Carpathian List of Endangered Species - The Carpathian ...

Carpathian List of 

Endangered Species

Contributors 

This Red List is the result of the work of a group of scientists 

from countries located in the area of the Carpathian Mountains 

in Central Europe. It has been technically edited by Zbigniew J. 

Witkowski (chief editor), Wiesław Król and Wojciech Solarz. 

The editors would like to thank the following people for their excel- 

lent contributions to the following chapters of this publication: 

Vascular Plant Species (Lydia Tasenkevich); Vertebrates — small 

mammals and large herbivores (Kajetan Perzanowski), large car- 

nivores (Henryk Okarma); Birds (Tomas Ruzicka); Reptiles and 

Amphibians (Mojmir Vlasin); Fishes and Lampreys (Krzysztof 

Kukuła, Judit Sandor); Invertebrates (Jerzy Pawłowski); Plant 

Alliances (Viera Stanova). 

Digital maps of the Carpathians were prepared by Jan Seffer and 

Rastislav Lasak. Databases for data gathering were designed by 

Wiesław Król, Paweł Adamski and Zbigniew J. Witkowski. 

This Red List would not have been completed without the com- 

mitment and support of the Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative 

(CEI), facilitated by the WWF International Danube–Carpathian 

Programme (DCP), within the framework of which biodiversity in 

the Carpathians has been assessed. Special thanks goes to Philip 

Weller, Sissi Samec and Suzie Holt all former staff at the WWF 

International Danube–Carpathian Programme Office in Vienna. 

Text editing and design advice was provided by Paul Csagoly, 

Communications Manager for the WWF International Danube– 

Carpathian Programme. Illustrations were drawn by 

Marek Keppert. Cover page design was made by Edward Bobeł, 

Wiesław Król. Layout and typesetting of the whole publication was 

provided by Edward Bobeł. 

This List was completed using databases and other sources of 

information as well as technical equipment and support from the 

Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 

Krakow, Poland.

Carpathian List of 

Endangered Species 

Edited by 

Zbigniew J. Witkowski — chief editor 

Wieslaw Król 

Wojciech Solarz 

Authors 

Krzysztof Kukuła 

Henryk Okarma 

Jerzy Pawłowski 

Kajetan Perzanowski 

Tomas Ruzicka 

Judit Sandor 

Viera Stanova 

Lydia Tasenkevich 

Mojmir Vlasin 

Vienna, Austria and Krakow, Poland 

April 2003

This edition published 2003 

by the Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative 

About the Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative 

The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative is a unique international partnership 

achieving conservation of nature in the globally important Carpathian Mountains and, 

at the same time, supporting local economy and culture for the lasting benefit 

of people living in the heart of Europe. Facilitated by WWF, 

more than 50 organizations from seven countries are 

working together to make this vision a reality. 

Copyright © 2003 WWF 

Reproduction of this publication for sale, resale or 

other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior 

written permission of the copyright holder. 

Citation: 

Witkowski Z.J., Król W., Solarz W. (eds.). 2003. 

Carpathian List Of Endangered Species. 

WWF and Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 

Vienna-Krakow 

ISBN 83–918914–0–2 

Published by: 

WWF International Danube-Carpathian Programme, 

Vienna, Austria; and 

Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 

Krakow, Poland 

Printed by EUROPRESS, Kraków, Poland

Contents 

About this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv 

Part I 

INTRODUCTION 

Species Conservation, 

Mountains and the Carpathians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v 

Why a Carpathian List Of Endangered Species?. . vii 

Methodology Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii 

How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii 

Part II 

CONCLUSIONS AND SPECIES GROUPS ANALYSES 

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Vascular Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Reptiles and Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Fishes and Lampreys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

Plant Alliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

WWF International Danube–Carpathian Programme 

and the Carpathian Ecoregion Inititiative . . . . . . . 62

About this Book 

While the importance of the conservation of species is globally recognized, the rate of 

man–made extinctions and the development of new threats to species are catastrophic. In 

response, WWF created its list of Global 200 ecoregions which represent the world’s most 

outstanding areas requiring targeted conservation efforts. The Carpathian Mountains, 

perhaps Europe’s richest mountains in terms of overall biodiversity, is one such Global 

200 ecoregion. 

The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative, facilitated by the WWF International Danube 

Carpathian Programme, has been responsible for mapping overall biodiversity in the 

Carpathian ecoregion, as a first step in its targeted conservation efforts. Following initial 

analyses, the editors of this publication concluded that existing red lists and red books do 

cover parts of the Carpathians, but that no red list or book covers the entire Carpathian 

ecoregion as a whole. This publication is therefore an initial response to filling in that gap 

and constitutes the second step in the data analysis process of the Carpathian Ecoregion 

Initiative (CEI), following its earlier work on sectoral syntheses (Witkowski et al. 2000, 

Turnock 2001) and the report on ”The Status of the Carpathians” (Webster et al. 2001). 

The ultimate goal of this document is not only the presentation of a list of threatened 

plants, animals and plant alliances in the Carpathians, but also the popularisation of gen- 

eral knowledge about this region throughout Europe. 

Part I of the publication begins with an introduction about the importance of species 

conservation, especially in mountain systems. It then defines red lists and red books, their 

origins and the need for a new comprehensive Carpathian List Of Endangered Species. 

The methodology used in compiling this Carpathian List Of Endangered Species is then 

explained, as are guidelines on how to understand the data presented. 

Part II opens with a set of conclusions that summarize the overall results taken from 

the six separate chapters on species groups that follow. 

The publication ends with additional information about the objectives and work of 

both the Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative and WWF.

PART I 

Introduction 

Species Conservation, Mountains and the Carpathians 

The conservation of species, particularly those in danger of extinction, forms one of the 

basic elements of biodiversity conservation. As early as the 1980s, this principle of the 

preservation of genetic diversity was established as the foundation for the practice of con- 

servation through the World Conservation Strategy, prepared jointly by IUCN, WWF and 

UNEP. 

The lifespan of a species is not unlimited. Over a period of millions of years, spe- 

cies either become extinct in the ever–changing environment or develop into new distinc- 

tive forms. It is assumed that in natural conditions at least one species per year becomes 

extinct for purely natural reasons (Shaffer 1990). This situation has rapidly changed 

today, with people altering the biosphere and pushing an uncountable number of species 

to the verge of extinction. 

The rate of man–made extinctions is high enough to be called catastrophic. Every 

year, tens of thousands of species are disappearing from our planet (May 1999) and the 

intensity of the extinction process is as high as the mass extinctions known from paleo- 

biological records (Sepkoski 1992). Bearing in mind that we have so far described less 

than 2 million species globally — only a 10% to 15% fraction of total world species diver- 

sity — the majority of extinct forms are not known and never will be known to science. 

Progress in ecology and related sciences, including conservation biology, has 

proven that mountain areas are of particular value for human beings. These ecosys- 

tems are key sources and reservoirs of freshwater. The specific micro– and meso–cli- 

mates of mountain areas play an important role in diminishing the global greenhouse 

effect (Cernuska et al. 1999). Vast complexes of mountain forests are vital for the tim- 

ber production industry. Moreover, in the past several decades, mountains have become 

the main areas for the rapid development of tourism and recreation. First and foremost, 

however, mountains host a unique variety of species, many of which are rare, vulnerable 

or threatened. All over the world, mountains are the sites of continental or regional spe- 

cies diversity hot spots.

vi 

Carpathian List Of Endangered Species 

Introduction 

These were among the main reasons why WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) iden- 

tified montane forests and grasslands as ecosystems with global biodiversity importance in 

its Global 200 initiative (Dinerstein et al. 2000). The Carpathians are included in this list 

of global biodiversity hot spots as one of the world’s key Palaearctic montane ecoregions 

(Webster et al. 2001). 

Covering an area of approximately 206,000 square km, the Carpathians are one of 

Europe’s largest mountain ranges (fig. 1). Owing to its relatively intact habitats and par- 

ticularly extensive forest complexes, the Carpathians are one of Europe’s most valuable 

refuges of primeval forest fauna. This is possibly the last place in Europe where all “big 

game” species can be found. Moreover, Carpathian populations of brown bear, wolf and 

lynx, numbered in the thousands, are the largest montane populations of these species in 

Europe (Witkowski 1998). 

Fig. 1. General location of the Carpathians. 

At the same time, Carpathian elevations are rather moderate, with less than 1% of 

the area exceeding 2,000 metres above sea level. Small, scattered areas of alpine land- 

scape and vast areas of primeval forests distinguish the Carpathians from other mountain 

ranges in Europe. One consequence of these specific bio-geographical characteristics is

that the alpine flora and fauna of the Carpathians are restricted to small, patchy, and to a 

large extent, isolated areas scattered throughout the whole massif (Mirek, Piękoś–Mirkowa 

1992, Tasenkevich 1997, Witkowski 1998). As a result, despite a considerable number of 

endemic species that only occur here, the diversity of high-mountain flora and fauna in 

the Carpathians is rather poor in comparison with other large European mountains. 

Why a Carpathian List of Endangered Species? 

This Carpathian List of Endangered Species is based upon the concept of a Red book of 

species which was forged in the early 1960s as a reaction to the urgent need of gathering, 

assessing and popularising information about the most threatened plant and animal spe- 

cies on Earth. The leading role was taken by the Survival Service Commission (currently 

the Species Survival Commission — SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of 

Nature and Natural Resources/World Conservation Union (IUCN). Early efforts resulted 

in the preparation and publication of red books on globally threatened mammals (Simon 

1966) and birds (Vincent 1966). 

In the following decades, a considerable number of red books and red lists were pub- 

lished. While red books contain in–depth analyses of species status, distribution, factors of 

decline and conservation measures, data published in red lists are usually restricted to a 

concise presentation of species distribution and status. At the same time, because red lists 

cover whole taxa, they include more species than do red books. 

More recently, red lists and red books have been drawn up for geographic areas at 

different spatial scales: worldwide, continental, regional, country and local. For example, 

the Species Survival Commission of IUCN at Cambridge prepares red data books for spe- 

cies that are threatened globally or at the continental scale. At the other end of the spec- 

trum are red lists and red books focusing on specific areas within one nation, defined 

either according to political or ecoregional (biome) divisions (e.g. Czylok et al. 1996, 

Kricfalusy et al. 1999, Parusel et al. 1996). 

National and regional approaches operate on an intermediate scale, covering areas 

of one or more countries. The nation–based approach is far more widespread than the 

region–based approach: while country red lists and books have been developed in a con- 

siderable number of nations, regional initiatives covering many countries, such as this List 

of Endangered Species, are few and far between (e.g. Ingelog et al. 1993, Voloscuk 1996). 

In the Carpathian countries, several red lists and red books of plants and animals 

have been developed. However, in these lists which cover separate countries (Austria, 

Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Hungary), the Carpathians 

were included either as a part of a country’s territory (Čeřovský et al. 1999, Dihoru, 

Dihoru 1994, Głowaciński 1992, Głowaciński 1993, Maglocký, Feráková 1993, Niklfeld 

1999, Oltean et al. 1994, Rakonczay 1989, Shelag–Sosonko 1996, Sytnyk 1980, Zarzycki, 

Kaźmierczakowa 1993, Zarzycki, Szeląg 1992), or only a part of the range was covered 

(e.g. Kricsfalusy et al. 1999). 


Introduction 

The only list where the Carpathians are considered as a whole, irrespective of polit- 

ical borders, is the Red data book, Lists of threatened plants and animals of the Carpathian 

vii

viii 


Introduction 

National Parks and reserves (Voloscuk ed. 1996). This list (in fact lists) includes the vascu- 

lar plants and vertebrates of 17 national parks in the Carpathians. Along with threatened 

and rare species, the list also includes relatively common ones. 

In conclusion, as a result of the analysis of the existing data, it was determined that 

there is a gap in knowledge about the pan–Carpathian status of threatened plant and ani- 

mal species. This publication is an attempt to fill this gap. 

Methodology Used 

Several authors participated in the data gathering process for the plant and animal spe- 

cies in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. In order to make the data more con- 

sistent, a database was designed and species were selected according to unified criteria. 

The key criteria for choosing species for the Carpathian List of Endangered Species was 

based on the IUCN classification scheme for threatened species (IUCN 1994, 2001). 

Categories of Threat and Protection Status 

The authors assessed the status of species for the whole of the Carpathians using “categories 

of threats” in countries available from existing country red lists and red books. As a result, this 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species comprises species for which the category of threat in 

the whole region (see fig. 2) was estimated to be one of the following: Extinct (EX); Extinct in 

the Wild (EW); Critically Endangered (CR); Endangered (EN); or Vulnerable (VU). 

Fig. 2. Categories of threat according to IUCN (IUCN 1994, 2001) used in this Carpathian List of 

Endangered Species (shaded area).

Additional criteria applied when choosing species categories included whether the 

species was: Arctic/Alpine; Listed in the Bern Convention; Listed in the European Union’s 

Bird Directive or Habitat Directive; A large proportion of the European population of 

a species situated in the Carpathians; Endemic to the Carpathians; High mountain; or 

Relic species. 

On the basis of lists of protected and hunted species in the Carpathian countries, 

data on the protection status of species was also collected. Although land protection can 

be regarded as an additional form of species conservation, it is not covered in this List. 

Species and Physiographic Units 

The presentation of species distribution is a vital part of any list or book of endangered 

species. In order to present the distribution of Carpathian endangered species, it was nec- 

essary to use a consistent method for dividing the extensive mountain range into units. 

The only available division that covered the whole region was elaborated by 

Kondracki (1978). The division is hierarchical and each unit is given a unique digital 

code. There are eight large units (sub–provinces): Outer Western Carpathians, Central 

Western Carpathians, Inner Western Carpathians, Outer Eastern Carpathians, Inner 

Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians, Bihoru Mountains, and Transsilvanian 

Upland. These are delineated on the grounds of general geological, relief, hydro–graphi- 

cal and bio–geographical characteristics. Sub–provinces are in turn divided into small 

units (mesoregions). Altogether, there are 186 mesoregions in the Carpathians. In addi- 

tion to the criteria applied for the delineation of sub–provinces, mesoregions were deline- 

ated on the basis of geographic location, details of the relief, lithology, and in some cases, 

anthropogenic alternations as well. 

Carpathian Region = 8 Sub–provinces = 186 Mesoregions 

In order to present a map of the division units, the original 1:2,000,000 map of the 

Carpathians (Kamiński 1993) was wrapped to the Gauss–Kruger zone 34 projection sys- 

tem. Afterwards, on the basis of regional maps of orographical units, correction was car- 

ried out for Romania, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic and Hungary (Mazúr and Lukniš 

1980, Posea and Badea 1984, Demek et al. 1987, Pécsi et al. 1989). 

Limitations of the Methodology 

Despite the efforts made to unify the work, some differences in interpretation 

between the authors became apparent as the work progressed. Discrepancies in the 

state of knowledge between separate taxa partly account for this fact. For instance, 

it was impossible to present species distribution consistently, invertebrates being a 

good example. There were also some differences in the selection of criteria of species 

between vertebrates, invertebrates and vascular plants. In the case of Arctic/Alpine 

and high mountain species, some authors used a broader approach, at times includ- 

ing boreal–montane species. 


Introduction 

Regarding categories of “protection” status, these turned out to be too simplified, 

since potentially exploited species can at the same time be protected. For example, local 

or state authorities can decide to suspend or restrict exploitation of some threatened spe- 

ix

x 


Introduction 

cies under hunting law. This in practice may lead to the protection of all or part of a pop- 

ulation of species, temporarily or permanently. 

The list covering vegetation taxa (plant alliances) is relatively more consistent than 

other lists in this publication because it was elaborated by only one author. It must be 

emphasized that the development of a complete Carpathian List of Endangered Species, 

for plant communities was not a goal of this project. The philosophy here was to have an 

overview about communities occurring within the Carpathians and to select the top 20 

communities. The plant alliances section of this book differs thoroughly from the plant 

and animal species chapters. For example, the evaluation of plant alliances was done on 

the grounds of the occurrence of endemic vascular plant species. The selection was based 

on the endemism of communities and the high proportion of endemic vascular plants 

within communities. 

How to Use This book 

The Carpathian List of Endangered Species is divided into the following chapters: 

1. Vascular Plants 

2. Mammals 

3. Birds 

4. Reptiles and Amphibians 

5. Fishes and Lampreys 

6. Invertebrates 

7. Plant Alliances 

Each chapter begins with a textual explanation, followed by two sets of data tables: 

1. Species Category of Threat and Protection Status 

2. Species and Physiographic Units 

To facilitate the use of this Carpathian List of Endangered Species, species of vascu- 

lar plants within one class and vertebrates within one phylum are listed in alphabetical 

order (according to scientific name), irrespective of their exact systematic position. 

The presentation of the data for plant and vertebrate species (chapters 1 to 5) dif- 

fers considerably from that for invertebrates and plant alliances (chapters 6 and 7). 

Invertebrate distribution can be attributed only to countries, not to mesoregions (as with 

vascular plants and vertebrates). Furthermore, plant alliances are not strictly related to 

species lists; specific differences are explained below in descriptions to the tables. 

Tables on Species Category of Threat and Protection Status 

Tables for vascular plants and vertebrates include the following information (see Sample 

Table 1 below): 

1. Category of Threat for Entire Carpathians and for Separate Carpathian Countries 

• EX – Extinct 

• EW – Extinct in the Wild 

• CR – Critically Endangered

• EN – Endangered 

• VU – Vulnerable 

• DD – Data Deficient 

• + – species present but not threatened 

2. Protection of Species in Carpathian Countries 

• SP – Strict protection 

• PP – Partial protection 

• E – Exploitation 

• NP – No Protection 

3. Rationale for Including Species in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species 

• Arctic/Alpine species 

• Included in Bern Convention 

• Included in Bird Directive (in case of birds) 

• Carpathians hold large proportion of world population 

• Endemic 

• Included in Habitat Directive 

• High mountain species 

• Relic 

Sample Table 1: Table on Species Category of Threat and Protection Status. 

Large Carnivores 

Species 

Category of Threat 

for Entire Carpathians 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 

Bern Convention 


in Carpathian Countries 

Protection 


Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 VU EX CR CR VU VU VU VU SP SP SP E PP SP + + + 

Felis sylvestris Schreber, 1777 EN CR VU CR VU VU VU PP SP SP + + + 

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) VU CR EN VU VU VU VU SP SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Tables on Species and Physiographic Units 

Species distribution is presented in the form of a code list of physiographic units (mesore- 

gions) in which the species is present (see the sample table below). To make the species 

distribution concise, ranges of mesoregion codes were used in some cases: for example, 

“513.43-513.54” means that a species is present in all units in this range (513.43, 513.44, 

513.45 etc.). The full list of unit names and codes is given on the back of the map of the 

entire Carpathian Mountains, inserted at the back of this Carpathian List of Endangered 

Species. All codes have also been mapped onto this map. 


Introduction 

Carpathian hold large proportion 

of world population 

Endemic 

Habitat Directive 

High Mountain Species 

Relic 

xi

xii 


Introduction 

Sample Table 2: Table on Species and Physiographic Units 

Species Physiographic Units 


Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 

Felis sylvestris Schreber, 1777 

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) 

513.412, 513.43-45, 513.48-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.65, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-12, 514.14, 514.33-34, 514.43, 

514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.84-85, 515.11-14, 515.23-29, 516.2, 516.4a, 517.1, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-42, 

523.44-47, 523.51-54, 523.56, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524.1-2, 524.4-6, 525, 526, 531.4, 531.11-17, 531.21-25, 531.31-33, 

531.35-37, 532.1-2, 533, 541.1, 541.3-4, 542.1, 542.21-22, 542.31-34, 542.41, 542.43 

513.412, 513.55-57, 513.64-65, 513.72, 514.9, 514.14, 514.33-34, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 

515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

513.31, 513.34, 513.411-412, 513.45-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 

525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

As with plants and vertebrates, the exact systematic order of invertebrates was not 

followed in the tables. Invertebrates within one phylum are listed in alphabetical order 

according to scientific name. 

Due to a scarcity of data on invertebrates, it was impossible to avoid the following 

inconsistencies between data on invertebrates and data on plant and vertebrate sections: 

1. There is no data on “Category of Threat” in Austria. 

2. Data on the “Protection” of species is presented only for Poland, Slovakia and 

the Czech Republic. 

3. Presentation of species distribution in physiographic units was not possible. 

A rough estimation of species distribution can be done on the basis of “Categories of 

Threat” in the countries. 

Data on plant alliances is restricted to distribution in the countries. Additionally, the 

list of endemic plant species and the list of the 20 most precious alliances are presented. 

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Sepkoski J. J. 1992. Phylogenetic and ecologic patterns in the Phanerozoic history of marine biodiversity. In: (N. Eldredge ed.) 

Systematics, Ecology and Biodiversity Crisis. Columbia Univ. Press. New York. 

Shaffer M. 1990. Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty. In: (M.E. Soule ed.) Viable populations for conservation. 

Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge. 

Shelag–Sosonko Y. (ed.) 1996. Red Data Book of Ukraine. Plant Kingdom. [Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Roslynnyi svit]. 

Ukrains’ka encyklopedia, Kyiv. 

Simon N. 1966. Red Data Book, vol. 1 Mammalia. IUCN, Arts graphiques Heliographia S.A., Lausanne. 

Sytnyk K.M. (ed.) 1980. Red Data Book of the Ukrainian SSR (in Ukrainian). Nauk. Dumka, Kiev. 

Tasenkevich L. 1997. Protected areas and plant cover diversity in the Ukrainian Carpathians: an assessment of representativeness. 

In: (J. R. Nelson & R. Serafin, eds.) National parks and protected areas, keystones to conservation and sustainable 

development. NATO ASI Ser., vol. G 40. Springer Verl., Berlin – Heidelberg. 

Turnock. D. 2001. The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative: Socio-economic Perspectives. Unpublished Report. 

Vincent J. 1996. Red Data Book, vol. 2 Aves. IUCN, Arts graphiques Heliographia S.A., Lausanne. 

Voloscuk. I. (ed.) 1996. Red data book, Lists of threatened plants and animals of the Carpathian National Parks and reserves. 

ACNAP, Tatranska Lomnica, Slovak Republic. 

Webster R., Holt S., Avis C., 2001. The Status of the Carpathians. A report developed as a part of the Carpathian Ecoregion 

Initiative. WWF, Vienna. 

Witkowski Z. 1998. The Carpathian Mountain Range as an ecological system within the Pan-European Ecological Network. 

In: (P. Nowicki, ed.) The green backbone of Central and Eastern Europe. ECNC publ. ser. Man and Nature 3: 161–173. 

Witkowski Z., Adamski P., Solarz W. 2000. The Carpathian Biodiversity Assessment – Reconnaissance phase. Unpubl. report 

for the WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Vienna. 

World Conservation Strategy: Living resource conservation for sustainable development. 1980. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, Gland. 

Zarzycki K., Kaźmierczakowa R. (eds.) 1993. Polska czerwona księga roślin. Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków. 

Zarzycki K., Szeląg Z. 1992. Czerwona lista roślin naczyniowych zagrożonych w Polsce. In: (K. Zarzycki, W. Wojewoda and Z. 

Heinrich eds.) Lista roślin zagrożonych w Polsce (wyd. 2) Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków. 

xiii

PART II 

Conclusions and 

Species Groups Analyses 

Overall assessment of threat 

A number of conclusions can be reached in assessing the data that has been compiled in 

this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. Table 1 below presents the number of spe- 

cies in each taxon classified according to categories of threat, according to data from the 

database. It can be seen that the majority of species fall into three categories: vulnerable, 

endangered or critically endangered. 

Table 1. Numbers of species in each category of threat. EX — extinct; EW — extinct in the wild; 

CR — critically endangered; EN — endangered; VU — vulnerable; DD — data deficient. 

Systematic group EX EW CR EN VU DD 

Vascular plants* 13 1 39 135 155 1 

Mammals 2 — 2 12 44 — 

Birds — — 7 11 11 — 

Reptiles and Amphibians — — 1 6 7 3 

Fishes and Lampreys 2 — 3 14 11 — 

Invertebrates ** — — 74 125 141 — 

Total 17 1 126 303 369 4 

*including species and subspecies 

**CR/EN Pan-Carpathian status of invertebrates was classified as CR; and EN/VU status as EN 

While this table shows that extinct species are far less frequently represented than 

in existing Carpathian country red lists and books, one should not conclude that extinc- 

tion processes do not occur in the Carpathians. Extinctions certainly do take place, as

2 


Conclusions 

they do in other areas, but in the Carpathians only a small fraction may be detected due 

to the fact that no monitoring system has been developed for the whole ecoregion, except 

for vascular plants (Tasenkevych 1998) and bats (Wołoszyn, Bahsta 2001). It may be 

assumed, therefore, that in the case of groups for which data was relatively scarce in the 

Carpathians (e.g. invertebrates), actual numbers of extinct, and extinct in the wild, species 

are higher than those in the table. 

Extinction processes in the past have been poorly monitored across the planet. This 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species could only use local data related to changes to the 

flora and fauna of some regions. Therefore, the final extirpation of populations can only 

be estimated based on red data books for particular Carpathian countries or from the 

repeated monitoring of species. The process of data collection on extinctions used here 

was not standardized, as such data was very limited in space and time. 

Overall assessments of threat 

Fig. 3 presents the percentage of species in taxonomic groups in different categories of 

threat. Generally, vulnerable (VU) species account for 45% of all species; endangered spe- 

cies (EN), for approximately 37%; and critically endangered (CR) — for more than 15% 

of species. The fraction of critically endangered species in the Carpathians is particularly 

high among invertebrates (21.8%). Vertebrates as a whole are the least threatened group, 

while birds are the most threatened among vertebrates. Mammals are the least threatened 

group of vertebrates, with as many as 73.3% of species classified as vulnerable. 

Fig 3. Percentage of species in taxonomic groups in different categories of threat; 

explanations as in Table 1.

Comparisons with other lists 

These results are concordant with results obtained in other national and regional lists, 

pointing to the fact that, in the Carpathian ecoregion, flora and fauna are threatened as 

in other areas in Europe. 

Out of approximately 3,988 native and archaeophyte vascular plants recorded in 

the Carpathians (Tasenkevych 1998), 344 — or 9% of Carpathian flora — were classi- 

fied as endangered, on the verge of extinction, or extinct. In comparison, a total of 40% 

of European flora species is estimated to be threatened (Lucas and Walters 1976, Kornaś 

1982). This European evaluation, however, also included species classified as of rare or 

lower risk, and these groups were not covered in this Carpathian List of Endangered 

Species. At the same time, one can observe that, in the Carpathians, the process of flora 

degradation is less intensive than in the majority of the European biomes. 

More informative is a comparison of the results in this Carpathian List of Endangered 

Species with results obtained in the two red lists of the Carpathian countries of Poland 

and Slovakia (Zarzycki and Wojewoda 1986). Here, if only the species which fall into the 

five categories of threat included in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species are con- 

sidered, then the threat to Carpathian flora appears to be similar or even higher than that 

in these two countries. However, one has to bear in mind that any general conclusions 

drawn on the basis of simple comparisons of the Carpathian List of Endangered Species, 

Polish and Slovakian red lists may be misleading because the lists differ in terms of meth- 

odology of data gathering and analysis, as well as in different spatial coverage. 

While threat status of the Carpathian mammals and reptiles in this Carpathian List 

of Endangered Species are concordant with results obtained in the red lists of different 

European countries (Głowaciński 1992, Nowak et al. 1994, Rassi, Vaisanen 1987), birds 

and fishes in the Carpathians appear to be less threatened compared to their status in 

each Carpathian country even though these two groups are the most threatened among 

the Carpathian vertebrates (Fig. 3). 

In the case of birds, the result can easily be explained by the fact that waterfowl and 

waders, which are among the most threatened groups of birds throughout Europe, do not 

find favourable breeding habitats in the Carpathians. Fishes of the region have been bet- 

ter preserved than in rivers outside of the region due to the fact that Carpathian rivers 

still constitute one of the major reservoirs of clean waters in central Europe. 

A regional approach, similar to the one followed here, was also applied in the Red 

Data Book of the Baltic Region (Ingelog et al. 1993). Among the Carpathian countries, 

only Poland is included in this book, and as it focuses on marine and lowland vascular 

plants and vertebrates, any comparison with the Carpathian List of Endangered Species 

is irrelevant. 

Comparison with the only other Carpathian list 


Conclusions 

As noted in the Introduction, this Carpathian List of Endangered Species is the sec- 

ond attempt ever to cover the whole Carpathian ecoregion. The first list, however, dealt 

exclusively with vascular plants and vertebrates recorded in 17 national parks of the 

3

4 


Conclusions 

Carpathians (Voloscuk ed. 1996). Moreover, species in the list are selected according to 

seven categories of threat (IUCN 1994); apart from Extinct (Ex), Endangered (En) and 

Vulnerable (Vu) species, Rare (R), Care demanding (Cd), Indeterminate (I) and Present 

(Pr) species are also listed. Therefore non-threatened species constitute a substantial part 

of that list. As a result, the number of vascular species and vertebrates in the Voloscuk 

list significantly exceeds that included in this list. Altogether, the Voloscuk list comprises 

1,163 species and subspecies of vascular plants, 85 species of mammals, 236 species of 

birds, 15 species of reptiles, 17 species of amphibians and 59 species of fishes and lam- 

preys (see Table 2 below). 

Table 2. Numbers of vascular plants and vertebrates in the “Red Data Book” (Voloscuk ed. 1996) 

compared with those in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. I — total number of species 

in Voloscuk’s list; II — number of species in Voloscuk’s lists, classified at least in 1 national park as 

EX, E(EN); or V; III — number of species in the present list (only EX, EW, CR, EN, and VU species are 

included in the list). 

I II III 

Vascular Plants (taxa) 1163 500 344 

Vertebrates 412 206 136 

Mammals 85 59 60 

Birds 236 100 29 

Reptiles and Amphibians 32 26 17 

Fishes and Lampreys 59 21 30 

A comparison of the two lists allows for a solid conclusion if threatened species alone from 

the Voloscuk list are considered (table 2, column II), whereupon a significant concordance 

of the results becomes apparent. Differences, however, stem from two reasons. One is that 

the Voloscuk list of vascular plants includes subspecies, while this List is restricted almost 

exclusively to species; the result is that there are more vascular plant taxa in the Voloscuk 

list (compare columns II and III in table 2). 

The other source of difference is that the Voloscuk list and this List were based on 

different methodologies. The Voloscuk list is restricted to flora and fauna in national 

parks, and does not try to determine the Pan–Carpathian status of species made in this 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species. Therefore, column II in Table 2 represents a total 

number of species which, at least in one national park (out of 17 analysed by Voloscuk), 

were classified as extinct, endangered or vulnerable, while column III lists only species 

threatened on the Pan–Carpathian level. Some of the species in the Voloscuk list were by 

no means threatened on the Pan–Carpathian level, and they were not included into our 

List. The result of differences in methodology applied in the Voloscuk list and this List 

is a statistical artifact implying that, generally, there are more threatened species in the 

Voloscuk list than in this List (see columns II and III in table 2). 

Overall, our results show that there are 480 plant and animal taxa and 129 plant alli- 

ances presented in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. Carpathian biodiversity, 

however, is certainly far richer. It must be remembered that fungi and lower plants are

not covered in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. Furthermore, invertebrates — 

a major part of biological diversity — are undoubtedly underrepresented here. 

Invertebrates 

While data on vascular plants and vertebrates in this Carpathian List of Endangered 

Species were based upon red lists and red books published in the Carpathian countries 

and scientific monitoring, information on invertebrates included here should be referred 

to as a rough assessment rather than a comprehensive source of information. 

In other red lists and red books, estimates for invertebrates vary between different 

taxa, ranging from less than 10% to over 40% species threatened (Głowaciński ed. 1992, 

Rassi, Vaisanen 1987). 

Available data on other organisms in the Carpathians, such as fungi, are even more 

incomplete, and including them into this List would be of very little use. 

The future 

As the body of knowledge on biodiversity in the Carpathians is relatively large, this will 

almost certainly result in updated red lists to be published in some countries in the near 

future. This is true at least for vascular plants, vertebrates and plant communities. Such 

lists will contribute to filling in some of the inconsistencies evident in this Carpathian List 

of Endangered Species. 

One possible future step to continue work on biological diversity in the Carpathians 

is an analysis of the list of several tens of focal species, such as large carnivores or the most 

valuable endemic plants and invertebrates which were selected through the biodiversity 

assessment of the region (Witkowski et al. 2000). Another opportunity is the development 

of an assessment, following the concept of a Red Book of Carpathian biodiversity which 

would include an in-depth analysis of population status, threats and conservation meas- 

ures for focal species. 


Conclusions 

References 

Głowaciński Z. (ed.) 1992. Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warszawa. 

Ingelog T., Andersson R., Tjernberg M. (eds) 1993. Red Data Book of the Baltic Region, Part 1 List of theratened vascular 

plants and vertebrates. Swedish Threatened Species Unit, Uppsala and Institute of Biology, Riga. Uppsala & Riga. 

IUCN 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. Prepared by IUCN Species Survival Commision, Gland, Switzerland. 

Kornaś J. 1982. Man’s impact upon the flora: processes and effects. Memorabilia Zoologica 37: 11-30. 

Lucas G.L., Walters S.M. 1976 List of rare, threatened and endemic plants for the countries of Europe. IUCN, Royal Botanic 

gardens, Kew. London, 290 pp. 

Novak E., Blab J., Bless R. (eds.). 1994. Rote Liste der gefaehrdeten Wirbeltire in Deutschland. Kilda-Verlag, Bonn – Bad 

Godesberg. 

Rassi P., Vaisanen R. (eds.). 1987. Threatened animals and plants in Finland. Helsinki. 

Tasenkevich L. 1998. Flora of the Carpathians. Checklist of the native vascular plant species. State Museum of Natural 

History NASU, L’viv. 

Voloscuk. I. (ed.) 1996. Red data book, Lists of threatened plants and animals of the Carpathian National Parks and reserves. 

ACNAP, Tatranska Lomnica, Slovak Republic. 

Witkowski Z., Adamski P., Solarz W. 2000. The Carpathian Biodiversity Assessment – Reconnaissance phase. Unpubl. report 

for the WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Vienna. 

Wołoszyn B.W., Bashta A.-T. V. 2001. Nietoperze Karpat, Polowy klucz do oznaczania nietoperzy. Chiropterological 

Infomation Center, Poland Bat Research and Protection Group & Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians UAN, Ukraine, 

Kraków, L’viv. 

Zarzycki K., Wojewoda W. (eds.) 1986. Lista roślin wymierających i zagrożonych w Polsce. Państwowe, Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 

Warszawa. 

5

Vascular Plants 

by Lydia Tasenkevich 

State of knowledge 

The flora of the Carpathians have been studied by generations of Austrian, Czech, 

Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovakian and Ukrainian botanists. These studies 

are summarized in a number of documents including Checklists and Keys, some of which 

are complete, and some of which are still in preparation (see list below). 

List 1: Documents on the Flora of the Carpathians 

• Exkursionsflora von Österreich (Adler, Oswald, Fischer 1993) 

• Checklist of Non–Vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia (Marhold, 

Hindák eds. 1998) 

• Flora of Romania, Vols. 1−2 (Beldie 1977−1979) 

• Flora Polska (Flora Polski), Vols. 1−14 (1919−1992) 

• Flora Republicae Popularis Romanicae [Flora RP (RS) Romîne], Vols. 

1−13 (1952−1976) 

• Flora Slovenska, Vols. 1−5 (1966−1997) 

• Flora of the Ukrainian SSR [Flora Ukrains’koyi RSR], Vols. 3−12 

(1950−1965) 

• Key for Determination of Vascular Plants in the Ukrainian Carpathians 

(1977) [“Vyznachnyck roslyn Ukrains’kykh Karpat”] 

• Květena Česke Republiky [Flora of the Czech Republic], Vols. 1−4 

(1988−1995) 

• Nová Kvìtena ÈSSR, Vols. 1−2 (Dostál 1989) 

• Synopsis Systematico–Geobotanica Florae Vegetanisque Hungaricae, 

Vols. 1−5 (Soó 1964−1973) Vascular Plants of Poland. A Checklist (Mirek 

et al. 1995) 

These publications, however, have been mainly concerned with the entire flora of 

individual countries of the Carpathian region. No data was available on the composition 

and quantitative structure of Carpathian flora itself, until a checklist of native vascular 

plant species of the Carpathians (Tasenkevich 1998) was published.

It can now be asserted that the native flora of the Carpathians is among the richest 

on the European continent. It is composed of 3,988 species and subspecies belonging to 

131 families and 710 genera. Even if the group of inbreeding, hybrid and apomictic taxa 1 

(for which their claim to the rank of species seems doubtful) are to be excluded from the 

count, the remaining 3,698 species and subspecies of the Carpathian native flora still 

make up approximately 30% of the 12,500 total for all European flora. At the same time, 

the ratio of the area between the Carpathians and Europe is 1:46. 

The 383 species and subspecies of unquestionable taxonomic rank and 99 micro- 

species of genera Alchemilla, Rubus, Sorbus and Hieracium are endemic to Carpathian 

flora. The diversity and richness of native flora is also due to Atlantic, Central, Northern 

and Eastern European, Mediterranean and Asian floristic elements which meet in the 

Carpathians. 

Red lists and red data books have been compiled in nearly all European countries 

with the aim of revealing the number of species in need of protection and their conserva- 

tion status. In the Carpathian countries, red lists (Dihoru, Dihoru 1993, Maglocký 1983, 

Maglocký, Feráková 1993, Niklfeld 1999, Oltean et al. 1994, Zarzycki 1986, Zarzycki, 

Szeląg 1992) and Red Books (Čeřovský et al. 1999, Rakonczay 1989, Shelag–Sosonko 

1996, Zarzycki, Kaźmierczakowa 1993) have also been published. 

The data presented in existing red lists and red books (see Introduction) are concerned 

with the entire territories of individual countries, as are the documents listed above in 

List 1. An estimation of the specific threat to the flora of a specifically Carpathian area 

of a country has only been made in Poland (Mirek, Piękoś–Mirkowa 1992) and Ukraine 

(Stojko 1977, Komendar 1988). 

Methods 

To estimate the threat to the entire vascular flora of the Carpathians, data on the conser- 

vation status of plant species from national red lists and red books cited above and sev- 

eral other sources (Convention 1973, Council Directive 1992, Convention 1973) have been 

used in this work. 



As noted in the Introduction, and according to IUCN criteria (IUCN 1994), “threat- 

ened” taxa are listed as: extinct (EX); extinct in the wild (EW); critically endangered 

(CR); endangered (EN); and vulnerable (VU). It should be noted that, only in the 

Checklist of Slovakian Flora (Marhold, Hindak, 1998) and in the joint Slovak and Czech Red 

Book of Threatened and Rare Vascular Plants (Čeřovský et al., 1999), were the threatened 

plant species evaluated according to the 1994 criteria adopted by the IUCN. In the rest of 

the national listings, the status category of every taxon was defined on the basis of IUCN 

categories introduced over 20 years ago (Lucas, Synge 1977). From those lists, only taxa 

listed in the extinct (EX), endangered (E) and vulnerable (V) categories have been taken 

into consideration in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. 

1 This includes: 84 species of genus Alchemilla in the Carpathians (for which the total number of species in the 

Carpathians is 121); 117 species of Rubus from a total of 192; 22 species of Sorbus from a total of 33 species and subspecies; 

203 species of Hieracium from a total of 289 species and subspecies; and 86 species of genus Taraxacum Weber 

from a total of 114 species. 

7

8 



It must be noted that the category of threat for a particular taxon may not be the 

same in different countries. In the case that a particular taxon was given a lower risk 

(LR), rare (R), out of danger (O) or data deficient (DD) category in a certain country’s 

list, or even was not listed (NE) in certain countries, but was classified as EX, E (EN) or 

V (VU) in others, this taxon has been taken into account for inclusion in this Carpathian 

List of Endangered Species. 

Conclusions 

Of approximately 1,500 pteridophytes and flowering plants listed in national threatened 

and rare plant species inventories cited above, a total of 307 species and 37 subspecies 

have been chosen and are to be considered as threatened on the pan–Carpathian scale. 

A total of 13 species have become extinct in the whole Carpathian area, and one is 

extinct in the wild. Among these, three taxa were Glacial relics, seven occurred only on 

the edge of their range in the Carpathians, two are weeds suffering in their whole range, 

and a further two mountain species had only one location each in the Carpathians. 

The number of critically endangered (CE) taxa is very high. The 41 species and sub- 

species belonging to the CE category are on the verge of extinction from Carpathian flora 

and need particular care and urgent implementation of active protection measures in a 

number of cases. Most of the plants of this group have only one or a few relic sites in the 

Carpathians. Seven species are endemic, two are sub–endemic, 12 taxa are Glacial rel- 

ics and four are older settlers in the Carpathian flora of Tertiary age. A total of 10 taxa 

are on the very edge of their geographical ranges, two weed species are declining archeo- 

phytes, another two are declining species of threatened wet habitats and the rest occur in 

xerothermic grasslands and broad–leaved forests. 

A total of 135 taxa are classified as endangered (EN) and 155 species and subspe- 

cies are considered as vulnerable (VU). These alarmingly numerous groups of endan- 

gered and vulnerable species comprise, among others, 65 endemic species and subspecies, 

71 relics (mainly of the Glacial period) and 76 species on the edge of their geographical 

range. For one species, there is insufficient data to assess their status on the regional level, 

so it is listed as data deficient (DD). 

Altogether, amongst 344 threatened taxa of the flora of the Carpathian Mountains, 

62 species and subspecies are endemic, 12 are sub-endemic, 91 are relics and 95 taxa are 

on the edges of their geographical range in the Carpathians (Table 3). Their eventual 

extinction in the Carpathians would be a great loss not only to regional Carpathian flora 

but also to world flora. Overall, 9.9% of native vascular plant taxa in the Carpathians are 

highly threatened. 

This list of threatened vascular plants in the Carpathian Mountains is the first 

attempt to assess the conservation status of the flora of this natural geographic unit 

regardless of state borders. There can be no doubt that further field investigations on the 

populations of threatened Carpathian plants would provide new data on which to base a 

more specific estimation of the conservation status of threatened plant species and verify 

the Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative database.

Table 3. Groups of threatened vascular plant taxa in the Carpathians, according to criteria of their 

rarity and protection. 

Acknowledgements 

Criteria Number of taxa 

Endemics 62 

Pan–Carpathian 4 

West–Carpathian 28 

East–Carpathian 11 

South–Carpathian 6 

Transsilvanian 1 

Bihorian 1 

West–East Carpathian 1 

West–South Carpathian 2 

East–Carpathian–Bihorian 1 

East–South Carpathian 6 

West–Carpathian–Transsilvanian 1 

Sub–endemics 12 

Pannonian–Carpathian 6 

Alpine–Carpathian 3 

Carpathian–Balcanic 3 

Relics 90 

Tertial 7 

Glacial 71 

Postglacial 12 

Species on the edge of distribution 95 

Bern Convention 43 

Habitat Directive 13 

CITES 13 

Archeophytes 8 

Herbal plants 2 

High–montane plants 22 

Hydrophytes 15 

Hygrophytes 18 

Xerophytes 2 

Halophytes 2 

I am most grateful to Ms. Robin Webster for taking the trouble to revise the English text. 

I greatly appreciate the work of Ms. Viera Stanova and Ms. Judit Sandor in checking the 

Slovakian and the Hungarian threatened plant species distribution data respectively. 

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Raciborski M., Szafer W., Pawłowski B., Jasiewicz A. (eds.) 1919–1992. Flora Polski. Vols.1–14. Warszawa – Kraków. 

Rakonczay Z. (ed.) 1989. Vörös Könyv. A Magyarországon kipusztult és veszélyeztetett növény–és állatfajok, Akadémiai Kiadó, 

Budapest. 

Savulescu T., Nyárády E.I. (eds.) 1952–1976. Flora Republicii Populare Romîne Vols. 1–13. Editio Academiae Popularis 

Romanicae, Bucuresti. 

Shelag–Sosonko Y. (ed.) 1996. Red Data Book of Ukraine. Plant Kingdom. [Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Roslynnyi svit]. 

Ukrains’ka encyklopedia, Kyiv. 

Soó R. 1964–1973. Synopsis systematico-geobotanica florae vegetanisque Hungariae. Vols. 1–5. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. 

Stojko S.M. 1977. Ever Green Carpathians. [Карпатам зеленіти вічно]. Karpaty, Uzhgorod. 

Tasenkevich L. 1998. Flora of the Carpathians. Checklist of the native vascular plant species. State Museum of Natural 

History NASU, L’viv. 

Zarzycki K. 1986. Lista wymierających i zagrożonych roślin naczyniowych Polski. In: (K. Zarzycki, W. Wojewoda eds.) Lista 

roślin wymierających i zagrożonych w Polsce. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa. 

Zarzycki K., Kaźmierczakowa R. (eds.) 1993. Polska czerwona księga roślin. Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków. 

Zarzycki K., Szeląg Z. 1992. Czerwona lista roślin naczyniowych zagrożonych w Polsce. In: (K. Zarzycki, W. Wojewoda and Z. 

Heinrich eds.) Lista roślin zagrożonych w Polsce (wyd. 2) Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków. 

Zerov. K., (ed.) 1950–1965. Flora of the Ukrainian SSR. Flora Ukrains’koi RSR]. Vols. 3–12. Academy of Sciences of the 

Ukrainian SSR Press, Kyiv.

Carpathian List of Endangered Species – vascular plants (for explanations, see chapter on How to Use 

This Book) 




A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


Achillea asplenifolia Vent. EN CR EN + + CR PP SP 

Achillea impatiens L. EN EN + 

Aconitum jacquinii Rchb. VU + VU PP + 

Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer VU + + EN VU PP PP + + 

Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser EN CR EN + VU EN VU PP SP 

Adonis aestivalis L. VU EN EN EN + VU 

Adonis flammea Jacq. EN CR CR + + CR NP 

Adonis vernalis L. VU EN EN VU EN SP PP PP E 

Aethionema saxatile (L.) R.Br. VU + EN SP 

Agrostemma githago L. EN CR CR VU VU + CR VU PP 

Aira caryophyllea L. EN EN + + EN 

Ajuga pyramidalis L. EN + + CR PP 

Alchemilla plicatula Gand. EX EX + 

Allium carinatum L. 

VU EN EX PP SP + 

ssp. pulchellum Bonnier et Layens 

Allium zahariadii Májovský EN + CR SP + 

Alyssum montanum L. ssp. brymii (Dostál) Soó EN VU EN PP SP + 

Alyssum montanum L. ssp. gmelinii 

VU + + + + + EN NP SP 

(Jord.) Hegi et Em.Schmid 

Alyssum stribrnyi Velen. EX EX 

Alyssum tortuosum Will. EN + VU EN + NP SP 

Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. EN EN CR VU EX VU EN + SP PP SP 

Andromeda polifolia L. EN + EX VU + EN VU NP SP PP + + 

Androsace maxima L. CR CR EX VU + CR PP PP 

Androsace septentrionalis L. EX EX EX 

Androsace villosa L. VU + EN SP + 

Andryala levitomentosa (Nyár.) P.D.Sell EN EN + + + 

Anemone baldensis L. EX EX + + 

Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffm. VU EN VU SP + + + 

Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. et Reuter) Rothm. EN CR EN EX NP 

Aquilegia transsilvanica Schur VU + VU PP PP + 

Arabis nova Vill. CR CR SP + + 

Arctostaphylos alpinus (L.) Spreng. CR + CR SP + + 

Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. 

ssp. alpina (Willd.) P.Silva 

EN + + CR SP SP + 

Armeria pocutica Pawl. EN + EW NP + 

Armoracia macrocarpa (Waldst. et Kit.) 

EN VU EN PP SP + 

Kit. ex Baumg. 

Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigger et Körte EX + EX EX 

Asperula neilreichii Beck EN EN SP + 

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. EN EN VU EX EN VU PP SP PP 

Asplenium adulterinum Milde VU EN + + EN VU SP 

Asplenium ceterach L. ssp. bivalens 

VU VU CR NP SP 

(D.E.Mey.) Greuter et Burdet 

Asplenium ceterach L. ssp. ceterach EX + EX PP NP 

Asplenium cuneifolium Viv. EN EN + + + CR EN SP 

Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. EX EX EX PP 

Asplenium lepidum C.Presl VU + + CR VU PP SP 

Astragalus alpinus L. VU + + VU SP + 

Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. 

VU VU PP + 

ssp. krajinae Domin 

Astragalus dasyanthus Pallas VU EN + + SP 

Astragalus excapus L. VU VU + + PP + 

Astragalus frigidus (L.) A.Gray VU + + VU SP + + 

Astragalus norvegicus Weber EN + EX VU SP + + 

Astragalus penduliflorus Lam. VU EN + EN SP SP + 

Astragalus peterfii Jáv. EN EN SP + + 

Astragalus pseudopurpureus Guşuleac VU VU + + 

Astragalus roemeri Simonk. VU VU SP + 

Astragalus vesicarius L. EN CR + VU + CR PP SP 

Aubrieta intermedia Heldr. et Orph. 

ex Boiss. ssp. falcata Ciocirlan 

VU VU + + 

Avenula pubescens (Hudson) Dumort. 

VU + VU PP + 

ssp. laevigata (Schur) Holub 

Barbarea lepuznica Nyár. VU VU 

Betula humilis Schrank CR EX EN SP + 

Betula nana L. EN VU EX SP + 

Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G.Gmelin) Angstr. EX EX + 

Botrychium matricariifolium 

EN CR + EX EN + CR VU PP SP PP + 

(Retz.) A.Braun ex W.D.J. Koch 



Botrychium multifidum (S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. EN + EN EN + EN EN PP SP + 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz EN EN EN VU EX PP PP 

Bromus pannonicus Kummer et Sendtner VU CR + + + + PP 

Bulbocodium versicolor (Ker Gawl.) Sprengel VU CR + + SP SP 

Bupleurum praealtum L. VU CR + + EN SP 

Bupleurum rotundifolium L. EN CR EN + EX EN NP SP 

Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler VU EN + PP PP + 

Callianthemum coriandrifolium Rchb. VU + + VU EN SP SP PP + 

Callitriche hamulata Kütz. ex W.D.J. Koch VU VU 

Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. CR EX EX NP 

Campanula macrostachya Waldst. et Kit. VU VU + CR PP SP 

Campanula transsilvanica Schur VU VU + + 



Endemic 



Relic 

11

12 




Campanula xylocarpa Kovanda EN VU EN NP SP + 

Carex atrofusca Schkuhr CR + EX CR SP + + 

Carex bicolor All. VU + EN PP + + 

Carex bohemica Schreber VU EN + EN + EN PP NP 

Carex brevicollis DC. VU VU + CR PP SP 

Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. EN CR CR EN + EX VU SP PP SP + 

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. EN CR VU + CR VU SP + 

Carex davalliana Sm. VU EN + VU VU VU VU SP PP PP 

Carex diandra Schrank EN CR EN + + EN EN PP PP + 

Carex dioica L. VU EN VU + EN SP + 

Carex hallerana Asso VU + + EN NP SP 

Carex limosa L. EN CR EX EN + CR EN NP SP PP + 

Carex liparocarpos Gaudin VU EN + + + VU NP NP 

Carex parviflora Host VU + + CR SP 

Carex pediformis C.A. Mey. 

ssp. rhizodes (Blytt.) H.Lindb. 

VU VU + + + EN VU PP + 

Carex praecox Schreber 

VU CR VU + + + VU SP 

ssp. curvata (Knaf.) Kük. 

Carex pulicaris L. VU CR + 

Carex rupestris All. VU + + CR EN PP SP SP + + 

Carex secalina Willd. ex Wahlenb. VU CR + + + EN NP + 

Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. VU EN + + + + NP 

Carex strigosa Huds. EN CR EN VU EN + VU + PP PP 

Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. VU CR + + + VU + NP NP 

Centaurea badensis Tratt. EN VU + + EN + NP 

Centaurium littorale (D. Turner) Gilmour EN + + CR NP 

Cerastium uniflorum Clairv. VU + VU SP + + 

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton EN CR EN + EN EN PP PP PP + 

Cicuta virosa L. VU CR + EN VU + VU PP 

Cimicifuga europaea Schipcz. VU EX + EN + + + VU PP SP + 

Cirsium brachycephalum Jur. EN CR + VU VU + PP 

Cochlearia tatrae Borbás VU + VU SP SP + 

Colchicum arenarium Waldst. et Kit. EN VU EN + SP + + 

Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. VU + + VU VU PP SP + 

Corispermum canescens Kit. VU VU + + PP 

Corispermum nitidum Kit. ex Schult. EN CR + + + + PP 

Coronilla emerus L. VU VU + EN NP SP SP 

Corydalis capnoides (L.) Pers. VU + + + CR VU SP 

Crambe tataria Sebeök EN EN VU + SP 

Crassula aquatica (L.) Schönl. CR + CR NP 

Crepis alpestris (Jacq.) Tausch EN + EX VU + PP + + 

Crepis sibirica L. VU + EN PP + 

Crocus albiflorus Kit. ex Schult. CR CR EN + CR SP PP NP 

Crocus banaticus Gay VU + CR PP + 

Crocus flavus Weston VU VU 

Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. CR EX CR SP + + 

Cyclamen fatrense Halda et Soják VU VU SP + + 

Cyperus flavescens L. VU CR + + EN VU PP 

Cypripedium calceolus L. VU EN EN VU VU VU VU SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Daphne arbuscula Čelak. EN EN SP + + + + 

Daphne cneorum L. EN CR VU + VU EN SP PP SP SP + 

Daphne laureola L. VU VU PP SP 

Dendranthema zawadzkii (Herb.) Tzvelev VU + EN SP SP + + 

Dianthus diutinus Kit. EN EN + 

Dianthus nitidus Waldst. et Kit. EN EX + + 

Dianthus serotinus Waldst. et Kit. CR CR EX EN + 

Dictamnus albus L. VU EN + + VU VU VU PP PP 

Digitalis ferruginea L. VU VU 

Diphasiastrum issleri (Rouy) Holub EN EN VU EX VU PP + 

Doronicum orientale Hoffm. VU + VU PP PP + 

Draba aizoides L. VU + + + VU VU NP PP PP + 

Draba dorneri Heuff. VU VU SP + + 

Draba dubia Suter VU + + VU PP + + 

Draba fladnizensis Wulfen EN + + CR SP + + 

Draba haynaldii Stur VU VU 

Draba stellata Jacq. 

VU VU SP + 

ssp. simonkaiana (Jáv.) Beldie 

Dracocephalum austriacum L. CR CR + CR + + CR SP SP + + 

Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. EN EN + SP + 

Drosera anglica Huds. EN EX EN VU EN NP SP SP + 

Echinops ritro L. 

EN EN EX VU + EN PP SP 

ssp. ruthenicus (M.Bieb.) Nyman 

Elatine hydropiper L. VU VU EN + + + PP 

Eleocharis austriaca Hayek VU VU VU VU + + EN NP NP 

Eleocharis carniolica Koch VU EN + EN VU PP PP NP + + 

Epipactis albensis Nováková et Rydlo EN EN VU EN PP PP PP + 

Epipogium aphyllum Swartz EN CR CR + + CR CR SP PP PP SP 

Erysimum hungaricum Zapał. EN + EX VU EN SP + + 

Erysimum wittmannii Zaw. 

EN EN EN + SP + 

ssp. pallidiflorum (Jáv.) Jáv. 



A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


Erythronium dens-canis L. VU VU + CR EN PP SP SP 

Euonymus nanus M. Bieb. EN + CR SP + 

Euphorbia carpatica Woł. VU + VU + VU PP + 

Euphrasia exaristata Smejkal EN + EN SP + 

Ferula sadlerana Ledeb. EN CR VU CR SP SP SP + + + 

Fritillaria meleagris L. EN EX EN + VU CR VU PP PP SP PP + 

Fritillaria orientalis Adams VU VU + 



Endemic 



Relic

Fumaria jankae Hausskn. EN EN + 

Gagea bohemica (Zauschner) Schult. et Schult. fil. EN EN VU VU CR SP PP SP 

Gagea fistulosa (Ram. ex DC.) Ker Gawl. VU + VU NP + + 

Galium parisiense L. EN + CR SP 

Galium transcarpaticum Stojko et Tasenk. VU + VU SP + 

Gentiana lutea L. EN VU EN SP SP + + 

Geranium bohemicum L. EN VU + EX CR NP NP NP 

Gladiolus felicis Mirek EX EX + + + 

Gladiolus palustris Gaudin CR CR + EX + PP SP SP 

Glaux maritima L. EN EN EN EN PP SP 

Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. VU EX VU PP 

Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze EN CR VU EN SP NP + 

Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz et Thell. VU + + VU EN SP SP + + 

Helianthemum grandiflorum (Scop.) DC. 

VU VU SP + 

ssp. glaucescens Holub 

Heracleum carpaticum Porcius VU VU VU SP SP + + 

Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. EN EX EX EN EN NP PP PP 

Hesperis vrabelyiana (Schur) Borbás EN EN SP + 

Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Sprengel 

EN EW EN + CR SP SP + 

ssp. caprinum (M.Bieb.) Sunderm. 

Hottonia palustris L. VU + VU EN VU VU VU PP PP 

Inula salicina L. ssp. aspera (Poirot) Hayek VU + EN SP 

Iris aphylla L. ssp. hungarica 

EN EN + CR SP SP + 

(Waldst. et Kit.) Hegi 

Iris graminea L. ssp. pseudocyperus (Schur) Soó VU EN VU EW + VU VU PP PP SP PP 

Iris humilis Georgi VU VU VU + NP 

Iris sibirica L. VU VU VU EX + EW VU PP SP PP 

Iris spuria L. EN EX EN + CR PP SP 

Juncus bulbosus L. VU VU EN + EN VU NP SP PP 

Juncus castaneus Sm. VU + + CR VU SP PP + + 

Juncus sphaerocarpus Nees CR CR CR PP NP PP 

Juncus triglumis L. VU VU + CR VU PP SP PP + + 

Juniperus sabina L. VU VU VU VU VU SP SP SP SP + 

Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. 

VU EN VU + PP + 

ssp. transsilvanica (Sprengel) Hayek 

Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori EN + + CR SP + + 

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie EN + + CR SP + + 

Laserpitium siler L. VU VU + 

Lathyrus pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke EN CR CR EN + CR PP PP SP 

Lathyrus pisiformis L. EN EN CR PP SP 

Lathyrus transsilvanicus (Spreng.) Fritsch EN CR + EN EN PP SP NP + 

Ledum palustre L. EN VU EX CR VU SP PP + 

Leontopodium alpinum Cass. VU + EN VU VU SP SP SP + 

Leucojum aestivum L. VU VU VU VU VU PP PP 

Leucojum vernum L. ssp. carpaticum 

VU VU + + EN VU PP SP PP + 

(Spring.) O.Schwarz 


Ligularia glauca (L.) J.Hoffm. EN + CR CR PP SP SP + 

Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. CR EX EX + CR + SP PP SP + + + 

Lilium bulbiferum L. VU + EN + VU EN SP SP 

Limodorum abortivum (L.) Swartz EN CR CR VU + EN SP PP SP 

Linaria alpina (L.) Mill. EN + + CR SP + 

Linaria arvensis (L.) Desv. EX EX EX EX EX NP 

Lindernia procumbens (Krocker) Borbás EN CR CR VU EN VU EN EN PP SP + + 

Linnaea borealis L. CR EN EN EX CR SP SP + 

Linum trigynum L. VU + + VU CR + NP SP 

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. EN CR CR + CR EN SP SP SP PP + + 

Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. EN + + CR EN SP SP + + 

Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Rchb. VU VU SP + + 

Lonicera alpigena L. VU + EN SP + 

Lonicera coerulea L. VU + VU NP + + 

Lotus borbasii Ujhelyi EN CR + + VU PP 

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott EN EN VU EX EN PP SP 

Lychnis nivalis Kit. VU VU SP + 

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub EN CR EN EN + CR EN SP SP + 

Lysimachia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb. EN CR + + EN NP SP + 

Marsilea quadrifolia L. VU EN VU VU PP PP + + 

Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch CR CR SP + 

Microstylis monophyllos (L.) Lindley VU VU VU EN VU NP PP PP PP + + 

Minuartia hirsuta (M.Bieb.) Hand.-Mazz. 

VU VU + VU PP SP 

ssp. frutescens (Kit.) Hand.-Mazz. 

Montia fontana L. CR CR CR EN EX + CR PP SP 

Narcissus angustifolius Curt. EN EN VU EN NP PP PP + + 

Nigritella carpatica (Zapal.) Teppner, 

Klein et Zagulski 

VU + EN PP + + 

Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. ssp. nigra VU VU + PP + 

Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. 

VU VU PP + 

ssp. rubra (Wettst.) Beauverd 

Onobrychis montana DC. VU + + CR SP PP SP + 

Ononis repens L. EX EX 

Onosma arenarium Waldst. et Kit. EN VU EN CR + 

Onosma pseudoarenaria Schur 

VU VU + CR + NP SP + 

ssp. tuberculata (Kit.) Rauschert 



A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 






Protection 


Onosma tornensis Jáv. CR CR CR SP SP + + + 

Ophrys apifera Huds. EN CR EN + CR SP SP SP 

Ophrys fuciflora (F.W.Schmidt) Moench EN CR CR + CR SP SP SP 

Ophrys sphegodes Mill. EN EX EN + CR SP SP 

Orchis pallens L. EN EN EN VU + EN VU SP PP SP 



Endemic 



Relic 

13

14 




Orchis spitzelii Sauter ex Koch CR CR PP + 

Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum A.Kern. VU CR VU + + SP PP 

Orobanche picridis F.W.Schultz EN CR VU EX + EN NP NP NP 

Oxytropis carpatica Uechtr. VU + + VU EN PP + 

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. 

VU VU 

ssp. triternata (Pallas ex DC.) Stearn et P.H.Davis 

Paeonia tenuifolia L. VU VU VU NP SP + 

Papaver alpinum L. ssp. tatricum Nyár. VU + EN SP + 

Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L. EN EX VU CR VU PP SP NP + 

Petrocallis pyrenaica (L.) R.Br. CR + EX CR SP + 

Pinguicula vulgaris L. EN + EX + + EN EN SP SP PP 

Poa margilicola Bernátová et Májovský CR CR SP + + 

Poa nobilis Skalińska DD + + PP + + 

Poa pannonica A.Kern. 

VU VU + + NP + 

ssp. scabra (Asch. et Graebn.) Soó 

Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. f. EN EN CR NP 

Polypodium interjectum Shivas EN EN + VU EN SP 

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis EN EN VU EN EN SP SP 

Potamogeton compressus L. VU EN + VU NP SP 

Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht. VU VU + + NP 

Potentilla haynaldiana Janka VU VU + 

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. VU EN VU + VU VU PP SP SP + 

Potentilla sterilis L. EX EX 

Primula farinosa L. EN CR EN VU EN EX SP PP PP PP + 

Primula halleri J.F.Gmel. EN EX + CR EN SP PP + 

Primula wulfeniana Schott 

ssp. baumgarteniana (Degen et Moesz) Ludi 

VU VU + + + 

Pulmonaria angustifolia L. EN EN EN CR PP SP 

Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. 

VU VU EN SP + + 

ssp. slavica (G.Reuss) Zamels 

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. EN CR + EN SP SP + + 

Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. EN VU CR SP + + 

Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. 

VU EN EN VU + VU VU SP NP SP E + 

ssp. grandis (Wenderoth) Zamels 

Pyrola media Swartz VU CR EX + + EN VU PP + 

Pyrus nivalis Jacq. VU CR + PP SP 

Ranunculus altitatrensis Paclová et Murín CR + CR SP + 

Ranunculus glacialis L. VU + VU VU SP + 

Ranunculus malinovskii Jelen. et Derv.-Sok. VU VU SP + 

Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl EN + EX 

Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. CR + CR SP + + 

Ranunculus reptans L. EN + CR PP + + 

Ranunculus thora L. VU + + VU VU PP PP + 

Rosa glauca Pourret VU + + EN VU SP + 

Rubus bertramii G.Braun EN EN NP 

Rubus senticosus Köhler ex Weihe EN EN VU + NP NP 

Ruppia maritima L. VU VU 

Salix bicolor L. VU + + EN EN PP SP + 

Salix helvetica Vill. VU + VU SP + 

Salix herbacea L. VU + + EN VU SP SP + + 

Salix myrtilloides L. CR VU EX CR PP SP + + 

Salix retusa L. VU + EN VU SP + 

Salix starkeana Willd. EN + + CR SP + + 

Saussurea discolor (Willd.) DC. VU + + + EN PP SP + + 

Saussurea porcii Degen CR EX CR PP + + + 

Saussurea pygmaea (Jacq.) Sprengel VU + VU PP + 

Saxifraga cernua L. VU + + CR SP SP + + 

Saxifraga hirculus L. CR EX VU + PP SP + + + 

Saxifraga mutata L. ssp. demissa 

VU CR SP SP + 

(Schott et Kotschy) D.A.Webb 

Saxifraga mutata L. ssp. mutata CR VU + + 

Saxifraga pedemontana All. ssp. cymosa Engler VU + EN PP NP + 

Saxifraga retusa Gouan VU + + EN SP + 

Scheuchzeria palustris L. CR CR CR VU CR CR SP SP + 

Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla EN EN + EX 

Schoenus ferrugineus L. EN EX + EN EN NP SP NP 

Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx) Fernald VU VU CR SP 

Scorzonera humilis L. VU VU VU + VU VU 

Scorzonera lanata (L.) Hoffm. VU VU 

Scorzonera parviflora Jacq. VU CR CR + + EN + PP 

Sedum villosum L. EW EW + + EW SP SP 

Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring EN CR EX EN EN PP NP 

Senecio congestus (R.Br.) DC. VU + EX + SP + 

Senecio doria L. 

CR CR VU CR + NP 

ssp. umbrosus (Waldst. et Kit.) Soó 

Serratula lycopifolia (Vill.) A.Kern. CR CR CR EN VU EX PP PP 

Sesleria caerulea (L.) Ard. EN VU CR 

Sesleria heuflerana Schur 

VU VU VU PP + 

ssp. hungarica (Ujhelyi) Soó 

Sibbaldia procumbens L. EN + CR + + 

Silene zawadzkii Herbich VU + VU PP + 

Sisymbrium austriacum Jacq. EN EN SP 

Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hedl. ssp. 

EN CR VU PP SP + 

hazslinszkyana (Soó) Kárpáti 



A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


Sorbus chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz VU EX + + VU + PP PP + 

Sorbus pekarovae Májovský et Bernátová EN EN SP + 

Sparganium angustifolium F. Michx EN + CR EN SP NP + 



Endemic 



Relic

Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. VU EX VU + CR + SP PP SP 

Stellaria hebecalyx Fenzl EN + EN NP + 

Sternbergia colchiciflora Waldst. et Kit. VU VU + + PP 

Stipa danubialis Dihoru et Roman VU VU + + 

Stipa dasyphylla (Lindem.) Trautv. VU VU + + PP 

Stipa pulcherrima K. Koch EN EN + + EN EN PP SP SP 

Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck EN + + VU CR VU SP NP 

Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb.. EN + VU + EN PP + + + 

Taraxacum arachnoideum Kirscher et Štěpánek CR CR + SP 

Taraxacum erythrocarpum Kirschner et Štěpánek CR + CR SP + 

Taraxacum obliquum (Fries) Dahlst. EX EX + 

Taraxacum pieninicum Pawl. CR CR + SP + 

Teesdalea nudicaulis (L.) R.Br. CR EN EX CR PP SP 

Tephroseris longifolia (Jacq.) Griseb. et Schenk 

CR CR EN PP PP PP + 

ssp. moravica Holub 


Teucrium scorodonia L. VU EN VU VU PP PP 

Thesium ebracteatum Hayne CR CR + EX EX + + + 

Thlaspi jankae A.Kern. EN VU CR PP SP + + 

Tofieldia pusilla (Michx) Pers. CR + CR SP + 

Trapa natans L. EN CR VU + VU EN PP + 

Trifolium lupinaster L. EN + EN CR EN SP NP + 

Utricularia australis R.Br. CR VU + VU + VU NP 

Utricularia bremii Heer EN EN VU EX VU SP SP NP 

Utricularia minor L. EN CR EN VU EN PP PP 

Utricularia vulgaris L. VU EN VU + VU + NP 

Vaccinium microcarpum 

EN EN + CR VU SP PP + 

(Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. 

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. EN EN EN VU + CR VU SP PP PP PP + 

Vicia sparsiflora Ten. EN VU VU EN PP 

Viola epipsila Ledeb. EN + VU CR + PP SP + 

Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F.Gray EN + CR 

Waldsteinia teppneri Májovský EN EN SP + 

Waldsteinia ternata (Stephan) Fritsch CR CR + 

Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F.Gray EN CR VU + CR EN PP SP SP NP + + 

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br. EN EN EN + + EN PP NP SP + 

Distribution of the Red Data List vascular plants in the Carpathians (for explanations, see chapter on 

How to Use This Book) 


Achillea asplenifolia Vent. 513.1, 514.2, 517.2-4, 526, 532.3, 541.2 

Achillea impatiens L. 523.63, 541.2 

Aconitum jacquinii Rchb. 522.25, 523.1 

Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer 522.12, 523.2, 523.31, 523.42, 523.46, 523.51, 531.15 

Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser 513.65, 513.71, 514.2, 514.42-43, 514.51, 514.85, 515.26-28, 516.2, 517.1-2, 523.2, 523.52, 526.1, 541.2 

Adonis aestivalis L. 513.1-2, 513.34, 513.411, 513.43-44, 513.55, 513.65, 514.31, 514.73, 514.84, 515.22, 523.51 

Adonis flammea Jacq. 513.1, 513.411, 514.81, 516.2-4, 516.12, 516.14, 517, 541.1-2 

Adonis vernalis L. 513.1-2, 514.31, 514.41, 514.72, 514.81, 515.26, 516.2-4, 516.11-12, 516.14, 517, 523.51 

Aethionema saxatile (L.) R.Br. 514.42, 523.57, 531.36-37 

Agrostemma githago L. 513.411, 513.44, 513.51, 513.65, 515.23, 515.28, 516.2, 516.11, 522.12, 523.2, 523.51-52, 523.54 

Aira caryophyllea L. 513.1, 514.2, 531.37 

Ajuga pyramidalis L. 514.52, 523.45, 524.2 

Alchemilla plicatula Gand. 513.55, 523.31, 531.15 

Allium carinatum L. ssp. pulchellum Bonnier et Layens 513.411, 514.42, 514.85, 517.1, 531.4, 531.32 

Allium zahariadii Májovský 516.4, 541.2 

Alyssum montanum L. ssp. brymii (Dostál) Soó 514.72, 515.29, 516.2, 516.4a, 517.1 

Alyssum montanum L. ssp. gmelinii (Jord.) 

Hegi et Em.Schmid 

513.1, 514.2, 514.13, 514.85, 516.2, 516.4a, 517.4, 533.3, 542.1 

Alyssum stribrnyi Velen. 531.37 

Alyssum tortuosum Will. 515.21, 516.2, 517.2, 517.4, 523.51, 533.3 

Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. 

513.1-2, 513.31, 513.411-412, 513.43, 513.65, 514.2, 514.41-42, 514.83, 515.27, 516.2-3, 517.4, 523.2, 523.63, 523.73, 

531.4, 531.37, 541.2 

Andromeda polifolia L. 513.44, 513.51, 514.11, 514.14, 514.53, 522.12, 522.15, 522.25, 523.1, 523.44, 523.63, 542.1 

Androsace maxima L. 514.2, 514.81, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 531.4, 533.8, 541.2 

Androsace septentrionalis L. 523.31 

Androsace villosa L. 514.85, 523.45, 531.13, 531.37 

Andryala levitomentosa (Nyár.) P.D.Sell 523.43 

Anemone baldensis L. 523.1, 523.31, 523.62 

Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffm. 523.43, 523.63, 524.2, 531.15 

Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. et Reuter) Rothm. 513.2, 513.53 

Aquilegia transsilvanica Schur 523.1, 531.11, 531.14-15, 531.22 

Arabis nova Vill. 514.85 

Arctostaphylos alpinus (L.) Spreng. 514.53 

Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. 

514.53, 531.11 

ssp. alpina (Willd.) P.Silva 



A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 






Protection 


Armeria pocutica Pawl. 523.1 

Armoracia macrocarpa (Waldst. et Kit.) Kit. ex Baumg. 517.3, 526.1, 533.3, 541.2 

Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigger et Körte 513.51, 513.54, 523.73, 531.15 

Asperula neilreichii Beck 514.9, 514.43, 514.51, 514.85 

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. 513.51, 514.2, 514.53, 515.26, 516.2-4, 516.11-12, 516.14, 517, 523.51-52 



Endemic 



Relic 

15

16 




Asplenium adulterinum Milde 513.1, 514.9, 515.28, 531.34, 533.2 

Asplenium ceterach L. ssp. bivalens 

(D.E.Mey.) Greuter et Burdet 

514.2, 517.2 

Asplenium ceterach L. ssp. ceterach 514.85, 531.17, 542.1 

Asplenium cuneifolium Viv. 513.44, 514.53, 516.4, 516.4a, 523.51, 531.4, 531.15, 531.37, 541.2 

Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. 517.1 

Asplenium lepidum C.Presl 513.1, 531.37, 533.3, 541.2, 542.1 

Astragalus alpinus L. 514.43, 514.52-53, 514.85, 523.31, 523.43, 531.11, 531.15 

Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. ssp. krajinae Domin 522.24 

Astragalus dasyanthus Pallas 516.3, 517.1, 523.63, 531.26, 541.2, 542.22 

Astragalus excapus L. 517.1, 517.4, 531.4, 541.2 

Astragalus frigidus (L.) A.Gray 514.43, 514.52-53, 523.31, 531.11, 531.15 

Astragalus norvegicus Weber 514.43, 514.52-53, 523.31 

Astragalus penduliflorus Lam. 514.52-53, 514.85, 523.31, 531.11 

Astragalus peterfii Jáv. 541.2 

Astragalus pseudopurpureus Guşuleac 523.45 

Astragalus roemeri Simonk. 523.46, 523.63, 524.3, 542.1 

Astragalus vesicarius L. 513.1, 516.2, 517.4, 526.2, 541.2, 542.1 

Aubrieta intermedia Heldr. et Orph. ex Boiss. 

ssp. falcata Ciocirlan 

531.13 

Avenula pubescens (Hudson) Dumort. 

ssp. laevigata (Schur) Holub 

523.1, 523.31, 523.46, 531.11, 531.33 

Barbarea lepuznica Nyár. 531.32 

Betula humilis Schrank 523.63, 526.1 

Betula nana L. 523.42, 523.63 

Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G.Gmelin) Angstr. 513.52 

Botrychium matricariifolium (Retz.) 

A.Braun ex W.D.J. Koch 

513.411, 513.51, 514.12-13, 514.51-53, 517.1, 522.25, 523.1, 531.25, 541.2 

Botrychium multifidum (S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. 

513.411, 513.44, 514.9, 514.43, 514.52-53, 514.72-73, 515.23, 515.25-26, 517.1-2, 523.1, 523.31, 523.51, 523.63, 531.4, 

531.15 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz 526.1, 531.4, 533.3 

Bromus pannonicus Kummer et Sendtner 513.1, 517.2, 523.2 

Bulbocodium versicolor (Ker Gawl.) Sprengel 517.4, 541.2 

Bupleurum praealtum L. 514.2, 517.2-3, 517.5, 523.31, 531.37, 533.2, 541.2, 542.1 

Bupleurum rotundifolium L. 513.1, 513.411, 513.43, 514.2, 514.82, 516.2 

Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler 523.31, 523.63, 523.73 

Callianthemum coriandrifolium Rchb. 514.9, 514.52-53, 522.25, 523.31, 531.13, 531.15 

Callitriche hamulata Kütz. ex W.D.J. Koch 513.33, 513.53 

Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. 523.31, 523.42, 524.3, 532.3, 541.2, 542.1 

Campanula macrostachya Waldst. et Kit. 514.83, 517.2-3, 517.5, 523.73, 531.37, 532.3, 541.2, 542.1, 542.21 

Campanula transsilvanica Schur 523.31, 524.5, 531.11, 531.15, 531.32-33 

Campanula xylocarpa Kovanda 514.2, 514.41, 514.73, 515.11, 515.26, 515.28, 516.2, 517.1 

Carex atrofusca Schkuhr 514.53, 523.31 

Carex bicolor All. 522.25, 523.31 

Carex bohemica Schreber 513.1, 514.62, 514.81, 523.65, 525.1, 541.2 

Carex brevicollis DC. 516.2, 517.2-5, 523.31, 531.4, 532.3, 541.2, 542.21, 542.41 

Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. 513.1, 514.2, 522.25-26, 523.1-2, 523.46, 523.62-63, 523.65, 525.1, 531.15, 531.32, 541.2, 542.1 

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. 513.51, 514.53, 514.72, 522.25, 523.31, 523.62-63, 531.11 

Carex davalliana Sm. 

513.2, 513.411, 513.43, 513.55-57, 513.71, 514.2, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.42-43, 514.51, 514.53, 514.63-64, 514.71-72, 

514.85, 515.11, 515.26-27, 517.4, 522.12-14, 522.25, 523.1, 523.46, 523.63, 523.65, 526, 531.15, 541.2 

Carex diandra Schrank 513.51, 514.13, 514.72, 516.3-4, 517.1, 517.4-5, 522.25, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.73, 526.1, 531.4, 541.2 

Carex dioica L. 513.51, 513.57, 514.64, 514.72, 514.83, 514.85, 515.11, 523.31, 523.46, 523.63, 531.15, 541.2 

Carex hallerana Asso 514.41, 517.4-5, 531.11, 531.37 

Carex limosa L. 

513.57, 514.11, 514.53, 514.72, 516.4, 522.15, 522.25-26, 523.1, 523.31, 523.55, 523.62-63, 524.6, 531.11, 531.32, 533.5, 

541.2, 542.1, 542.41 

Carex liparocarpos Gaudin 513.1, 514.2, 517.2, 526.2, 541.2 

Carex parviflora Host 514.52, 531.11, 531.15, 531.22 

Carex pediformis C.A. Mey. 

ssp. rhizodes (Blytt.) H.Lindb. 

513.1, 514.71, 514.73, 515.27, 515.29, 516.2, 516.4, 523.1 

Carex praecox Schreber ssp. curvata (Knaf.) Kük. 513.2, 513.411, 514.53, 523.2, 542.32 

Carex pulicaris L. 513.1-2 

Carex rupestris All. 514.43, 514.52-53, 514.85, 522.22, 522.25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.45, 531.11, 531.33, 542.1 

Carex secalina Willd. ex Wahlenb. 513.1, 514.64, 517.1, 523.73, 526.1, 532.3, 542.21 

Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. 513.1, 514.2, 514.31, 514.81, 516.2-4, 516.12, 516.14, 517, 523.62-63, 531.4, 541.2, 542.1 

Carex strigosa Huds. 513.2, 513.33, 513.63, 513.71-72, 514.2, 517.1, 517.3, 522.12, 523.51, 531.15, 541.2, 542.1 

Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. 513.1, 517.1, 517.4, 523.51, 541.2 

Centaurea badensis Tratt. 513.1, 514.2, 514.83, 516.2, 523.51 

Centaurium littorale (D. Turner) Gilmour 514.71-73, 514.85, 517.2, 517.4, 533.6, 541.2, 542.1 

Cerastium uniflorum Clairv. 514.53 

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton 513.411, 513.42-43, 513.55, 513.72, 514.9, 514.85, 515.29, 516.3, 517.1-3, 522.14, 523.51, 523.63, 523.73, 526.1 

Cicuta virosa L. 513.411, 514.9, 514.13, 515.28, 516.2, 517.1-2, 517.4, 523.63, 526.1, 541.2, 542.1 

Cimicifuga europaea Schipcz. 513.1, 513.55, 514.9, 514.12, 514.51-53, 514.71-73, 515.26-28, 516.2, 517.2, 522.23, 523.1, 523.31, 523.42, 542.23 

Cirsium brachycephalum Jur. 513.1, 517.1, 523.31, 531.15, 541.2, 542.1, 542.21 

Cochlearia tatrae Borbás 514.52-53 

Colchicum arenarium Waldst. et Kit. 517.4, 532.3 

Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. 

513.51, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.52-53, 514.72, 514.85, 515.23, 515.26-27, 522.12, 522.23, 523.1, 523.31, 523.45-46, 531.11, 

531.13, 531.15 

Corispermum canescens Kit. 517.4, 531.37 

Corispermum nitidum Kit. ex Schult. 513.1, 517.4, 541.2 

Coronilla emerus L. 514.2, 531.4, 533.2, 541.2 

Corydalis capnoides (L.) Pers. 

513.54, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.51, 514.53, 514.71, 514.73-74, 515.23, 515.26-29, 516.2, 522.26, 523.2, 523.42, 523.56, 

524.5, 541.2, 542.1 

Crambe tataria Sebeök 517.1, 517.4, 526.1, 541.2 

Crassula aquatica (L.) Schönl. 514.11 

Crepis alpestris (Jacq.) Tausch 513.57, 514.9, 514.12, 514.42, 514.51-53, 514.71, 514.85, 515.26-27, 515.29, 522.12, 523.45 

Crepis sibirica L. 514.9, 514.42-43, 514.74, 514.82, 514.85, 523.31, 523.44, 523.63, 531.11, 531.15, 541.2 

Crocus albiflorus Kit. ex Schult. 513.411-412, 523.53 

Crocus banaticus Gay 523.54, 523.63, 523.73, 531.4, 531.37, 533.2, 541.1-2, 542.1, 542.42 

Crocus flavus Weston 531.37, 532.3, 533.2 

Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. 514.9, 523.31, 531.15 

Cyclamen fatrense Halda et Soják 514.9, 514.85 

Cyperus flavescens L. 522.12, 523.2, 523.31, 523.65, 526.1, 531.4, 531.15, 532.3, 542.1 

513.411-412, 513.43, 514.9, 514.42, 514.51, 514.53, 514.73, 514.85, 515.14, 515.24, 515.26-27, 516.2, 517.2, 517.4, 

Cypripedium calceolus L. 

522.16, 522.24, 523.1-2, 523.43, 523.63, 523.65, 523.73, 525.1, 526.1, 531.11, 531.15, 531.25, 531.33, 531.37, 542.1, 

542.23 

Daphne arbuscula Čelak. 515.25-26


Daphne cneorum L. 

513.2, 513.412, 513.56, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.41-43, 514.51, 514.53, 514.71, 514.81-82, 514.85, 515.26-27, 516.2, 517.2, 

523.43, 526.1, 531.15, 541.2, 542.1 

Daphne laureola L. 517.5, 533.3 

Dendranthema zawadzkii (Herb.) Tzvelev 514.12 

Dianthus diutinus Kit. 517.4 

Dianthus nitidus Waldst. et Kit. 514.9, 514.42-43, 514.51-52, 514.85 

Dianthus serotinus Waldst. et Kit. 513.1, 515.22, 517.4, 541.2 

Dictamnus albus L. 513.1, 513.411, 514.2, 514.41-42, 514.81, 515.28, 516.2-3, 516.11, 517.2, 517.5, 522.16, 526, 532.3, 541.2 

Digitalis ferruginea L. 526, 532.3, 541.2 

Diphasiastrum issleri (Rouy) Holub 513.51, 514.13, 514.52, 515.28, 517.2 

Doronicum orientale Hoffm. 522.24-25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.42, 523.45, 523.57, 531.11, 531.13, 531.15, 531.22, 531.32, 531.34, 542.1 

Draba aizoides L. 513.411, 514.2, 514.9, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.85, 515.26, 522.24-25, 523.1, 523.31 

Draba dorneri Heuff. 531.32 

Draba dubia Suter 513.57, 514.52-53, 531.34 

Draba fladnizensis Wulfen 514.53, 523.31, 531.11 

Draba haynaldii Stur 523.45, 531.11, 531.13 

Draba stellata Jacq. ssp. simonkaiana (Jáv.) Beldie 531.22, 531.32 

Dracocephalum austriacum L. 513.1, 514.13, 514.73, 516.2, 517.2, 517.4, 523.73, 531.11, 541.2, 542.23 

Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. 517.2, 523.45, 523.63, 524.3, 541.2 

Drosera anglica Huds. 513.57, 514.64, 523.73 

Echinops ritro L. ssp. ruthenicus (M.Bieb.) Nyman 513.1, 516.2, 516.12, 517.4, 531.4, 541.2, 542.1 

Elatine hydropiper L. 513.65, 523.51, 523.65, 525.1 

Eleocharis austriaca Hayek 513.411-412, 513.57, 514.14, 514.71, 515.21, 522.12, 523.1 

Eleocharis carniolica Koch 515.15, 516.2-4, 516.13, 517.1, 517.5, 523.1-2, 523.51, 523.63, 523.65, 531.4, 541.2, 542.1, 542.21, 542.42 

Epipactis albensis Nováková et Rydlo 513.2, 513.411, 514.2, 516.2, 516.12 

Epipogium aphyllum Swartz 

513.2, 513.42-43, 513.65, 514.9, 514.42-43, 514.52-53, 514.85, 515.11, 515.26-28, 522.23, 523.44, 523.46, 523.66, 526.2, 

531.11, 533.6, 541.2 

Erysimum hungaricum Zapał. 514.9, 514.12, 514.51, 514.53, 514.85, 523.1, 523.31, 523.42 

Erysimum wittmannii Zaw. ssp. pallidiflorum (Jáv.) Jáv. 515.27, 516.2, 517.2, 517.5, 523.51 

Erythronium dens-canis L. 516.2, 517.2, 517.5, 522.23, 523.1 

Euonymus nanus M. Bieb. 523.63, 524.2, 525.1, 526.1 

Euphorbia carpatica Woł. 522.12, 522.15, 522.24-25, 523.1 

Euphrasia exaristata Smejkal 514.52 

Ferula sadlerana Ledeb. 516.2, 517.2, 517.5, 541.2 

Fritillaria meleagris L. 515.15, 516.2-3, 516.13, 517.2-3, 522.12, 523.51, 523.73, 526.1, 531.4, 541.2, 542.1 

Fritillaria orientalis Adams 523.73, 531.4, 532.3, 533.2, 541.1-2 

Fumaria jankae Hausskn. 542.1 

Gagea bohemica (Zauschner) Schult. et Schult. fil. 514.2, 514.81, 517.5, 531.37 

Gagea fistulosa (Ram. ex DC.) Ker Gawl. 523.1, 531.11, 531.25 

Galium parisiense L. 514.81, 531.37, 533.3, 542.1 

Galium transcarpaticum Stojko et Tasenk. 522.23, 523.1 

Gentiana lutea L. 522.24-25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.46, 523.55, 524.5, 531.11, 531.13, 531.15, 531.24, 531.32, 542.1 

Geranium bohemicum L. 514.13, 514.72, 515.27-28, 517.5, 533.2, 541.2, 542.1 

Gladiolus felicis Mirek 513.51 

Gladiolus palustris Gaudin 513.411, 517.3, 523.53, 523.73, 542.1, 542.21 

Glaux maritima L. 514.73, 523.63, 541.2 

Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. 523.65, 541.2 

Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze 522.13, 522.15, 522.24, 523.1, 531.36, 542.1 

Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz et Thell. 514.9, 514.43, 514.52-53, 514.85, 522.24-25, 523.31, 531.15, 531.32 

Helianthemum grandiflorum (Scop.) DC. 

522.23 

ssp. glaucescens Holub 

Heracleum carpaticum Porcius 522.25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.44 

Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. 514.43, 515.27 

Hesperis vrabelyiana (Schur) Borbás 517.2 

Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Sprengel 

ssp. caprinum (M.Bieb.) Sunderm. 

517.2, 517.4, 526.2, 531.4, 531.36-37, 532.3, 533.2, 533.5, 541.2, 542.1 

Hottonia palustris L. 513.2, 516.12, 517.2-3, 517.5, 523.52, 526.1, 541.2 

Inula salicina L. ssp. aspera (Poirot) Hayek 514.41, 515.21, 516.2-4, 516.11-12, 516.14, 517 

Iris aphylla L. ssp. hungarica (Waldst. et Kit.) Hegi 

514.73, 515.27-28, 516.2-4, 516.4a, 516.14, 517.1, 517.5, 523.45, 523.65, 523.73, 526, 531.17, 532.3, 541.2, 542.21, 

542.23 

Iris graminea L. ssp. pseudocyperus (Schur) Soó 513.2, 513.411, 515.21, 516.2, 517.1-3, 517.5, 522.12, 522.23, 523.1, 523.51-53, 526, 531.4, 532.3, 541.2 

Iris humilis Georgi 517.4, 541.2 

Iris sibirica L. 513.411, 513.71, 515.21-23, 515.29, 516.2-3, 516.12, 517, 522.12, 523.1-2, 523.51, 526.1, 541.2 

Iris spuria L. 516.3, 517.1-2, 517.4, 526.1, 541.2, 542.1, 542.23 

Juncus bulbosus L. 513.51, 523.51, 541.2 

Juncus castaneus Sm. 514.52-53, 522.15, 522.24-25, 523.31 

Juncus sphaerocarpus Nees 513.411, 514.2 

Juncus triglumis L. 514.52-53, 522.25, 523.31, 531.11, 531.15, 531.22 

Juniperus sabina L. 514.12, 522.23, 523.46, 525.1, 531.17, 531.21-22, 531.37, 542.23 

Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. 

516.3, 541.2 

ssp. transsilvanica (Sprengel) Hayek 

Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori 514.53, 531.11, 531.15, 531.33 

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie 514.53, 523.31, 531.11 

Laserpitium siler L. 531.21 

Lathyrus pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke 513.1, 513.411, 516.2, 517, 541.2 

Lathyrus pisiformis L. 516.2, 517.1 

Lathyrus transsilvanicus (Spreng.) Fritsch 515.22, 515.26, 516.13, 517.2, 523.52, 541.2 

Ledum palustre L. 513.51, 514.11, 514.14, 514.53, 514.85, 522.25, 523.1, 523.52 

Leontopodium alpinum Cass. 

514.9, 514.12, 514.51-53, 514.85, 515.27, 522.24, 523.1, 523.31, 523.42-43, 523.45-46, 524.5, 525.1, 531.11, 531.15, 

531.17, 531.21, 531.32-34, 542.1, 542.23 

Leucojum aestivum L. 516.3, 517.1, 517.4, 523.54, 531.4, 532.3 

Leucojum vernum L. 

522.12-16, 522.21, 522.23-26, 523.51-54, 523.63, 523.65, 531.4, 541.2 

ssp. carpaticum (Spring.) O.Schwarz 

Ligularia glauca (L.) J.Hoffm. 515.26, 523.1, 523.31, 523.46, 526.1, 531.11, 531.15, 531.21, 542.23 

Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. 514.9, 514.53, 515.27, 515.29, 523.1, 531.11, 531.21, 541.2 



Lilium bulbiferum L. 513.411, 513.44, 513.56, 514.9, 514.43, 514.51, 514.74, 514.85, 515.21, 515.26-27, 523.31, 523.45, 523.73, 541.2 

Limodorum abortivum (L.) Swartz 

513.1-2, 513.411, 514.2, 514.33, 514.41-42, 514.81, 515.14, 515.21, 515.28, 516.2, 517, 523.73, 531.36, 532.3, 533.2, 

541.2 

Linaria alpina (L.) Mill. 514.52, 531.11, 531.13 

Linaria arvensis (L.) Desv. 513.411, 514.2, 514.81, 541.2 

Lindernia procumbens (Krocker) Borbás 513.65, 514.2, 516.3, 516.12, 517.1, 517.5, 523.51, 523.56, 523.73, 531.15, 541.2, 542.1 

Linnaea borealis L. 514.9, 514.52-53, 522.25, 523.62 

Linum trigynum L. 515.21, 517.3, 522.12, 523.51, 531.37 

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. 513.411, 522.25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.45, 523.63, 523.73, 531.4, 531.15, 541.2 

Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. 514.9, 514.53, 522.25, 523.31, 523.46, 523.62, 531.11, 531.13-15, 531.22, 531.25, 531.32-34 

Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Rchb. 531.11 

Lonicera alpigena L. 515.26, 523.43, 523.73, 524.2, 524.6 

Lonicera coerulea L. 522.25, 531.11, 531.25, 531.33-34 

17

18 




Lotus borbasii Ujhelyi 513.1, 514.2, 517.5 

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott 522.22, 523.51, 531.4, 541.2, 542.1, 542.21 

Lychnis nivalis Kit. 523.31 

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub 513.1, 513.31, 513.44, 513.51, 522.15, 523.45, 523.51, 523.55-56, 525.2 

Lysimachia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb. 513.51, 513.56, 514.34, 523.42, 523.63, 531.15, 541.2 

Marsilea quadrifolia L. 523.52, 542.1 

Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch 517.2 

Microstylis monophyllos (L.) Lindley 

513.411, 513.51, 513.54, 513.57, 514.9, 514.12, 514.52-53, 514.71-72, 515.11, 515.26-27, 522.12, 522.15, 522.24-25, 

523.31, 523.45-46, 523.51, 523.53, 523.63, 531.14, 531.37 

Minuartia hirsuta (M.Bieb.) Hand.-Mazz. 

ssp. frutescens (Kit.) Hand.-Mazz. 

516.3, 517.1-3, 531.4, 531.15, 531.17, 531.37, 533.2, 542.1 

Montia fontana L. 513.1, 513.44, 531.37, 541.2, 542.1 

Narcissus angustifolius Curt. 522.24, 523.1, 523.31, 523.54, 526.2, 531.4, 531.15, 531.32, 532.3, 541.2 

Nigritella carpatica (Zapal.) Teppner, Klein et Zagulski 523.1 

Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. ssp. nigra 523.1, 525.2, 531.11, 531.33, 531.37 

Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. ssp. rubra (Wettst.) Beauverd 523.31, 523.43, 523.45, 524.5, 531.11, 542.1, 542.23 

Onobrychis montana DC. 514.52-53, 523.43, 531.11, 531.15, 531.32 

Ononis repens L. 541.2 

Onosma arenarium Waldst. et Kit. 517.4, 541.2, 542.1 

Onosma pseudoarenaria Schur 

ssp. tuberculata (Kit.) Rauschert 

516.2, 516.11-12, 517.1-3, 517.5, 523.51, 541.2, 542.23 

Onosma tornensis Jáv. 516.2 

Ophrys apifera Huds. 513.411, 514.2, 514.31, 514.41-42, 514.51, 514.81, 517.4, 526.2, 531.25, 533.2, 542.22 

Ophrys fuciflora (F.W.Schmidt) Moench 513.411-412, 514.2, 514.31, 514.41-42, 514.81, 531.25, 533.6 

Ophrys sphegodes Mill. 514.2, 517.2, 523.73, 531.4, 542.1, 542.22 

Orchis pallens L. 

513.2, 513.31-32, 513.411-412, 513.43-44, 513.51, 513.54, 514.2, 514.42, 515.14, 515.24, 515.27-28, 517.1-2, 517.5, 523.1, 

523.63, 523.73, 533.6, 541.2 

Orchis spitzelii Sauter ex Koch 514.43 

Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum A.Kern. 513.411, 513.43, 514.2, 515.14, 515.21, 515.26, 516.2, 516.13-14, 533.6 

Orobanche picridis F.W.Schultz 513.72, 514.41-42, 516.2, 516.4, 516.11, 517.2-3, 526.2, 532.3, 541.2, 542.1 

Oxytropis carpatica Uechtr. 514.53, 522.24, 523.31, 523.46, 531.11 

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. 

ssp. triternata (Pallas ex DC.) Stearn et P.H.Davis 

526.2, 532.3 

Paeonia tenuifolia L. 532.3, 541.2 

Papaver alpinum L. ssp. tatricum Nyár. 514.52-53, 514.85 

Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L. 514.52-53, 514.71-72, 522.13-14, 523.62-63, 523.73, 526.1 

Petrocallis pyrenaica (L.) R.Br. 514.53 

Pinguicula vulgaris L. 

513.412, 513.44, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.41-43, 514.51-53, 514.63-64, 514.71-72, 514.85, 515.26-28, 

522.24-25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.43, 523.45, 523.63, 524.3, 531.11, 531.15 

Poa margilicola Bernátová et Májovský 514.85 

Poa nobilis Skalińska 514.53 

Poa pannonica A.Kern. 

ssp. scabra (Asch. et Graebn.) Soó 

514.72, 514.83-84, 515.15, 515.21-23, 515.28, 516.2, 516.11, 517, 523.73, 531.15, 541.2, 542.21, 542.32 

Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. f. 514.2, 533.2 

Polypodium interjectum Shivas 513.2, 516.2, 517.2, 517.4, 533.3 

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis 522.25, 523.44, 523.63 

Potamogeton compressus L. 513.65, 541.2 

Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht. 516.2, 517.4, 523.63 

Potentilla haynaldiana Janka 531.22, 531.37 

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. 

513.51, 513.57, 514.9, 514.11, 514.13, 514.43, 514.53, 514.64, 514.71-72, 515.27, 522.25, 523.43, 523.63, 524.5, 531.15, 

541.2 

Potentilla sterilis L. 514.31 

Primula farinosa L. 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.51-53, 514.72, 514.85, 515.11, 515.26-27, 515.29, 516.2, 531.33, 531.36-37 

Primula halleri J.F.Gmel. 514.53, 522.24-25, 523.1, 523.31, 523.42, 523.46, 531.11, 531.13, 531.15, 531.34 

Primula wulfeniana Schott 

ssp. baumgarteniana (Degen et Moesz) Ludi 

531.13, 531.15 

Pulmonaria angustifolia L. 513.411, 514.2, 514.74, 515.26, 516.2-3, 516.13 

Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. 

ssp. slavica (G.Reuss) Zamels 

513.412, 513.56, 514.2, 514.9, 514.31-32, 514.41, 514.43, 514.51-53, 514.62-63, 514.85, 515.14, 515.24-29, 516.2 

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. 514.72, 516.2, 517.1, 541.2 

Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. 514.52-53 

Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. 

ssp. grandis (Wenderoth) Zamels 

513.1, 513.411, 513.55, 513.72, 514.2, 514.41-42, 514.81, 515.21, 515.26, 516.2-3, 516.11, 516.14, 517, 522.12, 523.51 

Pyrola media Swartz 

513.51, 514.9, 514.13, 514.41, 514.51, 514.53, 514.71, 514.85, 515.26-29, 517.4-5, 522.12, 523.31, 523.45, 523.63, 523.73, 

533.5, 541.2 

Pyrus nivalis Jacq. 514.41-42, 514.81, 515.26, 516.11, 517.1, 517.3-4 

Ranunculus altitatrensis Paclová et Murín 514.53 

Ranunculus glacialis L. 514.52-53 

Ranunculus malinovskii Jelen. et Derv.-Sok. 522.25 

Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl 531.37 

Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. 514.53 

Ranunculus reptans L. 514.53 

Ranunculus thora L. 514.52-53, 522.24-25, 523.1, 523.31, 531.11, 531.15, 531.25, 531.33 

Rosa glauca Pourret 514.9, 514.43, 514.51, 515.21, 515.25, 515.27, 517.1, 522.15, 531.15 

Rubus bertramii G.Braun 513.31 

Rubus senticosus Köhler ex Weihe 513.44, 517.3 

Ruppia maritima L. 523.62, 523.66, 541.2 

Salix bicolor L. 514.9, 514.52-53, 523.1, 523.31, 523.44, 523.46, 531.11, 531.22, 531.26 

Salix helvetica Vill. 514.9, 514.52-53 

Salix herbacea L. 513.51, 514.9, 514.43, 514.52-53, 522.25, 523.1, 523.31, 531.11, 531.15, 531.22, 531.32-34 

Salix myrtilloides L. 513.51, 514.11, 531.11 

Salix retusa L. 514.43, 514.52-53, 522.24-25 

Salix starkeana Willd. 514.74, 515.29, 517.1, 523.63, 541.2 

Saussurea discolor (Willd.) DC. 514.43, 514.53, 514.85, 522.26, 523.1, 523.44-45, 531.11, 531.15, 531.32-34 

Saussurea porcii Degen 522.25, 523.1 

Saussurea pygmaea (Jacq.) Sprengel 514.52-53 

Saxifraga cernua L. 514.52-53, 523.31, 531.11 

Saxifraga hirculus L. 514.52, 523.63, 524.5 

Saxifraga mutata L. 

ssp. demissa (Schott et Kotschy) D.A.Webb 

525.2, 531.11 

Saxifraga mutata L. ssp. mutata 514.9, 523.73 

Saxifraga pedemontana All. ssp. cymosa Engler 522.24, 523.31, 524.5, 531.15, 531.22, 531.24, 531.32-34, 531.37 

Saxifraga retusa Gouan 514.52-53, 523.31, 523.43, 531.11, 531.15, 531.21 

Scheuchzeria palustris L. 513.44, 514.53, 522.15, 523.2, 523.42, 523.51, 523.63, 525.2, 531.15, 542.1 

Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla 513.32, 523.65, 524.5, 531.15, 532.3, 542.21 

Schoenus ferrugineus L. 514.34, 514.72, 514.85, 523.53, 523.63, 526.1 

Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx) Fernald 513.51, 514.53


Scorzonera humilis L. 513.411, 513.44, 513.54, 522.12-13, 522.15, 523.42, 523.46, 523.51, 523.63, 523.73, 524.2, 541.2 

Scorzonera lanata (L.) Hoffm. 531.37 

Scorzonera parviflora Jacq. 513.1, 514.73, 516.13, 517.4, 523.1, 523.57, 523.63, 525.1, 541.2 

Sedum villosum L. 513.44, 514.53, 523.63 

Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring 514.51, 515.21, 515.26-28, 516.2, 516.14, 523.52 

Senecio congestus (R.Br.) DC. 514.12, 541.2 

Senecio doria L. ssp. umbrosus (Waldst. et Kit.) Soó 513.411, 513.57, 514.9, 514.13, 514.42, 514.51, 514.53, 514.71, 516.3, 517.2, 522.16 

Serratula lycopifolia (Vill.) A.Kern. 513.1, 513.411, 517.1, 541.2 

Sesleria caerulea (L.) Ard. 514.31, 514.43, 514.63, 514.85, 523.73 

Sesleria heuflerana Schur ssp. hungarica (Ujhelyi) Soó 516.2, 517.2 

Sibbaldia procumbens L. 514.52 

Silene zawadzkii Herbich 523.1, 523.44, 523.46 

Sisymbrium austriacum Jacq. 514.85 

Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hedl. 

515.26-28, 516.2, 517.2 

ssp. hazslinszkyana (Soó) Kárpáti 

Sorbus chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz 513.55, 514.9, 514.43, 514.51, 514.53, 514.85, 515.26, 522.12, 531.15, 531.32-33 

Sorbus pekarovae Májovský et Bernátová 514.85 

Sparganium angustifolium F. Michx 514.52, 522.24 

Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. 

513.44, 513.72, 517.2, 517.4, 523.2, 523.31, 523.45, 525.1, 526.2, 531.4, 531.11, 531.15, 532.3, 533.2, 533.6, 541.2, 

542.1, 542.22 

Stellaria hebecalyx Fenzl 523.1 

Sternbergia colchiciflora Waldst. et Kit. 517.4-5, 526.1, 531.37, 533.2-3 

Stipa danubialis Dihoru et Roman 531.37 

Stipa dasyphylla (Lindem.) Trautv. 516.2-4, 516.12, 516.14, 517, 531.4 

Stipa pulcherrima K. Koch 514.41-42, 514.51, 514.81, 516.2-4, 516.12, 516.14, 517, 523.51, 523.73, 531.4, 531.37, 541.2, 542.21 

Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck 516.2, 517.2, 522.12, 523.2, 523.51-52, 541.2, 542.1, 542.21 

Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb.. 522.12-13, 522.21, 542.1 

Taraxacum arachnoideum Kirscher et Štěpánek 513.411 

Taraxacum erythrocarpum Kirschner et Štěpánek 513.411-412, 514.2, 514.42, 514.85 

Taraxacum obliquum (Fries) Dahlst. 542.42 

Taraxacum pieninicum Pawl. 514.12 

Teesdalea nudicaulis (L.) R.Br. 516.3, 517.2-4, 524.5, 531.11, 531.15 

Tephroseris longifolia (Jacq.) Griseb. et Schenk 

513.411, 514.81-83 

ssp. moravica Holub 

Teucrium scorodonia L. 513.44, 514.81 

Thesium ebracteatum Hayne 513.1, 541.2 

Thlaspi jankae A.Kern. 514.81, 516.2-3, 517.2-5 

Tofieldia pusilla (Michx) Pers. 514.53 

Trapa natans L. 516.13, 523.73, 531.4, 541.2 

Trifolium lupinaster L. 514.52, 523.1, 523.62, 524.6 

Utricularia australis R.Br. 513.56, 514.11, 514.73, 516.14, 517.4, 523.55, 523.62, 523.65 

Utricularia bremii Heer 516.3, 523.2, 523.63, 523.65, 531.15, 541.2 

Utricularia minor L. 514.34, 514.52, 514.64, 514.71-72, 514.85, 517.3-4, 523.44, 523.64, 541.2 

Utricularia vulgaris L. 513.52, 514.52, 516.12-14, 523.2, 523.44, 523.63, 523.73, 526.1, 531.4, 532.3, 542.1 

Vaccinium microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. 514.11, 514.52-53, 522.12, 522.15, 522.24-25, 523.1-2, 523.42, 523.55, 523.63, 526.1, 542.1 

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. 513.44, 517.3, 522.12, 522.15, 522.24-25, 523.1, 523.42, 523.55, 523.63, 524.5, 541.2 

Vicia sparsiflora Ten. 514.81, 515.21, 517.2-5, 531.37 

Viola epipsila Ledeb. 514.53, 515.12, 523.1, 523.43, 523.63 

Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F.Gray 514.82, 531.26, 532.1, 542.1 

Waldsteinia teppneri Májovský 515.21 

Waldsteinia ternata (Stephan) Fritsch 515.15, 515.22-23, 515.25-26, 515.28 

Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F.Gray 514.52-53, 517.3, 522.15, 523.1, 523.53 

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br. 



513.52, 514.9, 514.43, 514.52-53, 514.82, 514.84, 515.15, 515.21, 515.23, 515.25, 515.28, 516.2, 517.1-3, 517.5, 522.12, 

523.1, 523.31, 523.42, 523.51, 523.62, 531.25, 541.2, 542.1 

19

Mammals 


by Henryk Okarma 

Carnivores are the top consumers in a trophic web and have considerable influence on 

populations of large herbivores. Except for bears, which consume considerable amounts of 

plant food, carnivores are meat eaters. Altogether, 10 carnivore species were selected for 

this Carpathian List of Endangered Species including four flagship species: Brown bear 

Ursus arctos, Wolf Canis lupus, European lynx Lynx lynx and Wildcat Felis sylvestris. 

The Brown bear is present in all Carpathian countries, although in considerably 

variable numbers. Official statistics for the whole Carpathian population indicate a pop- 

ulation of about 7,000 individuals. However, many consider this figure to be slightly over- 

estimated. The species is most numerous in Romania and Slovakia, while in Hungary 

and Czech Republic it has been recorded only sporadically. The general population trend 

in the region is either stable or slightly increasing. The conservation status of the Brown 

bear varies between the Carpathian countries: it is strictly protected, partially protected 

or hunted. However, in those countries where hunting is prohibited, it is done so on the 

basis of relatively accurate estimates of population numbers and can be considered as a 

sustainable harvest. 

The Wolf is the second most numerous large carnivore in the Carpathians. Official 

statistics estimate the whole Carpathian population to be about 5,500 individuals. 

However, this number is probably considerably overestimated and scientists put the 

number at fewer than 4,000. The general population trend in the region is increasing or 

stable, with a slight decrease reported from Slovakia. The conservation status of the Wolf 

in the Carpathians is not satisfactory. The species is only strictly protected in countries 

where small or medium populations occur. In countries where the species is more numer- 

ous (Romania, Slovakia), it is intensively hunted with long hunting seasons (e.g. more 

than 5 months in Romania). In Ukraine, despite a relatively small population, wolves are 

hunted throughout the year. 

Officially, statistics show the total Carpathian Lynx population to be about 3,400 

individuals. However, it is probable that this is a considerable overestimate and the lat-

est scientific research indicates there to be only about 2,400 Lynx. The general popu- 

lation trend in the Carpathians is decreasing or stable, with an increase reported from 

Romania. The conservation status of the Lynx in the region generally appears to be rela- 

tively satisfactory: the species is strictly protected in four countries. Hunting is permitted 

only in Romania and Slovakia, however with a very long hunting season (5–6 months). 

Scientific assessments clearly demonstrate that the Lynx should be considered the most 

vulnerable large carnivore species in the region. 

Knowledge about the Wildcat is very limited in the Carpathians. According to offi- 

cial data, the species is common in Romania and Hungary. In Slovakia and Poland it 

is strictly protected and its population size is estimated to be 1,200 and less than 200 

individuals, respectively. There is no reliable data from Ukraine. Major threats to the 

wildcat include unfavourable changes in forestry (e.g. even–age monocultures), hybrid- 

isation with the domestic cat, poaching and killing by hunters (who often mistake this 

species for feral cats). 

Recomendations for Conservation and Management 

The distribution of large carnivores in the Carpathians is divided between administra- 

tions, so a national management policy would need to be coordinated at a regional level 

and between neighbouring countries. National management plans for carnivores should 

be developed according to guidelines worked out by the Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe 

and adopted by the Bern Convention. Monitoring of the population dynamics of large car- 

nivores is also required. In order to achieve this, there is a need to elaborate and apply 

more accurate methods of estimating carnivore numbers. Essential is the development of 

compensation systems and their application to mitigate conflicts with local human pop- 

ulations. Education programmes for gaining public acceptance of various target groups 

(e.g. livestock owners, hunters, game managers) are also necessary. 

Large Herbivores 

by Kajetan Perzanowski 

The three flagship species selected to represent large herbivores are the strictly herbivo- 

rous, hoofed animals which ruminate their food, including European bison Bison bonasus, 

Chamois Rupicapra rupricapra and Moose Alces alces. They occupy a range of ecological 

niches from concentrate selectors (i.e. species being highly selective towards the quality of 

their diet), through intermediate feeders to true grazers. 

All of these large herbivore species are important components of a trophic web, hav- 

ing a pronounced influence on the composition and structure of local flora. Their for- 

aging activity considerably affects the processes of plant succession and is therefore a 

potentially important modifying factor for the landscape. 


Mammals 

The European bison has been reintroduced to the Carpathians after having been 

extirpated there about 200 years ago. Population numbers are estimated to be about 160 

21

22 


Mammals 

in the Bieszczady Mountains in Poland and about 220 in the Ukrainian Carpathians. 

Separate, isolated herds are threatened by inbreeding and further loss of genetic vari- 

ability. Due to its habitat and spatial requirements, the European bison may serve as an 

umbrella species for other endangered animals. Its present numbers do not guarantee the 

survival of a self–sustainable population. 

The Chamois is the only ungulate species occurring in the alpine zone of the highest 

part of the Carpathians — the High Tatras. Its presence in the ecoregion is limited to the 

Tatras, Fatra and Slovensky Raj. It is very sensitive to human–related disturbance and the 

loss of natural refuges. Therefore due to the absence of contact with other populations of 

the species, the Carpathian Chamois are highly threatened by inbreeding. Total numbers 

are currently estimated at about 300 individuals. The joint Polish–Slovak population has 

been on the decline for a number of years. 

The Moose is present only sporadically on the northern slopes of the Carpathian 

range. Total numbers in the ecoregion probably do not exceed 100. The species is una- 

ble to form a stable breeding population due to the lack of suitable habitats. Its continued 

presence in the Carpathians depends on accessibility and continuity of migration routes 

from the core population in north–eastern Poland and Byelorussia. 

Two large herbivore species, namely Aurochs Bos primigenius and Wild horse Equus 

caballus gmelini, became extirpated from the region several centuries ago. 

Currently, the main threats for the large herbivore group include: 

• habitat loss, resulting from infrastructure development encroaching up mountain 

valleys as well as improper practices in forestry, including clear cuts and artificial 

rejuvenation of forests with spruce mono–cultures; 

• habitat fragmentation due to the increasing density and development of the road 

and railway network; 

• poaching (locally intensive); and 

• population fragmentation and inbreeding. 

Recomendations for Conservation and Management 

The most important and urgent needs regarding the protection and sustainable manage- 

ment of these ungulate species are improved information exchange and the development 

of a monitoring system common to all countries of the region. This could provide the basis 

for a joint conservation action plan, which among other aspects, would unify the legal sta- 

tus of particular species and impose the same approach to their protection and manage- 

ment over the whole home range of a population, regardless of administrative borders. 

Small Mammals 

by Kajetan Perzanowski 

For this Carpathian List of Endangered Species, insectivores, bats and rodents were com- 

bined together under the single category of Small Mammals. This group is fairly well

studied in the Carpathians. So far, several lists of threatened species (Głowaciński 2001, 

Okołów 1998, Voloscuk ed. 1996) and monographs of Carpathian fauna have been pub- 

lished (Wołoszyn, Bashta 2001). The respective categories of threat for particular species 

applied in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species follow earlier red lists. 

The majority of species named in this Carpathian List of Endangered Species occur 

in small isolated populations, seriously threatened by habitat loss or alterations. Other 

threats include probable high inbreeding in local populations which is further increased 

by low reproduction rates and, in the case of marmot and beaver, poaching. 

Due to their requirements for highly specific environmental conditions, including 

their sensitivity to human pressure, small mammals serve as important indicators of envi- 

ronment quality. 

Recommendations for Conservation and Management 

The status of the species belonging to this group is in general not sufficiently assessed. 

Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the monitoring of their population parameters 

(numbers, trends and distribution) on an eco–regional scale. Effective conservation 

depends on the ability to protect their crucial habitats as well as on the introduction of a 

consistent legal status of the species in the region. 


The authors would like to thank Dr Tadeusz Buchalczyk for providing base data on 

rodents and other small mammals of the Polish Carpathians, and to Drs Yaroslav 

Dovhanych, Ovidiu Ionescu, Ivan Voloscuk and Mojmir Vlasin for comments at various 

stages of the report. 


Mammals 

References 

Anděra M., Hanzal V. 1996. Atlas of the mammals of the Czech Republic. A Provisional Version. II. Carnivores (Carnivora). 

Národní muzeum, Praha: 1–85. 

Bieniek M., Wolsan M., Okarma H. 1998. Historical biogeography of the lynx in Poland. Acta zoologica cracoviensis 41: 143– 

167. 

Brzuski P., Malawski J., Uhl T. 1995. Liczebne i przestrzenne granice wystepowania w ocenie polskich służb leśnych. Fund. 

Ratowania Fauny i Flory Karpat i Podkarpacia, Kraków. 

Faragó, S. 1993. Large carnivores re-settling in the Hungarian fauna: Will there be room for them? Proceedings of the XXI 

IUGB Congress, Halifax, Canada: 257–264. 

Findo S. 1995. Present situation and perspectives on conservation of the Grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Slovakia. Vyskum a ochrana 

cicavcov na Slovensku II: 37–47. 

Frąckowiak W., Gula R., Perzanowski K. 1999. Bears – status survey and conservation action plan, Poland. In: (C.Servheen 

S.Herrero and B. Peyton comp.) IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. Information Press, Oxford: 89–93. 

Głowaciński Z. (ed.) 2001. Polska czerwona księga zwierząt. PWRiL, Warszawa. 

Hell P. 1992. Current situation and perspectives of the wolf in Czechoslovakia. Proceedings of the workshop „Wolves in 

Europe – current status and prospects”. Oberammergau, Germany: 36–42. 

Hell P., Findo S. 1999. Slovakia. In: (C. Servheen, S. Herrero, B. Peyton eds.) Bears: Status, survey and conservation plan. 

IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group and Polar Bear Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK: 1–309. 

Hunchak M. 1999. Buryi vedmid’ v Karpatakh. Lisovyi i Myslyvs’kyi Zhurnal, 5: 25. 

Ionescu O. 1996. The wolf in Romania, past, present and future. In: (W. Schroeder and C. Promberger eds.) Wolves of 

Europe: 23–29. 

Ionescu O., Isuf C. 1999. Bear-human conflicts in Romania. XII International Bear Association Conference on bear research 

and management. Brasov, Romania. 

Jakubiec Z. 1993. Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 – Braunbär. In: (M. Stubbe, F. Krapp eds.) Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. 

5/1 Raubsäuger. Aula Verlag. Wiesbaden: 254–300. 

Koubek P., Červený J. (eds.) 1996. Lynx in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Acta Sc. Nat., Brno 30: 1–78. 

Koubek P., Cerveny J. 1996. Lynx in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Acta Sc. Nat. Brno 30 (3): 1–78. 

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Okarma H. 1993. Status and management of the wolf in Poland. Biological Conservation 66:153–158. 

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Warszawa. 

23

24 


Mammals 

Okarma H., Dovchanych Y., Findo S., Ionescu O., Koubek P, Szemethy L. Status of carnivores on the Carpathian Ecoregion. 

Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative, WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Unpublished Report: 1–37. 

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ACANAP, 86pp. 

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Kręgowce. PWRiL, Warszawa.. 

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Kręgowce. PWRiL, Warszawa. 

Wołoszyn B.W., Bashta A.–T. V. 2001. Nietoperze Karpat, Polowy klucz do oznaczania nietoperzy. Chiropterological 

Infomation Center, Poland Bat Research and Protection Group & Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians UAN, Ukraine, 

Kraków, L’viv. 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species – mammals (for explanations, see chapter on How to Use This 

Book) 





A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 VU EX CR CR VU VU VU VU SP SP SP PP PP E + + + 

Felis sylvestris Schreber, 1777 EN CR VU CR VU VU VU PP SP SP + + + 

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) VU CR EN VU VU VU VU SP SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 EN EX CR CR EN VU VU EN NP SP SP SP PP SP SP + + + 

Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 EN CR + EN + + VU PP SP SP PP PP PP + + + 


Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) VU VU + + NP E E + 

Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN EW EW EW VU EW EW EN NP SP PP + + 

Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827 EX 

Equus caballus gmelini Antonius, 1912 EX 

Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) EN EN EN EW PP SP E PP + + + + 

Small Mammals 

Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) VU VU CR VU VU VU VU SP SP + + 

Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 VU EX VU + + PP SP + + 

Crocidura leucodon (Hermann, 1780) VU + VU VU PP SP + 

Crocidura sauveolens (Pallas, 1811) VU + EN VU PP SP + 

Dryomys nitedula Pallas, 1778) VU EN VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766) VU VU EN PP SP + 

Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) EN EN EN VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838 VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 VU + + + VU VU + + NP SP + 

Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) VU EN VU VU + PP SP + 

Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR + EN EW NP SP + 

Microtus nivalis (Martins, 1842) VU VU VU VU NP SP + + 

Miniopterus schrebersi (Kuhl, 1817) EN EN EN EN VU VU EN SP SP + 

Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + EN VU + + + PP SP + + 

Mustela eversmanni Lesson, 1827 VU VU PP SP + 



Endemic 



Relic

Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1758) CR CR EX EX EN PP SP + + 

Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 VU + + VU VU + + + NP SP + 

Myotis bechsteini (Kuhl, 1818) VU VU CR VU VU VU VU SP SP + + 

Myotis blythi (Tomes, 1857) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + 

Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) VU VU + + 

Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) EN VU VU VU EN VU VU SP SP + + 

Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Myotis emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) CR VU CR EN VU VU VU SP SP + + 

Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) VU + VU + PP SP + + 

Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Nannospalax leucodon Nordmann, 1840 VU CR VU SP + 

Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 VU + + + VU + + + PP SP + + 

Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) VU + + + + + VU + PP SP + 

Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreber, 1780) VU + VU VU + SP SP + + 

Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) VU VU EN VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) VU VU + VU + + 

Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Pitymys tatricus Kratochvil, 1952 VU VU + + + NP SP + + 

Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Plecotus austriacus (Fischer, 1829) VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Rhinolophus blasii (Peters, 1866) VU VU + + 

Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 VU EN VU VU SP + 

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) VU + + + + PP SP + + 

Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) EN + EN + + PP SP + + 

Rhinolophus mehelyi (Matschie, 1901) VU + VU + + 

Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 VU + + + VU + + + PP SP + 

Sicista betulina (Pallas, 1778) EN EN EN VU PP SP + + 

Sorex alpinus Schinz, 1837 VU VU + + PP SP + + 

Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) EN + EN + PP SP + 

Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 VU VU VU VU VU VU VU PP SP + + 

Distribution of the Red Data List mammals in the Carpathians (for explanations, see chapter on How 

to Use This Book) 



Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 

Felis sylvestris Schreber, 1777 

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 

Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 


Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) 513.64-65, 513.67, 513.71, 522.12 

Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) 522.12-13, 522.15 

Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) 514.52-53 

Small Mammals 




A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) 514.12, 514.52-53 

Castor fiber Linnaeus 1758 513.53, 513.63, 513.71, 522.12 

Crocidura leucodon (Hermann, 1780) 514.9, 514.12, 522.15, 522.25 

Crocidura sauveolens (Pallas, 1811) 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 522.15, 522.25 

Dryomys nitedula Pallas, 1778) 513.51, 513.54, 513.65, 513.71, 514.52-53, 522.12 

Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766) 513.51, 514.12, 515.27 

Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) 513.52, 514.12, 514.52-53, 522.12 


Mammals 

Protection 




513.412, 513.43-45, 513.48-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.65, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-12, 514.14, 514.33-34, 514.43, 514.51-53, 

514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.84-85, 515.11-14, 515.23-29, 516.2, 516.4a, 517.1, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-42, 523.44-47, 523.51- 

54, 523.56, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524.1-2, 524.4-6, 525, 526, 531.4, 531.11-17, 531.21-25, 531.31-33, 531.35-37, 532.1-2, 533, 

541.1, 541.3-4, 542.1, 542.21-22, 542.31-34, 542.41, 542.43 

513.412, 513.55-57, 513.64-65, 513.72, 514.9, 514.14, 514.33-34, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 515, 

516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

513.31, 513.34, 513.411-412, 513.45-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 

531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

513.31, 513.412, 513.42-44, 513.47, 513.51-57, 513.65, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.32-34, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 

514.71-74, 514.82-85, 515, 516.2, 516.4a, 517.1, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-47, 523.51, 523.53-54, 523.57, 523.61-66, 523.71- 

73, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532.2, 533.2, 533.4-7, 533.8, 541.3, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31, 542.33, 542.42 

513.42, 513.44-45, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.71, 514.9, 514.11-12, 514.14, 514.32-34, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71- 

74, 514.82-85, 515.11-15, 515.23-29, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-42, 523.44-47, 523.52-53, 523.56-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 

524, 525, 526, 531, 532.1-2, 533.1-5, 541.3-4, 542.1, 542.23, 542.31, 542.33 

Endemic 



Relic 

25

26 


Mammals 


Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) 514.12, 514.52-53, 522.12 

Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27 

Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) 513.45, 513.51-52, 513.65, 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27, 522.12 

Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) 514.9, 514.52-53, 531.32 

Microtus nivalis (Martins, 1842) 514.9, 514.53, 522.15, 522.25 

Miniopterus schrebersi (Kuhl, 1817) 514.12, 517.2, 522.15, 522.25 

Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531.4, 531.11-17, 531.21-26, 531.31, 531.33-37, 532, 533, 541, 542 

Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1758) 522.15, 522.25 

Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531.4, 531.11-17, 531.21-26, 531.31, 531.33-37, 532, 533, 541, 542 

Myotis bechsteini (Kuhl, 1818) 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 516.2, 517.2 

Myotis blythi (Tomes, 1857) 514.9, 514.12, 514.52-53, 515.27, 516.2 

Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845) 513.52, 514.52-53, 515.27, 517.2 

Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) 531.4, 531.32, 533, 542.1, 542.21-23 

Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) 514.12, 514.43, 515.27, 517.2, 522.15, 522.25 

Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) 513.52, 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 516.2 

Myotis emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) 513.51, 514.12, 516.2, 517.2, 522.12, 522.15, 522.25 

Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) 513.52, 514.12, 514.52-53, 515.27, 516.2 

Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817) 513.51-52, 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27, 516.2, 517.2, 522.12 

Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) 513.51, 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27, 516.2, 517.2 

Nannospalax leucodon Nordmann, 1840 522.15, 522.25 

Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreber, 1780) 516.2, 517.2 

Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) 514.52-53, 516.2, 517.2 

Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774) 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 516.2, 522.12 

Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) 513.1, 531.4, 531.32, 533, 542.1 

Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) 513.52 

Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) 514.9, 514.12, 516.2, 522.12, 531.32 

Pitymys tatricus Kratochvil, 1952 513.51, 514.9, 514.43, 514.52-53, 514.71, 514.84, 522.15, 522.25, 531.32 

Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) 513.51-52, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27, 516.2 

Plecotus austriacus (Fischer, 1829) 514.9, 514.12, 516.2 

Rhinolophus blasii (Peters, 1866) 533 

Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 516.2, 517.2 

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) 516.2, 522.25, 523.1 

Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) 513.45, 513.51-52, 514.9, 514.12, 514.52-53, 516.2, 522.15, 522.25 

Rhinolophus mehelyi (Matschie, 1901) 513.34, 526, 531.4, 531.32, 532, 533.3, 533.5, 542.1 

Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 533, 541, 542 

Sicista betulina (Pallas, 1778) 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27, 522.12, 522.15, 522.25 

Sorex alpinus Schinz, 1837 513.51, 514.9, 514.12, 514.43, 514.52-53, 515.27, 522.12, 522.15, 522.25 

Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) 514.9, 515.27, 516.2, 517.2 

Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 513.52, 513.54, 513.71, 514.9, 514.12, 514.52-53, 522.12

Birds 

by Tomas Ruzicka 

A total of 29 birds were selected for this Carpathian List of Endangered Species. 

Altogether, 7 species are considered critically endangered, 11 endangered and 11 vulner- 

able. Characteristic species were defined as those species where a significant area of their 

range falls into the Carpathians, or those for which the Carpathians represent an impor- 

tant refuge in Europe. 

According to the 2000 IUCN Red Data List, a total of 1,183 bird species in the world 

are considered to be vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered. Only two spe- 

cies nesting in the Carpathians are considered to be globally threatened or conservation 

dependant: the Imperial eagle Aquila heliaca and the Corncrake Crex crex (IUCN Red 

Data List 2000, Tucker and Heath 1994). 

Eight bird species were identified as flagship species for the Carpathians: 

• Imperial eagle Aquila heliaca 

• Lesser spotted eagle Aquila pomarina 

• Corncrake Crex crex 

• White-backed woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos 

• Rock thrush Monticola saxatilis 

• Ural owl Strix uralensis 

• Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus 

• Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria 

State of Knowledge 

In the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, knowledge about the distribution of 

most species is fairly good. In these countries national censuses have been carried out and 

detailed research undertaken for different species (e.g. birds of prey, Corncrake). The situa- 

tion in the Ukraine and Romania is different. The relatively small group of qualified ornitholo- 

gists and the inaccessibility of the mountains contribute to the fact that the precise distribution 

and density of most bird species is not known; this applies particularly to birds of prey, owls and 

grouse. However, the Romanian Red List of birds is due to be published in 2003. 

Red lists on birds of the Czech Republic date back to 1988, covering the former 

Czechoslovakia. Similarly, in Hungary the red list was published in 1989. The latest ver-

28 


Birds 

sion of the Slovakian Red List was published in 1998. New red lists for the Czech Republic, 

Slovakia and Romania are due to be published in 2003. The Red book for the Ukraine 

was published in 1994. The latest version of the Polish Red Data Book was recently pub- 

lished (Głowaciński 2001). 

The Carpathians are a refuge for nesting species such as the Lesser spotted eagle and 

the globally threatened Imperial eagle. The region represents a real stronghold for these spe- 

cies, hosting nearly 28–40% (1,500–2,700 pairs) and 20% to 45% (85 pairs) of their European 

populations, respectively. The dense deciduous and mixed forests provide a home for species 

such as the White–backed woodpecker and the Ural owl. The population of the White-backed 

woodpecker in the Carpathians is estimated to include up to 30% (11,400 pairs) of its entire 

European population. The number of pairs of the Ural owl living in the Carpathians repre- 

sents nearly 20% (2,285 pairs) of the entire European population (excluding Russia). 

It is very difficult to estimate the total Carpathian population of Capercaillie, 

mainly because of a lack of precise data from Romania and the Ukraine. Nevertheless, 

the Carpathians, particularly Romania, undoubtedly represent a very important region 

for the species in Europe. Other noteworthy species of the Carpathian forests include 

the Black stork Ciconia nigra, Grey–headed woodpecker Picus canus, Black woodpecker 

Dryocopus martius, Three–toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus, Tengmalm’s owl Aegolius 

funereus and Red–breasted flycatcher Ficedula parva. 

Typical mountain species, such as the Rock thrush and Wallcreeper, also find a val- 

uable habitat in the Carpathians, reaching the northern limit of their range here. Other 

valuable mountain species include the Water pipit Anthus spinoletta (20% of the European 

population) and the Alpine accentor Prunella collaris. 

It is not only the forests and mountains which provide a valuable habitat for birds. 

The globally threatened Corncrake, a species which has been in steep and continuing 

population decline in Western Europe for the last 20 years, is found in the Carpathian 

meadows. The Carpathians represent a very important refuge for this species in Europe 

thanks to extensive agricultural practices. 

Interestingly, the Carpathians are an important European stronghold for the steppe 

species Saker Falco cherrug (15% to 25% of the European population, or 80 to 85 pairs, 

nest in lower ranges and depressions in the Carpathians). 

Quite a unique migrating population of a few pairs of Horned Lark (Eremophila 

alpestris balcanica) nest in the Romanian mountains of Munti Cindrel, Bucegi and 

Parâng (Munteanu and Szabó 2001). It is an isolated and northern most nesting location 

of this sub–species. 

Main Threats to Birds in the Carpathians 

Most birds are not dependent on small–sized habitats and can easily move to other simi- 

lar habitats when their original one changes. Nevertheless, habitat alteration, fragmenta- 

tion and destruction have been identified as the worst threats, especially for birds of prey, 

woodpeckers, grouses and Corncrakes. Destruction of old growth forests, which consti- 

tute important nesting habitats for most birds of prey, owls and woodpeckers, has particu-

larly adverse effects. On the European scale, extensive beech and fir forests are the most 

valuable nesting habitats for White–backed, Black and Three-toed woodpeckers, and also 

for some passerines such as Red–breasted Flycatcher. 

The very specific habitat requirements of the Capercaillie — coniferous forests with 

open areas and undergrowth of Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus — together with intensive for- 

est management practices, pollution by DDT and hunting, has made this species almost 

extinct in most of the Carpathian countries, and virtually extinct in Hungary. Only in 

Romania is the Capercaillie still fairly common and hunted. 

In addition to habitat destruction, bird crime is also a serious threat, especially for 

rare birds of prey. Egg collection, stealing chicks for falconry and shooting birds for taxi- 

dermy can play a significant role in the decrease of populations of rare birds of prey. Bird 

crime has been monitored in Slovakia since 1965. Nests of some birds of prey (e.g. Golden 

eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Lesser spotted eagle, Saker) have been guarded there since 1990 

resulting in lower numbers of robbed nests, at times a 70% decrease, and the occasional 

prosecution of robbers. Although data on bird crime from other countries is absent, it 

is probable that the possible may significantly affect bird of prey populations also in the 

Ukraine and Romania. 

Top predators, such as birds of prey and owls, are especially vulnerable to pollution. 

Larger bird species are also threatened by collisions, usually fatal, with overhead wires 

and poorly designed electric poles. 


The following ornithologists helped the author and provided data and recommendations 

for the Carpathian List of Endangered Species: 

Vojtech Mrlik, Academy of Science, Brno, Czech Republic 

Sandor Barati, CEEWEB, Miskolc, Hungary 

Zbigniew Głowaciński, Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, Krakow, Poland 

Jozef Chavko, State Nature Conservation of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia 

Atilla Sandor, Retezat National Park, Deva, Romania 


Birds 

Bohdan Hodovanets, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Rakhiv, Ukraine 

References 

Anonymus 1991. Materialy ornitofaunistychnykh sposterezgen’, zatverdzgenykh Ukrainskoyu rehionalnoyu OFK v 1982– 

1986 r. Kataloh ornitofauny Zakhidnykh oblastey Ukrainy, Lutsk.. 

Anonymus 1993. Materialy ornitofaunistychnykh sposterezgen’, zatverdzgenykh Ukrainskoyu rehionalnoyu OFK v 1987– 

1988 r. Volove ochko – Troglodytes (Kataloh ornitofauny Zakhidnykh oblastey Ukrainy), Lutsk. 

Bartosova D., 2000. History and perspectives of Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) in the protected Landscape Area Beskydy 

Mountains. Pp. 44–51. In: (P. Málková ed.) Proceedings of the Inter. Conf. Tetraonids – Tetraonidae at the break of millenium. 

České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 24–26 March 2000. 

Danko Š., Chavko J. 1995. Hniezdenie orla kráĺovského (Aquila heliaca) na Slovensku v r. 1993 a 1994. Buteo 7: 182–190. 

Del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.), 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to 

Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. Barcelona. 

Głowaciński Z. (ed.) 2001. Polska czerwona księga zwierząt. Kręgowce. PWRiL, Warszawa. 

Głowaciński Z., Profus P. 1992. Structure and vertical distribution of the breeding bird alliances in the Polish Tatra National 

Park. Ochrona Przyrody 50: 65–94. 

Hagemeijer W. J. M., Blair M. J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. 

T & A D Poyser, London. 

Hilton-Taylor, Craig. (ed.), 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Species Survival Commission 

Horban’ I., Hryschenko V., Vetrov V., Kostin S., Pilyuha V. 1999. Pro chyselnist’ khyzgykh ptakhiv v Ukraini. Ekolohichni 

aspekty okhorony ptakhiv (Materialy VII narady ornitolohiv Zakhidnoi Ukrainy prysvyachenoi pamyati V. Dzedushynskoho, 

m. Ivano–Frankivsk, 4–7 lyutoho 1999 r.), L’viv. 

29

30 


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Jirat J. 2000. Realisation of the saving programme of critically endangered animal species – the Capercaillie in the Czech 

Republic. Pp. 6–11 in Málková, P. (ed.): Proceedings of the Inter. Conf. Tetraonids – Tetraonidae at the break of millenium. 

České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 24–26 March 2000. 

Kristin A., et al., 1998. Červený zoznam a ekosozologický status vtákov (Aves) Slovenska, Ochrana prírody, roc.16, 233–242. 

Lugovoy A. E. 1988. Ptitsy. Ukrainskiye Karpaty (Priroda). Nauk. Dumka, Kiev. 

Magyar G. (ed.) 1999. Annotated checklist of birds of Hungary, Budapest. 

Meyburg B–U., Haraszthy L., Strazds M., Schaeffer N. 1997. European Union Species Action Plan. Lesser Spotted Eagle 

(Aquila pomarina). Annex 6. Workshop 14–18. November 1996, Kemeri, Latvia. 

Munteanu, D. & Szabó, L. 2001. Breeding by Horned Larks in southern Carpathians, Romania. British Birds 94 (1): 42-43. 

Murin B., Kristin A., Darolova A., Danko S., Kropil R. 1994. Početnosť hniezdnych populacii na Slovensku. Sylvia 30: 

97–105. 

Rakonczay Z. (ed.) 1989. Red Book (The extinct and endangered animal and plant species of Hungary) Akadémiai kiadó, 

Budapest. 

Sedlacek K., Donat, P. Štastny K., Randik A., Hudec K., Varga K. 1988. Červená kniha ohrožených a vzácných druhů rostlin a 

živočichů ČSSR 1, Ptáci. Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, Praha. 

Shcherbak M.M. (ed.) 1994. Red book of Ukraine. Animal kingdom. Publishing house „Ukrains’ka encyklopedia”, Kyiv. 

Szitta T., Firmansky G., Kovacs A. 1999. Conservation and studies on breeding biology of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila 

heliaca) in north-east Hungary. Buteo, Suppl.: 64. 

Štastny K., Bejcek V. Hudec K. 1996: Atlas hnízdního rozšíření ptáků v České republice 1985 – 1989. Nakladatelství a vydavatelství 

H & H, Jinočany. 

Štastny K., Bejcek V., Malkova P. 2000. Tetraonids in Europe and in the Czech Republic. Pp.12–18 in Málková, P. (ed.): 

Proceedings of the Inter. Conf. Tetraonids – Tetraonidae at the break of millenium. České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 

24–26 March 2000. 

Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: their conservation status. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International (BirdLife 

Conservation Series No. 3). 

Uhlig, R., 1996. Zur Verbreitung des Schreiadlers Aquila pomarina in Rumanien. Pp. 313-317 in Meyburg B.-U. and 

Chancellor, R.D. (eds.). Eagle Studies. WWGBP, Berlin, London and Paris. 

Walasz K., Mielczarek P. 1992. Atlas ptakow legowych Malopolski 1985–1991 (The atlas of breeding birds in Malopolska 

(1985–1991), ed. BS Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw. 

Weber P. (ed.) 1994. Atlasul provizoriu al păsărilor clocitoare din România. Publ. SOR No.2, Mediaş. 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species – birds (for explanations, see chapter on How to Use This 

Book) 




A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU VU VU + VU CR SP PP SP SP SP SP + + + 

Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758) VU CR + + VU + SP PP SP SP SP PP + + 

Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) EN EW VU EN VU CR CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Aquila heliaca Saviigny, 1809 CR CR CR CR + PP SP SP SP SP SP + + + 

Aquila pomarina Brehm, 1831 EN EW CR VU EN EN CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + + + 

Bonasa bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758) VU VU CR + + EN + SP SP PP E PP PP + + 

Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 VU CR + + VU VU + SP PP SP SP SP PP + + 

Charadrius morinellus (Linnaeus, 1758) CR CR CR + SP NP SP SP SP PP + + + + 

Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) EN VU CR + EN EN + SP SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) EN EN EN + VU CR CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechstein, 1803) EN EN EN VU EN EN VU SP SP SP SP SP PP + + 

Emberiza cia Linnaeus, 1766 EN EN + EN PP PP SP SP SP + 

Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus, 1758) CR CR SP + + 

Falco cherrug Gray, 1834 CR + CR CR CR CR CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + 

Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 CR EW + CR EN CR CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Ficedula parva (Bechstein, 1794) VU VU + + VU VU + SP PP SP SP SP PP + + 

Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758) VU EN + VU + VU CR SP PP SP SP SP SP + + 

Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) CR CR EN CR CR SP SP SP SP + + 

Lullula arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + EN + + EN VU + SP PP SP SP SP PP + + 

Monticola saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1766) CR EW EN + EN CR CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + 

Otus scops (Linnaeus, 1758) VU CR EN + CR VU SP PP SP SP SP PP + 

Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU EN VU VU EN VU SP NP SP SP SP PP + + + 

Picus canus Gmelin, 1758 VU + + + VU VU VU PP PP SP SP SP PP + + 

Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1769) EN EW CR + EN CR SP SP SP SP SP + + 

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 VU VU + + VU VU VU PP E PP E PP PP + + 

Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771 EN CR EN VU VU EN CR SP SP SP SP SP SP + 

Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus, 1758 EN EW EW + EN EN SP NP SP SP SP + + 

Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758 EN CR EW EN + EN CR SP NP SP E SP SP + + 

Tichodroma muraria (Linnaeus, 1766) EN CR VU EN SP PP SP SP SP + 

Bird Directive 



Endemic 



Relic

Distribution of the Red Data List birds in the Carpathians (for explanations, see chapter on How to 

Use This Book) 



Birds 

513.2, 513.412, 513.43-44, 513.51-52, 513.55-57, 513.71, 514.9, 514.11, 514.13-14, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.62, 514.64, 

Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

514.71-74, 514.85, 515.11-14, 515.23-28, 516.2, 516.4a, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

513.44-46, 513.51-52, 513.55, 513.71, 514.9, 514.14, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.63, 514.74, 514.84-85, 515.26-29, 522, 

Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758) 

523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42-47, 523.51-57, 523.61-63, 523.66, 523.71-73, 524.2-3, 524.5, 525.3, 531.4, 531.11-15, 531.21-22, 

531.25-26, 531.31-36, 533.2-3, 533.5, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.32, 542.34, 542.42 

513.55, 513.71, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.63-64, 514.74, 514.84-85, 515.25-29, 516.2, 516.4a, 517.1-2, 

Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) 

522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.45-47, 523.51-56, 523.62-64, 523.71-73, 524.3, 524.5-6, 531.4, 531.11, 531.13, 531.15, 531.17, 

531.22, 531.25-26, 531.31-36, 533.1, 533.6-7, 541.1-2, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.42 

513.411, 514.2, 514.41-42, 514.81, 514.83, 515.21, 515.28, 516.2, 516.4, 517.1-2, 523.41, 523.51, 523.63-65, 523.71, 

Aquila heliaca Saviigny, 1809 

523.73, 531.24, 531.32, 541.2-4 

513.411, 513.51, 513.55-57, 513.64-65, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.34, 514.41-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-63, 514.71-74, 

514.82-85, 515.12-15, 515.21-29, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 516.11, 517.1-2, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41, 523.44-47, 523.51- 

Aquila pomarina Brehm, 1831 

57, 523.62-66, 523.71-73, 524.5-6, 525.1-2, 526.1, 531.4, 531.11-12, 531.16-17, 531.21-26, 531.31-37, 532.1, 532.3, 533.1, 

533.3, 533.5-7, 541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-33, 542.42-43 

513.31-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.33-34, 514.43, 

514.51-53, 514.62-63, 514.71-72, 514.74, 514.82, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.21, 515.23-26, 515.28-29, 516.2, 516.4a, 

Bonasa bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758) 

517.1, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42-47, 523.51-57, 523.61-64, 523.66, 524.1-3, 524.5-6, 525.1, 525.3, 526, 531.4, 531.11, 

531.13-15, 531.17, 531.21-22, 531.24-26, 531.31-37, 532.3, 533.1-3, 533.5-6, 533.8, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.41- 

42 

513.411, 513.44, 513.54, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11, 514.13, 514.41, 514.43, 514.51-53, 514.71-74, 514.81, 514.85, 

Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 

515.21-23, 515.25-27, 515.29, 516.2-4, 516.11-14, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 522.12, 523.51 

Charadrius morinellus (Linnaeus, 1758) 514.12, 514.52-53, 531.25 

513.2, 513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.31, 

514.33-34, 514.41-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 515.12-15, 515.17, 515.21-29, 516, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 

Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) 

522.11-12, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41, 523.44, 523.46, 523.51, 523.62-65, 523.71-73, 524.5-6, 525.2, 526.2, 531.17, 531.22, 

531.24-26, 531.32, 531.35, 531.37, 532.1, 532.3, 533.1, 533.3, 541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.32-34, 542.42 

513.2, 513.31-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514, 515, 516, 517.1, 517.4-5, 

Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) 

522.11-12, 522.24, 523.2, 523.31, 523.41-42, 523.45, 523.51, 523.63-65, 523.71-73, 524.1, 524.5-6, 525.2, 526, 531.16-17, 

531.23-26, 531.31-32, 531.35, 531.37, 532.1, 532.3, 533.1, 533.4, 533.7, 533.7a, 541, 542.21, 542.23, 542.32, 542.42-43 

513.2, 513.31, 513.411-412, 513.43-44, 513.49, 513.51-52, 513.55-57, 513.61, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.13-14, 514.32- 

34, 514.41-43, 514.51-52, 514.62-64, 514.71, 514.73-74, 514.81-85, 515.11-15, 515.21-28, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 516.14, 

Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechstein, 1803) 

517.1-2, 517.4-5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42, 523.44-46, 523.51-55, 523.57, 523.62-64, 523.71-72, 524.3, 524.6, 525.1, 

531.15, 531.24-26, 531.31-33, 541.3-4, 542.1, 542.22-23, 542.33, 542.42 

514.2, 514.51, 515.26, 515.28, 516.2, 517.1, 517.4-5, 523.31, 523.42, 523.45, 523.47, 523.51, 523.62, 523.66, 524.3, 

Emberiza cia Linnaeus, 1766 

524.5, 531.11, 531.13-15, 531.17, 531.22, 531.25-26, 531.32-33, 531.35-36, 533.1, 533.6-7, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.41-42 

Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus, 1785) 513.11, 531.22, 531.25 

Falco cherrug Gray, 1834 513.1, 514.2, 514.41-42, 514.81, 515.26, 515.28, 516.2-4, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 531.37, 533.1, 542.21 

514.2, 514.9, 514.12, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.63, 514.82, 514.85, 515.26, 516.2, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 

Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 

523.45-46, 523.51-55, 523.62-63, 523.71, 524.3, 531.22, 531.31-32, 532.3, 533.1, 541.4, 542.1, 542.22-23, 542.33, 

542.42 

513.2, 513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.42-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.11-14, 514.32-34, 514.41, 

514.43, 514.52-53, 514.63-64, 514.71, 514.74, 514.84-85, 515.12-15, 515.23, 515.25-28, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 516.11-12, 

Ficedula parva (Bechstein, 1794) 

516.14, 517.1-2, 517.5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42-43, 523.45-46, 523.51-57, 523.61, 523.64, 523.71-73, 524.1, 524.3, 

525, 526.2, 531.4, 531.11, 531.13, 531.16-17, 531.24-26, 531.32, 531.34-35, 531.37, 532.1, 532.3, 533.2-3, 533.6-7, 533.8, 

541.1, 541.3-4, 542.1, 542.21, 542.23, 542.32-33, 542.42-43 

513.32-34, 513.412, 513.43-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.33-34, 514.43, 514.51-53, 

Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758) 

514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.23-29, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) 517.1, 522.13-16, 522.21-25, 523.51 

513.1, 513.52, 513.55-56, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.41-42, 514.51, 514.62, 514.64, 514.73, 514.81, 514.83-85, 515.11- 

Lullula arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) 

12, 515.14, 515.21-26, 515.28-29, 516, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

514.2, 514.41-43, 514.52, 514.63, 514.85, 515.25-26, 515.28, 516.2, 517.2, 517.5, 522.12, 522.24-25, 523.51, 523.66, 

Monticola saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1766) 

524.2-3, 531.12-13, 531.17, 531.22, 531.24, 531.31-33, 531.35, 531.37, 532.3, 533.1, 533.6-7, 541.1, 542.1, 542.21-23, 

542.31, 542.33, 542.42 

Otus scops (Linnaeus, 1758) 513.411, 515.25, 516.2-4, 516.12, 516.14, 517.1, 517.4-5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

513.32-34, 513.412, 513.43-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.62- 

64, 514.71-74, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.23-28, 516.2, 516.4, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42-47, 523.51-57, 523.61-66, 

Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

523.71-72, 524.1-3, 524.5-6, 525.1, 525.3, 531.4, 531.13-17, 531.21, 531.23-26, 531.31-34, 531.36-37, 533.3, 533.5, 541.1, 

541.4, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31, 542.33-34, 542.41-42 

513.2, 513.31-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-45, 513.47-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.61-65, 513.68-69, 513.71-72, 514, 515.11- 

14, 515.17, 515.21-29, 516, 517.1-2, 517.4-5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-42, 523.45-46, 523.51-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 

Picus canus Gmelin, 1758 

524, 525, 526, 531.4, 531.11-13, 531.16-17, 531.21-26, 531.31-37, 532.1, 532.3, 533, 541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-33, 

542.41-43 

513.51, 513.56-57, 514.9, 514.13, 514.43, 514.51-53, 514.63, 514.71-72, 514.84-85, 515.26, 522.12, 522.15, 522.24-25, 

Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1769) 

523.1, 523.31, 523.42, 523.45, 523.56, 523.62, 524.3, 524.5, 525.3, 531.11, 531.13-15, 531.22, 531.25, 531.32-34, 542.1, 

542.23 

513.2, 513.31-34, 513.411-412, 513.42-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.12, 514.14, 

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 

514.32-34, 514.41-43, 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 515.12-15, 515.17, 515.21-26, 515.28-29, 516.2-4, 

516.4a, 516.11-13, 517.1, 517.5, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

513.32-34, 513.44-49, 513.51-55, 513.57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.43, 514.51-53, 514.62, 

514.64, 514.71-72, 514.85, 515.11-13, 515.23-29, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 517.1-2, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42, 523.45-47, 

Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771 

523.51-55, 523.57, 523.62-66, 523.71-73, 524.1, 524.3, 524.5-6, 525.1-2, 531.4, 531.11-14, 531.17, 531.21-22, 531.24-26, 

531.31-34, 531.36-37, 532.1, 532.3, 533.6-7, 541.1, 541.3-4, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.33, 542.42 

513.45-46, 513.49, 513.51-52, 513.54-55, 514.9, 514.11, 514.13, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.72-74, 514.84-85, 515.25-29, 

Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus, 1758 

516.4a 

513.412, 513.44, 513.51, 513.56-57, 514.9, 514.11, 514.13-14, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.63-64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.84- 

85, 515.11-13, 515.23-24, 515.26-28, 522.13, 522.15-16, 522.24-25, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42-47, 523.56-57, 523.61-66, 

Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758 

523.72, 524.1-3, 524.5-6, 525.1, 525.3, 526.2, 531.4, 531.11, 531.13-15, 531.17, 531.21-22, 531.24-26, 531.32-37, 532.1, 

532.3, 533.2-3, 533.5-6, 533.8, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31, 542.33-34, 542.41-42 

513.52, 513.54, 514.9, 514.12, 514.14, 514.42-43, 514.51-53, 514.63, 514.84-85, 516.2, 523.31, 523.45, 523.47, 523.56, 

Tichodroma muraria (Linnaeus, 1766) 

523.66, 524.3, 531.11, 531.13, 531.15, 531.21-22, 531.24-26, 531.32-37, 533.5-6, 542.1, 542.21, 542.23, 542.42 

31

Reptiles and Amphibians 

by Mojmir Vlašín 

Detailed knowledge about the distribution of most species of reptiles and amphibians is not 

very good. In most countries, national censuses have not been carried out. However, red 

lists are available in all countries. New red lists for some countries are due to be published. 

Out of a total of 31 reptile and amphibian species recorded in the Carpathians, 17 

species have been recognized as endangered and/or characteristic for the region. Only 

one reptile and one amphibian species were selected as flagship species. 

The Aesculapian snake Elaphe longissima is the longest Carpathian snake reaching 

up to 2m. The body is relatively slender, smooth, and in old specimens, slightly keeled. 

Although mostly terrestrial, it is a good climber. It hibernates in rocky crevices, in rodent 

burrows, manure and in the cellars of ruins. In most states in the Carpathian region it is 

classified as a critically endangered species. It is protected within the EU Habitat Directive 

(Annex 4) and the Bern Convention (Annex 2). 

The Carpathian newt Triturus montandoni is a small newt reaching a maximum 

length of 10 cm (although it is usually smaller). The head is relatively flat and wide with 

3 grooves. The back is sand–yellow to dark brown and sometimes greenish. The belly is 

always uniformly yellow to orange. The tail has pale streaks on the sides and its lower 

edge is orange with black spots. This newt is endemic to the Carpathians and inhabits 

humid, shaded slopes in deciduous forests. Although it mostly lives under stones, woods 

and leaves, the species reproduces in small water bodies near springs on wet meadows. 

Due to its endemism in the Capathian region and environs, it is not mentioned in the EU’s 

Habitat Directive but it is protected by the Bern Convention (Annex 2). In most Carpathian 

states it is protected as an endangered species. 

The following reptiles and amphibians, found in the Carpathians, can be selected as 

species of particular interest: Green lizard Lacerta viridis, Moor frog Rana arvalis, Fire-bel- 

lied toad Bombina variegata, European tree frog Hyla arborea and Swamp turtle Emys orbic- 

ularis. 

Main Threats for Reptiles and Amphibians 

The main threat for reptiles is the deterioration of habitats including clear-cutting, drain- 

age and habitat fragmentation in general. Similar factors pose the greatest threats for

amphibians. Most reptiles and amphibians are dependent on small–size habitats and can- 

not move to other similar habitats if their own habitat changes. Additionally, very small 

and isolated populations, for instance of the Aesculapian snake, can be destroyed by col- 

lectors, natural succession and habitat destruction. 


The following people were involved and helped the author in preparation of the list: 

Sandor Barati, CEEWEB, Miskolc, Hungary 

Kajetan Perzanowski, International Centre of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 

Ustrzyki Dolne, Poland 

Jan Kautman, National Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia 

Ioan Abrudan, Transsilvania University, Brasov, Romania 

Vasyl Pokynchereda, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine 

References 

Baruš V. et al. 1989. Červená kniha ohrožených a vzácných druhů rostlin a živočichů ČSSR 2. Kruhoústí, ryby, 

obojživelníci, plazi, savci. – SZN Praha. 136 pp. 

Bőhme W. (ed.) 1988. Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas 2/1, Wiesbaden:158 pp 

Cabela A., Grillitsch,H., Tiedemann F. 2001. Atlas zur Verbreitung und Okologie der Amphibien und Reptilien in Österreich: 

Auswertung der Herpetofaunistischen Datenbank der Herpetologischen Samm.des Nat. Mus. in Wien. Wien,880 pp. 

Głowaciński Z. (ed.) 2001. Polska czerwona księga zwierząt. Kręgowce. PWRiL, Warszawa. 

Gruber U. 1994. Die Schlangen Europas, Kosmos, Stuttgart,1994,248 pp. 

Honegger R. E. 1981. Threatened Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Wiesbaden 

Juszyk W. 1974. Plazy i gady krajowe. Warszawa, 772 pp. 

Mikátová B., Vlašín M., Zavadil V. (eds) 2001. Atlas rozšíření plazů v České republice (Atlas of the distribution of Reptiles in 

the Czech Republic – in Czech and English), AOPKČR Brno – Praha, 257 pp 

Nőlert A., Nőlert C. 1992. Die Amphibien Europas, Kosmos, Stuttgart,1992, 382 pp. 

Rakonczay Z. (ed.) 1989. Red Book (The extinct and endangered animal and plant species of Hungary) Akadémia kiadó, 

Budapest. 

Shcherbak M. M. (ed.) 1994. Red book of Ukraine. Animal kingdom. Publishing house “Ukrains’ka encyklopedia”, Kyiv. 

Vlašín M. 1994. Skokan štíhlý (Rana dalmatina): 86–90 – in Moravec, J.,1994: Altas rozšíření obojživelníků v České republice, 

Praha: 136 pp 

Wood A., Stedman–Edwards P., Mang J. .2001 The Root Causes of Biodiversity. Loss. WWF a Earthscan, 

395 pp. 

Werner F. 1897. Die Reptilien und Amphibien Österreich – Ungarns und der Occupationsländer. Wien, 161 pp. 

Zylka A. 1979. Zmiany w charakterze zoogeograficznym polskej herpetofauny. – Przeglad Zool., 23:252–255. 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species – reptiles and amphibians (for explanations, see chapter on 


Reptiles 




A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 






Protection 


Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 VU + VU EN + + EN VU SP PP SP SP SP + + 

Elaphe longissima (Laurenti, 1768) EN CR EN + + CR EN SP PP SP SP SP + + + 

Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) CR CR CR + CR + SP PP SP SP NP + + 

Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) EN + CR VU + CR + SP NP SP + + 

Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) DD EN + + EN + SP PP PP NP + + 

Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) VU CR + + + CR + NP PP SP + + + 

Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + PP + + 

Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU EN + + + CR + SP PP SP NP + 

Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) DD VU + + + VU + SP PP SP SP + 



Endemic 



Relic 

33

34 



Amphibians 

Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) EN + CR VU + + CR VU SP PP SP SP NP + + 

Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR EN + + EN + SP PP SP SP NP + + 

Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840 VU + VU + + + + EN SP SP PP NP SP + + 

Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) DD CR EN + + EN VU SP PP SP SP SP + 

Triturus alpestris (Laurenti, 1768) VU EN CR + + CR EN SP PP SP SP SP + 

Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) EN CR EN + + EN + SP PP SP SP NP + + 

Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) VU CR EN + + CR VU NP PP SP NP + 

Triturus montandoni (Boulenger, 1880) EN CR ? + + CR EN SP PP SP PP SP + + + 

Distribution of the Red Data List reptiles and amphibians in the Carpathians (for explanations, see 

chapter on How to Use This Book) 


Reptiles 

513.1-2, 513.31, 513.33-34, 513.411, 513.42-43, 513.45, 513.52-54, 513.61, 513.63, 513.65, 513.67, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 

Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 

514.11-13, 514.31-34, 514.41-43, 514.51, 514.62, 514.64, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 515.14-15, 515.21-23, 515.25-26, 515.28, 516.2-4, 

516.11-14, 517, 522.11-12, 522.15-16, 522.21-26, 523, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532.1, 532.3, 533, 541, 542 

513.411, 513.54, 513.72, 514.2, 514.31, 514.41-42, 514.62, 514.81-82, 515.15, 515.17, 515.21-23, 515.25-28, 516, 517, 522.12-16, 

Elaphe longissima (Laurenti, 1768) 

522.21-26, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) 517.3, 523.2, 523.51-55 

513.1, 513.411, 514.2, 514.31, 514.41-42, 514.62, 514.81, 514.83, 515.15, 515.17, 515.21, 515.26, 516.2-4, 516.11-14, 517, 523.2, 

Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) 

523.51-55 

513.411, 513.72, 514.2, 514.31, 514.62, 514.73, 514.83, 515.15, 515.25-26, 515.28, 516.3-4, 516.4a, 516.13-14, 517.1, 517.5, 

Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) 

522.21-24, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

513.411, 513.43, 513.45, 513.56, 513.72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11, 514.31-33, 514.41-43, 514.51, 514.62, 514.64, 514.71, 514.73, 

514.81-82, 514.84-85, 515.14-15, 515.21-24, 515.26-28, 516, 517, 522.16, 523.1, 523.31, 523.42-47, 523.51, 523.56-57, 523.61- 

Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) 

66, 523.71, 524, 525, 526.1, 531.4, 531.11-15, 531.17, 531.21-26, 531.31-37, 532.1, 533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.8, 541.1-2, 541.4, 

542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.41-42 

Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) 523.66, 526.2, 531.17, 531.31-33, 531.35, 531.37, 533.1, 533.6-7, 542.21-22, 542.42 

513.2, 513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.61, 513.64-65, 513.67-68, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 

514.31, 514.41-43, 514.51-53, 514.63-64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.21, 515.23-29, 516.4a, 517.1, 522, 523.1- 

Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

2, 523.31, 523.41-47, 523.51-57, 523.61-64, 523.66, 523.71-72, 524.2-6, 525, 526, 531, 532.1, 533.2-7, 533.8, 541.3-4, 542.1, 

542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.41-42 

513.32, 513.411-412, 513.43-47, 513.49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.61, 513.65, 513.67-68, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.42-43, 

514.51-53, 514.63, 514.71-74, 514.81-82, 514.84-85, 515.11-14, 515.17, 515.21-29, 516.4a, 516.11, 517.1, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 

Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) 

523.42-47, 523.51-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-72, 524, 525, 531.4, 531.11-15, 531.17, 531.21-26, 531.31-37, 533.1, 533.3, 533.5-6, 

533.8, 541.1-2, 541.4, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31, 542.33-34, 542.41-43 

Amphibians 




A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


513.1-2, 513.31, 513.42, 513.45-49, 513.51-54, 513.61-65, 513.67-68, 513.71, 514.2, 514.11-13, 514.52-53, 515.26, 516.2-4, 

Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) 

516.11-14, 517, 522.11-12, 522.16, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-47, 523.51-54, 523.56-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526, 531, 

532, 533, 541, 542 

513.2, 513.31, 513.411-412, 513.42, 513.44-45, 513.51, 513.54-57, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.31-34, 514.42-43, 

Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) 

514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 515, 516.2, 516.4, 516.11, 517.1-3, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

513.1, 513.411, 513.45, 513.64-65, 514.2, 514.31-34, 514.41-42, 514.62, 514.81-84, 515.15, 515.17, 515.21-23, 515.26, 515.28, 

Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840 

516, 517, 522.11-12, 522.15-16, 522.21-25, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-47, 523.51-52, 523.54-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 

526.2, 531, 532.1, 533, 541.1, 541.3-4, 542 

513.2, 513.31-32, 513.411-412, 513.42-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.68, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.31-33, 514.42-43, 

Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) 514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71, 514.73-74, 514.81-85, 515.11-15, 515.17, 515.21-22, 515.24-29, 516, 517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 

531, 532.1, 532.3, 533, 541, 542 

513.2, 513.31, 513.411-412, 513.42-43, 513.45, 513.47-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.67, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.42-43, 

514.51-53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.22-29, 517.1-3, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.42-47, 523.51-57, 523.61- 

Triturus alpestris (Laurenti, 1768) 

64, 523.66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526, 531.4, 531.11, 531.13-15, 531.21-26, 531.31-37, 532.1, 532.3, 533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.8, 

541.1, 541.4, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31, 542.33-34, 542.41-42 

Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) 513.2, 513.31, 513.411-412, 513.42-43, 513.45, 516.2-4, 516.12, 516.14, 522, 523.1-2, 523.51-55 

514.31, 515.26, 516.4, 516.14, 517.4-5, 522.12, 522.21-23, 523.1-2, 523.51-54, 531.4, 531.35, 531.37, 533.1, 533.6-7, 533.7a, 

Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) 

541.1, 542.1, 542.21-22, 542.33-34, 542.42-43 

513.32, 513.42-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-68, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.11-14, 514.43, 514.51-53, 514.71, 514.73-74, 514.84-85, 

Triturus montandoni (Boulenger, 1880) 

515.11, 515.22-29, 522, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-47, 523.51-57, 523.61-65, 523.71-72, 524.1, 524.5-6, 525.1, 541.3 



Endemic 



Relic

Fishes and Lampreys 

by Krzysztof Kukuła and Judit Sandor 

The waters of the Carpathians are mainly fast–flowing mountain rivers and streams with 

a bedrock bottom. River slope ranges between less than 10‰ to over 100‰. The occur- 

rence of macrophytes is rather restricted, due in part to fast currents and considerable 

changes in water level. Such hydrological conditions determine fish composition, with the 

dominant share of rheophilous species. Fish preferring a bedrock bottom are a character- 

istic group. 

State of knowledge 

For the past several decades, studies on the Carpathian ichtyofauna have been carried 

out with varying intensity. Relatively extensive data is available from the Polish (eg. Rolik 

1971; Bieniarz, Epler 1972; Skóra, Włodek 1988, 1989, 1991; Starmach et al. 1988; Kukuła 

1999; Włodek, Skóra 1999), Czech and Slovakian parts of the range (Weisz, Kux 1959; 

Kux, Weisz 1964; Holčik 1966, 1996; Holčik, Hensel 1972; Kirka et al. 1976, 1981; Baruš 

et al. 1981; Koščo, Košuth 1995a, 1995b). 

Threats for Fishes and Lampreys 

The impact of anthropogenic changes on ichtyofauna is evident in a number of river 

catchment basins of the Carpathians. Data gathered in the 1980s and 1990s points to 

increasing threats including: pollution, changes in river beds caused by hydrotechnical 

constructions (dams), poaching, extensive angling pressure and introduction of alien fish 

species (Lelek 1987; Witkowski 1992, 1996; Schiemer, Waidbacher 1992; Banarescu 1993; 

Lusk 1996; Sych 1996; Starmach 1998; Amirowicz 2001; Kukuła 2001). In the 1990s, com- 

prehensive research into fish conservation began in the region. Red lists for most threat- 

ened species were also drawn up (Głowaciński 1992, 2001; Witkowski 1995, 2001; Holčik 

1996; Lusk, Hanel 1996; Witkowski et al. 1999). 

The greatest numbers of threatened fish species belong to Cyprinids Cypriniformes. 

Particularly alarming is a strong decrease in those fish that were once dominant spe- 

cies in the Carpathian rivers, for instance, Common barbel Barbus barbus and Nase 

Chondrostoma nasus. The population of anadromic Vimba Vimba vimba has also decreased 

markedly.

36 



Migratory fish are particularly affected by anthropogenic alternations of the environ- 

ment. Hydrotechnical constructions isolate them from their spawning grounds which in 

many cases are additionally degraded by pollution. For these reasons, Atlantic sturgeon 

Acipenser sturio, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and probably also Sea trout Salmo trutta m. 

trutta can be classified in this list as extinct species in the Carpathians. 


Dr A. Amirowicz, Institute of Freshwater Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, helped in 

determining the category of threat of some species in the Polish Carpathians. 

References 

Amirowicz A. 2001. Zagrożone gatunki ryb i minogów w ichtiofaunie województw małopolskiego i śląskiego. Roczniki 

Naukowe PZW, 14: 249–296. 

Banarescu P. 1993. Considerations on the threatened freshwater fishes of Europe. Ocrot. Nat. Med. Inconj., 37: 87–98. 

Baruš V., Lusk S., Gajdušek J. 1981. Fauna ryb a jeji zachování v Československu. Památky a přiroda 1981: 619–623. 

Bieniarz K., Epler P. 1972. Ichtiofauna niektórych rzek Polski Południowej. Acta Hydrobiol., 14: 419-444. 

Brylińska M. (ed.) 2000. Ryby słodkowodne Polski. PWN, Warszawa. 

Głowaciński Z. (red.) 1992. Czerwona lista zwierząt ginących i zagrożonych w Polsce. PWRiL, Warszawa – Kraków. 

Głowaciński Z. (red.) 2001. Polska czerwona księga zwierząt. Kręgowce. PWRiL, Warszawa. 

Holčik J. 1966. Vývoj a formovanie ichthyofauny v Oravskiej priehrade. Biol. Prace, 12: 5–75. 

Holčik J. 1996. Vanishing freshwater fish species of Slovakia. In: (A. Kirchhofer, D. Hefti eds.), Conservation of endangered 

freshwater fish in Europe 79–88, Bern. 

Kirka A., Bastl I., Holčik J. 1976. Ichthyocenozy povodia Vahu v oblasti nadrze Liptowska Mara, prognoza formovania jej ichthyofauny 

a navrhy na prvotne zarybnenie. Biol. Prace, 22: 9–79. 

Kirka A., Mészáros J., Nagy Š. 1981. Ichthycenózy a bentos v riekach Východého Slovenska vo flyšovom pásme. 

Poľnohospodárska Veda. A: 1. 

Koščo J., Košuth P. 1995a. Ichtiofauna potoków zasilających zbiornik zaporowy Starina. Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, 4: 143–154. 

Koščo J., Košuth P. 1995b. Ichtiofauna Stużicy i dopływów Ublianki. Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, 4: 155–162. 

Kukuła K. 1999. Ichthyofauna of the upper San drainage basin. Arch. Ryb. Pol., 7: 307–319. 

Kukuła K. 2001. Zagrożone gatunki ryb i minogów w województwie podkarpackim. Roczniki Naukowe PZW, 14: 235–248. 

Kux Z., Weisz T. 1964. Příspevek k poznání ichthyofauny slovenských řek. Časopis Moravského Musea, 49: 191–246. 

Lelek A. 1987. Threatened fishes of Europe. In: Europe (J.Holčik ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 9, Aula – Verlag 

GmbH, Wiesbaden. 

Lusk S. 1996. The status of the fish fauna in the Czech Republic In: (A. Kirchhofer D. Hefti eds.), Conservation of endangered 

freshwater fish in Europe, 89–98, Bern. 

Lusk S., Hanel L. 1996. Cervený seznam mihuli a ryb České Republiky – verze 1995. Biodiverzita ichtiofauny, 1: 16–25. 

Rolik H. 1971. Ichtiofauna dorzecza górnego i środkowego Sanu. Fragm. Faun., 21: 559–584. 

Schiemer F., Waidbacher H. 1992. Strategies for conservation of a Danubian fish fauna. In: (P.J. Boon, P. Calow, G.A. Petts 

eds.), River conservation and management John Wiley & Sons Ltd, London. 

Skóra S., Włodek J.M. 1988. Ichtiofauna rzeki Soły i jej dopływów. Roczniki Naukowe PZW, 1: 97–121. 

Skóra S., Włodek J. M. 1989. Ichtiofauna dorzecza górnego Wisłoka. Studia Ośr. Dokument. Fizjograf., 17: 321–344. 

Skóra S., Włodek J. M. 1991. Ichtiofauna dorzecza rzeki Skawy. Roczniki Naukowe PZW, 4: 47–64. 

Starmach J. 1998. Ichthyofauna of the River Dunajec in the region of the Czorsztyn - Niedzica and Sromowce Wyżne dam reservoirs 

(southern Poland). Acta Hydrobiol., 40: 199-205. 

Starmach J., Jelonek M., Mazurkiewicz G., Fleituch T., Amirowicz A. 1988 – Ocena aktualnego stanu ichtiofauny i możliwości 

produkcyjnych dorzecza rzeki Raby. 1. Biologiczno-rybacka charakterystyka górnego odcinka rzeki Raby i jej dopływów. 

Roczniki Naukowe PZW 1: 75–96. 

Sych R. 1996. O projekcie restytucji ryb wędrownych w Polsce. Zoologica Poloniae, 41 (Suppl.): 47-59. 

Weisz T., Kux Z. 1959. Příspevek k poznání ichthyofauny řek Laborce, Tople a Poprad. Časopis Moravského musea, 44: 119– 

138. 

Witkowski A. 1992. Threats and protection of freshwater fishes in Poland. Netherl. J. Zool. 42: 243 – 259. 

Witkowski A. 1995. Stan obecny i perspektywy ochrony minogów Petromyzonidae w Polsce. Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz., 51: 19–29. 

Witkowski A. 1996. Zmiany w ichtiofaunie polskich rzek: gatunki rodzime i introdukowane. Zoologica Poloniae, 41 (suppl.): 

29–40. 

Witkowski A. 2001. Zarys historii ochrony gatunkowej ryb w Polsce. Roczniki Naukowe PZW, 14: 45–54. 

Witkowski A., Błachuta J., Kotusz J., Heese T. 1999. Czerwona lista słodkowodnej ichtiofauny Polski. Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz., 

55: 5 – 19. 

Włodek J.M., Skóra S. 1999. Badania ichtiofaunistyczne w rzece i dorzeczu Wisłoki w latach 1994–1995. Roczniki Naukowe 

PZW, 12: 29–60.

Carpathian List of Endangered Species – fishes and lampreys (for explanations, see chapter on 


Fishes 




A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

A 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Arctic/Alpine 




Protection 


Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 VU + VU + VU PP SP + 

Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758 EX EX EX 

Alburnoides bipunctatus Bloch, 1782 CR VU + CR + VU + PP PP SP SP PP + 

Barbus barbus Linnaeus, 1758 VU VU + VU + + + PP PP PP + 

Barbus peloponnesius Valenciennes, 1842 VU CR VU + VU + PP PP SP + 

Chondrostoma nasus Linnaeus, 1758 EN CR + VU + + + PP PP SP PP + 

Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 EN EN + VU + CR + PP SP SP PP + 

Cottus gobio Linnaeus, 1758 VU VU + VU + + + PP PP NP + 

Cottus poecilopus Heckel, 1836 VU VU + EN + + + PP PP SP SP PP + 

Gobio kessleri Dybowski, 1862 EN CR + + + CR + PP SP SP + 

Gobio uranoscopus Agassiz, 1828 EN + + + CR + PP SP SP + 

Gymnocephalus baloni Holcik & Hensel, 1974 EN + EN SP + 

Gymnocephalus schraetzer Linnaeus, 1758 EN CR + EN EN VU PP PP SP SP + + 

Hucho hucho Linnaeus, 1758 CR EX + EW EN CR EN SP PP PP PP SP + 

Leuciscus souffia Risso, 1826 VU + + + VU PP SP + 

Lota lota Linnaeus, 1758 VU VU + VU + + + PP PP 

Phoxinus phoxinus Linnaeus, 1758 VU VU + VU + VU + PP PP SP 

Proterorhinus marmoratus Pallas, 1814 VU + VU SP + 

Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas, 1776) EN + EN + + + SP + 

Romanichthys valsanicola Dumitrescu et 

Banarescu & Stoica, 1957 

EN EN PP + 

Sabanejewia aurata (Filippi, 1865) EN CR + EN + EN + PP PP SP SP PP + + 

Sabanejewia romanica Bacescu, 1943 VU + + 

Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 EX EX EX PP + 

Thymallus thymallus Linnaeus, 1758 VU + + VU + + VU PP PP PP SP SP + + 

Vimba vimba Linnaeus, 1758 CR EN + CR + + + PP SP PP + 

Zingel streber Siebold, 1863 EN EX + EN CR + PP PP SP SP + 

Zingel zingel Linnaeus, 1758 EN + EN + + PP PP SP SP + 

Lampreys 

Eudontomyzon danfordi Regan, 1911 EN + + + CR + SP SP SP + 

Eudontomyzon mariae Berg, 1931 EN CR + EN + + + SP SP SP + 

Lampetra planeri Bloch, 1784 EN EN VU CR + SP SP + 

Distribution of the Red Data List fishes and lampreys in the Carpathians (for explanations, see chapter 

on How to Use This Book) 


Fishes 



Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 516.4, 517.1, 517.5, 523.51-52, 523.54, 541, 542.34 

513.33-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-44, 513.46-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.32- 

34, 514.43, 514.62, 514.64, 514.71-74, 514.81-82, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.17, 515.21-23, 515.25-29, 516, 517, 522.11-12, 522.21-23, 

Alburnoides bipunctatus Bloch, 1782 

523.2, 523.41, 523.51-53, 523.61, 523.65, 523.71-73, 524.4, 526.1, 531.4, 531.12, 531.16-17, 531.23, 531.31, 531.35, 532.1-2, 533.1, 

533.4, 533.7, 533.7a, 541, 542.1, 542.32, 542.34, 542.43 

513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-44, 513.46-47, 513.53-57, 513.61-65, 513.67, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.31-34, 514.41-43, 

514.62, 514.71-74, 514.81-85, 515.11-15, 515.17, 515.21-22, 515.26, 515.28-29, 516, 517, 522.12, 523.2, 523.31, 523.41, 523.43, 523.46, 

Barbus barbus Linnaeus, 1758 

523.51, 523.56, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524.1, 524.4-6, 525.1-2, 526, 531.4, 531.11-13, 531.16-17, 531.21-26, 531.31-33, 531.35-37, 532, 

533.1-7, 533.7a, 541, 542 

513.32-34, 513.45-49, 513.51-55, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.72-74, 514.84-85, 515.12-15, 515.17, 515.21, 

Barbus peloponnesius Valenciennes, 1842 515.25-29, 516, 517, 522.11-12, 523.2, 523.31, 523.41, 523.43, 523.46, 523.51, 523.56, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524.1, 524.4-6, 525.1-2, 

526.1, 531.4, 531.11-13, 531.16-17, 531.21-26, 531.31-33, 531.35-37, 532.1-2, 533.1-7, 533.7a, 541, 542 

513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.44, 513.46-49, 513.52-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-68, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-12, 514.31-34, 514.42-43, 

514.62, 514.64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.85, 515.12-15, 515.17, 515.21-22, 515.25-28, 516.2-4, 516.11-14, 517, 522.11-12, 522.21-25, 523.1- 

Chondrostoma nasus Linnaeus, 1758 

2, 523.31, 523.41, 523.43, 523.46, 523.51-53, 523.56, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524.1, 524.4-6, 525.1-2, 526.1, 531.4, 531.11-13, 531.16-17, 

531.21-26, 531.31-33, 531.35-37, 532.1-2, 533.1-7, 533.7a, 541, 542 

513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.46, 513.55, 513.61-62, 513.64-65, 513.71-72, 514.11, 514.62, 514.64, 514.72-74, 514.85, 515.15, 515.25-26, 

Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 

515.28, 516.2-4, 516.12-14, 517.1-2, 517.4, 522.11-12, 522.21-23, 523.51-53, 526.2, 531.17, 531.35, 531.37, 533.1, 533.6, 533.7a 

513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.44-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.32-34, 514.42-43, 514.62, 

514.64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.85, 515.11-14, 515.25-29, 516.4, 516.4a, 516.13, 517.5, 522.11-12, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-43, 523.45-47, 

Cottus gobio Linnaeus, 1758 

523.51, 523.55-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526.1, 531, 532.1, 533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.7a, 533.8, 541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 

542.41-42 



Endemic 



Relic 

37

38 




Cottus poecilopus Heckel, 1836 

513.411-412, 513.44-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.32-34, 514.41-43, 514.51-53, 514.62- 

64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.84-85, 515.11-15, 515.17, 515.23-29, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 516.12, 516.14, 517.1, 517.3, 522.11-13, 522.15, 

522.23-25, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-43, 523.45-47, 523.51, 523.55-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526.1, 531, 532.1, 533.1-3, 533.5- 

7, 533.7a, 533.8, 541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.41-42 

Gobio kessleri Dybowski, 1862 

513.33, 513.44, 513.55, 513.64-65, 513.72, 514.11, 515.12-14, 516.2-4, 516.12-14, 522.11-12, 523.51, 523.73, 526.1, 532.1, 533.7, 541, 

542.34, 542.43 

513.411, 513.55, 513.57, 513.72, 514.32, 514.72, 514.74, 514.85, 516.2-4, 517.5, 522.23, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-43, 523.45-47, 523.51, 

Gobio uranoscopus Agassiz, 1828 

523.53, 523.55-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526.1, 531, 532.1, 533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.7a, 533.8, 541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 

542.41-42 

Gymnocephalus baloni Holcik & Hensel, 1974 516.12-13 

Gymnocephalus schraetzer Linnaeus, 1758 514.31, 514.64, 515.15, 515.21, 516.2-3, 516.12-13, 517.5, 522.22, 523.53, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

513.411-412, 513.54-57, 513.64-65, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.31-34, 514.43, 514.51, 514.62, 514.64, 514.71-72, 514.74, 514.85, 515.12-15, 

Hucho hucho Linnaeus, 1758 

515.22, 515.25-26, 515.28, 517.1, 517.5, 522.23-25, 523.1-2, 523.43, 523.46-47, 523.57, 523.61-62, 523.71-72, 524.1, 524.3, 524.5, 

526.1, 531.14, 531.24, 541, 542.33-34 

Leuciscus souffia Risso, 1826 517.1, 522.22-23, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.43, 523.52-53, 523.55, 523.57, 523.61, 524.1, 541.1, 542.42 

Lota lota Linnaeus, 1758 

513.32-34, 513.411, 513.43, 513.46-47, 513.51, 513.53, 513.55, 513.57, 513.61-65, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.11, 514.64, 514.71, 515.12, 

515.14-15, 515.25-26, 516.2-4, 516.12-14, 517, 522.12, 523.51, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

Phoxinus phoxinus Linnaeus, 1758 

513.32-34, 513.411-412, 513.43-49, 513.51-57, 513.61-65, 513.67-69, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.31-34, 514.41-43, 514.51, 

514.53, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.82, 514.85, 515.11-15, 515.17, 515.21-22, 515.24-29, 516, 517, 522.11-12, 523.51, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

Proterorhinus marmoratus Pallas, 1814 516.12-13, 517.1, 517.5 

Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas, 1776) 513.32, 513.46, 513.55, 513.63-65, 513.67-68, 513.71-72, 514.62, 515.15, 516.2-4, 516.11-14, 517.1-2, 517.5, 523.51, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

Romanichthys valsanicola Dumitrescu et 

Banarescu & Stoica, 1957 

532.1 

513.411-412, 513.44, 513.55-56, 513.61, 513.71-72, 514.11, 514.13, 514.32, 514.34, 514.72-74, 515.15, 516.2-3, 516.12-14, 517, 522.11-12, 

Sabanejewia aurata (Filippi, 1865) 

522.22-23, 522.25, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41-43, 523.45-47, 523.51-53, 523.55-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526.1, 531, 532.1, 

533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.7a, 533.8, 541, 542 

Sabanejewia romanica Bacescu, 1943 523.66, 531.16-17, 531.22-24, 531.26, 531.32, 531.34-37, 533.1, 533.6, 533.7a, 541.3, 542.21-22, 542.41-42 

513.32, 513.411-412, 513.43-45, 513.47-49, 513.51-52, 513.54-57, 513.64-65, 513.68, 513.71-72, 514.2, 514.9, 514.11-13, 514.34, 514.42- 

Thymallus thymallus Linnaeus, 1758 

43, 514.51-52, 514.62-64, 514.71-74, 514.85, 515.11-15, 515.23-29, 516.2, 516.4, 516.4a, 516.12, 517.1, 522.11-13, 522.21, 522.23, 523.1- 

2, 523.31, 523.41-47, 523.51, 523.53, 523.55-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526.1, 531, 532.1, 533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.7a, 533.8, 

541, 542.1, 542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.41-42 

Vimba vimba Linnaeus, 1758 

513.411-412, 513.51, 513.53-57, 513.61, 513.63-65, 513.71-72, 514.11, 514.31-34, 514.43, 514.62, 514.64, 514.71, 514.85, 515.12, 515.15, 

515.17, 515.21, 515.24, 515.28, 516.2-4, 516.11-12, 516.14, 517, 522.22, 523.51-53, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

Zingel streber Siebold, 1863 

513.412, 513.55-57, 513.72, 514.31-32, 514.43, 514.62, 514.64, 514.85, 515.15, 516.2-4, 516.12-14, 517.1-2, 517.5, 522.22, 523.51, 

523.53, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

Zingel zingel Linnaeus, 1758 513.55, 513.72, 516.4, 516.12, 516.14, 517.1, 517.3, 517.5, 522.22-23, 523.51, 523.53, 523.73, 541, 542.43 

Lampreys 

513.55, 513.72, 514.72-74, 515.25-26, 515.28-29, 516.2-4, 516.4a, 516.13-14, 517.1-2, 517.5, 522.12, 522.23-24, 523.1-2, 523.31, 523.41- 

Eudontomyzon danfordi Regan, 1911 

43, 523.45-47, 523.51, 523.55-57, 523.61-66, 523.71-73, 524, 525, 526.1, 531, 532.1, 533.1-3, 533.5-7, 533.7a, 533.8, 541, 542.1, 

542.21-23, 542.31-34, 542.41-42 

Eudontomyzon mariae Berg, 1931 513.32-33, 513.47-48, 514.11, 517.5, 522.11, 522.13, 531.17, 531.31, 531.35-37, 532.1, 533.1, 533.6, 533.7a 

Lampetra planeri Bloch, 1784 513.32-34, 513.45-49, 513.51, 513.54-55, 513.61-65, 513.67, 513.71, 514.9, 514.12-13, 514.72, 514.74, 522.11-12

Invertebrates 

by Jerzy Pawłowski 

In order to develop a Carpathian List of Endangered Species, former classifi cation con- 

cerning Carpathian species in the previously published national red data books or lists 

were transformed into new IUCN categories of threat (Table 4). However, only species 

classifi ed as E or V (according to the earlier classifi ation of IUCN) were selected from 

national red lists, and only species classifi ed as E were selected from regional (provincial) 

red lists according to evaluations on the country scale. Moreover, some new species were 

introduced by the author. 

Table 4. Approximated relation between threat categories in different Carpathian countries (after 

national or regional red data books or red lists: CSRB’92 = (Škapec ed. 1992), PLRB’92 = (Głowaciński 

ed.1992), PLRL’92 = (Głowaciński ed. 1992), SURB’84 = (Borodin ed. 1984), UArB’94 = (Shcherbak 

ed. 1994), 

New–WCU status 

Old–IUCN status 

accepted in 

CSRB '92, PLRB '92, PLRL '92 

Categories accepted for Ukraine 

SURB '84 UARB '94 

EX + EW EX (also EXP) O 

CR E I I 

EN / VU V II II 

LR (NT) R III III 

I IV IV / V 

LR (CD) O V VI 

The systematic nomenclature accepted in the present Carpathian List of Endangered 

Species was based mainly on the “Checklist of Animals of Poland” vol. I–V (Razowski 

1990–1997), apart from Lepidoptera which were arranged according to “The Lepidoptera 

of Europe. A distributional checklist” (Karsholt, Razowski 1996). Higher taxa (classes) are 

presented in systematic order, while lower taxa (genera, species) are presented in alpha- 

betical order. 

The large number of invertebrate species requires well–trained experts in each 

Carpathian country. As the number of invertebrate experts is still limited, the data col-

40 


Invertebrates 

lected for this list is dramatically insufficient. It is particularly evident when data collected 

by the author is compared in different countries. Lack of knowledge of Carpathian inver- 

tebrate fauna is not an exception — this problem can be found all over the world. The 

invertebrate fauna of the Carpathians, divided among seven countries, still needs a fun- 

damental inventory in order to draw any solid conclusions about the list of species, their 

distribution and threats. Any conclusions based on the initial material presented here 

could be misleading. 

References 

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in Poland]. Wiadomości entomologiczne, Poznań, 18 (1999), supl. 2: 95–120. 

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Poznań, 18 (1999), supl. 2: 233–249. 

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91. 

Łabędzki A., Buczyński P., Tończyk G. 1999. Zagrożenia i ochrona ważek w Polsce [Threats and protection of dragonflies in 

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(abstrakty) referatów, Poznań–Kraków: 21–23. 

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комах України в ентомологічних колекціях Державного природознавчого музею [Rare and vanishing species of 

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Poland: 31–38. 

Carpathian List of Endangered Species – invertebrates; + species recorded from the country, but 

hitherto not protected (or not threatened); ? – species hitherto not found in the country, but its 

presence is probable (for explanations, see Table 4 and chapter on How to Use This Book) 

Class Ordo Species 


Invertebrates 





CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Protection in 

Carpathian 

Countries 

CZ 

PL 

SK 


Endemic 

Relic 

Gastropoda Abida secale (Draparnaud, 1801) CR CR 

Gastropoda Alopia clathrata (Rossmässler, 1857) CR + CR + 

Gastropoda Argna bielzi (Rossmässler, 1859) EN VU CR + 

Gastropoda Balea perversa (Linnaeus, 1758) CR + CR + + 

Gastropoda Bielzia coerulans (M.Bielz, 1851) VU + + + + + + + 

Gastropoda Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801) EN + VU 

Gastropoda Causa holosericum (Studer, 1820) VU + VU + 

Gastropoda Chilostoma rossmaessleri (L.Pfeiffer, 1842) EN VU + 

Gastropoda Chondrina clienta (Westerlund, 1883) VU VU + + + 

Gastropoda Clausilia cruciata (Studer, 1820) EN + VU + + + 

Gastropoda Cochlicopa nitens (Gallenstein, 1848) CR CR CR + 

Gastropoda Cochlodina fimbriata remota Ložek, 1952 CR CR + 

Gastropoda Deroceras moldavicum (Grossu & Lupu, 1961) EN VU + + + + 

Gastropoda Drobacia banaticum (Rossmässler, 1838) CR Ex + Ex + Ex II + 

Gastropoda 

Gonyodiscus perspectivus 

(Megerle v. Mühlfeld, 1818) 

VU + VU + + + 

Gastropoda Granaria frumentum (Draparnaud, 1801) CR CR I 

Gastropoda Helix lutescens Rossmässler, 1837 CR + CR + + + 

Gastropoda Hygromia transsylvanica (Westerlund, 1876) EN + VU + 

Gastropoda Lehmannia macroflagellata Grossu & Lupu, 1962 VU + VU + + + 

Gastropoda Lehmannia nyctelia (Bourguignat, 1861) EN VU + + 

Gastropoda Macrogastra latestriata (A.Schmidt, 1857) VU + VU + + + 

Gastropoda Nesovitrea petronella (L.Pfeiffer, 1853) CR CR VU + CR 

Gastropoda Oxychilus inopinatus (Uličný, 1887) VU + + VU + + + 

Gastropoda Pagodulina pagodula (Desmoulins, 1830) CR VU CR VU + 

Gastropoda Perforatella dibothrion (M.Kimakowicz, 1884) EN VU + + + + 

Gastropoda Prostenomphalia carpathica Baidaschnikov, 1985 EN ? II + 

Gastropoda Pseudalinda fallax (Rossmässler, 1836) VU VU + + + 

Gastropoda Pseudalinda stabilis (L.Pfeiffer, 1847) VU VU + + + + 

Gastropoda Pseudofusculus varians (C.Pfeiffer, 1828) CR CR CR 

Gastropoda Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837) CR CR + 

Gastropoda Pupilla sterri (Voith, 1840) CR VU + + 

Gastropoda Pupilla triplicata (Studer, 1820) VU VU + + 

Gastropoda Semilimax kotulae (Westerlund, 1883) EN + VU + + 

Gastropoda Serrulina serrulata (L.Pfeiffer, 1874) CR I + 

Gastropoda Trichia bakowskii (Poliński, 1924) VU VU + + 

Gastropoda Trichia bielzi (E.A.Bielz) VU VU + + + + 

Gastropoda Trichia filicina (L.Pfeiffer, 1841) EN VU 

Gastropoda Trichia lubomirskii (Ślósarski, 1881) EN + VU + + + 

Gastropoda Trichia villosula (Rossmässler, 1838) VU + + + 

Gastropoda Truncatellina costulata (Nilsson, 1822) EN + VU + 

Gastropoda Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 VU VU + + 

Gastropoda Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925 CR CR + CR 

Gastropoda Vertigo modesta (Say, 1824) VU VU + + 

Gastropoda Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) CR CR CR CR + 

Gastropoda Vestia elata (Rossmässler, 1836) CR CR + + + 

Gastropoda Vestia ranojevici moravica (Brabenec, 1952) CR CR CR 

Oligochaeta Allolobophora carpathica Cognetti, 1927 VU + ? + + + 

Oligochaeta Fitzingeria platyura (Fitzinger, 1833) VU + + + + + + 

Oligochaeta Helodrilus cernosvitovianus (Zicsi, 1967) VU + + + + + + 

Hirudinea Trocheta bykowskii Gedroyć, 1913 VU + + ? + 

Crustacea Astacus astacus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + VU + + + 

Crustacea Astacus torrentium (Schrank, 1803) EN CR ? + CR 

Alpine 

41

42 


Invertebrates 


Crustacea Bathynella natans Vejdovsky, 1882 EN + VU 

Crustacea Branchinecta paludosa (Müller, 1788) CR I CR + 

Crustacea Chirocephalus slovacicus Brtek, 1971 CR ? + 

Crustacea Holopedium gibberum Zaddach, 1855 EN CR + CR + 

Crustacea Imnadia yeyetta Hertzog, 1935 CR CR + 

Crustacea Niphargus leopoliensis Jaworowski, 1893 VU VU + 

Crustacea Niphargus tatrensis Wrześniowski, 1888 VU VU + 

Scorpionida Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) VU VU + + 

Araneae Acantholycosa lignaria (Clerck, 1758) EN CR + + + CR + + 

Araneae Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius, 1777) EN CR + + + CR + 

Araneae Arctosa maculata (Hahn, 1822) EN CR + + + CR + 

Araneae Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) VU + + + + CR + 

Araneae Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1758) CR CR + + + CR + 

Araneae Atypus muralis Bertkau, 1890 EN CR + + CR ? 

Araneae Clubiona alpicola Kulczyński, 1881 EN VU + VU 

Araneae Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck, 1758) VU CR ? + + CR + 

Araneae Eresus niger (Petagna, 1787) EN CR + + + CR + 

Araneae Gnaphosa microps Holm, 1939 EN CR/VU + CR/VU 

Araneae Micaria formicaria (Sundeval, 1832) EN CR ? + ? CR ? 

Araneae Nesticus fodinarum Kulczyński, 1915 VU + + 

Araneae Pardosa ferruginea (L.Koch, 1870) EN CR + + CR ? + 

Araneae Pardosa morosa (L.Koch, 1870) VU VU + + + VU + 

Araneae Troglohyphantes kulczynskii Fage VU + + 

Araneae Uloborus valckenaerius Latreille, 1806 EN ? ? CR 

Araneae Zelotes puritanus Chamberlin, 1922 EN CR ? + ? CR ? 

Opiliones Egaenus convexus (C.L.Koch, 1839) EN + + CR + + + 

Opiliones Ischyropsalis manicata L.Koch, 1869 EN CR + + + 

Opiliones Siro carpathicus Rafalski, 1956 VU + ? ? ? 

Pseudoscorpionidea Neobisium brevidigitatum (Beier, 1928) VU + + ? + + 

Chilopoda Dicellophilus carniolensis (C.L.Koch, 1847) VU + + + + 

Chilopoda Harpatolithobius anodus (Latzel, 1880) EN + ? + + 

Chilopoda Lithobius biungulatus Loksa, 1947 EN + + + + + + 

Chilopoda Lithobius burzenlandicus Verhoeff, 1931 VU + + + + 

Chilopoda Lithobius erythrocephalus schuleri Verhoeff, 1925 VU + + + + 

Chilopoda Lithobius silvivagus Verhoeff, 1925 VU + + + + + 

Chilopoda Strigamia pusilla perkeo (Verhoeff, 1935) EN + + + 

Diplopoda Beskidia jankowskii (Jawłowski, 1938) VU + ? + + + 

Diplopoda 

Mastigophorophyllon serrulatum apiculatum 

Jawłowski, 1928 

VU + ? ? + + 

Diplopoda Polydesmus komareki Gulička, 1962 VU + + + 

Diplopoda Polydesmus tatranus Latzel, 1882 VU + + ? + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Ametropus fragilis Albarda, 1878 CR CR CR CR 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Arthroplea congener Bengtsson, 1909 VU CR/VU I CR/VU 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetis beskidensis Sowa, 1972 VU + + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Choroterpes picteti (Eaton, 1871) VU + + + + + + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Ecdyonurus aurantiacus (Burmeister,1839) VU + + VU + + + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemera glaucops Pictet, 1843 EN + + + + ? 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephoron virgo (Olivier, 1791) VU + + + + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Isonychia ignota (Walker, 1835) EN + CR + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Oligoneuriella polonica Mol, 1984 VU VU 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Palingenia longicauda (Olivier, 1791) CR CR Ex CR 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Rhitrogena alpestris Eaton, 1871 CR + + 

Insecta Ephemeroptera Rhitrogena germanica Eaton, 1885 VU + + VU + + + 

Insecta Odonata Aeschna subarctica Walker, 1908 EN CR VU CR + 

Insecta Odonata Calopteryx splendens (Harris, 1782) VU CR + + + CR + 

Insecta Odonata Calopteryx virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + I + + + 

Insecta Odonata Cordulegaster bidentatus Sélys, 1839 EN + 

Insecta Odonata Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan, 1807) EN CR + I + CR + 

Insecta Odonata Leucorrhinia albifrons (Burmeister, 1839) CR + + 

Insecta Odonata Leucorrhinia pectoralis (Charpentier VU CR + I + CR + 

Insecta Odonata Ophiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785) EN + + 

Insecta Odonata Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabricius, 1798) EN + 

Insecta Odonata Sympecma braueri Bianchi, 1905 CR + + 

Insecta Plecoptera Brachyptera braueri (Klapálek, 1900) CR Ex? Ex? CR CR 

Insecta Plecoptera Capnopsis schilleri (Rostock, 1892) EN CR VU CR 

Insecta Plecoptera Isogenus nubecula Newman, 1833 EN CR CR CR 

Insecta Plecoptera Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761) EN VU 

Insecta Plecoptera Isoperla obscura (Zetterstedt, 1840) CR/EN CR CR + 

Insecta Plecoptera Nemoura dubitans Morton, 1894 EN VU 

Insecta Plecoptera Perla burmeisteriana Claasen, 1936 EN VU 

Insecta Plecoptera Perla maxima Scopoli, 1763 CR/EN Ex II 

Insecta Plecoptera Xanthoperla apicalis (Newman, 1836) CR Ex? VU + CR 





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Protection in 


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Alpine



Invertebrates 

Insecta Orthoptera Acrida hungarica (Herbst, 1786) EN Ex? + + CR 

Insecta Orthoptera Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781) VU + + VU + + + 

Insecta Orthoptera Homocoryphus nitidulus (Scopoli, 1786) EN CR + + CR 

Insecta Orthoptera Platycleis grisea (Fabricius, 1781) EN + + CR + + + 

Insecta Orthoptera Poecilimon fussi matisi Mařan, 1952 EN + + CR 

Insecta Orthoptera Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) EN CR + + CR II 

Insecta Mantodea Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) EN VU + CR + VU + 

Insecta Heteroptera Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Fabricius, 1803) CR CR + + + CR + 

Insecta Homoptera Achorotile albosignata (Dahlbom, 1850) EN/VU + VU 

Insecta Homoptera Javesella salina (Haupt, 1924) EN CR + CR 

Insecta Homoptera Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + 

Insecta Homoptera Tibicina haematodes (Scopoli, 1763) CR Ex? + ? CR + 

Insecta Neuroptera Ascalaphus macaronius (Scopoli, 1763) VU + + + II 

Insecta Neuroptera Dendroleon pantherinus (Fabricius, 1878) EN CR + CR 

Insecta Neuroptera Mantispa styriaca (Poda, 1761) CR Ex? CR 

Insecta Coleoptera Akimerus schaefferi (Laicharting, 1784) CR + CR ? + ? + 

Insecta Coleoptera Aplocnemus tarsalis (C.R.Sahlberg, 1822) EN + + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Baris cuprirostris (Fabricius, 1787) EN + + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Betarmon bisbimaculatus (Fabricius, 1803) CR + + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Callimellum angulatum (Schrank, 1789) CR + ? CR ? ? ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Calosoma sycophanta (Linnaeus, 1758) VU VU + + + VU II + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Cantharis pulicaria Fabricius, 1781 EN + ? CR ? + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carabus fabricii Duftschmidt, 1812 CR/EN Ex? CR + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carabus hampei Küster, 1846 EN + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carabus menetriesi Hummel, 1827 CR VU + VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carabus montivagus Palliardi, 1825 EN + + CR + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carabus planicollis Küster, 1846 CR/EN + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carilia excellens (Brancsik, 1874) CR CR + CR + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carpathobyrrhulus tatricus Mroczkowski, 1957 VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Carpathobyrrhulus transsylvanicus Miller, 1859 VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 VU + + VU + + II + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Cerambyx scopolii (Fuesslin, 1775) VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Hochenwarth, 1785) EN/VU + VU + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Chlorophorus sartor (O.F.Müller, 1766) EN + + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Chrysolina fuliginosa (Olivier, 1807) CR + CR ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Cornumutila quadrivittata (Gebler, 1841) CR CR + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Curimus decorus (Steffahny, 1843) CR CR + ? + 

Insecta Coleoptera Deltomerus carpathicus (Miller, 1868) VU + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Deltomerus tatricus (Miller, 1859) VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Dictyoptera fiedleri (Reitter, 1907) EN ? ? CR ? ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Duvalius bokori (Csiki, 1910) EN + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Duvalius microphthalmus (Miller, 1859) CR Ex? CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Duvalius subterraneus (Miller, 1868) VU + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Dytiscus latissimus Linnaeus, 1758 EN CR + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Emus hirtus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Eurythyrea austriaca (Linnaeus, 1767) EN CR + CR + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Hydrous piceus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR + VU + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Lacon fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Lacon lepidopterus (Panzer, 1801) EN CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Leistus montanus Stephens, 1827 VU + CR ? + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Leistus ucrainicus Lazorko, 1950 CR + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Leptura thoracica (Creutzer, 1799) CR + CR ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Limoniscus violaceus (Ph.W.Müller, 1821) CR CR ? + + CR ? + 

Insecta Coleoptera Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN VU + CR + VU II + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Malthodes lobatus Kiesenwetter, 1852 EN + + CR + + ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Meloe variegatus Donovan, 1793 EN CR + + + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Nanophyes gracilis L.Redtenbacher, 1849 EN + + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Nebria heegeri Dejean, 1826 VU + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Nebria reitteri Rybiński, 1902 VU ? + 

Insecta Coleoptera Nebria tatrica Miller, 1859 VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Nebria transsylvanica Germar, 1824 VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Netocia lugubris (Herbst, 1786) VU + + + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Ocypus biharicus (J.Müller, 1926) VU + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Ocypus olens (O.F.Müller, 1764) VU + + + + + II 

Insecta Coleoptera Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) EN CR + CR + CR II + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Otiorhynchus perdix (Olivier, 1807) CR VU + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Pachyta lamed (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR + + CR ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Patrobus quadricollis Miller, 1868 VU + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Peltis grossa (Linnaeus, 1758) EN VU + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Phloiophilus edwardsii Stephens, 1830 CR ? CR ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Phloiotrya subtilis (Reitter, 1897) CR + CR 





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Protection in 


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Endemic 

Relic 

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43

44 


Invertebrates 


Insecta Coleoptera Phryganophilus auritus Motschulsky, 1845 CR + CR 

Insecta Coleoptera Phryganophilus ruficollis (Fabricius, 1798) CR + ? CR + ? ? 

Insecta Coleoptera Pterostichus tatricus Kult, 1947 CR CR + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Purpuricenus kaechleri (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR + CR + CR + + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Sclerophaedon orbicularis (Suffrian, 1851) EN + + CR + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Selatosomus depressus (Germar, 1822) VU ? ? + ? ? + 

Insecta Coleoptera Semiadalia alpina (A.Villa & J.B.Villa, 1835) VU + + + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Sphenoptera antiqua (Illiger, 1803) CR CR + + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Teredus opacus Habelmann, 1854 CR + CR + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Trechus amplicollis Fairmaire, 1859 VU + VU + 

Insecta Coleoptera Trechus insolitus K.Daniel, 1906 CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Trechus matejkai Všetečka, 1938 EN ? + + 

Insecta Coleoptera Trechus montanellus Gemminger & Harold, 1868 CR + Ex/CR Ex? + 

Insecta Coleoptera Velleius dilatatus (Fabricius, 1787) EN CR + + + CR + 

Insecta Coleoptera Xyleborus pfeili (Ratzeburg, 1837) EN CR ? + ? CR + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Agapetus delicatulus McLachlan, 1884 VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Agapetus laniger (Pictet, 1834) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Agapetus ochripes Curtis, 1834 VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Allogamus starmachi (Szczęsny, 1967) VU + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Andrena intermedia Thomson, 1870 VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Andrena paucisquama Noskiewicz, 1924 VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Andrena synadelpha Perkins, 1914 CR Ex/CR 

Insecta Hymenoptera Anthidium montanum Morawitz, 1864 EN + + CR + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Apatania fimbriata (Pictet, 1834) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Batozonellus lacerticida (Pallas, 1771) EN CR + + ? CR + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus confusus Schenck, 1859 VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus distinguendus F.Morawitz, 1869 VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus humilis Illiger, 1806 VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus jonellus (Kirby, 1802) VU + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus mesomelas Gerstaecker, 1869 VU + I + + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus pomorum (Panzer, 1805) VU + + VU + + II + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus pyrenaeus (Perez 1879) EN + + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus ruderatus (Fabricius, 1775) VU + + VU + + II + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus soroensis (Fabricius, 1776) VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus subterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Bombus veteranus (Fabricius, 1793) VU + + VU + + + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera 

Bombus wurfleini (Radoszkowski, 1859) 

[= B. mastrucatus (Gerstaecker, 1868)] 

VU + + II + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Camponotus vagus (Scopoli, 1763) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Chelostoma ventrale (Schletter, 1889) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Chimarra marginata (Linnaeus, 1767) CR Ex? Ex? Ex? ? 

Insecta Hymenoptera Harpagoxenus sublaevis (Nylander, 1849) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Hoplitis andrenoides (Spinola, 1808) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Hydroptila occulata (Eaton, 1873) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Hylaeus rinki (Gorski, 1852) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Liometopum microcephalum (Panzer, 1798) VU ? ? + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Megachile rotundata (Fabricius, 1787) VU + + + + + II 

Insecta Hymenoptera Megascolia flavifrons (Fabricius, 1787) EN + + CR + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Melliturga clavicornis (Latreille, 1806) VU ? + + + + II 

Insecta Hymenoptera Micrasema setiferum (Pictet, 1834) VU VU 

Insecta Hymenoptera Oligopectrum maculatum (Fourcroy, 1785) VU VU 


Polycentropus schmidi 

Nowak & Botoşặneanu, 1965 

VU VU 


Rhadicoleptus alpestris sylvanocarpathicus 

Botoşặneanu & Riedel, 1965 

VU VU + + 

Insecta Hymenoptera Rophitoides canus (Eversmann, 1852) VU + II 

Insecta Hymenoptera Scolia hirta Schrank, 1781 EN + + + + II 

Insecta Hymenoptera Scolia maculata Drury, 1773 VU + + II 

Insecta Hymenoptera Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 EN + + CR + + II 

Insecta Hymenoptera Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) EN ? + CR + + II 

Insecta Lepidoptera Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + I + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) VU VU + CR/VU I + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758) VU VU + + I + II + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Arctia festiva (Hufnagel, 1776) VU + + VU + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Boloria eunomia (Freyer, 1797) EN/VU + VU ? ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Brenthis daphne (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) EN + + VU/CR + VU + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Callimorpha dominula (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + II 

Insecta Lepidoptera Catocala fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + II + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Catocala sponsa (Linnaeus, 1767) VU + + + + + II + 

Insecta Lepidoptera 

Chamaesphecia maseriformis 

(Ochsenheimer, 1808) 

CR CR + + CR 

Insecta Lepidoptera Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764) EN CR + CR + CR + 





CZ 

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Protection in 


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Endemic 

Relic 

Alpine



Invertebrates 

Insecta Lepidoptera Coeonympha tullia (Müller, 1764) CR CR Ex VU CR VU I 

Insecta Lepidoptera Colias myrmidone (Esper, 1780) EN CR VU VU + CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761) CR CR + VU/CR ? CR I 

Insecta Lepidoptera Cryphia fraudactricula (Hübner, 1803) VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Daphnis nerii (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + I + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Drymonia querna (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) VU + + VU + + ? + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Elophos operaria (Hübner, 1813) VU + + + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Erebia pharte (Hübner, 1804) VU + + CR/VU 

Insecta Lepidoptera Erebia pronoë (Esper, 1780) CR +/CR VU VU Ex 

Insecta Lepidoptera Erebia sudetica Staudinger, 1861 CR + Ex? + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775) EN/VU VU + CR/VU + CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) EN/VU CR + VU VU CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Eupithecia undata (Freyer, 1840) EN VU + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761) EN + + CR + + II 


Glacies canaliculata schwingenschussi 

(Wehrli, 1919) 

VU + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Glacies noricana (Wagner, 1898) EN + VU 

Insecta Lepidoptera Gynaephora selenitica (Esper, 1783) EN VU + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Hamaeris lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + II 

Insecta Lepidoptera Hemaris fuciformis (Linnaeus, 1758) EN + + CR + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Hemaris tityus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN/VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763) VU + + VU + + I 

Insecta Lepidoptera Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766) EN CR + VU I CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) EN + + CR/VU + VU II + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Jordanita globulariae (Hübner, 1793) EN + + CR + + + 


Lamellocossus tenebra 

(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1755) 

VU + VU + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758) EN/VU I + CR/VU VU VU II + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763) EN CR + + + CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1803) EN CR + VU VU VU/CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Maculinea alcon (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) EN CR + CR/VU VU I CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR + VU VU VU/CR + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Marumba quercus (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) EN VU + + VU ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) EN/VU CR + VU K VU + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) EN VU + CR + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Neptis rivularis (Scopoli, 1763) EN VU + VU/CR + VU + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) EN + + CR + + ? 


Nymphalis vaualbum 


VU + + + + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1780) VU Ex + + I + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 VU + + VU + + II + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) CR Ex + CR CR CR CR/II + + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR/VU + CR/VU VU VU II + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Parocneria detrita (Esper, 1785) VU + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Penthophera morio (Linnaeus, 1767) VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Pericalia matronula (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + VU + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Pharmacis carna (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1755) VU + + + VU 

Insecta Lepidoptera Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hübner, 1810) VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Pieris bryoniae (Hübner, 1806) VU + + VU I + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Plebeius optilete (Knoch, 1781) EN CR CR/VU CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Polyommatus bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775) VU VU + VU I VU + 


Polyommatus daphnis 


VU + + + I VU II 

Insecta Lepidoptera Proserpinus proserpina (Pallas, 1772) EN/VU + + CR + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Pyrrhia purpurina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) CR CR + + CR 

Insecta Lepidoptera Saturnia pavonia (Linnaeus, 1761) EN + + + + + II 

Insecta Lepidoptera Saturnia pyri (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) CR + + ExP + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782) EN VU/CR + + + VU/CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771) EN VU + CR VU VU + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Sesia melanocephala Dalman, 1816 VU + VU + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Syngrapha microgamma (Hübner, 1821) CR + + CR 

Insecta Lepidoptera Thyris fenestrella (Scopoli, 1763) VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Tyria jacobaeae (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus, 1758) VU + + + + + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Xestia rhaetica (Staudinger, 1871) EN VU + + VU 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zerynthia polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) CR VU + ExP CR VU II 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zygaena angelicae Ochsenheimer, 1808 EN/VU + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zygaena cynarae (Esper, 1789) VU + + VU + + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zygaena laeta (Hübner, 1790) CR CR + + CR + 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zygaena osterodensis Reiss, 1921 CR + + CR + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zygaena purpuralis (Brünnich, 1763) EN + + VU + + ? 

Insecta Lepidoptera Zygaena trifolii (Esper, 1783) CR + CR + 





CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Protection in 


Countries 

CZ 

PL 

SK 


Endemic 

Relic 

Alpine 

45

46 


Invertebrates 






Insecta Mecoptera Bittacus italicus (Müller, 1766) CR CR CR 

Insecta Diptera Atherix ibis (Fabricius, 1798) EN CR + CR 

Insecta Diptera Dasypogon diadema (Fabricius, 1781) EN Ex? + + + CR + 

Insecta Diptera Gonia foersteri Meigen, 1838 EN CR + CR 

Insecta Diptera Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822 EN CR + CR 

Insecta Diptera Stratiomys chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758) EN CR + CR 

Insecta Diptera Xylomya maculata (Meigen, 1804) EN CR + CR 

CZ 

H 

PL 

RO 

SK 

UA 

Protection in 


Countries 

CZ 

PL 

SK 


Endemic 

Relic 

Alpine

Plant Alliances 

by Viera Stanova 

Vegetation encompasses a very broad scale of synecologically and structurally distinct 

types — grasslands, forests, aquatic vegetation, alpine vegetation etc. An attempt was 

made to compile a list of all available Carpathian plant communities on the level of 

alliances (syntaxon in the terminology of the Braun–Blanquet approach), which have 

appeared in the literature of focal Carpathian countries — Slovak Republic, Czech 

Republic, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine and Romania. Since Austria holds only a small frac- 

tion of the Carpathians, it was excluded. 

Methodology 

It was decided to gather data on the level of alliance, because this phytosociological unit 

has a very good ecological characteristic. Selecting a more detailed phytosociological level 

(association) would make the data gathering process unrealistic within the time span. The 

following information was collected: name of the alliance (with class and order), distribu- 

tion and threat. 

Experts within focal countries collected the data and country databases were sent 

to a Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative sectoral coordinator. The names were checked for 

nomenclature and a common database was designed. 

The second step was to collect data on the geographical distribution of Carpathian 

endemic plants (selected by Lydia Tasenkevich), in alliances, in order to obtain Carpathian 

communities in which the proportion of endemic species is significant. The following 

information was collected: species name, distribution, type of community on the basis of 

alliance in which a species occurs, threats and management (information whether a given 

community requires any management to protect it effectively or not). 

On the basis of national data, a database was developed and used for the final evalu- 

ation. The list of top 20 alliances was created on the basis of occurrence of the endemic 

plants within alliances or endemic character of communities. 

Evaluation and results 

The total number of alliances provided by the countries was 190. Ruderal plant commu- 

nities were excluded due to an uneven level of information between the countries and due

48 



to the fact that these communities are not important for evaluation of biodiveristy value. 

Communities with marginal occurrence in the Carpathians were likewise excluded, giv- 

ing a final number of 129 plant alliances. 

In the countries concerned, there is a difference in the levels of knowledge about 

communities studied using the Braun–Blanquet approach. There is a long history of such 

research in Western Carpathian countries, while in Eastern and Southern Carpathian 

countries it has a shorter tradition. This is particulrly true of Ukraine, where a different 

scientific approach was used; here the Braun–Blanquet approach is quite new and addi- 

tional communities may exist and even be described within different orographical units. 

List of Carpathian plant alliances and their distribution in Carpathian countries. 

Alliances CZ SK RO HU PL UA 

Abietion albae Březina et Hadač in Hadač 1962 + + 

Aceri tatarici–Quercion Zólyomi & Jakucs 1957 + + + 

Adenostylion Br.–Bl. 1926 + + + + + 

Achnatherion calamagrostis Br.–Bl. 1918 + 

Alnion glutinosae Malcuit 1929 + + + + + + 

Alnion incanae Pawlowski in Pawlowski, Sokolowski et Walisch 1928 + + + + + + 

Alopecurion Passarge 1964 + + + 

Androsacion alpinae Br.–Bl. in Br.–Bl. et Jenny 1926 + + 

Androsacion vandelii Br.–Bl. in Br.–Bl. et Jenny 1926 corr. Br.–Bl. 1948 + + 

Arabidion alpinae Beguin 1972 + + 

Arabidopsidion thalianae Passarge 1964 + + 

Arrhenatherion Koch 1926 + + + + + + 

Asplenio–Festucion glaucae Zólyomi 1936 + + 

Asplenion septentrionalis Oberd. 1938 + + + + 

Athyrio alpestris–Piceion Sýkora 1971 + + + 

Berberidion Br.–Bl. 1950 + + + 

Bromion erecti W. Koch 1926 + + + 

Calamagrostion arundinaceae (Luquet 1926) Jeník 1961 + + + 

Calamagrostion villosae Pawl. et al. 1928 + + + + + 

Calthion R. Tx. 1937 em. Bal.–Tul. 1978 + + + + + + 

Cardaminion amarae Maas 1959 + + 

Cardamino–Montion Br.–Bl. 1926 + + + + + + 

Caricion curvulae Br.–Bl. 1925 + + + 

Caricion davallianae Klika 1934 + + + + + 

Caricion firmae Gams. 1926 + 

Caricion fuscae Koch 1926 em. Klika 1934 + + + + + + 

Caricion gracilis Neuhausl 1959 em. Balátová–Tuláčková 1963 + 

Caricion lasiocarpae Vanden Berghen ap. Lebrun & al. 1949 + + + + 

Caricion remotae Kastner 1941 + + + + 

Caricion rostratae Balátová–Tuláčková 1963 + + 

Carpinion Issler 1931 + + + + + 

Ceratophyllion Den Hartog et Segal 1964 + + + 

Cirsio–Brachypodion pinnati Hadač et Klika 1944 + + + + 

Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928 + + + + + 

Cratoneuro filicini–Calthion laetae Hadač 1983 + + + 

Cymbalario–Asplenion Segal 1969 em. Mucina 1993 + + + 

Cynosurion R. Tx. 1947 + + + + + + 

Cystopteridion Richard 1972 + + + + + + 

Dicrano–Pinion (Libbert 1933) Matuszk. 1962 + + + 

Drapanocladion exannulati Krajina 1933 + 

Eriophoro–Pinion sylvestris Pass. et Hoffm. 1968 + 

Erysimo–Hackelion deflexae Bernátová et Obuch 1991 + 

Fagion Luquet 1926 + + + + + 

Festucion carpaticae Bělohlávková et Fišerová 1989 + + + 

Festucion pictae Kraj. 1933 + + 

Festucion pseudovinae Soó 1933 + 

Festucion rupicolae Soó 1940 corr. 1964 + 

Festucion vaginatae Soo 1929 + 

Festucion vallesiaceae Klika 1931 + + + 

Festucion versicoloris Krajina 1933 + 

Festuco saxatilis–Seslerion bielzii (Pawl. Et Walas 1949) Coldea 1984 + + 

Genistion pilosae Duvigneaud 1942 + + 

Genisto germanicae–Quercion Neuhäusl & Neuhäuslová–Novotná 1967 + + + + + 

Geranion sanguinei R. Tx. in Th. Muller 1961 + + + 

Glycerio–Sparganion Br.–Bl. et Sissingh in Boer 1942 + + + + + 

Gypsophilion petraeae Borhidi et Pocs 1957 + 

Hyperico perforato–Scleranthion perennis Moravec 1967 + 

Hypno–Polypodion vulgaris Mucina 1993 + + 

Chrysanthemion rotundifolii Kraj. 1933 + + 

Juncion trifidi Krajina 1933 + + + 

Juniperion nana Br.–Bl. et al. 1939 + 

Koelerio–Phleion phleoidis Korneck 1974 + 

Lathyro–Carpinion Boşcaiu 1974 + 

Lemnion minoris de Bolós et Masclans 1955 + + + + + 

Lemno–Salvinion natantis Slavnic 1956 +

Loiseleurio–Vaccinion Br.–Bl. 1926 + + + 

Luzulo–Fagion Lohm. et R. Tx. in R. Tx. 1954 + + + + 

Lycopodio–Cratoneurion commutati Hadač 1983 + 

Magnocaricion elatae W. Koch 1926 + + + + + 

Micromerion pulegii Boşcaiu (1971) 1979 + 

Molinion coerulae Koch 1926 + + + + + + 

Nanocyperion Koch ex Libbert 1932 + + 

Nardion strictae Br.–Bl. 1926 + + + 

Nardo–Agrostion tenuis Sillinger 1933 + + + 

Nymphaeion albae Oberd. 1957 + + + + + 

Oenanthion aquaticae Hejný ex neuhausl 1959 + + + 

Orno–Cotinion Soó 1960 + + 

Oxycocco–Empetrion hermaphroditi Nordh. 1936 + + 

Oxytropido–Elynion Br.–Bl. 1949 + + 

Papaverion tatrici Pawlowski 1928 corr. Valachovič 1995 + + 

Papavero–Thymion pulcherrimi I. Pop 1968 + + 

Petasition officinalis Sillinger 1933 em. Kopecký 1969 + + 

Phragmition communis Koch 1926 + + + + 

Piceion excelsae Pawlovski in Pawlovski et al. 1928 + + + + 

Pinion mugi Pawl. 1928 + + + 

Pino–Quercion Kozl. 1925 em. Mat. et Pol. 1955 + 

Poion alpinae Oberd. 1950 + 

Poion violaceae Horv. 1937 + 

Polygono–Trisetion Br.–Bl. et R. Tx. ex Marshall 1947 + + 

Potamion lucentis Rivas–Martínez 1973 + + 

Potamion pusilii Hejný 1978 + + + 

Potentillion caulescentis Br.–Bl. in Br.–Bl. et Jenny 1926 em. Sutter 1969 + + + 

Potentillo albae–Quercion petreae Jakucs in Zólyomi et al. 1967 + + 

Potentillo–Nardion Simon 1957 + + 

Prunion spinosae Soó 1947 + + + + 

Pulsatillo slavicae–Pinion Fajmonová 1978 + + 

Quercion petrae Zólyomi et Jakucs ex Jakucs 1960 + + 

Quercion pubescenti–petrae Br.–Bl. 1932 + + 

Rhododendro–Vaccinion Br.–Bl. 1926 + + 

Rhynchosporion albae Koch 1926 + + + + 

Rumicion alpini Rubel ex Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944 + + + + 

Salicion albae Soó 1930 + + + 

Salicion cinereae Th. Müll. & Görs ex Passarge 1961 + + + + 

Salicion eleagno–daphnoidis (Moor 1958) Grass in Mucina et al. 1993 + + + + 

Salicion herbaceae Br.–Bl. in Br.–Bl. et Jenny 1926 + + + + 

Salicion incanae Aichinger 1933 + + + 

Salicion retusae Horv. 1949 + + + + 

Salicion silesiacae Rejmánek, Sýkora et Štursa 1971 + + 

Salicion triandrae Th. Muller et Gors. 1958 + + 

Senecion fluviatilis R.Tx. 1950 + + 

Seslerio rigidae–Pinion Coldea 1991 + 

Seslerio–Asterion Hadač ex Hadač et al. 1969 + + 

Seslerio–Festucion pallentis Klika 1931 corr. Zólyomi 1966 + + + + + 

Seslerion rigidae Zoly. 1939 + 

Seslerion tatrae Hadač ex Hadač et al. 1969 + + 

Silenion lerchenfeldianae Simon 1957 + 

Sphagnion magellanici Kastner et Flossner 1933 + + + 

Sphagnion medii Kästner & Flössner 1933 + + + 

Sphagno recurvi–Caricion canescentis Passarge 1964 + + + 

Sphagno warnstorfiani–Tomenthypnion Dahl 1957 + + + 

Sphagno–Utricularion Th. Muller et Gors. 1960 + + + 

Spiraeion mediae Borhidi & Varga Z. 1998 + 

Stipion calamagrostis Jenny–Lips ex Br.–Bl. Et al. 1952 + + + 

Symphyto–Fagion Vida 1959 + + 

Syringo–Carpinion orientalis Jakucs 1960 + 

Thero–Airion Tx. ex Oberd. 1957 + + 

Tilio–Acerion Klika 1955 + + + + + + 

Trifolion medii Th. Muller 1962 + + + + 

Trisetion fusci Krajina 1933 + 

Utricularion vulgaris Passarge 1964 + + + 

Vaccinion Bocher 1943 + + 

Veronicion baumgartenii Coldea 1991 + 

Violion caninae Schwickerath 1944 + + + 

Endemic plant species 



Originally, 455 endemic plant species were selected by Lydia Tasenkevich. National 

experts commented on the original list, adding new species on the basis of the most recent 

data. Altogether, the final list includes 486 endemic plants recorded within the alliances. 

49

50 



List of endemic plant species recorded within Carpathian alliances. 

Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench ssp. baumgartenii (Simonk.) S. Pawlowska 

Aconitum anthora L. ssp. jacquinii (Rchb.)Domin 

Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gayer 

Aconitum lycoctonum L. ssp. moldavicum (Hacq.) Jalas 

Aconitum moldavicum ssp. hosteanum (Schur) Asch. et Graeb. 

Aconitum napellus L. ssp. firmum (Rchb.) Gayer 

Aconitum napellus ssp. moravicum (Skalicky) Tasen. 

Achillea oxyloba (DC.) Schultz Bip. ssp. schurii (Schultz Bip.) Heimerl 

Achillea tuzsonii Ujh. 

Alchemilla acrostegia Plocek 

Alchemilla aequidens Pawł.. 

Alchemilla amauroptera Plocek 

Alchemilla amblyodes Plocek 

Alchemilla amicorum Pawl. 

Alchemilla anceps Plocek 

Alchemilla animosa Plocek 

Alchemilla aspera Plocek 

Alchemilla babiogorensis Pawl. 

Alchemilla bogumilii Pawlus 

Alchemilla boleslai Pawł.. 

Alchemilla brachycodon Plocek 

Alchemilla braun-blanquetii Pawl. 

Alchemilla bucovinensis Sytschak 

Alchemilla contractilis (Plocek) S.Fröhner 

Alchemilla crassa (Plocek) Plocek 

Alchemilla curtischista Plocek 

Alchemilla czywczynensis Pawl. 

Alchemilla decurrens Plocek 

Alchemilla delitescens Plocek 

Alchemilla dostalii Plocek 

Alchemilla echinoglobosa Plocek 

Alchemilla eugenii Pawl. 

Alchemilla exaperta Plocek 

Alchemilla fusoidea Plocek 

Alchemilla giewontica Pawl. 

Alchemilla gorcensis Pawl. 

Alchemilla grandiceps Plocek 

Alchemilla gruneica Plocek 

Alchemilla gymnopoda Plocek 

Alchemilla hyperptycha Plocek 

Alchemilla chalarodesma Plocek 

Alchemilla chilitricha Plocek 

Alchemilla intermedia Haller ssp. sooi Palitz 

Alchemilla isodonta Plocek 

Alchemilla jasiewiczii Pawł.. 

Alchemilla kornasiana Pawł.. 

Alchemilla kosiarensis Plocek 

Alchemilla kulczynskii Pawł. 

Alchemilla ladislai Pawł.. 

Alchemilla laevipes Plocek 

Alchemilla laxa Plocek 

Alchemilla longidens Plocek 

Alchemilla lorata Plocek 

Alchemilla loxotropa Plocek 

Alchemilla ludovitiana Plocek 

Alchemilla marginata Plocek 

Alchemilla megalodonta Plocek 

Alchemilla microsphaerica S.Fröhner 

Alchemilla mollifolia Plocek et Zlinska 

Alchemilla moncophila Plocek 

Alchemilla multiloba Plocek 

Alchemilla obesa Plocek 

Alchemilla oculimarina Pawł.. 

Alchemilla patens Plocek 

Alchemilla polonica Pawł.. 

Alchemilla pseudincisa Pawł.. 

Alchemilla pseudothmari Pawł.. 

Alchemilla pungentiflora (Plocek) Plocek 

Alchemilla reversantha Plocek 

Alchemilla rhodobasis Plocek 

Alchemilla rhodocycla Plocek 

Alchemilla sejuncta Plocek 

Alchemilla sericoneuroides Pawł.. 

Alchemilla smaragdina Plocek 

Alchemilla smytniensis 

Alchemilla sojakii Plocek 

Alchemilla sokolowskii Pawł.. 

Alchemilla stanislae Pawł.. 

Alchemilla stenoleuca Plocek 

Alchemilla suavis Plocek 

Alchemilla subconnivens Pawł.. 

Alchemilla subsessilis Plocek 

Alchemilla subtatrica Pawł.. 

Alchemilla superata Plocek 

Alchemilla szaferi Pawł.. 

Alchemilla tacikii Plocek 

Alchemilla tatricola Pawł.. 

Alchemilla thaumasia Plocek 

Alchemilla turculensis Pawł.. 

Alchemilla versipiloides Pawł.. 

Alchemilla virginea Plocek 

Alchemilla walasii Pawł.. 

Alchemilla wallischii Pawł.. 

Alchemilla zapalowiczii Pawł.. 

Alchemilla zmudae Pawł.. 

Alopecurus pratensis L.ssp. laguriformis (Schur) Tzvelev 

Alyssum montanum L.ssp. brymii (Dostál) Soó 

Alyssum repens Baumg. ssp. repens 

Androsace villosa L. ssp. arachnoidea (Schott, Nyman et Kotschy) Knuth 

Andryala levitomentosa (Nyár.) P.D.Sell 

Antennaria carpatica (Wahlenb.) Bluff et Fingerh. ssp. carpatica 

Anthemis carpatica Kit. ssp. pyrethriformis (Schur) Beldie 

Anthemis tinctoria L.ssp. fussii (Griseb.) Beldie 

Aquilegia nigricans Baumg.ssp. subscaposa (Borbás) Soó 

Aquilegia transsilvanica Schur 

Arenaria ciliata L. ssp. tatrensis (Zapal.) Favarger 

Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. ssp. barcensis (Simonk.) P.Silva 

Armeria pocutica Pawł.. 

Armoracia macrocarpa (W. et K.) Baumg. 

Artemisia absinthium L. var. calcigena Rehman 

Asperula carpatica Morariu 

Astragalus australis (L.) Lam.ssp. krajinae Domin 

Astragalus peterfii Jav. 

Astragalus pseudopurpureus Gusul. 

Astragalus roemeri Simonk. 

Athamanta turbith (L.) Broth. ssp. hungarica (Borbás) Tutin 

Aubrieta intermedia Heldr. et Orph. ex Boiss. ssp. falcata Ciocârlan 

Barbarea lepuznica Nyár. 

Biscutella laevigata ssp. hungarica Soó 

Bromus pannonicus Kummer et Sendtner ssp. monocladus (Domin) P.M.Sm. 

Bupleurum falcatum L. ssp. dilatatum Schur 

Bupleurum longifolium L.ssp. vapincense (Vill.)Todor 

Campanula carpatica Jacq. 

Campanula crassipes Heuff. 

Campanula kladniana (Schur) Witasek 

Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. polymorpha (Witasek) Tacik

Campanula serrata (Kit.) Hendrych 

Campanula subcapitata Popov 

Campanula tatrae Borbás 

Campanula xylocarpa Kovanda 

Cardaminopsis halleri (L.) Hayek ssp. tatrica (Pawł..) Dostál 

Cardaminopsis neglecta (Schultes) Hayek 

Carduus collinus W. et K. 

Carduus kerneri Simonk. ssp. kerneri 

Carduus kerneri ssp. lobulatiformis (Csuros et Nyár.) Soó 

Carduus lobulatus Borbás 

Carex sempervirens Vill. ssp. tatrorum (Zapal.) Pawł.. 

Centaurea coziensis Nyár. 

Centaurea globurensis Nyár. 

Centaurea maramarosiensis (Jav.) Czerep. 

Centaurea phrygia L. ssp. carpatica (Porc.) Dostál 

Centaurea phrygia ssp. melanocalathia (Borbás) Dostál 

Centaurea phrygia ssp. nigriceps (Dobrocz.) Dostál 

Centaurea phrygia ssp. rarauensis (Prodan) Dostál 

Centaurea phrygia ssp. retezatensis (Prodan) Dostál 

Centaurea pinnatifida Schur ssp. sooana (Borhidi) Soó 

Centaurea reichenbachii DC. 

Centaurea sadleriana Janka 

Centaurea trichocephala Bieb. ex Willd. ssp. simonkaiana (Hayek) Dostal 

Centaurea triumfettii All. ssp. dominii Dostál 

Cephalaria radiata Griseb. et Schenk 

Cerastium arvense L. ssp. glandulosum (Kit.) Soó 

Cerastium arvense ssp. lerchenfeldianum (Schur) Asch. et Graeb. 

Cerastium transsilvanicum Schur 

Cerinthe glabra Mill subsp. tatrica Hadač 

Cirsium boujartii (Piller et Mitterp.) Schultz. Bip ssp. boujartii 

Cirsium brachycephalum Juratzka 

Cirsium decussatum Janka 

Cirsium furiens Griseb. et Schenk 

Cirsium grecescui Rouy 

Cochlearia tatrae Borbás 

Cotoneaster matrensis Domokos 

Crocus scepusiensis (Rehmann et Wol.) Borbás 

Cyclamen fatrense Halda et Soják 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó ssp. sooana (Borsos) Borsos 

Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó ssp. schurii (Klinge) Soó 

Daphne arbuscula Celak. 

Delphinium oxysepalum Borbás et Pax 

Delphinium simonkaianum Pawł.. 

Dendranthema zawadzkii (Herbich) Tzvelev 

Dentaria glandulosa W. et K. 

Dianthus callizonus Schott et Kotschy 

Dianthus carthusianorum L. ssp. saxigenus (Shur) Jav. 

Dianthus giganteus D’Urv. ssp. banaticus (Heuffel) Tutin 

Dianthus glacialis Haenke ssp. gelidus (Schott, Nyman et Kotschy) Tutin 

Dianthus henteri Heuffel ex Griseb. 

Dianthus lumnitzeri Wiesb. 

Dianthus nitidus Waldst. et Kit. 

Dianthus plumarius ssp. praecox (Kit.) Pawł.. 

Dianthus spiculifolius Schur 

Dianthus tenuifolius Schur 

Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. et Schenk) Nyman 

Draba aizoides L. ssp. zmudae Zapal. 

Draba dorneri Heuffel 

Draba haynaldii Stur 

Draba kotschyi Stur 

Draba lasiocarpa Rochel ssp. klasterskyi (Chrtek) Chrtek 

Draba stellata Jacq. ssp. simonkaiana (Jav.) Beldie 

Erigeron nanus Schur 

Eritrichium nanum (All.) Schrad. ssp. jankae (Simonk.) Jav. 

Erysimum pieninicum (Zapal.) Pawł.. 

Erysimum wahlenbergii (Asch. et Engl.) Borbás 



Erysimum witmannii Zawadzki ssp. pallidiflorum (Jav.) Jav. 

Erysimum witmannii ssp. transsilvanicum (Schur) P.W.Ball 

Erysimum witmannii ssp. vagicum (Holub et Tomsovic) Dostál 

Erysimum witmannii ssp. witmannii 

Euphorbia carpatica Wol. 

Euphrasia exaristata Smejkal 

Euphrasia slovaca (Yeo) Holub ssp. slovaca 

Euphrasia stipitata Smejkal 

Euphrasia tatrae Wettst. 

Ferula sadlerana Ledeb. 

Festuca bucegiensis Markgr.-Dannenb. 

Festuca carpatica F.G.Dietr 

Festuca nitida Kit. ssp. flaccida (Schur) Markgr.-Dannenb. 

Festuca pachyphylla Degen ex Nyár. 

Festuca porcii Hackel 

Festuca rupicola Heuff. ssp. saxatilis (Schur) Rauschert 

Festuca scoparia (A.Kern. et Hackel) ssp. lutea K.Richter 

Festuca tatrae (Czako) Degen 

Festuca versicolor Tausch ssp. dominii Krajina 

Galium abaujense Borbás 

Galium anisophyllon Vill. ssp. fatrense Ehrend. et Šipošova 

Galium baillonii Brandza 

Galium pawlowskii Kucowa 

Galium transcarpaticum Stoyko et Tasen. 

Genista tinctoria L. ssp. oligosperma (Andrae) Prodan 

Gentiana cruciata L. ssp. phlogifolia (Schott et Kotschy) Tutin 

Gentianella amarella (L.) Börn. ssp. reussii (Tocl) Holub 

Gentianella austriaca (A. et J.Kern.) ssp. fatrae A. et D.Löve 

Gentianella lutescens (Velen.) ssp. tatrae (Ronniger) Holub 

Gypsophila petraea (Baumg.) Rchb. 

Helictotrichon decorum (Janka) Henrard 

Hepatica transsilvanica Fuss 

Heracleum carpaticum Porc. 

Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. trachycarpum (Soják) Holub 

Heracleum sphondylium ssp. transsilvanicum (Schur) Brummitt 

Hesperis matronalis L. ssp. moniliformis (Schur) Borza 

Hesperis matronalis ssp. vrabelyiana (Schur) Soó 

Hesperis nivea Baumg 

Hesperis oblongifolia Schur 

Hesperis slovaca (F.Dvorak) F.Dvorak 

Hieracium amoenanthes Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium atrellum (Zahn) Juxip 

Hieracium biharianum Prodan 

Hieracium bohatschianum Zahn 

Hieracium borzae Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium breazense Nyár. 

Hieracium bucuranum Nyár . 

Hieracium buianum Prodan 

Hieracium caesiogenum Wol. et Zahn 

Hieracium carpaticum Besser 

Hieracium catenatum Sennik. 

Hieracium crassipedipilium (Pawł.. et Zahn) Chrtek jr. 

Hieracium czeremoszense Wol. et Zahn 

Hieracium dacicum Uechtr. 

Hieracium filarszkyi Jav. 

Hieracium fritzeiforme Zahn 

Hieracium goemorense Borbás 

Hieracium grabowskianum Naegeli et Peter 

Hieracium grecescui Nyár. et Zahn 

Hieracium grofae Wol. 

Hieracium chlorobracteum Degen et Zahn 

Hieracium jankae Uechtr. 

Hieracium krasanii Wol. 

Hieracium lomnicense Wol. 

Hieracium longifoliosum Nyár. 

Hieracium melananthum (Naegeli et Peter) P.D.Sell et C.West 

51

52 



Hieracium mukacevense Juxip 

Hieracium muscelii Prodan 

Hieracium napaeum Zahn 

Hieracium negoiense (Ravarut et Nyár.) Soó 

Hieracium nyaradyanum Zahn 

Hieracium occidentale Nyár. 

Hieracium paltinae jav. Et zahn 

Hieracium pawlowskianum Nyár. 

Hieracium paxianum Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium pelagae Degen et Zahn 

Hieracium pelesii Grecesc. 

Hieracium perfoliosum Nyár. 

Hieracium peterfii Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium phaedrocheilon Zahn 

Hieracium pinetophilum (Degen et Zahn) Chrtek jr. 

Hieracium pisaturense Nyár. 

Hieracium pocuticum Wol. 

Hieracium pojoritense Wol. 

Hieracium praebiharicum Boros 

Hieracium prodanianum Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium pseudeffusum (Naegeli et Peter) Nyár. 

Hieracium pseudocaesiiforme Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium pseudocaesium Degen et Zahn 

Hieracium pseudonigritum Pax 

Hieracium pseudopaltinae Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium pseudoratezatense Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium pseudotranssilvanicum (Zahn) Zahn 

Hieracium pseudovagneri Zahn 

Hieracium rapunculoidiforme Wol. et Zahn 

Hieracium riumarense Nyar. 

Hieracium scitulum Wol. 

Hieracium simonkaianum (Zahn) P.D.Sell et C.West 

Hieracium slovacum Chrtek jr. 

Hieracium speciosum Willd. ex Hornem 

Hieracium stenodontophyllum Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium subpojoritense Prodan 

Hieracium subserratosinuatum Zahn 

Hieracium tajanum K.Maly et Zahn 

Hieracium telekianum Boros et Lengyel 

Hieracium tephroglaucum Naegely et Peter 

Hieracium tomiasae Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium tomiasaeforme Nyár. 

Hieracium trischistum Nyár.et Zahn 

Hieracium virgicaule Naegely et Peter 

Hieracium vladeasae Prodan 

Hieracium vurtopicum Zahn 

Hylotelephium argutum (Haw.) Holub 

Chenopodium wolffii Simonk. 

Chrysosplenium alpinum Schur 

Jovibarba globifera ssp. preissiana (Domin) Holub 

Jurinea mollis ssp. transsilvanica (Sprengel) Hayek 

Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer ssp. lancifolia (Heuffel) Ehrend. 

Knautia dipsacifolia ssp. pocutica (Szabo) Ehrend. 

Knautia dipsacifolia ssp. turocensis (Borbás) Jav. ex Kiss 

Knautia kitaibelii (Schultes) Borbás 

Knautia slovaca Stepanek 

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes ssp. transsilvanica (Schur) Beldie 

Koeleria tristis Domin 

Lathyrus transsilvanicus (Sprengel) Fritsch 

Leontodon pseudotaraxaci Schur 

Leontodon repens Schur 

Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood ssp. tatrae (Vierh.)Holub 

Leucanthemum waldsteinii (Schultz Bip.) Pouzar 

Leucojum vernum L. ssp. carpaticum (Spring) O.Schwarz 

Linum uninerve (Rochel) Jav. 

Luzula alpinopilosa (Chaix) Breistr. ssp. obscura Frohner 

Lychnis nivalis Kit. 

Melampyrum ambiguum Soó 

Melampyrum herbichii Wol. 

Melampyrum saxosum Baumg. 

Micromeria pulegium (Rochel) Bentham 

Minuartia frutescens (Kit.) Tuzson 

Minuartia setacea (Thuill.) Hayek var. pienina (Zapal.) Pawł.. 

Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern. ssp. oxypetala (Wol.) Halliday 

Molinia horanszky Milkovits 

Molinia hungarica Milkovits 

Molinia ujhelyii Milkovits 

Myosotis transsilvanica Porcius 

Nigritella carpatica (Zapal.) Teppner, Klein et Zagulski 

Onobrychis montana DC. ssp. transsilvanica (Simonk.) Jav. 

Onosma pseudarenaria Schur 

Onosma tornensis Jav. 

Ophrys holubyana Andras. 

Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten.ssp. acuminatum (Schur) Zahar. 

Oxytropis carpatica Uechtr. 

Papaver alpinum L. ssp. corona-sancti-stephani (Zapal.) Borza 

Papaver alpinum ssp. tatricum Nyár. 

Pedicularis baumgartenii Simonk. 

Peucedanum rochelianum Heuffel 

Phyteuma tetramerum Schur 

Phyteuma vagneri A.Kern. 

Pilosella alpicola (Schleich. ex Gaudin) F. W. Schultz et Schultz Bip. subsp. 

ullepitschii (Blocki) Zahn 

Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. banatica (Borbás) Novak 

Plantago atrata Hoppe subsp. carpathica (Soó) Soó 

Poa granitica Br.-Bl. ssp. disparilis (Nyár.) Nyár. 

Poa granitica ssp. granitica 

Poa laxa Haenke ssp. pruinosa Nyár. 

Poa margilicola Bernátová et Májovský 

Poa molinerii Balbis ssp. glacialis Beldie 

Poa nemoralis L. ssp. carpatica Jirasek 

Poa nobilis Skalinska 

Poa pannonica A.Kern. ssp. scabra (Asch. et Graeb.) Soó 

Poa rehmannii (Asch. et Graeb.) Wol. 

Poa sejuncta Bernatova, Majovsky, Obuch 

Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindley ssp. carinata (Griseb. ex Degen) Dihoru 

Primula auricula L. ssp. hungarica (Borbás) Soó 

Primula auricula ssp. serratifolia (Rochel) Jav. 

Primula elatior (L.) Hill. ssp. carpatica (Fuss) W.W.Sm. et Forrest 

Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla (Pax) H.-Harrison ex W.W.Sm. et Fletcher 

Primula elatior ssp. poloninensis (Domin) Dostál 

Primula wulfeniana Schott ssp. baumgarteniana (Degen et Moesz) Ludi 

Pulmonaria filarszkyana Jav. 

Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. ssp. slavica (G.Reuss) Zamels 

Pulsatilla subslavica Futák ex Goliášová 

Pyrola carpatica Holub et Krisa 

Ranunculus altitatrensis Paclova et Murin 

Ranunculus auricomus L. ssp. binatus Jasiewicz 

Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich 

Ranunculus malinovskii Jelen. et Derv.-Sokol. 

Rosa heterostyla Chrshan. 

Rubus banaticus Nyár. 

Rubus bicolorispinosus Nyár. 

Rubus cirlioare Nyár. 

Rubus crispomarginatus Holub 

Rubus cuiedensis Nyár. 

Rubus doftanensis Nyár. 

Rubus exornatus Nyár. 

Rubus fagetanus Nyár. 

Rubus grandiflorus Nyár. 

Rubus henrici-egonis Holub 

Rubus chloroclados Sabr.

Rubus laetecoloratus Nyár. 

Rubus lipovensis Nyár. 

Rubus longebracteatus Nyár. 

Rubus magurensis Nyár. 

Rubus margaritae Gayer 

Rubus moestus Holuby 

Rubus neopyramidalis Nyár. 

Rubus niveoserpens Nyár. 

Rubus ocnensis Nyár. 

Rubus opiparus Nyár. 

Rubus perrobustus 

Rubus persanimontis Nyár. 

Rubus petnicensis Nyár. 

Rubus pseudodoftanensis Nyár. 

Rubus romanicus Nyár. 

Rubus rubristamineus Nyár. 

Rubus saxosus Nyár. 

Rubus seciurensis Nyár. 

Rubus severinensis Nyár. 

Rubus slatinensis Nyár. 

Rubus subcoriaceus Nyár. 

Rubus subvillicaulis Nyár. 

Rubus tenuispinosus Nyár. 

Rubus teregovensis Nyár. 

Rubus vaccarum Nyár. 

Rumex arifolius All. ssp. carpaticus (Zapal.) Pawł.. 

Salix kitaibeliana Willd. 

Salvia transsilvanica (Schur ex Griseb.) Schur 

Saussurea porcii Degen 

Saxifraga carpatica Sternb. 

Saxifraga moschata Wulf. ssp. dominii Soó 

Saxifraga moschata ssp. kotulae S.Pawlowska 

Saxifraga moschata ssp. transsilvanica S.Pawlowska 

Saxifraga mutata L. ssp. demissa (Schott et Kotschy) D.A.Webb 

Saxifraga wahlenbergii Ball 

Scabiosa columbaria L. ssp. pseudobanatica (Schur) Jav. et Csapody 

Scabiosa lucida Vill. ssp. barbata Nyár. 

Scabiosa lucida ssp. pseudobanatica (Schur) Chrtek 

Scilla bifolia L. ssp. subtriphylla (Schur) Domin 

Sedum krajinae Domin 

Sempervivum wettsteinii Letz ssp. heterophyllum (Hazsl.) Letz 

Sempervivum wettsteinii ssp. wettsteinii 

Seseli gracile Waldst. et Kit. 

Sesleria heuflerana Schur ssp. hungarica (Ujhelyi) Deyl 

Sesleria heufleriana ssp. heufleriana 

Sesleria sadlerana Janka ssp. tatrae (Degen) Deyl 

Silene dinarica Sprengel 

Silene nutans L. ssp. dubia (Herbich) Zapal. 



Silene zawadzkii Herbich 

Soldanella carpatica Vierh. 

Soldanella hungarica Simonk. subsp. hungarica 

Soldanella hungarica ssp. major (Neilr.) S.Pawlowska 

Soldanella pseudomontana F.K.Mey 

Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Hedl. ssp. hazslinszkyana Soó 

Sorbus borbasii Jav. 

Sorbus buekkensis Soó 

Sorbus dacica Borbás 

Sorbus javorkae (Soó) Karpaty 

Sorbus margittaiana (Jav.) Karpati 

Sorbus paxiana Jav. 

Sorbus pekarovae Majovsky et Bernatova 

Sorbus scepusiensis Kovanda 

Sorbus sooi (Mathe) Karpati 

Sorbus umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch ssp. banatica (Jav.) Karpati 

Stipa crassiculmis P.Smirnow ssp. heterotricha Dihoru et Roman 

Stipa danubialis Dihoru et Roman 

Symphytum cordatum Waldst. et Kit. 

Syringa josikaea Jacq. fil. ex Rchb. 

Taraxacum erythrocarpum Kirschner et Stepanek 

Taraxacum nigricans (Kit.) Rchb. 

Taraxacum pawlowskii Van Soest 

Taraxacum pieninicum Pawł.. 

Tephroseris longifolia (Jacq.) Griseb. et Schenk ssp. moravica Holub 

Thalictrum minus L. ssp. carpaticum (Kotula) Osvacilova 

Thalictrum minus ssp. pseudominus (Borbás) Soó 

Thesium kernerianum Simonk. 

Thlaspi caerulescens J. et C. Presl ssp. tatrense (Zapal.) Dvorakova 

Thlaspi dacicum Heuffel ssp. banaticum (Uechtr.) Jav. 

Thlaspi dacicum ssp. dacicum 

Thlaspi jankae A.Kern. 

Thlaspi kovatsii Heuffel ssp. schudichii Soó 

Thymus alternans Klokov 

Thymus bihoriensis Jalas 

Thymus comosus Heuffel ex Griseb. 

Thymus pulcherrimus Schur ssp. pulcherrimus 

Thymus pulcherrimus ssp. sudeticus (Lyka) P.A.Schmidt 

Tithymalus sojakii (Chrtek et Křísa) Holub 

Trifolium medium L. ssp. banaticum (Heuffel) Hendrych 

Trifolium medium ssp. sarosiense (Hazsl.) Simonk. 

Trifolium pratense L. ssp. kotulae (Pawł..) Soják 

Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. ssp. tatricum Chrtek 

Trisetum fuscum (Kit. ex Schultes) Schultes 

Trisetum macrotrichum Hackel 

Trollius altissimus Crantz ssp. tatrae (Borbás) Pocs et Balogh 

Tulipa hungarica Borbás 

Viola declinata Waldst. et Kit.et Kit. 

53

54 



Top alliances 

On the basis of the occurrence of endemic plants, the following 20 alliances were selected 

as the most valuable in the Carpathians. 

1 Festuco saxatilis–Seslerion bielzii (Pawł. et Walas 1949) Coldea 1984 — Eastern Carpathian 

cushion sedge carpets 

Aconitum anthora ssp. jacquinii, Aconitum moldavicum ssp. hosteanum, Achillea oxyloba ssp. 

schurii, Alchemilla szaferi, Alyssum repens ssp. repens, Androsace villosa ssp. arachnoidea, 

Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, Campanula serrata, Carduus kerneri ssp. kerneri, 

Carduus kerneri ssp. lobulatiformis, Centaurea pinnatifida, Cerastium arvense ssp. lerchenfeldi- 

anum, Cerastium transsilvanicum, Dianthus callizonus, Dianthus glacialis ssp. gelidus, Dianthus 

spiculifolius, Dianthus tenuifolius, Doronicum carpaticum, Draba haynaldii, Festuca carpatica, 

Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida, Festuca pachyphylla, Festuca rupicola ssp. saxatilis, Festuca versicolor 

ssp. dominii, Genista tinctoria ssp. oligosperma, Gentiana cruciata ssp. phlogifolia, Gypsophila 

petraea, Heracleum carpaticum, Koeleria macrantha ssp. transsilvanica, Leontodon pseudotaraxaci, 

Leontodon repens, Minuartia verna ssp. oxypetala, Nigritella carpatica, Onobrychis montana ssp. 

transsilvanica, Oxytropis carpatica, Poa granitica ssp. disparilis, Poa rehmannii, Primula ela- 

tior ssp. poloninensis, Primula wulfeniana ssp. baumgarteniana, Saxifraga mutata ssp. demissa, 

Scabiosa lucida ssp. barbata, Sesleria heuflerana, Silene nutans ssp. dubia, Soldanella hungarica 

ssp. major, Thesium kernerianum, Thlaspi dacicum ssp. banaticum, Thlaspi dacicum ssp. daci- 

cum, Thymus comosus, Thymus pulcherrimus pulcherrimus, Trisetum fuscum 

2 Calamagrostion villosae Pawł. et al. 1928 — Wooly small–reed tall grass communities 

Aconitum moldavicum ssp. hosteanum, Aconitum napellus ssp. firmum, Alchemilla czywczynen- 

sis, Alchemilla decurrens, Alchemilla gorcensis, Alchemilla lorata, Alchemilla multiloba, Alchemilla 

obesa, Alchemilla sericoneuroides, Alchemilla stanislae, Alchemilla subtatrica, Alchemilla tatricola, 

Alopecurus pratensis ssp. laguriformis, Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, Campanula ser- 

rata, Campanula tatrae, Cardaminopsis halleri ssp. tatrica, Dianthus spiculifolius, Festuca carpat- 

ica, Festuca porcii, Heracleum carpaticum, Heracleum sphondylium ssp. transsilvanicum, Hesperis 

matronalis ssp. moniliformis, Knautia dipsacifolia ssp. pocutica, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, 

Leucojum vernum ssp. carpaticum, Melampyrum saxosum, Phyteuma vagneri, Poa granitica ssp. 

disparilis, Primula elatior ssp. carpatica, Primula elatior ssp. poloninensis, Pulmonaria filarsz- 

kyana, Ranunculus carpaticus, Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus, Scabiosa columbaria ssp. pseudo- 

banatica, Silene nutans ssp. dubia, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, Thymus alternans, Thymus 

pulcherrimus ssp. pulcherrimus, Trifolium pratense ssp. kotulae, Trisetum flavescens ssp. tatricum, 

Trisetum fuscum, Trollius europaeus ssp. tatrae, Viola declinata, Gentianella lutescens ssp. tatrae 

3 Seslerion tatrae Hadač 1962 — West Carpathian alpine calciphilous grasslands 

Alchemilla braun-blanquetii, Alchemilla pseudothmari, Alchemilla smytniensis, Alchemilla subcon- 

nivens, Alchemilla tatricola, Antennaria carpatica ssp. carpatica, Arenaria ciliata ssp. tatrensis, 

Artemisia absinthium var. calcigena, Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, Campanula tatrae, 

Cardaminopsis halleri ssp. tatrica, Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum, Dendranthema zawadzkii, 

Dianthus nitidus, Dianthus plumarius ssp. praecox, Draba aizoides ssp. zmudae, Erigeron nanus, 

Erysimum pieninicum, Erysimum wahlenbergii, Erysimum witmannii ssp. witmannii, Festuca tat- 

rae, Festuca versicolor ssp. dominii, Hieracium carpaticum, Hieracium melananthum, Hieracium

virgicaule, Jovibarba globifera ssp. preissiana, Knautia kitaibelii, Oxytropis carpatica, Plantago 

atrata ssp. carpatica, Poa molinerii ssp. glacialis, Poa nemoralis ssp. carpatica, Primula auricula 

ssp. hungarica, Pulsatilla halleri ssp. slavica, Pyrola carpatica, Saxifraga moschata ssp. dominii, 

Sesleria sadlerana ssp. tatrae, Soldanella carpatica, Taraxacum pieninicum, Thalictrum minus 

ssp. carpaticum, Thymus pulcherrimus ssp. pulcherrimus, Thymus pulcherrimus ssp. sudeticus, 

Trifolium pratense ssp. kotulae 

4 Adenostylion alliariae Br. — Bl. 1926 — Carpathian tall herb communities 

Aconitum lasiocarpum, Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. moldavicum, Aconitum napellus ssp. firmum, 

Alchemilla babiogorensis, Alchemilla czywczynensis, Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, 

Cardaminopsis halleri ssp. tatrica, Centaurea maramarosiensis, Centaurea phrygia ssp. nigri- 

ceps, Cerinthe glabra ssp. tatrica, Delphinium oxysepalum, Euphorbia carpatica, Festuca carpatica, 

Heracleum carpaticum, Heracleum sphondylium ssp. transsilvanicum, Hesperis matronalis ssp. 

moniliformis, Hesperis nivea, Hesperis oblongifolia, Chrysosplenium alpinum, Knautia dipsaci- 

folia ssp. pocutica, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Phyteuma vagneri, Poa granitica ssp. disparilis, 

Primula elatior ssp. carpatica, Pulmonaria filarszkyana, Ranunculus carpaticus, Soldanella hun- 

garica ssp. major 

5 Seslerion rigidae Zoly. 1939 — East Carpathian [Sesleria rigida] grasslands 

Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii, Alyssum repens ssp. repens, Anthemis tinctoria ssp. fussii, Aquilegia 

nigricans ssp. subscaposa, Aquilegia transsilvanica, Asperula carpatica, Astragalus pseudopur- 

pureus, Astragalus roemeri, Athamanta turbith ssp. hungarica, Campanula kladniana, Carduus 

kerneri ssp. lobulatiformis, Centaurea reichenbachii, Cephalaria radiata, Dianthus spiculifo- 

lius, Dianthus tenuifolius, Helictotrichon decorum, Linum uninerve, Melampyrum herbichii, 

Melampyrum saxosum, Pedicularis baumgartenii, Primula auricula ssp. serratifolia, Primula ela- 

tior ssp. leucophylla, Scabiosa columbaria ssp. pseudobanatica, Silene nutans ssp. dubia, Thymus 

comosus, Trisetum macrotrichum 

6 Cystopteridion Richard 1972 — Middle–European calcareous fern cliffs 

Acinos alpinus ssp. baumgartenii, Aconitum moldavicum ssp. hosteanum, Achillea oxyloba 

ssp. schurii, Alopecurus pratensis ssp. laguriformis, Bupleurum longifolium ssp. vapincense, 

Campanula carpatica, Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, Dianthus carthusianorum ssp. 

saxigenus, Festuca carpatica, Festuca rupicola ssp. saxatilis, Galium pawlowskii, Galium transcar- 

paticum, Hieracium caesiogenum, Knautia dipsacifolia ssp. pocutica, Leontodon pseudotaraxaci, 

Poa granitica ssp. disparilis, Poa rehmannii, Poa sejuncta, Scabiosa lucida ssp. pseudobanatica, 

Sempervivum wettsteinii ssp. wettsteinii, Silene nutans ssp. dubia, Silene zawadzkii, Thymus alter- 

nans 

7 Fagion Luquet 1926 — Medio–European acidophilous beech forest 

Aconitum lasiocarpum, Aconitum moldavicum ssp. hosteanum, Aquilegia transsilvanica, Centaurea 

maramarosiensis, Cyclamen fatrense, Dentaria glandulosa, Erysimum witmannii ssp. witmannii, 

Gentianella austriaca ssp. fatrae, Hesperis matronalis ssp. vrabelyiana, Hesperis nivea, Hieracium 

mukacevense, Hieracium pocuticum, Hylotelephium argutum, Molinia ujhelyii, Leucojum vernum 

ssp. carpaticum, Pulsatilla halleri ssp. slavica, Pulsatilla subslavica, Ranunculus carpaticus, 

Rubus crispomarginatus, Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus, Scilla bifolia ssp. subtriphylla, Sorbus 

pekarovae, Symphytum cordatum 



55

56 



8 Seslerio–Festucion pallentis Klika 1931 corr. Zólyomi 1966 — Dealpine calciphile pale fescue 

grasslands 

Anthemis tinctoria ssp. fussii, Biscutella laevigata ssp. hungarica, Bupleurum falcatum ssp. 

dilatatum, Centaurea phrygia ssp. retezatensis, Centaurea reichenbachii, Cotoneaster matren- 

sis, Daphne arbuscula, Dianthus lumnitzeri, Draba lasiocarpa ssp. klasterskyi, Ferula sadlerana, 

Ornithogalum orthophyllum ssp. acuminatum, Prangos ferulacea ssp. carinata, Primula auricula 

ssp. hungarica, Pulsatilla halleri ssp. slavica, Pulsatilla subslavica, Seseli gracile, Silene nutans 

ssp. dubia, Stipa crassiculmis ssp. heterotricha, Sesleria heufleriana, Thalictrum minus ssp. pseu- 

dominus, Thlaspi jankae 

9 Papavero–Thymion pulcherrimi I. Pop 1968 — Alpine screes of Eastern Carpathians 

Alyssum repens ssp. repens, Aubrieta intermedia ssp. falcate, Campanula kladniana, Cardaminopsis 

neglecta, Carduus kerneri ssp. kerneri, Cerastium arvense ssp. lerchenfeldianum, Dianthus glacia- 

lis ssp. gelidus, Doronicum carpaticum, Erysimum witmannii ssp. transsilvanicum, Festuca car- 

patica, Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida, Jovibarba globifera ssp. preissiana, Papaver alpinum ssp. 

corona–sancti–stephani, Poa granitica ssp. disparilis, Primula elatior ssp. poloninensis, Silene 

nutans ssp. dubia, Silene zawadzkii, Thlaspi dacicum ssp. dacicum, Thymus bihoriensis, Thymus 

pulcherrimus 

10 Salicion herbaceae Br.–Bl. in Br.–Bl. et Jenny 1926 – snow-bed communities of siliceous sub- 

strates 

Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii, Alchemilla stanislae, Alchemilla szaferi, Alchemilla tatricola, 

Alchemilla versipiloides, Alchemilla wallischii, Alchemilla zapalowiczii, Dianthus spiculifolius, 

Festuca carpatica, Chrysosplenium alpinum, Leucanthemopsis alpina ssp. tatrae, Luzula alpinopi- 

losa ssp. obscura, Poa granitica ssp. granitica, Poa granitica ssp. disparilis, Poa nobilis, Primula 

elatior ssp. poloninensis, Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus, Soldanella hungarica ssp. major, 

Taraxacum pawlowskii 

11 Potentillo–Nardion Simon 1957 — Carpathian mat–grass swards 

Bupleurum longifolium ssp. vapincense, Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, Centaurea 

phrygia ssp. carpatica, Centaurea phrygia ssp. melanocalathia, Genista tinctoria ssp. oli- 

gosperma, Hesperis nivea, Hieracium krasanii, Hieracium lomnicense, Hieracium mukacevense, 

Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura, Phyteuma tetramerum, Phyteuma 

vagneri, Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus, Scabiosa lucida ssp. barbata, Soldanella hungarica ssp. 

major, Trifolium pratense ssp. kotulae, Viola declinata 

12 Seslerio–Asterion Hadač 1962 — West Carpathian subalpine calciphilous grasslands 

Biscutella laevigata ssp. hungarica, Bromus pannonicus ssp. monocladus, Campanula carpatica, 

Campanula rotundifolia ssp. polymorpha, Campanula tatrae, Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum, 

Daphne arbuscula, Dendranthema zawadzkii, Dianthus plumarius ssp. praecox, Knautia kitaibelii, 

Oxytropis carpatica, Poa margilicola, Poa sejuncta, Primula auricula ssp. hungarica, Pulsatilla 

halleri ssp. slavica, Thalictrum minus ssp. carpaticum, Thalictrum minus ssp. pseudominus 

13 Cardamino–Montion Br. — Bl. 1926 — Montane soft water springs 

Aconitum napellus ssp. moravicum, Alchemilla aequidens, Alchemilla gorcensis, Alchemilla stan- 

islae, Alchemilla subtatrica, Alchemilla tatricola, Alchemilla zmudae, Armeria pocutica, Barbarea

lepuznica, Cardaminopsis neglecta, Festuca porcii, Chrysosplenium alpinum, Leucanthemum wald- 

steinii, Poa granitica ssp. disparilis, Pulmonaria filarszkyana, Saussurea porcii 

14 Pulsatillo slavicae–Pinion Fajmonová 1978 — Western Carpathian calcicolous Scots pine 

forests 

Biscutella laevigata ssp. hungarica, Daphne arbuscula, Dendranthema zawadzkii, Dianthus 

nitidus, Erysimum witmannii ssp. witmannii, Gentianella austriaca ssp. fatrae, Knautia slovaca, 

Koeleria tristis, Pulsatilla halleri ssp. slavica, Sorbus pekarovae, Dianthus plumarius ssp. praecox, 

Festuca tatrae, Soldanella carpatica, Campanula carpatica, Campanula serrata, Thymus pulcher- 

rimus ssp. sudeticus 

15 Gypsophilion petraeae Borhidi et Pocs 1957 — Eastern Carpathian calcareous cliff xero– 

heliophile communities 

Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii, Androsace villosa ssp. arachnoidea, Andryala levitomentosa, 

Campanula carpatica, Campanula kladniana, Dianthus spiculifolius, Dianthus tenuifolius, Draba 

kotschyi, Eritrichium nanum ssp. jankae, Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida, Festuca rupicola ssp. saxati- 

lis, Gypsophila petraea, Saxifraga mutata ssp. demissa, Silene nutans ssp. dubia, Silene zawadzkii, 

Thesium kernerianum 

16 Trisetion fusci Krajina 1933 — Carpathian tall–herb meadows 

Alchemilla subtatrica, Leucanthemopsis alpina ssp. tatrae, Ranunculus altitatrensis, Trisetum 

fuscum, Campanula serrata, Cochlearia tatrae, Cerastium arvense ssp. glandulosum (Cerastium 

tatrae), Delphinium oxysepalum, Soldanella carpatica, Trollius altissimus ssp. tatrae, Sesleria 

sadlerana ssp. tatrae, Saxifraga carpatica 

17 Papaverion tatrici Pawł. et al. 1928 corr. Valachovič 1995 — West Carpathian calcareous 

screes 

Arenaria ciliata ssp. tatrensis, Cerastium arvense ssp. glandulosum, Delphinium oxysepalum, 

Papaver alpinum ssp. tatricum, Sesleria sadlerana ssp. tatrae, Saxifraga moschata ssp. dominii, 

Saxifraga wahlenbergii, Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum, Festuca carpatica, Thymus pulcher- 

rimus ssp. pulcherrimus, Campanula tatrae 

18 Symphyto–Fagion Vida 1959 — Trans–Carpathian beech forest 

Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. moldavicum, Centaurea maramarosiensis, Galium baillonii, Hepatica 

transsilvanica, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Phyteuma tetramerum, Primula auricula ssp. serratifo- 

lia, Ranunculus carpaticus, Symphytum cordatum 

19 Festucion versicoloris Krajina 1933 — West Carpathian garland grasslands 

Antennaria carpatica ssp. carpatica, Arenaria ciliata ssp. tatrensis, Campanula rotundifolia 

ssp. polymorpha, Campanula tatrae, Pyrola carpatica, Soldanella hungarica ssp. hungarica, 

Gentianella lutescens ssp. tatrae 

20 Festucion carpaticae Bělohlávková et Fišerová 1989 — Carpathian fescue tall grass commu- 

nities 

Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum, Festuca carpatica, Pulsatilla halleri ssp. slavica, Trisetum fla- 

vescens ssp. tatricum 



57

58 



Acknowldgements 

Following experts were responsible for data collection within focal countries: 

Michal Hájek, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 

Viera Stanova, Dobromil Galvánek, DAPHNE Institute for Applied Ecology, Bratislava, 

Slovak Republic 

Judit Sándor, CEEWEB, Miskolc, Hungary 

Zbigniew Mirek, Institute of Botany, PAS, Kraków, Poland 

Halina Piękoś–Mirkowa, Institute of Nature Conservation, PAS, Kraków, Poland 

Lydia Tasenkevich, Konstantyn Malynovski, State Museum of Natural History, Lviv, 

Ukraine 

Dan Gurean, Darie Parascan and Marius Danciu, Transilvania University, Brasov, 

Romania 

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61

WWF International Danube– 

Carpathian Programme and the 

Carpathian Ecoregion Inititiative 

About the WWF International Danube–Carpathian Programme 

WWF recognizes both the Carpathian Mountains and Danube as Global 200 Ecoregions. 

These are the priority ecoregions identified by WWF as the most valuable, and sometimes 

most vulnerable, ecoregions in the world which best represent the breadth of biodiversity 

and ecological processes. 

Before the Carpathians and Danube became Global 200 ecoregions, WWF recog- 

nised its duty to create its own trans–boundary protection programme to protect the 

Danube and its threatened wetlands and floodplains. The opportunity arose over a dec- 

ade ago with the fall of the Iron Curtain, allowing WWF to become more active in the 

Central and Eastern European countries. In 1992, WWF projects and political activities 

in the Danube River Basin began with 5 model projects located in natural areas critical 

for the survival of the river. 

In 1998, WWF work in the region was expanded to include an additional focus on 

the Carpathian Mountains and ecologically sustainable forestry. That same year, the 

WWF International Danube-Carpathian Programme was officially established to co-ordinate 

WWF activities in the Carpathian Mountains and Danube River Basin. 

Today, the mission of the WWF International Danube-Carpathian Programme is to 

support the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of nature, primarily of 

freshwater and forest resources, in the Danube River Basin and Carpathian Mountains. 

This is achieved through an ecoregion planning approach based on model projects, influ- 

encing policy, communications, networking, capacity building and crisis response. 

About the Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative 

The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative (CEI) was launched in 1999 in response to increas- 

ing threats to the unique and valuable Carpathian Mountains ecoregion — an area of

global importance stretching across seven countries and forming a mountainous link 

between the forests of northern, southern, eastern and western Europe. 

The unique character of the Carpathians is also tied to its heritage values, cultural 

richness and diversity. Maintaining this diversity while sustainably using the natural capi- 

tal of the region requires the adoption of an inclusive, holistic approach to development 

planning involving all stakeholders. 

Today the CEI is a unique international partnership achieving conservation of nature 

in the globally important Carpathian region and, at the same time, supporting local econ- 

omy and culture for the lasting benefit of the people living in the heart of Europe. 

Facilitated by WWF, the CEI is an alliance of governmental, non-governmental, 

funding, scientific and academic organisations, both national and international, seek- 

ing to influence the development of the region over the next 50 years. The CEI approach 

is new, large-scale, long-term and in partnership with local people. It is the first time a 

project of this magnitude has ever been attempted in the Carpathian region and the first 

time its conservation has been planned on a ‘natural scale’ across political boundaries. 

As a result of an intensive two-year process, including a major data gathering exer- 

cise, it is now possible to demonstrate the true value of the Carpathians for the first time 

and to prepare this Carpathian Red List of threatened species and ecosystems. 

• The CEI has a number of achievements since its launch. Key ones include: 

• Agreed Carpathian Vision outlining long-term goals for conservation and sustainable 

development with a specific vision for a protected areas network. 

• Detailed Status of the Carpathians report and mini–GIS CD–ROM summarising the 

results of the Initiative’s detailed assessments and GIS analysis, as well as key issues 

affecting biodiversity and sustainable development in the Carpathians — the first ever 

overall view of the Carpathians. 

• 30 Priority Areas for Biodiversity identified across the region. 

• The Declaration on Environment and Sustainable Development signed by 14 Heads of 

State or their representatives through co–hosting the Summit on Environment and 

Sustainable Development in the Danube and Carpathian Region (April 2001). 

• Major progress towards the development of a legal structure for the region — working 

with UNEP on the drafting of a Carpathian Convention. 

• Agreement on basic themes for a Conservation and Action Plan for the region. 

• Commitment from major international donors to discuss the development of funding 

mechanisms for the region. 

• Four Model Project Areas identified, demonstrating the benefits of combining 

sustainable development and conservation on a local scale. 

• Small local sustainable development projects funded in the Czech Republic, Hungary, 

Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine, according to criteria developed by the CEI. 

• Carpathian carnivore reports published, in preparation for the creation of a Pan– 

Carpathian Large Carnivore Conservation and Management Plan. 

• A report on the results of an independent NGO evaluation of the European Union’s 

SAPARD plans and processes. 


The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative 

63

64 


The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative 

• A comprehensive range of communication materials to bring international attention 

to the importance, vulnerability and opportunities in the region (including a 

comprehensive website: www.carpathians.org). 

• A 2.5 year, comprehensive programme of workshops on Carpathians issues, facilitating 

cross border co-operation and highlighting the region internationally. 

Future activities 

The next stage of the Initiative will focus on the agreement and implementation of the 

Conservation and Action Plan, to feed into the developing Carpathian Convention. The 

work of the Initiative will fall into 7 categories: 

• Biodiversity conservation: protected areas network, effective management of protected 

areas, large carnivore conservation and management strategy. 

• Sustainable economic and social development: market mechanisms for sustainable pro- 

duction, nature & culture based tourism strategy, pilot projects demonstrating eco- 

nomic benefits 

• Sustainable forestry (including certification) 

• Sustainable agriculture 

• Integrated river basin management 

• Institutional development: strengthening legislation, promoting flexible co–operation, 

enhancing community participation, capacity building 

• Financial mechanisms: develop co–ordinated investment programme e.g. “Green 

Carpathian Fund”, together with international donor agencies and national govern- 

ments

Holt Suzie 

Król Wiesław 

Kukuła Krzysztof 

Lasak Rastislav 

Okarma Henryk 

Pawłowski Jerzy 

Perzanowski Kajetan 

Ruzicka Tomas 

Samec Sissi 

Sandor Judit 

Seffer Jan 

Solarz Wojciech 

Stanova Viera 

Tasenkevich Lydia 

Vlasin Mojmir 

Witkowski Zbigniew J. 

Detailed information on the contributors 

28 Mill Street, Torrington, Devon, EX 388 AW, United Kingdom 

ssuzie@carpathians.fsnet.co.uk 

Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, al. A. Mickiewicza 33, 

31–120 Krakow, Poland, +48 12 6320549 ext.123, 

krol@iop.krakow.pl 

University of Rzeszów, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 

ul. Rejtana 16c, 35–310 Rzeszow, Poland+48 17 8625628 ext. 1594; 

kkukula@univ.rzeszow.pl 

Daphne – Institute of Applied Ecology, Hanulova 5/d, 

844 40 Bratislava, +421 765412162, +421 7654121 33, 

daphne@changenet.sk 

Institute of Nature Conservation, al. A. Mickiewicza 33, 

31–120 Krakow, Poland, +48 12 4210348, 

okarma@iop.krakow.pl 

Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals PAS, 

Natural History Museum, Sw. Sebastiana 9, 

31–049 Krakow, +48 12 4225937, +48 12 4225959, 

pawlowski@isez.pan.krakow.pl 

The Carpathian Branch, International Centre of Ecology, PAS, 

Beska 24, 38–700 Ustrzyki Dolne +48 13 4612255,+48 13 4613203, 

icepas@mikrotech.com.pl 

Environmental Partnership for Central Europe – Czech Republic, 

Panska 7, 602 00 Brno, +420 542422771, fax +420 542422777, 

tomas.ruzicka@ecn.cz 

Kaiserbrunnerstr. 73, 3021 Pressbaum, Austria 

sissi.samec@aon.at 

CEEWEB, 3525 Miskolc, Kossuth u. 13, Hungary, 

+36 46 413390, +36 46 352010, 

sandor@ceeweb.org 


844 40 Bratislava, +421 765412162, +421 765412133 




solarz@iop.krakow.pl 


844 40 Bratislava, +421 765412162, +421 7654121 33n 


State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 

18 Teatralna Str., 79008, L’viv, Ukraine, +380 322 723120, +380 322 742307, 

tasen@mail.lviv.ua 

Veronica Ecological Institute, Czech Republic, Panska 7, 602 00 Brno, 

+420 5 422 1 8351, +420 5 422 10 561, 

mojmir.vlasin@ecn.cz 



witkowski@iop.krakow.pl

List of mesoregions ordered by codes 

513.1 Rakusko-Jihomoravke Karpaty 

513.2 Stredomoravske Karpaty 

513.31 Podbeskydska pahorkatina 

513.32 Pogorze Slaskie 

513.33 Pogorze Wielickie 

513.34 Pogorze Wisnickie 

513.411 Bile a Biele Karpaty 

513.412 Javorniky 

513.42 Vizovicka vrchovina 

513.43 Hostynsko-Vsetynska hornatina 

513.44 Moravsko-Sliezke Beskydy 

513.45 Beskid Slaski 

513.46 Kotlina Zywiecka 

513.47 Beskid Maly 

513.48 Beskid Makowski 

513.49 Beskid Wyspowy 

513.51 Beskid Zywiecki 

513.52 Gorce 

513.53 Kotlina Sadecka 

513.54 Beskid Sadecki 

513.55 Cergov 

513.56 Kysucka vrchovina 

513.57 Oravska Magura 

513.61 Pogorze Roznowskie 

513.62 Pogorze Ciezkowickie 

513.63 Pogorze Strzyzowskie 

513.64 Pogorze Dynowskie 

513.65 Pogorze Przemyskie 

513.67 Kotlina Jasielsko-Krosnienska 

513.68 Pogorze Jasieskie 

513.69 Pogorze Bukowskie 

513.71 Beskid Niski 

513.72 Ondavska vrchovina 

514.2 Male Karpaty 

514.9 Nizke Tatry 

514.11 Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska 

514.12 Pieniny 

514.13 Pogorze Spisko-Gubalowskie 

514.14 Podtatranska brazda 

514.31 Trencianska kotlina 

514.32 Ilavska kotlina 

514.33 Bytcianska kotlina 

514.34 Zilinska kotlina 

514.41 Povazsky Inovec 

514.42 Strazovske vrchy 

514.43 Mala Fatra 

514.51 Chocske vrchy 

514.52 Zapadne Tatry 

514.53 Vysoke a Belianske Tatry 

514.62 Hornonitrianska kotlina 

514.63 Ziar 

514.64 Turcianska kotlina 

514.71 Liptovska kotlina 

514.72 Popradska kotlina 

514.73 Hornadska kotlina 

514.74 Levocske vrchy 

514.81 Tribec 

514.82 Vtacnik 

514.83 Pohronsky Inovec 

514.84 Kremnicke vrchy 

514.85 Velka Fatra 

515.11 Helpianska kotlina 

515.12 Breznianska kotlina 

515.13 Lopejska kotlina 

515.14 Bystricke podolie 

515.15 Zvolenska kotlina 

515.17 Ziarska kotlina 

515.21 Stiavnicke vrchy 

515.22 Javorie 

515.23 Polana 

515.24 Bystricka vrchovina 

515.25 Veporske vrchy 

515.26 Stolice vrchy 

515.27 Slovensky Raj 

515.28 Volovske vrchy 

515.29 Branisko a Bachure 

516.2 Slovensky kras 

516.3 Cserehati dombsag 

516.4 Kosicka kotlina 

516.4a Sarisska vrchovina 

516.11 Krupinska planina 

516.12 Ipelska kotlina 

516.13 Lucenecka kotlina 

516.14 Rimavska kotlina 

517.1 Slanske vrchy 

517.2 Bukk 

517.3 Matra 

517.4 Cserhat-hegyseg 

517.5 Borzsony a Burda 

522.11 Grzbiety Sanocko-Turczanskie 

522.12 Bieszczady Zachodnie 

522.13 Skolivski Beskidy 

522.14 Verchno-Dnistrivski Beskydy 

522.15 Gorgany 

522.16 Pokutsko-Bukovynski Karpaty 

522.21 Polonyna Rivna 

522.22 Polonyna Borzava 

522.23 Polonyna Krasna 

522.24 Svydovec 

522.25 Czarnohora 

522.26 Hyrnjavski hory 

523.1 Muntii Maramuresului 

523.2 Depresiunea Maramuresului 

523.31 Muntii Rodnei 

523.41 Mestecanis 

523.42 Muntii Giumalaul-Raraul 

523.43 Pietros 

523.44 Budacu 

523.45 Ceahlau 

523.46 Muntii Giurgeului 

523.47 Muntii Hasmas 

523.51 Vihorlat 

523.52 Makovycja 

523.53 Buzora 

523.54 Tupyj 

523.55 Muntii Oasului 

523.56 Muntii Gutiiului 

523.57 Muntii Tiblesului 

523.61 Muntii Birgaului 

523.62 Muntii Calimani 

523.63 Muntii Harghita 

523.64 Muntii Baraolt 

523.65 Bodoc 

523.66 Muntii Persani 

523.71 Depresiunea Giurgeului 

523.72 Depresiunea Ciucului 

523.73 Depresiunea Brasov 

524.1 Obcinele 

524.2 Muntii Stinisoarei 

524.3 Muntii Tarcaului 

524.4 Dolina Trotuszu i Kotlina Darmanesti 

524.5 Muntii Ciucului 

524.6 Muntii Nemira 

525.1 Muntii Vrancei 

525.2 Muntii Buzaului 

525.3 Muntii Girbova 

526.1 Subcarpatii Moldovei 

526.2 Subcarpatii Munteniei 

531.4 Poiana Rusca 

531.11 Muntii Bucegi 

531.12 Leaota 

531.13 Piatra Craiului 

531.14 Muntii Iezer 

531.15 Muntii Fagarusului 

531.16 Depresiunea Lovistei 

531.17 Cozia 

531.21 Muntii Capatini 

531.22 Muntii Paringului 

531.23 Depresiunea Lotrului 

531.24 Muntii Lotrului 

531.25 Muntii Cindrel 

531.26 Muntii Sureanu 

531.31 Depresiunea Petrosani 

531.32 Muntii Retezatului 

531.33 Muntii Godeanu 

531.34 Muntii Tarcu 

531.35 Culoarul Cerna 

531.36 Muntii Vilcanului 

531.37 Muntii Mehedinti 

532.1 Subcarpatii Ardzeszu 

532.2 Subcarpatii Aluty 

532.3 Subcarpatii Oltenskie 

533.1 Culoarul Timis-Cerna 

533.2 Muntii Almajului 

533.3 Muntii Locvei 

533.4 Depresiunea Almajului 

533.5 Muntii Semenic 

533.6 Muntii Aninei 

533.7 Depresiunea Caras-Resita 

533.7a Dealurile Carasului 

533.8 Muntii Dognecei 

541.1 Podisul Somesan 

541.2 Podisul Transilvan 

541.3 Depresiunea Mures-Turda 

541.4 Podisul Tirnavelor 

542.1 Muntii Bihorului 

542.21 Muntii Zarandului 

542.22 Muntii Metaliferi 

542.23 Muntii Trascaului 

542.31 Muntii Codrului 

542.32 Depresiunea Beiusului 

542.33 Padurea Craiului 

542.34 Depresiunea Vad 

542.41 Muntii Muntele Ses 

542.42 Muntii Mesesului 

542.43 Depresiunea Simleu

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