991). It is found most 

frequently in the lower mountain areas beginning at 150 m, preferring the moist to wet 

forest regions that receive 1000-2000 mm annual rainfall. It does not occur in the dry 

limestone regions except near water .sources. The tree is abundant in the upper 

Artibonite watershed (Fig. 7.2). In one study of the courtyard gardens around 

Lascahobas, royal palm was the most common species, including all size classes, and 

ranked third behind mango and avocado in the number of mature trees over 25 cm stem 

diameter (Campbell, 1994). Though a dominant tree of the upper canopy layer in the 

gardens near rural residences, most ofthe population is distributed in favor ofthe juvenile-size 

classes that are not considered mature for timber harvest. The species is dispersed 

largely by farmers who harvest the fruit to feed pigs, but also by· birds and 

rodents. 

Tree Characteristics: Mature palms reach 20 m tall with crown diameters approaching 

5 ill (Fig. 7.3). The grayish smooth trunk has a slightly broad base that narrows 

before swelling some distance above. The evergreen crown has more than a dozen 

S7

S8 Palmis 

Figure 7.2 R. borinquena is particularly abundant in the lower elevations of the moist 

regions of Haiti. 

gracefully curved and spreading leaves that separate smoothly from the trunk after they 

die. Faint leaf scars at the nodes form a distinctive pattern along the trunk and are variably 

spaced according to growth rate and tree age. The tree flowers throughout the year. 

Utilization: The species is one of the most utilized tree species in the subtropical moist 

forest. It is planted as a stately ornamental in the urban residential areas. In the rural 

areas, the standing tree is often used to store grain. A hole is cut through the trunk at 

about 6 m above ground and corn is balanced on each end of a pole running through the 

hole (Fig. 7.4). This practice discourages rats from getting to the corn. As an important 

honey plant, the flowers attract bees that also make their hive in trunk segments prepared 

by farmers (Fig. 7.5). The fruit clusters are served to pigs that are often tethered 

at the base of the trunk or in deep shade (Fig. 7.6). When pigs are given fresh fruit, they 

eat the fleshy outer part and leave the kernel to dry for later consumption. The proximate 

analysis of Roystonea fruit from Cuba, on a dry weight basis, is as follows: 6.1 % 

crude protein, 23.6 % crude fiber, 26.6% crude fat, 39.4% carbohydrates, and 4.3% ash 

(G6hl, 1975). 

The palm generally is felled when the hard outer trunk is mature for lumber, about 

15-25 years of age (Campbell, 1994). Thin planks are hewn with a machete along the 

stem axis, about 10 cm wide and 4-6 m long, and are utilized mainly for roof lattice, 

flooring, and siding in the construction of houses and granaries (Fig. 7.7). The lumber 

is reportedly very susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites (Little and Wadsworth, 

1964). The palm cabbage (i.e., heart ofpalm) is wrapped carefully in the leafsheath and 

sold as a food item, particularly at Easter time. Leafsegments ofthe young furled fronds 

are used for weaving chair seats and hats. The dried sheaths (lash) of mature fronds, 

when pressed flat, are used as roofing and siding material and are readily sold in local

Palmis 59 

Figure 7.3 R. borinquena is planted for its majestic beauty as well as ils useful products.

60 Palmis 

markets as a cheaper substitute for corrugated 

tin sheets. The sheaths also are 

prepared for packing tobacco and 

molasses sugar (rapadou) or for insulating 

glass bottles. The leaf blades serve as 

thatch for graineries, outdoor kitchens, 

and field huts. The frond ribs are used as 

fuel. 

Propagation: The majority of seedlings 

are volunteers that are left to grow wherever 

they germinate. Seed dispersal is 

aided significantly by transporting the 

ripe seed to feed pigs and the almost continuous 

availability of fruit to wild animals. 

Very few seedlings are transplanted 

once they have germinated, though it 

is possible to transplant the tree even at 

very large sizes. Next in importance are 

those seedlings that are cultivated by 

sowing the seed in selected areas of the 

property. Very rarely is the tree propagated 

from seed in containers, except as an 

ornamental in the urban residential areas. 

Figure 7.4 R. borinquena is typically used 

for dry grain storage high and away from 

rats. 

Figure 7.5 A Roystonea grove provides an excellent site for an apiary, providing both 

hives made from the trunks and a source of nectar and pollen from flowers.

Palmis 61 

Seedlings are propagated easily from seed. The exocarp is removed from the kernel 

prior to sowing. Germination takes 2-4 weeks under constantly moist conditions. 

Good drainage is necessary to keep the seed from rotting. 

Figure 7.6 The fruit ofR. borinquena is a valued source of food for pigs and birds that 

act as important dispersal agents for regeneration to new sites. 

Figure 7.7 R. borinquena is an important source of construction material for granaries 

and houses, particularly in the Central Plateau.

Figure 8.1 C. odorata planted in a typical residential setting in Bombardopolis.

8 Sed 

Species: Cedrela odorata L. 

Family: Meliaceae 

Synonyms: Cedrela dugessii Watson, C. glaziovii C. DC., C. guianensis Adr. Juss., C. 

mexicana M.1. Roemer, C. occidentalis C. DC., C. pavaguariensis Martius, C. sintenisii 

DC., C. velloziana MJ. Roemer., Surenus brownei Ktze. 

Common Names: H - acajou a planches (kajou planch), acajou femelle (kajoufemel), 

cedre (sed), cedre blanc (sed blan), cedre espagnol (sed panyol), cedre rouge; C, RD, 

PR - cedro, cedro del pais, cedrohembra, cedro macho; PR - Spanish cedar. 

Importance: Cedrela odorata is prized for its valuable aromatic wood. In Haiti, as 

elsewhere in the tropical America, the species is exploited heavily for domestic use or 

for sale in the urban market. The tree provides a wide variety ofproducts and services, 

making it a good choice for traditional perennial-orientedcropping systems. Because of 

the value ofthe wood, local populations have been reduced severely. Optimal conditions 

necessary for natural regeneration are deteriorating, thus adding importance to continued 

efforts in provenance testing and genetic conservation ofthe species in Haiti. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus Cedrela has involved several systematic 

revisions, causing some confusion in the taxonomy of C. odorata L. Styles (1981) 

reduced the number of species within the genus to 7 and considers 28 other named 

species, including C. mexicana M. 1. Roem., as C. odorata. Naturally, there is a significant 

amount of population variation in the species, with differences expressed in the 

bark, foliage and wood. The common native variety is close in appearance to the provenances 

imported from Colombia and Costa Rica and is distinguished as sed wouj (red 

cedar). Characteristic features include a rough fissured bark, reddish-green color ofnew 

growth, and sessile leaflets. In contrast, the provenances from Honduras, Belize and 

Guatemala exhibit a light green color ofnew growth, smoother bark, larger leaflets with 

petioles, and varying degrees ofpubescence. Mature trees of this variety are less common 

in Haiti and are known as sed blan (white cedar). Both varieties have alternate 

leaves, about 20-60 em long, consisting of 8-20 pairs of elliptical leaflets. The inconspicuous 

flowers are 4-parted, greenish-white, and about 10-16 mm across. Seeds are 

borne in a reddish-brown capsule, are nearly round with light-colored dots, 16-20 mm 

in diameter, and split into four parts to release 30--40 winged seeds. Tree parts give off 

a bitter, characteristic scent that smells like garlic (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). 

Distribution and Ecology: The natural distribution ofthe species extends from Mexico 

and the Caribbean to Argentina (Longwood, 1962; Smith, 1965). Optimum growth conditions 

for the species are found in the moist forest, with annual precipitation of 

1200-1800 mm and 4-5 dry months. The majority ofthe remnant population in Haiti is 

located in the mountain elevations extending from 200-800 m elevation and over 1500 

mm rainfall. However, scattered native populations have been located in drier habitats, 

such as Bombardopolis (900 mm rainfall) and on coastal plains of wetter locations, 

including the Plaine du Nord, Cayes, Petit-Goave, Arcahaie and Anse-a-Veaux regions. 

The tree usually is seen isolated among other tree species of the subtropical moist forest, 

occuring near ravines and courtyard gardens. Occasionally, stands of C. odorata are 

found as shade for coffee groves. 

63

64 Sid 

The species is not demanding of soil nutrients, tolerating soils high in calcium, 

though exacting in its soil physical requirements. The species is shallow-rooted and 

requires good soil aeration. It prefers sites where the upper root system remains in dry 

soil ("ankles dry") with the major roots near saturated conditions ("feet wet"). 

Holdridge (1943) recommended only 11 trees ha- I in its native range, presumably to 

avoid Hypsipyla grandella (shoot borer moth). Trees prefer sheltered conditions and 

limited exposure to severe drought. The difficulty in establishing the tree is exacerbated 

by deteriorating site conditions and the genetic quality ofthe existing population. 

Tree Characteristics: Mature trees in Haiti have been measured up to 65 cm in stem 

diameter and 25 m in height. The average size of trees being cut for saw timber range 

from 15-20 m tall with stem diameters 25--40 cm . The trunk is average length, ranging 

from 4 m and extending up to 13 m for superior trees. The spreading crown averages 

7-8 m in diameter with a crown diameter:DBH ratio of 19.4 (sd 3.62). 

The species flowers during the late summer and bears fruit during the winter from 

October to March. Trees in higher elevations have been observed to bear later than those 

in lower elevations. The species is monoecious and yields seed in isolation, with an 

occasional seed lot suffering from a high degree of albinism. Albino seedlings eventually 

die in the nursery. The tree bears seed for the first time at about 15 years 

(Lamprecht, 1989). There are 40,000-55,000 seed kg-I. 

The natural quality of Spanish cedar wood is known to be variable according to age 

and growing conditions of individual trees (Record and Hess, 1943). Rapidly-grown or 

young wood is reported to be less fragrant, lighter in color, and tougher than the denser, 

pungent-odored timber of old or slowly-grown trees. The heartwood is· pinkish to reddish 

brown, becoming richer in color upon exposure, and sometimes poorly distinguished 

from the pinkish to white sapwood. The grain is usually straight, with a texture 

that ranges from fine and uniform to coarse and uneven. The distinctive cedar-like odor 

is usually pronounced. The average specific gravity ranges from 0.42-0.64, depending 

upon location, site, age of tree, and rapidity of growth. C. odorata is moderately 

durable, being resistant to dry-wood and subterranean termites, but not to marine borers. 

It is occasionally infested with pinhole borers. It has excellent weathering properties 

without the protection ofpaint (Longwood, 1962). 

Utilization: Spanish cedar is a premier timber for furniture, decorative veneer, musical 

instruments, wooden novelties and doors. The scent ofthe wood is used for storage containers, 

such as jewelry boxes, wardrobes and cigar boxes. The wood is reported to protect 

against insects such as moths. Because ofthe scarcity ofthe wood in Port-au-Prince, 

such storage containers usually are built from mahogany and lined with thinner sheets 

of Spanish cedar for the scent. Coffins made of the wood demand a premium price, as 

they are reputed to protect against theft ofzombi (dead souls). 

The tree is used for shade and windbreak in courtyard gardens and coffee groves 

(Fig. 8.2). Branches are used as live fence material and as a source of fuelwood. The 

flowers are visited by bees as a source ofnectar for honey production. The tree provides 

many ingredients as a medicinal plant (Ayensu, 1981). The root bark is used to reduce 

fever and pain, the trunk bark is harvested to prepare a decoction for inducing abortions, 

and the seeds are believed to have vermifugal properties (Fig. 8.3). Protection against

Figure 8.2 C. odorata combines high-value 

wood production with coffee shade. 

Figure 8.3 The bark of C. odorata is 

harvested for magical and medicinal 

purposes. 

Sed 6S 

witches is provided by planting the tree 

at the entrance of house-and-yard compound, 

bathing in a bark bath, or placing 

pieces of wood and bark above windows 

and doors. 

Propagation: The transplanting ofnaturally 

regenerated seedlings or establishment 

of branch and stem cuttings are the 

most common propagation methods 

used by Haitian farmers. However, natural 

regeneration from seed is sparse 

and widely scattered. The more practical 

method is to propagate the species from 

branch cuttings harvested during the 

late winter dry period and prior to the 

onset of the spring rains. Cuttings often 

are established as living fences or border 

plantings in southern Haiti (Fig. 

8.4). 

Propagation from seed is most 

efficient with containerized systems and 

this has been done in Haiti with the 

Rootrainer and Winstrip. Seed stores 

well at 6-7% moisture content and a 

Figure 8.4 C. odorata is commonly 

propagated from cuttings to establish 

border plantings and live fence rows.

66 Sed 

temperature of4° C for up to 10 years (Timyan, 1990). The seed is sown with the heaviest 

part in the soil. Seedlings are raised in 14 weeks with the initial 6 weeks in the shade 

and the final 6 weeks hardening off prior to outplant. Seedlings are susceptible to sunscald 

and require a gradual acclimation to full-sunlight conditions. Insect infestations 

are occasional, such as the citrus aphid 

(Toxoptera aurantii) and spider mites (Fig. 

8.5). The former may be a vector in a leaf virus 

that occasionally attacks nursery seedlings. 

Common nursery diseases are leafspot 

(Alternaria, Cercospora), stem blight combined 

with vascular wilt, and anthracnose 

(Colletotrichum) as reported by Runion et al. 

(1990). 

Striplings, stumps or balled seedlings are 

lower input techniques that have been used successfully 

for the species. Grafting and budding 

methods have been successful for this species, 

utilizing the T-bud, veneer and cleft grafts in 

Haiti. Scion material was collected during the 

end of the dry season from mature trees and 

grafted onto 4-month-old rootstock grown in 

plastic polythene bags. These techniques are 

reserved for the propagation of orchard trees. 

Figure 8.5 Spider mite infestations 

on C. odorata are occasionally a 

problem in container nurseries. 

Growth Performance: A summary ofthe trials 

in Haiti (Table 8.1) shows the species living up 

to its reputation as a tree exacting in its site 

Table 8.1 Site and growth parameters of C. adO/'ala trials in Haiti. Within site parameters are 

distinguished between several Central American (CA) varieties and the local Haitian (HAl) 

variety. 

Paillant 

SITE 

Tranquille (HAO 

O'Gorman (HAl) 

Berault (CA) 

Fauche (Hai) 

Laborde (CA) 

Labordette (CA) 

MaI'mont (HAl) 

Marmont (CA) 

Lapila (HA[) 

Lapila (CA) 

Bombard (HAl) 

Bombard (CA) 

ELEVAnON ANNUAL 

(m) RAINFALL 

(nun) 

600 1300 

900 1450 

70 830 

25 1950 

5 1436 

90 1875 

375 1350 

280 1450 

280 1450 

350 1145 

350 1145 

480 948 

480 948 

AGE 

(yr) 

2.0 

2.7 

2.9 

3.0 

3.0 

30 

3.0 

30 

3.0 

3.2 

32 

34 

3.4 

SURVIVAL 

(%) 

75.0 

55.5 

29.6 

562 

41.3 

93.5 

62.3 

[2.0 

36.0 

25.0 

43.3 

4.8 

54.8 

HEIGHT 

M.A.!.' 

(m yr') 

I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DGH = Stem diameter

68 Sed 

vivals, ranging from 60-95%, are not uncommon. The Labordette trial is typical of 

mountain garden conditions, with adequate rainfall, hut shallow soil and damages 

incurred by annual agricultural activities. Two-thirds of the trees survive with annual 

height increments under a meter. Over a period of 25 years, the species can achieve 

average heights of 32 m and mean annual increments of 12.6 m 3 ha· ' (Lamb, 1968). 

It is too early to draw conclusions on the importance of this trend. Wood qualities 

may differ with differences in the rate ofgrowth and variety. Susceptibility to wind damage 

and pest attacks may take its toll with unpredictable events, particularly infestations 

by larvae of the small moth, H. grandella, and a fungi, Armillaria mellea, that causes 

damage to the roots of young trees. The species also succumbs to a die-back of uncertain 

causes (Marshall, 1939) after early years of good growth. 

Tree Improvement: There are two important trends in Haiti that are placing C. odorafa 

at a disadvantage as a cultivated species. First, the exploitation of the species for its 

high-quality lumber has resulted in a highly scattered population comprised of isolated 

individuals of questionable genetic worth. Second, typical sites that favor natural regeneration, 

survival and growth ofthe local variety are deteriorating as these soils are compacted 

and eroded. For these reasons, the major focus since 1988 has been to conserve 

and broaden the genetic base of the species by (I) collecting seed from superior phenotypes, 

(2) introducing new provenances from other origins within the species' natural 

range and (3) establishing provenance trials throughout Haiti to identify the varieties 

that exhibit broad adaptability in Haiti. 

Between 1988 and 1991, a total of 36 superior phenotypes of the sed wouj variety 

and 7 sed blan variety were selected throughout the natural range of the species in Haiti: 

The progeny of these trees were established in 

arboreta and provenance trials along with over 

a dozen provenances from Central and South 

America (Fig. 8.8). Several commercial seed 

lots from Central American sources were also 

tested. 

The provenances from Belize (OFI 23/77), 

Honduras (OFI 52/79 & COHDEFOR 6888) 

and Nicaragua (OFI 36/78) are performing significantly 

better than the provenances from 

Haiti, Guatemala (OFI 42/79), Costa Rica 

(CATIE 2532) and Colombia (OFI 25/80) for 

both survival and height growth. The Central 

American provenances that appear to exhibit 

the broadest adaptation are from the drier 

regions of the species' natural range. Seedlings 

from the drier regions have been observed to 

Figure 8.8 Four-year-old C. odorata 

provenance trial at the Laborde trial 

near Cayes. The imported provenances 

are faster growing and survive 

better than local provenances. 

exhibit different patterns of leaf retention than 

those from the wetter provenances in Costa 

Rica and Colombia (Fig. 8.9). This may be an 

important criteria in the selection of C. odorata 

provenance, indicating a potential for the selec-

o NO LEAYES G.J LEAF BUDS 0 YOUNG LEAYES 

o MATURE LEAYES • LEAYES FALLING 

PROPORTION OF TREES BY LEAF STATUS 

100 e---_r- 

80 

60 

40 

20 

OL......J...._--"---'-_---'---J-'--'--''--'"---J------'-...L..------l-L-_L--'---_-"-'-_---'------J 

23177 52179 14175 2532 

6888 36178 42179 25/80 

DRY .. PROVENANCE - WET 

Sed 69 

Figure 8.9 The Central American population of C. odorata exhibits considerable variation 

in leaf phenology. The provenances are arranged in order of mean annual rainfall 

that occurs in their native regions. The data was collected at the onset of the Spring rains 

in March, J992. 

Figure 8.10 A 6-year-old Honduran provenance 

on a degraded site in southwestern 

Haiti, offering hope that such sites can be 

restored both economically and ecologically. 

tion of provenances optimally matched 

with the agronomic calendar of understory 

crops. Ideally, the period of leaf 

fall should coincide with the flowering 

and fruiting of commonly cultivated 

understory crops to minimize light 

competition. Long-term considerations 

for provenance selection should include 

wood quality, insect resistance (particularly 

to Hypsipyla grandella), leaf phenology, 

and wind resistance. Growing 

C. odm'ata with a mix of tree species 

aids in controlling pest and disease 

problems and fits into the traditional 

methods of silviculture already practiced 

by the Haitian farmer. As site conditions 

across the country become more 

degraded, a shift to hardier provenances 

may be required to sustain the productivity 

of the species (Fig. 8.10).

Figure 9.1 L. sabicu, showing excellent form as a source of high-quality lumber and 

nitrogen-fixing shade tree in a coffee grove near Thiotte.

9 Tavello 

Species: Lysiloma sabicu Benth. 

Synonyms: Acacia latisiliqua Willd., L. latisiliqua Benth., Mimosa latisiliqua L. 

Family: Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Subfamily: Mimosoideae 

Common Names: H - tabemon (tabeno), taverneau (taveno), tavemon; RD - caracoli, 

caracolillo; C - abey, bacona morada, frijolillo, jigiie, sabicu, sabicu amarillo, zapatero; 

J, PR - horseflesh tree, West Indian sabicu, wild tamarind. 

Importance: As one ofHaiti's premier timber trees, this species has suffered extensive 

exploitation in its native range. It is well-adapted to a wide range of sites and is a hardy 

survivor of the shallow limestone soils common to the low-elevation mountains. The 

spreading canopy casts a light shade and, with its ability to fix nitrogen, makes L. sabicu 

a natural selection for agroforestry systems. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Two species of Lysiloma occur on the island of 

Hispaniola (Liogier, 1985). L. sabicu is the larger tree, up to 20 m tall and distinguished 

by 3-7 leaflet pairs, oval to obvoid and 1-2 cm long, with a glabrous calyx at the base 

of the petiole. L. bahamensis is a shorter tree up to 15 m, with 10-33 leaflet pairs, 

oblong to lanceolate, 8-15 rnm long, with a pubescent calyx. The latter species is reported 

to occur along the northern coast of Haiti, from Port-de-Paix to Fort Liberte. 

Distribution and Ecology: Lysiloma is chiefly a Mexican genus, extending into Central 

America, the southernmost parts ofthe United States, and the GreaterAntilles. L. sabicu 

occurs throughout the subtropical moist forest of Haiti, though local populations are 

often scattered and isolated by mountain ranges. It is found mostly on rocky sites of 

low-elevation mountains at elevations between 100-750 m with rainfall ranging from 

1000-2000 mm. The tree generally occupies well-drained drier sites along with other 

pioneer species. The tree is not particularly demanding of soil requirements, thriving on 

soils saturated with calcium, and it grows adequately on the shrink swell clays characteristic 

of vertisols. It often is found located in wooded fallows, woodlots and along 

property boundaries. 

Tree Characteristics: Mature trees can reach heights of25 m with stern diameters to I 

meter. The stern varies considerably in form and length, with a natural tendancy to fork 

low in open conditions. Typically, the tree has a short trunk, about 2-3 meters, though 

individuals have been found with sterns free of branches to 10 m (Fig. 9.2). The large 

spreading canopy can extend to a diameter of20 m, casting a light shade. A distinct feature 

of young trees is the curved single stern that gradually straightens with age. The 

light grayish brown bark is shaggy and peels away from mature sterns. 

The heartwood is a lustrous brown with a coppery or purplish tinge and is sometimes 

faintly striped. Mature sterns have a thin white sapwood that contrasts sharply 

with the heartwood. The grain ranges from straight to interlocked. Specific gravity 

ranges from 0.58-0.70 with the heartwood considered to be very durable. 

Fruiting ofthe species begins in December and peaks during March and April. Seed 

production is generally light, with pods containing only 3-4 seeds and attacked heavily 

by insects. There are 50,000-55,000 seeds kg-I. 

71

72 Talleno 

Utilization: The tree is valued most for its high-quality wood, and is esteemed for 

furniture, interior trim, knife handles, turnery and parquet (Fig. 9.3). Boards have a tendency 

to surface and end check when they are dried too quickly. The wood is considered 

easy to work, finishes smoothly and takes a high natural polish. The trce otten is 

pruned to increase the value of the main stem as lumber. The branches provide an excel- 

Figure 9.2 Collecting seed from a superior specimen of 1. sabicu in the humid forest 

region of the Grand-Anse.

Figure 9.3 L. sabicu is traditionally prized as a fine wood for furniture. 

Figure 9.4 L. sabiat is broadly adapted and survives 

well in the dry site conditions of a field 

garden. 

Taveno 73 

lent fuelwood. Crops are planted up 

to the base of the tree in field gardens 

(Fig. 9.4) or are underplanted 

with coffee and other perennial 

crops (Fig. 9.5). In Haiti, the leaves 

are crushed and applied as a bath 

for skin infections (Weniger, 1985). 

The bark is boiled with other bushes 

to cure hemorrhoids in the Turk 

and Caicos islands (Morton, 1981). 

The tree is regarded as a honey 

plant. 

Propagation: Natural regeneration 

from the sparse seed crops is poor, 

making the population vulnerable 

to overcutting. The papery-thin 

seed pods are attacked easily by 

weevils, which damage a great percentage 

of the seed crop. The 

species is propagated easily from 

seed in small containers, such as 

the Rootrainer or Winstrip. 

Seedlings for transplanting require 

about 14 weeks in the nursery, with 

the initial 6 weeks under shade and

74 Taveno 

the final 4 weeks hardening off. Seed is scarified for mass propagation by immersing it 

in hot water, at least 49° C, and soaking it for 2 days. Seed should be inspected for 

insect infestations and stored with a light dusting of an insecticide. lnnoculation with 

the proper Rhizobium strain is recommended for best growth in the field. Occasionally, 

damping-off is a problem in the nursery and treatment of the disease should be followed 

Figure 9.5 L. sabicu occupies the upper canopy layer of a humid perennial garden. 

Common understory crops include coffee, plantain and Citrus spp.

76 Tal/eno 

Figure 9.7 Three-year-old L. sabicu seed orchard tree at Mirebalais.

Figure 10.1 C. nucifera in a perennial garden setting near Camp Coq.

80 Kokoye 

Figure 10.2 The most common variety in Haiti 

is the Jamaican Tall. Inset - Mature greenish 

fruit. 

Figure 10.3 Malayan Dwarf specimen with 

coconut cluster. Inset - Mature apricot color of 

the Malayan Red Dwarf fruit. 

pure stands along the beaches (Fig. 

10.5). Though it naturally tolerates 

a salty environment, coconuts 

require good drainage and fresh 

water to grow well, usually with an 

annual rainfall above 1000 mm. The 

Jamaican Tall is broadly adapted to 

the calcareous soils of the low-elevation 

mountains and can be found 

up to 1000 m elevation. It is scattered 

throughout the lower elevations 

of the mountain ranges, normally 

occurring in the courtyards 

associated with other timber and 

fruit trees, as a boundary planting 

around field gardens or along travel 

routes where it has been distributed 

(Fig. 10.6). The Malayan Dwarfs 

are concentrated along the principal 

roads of Haiti around urban areas 

and small towns. Here they are 

found in the vicinity of the courtyards, 

occurring as 1-2 individuals 

and often overtopped by Jamaican 

Tall. Theobald (1989) estimated 

less than I% of the coconut population 

in the Fauche area was Malayan 

Dwarf. However, the population 

varies greatly. Fifty percent of the 

coconuts tallied in the Lascahobas 

region were dwarf varieties 

(Campbell, 1994). 

There is a wide spread among 

estimates of the number of 

Jamaican Tall in the country. Morin 

(1977) estimated that a half million 

Jamaican Tall occur in Haiti, while 

the Ministry ofAgriculture estimated 

that 1.5 million existed in 1978 

(Wiltbank, 1982). Agricorp (1984) 

tallied 137,000 coconuts in the 

Plateau Central. The major coconut 

growing regions, in descending 

order of importance are: Cayes, 

Jeremie, Petit-Goave, Cap-Haitien, 

Port-au-Prince and Jacmel.

82 Kokoye 

Figure 10.6 A typical agricultural landscape 

in southwestern Haiti, showing the four most 

useful palms in Haiti - C. nucifera, R. borinquena, 

Sabal causiarum and Coccothrinax 

argentea. 

Male and female flowers occur 

on the same panicle, with the female 

flowers maturing later in the tall varieties 

and typically being cross-pollinated 

from male flowers of neighboring 

palms. Insects are the predominate 

pollination vector. Dwarf varieties 

normally have female flowers 

becoming receptive (about a week) 

while the male flowers on the same 

inflorescence are maturing. Dwarf 

varieties are largely self-pollinated. 

Utilization: The most valued product 

of the coconut is the fruit, processed 

at the household level rather than on 

large plantations for industrial purposes. 

A major portion of the harvest 

is consumed prior to maturity when 

the volume of coconut water, or milk, 

is greatest and the fleshy meat is the 

consistency of jelly (Fig. 10.7). It 

takes from 120-160 days for the fruit 

to develop to this stage. Otherwise, 

the coconut is allowed to ripened, 

about 330-360 days, with the meat 

being used for cooking and confec 

tioneries. The coconut fat contained in the meat serves as an important ingredient in 

many recipes of the Haitian cuisine. Coconut, either shredded, roasted or raw, is used in 

popular snacks such as tablet, dous makos (Petit Goave), komparet (Jeremie) and kasav 

(Cap-Ha·itien). 

The leaves are used as thatch, mostly for temporary structures, and for weaving 

mats, baskets, and hats. The wood is used as pilings and posts, being fairly resistant to 

decay under moist conditions. In countries where the coconut industry is well developed, 

coconut meal is a byproduct of oil extraction and is fed to livestock. The proximate 

analysis of various C. nucifera products is summarized in Table 10.1. Coconuts 

are an important source of nectar and pollen for bees and honey production, which in 

turn, are important in cross pollination. 

Propagation: The farmer either plants the fruit directly in the soil or purchases 

seedlings when a local crop is not available. Coconuts are harvested carefully for propagation 

as many farmers are suspicious ofthe damage that may occur from coconuts left 

to drop on the ground. Fruit should be selected from trees with large crops of high-quality 

nuts. In most cases, propagation consists of laying the fruit on its side, set apart 30 

cm, with the eyes slightly raised. Germination can be improved by burying the seed nuts 

three-quarters deep. The sprout emerges through the eye on the side that has the longest

Figure 10.7 A healthy snack of coconut milk 

and the immature meat is a favorite in Haiti. 

Kokove 83 

part of the triangular hull. The root 

penetrates the hull and enters the soil 

after a month. Leaves appear at about 

2 months and seedlings are ready to 

transplant at 6-8 months. 

Controlled pollination methods 

have been developed in Jamaica to 

develop hybrids that are more resistant 

to lethal yellowing. One of the 

most successful hybrids is the 

Maypan, a cross between Malayan 

Dwarf as the seed parent and Panama 

Tall as the pollen parent. Several 

techniques are utilized, the most common 

of which entails a monthly 

emasculation (removal of the male 

flowers), followed by isolation of the 

female flowers and fertilizing them 

with pollen from selected Panama 

TaJl specimens. The Red Malayan 

Dwarf is selected, since hybridization 

is easily identified by the color of the 

seedlings (Harries, 1976). 

Lethal Yellowing Disease: Among the pests and diseases that attack coconut, none is 

more deadly than lethal yellowing (LY). It is caused by a mycoplasma-like organism 

(MLO) transmitted by a plant hopper (Myndus sp.). Death occurs 3-6 months from the 

time that the first symptoms are evident. The order of symptoms are as follows: I) premature 

nut fall, 2) necrosis of the inflorescence, 3) flag leaf, 4) yellowing of the lower 

fronds upward, and 5) spear leaf yellows and decays. There is no evidence that the 

MLOs can be transmitted by seed (Illingworth, 1992). 

LY first was observed in the Caribbean as early as 1832 in the Cayman Islands and 

in Cuba, Jamaica and Haiti in the late 1800s (Howard and Bat-rant, 1989). Reports of its 

first occurring in northern Haiti seem to indicate this was the region where LY began in 

Haiti. Morin (1977) reported that LY had been in this area since the mid-1950s, though 

it may have been in the country much earlier. lllingworth (1992) notes that the disease 

occurred in Haiti fifty years before having been observed in the Dominican Republic in 

1969. The first area of infection extended from Cap-Haitien to Ouanaminthe and 

Table 10.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of C. nucifera, after Gohl (1975). 


PROTEIN j

84 Kokoye 

Figure 10.8 Lethal yellowing can reach epidemic 

levels, as shown here in Baie-de-Henne 

in 1988. 

reached into the interior at Camp 

Coq, about 10 km south of Limbe. 

Theobald (1989) found the disease to 

be well developed in the Port-de-Paix 

area during his survey. During the latter 

part of the 1980s, the disease had 

spread to the southern coast of the 

northwest peninsula at Baie-de 

Henne (Fig. 10.8), traversed the 

Artibonite, and extended as far south 

as Arcahaie. By 1992, lethal yellowing 

progressed to the southern peninsula, 

attacking spots between Port-au 

Prince and Leogane. Figure lOA 

shows the distribution of the disease 

in Haiti. The spread of the disease 

appears to be spotty and slow in Haiti. 

A program was initiated by the 

Ministry of Agriculture during the 

mid-1970s to test new cultivars that 

might be more resistant to lethal yellowing 

and at the same time be more 

productive. Two experimental trials, 

located at Grand Pre and Levy, were 

established in 1976. Four Tall x 

Dwarf hybrid varieties from West Africa were compared with the local Jamaica Tall 

variety in a randomized complete block design. These trials were evaluated in 1989 by 

International Resources Group, Inc. The Levy trial showed no symptoms of lethal yellowing, 

though several palms were missing of unknown causes and two palms showed 

typical bud rot symptoms. By contrast, at Grand Pre, individuals ofall cultivars showed 

symptoms of LY. The status of the trial at the time of the 1989 visit is summarized in 

Table 10.2. The susceptibility of the Jamaica Tall variety to LY, well known in the literature 

(Whitehead, 1968; Harries, 1974; Been, 1981; Howard and Barrant, 1989) appears 

to be supported by the data in the trial. The susceptibility of the Yellow Malayan Dwarf 

Table 10.2 Status of the Ministry of Agriculture Grand Pre trial in 1989, 13 years after 

establishment. 

VARIETY NON-INFECTED LYINFECTED DEAD TOTAL 

Yellow Malayan Dwarf x 81 18 100 

West African Tall 

Red Cameroon Dwarf x 81 15 100 

Wesl African Tall 

Green Malayan Dwarf x 68 29 100 

West African Tall 

Yellow Malayan Dwarf 55 42 100 

Local Jamaica Tall 53 42 100

Kokoye 85 

probably is exacerbated by suboptimal site conditions for this variety and shows that no 

coconut variety is completely resistant to LY. So far the only practical solution in Haiti 

is the controlled breeding of Malayan Dwarfs, particularly in areas where the population 

has survived LY infestations, The preferred pollen parent is the Panama Tall for the 

propagation of 'Maypan' hybrids. The Panama Tall parent would preferably originate 

from LlCinfected areas and exhibit resistance. Hybrids with the Jamaica Tall pollen parent 

are susceptible to LY.

Figure 11.1 Mango is the all-around favorite tree among Haitian farmers, providing 

shade, food, wood and a source of cash income.

11 Mango 

Species: Mangifera indica L. 

Family: Anacardiaceae 

Common Names: H - mango, mangue, manguier; RD, C, PR - mango 

Importance: Mango is the most important tree species in Haiti, with an estimated 4.5 

million trees scattered throughout the country (Wiltbank, 1982). The fruit is second to 

coffee in agricultural exports at about 8 million. metric tons (Estublier and Lingley, 

1990). The lengthy fruiting season of the tree in Haiti gives the country an export 

advantage, while providing a reliable food source during hunger months. Mature trees 

are a major asset to meet cash contingencies, being lopped or harvested entirelyfor fuelwood, 

charcoal, and lumber. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Mango is probably the best known member ofthe 

Anacardiaceae family that includes cashew (Anacardium occidentale), hogplum 

(Spondias mombin) and Com 0 cladia, the important genus for live fences. No one is 

sure how many varieties exist in Haiti nor the extent ofhybridization among·the recognized 

cultivars. Estimates range from 30-100 varieties, with one source listing as many 

as 83 in the upper Artibonite watershed (Agricorp, 1984). Most ofthe mangos in Haiti 

are polyembryonic with a genetic parentage that probably originated in southeast Asia 

and the Philippines (Wiltbank, 1982). Selected monoembryonic cultivars, mainly from 

India and Florida, are identified by their horticultural names in the country of origin 

(e.g., Tommy Atkins, Ingowe, St Kitts). 

Varietal differences are notable in the fruit, varying in size, shape, skin color and 

thickness, pulp and fiber content, and nutritional properties (Table 11.1). Mango leaves 

are lanceolate, about 30 cm long, reddish-purple when young, and dark green when 

mature. Bisexual and staminate t10wers occur on the same panicle of the tree. Their 

relative percentages vary among varieties, with more bisexual flowers toward the apex 

ofthe panicles. Bisexual flowers are distinguished by a yellow ovary on a white disk in 

the center ofthe flower. 

Distribution and Ecology: Mango is a native oftropical Asia, probably from the Indo 

Burmese monsoon region (Rehm and Espig, 1991) where it has been cultivated for 4000 

years. The greatest diversity ofmango is in India, which has more than 1000 types and 

claims two-thirds of the world's production. It has spread throughout the tropics, having 

been introduced into Mexico and Brazil during the late 17th century and spreading 

to the West Indies through Barbados around 1742 and from Jamaica on board a ship destined 

for Haiti in 1782 (Leonard and Sylvain, 1931). 

The mango tree is very abundant in the lowland areas ofHaiti to approximately 400 

meters above sea level. A typical landscape view ofthe valleys is dominated by trees, 

with mango being the principal species among other common home-and-garden species 

such as coconut, royal palm, breadfruit and avocado (Fig. 11.2). Mango thrives in areas 

that receive an annual rainfall between 1000'-2000 mm distributed mostly during the 

summer months and a 2-3 month dry season prior to flower and fruit production. It is 

drought tolerant and can survive the drier regions of Haiti, rainfall between 600-800 

mm, if additional subterranean moisture or irrigation is available for growth. Soil 

requirements are moderate, the best soils being well-drained sandy or gravelly loams·of 

87

88 Mango 

Table 11.1 Differences in fruit characteristics among selected Haitian mango varieties, after 

Saint Hilaire (1990). 

VARIETY PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION LENGTH WEIGHT FIBER PULP SUGAR b-earotene 

(em) (g) (%) (%) (%) (mg/IOO g) 

Baptiste 

Blanc 

Carotte 

Come 

oblong - oval, slight beak and sinus, 12.2-13.8 

thick skin, juicy, yellow to deep 

orange and firm, aromatic meat 

oval- reniform, slight prominent 13.9-15.1 

beak, slightly deep sinus, dark skin 

spots, light whitish-yellow and soft 

meat, fiprous 

rounded, no beak or sinus, slight 

cavity, light yellow skin dots, skin 

and meat taste like carrot 

8.5-10.0 

oblong-elliptical, slight prominent 14.8-15.8 

beak, slight sinus, golden yellow 

skin and meat, juicy, aromatic and 

fibrous 

Doudouce oblong - oval, slight beak, sinus and 10.4-12.6 

cavity, juicy and very aromatic 

Fi1 oblong, slight beak and sinus, 11.7-12.9 

absent cavity, light yellow, thin 

skin, light acid taste, juicy and 

fibrous 

Francisque oblong - reniform, slightly 16.4-18.0 

prominent beak, deep sinus and 

slightly deep cavity, apricot colored 

firm meat, non-fibrous 

Jean - oblong - oblique & reniform, 13.7-15.9 

Marie slightly deep sinus and slight cavity, 

bright yellow, firm, juicy, aromatic 

meat 

KOdok 

Muscat 

Rosalie 

oblong - reniform, slight beak and 13.5-16.1 

sinus, slightly deep cavity, dark 

orange meat, juicy, acid and fibrous 

round - ovoid, absent beak and 11.8-13.4 

sinus, deep cavity, light gray skin 

dots, apricot color skin and meat, 

juicy and aromatic 

oblong - oval, slight beak and sinus, 10.4-12.8 

deep cavity, fibrous 

300-350 

380-500 

230-270 

207-245 

5.9 

14.4 

7.5 

235-320 11.7 

178-211 7.8 

420--486 6.2 

264-341 10.1 

276--419 18.8 

252-307 

250-320 

medium fertility and pH 6-7. Trees growing above 400 m are characterized by a poor 

and inferior crop, exhibiting less color, and fewer soluble solids at these elevations 

(Wiltbank, 1982). Altitude delays the flowering period about 4 days for each 120 meter 

increase in elevation and coupled with increased humidity and more constant rainfall, 

results in erratic flowering and fungal disease problems. Imported grafted varieties are 

scattered throughout the country, but mainly are concentrated in the Leogane, Cul-de 

Sac Plain, and Plaine-du-Nord regions. 

Tree Characteristics: The most common varieties of mango in Haiti are recognized 

by large, evergreen trees with short, but thick boles to 1 m diameter, and heights to 25 

meters. Trunk buttresses vary from small to prominent with a spreading crown that is 

about half as large as the tree is tall (Fig. 11.3). The tree develops a strong and deep 

9.0 

8.4 

57.4 

41.2 

1.8 

34.9 

49.8 

43.0 

63.2 

41.2 

42.1 

48.1 

53.5 

13.7 

12.4 

18.1 

16.2 

15.5 

13.4 

15.5 

12.9 

15.7 

15.6 

6.0 

1.3 

4.0 

2.3 

6.4 

6.0 

1.6 

2.3

Figure 11.2 Mango thrives in Haiti and has 

become the most common fruit tree at lower 

elevations. 

Figure 11.3 Typical form of a mature mango 

tree. 

Mango 89 

taproot system that aids in drought 

tolerance. The imported horticultural 

varieties are recognized by their 

dwarf stature; short main stem with 

dense, compact crowns; and massive 

branching as a result of pruning and 

grafting management regimes. 

The growth of mango occurs in 

periodic flushes, with a tendency of 

bearing every other year. Its growth 

is influenced by variety, climate, and 

soil conditions. Rain and high 

humidity at blossoming reduce pollination 

and fruit setting. It takes about 

2-5 months to develop fruit after fertilization, 

depending on cultivar and 

temperature (Purseglove, 1968a). 

Fruit is produced between 6-10 years 

from seed and 3-5 years from grafts. 

1\ typical yield from a mature tree is 

35 kg of fresh fruit. 

The regional differences in climate, 

particularly the distribution of 

rainfall as affected by the mountainous 

landscape, play an important role 

in the fruiting cycles of mango. The 

typical savanna pattern oflow rainfall 

in the cooler months (November to 

March) and higher rainfall in warmer 

months controls mid-winter flowering 

and provides the major crops 

from May through August. A short 

dry period occurs during the midsummer 

that coincides with a second 

flowering period and yielding early 

mango harvests from November 

through April. Figure 11.4 compares 

the differences in fruiting seasons for 

the major varieties and growing 

regions of Haiti. 

The polyembryonic varieties in 

Haiti, derived from genetic parentage 

originating in Southeast Asia, are not 

seriously affected by anthracnose 

(Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes), 

scab (Elsinoe mangiferae) or pow-

Mango 91 

Blanc and Francisque, with their firm pulp, are considered for mango conserves; all 

varieties are acceptable for mango juice. 

Livestock, particularly pigs, consume excess quantities offruit and seed kernel that 

are collected as feed. Proximate analysis of mango is shown in Table 11.2. In other 

countries, the seed is roasted or boiled for human consumption and dried for flour 

milling or processed for edible fats. The fruit skin is used as source of pectin. The bark 

serves as a source oftannin, exhibiting antibacterial properties (Kerharo, 1974). Leaves 

and roots are prepared in decoctions for liver problems, fever, lower back problems and 

urethritis (Weniger, 1985). Latex of bark, leaves and fruit has an allergenic constituent 

(3-pentadecyl catechol) that may cause dermatitis and itching in some people 

(Campbell, 1992). 

Table 11.2 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of M. indica, from Gohl(1975). 



Fresh leaves, India 80 280 2.7 51.2 100 23 10.0 

Fresh leaves, Pakistan 9.5 22.6 4.8 50.0 13.1 3.1 0.2 

Unripe fruit pulp, Nigeria 35.0 2.8 0.3 601 I 1.8 - - 

Mature fruit pulp, Nigeria 56 23 0.5 894 22 - - 

The heartwood is light pinkish brown, sometimes with black streaks, and is not 

always clearly defined from the sapwood. Wood texture is coarse with an interlocked, 

wavy grain that makes for only fair woodworking characteristics. The wood is moderately 

heavy and hard, with a specific gravity between 0.45-0.62 (Chudnoff, 1984; Little 

and Wadsworth, 1964). Though the wood is difficult to work, it is one of the most available 

lumbers in Haiti, providing the widest planks for general construction purposes 

(Fig. 11.5). Mango has become a major source of fuelwood to small urban industries, 

such as bakeries, dry cleaners and raw rum distilleries (11.6), and of charcoal from 

regions such as the Southwest and the Plateau Central (11.7). 

Figure 11.6 Mango is a major fuelwood source 

for guild industries such as the klerin (raw 

rum) mills. 

Propagation: Methods of mango 

propagation in Haiti depend upon the 

variety and resources of the farmer. 

Traditional low-input methods are to 

plant the seed directly on site or to 

transplant volunteers for the commercial 

varieties and leave volunteers 

in place of germination for the lowvalued 

varieties. Figure 11.8 compares 

the traditional methods of 

farmers in the Lascahobas region for 

regeneration of mango. Occasionally, 

coppice sho'ots are managed for a 

second rotation if the tree has been 

cut for wood or required space in the 

garden.

Figure 11.9 The commercial 'Corne' variety 

is grafted onto the common and broadly 

adapted 'FiI' variety. Inset - Close up of 

graft union. 

Mango 93 

common rootstock in Haiti is the 'FiI,' 

being widely available and adapted to a 

broad range of growing conditions. 

Other varieties are used, depending 

upon local preferences. Rootstocks are 

propagated from seeds that are planted 

as soon as they are mature, though storage 

in polythene bags at 21 0 C is possible 

for about 2-4 weeks. The kernel is 

extracted from the tough endocarp and 

germinated preferably in a sterile medium, 

being transplanted about a month 

later to polythene bags. However, most 

nurseries plant the seed kernel directly 

in the bags. Budding is best done when 

rootstocks are 2-3 weeks old and in the 

succulent red stage. Most grafting 

methods in Haiti use rootstock that has 

reached stem diameters 6-8mm with 

seedling heights 30-40 cm. 

Budwood is prepared from hardened 

terminal growth, 6-10 mm in 

diameter, which the leaves have been 

removed 2-3 weeks prior. Ringing the 

base of the shoot 10 days before severing 

increases carbohydrate reserves in 

the budwood and promotes faster heal 

ing (Hartmann and Kester, 1983). Techniques and training materials for grafting mango 

varieties have been experimented in Haiti by non-governmental organizations such as 

the Organisation de Rehabilitation Environment (ORE) and CARE. In an experiment of 

grafting and budding methods, Blaise (1990) found no significant differences in successful 

takes between the veneer graft and the cleft graft (both greater than 50%), but 

did find that the latter grafting method had more disease problems in the nursery. T-budding 

methods were unsuccessful in the experiment. 

Inferior varieties can be converted to more productive commercial varieties by topworking 

the trees. The advantage is that the top-worked plant returns to flowering and 

fruiting faster than one started from grafted seedlings, allowing for a faster conversion 

to more profitable cultivars. Veneer grafting has been successful in top-working mature 

mango trees in Haiti (Fig. 11.9). However, it is preferable to work with young, healthy 

wildings and allow them room for growth. Conversion ofold, mature stems runs the risk 

of their being diseased and thus causing the grower an economic loss. 

Air-layering and cuttings are less frequently used for mango, though layering has 

been shown to be successful with methods outlined in Mukherjee and Bid (1965). Using 

cuttings is difficult, but can be done, with leafy cuttings under mist with lEA hormone 

treatments. These methods are not considered economically feasible for large-scale 

production.

Figure 12.1 C. aurantium is never too far from the kitchen, playing an important role 

in the diet and health of Haitians.

12 Sitwon...Zoranj...Chadek 

Species and Common Names: 

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle H - citron (sitwon); RD - lima boba; US - Key 

lime, West In,dian lime. 

Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium H - orange amer (zoranj si); RD - naranja agria 

(DR); US - sour orange. 

Citrus maxima (Burman) Merr. H - chadeque (chadek); RD - pomelo, toronja, toronja 

de la India; US - pummelo, haddock. 

Citrus x paradisi Macfad. H - pamplemouse; RD - pomelo; US - grapefruit. 

Citrus reticulata Blanco H - mandarine (mandaren); RD - naranja mandarina; US - tangerine, 

mandarin orange, Satsuma orange. 

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck H - orangier, orange dous (zoranj dous); RD - naranja, 

naranja dulce; US - sweet orange. 

Family: Rutaceae 

Importance: The Citrus group of species and cultivars provides an important source of 

nutrition and health to Haitians. Citrus products from Haiti turn up in some ofthe finest 

liquers and perfumes of the world. This genus provides Haiti an important livelihood, 

integrated into the traditional agriculture of most every farmer in Haiti. All parts ofthe 

tree are utilized as a source of food, medicine, shade and wood. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Fruits commonly known as citrus belong to three 

genera: Poncirus, Fortunella and Citrus. The taxonomy of Citrus is confused and complicated 

by hybridization, by polyembryony, by mutations, and by autotetraploid forms 

(Purseglove, 1968b). As many as 16 species divided into 2 subgenera, Papeda and 

Eucitrus, are recognized (Webber and Batchelor, 1948). The cultivated Citrus in Haiti 

fall under the Eucitrus subgenus. The fruits represent natural groups of horticultural 

varieties, having been selected and bred since remote times. C. sinensis alone comprises 

about 1100 cultivars divided into several groups: common orange (e.g., 'Valencia,' 

'Shamouti'), navel oranges (e.g., 'Washington,' 'Thomson'), blood oranges from the 

Mediterranean region, and sugar oranges. C. reticulata has about 500 cultivars grouped 

into 2 varieties: var. deliciosa Swingle (yellow-fruited mandarin and orange-fruited tangerine 

cultivars) and var. unshui Swingle (satsuma cultivars). C. aurantifolia is divided 

into 2 varieties: the Mexican variety recognized by small fruits with many seeds and the 

Tahiti variety that is seedless and large-fruited. C. aurantium is divided into 2 subspecies 

that are considered by some authors as separate species: aurantium, which is 

common in Haiti and bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Engler that is cultivated in the 

Mediterranean (Terrell et aI., 1986). C. maxima is divided into the common, pigmented, 

and sweet or nonacid group. C. paradisi is divided into the common and pigmented 

groups. 

The differences among species are recognized by the morphology of the leaves, 

flowers and fruit. Table 12.1 summarizes the morphological differences among the 

major citrus species in Haiti. 

Distribution and Ecology: The genus Citrus originated in southeast Asia. It has been 

reported that Columbus introduced at least two of the species (c. limon and C. sinen- 

95

96 Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadek 

Table 12.1 Morphological differences among major Citrus species in Haiti, after Little 

and Wadsworth (1989) and Purseglove (l968b). Bold-faced characteristics are important 

in distinguishing the species. 

SPECIES LEAF FLOWER FRUIT 

C. aurantifolia Narrowly-winged petiole, Less than 2.5 cm dia.; Small, elliptic to round, 4-6 cm dia.; thin 

lime, sitwon 1-2 em long; dull green white, saucer-shaped calyx; peel, 1.5 mm thick; green, turning yellow; 

blade, 4-10 em long, 2-6 4-5 oblong petals, 8-12 mm very sour pulp; small oval seeds; 

em wide, rounded base long; 20-25 stamens polyembryonic; white cotyledons 

C. aurantium Broadly-winged petiole, Light green, 4-5 toothed Round to subglobose, 6.4-11.4 em 

sour orange, zoranj 2-4 em long, 1-1.6 em calyx; 5 oblong petals, 1.9 diameter; usually hollow core; rough 

si wide; green, slightly em long; 20-24 stamens peel, 0.6-1 em thick, strongly aromatic, 

shiny blade, 6.4-14 em green; bitter and very sour pulp; small 

long, 3.8-10.2 em wide pulp vesicles; numerous polyembryonie 

seeds 

C.limon Short, Solitary or clustered; 3.8-5 Oval with terminal nipple, 5-10 em long, 

lemon, limon frans narrowly-margined .cm dia.; reddish buds; light yellow when ripe; thick adherent 

petioles; 5-10 em long, petals white above, purplish peel, predominate gland dots, slightly 

3-6 em wide; ovate, below; 20-40 stamens rough; oviod polyembryonic seeds; white 

serrate cotyledons 

C. maxima Broadly-winged petiole; Solitary or clustered Very large pear-shaped, 10-30 em dia.; 

pummelo, ehadek 5-20 em long, 2-12 em flowers, 3-7 em dia.; cream yellowish when ripe; thick peel; sweetish 

wide; undersurface of colored petals; 20-25 juice; large, ridged, monoembryonic seeds 

midrib often pubescent stamens 

C. medica Short wingless petiole, 3-4 em dia.; 5 pinkish Large oblong, 10-20 em long; bumpy, 

citron, sitwon not clearly articulated petals; 30-40 stamens very thick peel, yellow; sour, greenish 

at top; elliptic, serrate, pulp; small white polyembryonic seeds 

8-20 em long, 3-9 em 

wide 

C. paradisi Broadly-winged petiole; Single or clustered, 4-5 em Large globuse fruit, 8-15 em dia. greenish 

grapefruit, leaves smaller than C. dia.; usually 5 white petals; or pale yellow when ripe; rind thinner 

pamplemouse grandis, pale green when 20-25 stamens and pulp vesicles smaller than C. 

young, glabrous beneath grandis; white polyembryonic seeds; 

white cotyledons 

C. reticulata Narrowly-winged or Small, 1.5-2.5 em dia.; 5 Top of fruit depressed; globuse, 5-8 em 

mandarin, margined petiole; small white petals; about 20 dia.; thin peel, loose and easily 

mandaren and narrow, 4-8 em stamens separating from segments, green turning 

long, 1.5-4 em wide; to yellow or orange-red when ripe; sweet 

dark shiny above, and juicy pulp; small, polyembryonie 

yellowish-green below seed; green embryos 

C. sinensis Narrowly-winged, Greenish-white broad Round, 6.4-9.5 em diameter; smooth peel, 

sweet orange, articulated petiole, 1-2 saucer-shaped calyx; 5 white 0.6 em thick, tightly adherent; green to 

zoranj dous em long; dark green or eliptie petals, 1.3-2.2 em yellowish-green; sweet pulp; nil to 

yellow-green blade, long numerous polyembryonie seeds; white 

6.4-15.2 em long, embryos 

3.2-8.9 em wide 

sis) to Haiti on his second voyage in 1493 (Pursglove, 1968b). C. aurantifolia and C. 

aurantium were introduced to the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish early in their colonization. 

C. maxima was brought to Barbados during the seventeenth century by 

Captain Shaddock, giving rise to its common names, 'shaddock' and 'chadek'. The origin 

of C. paradisi is not certain, though a close relative of C. maxima supports the idea, 

that it resulted as a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis or as a bud mutation of C. 

maxima. Though most of the citrus species occur throughout Haiti, the best production 

of the different species depends upon elevation and rainfall: hot and high-rainfall 

regions of the low elevations favor lime, grapefruit, shaddock and some sweet orange 

cultivars; the mid elevations favor most of the sweet orange cultivars and mandarins 

(Wiltbank, 1982). The prinicipal production regions ofthe newer imported cultivars are

Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadek 97 

La Chapelle for Tahiti lime, La Vallee de Jacme! for mandarin, and the Cul-de-Sac and 

Cap-Haitien for grapefruit. Lemon (c. limon) and citron (c. medica) are not widely cultivated 


The genus is notably absent in regions of Haiti that receive less than 1000 mm of 

rainfall without irrigation and in high-elevation mountain areas above 1000 m. Dry periods 

up to 2 months can be endured only during the winter dormant period (Rehm and 

Espig, 1991). Salt and drought tolerance are higher in such cultivars as the 'Cleopatra' 

mandarin and the 'Rangpur' lime. 

Citrus are sensitive to salty and poorly-drained soils, requiring fertile conditions 

and a pH 5-7 for consistently high production. Mineral fertilizing with about 0.6 kg N, 

0.3 kg P and 0.6 kg K tree- 1 year- 1 is recommended for oranges (Cohen, 1976). In the 

West Indies, nitrogenous fertilizers are the most important and are applied at a rate of 

0.2 kg N tree- 1 year- 1 where fruit is regularly harvested. An unbalanced, high-nitrogen 

fertilization gives high yields, but impairs fruit quality by lowering the sugar:acid ratio. 

Potash is used to improve fruit quality. 

Citrus are not truly wild, having been cultivated for so long. However, natural 

regeneration plays an important role in establishment, particularly in the case of sour 

orange and, to a much lesser extent, the other more marketable species. Practically all 

sweet orange cultivars are cultivated. The species are shade-tolerant, though good fruit 

production requires full sun. Typically, Citrus form the middle canopy layer of traditional 

perennial gardens and coffee groves, along with Musa (plantain, banana), Annona 

(soursop, custard apple) and Crescentia cujete (callebash). The Citrus group ranks third 

in the quantity of fruit trees found in Haiti, after mango (Mangifera indica) and avocado 

(Persea americana). C. aurantium is the most abundant Citrus species. 

Tree Characteristics: Tree height varies among the Citrus species. Lime (c. aurantifolia), 

lemon (c. limon), citron (c. medica) and mandarin (c. reticulata) are small 

trees,ranging 2-5 m. Sweet orange (c. sinensis) grows to about 10 m and pummelo (c. 

grandis) and grapefruit (c. paradisi) up to 15 m. Stem diameters average 15 em. The 

species can be considered evergreen, with leaves that usually live for a year or more. 

The degree of thorniness varies among species, with spines developing at the base of 

the leafnodes. The presence ofspines depends upon the stage ofdevelopment for many 

species. There are few or no spines on the fruit-bearing twigs ofthose species that have 

thorns. 

The tree produces new leaves several times a year, the first growth being the 

strongest and producing the most flowers. The following growth phases are irregular 

with few or no flowers. However, the crops from these off-season growth phases can be 

ofconsiderable economic importance locally. Sweet orange does not develop the orange 

color of US cultivars, but retains a green color. Sweet oranges from the Cap-Haitien 

region have a higher sugar and juice content, because of higher temperatures and insolation 

during maturation (Wiltbank, 1982). 

The wood does not vary significantly among the citrus species, ranging from light 

yellow to yellowish brown, hard and fine-grained. Growth rings usually are clearly 

defined. 

Sweet orange, shaddock, grapefruit and mandarin flower between March and May, 

with fruit being harvested between November and April. Lime flowers throughout the

98 Sifwon...Zoranj...Chadik 

year, peaking between March and July with fruit maturing between June and November. 

Sour orange flowers throughout the year. However, the main season for anyone region 

can be considerably different from another region, as affected by microclimate differences. 

This variance is illustrated for production areas of the Central Plateau (Figures 

12.2-12.4). 

Utilization: The entire citrus tree is used in Haiti. Though the fruit is by far the most 

important product, the trees are valued as honey plants. They provide a diverse source 

ofingredients in traditional medicine, yield wood products-requiring strength and hardness, 

and are planted as shade or ornamentals. Each ofthe species is unique in the contribution 

ofproducts that are harvested from the plant. 

REGION 

St. Michel de l'Attalaye 

Cornillon 

Saut d'Eau 

Carice 

Belladere 

Morne Organise 

Cerca Carvajal 

Thomassique 

Pignon 

Mirebalais 

Marmelade 

Lascahobas 

Hinche 

Mombin Crochu 

Cerca la Source 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

Figure 12.2 Harvest periods of C. aurantium across regions in the Central Plateau, 

after Agricorp (1984). 

REGION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

Savanelte 


Cornillon 

Saut d'Eau 

Carice 

Belladere 

Maissade 

Cerca Carvajal 

Thomassique 

St. Raphael 

Mirebalais 

Marmelade 

Lascahobas 

Hinche 

Dondon 

Cerca la Source 

Figure 12.3 Harvest periods of C. sinensis across regions in the Central Plateau, after 

Agricorp (1984).

Sitwon ...Zoranj ... Chadek 101 

Figure 12.8 Aphids are a major Citrus pest, transmitting virus and other pathogens, and 

directly damaging stems and leaves through their feeding habits. Shown here is the 

result of a citrus aphid attack on C. maxima. 

reserved for the more marketable fruit - shaddok, sweet orange and lime. Sour orange 

is generally left to grow as a volunteer, many times near the courtyard kitchen where the 

fruit is used in food preparation. 

Due to the presence of zygotic embryos, Citrus cultivars do not reproduce true by 

seed. Though the nucellar embryos of the polyembryonic varieties are genetically identical 

with the mother tree, the offspring tend to be more thorny, more vigorous, and are 

slower to come into bearing. Vegetative propagation techniques, designed to conserve 

the genetic quality of a given cultivar and decrease the time required for full fruit production, 

are notably absent from the cultivation practices of most Haitian farmers. 

However, as market demand for fruit quality and disease-resistant cultivars increases, 

there is all likelihood that farmers gradually will employ these methods as part of their 

propagation strategy. 

Nurseries that regularly graft Citrus usually have established a budwood orchard of 

various commercial cultivars. A partial list of the cultivars that have been introduced to 

Haiti is provided in Table 12.3. The method most frequently utilized by the commercial 

nurseries employs T-budding onto sour orange rootstock. Rootstock generally is propagated 

from seed in polythene bags for 4-6 months prior to budding. During this stage, 

seedlings face any number ofdiseases, pests, and nutrient-related problems that must be 

controlled carefully for healthy plants (Figures 12.8-12.10). 

Sour orange exhibits many excellent traits as a rootstock, being well adapted to a 

variety of site conditions. It is hardy and favorably influences the fruit quality ofthe cultivars 

worked on it. However, other rootstocks should be considered, particularly for

102 Sitwon ...Zoranj...Chadek 

Table 12.3 Partial list of Citrus cultivars and their locations in Haiti, after Wiltbank 

(1982), 

SPECIES 

Citrus aurant/folia 

c. depressa 

C. jambhir; 

C. loti/ai/a 

C. limon 

C. macrophylla 

C. x paradis; 

C. paradisi x 

Poncirius'ri/oliata 

C. reliCldata 

C. sinensis 

C. sunk; 

C. volkamericClfw 

CULTIVAR (LOCATION) 

Persian (Tahiti) lime (Haiti Citrus Corp., ODH/Roche Blanche) 

'Shekwasha' (MARNDR/Grnnd Pre) 

(MARNDRJGrand Pre) 

'Eureka' (Grand Pre) 

'Meyer' (BHM/Fairmalhe) 

'Aleman' (MARNDR/Grand Pre) 

'Isle of Pine' and 'Thompson' (MARNDRJGrand Pre, US Embassy residence); 'Marsh Seedless' 

(Haili Citrus Corp., MARNDRJGrand Pre, and US Embassy residence); 'Ruby Red' (ODH/Roche 

Blanche, US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre): 'Star Ruby' (Haili Citrus Corp,) 

'Swingle' (MARNDRIGrand Pre) 

'Oreco' (US Embassy residence, MARNDR/Grand Pre); 'Lee,' 'Murcou' and 'Satsllme' 

(BHM/Fairmarhe) 

'Bon Ami,' 'Camp Louise,' 'La Chine' and 'Pineapple' (US EmQassy residence); 'Jacrnel' 

(MARNDRIDamien); 'Temple' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre, ODH/Roche Blanche); 

'Valencia' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre, ODH/Roche 

Blanche); 'Washington Navel' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRlDamien, ODl-llRoche 

Blanche, BHMIFairmathe); 'Carrizo' (MARNDRJGrand Pre) 

'Sunki' (MARNDRIGrand Pre) 

'Vol karner' (MARNDR/Grand Pre) 

Figure 12.9 As many as a dozen species 

of scale insects and mealybugs attack 

Citrus, with heavy infestations killing 

young trees, 

Figure 12.10 The high pH of water and 

soil derived from calcareous rock causes 

nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron, in 

Citrus seedlings,

Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadik 103 

Table 12.4 Various traits of major rootstock species used in vegetative methods. 

SPECIES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 

C. sinensis Hardier than lemon (C. limon); resistant to Susceptible to gummosis (Phytophthora); less 

tristeza (' quick decline') and scab; juicy, fairly hardy than C. aurantium; shallow rooted; slow 

high-quality fruit; long lived; 70-95% nucellar grower; low branched, bushy. 

embryos. 

C. aurantium 

C. reticulata 

'Cleopatra' 

C.limon 

C. aurantifolia x C. 

reticulata 'Rangpur 

lime' 

Hardy, with a deep tap root; resistant to 

gummosis (Phytophtora), xyloporosis, and 

exocortis; vigorous; high fruit yield and 

quality; 85-95% nucellar embryos; best stock 

for 'Marsh' grapefruit and 'Valencia' orange. 

Resistant to gummosis (Phytophthora) and 

tristeza ('quick decline'); salt tolerant. 

Drought hardy; sandy, well-drained soils; 

vigorous early fruiting; resistant to tristeza 

('quick decline'); 100% nucellar embryos. 

Vigor; resistant to tristeza ('quick decline'); 

tolerant of wet and salty site conditions. 

Susceptible to tristeza ('quick decline') and 

scab. Poor scion compatibility with limes. 

Slow growth; slow bearing; susceptible to 

gummosis (Phytophtora) and xyloporosis. 

Lower-quality fruit (thick skinned, more acid); 

susceptible to gummosis (Phytophtora) and 

scab. 

Susceptible to exocortis and gummosis 

(Phytophtora). 

specific cultivars and site conditions (Table 12.4). Furthermore, sour orange is susceptible 

to the citrus tristeza virus that is transmitted by an insect vector or from infected 

budwood. As this disease becomes more widespread in the West Indies and Central 

America, the selection of alternate rootstock is highly recommended.

Figure 13.1 P americana is an excellent source of energy and vitamins, playing an 

important role in the Haitian diet.

13 Zaboka 

Species: Persea americana L. 

Family: Lauraceae 

Synonyms: Laurus persea L., Persea edulis Raf, P. gratissima Gaertner, P. leiogyna 

Blake, P. persea (L.) Cockerell. 

Common Names: H - avocat (zaboka), avocatier, zabelbok; DR - aguacate; C - pagua; 

US - avocado, alligator pear. 

Importance: The fruit is an important source of oil and nutrition in the Creole cuisine, 

while the tree provides shade and wood in an agroforestry setting. It is well adapted to 

a wide variety of soil types and, along with mango, citrus and coconut, adds an element 

of food security to the harvest of annual crops. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The Lauraceae family is well known in Haiti for 

its timber genera, including Ocotea (lorie blan), Cinnamomum (lorie woz) and Licaria 

(lorie jon). But the best-known member ofthe family is the avocado. Though there are 

10 recognized species represented in the Persea genus, P americana is by far the most 

popular and is cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics for its ediblefruit. The 

species is divided broadly into 3 races as distinguished by the characteristics ofthe fruit. 

'Mexican' (P. americana var. drymifolia Mez = P. drymifolia Cham. & Schlecht.), 

sometimes considered a distinct botanical variety, is a small-fruited race that is adapted 

to poor growing conditions and can withstand frost to _6° C. 'Guatemalan' is large-fruited, 

with thick, rough skin, and a small kernel, being able to withstand frost to -4.5° C. 

The race in Haiti is known as the 'West Indian,' and is also large-fruited with a smooth 

and leathery skin, but it is more tropical and not able to withstand temperatures below 

_2° C (Rehms and Espig, 1991). 

The West Indian race is distinguished by 1) the foliage lacking an anise-like scent 

of the Mexican race, 2) the young branches and leaves being lighter green than the 

Guatemalan race, 3) the smooth and leathery skin ofthe large fruit, weighing up to 1.3 

kg and ranging in color from yellow-green to maroon, 4) the kernel being large in proportion 

to the fruit, often loose in the seed cavity, and 5) the t10wering season from 

January through May with fruit maturing from June to November. 

Varieties are classified into A and B types according to the manner in which the 

t10wers function. "A" type stigmas are receptive in the morning and anthers shed pollen 

in the afternoon of the following day; "B" type stigmas are receptive in the afternoon 

and anthers shed pollen in the morning ofthe next or second day (Malo and Campbell, 

1988). It is disputed whether this is of practical significance, because bees and other 

insects are the main pollinators of avocados. 

Hybrids have been developed among the 3 races, some of which are described in 

Table 13.1. Many of these are available in Haiti through private owners and non-governmentalorganizations. 

Distribution and Ecology: The species is considered native to Mexico and Central 

America, but not to the Caribbean. It was introduced to Jamaica around 1650 and spread 

later to the rest ofthe Caribbean, where it has become naturalized (Purseglove, 1968a). 

Most of the avocados in Haiti occur in the moist and wet regions, with annual rainfall 

above 1200 mm and elevations from sea level to 800 m elevation. The West Indian race 

105

106 Zaboka 

Table 13.1 Characteristics of several commercial avocado varieties. 

VARIETY RACE FLOWER FRUIT YIELD 

TYPE & COLOR 

SEASON AND SIZE 

(KG) 

Lui" Guatemala x Mexican hybrid A (Nov-Feb) Green 0.4-0.7 High Susceptible 

Choquertc Guatemalan x W. Indies hybrid A (Nov-Feb) Green 0.7-·1.1 Medium Resistanr 

Waldin W. Indies A (Sepr-Nov) Green 0.4-0.8 Medium Resisranr 

Pollock W. Indies B (July-Sept) Green 0.5-1 I Low Resistant 

RESISTANCE TO 

AVOCADO SCAB 

(Sphaceloma per.ae) 

Boorh 7 or 8 Guatemalan x W. Indies hybrid B (Oct-Dec) Green OJ-0.8 High Moderately Susceptible 

Monroe Guatemalan" W. lndies hybrid i-\ (lul-Sep) Green 0.5-1 I Medium Moderately Susceptible 

requires the most tropical climate of the 3 races, preferring a mean annual temperature 

of 24-26° C (Geilfus, 1989). It is particularly abundant in the mid-elevation mountains, 

becoming more common than mango above 500 m elevation. The tree is not demanding 

in specific soil requirements and produces adequately on the shallow and rocky 

limestone soi Is common to the mountain slopes of Haiti (Fig. 13.2). The tree tolerates 

neither salinity nor poorly drained soils. The distribution of avocado is more restricted 

than that of mango in the low elevations of Haiti, because the tree is not as drought tolerant 

and more importantly, it is susceptible to avocado root rot (Phytophtora cinnamon£) 

that is common to wet and heavy soils (Wiltbank, 1982). 

The tree often is seen in humid 

perennial gardens in association with 

other fruit species (mango, coconut, citrus) 

and serves as shade for coffee. As a 

fruit tree, the size-class distribution is 

unlike those of mango and coconut, in 

which mature trees dominate. The 

species was found to be evenly distributed 

among seedlings, young fruit-bearing, 

and mature trees in the Lascahobas 

area (Campbell, 1994). 

Figure 13.2 P americana is well adapted to 

rocky mountain slopes. 

Tree Characteristics: Wild trees in the 

mid-elevation mountains reach heights 

of 20 m and stem diameters up to 50 cm, 

sometimes with a long clean bole typical 

of other timber trees in the Lauraceae. 

Mature trees have a narrow or rounded 

crown; they often lean and are shaped by 

wind damage to the brittle branches and 

trunk. The combination of the longer 

clear bole for lumber and the less dense 

canopy are advantages over mango, permitting 

more light to reach other perennial 

crops in the understory. The tree 

coppices well and is allowed to regrow.

REGION 

Savanette 

Pignon 

Comillon 

Saut d'Eau 

Thomonde 


Mont Organise 

Mombin Crochu 

Thomassique 

St. Raphael 

Mirebalais 

Marmelade 

Lascahobas 

Hinche 

Dondon 

Cerca La Source 

Carice 

Maissade 

Belladere 

Zaboka 107 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

L'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'1 

1",- "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "'I 

I"" ""'"'""" ""'""" "" ""'"'"'"'"1 

I'"'"'"'"'"'""'''''"'"'"'"I 

Figure 13.3 Major harvest periods of P americana in the Central Plateau, after 

Agricorp (1984). 

The brown, reddish or pinkish heartwood contrasts sharply with the cream-colored 

sapwood. Planks sawn from avocado are medium to coarse in texture with straight to 

irregular grain. Specific gravity ranges from 0.39-0.54. The wood is easy to work and 

finishes smoothly. Avocado wood is not durable in the ground and is susceptible to 

decay fungi (Chudnoff, 1984). 

The tree flowers from January through May with fruits maturing from June to 

November. However, microclimate differences, such as elevation and rainfall distribution, 

greatly influence the fruiting schedules for anyone region (Fig. 13.3). Higher elevations 

delay fruit maturity because of lower temperatures. Introduced cultivars with 

genetic parentage from the Guatemalan variety flower and· fruit later than the West 

Indian variety does and are of local economic importance. 

Utilization: The tree is cultivated in Haiti for its fruit, which is an important source of 

vitamins (A, B complex and E), protein (0.8--4.4 g /100 g fresh wt) and digestible fat 

(5-25 g /100 g fresh wt.). The major portion of Haiti's harvest is consumed and sold 

locally, while an estimated 12% is transported to urban markets (Wiltbank, 1982) (fig. 

13.4). Surplus fruit is an important food source for pigs and other livestock. Avocado 

oil is extracted from the pulp and used in cosmetic preparations and salad oil. The oil 

is approximately 77% oleic acid, which demands a price 10 times higher than that of 

peanut oil (Rehms and Espig, 1991). The wood of the tree has a wide range of uses. 

Because of its relative abundance, like mango, the tree is an important source of lumber 

in certain areas of Haiti (Fig 13.5). The wood is used for furniture, house construction, 

and turnery, though it is brittle and susceptible to attack by termites. Avocado 

is visited by bees, important for pollination and honey production. All parts ofthe tree 

are utilized in traditional medicines. Leafand bark teas contain tannin and are taken as 

an anti-diarrhetic, for high blood pressure, colds, and jaundice. Poultices are made from 

the leaves for pain, headaches, rheumatism, and sprains (Eldridge, 1975).

108 Zaboka 

Figure 13.4 Avocados ready for transport to the Port-au-Prince market from the 

Lascahobas region. 

Figure 13.5 P americana lumber is common 

in the urban market as traditional timber 

species become depleted. 

Propagation: Most of the trees found 

in Haiti are propagated from seed, 

though seedlings are not true to type. 

In the lakou, rotten fruit or seeds 

thrown away in a shady and composted 

area are left to germinate. By far the 

most common method is to plant the 

seed directly in a restricted location of 

the courtyard. Volunteers hardly ever 

are transplanted, but are allowed to 

grow where they germinate. No traditional 

method of vegetatively propagating 

the species by cuttings has been 

observed in Haiti. 

Grafting and budding techniques 

are preferred for the propagation of 

local selections and imported commercial 

cultivars. Much ofthe most recent 

work in Haiti has been to introduce 

late-maturing Guatemalan hybrids to 

expand the avocado fruiting season. 

Rootstock is usually of the locally 

available West Indian variety and is 

grown in polythene bags. The large 

seed produces a pencil-size shoot suitable 

for cleft grafting in 2--4 weeks

Zaboka 109 

after germination. Seedlings are 15-20 em high and 6-10 mm in diameter and scion 

material are shoot terminals 5-8 em long with a terminal bud taken as it resumes 

growth. Care is taken to sterilize the seed in hot water (49° C) to avoid root rot 

(Phytophthora cinnamomi) infection.

Figure 14.1 A superior specimen of S. siamea selected for seed collection. Inset 

Yellow flowers and thin pods of S. siamea.

14 Kasya 

Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby 

Synonyms: Cassia arborea Macfad., C. florida Vahl, C. gigantea Bertero, C. siamea 

Lam., Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton 

Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae 

Common Names: H - casse de Siam, cassia (kasya); RD - acacia amarilla, casia de 

Siam, flamboyan amarillo, la casia amarilla; C, PR - casia, casia siamea; J, PR,US 

kassod-tree, Siamese senna, Siamese shower. 

Importance: There are several reasons that Senna siameabecame one ofthe most popular 

species ofthe Haitian farmer. It grows fast on a wide range ofsites to provide quick 

shade and a moderately dense wood for small timber and fuelwood. It coppices well to 

yield successive crops. It is not weedy and generally is refused by animals as a browse. 

The crown is erect and the seedling is more shade tolerant than most other fast-growing 

exotics. It fits well into the traditional lakou system, besides being suitable for 

hedgerows, boundary plantings, and woodlots. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The species first was described in Thailand, formerly 

Siam, as the common and scientific names indicate. A major revision of the 

Cassieae tribe distinguishes three closely-related genera (Cassia, Senna and 

Chamaecrista) based on the stamen and bract features (Irwin and Barneby, 1982). The 

medium-sized tree is recognized by the large terminal clusters ofshowy yellow flowers 

and numerous bunches of flat, narrow, slightly curved, dark brown pods which split 

open to release more than a dozen shiny, circular, dark brown, flat seeds 8 mm indiameter 

(Fig. 14.1 inset). The 6-14 paired leaflets, 3-7.5 cm long and 1.3-2.3 cm wide, are 

attached to a reddish tinged axis and have a dark green upper surface and a gray green 

lower surface. The flower stalks and new growth have a yellowish tint. 

Distribution and Ecology: The natural range of the species is southeast Asia from 

southern India to the Malay peninsula. It has been planted throughout the tropics as a 

fast-growing reforestation species and the time ofits entry to Haiti is uncertain. Little 

and Wadsworth (1964) reported the species' introduction to Jamaica prior to 1837. 

SHADA planted the species in the Bayeux and Franklin areas in the 1940s. As the 

most-planted species during the USAID Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1989) 

and Agroforestry II (1990-1991), the gene pool, mostly from the Bayeux population, 

has been distributed throughout Haiti. The main distribution ofthe species still is centered 

along travel ways, commonly occurring as a combination ornamental, boundary 

planting, and shade tree in the residential sections of small towns. During 1988, additional 

seed lots were imported from Central America and Africa and were incorporated 

into a program to broaden the genetic base ofthe species and to begin selection ofsuperior 

trees. 

The tree prefers elevations under 500 m and annual rainfall amounts from 

1000-2000 rom. It fails on sites with a combination ofalkaline soils, particularly heavy 

clays, and 4-5 months ofdrought with no access to deep soil moisture. It survives poorer 

than Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata and Azadirachta indica on shallow and 

rocky soils. The tree tolerates the poorly-drained vertisols, but prefers the sandy loams 

111

112 Kasya 

and the sandstone-derived soils of the Plateau Central as well as basaltic soils. 

Seedlings and coppice shoots are shade tolerant and exhibit a yellowish-green growth 

under its own deep shade. The species prefers to grow in full light and caphlres the site 

to the exclusion of other species once it is established. However, it is not as aggressive 

as other fast-growing species, with a much lower rate of natural seeding than Leucaena 

and Azadirachta indica. 

Tree Characteristics: The tree rarely grows taller than 18 m in Haiti, having stems that 

range from a low-forking bole to a single main stem that may reach to 10m, partiClIlarly 

in pure stands (Fig. 14.2). Stem form appears to be sensitive to soil conditions; 

scattered stands of excellent form occasionally are seen throughout Haiti, mainly on 

basaltic and sandy loams. Multiple and low-forking stems require early pruning to 

develop straight wood for construction purposes. The tree coppices well in partial 

shade; boundary and fence trees can be pol larded for fuelwood and light management 

for understory crops. Crown diameters extend up to 8 m, with an average crown 

width:DBH ratio of 29.6. Peak fruiting occurs around December, but seed is available 

between October and February and again during April and May. There are approximately 

30,000-40,000 seeds kg· l • 

Wood density is moderate, ranging from 0.57-0.83 for samples taken from 5-yearold 

trees in the Northwest. The dark brown-black heartwood ofS. siamea is streaked and 

hard, while the sapwood is light brown and moderately hard, but not durable. 

Utilization: S. siamea traditionally was planted as an ornamental and shade tree in areas 

of southeast Asia where it is native. It forms a good windbreak with a closed and erect 

crown. In Haiti, it has become a general-purpose tree, providing a quick source ofwood 

for construction material and fuelwood 

(Fig. 14.3 and Fig. 14.4). The 

bark is used as a source of tannin. It is 

not a preferred browse species and is 

reported to be toxic to pigs. However, 

ruminants can eat it as part of the diet 

(Geilfus, 1989). As a fodder, it generally 

is planted along the garden 

boundary and lopped as required. The 

proximate analysis is shown in Table 

14.1. 

The wood is susceptible to decay 

and termite attack, with 60% of 

untreated posts tested in Puerto Rico 

considered unserviceable after 1 year 

(Englerth, 1960). The grain is interlocked, 

but takes a good polish and is 

acceptable for turnery. Charcoal 

made from the wood is considered 

Figure 14.2 Five-year-old S. siamea provenance 

trial at Mirebalais. 

medium grade and inferior to 

Prosopis. Acacia and Casuarina

114 Kasva 

Table 14.1 Proximate analysis of S. siamea (% dry weight basis), after Gohl (1975). 

COMPONENT CRODE CRODE CRODE CARBO- ASH Ca P 


Leaves 

Fresh twigs 

16.8 

20.0 

19.8 

l6.5 

11.2 

56 

46.8 

52.6 

5.4 

5.3 l.l4 Ol4 

and cheap, this technique is not recommended. 

The growing of seedlings in containerized systems, such as the Rootrainer and 

Winstrip, has been the principal propagation method used for S. siamea since the 1970s. 

Seed germination, following immersion in hot water and soaking for a couple of days, 

ranges from 65-80%. As with other Senna species, S. siamea seedlings are sensitive to 

overwatering and precautions are required in the preparation of the potting medium. It 

is highly susceptible to leaf spot diseases, particularly Cercospora, requiring a regular 

schedule of foliar fertilizer and fungicide treatments (Fig. 14.5). Runion et al. (1990) 

indicate at least 8 genera of fungi causing leaf spot, a single genus (Colletotrichum) 

associated with anthracnose, and a powdery mildew that Tourigny (1987) attributed to 

Oidium (Fig. 14.6). It takes approximately 14 weeks to prepare seedlings for outplanting 

with the initial 3 weeks under shade and the final 4 weeks hardening off (Josiah, 

1989). Seedlings do not respond well to top-pruning. 

The growing of root suckers and the transplanting of volunteers and stumps are 

low-input methods that are sometimes used. Stumps are left to grow to a I cm root col·· 

lar diameter in a deeply-dug nursery 

bed at 15 cm x IS cm, and are prepared 

by pruning the shoot to 10 cm 

and the roots to 25-30 cm (Geilfus, 

1989). 

Figure 14.5 Cercospora leaf-spot on S. siamea 

seedling. 

Biomass and Volume Studies: 

Ehrlich (1985) developed biomass 

and pole volume tables from a stand 

located in Limbe. In 1990, an additional 

set of regression equations was 

analyzed in a biomass study conducted 

at the CARE trial near Nan 

Marron. The equations in Table 14.2 

can be utilized Lo estimate biomass 

components based on stem and tree 

height measurements. 

Growth Performance: The fastest 

early growth rate that has been 

observed for S. siamea is 3.2 m yr- I 

during the first 2 years at Cazeau 

(Fig. 14.7). This site is well-drained 

with a deep sandy loam and approximately 

1200 mm rainfall that is sup-

Figure 14.6 Powdery mildew on S. siamea seedling. 

Kasya 115 

plemented by a high water table. S. siamea has no problem growing faster than 2 m yr- l 

on alluvial sites such as Roche Blanche or the deeper loams of Marmont in the Central 

Plateau. The sites where the tree is growing under 1 m yr- l in Figure 14.7 are extremely 

shallow and rocky (Haut Camp, Bombard) or experiencing lengthy drought periods 

with about 800 mm rainfall (Nan Marron). Survival is generally high for this species, 

regardless of growth rates, if droughts are not severe (i.e.,

Figure 14.8 A four-year-old provenance trial 

of S. siamea after selective thinning. 

Kasya 117 

of Haiti through the USAID-funded 

agroforestry projects during the 1980s 

and early 1990s. S. siamea became the 

most widely-planted species in the 

project. Up to a million seedlings were 

produced annually by PADF alone. An 

effort was made in 1988 to import as 

many seed lots as possible from international 

sources, including southeast 

Asia where it is native. These seed 

lots, though not strictly considered 

provenances, were established in 1989 

as "provenance" trials to test for 

genetic differences among seed 

sources (Fig. 14.8). Also, 37 trees 

were selected based on superior traits 

throughout Haiti. Many of these were 

harvested, propagated from seed, and 

established in seedling seed orchards 

and arboreta. Several ofthese trials are 

represented in Table 14.3 and Figure 

14.7. 

The remarkable degree of uniformity 

in qualitative traits among the 

seed lots suggests that the germplasm 

available in Haiti and abroad have a 

fairly homogenous genetic base. It 

should be noted that the 10 imported 

accessions were from countries where S. siamea is an exotic and could very well be 

derived from the same provenance as the species found its way around the tropics. An 

attempt in 1988 to import a wider genetic diversity of S. siamea from native stands in 

Thailand failed, but should continue to be a goal, particularly if significant improvements 

are to be made in terms of disease resistance and vigor. The seed orchards at 

Marmont and Terrier Rouge are comprised of progeny from trees possessing superior 

stem form, and these should be studied carefully to assess the environmental effect on 

form. There is significant form x site interaction in this species.

Figure 15.1 One ofthe most practical uses of Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata 

is to conserve mountain soil. Shown here is the earliest known demonstration of 

Leucaena hedgerows in Haiti, established near Jeremie in 1982. Inset - White flowers 

of1. leucocephala ssp. glabrata.

15 Lisina...Delen 

Subspecies: 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala 

Synonyms: 

Subsp. glabrata: 1. glabrata Rose 

Subsp.leucocephala: Acaciaglauca Willd., 1. glauca (Willd.) Benth., 1. latisiliqua(L.) 

Gillis & Stearn, Mimosa leucocephala Lam. 

Family: Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Subfamily: Mimosoideae 

Common Names: 

Subsp. glabrata: DR, H - leucaena (lisina); US - giant leucaena, Salvador leucaena, 

Peru leucaena. 

Subsp. leucocephala: H - bois bourro (bwa bouwo), tcha-tcha marron (tcha tcha 

mawon), graines de lin (delen), graines de lin pays (delen peyi), madlenn; DR 

granadillo bobo, granadino, granolino, lino, lino criollo; C - aroma blanca, aroma boba, 

aroma mansa, soplillo; PR - acacia, acacia paJida, barcill0 , campeche, hediondilla, 

tamarindillo, wild tamarind; US - Hawaiian leucaena, leadtree. 

Importance: The shrubby subspecies leucocephala is considered a weed in Haiti, but 

plays an important role in there-vegetation offallow or degraded sites where it is grazed 

by goats and converted to charcoal. The arboreal subspecies glabrata is a fast-growing 

general utility tree for shade, house construction and other wood products. Multiple 

uses as fodder, fuelwood, green manure and soil conservation are combined when the 

species is managed as hedgerows along the contour ofmountain slopes. The advantages 

ofeasy propagation, wide adaptability, and fast growth must be weighed against the low 

wood durability, weediness, and psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) attacks when selecting 

the ideal niche for subspecies glabrata in Haiti. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Leucaena is a New World genus comprising about 

17 species (Hughes, 1993). The confusing taxonomy surrounding one ofthe more common 

species, 1. leucocephala, was resolved by Zarate (1987), who recognized 2 subspecies: 

leucocephala and glabrata. Subspecies leucocephala, locally known as delen 

and known internationally as the 'Hawaiian' variety, rarely grows taller than 6 m, with 

leaves comprised of6-9 pairs ofpinnae, 9-18 pairs ofleaflets, 9-12 cm long, and pods 

13-16 cm long with a dense pubescence. Subspecies glabrata, known as the 'Giant,' 

'Salvador,' or 'Peru' variety, is represented in Haiti mostly by the K series of cultivars 

developed in Hawaii (e.g., K8, K28, K636). It can grow up to 20 m tall, with leaves 

comprising of3-8 pairs ofpinnae, 11-24 pairs ofglabrous leaflets, 8-15 mm long, and 

glabrous pods 11-18 cm long by 1.5-2.3 mm wide. Natural hybrids may occur between 

the 2 subspecies, though levels ofoutcrossing are low, with both subspecies being highly 

self-compatible. The much more common hybrid in Haiti is the result of subspecies 

glabrata as the pollen parent and;(Ei. diversifolia as the maternal parent. The latter is represented 

in Haiti as the tetraploid 1. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, introduced mostly 

as K156 from Hawaii. 

119

Lisina... Delen 121 

Figure 15.3 A remarkable feature of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata is its exceptionally 

fast growth rates, up to 5 cm yr- I stem diameter on favorable sites.

122 Lisina ... Delen 

Figure 15.4 The high wood yield ofL. leucocephala ssp. glabrata yields a charcoal that 

competes well with native species. 

ops into a multi-stemmed tree in regions of severe winter drought extending beyond 4 

months or under free-grazing conditions. The flowering of subspecies glabrala is more 

seasonal than that of subspecies leucocephala, with peak fruiting occurring from 

February through March and October through November. There are 17,000-20,000 

seed kg l . Both subspecies are tetraploid (Brewbaker, 1987). 

The light yellowish sapwood is distinguished from the brown heartwood. The grain 

tends to be interlocked and rough. Wood density of subspecies glabrala is affected by 

growing conditions. Differences have been detected in Haiti across sites for the same 

provenance and stand age. The average specific gravity ofwood from a 5-year-old stand 

in the Northwest was 0.68 as compared to 0.61 for trees growing in the Southwest. 

Typical specific gravity ranges in Haiti are between 0.59 and 0.79. These ranges are significantly 

lower than those ofL. shannonii (0.83-0.93) and L. collinsii (0.80-0.96) that 

also have been tested in Haiti. 

Utilization: The wide adaptability and fast growth of the tree make it a convenient 

species to plant for fodder, poles, fuelwood and charcoal. However, short rotation (2-3 

year) poles are not durable, being highly susceptible to wood borers and are used only 

incases in which durability is not important. The advantage of higher wood production 

is best achieved by transforming to charcoal (Fig. 15.4), which is considered to be of 

moderate quality, but inferior to the traditional Prosopis and Acacia charcoals and the 

exotic Casuarina equisetifolia (Grosenick, 1986a). 

The utilization of subspecies glabrata in hedgerows probably has surpassed its 

importance as a single stemmed tree since the mid- I980s when USAID-funded agro-


forestry projects began promoting this 

technology (Fig. 15.5). Seed is sown 

directly along the contour made by a shallow 

trench in the soil. Ifproperly managed, 

the hedgerow can serve a multi-purpose 

role: soil conservation structure and source 

of green manure, fodder, and fuelwood. As 

a fodder, L. leucocephala is an important 

source of protein and is highly palatable. 

Ideally, fodder banks are established near 

the courtyard to provide a c6nvenient grazing 

area near tethered livestock and where 

browsing can be controlled to maintain 

productivity (Fig. 15.6). However, open 

and staked grazing in annually-cropped 

fields is more common, in which case it 

can be expected that hedgerows and 

seedlings will suffer extensive damage. 

The tree cannot be grazed hard and continuously 

without its productivity diminishing 

to very low levels. Mimosine toxity 

also limits the amount that can be consumed 

by livestock without impairing their 

health. Proximate analyses are summarized Figure ]5.5 Pruned Leucaena hedgerow. 

in Table 15.1. 

As a medicinal plant, roots and leafy twigs of subspecies leucocephala are boiled 

in a decoction for severe back pain; the twigs are boiled and taken for menstrual cramps; 

the leaves are consumed as a tea for gas and typhoid; and the roots are boiled and taken 

orally for fever (Eldridge, 1975; Morton, 1970). A popular febrifuge is prepared by 

roasting the seed and grinding them with coffee. 

Propagation: The species is easily direct seeded, emerging rapidly several days after 

sowing. The ease with which it is propagated in this way has contibuted to its importance 

as a hedgerow species. However, large amounts of seed are required for mass distribution 

during peak planting seasons and adequate supervision of seed quality is difficult. 

Despite the species' known self-compatibility, gene exchange between co-existing 

subspecies leucocephala is possible and could playa role in the development of less 

Table 15.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of L. leucocephala, after Gbhl(1975). 



Fresh leaves (Thailand) 21.0 181 6.5 46.0 8.4 

Fresh twigs (Malaysia) 27.8 10.4 35 55.1 35 0.54 029 

Fresh browse (Hawaii) 24.2 24.2 2.7 400 8.9 

Pods (Zimbabwe) 21.7 25.6 1.4 45.5 5.8 

Seed (Zimbabwe) 358 11.4 7.5 40.9 4.4

124 Lisina ...Delen 

Figure 15.6 Leucaena fodder banks are an 

excellent source of nutrition to complement 

food rations of goats and other livestock. 

desirable genotypes. Efforts to maintain 

the genetic vigor of the hedgerows with 

improved glabrata varieties must be 

ensured with isolated and secure seed 

orchards. 

A variety of container types have 

been used to propagate the species, the 

most appropriate being a function of 

nursery costs. Rootrainer and Winstrips 

were utilized during most of the 1980s 

in Haiti, though ODH utilized a much 

smaller Styrofoam SpeedJing tray for 

seedlings planted on fertile land. 

Manual scarification, by nicking the 

cotyledon end of the seed, is recommended 

for research and experimental 

seed lots; immersion in hot water, at 

least 49° C, followed by a 2-day soak, is 

the method most often used for mass 

propagation purposes. Inoculation by 

Rhizobium, either coating the seed or 

drenching the sown seed, is a safeguard 

for insufficient field inoculum. 

Inoculation procedures are recommended following pesticide applications for psyllid 

and root rot attacks. Generally 14 weeks is sufficient to raise seedlings, with an initial 

3 weeks of shade and a final 4 weeks of hardening off. Psyllid (H. cubana) (Fig. 15.7), 

damping off and root rot diseases (Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophtora, Alternaria, 

Fusarium, Myrothecium) have been observed to attack nursery seedlings (Tourigny, 

1987; Runion et aI., 1990). The species can be top-pruned, if necessary, prior to outplanting. 

Stump propagation and vegetative methods, including root cuttings and tissue culture 

have not been experimented in Haiti, though these have been reported from other 

countries and are examined in Pound and Martinez (1984). 

Biomass Studies: Regression equations to estimate the biomass of subspecies glabrata 

were conducted at four sites for 5-7-year-old trees and once for a 2-year-old coppice 

rotation. These equations a]Jow one to estimate various tree dry weights based on easily 

measured stem and height measurements. There is a significant difference in the coefficients 

between coppice and seedling rotations because of the difference in stem and 

canopy forms, with the coppice stem concentrating a much greater amount of the total 

tree weight as polewood rather than as fuelwood. The differences in estimates among the 

equations for the standards (i.e., seedling rotation) are mainly because of the differences 

in sampling distribution rather than differences in form. A summary of the biomass 

equations is provided in Table 15.2. 

Charcoal and Lumber Conversion Rates: When 3-4-year-old L. leucocephala is converted 

to charcoal, only about 17-20% of the wood dry weight becomes merchantable


Table 15.3 Site and growth parameters of L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata trials in Haiti. 

SITE ELEVAnON ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBH 2 DRY WOOD 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.I M.A.!. YIELD 

(mm) (m) (em) (kg tree· I ) 

Colora 247 1471 0.5 93 2.3 

Colin 2 775 1300 0.8 100 1:4 

Passe Catabois 2 120 987 0.8 83 1.5 

Ganthier 90 700 1.8 90 1.2 

Cazeau 4 30 1200 2.0 90 3.1 

Passe Catabois 1 120 987 2.2 78 1.8 

Colin 1 775 1300 2.2 41 2.2 

Grand Bassin 70 1300 2.3 95 1.0 

Jean-Rabel 107 1045 2.9 98 1.0 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 96 1.9 

Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 86 1.0 

Mare Grand Bois 40 1200 3.3 59 1.7 

Fond-des-Blanes 250 1335 4.0 100 1:4 

Papaye 250 1450 4:4 44 1:4 

Nan Marron 450 600 4.8 68 1.3 

Cabaret 1 80 900 6.9 77 0.8 

Cabaret 2 80 900 6.9 81 0.9 

1.8 6.4 

0.8 2:4 

2.0 17:4 

0.9 3.2 

2.0 3 9.1 

1:4 9.2 

1.1 17.0 

1:4 16:4 

0.8 15.8 

0.9 19.9 

IM.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. 3 Stem diameter at 0.1 m 

above ground level, in em. 

HEIGHT(m) 

8r------------;=====::::;-----;;'I 

] 1 MlYR LINE I 

7 

TREE AGE (yr) 

Figure 15.9 Height growth ofL. leucocephala 

subsp. glabrata in Haiti. 

shade-tolerant neem (Azadirachta 

indica) had improved stem form and 

exhibited less taper of the stump log 

when planted in a 2: 1 ratio with subspecies 

glabrata (Welle et aI., 1985). 

Giant leucaena is the principal 

species selected in Haiti for alley 

cropping systems, being easy to 

establish and.productive on a wide 

range of sites. In an alley cropping 

trial at Barbe Pagnol in the 

Northwest, L. leucocephala subsp. 

glabrata was compared with· an incountry 

source of L. diversifolia 

subsp. diversifolia and 20 provenances 

of Gliricidia sepium for biomass 

production. The trial was harvested 

at intervals of 4-6 months 

over a 28 month period and exhibited 

total yields as shown in Figure 

15.10. The Leucaena species did not 

differ significantly in total dry biomass 

or leaf and small wood yields,

128 Lisina ••• Delen 

28 MONTH YIELD (DRY KGIM) 

12r-------------------------, 

10 

6 

4 

2 

• LEAF AND WOOD < 1 eM 

8.2 

WOOD>ICM 

o LELE LED! GLSE 6287 GLSE MEAN 

ALLEY CROPPING SPECIES 

Figure 15.10 Dry yield of subspecies glabrata (LELE) compared with 1. diversifolia 

(LEDI), the highest-yielding -Gliricidia sepium (GLSE) provenance, 6287, and the average 

of 20 G. sepium provenances. 

though both were 2-3 times more productive than the top G. sepium accession. With 

regard to wood> 1 cm, subspecies glabrata yielded higher than 1. diversifolia subsp. 

diversifolia. Both species exhibited more than twice the wood yield ofthe top G. sepium 

accession. Cunard (1991) conducted fresh biomass measurements of2 harvests in a 

direct-seeded hedgerow trial near Camp Perrin. He did not find subspecies glabrata to 

be superior to Calliandra calothyrsus, though both were more productive than 4 other 

legumes, including G. sepium. He measured total fresh yields of about 1 kg m- I after 5 

months of coppice growth for 1. leucocephala subsp. glabrata. Other hedgerow trials 

have confirmed the broad adaptability of 1. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, usually 

ranked at the top until one reaches the upper elevations (Isaac et aI., 1994). The hybrid, 

KX3, is showing comparable yields with subspecies glabrata and may be better adapted 

to sites above 1000 m than either of its parent varieties. Dry yield estimates for 

Leucaena species in hedgerow/alley cropping designs are summarized in Table 15.4. 

Tree Improvement: A recent status of a network of seed-production areas and treeimprovement 

trials involving subspecies glabrata is given in Timyan (1993). The introduction 

of the subspecies to Haiti in the latter part of the 1970s was most probably of 

narrow genetic base, representing the self-pollinated K8, K28 and K67 isolines from the 

University of Hawaii.K8, the most widely cultivated variety, originally was collected 

from one -or a few cultivated trees in the northern Mexico state of Zacatecas in 1959 

(Hughes, 1993). Though the Asian psyllid epidemic ofthe mid-1980s did not happen in 

Haiti, the indiscriminate distribution ofsuch a narrow genetic base is risky. The continued 

improvement ofLeucaena in Haiti requires the importation ofa wider genetic base 

than that which was introduced in the late 1970s. It was not until 1985 that another


Table 15.4 Dry biomass yields of Leucaena species in hedgerow and alley cropping trials in 

Haiti. The harvest period indicated is the time from establishment to the last harvest. Yields 

are equivalent to the sum of the individual harvests,which includes the initial seedling harvest. 

SPECIES DENSITY NO. OF HARVEST DRY LEAF DRY WOOD SITE 

(trees m· l ) HARVESTS PERIOD YIELD YIELD 

(months) (kgm· l ) (kgm· l ) 

L. diversifolia K156 2 4 28 4.6 6.5 Bab Panyo1 

(1988-1991) 

L. leucocephala K8 2 4 28 4.8 8.2 Bab Panyo1 

(1988-1991) 

L. diversifolia K156 10 3 23 0.7 1.1 Bergeau, Cayes 

(1991-1993) 

L. diversifolia x L. 10 3 23 2.0 3.6 Bergeau, Cayes 

leucocephala hybrid (1991-1993) 

(KX3) 

L. leucocephala K636 10 3 23 2.0 3.8 Bergeau, Cayes 

(1991-1993) 

L. salvadorensis 10 23 0.1 0.2 Bergeau, Cayes 

(1991-1993) 

L. shannonii 10 3 23 0.7 1.5 Bergeau, Cayes 

(1991-1993) 

L. diversifolia K156 10 3 24 0.9 1.2 Ft. Jacques 

(1991-1993) 

L. diversifolia x L. 10 3 24 1.1 1.7 Ft. Jacques 


(KX3) 

L. leucocephala K636 10 3 24 0.8 1.7 Ft. Jacques 

(1991-1993) 

L. diversifolia K156 10 2 23 0.2 0.3 St. Georges 

(1991-1993) 

L. diversifolia x L. 10 2 23 0.6 0.8 St. Georges 


(KX3) 

L. leucocephala K636 10 2 23 0.8 1.6 St. Georges 

(1991-1993) 

L. salvadorensis 10 2 23 0.3 0.5 St. Georges 

(1991-1993) 

L. shannonii 10 2 23 0.1 0.2 St. Georges 

(1991-1993) 

source of giant leucaena was brought to Haiti. A seed lot from Choluteca, Honduras, 

OFI 19/81, was established at 5 locations in the country as part of the OFI dry zone 

species trials. Also included in the trials was the introduction of 2 new Leucaena 

species: L. shannonii subsp. shannonii and L. collinsii subsp. zacapana. Neither species 

outperformed the survival and height growth ofL. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, though 

local farmers soon noted the difference in wood qualities and seed production. 

In 1988, International Resources Group introduced K636, K605, and K584, along 

with the interspecific hybrid KX3, a cross between L. diversifolia subspecies diversifolia 

and L. leucocephala. These were established in seed-production stands and isolated 

varietal blocks throughout sites in Haiti, from sea level to 1500 m (Fig. 15.11). The 

stands were culled of individuals exhibiting early flowering and inferior form charac-

130 Lisina... Delen 

Figure 15.11 L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata x L. diversifotia hybrid (KX3) stand managed 

for seed production in the Cul-de-Sac Plain. 

teristics. Hybrid stands generally were culled of individuals exhibiting strong characteristics 

ofthe K8 pollen parent, favoring the K156 seed parent and its tolerance ofhigher 

elevations. 

Despite L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata's known self-compatibility, gene exchange 

with the local subspecies is possible and could playa role in the development of genotypes 

less desirable than the giant variety (Zarate, 1987). Natural outcrossing of L. leucocephala 

subsp. glabrata, as the pollen parent, with L. diversifotia subsp. diversifolia 

is common where the two species co-exist, and produces progeny with a variable range 

of traits common to uncontrolled crosses. 

In 1991, several new species of Leucaena from the OFI collections in Central 

America, were introduced in both high- (> 1200 m) and low-elevation sites. These 

included additional L. diversifolia subsp. diversifotia seed lots to broaden the K156 

genetic base for high-elevation areas, L. esculenta subsp. esculenta, L. esculenta subsp. 

paniculata, L. lanceolata, L. macrophylla subsp. nelsonii, L. pulverulenta, and L. salvadorensis. 

The military coup of 1991 forced suspension of continued germplasm 

improvement activities, with most of the new species requiring re-introduction.

Lisina...Delen 131 

There is continued need to assess the progeny from the K636 and KX3 seed production 

stands for levels ofpod production, segregation, and outcrossing rates, as these 

varieties are tested across sites in hedgerows and as single-stemmed trees. Decline in 

hybrid vigor of the KX3 and the genetic maintenance of pure L. leucocephala subsp. 

glabrata in close proximity with other Leucaena species and subspecies is the challenge 

of future germplasm improvement activities. A wider genetic base at both the species 

and subspecies levels is also necessary to secure the future ofthe species and ofthe people 

who have come to depend on the tree. In addition to the germplasm that is already 

in Haiti, it is wise to continue importing new diversity for specific end-purposes.

Figure 16.1 This 26-year-old specimen at the Ministry ofAgriculture is among the oldest 

A. indica in Haiti, brought to the country from Senegal, W. Africa in 1967. 1nset 

Ellipsoidal drupes of A. indica.

16 Nim 

Species: Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. 

Synonyms: Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelbert, Melia azadirachta L., Melia indica 

(Adr. Juss.) Brandis 


Common Names: neem (nim), neeb, nimba 

Importance: A. indica is the model of a multi-purpose tree species, providing an 

important mix of goods and services that benefit Haitian farmers. The fruit is a source 

both of insecticides and fertilizer that keep vulnerable food crops healthy, while con- . 

tributing to the diet of Haiti's wild fauna that disperse the seed. A significant amount 

of oil that is contained in the kernel can be utilized in a range ofproducts from cooking 

oil to soaps and lubricants. Its quick growth and abundant natural regeneration ensure 

a supply of fuelwood, construction wood and shade. The tree can be invasive and must 

be managed to protect the natural regeneration ofnative tree species. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features:. A. indica is a member of the mahogany family, 

comprising many of the most important wood species in Haiti: Swietenia mahagoni 

(kajou peyi), S. macrophylla (kajou etranje), Trichilia hirta (monben bata), Guarea 

guidonia (bwa wouj) and Cedrela odorata (sed). The species is considered by some 

botanists to be comprised of two varieties. A. indica var. indica is the common variety 

from India that has been introduced as an exotic throughout the tropics. A. indica var. 

siamensis has bigger leaves and a smoother leaf margin with two races that- are distinguished 

by a red and green top shoot (Bhumibhamon, 1987). The fruit is an ellipsoidal 

drupe, up to 2 cm long, that turns from light green to yellow (Fig. 16.1 inset). The sweet 

mucilaginous pulp surrounds a seed that is composed of a shell and a light green kernel. 

The small, white, bisexual flowers ofA. indica are arranged in axillary clusters and 

have a honey-like scent that attracts bees (Fig. 16.2). 

A closely-related species, Melia azedarach L., locally known as lila, also occurs in 

Haiti and is distinguished from A. indica by the slighter stem, less dense canopy, light 

lavender flowers, and sparser fruit clusters with spherical drupes, 1 cm in diameter. 

Distribution and Ecology: A. indica is believed to be indigenous to India, Java and the 

lesser Sunda Islands-(Burkill, 1966). It spread throughout the drier tropical regions of 

Africa and into the Caribbean as early as the latter part ofthe nineteenth century (Pliske, 

1984). Neem was introduced to Haiti in 1967 from seed believed to have originated in 

Senegal. Trees originating from this narrow genetic base still can be found at several 

locations, including the Faculte d'Agronomie et Medecine Veterinaire (Damien) and 

Place St. Anne in Port-au-Prince. The species spread quickly after being planted along 

the national highways to the north and south ofHaiti during the mid-1970s. As a major 

species ofthe USAID agroforestry projects (1981-1991), neem has been distributed to 

nearly every part of Haiti. The Operation Double Harvest (ODH) nursery at Cazeau 

distributed more than 1.4 million seedlings between 1981 and 1986. The distribution 

included the planting of 0.3 million seedlings on 10 plantations in the Cul-de-Sac 

(Timyan, 1987). Additional provenances of A. indica were introduced to Haiti from 

Burma in 1984, India in 1986, and Africa in 1991, by the corribined efforts of USAID, 

133

134 Him 

ODH, and Agridyne, Inc. In 1984, neem was shipped to the Dominican Republic from 

seed collected in Haiti and was planted at the lnstituto Superior de Agricultura, 

Santiago, under the auspices of the National Energy Policy Commission (Knudson et 

aI., 1988). 

Neem performs best between sea level and 600 m elevation with annual rainfall 

above 800 mm. Though the species has a reputation for being hardy, wood and fruit production 

are marginal on the dry, stony sites that typically are invaded by such thorny 

species as Acacia tortuosa. Neem is not as salt tolerant as Prosopis juliflora and failed 

when planted on the salty, poorly-drained land (pH = 9.0) between Thomazeau and 

Croix-des-Bouquets by ODH in 1981. It exhibits chlorosis when planted on calcareous 

rock and shallow soils commonly found near the coast (Fig. 16.3). Once neem is established, 

it has a tendency to become weedy and form pure stands, growing thickly under 

its own shade and eliminating the natural regeneration of other species. Wild animals, 

particularly birds and lizards, are fond of the yellow ripe seed and disperse the species 

gradually away from the seed source. Goats, sheep, and cattle do not prefer neem as a 

forage and tend to leave it alone except under severe drought pressure when other food 

is not available. However, damage is generally extensive under open grazing conditions 

because of trampling, breaking of the growing portion of the stem, and soil compaction. 

Tree Characteristics: The oldest trees in Haiti, aged 26 years, are approximately 20 m 

tall with stem diameters that range from 45-75 em. Open-grown, the tree is shortstemmed 

with a heavily-branched, dense, and evergreen canopy that fruits abundantly. 

Grown under denser conditions, the tree develops a straight, high-forking stem with 

negligible fruit production. Fruiting of neem peaks twice during the year, in June and 

November, with most of the seed available for harvest between May and July and from 

October to December. Mature trees can yield between 30-50 kg of fresh fruit (Ahmed 

Figure 16.2 White flowers ofA. indica.

Figure 16.3 Lime-induced chlorosis is common 

on calcareous sites near the coast. 

Nim US 

et aI., 1984) at approximately 4000 

seeds kg· l . 

The heartwood of mature trees is 

reddish brown, though most of the 

wood harvested in Haiti is closer to 

straw color with a tinge of pink. The 

grain is interlocked, with a moderately 

coarse texture. The wood ranges 

from dull to somewhat lustrous, having, 

when freshly cut, a slight cedary 

smell that fades on drying. Neem 

lumber seasons well and becomes stable 

with varying atmospheric conditions. 

It works well and produces a 

smooth finish, though it has a tendency 

to split when nailed. Neem is rated 

as durable to moderately durable 

(Chudnoff, 1984; UKFPRL, 1968). 

Neem poles have a reputation of not 

being attacked quickly by borers and 

they sell well in the Port-au-Prince 

market (Welle et a!., 1985). About 

60% of the total tree weight can be 

used for charcoal or poles (Ehrlich, 

1985). Wood density is moderate (sp. 

gr. 0.52-0.65) with an energy equivalent 

of 16.92 megajoules kg'l at 14% 

moisture content. 

Utilization: In Haiti, neem has been planted primarily for its quick yield of wood and 

deep shade. Trees generally are planted along field boundaries, serving as both a boundary 

marker and a windbreak (Fig. 16.4). The tree pollards well and is managed on a lopping 

cycle that coincides with the light and moisture needs of the understory crops. 

Stems are utilized as roundwood for house construction. The ODH plantations in the 

Cul-de-Sac plain were managed for a mixture of fuelwood, charcoal and poles in an 

attempt to commercialize wood production. Stands located on more fertile sites at 

Cazeau and Bon Repos were managed for fuelwood and lumber. Consumer preference 

tests conducted in Port-au-Prince showed that neem charcoal was considered inferior to 

charcoal made of Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopisjuliflora and Acacia spp., superior 

to Leucaena Leucocephala and Senna siamea and no different from Eucalyptus camalduLensis 

and Albizia lebbeck (Grosenick, 1986a). 

Despite its recent introduction to Haiti, neem is being utilized as a febrifuge. In the 

La Chapelle area, neem ranks fifth among plant species as a source of leaf decoctions 

for fever (Rouzier, 1990). It is recognized in other countries for its fungicidal, antibacterial 

and antiviral properties (NRC, 1992).

136 Nim 

Figure 16.4 A. indica is planted typically along the boundary of land devoted to annual 

food crops. It has a tendency to gradually invade on moist sites. 

Utilization of neem as a natural source of insecticide has increased gradually over 

the past decade. In 1981, early experiments on La Gonave were conducted by applying 

crushed seed into vegetable pots planted with cabbage, cucumber and tomatoes. 

Increased vigor and protection against major pests was observed (Welle et aI., 1985). It 

was also noted that tilapia fry were killed by neem seed dropping into an outdoor fish 

tank. Neem has been used as an alternative to Chlordane in nurseries by CARE and 

PADF throughout Haiti (Josiah, 1989) and on an agri-business scale by ODH in the Culde-Sac 

(Fig. 16.5a-d). The active ingredients extracted from the seed kernel, primarily 

azadirachtin, are responsible for disrupting the metamorphosis of insects and act as a 

feeding deterrent. The biochemicals are systemic, being taken up by the host plant 

(NRC, 1992). 

The cake of the oil seeds is used as fertilizer and the aromatic leaves are reported 

to be used as fodder in India. The proximate analysis of A. indica is shown in Table 

16.1. 

Propagation: The propagation of neem in Haiti has been largely from seed sown in 

rigid container systems such as the Rootrainer and the Winstrip. Fresh seed does not 

require pre-treatment when sown within a couple of weeks from harvest. As in other 

species of the Meliaceae, looping of the hypocotyl is a problem, affecting up to 7% of 

emergents in Winstrips, with deformed root systems and poor vigor (Larson et a!., 

1985). These emergents are replaced by transplanting pre-germinated seed or by proportionally 

increasing the sowing rate and selecting out the deformed seedlings. Most 

common nursery disease problems include: leaf spot caused by Cercospora, perhaps C.

Nim 137 

Figure 16.5 a) Pulverized neem kernel for wet pesticide application. b) Applying wet 

neem seed solution to tomato seedlings. c) Pulverized neem kernel for dry pesticide 

application. d) Applying dry neem seed to papaya.

138 Nim 

Table 16.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of A. indica, after Gohl(1975). 



Fresh leaves (India) 15.4 12.7 4.2 56.5 11.2 2.65 0.24 

Fresh leaves (Pakistan) 13.4 14.7 6.2 55.5 10.3 1.94 0.17 

leucostica or C. meliae (Tourigny, 1987), under humid or poorly-ventilated conditions; 

a "carrot top" foliar disease ofuncertain cause; and leaf chlorosis caused by using potting 

medium contaminated with nematodes (Josiah, 1989; Runion et aI., 1990). 

Seedlings normally require 14 weeks in a Rootrainer or Winstrip prior to outplanting, 

with the initial 4 weeks under shade and the last 4 weeks reserved for hardening off. 

There are several alternative propagation methods that are less costly and simpler 

than the containerized seedling. The two methods that are the most practical for neem 

is stump propagation and the transplanting ofvolunteers from beneath selected mother 

trees. Stumps are prepared by raising seedlings directly in a raised bed and pruning both 

stem and roots prior to outplant. Reid (1991) .showed· no differences in survival or 

growth between stumps and containerized seedlings at 2 sites in Haiti following a year 

of growth. Volunteers are lifted from beneath selected mother trees and transplanted 

during the rains. A portion of the lifted seedlings are rejected because of natural root 

deformities associated with looping and poor vigor. One study revealed that up to 22% 

of the volunteers had root deformities, while 39% had excellent taproot formation 

(Larson et aI., 1985). While transplanting volunteers increases mortality rates and poorer 

root development, the trade-off has to be measured in terms of the economics and 

practicality'ofmanaging a containerized nursery under typical Haitian farm conditions. 

Seed Handling: One of the most serious limitations in artificial propagation is the 

problem ofseed longevity and adequate germination procedures to test seed viability. 

Howeve.r, neem seed may be stored successfully up to 4 months if the seed is dried 

immediately following harvest in the sun for 3 days and stored in cotton bags at 15° C 

at reduced levels ofhumidity (Chaisurisri, 1986). Seed can be stored for longer periods 

of time if moisture content is lowered to 6.6-7.3% (dry weight basis) and stored continuously 

in sealed containers at 4°C. Furthermore, dormancy factors associated with 

the seed hull must be overcome to maximize germination capacity. Removal ofthe seed 

coat has shown a 10-fold increase in germination ofstored seed in Haiti (Timyan, 1991). 

Similar results were shown for 2 seed lots from Africa: 2-year-old seed germinated 24% 

compared to 62% with the endocarp removed, while 8 1h-year-old seed exhibited differences 

of 20% and 70% (Bellefontaine and Audinet, 1993). 

Azadirachtin Levels: Azadirachtin levels in neem seed were analyzed for tree andseed 

maturity effects in 1989 (Timyan and Walter, 1990). This study was initiated based on 

reports from W.R. Grace & Co. that certain seed lots from Africa tested 2- to 10-fold 

higher than seed lots from Haiti. It was suspected that both genetic and environmental 

effects contributed to this difference. No differences were detected between 3 levels of 

seed maturity, ranging from green seed on the tree and fallen seed on the ground. 

However, differences were detected among trees, sites, and seed collected during different 

seasons. There is reason to believe that even with the narrow genetic base that is

Him 139 

present in Haiti, genetic improvement can be made on azadirachtin levels in neem. 

Azadirachtin levels ranged from 2.40-3.50 mg per dry gram seed kernel. 

Silviculture: ODH experimented with the direct seeding ofneem and failed primarily 

because the neem germinated too slowly and rotted in the field (Welle et aI., 1985). 

Fruits, dried seed, and pre-soaked seed were tested. The latter had a germination rate of 

25%, but failed to establish as seedlings. However, the transplanting oftop-pruned volunteers 

planted during the same period exhibited 60% survival after a month ofonly 10 

mm ofrainfall. Reid (1991) measured a 4% survival ofdirect-seeded neem after 1 year 

at Cazeau. 

Container and potting mix trials have shown mixed results in survival and early 

height growth (Dupuis, 1986a; Reid, 1991). However, these studies have never been 

continued beyond 2 years and should be considered with caution as to the real impact 

that nursery treatments have on longer term field productivity. 

Neem appears to be weed sensitive during the first year that the seedling is developing 

a root system. Stunting ofthe tree has been observed by several foresters at trials 

that were neglected, particularly under droughty site conditions. Subsequent weeding of 

the trials generally does not exert a positive height-growth response. 

The only pests that have been observed to attack mature trees are the stem borer 

Apate monachus and a carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae). A. monachus penetrates 

deeply into the branches, forming galleries that retard growth and make the 

branches susceptible to wind breakage (Knudson et aI., 1988). This same pest is known 

to attack Casuarina equisetifolia, Swietenia mahagoni, S. macrophylla, and Melia 

azedarach (CATIE, 1992). The carpenter bee attacks in a similar fashion, boring into 

apical stems, and forming galleries that weaken the tree. It is likely that these pests are 

only a problem when neem is under drought stress, since the observations were reported 

in the drier regions of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. 

Double rows of neem alternating with a single row ofL. leucocephala developed 

more vigorously with less stem fluting, higher forking, and less canopy volume than 

pure stands ofA. indica at an equivalent spacing and age. The use ofL. leucocephala as 

a nurse crop maximizes the potential ofneem as a source ofpoles and lumber, always 

of a higher value than fuelwood or charcoal in the urban area. 

Pure stands ofneem at stocking densities ranging from 2000-2500 stems ha- 1 consistently 

have yielded poor seed harvests, with any significant production occurring at 

the stand edge. A neem stand, established in 1991 near Croix-des-Bouqets, produced 

seed within 2 years at a density of 800 stems ha- 1 • This appears to be the optimal density 

to maximize fruit yields. 

Biomass and Volume Studies: Equations developed to estimate various components of 

A. indica have been completed over the past decade. The first study was conducted to 

estimate fuelwood volume based on stem diameters. This was done in 1983 on a 2-yearold 

stand near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1983). Ehrlich (1985) conducted a biomass study 

from a 4-year-old stand at Thomazeau and included pole volume tables. A third study 

was completed in 1986 for a coppice stand and regression equations were analyzed to 

estimate fuelwood and pole biomass separately (Timyan, 1987). The volume and biomass 

equations from these studies are provided in Table 16.2. Because ofthe difference

142 Nim 

Figure 16.8 Widely-spaced double rows of A. indica are necessary for adequate fruiting 

in this genetic trial. 

amounts of seeds during the time that neem seedlings were being mass distributed 

throughout Haiti. However, a significant step was made in 1990 with the importation of 

a West African and Caribbean collection made by Agridyne, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT). 

These seed lots were established in a 1991 genetic test designed to evaluate differences 

in survival, growth, seed yield, and azadirachtin concentration over a period of 5 years. 

The results after 2 years are encouraging, though differences in height growth have only 

been detected between the top seed lot from Niger (4.8 m) and the slowest-growing seed 

lot from Puerto Rico (3.6 m). There were no differences in survival. Several of the neem 

have flowered and fruited, indicating that the trial may yield seed of sufficient quantities 

for early azadriachtin assays (Fig. 16.8). 

The Neem Vision: Continued research must be directed toward enlarging and improving 

the genetic base of neem in Haiti. Currently, only a narrow genetic base is available 

for wide-scale management of neem seed production. Every effort must be made to 

keep abreast ofprogress being made to conduct provenance-wide collections ofA. indica. 

The use ofsterilized seedlings grown in the source country and packed in moist peat 

moss should be investigated as an alternative to seed for shipment of germplasm to 


Currently, neem is being harvested from unimproved trees growing as windbreaks, 

shade and roadside plantings. Silvicultural research must continue to study the optimal 

conditions for fruit production. The relationship between tree density (trees ha· l ) and 

azadirachtin yield (kg ha ol ) must be determined for various site conditions if neem is to 

be managed economically for the pesticide industry. An operational method already has

Him 14i 

been developed by ODH for the primary separation of neem oil and azadirachtin. 

Though the neem oil is being used as a pesticidal spray against fungal diseases, it may 

have a greater return on investment as a base for the local production ofsoap. In-country 

demand for azadirachtin may compete for prices paid by importers in North 

America. All of these factors must be considered in the future to realize the extraordinary 

potential ofneem in Haiti.

Figure 17.1 G. sepium is a popular live-fence species in regions of southern Haiti, as 

shown here near Fond-des-Negres.

17 Piyon 

Species: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. 

Family: Fabaccae (=Leguminosae) Subfamily - Lotoideae (Faboideae, Papilionoideae) 

Synonyms: Cliricidia lambii, G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud., Lonchocarpus sepium, Robinia 

maculala HBK., R. sepium Jacq. 

Common Names: H - pinon (piyon, piyong), IiI as etranger (lila etranje), immortelle 

(mOlel); DR - almacigo extranjero, palo de parque, pinon de Cuba, pinon cubano, varita 

de San Jose; C, DR - pinon amoroso; C - acacia, amor y celos, bien vestida, desnudo 

florecido, floresco, pinon florido; J - quick stick, St. Vincent plum; PR - madre de 

cacao, mata raton, mother-of-cocao 

Importance: G. sepium is one of the easiest nitrogen-fixing trees to establish by stem 

cuttings, making it a valuable live fence species to protect property. Grown as a tree, it 

serves as shade for perennial crops and is easily lopped as a source of fuelwood, forage 

and green manure. Larger stems are a source of rough lumber. Anywhere soil stabilization 

is required, the living fence technology can be employed in alley cropping or in 

gully plug arrangements. The species improves the soil. Ease in propagation, fast 

growth and low risk of being invasive offer an easily-managed component for agroforestry 

systems. 

Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The generic name Gliricidia refers to "mouse 

killer" in Latin (Barrett, 1956) and the species epithet is named from the Latin saepes 

meaning "hedge." There are at least 3 species in the genera that are native to Central 

America, though confusion has surrounded the taxonomy of the species. G. maculala, 

a closely related species, is distinguished by its white flower and different leaf morphology, 

although some botanists consider it synonymous with G. sepium (Hughes, 

1987). 

Piyon is one ofthe popular names used for this species ir; Haiti, most likely derived 

from the Dominican common name,piiion cubano (Liogier, 1974). G. sepium is a multistemmed 

tree, often with spindly branches forming a loose crown (Fig 17.2). The alternate 

leaves are recognized 

by 7-9 pairs of 

elliptic leaflets 2-7 em 

long. Flowers range 

from pink to lavender 

and are arranged in a 

short, erect inflorescence 

usually preceding 

the leaves. The 

dehiscent pods turn 

from greenish yellow to 

brown and explode 

Figure 17.2 G sepium is a light seeder in Haiti. 

when mature. Each pod 

contains 5-6 seeds and 

twists into spirals after 

shedding the seed. 

145

146 Piyon 

Distribution and Ecology: G. sepium is a native ofCentral America and Mexico, ranging 

as far south as the northern portion of South America. The species may have been 

introduced into the Caribbean by the Spanish during the last century for cacao shade 

and as a living fence (Ford, 1987). The species seems to have been established in Cuba 

before spreading to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico (Liogier, 1974). The distribution ofthe 

species is very scattered in Haiti, tending to occur in pockets along the major trade 

routes, particularly in the lower elevations of the coffee-growing regions. Here it thrives 

best in moist-to-humid forest conditions with rainfall greater than 1000 mm and elevations 

below 600 m. The most conspicuous concentration of the species is in the Fondsdes-Negres 

area spreading toward l:Asile in southern Haiti, where is found the best 

example ofits use as a live fence. In other regions of Haiti, the species usually is mixed 

with other live fence species or occurs as a single tree near residences. G. sepium is 

rarely found along the dry coastal regions, the thorn scrub areas on the leeward side of 

mountains or mountain elevations above 800 m. 

Since the early 1980s, 

many provenances of Gliricidia 

sepium have been distributed 

throughout Haiti by 

various natural resource management 

projects, by both the 

Ministry of Agriculture and 

non-governmental organizations 

involved in soil conservation, 

forestry and agroforestry 

strategies with 

Haitian farming communities. 

In due time, it is expected 

to be more widespread and 

more common as farmers 

become familiar with utilizing 

the species and thus have 

easy access to planting material. 

Tree Characteristics: In its 

natural form, the tree is lowforked 

and multiple 

stemmed, rarely reaching 

heights above 12 meters. 

Occasionally, trees with 

stem diameters up to 40 em 

can be found (Fig. 17.3). 

Most of the forms of juvenile 

trees are pruned as a 

Figure 17.3 Large trunk of G. sepium near petionville. result of being incorporated

148 Piyon 

Figure 17.4 G. sepium cuttings exhibit significant 

differences in rooting and vigor at both individual 

and provenance levels. 

Figure 17.5 Propagation methods have a significant 

effect on establishing G. sepium. Rooted cuttings 

(right) is superior to seedlings sown from 

seed (left) in both survival and early growth. 

Propagation: Propagation by 

stem and branch cuttings is the 

method preferred by Haitian 

farmers to establish the species. 

Normally, cuttings are harvested 

at the beginning of the rains and 

are cut in lengths 1-2 m to facilitate 

establishing a living fence. 

They usually are planted as soon 

as possible, because the cuttings 

mold easily and begin to rot. 

Smaller stock, about 20 em long, 

are rooted in polythene bags to 

establish clonal seed orchards. 

The ends are cut parallel at a 45degree 

angle to increase the rooting 

surface below the soil and to 

keep water from penetrating the 

pith of the stem from the top. 

Notable differences in rooting 

and vigor have been observed 

among provenances and individual 

selections within provenances 

(Fig. 17.4). Propagation 

methods appear to have a significant 

effect on the early surivival 

and growth rate of outplanted 

seedlings (Fig. 17.S), with rooted 

cuttings being supenor to 

seedlings started from seed. 

The tree can be direct seeded, 

though seed is scarcely available 

in large enough quantities for 

this method to be efficient on a 

large scale. Seedlings propagated 

from seed do not pose any 

problems. Seed prepared for 

mass propagation is immersed in 

hot water and left to soak for a 

couple of days prior to sowing. 

About 10 weeks are required to 

raise seedlings in containers such 

as the Rootrainer or Winstrip, 

with the initial 3 weeks under 

shade and the final 4 weeks hardening 

off. No major insect or dis-

Piyon 149 

Table 17.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (dry weight) of G. sepium in Haiti. 

COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATIONI R 2 d RANGE SITE 

(em) 

Total aboveground biomass 

Usable wood weight 

Usable wood weight 

0.085Ld; 

0.079Ld; 

0.021hLd; 

(cross-site regression) 

0.98 

0.98 

0.96 

1.8 - 8.1 

1.8 - 8.1 

1.8 - 15.3 

Nan Marron 

Nan Marron 

10 world-wide sites 

wi 1 in Haiti 

I d =Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in em. h =Total tree height, in m. n = Number of stems at 

0.3 m above ground 

ease problems have been associated with this species in Haitian nurseries. 

Biomass Studies: Equations to estimate the yield oftotal and wood biomass of G. sepium 

are provided in Table 17.2. The study was conducted in 1990 at Nan Marron in 

northwest Haiti. These equations allow one to estimate the amount of total and wood 

weights, in dry kilograms, based on stem measurements. Stewart et al. (1992) published 

a cross-site equation to estimate wood yield forthe species based in part on data collected 

from the Nan Marron site. 

Growth Performance: G. sepium was established in several species trials during the 

1980s. The species has exhibited very mixed results, failing or showing poor growth on 

most ofthe sites (Table 17.3). Height growth is inferior to most ofthe tree species con::' 

sidered for timber, hardly achieving annual height increments of 1 m yr-l (Fig. 17.6). 

Reasons for this performance are not easily understood, except that the species does not 

appear as drought hardy as one would expect from reading the literature. Furthermore, 

factors such as stock quality and genetic source ofthe seed seem to have been underestimated 

as they influence the productivity of G. sepium greatly. Significant differences 

between the survival and early growth ofseedling stock compared with rooted cuttings 

were observed at Lapila (Fig. 17.4). Whereas, rooted cuttings exhibited an average 85% 

survival rate and 2.5 m height growth in 18 months, seedlings averaged 40% survival 

and grew to only 1.5 m. Since much of the seed is imported from Central American 

Table 17.3 Site and growth parameters of G. sepium trials in Haiti. 

SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT d 2 DRY WOOD 

(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.I. l M.A.I. YIELD 

(nun) (m) (em) (kg tree· l ) 

Lapila 350 1145 1.6 85 1.6 

Paillant 600 1300 2.0 22 0.2 

Cabaret 80 900 2.0 38 0.4 0.7 0.2 

Jean Rabel 107 1045 2.9 23 0.6 1.1 0.8 

Marmont 280 1450 3.0 72 1.4 1.5 3 1.7 

Cabaret 80 900 3.3 52 0.5 

MareGrand Bois 20 1200 3.3 12 0.4 0.9 '0.2 

Fond-des-Blancs 250 1335 4.0 49 0.6 0.8 0.4 

Papaye 250 1450 4.4 40 1.0 1.0 1.8 

Nan Marron 450 600 4.8 96 0.7 1.0 1.5 

I M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 d =Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in em. 3Stem diameter at 

1.3 ill above ground level, in em.

PART II 

TECHNICAL NOTES 

PREVIOUS PAGE BLANK

18 Pests and Diseases 

Damaging agents, such as pests and diseases, reduce the productivity of Haitian 

trees and cause considerable economic loss. However, very little has been reported on 

the nature of tree pests and diseases in Haiti. Much of this lack has to do with the fact 

that basic scientific research nearly has ceased in the country during recent decades. 

For example, the only entomological work specific to Haiti is a dated treatment by 

Wolcott (1927). Recent investigations of the pests and diseases that attack young 

seedlings in the artificial environments of tree nurseries (Tourigny, 1987; Runion et al., 

1990; Josiah, 1990; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991) are by design quick and superficial. 

The rapid reconnaissance work of consultants cannot possibly keep up with the longterm 

evolution of tree pests and diseases. Such studies, requiring institutional commitments, 

expertise and funding, fall hopelessly low on the national and international agendas 

of governmental and development agencies operating in Haiti. Aside from a few of 

the commercially important non-native species, the information we have about the pests 

and diseases of Haitian trees is seriously inadequate. 

Given the scarcity of data specific to Haiti, a preliminary investigation of the literature 

was conducted to summarize the most important pests and diseases known to 

attack tree species found in Haiti. Even if a particular pest or disease never has been 

confirmed in the country, its spread to Haiti must always be considered possible. 

Biological factors such as these have little respect for political boundaries. 

Furthermore, as stresses to the island's ecosystems increase and the genetic erosion of 

tree populations continues unabated, the situation becomes of greater concern. 

The following information is arranged in alphabetical order by species. For each 

species or genus, a summary ofthe pests and diseases are listed, followed in many cases 

by a brief description of the type of damage or attack symptoms and the location(s) in 

which the observations were made. No attempt has been made to include control measures, 

though these occasionally can be found in the cited literature. 

Species: Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. 

Creole Names: akasya, zakasya 

Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

Insect Pests: Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip the 

stems or defoliate in the nursery. 

Other Pests: Rabbits severely damage seedlings in Florida. Birds, attracted to the 

bright orange aril, consume and disperse the seed in Haiti. 

Diseases: Notable fungal diseases attacking nursery seedlings in Haiti include leaf spot 

(Pestalotia), powdery mildew (Oidium), and damping off (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia). 

References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Morton, 1983; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Acaciafarnesiana (L.) Willd. 

Creole Name: zakasya jon 


Insect Pests: The twig girdler (Oncideres pustulatus LeConte) attacks the tree in southern 

Texas. Bruchid beetles (e.g., Caryedon gonagra Fabricius) infest seeds and pods in 

Puerto Rico and India. The pomegranate butterfly (Virachola livia Klug) attacks green 

pods in Egypt. 

PREViOUS PAGE BLANK 1SS


trunk and roots, causing gum leakage and eventually killing the tree. Thrips damage 

leaves and include: Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard in the West Indies; and Idolothrips 

halidaji Newm., and Phloeothrips anacardii Newm. in India. The leaf miner 

(Acrocercops syngramma M.) attacks young plants. The tea mosquito (Helopeltis 

antonii S.) attacks the shoot tips and causes them to dry up and shed nuts prematurely. 

The caterpillar (Cricula trifenestrata H.) occasionally infests and defoliates the tree. 

The mealy bug (Ferresiana virgata) attacks the inflorescence. An unidentified mite 

infests the tree in Haiti, yellowing the leaves, and causing a severe reduction in nut 

yield. Other pests include leaf webbers, flea beetles, spider mites, and scales. Fruit flies 

sometimes attack the cashew apple. 

Other Pests: Nematode species of the genera Criconemoides, Scutellonema, and 

Xiphinema are prevalent in Brazil. 

Diseases: Cashew anthracnose is caused by a fungus (Glomerella cingulata) and is 

characterized by the destruction of flower sets, resulting in little or no fruit production. 

Pink disease, caused by Gloeosporium spp., results in tip dieback and possibly pitting 

of the nut surface. A disease with leaf-blight symptoms occurs on mature trees in Haiti, 

but may be confused with severe infestations of mites. Powdery mildew attacks young 

leaves and inflorescences during dry weather. An additional 26 genera of pathogenic 

fungi have been reported, none of which is considered to be of economic importance. 

References: Duke, 1989; Morton,1961; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. 

Creole Name: bwa palmis 


Insect Pests: Seed weevils (Cleogonus spp.) and fruit flies attack seeds and pods in 

Costa Rica. Pinhole borers, powder post beetles, and termites attack the sapwood. Drywood 

termites attack the heartwood in tropical America. 

Other Pests: Field mice clip the stems of seedlings in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Weaver, 1989. 

Species: Annona muricata L. 

Creole Name: kowosol 

Family: Annonaceae 

Insect Pests: Insect pests causing the most damage include Bephata maculicollis, 

Ceconota annonella, Talponia backeri, and Thecla ortygnus. 

Disease: Fungus damage (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) is serious in Venezuela 

and Puerto Rico. Dieback of an uncertain cause occurs in Hawaii. 

Reference: CAB, 1988 

Species: Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco 

Creole Name: arokariya 

Family: Araucariaceae 

Insect Pests: The mealybug (Octaspidiotus araucariae) infests the tree in Hawaii and 

Puerto Rico. Ericocus araucariae Muskell attacks the tree in Brazil. 

Disease: Dieback of an uncertain cause has been reported in its native Norfolk Island. 

Reference: Francis, [n.d.]

Pests and Diseases 159 

Species: Avicennia germinans (L.) L. 

Creole Name: mang nwa 

Family: Verbenaceae 

Insect Pests: Wood borer (Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) attacks the tree in Florida. A 

scale (Icerya seychellarum Westw.) causes defoliation in the Indo-Pacific. Larvae of 

Cleora injectaria Walker infest leaves and defoliates in the Indo-Pacific. High intensity 

of leaf miner activity has been reported in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) 

attack wood in Puerto Rico. 

Disease: Fungal pathogens (Alternaria alternata and Phytophtora spp.) cause defoliation 

and occasionally kill the tree in Australia. 

Reference: Jimenez and Lugo, 1985. 

Species: Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. 

Creole Name: nim 


Insect Pests: A beetle (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retarding 

growth, deforming trunks, and making them susceptible to wind damage in· Central 

America and the Caribbean. A carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae) penetrates 

deep into stems and branches of drought-stressed trees in Haiti and makes them prone 

to wind damage. Scale insects attack nursery seedlings in Haiti, turning leaves yellow 

and causing them to fall prematurely. Furthermore, their honeydew secretions attract 

ants and the development of sooty molds. Other insect pests include: scale (Aonidiella 

orientalis in Africa and Pinnapsis strachni) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; leaf-cutting 

ants (Acromyrmes spp.) in Central and S. America; the tortricid moth (Adoxophes 

aurata) in Asia and Papua New Guinea; a tea mosquito (Helopeltis theivora) in S. India; 

and the pyralid moth (Hypsipyla spp.) in S. Australia. 

Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking nursery seedlings in Haiti include leaf spot 

(Cercospora leucostica, C. meliae, and Phyllosticta sp.) that forms lesions on the leaf 

and also infects stems and petioles; and damping off (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia). A 

"carrot top" disease attacks seedlings and deforms leaf development and crown shape 

sporadically in Haiti. Fungal diseases reported in other parts of the world include root 

rot (Ganoderma lucidum), blight (Corticum salmonicolor), and leaf spot (Cercospora 

subsessilis). A bacterial blight (Pseudomonas azadirachtae) attacks the tree in India. A 

canker disease that discolors the wood has been reported. 

References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; NRC, 1992; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 

1987. 

Species: Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI. 

Creole Name: grigri jon 

Family: Combretaceae 

Insect Pests: Numerous insects infest and feed on seeds in Puerto Rico. Marine borers 

(Toredo spp.) attack the heartwood. Powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) attack the sapwood 

in Puerto Rico. 

Other Pests: Rats split the endocarp and eat the seed embryos in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Weaver, 1991.


Species: Bucida buceras L. 

Creole Name: bwa grigri 


Insect Pests: An unidentified mite species causes horn-shaped gall in the Caribbean. A 

whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) attacks the tree in Florida. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) 

and wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes spp.) attack the wood in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Francis, 1989a. 

Species: Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. 

Creole Name: gomye 

Family: Burseraceae 

Insect Pests: Several species of Homoptera feed on leaves and twigs in Puerto Rico. 

Ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus spp. and Platypus spp.) attack green logs in Puerto Rico. 

Powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) attack seasoned lumber. Wood borers (Lagochirus 

araneiformis L.) feed on live and dead wood in Puerto Rico. Termites (Incisitermes snyderi 

Light, Cryptotermes brevis Walker, Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren, and 

Neotermes castaneus) attack both live and dead wood in the Caribbean. 


Species: Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK. 

Creole Name: lian towo 

Family: Malpighiaceae 

Insect Pests: Several species of Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera, including 

Megalopye krugii Dewitz, defoliate trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite 

(Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the wood. 

Reference: Francis, 1990b. 

Species: Calliandra calothyrsus Meissen 

Creole Name: kaliandra 


Insect Pests: A undetermined stem borer, similar to the mahogany shoot borer 

(Hypsipyla robusta), attacks the tree in the Philippines. 

Reference: Luego, 1989. 

Species: Calophyllum calaba L. 

Creole Name: damari 

Family: Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) 

Insect Pests: Marine borers (Toredo spp.), the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis 

Walker), and the subterranean termites (Heterotermes convexinotatus, H. tennis, and 

Nasutitermes corniger) attack the wood in Panama. Neodryocetes devius attacks the 

tree in the Caribbean. An unidentified seed borer has been reported in Puerto Rico. 

Thrips cause splotches on leaves and premature defoliation in Puerto Rico. 

Diseases: Wilt (Cephalosporium sp.) induces gummosis ofvascular tissue as evidenced 

by dry branches in the tree top, followed by chlorotic foliage and death of the tree in 

Central America. Thread blight (possibly Corticium stevensii) and a root fungus (possibly 

Rosellinia sp.) occur in Trinidad. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver, 1990a.


Species: Carica papaya L. 

Creole Name: papay 

Family: Caricaceae 

Diseases: A virus related to the cucurbit mosaic and transmitted by the green peach 

aphid (Myzus persicae) from cucumbers and watermelons causes a bitter flavor in fruits. 

Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) enters wounds 

in ripe fruit. Dieback by an unidentified pathogen attacks crowns and leaves, causing 

rot. Stem end rot (Ascochyta caricae) affects young fruits, causing premature fruit drop 

and attacks mature fruit as black circular spots. Root rot (Phytophtora spp.) results in 

wilt and eventual death. The powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) attacks leaves of seedlings 

under humid, poorly-ventilated conditions. 

References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. & G. Forst. 

Creole Names: bwa pen, pich pen, kazowina 

Family: Casuarinaceae 

Insect Pests: A stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retarding 

growth, deforming trunks, and making them susceptible to breakage in high winds 

in Central America and the Caribbean. A buprestid beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 

feeds on the inner bark and outer wood tissues of the stem and a cossid moth 

(Lepidoptera: Cossidae) bores into the stems of trees in the Philippines. The larvae of 

an undetermined twig-girdling insect bore into the stem and feed on the stem bark and 

cambial tissues in the· Philippines. Long-horned beetles (Neoclytus cordifer and 

Chloridafestiva) attack trees in Central America. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) 

wounds trees by cutting bark incisions. Larvae of Bootamomyia infest seed in the 

Caribbean. Nymphs of the spittle bug (Clasoptera undulata) suck sap from flowers, 

leaves, stems, and soft branches. Other insect pests include: crickets and grasshoppers 

(Chondracis rosea, Schistocerca gregaria), a defoliator (Lymantia xylina), and sap 

feeders (Icerya spp.). Several species of ants eat the seed, hampering sowing success in 

the nursery, and inhibiting natural regeneration of the species worldwide. The species is 

vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip seedling stems or defoliate in the 

nursery. Twig girdlers attack the tree in southern Florida, cutting off new shoots and 

branches, resulting in deformed stems. Major seedling pests in India are the cricket 

(Brachytrupes achatinus), a bark-eating caterpillar (Arbela tetronis), a longicorn 

(Coelosterna scabrata), and grubs of the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinocerus). 

Diseases: Notable fungal diseases observed among tree nurseries in Haiti include: the 

powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) that attacks leaves of seedlings under humid, poorlyventilated 

conditions; foliar blights (Alternaria, Cercospora, and Phytophtora); and 

root rot (Pythium, Phytophtora, and Rhizoctonia). Trees grown in unfavorable conditions 

succumb to major root diseases caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum, 

Trichosporium vesiculorum, and Rhizoctonia spp., particularly on wet and poorlydrained 

sites. The mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres.) causes a high 

rate of mortality on sandy soils in S. Florida. Dieback and stem canker caused by 

Diplodia natalensis occur in southern Florida and Puerto Rico. 

References: Brazza, 1987a; Brazza, 1988a; CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; 

Morton, 1980; NFTA 1990; Runion et al., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.


Species: Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. 

Creole Name: chenn 

Family: Bignoniaceae > 

Insect Pests: Caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) tie leaves together prior to pupation 

and defoliate in Haiti. A tortoise beetle (Coleoptera: Cassidenae) is a common defoliator 

of nursery seedlings and mature trees in Haiti. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes 

spp.) and the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) consume dead wood in 

Puerto Rico. The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels young leaves, 

reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. Aphids are an 

occasional problem of nurseries in Haiti. 

Diseases: Notable fungal diseases observed among tree nurseries in Haiti include: leaf 

spot (Alternaria, Botrytis and Cercospora); anthracnose (Collectotrichum); and an 

unidentified aphid-borne virus that causes leaves of young seedlings to shrivel with 

mosaic-type symptoms. 

References: Francis, 1990c; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990; 

Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Cecropia peltata L. 

Creole Name: twompet 

Family: Moraceae 

Insect Pests: Larvae of several species (Correbidia terminalis, Gynaecia dirce, Historis 

odious, Prepodes spp., and Sylepta salicalis) defoliate the seedling and sapling stages 

and cause heavy damage to leaves of mature trees. The cotton aphid (Aphisgossypii) 

commonly is observed on leaves of the tree in Puerto Rico. 

Other Pests: Vines of Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae and Malpighiaceae strangle saplings 

in S. America. 

Reference: Silander and Lugo, 1990. 

Species: Cedrela odorata L. 

Creole Name: sed 


Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels young leaves, 

reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. The mahogany 

shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller), common throughout the species' natural 

range, bores into buds, shoots, and stems, causing death in the apical meristem. Jumping 

plant lice (Coelocara ernestii) attack the tree in the Caribbean. The termite (Neotermes 

castaneus) attacks both live and dead wood in Central American and the Caribbean. 

Beetle damage is a problem on some plantations in Africa. 

Other Pests: Snails and slugs cause damage to plantations in Malaysia, Africa, and the 

Virgin Islands. 

Diseases: Fungal diseases of seedling nurseries in Haiti include: leaf spot (Alternaria 

and Cercospora), anthracnose, and stem blight (Colletotrichum). An unidentified aphidborne 

virus causes leaves of young seedlings to shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms in 

Haiti. Dieback of previously healthy 1-2 year old stands is a common phenomenon in 

Central America and the Caribbean, characterized by poor crowns going out of leaf at 

frequent intervals, dead-looking bark, and dieback from the top. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Cintron, 1990; Marshall, 1939; Runion et aI., 1990.


Species: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. 

Creole Name: mapou 

Family: Bombacaceae 

Insect Pests: Defoliators include: Perieallia ricini Fabr., Oiketieus kirbiyi Guilding, 

Bueeulatrix spp., Eulepidotis modestula Herrich-Schaeffer, Ephyriades areas Drury, 

and Diaprepes abbreviatus L. in Puerto Rico and India. Seed eaters include: Dysdereus 

andreae L. and D. bimaeulatus in Puerto Rico. Tree girdlers include: Analeptes trifasciata 

Fabr. and Paranaleptes retieulata Thoms in Africa. Other insect pests have been 

reported including 9 Coleoptera, 11 Hemiptera, 6 Lepidoptera and 1 Thysanoptera 

species around the world. 

Other Pests: The tree is a host to parasitic plants (Dendropthoe faleata, Loranthus 

spp.). 

Diseases: Twenty-eight pathogenic fungi of the following genera have been reported to 

attack the tree: Armillaria, Caloneetria, Camillea, Cereospora, Chaetothyrium, 

Coniothyrium, Cortieum, Corynespora, Daldinia, Fomes, Glomerella, Phllostieta, 

Physalospora, Polyprous, Polystietus, Pyenoporus, Ramularia, Sehizophyllum, 

Septoria, Thanatephorus, and Ustulina. The following viruses attack kapok: Cacao 

virus lA, Ie, and 1M, Swollen Shoot, Offa Igbo (Nigeria) and viruses that also attack 

Adansonia digitata. 

References: Chinea-Rivera, 1990; Duke, 1989. 

Species: Chrysophyllum eainito L. 

Creole Name: kaymit 

Family: Sapotaceae 

Disease: An unidentified fungal pathogen shrivels immature fruit in Florida. 

Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. 

Species: Citharexylum frutieosum L. 

Creole Name: madam klod 


Insect Pests: The lepidopteran pest (Pyrausta eertata E) occasionally defoliates the 

tree in Puerto Rico. Insects ofthe orders Homoptera, Isoptera and Lepidoptera also feed 

on the tree. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), and rarely the wetwood 

termite (Nasutitermes eostalis), attack the wood. 

Diseases: Heart rot fungi attack old trees. 

Other Pests: Mistletoe is common in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Francis, 1990d. 

Species: Citrus spp. 

Creole Names: zoranj, sitwon, chadek 

Family: Rutaceae 

Insect Pests: The cottony cushion scale (Ieerya purehasi Mask.) and the citrus snow 

scale (Unaspis eitri Comstock) infest leaves and twigs in Haiti. An additional 23 species 

of scales and mealybugs are widespread where Citrus is cultivated. The citrus rust mite 

(Phylloeoptruta oleivora Ashm.) and citrus red mite (Paratetranyehus eitri MeG.) 

attack all green parts ofthe plant. The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels 

young leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold.


Several species of ants harvest the honey dew secretions of aphid and scale pests. Leafcutting 

ants harvest leaves and defoliate. The stingless bees (Trigonia corvina and T. sit:vestriana) 

cut flower buds to extract resin. Fruit fly maggots (Anastrepha spp. and 

Ceratitis capitata) enter fruits and cause decay. A gray larvae of Papilio spp., known 

as orange dog, infest young leaves and impart an offensive odor. The citrus root weevil 

(Diprepes spp.) is reported in the Caribbean. Thrips (Scirtothrips spp.) and whiteflies 

(Dialeurodes spp.) are widespread. The moth borer (Citripestis sagittiferella Moore) is 

an important pest in SE Asia. 

Other Pests: .The burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne), citrus 

nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), and Pratylenchus spp. attack the tree. 

Diseases: Gummosis (Phytophtora citrophthora (Sm. & Sm.) Leon. and P. parasitica 

Dastur) is characterized by lesions in the crown and the graft union that exude gum prior 

to death of the tree. Phytophtora spp. also cause a brown rot on fruit. The scab (Elsinoe 

fawcetti Bitanc. & Jenk.) produces corky lesions on twigs, leaves and fruit. Melanose 

(Diaporthe citri (Fawc.) Wolf) produces brown pustules on young twigs, leaves and 

fruits. Anthracnose of limes (Gloeosporium limetticolum Claus.) causes branch tips to 

die. Anthracnose of oranges, grapefruit and lemons (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 

Penz.) attacks branches, leaves, and fruits which have become injured or weakened. 

Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson) is dangerous and requires uprooting 

and burning of all infected trees. Fungi that endanger post-harvested fruit include: 

Penicillum spp., Alternaria citri Ellis & Pearce, Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, and 

numerous others. The Tristeza virus, transmitted by diseased budwood and aphids, suppresses 

new growth, causing leaf yellowing, wilting, and tree death. Other virus diseases 

include exocortis, psorosis and xyloporosis. "Stubborn," "greening," and "yellow 

shoot" diseases are caused by mycoplasms and transmitted by psyllids. Fungal diseases 

attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include leaf spot (Alternaria, Fusarium, and 

Phoma), anthracnose (Colletotrichum), and scab (Sphaceloma). 

References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; 

Purseglove, 1968b; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Cocos nucifera L. 

Creole Name: kokoye 


Insect Pests: More than 100 species of insects afflict the tree. The rhinoceros beetles 

(Orycetes rhinoceras in SE Asia and O. moceros in Africa) are serious pests, penetrating 

the terminal bud and causing damage to unfolded leaves, and death if the central 

growing part is attacked. The coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer) is probably the 

most prevalent pest in Haiti, deforming nut development and reducing crop yield. The 

coconut weevils (Rhynchophorus cruentatus in S. Florida, R. palmarum in the West 

Indies and S. America, R. ferrugineus in S. Asia, and R. schach in Malaysia) are dangerous, 

attacking the bud and causing death of the tree when the growing point is 

destroyed. Other important coleopteran pests include: Strategus spp. that attack the soft 

wood and the heart ofthe tree; Brontispa spp., most notably B. longissima in the Pacific 

and SE Asia, that severely damages leaves; and the leafminers (Promecotheca spp. in 

SE Asia and Coelaenomenodera spp. in Africa and Madagascar) that render the leaves 

non-functional. The larvae of several lepidopteran species are important defoliators,


including Artona catoxantha in SE Asia, Brassolis sophorae and Castina daedalus in 

S. America, Hidari irava in Indonesia, Nephantis serinopa in S. India, Setora nitens and 

Tirathaba spp. in SE Asia. The planthopper (Myndus crudus) feeds on phloem while 

transmitting mycoplasmalike organisms .that cause lethal yellowing. The scale 

(Aspidiotus destructor) infests the leaves, causing discoloration and loss of vigor. 

Populations in Haiti appear to be controlled by a ladybug predator (Chilocorus cacti). 

Long-hom grasshoppers (Sexava spp.) attack coconuts in almost all the coconut-growing 

areas and occasionally cause serious defoliation. 

Other Pests: Bird pests include the Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus), 

which attacks the trunk for nesting sites and damages immature nuts, and the Village 

Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), which strips the leaves for nest building. The nematode 

(Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (==Aphelenchus cocophilus)) invades the stem and 

crown base, causing red ring disease. It is transmitted by the coconut weevil 

(Rhynchophorus palmarum). 

Diseases: Diseases prevalent in the Caribbean include: red ring, infesting the trunk with 

a characteristic red ring, rapid wilting of the leaves, and eventual death of the palm; 

lethal yellowing, caused by mycoplasmalike organisms transmitted by the planthopper 

Myndus crudus Van Duzee (and perhaps other Myndus species), and devastating local 

populations in Haiti and throughout the Caribbean basin; bud rot fungus (Phytophtora 

palmivora Butl.) which wilts and kills the terminal bud; leaf blight fungus (Pestalotia 

palmarum) which invades stressed plants by attacking the leaves with yellow spots that 

finally tum to gray and coalesce; leaf break fungus (Botryodiplodia palmarum) which 

attacks trees weakened by unfavorable growing conditions and causes the leaves to 

break at their distal ends; leaf stalk rot fungus (Phytophtora parisitica) on the stalks and 

limbs of infected leaves; stem bleeding and leaf spot fungus (Thielaviopsis paradoxa 

(De Segn.) Hoehn); butt rot fungus (Ganoderma spp.) which kills the lower fronds and 

eventually the entire tree; and fatal wilt flagellate (Phytomas) which attacks the coconut 

bud and kills the tree. 

References: Morin, 1977; Ohler, 1984. 

Species: CojJea arabica L. 

Creole Name: kafe 

Family: Rubiaceae 

Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels young leaves, 

reduces vigor and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. The bean borer 

(Hypothenemus hampei) attack beans in Africa and Brazil. The green scale (Coccus 

viridis) attacks leaves along the veins. 

Diseases: The most serious disease is Hemileia rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. 

& Br. that attacks the leaves. Leaf spot (Mycena citricolor) results in defoliation of the 

plant. Another leaf spot (Cercospora cojJeicola) is occasionally a problem in humid 

areas of Haiti, resulting in chlorotic leaves, berry lesions, and pulp sticking to the beans. 

Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include: leaf spot (Alternaria, 

Cephalosporium, Cercospora, Mycena, Pestalotia, and Phyllosticta); anthracnose 

(Colletotrichum); and damping off (Rhizoctonia). A stem blight attacks seedlings under 

humid conditions in Haiti. 

References: Mortensen and Bullard; 1970; Runion et al., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.

166 PestS and Diseases 

Species: Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. 

Creole Names: bwa pIe, kapab 

Family: Rhamnaceae 

Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels young leaves, 

reduces vigor, and promotes. development of black sooty mold in Haiti. The stingless 

bee (Trigonia silvestriana) extracts resin by making bark incisions. Seedlings are vulnerable 

to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip stems or defoliate in the nursery. 

Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include: leaf spot 

(Alternaria, Cercospora, and Myrothecium); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); damping 

off (Alternaria and Fusarium); and stem blight (Alternaria, Fusarium, and 

Colletotrichum). An unidentified aphid-borne virus causes leaves of young seedlings to 

shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms in Haiti. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 

1987. 

Species: Cordia spp. 

Creole Names: bwa soumi, bwa chik, fle dan 

Family: Boraginaceae 

Insect Pests: Larvae of a bean weevil (Amblycerus pygidialis) destroy flowers, young 

fruit or seeds in the Caribbean. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds C. 

alliodora by cutting bark incisions. A root-cutter beetle (Phyllophagus spp.)' attacks 

seedlings in Venezuela. The Spanish elm lacewing bug (Dictyla monotropidia) infests 

seedlings and damages leaves. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and 

Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean. Larvae of 

Conchylodes diptherali bore into concealed areas of the tree to feed. Ants commonly 

infest the swollen nodes of the lateral branches in Central and S. America, but cause no 

significant damage to planted seedlings. The tree is very susceptible to various defoliators. 

More than 212 insect taxa were found on C. alliodora in Panama, none causing 

serious injury. 

Other Pests: Birds and rodents destroy much of the seed in exposed areas. Extracts 

from a grass (Melinis minutiflora) has adverse effects on seedling growth of C. alliodora. 

Diseases: C. alliodora is susceptible to canker-causing rust (Puccina cordiae), attacking 

at the base of young branches, in the West Indies, Guatemala, and South America. 

A black fungal or viral canker of an unknown species, causing severe damage to nodes 

on main stems of C. alliodora, has been reported from the Pacific. Leaf spot disease 

attacks nursery seedlings in Puerto Rico. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Liegel and Stead, 1990; Webb et aI., 1984. 

Species: Cupania americana L. 

Creole Name: satanye 

Family: Sapindaceae 

Insect Pests: Homoptera species feed on trees, causing twig mortality, in Puerto Rico. 

Lepidopteran caterpillars defoliate lightly in Puerto Rico. Unidentified insect larvae 

destroy seeds in Puerto Rico. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren)


feeds on dead limbs and twigs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite 

(Cryptotermes brevis Walker) attacks the wood in the Caribbean. 

Reference: Francis, 1991 a. 

Species: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 


Insect Pests: A defoliator (Plecoptera reflexa) and a leaf binder (Dichomeris eridantis) 

attack the tree in India. Pinhole borers and termites attack the wood. A cricket 

(Brachytrypes portentosus) attacks seedlings in India. 

Other Pests: Parasitic plants include Loranthus longiflorus and Tapinenthus 

dodoneifolius in India. Porcupines and rats damage root systems in India. 

Diseases: Powdery mildew (Phyllactinia dalbergiae Pirozynski) appears on leaves of 

young and old trees late in the growing season in India. Other common fungal diseases 

in India include: leaf spot (Cercospora sissoo Syd., Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & 

Haasis, Colletotrichum sisoo (Sydow.) Sutton, Phomopsis dalbergiae Sahni, 

Phyllachora dalbergiae Syd. & Butler, and Phyllosticta sisoo Died.); leaf blight 

(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penzig); leaf wilt (Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. & 

Wollenw. f. dalbergiae Gordon); leaf rusts (Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) C. Eriks, Maravalia 

achora (Syd.) Arth. & Cunm., and Uredo sisoo Syd. & Butler); wood rots (Daedalea 

flavida Lev., Daldinia erschscholzii (Ehrenb.) Rehm., Favolus canadensis Klotzsch., , 

Fomes fastuosus (L.) Berk., Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., G. lucidum (Leyss.) 

Kaist., Hymenochaeta damaecornis (Link.) Lev" Irpex flavus Klotzsch., Marasmius 

pangerangensis P. Renn., Peniophora indica Thind & Rattan, and Polyporus gilvus 

Schw.); stump rot (Fomes durissimus Lloyd and F. lucida); root rot (Ganoderma 

lucidum (Leyss.) Kaist.); and blister canker (Nummularia cinnalbarina P. Renn.). 

Reference: Parrotta, 1989. 

Species: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 

Creole Name: kwokwo ginen 


Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetle (Pachymerus bactris Linne) feed in the 

seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Caterpillars 

(Saturniidae: Automeris liberia, A. cinctistiga, A. bilinea, Periphoba hircia, and 

Pseudodirphia gregatus) defoliate oil palms throughout the Neotropics. 

References: Couturier and Kahn, 1993; Johnson et aI., 1995. 

Species: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. 

Creole Name: bwa tanis wouj 


Insect Pests: Wood-boring insects (buprestids, cerambicids, and scolitids) attack diseased 

areas caused by Fusarium oxyosporum var. perniciosum in Puerto Rico. The gallforming 

fly (Asphondylia enterolobii) destroys flowers in Costa Rica. A sucking insect 

(Umbonia crassicorni) attacks trees in Costa Rica. Stator generalis attacks dormant 

seeds in Costa Rica. Numerous insects attack the sapwood.


Other Pests: Parrots (Amazona spp.) eat green seeds in Costa Rica. A rodent (Liomys 

salvini) and peccaries consume seeds on the ground in Costa Rica. 

Diseases: Fusarium oxyosporum var. perniciosum causes exudation from bark fissures 

on infected trunks and branches, attracting wood borers and eventually resulting in limb 

breakage in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Francis, 1988. 

Species: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) LindI. 

Creole Name: lokwat 

Family: Rosaceae 

Disease: The fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is the most serious disease of the tree, 

causing branches to die back. Scab (Spilocaea eriobotryae) spoils the fruit. 


Species: Eucalyptus spp. 

Creole Name: kaliptis 

Family: Myrtaceae 

Insect Pests: The snout beetle (Euscelus aureolus) damages fruit of the tree in the 

Caribbean. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds by cutting bark incisions. 

Several species of ants eat the seed, hampering sowing success in the nursery, and 

inhibiting natural regeneration of the species in Haiti. Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets 

(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip the stems or defoliate in the nursery. The tree is susceptible 

to attack by the snout beetle (Gonipterus) in South Africa. Additional pests 

include: Phoracantha semipunctata in Israel; and Platypus, Pantomorus, and Atta in 

Uruguay. 

Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include: leaf spot 

(Alternaria, Cercospora, Curvularia, Myrothecium, Phytophtora, and Spaeropsis); 

anthracnose (Colletotrichum); powdery mildew (Oidium); and damping off 

(Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, Phytophthora, and 

Scolecotrichum). A canker (Phomopsis) occasionally attacks the tree in Haiti. Basal 

canker (Cryphonectria cubensis) infects E. grandis plantations in S. Florida, Brazil and 

Surinam. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Meskimen and Francis, 1990; 

Runion et aI., 1990; Webb et aI., 1984. 

Species: Genipa americana L. 

Creole Name: jinpa 

Family: Rubiaceae 

Insect Pests: Numerous insects of the orders Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera, 

use the tree as a host, though none appears to cause significant damage. Pinhole borers, 

the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), powderpost beetles (Lyctus spp.), 

and marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the wood in the Caribbean and Central America. 

Reference: Francis, 1993.


Species: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. 

Creole Names: piyon, piyong, lila etranje 


Insect Pests: Scale (Orthezia praelonga Douglass), a mealybug (Puto barberi), and an 

aphid (Aphis liburni) cause minor damage in Trinidad. Aphids (Aphis spp.) suck sap 

from young leaves and twigs, secrete honeydew as a nutritive medium for sooty molds, 

and cause a decline in vigor of trees in Haiti. The species is host to several agricultural 

pests: Ceutorhynchus asperulus, a weevil that attacks pigeon pea; Oligonychus biharensis 

Hirst and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, both polyphagous mites in India. The 

species is an alternate food plant for lepidopteran pests (Orgyia postica Wlk. and 

Dasychira mendosa Hb.) and for the peanut aphid (Aphis crassivora Koch.) in India. 

Other Pests: Rats and mice girdle bark and kill seedlings in Haiti, despite its reputation 

as a source of rat poison. 

Diseases: A leaf spot (Cercospora gliricidiae Syd. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 

Penz.) is reported in Puerto Rico and Nigeria. A thread blight (Pellicularia koleroga 

Cke.) occurs in Puerto Rico. Cladosporium sp. causes severe defoliation in Costa Rica. 

A root fungal pathogen (Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Br.) is reported in Trinidad. 

References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Parrotta, 1992b; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer 

Creole Name: bwa wouj 


Insect Pests: The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds, 

shoots, and stems in Central America and the Caribbean. Several insect species attack 

seedlings, causing mortality in Trinidad. 

Disease: Minor leaf spot damage has been reported in Puerto Rico. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver, 1988. 

Species: Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. 

Creole Name: bwa dam 

Family: Sterculiaceae 

Insect Pests: The seed crop is heavily attacked by a bruchid beetle (Amblycerus cistelinus) 

in Costa Rica. Phelypera distigma, Lirimiris truncata, and Hylesia lineata beetles 

feed on leaves in Costa Rica. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis 

Holmgren) attacks dead trees and dead limbs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood 

termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) attacks the wood in the Caribbean and Central 

America. 

Reference: Francis, 1991b. 

Species: Hevea brasiliense (HBK.) Mue1!. Arg. 

Creole Name: kawotchou 

Family: Euphorbiaceae 

Diseases: Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata) attacks young leaves and results in premature 

leaf drop. The leaf spot (Helminthosporium heveae) causes spotting on leaves 

and premature leaf drop. The South American leaf blight (Dothidella ulei) causes severe 

defoliation. 

Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.


Species: Hibiscus elatus Sw. 

Creole Name: maho ble 

Family: Malvaceae 

Insect Pests: Cotton stainer bugs occasionally infest trees in the Caribbean. Several 

species of ants consume seeds in the Caribbean. The long-homed beetles(Acanthoderes 

circumflexa and Plectomerus dentipes) attack Hibiscus spp. in the Caribbean. Nymphs 

and adults of Dysdercus andreae, D. ocreatus, and D. sanguineus suck on seeds, 

deforming them, and causing premature seed fall in the Caribbean. 

Other Pests: Bats and other predators consume immature seed while it is still on the 

tree. 

Diseases: Leaf spot (Septoria sp. and Pestalstia heterocornis Guba) is reported in 

Jamaica. Dieback characterized by crown branching, leaf wilt, and trunk blackening 

occurs in Puerto Rico. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver and Francis, [n.d.]. 

Species: Hura crepitans L. 

Creole Names: sabliye, rabi 

Family: Euphorbiaceae 

Insect Pests: The wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren and N. nigriceps 

Haldeman) consume dead limbs in Puerto Rico. Homopteran insects feed on foliage in 

Puerto Rico. 

Disease: Heart rot enters basal scars and reaches interior of trees. 

Reference: Francis, 1990e. 

Species: Hymenaea courbaril L. 

Creole Name: koubari 


Insect Pests: A weevil (Rhinochenus sp.) bores through seed pods and eats the seed in 

Costa Rica and Trinidad and Tobago. Other insects (Acanthoscelides sp., Hypothenemus 

busch Hopkins, and Myelois decolor Zeller) feed inside seed pods in Puerto Rico. An 

unidentified insect cuts twigs and small branches after depositing eggs in Trinidad and 

Tobago. Leaf-cutter ants (Aua spp.) harvest young leaves in Costa Rica. Wet-wood termites 

(Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren and N. nigricepts Haldeman) eat dead wood in 

the Caribbean. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack wood in the Caribbean. 

Reference: Francis, 1990f. 

Species: Inga vera Willd. 

Creole Names: sikren, pwa dou 


Insect Pests: An ant (Myrmelachista ramulorun Wheeler) attacks older trees and tunnels 

through trunks and branches in Puerto Rico. A leaf webber (Tetralopha scabridella 

Ragonot) causes severe defoliation and a beetle (Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff) attacks 

both healthy and stressed trees in Puerto Rico. A wood borer (Platypus ratzenburgi 

Chapuis) causes severe damage to live trees in Puerto Rico. 

Disease: An unidentified root fungus or bacterium causes a loss of sap from trees, 

necrosis, and eventual death in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Rodriguez, 1990.


Species: Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. 

Creole Name: mang blan 


Insect Pests: A wood borer (Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) attacks trees in Florida. A beetle 

(Chrysobothris tranqueborica Gmelin.) and a borer (Psychonoctua personalis 

Grote) attack trees and cause mortality in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Jimenez, 1985a. 

Species: Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. subsp. diversifolia 

Creole Name: lisina ti fey 


Insect Pests: The coffee bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer) and an undetermined 

moth species attack seeds in the Philippines, feeding on the seed cotyledon 

and seed coats. 

Reference: Brazza, 1988b. 

Species: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

Creole Names: lisina, delen, madlenn 


Insect Pests: The nymph of the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) attacks young 

shoots that die back in Haiti and causes considerable damage throughout SE Asia. Natural 

enemies, both parasitic and predatory, keep psyllids from reaching epidemic levels in the 

Caribbean. Lepidopteran larvae (Heliothis zea) defoliate young trees in Puerto Rico. Mealy 

bugs (Pseudococcus citri Risso and Ferrisia virgata Ckll.) feed on seed pods in Indonesia 

and the Philippines. A twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta) attacks trees in Texas. The coffee 

bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer) attacks seeds in the Philippines, feeding 

on the cotyledon. Other insect pests ofthe Philippines include: the scarab beetles (Anomala 

sp., Adoretus sp., and Holotrichia sp.) that feed on seedling roots; coleopteran and lepidopteran 

stem borers, including Zeuzera coffeae and Cossus sp.; lepidopteran defoliators 

(Orgyia australis postica, Lymantria sp.); an undetermined microlepidopteran species that 

feeds on the cotyledons and seedcoats of seeds inside pods; Gryllotalpa africana 

(Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and Phaneroptera furcifera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) that 

feed on the roots and flowers, respectively; an undetermined diaspidid (Homoptera: 

Diaspididae) that sucks sap from seedling stems and leaves, causing defoliation; and a burrowing 

cydnid (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) that sucks sap from the roots. 

Other Pests: The Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus) and Yellow-bellied 

Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) wounds the bark to feed on insects and sap, usually at 

the crown base. 

Diseases: Leaf spot (Exosporium leucaenae EL. Stevens & Dalby) occurs in Puerto 

Rico. Leaf pustules caused by Camptomeris leucaenae (EL. Stevens & Dalby) Syd. has 

been reported in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela. Dieback 

(Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena Shear, Stevens & Wilcox and Phylsalospora 

obtusa (Schw.) Cke.) affects branches in Hawaii. Seed pod rot includes the following 

fungi: Colletotrichium gloeosporioides (Penzig) Penzig & Sacco occurs in Mauritius; 

Pseudomonas fluorescens and Fusarium sp. occurs in Colombia. Root rot includes the 

following fungi species: Fomes lamaoensis (MuIT.) Sacco & Trott, Helicobasidium compactum 

Boed., Rosellinia arcuata Petch, R. bunodes (Berk. & Br.) Sacco and Ustulina


Larvae of the leaf tier (Argyrotaenia amatana Dyar) and the cotton square borer 

(Strymon melinus Hubner) feed on blossom panicles. The blossom anomala (Anomala 

undulata Melsheimer) makes sporadic attacks on mango blooms. Maggots of the fruit 

flies (Anastrepha spp. and Toxotrypara curvicauda Gerst) infest the fruit. Other fly 

pests include the citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri Ashmead) and the citrus blackfly 

(Aleuroncanthus woglumi Ashby) that infest leaves and lower their vigor. A treehopper 

(Aconophora pugionata) feeds on leaves. 

Diseases: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) infects young fruit, 

leaves, and blossoms, causing much damage under humid conditions. Mango scab 

(Elsinoe mangiferae Bit. and Jenkins) attacks the plant parts of young trees. Mango 

malformation (Fusarium spp.) deforms the flower panicle and inhibits fruit from developing 

properly. It also attacks the bud tissue of branches, causing bud swelling and 

shortening of the internodes. Powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) infects the blossom, 

inhibits fruit set, and deforms leaf development, a problem also in the nursery under 

humid conditions. Additional diseases include Verticulum wilt, stem end-rot, and red 

rust. 

References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987; Young and Sauls, [n.d.]. 

Species: Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. 

Creole Name: sapoti nwa 


Diseases: Sooty molds attack lower leaves of canopy in Puerto Rico. A canker of an 

unidentified pathogen causes branches to die in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Weaver, 1990b. 

Species: Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen 

Creole Name: sapoti 


Insect Pests: The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.), the Mexican fruit 

fly (Anastrepha ludens Lw.), and A. serpentina are the most damaging pests of the fruit 

in its native range. Moth larvae (Eucosmophora sp.) have been observed feeding on 

young leaves. The mining scale (Howardia biclavis Comst.), the green shield scale 

(Pulvinaria psidii Mask.), the pustule scale (Asterolecanium pustulans Ckll.), and other 

scale species typically infest the tree. 

Diseases: Rust (Scopella sapotae Mains ex Cumm. and Uredo sapotae Arth. & lR. 

Johnson) attacks the tree in its native range. A leaf spot (Septoria sp.) has been observed 

to cause defoliation of trees in Florida. 


Species: Melia azedarach L. 

Creole Name: lila 


Insect Pests: The stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, 

retards growth, deforms trunks, and makes them susceptible to breakage in high winds 

in the Caribbean. 

Reference: CATIE, 1992.


Species: Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. 

Creole Name: kenep 

Family: Sapindaceae 

Insect Pests: The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) feeds on dead 

limbs and twigs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis 

Walker) and ambrosia beetles attack the wood in the Caribbean. 


Species: Moringa oleifera Lam. 

Creole Name: benzoliv 

Family: Moringaceae 

Insect Pests: Fruit fly species of Gitona infest the fruits that dry out and rot in India. 

Several weevil species of Myllocerus attack seedlings and freshly-planted stumps. 

Other Pests: The tree is occasionally parasitized by the flowering plant, Dendrophthoe 

jlacata, in India. 

Diseases: Pathogenic fungi reported to attack the tree in India include a leaf spot 

(Cercospora moringicola), a spot anthracnose (Sphaceloma morindae), and a rust 

(Puccinia moringae). Powdery mildews include Oidium spp., Polyporus gilvus, and 

Leveillula taurica. 

References: Kareem et aI., 1974; Ullasa and Rawal, 1984. 

Species: Musa sp. 

Creole Names: bannann, fig mi 

Family: Musaceae 

Insect Pests: Larvae of the root weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) feed in the corm. 

Larvae of the scab moth (Nacoleia octasema) feed on female flowers and young fruit. 

Larvae of the stem borer (Metamasius hemipterus sericeus) feed in the stems. 

Diseases: Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense) causes wilting and death 

oftrees by destroying roots. Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola) produces yellow spots 

and dead areas on leaves. Freckle disease (Macrophoma musae) discolors fruits and 

causes uneven ripening. Moko bacterial wilt (Xanthomonas solanacearum) causes wilt 

and occurs in wild Heliconia plants that commonly infect adjacent plantations. 

References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. 

Creole Name: mahodem 

Family: Bombacaceae 

Insect Pests: A shoot borer (Anadasus porinodes Meyrick) causes severe damage in 

plantations throughout Central and South America. Ants (Paraponera sp.) feed on sapfilled 

tissue beneath petioles and leaf veins, protecting the tree from herbivores in its 

native range. Wood is highly susceptible to marine borers, pinhole borers, powderpost 

beetles (Lyctus spp.), and dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) in its native 

range. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead limbs and 

fallen wood in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Francis, 1991c.


Species: Persea americana Miller 

Creole Name: zaboka 

Family: Lauraceae 

Insect Pests: Mites of Oligonychus spp. suck and damage leaves. Scales (Melanaspis 

aliena) occur on twigs and fruits. Larvae of the seed weevil (Conotrachelus perseae) 

feed in or near the seed. The most important insect pests in Florida are scales, mites, 

borers, and thrips. 

Diseases: Root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands) causes branches to wilt and die 

and feeder roots to decay, eventually killing the tree. Cercospora spot (Cercospora purpurea) 

results in lesions on the fruit and leaves. Avocado scab (Sphaceloma perseae) 

infects young tissue, deforming leaf development and producing a corky, cracked fruit 

peel. The Lula variety is highly susceptible to this disease. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum 

gloeosporoides) infects injured fruit, resulting in rot as the fruit ripens. Powdery mildew 

(Oidium spp.) attacks the underside of leaves and impairs leaf vigor. 


Species: Phoenix dactylifera L. 

Creole Name: dat 


Insect Pests: Scales (Parlatoria spp.) attack leaves near the trunk. Wasps of several 

species, including Polistes spp., feed on ripe or nearly-ripe fruit. 

Diseases: The species is highly susceptible to lethal yellowing, caused by mycoplasmalike 

organisms and transmitted by planthoppers, in Florida. 

References: Howard, 1992; Mortensen and Bullard, 1970. 

Species: Pinus caribaea Morelet 

Creole Name: bwa pen 

Family: Pinaceae 

Insect Pests: Pine bark beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman and D. mexicanus 

Hopk.) are serious pests in Central America, frequently attacking healthy trees. Less 

destructive are Hypothenemus eruditus, Ips calligraphus Germar, I. interstitialis, I. 

grandicollis, I. avulsus Eich., and Xyleborus affinis in Central America and the 

Caribbean. Gall midges (Retinodiplosis forsii) form galls at the base ofneedles in which 

are found brightly-colored larvae in the Caribbean. Stingless bees (Trigonia silvestriana) 

cut seedlings in Central America and the Caribbean. Conifer sawflies (Neodiprion 

insularis) attack trees, causing massive defoliation in Central America. Lepidopteran 

stem borers (Dioryctria clarioralis and D. horneana) bore into flowers, fruit, and buds 

in Central America. Larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacioniafrustrana) bore 

into the base of needles and feed on bud tissue in Central America. The snout beetles 

(Lachnopus sp. and Exophthalmus hybridus) perforate cones and nuts, as well as defoliate, 

in the Caribbean. The pinhole borers (Platypus linearis and P. poeyi) attack lessvigorous 

trees, constructing galleries in the wood to cultivate fungi. Less widespread 

damage is caused by aphids, weevils, buprestid beetles, spider mites, leaf cutter ants, 

termites, and moths. 

Diseases: Damping off fungi (Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk., Rhizoctonia 

solanti Kuhn, Pithium, and Fusarium) are common in nursery seedlings. Root patho-

176 Pesfs and Diseases 

genic fungi that occur worldwide in plantations include Armillaria mellea (Vahl) 

Kummer, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke, and 

Gylindrocladium spp. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1992b. 

• 

Species: Pinus occidentalis Sw. 

Creole Name: bwa pen 

Family: Pinaceae 

Insect Pests: Bark beetles (Ips interstitialis, I. calligraphus and Dendroctonus frontalis) 

attack wood or xylem surface by constructing galleries and leaving pellet-size round 

exit holes. Dirphia plana defoliates trees. The larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth 

(Rhyacionia frustrana) bore into the base of needles and feed on bud tissue. The cottony 

cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) attacks seedlings in Haiti. The gall midge 

(Retinodiplosis forsii) forms galls in the base of pine needles in which are found brightly-colored 

larvae. An unidentified defoliator (Lepidoptera: Citheroniinae) causes serious 

damage to the tree in Haiti. Many insect pests of P. caribaea are potential pests of 

P. occidentalis, though few studies have been conducted. 

Other Pests: Parasitic mistletoe (Arceuthobium bicarinatum, Dendropemon pycnophyllis, 

and Dendrophtoras spp.) is considered a serious pest on Hispaniola, severely 

restricting growth potentials. 

Diseases: A foliar blight and damping off diseases ofuncertain causes have been reported 

in seedling nurseries in Haiti. 

References: CATIE, 1992; Darrow and Zanoni, 1991; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; 

Runion et aI., 1990. 

Species: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. 


Insect Pests: Larvae of Subpandesma anysa Gn. attack the fruit and seeds in Hawaii. 

A hemipteran insect (Umbonia crassicornis Amyot & Serville) is a pest in Puerto Rico. 

Larvae of Indarbela sp. bore into the bark of trees in India. Polydesma umbricola is a 

serious pest on the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean. 

Diseases: Leaf spot pathogens include Cercospora mimosae Agarwal & Sharma, 

Colletotrichum dematium Pers. ex Fr., C. pithecellobii Roldan, Phyllosticta ingae-dulcis 

Died., and P. pithecellobii Shreemali in India. Heart rot (Phellinus sp.) has been 

reported in India. 

Reference: Parrotta, 1991. 

Species: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 

Creole Names: bayawonn, gwatapana 


Insect Pests: The bruchid beetle (Algarobius prosopis) invades the seed pods. Psyllids 

have been reported to defoliate the tree. Wood is subject to attack by marine borers 

(Toredo spp.). The sapwood is highly susceptible to powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.). 

Reference: NFTA, 1987.


Species: Psidium guajava L. 

Creole Name: gwayav 


Insect Pests: Aphids (Aphis spp.)feed on young growth, causing the curling of leaves. 

Fruit fly maggots (Anastrepha striata and Dacus spp.) attack the fruit. The green scale 

(Coccus viridis) occurs on branches. 

Diseases: Fruit rot (Glomerella cingulata) shrivels green fruit and rots ripe fruit. 

Mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens) rots the roots and eventually kills the tree. 


Species: Rhizophora mangle L. 

Creole Name: mang wouj 

Family: Rhizophoraceae 

Insect Pests: Wood borers (Poecilips rhizophorae Hopkins and Sphaeroma terebrans 

Bate) invade prop roots of trees along tidal channels and occasionally cause extensive 

damage in .Florida. 

Other Pests: Crabs and monkeys eat freshly planted seedlings in Panama and Malaysia. 

Diseases: A fungal pathogen (Cylindrocarpum didymum (Hartig) Wollenw.) produces a 

gall disease that results in malformation of the trunk and prop roots in Florida. Heavily 

infested trees are killed by the disease or secondary agents. 

Reference: Jimenez, 1985b. 

Species: Sabal causiarum (0. F. Cook) Becc. 

Creole Names: latanye fran, latanye jon 


Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Caryobruchus sp., C. gleditsiae 

Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, 

and pollen. 

Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995. 

Species: Sabal domingensis Becc. 

Creole Names: latanye chapo, pay 


Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Caryobruchus sp., C. gleditsiae 

Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, 

and pollen. 

Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995. 

Species: Schefflera morototoni (AubI.) Maguire Steyerm. & Frodin 

Creole Name: bwa kano 

Family: Araliaceae 

Insect Pests: Several lepidopteran and coleopteran insects consume foliage or woody 

material in Puerto Rico. 

Other Pests: Stranglers (e.g., Clusia griesebachiana) and climbers (e.g., Ipomea spp.) 

are common on wet montane sites in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Leigel, 1990.


Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby 

Creole Name: kasya 


Insect Pests: Leaf-cutter ants harvest nursery seedlings in Haiti. Asterolecanium pustulans 

Cockerell (Homoptera), Saisetia oleae Oliver (Homoptera), Nasutitermes costalis 

Holmgren (Isoptera) and Megalopyge krugii Dewitz, feed on leaves, branches, and bark 

in Puerto Rico. Larvae of Eurema blanda Boisduval defoliate the tree in Sri Lanka. 

Catopsilla pomona Fabricus causes damage in China. 

Other Pests: Parasitic plants include Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Dendrophthoe falcata 

(L.f.) Ettingsh., and Tapinanthus sp. in Sri Lanka and India. Nematodes are an occasional 

problem in tree nurseries in Haiti. 

Diseases: Leaf spot (Cercospora sp.) is the most serious seedling disease in Haiti, characterized 

by small brown- to chestnut-colored leaf spots that remain separate, later 

becoming ashen-gray and papery. Leaf spot is also caused by Alternaria, Curvularia, 

Fusarium, Fusoma, Macrophomina, Pestalotia, and Rhizoctonia. Leaf spot caused by 

Cercospora cassiae-siameae Chiddarwar and Cochliobolus nodulosus Luttrell is reported 

in India. Other diseases attacking nursery seedlings in Haiti include: anthracnose 

(Colletotrichum); damping off (Alternaria, Cercospora, Diaporthe, Fusarium, 

Macrophomina, Myrothecium, and Rhizoctonia); a stem blight of uncertain cause; and 

powdery mildew (Oidium sp.). Pink disease (Corticum salmonicolor Berk. & Br.) 

attacks trees in Mauritius and Tanzania. A bark necrosis (Botryidiplodia theobromae 

Pat.) is reported in E. Africa. Nectria spp. are associated with cankers and dieback of 

trees in W. Africa. A vascular wilt (Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) has been reported in 

several countries. Root pathogens include: Armillariella mellea (Fr.) Karst. in Uganda; 

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst. in India, Java, and Taiwan; Polyporus baudoni Pat. 

in Ghana and Tanzania; and Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn. in Ghana. Rot fungi 

include: Flavodon flavus (KI.) Ryv., Nothopanus hygrophanus (Mont.) Singer, 

Trametes cotonea (Hart. & Pat.) Ryv., Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad. ex Fr.) Donk, 

Trametes meyenii (KI.) Lloyd in Sierra Leone; and Phaeolus manihotis Heim. in Ghana. 

The latter kills roots and causes dieback. 

References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Parrotta and Francis, 1990; Runion et aI., 

1990; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. 

Creole Names: fwenn, bwa blan 


Insect Pests: Tent caterpillars defoliate seedlings under drought stress in Haiti. 

Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in Haitian nurseries include damping off 

and stem blight caused by Fusarium. 

Reference: Runion et aI., 1990.


Species: Spathodea campanulata Beauv. 

Creole Name: motel etranje 

Family: Bignoniaceae 

Insect Pests: Insect species of the orders Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and 

Thysanoptera, feed on various parts of the tree in Puerto Rico. A bark beetle, two lepitdopterans 

and two termite species attack the tree in Uganda. Wet-wood termites 

(Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead trees and limbs in Puerto Rico. 

Diseases: Butt and heart rot attack trees in Hawaii. 

Reference: Francis, 1990g. 

Species: Spondias mombin 1. 

Creole Names: monben, monben fran 

Family: Anacardiaceae 

Insect Pests: A leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes 1.) attacks the tree in Costa Rica. Fruoit 

flies (Anastrepha mombinpraeoptans Seln, Drosiphila ampelophila Leow, and D. repleta 

Wollaston) infect fruits in Puerto Rico. 

Reference: Francis, 1992c. 

Species: Swietenia macrophylla G. King 

Creole Names: kajou etranje, kajou venezwela 


Insect Pests: The stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, 

retards growth, deforms trunks, and makes them susceptible to breakage in high winds. 

The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots and 

stems. The snout beetle (Pachnaeus litus) attacks fruit and defoliates in the Caribbean. 

Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead branches and 

occasionally the trunks of the tree in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack 

the heartwood and powderpost beetles (Lyctus caribeanus Lesne) attack the sapwood. 

The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and Hortensia similis) damage and deform 

leaves of trees in the Caribbean. 

Diseases: Damping off(Fusarium and Macrophoma) is a common problem ofnurseries 

in Haiti. Less common nursery diseases include: leaf spot (Alternaria); anthracnose 

(Colletotrichum); leaf blister (Taphrina); and stem blight (Colletotrichum, Fusarium, 

and Macrophoma). 

References: CATIE, 1992; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987. 

Species: Swietenia mahagoni (1.) Jacq. 

Creole Names: kajou, kajou peyi 


Insect Pests: The mahogany webworm (Macalla thyrsisalis Walker) causes defoliation 

and webbing throughout the Greater Antilles. The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla 

grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots, and stems in the Caribbean and H. robusta 

Moore attacks trees in Asia. The coffee tree borer (Apate monachus F.) attacks both live 

and dead trees, penetrating deeply into branches, deforming trunks, and causing them 

to be susceptible to breakage in high winds. An unidentified shoot borer and caterpillar 

is reported to attack the tree in Haiti. The snout beetle (Pachnaeus litus) attacks the 

seed capsules and defoliates. Wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) con-


sume dead branches and occasionally tree trunks in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo 

spp.) attack the heartwood and powderpost beetles (Lyctus caribeanus Lesne) attack the 

sapwood. The long-horned beetles (Acanthoderes circumflexa and Plectomerus dentipes) 

attack trees in Central America. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and 

Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean. 

Other Pests: The tree is occasionally attacked by heavy infestations of mistletoe in 


Diseases: Heart and butt rot are common in older trees, apparently entering through 

basal scars and branch stubs. Leaf blight (Phyllosticta swietenia) results in defoliation 

under humid nursery conditions in Puerto Rico. Diseases of seedling nurseries in Haiti 

include: leaf spot (Alternaria); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); leaf blister (Taphrina); 

damping off (Fusarium and Macrophoma); and stem blight (Colletotrichum, Fusarium, 

and Macrophoma). 

References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1991d; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 

1990. 

Species: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston 

Creole Name: porn woz 


Insect Pests: An ant (Myrmelachista ramulorum Wheeler) bores into twigs and kills 

terminal shoots of trees in Puerto Rico. Numerous other insect species feed on leaves, 

twigs, flowers, and fruit. Wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume 

dead wood. The wood is highly susceptible to dry-wood termites (Cyrptotermes brevis 

Walker). 

Diseases: The rust fungus (Puccinia psidii) attacks leaves ofthe tree in Brazil. A fungus 

grows naturally on the upper leaf surface giving them a darker, grayish appearance, 

but is not known to cause significant damage. 

Reference: Francis, 1990h. 

Species: Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton 

Creole Name: pwaye 

Family: Bignoniaceae 

Insect Pests: Cutworms (Hyblaea puera) destroy seedlings and defoliate trees in 

Central America and the Caribbean. Larvae of Bonchys munitalis bore into concealed 

areas of the tree to feed. 

Reference: CATIE, 1992. 

Species: Tamarindus indica L. 

Creole Name: tamarenn 


Insect Pests: The most serious insect pests in India are the scale insects (Aonidiella orientalis 

Newst., Aspidiotus destructor Sign. and Saisetia oleae 01.), mealy bugs 

(Nipaecoccus viridis Newst. and Planococcus lilacinus Ckll.), and a borer (Pachymerus 

gonagra Fabr.). Other minor pests in India include bruchid beetles (Caryoborus gonagra 

Fabr.), lac insects (Kerria lacca Ker), and bagworms (Pteroma plagiophleps 

Hampson). Beetle larvae of Lochmaecles sp. cause damage to branches in Brazil.


Beetles (Calandra linearis) attack ripe pods in Florida and Hawaii. Termites 

(Cryptotermes hainanensis) attack the tree in China. Stored fruit is commonly infested 

with Paralipsa gularis Zellar and Corcyra cephalonia Stnt. in India. Larvae of the 

groundnut bruchid beetle (Caryedon serratus Oliver) are serious pests that attack the 

fruit and seed in India and have been reported in Colombia and Puerto Rico. 

Diseases: The major diseases in India include: leaf spot (Bartalinia robillardoides 

Tassi, Exosporium tamarindi Syd., Hendersonia tamarindi Syd., Pestalotia poonensis 

V. Rao, Phyllosticta tamarindicola V. Rao, P. tamarindina Chandra & Tandon, 

Prathigada tamarindi Muthappa, Sphaceloma sp., and Stigmina tamarindii (Syd.) 

Munjal & Kulshreshta); powdery mildews (Erysiphe polygoni DC. and Oidium spp.); a 

sooty mold (Meliola tamarindi Syd.); stem disease (Fracchiaea indica Talde); root and 

wood rot (Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst and Lenzites palisoti Fr.); stem rot 

(Pholiota gollani P. Henn.); trunk and root rot (Stereum nitidulum Berk.); collar rot 

(Phytophtora nicotianae var. nicotianae); stem canker (Hypoxylon nectrioides Speg.); 

and a bark parasite (Myriangium tamarindii Tendulkar). 

References: Morton, 1958; Parrotta, 1990. 

Species: Tectona grandis L. 

Creole Name: tek 


Insect Pests: Termites (Neotermes castaneus) attack both live and dead wood in Central 

American and the Caribbean. 

Reference: CATIE, 1992. 

Species: Terminalia catappa L. 

Creole Name: zamann 


Insect Pests: Thripids (Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard) cause leaf discoloration and 

premature leaf fall of trees in Puerto Rico. Beetles, grasshoppers, leaf rollers,and leaf 

miners defoliate young trees in India and Malaya. The tree is a major host of the 

Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in Costa Rica. The tree is susceptible to 

attack by dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and powder post beetles 

(Lyctus spp.) in the Caribbean. 

References: Francis, 1989c; Morton, 1985. 

Species: Theobroma cacao L. 

Creole Name: kakawo 

Family: Sterculiaceae 

Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels young leaves, 

reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in Haiti. Leaf-cutting 

ants (Alta spp.) harvest and defoliate the tree, particularly as a seedling. Larvae of 

Xyleborus spp. bore into the trunk. The pod borer (Acdrocercops cramerella) bores into 

the fruits. 

Diseases: The most important diseases in the Western Hemisphere include: witches' 

broom (Marasmius perniciosus Stathel.), resulting in abnormal branching and premature 

fruit drop; Monilia pod rot (Monilia sp.); and black pod rot (Phytophtora palmivo-

19 Wood Properties and Energy Values 

The most widely used product of trees is wood. Though many of the tree species 

in Haiti are harvested indiscriminately during land-clearing activities, others are 

cultivated because of their wood quality. General utility species combine adequate 

form with structural strength and durability. Those harvested for high-quality 

craftsmanship are selected for their combination of beauty, working properties and 

stability. The best charcoal species are generally those with the densest wood, with 

some species achieving high densities at remarkable growth rates. As wood 

properties vary, so does the wood quality that determines the species' usefulness to 

society. 

The information summarized below is arranged in Tables 19.1 and 19.2, 

compiling the available information on wood properties and energy values. Each table 

is arranged alphabetically by species and should be a helpful guide to the diversity 

found in Haiti. Introduced species are included for those that have become naturalized 


Wood Properties: Two-thirds of the tree families and genera known to occur in Haiti 

are represented in Table 19.1 for major wood property categories. Data is unavailable 

or incomplete for many of the lesser-known and -utilized species, some of which play 

an important role in local areas of the country. The information has been compiled 

from the literature for the more common, internationally known species. The literature 

includes Commercial Timbers ofthe Caribbean by F. R. Longwood (1971); Common 

Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Volume I by E. L. Little, Jr. and F. H 

Wadsworth (1964) and Volume II by E. L. Little, Jr., R. O. Woodbury and F. H. 

Wadsworth (1974); and Tropical Timbers of the World by M. Chudnoff (1984). 

Previously unpublished data from Haiti has been reviewed to broaden the information 

base. 

Wood characteristics include sapwood (8) and heartwood (H) color, grain, odor, 

texture, and other characteristics that describe the wood. Specific gravity is a measure 

of wood density calculated as the ratio of oven-dry weight to green volume. Specific 

gravity should be stated as a range of values, though it is not uncommon that only an 

average value is published in the literature. Durability is a measure of the resistance 

of the heartwood to decay fungi, not necessarily to insect attack. It is assumed that the 

wood is in contact with the soil. Shrinkage values ate given for radial (R), tangential 

(T), and volumetric (V) changes in dimension, as a percentage, from green to 

oven-dry conditions. Generally, woods with low shrinkage values exhibit higher 

dimensional stability after seasoning. Hardness is a measure of resistance to 

indentation and ability to withstand abrasion. Janka side hardness is the pressure, in 

pounds, required to embed a 11.3 mm diameter steel ball to a depth of 5.6 mm on the 

side-grain of wood dried to 12% moisture content (Chudnoff, 1984). 

183

Wood Properties 185 

SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE. JANKA SIDE 

GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS 

Obs.} 

Acrocomia Very hard wood from the outer part wI - - - - 

aculeata black markings. 

koko ginen 

Adelia ricinella SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

grenad mawon 

Adenanthera S - light brown, H - reddish; hard, strong. 0.60-0.80 Durable - - 

pavonina 

reglis 

Albizia S - whitish, H -light yellowish to rich 0.55--0.60 Moderately R-2.9 1,240-1,440 

guachapele dark brown and streaked; medium luster, Durable T-5.8 Hard 

odorless, medium to coarse texture, V-9.6 

deeply interlocked grain, decorative, 

difficult to work, finishes well. 

Albizia lebbeck s - whitish, H - light orange brown to 0.43--0.68 Durable R-2.9 1,040 

tcha tcha brown; golden luster, rIO odor, medium to T-4.5 Slightly Hard 

coarse texture, interlocked grain, easy to V-7.6 

work 

Albizia procera S - whitish, H - light yellowish brown to 0.60-0.90 Moderately - - 

light brown; moderately hard, straight to Durable 

interlocked grain, strong. 

Albizia saman S - yellowish, H - light to golden brown, 0.42--0.64 Durable R-2.0 850 

saman streaked; medium luster, no odor, T- 3.4 Soft 

medium to coarse texture, straight or cross V-6.0 

grained, takes a fine polish. 

Alchornea S - whitish to light brown, H - light 0.39 Nondurable - - 

latifolia brown; soft, strong, medium texture, 

bwa krapo, fey straight to slightly wavy grain, without 

krapo, pwa vach growth rings. 

Alchorneopsis S - whitish, H - pale brown; soft. 0.40-0.50 Perishable - - 

floribunda 

Aleurites SIH - whitish; soft. - - - - 

moluccana 

nwazet 

Allophylus SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

occidentalis 

twa fey, twa pawol 

Alnus acuminata SIH - light to reddish brown; lustrous 0.50-0.60 Nondurable - - 

surface, fine texture, straight grain, no 

odor. 

Amyris.spp. S - whitish, H - light ye1l0w; very resinous 0.79-1.11 Very Durable - - 

bwa chandel, twa wI strong odor, very hard, fine-grained, 

pawol strong, takes a good polish. 

Anacardium SIH - whitish, grayish, reddish-brown, 0.40-0.52 - - - 

occidentale pinkish; moderately strong and hard, 

nwa kajou irregular grain, easy to work. 

Andira inermis S - pale brown to grayish yellow, H - 0.64 Moderately R-4.6 1,600 

bwa palmis, pwa yellowish-brown to dark reddish brown; Durable T-9.8 Hard 

palmis distinctive figure, low luster, odorless, V -12.5 

texture very coarse, moderately irregular 

grain, easily worked, strong. 

Annona spp. S - whitish to light brown, H - brown; soft 0.40-0.50 Nondurable - - 

kowosol, kachiman and weak. 

Antirhea lucida SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

bwa patat, zaboka 

mawon


SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE 


(Ibs.) 

Celtis trinervia SIH - yellowish; hard. - - - - 

bwa fey. blanch, 

bwa raj 

Cestrum diurnum SIH - whitish; hard. - - - - 

Cestrum SIH - whitish to light brown; slightly soft. - - - - 

macrophyllum 

Ch!onanthus H - pinkish; hard. - - - - 

compactus 

Chionanthus S - light brown; hard, takes a fine polish. 0.90 Durable - - 

domingensis 

kaypon 

Chlorophora S - white, H - bright to golden yellow; high 0.65--0.85 Very R- 3.4 2,380 

tinctoria luster, no odor, medium to fine texture, Durable T-5.4 Extremely 

bwajon nearly straight to interlocked grain. V -7.8 Hard 

Chrysobalanus SIH - light brown; hard. 0.80 - - - 

icaco 

ikak 

Chrysophyllum S - light brown; hard and tough, strong. - Durable - - 

argenteum 

ti kaymit 

Chrysophyllum SIH - reddish brown to dark brown; 0.70 Nondurable R-6.4 - 

cainito strong, fine to medium texture, fairly T-8.6 

kaymit straight grain. V -15.2 

Chrysophyllum SIH - light brown; hard and strong. 0.90 - - - 

oliviforme 

kaymit mawori 

Cinnamomum spp. S - whitish or brownish, H - brownish 0.43--0.61 Durable R- 3.4 1,060 

lorie yellow wI green cast, or olive to light T-6.0 Slightly Hard 

olive brown to blackish brown, medium to V -9.8 

coarse texture, satiny or silky luster, 

straight and often roey grain, spicy odor, 

excellent working qualities. 

Cinnamomum S - light brown, H - pinkish wI darker 0.47 Moderately - - 

elongatum stripes, moderately soft and strong, Durable 

lorie kanel, lorie ti straight to irregular and tightly interlocked 

fey grain, medium texture, medium to high 

luster. 

Cinnamomum S -lightbrown, slightly soft. - - - - 

verum 

kanel 

Citharexylum SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

caudatum 

kafe mawon, kafe 

sovaj 

Citharexylum SIH - ivory to light tan; dose-grained, 0.65--0.95 Durable - - 

fruticosum hard, strong, sands to a fine finish. 

grenad mawon, 

kafe mawon, 

madamklOd 

Citrus spp. S - whitish, H -light yellow, yellowish - - - - 

chadek, sitwon, brown, light brown; hard and fine-grained, 

zoranj' prominent growth rings. 

Clusia clusiodes SIH - light brown; hard. 0.90 - - -

190 Wood Properties 



Obs.) 

C/usia minor S - whitish; soft. - - - - 

bwa pal, figye 

modi 

C/usia rosea S - light reddish brown, H - reddish - - - - 

bwa pal, figye brown; hard, strong, medium to fine 

modimawon texture, straight grain. 

Cocc%ba costata SIH - whitish; slightly soft. - - - - 

rezen 

Cocc%ba S - whitish or light brown, H - dark 0.80 - - - 

diversifolia reddish brown; hard, strong, brittle. 

mevis, rezen, rezen 

bouzen 

Cocc%ba - 0.82-Q.97 - - - 

/eoganensis 

Cocc%ba SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

microstachys 

Cocc%ba S - whitish, H - reddish brown wI pores 1.00-1.10 Durable - - 

pubescens filled with dark gum; very hard. 

rezen gran ley 

Cocc%ba S - whitish; hard. 0.70 - - - 

swartz;; 

Cocc%ba uvifera S - light brown, H - reddish brown; hard, 0.70 - - - 

rezen te, rezen takes a fine polish. 

lame 

Cocc%ba venosa SIH - whitish; hard. - - - - 

Coch/ospermum SIH - whitish to light brown; soft and - Perishable - - 

vitifolium spongy. 

Cocos nucifera Outer 7.5-10 em, very hard and heavy. 4-fold Nondurable - - 

kokoye Center, softer and lighter, prone to sap decrease 

stain discoloration. from cortex 

to center 

Coffea arabica SIH - whitish; hard, heavy and tough. - - - - 

kafe 

Co/ubrina S - whitish or light brown, H - yelIowish 0.55-Q.82 Moderately - - 

arborescens brown; hard. Durable 

bwa pIe, kapab 

Co/ubrina S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard and 0.80 Moderately - - 

elliptica strong. Durable 

bwamabi 

Comocladia spp. SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

breziyet, bwa 

panyol 

Conocarpus S -light brown, H - yellow brown; very 0.90-1.00 Very Durable - - 

erectus hard, strong, fine texture. 

mangnwa 

Cordia spp. S - grayish to yellowish, H - reddish 0.52-Q.78+ Very R-4.0 2,200 

(dark-wooded) brown with black streaks and variegations; Durable T-7.4 Very Hard 

bwa denn, ti soley variable luster, mildly fragrant, fine to V -11.6 

medium texture, variable grairr. 

Cordiaa/ba SIH - light brown; soft. - Nondurable - - 

bwachik

Wood Propert'ies 191 

SPECIES WOOD CHARACIERISTICS SPECIFlC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE 


(lbs.) 

Cordia alliodora S - light yellowish brown, straw color, H - 0.40-0.52 Durable R-3.4 1,000 

bwa soumi, chenn yellowish to brown, streaked and T-7.l Slightly Hard 

kapawo variegated; high, rich and golden luster, V-9.2 

spicy scent, fine to coarse texture, straight 

and shallow interlocked grain. 

Cordia collococca SIH - whitish brown; soft. - - - - 

twapye 

Cordia sebestena S - lightbrown, H - dark brown; fine 0.70 - - - 

kokeliko, ti soley texture. 

Cordia sulcata SIH - light brown; soft, easily worked. 0.60 Nondurable - - 

paresol 

Crescentia cujete S - pinkish to reddish brown, H - light 0.50-0.80 - - - 

kalbas brown; hard. 

Crossopetalum S - light brown; hard. - - - - 

rhacoma 

sewal 

Cupania SIH - light brown; hard. 0.40 - - - 

americana 

satanye, twazokot 

Cupressus S - whitish to pale yellowish and pinkish 0.40-0.52 Moderately V-8.0 460 

lusitanica brown, H - yellowish or pinkish brown; Durable Very Soft 

sipre high luster, fragrant, fine and unifonn 

texture, straight to irregular grain, soft. 

Cynometra 

ponoricensis 

S - whitish; hard. - - - - 

Cyrilla S - light brown, H - dark reddish brown; 0.53 - - - 

racemijlora fine texture, heavily interlocked grain, 

prominent growth rings. 

Dalbergia sisoo S - white to pale brownish white, H - 

golden brown to dark brown wI darker 

streaks; very hard and strong, medium 

coarse texture, close and interlocked 

grain. 

0.78-D.83 Very Durable - - 

Delonix regia S -light yellow, H - yellowish brown to 0.80 - - - 

flambwayan light brown; soft, coarse grain, weak, 

brittle. 

Dendropanax SIH - cream colored to grayish yellow; 0.40-0.52 Perishable R-5.1 725 

arboreus low to medium luster, no odor, medium T- 8.3 Soft 

bwaneges and unifonn texture, straight grain. V - 13.8 

Dendrosicus H -light brown or pinkish wI orange - - - - 

latifolius tinge; hard. 

kalbas zombi 

Diospyros spp. S - pale red brown, H- jet black or black 0.60--0.80 Very Durable R- 5.5 3,220· 

bwa raid, ebenn brown or streaked; very fine texture, T-6.5 Very Hard 

straight to slightly interlocked grain, takes 

a fine polish, irritating sawdust. 

Ditta myricoides S - light brown; hard, fine texture. - - - - 

Dodonaea viscosa S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard. . - - - - 

mang ti fey 

Drypetes spp. SIH - white to light brown; hard. - - - - 

bwa kotlet, labou 

kochon




Obs.) 

Drypetes S - light brown or yellowish, H - dark - - - - 

laterijlora brown; hard, brittle, fine texture. 

bwa kotl(:t 

Duranta repens 

bwa jambet, mayi 

S/H - light brown; hard. - - - - 

bouyi 

: 

Enterolobium S - whitish, H - reddish-brown; pungent 0.34--D.65 Nondurable R-2.0 520 

cyclocarpum dust, coarse texture, interlocked, ribbon T-5.2 Soft 

bwa tanis wouj grain, good luster. V -7.2 

Erithalis fruticosa H - light brown wI dark streaks; very hard, - Durable - - 

fine textures, resinous. 

Erythrina S/H - whitish; soft and we3k. 0.30 - - - 

berteroana 

brikal 

Erythrina S/H - whitish; soft and weak. - - - - 

crista-galli 

Erythrina SIH - whitish; soft. - Perishable - - 

poeppigiana 

bwamotel 

Erythrina 

variegata 

baton sosiye 

S/H - light brown; soft. - - - - 

Erythroxylum S - light brown, H - rich reddish brown or - Very Durable - - 

areolatum chocolate brown wI oily appearance; very 

arabo, nago, papelit fine grain, very hard, strong. 

Erythroxylum S/H - whitish to light brown; hard. - - - - 

rotundifolium 

Eucalyptus S/H - light red to pinkish brown; close - Durable - - 

camaldulensis texture, interlocked to wavy grain, hard, 

kaliptis tends to warp on drying. 

Eucalyptus S -grayish white, H - pale yellow brown; 0.67--0.80 Moderately R-8.0 1,540-2,580 

globulus low luster, odorless, coarse texture, Durable T-12.0 Hard 

kaliptis interlocked grain. 

Eugenia axillaris S -light brown, H - brown, tinged wI red; - - - - 

meriz hard, fine texture, strong. 

Eugenia bijlora S -light brown; hard. - - - - 

Eugenia confusa S/H - light brown; hard. - Durable - - 

Eugenia S - light brown; hard and strong. - - - - 

domingensis 

brinyol, bwa 

kayman 

Eugenia foetida S -light brown, H - dark reddish brown; - - - - 

bwa ti ley hard, fined-grained. 

Eugenia S/H - light brown; hard. - - - - 

monticola 

bwa dinn ti ley, ti 

bwadenn 

Eugenia S - light reddish brown, H - reddish 1.30 - - - 

pseudopsidium brown; hard. 

Eugenia rhombea S/H - light brown; very hard. - Nondurable - - 

bwamit 

.




(lbs.) 

Euphorbia spp. S - whitish; very soft. - - - - 

gadmezon, 

kandelab 

Exostema S - yellow, H -light brown with yellow 0.98-1.13 Durable - - 

caribaeum streaks; hard and strong, resinous. 

kenkena peyi, :. 

kininn 

Exostema SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

ellipticum 

Exothea S - whitish to light brown, H - reddish - - - - 

paniculata brown; hard, fine texture, takes a fine 

bwa koulev, bwa polish. 

milet, kenep 

mawon 

Faramea SIH -light brown or yellow; hard, takes a - - - - 

occidentalis good polish. 

Ficus citrifolia S - whitish, H - light brown; soft, tough 0.40 Nondurable - - 

and strong. 

Ficus elastica S - whitish; moderately hard. - - - - 

kawotchou 

Ficus microcarpa S - ..yhitish, H - light brown; hard, distinct 0.50 Nondurable - - 

growth rings. 

Ficus trigonata S - whitish; soft. - - - - 

figye wouj 

Genipa americana S - cream-colored, H - light yellowish 0.52-0.66 Perishable R-4.6 1,410 

var. caruto brown; medium luster, no odor, fine T-9.1 Hard 

jinpa texture, straight to irregular grain, V-13.5 

attractive striped figure. 

Gesneria spp. SIH - light brown, hard. - - - - 

Gliricidia sepium S - light brown, H - dark to reddish 0.47-0.75 Moderately - - 

lila etranje, piyon brown; hard and strong, coarse texture, Durable 

irregular grain, not easily worked, takes a 

good polish. 

Gmelina arborea SIH - pale straw yellow; lustrous, coarse 0.40-0.52 Moderately R-2.4 525-720 

melina texture, interlocked to wavy grain, easy to Durable T-4.9 Soft 

work, finishes smoothly. V-8.8 

Gomidesia SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

lindeniana 

Grevillea robusta S - cream colored, H - yellow brown; 0.40-0.52 Moderately R-2.7 840 

grevilya lustrous, odorless, medium to coarse Durable T-7.7 Soft 

texture, straight to wavy grain, prominent 

figure, works well. 

Guaiacum spp. S - pale yellow or cream-colored, H - dark 0.89-1.30 Very - 4,500 

gayak greenish brown to black; slight scent, Durable Extremely 

resinous, very fine uniform texture, Hard 

interlocked grain. 

Guapira discolor S - light brown; soft. - - - - 

Guapirajragrans S - whitish; soft. - - - - 

Guapira obtusata SIH - light brown with darker streaks; - - - - 

bwa kasav silves hard. 

Guarea spp. S - whitish to pink, H-. pinkish to deep 0.40-0.65 Durable R- 3.4 800-1,330 

bwa wouj reddish brown; low luster, mildly fragrant, T-7.0 Slightly Hard 

medium texture, straight grain, brittle. V -11.2


SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE 


(Ibs.) 

Guatteria blainii S - light brown or whitish; hard. 0.80 - - - 

bwanwa 

Guazuma S - light brown, H - pinkish to brownish; 0.50 Nondurable - - - 

ulmifolia moderately soft, easily worked. 

bwadom 

Guettarda spp. SIH - light brown; hard, fine texture. 0.80-0.83 - - - 

kalnwa 

Gymindia latifolia SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

Gymnanthes S - whitish or yellowish, H - light olive, 1.10 Durable - - 

Lucida streaked wI dark brown; very fine grain, 

bwamabre very hard, takes a fine polish. 

Haematoxylon Similar to H. campechianum 0.71-D.90 - - - 

brasiletto 

kampeeh 

Haematoxylon S - whitish to straw-colored, H - bnght 0.54-0.95 Very Durable - - 

campechianum orange-red; medium to fine texture, odor 

kampeeh of violets, irregular grain, brittle, strong 

and hard, takes a fine polish. 

Haenianthus SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

salicifolius 

Hamelia patens SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

fie koray, koray 

wouj 

Helicteres SIH - yellowish; hard. - - - - 

jamaicensis 

bwa dam, jeson, 

koton rat 

Henriettea H -light yellowish brown; hard. - - - - 

fascicularis 

ti grenn 

Hernandia sonora SIH - grayish white wI faint olive streaks, 0.29 Perishable - - 

fum, soft, easily worked. 

Hevea brasiliensis S IH - light brown with pinkish tinge; low 0.40-0.52 Perishable R-2.3 - 

kawotchou luster, sour smell, coarse and even T-5.l 

texture, straight grain, prone to sap stain 

discoloration. 

Hibiscus elatus S - white, H - grayish-brown orolive, 0.52-D.65 Durable - - 

mahoble variegated with shades ofpurple or 

metallic blue; dull luster, no odor, 

medium texture, straight grain. 

Hibiscus tiliaceus S - whitish, H - dark greenish brown; 0.60 Durable - - 

gran maho, maho 

fran 

moderately soft and porous. 

Hippomane S -light brown or yellowish, H - dark 0.50 Moderately - - 

mancinella 

mancheni, 

manseniye 

brown; hard, strong, takes a good polish. Durable 

Hirtella triandra SIH -light brown; hard. - - - - 

Homalium S - golden yellow, H - grayish-brown to 0.77 Moderately R-7.0 2,050 

racemosum reddish-brown wI darker streaks and Durable T-9.6 Very Hard 

pmches,hard,modermcly strong, fine 

texture, interlocked grain. 

V-17.2




(Ibs.) 

Leucaena S -light yellow, H - yellow brown to dark 0.70 - - - 

leucocephala brown; hard. 

subsp. 

leucocephala 

delen, inadlenn 

Licaria triandra S - light yellowish brown, H - yellowish 0.68-0.96 Very Durable R- 5.4 2,900 

loriejon brown to coffee brown with a tinge of red T-7.9 Very Hard 

or violet; moderate luster, fragrant, fine to V -12.5 

medium texture, straight to slightly 

interlocked grain, strong. 

Lonchocarpus S - yellowish sapwood, H - yellowish 0.62-0.76 Durable R-3.9 2,700 

spp. brown to dark reddish brown; low to T- 8.2 Very Hard 

bwa dano, bwa medium luster, no odor, straight to v-no 

kayman irregular or interlocked grain, striped with 

laminations of lighter color. 

Lyonia rubiginosa S/H - light yellow. - - - - 

Lysiloma sabicu S - white, H - lustrous brown with 0.52-0.65 Very R-2.7 1,400 

tabeno coppery or purplish tinge; no odor, Durable T-7.2 Hard 

medium texture, straight to roey grain, V -9.5 

takes a high polish, easy to work. 

Magnolia spp. S - white to light greenish brown, H - olive 0.40--0.70 Durable R-3.6 1,090 

green to greenish brown, often streakedwI T-7.0 Slightly Hard 

purple or dark brown; low to moderate V -11.2 

luster, spicy fragrance, fine and uniform 

texture, straight to interlocked grain. 

Mammea S - light brown, H - reddish brown; 0.62 Moderately - - 

americana medium texture, irregular and interlocked Durable 

zabriko grain, flecked wI dark, oily exudations. 

Mangifera indica S/H - light brown with black streaks; 0.45-0.58 Nondurable R-3.0 1,000 

mango. lustrous, odorless, fine to coarse texture, T-4.9 Slightly Hard 

interlocked to straight grain, easy to work, V -7.3 

tom grain common, finishes and polishes 

well. 

Manilkara H - reddish; hard and strong. - Durable - - 

albescens 

bwa wil, sapoti 

mawon 

Manilkara S - whitish to pale brown, H - reddish 0.85 Very Durable R-6.3 3,190 

bidentata brown; attractive, resembles mahogany, T- 9.4 Extremely 

sapoti, sapoti nwa very strong and hard, low to medium V-16.9 Hard 

luster, no odor, fine and uniform texture, 

straight to wavy or interlocked grain. 

Manilkara H - dark reddish; hard. - - - - 

jaimiqui ssp. 

haitensis 

Manilkara zapota H - dark red; very hard, strong and tough. - Durable - - 

sapoti 

Margaritaria S - light brown, H - brownish or pinkish. 0.90 - - - 

nobilis 

Mastichodendron S - yellowish, H - yellowish to orange; 0.90 Durable - - 

foetidissimum hard and strong. 

akoma, koma 

Matayba S - light brown, H - uniform pinkish to 0.70 Nondurable - - 

domingensis reddish brown; very hard, attractive, 

bwa grenn, bwa strong, fine texture, irregular and 

grenn nwa interlocked grain, foul odor.




(Ibs.) 

Pinus occidentalis S -light yellow, H - pale yellow to golden 0.58-0.76 - - - 

bwapen or reddish brown; strong resinous odor, 

medium to coarse texture, heavy deposits 

ofresin. 

Piper aduncum 

bwa majo, siwo 

SIH - whitish; hard. - - - - 

Piper SIH - iight brown; soft. - - - - 

tuberculatum 

Piptadenia S - whitish to light brown, H - reddish 0.52-0.80 Moderately R-4.4 1,550-1,680 

peregrina brown to dark brown; high luster, no odor, Durable T- 6.4-7.5 Hard 

bwa ekos, bwa fine to medium texture, straight to V - 9.0-11.6 

kayman irregular grain, tends to tear when planing 

irregular grain. 

Pisonia albida S - whitish or yellowish, H - yellowish; - - - - 

coarse texture, moderately soft, silvery 

gum in the pores. 

Pisonia rotundata SIH - whitish; soft, porous. 0.50 Nondurable - - 

Pithecellobium S - whitish, H - reddish brown to dark red; 0.70 Durable - - 

arboreum streaked and figured, takes a fine polish, 

bwa kolye, pwazon strong. 

lasinet 

Pithecellobium 

circinale 

kampech mawon 

- 0.91-1.12 - - - 

Pithecellobium S - yellowish, H - yellowish or reddish 0.58-0.69 Durable - - 

dulce 

brown; moderately soft, strong, brittle, 

takes a high polish, not easily worked. 

Pithecellobium H - light brown; hard. - - - - 

unguis-cati 

Pleodendron spp. SIH - nearly white; hard. - - - - 

Plumeria spp. SIH -light brown; slightly hard. - - - - 

franjipani 

Podocarpus spp. SIH - pale yellow to yellowish brown; 0.26-0.65 Nondurable R-2.6 710-760 

bwa liben somewhat lustrous, no odor, fine texture, T-6.4 Soft 

straight to slightly interlocked grain. V -9.8 

Pouteria H - reddish; hard. - - - - 

dictyoneura ssp. 

fuertesii 

karakole 

Pouteria S - light brown, H - reddish brown; very - - - - 

multiflora hard, strong, fine texture, straight grain, 

indistinct growth rings. 

Pouteria sapota H - light reddish or brown; moderately 0.60 Moderately - - 

jon def hard and strong. Durable 

Prosopis juliflora S -light yellow, H - yellowish to dark 0.80 Moderately - - 

bayawonn, brown; moderately hard, tough and strong. Durable 

gwatapana 

Prunus myrtifolia S - light brown, H - light red; hard. - - - - 

lamandye ti fey 

Prunus S - light yellowish brown, H - dark 0.90-1.05 - - - 

occidentalis reddish brown; very hard, medium to 

lamandye gran fey coarse texture, tough and strong.

202 Wood Properfies 



Obs.) 

Schaefferia H - light brown to yellow; hard, fine - - - - 

frutescens texture. 

bwa kapab, ti gason 

Schefflera S/H - pale brownish color; medium luster, 0.36-0.54 Perishable R-5.9 665-915 

morototoni no odor, fine to medium texture, straight T-9.2 Soft 

bwakano grain, brittle. V -14.8 

Securinega S/H -light brown; hard, fine texture. - - - - 

acidoton 

Senna atomaria S - yellow, H - dark brown, hard. 0.57-D.85 - - - 

bwakabrit 

Senna polyphylla S/H - light brown; hard. - - - - 

var. montis-christi 

Senna siamea S - whitish to light brown, H - dark brown 0.57-D.83 Durable - - 

kasya to nearly black. streaked; moderately hard. 

Senna spectabilis S - whitish, H - brown; hard. - Durable - - 

kas mawon 

Simarouba spp. S/H - whitish or straw colored wI O.34-Do4l Nondurable R- 2.3 440 

bwa blan, fwenn occasional oil streaks; high luster, T-5.0 Soft 

odorless, uniform and medium texture, V -8.0 

straight grain. 

Sloanea S - whitish; hard. - - - - 

amygdalina 

bwa kok. chapo 

kare 

Sloanea S - yellowish brown, fI- multicolored, 0.80 Durable - - 

berteriana from yellow brown to pinkish brown and 

dark brown wI streaks; hard, strong, 

medium texture, irregular grain, 

prominent growth rings. 

Solanum S/H - whitish to light brown; hard. - - - - 

antillarum 

Solanum S/H -light brown; hard. - - - - 

erianthum 

amouret mawon, 

tabakmawon 

Solanum rugosum S/H - whitish; soft and brittle. - - - - 

Solanum torvum S/H - whitish to pale yellow; soft. - - - - 

amouret 

Spathodea S - whitish; soft. - - - - 

campanulata 

motel etranje 

Spondias dulcis S - whitishto light yellow, H -light - Nondurable - - 

wob, pOrn site brown; moderately soft. 

Spondias mombin S/H - cream or buffcolored; medium 0.26-0040 Perishable R-2.7 335-510 

monben luster, odorless, medium to coarse texture, T-4.7 Soft 

straight to irregular grain, sticky resin. V -7.5 

Spondias S/H - whitish; soft and brittle. - - - - 

purpurea 

siwel 

Stahlia S - light brown, H - dark brown; very - Durable - - 

monosperma hard, strong.




Obs.) 

Sterculia apetala S - yellowish, H - yellowish, reddish or 0.26-0.40 Perishable R-3.7 270-530 

pisrach light brown; coarse texture, medium T- 8.3 Soft 

luster, straight to irregular grain, spongy, V - 11.8 

prone to sap staindiscoloration, easy to 

work. 

Suriana maritima S - light red, H - dark red or reddish - Moderately - - 

krist marinn brown; hard and strong, fine texture. Durable 

Swietenia S - yellow to white, H - light reddish 0.48-0.60 Durable R-3.0 770-970 

macrophylla brown; golden luster, odorless, fine to T -4.1 Slightly Hard 

kajou etranje, coarse texture, straight, roey, wavy or V -7.8 

kajou venezwela curly grain, attractive figure; easy to work, 

takes a fine polish. 

Swietenia S - yellow to white, H - yellowish-red to 0.57-0.80 Durable R-4.6 1,330 

mahagoni deep reddish brown; high, silky and T-5.4 Moderately 

kajou peyi golden luster, odorless, fine texture, V-6.9 Hard 

straight, roey, curly or wavy grain, 

attractive figure, strong. 

Symphonia S - whitish, H - yellowish-, grayish- or 0.52-0.65 Durable R-5.7 1,120 

globulifera greenish brown; variable, medium luster, T-9.7 Slightly Hard 

bwa kochon odorless, coarse texture, straight to V'-15.6 

irregular grain, mealy appearance, high 

silica content, easy to work. 

Syzygium jambos SIH - brown; hard, close-grained. 0.70 Nondurable - - 

pOm woz 

Syzygium S - light brown; hard and tough, tends to - - - - 

malaccense warp, difficult to work. 

pOm malezi 

Tabebuia spp. SIH - light brown to golden; low to 0.52-0.65 Moderately to R-3.6 960 

bwa nago, sip medium luster, odorless, medium to Very Durable T-6.1 Soft 

coarse texture, straight to roey grain, V-9.5 

finishes well. 

Tabernaemontana S - whitish brown; medium hard, fine - - - - 

citrifolia texture. 

bwa let mal 

Tamarindus S -light yellow, H - dark pwplish brown; 0.80-0.90 Durable - - 

indica very hard and strong, takes a fine polish. 

tarnarenn 

Tecoma stans S - light brown; hard. - - - - 

chevalye 

Tectona grandis S - pale yellowish, H - dark yellow to 0.52-0.65 Very R-2.5 1,000-1,155 

tek golden brown; scented, fine to medium Durable T-5.8 Moderately 

texture, straight or wavy grain, high silica V-7.0 Hard 

content, oily feel, works easily, finishes 

smoothly. 

Tenninalia S - light brick red, H - brick red to reddish 0.45-0.58 Perishable R-4.5 - 

catappa brown; lustrous, odorless, medium to T-5.7 

zamann coarse texture, interlocked and irregular V-IO.3 

grain, tom grain common, works easily. 

Ternstroemia SIH - light brown; hard. - - - - 

peduncularis 

bwa denn mawon 

Tetragastris spp. S - yellowish-brown, H - orange brown wI 0.63-0.78 Durable R-4.4 1,770-2,170 

bwa kochon darker streaks; medium to high luster, T- 8.5 Hard 

fragrant, fine texture, irregular to roey V -13.9 

grain, high silica content 

Tetrazygia spp. S - light brown; hard. - - - -




(Ibs.) 

ZiZiphus spp. SIH - light brown or yellowish; hard. 0.90 - - - 

kOKmol 

Table 19.2 Energy values for major fuelwood species of Hispaniola. Standard error of 

the means is shown in parentheses. 

SPECIES HEAT OF COMBUSTION HEAT OF COMBUSTION SITE AND 

---OVEN-DRY--- ---14% MC--- SOURCE 

(megajoules kg· l ) (megajoules kg· l ) 

Acacia macracantha 19.574 (0.015) 16.827 (0.013) Mao, Rep. Dom:, 

zakasya pikan Maxwell (1985) 

Acacia scleroxyla 19.899 (0.099) 17.107 (0.085) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

kandelon Maxwell (1985) 

Acacia tortuosa 16.215 (0.091) 13.939 (0.078) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

zakasya wouj Timyan (1988) 

Acacia tortuosa 19.302 (0.022) 16.590 (0.022) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

zakasya wouj Maxwell (1985) 

Amyris sp. 21.476 (0.094) 18.462 (0.081) Mao, Rep. Dam., 

bwachandel Maxwell (1985) 

Azadirachta indica 19.69 (0.314) 16.923 (0.270) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

nim Timyan (1988) 

Bursera simaruba 18.282 (0.152) 15.717 (0.131) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

gomye Maxwel1 (1985) 

Caesalpinia coriaria 19.863 (0.124) 17.075 (0.107) Mao, Rep. Dam., 

divi divi Maxwel1 (1985) 

Capparis sp. 20.114 (0.180) 17.291 (0.155) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

Maxwell (1985) 

Capparis flexuosa 19.254 (0.082) 16.552 (0.070) Mao, Rep. Dam., 

bwakaka Maxwel1 (1985) 

Casearia guianensis 19.601 (0.027) 16.850 (0.023) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

kafe mawon 

Maxwell (1985)- 

Coccoloba leoganensis 19.489 (0.056) 16.754 (0.048) Mao, Rep. Dam., 

Ma;{well (1985) 

Eugenia foetida 19.909 (0.784) 17.115 (0.674) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

ti fey Timyan (1988) 

Exostema caribaeum 20.685 (0.104) 17.782 (0.089) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

kenkena peyi Maxwell (1985) 

Guaiacum officinale 21.080 (0.731) 18.121 (0.628) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

gayak Timyan (1988) 

Guaiacum officinale 21.170 (0.085) 18.199 (0.073) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

gayak Maxwell (1985) 

Haematoxylon 17.891 (0.558) 15.380 (0.480) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

campechianum Timyan (1988) 

kampech 

Krugiodendronferreum 19.066 (0.100) 16.390 (0.086) Mao, Rep. Dam., 

bwafi: Maxwell (1985) 

Leucaena leucocephala 18.142 (0.467) 15.596 (0.401) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

subsp. glabrata 

lisina 

Timyan (1988) 

Maytenus buxi/olia 19.575 (0.067) 16.828 (0.058) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

bwa foumi Maxwell (1985)


SPECIES HEAT OF COMBUSTION HEAT OF COMBUSTION SITE AND 

···OVEN·DRY··· ···14% MC-- SOURCE 

(megajoules kg· l ) (megajoules kg-I) 

Phyllostylon brasiliensis 18.089 (0.342) 15.550 (0.294) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

bwablan Timyan (1988) . 

Phyllostylon brasiliensis 19.038 (0.119) 16.366 (0.102) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

bwa blan Maxwell (1985) 

Pictetia spinifolia 20.610 (0.106) 17.717 (0.091) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

gratigal Maxwell (1985) 

Pithecellobium circinale 19.447 (0.045) 16.718 (0.039) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

kampech mawon Maxwell (1985) 

Pithecellobium unguis-cati 19.050 (0.872) 16.376 (0.750) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

Timyan (1988) 

Prosopis juliflora 19.926 (0.014) 17.130 (0.012) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

bayawonn Timyan (1988) 

Prosopis juliflora 18.300 (0.097) 15.732 (0.083) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

bayawonn Maxwell (1985) 

Senna atomaria 19.328 (0.415) 16.615 (0.357) Cul-de-Sac, Haiti, 

bwakabrit Timyan (1988) 

Senna atomaria 19.688 (0.094) 16.925 (0.081) Mao, Rep. Dom., 

bwakabrit Maxwell (1985)

20 Medicinal Uses 

Trees have provided a rich source of ingredients that Haitians and other people of 

Hisponiola have used for centuries in their folk medicine. After Charles Plumier 

published his Description des Plantes de l'Amerique in 1693, based in part on floristic 

studies conducted in Haiti, two French doctors wrote on the utilization of medicinal 

plants in Haiti: RenePouppee Desportes wrote Histoire des Maladies de Saint 

Domingue in 1740 and E. Descourtilz wrote Flore Pittoresque et Medicinales des 

Antilles in 1821. Recent ethnobotanical studies have been conducted on the medicinal 

plants of Haiti, including those by Brutus and Pierre-Noel (1959, 1960, 1966), Leon 

(1980), Weniger (1985), Weniger and Rouzier (1986), and Rouzier (1990). Studies 

dealing with many of the same species present throughout the Caribbean and Latin 

American include Ayensu (1981), Morton (1981), Nunez (1982), Tramil I (1984), 

Darnault and Longuefosse (1985), Tramil II (1986), Joseph (1988), Seaforth (1988), 

Tramil III (1988), Ansel et al. (1989) and Liogier (1990). 

The medicinal use of trees is an important part of Haitian cultural knowledge, and 

its effectiveness must be reinforced by scientific study. At times there is concern, even 

contempt, among Western medical researchers about traditional, local practices. 

Precision in dosages of curative treatments is difficult. Some remedies have been 

shown to contain toxic compounds; others fade into the universe of mysticism and 

magic. Strict ethical guidelines in the application of treatments are rarely explicit. 

However, the beauty of traditional medicines comes down to an issue of cultural 

diversity and a deeper understanding of the role that plants play in the daily lives of . 

people. Without this diversity, modem pharmaceutical science would not be what it is 

today. Herbal remedies are locally available and foster a self-reliance among those 

who can ill-afford the high costs of imported pharmaceuticals. Perhaps an art more 

than a science, one of the most important contributions of folk medicine is that it adds 

to our understanding ofHaitiantrees. 

A list of trees that are commonly used for medicinal purposes in Haiti is provided 

in Table 20.1 below. The table includes 76 families, 222 genera and 293 taxa. The 

taxa are arranged alphabetically by species. The first column gives the scientific and 

Creole names associated with the tree. The second column summarizes the ailments, 

followed by the tree part and the principal method of application. Specific 

prescriptions, such as dosage and frequency, are not given, as these are rarely 

specified in the literature and can vary considerably among users according to recipe. 

Moreover, the table does not rank the order of species importance as a medicinal 

source for the ailments, though this work can be found for areas of Haiti studied by 

Service Oecumenique d'Entraide since the 1980s. Many of the tree species invariably 

are associated with specific treatments. Examples include the relief of sore throat with 

Spondias purpurea or lowering of blood pressure with Terminalia catappa. 

The genera that stand out in importance· are important fruit trees - notably 

Citrus (sweet and sour orange, key lime, and pummelo) and Annona (soursop, custard 

207 '

SPECIES MEDICINAL USES 

Medicinal Uses 209 

Anacardium occidentale Anemia: bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Diabetes, thrush, plaque, 

nwakajou diarrhea, malarial fever: bark or leafdecoction, taken orally. Skin rash, wart, acne, 

toothache, flu, phlegm, constipation, diarrhea, edema, hemoptysis: cashew pericarp juice. 

Nervous disorders: bark tea as a tonic. Aphrodisiac: toasted seed or leaf infusion. Burns, 

skin ailments: crushed mature leaf poultice. CAUTION: Pericarp oil is caustic and must be 

used with prudence. 

Andira inermis Urethritis: macerated root, taken orally. Fever, intestinal worms: stem bark decoction in 

bwa palmis, pwa palmis small doses. Constipation: seed decoction, taken orally. Skin rash, quicklime burn: leaf 

compress. Wound: macerated seed poultice. 

Annona cherimotia Indigestion, constipation: boiled leaves or fruit as decoction or cooked, taken orally. NB: 

kachiman Seed reported to have anti-cancer properties (Liogier, 1990). 

Annona glabra Hepatitis, liver ailments, worms, rheumatism: flower and leaf extracts, taken orally. Chest 

kowosbl mawon cold, dry cough, tuberculosis: fruit syrup, taken orally. NB: Leaves contain a poisonous' 

narcotic used to kill fish. 

Annona muricata Digestive tract ailments: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Intestinal malaise: leafand 

kowosbl crushed seed infusion, taken orally. Fatigue: leaf decoction wI salt or sugar, taken orally. 

Anxiety: leafor bark decoction. Cold, chest pain, nerve disorders: flower or flower bud tea 

with honey. Flu, cold: fruit syrup. Hepatitis, fever: fruit as a food. Nervous shock: leaf 

massage. CAUTION: Seed contains a strong poison, used as a potent insecticide, that induces 

severe vomiting. 

Annona reticulata Digestive tract ailments, fever, nerve disorders, anemia: leaf (sometimes bark) decoction 

kachiman ke bet wI salt. taken orally. Fatigue: leafdecoction wI sugar or salt. taken orally. Dermatosis: leaf 

decoction. taken orally. Headache: crushed leaves applied as a bath. Sprain: crushed bark in 

warm, salty water and applied as poultice. NB: Exhibits antispasmodic and analgesic 

properties; requires further research for internal use (Tramil III. 1988). 

Annona squamosa Diarrhea, chronic dysentery: leaf, bark or green fruit infusion. taken orally. Cramp, spasm: 

kachiman kanel leaf or sprout tea. 

Antirhea lucida Colic: strong leaf infusion wI Hedyosmum nutans. Astringent: root. 

bwa patat, zaboka mawon 

Artocarpus altitis Blood pressure: fruit (sometimes leaf or flowers) decoction, taken orally. Wart, skin ulcer, 

laba pen, lam veritab abscess: caustic latex or bark poultice. Burn: stewed fruit compress. Constipation: cooked 

fruit. easily digested. NB: Leafextracts contain substances with hypotensive properties 

(Seaforth. 1988). 

Artocarpus heterophyllus Same applications as Artocarpus altitis. Diarrhea, fever: root decoction. taken orally. 

jakiye Intestinal worms, syphilis: sap, taken orally. Ulcer, wound: leaf ash, applied externally. 

Aspidosperma cuspa Cholera, asthma, snakebite: root decoction. taken orally. Ulcer: leaf poultice. 

madarnjan 

Averrhoa bitimbi Fever: green fruit juice, taken orally. Poisonous bite: leaf, applied as a poultice. 

blinblin 

Avicennia germinans Diarrhea, intestinal irritation, colic: bark decoction, taken orally. Sore, wound: bark 

mangnwa decoction wash. Bleeding gums: bark decoction rinse. Hemorrhoids: bark decoction bath. 

Skin disease: gum exudate lotion. 

Azadirachta indica Fever: leaf decoction wI salt taken, orally. Head lice: fruit pulp ointment. Skin ulcer, cramp: 

nim seed oil, applied externally. NB: Alcoholic extracts contain antipyretic and anti-inflammatory 

substances (Pousset, 1989). 

Bactris plumeriana Fever: leaf tea, taken orally. 

koko makak 

Bambusa vulgaris Cold, malarial fever: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dysentery: sweet sap drink. Diuretic: root 

bambou decoction. Rash: stem 'bark' decoction bath. Fever: leaf boiled wI Pannicum maximum leaf 

and white rum drink. 

Bauhinia divaricata Heart palpitation, spasm, upset stomach: macerated leaf decoction, taken orally. 

bwa kalson, koleg. ti kalson 

Bauhinia monandra Dysentery: .dried buds and young flower infusion, taken orally. Irregular gastrointestinal 

de jimel, jimel tract: leaf drink.



Bixa orellana Headache: leaf, applied to forehead. Mouth/throat infection: leaf decoction, gargle. 

woukou Asthma: root decoction, taken orally. Fever: macerated seed decoction, taken orally. 

Dysentery, kidney infection: pulp surrounding seed, astringent drink. 

Blighia sapida Fever, cold, intestinal worms: leaf tea, taken orally. 

aki 

Bocconia frutescens Jaundice: roots blended wI wann water, taken orally. 

bwa jonis, bwa kok denn 

Bontia daphnoides Insect bite: macerated leaf and fruit wI alcohol. Herpes: resin. Swollen tissue: flower 

doliv bata, mang mawon decoction or fruit oil extract, massage. Ulcer, sore: leaf, flower and fruit decoction, wash. 

Bucida buceras Fever: bark and leafdecoction, taken orally. 

grigri 

Bunchosia glandulosa Amenorrhea, menstrual pain: leafinfusion, taken orally. Asthma, bronchitis: leafjuice, 

bwa kaka, bwa poulet taken orally. Rheumatism: leafbath. 

Bursera simaruba Toothache, abscess, swollen glands, chest pain: sap or terminal shoot, applied in natural 

gomye form as a compress. Fever: bark tea, taken orally. Digestive tract ailments, urethritis: 

macerated bark or root, taken orally. Kidney stones, diarrhea, lung infection: resin, taken 

orally. Gangrene: leaf compress. Snakebite: macerated seed in aqueous resin, applied to bite. 

Byrsonima crassifolia Fever, diarrhea, menorrhagia: root decoction, taken orally. 

Byrsonima spicata Inflammation, ulcer: leafdecoction, applied externally. Dysentery, bronchitis, cough: fruit, 

liann kolik, liann towo, towo root and bark decoction, taken orally. 

tig 

Caesalpinia bonduc Asthma, mental distress: leafdecoction, taken orally. Fever, intestinal worms: pulverized 

grenn kinik, kanik, kinik, ,seed infusion, taken orally. 

kinikjon 

Caesalpinia ciliata Convulsion, venereal disease: seed kernel decoction, taken orally. 

kanik, kinik, kinik jon, wawi 

Caesalpinia coriaria Diarrhea: fruit cut in small pieces, prepared in an infusion, taken orally. Throat infection: 

divi divi, gwatapana fruit decoction gargled. Skin disease, wound: bark, leaf and green fruit infusion, wash. Fever: 

powdered dry seed, taken orally. Stomach ache: leaf and shoot decoction, taken orally. 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Fever: root decoction, taken orally. Liver infection: leafcooked, taken orally. Canker sore: 

fransilad leaf decoction, gargled or mouth wash. Bronchial infection, erysipelas, measles, wound: 

ground leafand flower decoction, take orally or applied. 

Caesalpinia vesicaria Diarrhea: bark, roasted and powdered, taken orally. 

Calophyllum calaba Blood pressure, liver disorders: leaf decoction, taken orally. Swollen glands, abscess: latex 

damari or terminal shoot, applied externiUly. Skin itch: bathe with crushed leaves. Burn: resin, 

applied to bum. Hernia: resin, taken orally. Skin infection: seed oil lotion. 

Calotropis procera Blood pressure: leaf infusion, taken orally. Leprosy, elephantiasis, syphilis: root, bark and 

koton swa latex application. Intestinal worms, toothache: bark and latex, taken orally. Depilatory: 

latex. 

Cameraria latifolia Blood disorders: leafor macerated root decoction wI salt, taken orally or as a bath. Rotten 

bwalet tooth: latex, applied to fracture tooth. 

.' 

Cananga odorata NB: Plant has properties that lower blood pressure; used as an antiseptic and source of essential 

ilanilan oil used in cosmetics (Liogier, 1990). 

Canella winterana Rheumatism: macerated bark in alcohol, massage. Fever, abortive: bark decoction, taken 

kanel orally. 

Capparis cyanophallophora Skin diseases, herpes: root decoction, applied externally. Edema, intestinal worms: root 

bwa dajan, bwa kaka decoction, taken orally. 

Capparis ferruginea Venereal disease: leaf decoction, taken orally. Thrush: leaf decoction, gargled. Skin diseases, 

bwa senegal herpes: strong leafdecoction, applied externally. Nerve disorders: flower tea, taken orally. 

Hysteria, shock, mourning: root bath. 

Capparis flexuosa Skin diseases, herpes: strong leafdecoction, applied externally. Spasm: fruit decoction, taken 

bwakaka orally.


Capparis gonaivensis Gout: root decoction, taken orally. 

bwarav 


Carapa guianensis Skin itch: leafboiled in water, applied as lotion. Fever, intestinal worms: fruit rind 

decoction, taken orally. Hepatitis, tetanus: seed oil decoction, taken orally. Skin disease, 

ringworm: seed oil decoction or soap, applied externally. 

Carica papaya Gastrointestinal ailments: fruit and juice, eaten. Sores: fresh leafpoultice. Rheumatism: 

papay fresh root wI sugar cane alcohol, taken orally or massaged. Cough, bronchitis, asthma, chest 

cold: flower decoction, taken orally. NB: The juice of unripe fruit is the source ofpapain. This 

protein-splitting enzyme is used as an aid in digestion and as a meat tenderizer. 

Carpodiptera cubensis Digestive disorders ofnewboms: fresh leaf infusion, taken orally. Menstrual ailments, 

bwadoti urine retention, bladder infection, bad blood, constipation: root, stem or leaf infusion, 

taken orally. 

Carpodiptera simonis Uterine hemorrhage, anemia, head congestion, arteriosclerosis: flower and wood tea, 

bwadoti taken orally. 

Casearia sylvestris Sore, ulcer: leaf and stem decoction, applied to infected area. Fever, syphilis, diuretic: leaf 

papelit decoction, taken orally. 

Cassia fistula Worms: leafoffruit decoction wI salt, taken orally. 

kas dou, kas panyol 

Cassia grandis Digestive tract ailments: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin itch: massage and wash 

baton kas with crushed leaves. Hysteria, nervousness, abortion: leaf, flower, fruit pulp or seed 

beverage, taken orally. Skin infection: macerated root in alcohol, applied as a tincture. Fever, 

rheumatism: root and bark infusion, taken orally. 

Cassine xylocarpa Stimulant: plant parts, edible fruit. 

Cassipourea guianensis Astringent: bark. 

Castilla elastica Sore throat: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

Catalpa longissima Fever: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Asthma: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever, 

chenn dysentery, uterine hemorrhage, leukorrhea: bark decoction, taken orally. Throat 

infections, tonsillitis: bark infusion, taken orally. Sore: dried leaf and bark infusion wash. 

Hemorrhoids: macerated leaf wI water bath. NB: Febrifruge properties require further 

research (rrarnil nI, 1988). 

Cecropia peltata Inflammation: pulverized leafdecoction applied as a bath or poultice. Fever, asthma, 

twompet Parkinson's disease, spleen ailments, epilepsy: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dysentery, 

hemorrhage, toothache: astringent made from inner bark and shoots. Gangrene, skin ulcer, 

wart: caustic latex applied externally. Diarrhea: bark infusion, taken orally. NB: Contains 

ursolic acid with diarrheic properties (Duke, 1985). 

Cedrela odorata Digestive tract ailments: macerated bark wI salt, taken orally. Malarial fever, epilepsy, 

sed ciguatera, cough: root bark, leafor twig decoction, taken orally. Pain: leafor twig bath. 

Abortion: large quantities ofbark decoction, taken orally. Toothache: bark decoction, as 

gargle. Bronchitis: resin decoction, taken orally. 

Ceiba pentandra Dizziness: fresh leaf compress or lotion. Edema: boiled root decoction. Skin biteJinfection, 

mapou fatigue, erysipelas, sprains, boils: leafdecoction, as bath or poultice. Constipation, 

diabetes: root infusion, taken orally. Upset stomach: gum, eaten. Contraceptive: tender 

shoot decoction. Placenta expulsion: fruit rind. Cough, hoarse throat: leaf infusion, taken 

orally. 

Cereus hexagonus Diuretic, dysentery: macerated root wI water, taken orally. 

Chiococca alba Purgative, diuretic, emetic, rheumatism: root decoction, taken orally. 

leimak, krOk souri 

Chlorophora tinctoria Hepatitis: macerated root wI water, taken orally. Tooth anesthetic: dried latex placed beside 

bwajon tooth. Mouth sore; sore throat: gargle wI fruit decoction. Cold: flower infusion, taken orally. 

Chrysobalanus icaco Dysentery, diarrhea: bark, leaf and root decoction, taken orally. Tonsillitis, sore throat: 

ikak honey wI fruit oil and leafdecoction, taken orally. 

Chrysophyllum cainito Wound: leaf underside grated and applied as a compress. Hemorrhage: fruit. Fever: cooked 

kaymit fruit. Hypoglycemia: leaf decoction, taken orally. NB: Rich in tannins (Morton, 1981). 

Chrysophyllum oliviforme Wound, sore: leaf underside grated and applied as a compress. 

kaymit mawon



Cinnamomum verum Rheumatism: essence as a poultice. Spasm, stomach/intestinal gas: essence, taken orally. 

kanel 

Citharexylum caudatum Abortive: bark. Hoarse throat: leaf or macerated seed infusion, taken orally. 

kafe mawon, kafe sovaj 

Citharexylum fruticosum Abortive: bark. Lung infection, cold, bronchitis: leafdrink and flower syrup, taken orally. 

grenad mawon, kafe mawon, 

madamklOd 

Citrus aurantifolia Digestive system ailments, fever, tuberculosis, worms: leaf and fruit decoction wI salt, taken 

sitwon orally. Liver ailments: inside peel, macerated, wI salt, taken orally. Headache: crushed leaf 

decoction applied as a head bath. Head cold, loss ofappetite, epilepsy: fruit juice, wI sugar, 

taken orally. Toothache: fruit decoction orjuice mouthwash wI salt. Wound, eye infection: 

fruit juice rinse or compress. General fatigue: fruit juice wI salt and sugar. Urethritis: 

macerated root or fruit juice, taken orally. NB: Lime juice stimulates gastrointestinal system; 

photosensitivity associated with wound treatments· (Tramil III, 1988). 

Citrus aurantium Digestive tract ailments, head cold, loss ofappetite, general fatigue: fruit juice wI sugar or 

zoranj si salt, taken orally. Chest pain, skin itch: massage or compress on the diaphragm with a hot 

orange. Respiratory ailments: roasted fruit, taken orally. Vomiting, nerve disorders: leaf 

decoction wI salt, taken orally. Liver ailments: fruit juice, taken orally. Headache: crushed 

leafdecoction and applied as head bath. Rheumatism, broken bone, inflammation: roasted 

fruit or leafdecoction applied as a massage or bath. NB: Fruit decoction exhibit 

anti-hemorrhagic properties in the gastrointestinal tract (Tramil, 1988); rich in vitamin C . 

against infection; limonene exhibits expectorant properties; oils exhibit light anti-spasmodic 

and sedative properties (Paris and Moyse, 1976). 

Citrus limetta Kidney stones, gall bladder stones, hematuria, blood pressure, scurvy: fruits eaten daily. 

kalmouk Fever: fruit boiled in soda water. 

Citrus limon Similar properties as Citrus aurantifolia. 

limon frans 

Citrus maxima General fatigue, flu, fever: fruit juice, taken orally. 

chadek 

Citrus sinensis Digestive tract ailments; nerve disorders, fever, asthma, stomach ulcer or indigestion, 

zoranj dous blood pressure, general fatigue, vomiting: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin itch: 

massage and wash with crushed leaves or fruit juice. Urethritis: macerated root, leaf or fruit 

mesoderm, taken orally. Hepatitis, liver ailments: macerated mesoderm of the fruit 

(sometimes bark) or decoction, taken orally. Head cold, loss of appetite: fruit juice or leaf 

decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Headache, rheumatism: crushed-leaf decoction and applied 

as bath. Broken bone: roasted fruit massage. NB: Leafoil exhibits carminative properties 

(Tramil III, 1988) and light anti-spasmodic and sedative properties (Paris and Moyse, 1976); 

rich in vitamin C against infection. 

Clusia major Kidney pain, sciatica, lumbago, shoulder pain: resin compress. Rheumatism: fresh leaf, 

bwa pal, figye modi, gwo castor bean oil and salt mixture, applied as compress orfruit rind decoction, as bath. 

figye Respiratory infection: flower infusion, taken orally. 

Coccoloba uvifera Diarrhea: bark, branches and roots used in cooking ordecoction. Skin itch: bark bath. Fever: 

rezen fe, rezen lame bark decoction, taken orally. NB: Astringent bark, wood and roots have hemostatic properties 

and antipyretic properties (Liogier, 1990). 

Coccothrinax sp. Respiratory ailments: leafdecoction, taken orally. 

gwenn, latanye savann 

Cochlospermum vitifolium Hepatitis: fresh leafjuice, taken orally. Chest cold: flower, fresh or dried, decoction, taken 

orally. Abscess: pulverized root compress. Intestinal inflammation: root infusion, taken 

orally. 

Cocos nucifera Anemia, purgative: fruit bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Sore: coconut oil 

kokoye as a compress. Fatigue, laxative, intestinal worms, bladder infection: meat and milk, taken 

orally. Dysentery: root decoction, taken orally. Bladder stones, nephritis, hypertrophy: 

coconut wine. Thrush: root decoction wI coconut oil, taken orally. 

Coffea arabica Sore: powdered kernel as a compress. Swollen glands, general fatigue, blood disorders, 

kafe nerve disorders, fever: macerated leaves or seed kernel decoction, taken orally. Nerve 

disorders: roasted seed decoction taken orally. Headache: leaf decoction or seed marc, taken 

orally or as a bath. Malaria: green fruit infusion drink. Motion sickness: Flower tonic.


Cola acuminata Dysentery, stomach pain: crushed nut and prepared as a tonic. 

nwakola 


Colubrina arborescens Rheumatism: leaf tea or wood decoction, taken orally or applied as massage. Similar 

bwa pIe, kapab properties as C. elliptica. 

Colubrina elliptica Diarrhea, dysentery, liver infections, fever, stomach ulcer: bark drink. Eczema: bark bath. 

bwamabi 

Comocladia dentata Cough and colds: leaf decoction wi sugar, taken orally. Fever, stomach ulcer or indigestion: 

breziyet, bwa panybl leaf decoction wi salt, taken orally. CAUTION: Not recommended for internal usage as plant 

contains potent irritants. 

Conocarpus erectus Diarrhea, intestinal irritation, colic: bark tea, taken orally. Bleeding gums: bark tea, rinse. 

mang nwa 

Consolea macracantha Abscess: macerated segment wi other species (Agave, Cassia fistula), applied as a compress. 

raket Hemorrhoids: macerated segment, bath. 

Cordia alba Bronchitis: flower decoction, taken orally. Stomach infection: wood charcoal. 

bwachik 

Cordia alliodora Sore: leafdecoction compress. Cough, chest cold: leafinfusion, taken orally. Throat 

bwa soumi, chenn kapawo infection: flower decoction, taken orally. 

Cordia collococca Chigger: crushed leaf application or bath. Edema, shock: root decoction, taken orally. 

twa pye 

Cordia gerascanthes Epilepsy: flower decoction, taken orally. Herpes: leaf decoction. Fever: bark infusion, taken 

orally. 

Cordia mirabiloides Teething: fruit or leaf infusion. 

fle dan, krbk chen 

Cordia sebestena Cough, flu, cold, indigestion, colic: leaf decoction, taken orally. Headache, fever: leafjuice 

kokeliko, ti soley wi water. 

Couroupita guianensis Depilatory: fruit pulp decoction. 

boulet kanon 

Crataeva tapia Rheumatism: leaf decoction. Dysentery, fever: root tonic, taken orally. 

Crescentia cujete Urethritis, swollen glands, lung infections, asthma, varix, constipation, dysentery, 

kalbas diarrhea: macerated fruit pulp orjuice, taken orally. Trauma: fruit decoction wi salt or pulp 

juice, taken orally. Epilepsy: fruit pulp compress. Wound, laceration: crushed leafand shoot 

bud compress. Edema: macerated root wi wine and water, taken orally. NB: Has not been 

shown to exhibit anti-bacterial action. CAUTION: Contains cyanohydrate and internal usage 

not recommended (Ansel et a!., 1989; Tramil III, 1988). 

Crescentia linearifolia Similar properties as Crescentia cujete. 

kalbas mawon 

Crossopetalum rhacoma Diuretic, infected kidney: leafand bark decoction, taken orally. 

sewal 

Croton glabellus Digestion, low blood pressure: leaf decoction, taken orally. Leprosy: leaf decoction, applied 

bwa blan,bwa gep externally. 

Cupania americana Chest pain: massage on the diaphragm with crushed leaves. Bladder weakness, swollen 

satanye, twazokbt vesicles, intestinal disorders, kidney stones: leaf and bark tea, taken orally. Dysentery: 

powderedseed in chocolate drink. Headache, backache: leaf compress, applied to affected 

area. 

Cupressus sempervirens Nervous system disorders, menopause disorders, bleeding ofthe uterus, hemorrhoids: 

sipre fruit decoction. Chest sickness, diarrhea: astringent made of bark, wood or fruit. Intestinal 

worms: volatile oil extract from the wood. Convulsive cough: essence boiled in water, taken 

orally. Rheumatism: leaf decoction, applied externally. 

I 

Curatella americana Arthritis, blood pressure, diabetes: leaf and stern decoction, taken orally. Skin rash,'sore: 

pOrn tOch leaf decoction bath. 

Cycas circinalis Ulcer: suppuration with sticky substance in stem. Kidney pain: fruiting cone as a poultice. 

CAUTION: Seeds contain a toxic glucoside, pakonia (Liogier, 1990).



Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Gastrointestinal disorders: young leaf, flower or seed decoction, taken orally, in small doses 

liann kIou, zeb aklou (e.g., 1 teaspoon daily). Intestinal worms: bark or seed kernel decoction, taken orally, in small 

doses. 

Daphnopsis americana Blistering: macerated bark wI water, applied to provoke blistering. 

maho 

Delonix regia Malaria: macerated root and branch in alcohol, taken orally. Malarial fever: flower and bark 

flambwayan infusion, taken orally. Constipation: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

Dendropanax arboreus Rash, fever: leaf and root decoction, used as a diaphoretic.. 

bwaneges 

Dendrosicus latifolius Tetanus: fruit decoction, taken ?raIly. Rash: leafjuice, massage. 

kalbaS zombi 

Diospyros revoluta Constipation: fruit pulp, taken orally. Malaria: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

ebenn 

Dodonaea viscosa Abscess, boil: warm leaf poultice. Fever, colic, gout, male venereal disease: leaf and bark 

mang ti fey tea or.wood decoction, taken orally. 

Ehretia tinifolia Kidney infection: leaf decoction, taken orally. Bloody vomit: flower tea and leaf decoction, 

bwa chapo, chenn nwa taken orally. 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum Tuberculosis, chronic bronchial infections: bark and flower syrup, taken orally. Lung 

bwa tanis wouj congestion: bark and fruit decoction, taken orally or gargled. Hemorrhoids: bark bath. 

Erithalis fruticosa Diuretic, kidney infection, cystitis: bark, resin and fruit decoction, taken orally. 

Erythrina corallodendrum Chest ailments: flower decoction, taken orally. Scorpion sting: stem sap, applied to affected 

koray area. CAUTION: Seeds are toxic. Bark contains a narcotic alkaIoid. 

Erythrina crista-galli Animal bite: fresh bark compress. Hemorrhoids: cool bark bath. Throat sore: bark used in 

food preparation. 

Erythrina poeppigiana Asthma, cough, hysteria: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Skin itch: milky leaf lotion. 

bwamotel Flu: dried leaf decoction, taken orally. 

Erythrina variegata Chest cold, cough, flu, asthma: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Pain, insomnia: leaf 

baton sosiye and bark syrup, taken orally. Venereal disease: leaf decoction bath. Chest ailments: sun-dried 

flower syrup, taken orally. 

Erythroxylum havanense Hemoptysis: root decoction, taken orally. 

Erythroxylum minutifolium Skin itch: root salve. 

Eucalyptus globulus Respiratory ailments, cough convulsions: inhaled leaf vapors. Lung infections, 

kaliptis gastrointestinal ulcers, angina: leaf decoctions or tea, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf bath. 

Eugenia ligustrina Leukorrhea: leafdecoction, taken orally. 

Euphorbia pulcherrima Depilatory: latex application. Erysipelas: latex lotion, applied externally. 

de sezon, fey senjan 

Exostema caribaeum Fever, malaria: bark and fruit decoction, taken orally. 

kenkena peyi, kininn 

Faramea occidentalis Diarrhea, anemia: leaf infusion, taken orally. Antiseptic: leaf bath. 

Ficus benjamina Skin ulcer: boiled leaf decoction wI oil, applied externally. 

figye 

Ficus microcarpa Bath: leaves used as an aromatic. 

Ficus religiosa NB: Purgative made from leaves and shoots; seeds ground to dust taken as a tonic. 

Ficus trigonata Dislocation: latex poultice. Liver ailments: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

figye wouj 

Garcinia aristata' Tetanus, wound, bleeding: resin, applied to wound. Asthma: boiled resin, taken orally. 

Genipa americana Dysentery: edible fruit. Syphilis, pharyngitis: fruit rind decoction wash. Emetic: pulverized 

jinpa seed emulsion wI water. Purgative: root decoction. Hemorrhage: green fruit infusion. NB: 

Seed was a source ofdye for tattoos among the native Tainos. 

Gliricidia sepium Fever, pain: leaf bath. Sinus inflammation, gonorrhea: leaftea, taken orally. Kidney 

lila etranje, piyon ailments, edema, hepatitis: root tea, taken orally. Skin disease, wound: leaf poultice.


Medicinal Uses· 217 

Melaleuca quiquenervia Skin infections (eczema, psoriasis, acne): ointment. Headache, colds: decoctions ofthe 

melalika seed capsules and crushed young leaves. Intestinal worms, spasm, colic, flatulence, 

bronchitis, laryngitis: oil from leaves and twigs, taken internally. Rheumatism, neuralgia, 

gout, local paralysis, skin irritations, bronchitis, sprain, bruise: oil from leaves and twigs, 

applied externally. Toothache: oil dropped into cavity. 

Melia azedarach Fever: leaf and bark decoction wI salt, taken orally. Rheumatism, sore: leaf bath. 

lila 

Melicoccus bijugatus Nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever, body malaise: leafdecoction 

kenep drink. Sore throat, thrush, tonsillitis: macerated leafjuice, gargle. Chest weakness, dry 

stomach: fruit, eaten. Diarrhea: powdered roasted seed syrup or tea, taken orally. 

Metopium brownei Syphilis, hepatitis, kidney and bladder infections: leaf, flower, bark and root decoctions. 

bwamilat Uterine hemorrhage, fibroma: plant tea. Inflammatory rheumatism, measles, smallpox, 

erysipelas: sudorific and sedative properties. 

Michelia champaca Rheumatism, malaria, headache, dizziness: bitter bark decoction, taken orally. NB: Perfume 

ilan ilan oil is extracted from the flowers and seed (Liogier, 1990). 

Miconia impetiolaris Hemorrhage: leaf and bark decoction. 

makrio, twazokbt 

Miconia laevigata Bite, wound: leaf and bark, warmed wI water, compress. Fever: leaf and barktea or bath. 

makrio 

Miconia racemosa Pressure sore on animals: leaf poultice. 

kaka poul, makrio 

Morinda citrifolia Pain: warm leaf wI castor bean oil, compress. Ulcer, gout, sore: leafjuice, applied to affected 

bwadoule area. 

Moringa oleifera Nerve disorders, loss of appetite: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Flu, cough, general 

benzoliv fatigue: leaf or flower decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Skin irritant: root decoction as salve. 

Convulsions: macerated leaf, applied as a compress to joints and temple. Edema: root 

decoction, taken internally. Sore: leaf poultice. NB: Rich in folic acid as an anti-anemic and 

vitanUn C against infection. 

Morus nigra Diabetes: leaf, flower or fruit decoction gargled. Fever, sore throat, swollen vocal chords: 

mi fruit juice wI tepid water and sugar. NB: Fruit has laxative properties. 

Muntingia calabura Nerve ailments, spasm, cough: flower decoction, taken orally.· 

bwa swa mawon 

Murraya paniculata Similar properties as Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis 

mit 

Musa spp. Diarrhea, hemorrhage: green fruit. Burn: powdered green fruit poultice. Sting: heated 

bannann, fig mi green bark compress. Skin infections: dried, pulverized bark application. Sore: ripe leaf bath. 

Tuberculosis: fermented stem juice, taken orally. Diuretic, laxative: young suckerjuice, 

taken orally. Asthma: crushed stolon juice wI honey, taken orally. 

Myrcia citrifolia Gum disease: leaf decoction, mouth rinse. 

bwa darnou, maget, malaget 

Myrica cerifera Intestimil gases: leaf decoction mixed wI rum, taken orally. 

kanel abey, kanel dous 

Myristica fragrans Intestinal infections, gas, fever: pulverized seed infusion, taken orally. 

nwamiskad 

Myrospermumfrutescens Rheumatism, muscle spasm: alcoholic legume beverage, applied as a massage. Toothache: 

stem resin dissolved in alcohol, applied to tooth. Chest ailments: legume vapor dissolved in 

ether, inhaled. 

Myroxylon balsamum Chest ailments, bronchial infection, venereal disease: resin, taken orally. Skin disease; 

skin itch: resin, applied as a salve. 

Nerium oleander Mange: dry leaf poultice. Head lice, ulcer: macerated leaf wI vinegar. 

lorie twopikal, lorie WQZ 

Ochroma pyramidale Fever: stem bark decoction, taken orally. Diarrhea, colic: root bark decoction, taken orally. 

koton swa, mahodem Rheumatism, joint pain: leafmixed with castor bean oil, applied as lotion. Chest infection, 

bronchitis, dry cough, flu: fruit juice drink.


Piper aduncum Fever: leaf tea, taken orally. 

bwa majo, siwo 


Piper amalago Colic, intestinal gases, digestion ailments: leaf infusion, taken orally. Chronic ulcer: strong 

anis mawon, fey siwo root decoction, applied externally. 

Piptadel1ia peregrina NB: Roasted seeds formerly used as a narcotic by the Tainos, former inhabitants ofRaiti. 

bwa ekos, bwa kayman 

Piscidia piscipula Toothache: bark and root compress, applied to tooth. Shoulder pain: leaf decoction massage. 

bwaivran Wound: leafdecoction wash. NB: Plant contains narcotic properties. 

Pisonia aculeata Rheumatism, swollen joints: bark or leaf decoction, taken internally or applied externally. 

kOOk chen NB: Roots are a purgative (Liogier, 1990). 

Pithecellobium dulce Dysentery: root bark decoction, taken orally. Indigestion: leaf w/ salt and black pepper. 

Convulsions, venereal lesions, pain: leaf poultice. Hemoptysis: fruit pulp, taken orally, to 

stop blood flow. Congestion: seed juice, inhaled into nostrils. Internal ulcers: pulverized 

seed, ingested. 

Pithecellobium unguis-cati Fever, dysentery, renal infection, kidney stones, liver/spleen infection: bark decoction, 

taken orally. Skin Infections: bark and fruit pericarp bath. 

Plumeria alba Skin parasites, syphilis, toothache: latex application. Intestinal worms: root decoction, 

franjipanye blan taken orally. 

Plumeria obtusa Ulcer, wound: bark and stem decoction, bath. Flu, cold, bronchitis, dry cough: flower tea. 

franjipani 

Polyscias sp. Flu, cough, cold: fresh leaf infusion. Headache, dizziness: fresh leaf w/ oil and salt, 

parese compress. 

Pouteria sapota Wart, callus: bark fragments, applied as poultice. Dysentery, stomach ulcer: boiled fniit. 

jondef Diuretic: seed oil beverage. Ear/eye infections: seed oil application. Kidney stones, 

rheumatism: rind ofseed kernel, taken orally. 

Prosopis julijlora Eye infection: eye drops made from leafjuice or cooked leaves, applied or taken orally. Cold, 

bayawonn, gwatapana flu, hoarse throat: gum exudate from trunk, taken orally. Diarrhea: fresh root, taken orally. 

Bronchial infection, sinus congestion: bark and fruit decoction. 

Prunus myrtifolia Similar properties as Prunus occidentalis. 

lamandye ti fey 

Prunus occidentalis Asthma, cough: bark, leaf and fruit decoction, taken orally. Cold: flower and leaf infusion, 

lamandye gran fey taken orally. Phlegm, cough: seed syrup, w/ sugar, taken orally. 

Prunus persica Hematuria, constipation: fruit as food. Child's cough/restlessness: flower syrup, taken 

peeh orally. 

Psidium guajava Digestive tract ailments, cold, high blood pressure: leaf decoction or fruit juice w/ salt or 

gwayav sugar, taken orally. Trauma, pain, headache, rheumatism: hot leafdecoction compress. Sore 

throat, hoarse throat: leafdecoction, gargle. Varix, ulcer: leafdecoction, treated w/ warm 

water, bath. Diarrhea: leafdecoction, enema. Hepatitis, gonorrhea, diarrhea: clear fruit 

juice. NB: Exhibits anti-bacterial action against intestinal pathogens; controls bowel 

movement (Tramil III, 1988); oil contains bisabolene and flavanoides that exhibit 

anti-inflammatory properties (Morton, 1981; Duke, 1985); volatile oil with methylchavicol, 

persein, d-pinene (a paraffin) in leaf (Eldridge, 1975). 

Pterocarpus officinalis Skin infection: bark resin, applied as a salve. Diarrhea, amenorrhea: bark resin, taken orally. 

bwa nago, bwa pal 

Punica granatum Intestinal wonns: root and stem bark decoction, taken orally. Dysentery, diarrhea: fruit rind 

grenad decoction, taken orally. Asthma: flower infusion, taken orally. Eye wash: fresh juice 

surrounding seeds. Tonsillitis, throat infection: flower bud and fruit rind w/ honey, gargle. 

Quassia amara Fever, diphtheria, anorexia: macerated bark decoction, taken orally. 

Randia aculeata Dysentery, fever: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Hemorrhage: latex. 

kOOk chen 

Rauvolfia nitida Tension: root. Snake bite: leaf and stem compress. 

bwa let femel



Rhizophora mangle Fever, hemorrhage, rheumatism, liver ailments: bark tea, taken orally. Sore throat, 

mang chandel, mang nwa, angina: bark decoction, gargle. Malarial fever: pulverized bark, taken orally. Leprosy, 

mang wouj ulcer: macerated wood decoction, applied to affected area. 

Roystonea borinquena Broken bones: leafcompress. Diuretic, bladder stones, diabetes: root decoction, taken 

palmis orally. 

Sambucus simpsonii Fever, diaphoretic, throat infection, chest cold: flower infusion, taken orally. Headache: 

siwo leafcompress. Measles, smallpox, scarlet fever: leaf infusion: 

Sapindus saponaria Diarrhea: root decoction, taken orally. Snakebite: leafinfusion, applied to bite. 

savonet, savonet peyi Rheumatism, gout: fruit oil. Asthma: fruit, taken orally. NB: Leafand fmit contains saponin, 

a group ofglucosides that is used as a detergent. 

Schaefferia frutescens Flu, cold, chronic cough, aphrodisiac: plant decoction, taken orally. Skin itch, rash: 

bwa kapab, ti gason pulverized leaf bath. 

Schefflera morototoni Broken bone, dislocation: leaf treated wI warm water, compress. Lumbago, rheumatism: 

bwakano leaf decoction, taken orally. 

Schinus moUe Ophthalmia, rheumatism: leafjuice. Diarrhea: bark extract infusion. CAUTION: Resin is a 

dangerous purgative. 

Schinus terebinthifolius Rheumatism, sciatica: bark bath. Skin ulcer: cmshed, dried leaf poultice. Bronchitis, 

respiratory ailments: leaf infusion, taken orally. Wound, sore: leaf or fruit decoction bath. 

Ganglionic tumors, contusions: macerated root juice. 

Senna angustisiliqua Syphilis: all plant parts prepared in a decoction, taken orally. Bad blood: root decoction, taken 

brize menaj, fey lawouziye orally. 

Senna atomaria Skin itch: massage with crushed leaves. Skin discoloration, insect bite: macerated leaf 

bwakabrit decoction, applied to affected area. 

Senna pendula Gastrointestinal disorders: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

bwadano 

Sesbania grandiflora Rheumatism: root paste, applied externally. Phlegm: root resin wI honey, taken orally. Fever, 

pwa valye diabetes: bark decoction, taken orally. Sinus congestion: flower decoction, taken orally. 

Sesbania sesban Suppuration: leaf compress, applied to infected area. 

Simarouba glauca var. Fever: macerated bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism: pulverized leaf, seed and bark 

latifolia boiled in sugar water, taken orally. Bruise, body pain: leafdecoction, applied as lotion. Skin 

bwa blan, fwenn, itch: massage with crushed leaves. Diarrhea: bark tea, taken orally. 

Sloanea amygdalina Stomach ache, headache: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

bwa kbk, chapa kare 

Sloanea ilicifolia Menstrual cramps: leaf decoction, taken orally. 

chapa kare 

Spondias mombin Digestive tract ailments: macerated bark or leaves taken orally. Urethritis: macerated root 

monben taken orally. Lower back pain: macerated root, taken orally. Rheumatism: pulverized leaf 

bath. Angina, sore throat: root bark decoction, taken orally. Metrorrhagia, contraceptive: 

root. Malarial fever, congestion: leafdecoction, taken oridly. Diarrhea: fermented fruit. 

eaten. NB: Plant extracts exhibit anti-bacterial properties (Rouzier, 1990). 

Spondias purpurea Swollen glands: leafjuice, taken orally. Trauma: leafjuice wI salt, taken orally. Head cold, 

siwel headache: crushed leaves and applied as a head bath. Skin itch, skin parasites, 

hemorrhoids: crushed leaf bath. Digestive ailments: pulverized leaf decoction wI salt, gargle. 

Constipation: fruit eaten in quantity. Dysentery, diarrhea: leaf decoction, taken orally. NB: 

Leaves exhibit anti-bacterial properties (Tramil III, 1988). 

Sterculia apetala Cough, insomnia: flower decoction, taken orally. Flu, bronchitis, chronic cough, asthma: 

pistach flower syrup, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf decoction, taken orally. Stimulant: seed 

, decoction tonic. 

Strumpfia maritima Fever: leaf infusion wI Exostema caribaeum leaf; Poisonous bite: leaf infusion compress. 

Suriana maritima Rheumatism: branch and leaf bath. Sore: leaf and bark decoction or powder, applied 

krist marinn externally. Bleeding: powdered leaf wI flour, applied as poultice.



Swietenia mahagoni Nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI-salt, taken orally. Fever, anemia, diarrhea, dysentery: 

kajou peyi bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Aphrodisiac: steeped bark with rum for 

3-4 days, taken orally. Loss ofappetite: steeped bark, taken orally. Vitamins and iron: 

steeped bark and roots, taken orally. Abortion: large quantities of boiled bark decoction, taken 

orally. Toothache: resin or bark decoction. Chest pain: seed tea, taken orally. Bleeding: bark, 

leaf or root extract, applied externally. 

Syzygium jambos Epilepsy: root. Diabetes: pulverized seed. Purgative, emetic: root and bark. NB: Plant is a 

porn woz source ofeugenol, a colorless, aromatic liquid phenol used in perfumes and as an antiseptic. 

Tabemaemontana citrifolia Fever, hemorrhage: bark and latex bath. Toothache, birthmark removal: latex. 

bwa let mal 

Tamarindus indica Asthma, digestive tract ailments: leaf, bark or root decoction wI salt, taken orally. Throat 

tamarenn infections, intestinal worms, liver ailments: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Loss of 

appetite: fruit pulp taken orally. Eye infection, sprain, wound: young leaf compress. 

Constipation: macerated fruit in water 24 hrs., taken orally. Rheumatism: fruit pulp wI salt, 

massage. Malarial fever: fruit decoction, taken orally. NB: Leaf extracts exhibit anti-oxidant 

activity in the liver (Tramil III, 1988). 

Tecoma stans Diabetes: leaf infusion, taken orally. Diuretic, syphilis, intestinal worms: strong leaf and 

chevalye root dec,oction, taken orally. Stomach pain, diabetes mellitus: leafdecoction, taken orally. 

Terminalia catappa Gastric fever, dysentery, diarrhea: macerated leaf or bark decoction wI salt or sugar, taken 

zamann orally. Asthma, blood pressure: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin rash: crushed leaf 

or bark bath. Cold: crushed seed decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf poultice. 

Headache, colic: juice ofyoung leaves, taken orally. NB: Plant extracts slow motor activity 

and exhibit analgesic properties; lowers blood pressure with a light antidiarrheic effect on rats 

(Tramil III, 1988). 

Temstroemia peduncularis Dysentery: various plant parts. Rheumatism: bath with various plant parts. 

bwa denn mawon 

Tetragastris balsamifera Rheumatism: root and seed kernel tea, taken orally. Colic, gastrointestinal ailments: leaf 

bwa kochon decoction, taken orally. Anemia, fever: wood and root, essential oil decoction wI salt, taken 

orally. Respiratory ailments: bark decoction wI sugar or salt, taken orally. 

Theobroma cacao 'Diuretic, stimulant: seed decoction. 

kakawo 

Thespesia populnea Blood pressure: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism, urine retention: leaf 

fey dayiti, gran maho, motel tea, taken orally. Mange, itch, rash: seed, seed capsule, leaf or boiled bark decoction, applied 

debou to infected area. 

Thevetia peruviana Fever: Sap, bark and fruit bath. Arthritis: seed kernel paste, applied as an analgesic. Tension: 

bwa sezisman boiled leaf and flower tea. CAUTION: Fruit is poisonous; not recommended for internal 

usage. 

Thrinax morrisii Anemia, chest cold, flu, cough: root decoction, taken orally. 

latanye lame 

Trichilia havanensis Rheumatism, venereal disease: leaf bath. Albuminuria: root decoction, taken orally. 

bwa loray Bladder infection: bark decoction, taken orally. 

Trichilia hirta Asthma, tuberculosis: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever: leafor bark decoction wI 

monben bata salt, taken orally. Elephantiasis, erysipelas: leafdecoction compress. Ulcers: leaf bath. 

Diarrhea: root decoction, taken orally. Abortive: leaf, flower, and root infusion, taken orally. 

CAUTION: Contains a toxic resin and internal usage not recommended (TramilllII, 1988). 

Trichilia pallida Purgative enema: leaf decoction. 

dombou, twa pawol 

Trophis racemosa Diarrhea: astringent bark tonic, taken orally. 

bwa ner, ramo 

Vitex agnus-castus Insomnia, dizziness, digestive disorders: leaf infusion. Diuretic: fruit. 

Vitex heptaphylla Appendicitis: pulverized seed wI onion application. Enlarged liver, headache, chronic cold: 

bwa savann, grigri macerated leafcompress. 

Weinmannia pinnata Malaria, fever: bark and gum extraction, taken orally. 

Ximenia americana Rheumatism, psoriasis: fruit syrup, taken orally. NB: Fruit is a laxative. 

krok, makabi

230 Biomass 'and Volume Tables 

Table 21.3 Pole weight (dry kilograms) or volume (x 10- 3 m 3 ) equations for selected 

hardwood species in Haiti. 

SPECIES WOOD REGRESSION N R Z DIA. SITE 

COMPONENT EQUATION 1 RANGE 

(em) 

Azadirachta indica Pole volume 0.226D 2 13 0.97 4.6-12.6 Thomazeau 

A. indica coppice Pole weight 0.152D 2 - 0.98 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos 

Casuarina equisetifolia Pole weight 0.308D z 35 0.97 5.5-16.8 Cazeau 

C. equisetifolia Pole volume 0.486D z 35' 0.98 5.5--16.8 Cazeau 

C. equisetifolia Pole volume 0.379D z - 3.078 - 0.94 - Terre Rouge 

Catalpa longissima Pole volume 0.277D z - 2.031 - 0.95 5.0-10.8 Limbe 

Eucalyptus' camaldulensis Pole volume 0.291D 2 14 0.96 4.8-13.3 Bon Repos 

Leucaena leutocephala Pole weight 0.198D 2 - 0.98 5.0-16.2 Bon Repos 

subsp. glabrata " 

L leucocephala Pole weight 0.lilsd 2 - 0.96 5.0-16.2 Bon Repos 

subsp. glabrata 

L leucocephala Pole weight 0.175D 2 - 0.99 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos 

subsp. glabrata coppice 

Senna siamea Pole volume 0.338D 2 19 0.91 6.3-13.8 Limbe 

I sd = StUmp diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. D = Stem diameter at 1.30 m above ground level, in em. 

Table 21.4 Volume equations for Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis Swartz.) 

developed at Foret-des-Pins, Haiti. 

REGRESSION EQUATIONI R Z NOTES 

Stem Volume> 7 em Diameter 

0.OOO8486D 2 - 0.0680182 0.89 outside bark diameter 

0.OOO75432D 2 - 0.0761294 0.86 inside bark diameter 

0.OOOO3166D 2 H - 0.0025991 0.96 outside bark diameter 

0.OOOO2863D 2 H - 0.030146 0.96 inside bark diameter 


O.0006938D 2 + 0.09282 0.82 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 15-50 em; N = 59 

0.OOOO3765h2oD 2 - 0.0094 0.96 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 31-35 em; N = 17 

0.OOOO21h2oD 2 + 0.2499 0.82 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 35-50 em; N ='42 


0.00090705D 2 - 0.2358016 0.91 outside bark diameter 

0.OOO80508D 2 - 0.2283548 0.88 inside bark diameter 

0.OOOO3346D 2 H - 0.1563121 0.96 outside bark diameter 

0.OOOO3012D 2 H - 0.1698399 0.95 inside bark diameter 

0.OOOO3765h2oD 2 - 0.0987 0.96 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 35-50 em; N = 42 

Total Stem Volume 

0.OO8021D 2 0.89 outside bark diameter 

0.OOO70349D2 0.79 inside bark diameter 

0.OOO3182D 2 H 0.96 outside bark diameter 

0.OOOO28D 2 H 0.88 inside bark diameter 

I

236 Tree Names 

APOCYNACEAE 

SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES 

P. obtusa x P. subsessilis hybrids 

Endemic to Hispaniola 

I) P. biglandulosa Urb. 

2) P. discolor Urb. & Elan. 

3) P. longiflora Urb. & Elan. 

4) P. paulinae Urb. 

5) P. trouinensis Urb. & Elan. 

Plumeria rubra L. 

P. fubra x P. subsessilis hybrids 


Plumeria stenopetala Urb. 


Plumeria subsessilis A. DC. 


Plumeria tuberculata Lodd. 

Rauvolfia biauriculata Muell. 

frangipane, frangipanier marron (H); alelf, atabaiba 

(RD) 

P. acutifolia Poir., P. incamata frangipane, frangipanier, frangipanier rose (H); 

Ruiz. & Pav., P. purpurea Ruiz. & ataiba rosada (RD); frangipan, lirio, lirio tricolor 

Pav., P. tricolor Ruiz. & Pay. (C); frangipani (PR) 

P. berterii A. DC., P. jaegeri 

Muell.Arg. 

P. domingensis Urb., P. gibbosa 

Urb., P. obtusa var. sericifolia 

Woods, P. sericifolia C. Wr. ex 

Griseb. 

[Also spelled Rauwolfia.] 

Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. R. tetraphylla auth., no L. [Also 

spelled Rauwolfia.] 

Rauvolfia viridis Roem. & Schult. R. lamarckii A. DC. [Also 

spelled Rauwolfia.] 

Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia 

Jacq. 

Tabemaemontana citrifolia L. 

Tabemaemontana divaricata (L.) 

R. Br: ex Roem. & Schult. 

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. 

Schum. 

SPECIES 

/lex qzuensis Loes. 


/lex bardhonica Loes. 


/lexfuertesiana (Loes.) Loes. 


Rauvolfia oppositifolia Spreng., 

T. berterii DC., T. citrifolia Jacq., 

T. oppositifolia (Spreng.) Urb. 

Nerium divaricatum L., T. 

coronaria Willd. 

Cerbera peruviana Pers., C. 

thevatia L., T. neriifolia Juss., T. 

thevetia Millsp. 

AQUIFOLIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

I. caroliniana var.fuertesiana 

Loes., I. fuertesiana var. selleana 

Loes: 

frangipane, frangipanier marron (H); alelf, atabaiba 

(RD) 

frangipane, frangipanier marron (H) 

frangipane, frangipane blanche, frangipanier, 

frangipanier marron (H); alelf (RD) 

frangipane, frangipanier epineux (H); alelf, atabaiba 

(RD) 

bois lait, bois lait femelie, bois saisissement (H); 

coraz6n de paloma, palo de leche, palo de leche 

chiquito, palo del rey (RD); huevo de gallo (C); 

bitter-ash, cachimbo, milk bush, palo amargo (PR) 

bitterbush (PR) 

bois lait, bois lait mille, bois laiteux febrifuge, 

leteuil (H); palo de leche (RD); pegojo, pitimini 

(C); palo lechoso, pegoje (PR) 

caprice (H); jazmin Malabar (RD) 

ahouai des Antilles, bagage 11 collier, bois 

saisissement, d'eau livre, feuilles saisies, feuilles 

saisissement, noix de serpent, serpent (H); retama 

(RD); cabalonga, lucky-nut (PR) 

COMMON NAMES


Polyscias pinnata Forst. 

ARALIACEAE 


Schefflera morototoni (Aub!.) 

Maguire Steyenn. & Frodin 

Schefflera tremula (Krug & Urb.) 

Alain 


Sciadodendrun excelsum Griseb. 

feuilles paresseux, paresseux, paresseux des 

clotures (H); parid (RD); gallego (PR) 

Didymopanax morototoni (Aub!.) aralie grandes feuilles, bois canol, bois trembler, 

Decne. & Planch., Panax tremble, trembler, trompette m3le (H); palo de 

morotoni Aub!. sable, sablito (RD); yagrumo macho (C, RD, PR); 

arriero, gavalan, zapaton (C); matchwood (PR) 

Didymopanax tremulus Krug & 

Urb. Some authors spell D. 

tremulum. 

SPECIES SYNONYMS 

Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) A. excelsa (Lam.) R. Br. 

Franco 

SPECIES 

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. 

ex Mart. 

Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) 

Burret 

Endemic to southwestern Haiti 

Bactris plumeriana Mart. 

Calyptronoma plumeriana 

(Martius) Lourteig 

ARAUCARIACEAE 

ARECACEAE (=PALMAE) 

SYNONYMS 

Henderson et a!. (1995) list 37 

synonyms including· A. media O. 

F. Cook, A. quisqueyana Bailey, 

Bactris globosa Gaertn., Cocos 

aculeatus Jacq., Palma spinosa 

Mill. 

Bomoa crassispatha O. F. Cook, 

Cocos crassipatha Mart., 

Maximiliana crassispatha Mart., 

Orbignya crassispatha (Mart.) 

Glassman 

aralie grandes feuilles, bois d'anjou, bois trembler, 

tremble, trembler (H); palo de viento (RD) 

ouane primaire (H); juan primero (RD) 

COMMON NAMES 

araucaria (H, PR); siete pisos (RD, C); 

Norfolk-Island pine (PR) 

COMMON NAMES 

coco guinee, corosse (H); catie, corozo, corozo 

criollo (RD); corojo (C) . 

carosse, carossier, petit coco (H) 

f B. chaetophylla Mart., B. canne de Tobago, coco macaque, petit crocro (H); 

cubensis Burrett, B. jamaicana L. palma de catey (RD); coco macaco, pajua, palma (C); 

H. Bailey, B. plumeriana ofBecc., prickly pole (1) 

Palma gracilis Mill. 

Calyptrogyne clementis Le6n, C. chapelet, palme-a-vin (H); flor de confite, manaca, 

dulcis (Wright ex Griseb.) Gomez,. manaca colorada, manacla, palma de arroyo, palma 

C. intennedia (Griseb. & H. manaca (RD, C) 

Wend!.) Gomez, C. microcarpa 

Leon, Calyptronoma clementis 

(Leon) A. D. Hawkes ssp. 

clementis, C. clementis (Leon) A. 

D. Hawkes ssp. orientensis Muniz 

& Borhidi, C. dulcis (Wright ex 

Griseb.) Bailey, C. intennedia 

(Griseb. & H. Wend!.) H. Wend!., 

C. microcarpa (Leon) A. D. 

Hawkes, Geonoma dulcis Wright 

ex Griseb., G. intennedia Griseb. 

. & H. Wend!., G. plumeriana 

Mart.

SPECIES 

Calyptronoma rivalis (Cook) 

Bailey 


SYNONYMS 

Calyptrogyne quisqueyana 

(Bailey) Leon, C. rivalis (0. F. 

Cook) Leon, Calyptronoma 

quisqueyana L. H. Bailey, Cocops 

rivalis O. F. Cook 

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. A. Areca lutescens Bozy 

Wend!. 

Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex 

Schult. f.) Sarg. ex Becc. 

Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret 

Coccothrinax gracilis Burret 


Acanthorriza argentea (Lodd.) O. 

F. Cook, C. argentea of Britton & 

Wilson, Thrinax argentea Lodd. 

ex Schult. & Schult. f., T. 

longistyla Becc., T. multiflora 

Man. in pan 

C. munizii Borhidi, Haitiella 

ekmanii (Burret) L. H. Bailey, H. 

munizii (Borhidi) Borhidi 

Coccothrinax miraguama (Kunth) Henderson et a!. (1995) list 42 

Le6n synonyms including C. montana 

Burret, C. scoparia Becc. 

Coccothrinax spissa Bailey 


Cocos nucifera L. 

Copemicia berteroana Becc. 

Copemicia ekmanii Burret 

Endemic to northwestern Haiti 

Elaeis guineensis L. 

Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & 

Pav.) Man. var. interrupta 

Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex 

Chabaud . 

Phoenix dactylifera L. 

Palmas cocos Miller 

E. melanococca Gaert. 

Henderson et al. (1995) list 22 

synonyms including G. oxycarpa 

Man. 

Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Henderson et a!. (1995) list36 

Moore synonyms including Euterpe 

globosa Gaertn., Prestoea 

montana (Graham) Nicholson 

Pseudophoenix lediniana Read 

Endemic to Fauche River, Haiti 

Pseudophoenix sargentii H. A. 

Wend!. ex Sarg. ssp. saonae 

1) var. saonae 

2) var. navassana Read 

P. elata O. F. Cook ex Burret 

var. saonae: Cyclospathe 

northropii O. F. Cook, P. gracilis 

Ekm., P. linearis O. F. Cook, P. 

saonae O. F. Cook 

var. navassana: P. navassana 

Ekm. ex Burret 

Tree Names 239 

COMMON NAMES 

palme-a-vin, palma (H); manaca, manacla, palma 

manaca, palmilla (RD, PR) 

areca (H, RD, PR, US); palma areca (C); palm 

dorada (RD); bamboo palm, butterfly palm, 

Madagascar palm, yellow palm (English) 

gouane, gwenn, latanier bourrique, latanier marron, 

latanier savanne, palme coyau (H); guano, palma de 

guano(RD) 

gouane, gwenn (H) 

latanier (H) 

latanier balai (H); miraguano, yuraguana (C) 

cocotier, cocoyer, cog au lait, noix de coco (H); 

coco, coCotero, palma de coco (RD, PR); coconut 

(US) 

dyare (H); yarey (RD) 

homme de paille, jambe de paille (H) 

corossier, crocro, crocro guinee (H); corozo (RD); 

corojo de Guinea (C); African oil palm (PR, US) 

coco macaque, palme (H, M) 

Canary Island date palm (PR, US) 

datte, dattier (H); datil (RD, C, PR); datilera, 

palmera (RD, C); date, date palm (PR) 

macoutouca, palme-a-vin, palmiste-a-ehapelet (H); 

palma de manacla, manacla (RD); mountain palm 

(PR) 

pal, petit palmiste marron (H) 

cacheo (RD); palma de guinea (C); Florida 

cherrypalm, Sargent cherrypalm (US); hog cabbage, 

hog palmetto (B)

240 Tree 'Names 

SPECIES 

Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) 

Becc. 


Roystonea borinquena O. F. Cook 

Sabal causiarum (0. F. Cook) 

Becc. 

Sabal domingensis Becc. 

Thrinax'morrisU H. A. WendL 

Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult. 

& Schult. f. 

Zombia antillarum (Desc. ex 

Jackson) Bailey 

.Monotypic species endemic to 

Hispaniola 

SPECIES 


SYNONYMS 

Aeria vinifera (Mart.) O. F. Cook, 

Cocos vinifera (Mart.) Mart., 

Euterpe vinifera Mart., Gaussia 

vinifera (Mart.) H. WendL, P. 

insignis O. F. Cook, Raphia 

vinifera Descourt. - 

Oreodoxa borinquena (0. F. 

Cook) Reasoner ex L. H. Bailey, 

R. hispaniolana Bailey, R. 

hispaniolana f. altissima 

Moscoso, R. peregrina L. H. 

Bailey 

COMMON NAMES 

catie, palmiste-a-vin (H); cacheo (RD); guano de 

Guinea (C); buccaneerpalm (US) 

palmier royal, palmiste (H); palma, palma deyagua 

(RD); palma real (RD, PR); Hispaniolan royal palm, 

Puerto Rico royal palm, royal palm (PR,US) 

Inodes causiarum O. F. Cook, 7. latanier chapeau, latanier franc, latanier jaune (H); 

glauca Dammer, S. haitensis palma cana (RD); palma de sombrero, Puerto Rican 

Becc., S. questeliana L. H. Bailey hat palm, yarey (PR) 

S. neglecta Becc. 

Simpsonia microcarpa (Sarg.) O. 

F. Cook, T. bahamensis O. F. 

Cook, T. drudei Becc., T. ekmanii 

Burret, T. keyensis Sarg., T. 

microcarpa Sarg., T. ponceana O. 

F. Cook, T. punctulata Becc. 

.Coccothrinax manU (Griseb. & 

H. WendL) Becc., C. radiata 

(Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.) 

Sarg., Porothrinax pumilio H. 

WendL ex Griseb., T.floridana 

Sarg., T. manU Griseb. & H. 

WendL ex Griseb., T. 

wendlandiana Becc. 

Chamaerops antillarum Descourt. 

ex Jackson, Coccothrinax 

anomala Becc., Oothrinax 

anomala (Becc.) O. F. Cook, Z 

antillarum var. gonzalezU 

Jimenez 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

latanier chapeau, paille (H); cana, palma de cana 

(RD); Hispaniola palmetto (PR) 

latanier de mer, latanier la mer (H); guanillo (RD); 

guano de sierra, miraguano, palmita (C); brittle 

thatch palm, palma de cojollo, palma de escoba, 

pandereta, yaray (PR); buffalo top (B); guano 

campeche (G) 

latanier de mer, latanier la mer (H); guanillo (RD); 

guano de costa (C); thatch palm 0, US) 

latanier piquant, latanier zombi (H); guanito (DR) 

SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES 

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. arbre soie, coton soie (H); algod6n extranjero (RD); 

caZuela (C); algod6n de seda, giant milkweed (PR); 

arbre a soie (G) . 

ASTERACEAE (=COMPOSITAE) 

NB: Judd (1987) describes 19 shrub species ofthe following genera that might be considered small trees sensu Little and 

Wadsworth (1964): Baccharis (1); Eupatorium (10), Lantanopsis (1), Narvalina (I), Pluchea (I), Senecio (3), and Vernonia 

(2).


SPECIES 

Bua orellana L. . 

SPECIES 

Blechnum underwoodianum 

(Broudh.) C. Chr. 

SPECIES 

BIXACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

B. katangensis Delpierre 

BLECHNACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

BOMBACACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Adansonia digitata L. A. baobab, A. situla. A. 

somalensis, A. sphaerocarpa A. 

Chev. 

Bombacopsis emarginata (A. Rich.) Bombax emarginatum Dcne.• 

A. Robyns Pachira emarginata A. Rich 

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. 

Chorisia insignis HBK. 

Chorisia speciosa S1. Hi!. 

Neobuchia paulinae Urb. 

Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. 

Pachira aquatica Aubl. 

Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sw. 

Bombax guineense Thonn.• B. 

orientale Sprengel. B. 

pentandrum L.. C. casearia L. 

Medicus, C. guineense (Thonn.) 

A. Chev.• C. thonningii A. Chev.• 

Eriodendron anfructuosum DC.• 

E. caribaeum (DC.) G. Don, E. 

guineese (Thonn.) G. Don. ex 

Lond. 

Bombax angulata Sesse & Moy, 

B. pyramidale Cav., O. bicolor 

Rowlee, O. boliviana Rowlee. O. 

grandiflora Rowlee, O. lagopus 

Sw., O. lagopus var. bicolor 

(Rowlee) StandI. et Steyerm.• O. 

lagopus var. occigranatensis 

Cuatr., O. limonensis Rowlee. O. 

obtusa Raw!., O. peruviana 

Sohns1., O. tomentosa Willd., O. 

velutina Rowlee 

Carolinea princeps L. f., P. 

grandiflora Tuss. 

Pseudobombax ellipticum (HBK.) Bombax ellipticum HBK. 

Dugand 

Quararibea turbinata (Sw.) Poir. .Myrodia turbinata Sw. 

COMMON NAMES 

chiote, roucou. roucouyer (H); achiote, bija (RD. C. 

PR); lipstick bush (PR); anatto O. PR) 

tree fern (US) 

COMMON NAMES 

COMMON NAMES 

mapou etranger, mapou zombi (H); baobab (RD. 

. C, PR. G, M); monkey bread tree, sour gourd (J) 

colorade (H); caiman, colorado. juan colorado 

(RD) 

fromager, mapou. mapou coton (H); ceiba (RD. C, 

PR); kapok. silk cotton (PR); cotton tree (J) 

estrella federal (RD) 

estrella federal (RD) . 

mapou blanc (H) 

bois madame, coton fleur, coton soie. fleurs 

mahaudeme, mahaudeme (H); lana, lanero. palo de 

lana (RD); balsa, corcho, corkwood, guano (PR) 

colorade (H); cacao cimarr6n, carolina, colorado, 

pachira (RD); ceiba de agua (PR) 

cacao cimarrOn (RD); shaving-brush tree (PR); 

carolina (C) 

don diego de ilia (RD) 

molinero, molinillo, paragiiita (RD)

BORAGINACEAE 



Bourreria succulenta Jacq. B. succulenta var. canescens O. E. cafe marron, mapou gris (H); palo bobo (RD); ateje 

Schulz., Cordia bourreria L., de costa, curaboca, fruta de catey, roble guayo (C); 

Ehretia bourreria L. [Also spelled palo de vaca, pigeon-berry (PR) 

Beureria.] 

Bourreria virgata (Sw.) G. Don 

Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. & 

Schult. 

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & 

Pavon) Oken 

Cordia collqcocca L. 

Cordiafitchii Urb. 

Cordia gerascanthes L. 

Cordia laevigata Lam. 

Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) Roem. 

& Schult. 

Cordia obliqua Willd. 

Cordia sebestena L. 

Cordia sulcata DC. 

Ehretia tinifolia L. 

Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) 

Griseb. 

B. domingensis (DC.) Griseb. 

[Also spelled Beureria.] 

Calyptracordia alba (Jacq.) 

Britton, Cordia calyptrata Bert., 

C. dentata Poir., Varronia 

calyptrata DC. 

Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pavon,. 

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & 

Pavon) Cham. ex DC., C. 

gerascanthus Jacq., non L. 

C. glabra auth. 

C. nitida Vahl 

C. tremula Griseb. 

C. brachycalyx Urb., C. speciosa 

.Salisb., Sebesten sebestena (L.) 

Britton 

C. macrophylla R. & S., C. 

toqueve Sieb. ' 

Ehretia acanthophora DC., E. 

spinosa Spreng. 

guazumillo (RD); cafecillo, raspalengua (C); palo 

de vaca, roble de guayo (PR) 

bois chique (H); mufieco blanco, yagua (RD); ateje 

amarillo, uva gomosa, uvita, varia blanca (C); 

cereza blanca, white manjack (PR) 

bois de rose, bois soumis, chene caparo, chene 

franc, chene noir (H); capa de olor, capa de sabana, 

capa 0 laurel, capar6, guacimilla (RD); capa, capli 

prieto (RD, PR); Spanish elm (PR, J); varia, varia 

amarilla, varia colorado, varia prieta (C) 

trois pieds (H); mufieco, palo de mufieco blanco 

(RD); ateje; ateje hembra (C); cerezo, manjack, 

palo de mufieco (PR) 

capa prieto, mufieco (RD); varia, varia prieta (C) 

bois paupit, bois pou¢


SPECIES 

Bursera glauca Griseb. 

Bursera gracilipes Urb. & Elan. 


Bursera ovata Urb. & Elan. 


Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. 

Protium glaucescens Urb. 


Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) 

Kuntze 

BURSERACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

B. nashii (Britt.) Urb., 

Terebinthinus glauca Britt., T. 

nashiiBritt. 

B. gummifera L., B. ovalifolia 

(Schldl.) Engl., Elaphrium 

ovalifolium Schldl., E. simaruba 

(L.) Rose, Pistacia simaruba L. 

Hedwigia balsamifera Sw., T. 

ossaea Gaertn., T. panamensis 

OK 


BUXACEAE 

Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muel!. Tricera glomerata Griseb. 

Arg. 

SPECIES 

Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill. 

Consolea macracantha (Mill.) 

Lem. 

Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) 

Britton & Rose ' 

Opuntiaficus-indica (L.) Mill. 

Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw. 

SPECIES 

Lobelia assurgens L. 

Lobelia robusta Graham var. 

robusta 

CACTACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

bois d'encens, chiboue, chique, gommier, gommier 

blanc, gommier rouge (H); almacigo (RD, PR, C); 

almacigo blanco, almacigo colorado, jobo (RD); gun1 

tree, gumbo limbo, turpentine tree, West Indian 

birch (PR) 

bois eachon, bois cachon marron, sucrier des 

montagnes (H); abey, amacey, amacey hembra 

(RD); hagwood, masa, palo de aceite (PR); 

azucarero, palo cachino (C) 

bois petite feuille (H) 

COMMON NAMES 


Cereus hystrix (Haw.) 

Salm.-Dyck. 

Consolea moniliformis (L.) 

Britton 

CAMPANULACEAE 

cayuco (RD); cacto columnar (C, PR); tall 

columnar cactus (PR) 

cactier, cactus, raquette (H) 

catastres (H); cayuco (RD); card6n (C); dildo 

espanol, Spanish dildo (PR) 

raquette (H); alquitira, higo chumbo, tuna mansa 

(RD); spineless tuna, tuna de Espana (PR) 

patte de tortue, raquette espagnole (H); alpargata 

(RD); tuna (PR) 


cog shango (H); chicoria cimarrona (PR); cardinale 

rouge, lobelie cardinale (French)

SPECIES 

Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. 

Cinnamodendron angustifolium 

Sleumer 


Cinnamodendron ekmanii Sleumer 


Pleodendron ekmanii Urb. 


SPECIES 

Capparis amplissima Lam. 

Capparis cynophallophora L. 

Capparis dolichopoda Helwig 


.CANELLACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

C. alba Murray, Laurus 

winterana L., Winterana canella 

L. 


COMMON NAMES 

canille, camille, cannelle. cannelle poivree (H); 

canela, canela de la tierra, cane/ilia (RD); barbasco, 

canella, pepper cinnamon, whitewood bark; wild 

cinnamon, winter bark(PR); cUrbana, malambo (C) 

canelilla (RD) 

CAPPARACEAE (=CAPPARIDACEAE) 

SYNONYMS 

C. portoricensis Urb. 

C. emarginata A. Rich., C. 

jamaicensis Jacq., C. 

odoratissima Spreng., C. torulosa 

Sw., Quadrella cynophallophora 

Hutch. 

matabecerro (RD) 

COMMON NAMES 

bois caca, bois couleuvre, bois d'argent, bois de 

couille, bois fetide, bois puant, bois senegal, caca 

chien, cacache, caprier rampant (H); frijol, 

frijolillo, olivo, olivo frijol (RD); bejuco ingles, 

black wattle (PR); Jamaica caper (J) 

avocat marron (H) 

Capparisferruginea L. C. incana Spreng., C. octandra balai four, balai velours, bois rave, bois senegal 

Jacq., Linnaeobreyniaferruginea (H); frijol (RD); mostacilla chica (C); olivo (C, 

Hutch. RD); bois caca, bois puant (G,M); mustard shrub 

(J) 

Capparisjlexuosa (L i ) L. 

Capparis frondosa Jacq. 

Capparis gonaivensis Helwig 


Capparis grisebachii EichI. 

Capparis hastata Jacq. 

Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & 

Rendle 

Crataeva tapia L. 

Forchhammeria haitiensis (Urb. & 

Ekm.) Alain 


Morisonia americana L. 

Morisoniajlexuosa L. 

C. baducca L. 

Quadrella gonaivensis Hutch. 

Linnaeobreynia grisebachii 

Hutch. 

C. cocciJlobifolia Mart. 

. bois caca, bois moutarde, bois rave (H); frijol de 

monte, huevo de perro, mostazo (RD); mostacilla 

(C); caper tree, limber tree, palinguan (PR) 

bois bourrique, saint-esprit (H) 

bois rave (H); frijol, huevo de perro, mostazo (RD) 

sapo (PR) 

Breynia indica L., C. amygdalina burro (PR); bois de meche, bois puant (G); bois 

Lam., Linnaeobreynia indica noir (M) 

Hutch. 

C. apetala Urb. 

Murbeckia haitiensis Urb. & 

Ekm. 

aguacatillo, guarapo (RD); rat apple (PR)


COMBRETACEAE 

Terminalia domingensis Urb. ssp. T. intermedia auth., not Urb. 

domingensis 


chicharr6n (RD) 


COMMON NAMES 

CUNONIACEAE (including BRUNELLIACEAE) 

SPECIES 

Brunellia comocladiifolia H. & B. 

ssp. domingensis Cuatr. 

Weinmannia pinnata L: 

SPECIES 

Cupressus lusitanica Mill. 

Cupressus sempervirens L. 

Juniperus ekmanii Florin. 

Endemic to Massif de la Selle 

Juniperus gracilior Pilg. 


SPECIES 

Alsophila hotteana (C. Chr. & 

Ekm.) Tryon 

Endemic to Massif de la Hotte 

Alsophila minor (D. C. Eaton) 

Tryon 

w: hirta Sw. 

SYNONYMS 

CUPRESSACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

bois mabel (H); guao, palo de cotorra (RD); West 

Indian sumac (J) 

casabito, tamarindo de lorna, tamarindo de sierra 

(RD); oreganillo (PR, C); sabicu de pinares, sabicu 

maraii6n (C); bastard brasiletto, wild brasiletto (J) 


C. benthamii Endl., C. glauca 

Lam., C. lindleyi Klotzsch. ex 

Endl. 

CYATHEACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Alsophila woodwardioides (Kaulf.) Nephelea woodwardioides 

Conant (Kaulf.) Gastony var. hieonymi 

(Brause) Gastony 

Cnemidaria horrida (L.) Presl. 

Cyathea aquilina (Christ) Domain Alsophila aquilina Christ. 

Cyathea arborea (L.) J. E. Smith 

Cyathea escuquensis (Karst.) Hemitelia escuquensis Karst. 

Domin . 

Cyatheafurfuracea Baker 

Cyathea harrisii Baker 

Cyathea harrisii Baker x Alsophila 

minor (D. C. Eaton) Tyron 

Cyathea tenera (J. E. Sm.) Moore C. brittoniana ¥axon 

Cyathea wilsonii (Hook.) Proctor Hemitelia wilsonii Hook. 

cypres, cypres de Mexico (H); cipres (RD, C); 

cipres mexicano, Mexican cypress (PR) 

cypres, cypres d'Italie (H); cipres (RD, C); cipres 

italiano. Italian cypress (PR) 

cedre (H); sabina (RD) 





COMMON NAMES 

helecho gigante, tree fern (PR) 

Fougere arborescente (H); camar6n, helecho, helecho 

arb6reo, helecho gigante, palmilla, tree fern (PR) 



C. harrisii Underw. ex Maxon (?) tree fern (US) 


helecho gigante, tree fern (PR)


Cycas circinalis L. 

Cycas revoluta L. 

CYCADACEAE 


SPECIES 

Cyrilla racemijlora L. 

SPECIES 

Tapura haitiensis Urb. & Ekm. 


SPECIES 

Curatella americana L. 

Dillenia indica L. 

SPECIES 

Diospyros caribaea (A. DC.) 

StandI. 

Diospyros crassinervis ssp. 

urbaniana (Leonard) Alain 

Diospyros ddmingensis (Urb.) 

Alain 


CYRILLACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

C. antillana Michx. 

DICHAPETALACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

DILLENIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

cicadacea (RD); crozier cycad, false sago-palm 

(PR); cica (PR, RD) 

palmiste des Indes (H); alcanfor (C); sago-palm 

(US) 

COMMON NAMES 

granadillo, granado, palo colorado, palo de toro, 

palo prieto, sabina, sabina macho (RD) 

COMMON NAMES 

COMMON NAMES 

C. grisebachiana Eichl. curatella, pomme torche (H); aperalejo, peralejo, 

peralejo de sabana (RD); rough-leaf tree (US) 

EBENACEAE 

coca (RD); dilenia, India dillenia (PR, US) 


Maba caribaea Hiem., 

Macreightia caribaea A. DC. 

Maba urbaniana Leonard 

Diospyros oxycarpa (Urb.) Alain Maba oxycarpa Urb. 


Diospyros revoluta Poir. 

Diospyros tetrasperma Sw. 

SPECIES 

Muntingia calabura L. 

Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. S. domingensis Urb. 

bois raide (H) 

D. leonardii Alain, Maba cocuyo (RD) 

domingensis Urb., M. leonardii 

Urb.&Ekm. 

D. ebenaster Retz ebene (H); ebano (RD); guayabota, zapote negro 

(PR) 

ELAEOCARPACEAE 

bois raide (H); ebano, ebano negro (RD) 


bois d'onne, bois de soie, bois de soie marron (H); 

memiso (RD, C); capulf, capulinas, guasima cereza 

(C); Jamaica cherry (J) 

acomat, bois coq, chapeau cllIl't, comat (H); 

chicharr6n (RD); berijua, cresta de gallo, juba 

blanca (C); break-axe, ironwood (1)


SPECIES 

Jatropha curcas L. 

Jatropha hemandiifolia Vent. 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Curcas curcas (L.) Britt. & 

Millsp., C. indica A. Rich. 

Curcas peltata BailI., J. 

hemandiifolia var. epeltata Pax., 

Loureira peltata Desf. 

Jatropha integerrima Jacq. J. aeuminata Lam., J. hastata 

Jacq., J. panduraefolia Andr. 

Jatropha multifida L. Adenoropium multifidum (L.) 

Pohi. 

Margaritaria nobilis L. M. nobilia var. antillana (A. 

Juss.) Stehle & Quentin, 

Phyllanthus antillanus (A. Juss.) 

Muell. Arg., P. nobilis var. 

antillanus (A. Juss.) Mueli. Arg. 

Omphalea eommutata Mueli. Arg. Omphalandria eommutata O. 

Ktze. 

Omphalea ekmanii Alain 


Omphalea triandra L. 

Pera bumeliifolia Oriseb. 

Pera glomerata Urb. 


Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels 

Phyllanthus euneifolius (Britt.) 

Croizat 

Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. ssp. 

domingensis Webster 


Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. ssp. 

epiphyllanthus 

Phyllanthus juglandifolrus Willd. 

ssp. juglandifolius 

Phyllanthusmaleolens Urb. & 

Elan. 


Phyllanthus myriophyllus Urb. 


P. depressaUrb. & Elan., P. 

domingensis Urb. 

Averrhoa acida L., Cieea acida 

Mere., C. distiehia L., C. 

nodijlora Lam., Diasperus 

distiehus O. Ktze., P. cieea 

Mueli. Arg., P. distiehus Mueli. 

Arg. 

Andraehne? euneifolia Britt. 

Agyneia berterii Spreng., P. 

grandifolius genuinus Muell. 

Arg. 

COMMON NAMES 

feuilles mooecin, grand medecinier, mooecinier, 

mooecinieragrandes feuilles, medecinier beni, 

mooecinier carthartique (H); pinon (RD); pinon 

botija, pifi6n criollo, pinon lechero, pinon purgante, 

pinon v6ci (C); physic-nut, wild oil nut (J) 

mooecinier des Indes (H) 

mooecinier des Indes, mooecinier espagnol, 

medecinier multifide, papaye sauvage (H); pinon de 

Espana (RD); French physic nut (1) 

palo amargo (RD); azulejo, guaicaje, llomn (C); 

avispillo, higuillo, millo, siete-cueros, yuquillo 

(PR); bastard hog cherry (1); acomat blitard (0) 

noisetier, noisetier du pays (H) 

noisetier, noisetier d'Amerique, noisetier du pays, 

noisette (H); avellana, avellana criolla (RD); 

avellano de America, avellano de costa (C); cobnut, 

popnut (1) 

casser hache, casser rage (H); ciguamo, corazon de 

paloma, cuemo de buey,jaiquf, palo damaso, palo 

prieto, pinillo (RD) 

cotelle (H) 

sybilline (H); grosella (RD, PR, C); cerezo 

occidental, manzana lora (C); cereza amarilla, 

otaheiti gooseberry (PR) 

bisiette marron, espagnol marron (H); bigleaf 

leafflower, gamo de costa (PR); grosella cimarron 

(C)

FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) 


Ttee Names 257 

Ateleia gummifer (Bert.) D. Dietr. Pterocarpus gummifer Bert. ex DC. bois senti (H); azota potranca, goma (RD) 

Ateleia microcarpa (Pers.) D. Dietr. Acacia revoluta Mohlenbr., .azota potranca, palo de caiman (RD) 

Pterocarpus microcarpus Pers. 

Bauhinia acuminata L. 

Bauhinia divaricata L. var. 

angustiloba Elan. & Urb. 


Bauhinia divaricata L. var. 

divaricata 

Bauhinia monandra Kurz. 

Bauhinia variegata L. 

Byra buxifolia (MuIT.) Urb. 

Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam. 

Caesalpinia barahonensis Urb. 


Caesalpinia ba.rkeriana Urb. & 

Elan. 

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. 

Caesalpinia brasiliensis L. 


Caesalpinia buchii Urb. 


Caesalpinia ciliata (Berg.) Urb. 

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. 

Caesalpinia globulorum Bakh. f. & 

v. Royen 

Caesalpinia pellucida Vogel 


B. aurita Ait., B. porrecta Sw., 

Casparea aurita Griseb., C. 

divaricata HBK. 

B. kappleri Sagot, B. krugii Urb., 

Caspareopsis monandra (Kurz) 

Britton & Rose 

Phanera variegata (L.) Benth. 

Pterocarpus buxifolius Murr. 

Guilandina barkeriana Britt. 

Guilandina bonduc L. (1753), G. 

bonducella L. 

C. grisebachiana Ktze., 

Guilandina ciliata Berg. 

C. thomaea Spreng, Libidibia 

coriaria Schlecht., Poinciana 

coriaria Jacq. 

Bonduc majus Medik., C. bonduc 

Roxb. (see Liogier, 1985), C. 

major Dandy & Exell, 

Guilandina bonduc L. (1762), G. 

major Small 

Poincianella pellucida Britt. & 

Rose 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Poincianella pulcherrima L. 

Caesalpinia vesicaria L C. bijuga Sw., Nicarago 

vesicaria Britt., Poinciana 

bijugata Jacq. 

Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner C. confusa Sprague & Riley, C. 

similis Sprague & Riley 

bois caleyon (H) 

bois caleyon, collegue, collegue matourin, 

matourin, petit caleyon (H); huella de chivo, pata 

de chivo, pie de chivo (RD); pata de vaca (C) 

caractere des hommes, deux jumelles, jumelle (H); 

framboyan cubano, frarnboyan extranjero, palo de 

vaca, semi-rubia (RD); butterfly bauhinia, pariposa 

(PR); casco de mulo (C); pata de vaca (C, RD) 

flarnboyan orqufdea (RD); palo de orqufdeas, poor 

man's orchid (PR) 

galle-galle (H); ebano de Santo Domingo, 

granadillo, tachuelo (RD) 

brasil (RD) 

bresillet (H); brasil (RD) 

canique, graines quinique, quinique, quinique jaune 

(H); mate, mate de costa (RD, C); bonduc, nickar 

tree, yellow nickar (1) 

bresillet (H); brasil, palo de Brasil (RD) 

canique, ouary, quinique, quinique jaune (H) 

guatapana, macasol (H); nacascol (RD); divi divi 

(H, RD, C, PR, J); guatapana (RD, C); libidibi (H, 

RD); guaracabuya (C) . 

mate prieto (RD); gray nickers, mato azul, mato de 

playa (PR); guacalote, mate, mate de costa (C); 

bonduc, nickar tree, yellow nickar (1) 

francillade, francillade afleurs jaunes, francillade a 

fleurs rouges, francillane, poincillade (H); carzazo, 

macata (RD); c1avellina (C, PR, RD); guacarnaya 

(C); Barbados pride, doodle-do (PR); flowerfence, 

Spanish carnation (J) 

brasil, brasilete negro, guacamaya de costa (C); 

bastard nicarago, Indian savin tree, jack fishwood 

(J) 

calliandra, calliandre (H); palo de angel (RD); 

cabello de angel (PR) .


SPECIES 

Calliandra caracasana (Jacq.) 

Benth. 

Calliandra cubensis (Macbr.) Leon 

Calliandra falcata Benth. & Hook 


SYNONYMS 

Acacia caracasana Britt. & Rose, 

Anneslia caracasana (Jacq.) 

Britt. & Rose, A. portoricensis 

(Jacq.) Donn. Smith, Mimosa 

caracasana Jacq. 

Anneslia cubensis Britt. & Rose, 

C. formosa var. cubensis Macbr. 

Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. C. inaequilatera Rusby 

Calliandra haematomma (Bert.) 

Benth. 

Calliandra nervosa (Urb.) Ekm. & 

Urb. 


Calliandra pedicellata Benth. 


Calliandra picardae Alain 


Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) 

Benth. 

Calliandra rivularis Urb. & Ekm. 


Calliandra schultzei Harms 

Calliandra surinamensis Benth. 

Calliandra urbanii Alain 


Cassidfistula L. 

Cassia grandis L. f. 

Cassia javanica L. 

Acacia haematomma Bert., A.. 

haematostoma Bert., Anneslia 

haematostoma Britt. 

Pithecellobium nervosum Urb. 

Anneslia pedicellata Britt. & 

Rose 

Anneslia minutifolia Britt., C. 

htiematostoma var: minutifolia 

Urb., C. minutifolia Urb. not 

Pittier 

Mimosa portoricensis Jacq. 

COMMON NAMES 

granolino (RD); acacia puertoriguena, cojobillo, 

morivivi cimarron, white calliandra (PR); 

night-flowering acacia (J) 

bayahonda (RD) 

clavellina, oreganillo, tabacuelo (RD) 

petit gai"ac (H); granolino (RD); night-flowering 

acacia(J) 

granolino (RD) 

canasta mexicana, cuiji venezolano, pompOn (RD) 

canasta mexicana (RD) 

baton casse, casse. casse doux, casse espagnole (H); 

canafistol, canafistula mansa, chacara, guayaba 

cimarrona (RD); canafistola (RD, C); canafistula 

(RD, PR); golden shower (PR); cassia stick tree (J) 

C. brasiliana Lam. casse, casse espagnole, baton casse (H); ch:kara, 

guayaba cimarrona (RD); canafistula cimarrona 

(RD, C, PR); canandonga (C); pink shower (PR); 

horse cassia (J) 

C. grandis Hort. p.p., C. nodosa casse (H) 

Buch-Hamilt. 

Cercidium praecox (R. & P.) Harms Caesalpinia praecox R. & P., 

Cercidium spinosum Tul. 

Copaifera officinalis L. 

Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd. 

Cynometra americana Vogel 


Cynometra portoricensis Krug & 

Urb. 

Dalbergia berterii (DC.) Urb. 

C. jacquini Desf. 

Apalatoa spicata Aubl., C. 

antillana Urb. 

Ecastaphyllum bertii DC., 

Pterocarpus berterii Spreng. 

baie aonde, printemps (H); bayahonda, bayahonda 

de la Virgen (RD) 

amacey, copaiba (RD) 

aquin, cacome marron, cordon, graines plates (H); 

guama(C) 

courbaril (H); pico de gallo (C) 

algarrobillo (RD); oreganillo (PR) 

bejuco de peseta, sarno (RD)


SPECIES 

Hymenaea courbaril L. 


SYNONYMS 

H. candolleana HBK, Inga 

megacarpa M. E. Jones 

Ingafagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth. I.laurina (Sw.) Willd.,Mimosa 

fagifolia L., M. laurina Sw. 

Ingafastuosa (1acq.) Willd. 

Inga vera Willd. spp. vera I. inga (L.) Britton, Mimosa inga 

L. 

Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) 

Benth. subsp. diversifolia 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de 

Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. 

Zarate 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de 

Wit subsp.leucocephala (Rose) S. 

Zarate 

Leucaena trichodes (Jacq.) Benth. 

& Hook. 

COMMON NAMES 

courbaril, gomme anim6e, pois confiture (H); 

algarrobo (RD); algarroba (RD, PR); West Indian 

locust (PR, J): algarrobo de las Antillas, curbaril 

(C): stinking toe (1) 

gina, jina (RD); guama, sweetpea (PR); pois doux, 

pois doux blanc (G, M) 

guama venezolana (RD); guaba peluda, guaba 

venezolana CPR) 

pois doux, pois sucrin, sucrier, sucrin (H); guamli, 

jina (RD); guaba (PR, C); guaba nativa, inga (PR) 

L brachycarpa Urb., L laxifolia leucaena petite feuille (H); guaje (Spanish); 

Urb., L trichandra (Zucc.) Benth. diversifolia (English) 

L glabrata Rose 

Acacia glauca Willd. no L., L 

glauca sensu Auct., L glauca 

(Willd.) Benth., L latisiliqua (L.) 

Gillis & Steam, Mimosa 

leucocephala Lam. 

Acacia pseudotrichodes DC., L 

bolivarensis Britt. & Killip, L 

canescens Bent., L colombiana 

Britt. & Killip, L pseudotichodes 

(DC.) Britt. & Rose, Mimosa 

trichodes Jacq. 

Lonchocarpus domingensis (Turp.) Dalbergia domingensis Turp., L 

DC. domingensis (Pers.) DC. 

Lonchocarpus ellipticus Alain 


Lonchocarpus latifolius (Willd.) 

DC. 

Lonchocarpus longipes Urb. 

Lonchocarpus monophyllus Urb. 


Amerimnum latifolium Willd.. 

Dalbergia pentaphylla Poir., L 

heptaphyllus DC., L 

pentaphyllus DC. 

Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. L ehrenbergii Urb. 


Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. 

var. oligophyllus Urb. & Elan. 


Lysiloma bahamensis Benth. 

Lysiloma sabicu Benth. . Acacia latisiliqua Willd.• L 

latisiliqua Benth., Mimosa 

latisiliqua L. 

delin etranger, leucaena (H); Peru leucaena, 

Salvador leucaena, giant leucaena, (US, UK) 

bois bourro, graines de lin, grillnes de lin pays, 

madelin, marie jaune, tcha:tcha marron (H); 

granadillo bobo, granadino, granolino, lino, lino 

criollo (RD); aroma blanca, aroma boba, aroma 

mansa, soplillo (C); acacia, acacia p31ida, barcillo, 

campeche, hediondilla, tamarindillo, wild tamarind 

(PR); Hawaiian leucaena (US, UK) 

bois bourro CH); palo blanco, palo de burro (RD) 

bois caYman (H); an6n de majagua, an6n de rio, 

anoncillo (RD); guamade soga (C); genogeno 

CPR); savonnette bois, savonnette riviere (G, M) 

battre it caIman, bois caIman (H); an6n, an6n de 

majagua (RD); guama de costa, guama macho (C); 

fone-ventura, palo hediono, palo seco (PR); 

lancewood (US) . 

an6n, an6n de rio (RD) 

bois caIman, bois d'anneau, caIman (H); an6n de 

majagua, anoncillo de majagua, azota criollo, 

biajama (RD) 

candel6n (RD) 

tabemon, tavemeau, tavemon (H); caracolf, 

caracolillo (RD); abey, bacona morada, frijolillo, 

jigUe, sabicu, sabicu amarillo, zapatero (C); 

horseflesh tree, West Indian sabicu, wild tamarind 

(1, PR)

SPECIFS 

Machaerium lunatum (L.) Ducke 

Mimosa buchii Urb. 


Mimosa ceratonia L. 

Mimosa extranea Benth. 

Endemic to Haiti 

Mimosa momicola Urb. 


Mimosa parvifoliolata Alain 


Mimosa scabrella Benth. 

Mora abbottii Rose & Leonard 


Mora ekmanii (Urb.) Britton & 

Rose 


Myrospermum frutescens Jacq. 

Myroxylon balsantum (L.) Harms 

var. pereirae (Royle) Harms 

Ormosia krugii Urb. 

Parkia roxburghii G. Don 

Parkinsonia aculeata L. 

Peltophorum berteroanum Urb. 


Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) 

Back. ex K. Heyne 

Pictetia aculeata (Yahl) Urb. 

Pictetia obcordata DC. 


Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urb. 

1) var. elongata Urb. 

2) var. monophylla Urb. 

3) var. obovata Urb. 

4) var. plenophylla Urb. 

5) var. temata (DC.) Urb. 

Varieties are endemic to Hispaniola 

Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. 


SYNONYMS 

Drepanocarpus lunatus Mey., 

Pterocarpus lunatus L. 

Haitimimosa extranea Britt. 

M. bracaatinga Hoehne. 

Dimorphandra ekmanii Urb. 

M. pereirae Royale, Toluifera 

pereirae Baill. 

P. spinosa RBK. 

c.ferruginea Dcne., Caesalpinia 

inermis Roxb., lnga 

pterocarpa DC., P.ferrugineum 

Benth. 

Aeschynomene aristata Jacq., 

Robinia aculeata Vahl 

P. desvauxii (DC.), Robinia 

spinifolia Desv. 

Acacia peregrina Willd., 

Anadenanthra pergrina Speg., 

Mimosa peregrina L., Niopa 

peregrina Britt. & Rose 


COMMON NAMES 

cambron, escambr6n (RD) 

arafia gato, zarza (RD) 

zarza(RD) 

mimosa (H); abanicaatinga, bracaatinga, bracatinga 

(Brazil) 

coi, cole (RD) 

taverneau montagne, tavernon montagne (H); coi, 

cole (RD) 

cereipo, sereipo (RD, PR); baIsamo de conconate, 

baIsamo de Guatemala (C) 

baIsamo del Peru (RD); baIsamo de sonsonate, 

,guatemala (C) 

bois nan non (H); palo de peonfa, palo de peronfa, 

peonfa, peronfa (RD); coralwood, palo de matos 

(PR) 

lele (H) 

madame naiz, madame yass (H); acacia de los 

masones, aroma extranjera, bayahonda blanca, 

capinillo, pino japones, retama (RD); palo de rayo 

(PR, C); Jerusalem thorn (pR, J) 

abbe rouge (H); abey, abey hembra, guatapanal 

(RD); horse bush (B); abey moruro (C) 

flamboyan amarillo, yellow flamboyant (PR); 

palissandre (G); yellow poinciana (US) 

gati-galle, gelle-galle, gratte-galle (H); tachuelo 

(RD) 

tachuela (RD) 

bois d'6bene, galle-galle, gelle-galle, grati-galle 

(H); cruz del copeyar, palo de tabaco, rabasco, 

tabaco, tachuela, tachuelo (RD); carrasquillo, 

yarnaguey, zarcilla (C) 

bois caiman, bois ecorce, bois galle, oeufde poule 

(H); candel6n, candel6n de teta, cojoba, tamarindo 

de teta (RD); bastard tamarind (J)


·FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE) 


Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & 

Bameby 

Senna spectabilis (DC.) Irwin & 

Bameby var. spectabilis 

Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. 

Wight 

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. 

. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. 

Stahlia monosperma (Tul.) Urb. 

Tamarindus indica L. 

Cassia arborea Macfad., C. casse de Siam, cassia (H); acacia amarilla, casia de 

florida Vahl, C. gigantea Bertero, Siam, flamboyan amarillo, la casia amarilla (RD); 

c. siamea Lam., Sciacassia casia, casia siamea (PR, C); kassod-tree, Siamese 

siamea (Lam.) Britton senna, Siamese shower (US) 

Cassia humboldtiana DC., C. 

speciosa Kunth, C. spectabilis 

DC., Pseudocassia spectabilis 

(DC.) Britt. & Rose 

Aeschynomene aculeata Shreber, canicha, danchi (US) 

A. bispinosa Jacq., S. aculeata 

(Willd.) Poir., S. bispinosa (Jacq.) 

Steud. 

Aeschynomene sesban L., Agati 

grandiflora (L.) Desv., Robinia 

grandiflora L., S. aegyptiaca 

(peir.) Pers., S. grandiflora (L.) 

Pers. 

S. aegyptiaca Pers., S. 

aegyptiacus Poir., S. sesban (L.) 

Fawcett & Rendle 

Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Calliandra latifolia Griseb., 

Mimosa latifolia L., 

Pithecellobium latifolium Benth. 

SPECIES 

casse marron (H); brusc6n, cafiafistol,cafiafistula 

. cimarrona, chlicaro, libertad, pela burro (RD); 

algarrobillo (C); calceolaria shower, yellow shower 

(US) 

pois valette, pois vallier, pois valliere (H); gallito 

(C, RD, PR); cresta de gallo (C, PR); paloma, 

zapat6n blanco (C); Australian corkwood tree (US); 

baculo (PR); colbri vegetal, fleur papillon, papillon 

(G,M) 

sesbania, tamarindillo (RD, PR); afiil frances (C) 

Caesalpinia monosperma Tul., S. caobanilla (RD); c6bana, c6bana negra, polisandro 

maritima Bello (PR) 

FAGACEAE 

tamarinde, tamarinier (H); tamarindo, tamarin (RD) 

bois ca (H); jasmfn del rio (C); hoopwood, 

horsewood (1) 


Castanea sativa Mill. catin (H); castano crenata, castano del Jap6n (C); 

European chestnut (US) / 

SPECIES 

Banara domingensis Benth. 


Banara excisa Urb. & Elan. 


Banara quinquenervis Urb. & 

Elan. 


Banara selleana Urb. & Elan. 


Banara splendens Urb. 


Casearia aculeata Jacq. 

FLACOURTIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

B. ekmaniana Urb. 

B. hotteana Urb. & Elan. 

C. hirta Sw., C. spinosa Willd., 

Samyda affinis Spreng., S. 

multiflora Cav., S. spinosa L. 

COMMON NAMES 

piquant arada (H); cabori, carambomba, jfa, 

limoncillo, margarabomba, palo de avispas, palo de 

limoncillo, palo de perico (RD); cambr6n (PR)



FLACOURTIACEAE 

Xylosma schaefferioides A. Gray Myroxylon schaefferioides (A. 

Gray) Krug & Urb. 

Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Laetia guidonia Sw., Z 

Millsp. laetioides A. Rich. 

SPECIES 

GARRYACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

hueso de tortuga (C); white logwood (J) 

cachiman marron, cachiman sauvage (H); guaguasf 

(C) 


Garryajadyenii Hook. Fadyenia hookeri End!. bois amer (H); mangle, mata gallina cimarrona, 

palo amargo, palo de berraco (RD); fever bush, 

quinine bush, silk tassel bush, skunk bush (US) 

SPECIES 

Gesneria hypoclada Urb. & Ekm. 

Endemic, to southern Hispaniola 

GESNERIACEAE 


NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 9 shrub species ofthe following genera that might be considered small trees sensu 

Little and Wadsworth (1964): Besleria (1), Gesneria (6) and Rhitidophyllum (3). These species,are not listed. 

SPECIES 

Hemandia obovata O. E. Schm. 


HERNANDIACEAE 


Hemandia sonora L bombo, guaney, maga (RD); mago, toporite (PR); 

hernandia (C) 

SPECIES 

Mappia racemosa Jacq. 

Ottoschulzia domingensis Urb. 


Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon (Urb.) 

Urb. 

SPECIES 

Illicium ekmanii A. C. Sm. 


Illicium parvijlorum Michx. ex 

Vent. 

ICACINACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Poraqueiba rhodoxylon Urb. 

ILLICIACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

abricot marron (H); cuero de puerco (RD) 

cuero de puerco, palomino (RD) 


anis etoile marron, bois graine, bois graine noire 

(H) 

badiana (C); allurement (English)

SPECIES 

Juglansjamaicensis C. DC. 

SPECIES 

Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) 

Hems!' 

JUGLANDACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

J. insularis Griseb. 

LAURACEAE 


COMMON NAMES 

nogal (H, RD, PR); nuez (C, RD); West Indian 

walnut (PR); nogal del pals (C); Jamaica walnut (J) 


Hufelandia pendula Nees., 

Laurus pendula Sw. 

Cinnamomum alainii (c. K. Allen) Phoebe alainii C. K. Allen 

Alain 


Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. C. camphora Blume, C. 

camphora (L.) J. S. Pres!' 

Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) 

Kostennans 

Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.) 

Bercht. & Pres!. 

C. cubense Kostenn., Phoebe 

cubensis Nees, P. elongata Nees 

Laurus montana Sw., Phoebe 

montana Griseb. 

Cinnamomum triplinervis (R. & P.) Phoebe grisebachiana Mez., P. 

Kostennans triplinervis Griseb. 

Cinnamomum verum J.S. Pres!' C. zeylanicum Blume, C. 

zeylanicum Nees, C. zeylanicum 

Breyne, Laurus cinnamomum L. 

Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Laurus triandra Sw., Licaria 

jamaicensis Kostenn., Misanteca 

triandra (Sw.) Mez. 

Ocotea acarina C. K. Allen 


Ocotea athroanthes C. K. Allen 


Ocotea caudato-acuminata (0. C. 

Schm.) Alain 


Ocotea cicatricosa C. K. Allen 


Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britton 

Ocoteafloribunda (Sw.) Mez 

Ocoteafoeniculacea Mez 

Nectandra caudato-acuminata 

O.c. Schm. 

Laurus coriacea Sw., Nectandra 

coriacea Griseb., N. sanguinea 

Griseb., N. willdemoviana Ness. 

Laurusfloribunda Sw., 

Oreodaphne domingensis Ness., 

Persea retroflexa Spreng. 

Ocotea globosa (Aublet) Schlecht Nectandra antillana Meissn. 

& Cham. 

Ocotea krugii (Mez) Howard 

Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez 

Nectandra krugii Mez 

bois noir (H); aguacatillo, carrasquefio, cigua 

amarilla (RD) 

baume anglais, camphre, camphrier (H); alcanfor, 

alcanfor del Jap6n (C, RD); camphor tree (PR) 

laurier, laurier cannelle, laurier petites feuilles (H); 

avispillo, laurel bobo (C, RD, PR); boniatillo (C) 

laurier rose (H)i cigua blanca, cigua laurel, laurel 

(RD) . 

laurier (H) 

cannelle, cannellier (H); canela, canela legftima, 

cinnamon tree (PR) 

laurierjaune, laurier sassafras (H); cigua gorrita, 

cigua prieta (RD); laurel de loma, lebiza, leviza (C); 

lebisa, palo misanteco (PR); sassafras tree, 

sweetwood (J) 

laurier, laurier blanc (H); cabrima aromatica, cigua, 

cigua blanca, cigua de costa (RD); lancewood (US) 

laurier puant (H); cigua aguacatillo, cigua prieta, 

laurel, laurel blanco (RD); boniato laurel, lebisa 

(C); bois doux (G); black candlewood (J) 

s;annelle manon (H); canelilla (RD) 

. laurieragrandes feuilles (H); cigua, laurel, laurel 

blanco, laurel cambron (RD) . 

Laurus leucoxylon Sw. d'olive, grande feuille, laurier, laurier blanc, laurier 

guepes, laurier rose (H); cigua boba, cigua laurel, 

cigua prieta, laurel, laurel prieto (RD); loblolly 

sweetwood, false avocado, whitewood (PR, J)


SPECIES 

Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) 

Howard 

Ocotea nemodaphne Mez 

Ocotea oligoneura (Urb.) Alain 


Ocotea patens (Sw.) Nees 

LAURACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Laurus membranacea Sw., 

Nectandra membranacea Griseb. 

Nectandra cuneata Griseb., 

Nemodaphne cuneata Meissn., 

O. cuneata (Griseb.) Urb., not R. 

&P. 

Nectandra oligoneura Urb. 

Laurus patens Sw., Nectandra 

patens (Sw.) Griseb. 

Ocotea pulchra (E!em. & Schmidt) Nectandra pulchra Elan. & 

Alain Schm. 


Ocotea sintenisii (Mez) Alain 

Ocotea sp. nov. (Judd and Skean, 

1990) 

Endemic to Massifde la Hotte (?) 

Ocotea wrightii (Meissn.) Mez 

Persea americana Miller 

Persea anomala Britt. & Wils. 

Persea krugii Mez 

Persea oblongifolia Kopp 


Nectandra sintenisii Mez 

Aerodiclidium wrightii Meissn. 

Laurus persea L., P. americana 

Miller var. americana, P. edulis 

Raf., P. gratissima Gaertner, P. 

leiogyna Blake, P. persea (L.) 

Cockerell 

P. ekmanii O. C. Schm. 

P. domingensis Mez 

laurier jaune (H) 

COMMON NAMES 

sasafnis (RD); achetillo, bijote, canelillo, canelon, 

vencedor (C); canela (PR) 

cigua blanca, cigua prieta (RD) 

cigua laurel (RD); laurel, laurel goo colorado, laurel 

roseta (PR); cap beny, sweetwood (J) 

laurel, laurel amarillo, laurel blanco, laurel goo, 

laurel macho (PR) 

cannelle (H); canelilla (RD) 

avocat, avocatier, zabelbok, zaboka (H); aguacate 

(RD); pagua (C); alligator pear, avocado (US) 

pBche marron (H) 

peehe marron (H); aguacatillo, almendrito, canela de 

la tierra, macao, mericao (RD); canela (PR) 

LECYTHIDACEAE (including BARRINGTONIACEAE) 

SPECIES 

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz 

Couroupita guianensis AubL 

SPECIES 

Dracaenafragrans Ker. 

Yucca aloifolia L. 

Yucca elephantipes Regel 

SYNONYMS 

B. speciosa Forst., Mammea 

asiaticaL. 

C. guianensis var. surinamensis 

(Mart.) Eyma, C. st. croixana R. 

Knuth., C. surinamensis Mart. 

LILIACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

arbol del seminario, birrete de arzobispo, bonete de 

arzobispo, calmante, coco de Cofrecf, pacana (RD); 

barringtonia, coco de mar (PR) 

arbre abombes, boulet de canon (H); muco (RD); 

cannonball tree (PR); bala de canon (PR, RD) 


Aechynomene grandiflora L. coco macaeo (RD); dracaena (PR) 

bayonette, pinguin (H); fIor de Jeric6 (RD); espino 

(C, RD); maguey silvestre, piii6n de punal (C); aloe 

yucca, bayoneta, Spanish bayonet (PR); Spanish 

dagger(J) 

bayonette (H); bayoneta, bulbstem yucca, Spanish 

bayonet (PR)

SPECIES 

Malvaviscus arboreus (L.) Cay. 

MALVACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Hibiscus malvaviscus L. 

Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Hibiscus populneus L. 

Correa 

Wercklea horiida (Urb.) Fryxell 


Wercklea hottensis (Helwig) 

Fryxell 


SPECIES 

Calycogonium apiculatum Urb. & 

Elem. 


Conostegia hotteana Urb. & Elem. 

Ekmaniochraris crassinervis Urb. 


Hibiscus horridus Urb. 

Hibiscus hottensis Helwig 

Henriettea barkeri (Urb. & Ekm.) H. elliptica Urb. 

Alain 

Endemic to southern Hispaniola 

Henrietteafascicularis (Sw.) 

G6mez 

Heterotrichum umbellatum (Mill.) 

Urb. 

Mecranium alpestre Urb. 


Mecranium amygdalinum (Desr.) 

C. Wright 

Mecranium birimosum (Naud.) 

Triana 


Mecranium crassinerve(Urb.) 

Skean 


Mecranium haitiense Urn. 


Mecranium microdictyum Urb. & 

Ekm. 


Mecranium multiflorum (L. C. 

Rich) Triana 

Mecranium revolutum Skean & 

Judd 



COMMON NAMES 

bombillito, plantanito (RD); majagiiilla, malvavisco 

(C); capucha de monje, sleeping hibiscus (PR) 

feuilles d'Haiti, grand mahaut, gros mahaut, mortel 

debout (H); alamo blanco, duartiana (RD)"; alamo 

(C, RD); higuillo, majagua de la Horida (C); caraiia, 

clamor, cork-tree, emajagiiilla, jaqueca, majagiiilla, 

palo de jaqueca (PR); John-Bull-tree (1) 

majagua, pita (RD) 

MELASTOMATACEAE 


H.fascicularis (Sw.) C. Wright 

M. salicfolium Urb. 

petites graines (H); cordoMn (C); camasey peludo 

(PR) 

bois pigeon (H); palito de vara, pega polio, sangre 

de polio (RD); cordoban (C); camasey, camasey 

almendro (PR) 

macrio(H) " 

macrio (H) 

macrio(H) 

macrio (H) 

macrio (H) 

macrio (H)


SPECIES 

Mecranium revolutum Skean & 

Judd x M. haitiense Urb. 


Mecraniwn tricostatwn Urn. & Ekm. 


Meriania involucrata (Desr.) Naud. 


Miconia apiculata Urn. & Ekm. 


Miconia hypiodes Urn. & Ekm. 


Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don 

Miconia laevigata (L.) DC. 

Miconia lanceolota (Desr.) DC. 


Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L. O. 

Wms. 

Miconia ottoschulzii Urn. & Ekm. 

Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. 

Miconia punctata (Desr.) D. Don 

Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC. 

Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC. 

Miconia selleana Urn. & Ekm. 


Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud. 

Miconiatetrandra (Sw.) D. Don 

Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) 

Spach. 

Ossaea woodsii Judd & Skean 


Pachyanthus hotteana (Urb. & 

Ekm.)Ekm. 


Tetrazygia angustifolia (Sw.) DC. 

Tetrazygia elaeagnoides (Sw.) DC. 

Tibouchina longifolia (Yahl.) Baill. 

MELASTOMATACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

M.fothergilla (Desr.) Naud., M. 

guianensis (Aubl.) Cogn., 

Tamonea guanensis Aubl. 

Grajfenriedia ottoschulzii (Urb. 

& Ekm.) Urb. & Ekm. 

macrio (H) 

macrio (H) 

macrio (H) 

macrio (H) 

COMMON NAMES 

macrio, trois cotes (H); auguey,jao-jao,jatico 

(RD); cordoban arbusto, quitasolillo (C); carnasey 

colorado, carnasey de costilla (PR) 

macrio (H); granadillo (RD); cordobancillo de 

arroyo (C); carnasey, carnasey de paloma (PR); bois 

cotelette, petit crecre, soufriere (G, M) 

macrio (H) 

macrio (H); tresfilos (RD); carnasey, carnasey 

blanco, carnasey ciatrocanales, carnasey de costilla 

(PR) 

macrio, petites graines (H) 

macrio (H); cenizoso, granadillo bobo (RD); 

carnasey, carnasey blanco (PR) 

macrio (H); auquey, auquey bobo,jau-jau, rajador, 

tresfilos (RD); carnasey (PR) 

caca poule, macrio (H); carnasey felpa, carnasey 

racimoso, terciopelo (PR) 

macrio (H); peralejo (RD); carnasey (PR) 

macrio (H) 

M. macrophylla (D. Don) Triana, macrio (H); auguey, jau-jau (RD); carnasey (PR) 

Tamonea macrophylla (D. Don) 

Krasser 

macrio (H); rajador, yarador (RD); camasey (PR) 

[Also spelled Mouriria.] cormier (H); guayaba cimarrona, piragua (RD); 

caimitillo, guasavara, murta (PR) 

stinking-fish (PR); bois cotelette (G) 

carnasey cenizo, cenizo, verdiseco (PR) 

bois dents marron (H); spider flower (English) 

NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 26 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered small trees sensu 

Little and Wadsworth (1964): Calycogonium (2), Clidemia (1), Conostegia (1), Heterotrichum (1), Mecranium (2), 

Meriania (4), Miconia (12), Ossaea (2), and Pachyanthus (1). These species are not listed.

SPECIES 

Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. 

Carapa guianensis Aubl. 

Cedrela odorata L. 

Guarea glabra Vahl 

Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer 

Guarea sphenophylla Urb. 


Melia azedarach L 

MELIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Antelaea azadirachta (L.) 

Adelbert, Melia azadirachta L., 

M. indica (Adr. Juss.) Brandis 

Persoonia guianensis Willd., 

Xylocarpa carapa Spreng. 

C. dugessii Watson, C. glaziovii 

C. DC., C. guianensis Adr. Juss., 

C. mexicana M. 1. Roemer, C. 

occidentalis C. DC., C. 

pavaguariensis Martius, C. 

sintenisii DC., C. velloziana M. J. 

Roemer, Surenus brownei Ktze. 

G. humilis Bert. ex DC., G. 

ramiflora Vent. 

G. cabirma C. DC., G. guara P. 

Wils., G. perrottetiana A. Juss., 

G. trichilioides L., Melia guara 

Jacq., Samyda guidonia L. 

Urbanoguarea sphenophylla 

Harms 

M. orientalis M. Roemer, M. 

sempervirens Sw. 


COMMON NAMES 

neem, nim (H); neeb, nimba (India) 

cabinna de Guinea (H, RD); najesl (C); crabwood 

(PR); bois rouge, campa (


MENISPERMAC,EAE 


Hyperbaena laurifolia (Poir.) Urb. Cissampelos laurifolia Poir., H. 

apiculata Urb. & Elan., H. 

glauciramis Urb. & Elan., H. 

pellucida Urb. & Elan. 

Hyperbaena lindmanii Urb. 


Hyperbaena undulata Urb. 


SPECIES 

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) 

Fosberg, non subnudum. 

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. 

Castilla elastica Sesse subsp. 

elastica 

Cecropia peltata L. 

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. 

ex Benth. & Hook 

Ficus benjamina L. 

Ficus carica L. 

Ficus citrifolia Mill. 

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Homem. 

Ficus microcarpa L. f. 

Ficus religiosa L. 

Ficus suffocans Griseb. 

Ficus trigonata L. 

Gyrotenia myriocarpa Griseb. 

H. gonavensis Urb. & Elan., H. 

salicifolia Urb. & Elan. 

MORACEAE 

bois coq (H); bonquito, chicharr6n, pegoje (C) 


A. communis J, R. & G. Forster, 

A. incisus L. f. 

Breadfruit: arne veritable, arbre apain, veritable 

(II); albopan (RD); breadfruit, panapen (PR) 

Breadnut: arbre apain (H); lavapen (RD); 

breadnut, castana, pana de pepitas (PR); castano del 

Malabar (C) . 

A. brasiliensis Gomez, A. integer jaquier (H); buen pan, pan de frota (RD); rima (C); 

auth., not (Thunb.) Merr., A. jaca, jackfruit (PR) 

integrifolius Forst., A. maxima 

Blanco, A.philippensis Lam. 

C. elastica Cervantes, C. lactiflua tirajala (RD); caucho (C, RD, PR); castilla rubber, 

O. F. Cook cauchera, Central American rubber, goma, palo de 

goma (PR) 

C. asperrma Pittier 

Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don, 

M. xanthoxylon Endl., MoTUs 

tinctoria (L.) Spec. 

F. colchica Grossh., F. hyrcana 

Grossh., F. kopetdagensis 

Pachom. 

F. bravifolia Nutt., F. laevigata 

Yahl, F. laevigata var. brevifolia 

(Nutt.) Warb., F. laevigata var. 

lentiginosa (Yahl) Urb., F. 

lentiginosa Yahl, F. populnea 

Willd., F. populnea var. 

brevifolia (Nutt.) Warb. 

F. retusa L., F. nitida Thunb. 

F. crassinervia Desf., F. 

.crassinervia Willd. 

bois,canon, bois trompette, trompette (H); yagrumo 

(RD); yagrumo hembra (C, RD, PR); trumpet-tree 

(PR) 

bois jaune (H); fustete, mora macho (C, RD); mora 

del pais, palo amarillo, palo de mora (C); fustic, 

fustic mulberry, mora (PR) 

figuier (H); higo, higo cimarron filipo (RD); 

Benjamin fig, laurel benjamin (PR) 

figue, figue france (H); breva, higo, huguero (C, 

RD, PR); common fig (PR, US) 

higuillo (RD); jagiley blanco, shortleaf fig (PR); 

jagiierillo, jagiiey (C) 

caoutchouc (H); higuera (RD); caucho (C, RD); 

goma elastica (C); Indian-rubber fig, palo de goma 

(PR) 

arbol de Washington, laurel (RD);aJ.amo jagiley, 

laurel criollo (C); laurel de la India (C, RD, PR); 

India-laurel fig, jagiley (PR) 

higuillo, laurel (RD); alamo (C, RD); botree (PR) 

figuier, figuier rouge (H); higo cimarr6n (RD); 

jagiley (C, PR); jagiley blanco, wild fig (PR)


MYRISTICACEAE 


Myristica fragrans Houtt. muscade, muscadier, noix de muscade (H); nuez 

moscada (RD); nutmeg (US) 

Ardisia angustata Urb. 


Ardisia brachypoda Urb. 


MYRSINACEAE 


Ardisia escalloniodes C. & S. 

Ardisiafuertesii Urb. 


Ardisia obovata Hamilt. 

Ardisia picardae Urb. & Mez 

Myrsine acrantha Krug & Urb. 

Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex 

Roem. & Schult. 

Myrsine floridana A. DC. 

A. panniculata Sudw., A. 

pickeringia T. & J., Cyrilla 

panniculata Nutt., Tinus 

escallonioides O. Ktze. 

A. coriacea A. DC., A. 

guadalupensis Ouch. ex Griseb." 

A. maculata Poir. ex DC., 

Icacorea guadalupensis Britt. & 

Wils., Tinus obovata O. Ktze. 

Rapanea acrantha Mez 

Caballeriaferruginea R. & P., 

M. berterii A. DC., M.ferruginea 

Spreng., M. laeta Griseb., 

Rapanea coriacea Mez, R. 

ferruginea (Ruiz & Pay.) Mez, 

Samara coriacea Sw. 

M. punctata Stearn, Rapanea 

guianensis non Aublet 

bois tremble, quatre chemins (H); tapa camino (C) 

mala mujer (RD) 

b

MYRTACEAE 


Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels C. lanceolatus (Smith) DC. 

Calyptranthes arborea Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes barkeri Elan. & Urb. 


Calyptranthes bracteosa Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes chrysophylloides 

Urb. 


Calyptranthes collina Urb. 


Calyptranthes densifolia Urb. & 

Elan. 

Endemic to Massifde la Selle 

Calyptranthes depressa Urb. 


Calyptranthes grandis Urb. & Elan. 


Calyptranthes heteroclada Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes hotteana Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes inl'oluerata Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes marmeladensis Urb. 

Endemic to northern Hispaniola 

Calyptranthes momicola Urb. 

Endemic to southern Haiti 

Calyptranthes myrcioides Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes nummularia Berg 


Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. 

Calyptranthes palustris Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes pitoniana Urb. & 

Elan. 


Calyptranthes salicifolia Urb. & 

Elan. 


C. chrysophylloides var. minor 

Urb. 


limpia botella (RD); bottlebrush (PR) 

Eugenia pallens Poir. arrayan, limoncillo (RD); pale lidflower, tap6n 

blanco (PR)

SPECIES 

Eugenia dictyophylla Urb. 


Eugenia domingensis Berg 

Eugeniafoetida Pers. 

Eugeniafonnonica Urb. & Elan. 

Endemic to Massifde la Hotte 

Eugenia glabrata (Sw.) DC. 

Eugenia holdridgei Alain 


Eugenia laevis Berg 

Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. 

Eugenia lindahlii Urb. & Elan. 


Eugenia lineata (Sw.) DC. 

Eugenia lineolata Urb. & Elan. 


Eugenia macradenia Urb. & Elan. 


Eugenia maleolens Pers. 

Eugenia minguetii Urb. 


MYRTACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

E. aeruginea auth., not DC. 

E. buxifolia (Sw.) Willd., E. 

rnaleolens auth., not Pers., E. 

myrtoides auth., not Poir. 

E. affinis DC., Myrtus glabrata 

Sw. 

E. baruensis DC., not Jacq., E. 

prenleloupii Kiaersk., E. 

subverticillaris Berg 

guayaba cimarrona (RD) 


COMMON NAMES 

bois caiman, brignolle, brille (H); gu3sara, guazara 

(RD); comecani (C); guasabara (PR) 

bois 'petites feuilles (H); escob6n (RD); balsamo, 

guairaje, guairaje blanco (C); anguila, boxleaf 

eugenia (PR) 

arrayan, arraijan (RD); cuaraje colorado (C); 

rodwood (J) 

gros petites feuilles (H); arraijan, arrayan (RD) 

Myrtus ligustrina Sw., Stenocalyx arrayan, escob6n de aguja (RD); arraijan (C, RD); 

ligustrinus (Sw.) Berg birijf, cateicito (C); birchberry, granadilla, 

granadillo, hoja menuda, palo de muleta, palo de 

murta, privet stopper (PR) 

E. orthioneura Urb. 

E. lineata var. racemosa Berg, 

Myrtus lineata Sw. 

E. foetida Poir., E. myrtoides 

Poir., Myrtus buxifolia Sw. 

bois petites feuilles, maguette, malaguette, merise, 

merisier, petites feuilles (H); escob6n (RD) 

Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. E. baruensis var.latifolia DC., E. bois d'ine petites feuilles, petit bois d'Inde (H); 

flavorirens Berg, E. monticola arraijAA, arrayan, escob6n, escob6n blanco, escob6n 

var. latifolia Krug & Urb., Myrtus grande (RD); rodwood (J); birijf, black-cherry (PR) 

monticola Sw. 

Eugenia odorata Berg 


Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir. 

Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. 

Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & 

Urb. 

Eugenia samanensis Alain 


Eugenia tiburona Urb. & Elan. 


E. isabeliana Kiaersk., E. 

momicola Urb. 

Myrtus ?brachystemon DC., M. 

patrisii Spreng., M. procera Sw. 

E. portoricensis DC., E. 

pseudopsidium var. portoricensis 

Krug & Urb., Stenocalyx 

portoricensis Berg 

bois acajou (H); escob6n, hoja tina, palo de 

hormiga (RD) 

arbre apetites feuilles (H); arrayan colorado lobo 

(RD); hoja menuda (PR) 

gmlsara (RD); quiebrahacha, guayaba silvestre (PR) 

E. foetida var. parvifolia Berg, E. bois myrte, myrte, tu-fais (H); arrayan (RD); 

foetida var. rhombea Berg guairaje, mije (C); hoja menuda, spiceberry eugenia 

(PR) 

Myrtus tiburona Borhidi


SPECIES 

Eugenia uniflora L. 

Eugenia vanderveldei Urb. & Elan. 


Gomidesia lindeniana Berg 

Hottea crispula (Urb.) Urb. 


MYRTACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Myrciafenzliana Berg., M. 

lindeniana (Berg.) Kiaersk. 

Psidium? crispulum Urb. 

Hottea malangensis (Urb. & Elan.) Eugenia malangensis Urb. 

Urb. 


Hottea miragoanae Urb. 


Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cav.) S. 

T. Blake 

Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urb. 

Myrcia dejlexa (Poir.) DC. 

Myrcia hotteana Urb. & Elan. 


Myrcia leptoclada DC. 

Myrcia saliana Alain 


Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. 

Myrcia tiburoniana Urb. & Elan. 


Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & 

Elan.) Alain 


Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) 

McVaugh 

Myrciariajloribunda (West ex 

Willd.) Berg 

Myrtus tussacii (Urb. & Elan.) 

Burret . 


Cajuputi leucadendra Rusby, M. 

cajaputi Roxb., M. leucadendron 

. auct., not L., M. minor Sm., M. 

saligna Blume, M. viridiflora 

Gaertn., Metrosideros 

quinqueneniia Cay. 

Aulomyrcia citrifolia (AubI.) 

Amsh., A. coriacea Berg; 

Eugenia paniculata Jacq., E. 

saviaefolia Alain, M. coriacea 

DC., Myrtus citrifolia AubI., M. 

coriacea Vahl 

Eugenia dejlexa Poir., M. 

ferruginea Berg 

Aulomyrcia leptoclada (DC.) 

Berg 

Eugenia laxiflora Poir., Myrtus 

splendens Sw. 

COMMON NAMES 

cerise de Suriname (H); ciruela de Surinam, grosela 

de Mexico (RD); cereza de Cayena, Surinam 

cherry (PR) 

auquey, auquey blanco, auquey prieto (RD); 

yareicillo (C); cieneguillo (PR) . 

melaleuca (H, C, US); cayeput (C, RD, PR); punk 

(RD); cayepur, cayeputi (PR) 

bois d'amour, maguette, malaguette, myrte a 

feuilles de citron, poivrier de Jamai"que (H); 

malagueta (RD); hoja menuda, pimienta cimarrona 

(C); limoncillo del monte (PR) 

aquey del chiquito (RD); cieneguillo (PR) 

guayab6n, huesito (RD); guayabac6n, hoja menuda 

roja (PR); bois guepois, guepois (G, M) 

escoboncito (RD); arraijan, comecara, tinajero (C); 

hoja menuda (PR); petit merisier (G); birchberry 

(VI) 

Eugenia esnardiana Urb. & Elan. maguette, malaguette (H) 

Anamomisfragrans (Sw.) 

Griseb., A. punctata Griseb., 

Eugenia dicrana Berg., E. 

fragrans (Sw.) Willd., E. 

hetecroclita Tuss., E. punctata 

Vahl, Myrtus dichotoma Poir. in 

Lam., M.fragrans Sw. 

Eugeniajloribunda West ex 

Willd. 

Eugenia tussacii Urb. & Elan. 

bois d'Inde, bois d'ine, bois haut-gout, bois 

muliitre, myrte afeuilles de laurier (H); arrayan, 

coquillo, guayabillo, ozua, peralejo (RD); 

guayabac6n (PR); pimienta (C); rose-apple (1) 

bois muiiitre (H); arrayan, mijo (RD); mije (C); 

guavaberry,mirto(PR)

MYRTACEAE 


Pimenta anisomera (Urb. & Ekm.) Amomis anisoniera Urb. & Ekm. 

Burret 


Pimenta crenulata Alain 


Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. P. officinalis Lind!., P. pimenta 

(L.) Cock. 

Pimenta ozua (Urb. & Ekm.) Burret Amomis ozua Urb. & Ekm., P. 

Endemic to Hispaniola racemosa var. ozua Landrum 

Pimenta paucijlora (Urb.) Burret 

Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. 

Moore var. grisea (Kiaersk.) Fosb. 

Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. 

Moore var. racemosa 

Pimenta terebinthina Burret 


Amomis paucijlora Urb. 


maguette, malaguene, poivre Jamaique (H); 

limoncillo cimarron, malagueta (RD); pimienta 

blanca, pimienta gorda, pimienta malagueta (C); 

pimienta (C, RD, PR); allspice (US) 

ozua (RD) 

Amomis caryophyllata var. grisea bois d'Inde fran


SPECIES 

Psidium guajava L. 

Psidium hotteanum Urb. & Elan. 


MYRTACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, G. 

pyriformis Gaertn., P. guayava 

Raddi, P. pomiferum L., P. 

pyriferum L., P. sapidissimum 

Jacq. 

Psidium longipes (Berg) McVaugh Anamomis bahamensis Britt. ex 

Small, A. longipes Britt. ex Small, 

Eugenia bahamensis Kiaersk., E. 

longipes Berg, Mynus 

bahamensis Urb., M. elliptica 

Urb. 

Psidiumsessilifolium Alain 


Psidium trilobum Urb. & Elan. 


Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 

Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston 

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & 

Perry 

Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce, E. java plum (UK, US) 

jambolana Lam., Jambolifera 

chinensis Spreng, Mynus cumini 

L., S. jambolanum (Lam.) DC. 

COMMON NAMES 

goyave, goyavier (H); guayaba agria, guayaba 

comUn (RD); guayaba(C, PR); guava (pR, US) 

Caryophyllus jambos (L.) Stokes, jamboisie, jambol, jambul, pomme rose, pommier 

Eugeniajambos L., Jambos rose (H); porno (RD); pomarrosa (C, RD, PR); 

jambos (L.) Millsp., Jambosa manzana rosa (C); rose-apple (PR) 

vulgaris DC. 

Eugenia malaccensis L., 

Jambosa malaccensis (L.) DC. 

pornme de Jama'ique, pomme de Malaisie (H); 

cajuilito de Sulimim (RD); pera, pomarrosa de 

Malaca (C); Malay-apple, manzana malaya 

(PR) 

NB: This family exhibits a high degree ofendemism. Several species described by Liogier (1989) and listed as endemic to 

Hispaniola may, in fact, occur only in Haiti or the Dominican Republic. 

SPECIES 

Guapira brevipetiolata (Heimerl) 

Alain 


Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little 

Guapira domingensis (Heim.) 

Alain 


Guapirafragrans (Dum.-Cours.) 

Little 

Guapira ligustrifolia (Heim.) 

Lundell 

NYCTAGINACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Pisonia brevipetiolata Urb., P. 

discolor var. bevipetiolata 

Heimerl, Torrubia brevipetiolata 

Jimenez 

Pisonia discolor Spreng., P. 

discolor var. camosa Heim., 

Torrubia discolor Britt. 

Pisonia obtusata var. 

domingensis Heim., Torrubia 

domingensis Standi. 

barrehomo (C, PR) 

COMMON NAMES 

bois cassave (H); aguacate cimarr6n, aguacatillo 

cimarr6n, mala mujer, palo de perico, palo salvaje, 

perico, una de gato, vibora (RD) 

Pisoniafragrans Dum.-Cours., P. mufieco, palo de perico, perico (RD); barrehomo 

fragrans oblanceolata Heim., (C); black mampoo, corcho, emajagua, majagua, 

Torrubiafragrans Stand!., T. majagua de mona, palo de corcho (PR) 

inermis Britt. & Wils. 

Pisonia ligustrifolia Heim., 

Torrubia ligustrifolia StandI. 

palo salvaje (RD)

284 Ttee Names 

SPECIES 

Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.) 

Steam 

Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) 

Steam var. bumelioides 

Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) 

Steam var. lanceolatus (Knob!.) 

Alain 


Chionanthus compactus Sw. 

Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) 

Stearn 


Chionanthus domingensis Lam. 

OLEACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Linociera axilliflora Griseb., 

Mayepea axilliflora (Griseb.) 

Krug& Urb. 

Linociera bumelioides Griseb., L 

miragoanae Urb., Mayepea 

bumelioides Krug & Urb. 

Linociera lanceolata Knob!. 

COMMON NAMES 

guaney negro, jico-tea (C); hueso (PR) 

C. caribaeus Jacq., Linociera tirana (RD); avispillo, hueso (PR); bois de fer 

caribaea (Jacq.) Knob!., Mayepea blanc (G); bois de fer (M) 

caribaea (Jacq.) Kuntze 

Linociera dictyophylla Urb. 

Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. Linociera ligustrina Sw., L 

phylliraeoides Gaertn. f., 

Mayepea ligustrina O. Ktze., 

Thouinia ligustrina Sw. 

Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb. 

Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug 

&Urb. 

Haenianthus salicifolius Griseb. 

var. obvatus (Krug & Urb.) Knob!. 

SPECIES 

Averrhoa bilimbi L. 

Averrhoa carambola L. 

SPECIES 

Bocconiafrutescens L. 

Linociera domingensis (Lam.) cayepon (H); cayep6n, lirio, Uirana (RD); white 

Knob!., L latifolia Vahl, Mayepea rosewood (J); hueso blanco, palo de hueso (PR) 

domingensis (Lam.) Krug & Urb. 

Adelia porulosa Michx., A. 

segregata O. Ktze., F. porulosa 

(Michx.) Poir., Myrica segregata 

Jacq. 

H. oblongatus Urb., H. obovatus 

Krug. & Urb. 

OXALIDACEAE 

bois sagine (H); cabra blanca, cabra santa, lirio 

(RD); careicillo, perenqueta (C); hueso (C, PR) 

hueso blanco, careicillo (C); buckthom forestiera 

(1); caca ravet (M) 

yanilla blanca (C); ink-bush, Florida forestiera, 

Florida privet (B, PR, US) 

earn de hombre (RD); caney (C); hueso, hueso 

prieto, palo de hueso (PR) 


PAPAVERACEAE 

blimblin, blinblin, zibeline, zibeline blonde (H); 

pepinito, vinagrillo (RD); bilimbi, grosella china, 

grosella de Otahiti (C) . 

blinblin longue, carambolier, comichon du pays, 

zibeline, zibeline longue (H); carambola (RD); 

carambold, carambole, jalea, star fruit, star pickle 

(PR) 


arbre apain, bois codine, bois coq d'Inde, bois de 

coq, bois jaunisse (H); gengibrillo, llorasangre, palo 

de toro, yagrumo macho (RD); palo amarillo, 

yagrumita (C); palo de pan cimarrOn (C, PR); 

panilla (PR); celandine, parrot weed (J, PR)

SPECIES 

Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich. 

Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. 

Walt. 

SPECIES 

PHYTOLACCACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

S. halimifolium not Benth. 

Rivina octandra L., T. rivinoides 

A. Rich. 

PINACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Pinus caribaea Morelet var. P. hondurensis Laack., P. 

hondurensis (Seneclauze) Barrett et hondurensis Seneclauze 

Golfari 

Pinus occidentalis Sw. 


SPECIES 

Piper aduncum L. 

Piper amalago L. 

Piper rugosum Lam. 

Piper tuberculatum Jacq. 

P. medium Jacq. 

PIPERACEAE 


COMMON NAMES 

bejuco de canasta blanco (C) 

bonbon codine, bonbon coq d'Inde,liane barrique, 

liane panier (H); pabe1l6n del rey (RD); bejuco de 

canasta (C); basket wiss, bejuco de nasa, bejuco de 

palma, hoop vine (PR); cooper withe, hoop withe 

(J) 

COMMON NAMES 

bois pin, pich pin (H); pino de cuaba (RD); pino 

amarillo, pino macho (C); Caribbean pine (US) 

bois chandelle, bois pin, pich pin, pin (H); cuaba, 

pinchipin, pino, pino de cuaba (RD); Hispaniolan 

pine (US) 


bois de sureau, bois major, sureau (H); anisillo, 

guayuyo, guayuyo blanco (RD); canilla de nuerte, 

platinillo de Cuba (C); higuillo, higuillo hoja 

menuda (PR) 

anis des bois, anis marron, anis sauvage, anisette, 

bois noyaux, feuilles noyaux, feuilles noyaux pays, 

feuilles sirop, gomme baume, grand baume, sureau 

plantain (H); guayuyo (RD); higuillo de lim6n, 

higuillo oloroso (PR) 

guayuyo (RD); higuillo (PR) 

NB: Judd (1987) describes 1 Lepianthes and 4 Piper shrub species that might be considered small trees sensu Little and 

Wadsworth (1964). These species are not listed. 

SPECIES 

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex 

Wend!. 

SPECIES 

Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb. 

var. wrightii Pilger 

Podocarpus aristulatus Par!. 


POACEAE (=GRAMINAE) 


PODOCARPACEAE 

P. buchii Urb. 

bambou (H); bambu (RD, PR); bambua (RD); 

common bamboo (PR) 


bois lubin (H); espuela de caballero, sabina 

cimarr6n (C); yacca (J) .


SPECIES 

Polygalafuertesii (Drb.) Blake 


POLYGALACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Badierafuertesii Urb. 

Polygala penaea L. Badiera domingensis DC., B. 

penaea (L.) DC., B. portoricensis 

Britton, P. chamaebuxus L., P. 

domingensis Jacq., P. 

portoricensis (Britton) Blake 

SPECIES 

Coccoloba albicans Elan. 


Coccoloba buchii Schmidt. 


Coccoloba ceibensis Schmidt. 


Coccoloba costata Wr. ex Sauv. 

Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. 

Coccolobafawcetti Schmidt 


Coccolobaflavescens Jacq. 


Coccoloba fuertesii Urb. 


Coccoloba hotteana Schmidt 


Coccoloba incrassata Urb. 


Coccoloba krugii Lindau 

Coccoloba leoganensis Jacq. 


Coccoloba leonardii Howard 

Coccoloba microstachys Willd. 

Coccoloba nodosa Lindau 


Coccoloba paucijlora Urb. 


Coccoloba picardae Urb. 


POLYGONACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

buis benit, petit buis (H); crevajosa, guayacancillo, 

jaboncillo, quiebrahacha (RD) 


C. ciferriana Elan., C. revoluta 

Leon., C. tortuensis Elan. & 

Schrn. 

papelite (H) 

C. eggersiana Lind., C. helwigii raisinier (H); guayaba de mulo (RD); uvilla (PR) 

Schmidt., C. rupicola Urb., C. 

samuelssonii Elan. & Schrn., C. 

verruculosa Lind. 

C. laurifolia Lind., not Jacq. maivisse, petit raisin ordinaire, raisin bouzin, 

raisinier, raisinier manun, zamon manun (H); 

guayab6n, uva cimanuna, uva de sierra, uvero, 

uvilla, uvilla de sierra (RD) 

C. pungens Urb. 

C. mansfeldii Schrn. 

C. borgensenii SChrn' 

C. rotundifolia Meisn. _ 

C. fulgens Leon., C. momicola 

Urb., C. nalgensis Schrn., C. 

-neurophylla Urb. 

wild grape (PR); bow pigeon, crabwood (B) 

uvero, uvilla (RD) 

negra loca, uverillo, uvillo (PR) 

Coccoloba pubescens L. C. grandifolia Jacq., C rubescens gamelle, magne la mer, raisin grandes feuilles (H); 

L. hojancha, oreja de burro (RD); grand leaf, mora16n, 

sea grape (PR); bois rouge (G, M)

SPECIES 

Coccoloba samanensis Schm. 


Coccoloba swartzii Meisn. 

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. 

(naturally hybridizes with other 

Coccoloba spp.) 

_Coccoloba venosa L. 

Coccoloba wrightii Lindau 

Leptogonum buchii Urb. 


Leptogonum domingense Benth. 


Leptogonum moUe Urb. 


SPECIES 

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. 

Br. 

POLYGONACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Guaiabara uvifera House, 

Polygonum uvifera L. 

C. nivea Jacq. 

C. scrobiculata Lind., C. 

subtruncata Urb. 

PROTEACEAE 


COMMON NAMES 

uvill6n (C); orteg6n, uvilla (PR); tie tongue (B) 

guaiabara, raisin bord de mer, raisin de fer, raisin de 

la mer (H); uva de mar, uvero de playa (RD); uva 

caleta (C, RD); uvero (C, PR); uva de playa (RD, 

PR); uvas, sea grape (PR) 

guarapo (RD); calambreiia, chicory grape (PR) 

chicharroncito (RD) 


G. peineta, G. umbratica A. Cunn. chene d'Australie (H); grevilea (C, H); helecho 

ex Meissner (RD); agravilla, roble plateado (C); roble de seda (C, 

PR); roble australiano, silk oak, silver oak (PR) 

PUNICACEAE 


Punica granatum L. grenade, grenadier, pomme grenade (H); granadillo, 

pomogranado (RD); granada (C, RD, PR); granado 

(C, RD); granada agria, granado enano (C); 

pomegranate (H, PR) 

RHAMNACEAE 


Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Ceanothus arborescens Mill., 

Colubrina colubrina Millsp., C. 

ferruginosa Brongn., Rhamnus 

colubrinus Jacq. 

Colubrina berteroana Urb. 


Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Briz. & 

Stem 

Ceanothus reclinatus L'Her., 

Colubrina reclinata (L'Her.) 

Brongn., Rhamnus ellipticus Sw. 

bois de fer, bois fer blanc, bois mabi, bois pele, 

bois pite, capable, gris-gris, poivrier, rougeole (H); 

candel6n, coraz6n de paloma, cuemo de buey, palo 

amargo, trejo (RD); bijaguara, birijagua, fuego (C); 

abejuelo, achiotillo, aguacatillo, catire, greenheart, 

guitanin, mabi, rat6n, sanguinaria, snake-bark, soap 

tree (PR); black velvet, mountain ebony, 

shake-wood, wild ebony (1) 

palo amargo (RD) 

bois de fer, bois mabi, mabi (H); coraz6n de 

paloma (RD); mabf (RD, PR); palo amargo (C, 

RD); carbonero, carbonero de costa, jayajabito (C); 

catire, guitanin, mabf, naked wood, smooth snakebark, 

soldier wood (PR)

290 . Tree Names 

RUBIACEAE 


Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. Chinchona caribae Jacq. 

& Schult. 

Exostema cf. elegans Krug & Urb. 

Exostema ellipticum Griseb. 

Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kentish) E.floribundum (Sw.) Roem. & 

Britten Schult. 

Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. 

Genipa americana L. var. caruto 

(Kunth.) Schumann 

Guettarda elliptica Sw. 

Guettarda multinervis Urb. 

Guettarda ovalifolia Urb. 

Guettarda pungens Urb. 

Guettarda valenzuelana A. Rich. 

Hamelia patens Jacq. 

Hamelia ventricosa Sw: 

Ixoraferrea (Jacq.) Benth. 

Morinda citrifolia L. 

Neolaugeria resinosa (Yahl) 

Nicolson 

Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC. 

Palicourea barbinervia DC. 

F. odoratissima DC. 

Gardenia genipa Sw., Genipa 

americana L., G. caruto Kunth., 

G. pubescens DC. 

G. laevis Urb. 

H. erecta Jacq. 

chandelle anglaise, quinine, quinine des Antilles, 

quinquina des Camibes, quinquina pays (H); 

piiH-piiif, quina criolla, quino (RD); cerillo, 000 

santana, maeagua de costa (C); alborillo, palo de 

quina, prince wood, West Indian quinine bark, . 

yellow torch (PR) 

lirio bobo, guina criolla, piiii-piiii (RD); plateado 

(C, PR); cayateje, chinchona, lirio santana, vigueta 

(C) 

guina criolla, piiii-piiii (RD); bois tabac, 

quina-piton, quinquina camibe (M) 

cafetillo (RD); cafefllo, false coffee (PR); cafe 

cimarron, jl1caro, jujano, nabaco (C); wild coffee (J) 

gene-pas, genipayer (H); genipa. jagua (RD); 

'genipap tree, genipot, mannelade-box genipe (PR) 

cigiiilla, cuero de sabana (C); cucubano liso, 

velvetseed (PR) 

calle noire (H); guayab6n (RD); blackberry, palo de 

cucubano, velvet berry (PR) 

cucubano (PR) 

encinillo, palo de cruz, yaya (RD); roseta (PR) 

cucubano de monte (PR); hueso, icaquillo, 

naranjito, vigueta (C) 

corail, corail rouge, fleur corail (H); buzunuco, 

buzunuvo, desyerba conuco (RD); coraIillo, palo 

coral, ponasf (C); balsamo, scarletbush (PR) 

dajao (RD); cafefllo, palo de dajao, palo de hierro 

(PR); cafe cimarron, cafetillo (C) 

M. macrophylla Desf. bois douleur, douleur, fromagier (H); baga, coca, 

manzanilla, nigua, piiia de puerto (RD); mora de la 

India (C); gardenia, hedionda, morinda, noni, 

painkiller (PR) 

Antirhea resinosa (Vahl) Cook & aquil6n (PR) 

Collins, Laugeria densijlora 

(Griseb.) Hitehc., L resinosa 

Vahl, Stenostomum densijlorum 

Griseb., Terebraria resinosa 

(Vahl) Sprague 

Palicourea crocea (Sw.) Roem..:.& P. brevithyrsa Britton & StandI. 

Schult. . 

Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) 

DC. 

Psychotria alpestris Urb. & Ekm. 


cafetan, cenizoso cimarron, tafetan (RD); tapa 

camino (C) 

ahoguey blanco (RD); tafetan (PR, RD); balsamo 

real, showy palicourea (PR) 

ponasf, tapa camino (C); cachimbo, red palicourea 

(PR); bois cabrit, bois de l'encore, bois fou-fou (M) 

taburete (C)


SPECIES 

Citrus limon (L.) Bunn. 

Citrus maxima O. Burm.) Merr. 

Citrus medica L. 

Citrus reticulata Blanco 

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 

Citrus x paradisi Macf. 

Fortunellajaponica (Thunb.) 

Swingle 

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) 

Swingle' 

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack 

Pilocarpus racemosus Vahi 

RUTACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

C. limonum Risso, C. peretta 

domingensis Tuss., Limon 

vulgaris Mill. 

C. aurantium var. grandis L., C. 

decumana L., C. grandis (L.) 

Osbeck 

C. deliciosa Ten., C. nobilis 

Andr. not Lour. 

Aurantium sinensis Mill., C. 

aurantium var. sinensis L. 

C. maxima var. uvacarpa Merr., 

C. maxima x· C. sinensis 

Citrus japonica Thunb. 

Citrus margarita Lour. 

Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp:, C. 

paniculata L., Murraea exotica 

L. 

Raputia heterophylla Griseb. 

Zanthoxylum anadenium (Urb. & Fagara anadenia Urb. & Ekm. 

Ekm.) Jimenez 


Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum Leonard Fagara bifoliolata Urb.. 

Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. Fagara coriacea Krng & Urb. 

Zanthoxylum elephantiasis Macf. 

Zanthoxylumfagara (L.) Sarg. 

Zanthoxylumflavum Vahl 

Fagaraelephantiasis Krng & 

Urb., Z aromaticum DC. 

Fagarafagara Small., F. 

lentiscifolia HBK., F. pterota L., 

Schinusfagara L., Z pterota 

HBK. 

Fagaraflavum Krug & Urb. 

Zanthoxylum lenticellosum (Urb. & Fagara lenticellosa Urb. & Ekm. 

Ekm.) Jimenez 


.Zanthoxylum leonardii (Urb.) 

Jimenez 


Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) 

DC. 

Fagc:ra leonardii Urb. 

Fagara martinicense Lam., Z 

juglandifolium Willd., Z 

lanceolatum Poir. 

Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.) Fagara monophylla Lam., Z 

P. Wils. ochroleucum DC., Z 

simplicifolium Vah! 

COMMON NAMES 

citronnier, limon france (H); lim6n, limon agrio (C, 

RD, PR); limon persa (C); lemon, limon de cabro 

(PR) 

chadeque (H); pomelo, toronja, toronja de la India 

(RD); pummelo, shaddock (PR) 

citron, citronnier (H); cidra, toronja (RD) 

mandarine (H); naranja mandarina (C, RD, PR); 

mandarine orange, tangerine (PR) 

orange douce (H); naranja de China, naranja dulce 

(C, RD, PR); sweet orange 0, PR) 

pamplemousse (H); grapefruit (PR) 

kumquat redondo (RD); kumquat (US) 

kumquat oval (RD); kumquat (US) 

bun, myrte (H); buis (G, H, M); azahar, azahar de 

.jardfn (RD); boj de Persia, jazmfn de Persia, 

muralla, murallera (C); mirto (C, PR); orange 

jessemine (PR); China-box, mock orange (1) 

aceitillo (PR); bois blanc, flambeau caraibe (G); 

flaboir noir, flambeau (M) 

pine, pine jaune, pinit, pinit jaune (H); ayua, pino 

macho (RD); aytia amarilla, aytia varia, baytia (C) 

pine jaune (H); alba, pino rubial, una de gato (RD); 

amoroso, arona gato, chivo, limoncillo, tomegufn, 

zarza de tomegufn (C) 

espinille, espinillo, misimieu, musimieu (RD); 

aceitillo (C, PR); yellow sanders (PR) 

bois epineux, bois peine, bois pine, bois pine blanc, 

bois pini (H); espino, pino, pino de teta, pino 

macho, pino rubial (RD); aytia (C, PR); aytia 

amarilla, aytia macho, ayuda (C); prickly yellow, 

yellow hercules (J) 

pino, pino de teta, pino macho (RD); enrubio, 

espino rubial, palo rubrio, yellow prickly ash (PR); 

bois noyer, ICpine jaune (G, M)

SPECIES 

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. 

Helicteresjamaicensis Jacq. 

Helicteres semitriloba Bert. 

Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst. 

Sterculiafoetida L. 

STERCULIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

G. bubroma Tuss., G. guazuma 

(L.) Cockerell, G. polybotrya P. 

DC., G. tomentosa HBK., G. 

tomentosa Kunth., G. ulmifolia 

var. tomentosa (HBK.) K. Schum., 

Theobroma guazuma L. 

H. altheaefolia Lam., H. isora 

Desc., H. spiralis Northr. 

Helicteres apetala Jacq., S. 

carthaginensis Cay. 


COMMON NAMES 

bois d'homme, bois d'orme, bois de hetre, orme 

d'Amerique (H); guacima cimaronna, guazuma 

(RD); guacima de caballo (C); guacima (C, RD, 

PR); bastard cedar, West Indian elm 0, PR) 

bois d'homme, coton rat, jeu90n (H); huevo de gato 

(RD, PR); majagiiilla (C); cowbush, cuernecillo 

(PR) 

pistache des Indes (H);' anacahuita (C, RD); 

anacagiiita (C, RD, PR); esterculia (C); Panama 

tree (J, PR) 

anacagiiita, hazel sterculia (PR) 

Theobroma cacao L. subsp. cacao Cacao theobroma Tuss.. cacao (French, Spanish, English); cacaotier, 

cacaoyer (French); cacao amarillo, cacao erlollo, 

cacao forastero, cacao morado (C, RD, PR) 

SPECIES 

Styrax obtusifolills Griseb. 

Styrax ochraceus Urn. 


SPECIES 

Symplocos berteroi (DC.) Miers 


Symplocos domingensis Urn. 


Symplocos hotteana Urn. & Ekm. 


SPECIES 

Cleyera albopunctata (Griseb.) 

Krug& Urn. 

Cleyera bolleana (0. C. Schm.) 

Kobuski 


Cleyera orbicularis Alain 


Cleyera temstroemioides (0. C. 

Schmidt) Kobuski 


STYRACACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

SYMPLOCACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 


S. hyboneura Urb., S. aceituno, moradilla (RD) 

martinicensis var. berterii DC., S. 

'pilifera Urb. 

THEACEAE 


Eroteum albopunctatum (Griseb.) copey vera (C) 

Britt., Eurya albopunctata 

Melchior, Temstroemia 

albopunctata Griseb. 

Eurya bolleana O. C. Schm., 

Freziera bolleana Kobuski 

Ellrya temstroemioides O. C. 

Schm., Freziera ternstroemioides . 

Kobuski


SPECIES 

Cleyera vaccinioides (0. C. 

Schmidt) Kobuski 


Laplacea alpestris (Krug & Urb.) 

Dyer 


Laplacea cymatoneura Urb. 


Laplacea portoricensis (Krug & 

Urb.) Dyer 

Temstroemia barkeri Elem. & 

Schm. 


Temstroemia glandulosa Alain 


THEACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Eurya vaccinioides O. C. Schm., 

Freziera vaccinioides Kobuski 

Haemocharis alpestris Krug & 

Urb., Wikstroemia alpestris Blake 

Haemocharis portoricensis Krug 

& Urb., Wikstroemia 

portoricensis (Krug & Urb.) 

Blake 

Temstroemia peduncularis A. DC. Taonabo peduncularis (DC.) 

Britton, Temstroemia 

, meridionalis Sw., T. obovalis A. 

Rich. 

Temstroemia selleana Elem. & 

Schm. 


SPECIES 

Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm. 


Jacquinia arborea Vahl 

Jacquinia berterii Spreng. 

Jacquinia comosa Urb. & Ekm. 


Jacquinia keyensis Mez 

SPECIES 

THEOPHRASTACEAE 

COMMON NAMES 

bois d'Inde manun, bois d'ine manun (H); 

botoncillo (RD); copey vera (C); bois vert, cacao 

de montagne (G, M) 


Chrysophyllum barbasco Loeft., 

J. armillaris Jacq., J. armillaris 

arborea Griseb., J. barbasco Mez 

J. aculeata (L.) Mez., J. berterii 

var. acutifolia Griseb., J. berterii 

var. angustior Urb., J. berterii 

var. portoricensis Urb., J. berterii 

var. retusa Urb., J. sphaeroidea 

Urb. 

THYMELIACEAE 

Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) 1. R. Daphne tinifolia Sw., 

Johnst. ssp. cumingii (Meissn.) Daphnopsis americana ssp. 

NevI. tinifolia NevI., D. tinifolia Sw., 

Laurus americanus Mill. 

bois jean louis, grand coquemollier, langue aboeuf 

(H) 

azucares, barbasco (PR) 

bois bande, bois cassave (H); palo de cruz (RD); 

espuela de caballero de pinar (C); ironwood, jue 

bush, sea myrtle (US) 


miillaut (H); guacacoa, guacacoa baria (C); 

emajagua de sierra, maho, majagua de sierra (PR)

SPECIES 

Daphnopsis crassifolia (Poir.) 

Meissn. 


THYMELIACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

Daphne crassifolia Poir., 

Daphnopsis crassifolia var. 

eggersii Krug & Urb., 

Hyptiodaphne crassifolia Urb., 

H. crassifolia var. eggersii Urb. 

Daphnopsis cuneata (Griseb.) D. unijlora Urb, & Ekm. 

Radlk. ssp. unijlora (Urb. & Ekrn.) 

NevI. 


Daphnopsis ekmanii Domke 


Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash Daphne lagetto Sw., L lintearia 

Lam. 

SPECIES 

Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. 

Carpodiptera hexaptera Urb. & 

Ekrn. 


Carpodiptera simonis Urb. 


SPECIES 

Amoelocera cubensis Griseb. 

Celtis trinervia Lam. 

Phyllostylon brasiliense Cap. 

Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & 

Schult.) Blume 

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume 

TILIACEAE 


COMMON NAMES 

ayay, guanantesi, guarantel, hayao, jayao (RD) 

bois dentelle, daguille, laget (H); daguilla, palo de 

encaje (RD); daguilla comun, daguilla de lorna, 

guanilla (C); lagetto (J) 


Berrya cubensis G. Maza bois blanc, bois d'ortie, bois d'ortie blanche, bois 

d'ortie rouge, feuil1es d'ortie, ortie blanche (H); 

majagua de Cuba, majagiiilla (C) 

ULMACEAE 

bois d'ortie, bois d'ortie rouge (H) 


bois blanc grandes feuilles (H); hueso, jatia blanca, 

purio (C) 

P. rhamnoides Taub., 

Samaroceltis rhamnoides Poiss. 

Celtis lamarkiana R. & Sch:, C. 

lima Lam., T.lima Hitch. 

Celtis micranthus Sw., C. rugosa 

Willd., Sponia canescens HBK., 

S. micrantha Denc. 

URTICACEAE 

bois feuilles blanches, bois raie (H); amarguil1o, 

anisillo, lejfo, palo amargo (RD); gageda de 

gallina, guisacil10 (C); almez, guacimil1a (PR) 

bois blanc (H); baitoa (RD); jatfa (C); San 

Domingo boxwood, West Indian boxwood (PR, 

US) 

mahaut piment (H); majagua, memiso, memizo 

cimarr6n, memizo de majagua (RD); palo de 

cabril1a, West Indian trema (PRj; capulf cimarr6n, 

guasimil1a (C) 

bois de soie (H); memiso, memiso de paloma, 

memizo cimarr6n (RD); capulf cimarr6n, 

guacimil1a, guacimilla boba (C); cabra, palo de 

cabra (PR); Florida trema (US) 

SPECIES 


Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. feuilles enragees, maman guepes (H); ortiga brava, 

stinging nettle (PR)


SPECIES 

Avicennia germinans (L.) L. 

Citharexylum caudatum L. 

Citharexylumfruticosum L. 

Comutia pyramidata L. 

Duranta repens L. 

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 

Petitia domingensis Jacq. 

Tectona grandis L. f. 

Vitex agnus-castus L. 

Vitex divaricata Sw. 

Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss. 

VERBENACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

A. marina (Forsk.)Vierh., A. 

nitida Jacq. 

COMMON NAMES 

manglier noir, paletuvier (H); mangle prieto (RD); 

black mangrove, mangle negro, salado, siete-cueros 

(PR) 

cafe marron, cafe sauvage (H); cafe cimarrOn, penda 

(RD); collarete, penda (C); pendula de sierra (PR); 

oval-leaved fiddlewood (J) 

cafe marron, grenade marron, grenarde, jijirl 

marron, madame claude, pindoula (H); cafe 

cimarrOn, pendula (RD); canilla de venado, guayo 

blanco (C); penda (C, RD); balsamo, palo de 

guitarra (PR) 

indigotier (H); azulejo, palo de vidrio (RD); salvilla 

(C) 

D. erecta L., D. plumieri Jacq. boisjambette, mai's bouilli (H); adonis (RD); 

azota-caballo, pigeon-berry, skyflower (PR); celosa 

(C). 

G. rheedii Hook., Premna gmelina, melina (H, RD); white teak (India) 

latifolia Roxb. var. mucronata 

Auct., not C. B. Clarke 

bois d'ortie, chene calebassier (H); capa blanco, 

capa de sabana, capa sabanero (RD); fiddlewood 

(J); guayo prieto (C) 

T. theka Lour., Theka grandis (L. teck (H); teca (RD); teak (PR) 

f.) Lam. 

malagueta, pimienta de Guinea, yerba de la suerte, 

yerba luisa (RD); chaste tree, chencherenche, 

sauzgatillo (PR) 

V. multiflora Sw. bois Iezard (H); higiierillo, p6ndula, p6ndula blanca, 

whitefiddlewood (PR); of6n criollo, roble de olor, 

roble guayo (C) 

bois de savane, bois savane, gris-gris (H); matta 

becero, malagueta, palo perriro (RD); black 

fiddlewood, lizard wood (1); chicharr6n (C) 

NB: Judd (1987) describes 2 shrub species ofLantana that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth 

(1964). These species are not listed. . 

SPECIES 

Guaiacum officinale L. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 

SYNONYMS 

[Also spelled Guajacum.] 

COMMON NAMES 

arbre de vie, bois saint, gai'ac, gafuc batard, galac 

franc, gai'ac male, gai'ac officinal (H); guayacan (C, 

RD, PR); palo santo (C); guayaco,lignum vitae 

(PR) 

Guaiacum sanctum L. Guajacum guatemalense PI. [Also bois saint, gai'ac blitard, gai'ac blanc, gai'ac cardasse, 

spelled Guajacum.] galac femelle (H); guayacan bastardo (RD); vera 

(C, RD); guayacancillo (C, RD, PR); guayacan 

blanco (C, PR); hollywood lignum vitae (PR)

306 Creole Names 

CREOLE NAME 

bwadom 

bwadom 

bwadom 

bwadom 

bwadoti 

bwadoti 

bwadoti blan 

bwadoti wouj 

bwadoule 

bwaebenn 

bwaebenn 

bwaekos 

bwafe 

bwafe 

bwa fe blan 

bwafemawon 

bwafetid 

bwa fey blanch 

bwafoumi 

bwa fwenn 

bwagal 

bwagason 

bwagrenn 

bwagrenn 

bwa grenn nwa 

bwa grenn nwa 

bwagrigri 

bwa grigri 

bwaivran 

bwajamMt 

bwa jan louwi 

bwajon 

bwajonis 

bwaka 

-bwakabrit 

bwakabrit 

bwa kachiman 

bwakajou 

bwakaka 

•• B •• 

SPECIES 

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. 

Helicteresjamaicensis Jacq. 


Samyda dodecandra Jacq. 

Carpodiptera spp. 



Carpodiptera spp. 


Pictetia spinifolia (DesY.) Urban 

Reynosia uncinata Urn. 


Colubrina spp. 

Krugiodendronferreum (VahI) Urn. 

Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. 

Reynosia uncinata Urb. 


Celtis trinervia Lam. 

Maytenus buxifolia (A Rich.) Griseb. 

Simarouba spp. 


Euphorbia petiolaris Sims. 

Croton glabellus L. 

Illicium ekmanii AC. Smith 

Matayba spp. 

Illicium ekmanii AC. Smith 

Matayba spp. 

Buchenavia capitata (VahI) Eichl. 

Bucida buceras L. 

Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. 


Clavija domingensis Urn. & Ekm. 

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. 

Bocconiafrutescens L. 

Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle 

Psychotria berteriana DC. 

Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Bameby 

Annona spp. 

Eugenia odorata Berg 

Bunchosia glandulosa (Cay.) L.C. Rich 

FAMILY 

Sterculiaceae 

Sterculiaceae 

Elaeocarpaceae 

FIacourtiaceae 

Tiliaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Tiliaceae 

Tiliaceae 

Rubiaceae 

Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

Rhmanaceae 


Rhamnaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

Rhmanaceae 

Rhmanaceae 

Capparaceae 

Ulmaceae 

Celastraceae . 

Simaroubaceae 


Euphorniaceae 

Euphorniaceae 

Illiciaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Dliciaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Combretaceae 

Combretaceae 


Verbenaceae 

Theophrastaceae 

Moraceae 

Papayeraceae 

Fabaceae (=LegUminosae) 

Rubiaceae 


Annonaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Malpighiaceae

CREOLE NAME 

bwa kaka 

bwakalson 

bwa}


CREOLE NAME 

bwa let femel 

bwaletmal 

bwa letel 

bwa leza 

bwa liben 

bwa loray 

bwamabel 

bwamabi 

bwa mabre 

bwamadam 

bwamago 

bwamago 

bwa majo 

bwamalodan 

bwamawon 

bwameriz 

bwa.milat 

bwamilat 

bwamilat 

bwamilet 

bwamit 

bwa mOtel 

bwa motel vre 

bwa moutad 

bwa nago 

bwa nago 

bwa nannon 

bwa nef 

bwa neframo 

bwa neg 

bwa neges 

bwa neges 

bwanwa 

bwanwa 

bwanwa 

bwa nwa 

bwa nwayo 

bwapal 

bwapal 

•• B •• 

SPECIES 

Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. 

Tabernaemontana citrifolia L. 

Psychotria nutans Sw. 

Vitex divaricata Sw. 

Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb. var. wrightii Pilger 

Trichilia havanensis Jacq. 

Brunellia comocladiifolia H. & B. ssp. domingensis Cuatr. 

Colubrina spp. 

Gymnanthes lucida Sw. 


Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eich!. 



Alchornea latifolia Sw. 

Trichilia aquifolia P. Wils. 

Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. 

Metopium spp. 

Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh 

. Myrciariajloribunda (West ex Willd.) Berg 

Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. 

Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban 

Erythrina spp. 

Erythrina variegata L. 

Capparisjlexuosa (L.) L. 

Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. 

Tabebuia acrophylla (Urb.) Britt. 

Ormosia krugii Urban 

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban 

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban 

Allophylus rigidus Sw. 

Casearia ilicifolia Vent. 

Dendropanax spp. 

Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. 

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 

Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hems!. ' 


Guatteria blainii (Griseb.) Urb. 


Clusia spp. 


FAMILY 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Rubiaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Podocarpaceae 

Meliaceae 

Cunoniaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Combretaceae 

Combretaceae 

Piperaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Meliaceae 

Moraceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Myrtaceae. 



Capparaceae 


Bignoniaceae 


Moraceae 

Moraceae 

Sapindaceae 

Flacourtiaceae 

Araliaceae 

Simaroubaceae 


Lauraceae 

Boraginaceae 

Annonaceae 

Piperaceae 

Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae) 

Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)

310 .Creole Names 

CREOLE NAME 

bwa senegal 

bwa sezisman 

bwa sezisman 

bwasip 

bwasip 

bwasiwo 

bwasoumi 

bwaswa 

bwaswa 

bwa swa 

bwa swa mawon 

bwa tanis wouj 

bwa ti fayi 

bwa ti let 

bwa ti ley 

bwa ti fey , 

bwa ti gason 

bwa ti gason 

bwa tramble 

bwa tramble 

bwa twompet 

bwavach 

bwa velou 

bwawil 

bwa wouj 

bwa WQZ 

bwa WQZ 

bwazed 

bwa zet 

bwis 

bwis beni 

bwis sab 

•• B •• 

SPECIES 

Capparis spp. 

Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. 

Thevetia peruviana (pers.) K. Schum. 

Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw. 

Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt. 


Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham. 

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. 


Trema micrantha (L.) Blume 


Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. 

Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg. 



Eugenia spp. 

Picramnia pentandra Sw. 

Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq. 

Ardisia spp. 

Schefflera spp. 

Cecropia peltata L. 

Alchomea latifolia Sw. 

Capparisferruginea L. 

Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq. 


Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Oken 

Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb. 

Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M.C. Johnst.) M.C. Johnst. 

Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M.C. Johnst.) M.C. Johnst. 


Polygala penaea L. 

Hura crepitans L. 

FAMILY 

Capparaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Piperaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Asclepiadaceae 


Ulmaceae 



Buxaceae 

Buxaceae 

Buxaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Simaroubaceae 

Celastraceae 

Myrsinaceae 

Araliaceae 

Cecropiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Capparaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Meliaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Rubiaceae 

Polygalaceae 

Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAME 

chadek 

chambron 

chandel anglez 

chandeI blan 

chandel mawon 

chandel mawon 

chapelet 

chapo kare 

chatag 

chatanye 

chatanye 

chatanye mawon 

chatanye ti ley 

chenn 

chenn dostra.li 

chenn fran 

chenn kalbas 

chenn kapawo 

chenn nwa 

chenn nwa 

chenn nwa 

chenn peyi 

chevalye 

chibou 

chik 

chiot 

choublak 

COMMON NAME 

dagwi 

dalmag 

dalmari 

damag 

damari 

dan chen blan . 

dat 

dejimeI 

•• c •• 

SPECIES 

Citrus maxima (1. Bunn.) Merr. 

Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC. 

Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. 

Amyris elemifera L. 

Amyris elemifera L. 

Hypelate trifoliata Sw. 

Calyptronoma plumeriana (Martius) Lourteig 

Sloanea spp. 

Cupania americana L. 

Cupania americana L. 

Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk. 

Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk. 

Sloanea ilicifolia Urb. 

Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. 

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. 








Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth. 



Bixa orellana L. 

.. 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 

][) 

SPECIES 

Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash 

Calophyllum calaba L. 




Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S. 

Phoenix dactylifera L. 

Bauhinia monandra.Kurz. 

•• 

Creole Names 311 

FAMILY 

Rutaceae 


Rubiaceae 

Rutaceae 

Rutaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Arecaceae (=Palmae) 


. Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 


Bignoniaceae 

Proteaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Burseraceae 

Burseraceae 

Bixaceae 

Malvaceae 

FAMILY 

Thymeliaceae 





Boraginaceae 




•• D •• 

COMMON NAME SPECIES 

de sezon Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch 

dehorn Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch 

delen Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. leucocephala 

delen etranje Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose) S. 

Zarate 

divi divi Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. 

do jilet Comocladia cuneata Britt. 

doliv Moringa oleifera Lam. 

doliv Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. 

doliv Simarouba glauca DC var. latifolia Cronq. 

doliv Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

doliv bata Sontia daphnoides L. 

dombou Trichilia paUida Sw. 

doti blanch Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. 

doti bwa blan Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb. 

doule Morinda citrifolia L. 

dyare Copemicia berteroana Becc. 

FAMILY 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 




Anacardiaceae 

Moringaceae 

Lauraceae 

Simaroubaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Myoporaceae 

Meliaceae 

Tiliaceae 

Tiliaceae 

Rubiaceae 


COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY 

ebenn 

Diospyros reyoluta Poir. 

Ebenaceae 

ebenn 

Roche/ortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. 

Boraginaceae 

ebenn nwa 

Roche/ortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. 

Boraginaceae 

endigo 

Cornutia pyramidata L. 

Verbenaceae 

ene 

Lawsonia inermis L. 

Lythraceae 

letpim 

Croton lucidus L. 

Euphorbiaceae 

. leyanraje 

Urera baccifera (L.) qaud. 

Urticaceae 

ley be 

Zanthoxylum pimpineUoides (Lam.) DC. 

Rutaceae 

ley dayiti 

Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa 

Malvaceae 

ley doti 


Tiliaceae 

ley doule 

Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht. 

Solanaceae 

ley grenn 

Ricinus communis L. 

Euphorbiaceae 

ley kanel 

Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze 

Myrsinaceae 

. ley krapo 

Alchornea lati/olia Sw. 

Euphorbiaceae 

ley lawouziye Senna angustiliqua (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby var. angustiliqua Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

ley medsen 


Euphorbiaceae 

ley nwayo 


Piperaceae 

ley nwayo peyi Piper amalago L. 

Piperaceae

COMMON NAME 

fey parese 

fey senjan 

fey sezi 

fey sezisman 

fey siwo 

fey wou 

fig 

figbannann 

fig frans 

figmi 

figye 

figye 

figyemodi 

figye modi mawon 

figye wouj 

filao 

filiye 

flambwayan 

flambwayan ble 

fle dan fie blanch 

fie dantisyon 

fiejalouzi 

fie koray 

fie lila 

fiemahodem 

fie senpie 

fie siwo 

fo jirOf 

fo kenkena 

fo salsparey 

franchipayn 

franjipani 

franjipann 

franjipann blanch 

franjipanye 

franjipanye blan 

franjipanye mawon 

franjipanye pikan 

SPECIES 

Polyscias spp. 

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch 

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 



llex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder 

Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA' 

Musa acuminatdColla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA' 

Ficus carica L. 

Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA' 

Clusia minor L. 

Ficus spp. 

CllIsia spp. 

Clusia spp. 

Ficus trigonata L. 

Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. & G. Forst. 


Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. 

Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don 




Lawsonia inemzis L. ' 


Melia azedarach L. 


Erythrina variegata L. 

Tecoma stans (L.) HBK. 

Sambucus spp. 

Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa 

Croton eluteria (L.) Sw. 

Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. 

Plumeria obtusa L. 

Cllbanthus umbelliformis Urb. & Ekm. 

Pillmeria spp. 

Plllllleria sllbsessilis A. DC. 

Pillmeria spp. 

Plllllleria obtllsa L. 

PllIl/leria spp. 

Plullleria tuberculata Lodd. 


FAMILY 

Araliaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Piperaceae 

Aquifoliaceae 

Musaceae 

Musaceae 

Moraceae 

Musaceae 


Moraceae 



Moraceae 

Casuarinaceae 

Boraginaceae 


Bignoniaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Lythraceae 

Rubiaceae 

Meliaceae 

Bombacaceae 


Bignoniaceae 

Adoxaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Araliaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Apocynaccae 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynaceae



franjipanye sovaj Plumeria alba L. 

Apocynaceae 

franjipanye woz Plumeria rubra L. 

Apocynaceae 

fransilad 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 


fransilad fie jon Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 


fransilad fie wouj Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 


fransilann 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 


frasoyn 

Plumeria obtusa L. 

Apocynaceae 

fwenn 

Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. 

Simaroubaceae 

fwenn 

Simarouba spp. 

Simaroubaceae 

fwenn etranje 

Simarouba berteroana Krug & Urb. 

Simaroubaceae 

fwomaje 


Bombacaceae 

fwomaje 


Rubiaceae 

COMMON NAME 

gad mezon 

galba 

galgal 

galgal 

galgal 

galgal· 

galgal 

galipo 

gamel 

gayak 

gayak bata 

gayak blan 

gayak femel 

gayak fran 

gayak kadas 

gayakmal 

gege 

gom anime 

gombom 

gomye 

gomye blan 

gomye sovaj 

gomye wouj 

goo fwenn 

•• G •• 

SPECIES 

Euphorbia tirucalli L. 


Byra buxifolia (MuIT.) Urb. 

Pictetia spp. 

Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. 


Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. 

Hypelate trifoliata Sw. 

Coccoloba pubescens L. 


Guaiacum spp. 

Guaiacum sanctum L. 










Trichilia hirta L. 



FAMILY 

Euphorbiaceae 





Rhmanaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Polyganaceae 

Zygophyllaceae 







Combretaceae 


Piperaceae 

Burseraceae 

Burseraceae 

Meliaceae 

Burseraceae 

Simaroubaceae

COMMON NAME 

gorik 

gran bOrn 

gran ley 

gran kaymit 

gran kbkmolye 

gran maho 

. gran maho 

gran medsinye 

gran monben 

gran sapoti 

gratgal 

gratgal 

gratgal 

gratigal 

gratigal 

grenad 

grenad mawon 

grenad mawon 

grenadya 

grenayit 

grenn delen 

grenn delen peyi 

grenn db 

grenn kanik 

grennkinik 

grenn kininn 

grenn plat 

grevilya 

grigri 

grigri 

grigri 

grigri 

grigri jon 

grigri mbn 

grigri sovaj 

gwanegoul 

gwanel 

gwann 

gwatapana 

gwatapana 

•• G •• 

SPECIES 



Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. 

Chrysophyllum cainito L. 

Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm. 

Hibiscus tj[iaceus L. 



Spondias mombin L. 

Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn 

Pictetia aculeata (Vahl) Urban 


Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb. 

Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urban 


Punica granatum L. 

Adelia ricinella L. 



Sapindus saponaria L. 



Alchomea latifolia Sw. 




Crudia spicata (AubI.) Willd. 

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. 

Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI. 


Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertner 

Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss. 

Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI. 



Albizia saman (1acq.) F. Muell. 

Meliosma impressa Krug & Urb. 

Coccothrinax spp. 

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. 

Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC. 

Creole Names J1S 

FAMILY 

Simaroubaceae 

Piperaceae 

Lauraceae 

Sapotaceae 

Theophrastaceae 

Malvaceae 

Malvaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Sapotaceae 


Rhamnaceae 

Boraginaceae 


Rhmanaceae 

Punicaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Punicaceae 

Sapindaceae 



Euphorbiaceae 

Sapindaceae 




Proteaceae 

Combretaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

Combretaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Combretaceae 

Combretaceae 

Rhamnaceae 


Sabiaceae 




COMMON NAME 

kachiman zombi 

kafe 

kafejon 

kafe mawon 

kafe mawon 

. kafe mawon 

kafe mawon 

kafe mawon 

kafe sovaj 

kajou 

kajou 

kajou etranje 

kajou femel 

kajou peyi 

kajou planch 

kajou soyaj 

kajou venezwela 

kaka chen 

kakapoul 

kakach 

kakawo 

kakon mawon 

kal nwa 

kalbas 

kalbas mawon 

kalbas mawon 

kalbas zombi 

kaliandra 

kaliptis 

kalmouk 

kamf 

karnil 

kampech 

kampech mawon 

kandelab 

kandelon 

kanel 

kanel 

kanel 

kane! abey 

•• K •• 

SPECIES 

Annona rosei Safford 

Coffea arabica L. 

Allophylus occidentalis (Sw.) Radlk. 

Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw. 

Bourreria succulenta Jacq. 

Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urb. 

Citharexylum spp. 

Picramnia pentandra Sw. 

Citharexylum caudatum L. 

Anacardium occidentale L. 

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. 

Swietenia macrophylla G. King 


Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. 


Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. 

Swietenia macrophylla G. King 


Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC. 


Theobroma cacao L. 


Guettarda multinervis Urb. 

Crescentia cujete L. 

Crescentia linearifolia Miers 

Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A. Gentry 

Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A. Gentry 

Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner 

Eucalyptus spp. 

Citrus limetta Risso 

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. 


Haematoxylon spp. 


Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

Acacia scleroxyla Tuss. 


Cinnamomum verum J. S. Pres!' 

Ocotea wrightii (Meissn.) Mez 

Myrica cerifera L. 


FAMILY 

Annonaceae 

Rubiaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Boraginaceae 


Verbenaceae 

Simaroubaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Meliaceae 

Meliaceae 

Meliaceae 

Meliaceae 

Meliaceae 

Celastraceae 

Meliaceae 

Capparaceae 

Melastomaceae 

Capparaceae 

Sterculiaceae 


Rubiaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Bignoniaceae 


Myrtaceae 

Rutaceae 

Lauraceae 

Canellaceae 



Euphorbiaceae 


Canellaceae 

Lauraceae 

Lauraceae 

Myricaceae


COMMON NAME 

kanel dous 

kanel mawon 

kanel miyel 

kanel pwavre 

kanik 

kanik 

kanil 

kapab 

kapab 

.kapitenn 

kapris 

karakole 

karakte dezbm 

kararnbola 

kararnbouba 

kas 

kas baton 

kas dou 

kas mawon 

kas panybl 

kase rach 

kaserach 

kase raj 

kase sek 

kaskari 

kasya 

katchemen 

katast 

katen 

katie 

kawos 

kawos etranje 

kawotchou 

kawotchou 

kawoziye 

kawoziye 

kayman 

kayman fran 

kaymit 

kaymit fey db 

•• K •• 

SPECIES 


Ocotea foeniculacea Mez 



Caesalpinia spp. 





Malpighia spp. 

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. 

Pouteria dictyoneura (Griseb.) Radlk. ssp.fuertesii (Urb.) Cronq. 

Bauhinia m01iandra Kurz. 


Acacia macracantha H.&B. ex Willd. 

Cassia spp. 

Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Bameby 

Cassia fistula L. 

Senna spp. 

Cassia spp. 

Pera bumeliifolia Griseb. 

Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb. 

Pera bumeliifolia Griseb. 

Samyda dodecandra Jacq. 

Croton eluteria (L.) Sw. 

Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby 

Ardisia angustata Urb. 

Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) Britton & Rose 

Castanea sativa Mill. 

Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. 

Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret 


Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Homem. 

Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell. Arg. 



Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. 

Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) L.C. Rich. 

Chrysophyllum spp. 


FAMILY 

Myricaceae 

Lauraceae 

Myricaceae 

Canellaceae 

Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)' 

Sapindaceae 

Canellaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Celastraceae 

Malpighiaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Sapotaceae 


Oxalidaceae 







Euphorbiaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 


Euphorbiaceae 

Fabaceae (=Leguminosae). 

Myrsinaceae 

Cactaceae 

Fagaceae 




Moraceae 

Euphorbiaceae 



Fabaceae (=Leguniinosae) 

Malpighiaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae

COMMON NAME 

kaymit fran 

kaymit jaden 

kaymit mawon 

kaymit sovaj 

kaypon 

kazbwina 

kenep 

kenep chinwa 

kenep fwi 

kenep mal 

kenep mawon 

kenkena etranje 

kenkena peyi 

kimak 

kinik 

kinikjon 

kininn 

kiratela 

kloujirOf 

kbdon 

kbk 

kbkmbl 

kbkshango 

kbkeliko 

koko ginen 

koko makak 

koko makak 

kokoye 

kokoye misket 

kokoye nenn 

kokoye panyol 

kokoye tres pikos 

kola 

. koleg 

kolorad 

kolorad 

kolye 

koma 

koma 

•• K •• 


SPECIES 

FAMILY 


Sapotaceae 


Sapotaceae 

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. var. oliviforme 

Sapotaceae 

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. var. oliviforme 

Sapotaceae 

Chionanthus domingensis Lam. 

Oleaceae 

Casuarina spp. 

Casuarinaceae 

Annona spp. 

Annonaceae 

Melicoccus bijugatus iacq. 

Sapindaceae 

Litchi chinensis Sonn. 

Sapindaceae 

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. 

Sapindaceae 

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. 

Sapindaceae 

Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. 

Sapindaceae 

Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq. 

Simaroubaceae 


Rubiaceae 

Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. 

Rubiaceae 






Rubiaceae 

Curatella americana L. 

Dilleniaceae 


Myrtaceae 





Ziziphus spp. 

Rhamnaceae 

Lobelia assurgens L. 

Campanulaceae 

Cordia sebestena L. 

Boraginaceae 

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. 


Bactris plumeriana Mart. 


Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta 




Cocos nucifera L. 'Jamaica Tall' 


Cocos nucifera L. 'Malayan Dwarf 


Cocos nucifera L. 'Panama Tall' 


Cocos nucifera L. 'Jamaica Tall' 


Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & Endl. 

Sterculiaceae 

Bauhinia divaricata L. 


Bombacopsis emarginata (A. Rich.) A. Robyns 

Bombacaceae 

Pachira aquatica Aubl. 

Bombacaceae 

Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb. 


Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae 

Meliosma abbreviata Urb. 

Sabiaceae


COMMON NAME 

koma 

koma blan 

komafran 

komajbn 

koma wouj 

kbmiye 

kbnichon peyi 

koray 

koray wouj 

kotel 

kotlet 

koton fie 

koton maho 

koton mawon 

koton rat 

koton swa 

koton swa 

koubari 

koubari 

kouronn krist 

kowos 

kowosol 

kowosol mawon 

kowosbl zombi 

koynmol 

krev rash 

kris marinn 

kriz marinn 

krbk 

krbk chen 

krbk chen 

krbk chen 

krbk souri 

kwokwo 

kwokwo ginen 

kwoton 

.'. K •• 

SPECIES 

FAMILY 

Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. 


Mastichodendronfoetidissimum ,(Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.Joetidissimum Sapotaceae 

Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae 

Meliosma abbreviata Drb. 

Sabiaceae 


Sapotaceae 

Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach 

Melastomataceae 


Oxalidaceae 


Rubiaceae 


Rubiaceae . 

Pera glomerata Drb. 

Euphorbiaceae 

Drypetes spp. 

Euphorbiaceae 

Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Drb. 

Bombacaceae 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 

Malvaceae 

Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq. 

Sterculiaceae 

Calotropis procera (Ail.) R. Br. 

Asclepiadaceae 

Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Drb. 

Bombacaceae 

Cynometra americana Vogel 




Euphorbia milii Ch. des Moulins 

Euphorbiaceae 

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. 


Annona muricata L. 

Annonaceae 

Annona glabra L. 

Annonaceae 

Annona montana Macf. 

Annonaceae 

Ziziphus rignonii Delp. 

Rhamnaceae 

Ziziphus rhodoxylon Drb. 

Suriana maritima L. 

Rhamnaceae 


Simaroubaceae 

Ximenia americana L. 

Olacaceae 


Boraginaceae 

Pisonia aculeata L. 

Nyctaginaceae 

Randia aculeata L. 

Rubiaceae 

Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. 

Rubiaceae 


. Arecaceae (=Palmae) 



Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume 

Euphorbiaceae


•• JL •• 


lila Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae 

lila etranje Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

lila nwi Cestrum nocturnum L. Solanaceae 

limon frans Citrus limon (L.) Bunn. Rutaceae 

lisina Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

Zarate 

lisina ti fey Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. susbsp. diversifolia Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

litchi Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae 

lokwat Eriobotryajaponica (Thunb.) Lind!. Rosaceae 

lombay /lex krugiana Loes. Aquifoliaceae 

long bab Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Moraceae . 

lorie Cinnamomum spp. Lauraceae 

lorie Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Lauraceae 

lorie Ocotea spp. Lauraceae 

lorie blan Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae 

lorie blan Ocotea spp. Lauraceae 

lorie gep Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. Lauraceae 

lorie gran fey Ocotea globosa (Aublet) Schlechf & Cham. Lauraceae 

lorie jaden Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae 

lorie jon Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Lauraceae 

lorie jon Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) Howard Lauraceae 

lorie kane! Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans Lauraceae 

lorie piant Ocoteafloribunda (Sw.) Mez Lauraceae 

lorie ti fey Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans Lauraceae 

lorie twopikal .Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae 

lorie woz Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.) Bercht. & Pres!. Lauraceae 

lorie woz Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae 

lorie woz Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez Lauraceae 

losanj Pithecellobium lentiscifolium (A. Rich.) Co Wr. ex Sauv. .Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) 

Iwisin mo Wallenia laurifolia (Jacq.) Sw. Myrsinaceae 

•• M •• 


mabi Colubrinaelliptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stern Rharnnaceae 

machandez Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae 

machanwaz Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae 

madam jan Aspidosperma cuspa (HBK.) Blake & Pittier Apocynaceae 

madamklbd Citharexylumfruticosum L. Verbenaceae

•• M •• 


madam nayiz Parkinsonia aculeata L. 

madam yas Parkinsonia aculeata L. 

madlenn Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp.leucocephala 

magerit Annona urbaniana R.E. Fries 

maget Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb. 

maget Eugenia maleolens Pers. 

maget Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urban 

maget Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain 

maget Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. 

maget Psidium dictyophyllum Urb. & Elan. 

maho Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.R. Johnst. ssp. cumingii 

(Meissn.) NevI. 

maho Hibiscus spp. 

maho bIe Hibiscus elatus Sw. 

maho fran Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 

maho pirnan Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume 

mahodem Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. 

makabi Ximenia americana L. 

makabi Ziziphus rignonii Delp. 

makata Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 

makoutouka Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore 

makrio Meeranium spp. 

makrio Miconia spp. 

maksmilyen Hippomane mancinella L. 

maksmiye Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

malaget Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb. 

malaget Eugenia maleolens Pers. 

malaget Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urban 

malaget Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain 

maiagN Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. 

malaget Psidium dictyophyllum Urb. & Elan. 

mamiye mawon Annona glabra L. 

mancheni Hippomane mancinella L. 

mancheni Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

manchinil Hippomane mancinella L. 

mandaren Citrus reticulata Blanco 

mang Avicennia germinans (L.) L. 

mang Conocarpus erectus L. 

rnang wguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f. 


FAMILY 




Annonaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Thymelaeaceae 

Malvaceae 

Malvaceae 

Malvaceae 

Ulmaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Olacaceae 

Rhamnaceae 


Palmaceae 

Melastomataceae 

Me1astomataceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Annonaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Rutaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Combretaceae 

Combretaceae


COMMON NAME 

mang 

mang 

mang 

mang blan 

mang blan 

mang chandeI 

mangkabrit 

mangmawon 

mangnwa 

mang nwa 

mang nwa 

mangti ley 

mangwouj 

mangiye 

mangiye 

mangliye 

mangliye 

mangliye 

mangliye 

mango 

mangostinn 

manje kabrit 

manrnan gep 

manseniye 

manseniye 

mapou 

mapou blan 

mapou etranje 

rnapou gri 

rnapoukoton 

rnapou zombi 

marijinn 

marijon 

maskarit 

maskristi 

maskriti 

matouren 

mayakayul 

mayi bouyi 

•• M •• 

SPECIES 

Mangifera indica L. 

Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. 

Rhizophora mangle L. 

Bontia daphnoides L. 

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f. 





Conocarpus erectus L. 


Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Cunn.) Sherff 



Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 


Conacarpus erectus L. 

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f. 

Rhizaphora mangle L. 


Garcinia mangostana L. 

Senna atomaria (L.) Iiwin & Barneby 

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. 

Hippomane mancinella L. 

Metopium spp. 


Neobuchia paulinae Urb. 

Adansonia digitata L. 

Bourreria succulenta Jacq. 


Adansonia digitata L. 

Trichilia spp. 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. leucocephala 




Bauhinia divaricata L. 

Pisonia aculeata L. 


FAMILY 

Anacardiaceae 

Myrsinaceae 

Rhizophoraceae 

Myoporaceae 

Combretaceae 


Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)· 

Myoporaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Combretaceae 


Sapindaceae 


Anacardiaceae 

Rosaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Combretaceae 

Combretaceae 


Anacardiaceae 



Urticaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Meliaceae 


Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 


Nyctaginaceae 

Verbenaceae

COMMON NAME 

mayn lame 

medsinye 

medsinye beni 

medsinye gran fey 

medsinye miltifid 

medsinye panyol 

melalika 

meris 

meriz 

merizye 

mevis 

mi 

milat 

miskad 

miskadye 

mit 

mit 

mit fey lorie 

mit fey lorie 

mit fey sitwon 

miwobalann 

monben 

monben bata 

monben bata 

monben fran 

monbenjon 

monben panyol 

morepa 

motel 

motel debou 

motel etranje 

moureye pikan 

mpanash 


Jatropha spp. 



Jatropha multifida L. 


•• M •• 

SPECIES 

Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake 

Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. 

Eugenia spp. 

Eugenia spp. 


Morus nigra L. 

Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

Myristicafragrans.Houtt. 

Myristicafragrans Houtt. 

Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban 


Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh 


Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban 





Spondias mombill L. 

Spondias dulcis Parkinson 

Spondias spp. 



Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. 


Spathodea campanulata Beauv. 

Malpighia spp. 



FAMILY 

Polygonaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Moraceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Polygonaceae 

Moraceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Myristicaeae 

Myristicaeae 

Myrtaceae 

Rutaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Meliaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 




Malvaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Malpighiaceae 

Sapotaceae


•• N •• 


nago Erythroxylum areolatum L. 

nim Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. 

nogal Juglans jamaicensis C. DC. 

nwa Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 

nwa kajou Anacardium occidentale L. 

nwa koko Cocos nucifera L. 

nwa kola Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & End!. 

nwa miskad Myristicafragrans Houtt. 

nwa sepan Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

nwaye Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 

nwazet Aleurites spp. 

nwazet Omphalea spp. 

nwazet peyi Omphalea spp. 

FAMILY 

Erythroxylaceae 

Meliaceae 

Juglandaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Arecaceae 

Sterculiaceae 

Myristicaeae 

Apocynaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 


olivye 

Moringa oleifera Lam. 

Moringaceae 

olivye bata 


Myoporaceae 

om de pay 

Copernicia ekmanii Burret 

Arecaceae 

pal 

Pseudophoenix lediniana Read 


paletiviye 


Verbenaceae 

paletiviye 

Conocarpus erectus L. 

Combretaceae 

palm 

Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta 


palmkoyo 

Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex Schult.) Sarg. ex Becc. 


palma 

Calyptronoma rivalis (Cook) Bailey 


palma kristi 


Euphorbiaceae 

palmaven 

Calyptronoma plumeriana (Martius) Lourteig 


palmaven 

Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore 


palmis 


Meliaceae 

palmis 

Roystonea borinquena O.F. Cook 


palmis chapelet Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore 


palmis dezenn Cycas revoluta L. 

Cycadaceae 

palmistaven 

Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. 


pamplemous 

Citrus x paradisi Macf. 

Rutaceae 

panyol mawon Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd. ssp. juglandifolius 

Euphorbiaceae 

papay 

Carica papaya L. 

Caricaceae 

papay sovaj 


Euphorbiaceae 

papelit 

Casearia sylvestris Sw. var. sylvestris 

Flacourtaceae 

papelit 

Coccoloba buchii Schmidt. 

Polygonaceae

COMMON NAME 

papelit 

parese 

parese kloti 

paresol 

pattoti 

pativiye 

pay 

peeh 

peehmawon 

pen dostrali 

pendoula 

pengwen 

pepitpOrn 

pes pie 

pet djab 

pich pen 

pichpen 

pikan arada 

pikan kare 

pikan woz 

pimandlo 

pine 

pine blan 

pine jon 

pini 

pistach 

piyon 

piyong 

pie 

pie 

pOrn 

pOrngrenad 

pOrn jarnayik 

pOrnkajou 

pOrnkanel 

pOrnrnaiezi 

pornmalkadi 

pOrn rnalkadik 

pOrn savon 

++ 0 9 P .++ 

SPECIES . 

Erythroxylum areolatum L. 

Polyscias spp. 

Polyscias pinnata Forst. 


Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw. 

Dodonaea visc::osa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Curin.) Sherff 

Sabal domingensis Becc. 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. 

Persea spp. 



Yucca aloifoUa 

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 


Polyscias balfouriana (Hort. Sander.) L.H. Bailey 

Hura crepitans L. 


Pinus spp. 

Casearia aculeata Jacq. 

Casearia ilicifolia Vent. 

Xylosma Uneolatum Urb. & Ekm. 

Melia azedarach L. 

Zanthoxylum spp. 

Zanthoxylum martinicense (Larn.)·nc. 



Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst. 

GUricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. 

GUricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. 





Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry 


Annona squamosa L. 

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry - 

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam 



FAMILY 

Erythroxylaceae 

Araliaceae 

Araliaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Cactaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Arecaceae 

Rosaceae 

Lauraceae 

Casuarinaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Liliaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Sirnaroubaceae 

Araliaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Casuarinaceae 

Pinaceae 




Meliaceae 

Rutaceae 

Rutaceae 

Rutaceae 

Rutaceae 

Sterculiaceae 



Rharnnaceae 

Celastraceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Punicaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Annonaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Rharnnaceae 

Sapindaceae .

COMMON NAME 

rezen bouzen 

rezen le 

rezen gran ley 

rezen lame 

rezen mawon 

rezen mawon 

rezen mawon 

rezen mawon 

rezen peroke 

risin 

COMMON NAME 

sabliye 

sabliye 

salsparey bata 

salsparey mawon 

saman 

sandragon 

sapoti 

sapoti 

sapoti 

sapoti mamelad 

sapoti mawon 

sapoti mawon 

sapoti nwa 

sapotiye 

sapotiye jon def 

satanjou 

satanye 

satanye 

satanye mawon 

savonet 

savonet peyi 

savonye 

sed 

sed blan 

sed wouj 

senjan dive 

•• R •• 

SPECIES 






Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. 

Parathesis spp. 

Wallenia laurifolia Jacq. 



•• § •• 

SPECIES 

Comocladia pinnatifolia L. 

Hura erepitans L. 



Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell. 


Manilkara spp. 

Mieropholis polita (Griseb.) Pierre ssp. hotteana Judd 

Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam 



Manilkara spp. 

Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. 


POliteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam 

ClIpania americana L. 

ClIpania americana L. 

Matayba serobiclIlata (HBK) Radlk. 

Matayba serobiclIlata (HBK) Radlk. 


Sapincllls saponaria L. 

Sapindlls sapollaria L. 


Ceclrefa odorata L. 

Cedrela oclorata L. 

Ellphorhia plllcherrima Willd. ex Klolsch 


FAMILY 

Polygonaceae 

Polygonaceae 

Polygonaceae 

Polygonaceae 

Polygonaceae 

Celastraceae 

Myrsinaceae 

Myrsinaceae 

Meliaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

FAMILY 

Anacardiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Arialaceae 

Arialaceae 



Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapotaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Meliaceae 

Meliaceae 

MeIiaceae 

Euphorbiaceae


COMMON NAME 

senn 

sentespri 

sepan 

seriz 

seriz dayiti 

serizme 

seriz sendoming 

seriz sirinam 

sewal 

sibilinn 

sikren 

sikriye 

sikriye mon 

sip 

sip 

sipre 

sirio 

sitwan rnawon 

sitwan rnawon 

sitwon 

-sitwon vet 

siwel 

siwo 

siwo 

siwo bannann 

stragonya 

stragonya blan 

stramwann 

•• s •• 

SPECIES 

Senna spp. 

Capparis frondosa Jacq. 


Malpighia glabra L. 


Ximenia americana L. 


Eugenia unijlora L. 

Crossopetalum rhacoma Crantz 

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels 

Inga vera Willd. ssp. vera 

Inga vera Willd. ssp. vera 

Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze 


Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt. 

Cupressus spp. 


Adelia ricinella L. 


Citrus spp. 

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle 

Spondias purpurea L. 


Sambucus spp. 


Lagerstroemia indica L. 

Lagerstroemia indica L. 

Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl..ex Willd. 

•• T •• 


tabak: rnawon Solanum erianthum D. Don 

tabeno Lysiloma sabicu Benth. 

, tarnarenn • Tamarindus indica L. 

tarnarenn rnawon Arcoa gonavensis Urb. 

tarnarenn mowi Arcoa gonavensis Urb. 

tandralcayou Acacia scleroxyla Tuss. 

taveno Lysiloma sabicu Benth. 

taveno mon Mora ekmanii (Urb.) Britton & Rose 

FAMILY 


Capparaceae 

Apocynaceae _ 

Malpighiaceae 

Malpighiaceae 

Olacaceae 

Malpighiaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Celastraceae 

Euphorbiaceae 



Burseraceae 

Sapotaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Cupressaceae 

Piperaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

Rutaceae 

Rutaceae 

Anarcardiaceae 

Piperaceae 

Adoxaceae 

Piperaceae 

Lythraceae 

Lythraceae 

Solanaceae 

FAMILY 

Solanaceae 









COMMON NAME· SPECIES FAMILY 

ziblinn blon 

A verrhoa bilimbi L. 

Oxalidaceae 

ziblinnlong 

A verrhoa carambola L. 

Oxalidaceae 

zo devan mawon Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb. 

Celastraceae 

zoranj 

Citrus spp. 

Rutaceae 

zoranj dous 

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 

Rutaceae 

zoranj si 

Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium 

Rutaceae 

zoray 


Rhamnaceae

How long does it take to make the woods? 

As long as it takes to make the world. 

The woods is present as the world is, the presence 

of all its past, and of all its time to come. 

It is always finished, it is always being made, the act 

of its making forever greater than the act of its destruction. 

It is a part of eternity, for its end and beginning 

belong to the end and beginning of all things, 

the beginning lost in the end, the end in the beginning. 

What is the way to the woods, how do you go there? 

By climbing up through the six days' field, 

kept in all the body's years, the body's 

sorrow, weariness, and joy. By passing through 

the narrow gate on the far side of that field 

where the pasture grass of the body's life gives way 

to the high, original standing of the trees. 

By coming into the shadow, the shadow 

of the grace of the strait way's ending, 

the shadow of the mercy of light. 

Why must the gate be narrow? 

Because you cannot pass beyond it burdened. 

To come into the woods you must leave behind 

the six days' world, all of it, all of its plans and hopes. 

You must come without weapon or tool, alone, 

expecting nothing, remembering nothing, 

into the ease of sight, the brotherhood of eye and leaf. 

336 

-- Wendell Berry 

y, 1984

344 References 

Little, E. L., R O. Woodbury and F. H. Wadsworth. 1974. Trees ofPuerto Rico and 

the Virgin Islands. Second Volume, Agric. Handbook No. 449. Washington, 

D.C., USDA. 

Liogier, A. H. 1974. Diccionario Botanico de Nombres Vulgares de la Espanola. 

Santo Domingo, Imp. Univ. Nac. y Pedro Hemriquez Urena. 

___. 1982. La Flora de la Espanola. I. Serie Cientifica, vol. 6. San Pedro de 

Macorfs, Universidad Central del Este. 

___. 1983. La Flora de la Espanola. II. Serie Cientffica, vol. 44. San Pedro de 


___. 1985. La Flora de la Espanola. III. Serie Cientifica, vol. 56. San Pedro de 


___. 1986. La Flora de la Espanola. IV. Serie Cientffica, vol. 64. San Pedro de 


___. 1989. La Flora de la Espanola. V. Serie Cientifica, vol. 69. San Pedro de 


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Index of Common and Scientific Tree Names 

Scientific names adopted in this book are shown in bold-faced italics. All other scientific 

names appear in ordinary italics. "Family names are capitalized and bold-fa"ced". 

Common names appear in ordinary type. 

-A- 

abanicaatinga, 261 

"abbe marron, 297 

abbe rouge, 261 

abe mawon, 208, 303 

abejuelo," 287 

abey, 71, 244, 260-262 

abey blanco, 263 

abey hembra, 261,262 

abey moruro, 261 

abricot, 248 

abricot marron, 266 

abricotier, 248 

abricotier batard, 234 

abricotier de St. Domingue, 248 

abricotier des Antilles, 248 

aburridero, 255 

acacia, 119, 145,255,256,259,260 

Acacia,4,30, 112, 120, 122, 135,304,332 

Acacia acicularis, 255 

acacia amarilla, Ill, 256, 264 

Acacia ambigua, 256 

Acacia arabica var. indica, 256 

Acacia aroma, 255 

Acacia auriculaeformis. See Acacia auriculiformis 

Acacia auriculiformis, 155, 184,255,303 

Acacia barahonensis, 255 

Acacia berteriana, 263 

Acacia caracasana, 258 

Acacia cumanensis, 3, 262 

acacia de los masones, 261 

Acacia deamii, 226 

Acacia decurrens, 255 

Acacia decurrens var. decurrens, 255 

Acacia decurrens var. moWs, 255 

acacia du Senegal, 256 

Acaciafarnesiana, 155, 184,208,226,227,255, 

332 

Acacia flexuosa, 255 

Acacia glauca, 119, 260 

AcaCia guachapele, 256 

Acacia haematomma, 258 

Acacia haematostoma, 258 

acacia jaune, 255 

Acacia latisiliqua, 71, 260 

Acacia lebbeck, 256 

351 

Acacia lentiscifoiia, 262 

Acacia longepedata, 256 

Acacia lutea, 255 

Acacia macracantha, 184,205,208,255,318, 

332 

Acacia macrocanthoides, 255 

Acacia mearnsii, 184, 255 

Acacia melanoxylon, 184,255 

Acacia moWsima, 255 

Acacia muricata, 184,256 

acacia negra, 255 

Acacia neriifolia, 256 

Acacia nilotica, 184 

Acacia nilotica ssp. indica, 256 

Acacia nilotica var. indica, 256 

acacia noir, 256 

Acacia nudiflora, 256 

acacia nudosa, 256 

acacia odorant, 255 

acacia palida, 119,260 

Acacia pellacantha, 255 

Acacia pennatula, 226, 227 

Acacia peregrina, 261 

acacia piquant, 255 

Acacia procera, 256 

Acacia pseudotrichodes, 260 

acacia puertoriguena, 258 

Acacia revoluta, 257 

acacia rouge, 256 

Acacia rupestris, 256 

acacia saline, 256 

Acacia scleroxyla, 184,205,208,226,227,256, 

309,317,330 

Acacia senegal ssp. senegalensis var. verek, 256 

Acacia senegal var. senegal, 256 

"Acacia subinermis, 255 

Acacia tortuosa, 4, 134, 184, 205, 224, 226, 229, 

256,304,332 

Acacia trispinosa, 256 

Acacia verek, 256 

Acacia vogeliana, 256, 331 

Acacia westiana, 256 

acajou, 47, 233, 273 

acajou aplanches, 63, 273 

acajou blanc, 39, 297 

acajou du Honduras, 47, 273 

acajou du Venezuela, 47, 273

352 Index 

acajou etranger, 47, 273 

acajou femelle, 63, 273 

acajou pays, 47, 273 

acajou sauvage, 246 

Acajuba occidentalis, 233 

acana, 296 

acana blanca, 296 

Acanthorriza argentea, 239 

acebo cubano de sierra, 237 

acebo de sierra, 237 

aceitillo, 292 

aceituna, 39, 255, 270, 297 

aceituna americana, 275 

aceituno, 275, 297, 299 

acerola, 270 

Acharadelpha mammosa, 297 

achetillo, 268 

achiote, 242 

achiotillo, 287 

Achras mammosa, 297 

Achras salicifolia, 295' 

Achras zapota, 296 

Achras zapota var. zapotilla, 296 

Achras zapotilla, 296 

Acnistus arborescens, 184,298,304,312 

acomat, 250, 296 

acomat batard, 254 

acomat marron, 295 

acomatrouge, 295 

A.crocomia aculeata, 156, 185,238,319,320 

Acrocomia media, 238. 

Acrocomia quisqueyana, 238 

Acrodiclidium wrightii, 268 

. Adansonia baobab, 242 

Adansonia digitata, 163, 208, 242, 324 

Adansonia situla, 242 

Adansonia somalensis, 242 

Adansonia sphaerocarpa, 242 

Adelia acidoton, 255 

Adelia bernardia, 252 

Adelia pedunculosa, 251 

Adelia porulosa, 284 

Adelia ricinella, 185, 251, 315, 330 

Adelia segregata, 284 

adellfa, 235 

Adenanthera pavonina, 185,208,256,321,328 

Adenaria floribunda, 269 

Adenoropium multifidum, 254 

Adipera bicapsularis, 263 

Adipera indecora, 263 

Adipera laevigata, 263 

adonis, 302 

ADOXACEAE, 233 

Aechynomene grandiflora, 268 

Aeria vinifera, 240 

Aeschrion excelsa, 297 

Aeschrion excelsa microcarpa, 297 

Aeschrion selleana, 297 

Aeschynomene aculeata, 264 

Aeschynomene aristata, 261 

Aeschynomene bispinosa, 264 

Aeschynomene sesban, 264 

African oil palm, 239 

African tuliptree, 241 

agalla de costa, 291 

Agati grandiflora, 264 

agravilla, 287 

aguacate, 105, 268 

aguacate cimarron, 282 

aguacatiIlo, 245, 252, 267, 268, 287, 289, 293 

aguacatiIlo cimarron, 282 . 

aguacero, 246, 298 

aguacero cimarron, 251 

aguedita, 297 

aguedita blanca, 265 

aguedita macho, 265 

Agyneia berterii, 254 

ahoga becerro, 255 

ahoguey blanco, 290 

ahouai des Antilles, 236 

aile, 241 

aite, 253 

ajicillo, 298 

ajorca jfbaro, 255 

akasya, 155, 303 

Akea solitaria, 294 

akee, 294 

Akeesia africana, 294 

aken, 303 

aki,210, 294, 303 

Aklema cotinifolia, 253 

Aklema cotinoides, 253 

Aklema petiolare, 253 

akoma, 196,216, 303 

akoma b1an, 303 

akoma fran, 303 

akoma jon, 303 

akoma mawon, 303 

akoma wouj, 303 

lilamo, 271, 274 

alamo blanco, 271 

alamo jagiiey, 274 

alba, 292 

a1bizia, 256 

Albizia berteroana, 263 

Albizia carbonaria, 262 

Albizia guachapele, 185,226,227,256 

Albizia lebbeck, 135, 156, 185,208,256,308, 

309,331 

Albizia procera, 157, 185,256 

Albizia saman, 25, 157, 185,208,256,315,329 

Albizzia. See Albizia 

a1bopan, 274 

alborillo, 290 

albulito, 246 

alcanfor, 250, 267

alcanfor del Jap6n, 267 

Alchornea glandulosa var. floribunda, 252 

Alchornea haitiensis, 252 

Alchornea latifolia, 185,208,252,307,308,310, 

312,315,328 

Alchorneopsis floribunda, 185, 252 

Alchorneopsis portoricensis, 252 

alder, 241 

Alectoroctonum petiolare, 253 

alelaila, 235, 273 

alelf, 235, 236 

alelf blanco, 235 

alelf cimarr6n, 235 

alelf de la Mona, 235 

alelf falso, 298 

alelfa, 235 

alerit, 303 

aleurites, 252 

A leurites, 326 

Aleurites fordii, 208, 252 

Aleurites moluccana, 185,208,252,303,326 

Aleurites triloba, 252 

Aleurites trisperma, 252 

alfabeto chino, 253 

alfiler, 293, 298 

Algarobia juliflora, 3, 262 

algarroba, 3, 260, 262 

algarroba de olar, 256 

algarrobillo, 258, 264 

algarrobo, 256, 260, 293 

algarrobo de las Antillas, 260 

algarrobo de orejos, 259 

algarrobodel pais, 256 

algod6n becerro, 255 

algod6n de seda, 240 

algod6n extranjero, 240 

alilaila, 273 

aliso,241 

alligator apple, 234 

alligator pear, 105, 268 

alligator wood, 273 

Allophylus, 331 

Allophylus cominia, 208, 293, 317 

Allophylus crassinervis, 293 

Allophylus domingensis, 293 

Allophylus haitiensis, 293 

Allophylus montanus, 293 

Allophylus occidentalis, 185,208,293,317,331 

Allophylus racemosus, 293 

Allophylus rigidus, 293, 308 

allspice, 281 

allurement, 266 

almacigo, 244 

almacigo blanco, 244 

almacigo colorado, 244 

almacigo extranjero, 145,259 

almendra, 248 

almendrillo, 273, 289, 295 

almendrito, 268, 289 

almendro, 253, 273, 289 

almendro de costa, 283 

almendro de la India, 248 

almendr6n, 248, 289 

almez, 301 

almira, 269 

almorrana, 289 

Alnus acuminata, 185 

Alnus acuminata ssp. acuminata, 241 

Alnus acutissima, 241 

Alnus castanaefolia, 241 

Alnus ferruginea, 241 

Alnus jorullensis var. acuminata, 241 

Alnus jorullensis var. ferruginea, 241 

Alnus jorullensis var. mirbelli, 241 

Alnus lanceolota, 241 

Alnus lindeni, 241 

Alnus spachii, 241 

aloe wood, 243 

aloe yucca, 268 

alpargata, 244 

alquitira, 244 

Alsophila aquilina, 249 

Alsophila hotteana, 249 

. Alsophila minor, 249 

Alsophila woodwardioides, 249 

Alvaradoa amorphoides, 226, 227 

Alvaradoa haitiensis, 208, 297, 303, 331 

amacey, 244, 258 

amacey hembra, 244 

amande, 248 

amandier, 289 

amandier agrandes feuilles, 289 

amandier apetites feuilles, 289 

amandier des Indes, 248 

amandier tropical, 248 

amansa guapo, 246, 247, 255, 270 

amansa hombre, 270 

amansa protranca, 293 

amapola, 241, 259, 270 

amapola de cerca, 259 

amapola de sombra, 259 

amarguillo, 301 

arne veritable, 274 

American brunfelsia, 298 

American elder, 233 

American elderberry, 233 

American plum, 289 

Amerimnum latifolium, 260 

Amoelocera cubensis, 301, 305 

Amomis anisomera, 281 

Amomis caryophyllata, 281 

Amomis caryophyllata var. grisea, 281 

Amomis grisea, 281 

Amomis ozua, 281 

Amomis pauciflora, 281 

amor plat6nico, 256 

Index 353

JS4 Index 

amor seco, 265 

amor y celos, 145, 259 

amorette male, 298 

amorette marron, 298 

amoroso, 292 

amouret, 202, 303 

amouret mal, 303 

amouret mawon, 202, 303 

amourette, 256, 298 

Amrad gum, 256 

Amyris, 185,205,305 

Amyris apiculata, 291 

Amyris balsamifera, 208, 291 

Amyris diatrypa, 291 

Amyris elemifera, 291, 311, 331 

Amyris hypelate, 294 

Amyris maritima, 291 

Amyris plumieri, 291 

Amyris robinsonii, 294 

Amyris sylvatica, 291 

Amyris toxifera, 234 

anacagiiita, 243,299 

anacahuita, 299 

anacarde, 233 

ANACARDIACEAE, 233 

Anacardium occidentale, 40,87, 157, 185,209, 

233,317,326,327 

Anadenanthra pergrina, 261 

Anamomis bahamensis, 282 

Anamomis esculenta, 281 

Anamomis fragrans, 280 

Anamomis longipes, 282 

Anamomis punctata, 280 

anatto,242 

Andes alder, 241 

Andira inermis, 158, 185,209,256,309,328 

Andira jamaicensis, 256 

Andrachne cuneifolia, 254 

angel's trumpet, 298 

angela, 275 

angelin, 256 

anguila,279 

ani,246 

aniceto, 265 

anil frances, 264 

anis des bois, 285 

anis etoile marron, 266 

anis marron, 285 

anis mawon, 219, 303 

anis sauvage, 285 

anis zetwal, 303 

aniset, 303 

anisette, 285 

anisiUo, 285, 301 

Anneslia caracasana, 258 

Anneslia cubensis, 258 

Anneslia haematostoma, 258 

Anneslia minutifolia, 258 

Anneslia pedicel/ata, 258 

Annesliaportoricensis, 258 

Annona,97,185,207,306,316,319 

Annona cherimola. See Annona cherimolin 

Annona cherimolia, 209, 234, 311 

Annona domingensis, 234 

Annona dumertorum, 234 

Annonafrutescens, 234 

Annona glabra, 209, 234, 320, 321, 323 

Annona gracilis, 234 

Annona laurifolia, 234 

Annona micrantha, 234 

Annona montana, 234, 320 

Annona mucosa, 235 

Annona muricata, 158,209,320 

Annona obtusifolia, 235 

Annona palustris, 234 

Annona reticulata, 209, 235,316 

Annona rosei, 235, 317 

Annonasalicifolia,235 

Annona squamosa, 147,209,235,316,327 

Annona urbaninna, 235, 316, 323 

ANNONACEAE, 234 

ano,218,303 

anon,235,260 

anon de majagua, 260 

anon de perro, 234, 235 

anon de rio, 260 

anoncillo, 260 

anoncillo de majagua, 260 

Antelaea azadirachta, 133, 273 

antena, 253 

Antherylium rohrii, 269 

Antirhea lucida, 185,209,289,309,332· 

Antirhea resinosa, 290 

Apalatoa spicata, 258 

aperalejo, 250 

APOCYNACEAE, 235 

Applonesin paniculata, 226, 227 

aquey del chiquito, 280 

AQUIFOLIACEAE, 236 

aquil6n,290 

aquin, 258 

arabo,192,251,303 

arali gran fey, 303 

Aralia arborea, 237 

Aralia balfouriana, 237 

Aralia capitata, 237 

Aralia filicifolia, 237 

Aralia guilfoylei, 237 

ARALIACEAE, 237 

aralie grandes feuilles, 238 

arana, 283 

aralia gato, 261,295 

araucaria, 238 

Araucaria excelsa, 238 

Araucaria heterophylla, 158, 186,238,303 

ARAUCARIACEAE, 238

arbol de cera, 275 

arbol de tung, 252 

arbol de Washington, 274 

arbol del seminario, 268 

arbol del seso, 294 

arbol del viajero, 275 

arbol enano, 273 

arbolllor6n, 252 

arbolito, 246 

arbor maurepasia, 259 

arbre abombes, 268 

arbre acorail, 259 

arbre apain, 274, 284 

arbre apetites feuilles, 279 

arbre a soie, 240 

arbre au diable, 253 

arbre de vie, 302 

arbre soie, 240 

arbre-a-fricasser, 294 

arbre-a-savon, 294 

Arcoa gonavensis, 256, 330 

Ardisia, 310 

Ardisia angustata, 276, 318 

Ardisia brachypoda, 276 

Ardisia coriacea, 276 

Ardisia crenulata, 276 

Ardisia domingensis, 276 

Ardisia escalloniodes, 276 

Ardisiafuertesii,276 

Ardisia guadalupensis, 276 

Ardisia maculata, 276 

Ardisia obovata, 186,276 

Ardisia panniculata, 276 . 

Ardisia picardae, 276 

Ardisia pickeringia, 276 

Ardisia serrulata, 276 

areca, 239 

Areca lutescens, 239 

ARECACEAE, 238 

arepa, 252 

arete, 283 

arito,298 

armira,269 

arneau, 283 

arobillo, 251 

arokariya, 158, 186, 303 

aroma, 3, 255, 256, 262 

aroma amarilla, 255 

aroma blanca, 119,260 

aroma boba, 119, 260 

aroma extranjera, 261 

aroma francesa, 256 

aroma mansa, 119, 260 

arraijan, 275,279, 280 

arraijan blanco, 278 

arrayan, 243, 275-277, 279, 280 

arrayan bobo, 276 

arrayan colorado lobo, 279 

Index 355 

arriero, 238 

arroyo, 293 

Artocarpus, 186 

Artocarpus altilis, 209, 274, 321, 332 

Artocarpus brasiliensis, 274 

Artocarpus communis, 274 

Artocarpusheterophyllus, 209, 274, 316 

Artocarpus incisus, 274 

Artocarpus integer, 274 

Artocarpus integrifolius, 274 

Artocarpus maxima, 274 

Artocarpus philippensis, 274 

aruBa gato, 292 

ASCLEPIADACEAE, 240 

Asimina blain;;, 235 

Aspidosperma cuspa, 209, 235, 304, 321, 322 

Aspidospenna domingensis, 235 

ASTERACEAE, 240 

astroemia, 269 

astromelia, 269 

astromeria, 269 

atabaiba, 235, 236 

ataiba rosada, 236 

ateje, 243 

ateje amarillo, 243 

ateje americano, 243 

ateje cimarron, 243 

ateje costa, 243 

ateje de costa, 243 

ateje globoso, 243 

ateje hembra, 243 

ateje macho, 243 

atejillo, 243 

Ateleia gummifer, 257, 309 

Ateleia herbert-smithii, 226, 227 

Ateleia microcarpa, 257 

Ateramnus lucidus, 253 

Ateramnus pal/ens, 253 

Atropa arborescens, 298 

Attalea crassispatha,79, 238, 318, 331 

attrape-sot, 265 

Aulomyrcia citrifolia, 280 

Aulomyrcia coriacea, 280 

Aulomyrcia leptoclada, 280 

auquey,272,280 

auquey blanco, 280 

auquey bobo, 272 

auquey prieto, 280 

Aurantium acre, 291 

Aurantium sinensis, 292 

Australian acacia, 255 

Australian beefwood, 246 

Australian blackwood, 255 

Australian corkwood tree, 264 

ausuba, 296 

ausubo, 281, 296 

auzua,281 

auzubo,281

astard breadnut, 275 

bastard cabbage, 256 

bastard cedar, 273, 299. 

bastard hog cherry, 254 

bastard mahogany, 256 

bastard mammee, 247 

bastard nicarago, 257 

bastard tamarind, 261 

bata kayman, 304 

baton casse, 258 

baton de sorcier, 259 

baton kas, 188,211,304 

baton sosiye, 192,214,304 

battre acaYman, 260 

Bauhinia acuminata, 257 

Bauhinia aurita, 257 

Bauhinia divaricata, 209, 307, 319, 324, 331 

Bauhinia divaricata var. angustiloba, 257 

Bauhinia divaricata var. divaricata, 257 

Bauhinia kappleri, 257 

Bauhinia krugii, 257 

Bauhinia monandra, 186,209,257,311, 316, 318 

Bauhinia porrecta, 257 

Bauhinia variegata, 186, 257 . 

baume anglais, 267 

bay cedar, 297 

bay-rum, 281 

bay rum tree, 281 

bayahon,3,262 

bayahonda,3,255,258,262 

bayahonda blanca, 3, 261, 262 

bayahonda de la Virgen, 258 

bayahonde,3,262 

bayahonde franc;ais, 3, 262 

bayahonderouge,256 

bayarone, 262 

bayawonn,2-11,176,200,206,219,304 

bayawonn fran, 3, 304 

bayawonn wouj, 304 

bayberry tree, 281 

bayonet, 268 

. bayonet, 304 

bayoneta, 268 . 

bayonette, 268 

bayua, 292 

bead tree, 273 

beaumortel, 259 

Beilschmiedia pendula, 186,267,308 

bejuco de barraco, 289. 

bejuco de berac, 289 

bejuco de canasta, 285 

bejuco de canasta blanco, 285 

bejuco de nasa, 285 

bejuco de palma, 285 

bejuco de peseta, 258, 259 

bejuco de serna blanco, 259 

bejuco de varraco, 270 

bejuco de verraco, 270, 289 

bejuco ingles, 245 

bejuco timaque, 289 

beladonn, 184, 304 

belah,246 

belladone,298 

ben, 275 

ben oleitere, 275 

Benjamin fig, 274 

benzoliv, 174, 197,217,304 

benzolive, 275 

berenjena cimarrona, 298 

berenjena de gallina, 298 

berenjena de paloma, 298 

berijua, 250 

Bernardia bernardia, 252 

Bernardia carpinifolia, 252 

Bernardia dichotoma, 186,252 

berron,281 

Berrya cubensis, 301 

Besleria. See GESNERIACEAE 

BETULACEAE,241 

Beureria. See Bourreria 

biajama, 260 

bien vestida, 145,259 

big-leaf mahogany, 47, 273 

bigarade orange, 291 

bigleaf leafflower, 254 

Bignonia longissima, 29, 241 

Bignonia quercus, 29, 241 

Bignonia stans, 241 

BIGNONIACEAE,241 

bija, 242, 298 

bija cimarrona, 252 

bijaguara, 13, 287 

bijilla, 252 

bijillo, 252 

bijo macho, 252 

bijote,268 

bilimbi, 284 

birchberry, 279, 280 

birijagua, 13, 287 

.bitijf, 279 

birrete de arzobispo, 268 

bisiette marron, 254 

bissy,298 

bitter damson, 39, 297 

bitter orange, 291 

bitter-ash, 236, 297 . 

bitterbush, 236, 297 

bitterwood,297 

Bixa katangensis, 242 

Bixa orellana, 186,210,242,311,332 

BIXACEAE, 242 

biziyet mawon, 304 

black candlewood, 267 

black fiddlewood, 302 

black ironwood, 288 

black lancewood, 235 

Index 357

ois ebene, 243, 288 

bois ecorce, 261 

bois epineux, 292 

bois espagnol, 233 

bois fer blanc, 287 

bois fer marron, 288 

bois fetide, 245 

bois feuilles blanches, 301 

bois flambeau, 293 

bois flambeau noir I'epineux, 293 

bois fou-fou, 290 

bois fourmi, 246 

bois franc, 233 

bois frene, 39, 297 

bois galle, 261 

bois' gar\on, 253 

bois graine, 266 

bois graine noire, 266 

bois gris-gris, 248 

bois guepes, 252 

bois guepois, 280 

bois haut-goOt, 280 

bois huile, 296 

bois immortel, 259 

bois immortel vrai, 259 

bois ivrant, 262 

bois jambette, 302 

boisjaune,265,274 

bois jaunisse, 284 

bois jean louis, 300 

bois la fievre, 295 

bois lait, 235, 236, 255 

bois lait femelle, 236 

bois lait male, 236 

bois laitelle, 291 

bois laiteux febrifuge, 236 

bois lezard, 302 

bois loraille, 273 

bois lubin, 285 

bois mabel, 249 

bois mabi, 13,287 

bois madame, 242 

bois major, 285 

bois mal aux dents, 252 

bois marbre, 253 

bois margot, 248 

bois marron, 273 

bois merise, 275 

bois moutarde, 245 

bois mulatre, 234, 280 

bois mOlet, 294 

bois myrte, 279 

bois nago, 241, 263 

bois nan non, 261 

bois negre, 293 

bois negresse, 237, 265, 297 

bois neuf, 275 

bois noir, 235, 243, 245, 256, 267, 296 

bois noyaux, 285 

bois noyer, 292 

bois pagnol, 233 

bois pale, 247, 263 

bois palmiste, 256 

bois patate, 289 

bois paupit, 243 

bois peine, 292 

bois pele, 13,287 

bois petit gar\on, 247, 297 

bois petite feuille, 244 

bois petites feuilles, 279 

bois pigeon, 271 

bois pin, 285 

bois pine, 292 

bois pine blanc, 292 

bois pini, 292 

bois pite, 287 

bois plomb, 276 

bois poisson, 297 

bois poivre, 295 

bois poulette, 269 

bois poupee, 243 

bois puant, 245 

bois raide, 250 

bois raie, 301 

bois rave, 245 

bois rouge, 273, 286 

bois sadine, 291 

bois sagine, 284 

bois saint, 302 

bois saisissement, 236 

bois sardine, 297 

bois savane, 241, 256, 263,276,302 

bois savonnette pays, 294 

bois sec, 265 

bois senegal, 245 

bois senti, 257, 269 

bois soumis, 23, 243 

bois tabac, 290 

bois tan, 246 

bois tanniste rouge, 259 

bois tremble, 276 

bois trembler, 238 

bois trompette, 274 

bois vache, 252 

bois vert, 300 

bois vinette, 251 

bois violet, 293 

bois zed, 288 

bois zet, 288 

boj de Persia, 292 

boje, 247 

born zangle, 304 

BOMBACACEAE, 242 

Bombacopsis emarginata, 242, 319 

Bombax angulata, 242 

Bombax ellipticum, 242 

Index 359

uis de sable, 253 

bulbstern yucca, 268 

bullock's heart, 235 

bully tree, 297 

Bumelia anomala, 295 

Bumelia cubensis, 187,295,305,331 

Bumelia dominicana, 295 

Bumelia ferruginea, 295 

Bumelia heterophylla, 295 

Bumelia integra, 295 

Bumelia obovata var. obovata, 295 

Bumelia parvifolia, 295 

Bumelia pentagona, 295 

Bumelia salicifolia, 187,295,303,310,320,325, 

329,330 

Bumelia sericea, 295 

bun,292 

Bunchosia, 309 

Bunchosia glandulosa, 187,210,269,306,309 

Bunchosia media, 269 

Bunchosia nitida, 269, 304, 318 

burro, 245 

Bursera brunea, 243 

Bursera glauca, 244 

Bursera gracilipes, 244 

Bursera gummifera, 244 

Bursera nashii, 244 

Bursera ovalifolia, 244 

Bursera ovata, 244 

Bursera simaruba, 160, 187,205,210,244,311, 

314 

BURSERACEAE, 243 

butterbough, 294 

butterfly bauhinia, 257 

butterfly palm, 239 

button-mangrove, 248 

BUXACEAE, 244 

Buxus, 187 

Buxus glomerata, 244, 310 

buzunuco, 290 

buzunuvo,290 

bwa arne, 304 

bwa arne blan, 304 

bwaami,304 

bwa anis, 304 

bwa arada, 304 

bwa bande, 195, 304 

bwa berom, 305 

bwa blan, 39, 178, 199,202,206,213,220,305 

bwa blan gran fey, 305 

bwa born, 305 

bwa bourik, 188,305 

bwa bouwo, 119,305 

bwa prilan, 201, 305 

bwa brile, 305 

bwa chandel, 185,205,305 

bwa chapo, 214, 305 

bwa chenn, 29, 305 

Index 361 

bwa chik, 166, 190,213,305 

bwa dajan, 187,210, 305 

bwa damou, 197,217,305 

bwa dan mawon, 305 

bwa danjou, 218, 305 

bwa dano, 196, 220, 305 

bwa dantel, 216, 305 

bwa dehet, 305 

bwa deho, 305 

bwa denn, 187, 190,305 

bwa denn franse, 199,218,305 

bwa denn mawon, 203, 221, 305 

bwa dinn, 305 

bwa dinn fran, 305 

bwa dinn franse, 305 

bwa dinn mawon, 305 

bwa dinn ti fey, 192, 305 

bwa diou, 201, 305 

bwa diou mawon, 305 

bwa djab, 305 

bwa dom, 169, 194,215,306 

bwa doti, 199,211,218,306 

bwa doti blan, 306 

bwa doti wouj, 306 

bwa doule, 197,217,306 

bwa ebenn, 201, 306 

bwa ekos, 200, 219, 306 

,bwa fe, 13, 195,205,216,306 

bwa fe blan, 13, 306 

bwa fe mawon, 201, 306 

bwa fetid, 306 

bwa fey blanch, 189, 306 

bwa foumi, 197,205,306 

bwa fwenn, 39, 306 

bwa gal,306 

bwa gason, 306 

bwa gep, 213, 306 

bwa grenn, 196, 216, 306 

bwa grenn nwa, 196, 216, 306 

bwa grigri, 160,306 

bwa ivran, 219, 306 

bwa jambet, 192, 306 

. bwa jan louwi, 306 

bwajon, 189,211,306 

bwajonis, 186,210,306 

bwa ka, 306 

bwa kabrit, 202, 206, 220, 306 

bwa kachiman, 306 

bwa kajou, 306 

bwa kaka, 187, 188,205,210,306,307 

bwa kalson, 209,307 

bwa kampech, 307 

bwa kano, 177, 202, 220, 307 

bwa kanon, 307 

bwa kapab, 13, 202, 220, 307 

bwa kasav, 195, 307 

bwa kasav silves, 193, 307 

bwa kayman, 192, 196,200,216,219,307

364 Index 

caimitillo, 272, 295, 296 

caimitillo de perro, 296 

caimito, 295, 296 

caimito blanco cimarron, 295 

caimito cimarron, 247, 295, 296 

caimito cocuyo, 295, 296 

caimito.de perro, 247, 296 

caimito verde, 295 

caimon, 276 

caimonf, 269, 276 

caimonicillo, 276 

cainco,289 

Cainito pomiferum, 295 

caja, 293 

caja comun, 293 

cajoba, 256 

cajon seco, 265 

cajuil,233 

cajuil cimarron, 269 

cajuilito de Sulillllm, 282 

Cajuputi leucadendra, 280 

ca1abasa, 241 

calabash, 241 

ca1ambrefia, 287 

calceo1aria shower, 264 

ca1ebasse, 241 

ca1ebasse marron, 241 

ca1ebasse zombie, 241 

ca1ebassier, 241 

California pepper tree, 234 

calla, 289 

calle noire, 290 

calliandra, 257 

Calliandra calothyrsus, 128, 160,257,317 

Calliandra caracasana, 258 

Calliandra confusa, 257 

Calliandra cubensis, 258 

Calliandra falcata, 258 

Calliandra formosa var. cubensis, 258 

Calliandra haematocephala, 258 

Calliandra haematomma, 258 

Calliandra haematostoma var. minutifolia, 258 

Calliandra hystrix, 262 

Calliandr.a inaequilatera, 258 

Calliandra latifolia, 264 

Calliandra minutifolia, 258 

Calliandra nervosa, 258, 331 

Calliandra pedicellata, 258 

Calliandra picardae, 258 

Calliandra portoricensis, 258 

Calliandra rivularis, 258 

Calliandra schultzei, 258 

Calliandra similis, 257 

Calliandra surinamensis, 258 

Calliandra urbanii, 258 

calliandre, 257 

Callistemon citrinus, 187,277 

Callistemon lanceolatus, 277 

ca1mante, 268 

ca1mouc, 291 

Calocarpum mammosum, 297 

Calocarpum sapota, 297 

Calophyllum antillarum, 247 

Calophyllum brasiliense var.antillarum, 247 

Calophyllum calaba, 160, 187,210,247,311,314 

Calophyllum jacquini, 247 

Calotropis procera, 187,210,240,310,320 

Calycogonium, 187 

Calycogonlum apiculatum, 271 

Calyptracordia alba, 243 

Calyptranthes, 187 

Calyptranthes arborea, 277 

Calyptranthes barkeri, 277 

Calyptranthes bracteosa, 277 

Calyptranthes chrysophylloides, 277 

Calyptranthes chrysophylloides var. minor, 277 

Calyptranthes collina, 277 

Calyptranthes densifolia, 277 

Calyptranthes depressa, 277 

Calyptranthes grandis, 277 

Calyptranthes heteroclada, 277 

Calyptranthes hotteana, 277 

Calyptranthes involucrata, 277 

Calyptranthes marmeladensis, 277 

Calyptranthes mornicola, 277 

Calyptranthes myrcioides, 277 

Calyptranthes nummularia, 277 

Calyptranthes pallens, 277 

Calyptranthes palustris, 277 

Calyptranthes pitoniana, 277 

Calyptranthes salicifolia, 277 

Calyptranthes samuelssonii, 278 

Calyptranthes sintenisii, 278, 331 

Calyptranthes sordida, 278 

Calyptranthes suzygium. See Calyptranthes syzygium 

Calyptranthes syzygium, 278 . 

Calyptranthes yaquensis, 278 

Calyptrogenia bijlora, 278 

Calyptrogenia cuspidata, 278 

Calyptrogeniajeremiensis, 278 

Calyptrogyne clementis, 238 

Calyptrogyne dulcis, 238 

Calyptrogyne intermedia, 238 

Calyptrogyne microcarpa, 238 

Calyptrogyne quisqueyana, 239 

Calyptrogyne rivalis, 239 

Calyptronoma clementis ssp. clementis, 238 

Calyptronoma clementis ssp. orieritensis, 238 

Calyptronoma dulcis, 238 

Calyptronoma intermedia, 238 

Calyptronoma microcarpa, 238 

Calyptronoma plumeriana, 238, 311, 326 

Calyptronoma quisqueyana, 239 

Calyptronoma rivalis, 239, 326 

camagiiilla, 276

camaron, 249 

camasey, 271, 272 

camasey almendro, 271 

camasey blanco, 272 

camasey cenizo, 272 

camasey ciatrocanales, 272 

camasey colorado, 272 

camasey de costilla, 272 

camasey de paloma, 272 

camasey felpa. 272 

camasey peludo, 271 . 

camasey racimoso, 272 

cambia VOZ, 247 

cambron, 3, 255, 261, 262, 264, 291 

Cameraria angustifolia, 235 

Cameraria latifolia, 210, 235, 303, 307 

Cameraria linearifolia, 235 

camille, 245 

Camirium moluccanum, 252 

campana, 298 

CAMPANULACEAE, 244 

campeche, 119,259,260 

campeche, 259 

campeche marron, 262 

campechier, 259 

camphor tree, 267 

camphre, 267 

camphrier, 267 

cana, 240 

cafiafistol, 258, 264 

cafiaffstola, 258 

cafiaffstula, 258 

cafiaffstula cimarrona, 258, 264 

cafiafistula mansa, 258 

cafiandonga, 258 

cananga, 235 

Cananga blainii, 235 

Cananga odorata, 187,210,235,316 

Canangium odoratum, 235 

canape, 294 

Canary Island date palm, 239 

canasta mexicana, 258 

candela, 270 

candelabre, 253 

candelada, 270 

candelero, 253 

candelon, 256 

candelon, 256,260, 261,262,287 

candelon de teta, 261 

candle nut, 252 

candleberry, 269 

candlewood, 237, 291 

candlewood tree, 294 

candon, 235 

candongo, 235 

canefice batard, 263 

canela, 245, 267, 268 

canela de la tierra, 245, 268 

Index 365 

canela legitima, 267 

canelilla, 245, 267, 268, 278, 281 

canelillo, 268, 278, 281 

canella, 245 

Canella alba, 245 

CaneUawinterana, 187,210,245,317,318 

CANELLACEAE, 245 

canelon, 268 

caney, 284 

canicha, 264 

canilla de,nuerte, 285 

canilla de venado, 302 

canille, 245 

canique, 257, 294 

canne de Tobago, 238 

cannelle, 245,267,268 

cannelle abeille, 275 

cannelle douce, 275 

cannelle marron, 267 

cannelle miel, 275 

cannelle poivree, 245 

cannellier, 267 

cannonball tree, 268 

caoba,47,273 

caoba de Honduras, 47, 273 

caoba de Santo Domingo, 47, 273 

caoba dominicana, 47, 273 

caoba hondurefia, 47, 273 

caobanilla, 264 

caobilla de costa, 252 

caobo, 273 

caoutchouc, 253, 274 

cap berry, 268 

capa, 23, 243 

capa blanco, 302 

capa bobo, 241 

capa colorado, 243 

capa de olor, 23; 243 

capa de sabana, 23, 243, 302 

capa 0 laurel, 23, 243 

capa prieto, 23, 243 

capa sabanero, 302 

capable, 13,247,287 

caparo, 243 

caper tree, 245 

capinillo, 261 

capitaine, 270 

CAPPARACEAE, 245 

CAPPARIDACEAE. See CAPPARACEAE 

Capparis,205,307,309,310 

Capparis amplissima, 245 

Capparis amygdalina, 245 

Capparis baducca, 245 

Capparis coccolobifolia, 245 

Capparis cynophaUophora, 187,210,245,305, 

306,307,309,317 

Capparis dolichopoda, 245, 332 

Capparis emarginata, 245

casse-hallier, 263 

casser hache, 254 

casser rage, 254 

casser sec, 265 

cassia, 111, 264 

Cassia, 111,304,318 

Cassia angllstisiliqua, 263 

Cassia antillana, 263 

Cassia arborea, 111, 264 

Cassia arborescens, 263 

Cassia atomaria, 263 

Cassia berteriana, 263 

Cassia bicapsularis var. indicora, 263 

Cassia bicarpsularis var. pubescens, 263 

Cassia brasiliana, 258 

Cassia crista, 263 

Cassia crista var. oligophylla, 263 

Cassia domingensis, 263 

Cassia elliptica, 263 

Cassia emarginata, 263 

Cassia fistula, 188; 211, 213, 258, 318 

Cassia fitchiana, 263 

Cassia floribunda, 263 

Cassia florida, 111,264 

Cassia frondosa, 263 

Cassia gigantea, 111, 264 

Cassia grandis, 188,211,258 

Cassia haitiensis, 263 

Cassia humboldtiana, 264 

Cassia indecora, 263 

. Cassiajavanica, 188,258 

Cassia mexicana, 263 

Cassia mexicana var. moustiquensis, 263 

Cassia nitida, 263 

Cassia nodosa, 258 

Cassia polyphylla, 263 

Cassia quinquangulata, 263 

Cassia septemtrionalis, 263 

Cassia siamea, 111, 264 

Cassia speciosa, 264 

Cassia spectabilis, 264 

cassia stick tree, 258 

cassie flower, 255 

Cassine attenuata, 246 

Cassine domingensis, 288 

Cassine ehrenbergii, 246 

Cassine lanceolata, 246 

Cassine xylocarpa, 188, 211 

Cassine xylocarpa var. attelltuata, 246 

Cassipourea alba, 288 

Cassipourea cubensis, 288 

Cassipollrea elliptica, 288 

Cassipourea guiallensis, 188, 211, 288 

Cassipourea obtusa, 288 

Cassuvium pomiferum, 233 

castana, 274 

Castanea, 318 

Castanea sativa, 264 

Index 367 

castano crenata, 264 

castano del Japan, 264 

castano del Malabar, 274 

Castella depressa, 297 

Castilla elastica, 211, 274 

Castilla elastica subsp. elastica, 188,274 

Castilla lactiflua, 274 . 

castilla rubber, 274 

castor, 251, 265 

castor bean, 255 

casuarina, 246 

Casuarina, 112, 188,319,327 

Casuarina cristata ssp. cristata, 246 

Casuarina equisetifolia, 123, 135, 139, 161, 

224-226,228-230,313 

Casuarina equisetijolia var. equisetifolia, 246 

. Casuarina glauca, 246 

Casuarina lepidophloia, 246 

Casllarina litorea, 246 

CASUARINACEAE,246 

Catalpa longissima, 24, 28-37, 48, 162, 188,211, 

224-226,228,230,241,305,311 

catastres, 244 

catclaw, 262 

cateicito, 279 __ 

catie, 238, 240 

catin,264 

. catire, 287 

cauchera, 274 

caucho,253,274 

caya amarilla, 296 

caya blanca, 296 

caya colorada, 295 

caya de lorna, 295 . 

caya prieta, 296 

cayateje, 290 

cayena,270 

cayepon,284 

cayepan,284 

cayepur, 280 

cayeput, 280 

cayeputi, 280 

cayuco,244 

cayur, 234 

cazuela, 240 

Ceanothus arborescens, 13, 287 

Ceanothlls reclinatus, 287 

Cecropia aspernna, 274 

Cecropiapeltata, 162, 188,211,274,307,310, 

332 

cedre, 63, 249, 273 

cedre blanc, 63, 273, 

cedre espagnol, 63, 273 

Cedrela dllgessii, 63, 273 

Cedrela glaziovii, 63, 273 

Cedrela guianensis, 63, 273 

Cedrela mahagoni, 47, 273 

Cedrela mexicana, 63, 67, 273

368 Index 

Cedrela occidentalis, 63, 273 

Cedrela odorata, 26, 35,48,62-69, p3, 162, 188, 

211,273,317,329 

Cedrela pavaguariensis, 63, 273 

Cedrela sintenisii, 63, 273 

Cedrela velloziana, 63, 273 

cedro, 63, 273 

cedro blanco, 273 

cedro colorado, 273 

cedro del pafs, 63, 273 

cedro hembra, 63, 273, 298. 

cedro macho, 63, 273 

cedro real, 273 

Cedrus mahagoni, 47,273 

Cedrus mahogani, 47, 273 

ceiba, 242 

Ceiba casearia, 242 

ceiba de agua, 242 

Ceiba guineense, 242 

Ceiba pentandra, 163, 188,211,242,314,324 

Ceiba thonningii, 242 

ceibo,259 

celandine, 284 

CELASTRACEAE, 246 

Celastrum jodinii, 273 

Celastrus myrtifolius, 289 

ce1osa, 302 

Celtis lamarkiana, 301 

Celtis micranthus, 301 

Celtis rugosa, 301 

Celtis trinervia, 189; 301, 306, 309 

cenizero, 256 

cenizo,272 

cenizoso, 272 

cenizoso cimarron, 290 

Central American rubber, 274 

Cerasus occidentalis, 289 

Cerasus sphaerocarpus, 289 

Cerbera peruviana, 236 

Cerbera thevatia, 236 

Cercidium praecox, 258, 304, 328 

Cercidium spinosum, 258 

Cerdana alliodora, 23, 243 

cereipo, 261 

cerero, 275 

Cereus hexagonus, 211, 244 

Cereus hystrix, 244 

cereza, 265,269,270 

cereza amarilla, 254 

cereza blanca, 243 

cereza cimarrona, 270 

cereza colorada, 270 

cereza de Barbados, 270 

cereza de Cayena, 280 

cerezo, 243, 270 

. cerezo occidental, 254 

cerillo, 290 

cerise,270 

cerise d'Haiti, 270 

cerise de mer, 283 

cerise de St. Domingue, 270 

cerise de Suriname, 280 

cerisier, 270 

cerisier capitaine, 270 

cerisier de St. Domingue, 270 

cerote, 294 

Cestrum diurnum, 189,298 

Cestrum laurifolium, 298 

Cestrum macrophyllum, 189,298 

Cestrum macrostemon, 298 

Cestrum nocturnum, 298, 316, 322 

Ceylon-gooseberry, 265 

cha"cha venenoso, 256 

chacara, 258 

chacaro, 264 

chacha,256 

chachaca, 3, 262 

chadek,95, 163, 189,212,311 

chadeque, 95,292 

Chaetocarpus domingensis, 252 

Chaetocarpus globosus, 252 

Chalcas exotica, 292 

Chalcas paniculata, 292 

Chamaecrista, 111 

Chamaefistula antillana, 263 

Chamaerops antillarum, 240 

chambron, 3, 262, 311 

chamiso, 294 

champaca, 269 

chandel anglez, 311 

chandel blan, 311 

chandel mawon, 195, 311 

chandelle anglaise, 290 

chandelle blanc, 291 

chandelle marron, 291, 294 

chapeau carre, 250, 251 

chapelet, 238 

chapelet, 311 

chapo kare, 202, 220, 311 

chaste tree, 302 

chatag,311 

chatague, 294 

chataignier, 294 

chataignier apetites feuilles, 251 

chataignier marron, 294 

chatanye, 311 

.chatanye mawon, 311 

chatanye ti fey, 311 

chencherenche, 302 

chene,29,241 

chene calebassier, 302 

chene caparo, 23, 243 

chene d'Australie, 287 

chene franc, 23, 243 

chene haitien, 241 

chene noir, 23, 29, 241, 243

Coccoloba diversijolia, 190,286,325,329,331, 

332 

Coccoloba eggersiana, 286 

Coccoloba fawcetti, 286 

Coccoloba .f/4vescens, 286 

Coccolobafuertesii,286 

Coccoloba julgens, 286 

Coccoloba grandifolia, 286 

Coccoloba helwigii, 286 

Coccoloba hotteana, 286 

Coccoloba incrassata, 286 

Coccoloba krugii, 286 

Coccoloba laurifolia, 286 

Coccoloba leoganensis, 190,205,286 

Coccoloba leonardii, 286 

Coccoloba mansjeldii, 286 

Coccoloba microstachys, 190, 286 

Coccoloba momicola, 286 

Coccoloba nalgensis, 286 

Coccoloba neurophylla, 286 

Coccoloba nivea, 287 

Coccoloba nodosa, 286 _ 

Coccoloba pauciflora, 286 

Coccoloba picardae, 286 

Coccolobapubescens, 190,286,314,325,329 

Coccoloba pungens, 286 

Coccoloba revoluta, 286 

Coccoloba rotundifolia, 286 

Coccoloba rubescens, 286 

Coccoloba rupicola, 286 

Coccoloba samanensis, 287 

Coccoloba samuelssonii, 286 

Coccoloba scrobiculata, 287 

Coccoloba subtruncata, 287 

Coccoloba swartzii, 190, 287 

Coccoloba tortuensis, 286 

Coccoloba uVifera, 190,212,287,315,328,329 

Coccoloba venosa, 190, 287 

Coccoloba verruculosa, 286 

Coccoloba wrightii, 287 - 

Coccothrinax, 212, 315,316 

Coccothrinax anomala, 240 

Coccothrinax argentea, 82,239,321,326 

Coccothrinax ekmanii, 239 

Coccothrinax gracilis, 239 

Coccothrinax martii, 240 

Coccothrinax miraguama, 239, 321 

Coccothrinax montana, 239 

Coccothrinax munizii, 239 

Coccothrinax radiata, 240 

Coccothrinax scoparia, 239 

Coccothrinax spissa, 239 

cochinilla, 234 

cochinillo, 234 

COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 248 

cochlospennum, 248 

Cochlospermum hibisoides, 248 

Cochlospermum vitifolium, 190,212,248- 

Index 371 

cockscomb coralbean, 259 

cockspur, 259, 283 

coco, 239 

coco de Cofrecf, 268 

coco de mar, 268 

coco guinee, 238 

coco macaco, 238, 268 

coco macaque, 238, 239 

coco plum, 247 

coco ravet, 265 

coconut, 79, 239, 335 

Cocops rivalis, 239 

Cocos, 29 

Cocos aculeatus, 238 

Cocos crassipatha, 238 

Cocos nucifera, 78-85, 164, 190,212,239,319, 

326 

Cocos vinijera, 240 

cocotero, 239 

cocotier, 79, 239 

cocoyer, 79, 239 

cocuyo, 247,250, 269, 296 

Codiaeum variegatum, 252, 320 

coeur boeuf, 23.4, 235 

Cofjea arabica, 165, 190,212,289,317 

coffee, 289 

coffee colubrina, 13 

cogne-molle, 288 

coi,261 

cojoba, 261 

Cojoba arborea, 262 

Cojoba micrantha, 262 

cojobillo, 258 

cola, 298 

Cola acuminata, 213, 298, 319, 326 

cola de paloma, 252 

cola nut tree, 298 

Cola vera, 298 

colatier, 298 

colbri vegetal, 264 

cole, 261 

collarete, 302 

collegue, 257 

collegue matourin, 257 

collier, 262 

colorade, 242 

colorado, 242 

Colubrina, 306, 308 

Colubrina arborescens, 12-21,29,48, 166, 190, 

213,224-226,228,229,287,306,307,309, 

315,318,327,328,332 

Colubrina berteroana, 287 

Colubrina colubrina, 13,287 

Colubrina elliptica, 13, 190,213,287,322 

Colubrinajerruginosa, 13,287 

Colubrina glandulosa yare antillana, 288,310 

Colubrina reclinata, 13,.287 

Coluhrina rufa var. antillima, 288

372 Index 

coma, 293, 296 

coma blanc, 296 

coma franc, 296 

coma jaune, 293 

comat, 250 

COMBRETACEAE, 248 

comecara, 279,280 

common bamboo, 285 

common coralbean, 259 

common fig, 274 

common naseberry, 296 

common plum, 289 

Comocladia, 87, 190,304,309 

Comocladia acuminata, 233 

Comocladia cuneata, 233, 312, 321 

Comocladia de.ntata, 213, 233, 304 

Comocladia dentata propinqua, 233 

Comocladia dodonaea, 233 

Comocladia domingensis, 233 

Comocladia ehrenbergii, 233 

Comocladia ekmaniana, 233 

Comocladia gilgiana, 233 

Comocladia glabra, 233 

Comocladia glabra acuminata, 233 

Comocladia ilicifolia, 233 

Comocladia ilicifolia glabra, 233 

Comocladia integrifolia, 233 

Comocladia mollifolia, 233 

Comocladia pinnatifida, 233 

Comocladia pinnatifolia, 233, 329 

Comocladia propinqua, 233 

Comocladia pubescens, 233 

Comocladia tricuspidata, 233 

COMPOSITAE. See ASTERACEAE 

Conocarpus erectus, 190,213,248,323,324,326 

Conocarpus racemosus, 248 

Conocarpussericeus, 248 

Conoria cuspa, 235 

Conostegia hotteana, 271 

Consolea macracantha, 213, 244, 328 

Consolea moniliformis, 244 

contraguao, 283 

cooper withe, 285 

copaiba, 258 

Copaiferajacquini,258 

Copaifera officinalis, 258 

Copernicia berteroana, 239, 312 

Copernicia ekmanii, 239, 316, 326 

copey, 247 

copey vera, 299, 300 

copeyejo, 247 

coq au lait, 79, 239 

coq shango, 244 

coque molle, 288 

coquelicot, 243 

coquillo, 280 

corail,290 

corail rouge, 290 

coral, 246, 256, 259 

coralbean, 259 

coralillo, 290 

coralitos peonfa, 256 

coraltree, 259 

coralwood,261 

coraz6n, 235 

coraz6n de paloma, 13, 236, 243, 254; 265, 287 

c6rbano, 256, 263 

c6rbano blanco, 263 

corcho, 242, 282,283 

corcho blanco, 283 

corcho bobo, 283 

corcho prieto, 283 

Cordia,29, 166, 190 

Cordia alba, 190,213,243,305 

Cordia alliodora, 22-27, 166, 191,213,225,243, 

310,311 

Cordia bourreria, 243 

Cordia brachycalyx, 243 

Cordia calyptrata, 243 

Cordia collococca, 191,213,243,331 

Cordia dentata, 243 ;j 

Cordia fitchii, 243 

Cordia gerascanthus, 23, 243 

Cordia gerascanthes, 213, 243 

Cordia glabra, 243 

Cordia laevigata, 243, 309 

Cordia macrophylla, 243 

Cordia mirabiloides, 213, 243, 304, 311, 313, 320 

Cordia nitida, 243 

Cordia obliqua, 243 

Cordia sebestena, 191,213,243,305,319,331 

Cordia speciosa, 243 

Cordia sulcata, 191,243,313,327 

Cordia toqueve, 243 

Cordia tremula, 243 

cordoMn, 271 

cordoban arbusto, 272 

cordobancillo de arroyo, 272 

cordon, 258 

cord6n de soldado, 283 

cork-tree, 271 

corkwood, 242 

cormier, 272 

cornichon du pays, 284 

Cornutia pyramidata, 302, 312 

corojo, 238 

corojo de Guinea, 239 

corosse, 238 

corossier, 239 

corossol, 234 

corossol marron, 234 

corossol zombie, 234 

corossolier, 234 

corozo, 238, 239 

corozo criollo, 238 

coscorr6n, 246

coscorroncito, 246 

cotelette, 253 

cotelle, 254 

cotinilla, 234 

coton fleur, 242 

coton mahaut, 270 

coton marron, 270 

coton rat, 299 

coton soie, 240, 242 

cotoperi, 294 

cotorrerillo, 265 

cotton tree, 242 

courbaril,258,260 

couronne du Christ, 253 

Couroupita guianensis, 213, 268, 304, 305, 321 

Couroupita guianensis var. surinamensis, 268 

Couroupita st. croixana, 268 

Couroupita surinamensis, 268 

cowbush, 299 

Cowellocassia domingensis, 263 

crabwood, 253, 273, 286 

cramantree, 273 

Crataeva apetala, 245 

Cr,ataeva tapia, 213, 245 

Crescentia alata, 226, 228 

Crescentia acuminata, 241 

Crescentia cucurbitina, 241 

Crescentia cujete, 97, 191,213,241,317 

Crescentia fasciculata, 241 

Crescentia linearifolia, 213, 241, 317 

cresta de gallo, 250, 259, 264 

crete-de-coq, 259 

crevajosa, 286 

creve a. hache, 288 

crisse marine, 297 

croc, 283 

croc de chien, 283 

croc souris, 289 

croc-a.-chien, 291 

crocro, 239 

crocro guinee, 239 

croque chien, 243 

Crossopetalum rhacoma, 191, 213, 246, 330 

croton, 252 

Croton buchii, 252 

Croton cascarilla, 252 

Croton cascarilloides, 252 

Croton corylifolius, 252 

Croton dichotomus, 252 

Croton eluteria, 252, 313, 318 

Croton glabellus, 213, 252, 305, 306 

Croton globosus, 252 

Croton hircinus, 252 

Crotonjacmelianus, 252 

croton leaf, 252 

Croton lucidus, 252, 312 

Croton megaladenus, 252 

Croton populifolium, 252 

Index 373 

Croton sessiliflorus, 255 

Croton variegatus, 252 

crow bean tree, 256 

crown-of-thoms, 253 

crozier cycad, 250 

Crudia antillana, 258 

Crudia spicata, 258, 303, 315,317,319 

cruz del copeyar, 261 

Cryptorhiza haitiensis, 278, 323 

cuaba, 285,291 

cuaba blanca, 291 

cuaba de ingenio, 294 

cuaba prieta, 289 

cuabilla, 297 

cuabilla de costa, 297 

cuajanf, 289 

cuajanf hembra, 289 

cuaraje colorado, 279 

cuasia, 297 

cuassia, 297 

Cuba negra, 255 

cubanicu, 251 

Cubanthus umbelliformis, 252, 313 

cucaracha, 289,294 

cuchara, 295 

cucharillo, 241 

cucharita, 295 

.cucharita prieta, 293 

cuco, 288 

cucubano, 290 

cucubano de monte, 290 

cucubano liso, 290 

cueriduro, 253 

cuemecillo, 299 

cuemo de buey, 13,254,287,294 

cuero de puerco, 266, 296 

cuero de sabana, 290 

cuero duro, 253 

cuiji venezolano, 258 

CUNONIACEAE, 249 

Cupania americana, 166, 191,213,294,309,311, 

329,331 

Cupania apetala; 294 

Cupania giabra, 294 

Cupania oppositifolia, 294 

Cupania ratonia, 294 

Cupania sapida, 294 

Cupania saponiarioides, 294 

Cupania scrobiculata, 294 

Cupania tomentosa, 294 

Cupania triquetra, 294 

cupefllo, 247 

cupey,247 

cupey chiquito, 247 

cupeyito,247 

CUPRESSACEAE, 249 

Cupressus, 330 

Cupressus benthamii, 249

374 Index 

Cupressus glauca, 249 

Cupressus lindleyi, 249 

Cupressus lusitanica, 191,249 

Cupressus sempervirens, 213, 249 

curaboca, 243 

curatella, 250 

Curatella americana, 213, 250, 3'19, 328 

Curatella grisebachiana, 250 

curbana, 245 

curbaril,260 

Curcas curcas, 254 

Curcas indica, 254 

Curcas peltata, 254 

custard apple, 235 

cuya, 295 

Cyathea aquilina; 249 

Cyathea arborea, 249 

Cyathea brittoniana, 249 

Cyathea escuquensis, 249 

. Cyathea furfuracea, 249 

Cyathea harrisii, 249 

Cyathea harrisii x Alsophila minor, 249 

Cyathea tenera, 249 

Cyathea wilsonii, 249 

CYATHEACEAE, 249 

CYCADACEAE, 250 

Cycas circinalis, 213, 250 

. Cycas revoluta, 250, 326 

Cyclospathe northropii, 239 

Cynodendron bicolor, 295 

Cynometra americana, 258, 320 ' 

Cynometra portoricensis, 191,258 

Cyphomandra betacea, 298 

Cyphomandra crassifolia, 298 

cypres, 249 

cypres d'Italie, 249 

cypres de Mexico, 249 

Cyrilla antillana, 250 

Cyrilla panniculata, 276 

Cyrilla racemiflora, 191,.250 

CYRILLACEAE, 250 

-D- 

d'eau livre, 236 

d'olive, 39, 267, 275, 297 

daguilla, 39, 255, 297, 301 

daguilla comun, 301 

daguilla de lorna, 301 

daguille, 301 

daguillo, 39, 297 

dagwi,311 

dajao,290 

Dalbergia, 321 

Dalbergia berterii, 258 

Dalbergia domingensis, 260 

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, 214, 259, 332 

Dalbergia monetaria, 259 

Dalbergia pentaphylla, 260 

Dalbergia sissoo, 167, 191,259 

dalmag, 311 

dalmagre, 247 

da1mari, 311 

da1marie, 247 

Dalrymplea domingensis, 298 

dama de dfa, 298 

dama de noche, 298 

damag, 311 

damage, 247 

damajagua, 270 

damari, 160, 187,210,311 

dame marie, 247 

dan chen b1an, 311 

danchi,264 

Daphne crassifolia, 301 

Daphnelagetto, 301 

Daphne tinifolia, 300 ' 

Daphnopsis americana, 214, 216 

Daphnopsis americana ssp. cumingii, 300, 323 

Daphnopsis americana ssp. tinifolia, 300 

Daphnopsis crassifolia, 301 

Daphnopsis crassifolia var. eggersii, 301 

Daphnopsis cuneata ssp. uniflora, 301 

Daphnopsis ekmanii, 301 

Daphnopsis tinifolia, 300 

Daphnopsis uniflora, 301 

darling plum, 288 

dat, 175,218,311 

date, 239 

date palm, 239 

datil,239 

datilera, 239 

datte, 239 

dattier, 239 

Datura arborea, 298 

Datura suaveolens, 298, 330 

day cestrum, 298 

dejimel, 186,209,311 

de sezon, 214, 312 

dehorn, 312 

dehomme, 253 

delen, 119-131, 171, 196,216,312 

delen etranje, 312 

delen peyi, 119 

delin etranger, 260 

delmonte, 256 

Delonix regia, 191,214,259,313,328 

demajagua; 270 

Dendropanax, 308 

Dendropanaxarboreus, 191,214,237,309,313, 

329 

Dendropanaxselleanus, 237 

Dendrosicus /atifolius, 191, 214, 241, 317 

dent de chien blanc, 243 

derrienga chivo, 265

desaison, 253 

desnudo florecido, 145,259 

desyerba conuco, 290 

deux jumelles, 257 

Diaspenzs distichus, 254 

DICHAPETALACEAE, 250 

Didymopanax morototoni, 238 

Didymopanax tremulum. See Didymopanax tremu- 

Ius 

Didymopanax tremulus, 238 

dildo espanol, 244 

dilenia,250 

Dillenia indica, 250 

DILLENIACEAE,250 

Dimorphandra ekmanii, 261 

Diospyros,191,309 

Diospyros caribaea, 250 

Diospyros crassinervis ssp. urbaniana, 250 

Diospyros domingensis, 250 

Diospyros ebenaster, 250 

Diospyros leonardii, 250 

Diospyros oxycarpa, 250 

Diospyros revoluta, 214, 250, 312 

Diospyros tetrasperma, 250 

Dipholis angustifolia, 295 

Dipholis anomala, 295 

Dipholis cubensis, 295 

Dipholis domingensis, 295 

Dipholis ferruginea, 295 

Dipholis leptopoda, 295 

Dipholis salicifolia, 295 

Dipholis sericea, 295 

Diplocalyx chrysophylloides, 283 

ditta, 252 

Ditta maestrensis, 252 

Ditta myricoides, 191,252 

diversifolia, 260 

divi divi, 187,205,210,257,312 

do jilet, 312 

doddle-do, 257 

Dodonaea angustifolia, 294 

Dodonaea asplenifolia var. arborescens, 294 

Dodonaea ehrenbergii, 294 

Dodonaea jamaicensis, 294 

Dodonaea spathulata, 294 

Dodonaea thunbergiana var. linearis, 294 

Dodonaea viscosa, 191, 214 

Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia, 294 

Dodonaea viscosa var. arborescens, 294, 324, 327 

Dodonaea viscosa var. linearis, 294 

Dodonaea viscosa var. spathulata, 294 

Dodonaea viscosa var. viscosa, 294 

Dodonaea viscosa var. vulgaris, 294 

dod6nea,294 

dogwood, 252, 291, 294 

doliv,39,198,312 

doliv bata, 186,210,312 

dombou,221, 273, 312 

Dominican mahogany, 47,273 

don diego de dfa, 242 

don juan, 298 

doncella, 269, 270, 294 

dormil6n,256 

Doryalis. See Dovyalis 

dos gillette, 233 

doti blanch, 312 

doti bwa blan, 312 

doule,312 

douleur, 290 

Dovyalis caffra, 265 

Dovyalis hebecarpa, 265 

dracaena, 268 

Dracaenajragrans,268 

drago, 263 

dragon's blood, 263 

Drepanocarpus lunatus, 261 

Drypetes,191,307,320 

Drypetes alba, 252, 321 

Drypetes crocea, 253 

Drypetes diversifolia, 252 

Drypetes glauca, 253 

Drypetes ilicifolia, 253 

Drypetes incltrva, 252 

Drypetes laterflora, 192, 253 

Drypetes picardae, 253 

Drypetes piriformis, 253 

duartiana,271 

Dunalia arborescens, 298 

Duranta erecta, 302 

Duranta plumieri, 302 

Duranta repens, 192,302,306,324 

Dussia sanguinea, 259 

dyare,312 

dyare,239 

-E- 

ear pod wattle, 255 

earpod-tree, 259 

ebano,243,250 

ebano de Santo Domingo, 257 

ebano negro, 250 

ebano verde, 269 

EBENACEAE, 250 

ebene,243,250 

ebenier noir, 243 

ebenn,191,201,214,312 

ebenn nwa, 312 

Ecastaphyllum bertii, 258 

Ecastaphyllum plumieri, 259 . 

egg fruit, 296 

eglise,256 

Egyptian privet, 269 

Ehretia acanthophora, 243. 

Ehretia bourreria, 243 

Index 375

Eugenia albimarginata, 278 

Eugenia axillaris, 192,278 

Eugenia bahamensis, 282 

Eugenia baruensis, 279 

Eugenia baruensis var. latifolia, 279 

Eugenia belladerensis, 278 

Eugenia biflora, 192, 278 

Eugenia biflora var. lancea, 278 

Eugenia biflora var. ludibunda, 278 

Eugenia buxifolia, 279 

Eugenia carophylla, 278, 316 

Eugenia chrootricha, 278 

Eugenia confusa, 192, 278 

Eugenia cumini, 282 

Eugenia deflexa, 280 

Eugenia dicrana, 280 

Eugenia dictyophylla, 279 

Eugenia domingensis, 192,279,304,307 

Eugenia·esculenta, 281 

Eugenia esnardiana, 280 

Eugenia flavorirens, 279 

Eugenia floribunda, 280 

Eugeniafoetida, 192,205,279 

Eugenia foetida var. parvifolia, 279 

Eugenia foetida var. rhombea, 279 

Eugenia formonica, 279 

Eugeniafragrans, 280 

Eugenia glabrata, 279 

Eugenia hetecroclita, 280 

Eugenia holdridgei, 279 

Eugenia isabeliana, 279 

Eugenia jambolana, 282 

Eugenia jambos, 282 

Eugeniajeremiensis, 278 

Eugenia laevis, 279,316 

Eugenia lancea, 278 

Eugenia laxiflora, 280 

Eugenia ligustrina, 214, 279 

Eugenia lindahlii, 279 

Eugenia lineata, 279 

Eugenia lineata var. racemosa, 279 

Eugenia lineolata, 279 

Eugenia longipes, 282 

Eugenia ludibunda, 278 

Eugenia macradenia, 279 

Eugenia malaccensis, 282 

Eugenia malangensis, 280 

Eugenia maleolens, 279, 323 

Eugenia minguetii, 279 

Eugenia monticola, 192,279,305,331 

Eugenia monticola var. latifolia, 279 

Eugenia myrtoides, 279 

Eugenia odorata, 279, 306 

Eugenia orthioneura, 279 

Eugenia pal/ens, 277 

Eugenia paniculata, 280 

Eugenia portoricensis, 279 

Eugeniaprenleloupii, 279 

Index 377 

Eugenia procera, 279 

Eugenia pseudopsidium, 192, 279 

Eugenia pseudopsidium var. portoricensis, 279 

Eugenia punctata, 280 

Eugenia rhombea, 192, 279, 308, 325 

Eugenia samanensis, 279 

Eugenia saviaefolia, 280 

Eugenia subveriicil/aris, 279 

Eugenia tiburona, 279 

Eugenia tussacii, 280 

Eugenia umbel/ulifera, 281 

Eugenia uniflora, 280, 330 

Eugenia vanderveldei, 280 

Eugenia virgultosa, 278 

eugenio, 298 

Euonymus cuneifolius, 247 

Euparorium.&eASTERACEAE 

euphorbe brilliant, 253 

Euphorbia, 193 

Euphorbia cotinifolia, 253 

Euphorbia cotinoides, 253 

Euphorbia defoliata, 253 

Euphorbialactea,253,317,328 

Euphorbia leucocephala, 253 

Euphorbia milii, 253, 320, 331 

Euphorbia petiolaris, 253, 304, 306 

Euphorbiapulcherrima, 214, 253, 312, 313, 328, 

329 

Euphorbia splendens, 253 

Euphorbia tirucalli, 253, 314 

Euphorbia verticil/ata, 253 

EUPHORBIACEAE,251 

European chestnut, 264 

European plum, 289 

Eurya albopunctata, 299 

Eurya bol/eana, 299 

Eurya temstroemioides, 299 

Eurya vaccinioides, 300 

Euterpe globosa, 239 

Euterpe vinifera,240 

Excoecaria eglandulosa, 253 

Excoecaria lucida, 253 

Excoecaria pal/ens, 253 

Excoecaria sagraei, 253 

Exostema caribaeum, 193,205,214,220,290, 

311,319 

Exostema cf. elegans, 290 

. Exostema ellipticum, 193, 290 

Exostema floribundum, 290 

Exostema sanctae-Iuciae, 290 

Exothea oblongifolia, 294 

Exothea paniculata, 193, 294, 307, 308, 319 

FABACEAE, 255 

Fadyeniahookeri,266 

-F-

fingripo, 283 

flaboir noir, 292 

FLACOURTIACEAE,264 

flambeau, 292 

flambeau caraibe, 292 

flamboyan, 259 

flamboyan" amarillo, 111,261,264 

flamboyan azul, 241 

flamboyan orquidea, 257 

flamboyant, 259 . 

flamboyant bleu, 241 

flambwayan, 191,214,313 

flambwayan ble, 313 . 

flame tree, 259 

fle dan, 166,213,313 

fle dan fle blanch, 313 

fle dantisyon, 313 

fle jalouzi, 216, 313 

fle koray, 194, 215, 313 

fle lila, 3 13 

fle mahodem, 313 

fle motel, 313 

fle senpie, 313 

fle siwo, 313 

fleur corail, 290 

fleur de St. Pierre, 241 

fleur dentition, 243 

fleur papillon, 264 

fleur-a-pluie, 298 

fleurs dent afleurs blanches, 243 

fleufs dents, 243 

fleurs immortels, 259 

fleurs jalousie, 269 

fleurs lilas, 273 

fleurs mahaudeme, 242 

fleurs mortelles, 259 

fleurs sureau, 233 

flor de cerro, 235 

flor de chivo, 270 

flor de confite, 238 

flor de Jeric6, 268 

flor de ovejo, 253 

flor de pascua, 253 

flor nacional, 259 

floresco, 145,259 

florestina, 256 

Florida boxwood, 247 

Florida cherrypalm, 239 

Florida elder, 233 

Florida forestiera, 284 

Florida privet, 284 

Florida trema, 30I 

flowerfence, 257 . 

Flueggea acidothamnus, 255 

fo jirof, 313 

fo kenkena, 313 

fo salsparey, 313 

folie des filles, 269 

Forchhammeria haitiensis, 245 

forest red gum, 278 

Forestiera porulosa, 284 

Forestiera rhamnifolia, 284 

Forestiera segregata, 284 

forte-ventura, 260 

Fonunelwjaponka, 292 

Fortunelw margarita, 292 

fougere arborescente, 249 

framboyan, 259 

framboyan azul, 241 

framboyan cubano, 257 

framboyan extranjero, 257, 259 

fraitchipagne, 235 

franchipayn, 313 

francillade, 257 

francillade afleurs jaunes, 257 

francillade afleurs rouges, 257 

francillane, 257 

frangipan, 236 . 

frangipane, 235, 236 

frangipane blanche, 236 

frangipani, 235, 236, 252 

frangipanier, 235, 236 

frangipanier blanc, 235 

.frangipanier epineux, 236 

frangipanier marron, 236 

frangipanier rose, 236 

frangipanier sauvage, 235 

franjipani, 200, 219, 313 

franjipann, 313 

franjipann blanch, 313 

franjipanye, 313 

franjipanye blan, 219, 313 

franjipanye mawon, 313 

franjipanye pikan, 313 

franjipanye sovaj, 314 

franjipanye woz, 314 

fransilad, 210; 314 

fransilad fle jon, 314 

fransilad fle wouj, 314 

fransilann, 314 

frasoigne, 235 

frasoyn, 314 

French physic nut, 254 

frene, 39, 297 

frene etranger, 39, 297 

Freziera bolleana, 299 

Freziera temstroemioides, 299 

Freziera vaccinioides, 300 

friegaplatos, 298 

frijol,245 

frijol de monte, 245 

frijolillo, 71, 245, 256, 260, 263 

fromager, 242, 290 

fruta de catey, 243 

fruto de paloma, 251 

fuego, 13,287 

Index 379

gomme baume, 285 

gommier, 244, 256 

gommier blanc, 244 

gommier rouge, 244 

gommier sauvage, 273 

Gomphia ilicifolia, 253, 283 

gomye, 160, 187,205,210,314,335 

gomye blan, 314 

gomye sovaj, 314 

gomye wouj, 314 

gorifwenn, 199,314 

goric,297 

gorie frene, 297 

gorik, 315 

gouane, 239 

Gouania paniculata, 252 

gouannegoul, 256 

gounelle,293 

goyave,282 

goyavier, 282 

Graffenriedia ottoschulzii, 272 

grain d'or, 252 

graines canique, 294 

graines de lin, 260 

graines de lin pays, 119,260 

graines plates, 258 

graines quinique, 257 

graines vertes, 293 

graines vertes pruneau, 237 

graines violettes, 293 . 

grajo, 278 

GRAMINAE. See POACEAE 

gran born, 315 

gran ley, 315 

gran kaymit, 315 

gran kokmolye, 315 

gran maho, 194,204,215,221,315 

gran medsinye, 315 

gran monben, 315 

gran sapoti, 315 

granada, 287 

granada agria, 287 

granadilla,279 

granadillo, 248, 250, 253, 257, 272, 279, 287, 294 

granadillo bobo, 119,260,272 

granadino, 119, 260 

granado, 250, 287 

granado enano, 287 

grand baume, 285 

grand coquemollier, 300 

grand leaf, 286 

grand mahaut, 270, 271 

grand medecinier, 254 

grand mombin, 234 

grand sapotillier, 297 

grande cai"mite, 295 

grande feuille, 267 

granolino, 119,258,260 

grape myrtle, 269 

grapefruit, 95, 292 

gratgal, 199,201,315 

grati-galle, 261, 288 

gratigal, 206, 315 

gratte-galle, 243, 261 

gray nickers, 257 

greadilla, 253 

green ebony, 255 

green wattle, 255 

greenheart, 13, 287 

gregre, 248 

grenad, 219, 315 

grenad mawon, 185, 189,212,315 

grenade, 287 

grenade marron, 251, 302 

grenadier, 287 

grenadya, 315 

grenaillit, 294 

grenarde, 302 

grenayit, 315 

grenn delen, 315 

grenn delen peyi, 315 

grenn db, 315 

grenn kanik, 315 

grenn kinik, 210, 315 

grenn kininn, 315 

grenn plat, 315 

grevilea, 287 

Grevillea peineta, 287 

Grevillea robusta, 193,287,311,315 

Grevillea umbratica, 287 

·greviIya, 193,315 

grigri, 13, 182,210,221,248,315 

grigrijon, 159, 186,315 

grigri mon, 187,315 

grigri sovaj, 13, 315 

Grimmeodendron eglandulosum, 253 

gris-gris, 248, 287, 302 

gris-gris des montagnes, 248 

gris-gris jaune, 248 

gros figuier, 247 

gros mahaut, 271 

gros mombin, 234 

gros peau, 295 

gros petites feuilles, 279 

grosela de Mexico, 280 

grosella, 254 

grosella china, 284 

grosella cimarr6n, 254 

grosella de Ceihiri, 265 

grosella de Otahiti, 284 

guaba, 260 

guaba nativa, 260 

guaba peluda, 260 

guaba venezolana, 260 

guaban,273 

guacacoa,300 

Index 381

382 Index 

guacacoa baria, 300 

guacalote, 257 

guacamaya, 257 

guacamaya de costa, 257 

guachape1e, 256 

gmicima, 299 

guacima cimaronna, 252,.299 

gmicima de caballo, 299 

guacimilla, 23, 243, 301 

guacimilla boba, 301 

guaconejillo, 291 

guaconejo, 291 

Guadeloupe marlberry, 276 

guafierro, 288 

guaguad, 265 

guaguasi, 265, 266 

guaiabara, 287 

Guaiabara uvifera, 287 

Guaiacum, 48, 193,309,314 

Guaiacum officinale, 205, 215,302,314 

Guaiacum sanctum, 215, 302, 314 

guaicaje, 254 

guairaje, 247,278,279 

guairaje blanco, 279 

guairaje colorado, 278 

guaita, 273 

Guajacum. See Guaiacum 

Guajacum guatemalense, 302 

Guajava pyrifera, 282 

Guajava pyriformis, 282 

guaje, 260 

guama, 258, 260 

guama americano, 262 

guama cande16n, 262 

guama de costa, 260 

guama de soga, 260 

guama hediondo, 262 

guama macho, 260 

guama venezolana, 260 

guamaca, 294 

guamuchil, 262 

guanabana, 234 

guanabana cimarrona, 234 

guanabana de corcho, 234 

guanabana de perro, 234 

guanabanita,234 

guanantesi, 301 . 

guanara, 294 

guanarita, 294 

guaney,266 

guaney negro, 284 

guango, 256 

guanilla, 301 

guanillo, 240 

guanina negra, 263 

guanito, 240 

guannegoul, 256 

guano, 239, 242 

guano campeche, 240 

guano de costa, 240 

guano de Guinea, 240 

guano de sierra, 240 

guao, 233, 234,249 

guao de costa, 233 

guao negro, 255 

Guapira brevipetiolata, 282 

Guapira discolor, 193,282 

Guapira domingensis, 282, 307 

Guapirafragrans, 193,282 

Guapira ligustrifolia, 282 

Guapira obtusata, 193,283,307 

Guapira rufescens, 283 

. guara, 294 

guara blanca, 294 

guaracabuya, 257 

guaraguao, 248, 273 

guarana, 294 

guarantel,30l 

guarapo, 245,287, 298 

Guarea,193 

Guarea cabirma, 273 

Guarea glabra, 273 

Guarea guara, 273 

Guarea guidonia, 133, 169,215,273,310,326 

Guarea humilis, 273 

Guarea obstusifoiia, 273 

Guarea perrottetiana, 273 

Guarea ramiflora, 273 

Guarea sphenophylla, 273 

Guarea trichilioides, 273 

guarema, 297 

guasabara, 279 

guasara, 279 

guasavara, 272 

guasima cereza, 250 

guasimilla, 301 

guasit6n, 270 

guatapana, 3, 257, 262 

guatapana, 3, 255,257,262 

guatapanal, 261 

guatemala, 261 

Guatteria berteriana, 252 

Guatteria blainii, 194,235,308 

Guatteria laurifolia, 235 

Guatteria prinoides, 252 

Guatteria virgata, 235 

guava, 282 

guavaberry, 280 

guayaba,282 

guayaba agria, 282 

guayaba cimarrona, 258, 272, 279 

guayaba comun, 282 

guayaba de mulo, 286 

guayaba silvestre, 279 

guayabacoa, 248 

guayabac6n,280

guayabilla, 265 

guayabillo, 280 

guayab6n, 280, 286,290 

guayabota, 250 

guayacan,302 

guayacan bastardo, 302 

guayacan blanco, 302 

guayacancillo, 286, 302 

guayaco, 302 

guayaquiI,256 

guayarote, 246 

guayo blanco, 302 

guayo prieto, 243, 302 

guayuyo, 285 

guayuyo blanco, 285 

guazara, 279 

guazuma, 299 

Guazuma bubroma, 299 

Guazuma guazuma, 299 

Guazuma polybotrya, 299 

Guazuma tomentosa, 299 

Guazuma ulmifolia, 169, 194,215,299,305,306 

Guazuma ulmifolia var. tomentosa, 299 

guazumilla, 297 

guazumillo, 243 

gue-gue, 248 

guenepa,294 

guepois, 280 

gtiera de olar, 241 

Guettarda, 194 

Guettarda elliptica, 290 

Guettarda laevis, 290 

Guettarda multinervis, 290, 317 

Guettarda ovalifolia, 290 

Guettarda pungens, 290 

Guettarda valenzuelana, 290 

Guiana plum, 253 

Guiana rapanea, 276 

Guidonia spinescens, 265 

Guilandina barkeriana, 257 

Guilandina bonduc, 257 

Guilandina bonducella, 257 

Guilandina ciliata, 257 

Guilandina major, 257 

Guilandina moringa, 275 

guilfoyle poIyscias, 237 

guina criolIa, 290 

guineo, 275 

guineos, 275 

gtiira, 241 

gtiira cimarrona, 241 

guisacillo, 301 

guitaran, 287, 294, 297 

gum arabic, 256 

gum tree, 244 

gumbo-limbo, 244,335. 

GUTIIFERAE. See CLUSIACEAE 

gwanegoul, 315 

Index 383 

gwaneI,315 

gwann, 315 

gwatapana, 3, 176, 187,200,210,219,315 

gwayabara, 316 

gwayav, 177,201,219,316 

gwenn,212,239,316 

gwo figye, 212, 316 

gwo maho, 316 

gwo monben, 316 

gwo po, 316 

gwo ti fey, 316 

Gymindia latifolia, 194, 246 

Gymnanthes lucida, 194,215,253,308 

Gymnanthes pallens, 253 

Gyrotenia myriocarpa, 274 

-H- 

haba,253 

habilla, 253 

Haematoxylon, 317 

Haematoxylon brasiletto, 194, 226, 228, 259 

Haematoxylon campechianum, 194,205,215, 

259,307 

Haemocharis alpestris, 300 

Haemocharis portoricensis, 300 

Haenianthus oblongatus, 284 

Haenianthus obovatus, 284 

Haenianthus salicifolius, 194 

Haenianthus salicifolius var. obvatus, 284 

Haiti catalpa, 29, 241 

Haitian oak, 29, 241 

Haitiella ekmanii, 239 

Haitiella munizii, 239 

haitier, 235 

Haitimimosa extranea, 261 

Hamelia erecta, 290 

Hameliapatens, 194,215,290,313,320 

Hamelia ventricosa, 290 

harton,275 

havilla, 253 

Hawaiian Ieucaena, 119,260 

haya,235 

haya minga, 235 

hayao, 301 

hazel sterculia, 299 

hedionda, 290 

hediondilla, 119,260,263 

Hedwigia balsamifera, 244 

Hedyosmum nutans, 209, 247 

Hedysarum ecastaphyllum, 259 

helecho, 249, 287 

heIecho arb6reo, 249 

heIecho gigante, 249 

Helicteres altheaefolia, 299 

Helicteres apetala, 299 

Helicteres isora, 299 

I

lagetto, 30 I 

laguilla, 297, 39 

Laguncularia racemosa, 171, 195,216,248,315, 

323,324 

laitier, 235 

laitye,321 

lam veritab, 186,209,321 

lamandi, 321 

lamandye,321 

lamandye gran ley, 200, 219, 321 

lamandye ti ley, 200, 219, 321 

lana, 242, 252 

lancewood, 260, 267 

lanero,242 

lang bef, 321 

langue aboeuf, 300 

lanis sovaj, 321 

Lantana. See VERBENACEAE 

Lantanopsis. See ASTERACEAE 

Laplacea alpestris, 300 

Laplacea cymatoneura, 300 

Laplacea portoricensis, 300 

latanier, 239 

latanier balai, 239 

latanier bourrique, 239 

latanier chapeau, 240 

latanier de mer, 240 

latanier franc, 240 

latanier jaune, 240 

latanier lamer, 240 

. latanier marron, 239 

latanier piquant, 240 

latanier savanne, 239 

latanier zombi, 240 

latanye balay, 321 

latanye bourik, 321 

latanye chapo, 177,321 

latanye fran, 177, 321 

latanye jon, 177,321 

latanye lame, 182,204,221,321 

latanye mawon, 321 

latanye me, 321 

latanye pikan, 321 

latanye savann, 212, 321 

latanye zombi, 321 

Laugeria densiflora, 290 

Laugeria lucida, 289 

Laugeria resinosa, 290 

LAURACEAE, 267 

laurel, 267, 268, 274 

laurel amarillo, 268 

laurel benjamin, 274 

laurel blanco, 267, 268 

laurel bobo, 267 

laurel cambron, 267 

laurel criollo, 274 

laurel de costa, 246 

laurel de la India, 274 

laurel de lorna, 267 

laurel geo, 268 

laurel geo colorado, 268 

laurel macho, 268 

laurel prieto, 267 

laurel roseta, 268 

laurier, 267 

laurier agrandes feuilles, 267 

laurier blanc, 235, 267 

laurier. canneIle, 267 

laurier des jardins, 235 

laurier guepes, 267 

laurier jaune, 267" 268 

laurier petites feuilles, 267 

laurier puant, 267 

laurier rose, 235, 267 

laurier sassafras, 267 

laurier tropical, 235 

Laurocerasus myrtifolia, 289 

Laurocerasus occidentalis, 289 

Laurocerasus sphaerocarpa, 289 

Laurus americanus, 300 

Laurus cinnamomum, 267 

Laurus coriacea, 267 

Laurus floribunda, 267 

Laurus leucoxylon, 267 

Laurus membranacea; 268 

Laurus montana, 267 

Laurus patens, 268 

Laurus pendula, 267 

Laurus persea, 105,268 

Laurustriandra, 267 

Laurus"winterana, 245 

lavapen, 274 

Lawsonia inermis, 216, 269, 312, 313 

leadtree, 119 

lebisa,267 

lebiza,267 

leehe, 294 

lechecillo, 295 

lechosa,246 

LECYTHIDACEAE, 268 

legliz, 321 

LEGUMINOSAE. See FABACEAE 

lejio,301 

lele, 261 

lele, 321 

Lemaireocereus hystrix, 244, 318 

lemon, 292 

lefia amargo, 297 

lengua de mujer, 256 

lengua de vaca, 237, 255, 276 

lengua viperina, 256 

Leonardia haitiensis, 295 

Leonotis elliptica, 288 

Lepianthes. See PIPERACEAE 

lepine jaune, 292 

Leptogonum buchii, 287 

Index 389

.390 Index 

LeptogolJum domingense, 287 

Leptogonum molle, 287 

lete, 321 

leteuil,236 

leucaena, 119,260 

. Leucaena, 35, 112, 113, 305 

Leucaena bolivarensis, 260 

Leucaena brachycarpa, 260 

Leucaena canescens, 260 

Leucaena collinsii, 122 

Leucaena collinsii ssp. zacapana, 129,226,228 

Leucaena colombiana, 260 

Leucaena diversifolia, 119 

Leucaena diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, 119, 

120,127-130,171,260,322 

Leucaena diversifoiia x Leucaena leucocephala, 

129, 130 

Leucaena esculenta ssp. esculenta, 130 

Leucaena esculenta ssp. paniculata, 130 

Lellcaena glabrata, 119,260 

Leucaena glauca, 119, 260 

LeucaelJa lanceolata, 130 

Leucaena latisiliqlla, 119, 260 

Leucaena laxifolia, 260 

Leucaenaleucocephala, 34, 135, 139, 171 

Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata, Ill, 

118-131,195,205,224-226,228-230,260, 

312,322 

Leucaena leucocephala subsp. leucocephala, 

119-123, 196,216,260,312,315,323,324, 

331 

Leucaena macrophylla subsp. nelsonii, 130 

leucaena petite feuille, 260 

Leucaena pseudotichodes, 260 

Leucaena pulverulenta, 130 

Leucaena salvadorensis, 129, 130 

Lf!ucaena shannonii, 122, 129 

Leucaena shannonii ssp. shannonii, 129,226, 

228 . 

Leucaena trichandra, 260 

Leucaena trichodes, 260 

leviza, 267 

liane abarriques, 259 

liane aclous, 259 

Hane acoliques, 270 

liane barrique, 285 

liane bord-de-mer, 259 

liane bouhouque, 270 

liane croc-chien, 288 

lianejaune, 270 

liane panier, 285 

Hane taureau, 270 

liann barik, 321 

liann klou, 214, 321 

liann kolik, 187,210,321 

liann krbk chen, 321 

liann panye, 321 

liann towo, 160, 187,210,321 

libertad, 264,275 

libidibi:257, 321 

Libidibia coriaria, 257 

Licaria, 105 

Licaria jamaicensis, 267 

Licaria triandra, 196,216,267,322 

liege,234 

liej,321 

lignum vitae, 302 

lila, 173, 197,217,273,322 

lila etranje, 145, 169, 193,214,322 

lila nwi, 322 

lilaila, 273 

liIas; 273 

liIas de nuit, 298 

liIas etranger, 145, 259 

liIayo, 273, 298 

LILIACEAE, 268 

lima, 291 

lima boba, 95, 291 

limasa, 291 

limber tree; 245 

lime, 291, 335 

limon, 292 

limon agrio, 291, 292 

limon de cabro, 292 

limon dulce, 291 

limon france, 212,292 

limon frans, 322 

limon persa, 292 

Limon vulgaris, 292 

limoncillo, 246, 264, 277, 283, 292, 294 

limoncillo cimarron, 278, 281 

limoncillo del monte, 278, 280 

Hmonejo decosta, 246 

Limonia aurantifolia, 291 

limpia botella, 277 

Linnaeobreynia ferruginea, 245 

Linnaeobreynia grisebachii, 245 

Linnaeobreynia indica, 245 

lino, 119, 260, 262 

lino criollo, 119, 260 

Linociera axilliflora, 284 

Linociera bumelioides, 284 

Linociera caribaea, 284 

Linociera dictyophylla, 284 

Linociera domingensis, 284 

Linociera lanceolata, 284 

Linociera latifolia, 284 

Linociera ligustrina, 284 

Linociera miragoanae, 284 

Linociera phylliraeoides, 284 

lipstick bush, 242 

lirio,235,236,252,284,291 

lirio bobo, 290 

lirio santana, 290 

lirio tricolor, 236 

lisina, 118-131,171,195,205,322

394 Index 

mar pacffico, 270 

mar serena, 270 

mara, 247 

maravedi,246 

maray-maray, 259 

marble tree, 246 

margarabomba, 264 

Margaritaria nobilis, 196,254 

Margaritaria nobilia var. antillana, 254 

margot, 233 

marguerite, 235, 247 

mari jinn, 324 

marijon, 324 

marfa, 247 

maricao, 269, 270 

marie jaune, 260 

marie-jeanne, 273 

Marila biflora, 248 

Marila domingensis, 248 

marimofia, 270 

marmelade plum, 297 

marmelade-box genipe, 290 

martin avila, 289 

martinica, 235 

masa,244 

masaguaro, 256 

mascarite; 255 

mascristi,255 

maskarit, 324 

maskristi,324 

maskriti, 201, 324 

mastic-bully, 296 

Mastichodendronfoetidissimum, 196,216,296 

Mastichodendron foetidissimum ssp. foetidissi 

- mum, 296, 303, 319, 320 

mastwood, 29, 241 

mata becerro, 255, 256 

mata gallina, 298 

mata gallina cimarrona, 266 

mata puerco, 256 

mata raton, 145,259 

matabecerro, 245 

Matayba, 306 

Matayba apetala, 216, 294 

Matayba denticulata, 294 

Matayba domingensis, 196,294 

Matayba oppositifolia, 294 

Matayba scrobiculata, 216, 294, 311, 329 

matchwood, 238 

mate, 257 

" mate de chivo, 294 

mate de costa, 257 

mate prieto, 246, 257 

mato azul, 257 

mato de playa, 257 

matouren, 324 

matourin, 257 

matta becero, 302 

maurepas, 259 

maximier, 234 

Maximiliana crassispatha, 238 

Maximilianea vitifolia, 248 

maximilien, 253 

mayacaule, 283 

mayakayul, 324 

Mayepea axilliflora, 284 

Mayepea bumelioides, 284 

Mayepea caribaea, 284 

Mayepea domingensis, 284 

Mayepea ligustrina, 284 

mayi bouyi, 192, 324 

mayn lame, 325 

Maytenus, 197 

Maytenusbuxifolia,205,246,306,317,329,333 

Maytenus domingensis, 246 

Maytenus elliptica, 246 

Maytenus haitiensis, 246 

Maytenus jamaicensis, 246 

Maytenus microphylla, 246 

Maytenus mornicola, 246 

Mecranium, 309,323 

Mecranium alpestre, 271 

Mecranium amygdalinum, 197, 271 

Mecranium birimosum, 271 

Mecranium crassinerve, 271" 

Mecranium haitiense, 271 

Mecranium microdictyum, 271 

Mecranium multiflorum, 271 

Mecranium revolutum, 271 

Mecranium revolutum x M. haitiense, 272 

Mecranium salicfolium, 271 

Mecranium tricostatum, 272 

medecinier, 254 

medecinier agrandes feuilles, 254 

medecinier beni, 254 

medecinier carthartique, 254 

medecinier des Indes, 254 

medecinier espagnol, 254 

medecinier multifide, 254 

medisinye, 325 

medisinye beni, 325 

medisinye gran fey, 325 

medisinye miltifid, 325 

medisinye panyol, 325 

melaleuca, 280 

Melaleuca cajaputi, 280 

Melaleuca leucadendron, 280 

Melaleuca minor, 280 

Melaleuca quiquenervia, 197,217,280,325 . 

Melaleuca saligna, 280 

Melaleuca viridiflora, 280 

melalika, 197,217,325 

MELASTOMATACEAE, 271 

Melia azadirachta, 133, 273 

Melia azedarach, 133, 139, 173, 197,217,273, 

313, 322, 327

396 Index 

miraguano, 239,240 

mirto, 280,292 

Misanteca triandra, 267 

misimieu, 292 

miskad,325 

miskadye, 325 

mit, 197,217,325 

mit fey lorie, 325 

mit fey sitwon, 325 

miwobalann, 325 

moca, 256 

moca blanca, 256 

mock orange, 292 

molinero, 242 

molinillo, 242, 273 

mombin, 234 

mombina fruits jaunes, 234 

mombin batard, 273, 294 

mombin espagnol, 234 

mombin franc, 234 

mombin rouge, 234 

monben, 179,202,220,325 

monben bata, 182,204,221,325 

monben fran, 179, 325 

monben jon, 325 

monben panyol, 325 

mondacapullo, 278 

mongier, 289 

monkey apple, 247 

monkey bread tree, 242 

monkey pistol, 253 

Monteverdia buxifolia, 246 

mora, 274 

Mora abbottii, 261 

mora de la India, 290 

mora del pais, 274 

Mora ekmanii, 261, 330 

mora macho, 274 

mora negra, 275 

MORACEAE, 274 

moradilla, 299 

moral,243 

moral6n, 286 

morepa, 325 

morera negra, 275 

morero, 275 

morinda, 290 

Morinda citrifolia, 197,217,290,306,312,314 

Morinda macrophylla, 290 . 

moringa, 275 

Moringa nux-ben, 275 

Moringa oleifera, 174, 197,217,275,304,312, 

326 

Moringa pterygosperma, 275 

MORINGACEAE, 275 

Morisonia americana, 197,245 

Morisonia flexuosa, 245 

morivivi cimarr6n, 258 

Moronobea coccinea, 248 

mortel debout, 271 

mortelle, 259 

moruro blanco, 263 

Morus nigra,·197, 217,275,325 

Morus tinctoria, 274 

mostacilla, 245 

mostacilla chica, 245 

mostazo, 245 

motel, 145,325 

motel debou, 204, 221, 325 

motel etranje, 179, 202, 325 

mother-of-cocao, 145,259 

mountain ebony, 13,287 

mountain immortelle, 259 

mountain mahoe, 270 

mountain palm, 239 

mountain soursop, 234 

mountain wild olive, 248 

moureiller piquant, 270 

moureye pikan, 325 

Mouriri domingensis, 197, 272, 320 

Mouriria. See Mouriri 

mpanash, 325 

mucha gente, 265 

muco, 268 

mulfitre, 234 

mullein nightshade, 298 

Munchausia speciosa, 269 

mufieco, 243, 282 

mufieco baboso, 243 

mufieco blanco, 243 

Muntingia calabura, 197,217,250,306,310 

muralla,292 . 

murallera,292 

Murbeckia haitiensis, 245 

mures, 275 

Murianthe albescens, 296 

Muriea albescens, 296 

Muriea eyerdamii, 296 

Murraea exotica, 292 

Murrayapaniculata, 197,217,292,303,310,325 

murta, 272, 288 

AIusa,97,174,217 . 

AIusa acuminata x AI. balbisiand 'AAA', 275, 

313 

·AIusaacuminata x AI. balbisiana 'AAB', 275, 

303 

Musa paradisiaca, 275 

Musa sapientum, 275 

Musa x paradisiaca, 29, 39, 275 

MUSACEAE, 275 

muscade, 276 

muscadier, 276 

musimieu, 292 

musk wood, 273 

mustard shrub, 245 

Mycianthes umbellulifera, 281

Myginda cuneifolia, 247 

Myginda latifolia; 246 

Myginda rhacoma, 246 

MYOPORACEAE, 275 

Myrcia citrifolia, 197,217,280,305,323,325, 

328 

Myrcia coriacea, 280 

Myrcia deflexa, 198, 280 

Myrcia fenzliana, 280 

Myrcia ferruginea, 280 

Myrcia hotteana, 280 

Myrcia leptoclada, 198, 280 

Myrcia lindeniana, 280 

Myrcia saliana, 280 

Myrcia splendens, 198,280 

Myrcia tiburoniana, 280 

Myrcia umbellulifera, 281 

Myrcianthes esnardiana, 280, 323 

Myrcianthesfragrans, 280,305,308,309,325 

Myrciaria floribunda, 280, 308 

Myrica cerifera, 198,217,275,317,318 

Myrica mexicana, 275 

Myrica picardae, 275 

Myrica segregata, 284 

MYRICACEAE, 275 

Myristicafragrans, 198,217,276,325,326 

MYRISTICACEAE,276 

myrobalane, 234 

Myrobalanus catappa, 248 

Myrodia turbinata, 242 

Myrospermumfrutescens, 198,217,261 

Myroxylon balsamum, 198, 217 

Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, 261 

Myroxylon buxifolium, 265 

Myroxylon coriaceum, 265 

Myroxylon pereirae, 261 

Myroxylon schaefferioides, 266 

MYRSINACEAE, 276 

Myrsine acrantha, 276 

Myrsine berterii, 276 

Myrsine coriacea, 198,276,309,324 

Myrsine ferruginea, 276 

Myrsine floridana, 276 

Myrsine guianensis, 198,276,312 

Myrsine laeta: 276 

Myrsine magnoliifolia, 276 

Myrsine punctata, 276 

MYRTACEAE,277 

myrte, 279, 292 

myrte afeuilles de citron, 280 

myrte afeuilles de laurier, 280, 281 

myrtle-of-the-river, 278 

Myrtus acris, 281 

Myrtus axillaris, 278 

Myrtus bahamensis, 282 

Myrtus biflora, 278 

Myrtus brachystemon, 279 

Myrtus buxifolia, 279 

Myrtus caryophyllata, 281 

Myrtus citrifolia, 280 

Myrtus coriacea, 280 

Myrtus cumini, 282 

Myrtus dichotoma, 280 

Myrtus elliptica, 282 

Myrtus fragrans, 280 

Myrtus glabrata, 279 

Myrtus ligustrina, 279 

Myrtus lineata, 279 

Myrtus monticola, 279 

Myrtus patrisii, 279 

Myrtus procera, 279 

Myrtus splendens, 280 

Myrtus suzygium, 278 

Myrtus tiburona, 279 

Myrtus tussacii, 280 

Myrtus umbellulifera, 281 

-N- 

nabaco, 290 

nacascol, 257 

nago, 192,326 

nagot, 251 

najesf,273 

naked wood, 287 

naranja,95 

naranja agria, 95, 291 

naranja de babor, 291 

naranja de China, 292 

naranja dulce, 95, 292 

naranja mandarina, 95, 292 

naranjito, 290 

narciso, 235 

Narvalina. See ASTERACEAE 

naseberry, 296 

Nectandra antillana, 267 

Nectandra c(lUdato-acuminata, 267 

Nectandra coriacea, 267 

Nectandra cuneata, 268 

Nectandra krugii, 267 

Nectandra membranacea, 268 

Nectandra oligoneura, 268 

Nectandra patens, 268 

Nectandra pulchra, 268 

Nectandra sanguinea, 267 

Nectandra sintenisii, 268 

Nectandra willdemoviana, 267 

Neea collina, 283 

Neea demissa, 283 

neeb,133,273 

neem, 133, 273 

negra loca, 286 

negra lora, 275, 294 

Neltuma juliflora, 3, 262 

Nemodaphne cuneata, 268 

Index 397 '

398 Index 

Neobuchia paulinae, 242, 324 

Neocastela depressa, 297 

Neolaugeria resinosa, 198,290 

Nephelea woodwardioides var. hieonymi, 249 

Nerium divaricatum; 236 

Nerium oleander, 198,217,235,322 

Nicarago vesicaria, 257 

nickar tree, 257 

night-flowering acacia, 258 

nigua, 290 

nim, 132-143, 159, 186,205,209,273,326 

nimba, 133,273 

Niopa peregrina, 261 

nisperillo, 294, 296 

nisperillo de hoja finas, 296 

nispero, 296 

nispero del Japan, 289 

nogal, 195,215,267,326 

nogal de la India, 252 

nogal del pais, 267 

noisetier, 254 

noisetier d'Amerique, 254 

noisetier du pays, 254 

noisette, 252, 254 

noix, 252 

noix d'acjou, 233 

noix de coco, 79, 239 

noix de cola, 298 

noix de muscade, 276 

noix de serpent, 236 

noni,290 

Norfolk-Island pine, 238 

northern black wattle, 255 

noyer, 252 

.noyer des Indes, 252 

nuez,252,267 

nuez de cola, 298 

nuez moscada, 276 

nutmeg, 276 

nwa, 326 

nwa kajou, 157, 185,209,326 

nwa koko, 79, 326 

nwa kola, 213, 326 

nwa miskad, 198,217,326 

nwa sepan, 326 

nwaye, 326 

nwazet, 185,208,218,326 

nwazet'peyi, 326 

NYCTAGINACEAE, 282 

-0- 

Ochna ilicifolia, 283 

OCHNACEAE,283 

Ochroma bicolor, 242 

Ochroma boliviana, 242 

Ochroma grandiflora, 242 

Ochroma lagopus, 242 

Ochroma lagopus var. bicolor, 242 

Ochroma lagopus var. occigranatensis, 242 

Ochroma limonensis, 242 

Ochroma obtusa, 242 

Ochroma peruviana, 242 

Ochromapyramidale, 174, 198,217,242,308, 

313,320,323 

Ochroma tomentosa, 242 

Ochroma velutina, 242 

Ocotea, 105,322 

Ocotea acarina, 267 

Ocotea athroanthes, 267 

Ocotea caudato-acuminata, 267 

Ocotea cicatricosa, 267 

Ocotea coriacea, 198, 218, 267 

Ocotea cuneata, 268 

Ocoteafloribunda, 198,267,322 

Ocoteafoeniculacea, 267, 318 

Ocotea globosa, 198, 267, 322 

Ocotea krugii, 267 

Ocotea leucoxylon, 198,267,312,315,322 

Ocotea membranacea, 198,268,322 

Ocotea nemodaphne, ·198, 268 

Ocotea oligoneura, 268 

Ocoteapatens, 198,268. 

Ocotea pulchra, 268 

Ocotea sintenisii, 198, 268 

Ocotea wrightii, 268, 317 

oeuf de poule, 261 

ofon criollo, 302 

ojo de peje, 297 

OLACACEAE, 283 

OLEACEAE,284 

oleander, 235 

olive, 275 

olivier, 275 

olivier batard, 275 

olivo,39,245,297 

olivo bastardo, 275 

olivo frijol, 245 

olivye,326 

olivye bata, 326 

om de pay, 326 

Omphalandria commutata, 254 

Omphalea, 326 

Omphalea commutata, 254 

Omphalea ekmanii, 254 

Omphalea triandra, 218, 254 

Oothrinax anomala, 240 

Opuntiaficus-indica, 218, 244, 328 

Opuntia moniliformis, 244, 327, 328 

orange amer, 95, 291 

orange douce, 95, 292 

orange jessemine, 292 

orange sure, 291 

orangier, 95 

Orbignya crassispatha, 238

oreganillo, 249, 258 

oreja, 259 

oreja de burro, 286 

oreja de judfo, 259 

orej6n, 259 

Oreodaphne domingensis, 267 

Oreodoxa borinquena, 57, 240 

Oriwpanax capitatum, 218, 237, 305, 307 

Oreopanax capitatus. See Oreopanax capitatum 

onne d'Amerique, 299 

Ormosia_krugii, 198,261,308 

orteg6n:287 . 

ortie blanche, 301 

ortiga brava, 301 

os devants marrons, 246 

Ossaea woodsii, 272 

otaheiti gooseberry, 254 

Ottoschulzia domingensis, 266 

Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon, 199,266 

ouane primaire, 238 

ouary, 257 

Ouratea ilicifolia, 218, 283, 303 

Ouratea jaegeriana, 283 

Ouratea lenticellosa, 283 

Ouratea spinulosa, 283 

oval-leaved fiddlewood, 302 

OXALIDACEAE, 284 

Oxandra lariceolata, 199,218,235,307 

Oxandra laurifolia, 235, 307 

Oxandra virgata, 235 

oxhorn bucida, 248 

oyster-wood, 253 

ozua, 280, 281 

-p- 

pabe1l6n del rey, 285 

pacana, 268 

pachira, 242 

Pachira, 199 

Pachira aquatica, 218, 242, 319 

Pachira emarginata, 242 

Pachira grandiflora, 242 

Pachira insignis, 218, 242 

Pachyanthus hotteana, 272 

pae manuel, 253 

pagua, 105, 268 

paille, 240 

painkiller, 290 

pajua, 238 

pal, 239, 326 

pale lidflower, 277 

paletiviye, 326 

paletuvier, 248, 263, 302 

Palicourea, 199 

Palicourea alpina, 290 

Palicourea barbinervia, 290 

Index 399 

Palicourea brevithyrsa, 290 

Palicourea crocea, 290 

Palicourea domingensis, 290 

palingmin, 245 

palissandre, 261 

palito, 253 

palitode vara, 271 

Paliurus reticulatus, 288 

palm, 326, 335 

.palm dorada, 239 

palm koyo, 326 

palma, 57, 238-240, 326 

palma areca, 239 

palma cana, 240 

palma Christi, 255 

palma cristi, 255 

palma de abanico, 275 

palma de arroyo, 238 

palma de cana, 240 

palma de catey, 238 

palma de coco, 79, 239 

palma de cojollo, 240 

palma de escoba, 240 

palma de guano, 239 

palma de guinea, 239 

palma de manacla, 239 

palma de sombrero, 240 

palma deyagua, 57, 240 

Palma gracilis, 238 

palma kristi, 326 

palma manaca, 238, 239 

palma real, 57, 240 

Palma spinosa, 238 

Palmas cocos, 79, 239 

palmaven, 326 

palme, 239 

palme coyau, 239 

palme-a-vin, 238, 239 

palmera, 239 

palmier royal, 57, 240 

palmilla, 239, 249 

palmis, 56-61, 201, 220, 326 

palmis chapelet, 326' 

palmis dezenn, 326 

palmistaven, 326 

palmiste, 57, 240, 273 

palmiste des lndes, 250 

palmiste-a-chapelet, 239 

palmiste-a-vin, 240 

palmita, 240 

palo amargo, 39, 236, 252, 254, 266,287,294, 

297,301 

palo amarillo, 247, 274, 284 

palo bellaco, 252 

palo berraco, 252 

palo blanco, 237, 246, 252, 253, 260, 265, 289, 

293,295,297 

palo blanco de sierra, 252

400 Index 

palo bobo, 243, 248 

palo cachumba, 237 

palo campeche, 259 

palo carre, 265 

palo catorra, 265 

palo cochino, 244 

palo colorado, 250 

palo coral, 290 

palo damaso, 254 

palo de abejas, 275 

palo de aceite, 244, 275 

palo de anastasio, 273 

palo de angel, 257 

palo de arana, 247 

palo de avispas, 264 

palo de berraco, 266 

palo de boya, 259 

palo de Brasil, 257 

palo de burro, 237, 256, 260, 263 

palo de cabra, 269, 301 

palo de cabrilla, 301 

palo de caiman, 257 

palo de caja, 293 

palo de candela, 265 

palo de caya prieto, 293 

palo de cera, 275 

palo de chivo, 263 

palo de corcho, 282 

palo de cotorra, 249, 265 

palo de cruz, 248, 290, 300 

palo de cucubano, 290 

palo de cuello, 289 

palo de dajao, 290 

palo de doneella, 270 

palo de doncello, 269 

palo de encaje, 301 

palo de gallina, 252, 289, 298 

palo de goma, 274 

palo de gongolf, 288 

palo de guitarra, 302 

palo de hacha, 289, 293 

palo de hierro, 288, 290 

palo de hormiga, 279 

palo de hueso, 253, 278, 284, 297 

palo de jab6n, 294 

palo de jaqueca, 271 

palo de lana, 242 

palo de leche, 235, 236, 253, 275 

palo de leche chiquita, 236 

palo de limoncillo, 264· 

palo de maca, 256 

palo de marfa, 247 

palo de matos,261 

palo de mora, 274 

palo de muleta, 279 

palo de muneco, 243 

palo de muneco blanco, 243 

palo de murta, 279 

palo de orejas, 288 

palo de orqufdeas, 257 

palo de paloma, 246 

palo de pan cimarr6n, 284 

palo de parque, 145,259 

palo de peje, 297 

palo de peonfa, 261 

palo de perico, 252, 264, 282 

palo de peronfa, 261 

palo de pez, 297 

palo de pallo, 237, 259, 263 

palo de puerco, 278 

palo de quina, 290 

palo de rayo, 261 

palo de reina, 294 

palo de sabana, 276 

palo de sable, 238 

palo de sierra, 252 

palo de tabaco, 261 

palo de tabac6n, 253 

palo de tea, 291 

palo de taro, 250, 284, 288 

palo de vaca, 243, 257 

palo de vidrio, 302 

palo de viento, 237, 238 

palo de yagua, 265 

palo de yaqui, 265 

palo de yuca, 253 

palo del rey, 236, 294 

palo hediono, 260 

palo jeringa, 275 

palo lechoso, 236 

palo 1l0r6n, 289 

palo malo, 237 

palo marfa, 247 

palo misanteco, 267 

palo moro, 291 

palo muneco, 297 

palo perriro, 302 

palo prieto, 250, 254 

palo Robinson, 288 

palo rubrio, 292 

palo salvaje, 265, 282 

palo santo, 276, 302 

palo santo cimarron, 276 

palo seco, 260 

palo tabaco, 243, 288 

palo vara, 265 

palo verbena, 265 

paloma, 264 

palomino, 266 

palpaguano, 288 

pamplemous, 326 

pamplemousse, 95, 292 

pan de fruta, 274 

pana de pepitas, 274 

Panama tree, 299 

panapen, 274

Panax morotoni, 238 

pancho prieto, 288 

pandereta, 240 

panilla, 284 

panyol mawon, 326 

papailler, 246 

PAPAVERACEAE,284 

papay, 161, 188,211,326 

papay sovaj, 195,215,326 

papaya, 246 

Papaya carica, 246 

Papaya sativa, 246 

Papaya vulgaris, 246 

papaye, 246 

papaye sauvage, 254 

papayer, 246 

papelit, 192,211,326,327 

papelite, 251, 265, 286 

papillon, 264 

paragua, 241 

paragiiita, 242 

parafso frances, 275 

Paralabatia fuertesii, 296 

Paralabatia portoricensis, 296 

paralejo de pinares, 270 

Parathesis, 329 

Parathesis crenulata, 276 

Parathesis serrulata, 276 

parco prieto, 288 

parese, 219, 327 

parese kloti, 327 

paresol, 191,327 

paresol, 243 

paresseux, 237, 238 

paresseux des clotures, 238 

parfa, 295 

parici,238 

parida,293,295 

pariposa, 257 

Pariti elatum, 270 

Pariti tiliaceus, 270 

Paritium elatum, 270 

Parkia roxburghii, 261, 321 

Parkinsonia aculeata, 199,218,227,228,261, 

323 

Parkinsonia spinosa, 261 

parrilla, 288 

parrot weed, 284 

pascua, 253 

pascuita, 253 

pasilla, 273 

pat toti, 327 

pata de chivo, 257 

pata de vaca, 257 

pataban, 248 

pativier, 294 

pativiye, 327 

patte de tortue, 244 

Index 401 

pavona,270 

pawpaw, 246 

pay, 177,327,335 

peach,289 

pear, 289 

pech,219,327 

pech mawon, 199,327 

peche, 289 

.peche marron, 268 

pecher, 289 

pega polIo, 271 

pega-pega, 265 

pegoje, 236, 274 

pegojo, 236 

Peiranisia crista, 263 

Peiranisia fitchiana, 263 

Peiranisia haitiensis, 263 

Peiranisia polyphylla, 263 

pela burro, 264 

pela huevos, 255 

Peltophorum berteroanum, 261, 321 

Peltophorumferrugineum, 261 

Peltophorum pterocarpum, 199,261 

pen dostrali, 327 

penda,291,302 

pendejera, 298 

pendejera macho, 298 

pendejo, 252 

pendola, 259 

pendoula, 327 

. pendula, 302 . 

pendula blanca, 302 

pendula de sierra, 302 

pengwen, 327 

penipeniche de sabana, 246 

peonfa, 261 

pepinito, 284 

pepit porn, 327 

pepper cinnamon, 245 

pera, 282, 289,291 

Pera bumeliifolia, 218, 254, 318 

pera criolla, 291 

Pera depressa, 254 

Pera domingensis, 254 

Pera glomerata, 254, 320 

pera mexicana, 291 

peralejo, 250, 269, 270, 272, 280 

peralejo blanco, 269 

peralejo de sabana, 250, 269 

perce-pierre, 297 

perenqueta, 284 

perico,275,282 

perico macho; 276 

perita haitiana, 288 

peronfa, 256, 261 

peronfas, 256 

Persea, 327 

Persea americana, 29, 39, 97, 104--:109, 175, 199,

piman dlo, 327 

piment d'eau, 273 

P(menta acris, 281 

Pimenta acris var. grisea, 281 

, Pimenta anisomera, 281 

Pimenta crenulata, 281 

Pimenta dioica, 218, 281, 323, 328 

Pimenta haitiensis, 278 

Pimenta officinalis, 281 

Pimenta ozua, 281 

Pimenta pauciflora, 281 

Pimenta pimenta, 281 

Pimenta racemosa, 199,218,305 

Pimenta racemosa var. grisea, 281 

Pimenta racemosa var. ozua, 281 

Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa, 281, 305, 313, 

316,319,325 

Pimenta racemosa var. terebinthina, 281 

Pimenta terebinthina, 281 

pimienta, 234, 280, 281 

pimienta blanca, 281 

pimienta cimarrona, 280 

pimienta de Brasil, 234 

pirnienta de Guinea, 302 

pirnienta gorda, 281 

pimienta malagueta, 281 

pin, 285 

pin d'Australie, 246 

pina de puerto, 290 

PINACEAE,285 

pinchipin, 285 

pindoula, 302 

pine, 327 

pine, 292 

pine blan, 204, 222, 327 

pine jaune, 292 

pine jon, 222, 327 

pinga de perro, 237 

pinguin, 268 

pini,327 

pini-pini, 246, 290 

pinillo, 254 

pinit, 292 

pinit jaune, 292 

pink cedar, 241 

pink shower, 258 

pink trumpet tree, 241 

pino, 246,285,292 

pino amarillo, 285 

pino australiano, 246 

pino de Australia, 246 

pino de cuaba, 285 

pino de teta, 292 

pino japones, 261 

pino macho, 285, 292 

pino rubial, 292 

pin6n, 254 

piii6n amoroso, 145,259 

Index 403 

pin6n botija, 254 

pin6n criollo, 254 

pin6n cubano, .145, 259 

pin6n de Cuba, 145,259 

pifi.6n de Espana, 254, 259 

pin6n de punal, 268 

pin6n del cauto, 259 

pin6n espinoso, 259 

pin6n florido, 145,259 

pin6n frances, 259 

pin6n lechero, 254 

pin6n purgante, 254 

pin6n v6ci, 254 

Pinus, 309, 327 

Pinuscaribaea, 175, 199,218 

Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, 285 

Pinus hondurensis, 285 

Pinus occidentalis, 176,200,218,225,230,285, 

305 

Piper aduncum, 200, 219, 285, 308, 310, 330 

Piper amalago, 219, 285, 303,304,308,312-315, 

321,330 

Piper medium, 285 

Piper rugosum, 285 

Piper tuberculatum, 200, 285 

PIPERACEAE, 285 

Piptadenia peregrina, 200, 219, 261, 306, 307, 

332 

piquant arada, 264 

piquant carre, 265 

piquant rosie, 265 

piragua, 251, 265, 269, 270, 272 

pirulf, 235, 252 

Piscidia ekmanii, 262 

Piscidia indica, 259 

Piscidia piscipula, 219. 262, 306 

Pisoniaaculeata, 219, 283, 320, 324 

Pisonia albida, 200, 283 

Pisonia albida platyphylla, 283 

Pisonia albida var. glutinosa, 283 

Pisonia brevipetiolata, 282 

Pisonia calophylla rufescens, 283 

Pisonia discolor, 282 

Pisonia discolor var. bevipetiolata, 282 

Pisonia discolor var. camosa, 282 

Pisoniafragrans, 282 

Pisoniafragrans oblanceolata, 282 

Pisonia helleri, 283 

Pisonla ligustrifolia, 282 

Pisonia obtusata, 283 

Pisonia obtusata var. domingensis, 282 

Pisonia obtusata var. rufescens, 283 

Pisonia ochracea, 283 

Pisonia rotundata, 200, 283 

Pisonia rufescens, 283 

Pisonia subcordata var. rotundata, 283 

Pisonia subcorta typica albida, 283 

Pisonia villosa, 283

404 Index 

pistach, 203, 220, 327 

pistache des Indes, 299 

Pistacia simaruba, 244 

pita, 271 

pitangueira, 278 

pitch apple, 247 

Pithecellobium abbottii, 262, 332 

Pithecellobium arboreum, 200, 262, 307, 319, 328 

Pithecellobium berteroanum, 263 

Pithecellobium carbonarium, 262 

Pithecellobium circinale, 200, 206, 262, 314, 317, 

324 

Pithecellobium discolor, 262 

Pithecellobium domingense, 262 

Pithecellobium dulce, 176,200,219,227,228, 

262 

Pithecellobium filicifolium, 262 

Pithecellobium filipes, 263 

Pithecellobiumfragrans, 263 

Pithecellobium glaucum, 262 

Pithecellobium hystrix, 262 

Pithecellobium impressum, 263 

Pithecellobium latifolium, 264 

Pithecellobium lentiscifolium, 262, 322 

Pithecellobium micranthum, 262 

Pithecellobium nervosum, 258 

Pithecellobium obovale, 262 

Pithecellobium oppositifolium, 262 

Pithecellobium saman, 256 

Pithecellobium spinifolium, 262 

Pithecellobium striolatum, 262 

Pithecellobium trinitense, 262 

Pithecellobium truncatum, 262 

Pithecellobium unguis-cati, 200, 206, 219, 262 

pitimini, 236 

piyon, 144-151, 169, 193,214,259,327 

piyong, 145, 169,327 

plantain, 275, 335 

plantanito, 271 

platanillo, 263 

platano, 275 

platano burro, 275 

platano hembra, 275 

platano macho, 275 

plateado, 290 

platinillo de Cuba, 285 

pie, 327 

Pleodendron, 200 

Pleodendron ekmanii, 245 

Plinia abeggii, 281 

Plinia acutissima, 281 

Plinia acutissima var. cidrensis, 281 

Plinia caricensis, 281 

Plinia cidrensis, 281 

Plinia ekmaniana, 281 

Plinia haitiensis, 281 

Plinia microcycla, 281 

Plinia montecristina, 281 

Pluchea. See ASTERACEAE 

plumeria, 235 

Plumeria, 200, 313 

Plumeria acutifolia, 236 

Plumeria alba, 219, 235, 313 

Plumeria barahonensis, 235 

Plumeria beatensis, 235 

Plumeria berterU, 236 

Plumeria biglandulosa, 236 

Plumeria cayensis, 235 

Plumeria cuneifolia, 235 

Plumeria discolor, 236 

Plumeria domingensis, 236 

Plumeria gibbosa, 236 

Plumeria incamata, 236 

Plumeria jaegeri, 236 

Plumeria krugii, 235 

Plumeria longiflora, 236 

Plumeria marchU, 235 

Plumeria obtusa, 219, 235, 313, 314 

Plumeria obtusa var. sericifolia,.236 

Plumeria obtusa x P. subsessilis, 236 

Plumeria ostenfeldU, 235 

Plumeria paulinae, 236 

Plumeria portoricensis, 235 

Plumeria purpurea, 236 

Plumeria rubra, 236, 314 

Plumeria rubra xl'. subsessilis, 236 

Plumeria sericifolia, 236 

Plumeria stenopetala, 236 

Plumeria subsessilis, 236, 313 

Plumeria tricolor, 236 

Plumeria trouinensis, 236 

Plumeria tuberculata, 236, 313 

plumo de oro, 3, 262 

POACEAE, 285 

PODOCARPACEAE, 285 

Podocarpus, 200 

Podocarpus angustifolius var. wrightii, 285, 308 

Podocarpus aristulatus, 285 

Podocarpus buchU, 285 

Poinciana bijugata, 257 

Poinciana coriaria, 257 

Poinciana regia, 259 

poinciana royal, 259 

Poincianella pellucida, 257 

Poincianella pulcherrima, 257 

poincillade, 257 

poinsettia, 253 

Poinsettia pulcherrima, 253 

poirier, 241, 251, 289 

pois confiture, 260 

pois doux, 260 

pois doux blanc, 260 

pois palmiste, 256 

pois sucrin, 260 

pois vache, 252 

pois valette, 264

406 Index 

Protium glaucescens, 244 

pruan, 289 

prune bord de mer, 246 

prune plum, 289 

prune tree, 289 

pruneau noir, 237 

prunier, 289 

Prunus, 321 

Prunus americana, 289 

Prunus domestica subsp. domestica, 289 

Prunus myrtifolia,200, 219, 289, 321, 324 

Prunus occidentalis, 200,219,289,321 

Prunus persica, 219, 327 

Prunus persica var. persica, 289 

Prunus sphaerocarpus, 289 

Pseudalbizzia berteriana, 263, 309 

Pseudanamomis umbellulifera, 281 

Pseudobombax ellipticum, 242 

Pseudocassia spectabilis, 264 

Pseudolmedia havanensis, 275 

Pseudolmedia spuria, 201, 275, 308, 322, 325 

Pseudophoenix elata, 239 

Pseudophoenix gracilis, 239 

Pseudophoenix insignis, 240 

Pseudophoenix lediniana, 239, 326, 33 i 

Pseudophoenix Iinearis, 239 

Pseudophoenix navassana, 239 

Pseudophoenix saonae, 239 

Pseudophoenix sargentii ssp. saonae, 239 

'Pseudophoenix vinifera, 240, 318, 326 

Pseudosamanea guachapele, 256 

Psidium acranthum, 281 

Psidium crispulum, 280 

Psidium dictyophyllum, 281, 323 

Psidium guajava, 177,201; 219, 282,'315 

Psidium guayava, 282 

Psidium hotteanum, 282 

Psidium longipes, 282 

Psidium pomiferum, 282 

Psidium pyriferum, 282 

Psidium sapidissimum, 282 

Psidium sessilifoiium, 282 

Psidium trilobum, 282 

Psychotria,201 

Psychotria alpestris, 290 

Psychotrf,a berteriana, 291, 306 

Psychotria fuertesii, 291 

Psychotria grandis, 291 

Psychotria nutans, 291, 308 

Ptelea viscosa, 294 

Pterocarpus berterii, 258 

Pterocarpus buxifoiius; 257 

Pterocarpus draco, 263 

Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum, 259 

Pterocarpus gummifer, 257 

Pterocarpus lunatus, 261 

Pterocarpus microcarpus, 257 

Pterocarpus officinaiis f 201,219,263,308,329 

Puerto Rican hat palm, 240 

Puerto Rico royal palm, 57, 240 

pummelo, 95, 292 

Punica granatum, 219, 287, 315,327 

PUNICACEAE, 287 

punk,280 

purio, 301 

purple plum, 234 

pwa dou, 170, 195,215,328 

pwa konfiti, 195,215,328 

pwa palmis, 185,209,328 

pwa sikren, 328 

pwa vach; 185, 208, 328 

pwa valet, 328 

pwa valye, 220, 328 

pwa valye, 328 

pwav jamayik, 328 

pwavye, 328 

pwavye jamayik, 328 

pwaye, 180,328 

pwaye jamayik, 328 

pwazon lasinet, 200, 328 

pwensiyad,328 

pwensiyana, 328 

pwensiyeta, 328 

Pyrus communis, 289, 328 

-Q- 

Quadrella cynophallophora, 245 

Quadrella gonaivensis, 245 

Quararibea turbinata, 201, 242 

quasia, 297 

Quassia amara, 219, 297 

quassia amarga, 297 

Quassia excelsa, 297 

quassia wood, 297 

quatre chemins, 276 

queen of shrubs, 269 

quenepa, 294 

quenepe, 294 

quenepe chinois, 294 

quenepe-a-fruits, 294 

quenepier, 294 

quenepier chinois, 294 

quenepier male, 294 

quenepier marron, 294 

quenepo, 294 

quetembila, 265 

quick stick, 145,259 

quiebrahacha, 251, 279, 286; 288, 293, 295 

quimaque, 289 

quina criolla, 290 

quina de la tierra, 297 

quina del pais, 297 . 

quina-piton, 290 

quinine; 290

quinine bush, 266 

quinine des Antilles, 290 

quinique, 257 

quinique jaune, 257 

quino, 290 

quinquina caraibe, 290 

quinquina d'Europe, 39, 297" 

quinquina des Caraibes, 290 

quinquina des savanes, 269 

quinquina pays, 290 

quitaran, 294 

quitasolillo, 272 

-R- 

rabasco, 261 

rabi, 170, 195,215,253,328 

rabo rat6n, 265 

radegonde, 29, 241 

rain shrub, 298 

raintree, 256 

raisin, 276 

raisin bord de mer, 287 

raisin bouzin, 286 

raisin de fer, 287 

raisin de la mer, 287 

raisin des perroquets, 273 

raisin grandes feu illes, 286 

raisin marron, 246, 276 

raisinier, 276, 286 

raisinier marron, 286 

raizu, 289 

rajador, 272 

"raket, 213, 218, 328 

raket panyol, 328 

rameau, 275 

ramo,204,221,328 

ramo de navidad, 291 

ramon, 275, 328 

ram6n, 275 

ram6n blanco, 253 

ramon cheval, 275 

ramon chwal, 328 

ram6n de bestia, 237, 275 

ram6n de costa, 237 

ram6n de vaca, 237, 275 

Randia aculeata, 201, 219, 291, 320 

Randia aculeata var. mitis, 291 

Randia erythrocarpa, 291, 309 

Randia mitis, 291 

Rapanea acrantha, 276 

Rapanea coriacea, 276 

Rapaneajerruginea, 276 

Rapanea guianensis, 276 

Rapanea magnoliaejolia, 276 

Raphia vinifera, 240 

Raputia heterophylla, 292 

Index 407 

raqueta, 253 

raquette, 244, 253 

raquette espagnole, 244 

rascabarriga, 283 

rascagarganta, 276 

raspadura, 294 

raspalengua, 243 

rat apple, 245 

rat6n, 251, 287, 294 

Ratonia apetala, 294 

Ratonia domingensis, 294 

Ratonia spathulata, 294 

Rauvoljia biauriculata, 236 

Rauvolfia lamarckii, 236 

RauvolfUl nitida, 201, 219,236,307,308,310 

Rauvolfia oppositifolia, 236 

Rauvolfia tetraphylla, 236 

RauvolfUl viridis, 236 

Rauwolfia. See RauvolfUl 

Ravenala madagascariensis, 275 

red bean tree, 259 

red ironwood, 288 

red mammee, 297 

red mangrove, 289 

red manjack, 243 

.red mombin, 234 

red palicourea, 290 

red sandlewood, 256 

red tamarind,-262 

red wood, 251 

red zapotee, 297 

redberry eugenia, 278 

reglis, 185, 208, 328 

reglisse, 256 

reina del jardin, 269 

reina del prado, 269 

reseda, 269 

reseda de France, 269 

resuelesuele, 291 

retama, 236, 261, 263 

retama prieta, 263 

retamo, 273 

Reynosia a/finis, 288, 332 

Reynosia cuneifolia. 288 

Reynosia domingensis, 288 

Reynosia regia, 288 

Reynosia uncinata, 201, 288,304,306,314,315 

rezen, 190, 328 

rezen bodlame, p. 328 

rezen bouzen, 190,329 

rezen Ie, 190,212,329 

rezen gran Iey, 190, 329 

rezen lame, 190, 212, 329 

rezen mawon, 197,329 

rezen peroke, 329 

Rhacoma crossopetalum, 246 

RHAMNACEAE, 287 

Rhamnus colubrinus, 13,287

408 Index 

Rhamnus ellipticus, 287 

.Rhamnusferreus, 288 

Rhamnus jujuba, 288 

Rhamnus laevigatus, 246 

Rhamnus sphaerosperma, 288 

Rheedia, 201 

Rheedia aristata, 248 

Rheedia lateriflora, 248, 332 

Rheedia verticillata, 248, 305 

Rhitidophyllum. See GESNERIACEAE 

Rhizophora mangle, 177,201,220,289,324 

Rhizophora mangle var. samoensis, 289 

Rhizophora samoensis, 289 

RHIZOPHORACEAE, 288 

Rhus cominia, 293 

Rhus metopium, 234 

ricin, 255 

Ricinella pedunculosa, 251 

Ricinella ricinella, 251 

Ricinus communis, 201, 255, 312, 324, 326, 329, 

332 

Ricinus globosus, 252 

rima, 274 

risin, 329 

river red gum, 278 

Rivina octandra, 285 

robe, 234 

Robinia aculeata, 261 

Robinia grandijlora, 264 

Robinia maculata, 145,259 

Robinia sepium, 145,259 

Robinia spinijolia, 261 

roble, 29, 241 

rob1e amarillo, 241 

rob1e australiano, 287 

rob1e blanco, 241 

rob1e caiman, 241 

rob1e de costa, 241 

rob1e de guayo, 243 

rob1e de mona, 241 

rob1e de olor, 29, 241, 302, 

rob1e de seda, 287 

rob1e de yugo, 241 

rob1e dominicano, 29, 241 

rob1e guayo, 243, 302 

rob1e gtiira, 298 

rob1e plateado, 287 

roble prieto, 241, 243 

rob1ecillo, 243, 255, 297 

rob1illo, 243 

Rochejortia acanthophora, 201, 243, 312,314, 

315 

rodo, 251 

rockwood, 246 

rodwood, 278, 279 

Rollinia mucosa, 235 

rolon, 262 

rompe ca1dero, 293 

rompe machete, 289 

rompe ropa, 243 

Rondeletia, 201 

Rondeletia carnea, 291 

Rondeletia christii, 291 

Rondeletia jormonia, 291 

Rondeletia selleana, 291 

rofioso, 246 

rosa, 269 

rosa cimarrona, 265 

rosa de cienega, 269 

rosa del Peru, 235 

rosa francesca, 235 

rosa imperial, 248 

ROSACEAE, 289 

rose marron, 265 

rose-apple, 280, 282 

roseta, 265, 290 

rosewood, 253, 291 

roucou, 242 

roucouyer, 242 

rougeole, 13, 287 

rough trichilia, 273 

rough-leaf tree, 250 

roujiol, 13 

royal palm, 240, 57 

Roystonea borinquena, 39, 56-61,82,201,220, 

240,326 

Roystonea hispaniolana, 57, 240 

Roystonea hispaniolana f. altissima, 57,240 

Roystonea peregrina, 57, 240 

RUBIACEAE, 289 

rufiana, 298 

rulo, 275 _ 

Rumea coriacea, 265 

RUTACEAE, 291 

-5- 

Sabal,321 

Sabal causiarum, 82, 177, 240, 321 

Sabal domingensis, 177, 240, 327 

Sabal haitensis, 240 

Sabal neglecta, 240 

Sabalquesteliana, 240 

SABIACEAE, 293 

sabica de costa, 270 

sabicu, 71, 260 

sabicu amarillo, 71,260 

sabicu de pinares, 249 

sabicu marafi6n, 249 

sabina, 249, 250 

sabina cimarron, 285 

sabina- macho, 250 

sablier, 233, 253 

sablito, 238 

sabliye, 170, 195,215,329

412 Index 

Staphylea occidentalis, 298 

STAPHYLEACEAE, 298 

star fruit, 284 

star pickle, 284 

star-apple, 295, 335 

steel acacia, 255 

Stegnosperma cubense, 285 

Stegnosperma halimifolium, 285 

Stenocalyx ligustrinus, 279 

Stenocalyx portoricensis, 279 

Stenolobium incisum, 241 

Stenolobium stans, 241 

Stenostomum densiflorum, 290 

Stenostomum lucidum, 289 

Sterculia apetala, 203, 220, 299, 327 

Sterculia carthaginensis, 299 

SterculiafoeUda,299 

STERCULIACEAE.298 

Sterigmanthe splendens, 253 

Stevensia hotteana, 291 

Stillingia eglandulosa, 253 

Stillingia laurifolia, 255 

stinging nettle, 301 

stink casha, 255 

stinking toe, 260 

stinking-fish, 272 

stiagbnya,216,330 

stragonya blan, 330 

stragornia, 269 

stragornia blanc, 269 

stramoine-en-arbre, 298 

stramwann,.330 

Strumpfw maritima, 220, 291 

STYRACACEAE,299 

Styrax obtusifolius, 299 

Styrax ochraceus, 299 

sucrier, 260 

sucrier des montagnes, 244 

sucrin,260 

sugar apple, 23? 

sureau, 233, 285 

sureau plantain, 285 

Surenus brownei, 273 

Suriana'maritima;'203; 220, 297, 320; 327 

Surinam cherry, 280 

swamp blood wood, 263 

swamp immortelle, 259 

swamp sheoak, 246 

sweet acacia, 255 

sweet orange, 95, 292 

sweetpea, 260 

sweetsop, 235 

sweetwood, 267, 268 

Swietenia,29 

Swietenia belizensis, 47, 273 

Swietenia candollei, 47, 273 

Swietimiafabrilis, 47, 273 

Swietenia humilis, 47, 49' 

Swietenia krukovii, 47, 273 • 

Swietenia macrophylla, 47-55, 133, 139, 179, 

203,273,317 

Swietenia mahagoni, 29, 46-55, 133, 139, 179, 

203,221,273,317 

Swietenia mahogoni, 47,273 

'Swietenia tessmannii, 47, 273 

switch sorrel, 294 

sybilline, 254 

Symphonia globulifera, 203, 248, 307 

SYMPLOCACEAE, 299 

Symplocos berteroi, 299 

Symplocos domingensis, 299 

Symplocos hotteana, 299 

Symplocos hyboneura, 299 

Symplocos martinicensis var. berterii, 299 

Symplocos pilifera, 299 

Syzygium cumini, 282 

Syzygium jambolanum, 282 

Syzygiumjambos, 180,203,221,282,316,328 

Syzygium malaccense, 203, 282, 327 

-T- 

tabac marron, 298, 

tabaca,256 

tabaco,' 261 

tabaco cimarr6n, 298 

tabac6n, 298 

tabac6n aspero, 298 

tabacuelo, 258, 298 

tabaiba,235 

tabak mawon, 202, 330 

Tabebuia, 203 

Tabebuia acrophylla, 241, 308,309 

Tabebuia berteri, 241, 310, 330 

Tabebuia conferta, 241 

, Tabebuia dominicensis, 241 

Tabebuia heterophylla, 180,241,328 

Tabebuia heterophylla ssp. pallida, 241 

Tabebuia lucida, 241 

Tabebuia pallida, 241 

Tabebuia pallida ssp. dominicensis, 241 

Tabebuia pallida ssp. heterophylla, 241 

Tabebuia pentaphylla, 241 

tabeno, 71, 196,216,330 

Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, 236 

Tabernaemontana berterii, 236 

Tabernaemontana citrifolia, 203, 221, 236, 307, 

308,321 

Tabernaemontana coronaria, 236 

Tabernaemontana divaricata, 236, 318 

Tabernaemontana oppositifolia, 236 

tabernon, 71, 260 

tabilla,253 

taburete, 290 

tachuela, 261

414 Index 

Thouinidium inaequilaterum, 295 

Thouinidium pinnatum, 295, 316 

Thouinidium pulverulentum, 295, 305 

Thrinax, 321 

Thrinax argentea, 239 

Thrinax bahamensis, 240 

Thrinax drudei, 240 

Thrinax ekmanii, 240 

Thrinax floridana, 240 

Thrinax keyensis, 240 

Thrinax longistyla, 239 

Thrinax martii, 240 

Thrinax microcarpa, 240 

Thrinax morrisii, 182,204,221,240 

Thrinax multiflora, 239 

Thrfnax ponceana, 240 

Thrinax punctulata, 240 

Thrinax radiata, 240 

Thrinax wendlandiana, 240 

Thyana trifoliata, 295 

THYMELIACEAE, 300 

ti abe, 208, 331 

ti bwa blan, 331 

ti bwa denn, 192, 331 

ti bwapen, 187,331 

ti bwi, 331 

ti ley, 205, 331 

ti flambwayan, 331 

ti gason, 202, 220, 331 

ti gayak, 331 

ti grenn, 194, 331 

ti kafe, 331 

ti kalson, 209, 331 

ti kaymit, 189,331 

ti koko, 331 

ti kwokwo, 331 

ti monben, 331 

ti palmis mawon, 331 

ti. pom, 222, 331 

ti rezen, 331 

ti rezen Mine, 331 

ti seriz, 216, 331 

ti soley, 190, 191,213,331 

ti wou, 215, 331 

Tibouchina longifolia, 272, 305 

tie tongue, 287 . 

tiguapen, 275 

tikimit, 331 

-TILIACEAE,301 

timaque,'289 

tinajero, 280 

tintillo, 291 

Tinus escallonioides, 276 

Tinus obovata, 276 

tiquimite, 295 

tirabuz6n, 252 

tirajala, 274 

Tobinia ternata, 293 

tocuma, 296 

Toluifera pereirae, 261 

Tom Bartein's bush, 297 

tomasina, 296 

tomegufn, 292 

toothache tree, 293 

toporite, 266 

torchwood,291 

toronja, 95, 292 

toronja de la India, 95, 292 

Torralbasia cunefolia, 204, 247 

Torralbasia domingensis, 247 

Torrubia brevipetiolata, 282 

Torrubia discolor, 282 

Torrubia domingensis, 282 

Torrubia fragrans, 282 

Torrubia inermis, 282 

Torrubia ligustrifolia, 282 

Torrubia obtusata, 283 

Torrubia rufescens, 283 

tortugo amarillo, 296 

toitugo colorado, 296 

toti marron, 296 

toti mawon, 331 

totuma, 296 

Tovomita clusioides, 247 

Tovomita grisebachiana, 247 

towo tig, 187,210,331 

tramble, 331 

traveler's palm, 275 

tree fern, 242, 249 

tree tomato, 298 

trejo, 243, 251, 287 

Trema lamarckiana, 204, 301, 323 

Trema lima, 301 

Trema micrantha, 204, 301, 310 

tremble, 238 

trembler, 238 

tres palabras, 293 

tresfilos, 272 

Tricera glomerata, 244 

Trichilia, 304, 324 

Trichiliaaquifolia, 273,305,308 

Trichilia cuneifolia, 273 

Trichilia dictyoneura, 297 

Trichilia diversifolia, 273 

Trichilia havanensis, 221, 273, 308 

Trichilia hirta, 133, 182,204,221,273,304,314, 

325,329,331 

Trichiliapallida, 221, 273, 312, 331 

Trichma spondioides, 273 

Trichilia truncata, 273 ' 

Trichostigma octandrum, 285, 304, 321 

Trichostigma rivinoides, 285 

Trilix crucis, 265 

trois cotes, 272, 294 

trois feuilles, 293 

trois paroles, 273, 291, 293

trois pieds, 243 

trompeta de angel, 298 

trompette, 274 

trompette male, 238 

Trophis americana, 275 

Trophis racemosa, 204, 221, 275, 308, 328 

tropical almond, 248 

trumpet flower, 298 

trumpet-tree, 274 

tsewal,246 

tu-fais, 279 

tu-y-yo, 253 

tulipan africano, 241 

. tulipan sencillo, 298 

tuna, 244 

tuna de Espana, 244 

tuna mansa, 244 

tung-oil tree, 252 

turkey berry, 298 

turpentine tree, 244 

Turpina occidentalis, 204, 298 

Turpina paniculata, 298 

Turpina picardae, 298 

twa fey, 185, 208, 331 

twa kat, 331 

twa pawal, 185,221,331 

twa pye, 191,213,331 

twazokat, 191, 197,213,217,331 

twisted acacia, 256 

twompet, 162, 188,211,332 

twompet mal, 332 

-u- 

ucar, 248 

ucarillo, 269 

ULMACEAE,301 

umkokolo, 265 

una de gato, 262, 282, 283, 292,293 

Urania speciosa, 275 

Urbanoguarea sphenophylla, 273 

Urera baccifera, 301, 312, 324 

URTICACEAE; 301 

uva,270 

uva caleta, 287 

uva cimarrona, 286 

uva de mar, 287 

uva de playa, 287 

uva de sierra, 286 

uva gomosa, 243 

Uvaria lanceolata, 235 

Uvaria laurifolia, 235 

Uvaria odorata, 235 

, Uvaria virgata, 235 

uvas, 287 

uverillo, 286 

uvero, 286,287 

uvero de playa, 287 

. uvilla, 270, 286, 287 

uvilla de sierra, 286 

uvillo, 286 

uvill6n, 287 

uvita, 243 

-v- 

Vaccinium cubense, 251 

Vachellia farnesiana, 255 

vacme,252 

vaillant gan;on, 297 

vallahonda,3, 262 

Vargasia glabra, 295 

varia, 23,243 

varia amarilla, 23, 243 

varia blanca, 243 

varia colorado, 23, 243 

varfa prieta, 23, 243 

varita de San Jose, 145,259 

varital, 253 

varraco, 270 

Varronia calyptrata, 243 

vayan gason, 332 

vela muerto, 263 

velvet berry, 290 

velvetseed,290 

vencedor, 268 

Venezuelan mahogany, 47, 273 

vera, 294, 302 

VERBENACEAE, 302 

verdiseco, 272 

veritab, 332 

veritable, 274 

Vernonia. See ASTERACEAE 

verraco, 270 

vfbona, 237, 289 

vfbora, 237, 282, 283 

Victorinia acranda, 255 

vigueta, 290 

vinagrillo, 284 

vinuette, 288 

vinyet, 332 

violet cimarrona, 298 

violeta, 273, 298 

Vitex, 182 

Vitex agnus-castus, 221, 302 

Vitex divaricata, 204, 302, 308 

Vitex heptaphylla, 221, 302, 309, 315 

Vitex multiflora, 302 

vomitel colorado, 243 

-w- 

Wallenia apiculata, 276 

Wallenia clusiaefolia, 276 

Index41S

Bwa Yo: Important Trees of Haiti 

Designed by Joel C. Timyan 

Electronic Prepress and printing at Warecraft Press, Inc. 

Fonts used: Tinles New Roman and Dom Casual 

Text Pages: 80# Lithofect Gloss Recycled 

Cover: Carolina 8 pte coated 1 side

Back Cover Photographs

Important Trees of Haiti

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