Keys to the macrolichens and checklist of the lichens and ...

Keys to the macrolichens and checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi of 

New Guinea 

A. Aptroot, 2009 

New Guinea has the richest macrolichen flora of any tropical Asian country. Although 

the 1986 checklist mentions only relatively few endemics, increased research in 

especially the last decade of the last century has shown that many of the conspicuous 

macrolichens were undescribed and, indeed, endemic. There have been a few larger 

general publications and several smaller devoted to separate genera, and by now we can 

assume that most species are found and described. 

1. Keys to the macrolichens 

To provide an overview of the current state of knowledge, a key to the macrolichens is 

provided here. This set of keys is mostly a compilation of published work by various 

authors, but contains some original keys for groups that were not yet treated in detail. 

The different sources of the keys has led to a rather varied terminology, which has not 

forcibly been homogenized. The key treats foliose and fruticose lichens, but not 

squamulose or crustose ones; some arguebly arbitrary choices as to inclusion have been 

made. 

Thallus fruticose: Key A 

Thallus foliose: Key B 

Key A: Fruticose lichens 

1a. Thallus yellow to orange-red, K+ purple-red .......................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus variously coloured, if yellow to orange-red then not K+ purple-red .......... 3 

2a. Thallus of small, flattened, compacted lobes, to 1 mm wide and 2 mm tall, 

without marginal fibrils; marginal soredia present .................................... Xanthoria 

2b. Thallus either entirely terete, angular, richly branched and with small oval soralia, 

sterile, or with ± flattened lobes, to 2.5 mm wide with numerous marginal fibrils; 

without soralia, and often fertile ............................................. Teloschistes flavicans 

3a. Thallus dimorphic, with a crustose, leprose or squamulose basal thallus from 

which arises an erect, secondary thallus with or without apothecia ........................ 4 

3b. Thallus not dimorphic.............................................................................................. 6 

4a. Basal thallus crustose, leprose or granular.............................................Leprocaulon 

4b. Basal thallus squamulose or of rounded, peltate or flattened phyllocladia 

(sometimes disappearing early) ............................................................................... 5 

5a. Erect thallus hollow, often with squamules (at least at the base) and cups; 

phyllocladia and cephalodia absent; ascospores simple ............................. Cladonia

5b. Erect thallus solid, without cups and squamules; granular, peltate or finger-like; 

phyllocladia often sessile, wrinkled to convoluted, pale brown to blackish 

cephalodia present; ascospores septate ................................................. Stereocaulon 

6a. Thallus flattened, strap-shaped, distinctly dorsiventral (with differently coloured 

upper and lower surface); algae concentrated near the upper surface only ............. 7 

6b. Thallus not flattened, terete or, if flattened, algae distributed on both lower and 

upper sides ............................................................................................................. 10 

7a. Thallus of straps; marginal cilia present .................................................................. 8 

7b. Thallus of combs; marginal cilia absent .................................................................. 9 

8a. Lower surface not corticate..................................................................Heterodermia 

8b. Lower surface corticate.........................................................................Everniastrum 

9a. Algae blue-green.....................................................................................Dictyonema 

9b. Algae green ..........................................................................................Coenogonium 

10a. Thallus gelatinous, dark green- to brown-black or black; photobiont blue-green. 11 

10b. Thallus not gelatinous, colour various; photobiont various................................... 12 

11a. Thallus without an upper cortex (microscope); thallus usually brown- or greenblack..............................................................................................................Collema 

11b. Thallus with an upper cortex consisting of a single layer of cells (microscope); 

thallus usually blue-grey, brown or grey-black ........................................ Leptogium 

12a. Thallus with blue-green algae, to c. 1 cm tall, consisting of very slender, minutely 

tufted, spreading filaments..................................................................................... 13 

12b. Thallus with gren algae, c. 1-20 cm tall, filamentous or otherwise ....................... 15 

13a. Thallus richly branched, ± erect, brown to black................................................... 14 

13b. Thallus little branched, ± decumbent; blue-green if erect ......................Dictyonema 

14a. Surface shiny; surface cells mosaic-forming ......................................... Polychidium 

14b. Surface matt, tomentose near the base; surface cells rounded. 

................................................... Dendriscocaulon (unidentifiable morphs of Sticta) 

15a. Thallus and/or soralia C+ red; exclusively coastal, firmly attached to rock or bark, 

coastal; photobiont Trentepohlia................................................ Roccella montagnei 

15b. Thallus and soralia (if present) C–; ecology various ............................................. 16 

16a Thallus filamentous, with a tough axial strand, not easily broken when branches are 

. pulled; ascospores simple ................................................................................ Usnea 

16b. Thallus filamentous or otherwise, without a tough, axial strand (breaking cleanly 

when pulled apart).................................................................................................. 17 

17a. Thallus thread-like, with thin, often pointed, apices.............................................. 18 

17b. Thallus not thread-like, apices mostly blunt.......................................................... 19

18a. Thallus with distinct, white, ± elongate, often convex pseudocyphellae; yellowgrey 

.......................................................................................... Alectoria ochroleuca 

18b. Thallus with or without indistinct pseudocyphellae which are never convex; 

colour black....................................................................................................Bryoria 

19a. Thallus some shade of brown, with elongated perforations ..........Cladia aggregata 

19b. Thallus not brown or not with perforations ........................................................... 20 

20a. Thallus yellow-grey or yellow-green..................................................................... 21 

20b. Thallus white to greyish or brownish..................................................................... 23 

21a. Thallus with cartilaginoue strands; apothecia when present with disc ± 

concolorous with the thallus .......................................................................Ramalina 

21b. Thallus without cartilaginous strands; apothecia when present with red or dark 

disc ......................................................................................................................... 22 

22a. Thallus solid, wrinkled and lacunose with wavy margins ....... Flavocetraria nivalis 

22b. Thallus hollow, without wrinkles or lacunose with wavy margins ............ Cladonia 

23a. Thallus only a hollow or solid strap, without much branching except for at the tips, 

without apothecia, usually white............................................................................ 24 

23b. Thallus branched in some kind .............................................................................. 25 

24a. Thallus somewhat branched........................................................................... Siphula 

24b. Thallus virtually unbranched ....................................................................Thamnolia 

25a. Branches hollow..................................................................................................... 26 

25b. Branches solid........................................................................................................ 28 

26a. Thallus terete............................................................................................... Cladonia 

26b. Thallus somewhat flattened ................................................................................... 27 

27a. Lower surface of thallus not blackened; thallus often with terminal apothecia; 

cortex K–.....................................................................................................Ramalina 

27b. Lower surface of thallus partly blackened; apothecia rare, not terminal; cortex K+ 

yellow.....................................................................................................Hypogymnia 

28a. Thallus often with cephalodia and/or soralia; apothecia with dark brown disc; 

sphaerophorin absent ............................................................................ Stereocaulon 

28b. Thallus without cephalodia or soralia.................................................................... 29 

29a. Apothecia forming black powdery mazaedium ................................. Bunodophoron 

29b. Apothecia firm ....................................................................................................... 30 

30a. Thallus partly flattened; apothecia at the ontogenitcally lower surface. 

..................................................................................................... Calathaspis devexa 

30b. Thallus mostly in radial orientation on little twigs; apothecia terminal .................... 

.................................................................................Compsocladium archboldianum

Key B: Foliose lichens 

1a. Thallus yellow.......................................................................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus not yellow.................................................................................................... 3 

2a. Thallus K-, lobes very small, 0.3-0.5(-1.5) mm wide............ Candelaria crawfordii 

2b. Thallus K+ red, lobes more than 2 mm wide............................................. Xanthoria 

3a. Photobiont in thallus mainly blue-green (cyanobacterial)....................................... 4 

3b. Photobiont in thallus mainly green (chlorococcoid).............................................. 19 

4a. Thallus not layered in cross-section (homoiomerous); thallus blue-grey or brown 

throughout................................................................................................................ 5 

4b. Thallus layered in cross-section (heteromerous); upper and lower surfaces 

distinctly different.................................................................................................... 8 

5a. Thallus without a cellular upper cortex (microscope); swelling rapidly when wet. 6 

5b. Upper cortex of a single layer of well-defined cells (microscope), thallus not 

swollen when wet...................................................................................... Leptogium 

6a. Thallus bluish, without apothecia ............................................ Kroswia crystallifera 

6b. Thallus brown, often with apothecia........................................................................ 7 

7a. Ascospore simple; thallus very thick .............................................................Physma 

7b. Ascospores septate........................................................................................Collema 

8a. Thallus squamulose or placodioid, often with blue-black prothallus ...................... 9 

8b. Thallus foliose........................................................................................................ 12 

9a. Thallus plate-like, Pd–; thalline exciple absent .............................................Degelia 

9b. Thallus with distinct lobes ..................................................................................... 10 

10a. Thallus mainly brown; hymenium I+ blue turnig brown...................Fuscopannaria 

10b. Thallus mainly grey; hymenium I+ persistently blue ............................................ 11 

11a. Thallus always PD-; asci with internal amyloid ring structure............... Parmeliella 

11b. Thallus often PD+; asci without internal amyloid structure ....................... Pannaria 

12a. Thallus closely applicated to substrate and usually under 3 cm wide ................... 13 

12b. Thallus ascending and free from substrate except of attachment structures.......... 15 

13a. Thallus with stiff hairs, mostly PD+ orange; apothecia marginal ............Erioderma 

13b. Thallus with arachnoid hairs or glabrous, always PD-; apothecia laminal............ 14 

14a. Thallus bluish, upper surface smooth; asci with I+ blue cap.................Coccocarpia 

14a. Thallus bluish, upper surface cob-webby; asci with I+ blue cap..............Leioderma 

14b. Thallus brownish, upper surface smooth; asci without I+ blue cap........................... 

...........................................................................................Fuscoderma papuanorum 

15a. Cyphellae or pseudocyphellae present on lower surface ....................................... 16

15b. Cyphellae and pseudocyphellae absent from lower surface, but bald patches may 

be present amongst the tomentum.......................................................................... 17 

16a. Cyphellae present with distinct raised margins, thallus smelling of fish when wet. 

........................................................................................................................... Sticta 

16b. Pseudocyphellae present without distinct raised margins, thallus not smelling of 

fish when wet ............................................................................... Pseudocyphellaria 

17a. Lower surface naked or sparingly tomentose (but tomentose in two extinct 

species), apothecia (if present) on lower surface of lobe ends ................. Nephroma 

17b. Lower surface tomentose, apothecia (if present) on upper surface of thallus or 

lobe ends ................................................................................................................ 18 

18a. Lower surface with a ± well-developed coarse network of white or brown veins; 

apothecia (if present) on short marginal projections................................... Peltigera 

18b. Lower surface without veins, but with bald patches amongst the tomentum; 

apothecia (if present) laminal........................................................................ Lobaria 

19a. Thallus with spongiostratum (dense sponge-like cushions on lower surface)....... 20 

19b. Thallus without spongiostratum............................................................................. 21 

20a. Upper surface yellowish, with usnic acid .........................Pannoparmelia angustata 

20b. Upper surface grey, without usnic acid............................................................. Anzia 

21a. Thallus lobes inflated, hollow in section, lower surface without rhizines............. 22 

21b. Thallus lobes solid in section, flat or convex......................................................... 23 

22a. Thallus without perforations on the upper surface ................................Hypogymnia 

22b. Thallus with perforations on the upper or lower surface ........................ Menegazzia 

23a. Lobes with tomentum on lower surface, with or without lower cortex................. 24 

23b. Lobes with distinct lower cortex, tomentum absent .............................................. 28 

24a. Thallus lobes rounded, with a single urceolate apothecia ± immersed in the centre 

of the thallus or if absent lower surface orange and without distinct veins. 

........................................................................................................Solorina simensis 

24b. Thallus lobes spreading, or if rounded then with distinct raised veins; apothecia if 

present on margins of the thallus ........................................................................... 25 

25a. Lobes without a lower cortex; rhizines often conspicuous to the margin... Peltigera 

25b. Lobes with a distinct lower cortex; rhizines absent from the margin of the lower 

surface.................................................................................................................... 26 

26a. Cyphellae and pseudocyphellae absent on lower surface............................. Lobaria 

26b. Cyphellae or pseudocyphellae present on lower surface ....................................... 27 

27a. Cyphellae white, with distinct raised margins present on lower surface.......... Sticta 

27b. Pseudocyphellae present as punctiform or effigurate breaks in the lower cortex. 

...................................................................................................... Pseudocyphellaria

28a. Thallus in the centre not foliose; only along the margins...................................... 29 

28b. Thallus foliose throughout ..................................................................................... 30 

29a. Hymenium I+ bright blue ........................................................................... Pannaria 

29b. Hymenium I+ dirty blue ...............................................................Psoroma filicicola 

30a. Thallus white, grey or brownish grey, lobes up to 5 mm wide, usually matt, often 

pruinose; spores brown, 1-septate (Physciaceae)................................................... 31 

30b. Thallus yellow-green, grey or brown, lobes from 1 mm to several centimetres 

wide, usually ± shiny in younger parts, rarely pruinose; spores colourless, simple 

(Parmeliaceae)........................................................................................................ 36 

31a. Thallus whitish to bluish grey, K+ yellow............................................................. 32 

31b. Thallus grey brown to brown, K-........................................................................... 35 

32a. Rhizines nearly absent; medulla UV+ white ..............................................Dirinaria 

32b. Rhizines present; medulla UV-.............................................................................. 33 

33a. Thallus with marginal cilia or rhizines; upper cortex and hyphae running parallel 

to the upper surface (microscope)........................................................Heterodermia 

33b. Thallus without marginal rhizines or cilia; upper cortex and hyphae with a cellular 

structure (microscope) ........................................................................................... 34 

34a. Hypothecium black; lower surface usually black; thallus often UV+ yellow Pyxine 

34b. Hypothecium pale; lower surface white to black; thallus UV-......................Physcia 

35a. Rhizines absent or sparse..................................................Hyperphyscia adglutinata 

35b. Rhizines numerous...............................................................................Phaeophyscia 

36a. Cilia with inflated base .......................................................................................... 37 

36b. Cilia, if present, without inflated base ................................................................... 38 

37a. Upper surface grey, K+ yellow, with atranorin ........................................ Bulbothrix 

37b. Upper surface yellowish green, with usnic acid ...........................................Relicina 

38a. Thallus erect, ± tufted ............................................................................................ 39 

38b. Thallus adnate to loosely overlapping ................................................................... 40 

39a. Thallus lobes brown throughout .................................................................. Cetraria 

39b. Thallus lobes yellow-green, green to grey-green or whitish.... Flavocetraria nivalis 

40a. Pseudocyphellae present on upper surface, punctiform or effigurate.................... 41 

40b. Pseudocyphellae absent ......................................................................................... 43 

41a. Pseudocyphellae effigurate .........................................................Parmelia erumpens 

41b. Pseudocyphellae punctiform.................................................................................. 42 

42a. Lobes overlapping, apothecia usually absent................................................ Cetrelia 

42b. Lobes not overlapping, apotheciaoften present .................................. Nephromopsis

43a. Rhizines branched dichotomous or squarrose (simple rhizines may also be present) 

............................................................................................................. Hypotrachyna 

43b. Rhizines simple (or at most forked)....................................................................... 44 

44a. Thallus closely appressed to substratum................................................................ 45 

44b. Thallus not appressed to substratum, with loosely overlapping lobes................... 47 

45a. Cilia present .................................................................................Hypotrachyna Key 

45b. Cilia absent............................................................................................................. 46 

46a. Thallus closely appressed on rock ................................................... Xanthoparmelia 

46b. Thallus closely appressed on rock ..........................................................Relicinopsis 

47a. Thallus grey-green (usnic acid absent) .................................................................. 48 

47b. Thallus yellow-green (usnic acid present) ............................................................. 50 

48a. Cilia present ........................................................................................................... 49 

48b. Cilia absent.......................................................................................... Canoparmelia 

49a. Rhizines branched dichotomous or squarrose (simple rhizines may also be present) 

......................................................................................................Hypotrachyna Key 

49b. Rhizines simple (or at most forked), often absent along the lower margin ............... 

........................................................................................................ Parmotrema Key 

50a. Thallus with discrete or pustular soralia ............................. Flavoparmelia haysomii 

50b. Thallus without soralia; isidia sometimes present ........................... Xanthoparmelia 

Anzia Key (after Yoshimura, I., H.J.M. Sipman & A. Aptroot 1995. The lichen genus Anzia 

in New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 58: 439-469.): 

1a. Without lobules, isidia, pustules or soredia; apothecia often present...................... 2 

1b. With lobules, isidia, pustules or soredia; apothecia usually absent ......................... 5 

2a. Spongiostratum moniliform, in interrupted, rounded patches ....A. pseudoangustata 

2b. Spongiostratum not moniliform, in a continuous band............................................ 3 

3a. Upper surface of lobes ± convex; white marginal rim mostly absent; central cavity 

between spongiostratum and medulla present; medulla C+ red or rarely C-, with 

or without anziaic acid.........................................................................A. gregoriana 

3b. Upper surface of lobes ± flat; white marginal rim present; spongiostratum without 

cavities; medulla C+ red or (usually) C-, with or without anziaic acid ................... 4 

4a. Medulla C-, with lobaric acid or norlobaridone, without anziaic acid, never with 

yellow pigment........................................................................................A. semiteres 

4b. Medulla C+ red, with anziaic acid, sometimes with yellow pigment.A. endoflavida 

4c. Medulla C+red, with anziaic acid and 4-O-methylhypoprotocetraric acid. 

............................................................................................................ A. niuginiensis 

5a. With lobules or cylindrical isidia............................................................................. 6 

5b. With soralia or pustules ......................................................................................... 10

6a. With lobules............................................................................................................. 7 

6b. With cylindrical isidia.............................................................................................. 8 

7a. Upper surface of lobes ± flat; white marginal rim present; spongiostratum without 

cavities; medulla C-, with lobaric acid .................................................A. ornatoides 

7b. Upper surface of lobes ± convex; white marginal rim often absent; central cavity 

between spongiostratum and medulla present; medulla C+ red, with anziaic acid. 

......................................................................................................A. pseudopustulata 

8a. Upper surface of lobes ± convex; white marginal rim often absent; central cavity 

between spongiostratum and medulla present; medulla C+ red, with anziaic acid. 

...........................................................................................................A. corallophora 

8b. Upper surface of lobes ± flat; white marginal rim present; spongiostratum without 

cavities ..................................................................................................................... 9 

9a. Isidia c. 0.1 mm wide and up to c. 0.4 mm long, with browned tips, rarely 

branched, when young club-shaped; medulla C+ yellow-orange, with lobaric acid 

and identified substances ......................................................................A. isidiolenta 

9b. Isidia c. 0.1-0.3 mm wide and c. 0.5-1.2 mm long, without browned tips, more or 

less branched, not club-shaped; medulla C-, with norlobaridone or lobaric acid, 

occasionally without ................................................................................. A. isidiosa 

10a. With soralia; medulla C-, UV+ white, with divaricatic acid ................................. 11 

10b. With pustules; medulla C+ red, LTV-, with anziaic acid ...................................... 12 

11a. With bubble- to urn-shaped, laminal soralia..................................... A. afromontana 

11b. With labriform soralia on the lower side of recurved lobe tips ............A. americana 

12a. Pustules mostly terminal, producing coarse soredia or tiny, coralloid lobules; 

upper surface of lobes ± flat; white marginal rim present; spongiostratum without 

cavities ....................................................................................................A. pustulata 

12b. Pustules mostly lateral, producing convex lobules; upper surface of lobes ± 

convex; white marginal rim present; spongiostratum with central cavity between 

spongiostratum and medulla ........................................................A. pseudopustulata 

Bryoria Key: 

1a. Thallus sorediate .......................................................................................... B. dahlii 

1b. Thallus not sorediate............................................................................ B. indonesica 

Bulbothrix Key: 

1a. Thallus without isidia or lobules.......................................................... B. tuskiformis 

1b. Thallus with isidia or lobules................................................................................... 2 

2a. Lobes black below, relatively broad ........................................................B. tabacina 

2b. Lobes brown below, narrow .................................................................................... 3 

3a. Medulla C+ pink .......................................................................................B. goebelii

3b. Medulla C- ............................................................................................................... 4 

4a. Medulla P+ yellow, K+ red (salazinic)....................................................... B. isidiza 

4b. Medulla P+ red (protocetraric)...............................................................B. subinflata 

Bunodophoron Key: 

1a. Thallus hollow ...................................................................................... B. diplotypus 

1b. Thallus solid............................................................................................................. 2 

2a. Branched thin, less than 2 mm wide .........................................................B. murrayi 

2b. Branches thick, more than 2 mm wide............................................... B. patagonicus 

Canoparmelia Key: 

1a. Thallus isidiate........................................................................................ C. adspersa 

1b. Thallus sorediate .........................................................................................C. texana 

Cetraria Key: 

1a. Thallus broad; lobes usually over 2 mm wide ........................................C. islandica 

1b. Thallus narrow; lobes usually under 2 mm wide................................... C. nigricans 

Cetrelia Key: 

1a. With (mostly marginal) soredia; medulla UV+ or UV-........................................... 2 

1b. With (mostly marginal) isidia or lobuli; medulla UV+ white.................................. 3 

2a. Medulla C+ red, UV- (olivetoric acid) ................................................ C. olivetorum 

2b. Medulla C-, KC+ reddish, UV+ white (alectoronic acid).........................C. chicitae 

3a. With (usually short) isidia (alectoronic acid)...................................... C. braunsiana 

3b. With marginal lobules (microphyllinic acid)...........................................C. japonica 

Cladonia Key (after Stenroos, S. 1986. The family Cladoniaceae in Melanesia. 2. Cladonia 

section Cocciferae. Annales Botanici Fennici 23: 239-250. and Stenroos, S. 1988a. The 

family Cladoniaceae in Melanesia. 3. Cladonia sections Helopodium, Perviae and 

Cladonia. Annales Botanici Fennici 25: 117-148.): 

1a. Thallus without squamules ...................................................................................... 2 

1b. At least some squamules present ............................................................................. 3 

2a. Thallus inflated, little branched ...............................................................C. papuana 

2b. Thallus not inflated, densely (at least 5 times) branched.......................... C. confusa 

3a. Podetial axils, scyphi and often tips open................................................................ 4 

3b. Podetial axils, scyphi and tips closed....................................................................... 7 

4a. Podetia richly branched; contains fumarprotocetraric acid (PD+ red) .................... 5

4b. Podetia moderately branched; contains thamnolic or squamatic acid (PD+ yellow 

or PD-) ..................................................................................................................... 6 

5a. Podetial walls with lateral fissures and perforations, stereome thinC. corymbescens 

5b. Fissures and perforations lacking, stereome thick and hard ............. C. scabriuscula 

6a. Surface of the podetia smoothly corticate, sometimes with few microsquamules, 

medulla UV-............................................................................................. C. crispata 

6b. Surface of the podetia rough, microsquamulose, medulla often UV+ white. 

................................................................................................................C. squamosa 

7a. Apothecia when present brown; lower surface of squamules without yellow......... 8 

7b. Apothecia when present red; lower surfac of squamules often partly yellow ....... 27 

8a. Podetia ascyphose, blunt, esorediate, commonly terminating in hymenial discs .... 9 

8b. Podetia scyphose or if ascyphose, then usually subulate, sorediate and without 

hymenial discs........................................................................................................ 10 

9a. Basal squamules small; contains fumarprotocetraric acid (PD+ red) C. peziziformis 

9b. Basal squamules large; contains psoromic acid (PD+ yellow, K-)... C. macrophylla 

9c. Basal sqamules large; contains norstictic acid (K+red)..................C. polycarpoides 

10a. Podetia at least partly sorediate.............................................................................. 11 

10b. Podetia esorediate, smoothly corticate to squamulose........................................... 19 

11a. Podetia lacking scyphi ........................................................................................... 12 

11b. Podetia bearing distinct scyphi .............................................................................. 14 

12a. Podetia sorediate throughout, not or scarcely melanotic ....................................... 13 

12b. Podctia esorediate, melanotic, verruculose...................................... C. melanocaulis 

13a. Podctia repeatedly branched, soredia coasre, caducous..................... C . corniculata 

13b. Podetia simple or with few branches; soredia finely granulose, immixed with 

microsquamules ................................................................................... C. subradiata 

14a. Podetia entirely sorediate, scyphi wide.................................................................. 15 

14b. Podetia partly corticate .......................................................................................... 16 

15a. Soredia farinose to finely granulose, immixed with microsquamules down to base 

.......................................................................................................... C. subsquamosa 

15b. Soredia granulose.............................................................................. C. chlorophaea 

16a. Scyphi narrow (0.5-1.5 mm), soralia tuberculate, partly epicorticate; podetia pale 

greenish-brown ....................................................................................C. phyllopoda 

16b. Scyphi generally wider (1-4 mm), soredia not tuberculate.................................... 17 

17a. Scyphi deep, often with fundic perforations.....................................C. poeciloclada 

17b. Scyphi shallow, closed........................................................................................... 18

18a. Scyphi generally well developed; soredia farinose, in patches, confined to the 

scyphal margins; podetia medium to dark brown; contains fumarprotocetraric acid 

(PD+red) ............................................................................................C. ochrochlora 

18b. Scyphi often deformed, soredia powdery to granulose; contains 

fumarprotocetraric (PD+ red) or psoromic acid (PD+ yellow)............ C. fruticulosa 

19a. Podetia lacking scyphi ........................................................................................... 20 

19b. Podetia with scyphi................................................................................................ 22 

20a. Podetia richly branched............................................................................................ 5 

20b. Podetia simple or moderately branched................................................................. 21 

21a. Podetial surface smooth; walls with lateral slits...................................C. fenestralis 

21b. Podetial surface roughly microsquamulose ........................................... C. ramulosa 

22a. Scyphi proliferating from the centre...................................................................... 23 

22b. Scyphi proliferating from the margins................................................................... 25 

23a. Scyphi deformed, irregular, sparsely present........................................C. fenestralis 

23b. Scyphi regular, well developed.............................................................................. 24 

24a. Surface of the podetia smoothly corticate, scyphi wide ..............................C. rappii 

24b. Surface of the podetia partly ecorticate, squamulose; scyphi narrow.C. gymnopoda 

25a. Surface of the podetia smooth; walls with lateral slits .........................C. fenestralis 

25b. Surface of the podetia granulose to microsquamulose .......................................... 26 

26a. Surface of the podetia granulose to phyllidioid, basal squamules thick, chalkwhite 

inside ..............................................................................................C. pocillum 

26b. Surface of the podetia roughly microsquamulose.............................C. ramulosa s.l. 

27a. Podetia scyphose.................................................................................................... 28 

27b. Podetia ascyphose, tips subulate............................................................................ 30 

28a. Podetia sorediate ......................................................................................C. yunnana 

28b. Podetia not sorediate.............................................................................................. 29 

29a. Podetia provided with regular, wide scyphi; podetial stalk corticate; scyphi 

areolate-corticate; contains zeorin ..........................................................C. coccifera 

29b. Podetia with irregularly proliferating scyphi; basal part, as well as the interior of 

the scyphi corticate; contains thamnolic acid ............................................C. vulcani 

30a. Podetia often without hymenia; at least partly farinose sorediate ......................... 31 

30b. Podetia often with hymenial discs; esorediate, squamulose or partly corticate..... 32 

31a. Podetia entirely ecorticate......................................................................C. macilenta 

31b. Podetia distinctly corticate at lower parts, cortex often covering one third of the 

podetia................................................................................................. C. weymouthii

32a. Podetia ecorticate, microsquamulose to partly granulose; squamules narrow, 

generally pointing downwards...................................................................C. didyma 

32b. Podetia distinctly corticate at base and below hymenia, other parts ecorticate, 

scabrose to finely granulose................................................................. C. floerkeana 

Coccocarpia Key: 

1a. Lobes slender (less than 0.5 mm wide), not appressed............................................ 2 

1b. Lobes broader, or closely appressed ........................................................................ 4 

2a. Lobes cuneate, with accessory lobes ......................................................... C. rottleri 

2b. Lobes filiform .......................................................................................................... 3 

3a. Thallus with isidia..............................................................................C. domingensis 

3b. Thallus without isidia........................................................................... C. tenuissima 

4a. Thallus pruinose (compare with the other, common species).................................. 5 

4b. Thallus not pruinose; here all common species ....................................................... 6 

5a. Thallus with isidia.............................................................................. C. smaragdina 

5b. Thallus without isidia.............................................................................. C. pruinosa 

6a. Thallus with isidia.................................................................................................... 7 

6b. Thallus without isidia............................................................................................. 10 

7a. Thallus tightly adnate, isidia cylindrical.................................................................. 8 

7b. Thallus loosely appressed, isidia flattened............................................................... 9 

8a. Lobes cuneate, richly branched.................................................................C. dissecta 

8b. Lobes rounded, sparingly branched .......................................................C. palmicola 

9a. Lobe margins upturned, lobes elongate ...................................................C. glaucina 

9b. Lobe margin flat, lobes rounded ................................................................. C. pellita 

10a. Thallus tightly adnate............................................................................................. 11 

10b. Thallus loosely appressed ....................................................................C. erythroxyli 

11a. Foliicolous, lobes tips rounded ............................................................C. aeruginosa 

11b. Corticolous, lobes tips truncate.................................................................. C. adnata 

Coenogonium Key (only fruticose species): 

1a. Spores simple......................................................................................... C. leprieurii 

1b. Spores 1-septate ............................................................................................ C. linkii 

Collema Key: 

1a. Thallus isidiate......................................................................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus without isidia, with apothecia ..................................................................... 3

2a. Thallus not lobed around the margin ...............................C. leptaleum var. biliosum 

2b. Thallus conspicuously lobed....................................................................C. rugosum 

3a. Thallus rough, not lobed around the margin............................................................ 4 

3b. Thallus smooth or with ridges, conspicuously lobed............................................... 7 

4a. Spores 4-celled, thallus pale brownish...................................................C. leptaleum 

4b. Spores many-celled, thallus brown to black ............................................................ 5 

5a. Apothecia with thick layer of paraplectenchymatous cells............... C. coilocarpum 

5b. Apothecia without such a layer................................................................................ 6 

6a. Thallus dark brown to black, excipulum with thick-walled cells, spores mostly < 

100 μm .............................................................................................. C. papuanorum 

6b. Thallus medium brown, excipulum with thin-walled cells, spores often > 100 μm. 

................................................................................ C. fasciculare var. microcarpum 

7a. Thallus with ridges, sometimes fenestrate, spores acicular ........... C. actinoptychum 

7b. Thallus smooth, resembling a Leptogium................................................................ 8 

8a. Spores submuriform....................................................................... C. subconveniens 

8b. Spores acicular....................................................................................C. chimbuense 

Degelia Key: 

1a. Thallus sorediate .................................................................................... D. sorediata 

1b. Thallus not sorediate....................................................................................D. minor 

Dictyonema Key: 

1a. Hyphae with clamps................................................................................................. 2 

1b. Hyphae without clamps............................................................................................ 3 

2a. Thallus crustose, corticiod .....................................................................D. irpicinum 

2b. Thallus nearly foliose, stereoid.............................................................. D. ligulatum 

3a. Algal trichome uniseriate........................................................................D. sericeum 

3b. Algal trichome biseriate............................................................................. D. moorei 

Dirinaria Key: 

1a. Thallus with isidia or soredia................................................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus without vegetative propagules .................................................................... 5 

2a. Thallus with isidia............................................................................. D. papillulifera 

2b. Thallus with soredia................................................................................................. 3 

3a. Soredia pustular ...................................................................................... D. aegialita 

3b. Soredia rounded, regular.......................................................................................... 4

4a. Lobes placodioid, confluent.................................................................. D. applanata 

4b. Lobes discrete, adnate................................................................................... D. picta 

5a. Lobes placodioid, confluent................................................................... D. confluens 

5b. Lobes discrete, adnate......................................................................D. purpurascens 

Erioderma Key (after Jørgensen, P.M. & H.J.M. Sipman 2002a. The lichen genus 

Erioderma in Southeast Asia. Ann. Bot. Fennici 39: 201-211.): 

1a. Thallus sorediate, rarely fertile ............................................................E. sorediatum 

1b. Thallus not sorediate, usually fertile........................................................................ 2 

2a. Lower surface with distinct, raised veins, upper scrobiculate, mostly Pd-. 

.............................................................................................................E. tomentosum 

2b. Lower surface not veined, upper smooth, mostly Pd+ ............................................ 3 

3a. Lower surface orange, K+ orange; apothecial margins hairy, hairs often blackish. 

................................................................................................................E. gloriosum 

3b. Lower surface creamish white, K-; apothecial margins warted or hairy, hairs 

whitish only.............................................................................................................. 4 

4a. Lobes narrow (3 mm), flat to concave, hairy with scattered marginal, black 

rhizohyphae.............................................................................................................. 5 

5a. Thallus broad-lobed with coarse, erect, bundled hairs, apothecia finally large (>5 

mm).......................................................................................................................... 6 

5b. Thallus dichotomously divided, downy hairy or glabrous, apothecia smaller(

Fuscopannaria Key (after Jørgensen, P.M. & H.J.M. Sipman 2006. The lichen family 

Pannariaceae in the montane regions of New Guinea. Journal of the Hattori Botanical 

Laboratory 100: 695-720.): 

1a. Thallus with bluish gymnidia (isidia without cortex)....................... F. coerulescens 

1b. Thallus without gymnidia ........................................................................................ 2 

2a. Squamules large (to 5 mm), uniformly coloured, widely scattered on prothallus. 

....................................................................................................................F. venusta 

2b. Squamules smaller (to 2 mm), often white-edged, mostly cushion-forming........... 3 

3a. Squamules ca. 300 μm thick, imbricate, in cushions, spores 15-18 x 9-12 μm; on 

high-alpine soils.................................................................................. F. cacuminum 

3b. Squamules under 200 μm thick, partly ascending, spores 10-12 x 8-10 μm; on 

rotting bark in humid forest ......................................................................F. dissecta 

Heterodermia Key: 

1a. Lower surface corticate............................................................................................ 2 

1b. Lower surface not corticate...................................................................................... 6 

2a. Thallus with soredia or isidia................................................................................... 3 

2b. Thallus without vegetative propagules ................................................ H. diademata 


3b. Thallus with soredia................................................................................................. 5 

4a. Thallus firm, thick, like H. speciosa, medulla K- ...............................H. isidiophora 

4b. Thallus lax, thin, medulla K+ red .........................................................H. antillarum 

5a. Soredia along margins of rather broad lobes ...........................................H. albicans 

5b. Soredia punctiform or covering tiny side-lobes.......................................H. speciosa 

6a. Lobes linear, thallus not appressed to the substrate................................................. 7 

6b. Lobes rounded to cuneate, more or less appressed................................................ 11 

8a. Lower surface without pigment ............................................................................... 9 

8b. Lower surface with pigment .................................................................................. 10 

9a. Thallus irregularly isidiate/sorediate................................................... H. verrucifera 

9b. Thallus not isidiate................................................................................H. leucomela 

10a. Lower surface with yellow pigment .......................................................H. lutescens 

10b. Lower surface with red pigment ............................................................................ 11 

11a. Thallus strictly linear .............................................................................. H. papuana 

11b. Thallus partly deformed, bulging out....................................................... H. vulgaris 

12a. Thallus white, with unbranched, white cilia .......................................................... 13 

12b. Thallus grey to green, with branched, coloured rhizines....................................... 15

13a. Thallus without soredia........................................................................ H. podocarpa 

13a. Thallus with soralia................................................................................................ 14 

14a. Soralia labriform to irregular .......................................................... H. galactophylla 

14b. Soralia covering parts of the lower surface............................................... H. comosa 

15a. Thallus with soredia or irregular isidia/phyllidia................................................... 16 

15b. Thallus without soredia.......................................................................................... 19 

16a. Lower surface with pigment .................................................................................. 17 

16b. Lower surface without pigment ............................................................................. 18 

17a. Pigment yellow, K- ........................................................................... H. casarettiana 

17b. Pigment yellow to orange or red, K+ purple ...................................H. obscurata s.l. 

18a. Thallus with irregular isidia/phyllidia.............................................H. microphyllina 

18b. Thallus with soredia................................................................................ H. japonica 

19a. Lower surface with yellow pigment ......................................................H. flabellata 

19b. Lower surface without pigment ............................................................................. 20 

20a. Thallus firm, thick, lower margin corticate ............................................H. dactyliza 

20b. Thallus lax, thin, lower margin not corticate ........................................H. hypoleuca 

Hypogymnia Key: 

1a. Thallus with isidia, soralia or pustules..................................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus without vegetative propagules .................................................................... 5 

2a. Thallus soft, with isidia (if firm and with isidia, see Menegazzia)........ H. zeylanica 

2b. Thallus not soft, with soredia or pustules ................................................................ 3 

3a. Soredia labriform, terminal, thallus brownish ............................................ H. vittata 

3b. Soredia punctiform to confluent and pustular, laminal............................................ 4 

4a. Soredia punctifrom, thallus glossy, brown ..................................................H. bitteri 

4b. Soredia confluent, pustular, thallus grey.................................... H. pseudobitteriana 

5a. Thallus brown or partly black, lobes rarely branched.............................. H. lugubris 

5b. Thallus grey, lobes much branched .................................................... H. pectinatula 

Hypotrachyna Key (after Louwhoff, S.H.J.J. & J.A. Elix 2002. Hypotrachyna and allied 

lichen genera in Papua New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 81: 1-149.): 

1a. Lobes eciliate ........................................................................................................... 2 

1b. Lobes with marginal cilia....................................................................................... 41 

2a. Upper cortex yellow-green; usnic acid present........................................................ 3 

2b. Upper cortex grey; atranorin or lichexanthone present.......................................... 13

3a. Thallus lacking isidia, soredia and pustules............................................H. reducens 

3b. Thallus with isidia, soredia or pustules.................................................................... 4 

4a. Thallus sorediate or pustulate; isidia absent ............................................................ 5 

4b. Thallus isidiate; isidia cylindrical, ±becoming sorediate......................................... 8 

5a. Thallus pustulate-sorediate ........................................................................ H. meyeri 

5b. Thallus sorediate; pustules absent............................................................................ 6 

6a. Medulla K- or K+ yellow-brown; fumarprotocetraric acid present.....H. simbuensis 

6b. Medulla K+ yellow turning dark red; salazinic or galbinic acid present................. 7 

7a. Medulla containing galbinic acid (major) and salazinic acid (minor) ... H. galbinica 

7b. Medulla containing salazinic acid (major); galbinic acid absent.............. H. sinuosa 

8a. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red; salazinic, galbinic or norstictic acids present ... 9 

8b. Medulla K- or K+ yellow-brown; fumarprotocetraric or physodalic acids present12 

9a. Galbinic acid (major or submajor) present ........................................ H. microblasta 

9b. Galbinic acid absent............................................................................................... 10 

10a. Norstictic acid (major); salazinic acid absent ......................................... H. hnatiukii 

10b. Salazinic acid present............................................................................................. 11 

11a. Salazinic acid (major); norstictic acid (trace) ..........................................H. tariensis 

11b. Norstictic acid (major); salazinic acid (submajor).................................. H. andensis 

12a. Upper surface shiny; isidia slender, cylindrical; fumarprotocetraric acid present. 

................................................................................................................. H. munduai 

12b. Upper surface dull; isidia somewhat inflated; physodalic acid present. 

...................................................................................................... H. subphysodalica 

13a. Thallus lacking isidia, soredia and pustules........................................................... 14 

13b. Thallus with isidia, soredia or pustules.................................................................. 18 

14a. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red; salazinic acid present....................... H. corneola 

14b. Medulla K- or K + yellow-brown; salazinic acid absent ....................................... 15 

15a. Medulla P+ orange-red; protocetraric acid present.................................. H. adducta 

15b. Medulla P- ; protocetraric acid absent.16 

16a. Medulla pale yellow; secalonic acid A present..................................... H. peruviana 

16b. Medulla white; secalonic acid A absent................................................................. 17 

17a. Upper surface densely lobulate; barbatic and 4-O-demethylbarbatic acids present. 

............................................................................................................. H. neodigitata 

17b. Upper surface elobulate; fatty acids present ........................................... H. terricola 

18a. Thallus isidiate; soredia and pustules absent ......................................................... 19 

18b. Thallus sorediate and/or pustulate; isidia absent ................................................... 30

19a. Medulla C+ red; lecanoric acid present ............................................. H. woitapensis 

19b. Medulla C-; lecanoric acid absent.......................................................................... 20 

20a. Medulla P+ orange or red; fumarprotocetraric, protocetraric and/or quaesitic acids 

present.................................................................................................................... 21 

20b. Medulla P-; fumarprotocetraric, protocetraric and quaesitic acids absent............. 24 

21a. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red; quaesitic acid present .......................H. quaesita 

21b. Medulla K- or K+ yellow-brown; quaesitic acid absent........................................ 22 

22a. Medulla K-, KC+ orange ; fumarprotocetraric and barbatic acids present. 

...............................................................................................................H. malesiana 

22b. Medulla K+ yellow-brown; KC+ pink; protocetraric acid present........................ 23 

23a. Medulla yellow in part; pigmentosin A present.................................... H. consimilis 

23b. Medulla white thoughout; pigmentosin A absent ..................................H. koyaensis 

24a. Medulla KC+ orange; barbatic acid present .......................................................... 25 

24b. Medulla KC-; fatty acids present ........................................................................... 28 

25a. Isidia inflated; apices becoming erumpent ................................................. H. toiana 

25b. Isidia cylindrical; apices intact............................................................................... 26 

26a. Echinocarpic acid present ........................................................................... H. addita 

26b. Echinocarpic acid absent........................................................................................ 27 

27a. Upper surface distinctly maculate; obtusatic and norobtusatic acids (submajor) 

present.................................................................................................H. imbricatula 

27b. Upper surface emaculate; obtusatic and norobtusatic acids present in trace 

quantities or absent ................................................................................ H. orientalis 

28a. Thallus loosely adnate, saxicolous or terricolous; lobes broad, 4-12 mm wide. 

................................................................................................................. H. terricola 

28b. Thallus adnate, corticolous; lobes narrower, 1-6 mm wide................................... 29 

29a. Lobes narrow, 1-3 mm wide; ascospores large, 20-23 x 12-15 µm; lichesterinic 

and protolichesterinic acids present.................................................H. lichesterinica 

29b. Lobes broader, 2-6 mm wide; ascospores small, 8-10 x 4-6 µm; constipatic, 

protoconstipatic and protopraesorediosic acids present................... H. costaricensis 

30a. Thallus pustulate-sorediate .................................................................................... 31 

30b. Thallus sorediate; pustules absent.......................................................................... 35 

31a. Upper cortex UV+ yellow; lichexanthone present................................ H. osseoalba 

31b. Upper cortex UV-; lichexanthone absent............................................................... 32 

32a. Thallus laciniate; medulla C+ rose-red; gyrophoric acid present ......... H. monticola 

32b. Thallus elaciniate; medulla C-; gyrophoric acid absent......................................... 33

33a. Medulla lemon-yellow; secalonic acid A present............................... H. endochlora 


34a. Echinocarpic acid present ....................................................................... H. adjuncta 

34b. Echinocarpic acid absent............................................................................H. exsecta 

35a. Medulla lemon-yellow; secalonic acid A present............................... H. endochlora 


36a. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red; salazinic acid present...................................... 37 

36b. Medulla K- or K+ yellow-brown ; salazinic acid absent ....................................... 38 

37a. Soralia subterminal on hooded, reflexed lobes; zeorin present ................ H. majoris 

37b. Soralia subterminal, lobe apices ±flat; zeorin absent............................H. brevirhiza 

38a. Medulla P+ orange-red; protocetraric acid present........................H. pseudosinuosa 

38b. Medulla P-; protocetraric acid absent .................................................................... 39 

39a. Medulla C+ pale red; gyrophoric or lecanoric acids present ................................. 40 

39b. Medulla C-; lividic acid present......................................................... H. immaculata 

40a. Rhizines richly dichotomously branched; evernic and lecanoric acids present. 

...................................................................................................................... H. rockii 

40b. Rhizines sparsely dichotomously branched; gyrophoric acid present ..... H. revoluta 

41a. Thallus isidiate; soredia and pustules absent ......................................................... 42 

41b. Thallus sorediate and/or pustulate; isidia absent ................................................... 45 

42a. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red; salazinic acid present..Parmelinella wallichiana 

42b. Medulla K- or K+ yellow-brown ; salazinic acid absent ....................................... 43 

43a. Medulla P+ orange-red; protocetraric acid present.....Parmelinopsis protocetrarica 

43b. Medulla P-; protocetraric acid absent .................................................................... 44 

44a. Isidia ciliate; medulla C-; 3-methoxy-2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid (major). 

...........................................................................................Parmelinopsis horrescens 

44b. Isidia eciliate; medulla C+ rose; gyrophoric acid (major) ...Parmelinopsis minarum 

45a. Medulla pale to intense yellow; secalonic acid A present ..................................... 46 


46a. Pustules sorediate; leucotylic acid present............................. Myelochroa aurulenta 

46b. Pustules esorediate; leucotylic acid absent .............................Myelochroa nothofagi 

47a. Soralia capitate; pustules absent ............................................................................ 48 

47b. Soralia not capitate; pustulate present.................................................................... 49 

48a. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red, C-; salazinic acid present...............H. radiculata 

48b. Medulla K-, C+ rose; gyrophoric acid present ............. Parmelinopsis cryptochlora

49a. Medulla C-, KC+ rose; 3-methoxy-2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid (major). 

.........................................................................................Parmelinopsis subfatiscens 

49b. Medulla C+ rose, KC+ red; gyrophoric acid (major) ............................................ 50 

50a. Lobes narrow, 0.5-2 mm wide; pustules not or rarely sorediate. 

.............................................................................................. Parmelinopsis spumosa 

50b. Lobes broad, 2-5 mm wide; pustules extensively sorediate. 

........................................................................................ Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta 

Leioderma Key: 

1a. Thallus sorediate .................................................................................. L. sorediatum 

1b. Thallus not sorediate...................................................................... L. erythrocarpum 

Leprocaulon Key: 

1a. Thallus K+ yellow ................................................................................. L. arbuscula 

1b. Thallus K- ...................................................................................L. pseudoarbuscula 

Leptogium Key: 

1a. Lower surface with a thick layer of felty rhizinae ................................................... 2 

1b. Lower surface without, or with short or patchy rhizinae......................................... 4 

2a. Thallus with isidia.................................................................................. L. asiaticum 

2b. Thallus without isidia............................................................................................... 3 

3a. Apothecia marginal, convex ...................................................................L. loriforme 

3b. Apothecia laminal and concave, or absent........................................ L. pedicellatum 


4b. Thallus without isidia, sometimes with lobules....................................................... 9 

5a. Thallus not wrinkled ............................................................................ L. cyanescens 

5b. Thallus wrinkled ...................................................................................................... 6 

6a. Thallus pale brown, gelatinous ................................................................................ 7 

6b. Thallus greyish, thinner ........................................................................................... 8 

7a. Thallus lobate, with raised margins ...................................................L. marginellum 

7b. Thallus pulvinate to anastomosing....................................................L. coralloideum 

8a. Isidia marginal, apothecia numerous .................................................L. marginellum 

8b. Isidia laminal, apothecia rare ...................................................L. austroamericanum 

9a. Upper surface smooth (stress-wrinkles may occur)............................................... 10 

9b. Upper surface wrinkled.......................................................................................... 14 

10a. Lower surface pubescent, apothecia with marginal lobes ...................... L. burgessii 

10b. Lower surface not pubescent, with or without rhizinae......................................... 11

11a. Thallus purplish brown, very thin........................................................L. streimannii 

11b. Thallus grey (in some shade) ................................................................................. 12 

12a. Apothecia finally convex, thallus large, lobes up to 1 cm broad.........L. cochleatum 

12b. Apothecia concave, thallus smaller........................................................................ 13 

13a. Thallus thin (c. 50 μm).......................................................................L. moluccanum 

13b. Thallus thicker (c. 80 μm)........................................................................ L. azureum 

14a. Apothecia pedicellate on an inflated stipe ............................................ L. javanicum 

14b. Apothecia not pedicellate or absent ....................................................................... 15 

15a. Thallus mostly lobate; apothecia flat and large .......................................L. corticola 

15b. Thalus mostly pulvinate to anastomosing.............................................................. 16 

16a. Wrinkles fine, older apothecia with concentric wrinkles......................L. bullatulum 

16b. Wrinkles coarser, apothecia without wrinkles....................................................... 17 

17a. Wrinkles very coarse, larger than the areas in between.........................L. enkarodes 

17b. Wrinkles smaller than the areas inbetween...................................................L. fallax 

Lobaria Key (after Sipman, H. 2004. The species of Lobaria (lichenized Ascomycetes) in 

New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 573-606.): 

1a. Photobiont bluegreen (Nostoc in glomerules), fresh thallus grey to brown when 

wet; medulla C- and KC-; thallus like L. pulmonaria (brownish, scrobiculate with 

reticulate ridges, tomentum at least in the central ridges black).............................. 2 

1b. Photobiont green (coccoid), fresh thallus green to brown when wet; medulla 

usually C+ or at least KC+ red; thallus like L. pulmonaria or different.................. 4 

2a. Isidia present, cylindrical or applanate, mainly scattered on the ridges .................. 3 

2b. Isidia absent ............................................................................. L. pseudopulmonaria 

3a. Central thallus ridges sharp (often higher than wide); medulla K+ yellow turning 

orange (stictic acid present), rarely K-.......................................................L. isidiosa 

3b. Central thallus ridges rounded; medulla K- (stictic acid absent)...L. pseudoretigera 

4a. Thallus L. pulmonaria-like, (brownish, scrobiculate with reticulate ridges, 

tomentum at least in the central grooves black); medulla K+ yellow turning 

orange (stictic acid present), rarely K-; cylindrical or flattened isidia present, 

marginal lobules absent............................................................................................ 5 

4b. Thallus different; medulla K- (stictic acid absent); isidia or marginal lobules 

present or absent ...................................................................................................... 7 

5a. Medulla K+ yellow turning orange (stictic acid present), C+ red or C-, KC+ red or 

KC- (gyrophoric acid present or absent).................................................................. 6 

5b. Medulla K- (stictic acid absent), C+ red or at least KC+ red (gyrophoric acid 

present).................................................................................................. L. spathulata

6a. Medulla C+ red or at least KC+ red (gyrophoric acid present) ...........L. isidiophora 

6b. Medulla C-, KC- (gyrophoric acid absent) ........................................L. meridionalis 

7a. Isidia or lobules present ........................................................................................... 8 

7b. Isidia and lobules absent ........................................................................................ 10 

8a. Marginal lobules present, fragile; thallus lobes flat or somewhat channeled; 

tomentum in + vein-like patches.............................................................................. 9 

8b. Laminal, flattened, more or less lobule-like isidia present; thallus lobes shallowly 

scrobiculate and reticulate-ridged; tomentum equally dispersed or in reticulate 

pattern ........................................................................................................ L. hertelii 

9a. Upper cortex 20-30 μm thick; ascospores 40-45 x 7-9 μm; tomentum patches pale; 

congyrophoric acid present.......................................................................L. crassior 

9b. Upper cortex 35-45 μm thick; ascospores 30-35 x 10-12 μm; tomentum patches 

blackish, vein-like; congyrophoric acid absent..................L. clemensiae var. crassa 

10a. Thallus scrobiculate to undulate, the depressions separated by wider or narrower, 

often reticulate ridges; tomentum largely restricted to the grooves....................... 11 

10b. Thallus with shallow depressions or flat, sometimes slightly canaliculate or 

shallowly undulate, without reticulate ridges; tomentum more or less vein-like .. 13 

11a. Thallus ridges sharp and depressions often pit-like; congyrophoric acid absent. 

........................................................................................................... L. dendrophora 

11b. Thallus ridges widely rounded and depressions rounded; congyrophoric acid 

present or absent .................................................................................................... 12 

12a. Congyrophoric acid present; pycnidia immersed in flat thallus .. L. subscrobiculata 

12b. Congyrophoric acid absent; pycnidia raised, in prominent thallus warts ......L. ferax 

13a. Medulla C-, KC- (gyrophoric acid absent), K- or K+ dark violet ......................... 14 

13b. Medulla C+ red or at least KC+ red (gyrophoric acid present), K- ....................... 15 

14a. Medulla orange-brown, K+ dark violet ............................................. L. endochroma 

14b. Medulla white, K- .....................................................................................L. discolor 

15a. Thallus closely applanate, subirregularly lobed; congyrophoric acid present; 

proper exciple visible as a ring around the disc..............................L. adscripturiens 

15b. Thallus loosely applanate, subirregularly or sublinearly lobed; congyrophoric acid 

absent; proper exciple not exposed...........................................................L. discolor 

Menegazzia Key (after James, P.W., A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, H.J.M. Sipman & E. 

Sérusiaux 2001. New species in the lichen genus Menegazzia in New Guinea. Bibliotheca 

Lichenologica 78: 91-108.): 

1a. Thallus with numerous to very sparse vegetative propagules (soredia, pustules, 

isidia) or with small, often perforate, ± erect, finger-like or clavate extensions; 

rarely fertile.............................................................................................................. 2 

1b. Thallus without vegetative propagules, but frequently with small lateral lobes or 

thallus extensions; usually at least sparingly fertile................................................. 9

2a. Thallus truly isidiate or with small, finger-like or clavate extensions..................... 3 

2b. Thallus erose- or pustulate-sorediate ....................................................................... 5 

3a. Lobes inflated, up to 5 mm wide; perforations confined to the lower cortex and to 

the upper cortex on lateral lobes or extensions; upper surface with patches of 

narrow, true, solid isidia which leave pits when shed...............................M. isidiata 

3b. Lobes not inflated, not exceeding 2.5 mm wide; perforations present in the upper 

cortex; hollow, finger-like or clavate extensions often present ............................... 4 

4a. Upper cortex weakly striate-ridged to roughened; lobes often becoming pendulous, 

pale grey; isidia elongat ...........................................................................M. pendula 

4b. Upper cortex smooth; lobes closely appressed, at least partly glossy brown; isidia 

elongate.............................................................................................. M. digitiformis 

4c. Upper cortex smooth; lobes closely appressed; isidia globose........M. globoisidiata 

5a. Upper cortex fragile, finely wrinkled, dissolving into ± effuse soredia; soralia 

laminal, becoming ±erose and confluent; usually containing barbatic acid, in 

addtlion to the stictic acid complex ....................................................... M. dissoluta 

5b. Upper cortex firm, smooth or only faintly wrinkled, not dissolving into soredia; 

soralia or pustules delimited, often ± elevated; not containing barbatic acid; stictic 

acid complex present................................................................................................ 6 

6a. Lobes inflated, not or sparingly branched, up to 5 mm wide; perforations confined 

to the lower cortex and to the upper cortex on lateral lobes or extensions; soralia 

scattered, often marginal, labriform or erumpent with markedly uneven, lacerate 

margins...............................................................................................M. efflorescens 

6b. Lobes not inflated, short or only somewhat elongate, often richly branched, up to 

2.5 mm wide, upper cortex perforate; soralia or pustules sparse or abundant, 

usually formed on short, lateral lobe extensions...................................................... 7 

7a. Thallus closely appressed; lobes in part pale yellowish, suffused brown to nearly 

black; soralia capitate, confined to central parts of the thallus, originating from 

marginal lobules; saxicolous....................................................................M. saxicola 

7b. Thallus not closely appressed; lobes not brown; soralia not capitate; rarely 

saxicolous................................................................................................................. 8 

8a. Thallus with fatty acids........................................................................M. faminensis 

8b. Thallus with stictic acid complex .............M. malesiana and/or (or =) M. subsimilis 

8c. Thallus with fumarprotocetraric acid.............................................M. menyamyensis 

9a. Lobes inflated, sparingly branched; perforations restricted to lateral lobes or 

extensions on the upper cortex, present or nearly absent on the lower cortex....... 10 

9b. Lobes not inflated, usually richly branched; perforations present only on the upper 

cortex...................................................................................................................... 11 

10a. Lobes sparingly irregularly branched, up to 5 mm wide; perforations confined to 

the lower cortex and to the upper cortex of lateral lobes or extensions; lobes 

greyish, rarely brown or black-maculate; apothecia rather frequent; usually 

epiphytic; containing stictic acid complex.......................................M. megathallina

10b. Lobes loosely interwoven or separate, not exceeding 2.5 mm wide; perforations 

very rare and irregular; lobes at least partly glossy brown, grey- or black-maculate; 

apothecia absent; terricolous, saxicolous or epiphytic at high elevations; 

containing physodic, physodalic and alectoronic acids. ......... Hypogymnia lugubris 

11a. Thallus of numerous, intricately interwoven lobes up to 1.5 mm wide; apothecial 

margins with papilla-like projections........................................................ M. stellata 

11b. Thallus variable, short-lobed (to 3 mm wide) or with ± elongate, somewhat 

radiating lobes; apothecial margins never with papilla-like projections ............... 12 

12a. Thallus with fatty acids.........................................................................M. asekiensis 

12b. Thallus with stictic acid complex .......................................................M. monospora 

Nephroma Key: 

1a. Margin of the apothecia with isidia, upper surface of the apothecia scabrid, pilose, 

thallus grey to brown .............................................................................. N. tropicum 

1b. Margin of the apothecia broad, without isidia, upper surface smooth, thallus grey. 

...............................................................................................................N. plumbeum 

Nephromopsis Key (after Randlane, T. & A. Saag 1998. Synopsis of the genus 

Nephromopsis (fam. Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota). Cryptogamie, Bryologie et 

Lichénologie 19: 175-191.): 

1a. Apothecia laminal, always present ....................................................... N. pallescens 

1b. Apothecia marginal or absent .........................................................N. morrisonicola 

Pannaria Key (after Jørgensen, P.M. & H.J.M. Sipman 2006. The lichen family 



1a. Thallus with bluish gymnidia (isidia without cortex)............................. P. conoplea 

1b. Thallus without gymnidia ........................................................................................ 2 

2a. Thallus with isidia................................................................................ P. prolificans 

2b. Thallus without isidia, usually fertile....................................................................... 3 

3a. Thallus with green photobiont and cephalodia ........................................................ 4 

3b. Thallus with cyanobiont only................................................................................... 5 

4a. Thallus dominated by large, spreading lobes with green photobiont, with cushions 

of globular cephalodia centrally...........................................................P. sphinctrina 

4b. Thallus dominated by brittle, ascending, small squamules; green photobiont in the 

marginal squamules only .........................................................................P. papuana 

5a. Thallus gelatinous, swelling much when wet, strongly wrinkled when dry P. lurida 

5b. Thallus not gelatinous, not or shallowly wrinkled................................................... 6 

6a. Thallus blue-green, foliose, with coarsely bundled marginal rhizohyphae; 

montane.................................................................................................................... 7

6b. Thallus grey or brown, placodioid or crustose; rhizohyphae short and dense, not 

protruding beyond the thallus lobes, or forming a thick cushion; alpine................. 8 

7a. Thallus lobes crenulate ......................................................................P. molkenboeri 

7b. Thallus lobes linear, ca. 1 mm wide ............................................................ P. tenuis 

8a. Thallus grey-blue, nearly crustose, resting on a thick cushion of rhizohyphae. 

.....................................................................................................................P. andina 

8b. Thallus grey-brown, placodioid, with short, dense rhizohyphae underneath. 

.............................................................................................................. P. rubiginosa 

Parmeliella Key (after Jørgensen, P.M. & H.J.M. Sipman 2006. The lichen family 



1a. Thallus with yellow or orange colours in the medulla............................................. 2 

1b. Thallus grey-brown or -blue, without yellow/orange medulla ................................ 3 

2a. Thallus brown, with orange medulla, often fertile, on black, crustose prothallus; 

spores citriform ............................................................................. P. endoferruginea 

2b. Thallus grey with a yellowish hue, with yellow medulla, rarely fertile, sparingly 

isidiate; on black, spongy prothallus...........................................................P. flavida 

3a. Thallus foliicolous, very thin (less than 100 μm) .................................... P. foliicola 

3b. Thallus not foliicolous, thicker (over 100 μm) ........................................................ 4 

4a. Apothecia with thalline margin................................................................................ 5 

4b. Apothecia only with proper margin ....................................................................... 11 

5a. Thallus very thick (200-400 μm) with prominent brownish rhizohyphae. 

...........................................................................................................P. pannarioides 

5b. Thallus thinner (under 200 μm) with blackish or without rhizohyphae .................. 6 

6a. Thallus flat, without ascending lobes, resting on a prominent prothallus ............... 7 

6b. Thallus cushion-forming, with at least some ascending lobes/squamules, 

prothallus less prominent ....................................................................................... 10 


7b. Thallus without isidia............................................................................................... 9 

8a. Isidia globose to gnarled ....................................................................P. brisbanensis 

8b. Isidia cylindrical...................................................................................... P. papillata 

9a. Thallus large (often over 5 cm diam.), on spongy prothallus; lowland ... P. mariana 

9b. Thallus smaller (not more than 5 cm diam.), on crustose prothallus; montane. 

..................................................................................................................P. montana 

10a. Thallus coralloid, usually shiny, in dense cushions..................................... P. nitida 

10b. Thallus squamulose, dull, in loose cushions......................................P. polyphyllina

11a. Thallus with enlarged, radiating, marginal lobes............................P. pindaundensis 

11b. Thallus of more or less equal squamules ............................................................... 12 

12a. Thallus nearly crustose with neatly incised lobes resting on blackish, crustose 

prothallus............................................................................................... P. philippina 

12b. Thallus distinctly squamulose, prothallus irregular or poorly developed.............. 13 

13a. Thallus with numerous tiny lobules in lace pattern, apothecia with thick, 

permanent proper margin (>100 μm), spores with thin, warty perispore. 

............................................................................................................... P. laceroides 

13b. Thallus mostly without lobules, forming flat rosettes, apothecia with thin proper 

margin, often excluded at maturity (

10a. Medulla K+ yellow-orange; colensoic and 4-O-methylphysodic acids present. 

........................................................................................................P. menyamyaense 

10b. Medulla K-; alectoronic acid present..................................................................... 11 

11a. Cilia inconspicuous; diffractaic acid present ................................... P. praeinsuetum 

11b. Cilia conspicuous; alectoronic acid present........................................................... 12 

12a. Thallus blackened, strongly maculate................................................P. nilgherrense 

12b. Thallus rarely blackened, emaculate or only faintly maculate .............................. 13 

13a. Thallus distinctly membranaceous; lobes imbricate, lobulate-laciniate. 

.............................................................................................................P. subrugatum 

13b. Thallus membranaceous to coriaceous, lobes non-imbricate, laciniae absent....... 14 

14a. Thallus membranaceous to coriaceous; spores 30-35 µm long; conidia filiform. 

.............................................................................................................P. corniculans 

14b. Thallus coriaceous; spores 12-26 µm long; conidia sublageniform ...................... 15 

15a. Lobes suberect; spores 12-15 µm long ............................................. P. maclayanum 

15b. Lobes flat, often deeply divided; spores 22-26 µm long .........................P. durumae 

16a. Thallus isidiate; isidia cylindrical, wart-like or becoming sorediate ..................... 17 

16b. Thallus sorediate and/or pustulate; isidia absent ................................................... 34 

17a. Lobes eciliate ......................................................................................................... 18 

17b. Lobes ciliate........................................................................................................... 25 

18a. Medulla C+ pale pink or red; gyrophoric or lecanoric acids present..................... 19 

18b. Medulla C-; gyrophoric and lecanoric acids absent............................................... 20 

19a. Medulla white; lecanonc acid present; pigments absent........................ P. tinctorum 

19b. Medulla pale yellow; gyrophoric acid and pigments (eumitrins) present. 

........................................................................................................ P. kurokawianum 

20a. Medulla pigmented brownish-pink throughout; protocetraric acid absent............ 21 

20b. Medulla white throughout; protocetraric acid present........................................... 22 

21a. Isidia syncorticate at apices; secalonic acids B & C present ................... P. lambleyi 

21b. Isidia epicorticate at apices; eumitrins A1, A2, A3 present.....................P. sipmanii 

22a. Upper surface grey to grey-green; usnic acid absent............................................. 23 

22b. Upper surface yellow-green; usnic acid present .................................................... 24 

23a. Patches of medullary pigment (euplectin) present; rhizines long and slender. 

................................................................................................................P. watutense 

23b. Medullary pigment absent; rhizines short and coarse.......................P. saccatilobum 

24a. Isidia brown- or black-tipped; medulla KC+ brick red; malonprotocetraric and 

protocetraric acids present .................................................P. malonprotocetraricum

24b. Isidia pale-tipped; medulla KC-; malonprotocetraric acid absent ......... P. pacificum 

25a. Medulla intense sulphur yellow or orange throughout; vulpinic acid present. 

............................................................................................................P. sulphuratum 

25b. Medulla mostly white ............................................................................................ 26 

26a. Lichexanthone (UV+ gold) and salazinic acid present........................P. ultralucens 

26b. Lichexanthone and salazinic acid absent ............................................................... 27 

27a. Isidia wart-like, ciliate ........................................................................ P. verrucatum 

27b. Isidia cylindrical, coralloid-branched, becoming sorediate and/or ciliate; not wartlike.......................................................................................................................... 

28 

28a. Isidia eciliate .......................................................................................................... 29 

28b. Isidia ciliate............................................................................................................ 30 

29a. Isidia becoming ± subsorediate; medulla KC-, P-; diffractaic acid present. 

........................................................................................................ P. isidioinsuetum 

29b. Isidia intact; medulla KC+ pink-red, P+ deep orange-red; protocetraric acid 

present.............................................................................................P. kaisenikianum 

30a. Isidia eventually becoming granular- sorediate ..................................................... 31 

30b. Isidia ±fragile but not becoming sorediate............................................................. 32 

31a. Medulla K+ bright yellow; stictic acid present........................................ P. crinitum 

31b. Medulla K-; alectoronic, a-collatolic acids present ................................. P. mellissii 

32a. Cilia mostly to 1 mm long; lobules present; alectoronic and a-collatolic acids 

present...............................................................................................P. nanfongensis 

32b. Cilia greater than 1 mm long; lobules absent; alectoronic and a-collatolic acids 

absent ..................................................................................................................... 33 

33a. Medulla C-, KC- or KC+ brownish, P+ deep orange-red; fumarprotocetraric and 

succinprotocetraric acids present; cilia 2-5 mm long ....................... P. acrotrychum 

33b. Medulla C-, KC+ reddish, P+ brick red; protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids 

present; cilia 1.5-3 mm long ...........................................................P. subcorallinum 

34a. Thallus pustulate, ±sorediate ................................................................................. 35 

34b. Thallus sorediate; pustules absent.......................................................................... 36 

35a. Medulla pale yellow (eumitrin A1); pustules esorediate ......................P. kainantum 

35b. Medulla white; pustules sorediate......................................................... P. madilynae 

36a. Lobes eciliate ......................................................................................................... 37 

36b. Lobes ciliate........................................................................................................... 42 

37a. Medulla K+ bright yellow turning bright red; salazinic acid present .. P. cristiferum 

37b. Medulla K- or K+ dirty yellow; salazinic acid absent ........................................... 38 

38a. Medulla P-; fatty acid present (praesorediosic acid).................... P. praesorediosum

38b. Medulla P+ deep orange-red; fatty acid absent; protocetraric or 

succinprotocetraric acid present............................................................................. 39 

39a. Soralia situated on elaborate, coralloid-branched laciniae ..........................P. naonii 

39b. Soralia linear and marginal, submarginal, or subcapitate; coralloid-branched 

laciniae absent........................................................................................................ 40 

40a. Diffractaicacid present............................................................................ P. insuetum 

40b. Diffractaic acid absent ........................................................................................... 41 

41a. Thallus 10 cm or more wide; medullary pigments present; echinocarpic and usnic 

acids present........................................................................................... P. dilatatum 

41b. Thallus up to 7 cm wide; medulla white; usnic and echinocarpic acids absent. 

..................................................................................................................P. gardneri 

42a. Medulla K+ bright yellow turning bright red; salazinic acid present .. P. cristiferum 

42b. Medulla K- or K+ dirty yellow; salazinic acid absent ........................................... 43 

43a. Soralia punctiform or on elaborate, coralloid-branched laciniae........................... 44 

43b. Soralia punctiform or not, linear and marginal, submarginal, or subcapitate; 

coralloid-branched laciniae absent......................................................................... 45 

44a. Medulla partly pigmented deep orange (euplectin); alectoronic acid present. 

......................................................................................................... P. hypomiltoides 

44b. Medulla white; protocetraric acid present......................................... P. fasciculatum 

45a. Medulla K+ bright yellow; stictic acid present....................................... P. perlatum 

45b. Medulla K- or K+ dirty yellow; stictic acid absent ............................................... 46 

46a. Medulla C+ red ...................................................................................................... 47 

46b. Medulla C- ............................................................................................................. 49 

47a. Lecanoric acid (major) present; gyrophoric acid absent............................P. cooperi 

47b. Gyrophoric acid (major) present; ± lecanoric acid (trace)..................................... 48 

48a. Medulla UV-, white throughout, or if pigmented, K+ purple (skyrin). 

..........................................................................................................P. sancti-angelii 

48b. Medulla UV-, yellow or pink-salmon in lower part; pigmented medulla K-. 

.............................................................................................................P. permutatum 

48c. Medulla usually UV+ greenish white; thallus maculate.....................P. lobulascens 

49a. Medulla UV-or + white; protocetraric acid and/or succinprotocetraric acid present; 

alectoronic sometimes present ............................................................................... 50 

49b. Medulla UV+ white; alectoronic acid and/or a-collatolic acid present ................. 55 

50a. Succinprotocetraric acid (major) and protocetraric acid (minor) present. 

..........................................................................................................P. flaccidifolium 

50b. Protocetraric acid present; succinprotocetraric acid absent................................... 51 

51a. Cilia conspicuous, moderate to dense, more than 2 mm long ............................... 52

51b. Cilia sparse, sometimes restricted to lobe axils and damaged margins only, up to 

1.5 μm long ............................................................................................................ 53 

52a. Alectoronic acid present; cilia 2-4(-7) mm long....................................P. deflectens 

52b. Alectoronic acid absent; cilia 2-6(-10) mm long. ............................... P. subarnoldii 

53a. Echinocarpic acid present in medulla; ± usnic acid (minor/trace) present in cortex. 

................................................................................................................ P. dilatatum 

53b. Echinocarpic acid and usnic acid absent................................................................ 54 

54a. Thallus membranaceous, often partly blackened or discoloured; soralia mainly 

subcapitate on laciniae ............................................................................P. robustum 

54b. Thallus coriaceous, not blackened; soralia mainly linear and marginal or 

punctiform and submarginal ....................................................................P. gardneri 

55a. Thallus membranaceous, usually partly blackened; spores 27-35 µm long. 

................................................................................................................P. gloriosum 

55b. Thallus coriaceous, not obviously blackened; spores 10-12 µm long ................... 56 

56a. Cilia up to 3 mm long; medulla white; skyrin absent; lobes 10-20 mm wide (or 

rarely smaller) .............................................................................................. P. poolii 

56b. Cilia 3-6 mm long; medulla ± pigmented, containing skyrin; lobes 5-15 mm wide 

(or rarely larger)............................................................................... P. rampoddense 

Peltigera Key (after Sérusiaux, E., B. Goffinet, J. Miadlikowska & O. Vitikainen 2009. 

Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the lichen genus Peltigera in Papua New 

Guinea. Fungal Diversity 38: 185-224.): 

1a. Soredia or soredioid masses present, at least in parts of the thallus ........................ 2 

1b. Soredia or soredioid masses absent.......................................................................... 7 

2a. Upper surface tomentose, at least in parts; soralia mostly laminal, or submarginal 

on old thalli .............................................................................................................. 3 

2b. Upper surface glabrous; soralia laminal, submarginal or marginal ......................... 4 

3a. Rhizines abundant, densely branched to fibrillose; young soralia C+ red 

................................................................................................................ P. extenuata 

3b. Rhizines sparse, simple to loosely branched; soralia C-.........................P. didactyla 

4a. Genuine soralia only ................................................................................................ 5 

4b. Genuine soralia present but always with soredioid or isidioid masses, or with 

granules or phyllidia. ............................................................................................... 6 

5a. Soralia mostly laminal, or submarginal and marginal; terpenoids absent P. ulcerata 

5b. Soralia strictly marginal; terpenoids present...............................................P. weberi 

6a. Margins disrupted into soralia, soredioid or isidioid masses, or with granules or 

phyllidia; terpenoids present with zeorin always abundantly produced; thalli 

usually quite large, reaching 10 cm in diam ........................................ P. cichoracea

6b. Margins with soralia or isidioid masses, when welldeveloped also present on the 

edge of the lower surface; terpenoids absent; thalli usually quite small, not 

exceeding 2-5 cm in diam......................................................................P. granulosa 

7a. Marginal lobules or phyllidia present ...................................................................... 8 

7b. Marginal lobules or phyllidia absent........................................................................ 9 

8a. Upper surface smooth or faintly to distinctly scabrous, sometimes with a whitish 

pruina near the lobes margins resulting in a frosted appearance, lobes carrying the 

apothecia usually tomentose; marginal phyllidia usually abundant, but sometimes 

few; lower surface with a conspicuous network of usually dark, raised veins; 

rhizines mostly threadlike or penicillate; apothecia typically horizontal; terpenoids 

absent .......................................................................................................P. papuana 

8b. Upper surface smooth, rarely with a whitish pruina on lobes margins; marginal 

phyllidia rare (on lateral lobes or on damaged parts); lower surface usually 

lacking distinct veins; rhizines typically fasciculate and densely branched, 

remaining isolate and arranged in concentrical rows or forming dense cushions 

under the thallus; apothecia typically saddle-shaped; terpenoids present. 

.......................................................................................... P. sumatrana (rare forms) 

9a. Upper surface tomentose, at least in parts; terpenoids absent ............................... 10 

9b. Upper surface glabrous or pruinose (in parts or at the extremities of young lobes); 

terpenoids present or absent................................................................................... 13 

10a. Rhizines usually very abundant and forming dense `bushy' masses, typically 

fibrillose to coralloid; apothecia saddle-shaped..................................... P. koponenii 

10b. Rhizines abundant or not, simple, threadlike, penicillate or fasciculate, never 

fibrillose to coralloid; apothecia horizontal or saddle-shaped ............................... 11 

11a. Apothecia typically horizontal; pycnidia absent, or rare and inconspicuous; 

tomentum covering large parts of the thallus, or restricted to lobes carrying the 

apothecia ................................................................................................................ 12 

11b. Apothecia typically saddle-shaped; pycnidia usually present, at least on some 

lobes margins, conspicuous (0.3-0.8 mm in diam.); tomentum of the upper surface 

most usually well-developed, but sometimes absent in parts of the thallus, with 

long and conspicuous (to 1-1.4 mm long) hairs or not ...........................P. fimbriata 

12a. Thallus large, to 15 cm in diam., lobes typically rounded at their extremities and 

1-1.5 cm wide, margin revolute; tomentum present on most of the upper surface 

made of tiny whitish hairs (0.1-0.15 mm high) out of which longer ones (0.1-0.4 

mm long) may emerge .......................................................................... P. erioderma 

12b. Thallus forming attractive, small rounded rosettes (3-6 cm in diam. in suitable 

conditions); lobes imbricate, not exceeding 0.5-0.7 cm wide, with raised and 

crenate (sometimes +/- crisped) margins; tomentum usually restricted to lobes 

carrying apothecia but sometimes covering large parts of the thallus surface. 

..............................................................................................P. papuana (rare forms) 

13a. Apothecia typically horizontal; terpenoids absent..................... P. montis-wilhelmii 

13b. Apothecia saddle-shaped or absent; terpenoids present......................................... 14

14a. Tenuiorin and methylgyrophorate absent but terpenoids present; upper surface 

smooth, sometimes slightly pruinose at the margins or incrusted; lobes with raised 

and crisped lateral margins ..................................................................... P. oceanica 

14b. Tenuiorin and methylgyrophorate always produced, together with terpenoids..... 15 

15a. Rhizines abundant, or rarely sparse, rather short, fasciculate or densely branched. 

................................................................................................................................ 16 

15b. Rhizines sparse or abundant, most usually long and simple.................................. 17 

16a. Terpenoids present, mostly zeorin or peltidactylin but dolichorrhizin not produced 

............................................................................................................P. dolichorhiza 

16b. Terpenoids present, dolichorrhizin abundantly produced.....................P. sumatrana 

17a. Thallus robust, not distinctly undulating; lower surface with a dense network of 

unraised, dark veins with distinct rather small, elliptical, whitish interstices; upper 

surface usually with pruina at the lobes margins and sometimes with large and 

conspicuous incrusted patches; dolichorrhizin as the main terpenoid produced; 

terricolous ......................................................................................................P. nana 

17b. Thallus fragile, with a distinctly undulating surface with shallow depressions, at 

least in well-developed specimens; lower surface with a loose network of raised, 

pale to dark veins with large, ellipitical, whitish to pale orange interstices; 

terpenoids produced in several chemotypes; mostly epiphytic, rarely on rotten 

wood or on terricolous mosses...........................................................P. dolichorhiza 

Phaeophyscia Key: 

1a. Thallus without pigment in the medulla .................................................P. hispidula 

1b. Thallus with medullary pigment .............................................................................. 2 

2a. Medullary pigment yellow..........................................................................P. crocea 

2b. Medullary pigment red................................................................. P. endococcinodes 

Physcia Key: 

1a. Thallus without vegetative propagules .................................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus with isidia or soredia................................................................................... 3 

2a. Thallus maculate, saxicolous ....................................................................... P. phaea 

2b. Thallus not maculate, corticolous ..........................................................P. verrucosa 

3a. Thallus with true isidia........................................................................... P. vermifera 

3b. Thallus with soredia or isidioid soredia................................................................... 4 

4a. Lower surface black................................................................................................. 5 

4b. Lower surface white to brownish............................................................................. 6 

5a. Lower surface striate, soredia mainly marginal....................................P. atrostriata 

5b. Lower surface not striate.......................................................................................... 6 

6a. Upper surface bluish pruinose, soredia punctiform ...................................P. krogiae

6b. Upper surface grey, not pruinose, soredia otherwise............................................... 7 

7a. Soredia marginal, sometimes isidioid.................................................... P. sorediosa 

7b. Soredia laminal ...................................................................................... P. erumpens 

8a. Soredia laminal ........................................................................................................ 9 

8b. Soredia marginal .................................................................................................... 10 

9a. Soralia crateriform, corticolous .............................................................. P. poncinsii 

9b. Soralia capitate, saxicolous...............................................................P. alboplumbea 

10a. Upper surface not pruinose ..................................................................P. tribacoides 

10b. Upper surface haevily pruinose ............................................................. P. dimidiata 

Physma Key: 

1a. Thallus with apothecia ........................................................................... P. byrsaeum 

1b. Thallus with pseudoisidia ............................................................P. pseudoisidiatum 

Polychidium Key: 

1a. Algae Nostoc (with globose cells in chains)..........................................P. muscicola 

1b. Algae Scytonema (with cylindrical cells in chains)................................................. 2 

2a. Cortex cells meandering, jig-saw-shaped; thallus shiny........................P. stipitatum 

2b. Cortex cells rather regular, ultimate thallus branches dull ................. P. dendriscum 

Pseudocyphellaria Key (modified after Galloway, D.J. 1994. Studies in Pseudocyphellaria 

IV. Paleotropical species (excluding Australia). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural 

History), Botany 24: 115-159.): 

1a. Photobiont green ...................................................................................................... 2 

1b. Photobiont blue-green (Nostoc in chains).............................................................. 10 

2a. Medulla yellow ........................................................................................................ 3 

2b. Medulla white (note: pseudocyphellae or soredia could be yellow)........................ 6 

3a. Without soredia, isidia or phyllidia......................................................... P. clathrata 

3b. Sorediate, isidiate or phyllidiate .............................................................................. 4 

4a. Isidiate to phyllidiate only ................................................................... P. pickeringii 

4b. Sorediate (isidia may also be present) ..................................................................... 5 

5a. Soredia partly linear.................................................................................... P. aurata 

5b. Soredia formed on punctiform isidia .................................................... P. poculifera 

6a. Pseudocyphellae yellow....................................................................... P. carpoloma 

6b. Pseudocyphellae white............................................................................................. 7 

7a. Pseudocyphellae present on upper and lower surface.........................P. reineckiana

7b. Pseudocyphellae present only on lower surface ...................................................... 8 

8a. Without soredia, isidia or phyllidia........................................................P. sulphurea 

8b. Isidiate or phyllidiate ............................................................................................... 9 

9a. Lobes broad, rounded, phyllidiate .......................................................... P. multifida 

9b. Lobes narrow, punctate, isidiate to phyllidiate .................................... P. prolificans 

10a. Pseudocyphellae yellow......................................................................................... 11 

10b. Pseudocyphellae white........................................................................................... 16 

11a. Without soredia, isidia or phyllidia........................................................................ 12 

11b. Sorediate, isidiate or phyllidiate ............................................................................ 13 

12a. Upper surface faveolate, sometimes also maculate ................................P. maculata 

12b.Upper surface undulate only............................................................................P. gilva 

13a. Isidiate to phyllidiate.............................................................................................. 14 

13b. Sorediate ....................................................................................................P. crocata 

14a. Isidiate.................................................................................................P. desfontainii 

14b. Phyllidiate or with proliferations ........................................................................... 15 

15a. Phyllidiate ................................................................................................ P. neglecta 

15b. With proliferations.............................................................................. P. crocatoides 

16a. Without soredia, isidia or phyllidia........................................................................ 17 

16b. Sorediate or isidiate or phyllidiate ......................................................................... 20 

17a. Pseudocyphellae present on upper and lower surface............................................ 18 

17b. Pseudocyphellae present only on lower surface .......................................P. beccarii 

18a. Upper surface scrobiculate...........................................................................P. rigida 

18b. Upper surface plane ............................................................................................... 19 

19a. Lobe margins tomentose.....................................................................P. trichophora 

19b. Lobe margins glabrous......................................................................... P. semilanata 

20a. Isidiate to phyllidiate.............................................................................................. 21 

20b. Sorediate ................................................................................................................ 24 

21a. Phyllidiate .............................................................................................................. 22 

21b. Isidiate.................................................................................................................... 23 

22a. Pseudocyphellae present on upper and lower surface, surface plane . P. punctillaris 

22b. Pseudocyphellae present only on lower surface; upper surface pitted ... P. insculpta 

23a. Isidia associated with pseudocyphellae ................................................ P. argyracea 

23b. Isidia not associated with pseudocyphellae ............................................P. dissimilis

24a. Upper surface faveolate to pitted ............................................................. P. dozyana 

24b. Upper surface undulate only .................................................................... P. intricata 

Pyxine Key: 

1a. Thallus without vegetative propagules .................................................................... 2 

1b. Thallus with vegetative propagules ......................................................................... 8 

2a. Medulla yellow ........................................................................................................ 3 

2b. Medulla white .......................................................................................................... 4 

3a. Upper surface UV-................................................................................. P. limbulata 

3b. Upper surface UV+ yellow ...................................................................P. berteriana 

4a. Upper surface UV-................................................................................................... 5 

4b. Upper surface UV+ yellow ...................................................................................... 7 

5a. Lobes convex ......................................................................................... P. convexior 

5b. Lobes flat ................................................................................................................. 6 

6a. Medulla K-, P+red .................................................................................. P. schmidtii 

6b. Medulla K+ red..................................................................................... P. philippina 

7a. Lobes pruinose, corticolous .................................................................... P. petricola 

7b. Lobes epruinose, saxicolous, small-lobed ..................................................P. minuta 


8b. Thallus with soredia or pustules ............................................................................ 10 

9a. Medulla yellow .....................................................................................P. isidiolenta 

9b. Medulla white ........................................................................................P. cylindrica 

10a. Medulla yellow ...................................................................................................... 11 

10b. Medulla white to pale ochraceous.......................................................................... 14 

11a. Upper surface UV+ yellow .................................................................. P. subcinerea 

11b. Upper surface UV-................................................................................................. 12 

12a. Pseudocyphellae (nearly) absent........................................................ P. meissnerina 

12b. Pseudocyphellae marginal, conspicuous................................................................ 13 

13a. Soredia granular, marginal, bluish, isidioid............................................P. sorediata 

13b. Soredia farinose, laminal ......................................................................... P. farinosa 

14a. Thallus UV+ yellow....................................................................................P. cocoes 

14b. Thallus UV- ........................................................................................................... 15 

15a. Soredia pustular/isidioid (polysidiangia) ..............................................P. retirugella 

15b. Soredia farinose, round .........................................................................P. copelandii

Ramalina Key: 

1a. Thallus with soredia................................................................................................. 2 

1b. Thallus without soredia............................................................................................ 4 

2a. Thallus hollow ............................................................................................R. tenella 


3a. Soralia punctiform .................................................................................R. peruviana 

3b. Soralia rounded ...................................................................................... R. nervulosa 

4a. Thallus hollow ......................................................................................................... 5 


5a. Thallus less than 1 mm thin, apothecia rare.............................................R. javanica 

5b. Thallus thicker, irregular, apothecia common ............................................ R. inflata 

6a. Thallus canaliculate to flattened .............................................................................. 7 

6b. Thallus subterete ........................................................................................ R. tropica 

7a. disc margin with white lines ...............................................................R. subfraxinea 

7b. disc margin without white lines ....................................................... R. conduplicans 

Relicina Key (extracted from Elix, J.A. 1996a. A revision of the lichen genus Relicina. 

Bibliotheca Lichenologica 62: 1-150.): 

1a. Thallus isidiate and/or lobulate................................................................................ 2 

1b. Thallus not isidiate or lobulate............................................................................... 14 

2a. Isidia globose to cylindrical..................................................................................... 3 

2b. Isidia dorsiventral, becoming lobulate, or lobules only........................................... 8 

3a. Lower surface pale brown to dark brown ................................................................ 4 

3b. Lower surface black, rarely brown-black at lobe margins....................................... 5 

4a. Rhizines simple or sparingly branched...............................................R. sydneyensis 

4b. Rhizines with secondary rhizines which are densely branched and agglutinated. 

..........................................................................................................R. circumnodata 

5a. Lobes very narrow and tightly adnate, 0.3-1.0 mm wide .................... R. amphithrix 

5b. Lobes broader, adnate, 1-3 mm wide....................................................................... 6 

6a. Medulla K+ intense yellow (or orange) or yellow turning red; containing stictic or 

norstictic acids ......................................................................................... R. abstrusa 

6b. Medulla K-, or K+ pale yellow, containing 4-O-demethylbarbatic, echinocarpic or 

gyrophoric acids....................................................................................................... 7 

7a. Medulla P+ yellow or orange, containing echinocarpic acid.............. R. planiuscula 

7b. Medulla P-, containing gyrophoric acids.................................................... R. vinasii

8a. Isidia present ............................................................................................................ 9 

8b. Isidia absent ........................................................................................................... 11 

9a. Lobes narrow, tightly adnate, 0.3-1.0 mm wide .................................. R. amphithrix 

9b. Lobes broader, adnate, 1-3.5 mm wide.................................................................. 10 

10a. Thallus coriaceous; apothecia ecoronate ............................................ R. planiuscula 

10b. Thallus fragile; apothecia subcoronate ............................................. R. schizospatha 

11a. Lobes narrow, tightly adnate, 0.3-1.5 mm wide .................................................... 12 

11b. Lobes broader, adnate, 1-3.5 mm wide.................................................................. 13 

12a. Medulla P+ yellow or orange, containing echinocarpic acid....................R. palmata 

12b. Medulla P-, containing relicinulinic acids A, B..................................... R. relicinula 

13a. Medulla P+ yellow or orange; containing echinocarpic acid, ±gyrophoric acid 

(trace) ...................................................................................................R. gemmulosa 

13b. Medulla P-, C+ rose; containing gyrophoric acid (major), echinocarpic acid absent 

..............................................................................................................R. luteoviridis 

14a. Lower surface pale brown to dark brown .............................................................. 15 

14b. Lower surface black, rarely brown-black at lobe margins..................................... 17 

15a. Medulla P-; containing barbatic acid .................................................. R. agglutinata 

15b. Medulla P+ red-orange; containing protocetraric, fumarprotocetraric or 

succinprotocetraric acids........................................................................................ 16 

16a. Spores small, ca. 3 x 2 µm; containing succinprotocetraric acid major), 

himarprotocetraric acid (minor).........................................................R. ramosissima 

16b. Spores larger; containing protocetraric acid (major) .............................. R. sublanea 

17a. Apothecia present, coronate or subcoronate .......................................................... 18 

17b. Apothecia ecoronate or absent............................................................................... 23 

18a. Medulla K+ yellow then red; containing norstictic acid.................... R. subabstrusa 

18b. Medulla K- or K+ yellow; norstictic acid absent................................................... 19 

19a. Lobes broad, 1-3 mm wide; adnate; containing gyrophoric acid (major). 

............................................................................................................R. retrospinosa 

19b. Lobes narrow, 0.3-1.5 mm wide; tightly adnate; gyrophoric acid absent or present 

in traces only.......................................................................................................... 20 

20a. Medulla P-.............................................................................................................. 21 

20b. Medulla P+ yellow, orange or red ......................................................................... 22 

21a. Hirtifructic acid present ............................................................................ R. fijiensis 

21b. Hirtifructic acid absent........................................................................... R. relicinula 

22a. Lobes separate, axils broad; with gyrophoric and echinocarpic acid ... R. samoensis

22b. Lobes separate, axils broad; with hypostictic acid............................... R. diederichii 

22c. Lobes contiguous, axils acute; containing hirtifructic acid ............ R. terricrocodila 

23a. Medulla P-.............................................................................................................. 24 

23b. Medulla P+ yellow, orange or red ......................................................................... 25 

24a. Medulla UV+ blue-white; containing alectoronic acid.........................R. fluorescens 

24b. Medulla UV-; containing protolichesterinic acid, butlerins A, B, C......R. connivens 

25a. Medulla P+ brick red; containing fumarprotocetraric acid.................... R. malesiana 

25b. Medulla P+ yellow or orange; containing echinocarpic acid ................................. 26 

26a. Medulla C+ rose or red; gyrophoric and hirtifructic acids present........ R. hirtifructa 

26b. Medulla C-; gyrophoric and hirtifructic acids absent............................................. 27 

27a. Lobes broad, 1.5-3 mm wide; upper cortex columnar......................... R. columnaria 

27b. Lobes narrow, 0.5-1 mm wide; upper cortex not columnar .....................R. sipmanii 

Relicinopsis Key: 

1a. Thallus with soredia........................................................................... R. malaccensis 

1b. Thallus without vegetative propagules .................................................. R. intertexta 

Siphula Key: 

1a. Branching dichotomous ........................................................................ S. dichotoma 

1b. Branching irregular, sparse .................................................................. S. decumbens 

Stereocaulon Key (after Sipman, H.J.M. 1998. Notes on the lichen genus Stereocaulon in 

New Guinea. Cryptogamie, Bryologie et Lichénologie 19: 229-245.): 

1a. Phyllocladia wart-like or applanate to squamulose, rarely cylindrical; cephalodia 

not corticate, or absent ............................................................................................. 2 

1b. Phyllocladia cylindrical, sometimes coralloid-branched; cephalodia corticate....... 4 

2a. Soredia present, mealy, usually produced on the lower side of expanded 

pseudopodetium apices; lobaric acid present, occasionally absent S. leprocauloides 

2b. Soredia absent (however, cf. remark under S. graminosum)................................... 3 

3a. Phyllocladia wart-like to peltate; stictic acid present ........................ S. graminosum 

3b. Phyllocladia wart-like to cylindrical; lobaric acid present ................... S. glareosum 

3c. Phyllocladia wart-like to squamulose; stictic or colensoic acid present, 

occasionally both absent ...................................................................S. myriocarpum 

4a. Cephalodia more or less applanate and cristate, blue-grey with white lines or dots 

(pseudocyphellae) on the ridges........................................... S. pseudomassartianum 

4b. Cephalodia rounded to wrinkled, blue-grey without white spots or completely 

white (without pseudocyphellae) ............................................................................. 5

5a. Phyllocladia mainly basal, absent from most of the pseudopodetia; cephalodia 

usually white and with a granular surface; perlatolic acid present; on alpine rocks. 

...................................................................................................................S. staufferi 

5b. Phyllocladia present all over the pseudopodetia; cephalodia blue-grey, sometimes 

with a brownish tinge, with a smooth surface; perlatolic acid absent; on alpine 

rocks or otherwise.................................................................................................... 6 

6a. Apothecia mainly lateral on short branchlets along upper half of the 

pseudopodetia; above 3000 m.............................................................. S. flabellatum 

6b. Apothecia mainly terminal, in furcately branched groups, sometimes with 

additional lateral ones along the apical ramifications; c. 2000-4000 m .................. 7 

7a. Pseudopodetia slender, 0.5-1(-1.2) mm thick; widespread in mountains from 

c. 2000-4000 m ................................................................................S. massartianum 

7b. Pseudopodetia stout, 1.2-2 mm thick; above c. 3500 m only ..................... S. brassii 

Sticta Key (some additional species are reported, but not seen by me): 

1a. Algae green .............................................................................................................. 2 

1b. Algae bluegreen, lobe margins with or without lobules .......................................... 4 

2a. Thallus stipitate........................................................................................................ 3 

2b. Thallus not stipitate.................................................................................S. variabilis 

3a. Lobe margins entire ..................................................................................... S. sayeri 

3b. Lobe margins with lobules.....................................................................S. myrioloba 

4a. Thallus stipitate........................................................................................................ 5 

4b. Thallus not stipitate................................................................................................ 11 

5a. Thallus with lobules or isidia................................................................................... 6 

5b. Thallus without lobules or isidia.............................................................................. 8 

6a. Isidia laminal............................................................................................................ 7 

6b. Lobules present, marginal................................................................... S. marginifera 

7a. Lobes narrow, branched..................................................................... S. cyphellulata 

7b. Lobes rounded, unbranched......................................................................S. brevipes 

8a. Lobes narrow, branched........................................................................................... 9 

8b. Lobes broad, nearly unbranched, thallus often small ............................................ 10 

9a. Margin with black cilia ........................................................................... S. fimbriata 

9b. Margin without cilia...................................................................................... S. leami 

10a. Thallus foveate........................................................................................ S. heppiana 

10b. Thallus mostly smooth...........................................................................S. boschiana 

11a. Thallus with soredia............................................................................. S. sublimbata 

11b. Thallus without soredia.......................................................................................... 12

12a. Margins incised, on rock in alpine area ............................................S. alpinotropica 

12b. Margins with isidia or lobules, not incised ............................................................ 13 

13a. Margins with cylindrical isidia ..................................................................S. weigelii 

13b. Margins with flattendd lobules; alpine ...............................................S. xanthotropa 

Thamnolia Key: 

1a. Thallus hollow ...................................................................................T. vermicularis 

1b. Thallus solid................................................................................................ T. juncea 

Usnea Key (after Stevens, G.N. 1999. A revision of the lichen family Usneaceae in Australia. 

Bibliotheca Lichenologica 72.): 

1a. Axis hollow................................................................................................ U. baileyi 

1b. Axis solid ................................................................................................................. 2 

2a. Plant pendulous........................................................................................................ 3 

2b. Plant shrubby ........................................................................................................... 5 

3a. Main branches with erose cotex, not angular....................................... U. longissima 

3b. Main branches with smooth cortex, but angular...................................................... 4 

4a. Axis yellow .........................................................................................U. himantodes 

4b. Axis whitish ................................................................................................ U. hossei 

5a. With soredia or isidia............................................................................................... 6 

5b. Without soredia or isidia........................................................................................ 10 

6a. Plant partly red......................................................................................U. rubicunda 

6b. Plant greyish to yellowish........................................................................................ 7 

7a. With isidia.................................................................................................. U. dasaea 

7b. With soredia............................................................................................................. 8 

8a. Branches inflated .................................................................................U. perplexans 

8b. Branches not inflated ............................................................................................... 9 

9a. Medulla P+ yellow, with psoromic acid .............................................U. pycnoclada 

9b. Medulla P- or + red, with other acids ............................................ U. bismolliuscula 

10a. Thallus soft, nearly without papillae...........................................................U. flexilis 

10b. Thallus firm, with many papillae........................................................U. molliuscula 

Xanthoparmelia Key: 

1a. Thallus grey ..................................................................................... X. atrocapnodes 

1b. Thallus yellowish green ........................................................................................... 2

2a. Not isidiate................................................................................................. X. incerta 

2b. Thallus isidiate......................................................................................................... 3 

3a. Thallus narrow, closely appressed ......................................................X. mougeotina 

3b. Thallus wider, loosley appressed ............................................................................. 4 

4a. Salazinic acid the main substance.......................................................... X. isidiigera 

4b. Norstictic acid the main substance.......................................................X. neotinctina 

Xanthoria Key: 

1a. Thallus sorediate, yellow ......................................................................X. candelaria 

1b. Thallus not sorediate, orange .....................................................................X. elegans 

2. Checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi reported up to 2009 from Papua New 

Guinea 

Based on published reports, both in print and on the internet. It lists only currently accepted 

records, and omits first reports when they have been shown to be erroneous. Some groups, like 

Sticta, still include unreliable reports, others like Arthoniaceae, Ramalinaceae, Micareaceae and 

Graphidaceae are still very incomplete judging from the numerous unidentified samples. The 

present list contains 1418 species, an increase of 185 % since the last published checklist 

(Streimann 1986). 

Abrothallus stereocaulorum Etayo Etayo 2002 

A. usneae Rabenh. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Acanthothecis abaphoides (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

A. aurantiaca (Müll. Arg.) Staiger & Kalb www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

A. corcovadensis (Redinger) Staiger & Kalb www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

A. dialeuca (Krempelh.) Staiger & Kalb www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

A. farinosa Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

A. tetraphora (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Agonimia pacifica (Harada) Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Ainoa mooreana (Carroll) Lumbsch & I. Schmidt Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal. Streimann 1986. 

Amygdalaria aeolotera (Vain.) Hertel & Brodo Hertel 1987. 

Ancistrosporella australiensis (Thor) Thor Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

A. curvata (Aptroot) Komposch Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner 2002. 

Anisomeridium anastomosans Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. anisolobum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. consobrinum (Nyl.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. foliicola R. Sant. & Tibell Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. subnexum (Nyl.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. subprostans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. subtruncatum Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. tamarindi (Fée) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. terminatum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. truncatum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Anthracothecium australiensis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. macrosporum (Hepp) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1995 (as A. columellatum (Vain.) Zahlbr.). 

A. prasinum (Eschw.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997.

Anzia afromontana R. Sant. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. americana Yoshim. & Sharp Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. corallophora Yoshim. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. endoflavida Yoshim. & Sipman Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. gregoriana Müll. Arg. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. isidiolenta Diederich & Sipman Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. isidiosa Yoshim. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. niuginiensis Elix Elix 1997. 

A. ornatoides Yoshim. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. pseudoangustata Yoshim. & Sipman Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. pseudopustulata Sipman Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. pustulata Yoshim. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

A. semiteres (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Stiz. Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot 1995. 

Aptrootia terricola (Aptroot) Lücking, Umana & Chaves Aptroot 1999 (as Thelenella terricola 

Aptroot) 

Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

A. arthoniicola Diederich & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1995. 

A. catenulata Ach. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

A. cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr. Streimann 1986. 

A. collectiva Stirton Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. complanata Fée Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. conferta (Fée) Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. cyanea Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

A. dispersula Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. leptosperma (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

A. meizomorpha Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

A. oceania Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

A. pelvetii (Hepp) Arnold Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. picea Vain. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. polymorphoides Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

A. rechingeri Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

A. rimeliicola Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. trilocularis Müll.Arg. Streimann 1986. 

Arthopyrenia antecellans (Nyl.) Arnold Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. cinchonae (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

A. malaccitula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. novaeguineae Szatala Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. planorbis (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. salicis A. Massal. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Arthothelium ampliatum (C. Knight & Mitten) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

A. oasis A. Massal. Streimann 1986. 

A. spadiceum (C. Knight) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

A. citrinella (Ach.) Poelt Streimann 1986. 

Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

A. fugiens (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

A. gemmiferum Sérusiaux & Lücking Sérusiaux & Lücking 2001. 

A. verruculosum R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

Asterothyrium decipiens (Rehm) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. microsporum R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. pittieri Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

Astrothelium galbineum Krempelh. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. ocellatum Malme Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. subfuscum Krempelh. Aptroot 1998. 

A. versicolor Müll. Arg. Aptroot (sse above).

Aulaxina dictyospora R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. epiphylla (Zahlbr.) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. microphana (Vain.) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. opegraphina Fée Aptroot et al. 1997. 

A. unispora Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Auriculora byssomorpha (Nyl.) Kalb Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Australiaena streimannii Matzer, Mayrhofer & Elix Matzer, Mayrhofer & Elix 1997. 

Bacidia africana Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

B. mastothallina Vain. Streimann 1986. 

B. micrommata (Krempelh.) R. Sant. 

Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

B. mirabilis (Vĕzda) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

B. streimannii Vĕzda Vĕzda 1994. 

Bactrospora leptoloma (Müll. Arg.) Egea & Torrente Aptroot et al. 1995. 

B. metabola (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente Aptroot et al. 1995. 

Badimia elegans (Vain.) Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. lucida Aptroot & Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. polillensis (Vain.) Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. vieillardii (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Baeomyces heteromorphus Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

B. marginalis Sipman & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. trachypus Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

Bapalmuia marginalis (Vain.) Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. variratae Sérus. Kalb, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2000. 

Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen Diederich & Christiansen 1994. 

Biciliopsis leptogiicola Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Bispora christiansenii D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. lichenum Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Brigantiaea leucoxantha (Sprengel) R. Sant. & Hafellner Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

B. lobulata F.J. Walker & Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. tricolor (Mont.) Trevis Hafellner 1997. 

Bryophagus minutissima (Vĕzda) D. Hawksw. Streimann 1986. 

Bryoria dahlii (P.M. Jørg.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Streimann 1986. 

B. indonesica (P.M. Jørg.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Streimann 1986. 

Buellia adaucta Malme Marbach 2000 (sub Stigmatochroma). 

B. aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. americana (Fée) Zahlbr. Marbach 2000 (sub Cratiria). 

B. analgifera Aptroot & Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. brugierae Vain. Marbach 2000 (sub Amandinea). 

B. curatellae Malme Marbach 2000 (sub Hafellia). 

B. dissa (Stirton) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991 (as Hafellia). 

B. dissimilis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Marbach 2000 (sub Cratiria; as B. corallizans Zahlbr. in Aptroot 

et al. 1997). 

B. efflorescens Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

B. epimarta Malme Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

B. hypothallina Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. lauricassiae (Fée) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

B. lauricassiaeoides Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. manamiana Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. melanochlora (Krempelh.) Müll. Arg. Marbach 2000 (sub Cratiria). 

B. metaleptodes (Nyl.) G. Pant & D.D. Awasthi Marbach 2000 (sub Stigmatochroma). 

B. pulchella Tuck. Streimann 1986. 

B. submuriformis Aptroot & Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Buelliella dirinariae Diederich & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale Streimann 1986.

B. isidiza (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

B. subinflata (Hale) Hale Streimann 1986. 

B. tabacina (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Hale Streimann 1986. 

B. tuskiformis Elix Elix 1997. 

Bullatina aspidota (Vain.) Vĕzda & Poelt Streimann 1986. 

Bunodophoron coomerense (Ohlsson) Wedin Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. diplotypus (Vain.) Wedin Tibell 1987. 

B. murrayi (Ohlsson) Wedin Tibell 1987. 

B. patagonicus (C.W. Dodge) Wedin Tibell 1987. 

Byssolecania fumosonigricans (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

Byssoloma arboricola Sérus. & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. dimerelloides Sipman & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. discordans (Vain.) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. gahavisukanum Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain. Streimann 1986. 

B. lueckingii Sérus. Sérusiaux 1995. 

B. microcarpum Kalb & Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. minutissimum Kalb & Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

B. murinum Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

B. subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James Streimann 1986. 

Calathaspis devexa I.M. Lamb & W.A. Weber Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Calenia depressa Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

C. flava Lücking, Sérus. & Sipman Lücking, Sérus. & Sipman (2000). 

C. graphidea Vain. Streimann 1986. 

C. phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

C. thelotrematella Vain. Streimann 1986. 

Calicium abietinum Pers. Tibell 1987. 

C. bullatum Aptroot & Tibell Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. glaucellum Ach. Tibell 1987. 

C. hyperelloides Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. lenticulare Ach. Tibell 1987. 

C. salicinum Pers. Tibell 1987. 

C. tricolor F. Wilson Tibell 1987. 

Calopadia fusca (Mül. Arg.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

C. nymanii (R. Sant.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

C. phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

C. puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

C. subcaerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

C. vermiculifera (Vain.) Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Caloplaca brebissonii (Fée) Hafellner & Poelt Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. byrsonimae Malme Aptroot et al. 1995. 

C. crocea (Krempelh.) Hafellner & Poelt Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Campylothelium nitidum Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Candelaria crawfordii (Müll. Arg.) P.M. Jørg. & D. Galloway Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Canomaculina subsumpta (Nyl.) Elix Streimann 1986. 

Canoparmelia adspersa (Vain.) Elix & Hale Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. texana (Taylor) Elix & Hale Streimann 1986. 

Caprettia nyssaegenoides Sérus. & Lücking Sérusiaux & Lücking 2003 

Capronia baeomycetis Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. hypotrachynae Etayo & Diederich Etayo & Diederich 1998. 

C. normandinae R. Sant. & D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. pseudonormandinae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Carbacanthographis amicta (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B

C. papuaensis Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Carbonea intrusa (Th. Fr.) Rambold & Triebel Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Catapyrenium lachneum (Ach.) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Catarraphia dictyoplaca (Mont. & v.d.Bosch) A. Massal. Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

Celothelium cinchonarum (Müll. Arg.) Vain. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. dominicanum (Vain.) B. Aguirre Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. Streimann 1986. 

C. nigricans Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

C. nivalis (L.) Ach. Kärnefelt & Thell 1993. 

Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W. Culb. & C. Culb. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. chicitae (W. Culb.) W. Culb. & C. Culb. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. japonica (Zahlbr.) W. Culb. & C. Culb. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. olivetorum (Nyl.) W. Culb. & C. Culb. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. sanguinea (Schaer.) W. Culb. & C. Culb. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Cetreliopsis papuae Randl. & Saag Randlane, Thell & Saag 1995. 

Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Tibell 1987. 

C. chlorella (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1990. 

C. chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.) Th. Fr. Streimann 1990. 

C. degelii Tibell Tibell 1987. 

C. gracillima (Vain.) Tibell Streimann 1990. 

C. papuensis Aptroot & Tibell Aptroot & Tibell 2003. 

C. stemonea (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Tibell 1987. 

Chaenothecopsis pilosa Tibell & Kalb Tibell & Ryman 1995. 

C. pusilla (Ach.) A. Schmidt Streimann 1990. 

Chiodecton congestulum Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. leptosporum Müll. Arg. Thor 1990. 

Chroodiscus mirificus (Krempelh.) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon Streimann 1990. 

C. xanthina (Vain.) Kalb Kalb 2004 

Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. Stenroos 1986-88. 

Cladina halei Ahti Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. rangiferina (L.) Nyl. ssp. abbayesii (Ahti) W. Culb. Stenroos 1986-88. 

Cladonia chlorophaea (Floerke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. coccifera (L.) Willd. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. corniculata Ahti & Kashiwadani Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. corymbescens Nyl. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. crispata (Ach.) Flotow Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. didyma (Fée) Vain. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. fenestralis Nuno Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. floerkeana (Fr.) Floerke Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. fruticulosa Krempelh. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. gymnopoda Vain. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. macilenta Hoffm. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. macrophylla (Schaer.) Stenh. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. melanocaulis Stenroos Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. ochrochlora Floerke Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. papuana Stenroos Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. peziziformis (With.) J.R. Laundon Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. phyllopoda (Vain.) Stenroos Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. pocillum (Ach.) O.- J. Rich. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. poeciloclada des Abb. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. polycarpoides Nyl. Aptroot 1998. 

C. ramulosa (With.) J.R. Laundon Stenroos 1986-88.

C. rappii Evans Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. subradiata (Vain.) Sandst. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. subsquamosa Krempelh. Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. vulcani Savicz Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. weymouthii F. Wilson ex A.W. Archer Stenroos 1986-88. 

C. yunnana (Vain.) des Abb. Stenroos 1986-88. 

Clathroporina biroi Szatala Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. eminentior (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot 1998. 

C. exocha (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Coccocarpia adnata L. Arvidsson Streimann 1986. 

C. aeruginosa Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

C. dissecta Swinscow & Krog Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. domingensis Vain. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. erythrocardia (Müll. Arg.) L. Arvidsson 

C. erythroxyli (Sprengel) Swinscow & Krog 

C. glaucina Krempelh. Streimann 1986. 

C. palmicola (Sprengel) L. Arvidsson & D. Galloway 

C. pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

C. pruinosa L. Arvidsson Streimann 1986. 

C. rottleri (Ach.) L. Arvidsson Streimann 1986. 

C. smaragdina Pers. Streimann 1986. 

C. tenuissima Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

Coccotrema porinopsis (Nyl.) Imsh. ex Yoshim. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

Coenogonium dilucidum (Krempelh.) Kalb & Lücking Streimann 1986. 

C. fallaciosum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

C. hypophyllum (Vĕzda) Kalb & Lücking Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

C. leprieurii (Mont.) Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

C. linkii Ehrenb. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. lisowskii (Vĕzda) Lücking Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

C. luteum (Dickson) Kalb & Lücking Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

C. piliferum (Vĕzda) Kalb & Lücking Vĕzda 1994. 

C. subluteum (Rehm) Kalb & Lücking Streimann 1986. 

C. weberi (Vĕzda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman Streimann 1986. 

Collema actinoptychum Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

C. coilocarpum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

C. chimbuense Degel. Degelius 1994. 

C. fasciculare (L.) Wigg. (var. microcarpum (Müll. Arg.) Degel.) Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue Streimann 1990. 

C. leptaleum Tuck. (incl. var. biliosum) Streimann 1986. 

C. papuanorum Degel. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. rugosum Krempelh. Streimann 1990. 

C. subconveniens Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Compsocladium archboldianum I.M. Lamb Streimann 1986. 

Conotrema lumbricoides Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Cresponea apiculata Egea, Sérus. & Torrente Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

C. flava (Vain.) Egea & Torrente Egea & Torrente 1993. 

C. leprieurii (Mont.) Egea & Torrente Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

C. leprieurioides (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

C. macrocarpoides (Zahlbr.) Egea & Torrente Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

C. proximata (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente Aptroot et al. 1995. 

Crocynia gossypina (Sw.) A. Massal. Streimann 1986. 

C. pyxinoides Nyl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Crustospathula cartilaginea Aptroot Aptroot 1998.

Cryptolechia subincolorella (Nyl.) D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Cryptothecia aleurella (Nyl.) Makhija & Patw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

C. candida (Krempelh.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makhija & Patw. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

C. rubrocincta (Nyl.) G. Thor Streimann 1986. 

C. scripta G. Thor Thor 1997. 

C. subnidulans Stirton Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Cyphellostereum pusiolum (Berkely & Curtis) Reid Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Davidgallowaya cornutispora Aptroot Aptroot 2007 

Degelia minor Sipman & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

D. sorediata Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Dibaeis holstii (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Gierl Aptroot 1998. 

D. inaequalis Kalb & Gierl Gierl & Kalb 1993. 

D. sorediata Kalb & Gierl Gierl & Kalb 1993. 

D. weberi (Thomson) Kalb & Gierl Gierl & Kalb 1993. 

Dichosporidium boschianum (Mont.) G. Thor Thor 1990. 

D. constrictum G. Thor Thor 1990. 

D. sorediatum G. Thor Thor 1990. 

Dictyonema irpicinum Mont. Streimann 1986. 

D. ligulatum (Krempelh.) Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

D. moorei (Nyl.) A. Henssen Hoffmann & Büdel 1992. 

D. sericeum (Sw.) Berkeley Streimann 1986. 

Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004 

D. hololeucum (Mont.) Staiger & Kalb Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004 

D. macgregorii (Vain.) Staiger & Kalb Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004 

D. pruinosum (Eschw.) Staiger & Kalb Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004 

D. rufopruinosum (Archer) Staiger & Kalb Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004 

Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. ssp. bartlettii Lumbsch Aptroot et al. 1997. 

D. rampoddensis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Dirinaria aegialita (Afz. in Ach.) Moore Streimann 1990. 

D. applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi Streimann 1990. 

D. confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

D. papillulifera (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

D. picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear Aptroot et al. 1995. 

D. purpurascens (Vain.) A. Moore Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Dyplolabia afzelii (Ach.) Massal Streimann 1986. 

Echinoplaca diffluens (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

E. epiphylla Fée Streimann 1986. 

E. hispida Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

E. incrustatociliata Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

E. leucotrichoides (Vain.) R. Sant. ex Thorold Streimann 1986. 

E. pellicula (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

E. streimannii Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Encephalographa anthracothecii Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Endococcus alpestris D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Enterographa anguinella (Nyl.) Redinger Sparrius 2004. 

E. deslooveri Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

E. divergens (Nyl.) Redinger Sparrius 2004. 

E. mazosiae R. Sant. ex Matzer & R. Sant. Matzer 1996. 

E. multiseptata R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

E. pallidella (Nyl.) Redinger Aptroot et al. 1995. 

E. subsimilis (Nyl.) Redinger Sparrius 2004. 

Eremothecella calamicola Sydow Streimann 1986. 

E. macrosperma (Zahlbr.) Sérus. Streimann 1986.

E. palmulacea (Müll. Arg.) Sérus. Streimann 1986. 

E. variratae (Sipman & Aptroot) Sérus. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Erioderma confusum P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

E. coriaceum P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

E. gloriosum P.M. Jørg. & L. Arvidsson Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

E. pellitum P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

E. phaeorhizum Vain. Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

E. sorediatum P.M. Jørg. & D. Galloway Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

E. tomentosum Hue Jørgensen & Sipman 2002a. 

Erythrodecton malacum (Krempelh.) G. Thor Thor 1990. 

Euopsis granatina (Sommerf.) Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

E. pulvinata (Schaer.) Vain. Aptroot 1998. 

Everniastrum catawbiense (Dey) Hale ex Sipman Streimann 1986. 

E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale ex Sipman Streimann 1986. 

E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale ex Sipman Streimann 1986. 

E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale ex Sipman Streimann 1986. 

Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

F. bullata Kalb & Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

F. croceoverrucosa Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

F. fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

Feltgeniomyces uniseptatus Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Fissurina dumastii Fée www.tropicallichens.net specimen in ABL 

F. triticea (Nyl.) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in ABL 

Flavoparmelia haysomii (Dodge) Hale Streimann 1986. 

Fuscoderma papuanorum P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2002b. 

Fuscopannaria coerulescens P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen 2000. 

F. cacuminum P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

F. dissecta P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

F. venusta P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

G. scyphulifera (Ach.) Staiger Streimann 1990 (as Gyrostomum scyphuliferum (Ach.) Nyl. ). 

Gomphillus morchelloides Lücking & Sérus. Lücking & Sérusiaux 2005 

G. ophiosporus Kalb & Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Graphidastra multiformis (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) G. Thor Thor 1990. 

Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) Eschw. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. assimilis Nyl. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. atroclata (Archer) Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. brahmanensis Aptroot Lücking, Archer & Aptroot 2009 

G. cervina Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. cinnamomea Adaw. & Makhija www.tropicallichens.net 

G. consimilis Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. copelandii Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. crasslabra Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. daintreensis (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. dealbata Nyl. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. diplocheila Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. dracaenae Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. exalbata Nyl. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. filiformis Adaw. & Makhija www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. garoana Nagarkar & Patw. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. immersella Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. inspersolongula Aptroot Lücking, Archer & Aptroot 2009 

G. insulana (Müll. Arg.) Lücking & Spman www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. leptocarpa Fée www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. leptoclada Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B

G. leptogramma Nyl. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. marginata Raddi www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. maritima (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. myolensis Aptroot Lücking, Archer & Aptroot 2009 

G. nadurina Aptroot Lücking, Archer & Aptroot 2009 

G. nanodes Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. negrosina (Vain.) Lücking www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. palmyrensis Zahlbr. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. persicina Meyen & Flotow www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. phaeospora Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. propinqua Müll. Arg.. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. saxicola (Müll. Arg.) A.W. Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. stipitata A.W. Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. subasahinae Nagarkar & Patw. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. subassimilis Müll. Arg.. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. subintermedians Hale ex Lücking www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. subvelata Stirton www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. tenella Ach. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. tenuirima (Shirley) A.W. Archer www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

G. vittata Müll. Arg.. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Gylectidium caucasicum (Elenkin & Woronichin) Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

G. filicinum Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

G. flabellatum Sérus. Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2001. 

G. fuscum Lücking & Sérus. Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2001. 

G. gahavisukanum Sérus. Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2001. 

G. microcarpum (Vĕzda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vĕzda Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2001. 

G. novoguineense Sérus. Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2001. 

G. pandani Vĕzda Vezda 2007 

G. verruculosum Sérus. Ferraro, Lücking & Sérusiaux 2001. 

G. yahriae Buck & Sérus. Buck & Sérusiaux 2002. 

Gyalidea epiphylla Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

G. luzonensis (Kalb & Vĕzda) Aptroot & Lücking Aptroot & Lücking 2003. 

G. multispora Lumbsch & Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

G. novaeguineae P. James & Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

Gyalideopsis cochlearifer Lücking & Sérus. Lücking & Sérusiaux 1998. 

G. graminicola Vĕzda & Kantvilas Aptroot et al. 1997. 

G. perlucida Vĕzda & Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

G. rubescens Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

G. verruculosa Vĕzda & Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Gymnographa heterospora (Nyl.) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Haematomma africanum (Steiner) C.W. Dodge Staiger & Kalb 1995. 

H. collatum (Stirton) C.W. Dodge Staiger & Kalb 1995. 

H. papuense Kalb & Staiger Staiger & Kalb 1995. 

H. rufidulum (Fée) A. Massal. Staiger & Kalb 1995. 

H. sorediatum R.W. Rogers Aptroot 1998. 

H. wattii (Stirton) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Hemigrapha pseudocyphellariae Diederich & Wedin Diederich & Wedin 2000. 

Heterodermia antillarum (Vain.) Swinscow & Krog Aptroot et al. 1997. 

H. casarettiana (A. Massal.) Trevis. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

H. comosa (Eschw.) Follm. & Redón Streimann 1986. 

H. dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinscow & Krog Streimann 1990. 

H. diademata (Taylor) D.D. Awasthi Streimann 1986. 

H. flabellata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

H. galactophylla (Tuck.) W. Culb. Streimann 1986. 

H. hypoleuca (Ach.) Trevis. Aptroot & Sipman 1991.

H. isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi Streimann 1986. 

H. japonica (Satô) Swinscow & Krog Streimann 1986. 

H. leucomela (L.) Poelt Streimann 1986. 

H. lutescens (Kurok.) Follm. Streimann 1986. 

H. magellanica (Zahlbr.) Swinscow & Krog Aptroot et al. 1997. 

H. microphylla (Kurok.) Swinscow & Krog Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

H. obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. Streimann 1986. 

H. papuana Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

H. podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. Awasthi Streimann 1986. 

H. speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis. Streimann 1986. 

H. verrucifera (Kurok.) W.A. Weber Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Hemithecium balbisii (Fée) Trevis. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

H. chlorocarpoides (Nyl.) Staiger Streimann 1986 (as Phaeographina chlorocarpoides (Nyl.) 

Zahlbr.) 

H. laubertianum (Fée) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Hippocrepidea nigra Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Floerke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Krog Elix & Jenkins 1989. 

H. pectinatula Zahlbr. Elix & Jenkins 1989. 

H. pseudobitteriana (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi Elix & Jenkins 1989. 

H. vittata (Ach.) Gasilien Elix & Jenkins 1989. 

H. zeylanica (R. Sant.) D.D. Awasthi & K.P. Singh Elix & Jenkins 1989. 

Hypotrachyna addita (Hale) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. adducta (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. adjuncta (Hale) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. andensis Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

H. consimilis (Vain.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. corneola Kurok. & K.H. Moon Kurok. & K.H. Moon 2000. 

H. costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. endochlora (Leighton) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. exsecta (Taylor) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. galbinica Elix, Laily & Wahid Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. hnatiukii Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. immaculata (Kurok.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. koyaensis (Asah.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. lichesterinica Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. majoris (Vain.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. malesiana Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. meyeri (Zahlbr.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

H. microblasta (Vain.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. monticola Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. munduai Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. neodigitata Kurok. & K.H. Moon Kurok. & K.H. Moon 2000. 

H. orientalis (Hale) Hale Streimann 1990. 

H. osseoalba (Vain.) Park & Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. peruviana (Nyl.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. pseudosinuosa (Asah.) Hale Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

H. quaesita (Kurok.) DePriest & B. Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. radiculata (Kurk.) Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. reducens (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. revoluta (Flörke) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. simbuensis Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002.

H. sinuosa (Sm.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

H. subphysodalica (Hale) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. tariensis Elix Elix 1995. 

H. terricola Elix Elix 1997. 

H. toiana Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

H. woitapensis (Kurok.) DePriest & B. Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

Ionaspis tropica Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Julella lactea (A. Massal.) M.E. Barr Aptroot & v.d.Boom 1995. 

J. vitrispora (Cooke & Harkness) M.E. Barr Aptroot & v.d.Boom 1995. 

Kroswia crystallifera P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

Lasioloma arachnoideum (Krempelh.) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. phycophilum (Vain.) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. trichophorum (Vain.) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Laurera aurantiaca Makhija & Patw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. megasperma (Mont.) Riddle Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

L. meristospora (Mont. & Bosch) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. papillosa P.M. McCarthy Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Lecanactis abietina (Ach.) Körber Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

L. olivascens Egea, Sérus. & Torrente Egea, Sérusiaux & Torrente 1996. 

L. platygraphoides (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Egea & Torrente 1994. 

Lecanographa laingiana Diederich, Egea & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1995. 

L. subnothella (Nyl.) Ertz Ertz 2009 

Lecanora dispersogranulata Szatala Lumbsch 1994. 

L. epibryon (Ach.) Ach. ssp. broccha (Nyl. in Crombie) Lumbsch Lumbsch 1994. 

L. formosula Lumbsch Lumbsch, Feige & Elix 1995. 

L. helva Stizenb. Lumbsch 1994. 

L. leproplaca Zahlbr. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

L. leprosa Fée Lumbsch 1994. 

L. margarodes C. Knight Lumbsch 1994. 

L. novaeguineae Lumbsch Lumbsch 1994. 

L. pangerangensis Zahlbr. Lumbsch 1994. 

L. polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. pseudistera Nyl. Lumbsch 1994. 

L. subimmersa (Fée) Zahlbr. ssp. ramboldii Lumbsch & Elix Lumbsch 1994. 

L. streimannii Lumbsch Lumbsch 1994. 

L. sulphurescens Fée Lumbsch 1994. 

L. tropica Zahlbr. Lumbsch 1994. 

Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Lecidella enteroleucella (Nyl.) Hertel Hertel 2007 

L. sublapicida (C. Knight) Hertel Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. wulfenii(Hepp) Körber Hertel 2007 

Leioderma erythrocarpum (Delise ex Nyl.) D. Galloway & P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Galloway 

1989. 

L. sorediatum D. Galloway & P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Galloway 1989. 

Leiorreuma exaltatum (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Staiger Streimann 1986 (as Phaeographis exaltata 

(Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Müll. Arg.) 

Lepraria caesioalba (B. de Lesd.) J.R. Laundon Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. leprolomopsis Diederich & Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. nigrocincta Diederich, Sérus. & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris Leuckert & Kümmerling 1991. 

Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

L. pseudoarbuscula (Asah.) I.M. Lamb & Ward Streimann 1986. 

Leptogium asiaticum Jorg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

L. austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

L. azureum (Sw.) Mont. Streimann 1986.

L. azurellum Jatta Streimann 1986. 

L. bullatulum Müll. Arg. Verdon 1990. 

L. bullatum (Sw.) Mont. Streimann 1986. 

L. burgessii (L.) Mont. Streimann 1986. 

L. burnetiae C.W. Dodge Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. caesium (Ach.) Vain. Streimann 1986. 

L. chloromelum (Ach.) Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

L. cochleatum (Dickson) P.M. Jørg. & P. James www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

L. coralloideum (Meyen & Flotow) Vain. Verdon 1990. 

L. corticola (Taylor) Tuck. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

L. cyanescens (Ach.) Körber Streimann 1986. 

L. enkarodes D. Verdon Verdon 1990. 

L. fallax Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

L. granulans Vain. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

L. incavatum Szatala Streimann 1986. 

L. inflatum Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

L. javanicum (Mont. & Bosch) Mont. Streimann 1986. 

L. laceroides B. de Lesd. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. loriforme P.M. Jørg. & Kashiw. Jørgensen & Kashiwadani 2008 

L. marginellum S. Gray Streimann 1986. 

L. millegranum Tuck. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

L. moluccanum (Pers.) Vain. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

L. montis-wilhelmii Diederich & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. pedicellatum P.M. Jørg . Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

L. phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. Streimann 1986. 

L. streimannii Verdon Verdon 1990. 

L. subcerebrinum Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

L. trichophorum Müll. Arg. Verdon, Sipman & Glenny 1996. 

Leptosphaerulina peltigerae (Fuckel) Riedl Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Letrouitia domingensis (Pers.) Hafellner & Bellemère Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

L. leprolyta (Nyl.) Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1995. 

L. muralis Hafellner Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

L. parabola (Nyl.) R. Sant & Hafellner Streimann 1986. 

L. sayeri (Müll. Arg.) Elix Aptroot et al. 1997 (as L. subvulpina (Nyl.) Hafellner). 

L. transgressa (Malme) Hafellner & Bellemère Streimann 1990. 

L. vulpina (Tuck.) Hafellner & Bellemère Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Lichenochora bellemerei Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Diederich Navarro-Rosines, Roux & 

Diederich 1998. 

L. gahavisukae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Lichenopeltella bunodophoronis Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. epiphylla R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. heterodermiae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. hypogymniae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. hypotrachynae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. leptogii Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. megalosporae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. microspora Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. pannariacearum Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. physciae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. pseudocyphellariae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. ramalinae Etayo & Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Lichenostigma maureri Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Lichenothrix riddlei A. Henssen Hoffmann & Büdel 1992.

Linhartia patellarioides (Rehm) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

Lithothelium hyalosporum (Nyl.) Aptroot Aptroot 1991a. 

L. obtectum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

L. submuriforme R.C. Harris & Aptroot Aptroot 1998. 

Llimoniella pubescens Etayo & Diederich Etayo & Diederich 1998. 

Lobaria adscripturiens (Nyl.) Hue Sipman 2004. 

L. clemensiae Vain. Streimann 1986. 

L. crassior Vain. Sipman 2004. 

L. dendrophora Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

L. discolor (Bory) Hue Streimann 1986. 

L. endochroma Sipman Sipman 2004. 

L. ferax Vain. Sipman 2004. 

L. hertelii Sipman Sipman 2004. 

L. isidiophora Yoshim. Streimann 1986. 

L. isidiosa (Müller Arg.) Vain. Streimann 1986. 

L. meridionalis Vain. Streimann 1986. 

L. pseudopulmonaria Gyelnik Streimann 1986. 

L. pseudoretigera Sipman. Sipman 2004. 

L. spathulata (Inamuno) Yoshim. Sipman 2004. 

L. subscrobiculata Vain. Streimann 1986. 

Loflammea demoulinii Sérus. Sérusiaux 1986. 

L. flammea (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Streimann 1986. 

L. intermedia (R. Sant.) Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

L. gabrielis (Müll. Arg.) Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

Loxospora septata (Sipman & Aptroot) Kantvilas Aptroot et al. 1997 (as Sarrameana septata 

Sipman & Aptroot). 

Lyromma nectandrae Batista & Maia Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Macentina perminuta Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

Malcolmiella aurigera (Fée) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1995. 

M. granifera (Ach.) Kalb & Lücking Streimann 1986. 

Mazaediothecium rubigineum Aptroot Aptroot 1991a. 

Mazosia bambusae (Vain.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

M. conica Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

M. melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

M. paupercula (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

M. phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

M. pilosa Kalb & Vĕzda Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

M. rotula (Mont.) A. Massal. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

Megaloblastenia marginiflexa (J.D. Hooker & Taylor) Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Megalospora albescens Sipman Streimann 1986. 

M. atrorubicans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

M. coccodes (Bél.) Sipman ssp. nigricans (Müll. Arg.) Sipman Streimann 1986. 

M. granulans Sipman Streimann 1986. 

M. halei Sipman Streimann 1986. 

M. pruinata (Müll. Arg.) Sipman ssp. fusca Sipman Streimann 1986. 

M. sulphurata Meyen Streimann 1986. 

M. tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman Streimann 1986. 

M. weberi Sipman Streimann 1986. 

Megalotremis pustulata Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

M. verrucosa (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Melanelia calva (Essl.) Essl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Melanophloea pacifica P. James & Vĕzda Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Melaspilea diplasiospora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot 1998. 

Menegazzia asekiensis Elix Elix 2007b

M. digitiformis P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 

Sérusiaux 2001. 

M. dissoluta P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 


M. efflorescens P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 


M. faminensis Elix Elix 2007a 

M. globoisidiata Elix Elix 2007b 

M. isidiata P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 


M. malesiana Elix, Bawingan & Schumm Elix, Bawingan & Schumm 2005 

M. megathallina P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 


M. menyamyensis Elix Elix 2007b (also as M. fumarprotocetrarica) 

M. monospora. Bjerke & Sipman Bjerke & Sipman 2007 

M. pendula P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 


M. saxicola P. James & Aptroot P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & Sérusiaux 2001. 

M. stellata P. James, Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. P. James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman & 


M. subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant. Bjerke & Sipman 2007 

Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Microtheliopsis uleana Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

Milospium graphideorum (Nyl.) D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Monoblastia papillosa Sérus. & Aptroot Sérusiaux & Aptroot 1998. 

M. pellucida Aptroot Aptroot 1991b. 

Muellerella lichenicola (Sommerf.) D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Mycoblastus affinis (Schaer.) Schauer Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Mycocalicium albonigrum (Nyl.) Tibell Tibell 1987. 

M. subtile (Pers.) Szatala Streimann 1990. 

Mycomicrothelia decipiens (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997 (as Ornatopyrenis 

muriformis). 

M. exigua (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw. Aptroot 1991a. 

M. obovata (Stirton) D. Hawksw. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

M. punctata Aptroot Aptroot 1991a. 

M. queenslandica (Müll. Arg.) Sipman & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997 (as Ornatopyrenis 

queenslandica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot). 

M. subfallens (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw. Aptroot 1991a. 

Mycoporum compositum (A. Massal.) R. C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

M. eschweileri (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997 (as Tomasellia eschweileri (Müll. 

Arg.) R.C. Harris). 

Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale Streimann 1986. 

M. nothofagi Elix Elix 1996b. 

Myeloconis erumpens McCarthy & Elix McCarthy & Elix 1996. 

Myriotrema album Fée www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. bahianum (Ach.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. desquamans (Müll. Arg.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. glaucescens (Nyl.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. hartii (Müll. Arg.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. polytretum Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. protocetraricum (Hale) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. pycnoporellum (Tuck.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. reclusum (Krempelh.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. rugiferum (Harm.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

M. scabridum (Hale) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B

M. terebratulum (Nyl.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

Myxophora ovalispora Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner Hoffmann & Hafellner 2000. 

Nadvornikia hawaiensis (Tuck.) Tibell Streimann 1990. 

Nectria lecanodes Ces. in Rabenh. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Nectriopsis coccocarpiae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

N. collematis Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

N. leptogii Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Neolamya peltigerae (Mont.) Theiss. & Syd. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Nephroma plumbeum (Mont.) Mont. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

N. tropicum Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Nephromopsis morrisonicola M.J. Lai Randlane & Saag 1998. 

N. pallescens (Schaer.) S.Y. Park Randlane & Saag 1998. 

Niesslia lobariae Etayo & Diederich Etayo & Diederich 1996. 

N. pseudocyphellariae Etayo & Diederich Etayo 2000. 

Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. Aptroot 1990. 

N. simodense (Asahina) Aptroot Aptroot 1990. 

Ocellularia berkeleyana (Mont.) Zahlbr. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. dolichotata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. groenhartii Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. marivelensis (Vain.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. massalongoi (Mont.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. papillata (Leight.) Zahlbr. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. perforata (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. punctulata (Leight.) Zahlbr. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. sticticum Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

O. thelotremoides (Leight.) Zahlbr. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

Ochrolechia africana Vain. Aptroot 1998. 

O. szatalaensis Verseghy Aptroot 1998. 

Opegrapha apomelaena A. Massal. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

O. dekeselii Ertz Ertz 2009. 

O. ectolechiacearum Matzer & R. Sant. Matzer 1996. 

O. encephalographoidea Diederich & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

O. filicina Mont. Streimann 1986. 

O. herbarum Mont. Ertz 2009. 

O. irosina Vain. Ertz 2009. 

O. luzonensis Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

O. mazosioides Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

O. medusulina Nyl. Ertz 2009. 

O. ochrocheila Nyl. Ertz 2009. 

O. physcidiae Kalb & Elix Kalb & Elix 1995. 

O. plectocarpoidea Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

O. puiggarii Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

O. robusta Vain. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

O. simplicior (Nyl.) Nyl. Ertz 2009. 

O. subrimulosa Nl. Ertz 2009. 

O. subvulgata Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

O. trilocularis Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997 (Ertz 2009 as O. cf maldiveana Ertz). 

O. dekeselii Ertz Ertz 2009. 

O. varia Pers. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

O. viridis (Ach.) Behlen Ertz 2009. 

O. viridistellata Sérus., Lücking & Sparrius Sérus., Lücking & Sparrius 2008. 

O. vulgata Ach. Ertz 2009. 

Orphniospora moriopsis (A. Massal.) D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Pannaria andina P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. conoplea (Ach.) Bory Jørgensen & Sipman 2006.

P. molkenboeri (Mont.) Hue Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. papuana (Aptroot & Diederich) P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. prolificans Vain. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. rubiginella P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. sphinctrinum (Mont.) P.M. Jørg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. tenuis P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

Pannoparmelia angustata (Pers.) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Parapyrenis lichenicola Aptroot & Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Parmelia erumpens Kurok. Kurokawa 1986. 

Parmeliella brisbanensis (C. Knight) P.M. Jørg & D. Galloway Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

P. endomilta (Vain.) Makhija & Adawadkar Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. flavida P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. foliicola Aptroot & P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. hawaiiensis H. Magn. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. laceroides P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. mariana (Fries) P.M. Jørg & D. Galloway Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

P. montana P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. nitida P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. pannarioides P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. papillata P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen 2001. 

P. philippina (Vain.) P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. piundensis P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

P. polyphyllina P.M. Jørg. Jørgensen 2001. 

Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale Streimann 1986. 

Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) Elix & Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

P. cryptochlora (Vain.) Elix & Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

P. horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

P. minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. protocetrarica Elix Louwhoff & Elix 2002. 

P. spumosa (Asah.) Elix & Hale Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. subfatiscens (Kurok.) Elix & Hale Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Parmotrema acrotrychum (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. andinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. austrocetratum Elix & J. Johnst. Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. cetratum (Ach.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. cooperi (Stirton) Sérus. Streimann 1990. 

P. corniculans (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy Streimann 1986. 

P. cristiferum (Taylor) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. clavuliferum (Räs.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. deflectens (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. dilatatum (Vain.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. durumae (Krog & Swinscow) Krog & Swinscow Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. elacinulatum (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. fasciculatum (Vain.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. flaccidifolium (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. gardneri (C.W. Dodge) Sérus. Streimann 1990. 

P. gloriosum (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. hypomiltoides (Vain.) Kurok. Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. insuetum (Kurok.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. isidioinsuetum Elix Elix 1995. 

P. kainantum Kurok. & K.H. Moon Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. kaisenikianum (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

P. kurokawianum Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. lambleyei Elix Elix 1995.

P. latissimum (Fée) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. lobulascens (J.Steiner) Hale Elix, Bawingan & Schumm 2005 

P. maclayanum (Müll. Arg.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. madilynae A. Fletcher Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. malonprotocetraricum Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. melanothrix (Mont.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. mellissii (Dodge) Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. menyamyaense Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. merrillii (Vain.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. nanfongense (Kurok.) DePriest & B. Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. naonii Elix, Din & Ismail Elix, Din & Ismail 1997. 

P. nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. overeemii (Zahlbr.) Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. pacificum (Kurok.) Kurok. Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy Streimann 1986. 

P. permutatum (Stirton) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. pigmentosum Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. poolii (C.W. Dodge) Krog & Swinscow Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. praeinsuetum (Kurok.) Louwhoff & Elix Kurokawa 1986. 

P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. reticulatum (Taylor) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. robustum (Degel.) Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. saccatilobum (Taylor) Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. sancti-angelii (Lynge) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. sipmanii Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. subarnoldii (des Abb.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. subcorallinum (Hale) Hale Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. subrugatum (Krempelh.) Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale Aptroot et al. 1997 (ignored by Louwhoff & Elix 1999). 

P. sulphuratum (Nees) Hale Streimann 1990. 

P. tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. ultralucens (Krog) Hale Streimann 1986. 

P. verrucatum Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

P. watutense Louwhoff & Elix Louwhoff & Elix 1999. 

Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. Streimann 1986. 

P. cichoracea Jatta Sérusiaux et al. 2009. 

P. didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon Streimann 1986. 

P. dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

P. erioderma Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. fimbriata Sérus. et al. Sérusiaux et al. 2009. 

P. koponenii Sérus. et al. Sérusiaux et al. 2009 

P. oceanica Gyelnik Sérusiaux et al. 2009. 

P. papuana Sérus. et al. Sérusiaux et al. 2009. 

P. ulcerata Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. weberi Sérus. et al. Sérusiaux et al. 2009. 

Peltula bolanderi (Tuck.) Wetmore Aptroot 1998. 

P. obscurans (Nyl.) Gyelnik Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Pertusaria allogibberosa A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. angabangensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. anomalospora A.W. Archer, Elix & Streim. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. aptrootii A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. asterella Aptroot Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. atrospilota A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. balekensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a.

P. bogia A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. buloloensis A.W. Archer, Elix & Streim. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. bundensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998b. 

P. burburana Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. ceylonica Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. cicatricosa Müll. Arg. (incl. var. deficiens Archer, Elix & Streimann) Elix, Aptroot & Archer 

1997. 

P. consanguinea Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. copelandii Vain. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. dehiscens Müll. Arg. Archer & Elix 1998b. 

P. damiensis A.W. Archer, Elix & Streim. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. elliptica Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. epitheciifera Sipman Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. gongylospora Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. gorokorana Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. gyalectoides Vĕzda Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. hermaka A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. howeana A.W. Archer & Elix Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. hypothamnolica Dibben Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. hypoprotocetrarica A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. inconspicua A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. irregularis Müll. Arg. Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. kagamugana Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. kaindiensis A.W. Archer, Elix & Streim. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. karkarensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. laeana A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. leiocarpella Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. manamensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. microstoma Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. modesta Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. montpittensis A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. myola A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. naduriensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. novoguineae A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. orarensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998b. 

P. papuana A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. parmatica A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. persulphurata Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. perthwaitesii A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. petrophyes C. Knight Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. philippina Vain. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. plethocarpa A.W. Archer, Elix & Streim. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. praecipua A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998b. 

P. pseudococcodes Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. psoromica A.W. Archer & Elix Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. puffina A.W. Archer & Elix Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. pycnophora Nyl. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. pycnothelia Nyl. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. ramuensis A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998b. 

P. ramulifera H. Magn. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. rechingeri Zahlbr. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. scaberula A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. sipmanii A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

P. streimannii Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. subplanaica A.W. Archer & Elix Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997.

P. subsorodes Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. subventosa Malme (incl. var. hypothamnolica A.W. Archer & Elix) Elix, Aptroot & Archer 

1997. 

P. thwaitesii Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. tropica Müll. Arg. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. velata (Turner) Nyl. Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. vulpina A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. wauensis Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. weberi Elix & A.W. Archer Elix, Aptroot & Archer 1997. 

P. yupna A.W. Archer & Elix Archer & Elix 1998a. 

Phacopsis oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel & Rambold Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

P. lobata (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Phaeographopsis palaeotropica Kalb Kalb 2004 

Phaeophyscia crocea Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. endococcinodes (Poelt) Essl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. hispidula (Ach.) Moberg (incl. ssp. primaria Poelt) Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Phaeosporobolus alpinus R. Sant., Alstrup & D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Phyllobathelium nigrum R. Sant. & Tibell Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

Phylloblastia dolichospora Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. pocsii Vĕzda Sérusiaux, Coppins & Lücking 2007 

Phyllocratera papuana Sérus. & Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

P. confusa Swinscow & Krog Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

P. furfuracea (Pers.) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. haemophaea (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. pannosa Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. parvifolia (Mont.) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

P. santensis (Tuck.) Swinscow & Krog Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Physcia alba (Fée) Müll. Arg. Aptroot 1998. 

P. atrostriata Moberg Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. erumpens Moberg Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. krogiae Moberg Streimann 1990. 

P. phaea (Tuck.) J. Thomson Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. poncinsii Hue Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. sorediosa (Vain.) Lynge Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. tribacoides Nyl. Streimann 1990. 

P. vermifera Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. verrucosa Moberg Streimann 1990. 

Physcidia australasica Kalb & Elix Kalb & Elix 1995. 

P. cylindrophora (Taylor) Hue Kalb & Elix 1995. 

P. wrightii (Tuck.) Tuck. Streimann 1986. 

Physma byrsaeum (Ach.) Tuck. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. pseudoisidiatum Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Hafellner Hafellner 1995. 

P. elmeri (Vain.) Hafellner Hafellner 1995. 

P. haematina (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Placopsis albida (Krempelh.) I.M. Lamb Galloway 2005. 

P. auriculata Lumbsch & Kashiw. Lumbsch, Kashiwadani & Streimann 1993. 

P. cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. gelida (L.) Lindsay www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

P. isidiophora I.M. Lamb. Aptroot et al. 1997 (as P. rhodophthalma (Müll. Arg.) Räs). 

P. perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P. James Aptroot et al. 1997.

Platygramme colubrosa (Nyl.) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Platythecium acutisporum Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

P. dimorphodes (Nyl.) Staiger Staiger 2002. 

P. spaherosporellum (Nyl.) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Plectocarpon arthonioides Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. epiphyllum (Sérus.) Cáceres et al. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. lambinonii Diederich & Etayo Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. pseudocyphellariae Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Polychidium dendriscum (Nyl.) A. Henssen Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. muscicola (Sw.) S. Gray Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. stipitatum Vĕzda & W.A. Weber Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Polycoccum montis-wilhelmii Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Polymeridium albidum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. albocinereum (Krempelh.) R.C. Harris Harris 1993. 

P. campylothelioides Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. catapastum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Harris 1993. 

P. contendens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. proponens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Porina albicera (Krempelh.) van Overeem-de Haas Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

P. applanata Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. atriceps (Vain.) Vain. Lücking & Vĕzda 1998. 

P. atropunctata Lücking & Vĕzda Lücking & Vĕzda 1998. 

P. cerina (Zahlbr.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

P. chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot 1998. 

P. conica R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

P. corruscans (Rehm) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

P. desquamescens Fée Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. dipterocarpi Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. epiphylla (Fée) Fée Streimann 1986. 

P. exasperatula Vain. Aptroot 1998. 

P. farinosa C. Knight McCarthy 1995. 

P. fulvella Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

P. gaumae Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. guentheri (Flotow) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. homala R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

P. imitatrix Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

P. internigrans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

P. leptosperma Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

P. limbulata (Krempelh.) Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. lucida R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

P. mastoidea (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. minutissima A. Henssen, Lücking & Vĕzda Lücking & Vĕzda 1998. 

P. mirabilis Lücking & Vĕzda Lücking & Vĕzda 1998. 

P. multiseptata Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

P. nitidula Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

P. nucula Ach. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. perminuta Vain. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. planiuscula Vĕzda Vĕzda 1994. 

P. pseudofurvella Sérus. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. rufula (Krempelh.) Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. semecarpi Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. sphaerocephala Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. tetracerae (Afzel. in Ach.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. trichothelioides R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. virescens (Krempelh.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1993.

P. viridinigricans Vain. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

Porocyphus lichinelloides A. Henssen Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph ww.tropicallichens.net 

P. macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Schwab Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. isidiata Diederich, Aptroot & Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. pulchra Diederich, Aptroot & Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Pseudocyphellaria argyracea (Delise) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. aurata (Ach.) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. beccarii (Krempelh.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. carpoloma (Delise) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. clathrata (De Not.) Malme Galloway 1994. 

P. crocata (L.) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. crocatoides D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. desfontainii (Delise) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. dissimilis (Nyl.) D. Galloway & P. James Galloway 1994. 

P. dozyana (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. gilva (Ach.) Malme Galloway 1994. 

P. insculpta (Stiz.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. intricata (Delise) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. maculata D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. multifida (Nyl.) D. Galloway & P. James Galloway 1994. 

P. neglecta (Müll. Arg.) H. Magn. Galloway 1994. 

P. pickeringii (Tuck.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. poculifera (Müll. Arg.) D. Galloway & P. James Galloway 1994. 

P. prolificans (Nyl.) Vain. Galloway 1994. 

P. punctillaris (Müll. Arg.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. reineckiana (Müll. Arg.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. rigida (Müll. Arg.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. semilanata (Müll. Arg.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. sulphurea (Shaerer) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

P. trichophora (Vain.) D. Galloway Galloway 1994. 

Pseudopyrenula papuana Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. pyrenuloides Zahlbr Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. serusiauxii Aptroot Aptroot 1998. 

P. subnudata Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Psoroma filicicola P.M. Jørg. & Sipman Jørgensen & Sipman 2006. 

Punctonora nigropulvinata Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Pyrenula aggregans Vain. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. anomala (Ach.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. aspistea (Ach.) Ach. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. ciliata Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. citriformis R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. cocoes Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. concatervans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. confinis (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. gahavisukana Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

P. grossa Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. laureriformis Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. lineatostroma Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. leucostoma Ach. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. macrocarpa A. Massal. Aptroot et al. 1997.

P. macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. mamillana (Ach.) Trevis. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. massariospora (Starb.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. media Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. microcarpa Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. montana Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. mucosa (Vain.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. nitidula (Bres.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. parva Vain. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. parvinuclea (Meyen & Flotow) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. pyrenastrospora Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. pyrgillospora Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. quassiaecola Fée Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. quinqueseptata Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. ravenelii (Tuck.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. santensis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. septicollaris (Eschw.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

P. subcongruens Müll. Arg. Aptroot et al. 1997 (as P. pileata Vain.). 

P. subferruginea (Malme) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Pyrgillus cubanus Nyl. Aptroot 1991a. 

P. javanicus (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Nyl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imsh. Streimann 1986. 

P. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. convexior (Müll. Arg.) Swinscow & Krog Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. copelandii Vain. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. coralligera Malme Streimann 1986. 

P. cylindrica Kashiw. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. farinosa Kashiw. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. isidiolenta R. Rogers Aptroot et al. 1995. 

P. limbulata Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. meissnerina Nyl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. minuta Vain. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. petricola Nyl. in Crombie Streimann 1986. 

P. philippina Vain. Streimann 1986. 

P. retirugella Nyl. (as consocians) Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

P. schmidtii Vain. (as papuana) Streimann 1986. 

P. sorediata (Ach.) Mont. in Sagra Streimann 1990. 

P. subcinerea Stirton Streimann 1986. 

Raciborskiella janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

Ramalina inflata (J.D. Hooker & Taylor) J.D. Hooker & Taylor Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. conduplicans Vain. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

R. javanica Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

R. leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

R. nervulosa (Müll. Arg.) des Abb. Streimann 1990. 

R. peruviana Ach. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. subfraxinea Nyl. Streimann 1986. 

R. tenella Müll. Arg. Streimann 1990. 

R. tropica G.N. Stevens Streimann 1990. 

Ramboldia aurantiaca (Aptroot & Diederich) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix Aptroot et al. 1997 (as 

Pyrrhospora aurantiaca Aptroot & Diederich). 

R. brunneocarpa Kantvilas & Elix Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. russula (Ach.) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix Aptroot et al. 1997 (as Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) 

Hafellner). 

Ramonia microspora Vĕzda Aptroot 1998.

R. monospora Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. agglutinata Elix & J. Johnston Elix 1996a. 

R. amphithrix Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. circumnodata (Nyl.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. columnaria Elix & J. Johnston Elix 1996a. 

R. connivens (Kurok.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. diederichii Elix Elix 2007a. 

R. fijiensis Elix & J. Johnston Elix 1996a. 

R. fluorescens (Hale) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. gemmulosa (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

R. hirtifructa (Kurok.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

R. luteoviridis (Kurok.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

R. malesiana (Hale) Hale Streimann 1986. 

R. palmata Elix Elix 1996a. 

R. planiuscula (Kurok.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

R. ramosissima (Kurok.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. relicinula (Müll. Arg.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. retrospinosa (Kurok. & Kashiw.) Streim. Streimann 1986. 

R. samoensis (Zahlbr.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. schizospatha (Kurok.) Hale Streimann 1986. 

R. sipmanii Elix Elix 1996a. 

R. subabstrusa (Gyelnik) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. sublanea (Kurok.) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. sydneyensis (Gyelnik) Hale Elix 1996a. 

R. terricrocodila Elix & J. Johnston Elix 1996a. 

R. vinasii Elix Elix 1996a. 

Relicinopsis intertexta (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Elix & D. Verdon Streimann 1986. 

R. malaccensis (Nyl.) Elix & D. Verdon Streimann 1986. 

Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flörke ex Sprengel) Th. Fr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. geographicum (L.) DC. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. simillimum (Anzi) Lettau www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

Rimularia globulispora Sipman & Aptroot Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Rinodina albosorediata Aptroot, Diederich & Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. cinereovirescens (Harm.) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

R. conradii Körber Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. fuscocrystallina Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. occulta (Körber) Sheard Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. xanthomelana Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Roccella montagnei Bél. Streimann 1990. 

Roselliniella atlantica Matzer & Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer & Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

R. papuana Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Sagenidiopsis merrotsii R. Rogers & Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Sarcographa elmeri (Vain.) Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. heteroclita (Mont.) Zahblr. Streimann 1986. 

S. labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

Sarcographina glyphiza (Nyl.) K.P. Singh & D.D. Awasthi www.tropicallichens.net specimen 

in B 

Schistophoron variabile Tibell www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

Sclerophyton aptrootii Sparrius Sparrius 2004 

S. elegans Eschw. Sparrius 2004 

S. extenuatum (Nyl.) Sparrius Sparrius 2004 

Scutula epicladonia (Nyl.) Sacc. Aptroot et al. 1997.

Semigyalecta paradoxa Vain. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Septotrapelia triseptata (Hepp) Aptroot Aptroot & Sipman 1991 (as Bacidia triseptata (Hepp) 

Zahlbr). 

Siphula decumbens Nyl. Lambley 1991. 

S. dichotoma Vain. Elix 1991. 

Solorina simensis Hochst. ex Flotow Vitikainen 1989. 

Sphaerellothecium araneosum (Rehm ex Arnold) Zopf Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. cladoniicola E.S. Hansen & Alstrup Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. gallowayi Diederich Diederich 2007. 

Sphinctrina tubaeformis A. Massal. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Sporopodiopsis mortimeriana Sérus. Sérusiaux 1997. 

Sporopodium argillaceum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

S. isidiatum Sérus. & Lücking Sérusiaux & Lücking 2005. 

S. leprieurii Mont. Streimann & Sipman 1994. 

S. lucidum Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. muscicola Lambley & Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. phyllocharis (Mont.) A. Massal. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. xantholeucum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Staurothele australis Groenhart Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Stereocaulon brassii I.M. Lamb Streimann 1986. 

S. flabellatum Mineta Streimann 1986. 

S. glareosum (Sav.) H. Magn. Sipman 1998. 

S. graminosum Schaer. Streimann 1986. 

S. leprocauloides I.M. Lamb ex W.A. Weber Streimann 1986. 

S. massartianum Hue Streimann 1986. 

S. myriocarpum Fr. Streimann 1986. 

S. pseudomassartianum I.M. Lamb ex Frey Streimann 1986. 

S. staufferi I.M. Lamb ex Frey Streimann 1986. 

Sticta alpinotropica Aptroot Aptroot 2008. 

S. boschiana Mont. Streimann 1986. 

S. brevipes (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

S. caulescens De Not. Streimann 1986. 

S. cyphellulata (Müll. Arg.) Hue Streimann 1986. 

S. dendroidella Zahlbr. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in ABL 

S. filicina Ach. www.tropicallichens.net specimen in ABL 

S. fimbriata Schaer. Streimann 1986. 

S. fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. Streimann 1986. 

S. heppiana Hue Streimann 1986. 

S. hirsuta Mont. Streimann 1986. 

S. keysseri Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

S. leami Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

S. macrophylla Bory Streimann 1986. 

S. marginifera Mont. Streimann 1986. 

S. myrioloba (Müll. Arg.) D. Galloway Galloway 1998 

S. pedunculata Krempelh. Streimann 1986. 

S. pochii Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

S. pulvinata Vain. Streimann 1986. 

S. sayeri Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

S. semilanata (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

S. sublimbata (J. Steiner) Swinscow & Krog www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

S. subpalmata Zahlbr. Streimann 1986. 

S. sulphurae Schaer. Streimann 1986. 

S. variabilis Ach. Galloway 1998 

S. weigelii Isert in Ach. Streimann 1986. 

S. xanthotropa (Krempelh.) D. Galloway www.tropicallichens.net specimen in ABL

Stigmidium epiphyllum Matzer Matzer 1996. 

Stirtonia macrocephala R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

S. obvallata (Stirton) A.L. Sm. Aptroot et al. 1995. 

Stratisporella episemoides (Nyl.) Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Strigula albomaculata Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. macrocarpa Vain. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. melanobapha (Krempelh.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

S. multipunctata (Merr. ex R. Sant.) R.C. Harris Streimann 1986 (as Phylloporis). 

S. muriformis Aptroot & Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. nemathora Mont. (incl. var. hypothelia (Nyl.) R. Sant.) Aptroot et al. 1995. 

S. obducta (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Streimann 1986 (as Phylloporis). 

S. orbicularis Fr. Streimann 1986. 

S. phaea (Ach.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Streimann 1986 (as Phylloporis). 

S. platypoda (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris Aptroot & Sipman 1993 (as Phylloporis). 

S. smaragdula Fr. Streimann 1986. 

S. subelegans Vain. Streimann 1986. 

S. subtilissima (Fé) Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

S. viridiseda (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

S. wilsonii (Riddle) R.C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Syzygospora bachmannii Diederich & M.S. Christ. Diederich 1996. 

S. physciacearum Diederich Diederich 1996. 

Szczawinskia foliicola Holien & Tønsberg Holien & Tønsberg 2002 (as T. tsugae Funk in 

Aptroot et al. 1997). 

Taeniolella delicata M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. serusiauxii Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Tapellaria nigrata (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Thalloloma hypoleptum (Nyl.) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

T. isidiosum Staiger Staiger 2002. 

Thamnochrolechia verticillata Aptroot & Sipman Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Thamnolia juncea R. Sant. Santesson 2004 

T. vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaer. Streimann 1986. 

Thecaria montagnei (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) Staiger www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

T. quassiaecola Fée www.tropicallichens.net specimen in B 

Thelenella brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) Vain. Aptroot 1998. 

Thelopsis byssoidea Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Thelotrema armellense Patw. et al. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. dilatatum (Müll. Arg.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. leprieurii (Mont.) Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. leprocarpoides Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. patens Nyl. www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. pidurutalagala Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. porinoides Mont. & v.d. Bosch www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. subweberi Sipman Sipman 1993 

T. waassii Hale www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/lichcol specimen in B 

T. weberi Hale Sipman 1993 

Thysanothecium scutellatum (Fr.) D. Galloway Streimann 1986. 

Trapelia coarctata (Sm.) M. Choisy Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

T. geochroa (Körber) Hertel Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

T. placodioides Coppins & P. James Aptroot 1998. 

Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. glaucolepidea (Nyl.) Gotth. Schneider Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

T. granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch Aptroot et al. 1997.

T. haumanii (Zahlbr.) Gotth. Schneider Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Traponora asterella Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. globosa Aptroot Aptroot 2009 

T. macrospora Aptroot Aptroot 2009 

T. pallida Aptroot Aptroot 2009 

Tremella cladoniae Diederich & M.S. Christ. Diederich 1996. 

T. lobariacearum Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. microcarpa Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. montis-wilhelmii Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. papuana Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. parmeliarum Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. parmeliellae Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. psoroglaenae Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. psoromatis Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. santessonii Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. stevensiana Diederich Diederich 1996. 

T. stictae Diederich Diederich 1996. 

Tricharia albostrigosa R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. demoulinii Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. deslooveri Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. elegans Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. helminthospora R. Sant. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. novoguineensis Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. ramifera Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. Vain.i R. Sant. Streimann 1986. 

Tricharia variratae Lücking & Sipman Lücking, Sérusiaux & Vezda 2005. 

T. verrucosa Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Trichothelium alboatrum Vain. Streimann 1986. 

T. annulatum (P. Karsten) R. Sant. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

T. croceum Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. epiphyllum Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

T. kalbii Lücking Lücking & Caceres 2004. 

Trypetheiopsis coccinea (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot Aptroot & Sipman 1993. 

T. epiphylla (R.Sant.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. gigas (Zahlbr.) Aptroot Aptroot 1998. 

T. kalbii (Lücking & Sérus.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. kassamensis (Sérus.) Aptroot Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

T. cinereorosellum Krempelh. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. eluteriae Sprengel Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

T. epileucodes Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. galligenum Aptroot Aptroot 1998. 

T. grossum Müll. Arg. Streimann 1986. 

T. macrosporum Makhija & Patw. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. nitidiusculum (Nyl.) R. C. Harris Aptroot et al. 1997. 

T. ochroleucum (Eschw.) Nyl. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

T. subeluteriae Makhija & Patw. Harris 1995. 

T. tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Tylophoron moderatum Nyl. Tibell 1987. 

T. protrudens Nyl. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Usnea alboverrucata G.N. Stevens Stevens 1999. 

U. baileyi Stirton Streimann 1986. 

U. bismolliuscula Zahlbr. Stevens 1999. 

U. dasaea Stirton Streimann 1986 (as U. undulata Stirton). 

U. flexilis Stirton Streimann 1986.

U. himantodes Stirton. Stevens 1999. 

U. hossei Vain. Stevens 1999. 

U. longissima Ach. Stevens 1991. 

U. misamisensis Motyka Streimann 1986. 

U. molliuscula Stirton Stevens 1999. 

U. perplexans Stirton www.tropicallichens.net specimen in BM 

U. pycnoclada Vain. Stevens 1999. 

U. rubicunda Stirton Streimann 1986. 

Verrucaria calciseda DC. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

V. hydrela Ach. Aptroot 1998. 

V. inconstans P.M. McCarthy Aptroot 1998. 

V. margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. Aptroot 1998. 

V. praetermissa (Trevisan) Anzi Aptroot 1998. 

Vezdaea dawsoniae Döbbeler Aptroot et al. 1997. 

V. foliicola Sérus. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Wegea tylophorelloides Aptroot & Tibell Aptroot & Tibell 1998. 

Wentiomyces tatjanae Kondratyuk Kondratyuk 1996. 

Xanthoparmelia atrocapnodes (Elix & Johnston) Blanco et al. Elix & Johnston 1986 (as 

Paraparmelia atrocapnodes Elix & J. Johnston). 

X. incerta (Kurok. & Filson) Elix & J. Johnston Elix, Johnston & Armstrong 1986. 

X. isidiigera (Müll. Arg.) Elix & J. Johnston Elix, Johnston & Armstrong 1986. 

X. mougeotina (Nyl.) D. Galloway Aptroot 1998. 

X. neotinctina (Elix) Elix & J. Johnston Elix, Johnston & Armstrong 1986. 

Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. Aptroot et al. 1997. 

X. elegans (Link) Th. Fr. Aptroot & Sipman 1991. 

Xylographa parallela (Ach.: Fr.) Behlen & Desberg Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Zwackhiomyces cladoniae (Dodge) Diederich Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Additional genera reported: 

Acarospora Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Cryptothele Aptroot 1998. 

Eschatogonia Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Fuscidea Aptroot et al. 1997. 

Homothecium Aptroot 1998. 

Psoroglaena Diederich 1988. 

Rejected records: 

This includes all old records not accepted by Streimann (1986) and all species of the genus Anzia 

not accepted by Yoshimura, Sipman & Aptroot (1995), Bryoria by Hawksworth (in his review of 

Streimann (1986) in Lichenologist), Bunodophoron and Calicium by Tibell (1987, sub 

Sphaerophorus), Cladonia by Stenroos (various pubs.), Lecanora by Lumbsch (various papers), 

Pertusaria by Archer & Elix (various papers), pannarioids by Jorgensen & Sipman (various 

papers), and Usnea by Stevens (1999), Anthracothecium, Arthopyrenia and Pyrenula by Aptroot 

et al. (1997); furthermore a few species of Baeomyces and Heterodermia are omitted because they 

are doubtlessly wrong. 

Additional information about rejected records: 

Catolechia wahlenbergii: the specimen (seen in LAE) is Arthrorhaphis alpina 

Cetrariopsis wallichiana: wrong report, due to confusion with the heterotypic Parmelinella 

wallichiana 

Dactylina arctica: probably Thamnolia 

Hypogymnia bitteri: erroneous report 

Leptorhaphis novaeguineae: the type is lost, it may have been a Celothelium 

Melanotheca achariana: a Pyrenula 

Menegazzia terebrata: an undescribed species

Microphiale agyrothalamia: type to be studied 

Microthelia thelena: the specimen is Mycomicrothelia obovata (see Aptroot 1991) 

Mycomicrothelia miculiformis: erroneous report 

Myxodictyon subcaeruleum: no idea what this is 

Nephroma helveticum: identical with N. tropicum 

Nephromopsis nephromoides (Nyl.) Ahti & Randlane (as ectocarpisma (Hue) Gyelnik) 

Streimann 1990. not cited by Randlane & Saag 1998. 

N. stracheyi (Church. Bab.) Müll. Arg. Lambley 1991. not cited by Randlane & Saag 1998. 

Ochrolechia frigida: this is Lecanora novaeguineae 

Parmelia curtata: this is an Everniastrum (chemical strain) 

Porina epiphylloides: this is P. minutissima. 

Pseudopyrenula limitata: the type is lost, it may have been Trypethelium tropicum 

Pyrenula ochracea: the type is lost 

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