CRAPHIS ScnIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

CRAPHIS ScnIPTA 

Volyrn 5, heifte '1., 1993 

Nordisk Lichenologsk Forening

Nordisk Lichenolo k F0renin 

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Kristinsson, The Akureyri Museum of Natural 

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Stockholm, januai 1993 

ISSN WOr-7593

Gunnar D.gelius: A Birthday Tribute 

Gunnar Degelius med den ftirsta Acharius-medaljen. Hemmesl

Gunnar Degelius 90 frr 

Mitt forsta m6te med Gunnar Degelius iigde 

rum i borjan av augusti 1968. Vi var en grupp 

studenter som stod infor Z-betygskursen i 

botanik, dAr han gjorde sin sista termin som 

universitetslektor fore pensioneringen. En och 

en kallades vi in till professorn som forhorde 

sig om studentbetyg i biologi, tidigare liirare 

mm. Snart kom vi att uppskatta denne tankspridde, 

sprdngliirde och mycket morgontr6tte 

f6reliisare. Gunnar iir en biolog av den gamla 

stammen, diir latinet iir lika naturligt som 

svenska, tyska eller engelska. "Idag stg jag en 

Vulpes vulpes" (rtiv) kan det heta, eller "vi fflr 

Psetta maxima till middog", det vill sSga piggvar. 

Det tir inte alltid s6 ltitt att hiinga med och 

om man nigon g8ng ser undrande ut kommer 

frigan blixtsnabbt: "Du har viil klassisk bildning?". 

Motet med Gunnar Degelius kom att 

betyda mycket for oss och hans encyklopediska 

vetande stimulerade oerh6rt. Det var ocksi 

6tskilliga ur kursen som kom att fortstitta med 

botanik och inte mindre rin tre specialiserade 

sig pi lichenologi. 

Degelius samlade sin forsta lav (Peltigera 

canina) som tolv6ring 61 1915. Den f6rsta 

kunskapen om viixter fick Gunnar fr5n sin 

fader, apotekaren och amatorbotanisten Bror 

Nilsson. Kapten Carl Stenholm bistod tidigt 

med identifieringar av lavar liksom sedermera 

A. H. Magnusson. De legendariska professorerna 

i viixtbiologi i Uppsala, Rutger Sernander 

och G. Einar Du Rietz, stimulerade 

Degelius studier av de oceaniska lavarna och 

tillsammans kom de att bilda ett centrum for 

lichenologisk forskning i vilket ocksi ingick 

Sten Ahlner, Torsten Hasselrot och Rolf Santesson. 

Ingen annan nu levande lavforskare har sA 

l6ng erfarenhet av iimnet som Degelius. Hans 

forsta publikation (om ett fynd av Anhonia 

spadicea) trycktes redan L923. Sedan dess har 

han publicerat en l6ng rad avhandlingar, 

m6nga redan klassiska. Han skriver fbr 

tilltiillet p5 ett arbete om nya Collema-arter. 

Det handlar om 70 6r av lichenologisk forskning! 

Gunnar 6r en god beriittare och det iir 

alltid spiinnande att hora om de vidstriickta 

resorna och personliga moten med lichenologer 

som Anders, Erichsen, Gyelnik, Havaas, 

Hillmann, kttau, Malme, Redinger, Watson 

och hhlbruckner. 

Generositet och hjalpsamhet ktinnetecknar 

hans person och de studenter och etablerade 

lichenologer som besdkt honom i Askim har 

under hemttirden dignat under stora hogar av 

bocker och siirtryck som han frikostigt skiinkt. 

Minga har konsulterat honom i knepiga 

nomenklaturfrflgor eller med latinska diagnoser. 

Noggrannhet 6r en annan egenskap hos 

Gunnar och han klagar ofta over slarvfel och 

diligt latin i yngre kollegers arbeten. Det 

makalosa biblioteket har varit till oskattbar 

hjalp och mitt eget avhandlingsarbete hade 

blivit mycket svirare utan hans assistans. 

Genom Gunnars frikostighet fick jag 1986 

folja honom pi en oforglomlig tiird till 

Azorerna. 

Efter en viss overtalning reste Degelius till 

det internationella lavsymposiet i Hemmesl6v i 

september 192. HAr kom han att erhilla den 

forsta Acharius-medaljen, instiftad av IAL, 

den internationella sammanslutningen av 

lavforskare. For m6nga av deltagarna blev det 

en h6gtidsstund att te triiffa honom och insvept 

i cigarr6k syntes han ivrigt diskutera 

lichenologiska frigor till l6ngt in pi smAtimmarna. 

Det iir en i sinnet ung 90-6ring, sgffi 

med en hiirlig sjtilvironi litet f6rsynt gav 

foljande omdome om en kollega som nyss ryllt 

sjuttio: "Han Ar urgammal". 

Gunnar, dina lichenologiska vdnner runt om i 

viirlden hyllar dig i samband med 90-6rsdagen 

genom detta hiifte av Graphis Scripta. 

Vi onskar dig fortsatt lycka till pi din fiird 

genom lavarnas rike! 

Lars Aruidsson

Stigmidium degelii, s new lichenicolous fungus 

ROLF SANTESSON 

Santesson, R. 1993: Stigmidium degelii, a new lichenicolous fungus. Graphis 

Scipta 5: 3-4. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

A commensalistic (parasymbiotic) fungus, Srign idium degelii R. Sant. sp. nov., 

on Degelia plumbea is reported from Sweden, Nonvay and Scotland. 

Rolf Santesson, Botanical Museum (Fytoteket), Uppsala University, Box 541, 

5-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden. 

In 1981 the lichen genus Degelia was established 

to accomodate some species from the 

Southern Hemisphere (Arvidsson & Galloway 

1981). later the genus was circumscribed to 

include also the Parmeliella plumbea-group 

(Jorgensen & James 1990), which had been 

thoroughly studied by G. Degelius (1935) and 

tqeated in his important work on oceanic 

lichens. 

Very few lichenicolous fungi have been 

reported as living on Degelia plumbea. A 

common and widely distributed species confined 

to this host was described in L862 by 

Anzi as Leciographa plumbina. Recently 

Timdal (1991) has shown that this species 

belongs to the genus Toninia. It is a commensalistic 

fungus often collected especially in 

Scandinavia as seen from the distribution map 

published by Timdal. Nectria lecanodes Ces., a 

species with very wide host range (most common 

on Peltigera) was reported as growing on 

Degelia plumbea in France by Vouau (1912, 

"v. euryspora"). 

Degelia duietzii and D. gayana (syn. Coccocarpia 

gayana) from South America and 

New Zealand are hosts of Roselliniella coccocarpiae 

(Pat.) Matzer & R. Sant., (Matzer & 

Hafellner 1990). 

A species of Stigmidium not seldom seen 

on Degelia plumbea represents a hitherto 

undescribed species and is now named in hon- 

our of Professor Gunnar Degelius, my first 

teacher in lichenology. 

Stigmidium degelii R. Sant., sp. nov. 

Fungus lichenicola. Mycelium immersuffi, 

hyalinum. Perithecia dispersa, primum 

immersa, demum leviter erumpentia, subglobosa, 

c. 0.1 mm diam. Asci obclavati, 6 (-8?)spori. 

Hamathecium haud evolutum. Sporae 

l"-septatae, hyalinae, clavatae, 11-16 x 4-5 

pm. Scnidia immersa, globosa, 30-50 pm 

diam. Conidia bacillaria,4-5 x 0.8 pm. 

Typus: Norvegia, Hordaland, paroecia 

Tysnes, Sunde prope Lnksund, in thallo 

Degeliae plumbeae, 5.VI[.1932, leg. G. 

Degelius (UPS, holotypus). 

No formation of galls or discoloration of the 

host thallus. Perithecia rather evenly scattered, 

not confluent, immersed in the surface layers 

of the host lichen, only the dark upper part of 

the perithecium visible in surface view, finally 

slightly protruding, subglobose, 80- 110 pm 

wide, 100- L30 pm tall, perithecial wall pseudoparenchymatous, 

composed of 3-4 layers of 

slightly compressed cells, the upper part dark 

brown, 10-15,rzm thick, lateral and basal parts 

pale brown, 5-10 pm thick. Hamathecium 

absent. Asci usually obclavate, I-, apex 

strongly thickened, discharge not seen, 30-35 

x 10-15 Fn,6(-8?)-spored. Ascospores

4 Rolf Santesson 

irregularly arranged in the asci, hyaline, 1septate, 

clavate to ellipsoid, the upper cell 

somewhat broader, (9-)11-16 x (3-)4-5 pm. 

Pycnidia often numerous, immersed in the 

surface layers of the lichen, globose, 30-50,rm 

in diam., wall pale brownish. Conidia bacillar, 

4-5 x 0.8- 1.0 pm. 

Specimens examined (all on Degelia plumbea 

and all in UPS): Sweden. Smdland: on the 

island Jungfrun, in the southern forest, on 

Quercus, I9.Vl.l9l4, G. E. Du Rietz, will be 

distributed as Santesson, Fungi Lichenic. exs. 

L74. Vdsteryhtland: Mt Halleberg, V6nersniis 

parish, Hallesnipen at Predikstolen, on 

Populus tremula in a rather dark forest, 

23.IX.I96L, R. Santesson, I4377c. Nonuay. 

Hordaland: see above Wpus, G. Degelius. 

More og Romsdal: BjOrkedalseidet, oD Sorbus 

and Betula in an E-slope, 31..VIII.1933, T. E. 

Hasselrot. Nordland: Evenes (Skf,nland?), 

I-avangeidet above Evenes, J. M. Norman; 

Kjerrin gay, 25.V.1807, G. Wahlenberg. British 

Isles, Scotland. East Inverness: (V.C. 96), 3.5 

km E of Fort Augustus, Gren Doc, 57o09'N, 

4o38'W, alt. 150 m, on a trunk of Corylus 

avellana in shaded situation, 26.V.I976, L. 

Tibell 6538b; West Inverness: (V.C. 97), I-och 

nan Uamh, 3-4 km E of Arisaig, on Fagus in 

a Fagus forest. 12.VII.I969, R. Santesson 

20243e. 

Discussion 

Stigmidium Trevisan (syn. Pharcidia Korber), 

a genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, requires a 

monographic treatment. In Sweden and Norway 

we know at present 20 species of a total 

number of perhaps 40 species which are all 

lichenicolous. Most species are confined to a 

very restricted number of host lichens, only 

few are found on species of different, nonrelated 

lichen genera. 

In many cases it is diffrcult to state the 

true relationship betrveen the different species 

of Stigmidium since the interpretation of the 

evolutionary value of many characters is very 

difficult. 

A species which seems to be related to S. 

degelii is S. schaerei (Massal.) Trevisan 

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 5 (lee3) 

(Santesson 1960, Hawksworth 1983, Triebel 

1989). The name ,S. schaereri has often been 

used in a very broad sense, including several 

species which are clearly different. S. schaerei 

sensu stricto is a fungus living commensally on 

the terricolous lichen usually referred to as 

Dacampia hookeri. S. degelii has somewhat 

larger and less protruding perithecia than S. 

schaerei. Pycnidia are regularly found in S. 

degelii and are often abundant. They have not 

been found in S. schaereri. 

It is diffrcult to get spores free from the 

asci of S. degelii. At present a detailed study of 

the spore size of this species compared with 

other species of Stigmidium is not possible. It 

has to be left until a monographic treatment of 

the genus is made. 

References 

Arvidsson, L. & Galloway, D. J. L981: Degelia, 

a new lichen genus in the Pannariaceae. 

Lichenologist I 3 : 27 -50. 

Degelius, G. 1935: Das ozeanische Element 

der Strauch- und laubflechtenflora von 

Skandinavien. Acta Phyngeogr. Suecica 7. 

Hawksworth, D. L. 1983: A key to the lichenforming, 

parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic 

fungi occuring on lichens in the 

British Isles. Lichenologist 15: L-44, 

Jorgensen, P. M. & James, P. W. 190: Studies 

in the lichen family Pannariaceae IV: The 

genus Degelia. Bibl. Lichenol. 38: 

253-276. 

Matzer, M. & Hafellner, J. l9X): Eine Revision 

der lichenicolen Arten der Sammelgattung 

Rosellinia (Ascomycetes). Bibl. 

Lichenol. 37. 

Santesson, R. 1960: Lichenicolous fungi from 

northern Spain. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 54: 

499-522. 

Timdal, E. l99l: A monograph of the genus 

Toninia (kcideaceae, Ascomycetes). 

Opera Bot. 110: t-I37. 

Triebel, D. 1989: Ircideicole Ascomyceten. 

Bibl. Lichenol. 35. 

Vouaur, L. l9l2: Synopsis des Champignons 

parasites de Lichens. Bull. Soc. Myc. 

France 28: L78-256.

Leptogium degelii, a new species from South America 

MARIE LINDSTROM 

Lindstrbr, M. 1993: kptogium degelii, a new species from South America. 

Graphis Scipta 5:5-7. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

A new species, Leptogium degelii, belonging to the non-hairy Leptogium 

azureum group is described from French Guyana. 

Maie Lindstrom, University of Goteborg, Department 

Carl Skottsbetgs Gata 22, 5-413 19 Goteborg, Sweden. 

During my work on a revision of the nonhairy 

species of Leptogium in South America, 

several new species have been found, one of 

which is described below. Terms for anatomical 

structures of apothecia follow Henssen and 

Jahns (1973). Statistical calculations of spore 

measurements were performed in accordance 

with the method of Infgren and Tibell (1979). 

I-eptogium degelii M. Lindstrdm, sp. 

rl. 

nov. 

Thallus inter muscos corticola, 35-72 mm 

crassus, rhizinis sparsis, tomento nullo, isidiis 

absentibus, cortice utrimque unistrato; lobi 

tenues, papyracei, 1-3 mm lati,2-6 mm longi. 

Apothecia vulgaria, laminaria, sessilia, 1.0-2.5 

mm diam., rubro-brunnescenti; hymenium 

90-1L8 ,nm altum. Ascospone 2l-25 x 8-10 

Itfr, fusiformes, 3-5 transverse septatae, 0-1 

longitudinalitu septatae. 

Type: French Guyana, Trois Sauts, Wilatspi 

(Way6pi), 02o15'N, 52"40'W, on lianas and 

horizontal branches, 18 October L976, 

Jacquemin 1898 (U, holotype).Figure 1. 

*Thir ta:ron is named in honour of professor 

Gunnar Degelius, Goteborg, who collected the 

first material of this new species during his 

field trip to French Guyana in 1958. 

of Systematic Botanl, 

Thallus orbicular to irregular, loosely attached 

to closely adnate, 2-5(-8) cm diam., foliose, 

lobate. Lobes regular, flat, spreading, papyraceous, 

easily fragmented, flabellate, discrete, 

l-3 mm wide, 2-6 mm long. Apices of lobes 

rounded, with entire, sparingly undulate margins. 

Upper surface roughened, matt, usually 

weakly bullate-faveolate, without isidia, but 

sometimes with phyllidia along lobe margins; 

pale blue-grey, occasionally with a brownish 

cast when dry, blue to mauve when wet. Lower 

surface similar to upper, occasionally with 

scattered tufts of pale, very short rhizohyphae. 

Apothecia usually present, more or less 

abundant, laminal on the upper surface, scattered 

to crowded, sessile to short stipitate, 

rounded to ellipsoid, 1.0- 1.5(-2.0) mm diam. 

Disc plane to convex, pale brown to redbrown. 

Thalline margin distinct, persistent, 

pale, with small irregular, granular to terete 

appendag€s, concolourous with the thallus. 

Pycnidia sometimes present, laminal near 

lobe margins, wart-like, red to red-brown or 

almost black. 

Anatomy 

Thallus 35-72,rzm thick. Upper cortex distinct, 

hyaline, 6-L2 pm thick, of one single layer of 

thick-walled isodiametric cells. Inner portion 

of thallus homoiomerous, 24- 47 pm thick, of

6 Marie Lindstrdnt 

irregularly orientated, intenn oven hyphae and 

photobiont cells; hyphae 2.5-3.5 pm thick. 

Photobiont Nostoc; cells 6-8 x 3.5-5 Ffr, 

ellipsoid or rarely globose, in short chains. 

l,ower cortex similar to upper cortex, 6-17 pm 

thick, occasionally with short rhizo-hyphae of 

hyaline, cylindrical cells, 2.5-3.5 pm. 

Apothecia zeorine with a narrow, poorly 

developed, cupulate excipulum of periclinal 

hyphae, best observed at the margins where it 

is 35-47 pm thick. Thalline margin 45-65 pm 

thick. Mature apothecia with prominent basal 

and marginal supporting tissue of hyaline cortical 

cells; at the margins 5-7 cells thick, 45- 

%) pm thick, underneath the hymenium 8- 10 

cells thick, 94-118 pm thick, distinctly paraplectenchymatous. 

Subhymenial layer 45-95 

pm thick, of closely compacted, irregularly 

orientated hyphae, opsgu€, yellowish. 

Hymenium 90-118 pm high. Epihymenium 6- 

18 pm high, reddish-brown, pigment external 

to apices of the paraphyses, paraphyses 

conglutinated in a gelatinous matrix, 1-2.5 pm 

thick below, apical cells 3.5 pm wide, septated. 

Asci clavate to cylindrical, 71-100 x 9.5-1,4 

pm. Ascospores mono- to distichous, hyaline, 

usually ellipsoid to fusiform, occasionally with 

acute apices and apiculi, 2L-25 x 8- 10 ,rzm 

(length: mean value 23.2 Fn, SD 2.0 Ffr, 

L.min. I7.7 Ffr, L.mar. 28.3 Fffi, n=90; width: 

meanvalue 9.3 pm, SD 1.2 Ffr, W.min. 7.I pm, 

W.ma)r. 1L.8 Ffr, n=90), eight per ascus, 

usually more or less submuriform with 3 (-5) 

transverse septa, 1 longitudinal septum (rarely 

without longitudinal septum). Epispore c. I pm 

thick, usually more or less smooth, sometimes 

minutely pitted. 

Pycnospores hyaline, bacillariform, c. 3.5 x 

0.5-L.0 pm. 

Distribution, habitat and ecoloEr 

Leptogium degefii is a neotropic species with, 

as far as knowo, & very limited distribution in 

French Guyana. Unfortunately I have no own 

field experience of this new taxon, and the 

notations on habitat and ecology are usually 

very scanty. However, it seems to be more or 

less restricted to the primary lowland rainfor- 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 5 (1ee3) 

est in the central and southern parts of French 

Guyana. 

Leptogium degelii is a corticolous species 

and has been collected on the trunk and 

branches of various trees (e.g. Theobroma), 

and lianas. One of the specimens (Jacquemin 

2329) was found growing submerged 

(presumably on rocks) in the Qapock River. 

L. degelii grows usually intermingled with 

bryophytes and other lichens, occasionally with 

filmy ferns. Sometimes it is associated with 

other species of Leptogium, vrz. L. (uureum 

(S*.) Mont., L. diaphanum (S*.) Mont., and 

L. reticulatum Mont. 

The altitudinal distribution ranges from c. 

35 m to 200-300 m. 

Remarks 

Leptogium degelii is characterized by the 

thin, papyraceous thallus with a roughened, 

matt and weakly bullate-faveolate upper surface, 

the shortly stipitate apothecia with small 

irregular, granular to terete appendages on the 

thalline margin. L. degelii seems to have a 

more or less constant morphology. Some variation 

is observed in the colour of lobes and 

apothecia. This new species belong to the 

Leptogium azureum group since the anatomy 

and ontogeny of the apothecia and the spores 

agrees well with that of L. azureum. L. degelii 

is easily separated from L. azureum by smaller, 

thinner and spreading lobes, matt, bullatefaveolate 

upper surface, the thalline margin 

with irregular appendages, and ascospores with 

a more or less smooth epispore. 

Additional specimens examined; French 

Guyana. River Comt4: between Belizon and 

Jalbot, M'15'N, 52"38'W, 35 m, L3 June 1.958, 

Degelius s.n. pro ma(. parte (Herb. Degelius); 

Saiil, near Boeuf Mort, 03'38'N, 53"L2'W, 

200-300 m, March 1985, Aptroot 15243 pro 

parte, 15345 (U); Saiil, near Roche Bateau, 

03"38'N, 53"10'W, 200-300 m, March 1985, 

Aptroot 15392, 15444 (U); Trois Sauts, 

Oyapock, 02'15'N , 52"40'W, 16 March 1979, 

Jacquemin 2329 (U).

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (1ee3) 

Figure 1. Leptogium degelii, part of holotype (U). Scale=l cm. 

Acknowledgements 

I wish to thank the curator of the Utrecht 

herbarium for loan of material and professor 

Gunnar Degelius for loan of material from his 

private herbarium in G6teborg. I am also very 

grateful to professor Gunnar Harling for help 

with the latin diagnosis and to Dr l-ars 

Leptogium degelii 7 

Arvidsson for his comments on the manuscript. 

References 

Henssen, A. & Jahns, H. M. L973 ("L974"): 

Lichenes, eine Einftihrung in die Flechtenkunde. 

Thieme Verlag. Stuttgart. 

l-ofgren, O. & Tibell, L. 1979: Sphinctrina in 

Europe . Lichenologist 11: 109-L37 .

Palaeotropical species of Pseudocyphellaria collected by Gunnar 

Degelius in 1964 and 1970 

DAVID J. GALLOWAY and SOPHIE KEMP 

Galloway, D. J. & Kemp, S. 1993: Palaeotropical species of Pseudocyphellaria 

collected by Gunnar Degelius in 1964 and L970. Graphis Scipta 5: 8-11. 

Stockholm. ISSN 090I-7 593. 

A list of 11 species of Pseudocyphellaria collected by Gunnar Degelius from 

Japan, Malaya (Malaysia), the Philippines, India and Ceylon (Sri I-anka) in 

1964, and from Frji, New Caledonia and Tahiti in L970 is presented and 

includes the following tana: P. argtracea, P. aurata, P. crocata, P. desfontainii, 

P. gilva, P. inticata, P. pickeringu" p. reineckeana and P. sulphurea. Pseudoqphellaia 

crocatoi.des D. J. Galloway is newly described from material 

collected in Flji, and the new combination P. punctillaris (Miill. Arg.) D. J. 

Galloway is proposed. 

David l. Galloway, Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, 

Cromwell Road, London SW7 sBD, United Kingdom. 

Sophie Kemp, West View Cottage, 12 Weswiew Road, Warlingham, Sunq CR6 

gJD, United Kingdom. 

Gunnar Degelius has made many collections 

of the genus Pseudoqphellaia during his 

travels in search of species of Collerna and his 

name is already associated with the genus in 

the New bland species P. degelli (Galloway 

1985a, 1988). During studies on palaeotropical 

species of Pseudoqtphellaria I examined material 

collected by Gunnar Degelius during two 

different visits to Indian Ocean and Pacific 

Ocean localities. In L964 he visited India, 

Ceylon (Sri [anka), Japan, Malaya (Malaysia) 

and the Philippines, and in 1970 Tahiti, Fiji 

and New Caledonia (Degelius L974). These 

collections are of considerable biogeographical 

importance since they extend known ranges of 

a number of ta

GRAPHIS SCRTPTA s (1ee3) 

apothecia rara, disco albo-pruinoso, sporae 

8:nae. 

Typer Flji, Taveuni, Mt Utuigatau, near 

summit, tree trunks in rainforest, c. 1140 m,22 

April 1970, G. Degelius P-236 (Herb. Degelius!, 

holotype; BM!, isotype). 

This is a characteristic species in the P. 

crocata-group, i.e. taxa having a white medulla, 

a cyanobacterial photobiont, yellow 

pseudocyphellae on the lower surface and a 

chemistry containing stictic acid metabolites, 

hopane -6a,7 $,Z?-triol as the dominant triterpenoid, 

and the pigments calycin, pulvinic 

dilactone and pulvinic acid (Galloway 1988). It 

is distinguished by the distinctive marginal 

(rarely laminal) lobulate proliferations, and a 

smooth upper surface without isidia or soredia. 

Additional specimen: Taveuni, Mt Utuigatau, 

tree trunks in rainforest, c. 840 m, 1970, 

DegeliusP-243. 

Pseudocyphellaria punctillaris (Mtill. 

Atg.) D. J. Galloway, comb. nov. 

Basionym: Stictina punctillaris Mtill. Atg., 

Hedwigia 30: 48 (189L). - Stictina fragillima f. 

punctillaris (MUll. Arg.) Stizenb., Flora, Jena 

81": L29 (L895). - Sticta fragillima f. punctillaris 

(Miill. Arg.) Zu,hlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 3: 

382 (rezs). 

Type: Australia, Queensland, near Mt 

Bellenden Ker, "Whelman Pools, Austral. 

orient." L889, F. M. Bailey 567 (G W25441, 

holotype). 

This species has rather shortly + subdichotomously 

branching lobes with a white medulla, 

a cyanobacterial photobiont, and white pseudocyphellae 

on both upper and lower surfaces. 

It has a simple two-hopane chemistry, with 

tenuiorin and gyrophoric acid present as 

accessories. Formerly known only from eastern 

Australia. 

Philippines. Ltnon: Prov. I-aguna, Mt 

Makiling, rainforest, c. 700 m, 1964, Degelius 

As-704, As-706. 

Palaeotropical Pseudoqtphellaria 9 

Pseudoqtphellaria arglracea (Delise) Vainio. 

- A widespread, palaeotropical species 

known also from New T.ealand and Chile 

(Galloway 1988, 1992). India. Madras: 

Palni Hills, Kodaikanal Bombay Shola, c. 

ZLm m, L964. Degelius As-356. Sri 

Lanka. Central Prov.: Hakgalla, Botanical 

Garden, c. 1675 m, 1964, Degelius As- 

4121, Nuwara Eliya, Near Golf Club, c. 

L850 m, L964, Degelius As-436, As- 487; 

Ibid., Grand Hotel, on tree in garden, 1850 

m, 196/', Degelius As-482; Ibid., 

Mahagastotte Tea Factory, c. 1800 m, 

l9&, Degelius As-430. Malaysia. 

Pahang: Cameron Highlands, Tanak Rata, 

c. 1500 m, I9&, Degelius As-573, As- 

597; Fraser's Hill, below Fraser's Hill 

Hotel, c. L300 m, 196{ Degelius As-67L. 

P. aurata (Ach.) Vainio. A characteristic 

sorediate, yellow-medulla species widespread 

in both tropical and cool temperate 

regions (Galloway 1998, t992, Galloway & 

Arvidsson 1990). Malaysia. Pahang: 

Cameron Highlands, Tanak Rata, Golf 

Links, c. 1500 m, 1964, Degelius As-547, 

As-550. Philippines. Luzon' Prov. 

Benguet, Baguio, Luneta Hill, c. 1500 m, 

1964, Degelius As-905. 

P. crocata (L.) Vainio. A widespread, cosmopolitan 

species (Galloway 1988, 1992, 

Galloway & Arvidsson 1990). Japan. 

Honshu.' Prov. Kai, Mt Fuji near Komitake 

Shrine, c. 2370 m, L964, Degelius 

As-974; Mt Fuji, base Goten-nima, c.970 

m, 1964, Degelius As-996. Malaysia. 


c. L500 m, L954, Degelius As-567. Philippines. 

Ltnon: Prov. Benguet, Baguio, Mt 

Santo Tomas, N. side, c. 2100 m, 1964, 

Degelius As-850, As-860. 

P. desfontainii (Delise) Vainio. A palaeotropical 

ta:ron, the isidiate, non-sorediate 

counterpart of P. crocata and formerly 

known from South Africa, the Indian 

Ocean islands, New Caledonia and northeastern 

Australia (Galloway 1985b). Sri 

Lanka. Central Prov.: Hakgalla, Botanical 

Garden, c. 1675 m, l9@, Degelius As- 

4lL; Nuwara Eliya, near Golf Club, c.

10 David J. Galloway and Sophie Kemp 

1850 m, 196/, Degelius As- 440. Malaysia. 


Golf Links, c. 1500 m, LW, Degelius As- 

568, As-576; Pahang: Fraser's Hill, 

Fraser's Hill Hotel, c. 1350 m, 1964, 

Degelius As-611, As-620. FUi. Taveuni: 

Mt Utuigatau, near summit, c. 1140 m, 

1970, Degelius P-205; Ibid., c. 840 m, 

1970, Degelius P-230. Tahiti. Onohea 

Valley, N. of Taravao, otr Hibiscus 

tiliaceus, 1970, Degelius P-346; Belvedere, 

near Papeete, tree trunks in light forest, 

c. 550 m, 1970, Degelius P-390. 

P. gilva (Ach.) Malme. - A palaeotropical fertile 

species having a white medulla, a 

cyanobacterial photobiont and yellow 

pseudocyphellae on the lower surface and 

at the lobe margins. It is known from 

South Africa (the type locality) to southern 

South America (Galloway 1992). Philippines. 

Luzon' Prov. Benguet, Baguio, 

Mt Santo Tomas, N. side, c. ?IW m and 

summit, c. 2200 m, 1964, Degelius As- 

854, As-876. 

P. intricata (Delise) Vainio. - A cosmopolitan 

sorediate species (Galloway 1988, 1992, 

Galloway & Arvidsson 1990). Sri Lanka. 

Central Prov.: Nuwara Eliya, near the Golf 

Club, c. 1850 m, 1964, Degelius As-443; 

Nuwara Eliya, Grand Hotel c. 1850 m, 

1964, Degelius As-479. Malaysia. Pahang: 

Fraser's Hill, Fraser's Hill Hotel, c. 

1.350 m, L964, Degelius As-608, As-612, 

As-622; Fraser's Hill, below Fraser's Hill 

Hotel, c. 13ffi m, 1964, Degelius As-653. 

Philippines. Ltnon: Prov. Benguet, 

Baguio, Mt Santo Tomas N. side, c. 2100 

m, L964, Degelius As-855; Ibid., c. 1560 

m, 1964, Degelius As-896. 

P. pickeringii (Tuck.) D. J. Galloway. - A 

characteristic isidiate, yellow medulla species 

widely distributed in the palaeotropics 

(Galloway 1988, Elix, Streimann & Archer 

1992). Philippines. Luzon: Prov. Benguet, 

Baguio, Mt Santo Tomas, N. side, c. 1800 

m, 1964, Degelius As-822. 

P. reineckeana (Mull. Arg.) D. J. Galloway. 

- Apparently endemic to FUi, and characterised 

by narrow, subdichotomously 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 5 (19e3) 

branching lobes with a white medulla, a 

green photobiont, and white pseudocyphellae 

on both upper and lower surfaces 

(Galloway 1985b). Fiii. Vanua Irvu, 

Mt Delaikoro, near summit, tree trunks in 

rainforest, c. 900 m, 1970, Degelius P-L80, 

P-200. 

P. sulphurea (Schaerer) D. J. Galloway. - A 

widespread palaeotropical species having a 

white medulla, a green photobiont, a dimpled, 

impressed upper surface (not faveolate) 

and white pseduocyphellae on the 

lower surface (Galloway 1985b). New 

Caledonia, Mont Koghi, W. side, base, 

tree trunks along a stream, c. L50 m, 1970, 

Degelius P-87; Riviere, rainforest not far 

from Ouenarou, tree trunks, c. 100 m, 

1970, Degelius P-109. Fiji. Taveuni, Mt 

Utuigalau, tree trunks in rainforest, c. 870 

m, 1970, Degelius P-208; Ibid., near 

summit, tree trunks in rainforest, c. 1110 

m, common and often abundant!, 1970, 

Degelius P-210. 


We are grateful to Prof. Gunnar Degelius 

(Askim) for allowing us to study his palaeotropical 

collections of. Pseudoqtphellaria, and 

to Prof. Per Magnus Jorgensen (Bergen) for 

help with the latin diagnosis. 

References 

DegeliuS, G. L974: The lichen genus Collema 

with special reference to the extra-European 

species. Symb. Bot. Upsal.20: L-215. 

Elix, J. A., Streimann, H. & Archer, A. 'W. 

1992: The lichens of Norfolk Island 2. The 

genera Cladonia, Pertusaria, Pseudocyphellaria 

and Ramalina. Proceedings of 

the Linnean Society of New South Wales 

113:57-76. 

Galloway, D. J. 1985a: Flora of New Zealand 

Lichens. New kaland Government 

Printer, Wellington. 

Galloway, D. J. 1985b: Nomenclatural notes 

on Pseudocyphellaria II: some Southern 

Hemisphere tara. Lichenologist 17: 303- 

307.


Galloway, D. J. 1988: Studies in Pseudoryphellaria 

(lichens) I. The New Zealand 

species. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Bot.) 17: 

r-267. 

Galloway, D. J. 1992: Studies in Pseudocyphellaria 

(lichens) III. The South 

American species. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 

46: l-275. 

Palaeotropical Pseudoqtphellaia 1 1 

Galloway, D. J. & Arvidsson, L. 1990: Studies 

in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) II. 

Ecuadorean species. Lichenologist 22: 

103- 135. 

White, F. J. & James, P. W. 1985: A new 

guide to microchemical techniques for the 

identification of lichen substances. Bull. 

Br. Lichen Soc. 57 (Supplement): l-41.

Physma omphalarioides - its taxonomic position and 

phytogeography 

PER M. JORGENSEN and AINO HENSSEN 

J6rgensen, P. M. & Henssen, A. L993: Physma omphalarioides its taronomic 

position and phytogeography. Graphis Scripta 5: L2-17. Stockholm. 

ISSN 0901 -7593. 

Physma omphalaioides (Anzl) Arnold is shown not to belong in the mainly 

tropical genus Physma Massal., but rather to the temperate Staurolemma 

K6rber, a genus closely related to the primarily Pacific genus Ramalodiam 

Nyl. Staurolemma omphalarioides (Anzi) P. M. JOrg. & Henssen comb. nov. 

is basically a Mediterranean lichen, reaching Macaronesia, including the 

Cape Verde Is., with a remarkably disjunct occurrence on the west-coast of 

Nonray, just south of the Arctic Circle. 

Per M. Jgrgensen, p.t. Botany Dept., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, 

London SW7 sBD, England. 

Aino Henssen, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-(Jniversitiit, D-3550 MarburglLahn, 

Germany. 

To discover a new genus of foliose lichens in 

Scandinavia in our time, is a rare event. It is 

therefore remarkable that no less than three 

such genera were discovered about the time of 

the Second World War by the two Swedish 

botanists, Sten Ahlner and Gunnar Degelius. 

While the cases of Cavernulaia hultenii 

Degel. and Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P. 

M. JOrg. are well-known (Ahlner 1948, 

Degelius 1952, J6rgensen L990), that of Physma 

omphalaioides (Anzi) Arnold (Degelius 

1955) has nearly been forgotten, to the degree 

that it was not even included in the two most 

recent macrolichen floras of Nonvay (Dahl & 

Krog 1973, Krog et al. 1980). This oversight 

may be the result of the fact that this species, 

unlike the other two, was not used in the 

debate on glacial survival of the Scandinavian 

flora. The phytogeographical problems concerning 

P. omphalaioides are, however, as 

shown below, as intriguing as those of the 

other two. 

It is now more than 40 Years since 

Degelius discovered this interesting lichen. We 

would therefore like to take this opportunity to 

update the knowledge of this undeservedly 

neglected species. 

The generic problem 

As seen from the synonomy listed below, this 

lichen was placed in several different genera 

through the years, most frequently appearing 

in the literature as a Lempholemma K6rber, 

or Physma Massal. Arnold (1867) who 

referred it to the latter, paid most attention to 

the similarity in apothecia. Zahlbruckner 

(1924) definitely based his transfer to Lempholemma 

on thalline characters. As already 

pointed out by Dughi (1946) this species has 

no close relationship with Lempholemma 

which belongs in the Lichinaceae, which has 

quite different fruitbodies (mostly pycnoascocarps), 

paraphyses and asci (see Henssen

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1ee3) 

,|mm, 

Figure 1. Staurolemma omphalaioides (from 

Galun 1970). 

L963), and different form of lichenization 

(algae penetrated by fungal haustoria). Our 

lichen definitely belongs in the Collemataceae, 

close to Physma. Dughi (1946) regarded the 

anatomical differences in the thallus to be 

insufficient to accept the genus Staurolemma 

K0rber, based on this species, as distinct, and 

instead created a section Gymnophysma within 

Physma for it. Although anatomical differences 

should be used with care when establishing 

genera, we do not hesitate to accept 

Staurolemma. In terms of its habit and distribution 

pattern this genus is quite distinct from 

Physma, which has a special thallus anatomy. 

The nearly leatherlike (when dry) upper pseudocortex 

consists of compacted, intricately 

intervowen hyphae, and on the lower surface 

the hyphae form numerous tufted rhizohyphae 

which completely cover the surface, features 

not at all found in Staurolemma. Furthermore 

Physma has a I+ blue hymeniuffi, and a 

distinct amyloid ring-structure in the asci. In 

Staurolemma only the lower part of the 

hymenium and the ascus wall react with 

iodine, and there are no amyloid apical 

structures in the asci. 

Physma omphalarioides 13 

The closest relative of Staurolemma 

appears instead to be Ramalodium Nyl., a 

genus originally described from Australia 

(Henssen 1%5). This genus has a similar 

thallus-anatomy, but the apothecia do not 

have a thalline margin. However, the development 

of the apothecia in Staurolemma is basically 

the same as that found in Ramalodium 

(Henssen 1979), and further studies are necessary 

to evaluate the taronomic importance of 

this difference. 

Staurolemma omphalarioides (Anzi) 

P. M. IArg. & Henssen, comb. nov. 

Collema omphalaioides Arzi, Comm. Soc. 

critt. Ital. 1(3): 131 $frez} Physma 

omphalaioides (Anzi) Arnold, Flora 50: 1,19 

(1867). Lempholemma omphalarioides 

(Anzi) hhlbr., Catal. Lich. Univ.3: 19 (1924). 

- Type: Italy, "Ad castanearum cupressuumque 

cortice Fiesole, Monte S. Giuliano, Anzr" 

(Lich. Rar. etr. 46, BM, lectotype, selected 

here; isolectotypes FH!, O!, UPS!). 

Staurolemma dalmaticum Korber, Verh. 

zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 17: 706 (1867). 

Physma dalmaticum (Korber) hhlbr., Ann. 

K. K. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien 5: 47 (1890). 

Typet "ad quercuum vetustarum cortices circa 

Obornik Dalmatiae nec non ad Phillyreae 

truncos prope Karagiurgievic in Herzegowina, 

leg. Dr. Weiss" (L, lectotype, selected here; 

isolectotypes distributed in Lich. Sel. Germ. 

329, O!, UPS!) 

Physma hispanicum Samp., Congr. Sevilla 

Ass. esp. Progr. Cien. 8: 136 (1917) - Lempholemma 

hispanicum (Samp.) hhlbr., Catal. 

Lich. Univ. 3: 17 (1924). - Type' "Hab. prope 

Malacam, ex. hb. Haenseler L844" (Herb. 

Willkomm, COI, holotype) 

Thallus foliose in rounded olivaceus black 

cushions up to 3 cm diam, swelling and gelatinous 

when wet, composed of more or less 

ligulate lobules, most of which are ascendent, 

producing apothecia marginally; upper surface 

markedly wrinkled when dry, more or less 

covered in granular, isidia-like structures.

1,4 Per M. Jpryensen and Aino Henssen GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (1ee3) 

Figure 2. World-distribution of ,S. 

omphalaioides. Dots: studied material; triangles: 

records from literature. 

Apothecia numerous up to 1(-1.5) mm diam, 

appearing more or less stalked at the top of 

the lobules (see Figure 1) with reddish to 

blackish brown disc and with a granulose thalline 

exciple. Pycnidia immersed, about 0.1 mm 

diam. with blackish ostiole. 

Anatomy 

a' 

l" 

Thallus homoiomerous without distinct cortex, 

but with concentration of hyphae and algae at 

the surfaces, up to 400 pm thick, with Nostoc 

in chains, individual cells 4-5 pm diam. 

Apothecia with 150-200 pm wide thalline 

exciple; proper exciple distinctly paraplectenchymatous, 

60-90 pm wide; subhymenium of 

compacted, unorientated, gelatinous hyphae, 

yellowish, 40-70 pm wide; hymenium to 100 

pm high, hyaline or pale yellow, except in 

upper parts where it is brown-pigmented, I+ 

blue in lower parts; paraphyses simple, septate, 

d 

t, r( 

t 

q\v/ 

oXcair 

{.s 

to! 

- 

t 

c 

simple, hyaline, rather thick-walled, globular 

(7-10,am diam) to oblong (L2-15 x 7-I0 Fm), 

surface usually somewhat warted. 

Pycnidia with branched, fairly short-celled 

conidiophores, producing rod-like conidia, c. 3 

x L pm, laterally and terminally. 

Variation 

S. omphalarioides is not a very variable species, 

mostly varying in size, degree of granulosity, 

and colour of thallus and apothecial 

disc, a variation certainly caused by environmental 

factors. The variation in size and form 

of the spores reported above, can be found 

within one apothecium, and shows no pattern 

indicating differences benreen populations. 

Possible confusion 

As has already been pointed out by Aru:i 

(186?), S. omphalaioides can be confused 

with Collema fasciculare (L.) G. H. Weber, 

which has similarly caespitose thalli with 

numerous apothecia produced on ascending 

lobes. That species, however, does not produce 

such granular, isidia-like structures, has more 

undulating lobe-margins, and in any case of 

doubt the long, vermiform, multi-septate 

spores will always serve to identiff it conclusively. 

Clearly these two species represent a 

notable example of convergence between rpo 

different, though related genera. 

Ecology 

S. omphalaioides is a mainly corticolous species, 

only recorded from soil or mossy rocks 

twice (Mies 1989). It appears to prefer coarsebarked 

trees, Quercus and Olea being the most 

frequently recorded, followed by Castanea. 

Degelius (1955) has recorded several other 

less important phorophytes to which can be 

added Acacia, Cednts, Eucatyptus, Euphorbia 

tuckqana and Pinus canariensrs (from the 

Cape Verde Is., Mies 1989) and Pistacia (from 

Israel). Most of these are acid-barked trees. It

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 5 (1ee3) 

is therefore interesting to note that S. 

omphalarioides on its northernmost localities 

(in Nonvay) prefers the less acidic Populus 

temula, a phorophyte it also occurs on in its 

northernmost Portugese localities. .S. 

omphalaioides quite frequently occurs in 

orchards, parks, churchyards, along roads (see 

Tavares 1954) etc. where the porous bark of 

the trees are nutrient-enriched. It appears also 

to be dependent on rather high humidity. 

,S. omphalarioides is normally a lowland 

species occuring from sea-level to a few hundred 

meters altitude. Exceptions are from the 

southernmost localities in southern Spain, 

where it ascends to 1000 m (Degelius 1955), 

the Canaries (1300 m) and Cape Verde Is. 

(1500 m, Mies 1989), certainly avoiding the 

drier, hotter lowlands there. 

Phytogeography 

S. omphalarioides is basically a Mediterranean 

species with a western tenderc!, also reaching 

Macaronesia (Figure 2). This is a well-known 

pattern, shared by a number of lichens, for 

example Pannaia olivacea P. M. JOrg. 

(Jorgensen 1978). Such lowland Mediterranean 

species rarely reach far north on the 

Atlantic coast of Europe, although there are a 

few examples of this, e.g. Leptogium coralloideum 

(Meyen & Flotow) Vainio (Jorgensen 

1993), a species which has its northernmost 

locality in Scotland. The highly disjunct, 

northern localities of S. omphalarioides near 

the Arctic Circle, are anomalous. Species 

reaching this far north, normally have much 

wider distributions in the atlantic-mediterranean 

region and reach much higher altitudes 

in the south. Pannaria ignobilb may serve as a 

useful comparison, since it has some ecologically 

anomalous occurances close to the Arctic 

Circle (JOrgensen 1.978). In the Mediterranean 

region it reaches 1600 m altitude, and in 

Yugoslavia is mostly found in the Fagus 

forests at 700-900 m altitude; in contrast there 

are no records above 1000 m for S. 

omphalarioides in the region, and in 

Yugoslavia none above 300 m. P. ignobilis 

although not occurring continuosly along the 


coasts of Europe, is present both in Great 

Britain as well as in southern Nonray. 

From these facts it is not unreasonable to 

conclude that it would be impossible for ,S. 

omphalarioides to grow so far north, and to 

challenge the identification of these collections. 

The material is, however, quite typical 

and in one locality (Tjotta, Offersoya) richly 

developed (see Degelius 1955). The type of 

habitat is very similar to that found further 

south: coarse-barked trees (here Populus) 

near a road close to the sea, but the temperatures 

are at considerably lower levels, about 10 

degrees lower on average. The mean January 

temperature of the Nonvegian localities is 

about 0 oC, frosts occur several times during 

the winter, and the mean July temperature is 

about L4 "C. 

Obviously S. omphalaioides must have a 

wider ecological amplitude than its distribution 

in the Mediterranean region indicates. It is 

therefore hard to understand why there should 

not be any suitable habitats between southern 

Portugal and the Arctic Circle. Like Degelius 

(1955) we therefore believe that S. 

omphalaioides still remains to be discovered 

there, but must admit that 40 years have 

passed without records of this species, in spite 

of high collecting activity. Perhaps this after all 

is one of those inexplicable, unlikely cases of a 

chance long-distance dispersal which succeeded. 

Specimens examined (selected).' Nontay. 

Nordland: Alstahaug, Alsten, Skei, 195L, 

Degelius (Degel.). Tjotta, Offersoyo, N point, 

1951, Degelius (BG, BM, Degel., O, S, UPS). 

Nord-Trqndelag: Kolvereid, N of lake Mulstadvann, 

1938 & t954, Ahlner (Degel., S); 

Namsos, Otteroya, Finnanger, L992, Tpnsberg 

(BG). Portugal. Beira Littorah Coimbra, near 

town, L93I, Degelius (Degel.); d:o, on western 

river bank, 1980, Moberg (UPS). Estemadura: 

Almelao (near Setubal), L943, Solerinho 

(UPS); between l,ousa and Venda do Pinheiro 

near Lisboa, 1955, Tavares (Lich. Lus. Sel. 

Exs. 57, BM, O, UPS). Algarve; Rocha de 

Pena, Bonafim, L973, Jones (BM); Vale de

16 Per M. Jgryensen and Aino Henssen 

Boa Hora, near Parragil, 197 4, Jones (BM); 

Palmeira, Caldas de Monchique, L973, Jones 

(BM). Spain. Cadiz: Grazalema Distr., by road 

to Ronda, 1952, Degelius (Degel.). Malaga: 

Ronda Distr., Ronda, valley W of town, L952, 

Degelius (Degel.). Islas Baleares: Mallorca, 

Coma Freda, E of Masanella, L978, Tonsberg 

(TRH). France. Herault; Caussignojouls, A. 

De Crozals (Lich. Gall. Rar. 8, L, UPS). Var: 

HyBres, Ste-Claire le ChAteau, 1946, Degelius 

(Degel.). Italy. Liguia; Genova, Valle 

Bisagno, 1931, & t947, Sbarbaro (O, UPS); S. 

Michele di Pagana near Rapallo, L934, 

Sbarbaro (Lich. Parva 183, BG, UPS); 

Portofino, L972, Jorgensen (BG); Yarazze, 

near Mola, L9I9, Gresino (FH). Yugoslavia. 

Slovenia: Albona (t abin), Valle Senizia, 1925, 

Baumgartner (O); Istria, Weiler Fetchi, 

between Barabana and Dimino, 1924, 

Baumgartner (O, UPS). Hrvatska; East- 

Meleda (Mljet), near the village Koriti, 1910, 

Baumgartner (O); South-Lunga (Dugi), 

Dugopolje near Sale, 1913, Baumgartner (O); 

Ragusa, near village Slano, 1968, Yezda (Lich. 

sel. exs. 703, BM, UPS). Crna Gora: Kotor, 

near village Donji Morinj, L984, Yezda (BM). 

Israel. Upper Gallilee; Har Meron, NW 

summit, t966., Galun (BM). Tunisia. Ain 

Draham, slope of Djebel Bir, 1948, Degelius 

(Degel., UPS); I-es Ch0nes, 1948, Degelius 

(Degel.). Canary fs. Gran Canaria, Cruz de 

Tejeda, between Cueva Corcho and Pinos de 

Caldar, 1972, Almborn (Lich. exs. afr.79, BM, 

UPS). Cape Verde ls. Santo Antao: Lombado 

Pelado, 1987, Mies (Herb. Henssen); Bando 

do Ferro, 1.988, Mies (UPS). 


It gives us particular pleasure to dedicate this 

contribution to our nonagenerian friend Gunnar 

Degelius, who found this interesting lichen 

at its northernmost locality, and who has spent 

a lifetime studying the Collemataceae. We are 

further indebted to the directors and curators 

of the cited herbaria for sending material on 

loan. 

References 


Ahlner, S. L948: Utbredningstyper bland 

nordiska barrtriidslavar. Acta Phytogeogr, 

Suec. 22. 

Arui, M. 1862: Manipulus lichenum variorum 

vel novorum, quos in I-angobardia et 

Etruria collegit et enumeravit. Comm. Soc. 

Crin. Ital. /. Genova. 

Arnold, F. L867: Lichenologische Fragmente 

I-ilI. Flora 50: lI9-123. 

Dahl, E. & Krog, H. 1973: Macrolichens of 

Denmarh Finland, Norway and Sweden. 

Oslo-Bergen-Tromsp. 

Degelius, G. L952: On the lichen Cavernularia 

hultenii Degel. and the problem of the 

glacial survival of spruce in Scandinavia. 

Svensk Bot. Tidslcr. 46: 53-6L. 

DegeliuS, G. 1955: Studies in the lichen family 

Collemataceae I. Physma omphalarioides 

(Anzi) Arn. in Nonvay, new to northern 

Europe. Svensk Bot. Tidsl


Krog, H., @sthagen, H. & Tonsberg, T. 1980: 

Lavflora. Norske busk- og bladlay. Oslo- 

Bergen-TromsO. 

Mies, B.-A. 1989: Vorarbeiten zu einer 

Flechtenflora der Kapverdischen Inseln. 

Diss. KOln. 


Tavares, C. N. 1954: Notes lich6nologique 

VIII. Rev. Fac, Cidn. Lisboa 2.ser.,C, il1,2: 

365-379. 

Zahlbruckner, A. 1924-25: Catalogus lichenum 

universalis III. Leipzig.

Further observations on the association between the lichen Lecanora 

conizaeoides and its parasites Lichenoconium erodens and L. lecanorae 

(Sphaeropsidales) 

M. SKYTIE CHRISTI.ANSEN 

Christiansen, M. S. 1993: Further observations on the association between 

the lichen kcanora conizaeoides and its parasites Lichenoconium erodens 

and L. lecanorae (Sphaeropsidales). Graphis Scripta 5: I9-ZL. Stockholm. 

ISSN 0901-7593. 

A thallus of the lich en Lecanora conizaeoides has shown ability to outgrow 

an infection due to the parasitic fungus Lichenoconium lecanorae. The 

destroyed hymenium together with the pycnidia of the parasite are buried into 

the lichen thallus by vigorous growth of the margin of the apothecium. The 

lichen thallus is also infected by other fungi of minor importance. 

M. Stque Christiansen, Botanisk Centralbiblioteh Splvgade 83, DK-1307 

Copenhagen K Denmark. 

Some years ago professor Gunnar Degelius 

handed me over for study a specimen of 

Lecanora conizaeoides which was attacked by 

an unidentified coelomycete with acervular 

conidiomata and filiform conidia. In addition 

the lichen was also attacked by the lichenicolous 

coelomycetes Lichenoconium erodens 

M. S. Christ. & D. Hawksw. and L. lecanorae 

(Jaap) D. Hawksw. (syn. L. parasiticum D. 

Hawksw.). The lichen was collected by Degelius 

in Sweden, G6teborg, Askim, on a branch 

of Betula pendula in a garden, 27 November 

1985. 

When sectioning the lichen thallus in 

search of development stages of the abovementioned 

still undetermined coelomycete I 

had also occasion to study the association 

between the lichen and the tvto Lichenoconium 

species and to see how the lichen was 

able to recover from an attack, resulting in 

destruction of the apothecial disc, by growth of 

the amphithecium, which finally enfolds the 

destroyed hymenium into the thallus (Figure 

2). 

Lichenoconium lecanorae was the more 

conspicuous of the two species, easily recognized 

by the black discs of the lichen apothecia. 

On the contrary the presence of L. erodens 

was not detected until the sections of the 

lichen thallus were studied more closely. I did 

not succeed in finding the two species together 

on the same apothecium as in the case described 

by Hawksvorth (1977) for Parmelia galbina 

Ach. The two species did, however, occur 

in close proximity to each other as shown in 

Figure I. L. erodens did occur on the hymenium 

of some apothecia, but never together 

with L. lecanorae. 

When the two Lichenoconium species 

attack Lecanora conizaeoides separately, they 

exhibit very different symptoms, L. erodens 

causing much more damage on the host lichen 

than L. lecanorae (Christiansen 1980). It was 

consequently surprising, that L. erodens played

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (lee3) On Lichenoconium erodens and L. lecanorae 19 

. .t...r..,,. .lt . 

Figure 1. Section of an apothecium of Lecanora conizaeoides with the hymenium destroyed by 

Lichenoconium lecanorae. The surface of the hymenium is blackened by a dense layer of conidia 

as well as by the pycnidia of the parasite. The hymenium is pale brownish with only faint traces of 

its original structure. The algae below the hypothecium are likewise brownish and of unhealthy 

appearance, while algae in the amphithecium are undamaged. The pycnidium in the centre of the 

hymenium is photographed at a higher magnification in Figure 3. 

Below to the right a small pycnidilm of Lichenoconiam erodens is seen, situated on a thallus-granule, 

which is overgrown by the apothecium. This pycnidium is depicted at a higher magnification 

in Figure 4. (Bar = 100 pm, neg. no. 92.762, slide no.92630, unstained). 

such a modest part, when participating in a 

mixed infection with L. lecanorae. 

A possible explanation might be, that l. 

lecanorae had been the first to establish itself 

as a parasite on the lichen. At any rate the 

pycnidia of L. lecanorae were often old, with 

decayed conidiogenous cells, while the conidiogenous 

cells could still be seen in the less 

prominent pycnidia of L. erodens. Moreover, 

some of the pycnidia of L. lecanorae, which 

still contained a layer of conidia along the wall, 

showed signs of deterioration and were inhabited 

by colonies of bacteria and protococcoid 

algae (Figure 3). 

In sections the pycnidia of L. erodens were 

identified by their generally (but not always) 

smaller size and by their rather small conidia 

(Figure 3). 

The sections depicted in Figs. L-4 are 

from two small bits of the same thallus of Lecanora 

conizaeoides, taken within a distance of 

less than 2 mm from each other. The sections 

are made on a l-eitz Kryomat freezing microtome 

at a thickness of 15 pm. The 

preparations are mounted in lactophenol with 

or without addition of stains, and photographed 

with a Reichert Tntopan microscope 

provided with photoautomatic equipment. 


I am very greatful to my old friend, Gunnar 

Degelius, for entrusting me with this interesting 

material. Unfortunately, I have not yet 

been able to conclude my studies on the still 

undescribed coelomycete with acervular conidiomata. 

The present note froy, however, 

serve as a small advance.

20 M. Skytte Christiansen GRAPHTS SCzuPTA 5 (19e3) 

s i\x 

'*S 

;il ri 

sli.. 

*. 

.* 

Figure 2. Section of an apothecitm of Lecanora conizaeoides recovering from an attack by 

Lichenoconium lecanorae by burying its destroyed hymenium together with the pycnidia of the 

parasite into the lichen thallus. After the infection of the hymenium the still undamaged 

imphithecium has grown vigorously and folded itself over the apothecial disc. The conidia of the 

parasite form black trails towards the surface. These conidia have, however, not shown any signs 

of germination. (Bar = L00 pm, neg. no. 92.781, slide no.92.633, stained with Azo black). 

Figure 3. Section of the destroyed hymenium of Lecanora conizaeoides with an old pycnidium of 

Lichenoconium lecanorae. The surface of the hymenium is covered by conidia of the parasite. 

Some conidia are still left in the interior of the pycnidium, which also shelter protococcoid algae 

and a colony of bacteria. (Bar = 10 pm, neg. no. 92.755, slide rlo. 92.630, unstained)'

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 5 (19e3) On Lichenoconium erodens and L. lecanorae 2L 

Figure 4. Section of a pycnidium of. Lichenoconium erodens on a thallus-granule of Lecanora 

conizaeoides (see also Figure 1). The conidia of Lichenoconium erodens are markedly smaller 

than those of L. lecanorae depicted on Figure 3 at the same magnification. (Bar = 10 pm, neg. no. 

92.759, slide no. 92.630, unstained). 

Referrnces 

Christiansen, M. S. 1980: Lichenoconium erodens 

and some other fungi parasitic on 

Lecanora conizaeoides. Lichenologist 12: 

149- 15 L. 

Hawksworth, D. L. L977: Ta

Collema leptaleum new to Europe 

TOR T@NSBERG 

TOnsberg, T. 1993: Collema leptaleum new to Europe. Graphis Scripta 5: 22- 

23. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Collema leptaleum is reported as new to Europe from Sogn og Fjordane, 

western Norway. It occurred abundantly on sun-exposed trunks of Fraxinus 

excelsior. 

Tor Tensberg, Botanical Institute, Universiry of Beryen, All€gt. 41, N-5007 

Bergen, Norway. 

Collema leptaleurn Tuck., a species previously 

not known to occur in Europe, has recently 

been collected in Sogn og Fjordane, western 

Nonvay. The specimens were growing on bark 

on the sun-exposed side of trunks of Fracinus 

excelsior in the steep south facing slope north 

of Sogne{orden at altitudes between 70 and 

L25 m. Some of the specimens were from the 

under side of slightly leaning trunks. The species 

was richly present and collections were 

made on at least eight trunks. Close associates 

included Acrocordia gemmata, Bacidia rubella, 

Collema flaccidum, C. nigrescens, Gyalecta 

truncigena, Leptogium saturninum, L. teretiusculum, 

Nephroma resupinatum, Opegrapha 

rufescens, Parmelia glabratula, Parmeliella 

triptophylla and the bryophyte Leucodon 

sciuroides. 

In Europe Collema leptaleum is the only 

member of the leptaleum group of Degelius 

(L974). The species is characterized by a minute 

(up to 1.5(-3) cm in diameter), crustose to 

subfoliose thallus, apothecia with an euparaplectenchymatous 

excipulum proprium (see 

Degelius 1954 p. 83), and bacillar, 3-septate 

spores with rounded ends. 

Collema leptaleum is a polymorphous 

species. Usually it is without isidia. A distinctly 

isidiate and rarely fertile form is distinguished 

as var. biliosum (Mont.) Degel. Most of the 

Nonvegian specimens corresponded well to the 

main form, but some specimens tended to be 

somewhat isidiate. However, as apothecia were 

richly present in all specimens and no welldeveloped 

isidia were observed, the material is 

here referred exclusively to the main form. 

Pulvinate forms of C. leptaleum may 

superficially resemble C. fasciculare. That 

species has accessory -{- lump-like lobules 

developed from wrinkles, an euthyplectenchymatous 

excipulum proprium, and polyseptate, 

vermiform and much longer spores (52- 

95 pm according to Degelius 1954) and should 

not be confused with C. leptaleum on closer 

examination. 

According to Degelius (L974, 1986) 

Collema leptaleum is widely distributed in 

temperate and tropical areas and is known 

from America, Africa, Asia and Australia. 

Var. biliosum is mainly a tropical tn(on. Apart 

from the Nonuegian locality, var. leptaleum 

has a southeast North America - eastern Asia 

disjunct distribution in the northern hemisphere. 

The presently cited find in northern 

Europe (iust north of 61" northern latitude) is 

surprising as it represents a very isolated outpost 

population, not only for C. leptaleum, bvt 

also for the leptaleum grovp of species. Being 

known from Nonvay, it is strange that the 

species does not seem to occur also in the


Mediterranean region of Europe. Collema 

leptaleurn is an addition to the small group of 

Collema species known to occur on all continents 

(see Degelius L974 p.26). 

Specimens examined (BG, if not othenvise 

stated): Norwqy. Sogn of Fjordane: Leikanger, 

farm Vestreim, 1991, G. Gaarder (det. G. 

Degelius); L992, Tonsberg 18609 & 18611 

(det. G. Degelius), 18613 (BG, herb. 

Degelius), L8fL4 (BG, O), 18615, lf362l, 

t8625 (UPS), 18628. 


Prof. Dr. Gunnar Degelius, G6teborg, to 

whom I dedicate this paper, kindly identified 

some of the specimens. Thanks are also due to 

Collema leptaleum 23 

Mr. Geir Gaarder, kna, for sending interesting 

lichen material to herbarium BG, including 

the first known European collection of 

Collema leptaleum. 

References 

DegeliuS, G. L954: The lichen genus Collema 

in Europe. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology. 

Symb. Bot. Up* 13 (2). 

Degelius, G. 1974: The lichen genus Collema 

with special reference to the extra-European 

species. Symb. Bot. Ups. 20 (2). 

DegeliuS, G. 1986: Studies in the lichen family 

Collemataceae V. Notes on some interesting 

Collema species. Nord. J. Bot. 6: 345- 

349.

Om nfrgra oceaniska lavar i Sydvfistsverige 

SVANTE HULTENGREN, CLAES KANNESTEN Och SVEN SVENSSON 

Hultengren, S., Kannesten, C. & Svensson, S. 1993: Om nAgra oceaniska 

lavar i Sydvilstsverige. [On some oceanic lichens in southwestern Sweden.] 

Graphis Scripta 5:24-38. Stockholm. ISSN 090L-7593. 

The actual status of the oceanic lichens Degelia plumbea, Lobaria amplbsima, 

L. scrobiculata, L. virens, Normandina pulchella, Pannaia conoplea, P. 

meditenanea and P. rubiginosa in southwest Sweden is presented and several 

new localities are recorded. The results are compared with those of Degelius 

(1935). Pannaia rubiginosa seems to be rare (6 localities) and maybe 

decreasing while most of the other species still have vital populations in the 

area. Major threats like forestry, air pollution and collecting are discussed. 

Svante Hultengren, Braskeviigen 8, 5-444 45 Stenungsund, Sweden. 

Claes Kannesten, Kompassgatan 10, S-ffi2 00 Amdl, Sweden. 

Sven Svensson, Sandklintsviigen 2, 5-510 20 Fitsla, Sweden. 

Under 1980-talet har ett stort antal forskningsrapporter, 

foretr6desvis frin Sverige, 

meddelat en starkt vikande tendens f6r mAnga 

lavarter. De oceaniska lavarna har ofta intagit 

en framtridande position bland dessa. De 

nedslfrende rapporterna om den oceaniska 

lavflorans utarmning (t. ex. l.ofgren & Moberg 

L98/,, Hallingbiick 1986, Hallingbiick & Thor 

L988, Hallingbtick & Olsson 1987) har sporrat 

ett antal viistsvenska lichenologer till intensifierad 

inventering av s6viil gamla som nya 

lavlokaler. Den huvudsakliga orsaken till de 

behandlade arternas tillbakagAng har tillskrivits 

det moderna skogsbruket och luftfororeningar. 

Nu, efter n6gra 6rs extensivt men 

milmedvetet letande har si minga nya lokaler 

pfltraffats att det kiinns angeliiget att rapportera 

en del f6rdndringar jtimfort med dessa 

resultat. Utg6ngsmaterialet f6r studierna av de 

oceaniska lavarna och deras utbredning har i 

samtliga fall varit Gunnar Degelius legendariska 

avhandling "Das ozeanische Element 

der Strauch- und I-aubflechtenflora von 

Skandinavien" fr6n 1935. 

Bakgrundsmaterial 

Foreliggande sammanstiillning bygger pa uppgifter 

fr6n litteraturen, olika herbarier, fflltobservationer 

av f6rfattarna och pA uppgifter 

inhiimtade fr6n andra lichenologiskt intresserade 

mdnniskor. Khllorna har i lokalredovisningen 

angetts med olika fdrkortningar. 

lokalerna redovisas sist i denna sammanstiillning. 

Nfigra siirskilt lavrika skogsmiljiier inom 

omrfrdet 

I det aktuella inventeringsomr8det kan ffra 

huvudtyper av viixtplatser f6r den oceaniska 

lavfloran urskiljas: 

1". Urskogsartade iidellovskogar (lonn, lind, 

ask och alm). Oldgrowth broad-leaved 

deciduous forests (Acer platanoides, Tilia 

cordata, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra).

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (lee3) 

2. Kulturp6verkade ddellovskogar. Broadleaved 

deciduous forests intluenced by 

man. 

3. Krattekskog i vindutsatta sydoch viistbranter. 

Coastal oak forests in windexposed 

south- and westfactng slopes. 

4. Skogstyper med stort inslag av asp. Populus 

tremula-rich forests. 

En iakttagelse iir att flertalet av de oceaniska 

lavarna niistan alltid har sitt populationsmarimum 

i anslutning till ljus6ppna partier av 

respektive skogstyp. 

Urskogsartade iidelltivskogar. Den urskogsartade 

idellovskogen kiinnetecknas av h6ga, 

smala trddstammar, stor rikedom av h6gstubbar 

och ligor. Inslaget av ek 6r ofta tiimligen 

litet i denna skogstyp. l,ovurskogen forekommer 

alltid i branta bergssluttningar diir ordindrt 

skogsbruk eller betesgAng inte kunnat 

bedrivas och dessa skogar ai troligen de dldsta 

inom omrfldet. Mycket goda exempel pi lovurskogar 

iir Bast6sen i Amils kommun och 

Hunnebergs 6st- och sydsluttningar i Viinersborgs 

och Trollhiittans kommuner. I de 

beskrivna iidellbvskogstyperna dominerar ofta 

Lobaia-arter over Pannariace6r och en god 

indikatorart for fortsatt letande dr Lobaia 

pulmonaria. 

Kulturpiverkade iidelliivskogar. Skogstypen 

pitriiffas oftast i anslutning till storre dalstrik, 

d6r ntiringstillgingen 6r stor och kulturpiverkan 

miirks ofta genom avsaknad av h6gstubbar 

och l6gor samt genom de mycket grova 

och ofta spiirrkroniga triiden. Inslaget av ek dr 

ofta stort. Merparten av dessa skogar har 

betats men iir idag oh6vdade och att beteckna 

som lundar. De kulturpiverkade skogarnas 

artificiella luckighet har troligen en gynnsam 

inverkan pe sivtil lavflora som h6gre vtixtlighet 

och de kulturp6verkade skogarna hyser ofta en 

rik och frodig fanerogamflora. Skogstypen har 

sin huvudutbredning i den kalkrikare centrala 

och nord6stra delen av Dalsland, utmed skalgrusrika 

bergskanter i Bohusliin samt i de 

stora ilvdalarnas sluttningar i den sodra och 

Oceaniska lavar i SydvAstnerige 25 

mellersta delen av Alvsborgs liin. Exempel p5 

s6dana skogar med rft, oceanisk lavflora ir 

N6verkiirr i Lysekils kommun, skogsmarkerna 

kring Ljushults priistg6rd i Bor6s kommun och 

Rdnsliden i Melleruds kommun. Aven gamla 

tings- och hagmarker med tildre lolrtriid i 

g6rdsnira liige pi iniigomarken kan utgora 

fina lavlokaler och ett stort antal stroffnd av 

oceaniska lavar finns pi gamla hamlade virdtriid. 

Ekskogar. Den ekskogstyp som iir rikast med 

avseende pi oceaniska lavar ir den starkt 

vindtuktade krattekskogen som ofta pitrtiffas i 

branta syd- eller vistligen. Krattekskogarna 

5r troligen mycket gamla och trots att flertalet 

triid iir smala 6r de troligen mycket gamla och 

har tillviixt mycket lingsamt. Det klimatologiska 

liiget motsiiger ofta forekomst av oceaniska 

arter men ofta pitraffas sAdana arter diir 

man minst anar det i denna typ av skogar. Ett 

flertal goda exempel pi lavrika krattekskogar 

finns inom omridet, f6retrldesvis i Bohusliin, 

med en tyngdpunkt i det kuperade landskapet 

mellan Stenungsund, Kung6lv och Trollhiittan. 

Det b6sta exemplet iir branterna vid Hasterod 

i Hjiirtums sn. Aven i krattekskogen dominerar 

lavsamhiillet l,obarion. 

Skogstyper med stort inslag Bv asp. Asp iir ett 

synnerligen intressant triidslag niir det giiller 

f6rekomst av oceanisk lavflora och flera olika 

aspskogstyper finns. En intressant typ er den 

iildre barrskogen med stort inslag av asp. 

Denna skogstyp som ofta har mycket begrdnsad 

areell utbredning iir en av de artrikaste 

med avseende pi oceaniska lavar. Omridena 

utgOrs ofta av nigon eller nigra hektar 

skogsmark i anslutning till en bergbrant eller 

ett plockhugget barrskogsparti. Tidigare har 

dessa skogar ofta varit betesmarker vilket kan 

noteras genom stor rikedom pi rester av 

enbuskar. En annan vanlig aspdominerad och 

lavrik skogstyp er den igenviixande Akerkanten 

eller hagmarken. Ibland har de sistnimnda 

skogarna karaktiir av rena skriipskogar och 

har troligen ingen siirskilt l6ng skoglig kontinuitet. 

De lavrika aspskogarna f6refaller att

26 Svante Hultengren rn. /1. 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA s (lee3) 

Tabell 1. Antal Snd av olika lavarter i olika inventeringar frin G0teborgs och Bohus samt Alvsborgs 

liin (O respektive P liin i tabellen). (A) Degelius (1935) publicerade allt kAnt material fram 

till 1935. (B) Infgren och Moberg (1984) redovisar tterbesok pl n6gra av Degelius lokaler. (C) 

Hallingbnck (1986), (D) Hallingbiick & Thor (1988) och (E) fdreliggande rapport redovisar 

dagsliiget I sista kolumnen (F) redovisas den procentuella Aterfi.,rndsfrekvensen i denna rapport 

jiimfOrt med Degelius (1935). 

Table 1. Comparisons of the number of findings of some lichen species between diferent investigations 

in the administative provinces of Gdtebory and Bohus, and of Alvsbotg. (O and P kin in the 

Table). (L) Degelias (1935) reported all lcnown fndings from Scandinavi"a, (B) Lofgren & Moberg 

(1984) presented reinvestigations of some of Degelias' locialilizs in Sweden. (C) Hallingbdck 

(1986), (D) HaUingbAck & Thor (1988) and (E) tfttr paper present the actual status h southwestem 

Sweden. The last column, (F) sluows the percentage of refindings compared to Degelius 

(1e35). 

Unders6kning: 

Omfattning: 

Utdrag for jiimforelse: 

Degelia plumbea 

Lobaria amplissima 

L. pulmonaia (P-Hn) 

L. pulmonarilr (O-Hn) 

L. scrobiculata 

L. virens 

Normandina pulchella 

Pannaia conoplea 

P. mediteftanea 

P. rubiginosa 

A 

Norden 

o, P liin 

94 

25 

18 

3 

44 

vara siirskilt vanliga i nordvSstra Dalsland och 

i Sjuharadsbygden med en tyngdpunkt kring 

Frisj6n, Fritsla och Kinnarumma. Gliidjande 

nog kan man konstatera att ett stort antal nya 

fynd av oceaniska lavar noteras just med asp 

som vardtrad de detta tradslag ocks6 tidigare 

utgjorde det vanligaste substratet f6r oceaniska 

lavar i sydvtistra Sverige enligt Degelius (1935) 

vilket antyder att naturtypen inte iir akut hotad 

trots att den anses ha drabbats mer 5n andra 

av de senaste irtiondenas rationella skogsbruksmetoder. 

Liiget Lgg2j&imftirt med tidigare uppgifter 

Degelius avhandling om de oceaniska lavarna 

iir en utomordentlig kunskapskiilla. Hiir redovisas 

all kunskap om dessa lavar fram till 1935 

L2 

BC 

Sverige Sverige 

O, P-l6n O, P-liin 

4 

; 1 

2 

0 

0 

minskande 

6 

DEF 

Sverige O, P-liin 1935- 

O, P-l6n O, P-liin L993 

7 

61, 

15 

325 

100 

57 

31 

22 

24 

4l 

6 

7 

L6 

oo 

67 

9 

och arbetet utg6r diirfor en mycket god grund 

f6r jtimforelser i tiden. L984 kom en rapport 

(lnfgren & Moberg 1984) som syftade till att 

studera foriindringar av den oceaniska 

lavfloran som Degelius sammansfiillt 50 ir 

tidigare. Arbetet hade ockse ambitionen att 

diskutera orsaker till eventuella f6rtindringar. 

Inventeringsresultatet soq publicerades var 

minst sagt nedsliende. Aterffndsfrelrvensen 

varierade mellan 0-35 Vo och flera arter hade 

d6tt ut medan flertalet arter hade gett mycket 

kraftigt tillbaka. Den art som enligt rapporten 

klarat sig biist var Lobaria virens med 35 % 

iterffndsfrekvens. Resultatet frin denna 

inventering har sedermera fitt ett mycket stort 

genomslag bland s6v5l lichenologer som professionella 

naturv6rdare och lett fram till att 

lavarna blivit en mycket uppmiirksammad 

8


organismgrupp. Emellertid iir inte tillstindet 

f6r flertalet i denna artikel behandlade arter si 

alarmerande som lnfgren & Moberg (1984) 

ger intryck av, och det totala antalet ffnd tir i 

stort sett detsamma som under den tidsrymd 

som Degelius avhandling omspiinner (se tabell 

L). Degelius anger ffnd fr6n tidigt 1800-tal 

och fram till 1935 vilket i vissa fall kan ha 

inneburit att laven inte fanns 1935. F6religgande 

artikel behandlar aktuella viixtplatser - 

det vill siiga platser diir laven finns idag eller 

har funnits till helt nyligen. Figurerna 1-8 

visar de olika behandlade arternas nuvarande 

utbredning inom omridet. 

Hotbilden idag 

Ftirsurning och luftftiroreningar. Forsurning 

och luftf6roreningar anses tillsammans med 

det moderna skogsbruket utg6ra de storsta 

hoten mot den oceaniska lavfloran. Pi ett stort 

antal gamla lokaler, vilka inte p6verkats av 

skogsbruk och awerkningar, har man kunnat 

konstatera att ett antal oceaniska och ekologiskt 

niira relaterade arter f6rsvunnit. Det 

faktum att lavarna forsvunnit frin intakta 

skogar kan emellertid inte anses vara tillrtickligt 

f6r att dra slutsatser om surt nedfall och de 

gasformiga luftfororeningar som huvudorsak 

till forsvinnandet. Motsiigelserna iir mflnga och 

ett flertal andra faktorer som t. ex. alltf6r 

frikostig insamling, igenviixning genom 

naturlig succession, alltfor dfiliga fiterinventeringar, 

angrepp av djur eller svampar m. m., 

kan ocks6 anses som mycket viktiga niir man 

behandlar orsakssammanhanget. En viktig 

inviindning mot att surt regn skulle vara ett 

hot mot de behandlade lavarna iir att de 

rikaste fbrekomsterna av oceaniska lavar idag 

p6trdffas i de omriden som mottager mest 

nederbord och d5rmed oftast ocksi forsurande 

6mnen, fdretriidesvis sulfat. Detta faktum 

giiller dven de viistligaste delarna av Norge 

med sina mycket rika forekomster av dessa 

arter. Det forefaller mer troligt att de behandlade 

arterna inte reagerar ndmnviirt pi dagens 

sura nederbord utan kanske mer pA torrdeponerade 

f6roreningar och gaser vilket antyds 

genom att inga ffnd av de behandlade arterna 

Oceaniska lavar i Sydvastsverige 27 

fdreligger inom tiitbebyggt omr6de eller i de 

st6rre tiitorternas omedelbara omgivning. Hiir 

bdr man emellertid notera att liimpliga miljoer 

kan saknas i de t6tortsniira omr6dena. Ett 

exempel som st6der antagandet att dagens sura 

regn inte pAverkar flertalet av de behandlade 

arterna 5r den sydviinda branten i Hasterffi, 

Lilla Edets kommun i Alvsborgs ltin. Denna 

lokal ligger i ett omride med h6g nederbord 

(=stor piverkan av sulfat) del av Bohuslfln, i 

ett mycket exponerat sydliige, rakt i nedfallsriktningen 

fr6n oljekraftverket i Stenungsund. 

Triidskiktet utgors n6stan enbart av ek, vilken 

anses vara ett svagt och niiringsfattigt substrat 

som snart urlakas av surt regn varvid kiinsliga 

oceaniska arter t. ex. Lobaria amplissima 

skulle fA sv6rt att etablera sig eller overleva. I 

Hasterodsbranten, som hyser alla tiinkbara 

nackdelar, p6triiffas ett av de b6da liinens allra 

rikaste forekomster av oceaniska lavar med 

arter som Lobaia amplissima, L. virens, 

Degelia plumbea, Pannaia conoplea och 

Normandina pulchella jiimte rikliga bestind av 

Lobaia pulmonaria och i ett angriinsande 

omr6de ocks6 l. scrobiculata w,h Nephroma 

laevigatum samtliga viixande pi ek. Ett 

liknande forhillande, diir rika best6nd av 

oceaniska lavar pitraffas niira en storre 

utsliippskiilla for svavel, noteras i Niiverkflrrskogen 

vilken iir beltigen nhra det stora oljeraffinaderiet 

i Bro{orden i Lysekils kommun. 

Svaveldioxidhalterna i bakgrundsmiljoerna 5r 

idag mycket lhga och ligger pfl ca. 1,-3 mg 

SOym3, medan NO2-halterna iir nflgot hogre, 

ca 4-6 pglm3 (Hultengren & I-arsson, i 

manuskript). Sulfatdeposition inom omridet 

ligger mellan 10 och 18 kg S/ha (Hallgrenlarsson 

& Westling l99L). 

Det iir emellertid t6nkbart att lavarna 

under 60-70 talet piverkades av luftfororeningar. 

Oljekraftverket i Stenungsund 

anvdndes dA dagligen och de irliga utsl6ppen 

var ca 30 000 ton svaveldioxid. Dessutom uppviirmdes 

villor och hus i regel med olja vilken 

inneholl avseviirt hogre halter svavel iin idag. 

Vi kan idag konstatera att lavarna i minga for 

luftf6roreningar mycket utsatta delar dverlevt 

och nu bildar vitala best6nd (Hunnehrg,

28 Svante Hultengren m. fl. 

Halleberg, Hasterod). Hallingbiick & Olsson 

(1987) konstaterar att lunglaven g6tt starkt 

tillbaka i Sk6ne och noterade enbart 6 iter$nd 

p5 25 gamla lokaler. Om verkliga skillnader 

foreligger mellan de b6da studerade omridena, 

kan man konstatera att den storsta skillnaden i 

bakgrundsfaktorer i f6rsta hand torde utgoras 

av ett st6rre liickage av ammonium frin de 

vidstrlckta Skermarkerna i Sk6ne. 

Insamling. M6nga herbarier iir idag fyllda av 

kollekter av oceaniska lavar frin olika 

lavlokaler i s6viil Viistsverige som ovriga delar 

av landet och det kan inte uteslutas att detta 

insamlande giort att m6nga arter gitt tillbaka. 

Ofta 5r det de siillsyntaste arterna som belagts 

vilket naturligtvis missgynnat de som alltid 

upptriider i liten numerdr. Pannaia rubiginosa 

iir en art som niistan alltid p6triiffas i mycket 

litet antal i vArt omrflde. Pe en rik Pannaialokal 

gir det kanske 100 individer av Degelia 

plumbea oc,h Pannaia conoplea pi varje P. 

rubiginosa varp6 en enda insamling av arten 

eller ens en liten del frAn den kan resultera i 

att den helt f6rsvann frin lokalen. Samtliga av 

de oceaniska arterna 5r liittidentifierade men 

skulle artbest6mmningen misslyckas kan man 

ju alltid ta med sig nigon mer artkunnig 

lichenolog ut i ralt pA nytt. Fotografering 5r en 

annan utmtirkt metod for att beliigga fynd. 

Fotografiet utgor dessutom ett utomordentligt 

bra dokument for framtida j5mf6relser. 

Vetskapen om att hotade och siillsynta arter 

insamlats och insamlas har medfOrt att ett 

flertal botanister siiger sig inte liingre vilja 

publicera eller sprida information om stirskilt 

siillsynta eller hotade arter. Uppmaningen blir 

sfllunda bidra inte till att de oceaniska 

lavarna fOrsvinner fr6n vir flora genom onodig 

insamling. 

Skogsbrulc Idag iir skogsbruket enligt v8r och 

m6ngas uppfattning det allra st6rsta hotet. Ett 

mycket stort antal lokaler har forsvunnit 

genom awerkningar i de restbiotoper diir 

dessa arter forekommer idag d.v.s. kantsko9lt, 

sluttnin1dt, mindre tidell6vskogsbest6nd med 

mera. Det stora flertalet awerkningar som 

idag gOrs i lavrika biotoper tir smi och troligen 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (19e3) 

inte sdrskilt lonsamma. Frin ovrig skog har 

arterna i stort sett f6rsvunnit. Trots att det 

finns stora praktiska problem i samband med 

hiinsynen inom skogsbruket sfl finns det Sndi 

stora mojligheter de det 16r sig om 

forhAllandevis sm5 omr6den i mer eller mindre 

sv6ritkomliga terrdngavsnitt som skulle 

behova undantas frin ordiniirt skogsbruk. 

Ovriga hot. Djur av olika slag kan ge sig pi 

lavarna. Sniglar kan ata av lavar och 

forfattarna har tiilterfareheter av att Lobaria 

pulmonarin angripits. Det iir emellertid troligt 

att lavarna 5r bland det sista som lockar en 

hungrig snigelmage och faran for att de 

oceaniska lavarna skall ltas upp kan nog anses 

som ringa. Olika flglar kan riva bort lavar 

under sin jakt pA insekter. Triidkrypare och 

n6tvticka ses allt som oftast leta insekter pi 

triid med lOssittande bark. Ofta ser man spir 

efter f6gelfodos6k genom fr6nvaro av 6ldre 

bark pi alar i fuktiga partier och en av v5ra 

mer ovanliga arter Menegazzia terebrata 

kan nog stundom befinna sig i riskzonen. 

Hackspettar av olika slag kan ocksfl leta 

insekter bakom lavtiicken pe trAdstammar. I de 

omriden diir man finner rika bestind av 

oceaniska lavar p6trtiffas ibland de sillsynta 

eller hotade arterna vitryggig hackspett, 

spillkrflka och mindre hackspett och mojligen 

kan d6 smiirre naturv6rdskonflikter uppst6. 

Igenvlixning. lavarna tycks ocksA tyna bort 

om skogen blir f6r tiit och en lagom luckig och 

olikildrig skog med stabil fuktighet tycks siledes 

gynna den oceaniska lavfloran biist. Detta 

kan observeras i flertalet av de studerade miljoerna 

diir de oceaniska arterna glrna p6traffas 

i de olika skogsbestflndens mest oppna 

delar, t. ex. intill en bergskant, i ett stup eller i 

ett kronlhge, i anslutning till en gliinta i skogen 

eller i ett skogsbryn. Undantagen frln regeln 

bland de behandlade arterna utg6rs frimst av 

Lobaria virens men ocksi av Normandina 

pulchella vilka helst pitriiffas i de mest skuggiga 

och fuktiga delarna av lovrika skogsmilj6er. 

Detta kan innebdra att skogar med rika 

f6rekomster av vissa av de behandlade arterna 

borde skotas sl att en viss luckighet och ett


visst ljusinslhpp alltid finns f6r att p6 se satt 

bibehella lavbestinden. Det kan ocks6 noteras 

att de arter som 6kat mest jiimfort med tidigare 

iakttagelser, niimligen Lobaia virens och 

Normandina pulchella, ocks6 6r de arter som 

helst pfltraffas i de fuktigaste och skuggigaste 

delarna av iildre lovskogar. Detta faktum kan 

ocksi noteras i v6stra Norge. Kanske h6ller 

vira lOvskogar pA att bli allt skuggigare och 

m6rkare. Det kan ocksl noteras att flera 

oceaniska arter (Pannariace6r, L. pulmonaria 

och L. scrobiculata) har sitt populationsmarimum 

i ett successionsstadium diir foretriidesvis 

pionjbrtr6det asp f6redras som underlag. 

Pionjirtriiden asp, ask, bjork, al, siilg och hassel 

ersiitts successivt av sekundiira triid som 

gran, bok, alm och ek. Det f6refaller dock 

troligt att samtliga av de behandlade arter tillh6r 

urskogarnas lavflora men att de i mycket 

gamla skogar foretriidesvis p6triiffas i luckiga 

partier kring nedfallna triid, i branter och 

sluttningar. Sammanfattningsvis kan man stiga 

att balansen mellan ljusinsliippet och luftfuktigheten 

f6refaller att vara en mycket viktig 

faktor. 

Skydd och sktitsel 

Ett stort antal nya ffnd av oceaniska lavlokaler 

har p8trdffats under senare tid. Fynden ligger 

emellertid oftast pfl retriittlokaler, i och niira 

branter diir det inte har bedrivits skogsbruk. 

Som regel ror det sig om enstaka trad eiler 

grupper av trtid med omgivande yngre eller 

brukad skog. Nflgra av de pltraffade lavfdrekomsterna 

utg6rs av stbrre omrflden vilket 

ibland stiirker skyddsmotiven. I de allra flesta 

fallen 16r det sig om synnerligen liittavgriinsade 

lokaler med ttimligen ltittdefinierad sk6tsel 

som t. ex. fri utveckling, luckhuggning, 

plockhuggning eller generella hiinsyn mot 

iildre trdd eller bevarande av skrtipskog. 

Samtliga av de rikare lavforekomsterna skulle 

med lltthet kunna s6kerstiillas med hjalp av 

naturv8rdslagstiftningen. Omriden rika pi 

siillsynta, oceaniska lavar och mossor utgor 

kanske de mest viirdefulla biotoperna inom det 

behandlade omrAdet. 


Fiirfindringar av hotstatus 

Trots att ett stort antal nya lokaler pitriiffats, 

vilket i vissa fall ger intrycket av nf,gra av de 

behandlade arterna 6r mer eller mindre 

vanliga, sA m6ste man ta i beaktande att 

flertalet arter har sin huvudutbredning i landet 

inom det beskrivna omr6det. De angivna 

lokalerna utgor sivitt kiint huvuddelen av de 

k6nda svenska f6rekomsterna. Okningen i ffnd 

av de olika arterna bor inte foranleda n6gra 

f6riindringar i den av floravirdskommittdn for 

lavar upprdttade hotlistan (Databanken f6r 

hotade arter och NaturvArdsverket I99I) 

snarare tvirtom. 

Fiirteckning iiver arter och fyndplatser 

Nedan foljer en lokalf6rteckning for ett urval 

av oceaniska arter och aktuella ffndplatser i 

Goteborgs och Bohus liin samt Alvsborgs liin. 

Aven Lobaia scrobiculata och L. pulmonaria 

har medtagits dven om de inte rdknas till de 

Akta oceaniska lavarna. Enbart initialer efter 

ffndplatsen avser fiiltobservationer. I de fall 

lavarna finns belagda i herbarier har detta 

angivits med herb. Om n6gon annan insamlat 

arten har detta angetts med en forkortning 

f6re det aktuella herbariet. I nfrgra fall finns 

uppgifterna publicerade i rapporter eller andra 

publikationer vilket df, angivits i f6rsta hand. 

Aldre uppgifter som finns i nfrgon publikation 

har angivits med t. ex. (Degelius 1935) med 

h6nvisning till detta arbete f6r ytterligare 

information om ffndplats och uppgiftsliimnare. 

Fiirkortningar av herbarier och 

uppgiftsltimnare. 

Anders Bohlin (AB); Anders Frpell (AF); A. 

H. Magnusson (AHm); Bertil Lundahl (BL); 

Bj6rn Norddn (BN); Carl Bergstr6m (CB); 

Carl Henrik larsson (CHL); C. J. I-atin 

(CJL); Claes Kannesten (CK); Dan Nilsson 

(DN); Erik Olausson (EO); Goteborgs 

Botaniska museum (GB); Gunnar Degelius 

(GD); G0sta Svensson (GS); H. Noring (HN); 

Hikan Pleijel (HP); Ingemar Andersson 

(IAn); Inryar Arvidsson (IAr); Ingemar

30 Svante Hultengren nt. fl. 

.-- --) 

\) 

\ 

/ 

( 

Figur l. Aktuella &nd av 

inom undersokningsomr6det. 

r-/--v*., 

)rl 

(-? 

, 

-t rrrl' 

rtt 


lettersson (IP); John Eriksson (JE); kna 

Asegird (LA); Johan Hulting (JHg); Johannes 

Henriksson (JHn); Jonas Stenstrom (JS); [.ars 

Arvidsson (LAr); kif Andersson (LAn); 

I-ena Gustafsson (LG); Marie Lindstr6m 

(MLm); Mats Lindquist (MLt); Mikael Nor€n 

(MN); Piir Eriksson (PE); Ola Bengtsson 

(OB); Per-Olof Martinsson (POM); Roger 

Gran (RG); Rolf Johansson (RJ); Ronny 

Fallberg (RF); herbariet vid Naturhistoriska 

riksmuseet (S); Sixten Bergstrom (SB); Sven 

Bergquist (SB0; Svante Hultengren (SH); 

Sven Svensson (SS); Thomas Appelqvist (TA); 

Tomas Hallingbiick (TH); Torsten Ortenblad 

(TO); Ulrika Svensson (US). 

\/l 

U 

/-j 

I 

----) \) 


{-"t .-" A 

)-rl -r, 

/rl 

t- -l-/- /v.-. -'\-,,_ -) 

,rt 

-) rj 

l t-rlL-\( 

-a.-' 

Figur 2. Aktuella ffnd av Lobaria amplissima 

inom undersOkningsomrAdet. 


+ I 

I 

f 

\ 

/ 

/ 

Hotkate gori 2, s6rbar i Sverige. Figur L visar 

artens nuvarande utbredning i liinet. 

Status i omrddet: Totalt finns idag 6l 

lokaler i Goteborgs och Bohus liin och 

Alvsborgs liin. Degelius (1935) anger ca 94 

ffndplatser och Sandberg & Soderberg (L942) 

anger ytterligere ett tiotal. P5 Degelius lokaler 

finns laven kvar pA Stminstone 7 lokaler 

(Hasterod, Algon, Lyseg[rden, Plrlebo, 

Flenstorp, Skephult och Ramneklev). 

Ater$rndsfrekvensen iir silunda mycket l5g, 

enbart 7 % men hela 54 nytillkomna ffnd 

noteras. 

( 

I 

/


Aktuella viixtplatser: COffnORGS OCH 

BOHUS tAN: Hiirryda kn Landvetter sn: 

Snugga, L99l (Appelquist 1992). Kungiilvs kn 

Lycke sn: Algon, l93L (Degelius 1935), 1972 

(herb. LAr); Rommelanda sn: Lysegflrden, 

1992 (herb. LA). Uddevalla kn Skredsvilcs sn: 

Lilla Born6, 1983 (ML|.ArvsnoRGS LAN: 

Bengtsfors kn Laxorby sn: NO Rudetjiirn, 

I99I (CK); VSV Ebberudsknatten, 1991, 

(CK); Tisselskog sn: Korpeberget, Skirdalen, 

L99l (CK); Odskolts sn: S. Gunbjorbysjon, 

L992 (CK). Borfrs kn Bollebygd sn; Tubbared, 

l99I (BN); Knnarumma sn: Flenstorp NO 

och NV (tue lokaler), 1992 (RF & SS)t 

Hiiggirda, 1991 (LA & RF); Skarnhalla, 1992 

(LA & SH); Karlag6rden, 1990 (RF); 

Krokstorp, L992 (RF & SS); S. Piirlebo, 1992 

(RF). Dals Bcls kn Dals Ed sn: NV. Lidtjiirn, 

l99L (BL); SV Skotterud, 1992 (BL); 

Krapps6ter, L987 (Hultengren L987); 

Bengtsviken, 1992 (BL); Hdbol sn: 

Slottskullen, I99L (CK & BL); Vtist om 

Grann, l99L (BL); SSV l-adden, L99l (BL); 

Sigmon, 1991, (BL); Norra BOle, 1991, (BL); 

SV O. Olasbyn, t99t (BL); Sannerud, L992 

(PE); Asslerud, l99L ([An, PE & CK)t 

Nossemark sn: Bomarken, L992 (BL); S6dra 

delen av N6ssemark, L976 (LG, herb. S); 

Hagekullen, 1992 (CK); Dalen, L99L (PE); 

Rdlanda sn: Kirbdle, L992 (BL); Toftedal sn: 

N. Delestjiirn, 1992 (BL). Flirgelanda kn Torp 

sn: Huseby, l99I (CK); Hogsiiter sn: 

Ragnerudssjon, L982 (LAn & Tn)t 

Rdnnelanda sn: V Anhem, 1992 (BL); JArbo 

sn: Rivattnet, L99L (BL). Lilta Edets kn 

Hjiinum sn: Haster6d, 1992 (SH & JS). 

Lysekils kn Bro sn: Niiverkiirr 1983 

(Arvidsson m. fl. 1988). Marks ln Skephult sn: 

Klockaregirden, 1992 (SH); Botten 1988 (SS 

& JS). Melleruds kn Dalskog sn: Rinsliden, 

1944 (Magn. herb. S), Aterffnd 1989 (CK); 

Rannebergsomr6det, L975 (herb. DN), 1990 

(CK); Lundebo, 1986 (BN, herb. GB); 

Hallersbyn, L992 (CK); SSO Rbnn, L992 

(CK); St. Olsjon, 1992 (BN); Gunnarsniis sn: 

JulsSngen, L99I (CK & U); Holm sn: 

Hokeliden, 1989 (Martinsson 1989). 

Svenljunga kn Orsds sn: Kartsnds, 1987 


(Martinsson 1988). Trollhiittans kn Nona 

Bjorke sn: Histens klev. 1989 (SH); Nona 

Bjorl

32 Svante Hultengren m.Jl. GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1ee3) 

----> 

ltr 

\ (., 

fota 

o o1 

)o 

rt 

Figur 3. Aktuella Snd av Lobaria 

scrobiculata inom undersOkningsomridet. 

Lobaria pulmonaria 

I 

'r /--\ o 

e- ty'. 

-\ r-r.ru/ 

Minskande i Sydsverige? Allmiinnare norrut. 

Aktuella vtixtplatser: Arten noterades niir 

sammansttillningen pib6rjades men pi grund 

av lokaluppgifternas miingd kan de av 

platsbrist inte anges hdr. En uppskattning av 

liiget iir f6ljande: 120 lokaler i Dalsland, 125 i 

Sjuhiiradsbygden, ca 80 i resterande delar av 

Alvsborgs l6n. I G0teborgs och Bohus liin 

finns laven p6 uppskattningsvis 100 platser. 

Totalt finns alltsl ca 425 aktuella lokaler for 

arten inom det behandlade omr6det. 

.tJ 

f-"\i-"t . 

.i. "-i-r,^r, 

f/bl 

U 

O 

--\-- 

)rl 

/ 

,rr' 

(-? 

_rvry/_I 

Figur 4. Aktuella Snd av Lobarin. virens inom 

undersOkningsomrAdet. 

Lobaria scrobiculata 

Forsvinnande i Sydsverige. Allmiinnare norrut. 

Figur 3 visar artens nuvarande utbredning i 

l6net. 

Status i omrddet: Totalt finns idag 57 

lokaler i Goteborgs och Bohus l6n och 

Alvsborgs liin. Hallingbiick (1936) anger 

endast 6 lokaler frAn omr6det frin tiden efter 

1950 fram till 1986 och enbart 4 fynd i hela 

G6taland vid tiden kring 1986. Denna 

katastrofala uweckling iir emellertid inte helt 

korrekt utan laven finns, om mycket sparsamt, 

kvar pi m6nga hflll. Det iir mojligt att arten 5r 

pfl frammarsch efter flera irs mycket starkt


tillbakag6ende. En annan orsak kan vara brist 

pi mer ingiende tdltstudier. 

Aktuella vdxtplatser: GOTEBORGS OCH 

BOHUS IAN: Giiteborgs kn Yuerby sn: 

Ragnhildsholmen, 1983 (BN, herb. LAr). 

Hfirryda kn Hiirryda sn: Kolabiicken, l99L 

(TA, OB & MN). Kungiilvs kn Rommelanda 

sn: Lysegflrden, 1992 (BN). Munkedals kn 

Iftokstad sn: SV Smedsvattnet, I99L (OB). 

Tanums kn Skee sn: Biicke, L987 (TH). 

AIvSBORGS IAN: Alingsfis kn Atingsds sr?.. 

St. Tillfiillan, 1985 (Appelqvist l9S7). 

Bengtsfors kn Oasmh sn: L. Hhngesten, L992 

(CK); Lund, 1992 (BL); Uleviken, Nacketjiirn, 

L9l9 (SB & CB, herb. GB), iterSnd 1989 

(CK); Biicke sn: St. Olsjon, 1992 (BN). Bor6s 

kn Kinnarumma sn: Flenstorp, 1987 (SS & 

RF); P6rlebo, 1987 (TH); Haggirda, L99l 

(RF); Svanshult, l99l (RF); Stomsisen, L992 

(US); Skiillends, 1988 (Appelqvist 1990); 

Seglora sn..^ Hulu V. och O. (2 lokaler), lggz 

(RF & LA); Rdngedala sn: Drdngegfrrden, 

1988 (Appelqvist 1990); Hedared sn: 

Vemmenhult, l99l (HP & SH). Dals Eds kn 

Dals Ed sn: SV K6rsliitt, I99I (BL); VSV 

Mon, L992 (BL); NO Onsb,odeg6rden, 1992 

(BL); Grorud, l99L (BL); Vassdnda, I99l 

(BL); Krappsdter, 1987 (Hultengren L987); 

Knipan, 1992 (BL); Dalarne, 1992 (BL); 

ONO Blacketjirn, 1992 (BL); Hdbol sn; SSV 

Ladden, L99l (BL); S6gmon, L99L (BL); 

Hilpottans N-iinde, I99l (BL); 

Klockarekasen, L99I (BL); Rammsjon, l99I 

(BL); Asslerud, 1991 (IAn); Nossemark sn: 

S6dra delen av Nossemarks socken, L984 

(CHL & LG, herb. S); Bomarken, L992 (BL); 

Hagekullen, 1992 (CK); Dalen, l99l (PE); 

Rdlanda sn: K6rbole, 1992 (BL). Fiirgetanda 

kn Torp sn: Huseby, 1988 (Jannert & 

Martinsson 1990). Lilla Edets kn Hjtirtum sn: 

Lysevattnet, 1992 (SH & JS). Marks t

34 Svante Hultengren m,fl. GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (lee3) 

% 

\/ 

rl 

L-t 

I 

/- 

I 

t 

t: f-l 

\, 

\n..23 

- i-rr^r, 

t/ 

/ 

/ 

t. 

\ 

!.*--1 9-rt\-trr1 

L-+. ( 

( 

I 

/ 

+ 

oj 

loo ( 

/ 

(o oz-.. 

l-/ \.". -\r(-r-r.rl, 

,tt 

rt 

Figur 5. Aktuella &nd av Normandina 

pulchella inom unders6kningsomridet. 

(Degelius 1935), 1992 (SH & JS). Marks kn 

Hyssna sn: Liagiirde, 1989 (TA). Trollhiittans 

kn N. Bjorke sn: Hflstens klev, 1972 (AB), 

Ramne klev, 1933 (Degelius 1935), 1979 (AB). 

Vfinersborgs kn Srzn dals Ryr sn: NO Flytjtirn, 

1989 (CK); V:a Tunhems sn: Nygird, 1876 

(Degelius 1935), 1989 (Martinsson 1991); V 

Fristorps gransj6 , 1972 (AB); Fristorps 

gransjo, 1972 (AB); Storeklev, 1972 (AB), 

1990 (SH); Viinersniis sn: Hallesnipen, 

Hallesnipen och Ovandalen, 1876, 1927, I93L, 

2 lokaler (Degelius 1935), L987, 3 lokaler 

(Svantesson 1987). Am6ls l

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1993) 

utbredning i omrfidet. Den stora okningen av 

fynd antyder en reell okning under senare tid. 

Aktuella viixtplatser: COfnnORGS OCH 

BOHUS IAN: Kungiilvs kn Romelanda sn: 

Lysegflrden, L925 (Degelius 1935), iterffnd 

1992 (herb. LAr). Partille l


I 

v---'> 

\ ) 

\ I 

( l-/ 

'* oa 

o .tf 

--'rlt tt 

"-) rj 

(-? I 

.t' 

-.q/,. 

Figur 7. Aktuella fynd av Pannari"a 

meditenane a inom unde rs6kningsomridet. 

(DN, herb. LAr), L992 (SS, RF); Kroken, 

I99l (LA & RF); Karlag&rden, L99L ($F); 

Stomfisen, 1992 (US); Piirlebo, I99L (LA & 

RF); Sktillenbs, 1991, (SS & RF); Haggirda, 

I99l (LA & RF) ; Seglora sn: R6llebdck, I99L 

(SS); Bollebygd sn: Aborrtjdrn, 1992 (LA); 

Tubbared, L99L (herb. BN); Viinga. N. 

Assmundared, 1987 (SH, herb. LAr). Dals Eds 

lrn Dals Eds snr Odegirden, L987 (Hultengren 

1987); Lund, 1986 (Hultengren L987); Knipan, 

1992 (BL); Nossemark sn.' Dalen, L99L (CK). 

Fiirgelanda kn Rtinnelanda sn: Rud, 1975 

(herb. LAr). Marks kn Fnrsla sn: Stiinge, L99I 

(SH); Skephult sn.' Brudkullen, 1988 

(Andersson & Appelqvist t*)t Eneberg, 

L992 we lokaler (SH, herb. LAr och SS); 

Kiilleberg, 1992 (US); Gunnarsbo, I99L (RF); 


--// I I 

t , 

r 

\ 

( 

I 

/ 

.''-- ''j t) 

\ / 

r-/ 

I 

, 

I 

I 

/ 

Figur 8. Aktuella ffnd av Pannaia 

rubiginosa inom undersokningsomridet. 

Skephult k:a. 1988 (TA); O Tyvik, 1990 (SS); 

Tryik, Kullen, l99L (RF); Tryik 1:13, L99l 

(SS & US); Torestorp sn: Lyckan, 1988 

(Andersson & Appelqvist 190)t Alekulla sn: 

Sjobacken, 1992 (SH, herb. LAr); Killlings6s, 

1992 (SS & US); Alshult, 1992 (SS & US)t 

Sventjunga kn Hillared sn: V H6gnen, L99t 

(SS); G6shult, l99L (RF); Stombacken, 1987 

(Martinsson 1983); Holsljunga sn: Yttre 

M6lhult, 1987 (Martinsson 1988); Revesio sn: 

Revesjo k:a, 1991 (LA & RF) ; Kalv sn; Kalvs 

krona, 1987 (Martinsson 1988); Mjdback sn: 

St. Skog, 1987 (Martinsson 1988); Orsds sn: 

Kartn6s, L987 (Martinsson 1988); Ugglebo, 

1990 (JS). Am6ls kn Animslcog sn; Rote skog, 

Slobol, 1977 (herb. DNn), 1989 (CK).


Pannaria rubiginosa 

Hotkategori 1, akut hotad. Figur 8 visar artens 

nuvarande utbredning i l6net. 

Status i omrddet: Totalt finns idag 6 

lokaler i Goteborgs och Bohus liin och 

Alvsborgs ldn. Degelius (1935) anger 12 

lokaler i omr&det och laven finns idag kvar pA 

en (Flenstorp). Aterffndsfrekvensen 61 8 %. 

Fem nytillkomna fynd har giorts. Fynden 

noteras i norra delen av Dalsland och frln 

omrfldet kring Frisj6n i Bor8s och Marks 

kommuner och ett strOffnd pA Kalv6n i 

Bohusliin. Arten har minskat tydligt och p[ de 

ffl lrvarvarande platser ddr Pannaria rubiginosa 

viixer pttrlffas den enbart i ett f6tal exemplar 

till skillnad frin mAnga av de andra 

behandlade arterna. Detta f6ranleder oss att 

beteckna den som den mest hotade av dessa. 

Aktuella viixtplatser: GOTEBORGS OCH 

BOHUS lAtl: Uddevalla kn Bokeniis sn: 

Kalv6, 1975 (herb. LAr). Af,vSnORGS IAN: 

Borfrs kn Knnarumma sn: Flenstorp, 1934 

(Degelius 1935), L992 (SH & RF). Marks kn 

Skephult sn: Tryik, 1992 (SH). Dals Eds kn 

Nossemark sn: Sfira delen av N6ssemarks 

socken, tve lokaler: A. 1976 (LG, herb. S), 

f6rgiives efters6kt 1992 (CK); B. 1992 (BL); 

Dalen, l99l (CK). 

Referenser 

Andersson, L. & Appelqvist, T 1982: 

Inventering av Egerslcnattenomrddet med 

utgdngspunkt friimst frdn mossor och 

lavar. Stencil. Miljbvfirsenheten, Uinsstyrelsen 

i Alvsborgs ldn. 

Appelqvist, T. & Hallingbtick, T. 1984: Ndgot 

om bol


Hultengren, S. 1987: Lavarna och luften pd 

Dal och i Trestad. Liinsstyrelsen i Alvsborgs 

l6n. Viinersborg. 

Hultengren, S. & von Proschwitz, T. 1988: 

Lindskogen pi Bastisen. Natur pA Dal 14: 

25-33. 

Hulting, J. 1900: Dalslands lafoar. Bih. ^Sy. 

Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. Bd. 26, Afd. III 

N:o 3. Stockholm. 

Jannert, J. & Martinsson, P.-O. 1990: 

Lovskogar i Fiiryelanda. Miljovflrdsenheten. 

I;Snsstyrelsen i Alvsborgs liin. 

1990: 3. 

lnfgren, O. & Moberg, R. 1984: Oceaniska 

lavar i Sveige och deras tillbakagdng. 

SNV PM: 1819. 

Magnusson, A. H. 1946: I-avfloran. /; Grim- 

vall, N. (red.), Ranebo Lund; ett numera 

fredat lbvskogsomrdde i Bohusldn. Medd. 

Goteborgs Bot. Triidgdrd 1 6: 2lI-2I4. 


Martinsson, P.-O. 1988: Ldvskogar i Svenljunga 

kommun Uinsstyrelsen i Alvsborgs 

liin. 1988:9. 

Martinsson, P.-O. I99L: Naturinventering i 

riJcsintresseomrddet Hogheden-Baljdsen, 

Dalsland. Milj6virdsenheten. I-iinsstyrelsen 

i Alvsborgs l6n. 1991:1. 

Myrin, C.-G. 1832: Anm. om Wermlands och 

Dalslands vegetation. K Sv. Vet. Ak. 

Handl. for 1831: L7l-269. 

Sandberg, C. & Soderberg, I. 1942: Busk- och 

bladlavarnas utbredning i s6dra 

Viisterg6tland, speciellt Boristrakten. Bot. 

Notiser 1942: L78-190. 

Svantesson, A. 1987: Undersdkn@ och jiimforelse 

av lavsliiktena Lobaria, Nephroma 

och Peltigeras forekomst pd Hallesnipen 

1933 och 1987. Stencil. Milj6v6rdsenheten. 

Liinsstyrelsen i Alvsborgs ldn.

Additions to the lichen flora of Angermanland, Central Sweden 

ROLAND MOBERG ANd GORAN THOR 

Moberg, R. & Thor, G. 1993: Additions to the lichen flora of Angermanland, 

Central Sweden. Graphis Scipta 5:39-44. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

One lichen species new to Sweden, Lepraria jackii, is reported in addition to 

36 species new to the province of Angermanland. In total 69 species are 

treated with short information on localities and chemistry. 

Roland Moberg, Botanical Museum, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 541, 

5-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden. 

Goran Thor, Department of Botanl, Stockholm University, 5-106 91 Stockholm, 

Sweden. 

The title of this paper refers to the publication 

lV Gunnar Degelius, "ZLr Flechtenflora von 

Angermanland" from 1931. This publication 

concludes thq lichenological research in the 

province of Angermanland since Olof Rudbeck 

the younger and gives a geographical, 

geological and climatological overview. Plant 

geography in relation to widespread, southern, 

northern, eastern and western species is also 

presented. Degelius (1931) reported 347 species 

of which 129 were new to Angermanland. 

Very few additions have been made during the 

last sixty years and this report is ment as a 

celebration on the birthday of the ninety year 

old nestor of Swedish lichenology, Professor 

Gunnar Degelius. 

In October L99L the Swedish expert 

committee on threatened lichens (Florav6rdskommitten 

for lavar) visited some localities in 

the central eastern part of Angermanland. 

Four of these localities are of particular 

interest with several species new to Angermanland, 

viz. Mt Valaberget (63'01'N, 

18"23'E) in Vibygger6 parish, Mt Ringkallen 

(62"53'N, 18"20'E) in Nordingri parish, parts 

of Mt Viistanfrhojden (63"LL'N, I8'24'E) in 

Ntitra parish, and an Alnus glutinosa swamp 

south of [âke Hinnsjon (63"12'N, 18"L1'E) in 

Niitra parish. Mt Valaberget is a southexposed, 

almost 10 m high, steep, rocky cape 

of granitic bedrock with some diabasic streaks 

facing the Bothnian Sea. Mt Ringkallen has in 

its northeastern part a very steep rocky slope 

with big boulders below the almost perpendicular 

rock wall. It is known as an interesting 

locality for vascular plants where southern and 

northern elements meet (Mascher 1990). Mt 

Vistanfihojden has recently been discovered as 

one of the most extensive localities in Sweden 

for the threatened lichen Usnea longissima 

and is now proposed to be protected. The 

Alnus glutinosa swamp south of Hinnsj6n is an 

interesting relict site for Alnus glutinosa situated 

250 m above the sea level. 

As a complement to the plant geography 

given by Degelius (1931) we have, following 

him, grouped some of the new species in 

southern, northern and extremely northern 

elements. 

Southern: Dimerella lutea, Lobaria amplissima 

(oceanic), Ochrolechia arborea, Opegrapha 

glrocarpa, Pertusaria coronata, P. flavida, 

P. leucostoma, P. pupillaris, Psilolecin lucida, 

Rhizocafpon virid,iatrum, Nmulariâ insularis, 

Tephromela grumosa.

40 Roland Moberg and Goran Thor 

Northern: Aspicilia aspicilioides, Caloplaca 

borealis, C. grimmine, Cladonia luteoalba, 

Helocarpon crqssipes, Penusaria dactylina, 

Mizoplac a s ubdb c re p ans, Umbilic aria arctic a. 

Bxtremely northern: Bryoria nitidula, Dimelaena 

oreina. 

Species list 

The following list includes not only species 

here reported as new to Angermanland but 

also new records of rare or othenvise interesting 

species. In total 69 species are listed of 

r"fiicn 36 are new to Angermanland (marked 

*) and L new to Sweden (marked * *). Collections 

by Roland Moberg (RM) are kept at the 

Botanical Museum (Fytoteket), Uppsala University 

(UPS) and collections by G6ran Thor 

(GT) are kept at the Swedish Museum of 

Natural History, Stockholm (S). Author's citation 

is given only for those species not treated 

or treated under a different name by Santesson 

(1984). Species treated by Degelius (1931) are 

cited by page after the names. Information on 

localities follows the same principle as 

Degelius which means parish and a brief locality 

information. Detailed information is available 

from the authors. 

Alectoria nigricansz Degel. p. 98. Hiirnosand, 

Hhrndn, Klubbberget, L986, RM; Siibri 

Hems6n, Mt Hultomsberget, 1986, RM. - 

Outside the alpine area only known from 

the coastal mountains in Angermanland 

and one locality in Medelpad. It is growing 

in the exposed, not forested, rocky upper 

parts of the mountains covered only with 

small cushions of vegetation. 

Arthonia didyma: Degel. p. 28. Nordingri, 

Ringkallen, L99L, GT; VibyggerA, Valaberget, 

199t, GT. On Sa/u caprea and 

on Sorbus aucupaia at the seashore (see 

Dimerella lutea). 

Arthonia vinosa: Degel. p. 28, as A. luri.da. 

Nordingri, Ringkalleberget, 1990, RM; A. 

Nordin (UPS); Niitra, S of Hinnsj6n, L99'1., 

GT. - At base of Alnus glutinosa and Salix 

caprea. 

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA s (lee3) 

Anhopyrenia pithyophila Th. Fr. & Blomb. in 

Th. Fr.: Vibyggeri, Valaberget, 199I, GT. 

- On Prunus padus (see Dimerella lutea) 

(Foucard 1992). 

*Aspicilia aspicilioidea: Niitra, S6rsvedje, 

I%7, RM. On a boulder in oPen situation. 

Bi"atora ffiorescens (Hedlund) Erichsen: 

Degel. p. 49.Nordingri, Ringkallen, L990, 

RM; 1991, GT; Nltra, S of Hinnsj6n, 

1991, GT; RM; Vibyggerl, Valaberget, 

1991, GT. - Argopsin (TLC) in all collections 

by GT. 

Bintora epixanthoides (L.) Diederich: Degel. p. 

56. Vibyggeri, Valaberget, l99l, GT. 

On Sorbus aucuparia at the seashore (see 

Dimerella lutea). Nil (TLC). 

Bryoria nadvornikiana: - Reported from several 

localities by Ahlner (1948). Still present 

in primary forests, but such forests 

are rapidly disappearing because of intense 

forestry. 

Bryori"a nitidula: Htirn6sand, Htirn6n, Mt 

Klubberget, 1.986, RM; Siibr6, Hems6n, 

Mt Hultomsberget 1986, RM. - The species 

is known only from a few localities in 

Scandinavia, all in alpine or arctic areas. It 

was briefly mentioned from Angermanland 

(Ahlner 1953) but not included in 

Hawksworth (1972). In Angermanland it is 

growing on the very top of some coastal 

mountains strongly exposed to wind. The 

climate is thus similar to the arcticlalpine 

situation. 

Buellia badia: Nordingrl, Mt Omneberget, 

I98/,, RM. Reported by Santesson (1984). 

Buellia griseovirens: Degel. p. L09. Nfltra, S of 

Hinnsj6n, 1991, GT. On Alnus glutinosa. 

Atranorin, norstictic acid (TLC). 

Calicium trabinellum: Degel. p. 27. Vifr4t1ggeri, 

Valaber get, I99L, RM (det. L. Tibell). 

Caloplaca borealis: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

t99t, RM. Reported by Santesson (L984). 

*Caloplaca grimmiae (Nyl.) H. Olivier (syn. 

Caloplaca congrediens (Nyl.) Za,hlbt.): 

Vrbyggerfr, Valaberget, (parasitic on Candelariella 

vitellina), L986, RM - Previously 

only known from two other localities in 

Scandinavia (Poelt & Buschardt 1978),


one in Sweden, Torne lappmark, and one 

in Nonvay, Oppland. In Central Europe it 

is known as an alpine species and the 

records in Scandinavia also indicate an 

alpine preference. Earlier records are from 

calcareous bedrock but Mt Valaberget is 

granitic or slightly diabasic. Maybe the 

exposed habitat is more important for the 

species than the bedrock. 

*Caloplaca vitellinula: Ramsele, Mt Stockberget, 

1987, A. Nordin (UPS). On 

overhanging rock. 

Carbonea supersparsa (Nyl.) Hertel: 

Nordingri, Mt Omneberget, 1984, RM. 

Reported by Santesson (1984). On 

Lecanora potytropa in the steep western 

slope. 

*Chaenotheca laevigata: Ramsele, Mt Nottjiirnsberget, 

1987, A. Nordin (UPS). - At 

the base of a decorticated stump of Pinus 

sylvestris. 

*Chaenothecopsis fennica (I-aurila) Tibell: 

Sjiilevad, Og.ltjiirnsmyren, 199I, H. 

Sundin (UPS). - On dry wood of pine in a 

mire. 

Chaenothecopsis vainioana (Nadv.) Tibell: 

Nordingri, Ringkallen, l9n, L991, RM; 

N6tra, S of Hinnsj6n, I99t, RM, GT, all 

det. L. Tibell. On Acer platanoides, 

Alnus glutinosa, and Salix caprea. 

Reported by Tibell 1981. 

+Chaenothecopsis viridialba (Krempelh.) A. 

Schmidt: Ndtra, S of Hinnsjon, 199'1,, GT. 

- On Alnus glutinosa. 

*Chrysothrix candelaris: Nordingri, Ringkallen, 

L990, A. Nordin (UPS). - At the base 

of an old Salix caprea. 

Cladonia luteoalba: Moberg (1990). Nordingr6, 

Ringkallen, 1990, RM. Fairly 

common on big boulders in the northeastern 

steep slope. As pointed out by Stenroos 

(1990) it is associated with C. 

metacorallifera. 

*Cladonia metacorallifera: NordingrS, Ringkallen, 

l99o, RM. - Fairly common on big 

boulders in the northeastern steep slope. 

Cybebe gracilenta (Ach.) Tibell: Nordingr8, 

Ringkallen, 1991, RM; L99o, A. Nordin 

(UPS). Reported by Tibell (1975). On 

Additions to the lichen flora of Angermanland 4l 

Acer platanoides and Salix caprea in 

shaded positions. 

*Dimelaena oreina: Vibyggeri, Valaberget, 

L986, RM. This is the only record in 

Sweden outside the alpine region. It is 

growing on exposed rocks. 

*Dimerella lutea (Dickson) Trevisan: Nordingr6, 

Ringkallen, 1990, A. Nordin & J. O. 

Hermansson (UPS); Vibygger[, Valaberget, 

1991, GT. - It was first reported from 

Sweden (Gtistrikland) by Nordin (1990) 

and recently published as new to Sk6ne 

(Johansson 1992) and Smiland (Arup & 

Ekman (1992). On Ringkallen it is 

growing in a shady situation at the base of 

old Salix caprea. On Valaberget it is 

growing on Sorbus aucuparia in a small 

glen (20 x 20 m) at the seashore. On 

deciduous trees several other rare, mainly 

southern species as Anhonia didyma, 

Anhopyrenia pithyophila, Biatora epixanthoides, 

Lepraria lobiftcans, Pertusaria 

coronata, P. flavida, P. leucostoffia, and 

Thelopsis flaveola arc found. 

Dimerella pineti: Degel. p. 3L. Nordingri, 

*ff ::'l'?"?tr' fr nT:fii,.,*,3, t'; 

Hinnsj6n, L99l, GT. - On Acer platanoides 

and Alnus glutinosa in a shaded position. 

*Fellhanera subtilis (Vezda) Diederich & 

Serusiarur: Niitra, Viistanih6jden, 1991, 

GT. - On Vaccinium myrtillus stems in a 

moist spruce forest. 

*Fusci^dea arboricola Coppins & Tonsberg: 

Niitra, S of Hinnsj6n, 199I, GT; Vrbyggerf,, 

Valaberget, 1991, GT. On Alnus 

glutinosa. Probably an overlooked species. 

Fumarprotocetraric acid (TLC). 

* Fuscidea pusilla Tonsberg: Nordingri, 

Ringkallen, 199L, GT; N6tra, VSstanAhojden, 

199L, GT; S of Hinnsj6n, l99l, 

GT. - On Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, and 

Betula. Divaricatic acid (TLC). 

Graphis scripta: Degel. p. 30. Nordingrfl, 

Halsviksravinen, 1991", RM; Ntitra, S of 

Hinnsjon, 1991., GT; RM; Sjiilevad, Ogeltjiirnsmyran, 

1991, H. Sundin (UPS).

42 Roland Moberg and Garan Thor 

*Helocarpon crassipes Th. Fr. (Micarea crassipes): 

Nordingre, Ringkallen, 1991, GT. - 

On mossy, wet and shady vertical rock. 

Hypogmn.ia vittata: Degel. p. 88. H6rn6sand, 

Mt Orsjoberget, 1990, R. Fryleskog 

(UPS); Ntitra, Norra Ulv6n, 1980, RM; 

Viksjo, ViistanAfallet, l99I Sundin (UPS). 

*Iapewia subaurifera Muhr & Tonsberg: 

Nordingr6, Ringkallen, 1991, GT. On 

Picea abics. 

*Lecanora circumborealis Brodo & 

Vitikainen: Niitra, Viistanflhojden, L99L 

GT; Vibygger6, Valaberget, 199L, GT. 

OnAlnus glutinosa and Betula. 

*Lecidea margaritella: N6tra, Viistan6h6jden, 

I99I, GT. On Ptilidium pulcherimum 

on the base of Betula in an open mixed 

forest. 

Lecidea pullata: Degel. p. 51. Nordingr6, 

Ringkallen, L991, GT; Niitra, Viistan6hojden, 

1991, GT. Sphaerophorin 

(rLC). 

* Lepraria elobata Tonsberg: Vibyggeri, 

Valaberget, L99L, GT. On Alnus glutinosa 

at the seashore. Atranorin, zeorin, 

divaricatic acid, stictic acid complex (3 

spots) (TLC). 

Lepraria incana: Niitra, S of Hinnsjon, L99L, 

GT. - korin, divaricatic acid (TLC). 

* * Lepraria jackii Tonsberg: N6tra, 

Viistan6hojden, I99I, GT. On the base 

of Picea abies in spruce a forest. The 

collections of L. incana from Lule 

lappmark reported by Karstrom & Thor 

(1991) are also L. Jackii (atranorin, 

roccellic acid and rangiformic acid, TLC). 

*Lepraia lobiftcans Nyl.: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

199I, GT. - On Sorbus aucupaia 

at the shore (see Dimerella lutea). 

Atranorin, zeorin, divaricatic acid, stictic 

acid complex (3 spots) (TLC). 

Leprocaulon microscopicum: Degel. p. 7I. 

Nordingr&, Mt Omneberget, 1984, RM; 

Vibygger6, Valaberget, 1986, RM. On 

mosses in steep rocky slopes facing south. 

Letharia vulpina: Ytterldnniis, Korsmyran, 

L9X), RM. - Found by l.ygry. Rullander 

and reported as new to Angermanland by 


Rydkvist (1990). Growing on a dead, still 

standing old trunk of Pinus sylvestris. 

Lobaia amplissima: Nordingri, Ringkallen, 

1990 R. Fryleskog (UPS); RM. Rydkvist 

(1990).- Growing on trunk of an old Salu 

caprea in the steep northeastern slope. 

Micarea globulosella: Nordingri, Ringkallen, 

I99t, GT; Ntitra, S of Hinnsjon, 1991, GT. 

The third and fourth Swedish records. 

Earlier known from Angermanland 

(Santesson 1984) and from Asele l,appmark 

(Thor L992). Growing at the base of 

Alnus glutinosa and Picea abies in moist 

and shady situations in oldgrowth forest. 

Micarea prasina: Degel. p. 55. Ndtra, S of 

Hinnsj6n, 1991., GT. 

*Mycoblastus fucatus (M. sterilis): Ntitra, S of 

Hinnsjdn, I99L GT; Vibyggeri, Valaberget, 

L99I, GT. On Alnus glutinosa and 

Sorbus aucuparia. Atranorin, fumarprotocetraric 

acid (TLC). 

*Ochrolechia arborea: Vibyggeri, Valaberget, 

I99L, GT. On Alnus glutinosa. Earlier 

known only as far north as to Uppland and 

Vtistmanland. 

*Ochrolechia microstictoi"des Rbstinen: Nordingr6, 

Ringkallen, L99I GT; Nitra, S of 

Hinnsjon, I99I GT; Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

L991, GT. On Alnus glutinosa and 

Picea abies. Variolaric, lichesterinic acids 

GLC). 

Opegrapha g/rocafpa: Nordingri, Ringkallen, 

1990 A. Nordin (UPS). Reported by Santesson 

(1984). Growing at the shady 

base of a NE exposed rock wall. 

*Pertusaria coronata: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

GT. On Sorbus aucupaia at the seashore 

(see Dimerella lutea). Coronaton, 

stictic acid (TLC). 

*Pertusaria dactylina: Nordingrfr, Ringkallen, 

I99I, RM. An alpine species with two 

earlier records in the lowland of Sweden 

s,,I" iff Lffil;,'i#ill,3:;:'l5dl 

eastern rocky slope. 

* Pertusaia tlavida: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

I99L, GT. On Sorbus aucuparia at the 

seashore (see Dimerella lutea). Thiophan-

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (lee3) 

inic acid, 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid 

(TLC). 

*Pertusaria 

leucostoma: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

I99t, GT. - On Sorbus aucupaia at 

the seashore (see Dimerella lutea). 

*Pertusaria pupillaris: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

1991, GT. Earlier known only from 

Sktne and Smiland in Sweden. On Alnus 

glutinosa and Prunus padus at the seashore. 

Fumarprotocetraric acid (TLC). 

Platismatia norvegica: Htirnosand, Hlrndn, 

1942, Ahlner (S, UPS); Mt Orsj6berget, 

t982, O. l-ofgren (UPS); 1990, R. Fryleskog 

(UPS); Nitra, N. Ulv6n, 1951, A. 

Friesendahl (S, UPS); L980, RM; Tisj6, 

Mt T6sj6berget,1939, S. Ahlner (S, UPS); 

Vibyggeri, Mjiilt6n, 1962, S. Ahlner (S, 

UPS). Growing on mossy rocks and on 

Picea abies in shady situations. 

* Psilolechia lucida: Nordingrfl, Ringkallen, 

1991, GT. - On shaded rocks. 

*Mizocarpon viridiatrum: Nordingri, Mt 

Omneberget, RM. - On rocks in the steep 

western slope. 

Rhizoplaca subdiscrepansi VibyggerS, Valaberget, 

1986, RM. Reported by Santesson 

(1984). - Only a few records from Sweden, 

mainly in the mountains. This is the only 

coastal locality. Growing on rocks in 

exposed situations. 

*Rimulaia insularis: Vibygger6, Valaberget, 

1986, RM. Parasite on Lecanora rupicola 

in exposed situation. 

* Rinodina ffiorescens i Vibyggeri, Valaberget, 

L99I, GT. On moribund thalli of 

Parmelia sulcata on Alnus glutinosa. Pannarin 

(TLC). 

*Ropalospora viridis (TOnsberg) Tonsberg: 

Vrbygger6, Valaberget, t991, RM; GT. 

On Alnus glutinosa and Sorbus aucupaia 

at the seashore. Perlatolic acid in the GT 

collection (TLC). 

*Sarcogtne clavus: Ramsele, Mt Valasjoberggt, 

1987, A. Nordin (UPS). Reported as 

"Ang?" by Santesson (1984). On Eexposed 

vertical rock. 

Sclerophora coniophaea (Norman) Mattsson 

& Middelborg: Niitra, S of Hinnsjon, 199t, 

RM; GT. - On oldAlnus glutinosa. 

Additions to the lichen /Iora of Angermanland 43 

* Steinia geophana: Ramsele, Mt Stockberget, 

1987, A. Nordin (UPS). On sandy 

ground at a roadside. 

*Tephromela grumosa (Pers.) Hafellner & 

Rotx: Nordingr6, Mt Omneberget, l9E/- 

RM; Vtbygger6, Valaberget, 1986, RM. - 

On exposed rocks. 

*Thelopsis tlaveola: Nordingr6, Ringkallen, 

1991, GT; Vibygger6, Valaberget, 1991, 

GT. On Salix caprea and on Sorbus 

aucuparia at the seashore (see Dimerella 

lutea). 

Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. 

James: Vibyggeri, Valaberget, 1991, GT. 

- On Alnus glutinosa. 

Umbilicaia arctica: First reported from 

Angermanland by Nordin (1991). Addition: 

Sjdlevad, Krokalviken, 199L, H. 

Sundin (UPS). - On seashore rocks. 


We wish to thank R. Fryleskog, T. Rullander 

and T. Rydlrvist for information on localities, J. 

O. Hermansson, A. Nordin and H. Sundin 

who placed their material at our disposal, and 

L. Tibell for the determination of some 

Caliciales. 

References 


nordiska barrtriidslavar. Acta Phytogeogr. 

Suecica 22. 

Ahlner, S. 1953: Om Angermanlands lavflora. 

In: Elofsson, O. & Curry-Lindahl, K. 

(eds.), Natur i Angermanland och Medelpad: 

I9L-196. Uppsala. 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. 19922 Nyheter i s6dra 

Sveriges lavflora. Graphis Scripta 4: 81- 

86. 

Degelius, G. L93L: Zur Flechtenflora von 

Angermanland. Arkiv Bot. 24A(3): L-122. 

Foucard, T. 1992: Notes on the corticolous 

Arthopyrenia-species in Sweden. Graphis 

Scipta 4: 49-60. 

Hawksworth, D. L. 1972: Regional studies in 

Alectoria II. The British species. Lichenologist 

5; 181 -261,.

44 Roland Moberg and Garan Thor 

Johansson, P. t992: Bark- och vedlavar pi 

Kullaberg fOriindringar under 80 6r. 

Svensk Bot. Tidsl

Notes on the cetrarioid lichens 

INGVAR KARNEFELT ANd ARNE THELL 

During our work on the phylogeny and evolution 

in cetrarioid lichens (Kbrnefelt et al. 

L992) two specimens were studied which 

should need further attention regarding search 

for additional material, preferably in nature in 

remote and isolated localities not visited frequently 

by lichenologists. Therefore it is our 

main intention with this paper to invite lichenologists 

(1) to pay attention to a peculiar 

lichen occurring on higher elevations in the 

Andes which presumably belongs to Cetraria 

and (2) to look for the presence of. Cetraia 

nivalis also in higher elevations in New 

Guinea and adjacent mountainous regions 

within the tropical zone. Since the reproductive 

structures have not been presented earlier 

for C. nivalis a full description is also provided 

of this species. 

This work is dedicated to professor Gunnar 

Degelius on the occasion of his ninetieth 

birthday. Gunnar was the senior author's first 

botanical teacher to and also introduced him 

into the fascinating field of lichenology. 

Materials and methods 

K6rnefelt, I. & Thell, A. 1993: Notes on the cetrarioid lichens. Graphis 

Scripta 5: 45-48. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

The new species Cetraria peruviana is described and its systematic position is 

discussed. Cetraria nivalrs is reported as new from New Guinea, and its ascomata 

are described. 

Ingvar KAmefelt and Ante Thell, Depanment of Systematic Botany, University 

of Lund, Ostra Vallgatan 18 - 20, 223 61 Lund, Sweden. 

This work mainly originates from the earlier 

primarily survey of the cetrarioid lichens 

(Kiirnefelt et al. L992). The results have been 

based on herbarium material examined from a 

large number of herbaria, i.e. ALA, BM, BP, 

CANL, COLO, H, FH, G, GZU, L, LAM, 

LE, LD, M, MB, NY, O, S, SFSU, TUR, 

UBC, UME, UPS, US, and WIS. 

For anatomical obsenrations, fragments of 

lichens and condiomata were sectioned with a 

Kryomat, Lnitz freezing microtome and sections 

put in lactophenol cotton-blue. After 

pretreatment with lUVo KOH-solution, asci 

were squashed in a 0.3 % Lugol's solution. 

Hymenial characters were studied with a Zeiss 

Axioscope light microscop€, and photomicrographs 

made with a Zeiss M 35 W camera. 

Cetraria peruviana Kiirnef. & Thell, 

sp. nov. 

Thallus eo C. nepalensr"s similis, sed lobis minoribus 

magis canaliculatis sine emergentiis 

marginalibus differt. Strata corticalia hyphis 

pachydermaticis paraplectenchymaticis composita. 

Thallus PD-, K-, C-, acida lichesterinicum 

et protolichestericum continens. 

Type: Peru, Dep. of Cuzco, C. Bues, alt. 

4000 m, Herb. G. K. Merrill (FH, holotype). 

Thallus composed of rather curved lobes, c. I 

cm high, lobes c. I-2 mm wide, c. L30-150 pm 

thick, dorsiventral and canaliculate, dark 

brownish on both surfaces, rather smooth, Do

46 Ingvar Kcirnefelt and Arne Thell 

W 

Figure 1. Cetraia peruviana habit (Holotype, FH). Bar L mm. 

cilia or projections seen on the margins, pSeudocyphellae 

not observed; cortical layers covered 

with a distinct epicortex, c. 5 pm thick on 

the upper surface and somewhat thinner on 

the lower, upper and lower cortical layers c. 

20-30 pm thick, composed of 2-3 layers of 

pachydermatous paraplectenchymatous cells, 

cells in the outer layer large, 5-7 pm in 

diameter, algal cells sparse, treborxioid, 

medulla rather lar, medullary hyphae thick, c. 

5 pm, strongly gelatinized. Apothecia and conidiomata 

not observed. Thallus K-, C-, PDand 

UV-. Lichesterinic and protolichesterinic 

acids present. 

This species is only known from the type 

collection carrying the unpublished name 

Platysma peruvianum given by G. K. Merrill. 

The specimen was carefully examined in anatomical, 

structural and chemical characteristics. 

It reminds a little in thallus morphology of 

Cetraria kamczatica although the lobes are 

much more curved and shortened (Figure 1). 

Furthermore there are also some similarities 

with C. nepalensis (Kiirnefelt 1979) although 

C. peruviana has much less distinctly canalicu- 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 5 (1e93) 

late and almost subtubular lobes. Unfortunately 

the material is very limited and there 

were no ascomata or mature conidiomata 

found. Some undeveloped marginal pycnidia 

were observed, although mature conidia could 

not be located. Both ascus structures and conidia 

are othenvise characters of major importance 

for the recognition of species belonging 

to Cetraia (Kiirnefelt et al. 1992, 1993). The 

evidence from the anatomical characters of the 

thallus in addition to presence of lichesterinic 

and protolichesterinic acids are, however, 

strong arguments that this species should 

actually belong within Cetraria. 

There is no information about the habitat 

ecology on the label. Cetraia peruviana is, 

however, most probably a terricolous species. 

There was no information in Soukup (1%5) 

that a lichen of this kind was earlier known to 

Peru. 

Cetraria nivalis (L.) Acharius 

Methodus Lichenum, 1803: 293. Basionym: 

Lichen nivalb L., Spec. Plant., L753: LL45.


Lobaria nivalis Hoffm., Deutschl. Flora, 1796: 

L43. - Platysma nivale Frege, Deutsch. Botan. 

Taschenbuch, 2. Theil, t8L2: l6L. - Parmeli"a 

nivalis Sprgl., Syst. Veget., vol. III, 1831 :525. - 

Allocetraria nivalis (L.) Randl. et Saag, 

Mycotaron 44, L992: 492. 

Lichen candidus Lam., Flore Franc. ed.2, 

vol. I, 1788: 81. 

Thallus erect foliose, 5-8 cm high, lobes up to 

7 mm broad, rather flat, lower surface pale 

yellow, foveolate, upper surface yellow, usually 

smooth and glossy, pseudocyphellae absent, 

marginal projections absent; upper cortex 20- 

30 pm thick, paraplectenchymatous, consisting 

of usually small, pachydermatous, thick-walled 

cells with small lumina, lower cortex 20-30 pm 

thick composed of the same type of cells. 

Apothecia rare, marginal, at lobe ends, diameter 

3-8 ffiffi, disc brown; asci 30-40 x 8-10 

Itffi, spores ellipsoidal 5-6 x 3-4 Ffr, arial 

body c. 0.3 pm broad, tholus with an amyloid 

ring structure; paraphyses 40-50 x L pm; pycnidia 

black, marginal, 50-70 x 50-70 Fffi, 

without cortical tissue beneath the pycnidium, 

conidia slightly bifusiform, c. 6 x I pm.Usnic 

acid present in the cortical layer. No medullary 

compounds detected. 

Apart from some structural differences in 

the thallus in addition to differences in secondary 

compounds Cetraia nivalrs and C. cucullata 

presumably represent closely associated 

talra based upon characters in the asci and 

conidiomata. The significance of these characters 

will be discussed in a forthcoming paper 

by Kiirnfelt et al. (1993). Both species in addition 

seem to occur in the same habitats within 

arctic-boreal areas mainly in the northern 

hemisphere (Hasselrot L953, Hillmann L936, 

Rassadina 1950, Thomson 1984). Both species, 

however, also occur in scattered areas in cold 

temperate regions in the Andes (Hasselrot 

1953) and there are also a few records from 

southernmost South America. During studies 

of herbarium material from the Farlow Herbarium, 

however, one collection from New 

Guinea (Mt Wilhelm, 1938, Brass & Myer- 

Dress) seemed to belong to C. nivalis. The 

Notes on the cetrarioid lichens 47 

specimen is unusually luuriant with rather 

broad and strongly yellowish lobes with several 

well developed apothecia. After anatomical 

investigations of asci, conidia and thallus 

structures in addition to secondary chemistry 

there is, however, no doubt that this specimen 

actually belong to C. nivalis. There are no 

indication of a known distribution of C. nivalis 

from this part of the world earlier (Streimann 

1986) and it is reported as new for New 

Guinea. Both C. nivalis and C. cucullata are 

not known from the Australasian region 

including New kaland (Filson & Rogers 

L979, Galloway L985, Weber & Wetmore 

re72). 


We would like to thank Per I-assen for help 

with the latin diagnosis and for general comments 

on the text. Financial support for this 

study has been granted by Anna and Svante 

Murbiicks fond. 

References 

Filson, R. & Rogers, R. 'W. L979: Lichens of 

South Australia. Adelaide. 

Galloway, D. 1985: Flora of New Zealand Lichens. 

New Zealand Government Printer, 

Wellington. 

Hasselrot, T. E. 1953: Nordliga lavar i Sydoch 

Mellansverige. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 

33. 

Hillmann, J. L936: Parmeliaceae. Rabenhorst 

IOypt.-Fl. Deutschl. Osten. Schweiz, ed. 2, 

IX, 5(3).L-eipzig. 

Ktirnefelt, I. 1979: The brown fruticose species 

of Cetraria. Opera Bot. 46: I-150. 

Kdrnefelt, f., Mattsson, J.-E. & Thell, A. 

1992: Evolution and phylogeny of cetrarioid 

lichens. PL Syst. Evol. In press. 

Kiirnefelt, I., Mattsson, J.-E. & Thell, A. 

t993: The lichen genera Arctocetraria, 

Cetraria and Cetrariella (Parmeliaceae) 

and their presumed evolutionary affinities. 

Bryologisf. In press.

48 Ingvar Kcirnefelt and Arne Thell 

Rassadina, K. A. 1950: Tsetraria (Cetraria) 

CCCP. Trav. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 

Spor. Rast. Ser. 2 (5): L7l-304. 

Soukup, J. 1965: Lista de liquenes de Peru. 

Biota, Lima 6:28-45. 

Streimann, H. 1986: Catalogue of the lichens 

of Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Bibl. 

Lich. 22: l-1.45. 


Thomsotr, J. 1984: American Arctic lichens. I 

The macrolichens. New York. 

Weber, 'W. & Wetmore, C. M. L972: Catalogue 

of the lichens of Australia exclusive 

of Tasmania. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 41: 1- 

137.

Ramonia, a lichen genus new to Scandinavia 

ASTRI BOTNEN 

Botnen, A. L993: Ramonia, a lichen genus new to Scandinavia. Graphb 

Scripta 5: 49-50. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

The genus Ramonia with the species R subsphaeroides (Tav.) Yezda is 

reported as new to Scandinavia from Hordaland, western Nonvay. It has been 

found on old, pollarded trunks of Fraxinus excelsior. 

Asti Botnen, Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Alligt. 41, 5007 Bergen, 

Norway. 

Recent studies of the epiphytic flora of old, 

pollarded trunks of Fraxinus excelsior in western 

Norway have lead to discoveries of many 

rare lichen species. One of these, Ramonia 

subsphaeroides, is here reported as new to 

northern Europe. 

Ramonia subsphaeroides is characterized 

within Ramonia by small apothecia, 0.?-0.4 

mm in diameter, poriform ostioles up to 0.2 

rrun, fusiform, mostly 9-septate spores, with a 

gelatinous epispore (Vezda 19ffi, Coppins 

1987). In the Nonregian material the spores 

are 38-52 x 4-5.5(-7) pm. This is in accordance 

with the measurements given by Tavares 

(1950 p. 59), based on material from the type 

locality in Portugal. Ramoni"a subsphaeroides 

is closely related to an undescribed species 

treated by Coppins (1987) as R. luteola 

(Coppins pers. comm.), but this species has a 

widely gaping ostiolum, and narrowly clavate 

spores without epispore. 

Ramonia subsphaeroides occurred on old, 

pollarded trunks of Fracinus excelsior in a 

dense, mixed deciduous forest at 30 m altitude 

in a steep, southfacing slope in the old cultural 

landscape surrounding the farmhouses at 

Havrfltunet, on the Island of Osterey, westernmost 

Nonray. It was sparse, and grew 

rather high up on the trunks, on soft bark, 

mainly in bark crevices or partly overgrown by 

bryophytes and foliose lichens. Associated 

species included Lecidella elaeochroma, Leptogium 

cyanescens, Thelopsis rubella, and the 

livenrorths Frullania sp. and Meugeri"a sp. 

Ecologically it seems to be similar to Thelopsis 

tlaveola which occurs in the same niches. 

Distribution 

Ramonia subsphaeroides was previously 

known only from the type-locality in Serra do 

Ger€s in northern Portugal where it was collected 

on Acer pseudoplatanus at an altitude of 

350 m (Tavares 1950) and from the Algarve 

area in southern Portugal (leg. M. P. Jones 

(BM), Coppins pers. comm.). 

With the presently cited finds in western 

Nonvay, Ramonin subsphaeroides shows 'a 

remarkable disjunct distribution. Although the 

species is probably rare, it is likely to have a 

more continuous distribution in western 

Europe. Because of its minute size, it is easily 

overlooked. 

Specimens examined.' Nonvay. Hordaland: 

Osteroy, Havritunet, July 1992, Botnen (BG). 


Thanks are due to Dr. Brian Coppins, Edinburgh, 

for confirming the identity of Ramonia

50 Astri Botnen 

subsphaeroid,es, and 

ments. 

References 

Coppins, B. J. 1987: 

the British Isles. 

417. 

for taxonomical com- 

The genus Ramonin in 

Lichenologist 19: 409- 


Tavares, C. N. 1950: Liquenes da Serra do 

Ger€s. Portugalia Acta Biologica, ser B. 3 

(112):1-189. 

Yezda, A. Lgffi: Flechtensystematische Studien 

III. Die Gattungen Ramonia Stiz. und 

Gloeolecta I-ett. Folia geobotanica et 

phytotaxonomica, Praha I : 154-t75.

Floristic notes on some Swedish Lepraria and Leproloma species 

LARS-ERIK MUHR 

Muhr, L.-8. 1993: Floristic notes on some lrpraria and Leproloma species. 

Graphis Scipta 5; 51-52. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

Lepraia eburnea, L. elobata, L. igidula and Leproloma diffusum var. dfusum 

are reported as new to Sweden. New localities are given for Lepraria lesdainii, 

L. lobificares and Leproloma diffusum var. chrysodetoi^des. All specimens 

were investigated by TLC. 

Lars-Erik Muhr, Selkrol

52 Lars-Erik Muhr 

Muhr, UPS), 12452 (UPS). New to 

Sweden. Oxypannaric acid (TLC). 

var. chrysodetoid.es laundon. Dalsland: Dalskog 

por., Norra B6sane, mossy rock in a 

ravine, 1989, Muhr 11815 (UPS). Niirl

Nfrgra hotade lavar i Smfland 

LOUNE LINDBLOM och JAN-ERIC MATTSSON 

Lindbloffi, L. & Mattsson J.-8. L993: N6gra hotade lavar i Smiland. [Some 

threatened lichens i Sm6land, southern Sweden.] Graphis Scripta 5: 53-59. 

Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

In order to study the present occurrence of threatened lichens in the province 

of Sm6land, southern Sweden, 45 old localities of 9 species (Collema nigrescens, 

C. occttltatum, Degelin plumbea, Lethaia vulpina, Moelleropsis nebulosa, 

Pannaia meditercanea, Ramalina thrausta, Usnea barbata, and U. 

longissima) were investigated. With the exception of nvo finds of Degelia 

plumbea, none of these lichen species were refound. The causes for the 

extinction of the populations are discussed, as well as the limits of the methods 

used. 

Louise Lindblom och Jan-Eric Mattsson, Instituti.onen fdr Systematisk 

Botanik. O. VaUgatan 18-20, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden. 

Av Sveriges lavar anses omkring 10 % eller 

2I2 arter vara hotade (Databanken f6r hotade 

arter och Naturv6rdsverket 1991). For m6nga 

av dessa arter iir kunskapen om biologi, 

utbredning och nuvarande status otillr6cklig 

f6r att en siker beskrivning av hot och for att 

liimpliga skyddsitgtirder skall kunna g6ras. I 

forsta hand ghller detta ett 50-tal arter f6r 

vilka aktuella utbredningsuppgifter saknas och 

som antingen har fe tidigare kiinda lokaler i 

Sverige eller som tidigare f6rekommit pi ett 

stort antal lokaler (> 100) men som sannolikt 

minskat kraftigt under senare tid. 

Floravlrdskommittdn f6r lavar ([ars 

Arvidsson, Per-Anders Esseen, Mats Karstrom, 

Jan-Eric Mattsson och Gbran Thor) 

genomf6r d6rfor sedan 1990 ett fem6rigt 

forskningsprojekt, med ekonomiskt stod frin 

VSrldsnaturfonden (WWF), for att forbiittra 

kunskapen om dessa arter. Projektet har dessutom 

som ytterligare syfte att (1) Ge 

beslutsunderlag fOr att avg6ra liimpliga hotkategorier, 

trh for att f6resli liimpliga Atgiirder 

till skydd for dessa arter. (2) Vidareutveckla en 

metod f6r overvakning av hotade arter och p[ 

sikt etablera lawiiktarverksamhet. (3) 

Vidareutveckla inventeringsmetoder liimpliga 

for undersdkning av lavar med olika utbredningsm0nster, 

ekologi osv. . 

Projektet leds av' Florav6rdskommittdn f6r 

lavar, men en stor del av ftiltarbetet genomfors 

av personer utanfOr kommitt6n, vilka liven har 

m6jlighet att sjtilvstiindigt publicera sina 

resultat. 

Hiir redovisas resultat av en f,terinventering 

av 9 arter i Smiland utford sommaren 

1990 med nAgon senare komplettering. Inventeringsarbetet 

har genomforts av l,ouise Lindblom 

i niira samarbete med projektet "Hotade 

lavar i sodra Sverige" i Lund. Ytterligare nigra 

arter som inventerades vid samma tillfllle 

kommer att redovisas senare. 

Urval av arter 

En fullstiindig lista over uppgifter om hotade 

lavar i Sm6land erh6lls ur databasen vid Databanken 

f6r hotade arter vid Sveriges [ântbruksuniversitet 

i Uppsala. Tio arter med fe

54 Loube Lindblom och Jan-Eric Mattsson GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (1ee3) 

Figur 1. Bestikta lokaler i Sm6land. l,okalnummer refererar till Tabell 1 och Appendix. F= 

J6nkopings liin, G= Kronobergs liin, H= Kalmar liin, f{= Hallands liin. 

gamla lokaluppgifter i Smiland inventerades: 

Bryoria smithii, Collema nigrescens, C. occultatum, 

Leptogium q)anescens ) Lethaia 

vulpina, Menegazzia terebrata, Moelleropsis 

nebulosa, Pannaia meditenanea, Usnea barbata 

och U. longbsima. Aven Degelia 

(Parmeliella) plumbea och Ramalina thrausta 

inventerades. Dfl dessa arter var kanda fr6n ett 

stort antal iildre lokaler, valdes ett begriinsat 

antal av dessa ut f6r iterinventering. Bland de 

viildefinierade lokalerna f6r dessa arter valdes 

sidana att en god spridning i landskapet 

erhOlls. 

Metodik 

l.okalerna som Aterbes6ktes identifierades se 

noggrant som mOjligt med hjalp av topografiska 

kartor Gh, f6r lokaler med iildre namn, 

generalstabskartan. De utvalda lokalerna 6ter- 

besdktes under en ftiltvecka i augusti 1990. 

Ambitionen vid Aterbes6ken var att finna 

arterna i deras biotop, p6 ursprungslokalen 

eller i niirheten av den. Den tid som lades ned 

pA varje lokal varierade avsevSrt, dels pi grund 

av skiftande noggrannhet i lokal- och biotopangivelser 

f6r de ursprungliga ffnden, dels 

beroende pa hur stora omrflden i ntirheten av 

lokalen som bedomdes vara vtirda att genomsoka. 

Om substratet tidigare var khnt, s6ktes 

laven i f6rsta hand pfl detta, men den 

efters6ktes iiven pi andra liimpliga substrat. 

Vegetationstyp, markanviindning, populationsstorlek 

och individstatus noterades i falt. 

Resultat 

Resultaten for 9 av de LZ inventerade arterna 

redovisas nedan. Inga 6ter$rnd gjordes under


Tabell 1. Bes6kta lokaler for varje inventerad art, 

arten ej Aterfanns. Lokalnummer hiinvisar till 

Appendix. 

Hotade lavar i Smdland 55 

uppgift om Aterffnd samt m6jliga orsaker till att 

Figur 1. FOr fullstiindiga lokaluppgifter se 

Art Inkal (nr) Trolie orsak till 

forsvinnande 

Collema nigresceru 

Collema occultatum 


Letharia vulpina 

Moelleropsb nebulosa 

Pannaria meditenanea 

Rarnalina tlvausta 

Usnea barbata 

Usnea longissima 

Almes6kra, Toranes (1) 

Almes8kra, prdstgErdstrbdgirden (2) 

Eksj6, Sotsen (3) 

Gryteryd, S. Roshult (4) 

Korsberga, Holmstorpet (5) 

Nbssjo, Sdr6ngens folkhogskola (6) 

Reftele, Vimmelstorp, vid gtrden (7) 

Oggestorp (8) 

Oreryd, Nissafors bruk, all6n (9) 

Bottnaryd, Tokebo, Qvarnsjon (10) 

Gnosjo, Lid (11) 

Kristdala, Humlends, SO g8rden (13) 

Niissjo, Soriingens folkhogskola (6) 

Tornsfall, by the church (14) 

fuenhoga, V-sidan Gotarpssjon (12) 

Annerstad, 1,5 km SO kyrkan (20) 

Hinneryd, € 1 km N kyrkan (21) 

Ktllerstad, vid vdgen O kyrkan (15) 

Torpa, strax S kyrkan (22) 

Torskinge, Gummarp (16) 

As, niira viigen N Svaneholm (17) 

fuenhoga, ca 1 km N kyrkan (18) 

fuenhoga, V-sidan Gotarpssjon (12) 

Ingatorp (26) 

Mtlilla, Mtlilla stn, Dalsbacken (27) 

N. Sandsjo, v6gkorset vid kyrkan (23) 

Nottebiick, Granhult, kyrkan (28) 

Niissjo, V sydl. gtrden i Istsa (24) 

fu, e gamla kyrkotaket (25) 

Rydaholm, Mohyltan, Fridebo rg (29) 

Giillaryd, Os, vid vbgen O ut (30) 

Killerstad, O viigskiilet S kyrkan (15) 

Almestkra, N-Viebeck (31) 

Almundsryd, Alshult (39) 

Giillaryd, Os, v. vdgen osterut (30) 

Hjorted, 1 km N Morhult, Gissjdn (33) 

Hogsby, Sinnerbo (34) 

knhovda, Alatorp (40) 

Locknevi , 378 V Viistantorp (35) 

Monsteris, ca 1,5 km O Baggemfrla (36) 

Monster5s, Tj6rorshiill, N-sluttn (37) 

Niissjo, Spexhult (32) 

Rumskulla, S St. Holmsjdn (38) 

Rumskulla, N fu;on 1fa; 

Alghult, NV Viinatorp (41) 

Alghult, S Algasjon (2) 

Alghult, V Hageskruv (43) 

Eksj6, Lunnag8rd (3) 

Eksj6, Sotsen (3) 

Agunnaryd, MSlensts (a5) 

N. Hestra, m kyrkan och jvgstn (44) 

Skogsbruk 

? 

Skogsbruk/bebyggelse 

? 

Osiker lokalidentifi ering 

Bebyggelse/skogsbruk 

? 

Os5ker lokalidentifiering 

Bebyggelse 

Skogsbruk 

? 

? 

Bebyggelse/skogsbruk 

Substrat borta 

? 

Aterfunn en I9 {t2 

Skogsbruk 

? 

Bebyggelse 

? 

Gallring 

? 

? 

OsAker lokalidentifiering 



Substrat ytbehandlat 

? 


Tillf?illig 

? 

? 

S kogsbruk/osiiker lokalid. 

Skogsbruk 

? 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbru k/osiiker lokalid. 

Skogsbruk/oshker lokalid. 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbruk/osbker lokalid. 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbruk/osiiker lokalid. 

Skogsbruk 

Skogsbruk/oshker lokalid. 

Skogsbruk/bebyggelse 

S kogsbru kr/bebyggelse 

Skogsbruk/osiiker lokalid. 

Bebyggelse

56 Louise Lindblom och lan-Eic Mattsson 

tdltveckan. M6jliga orsaker till forsvinnandet 

framg6r av Tabell 1. 

Resultat av inventeringen av Bryoia 

smithii, Leptogium qanescens och Menegazzia 

terebrata kommer att redovisas i samband med 

att ovriga inventeringar av dessa arter publiceras. 

Ater$nd av D. plumbea har gjorts pA BIA 

Jungfrun, Misterhult socken (lokal 19, Figur 

1) av Ivar Ottosson (muntl.). Ett Aterffnd av 

D. plumbea pA lokalen i Annerstad socken 

(lokal 20, Figur 1) gjordes 1992, sedan exaktare 

lokaluppgifter hade erh6llits, inom projektet 

"Hotade lavar i sodra Sverige" i Lund. 

Diskussion 

Utdrag ur databasen vid Databanken for 

hotade arter visar att flera lichenologer, t. ex. 

O. Almborn, G. DegeliuS, G. Haglund och T. 

E. Hasselrot, var aktiva i Sm6land 1920-50. 

Det forklarar det h6ga antalet ffnd av hotade 

arter under denna period. Ett stort antal &nd 

av en viss art under denna period behover 

alltsi inte innebtira att den var vanlig. Vissa 

hotade arter kan redan dA ha varit pA tillbakagang. 

De inventerade arterna kan generellt 

grupperas efter den troliga orsaken till att de 

ej Aterfanns. Lethaia vulpina har huvudsakligen 

forsvunnit p6 grund av direkt mtinsklig 

piverkan. Denna orsak glller delvis dven vissa 

andra arter pA nigra lokaler, t. ex. Collema 

nigrescens och C. occultatum vid S6riingens 

folkh6gskola. Orsaken till att Moelleropsis 

nebulosa ej fiterfanns iir troligen att arten 

f6rekommer i st6rda miljoer, t. ex. nyanlagda 

vAgskiirningar och diirf6r ej kan forviintas 

finnas kvar pi den ursprungliga lokalen, som 

dessutom var relativt vagt angiven. Enligt 

Floravflrdskommitt€n f6r lavar (1987) har 

endast wA ffnd av M. nebulosa gjorts i Sverige 

efter 1950. 

Arter som Collema nigrescens, Ramalina 

thrausta, Usnea barbata och U. longissima 

verkar vara drabbade av det moderna skogsbruket. 

Arton 6ldre lokaler for R thrausta 

besoktes, men inga 6terffnd gjordes. De flesta 

av dessa lokaler 6r piverkade av skogsbruk 

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 5 (1993) 

och hiinglavar 6r sparsamt forekommande. 

Allan Nicklasson har bes6kt ytterligare ett 

antal lokaler for denna art i Viixj6-omrAdet 

utan n6got ffnd (muntl.). Ett utdrag ur databasen 

vid Databanken f6r hotade arter visar 

att det finns ett ffnd av R thrausta fr6n 1860talet, 

sju &nd fr6n L920-talet, 52 fynd fr6n 

1930-talet och dtirefter inga ffnd 6ver huvud 

taget i Smflland (Tabell2). DA flera lichenologer 

var aktiva i Sm6land 1920-50, kan detta 

forklara det h6ga antalet ffnd, trots att arten 

redan di sannolikt var pi tillbakaging. Pi de 

tre lokaler i Smiland som Degelius (1934) 

niimner forekom arten i ett exemplar eller 

sparsamt. Enligt Ahlner (1948) forekom R. 

thrausta mestadels i ringa miingd pi dess 

enskilda lokaler. U. longissima forekom i 

tr6gviixande gamla trtidbestind, vilka bor vara 

skuggiga och vindskyddade, och den iir mycket 

kiinslig f6r rationellt skogsbruk (Ahlner 1931, 

1948). Esseen m. fl. (1981) framhiiver f6r U. 

longissima oceaniteten (liten temperaturamplitud 

och hog och stabil relativ luftfuktighet), 

samt dess krav pA gammal skog. Endast fragment 

av skogen i N. Hestra fanns lrvar pfl 

grund av bebyggelse, medan lokalen i Agunnaryd 

socken iir piverkad av skogsbruk. 

Samtliga dessa arter var sannolikt p6 titlbakag6ng 

redan i bdrjan av detta sekel. 

Oceaniska arter, som Pannaria mediterranea, 

Degelia plumbea och Collema nigrescens 

tycks ha forsvunnit frfln sina Ostliga 

lokaler och diirmed f6tt en mer viistlig utbredning 

(I-eif Bjorkman muntl., Hultengren m. fl. 

1993). 

Vid iterinventering med syfte att 

dokumentera arters forekomst p6 tidigare 

k6nda lokaler, tir det nodviindigt att identifiera 

dessa lokaler. M6jligheten att identifiera en 

lokal exakt varierar med hur noggrann 

beskrivningen av det ursprungliga ffndet 6r. 

Enklast 6r de lokalen best6r av en byggnad 

eller dylikt, t. ex. en kyrka eller ett solitiirt trhd. 

Sv6rare iir homogena biotoper, diir endast 

noggrant utmiitta lokalangivelser kan s6kerstllla 

identifieringen. An storre problem bjuder 

en viildefinierad och rumsligt begrinsad 

biotop, men med nflgot vaga angivelser inom 

denna. I samtliga dessa tre fall 5r det oftast


Tabell 2. Totala antalet registrerade fynd av hotade arter i 

vid Databanken f6r hotade arter samt antalet registrerade 

eventuella dubletter). 

C, nigrescens 

D. plumbea 

R thrausta 

Totalt* 

Antal ffnd av: 

Almborn 

0 

Degelius 

0 

Du Rietz 

0 

Fries 8., & Th. M. 44 

Haglund 

0 

Hasselrot 

0 

Hedvall 

0 


Smiland per decennium i databasen 

ffnd f6r vissa insamlare (inklusive 

18s0 60 70 80 90 1900 10 20 30 40 1950 60 70 80 90 

01 

102 

01 

69 23 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

00 

21 

00 

24 31 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

* Totalt antal Snd av hotade lavar i Sm8land. 

mojligt att avgora om man besoker riitt lokal 

eller ej och dtirmed ta stiillning till om ett fynd 

tir ett ny$nd eller ett 6ter$'nd. I vlrsta fall 

finns endast vaga angivelser i homogena 

biotoper, d det blir praktiskt taget om6jligt att 

avgora om man befinner sig pi den ursprungliga 

lokalen. 

I denna undersokning f6rekom lokalangivelser 

av samtliga ffra typer. Lokalen f6r 

Collema vid S6rtingens folkh6gskola och 

flertalet av lokalerna fU Letharia vulpina 5r 

exempel pA den enklast identifierade lokalbeskrivningen. 

lokalen for Ramalina thrausta 

i Incknevi socken visar att en noggrant utmiitt 

lokal 6r m6jlig att identifiera trots en homogen 

biotop. l,okalerna for Degelia plumbea i 

K6llerstad och Torpa socknar iir exempel pA 

vaga angivelser i begriinsade biotoper. Flertalet 

av lokalerna for Ramalina thrausta utg6r 

exempel pi det sviraste fallet av lokalidentifiering. 

Vill man undersoka en arts nuvarande 

status m8ste en iterinventering kompletteras 

med undersokningar av andra f6r arten liimpliga 

miljoer. Aven om en art ar utgingen frin 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

03 

00 

723 

00 

00 

015 

00 

00 

00 

00 

401 

11 2t 5 

752 0 

96 138 48 

10 

1 

0 

15 

0143 0 

2034 3 15 

0100 

0000 

59 15 0 0 

054 0 0 

1522 1 0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

07 

01 

00 

629 

en gammal lokal iir sannolikheten relativt h6g 

att den kan &terfinnas i en liimplig biotop i 

niirheten. Vill man unders6ka om en art finns 

n6ra ursprungslokalen b6r artens biologi vara 

k6nd. Kunskapen om detta kan erhAllas pi 

olika s6tt, vilka hbr anges i fallande ordning 

efter fordelaktighet: (1) Inventeraren har tidigare 

erfarenheter av den eftersokta arten och 

dess biologi. (2) Artens biotop iir noggrant 

beskriven vid det tidigare ffndtilltiillet. (3) 

Information om artens biologi erhills muntligen 

av n8gon med erfarenhet av arten. (4) 

Information om artens biologi erh6lls genom 

litteraturstudier. 

Det finns alltsi minga problem niir man 

vill avg6ra en arts status. Mer eller mindre 

fullstiindiga undersokningar av ldmpliga 

biotoper iir sannolikt nodvtindiga for att 

erhfllia siikra resultat. Aterinvenleringar av 

kiinda lokaler kan aldrig vara till$llest for att 

klargOra en arts nuvarande status. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

58 Louise Lindblom cch Jan-Eric Mattsson 

Tack 

Ekonomiskt stod for denna undersokning har 

tacksamt mottagits fr6n wwF. 

Referenser 

Ahlner, S. I93L: Usnea longissima Ach. i 

' Skandinavien. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 

395-416. 


nordiska barrtrtidslavar. Acta Phytogeogr. 

Suec. 22: l-257. 

Databanken for hotade arter och Naturv6rdsverket 

L99l: Hotade vitxter i Sverige Lggl. 

Lund. 

Degelius, G. 1934: Anteckningar till Smilands 

buskoch bladlavflora. Svensk Bot. Ti^dskr. 

28: 405-435. 

DegeliuS, G. 1939: Fynd av miirkligare buskoch 

bladlavar i sydviistra Sverige sommaren 

1938. Bot. Notiser 1939: 393-396. 

Esseen, P.-A., Ericson, L., Lindstr6m, H. & 

Zackrisson, O. 1981: Occurrence and 

Ecology of Usnea longissima in central 

Sweden . Lichenologist 13: 177- 190. 

Floravflrdskommittdn for lavar 1987: Prelimindr 

lista over hotade lavar i Sverige. 

Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 81: 237 -256. 

Hultengren, S., Kannesten, C. & Svenssotr, S. 

1993: Om nigra oceaniska lavar i 

Sydviistsverige. Graphis Scipta 5: 24-38. 

Appendix 

Fullstiindig lokalforteckning f6r de redovisade 

arterna. Kod i parentes efter artnamn innebiir 

hotkategori och biotop enligt Databanken f6r 

hotade viixter och Naturv6rdsverket (1991). 

Varje nedanstiende lokalangivelse inleds med 

sockennamn. Forkortningar anger vilket 

herbarium som forvarar ursprungskollekten: 

G. Degelius privata herbarium (Degel.), 

Goteborgs universitet (GB), Botaniska museet, 

Lund (LD), Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, 

Stockholm (S), Umei universitet (UME), 

Uppsala universitet (UPS), annat herbarium 

(AH). I tv6 fall anges var litteraturuppgiften iir 

hiimtad. Nummer sist inom parentes refererar 

till figur 1. 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (1993) 

Collema nigrescens (2S): Jonkopings ltin: 

Almes6kra, Toranbs, 1865, ktterctedt (UPS) 

(1); Almesikra, prtistgflrdstrtidgfirden, pi ask, 

1927, Haglund (LD) (2); Eksjo, So6sen, pA 

aSp, fA ex, LX)7 , Johansson (S) (3); Grytetyd, 

S. Roshult, fristiende medelstor mossig Acer 

platanoides i hagmark v. g6rdarna, rikl., tiiml. 

skuggigt, 1951., Degelius (GB) (4); Korsbet9l, 

Holmstorpet, Yngves hage, 1927, Gaunitz 

(UME) (5); Nassjo, Sordngen, L927, Haglund 

(S) (6); Niissj6, vid Sdrtingens folkh6gskola, pi 

osp, 1927, Hedvall (LD) (6); Reftele, 

Vimmelstorp, e 3 iildre ldnnar (Acer 

platanoides) v. girden (vtigen), lokalt rikl. (! 

lFuggigt 

och fuktigt), 1951, Degelius (GB) (7); 

Oggestorp So, 1869, Fries, (S) (8); Oreryd, 

Nissafors bruk, all€n, gammal Populus stam 

mot SV, 1949, Du Rietz (AH) (9). 

Collema occultatum (2S): Ionkopings liin: 

Bottnaryd, Tokebo, NO-iinden av Qvarnsjon, 

i skogsbryn n6ra stranden, on trunk of 

Populus, Igffi, Du Rietz (UPS) (10); Gnosj6, 

Lid (asp i blandskog), 1932, Degelius (Degel.) 

(11); Niissjo, N. Sordngens folkh6gskola, p8 

&sp, 1937, Haglund (LD) (6); Asenhoga, Vsidan 

av Gotarpssjon, ngt fuktig bjorkaspskog, 

rikl., 5 en ung asp (c. L.5-2 m upp), 

tiiml. exp. liige, 1951, Degelius (Degel.) (LZ). 

Kalmar liin: Kristdala, Humleniis, yngre ask 

vid viigen SO girden, lovskog, riklig, L949, 

Degelius (Degel.) (13); Tornsfall, by the 

church on old Fracinus, 1949, Magnusson 

(uPS) (14). 

Degelia plumbea (2S): Jonkopings liin: 

Killerstad, hagmark vid vdgen O tyrtan, asp, 

1933, Degelius (Degel.) (15); Torskinge, 

Gummarp, asp i nordsluttning, L933, Degelius 

(Degel.) (16); As, ndra viigen N Svaneholm, 

tsp 

i bjorkbacke, 1929, Degelius (Degel.) (17); 

Asenhoga, ca 1 km N kyrkan, alp i bjorkskog, 

L932, Degelius (Degel.) (18); Asenh6ga, Vsidan 

av G6tarpssjon, ngt fuktig bj6rkaspskog, 

spars e basen av en aSp, 1951, 

Degelius (Degel.) (12). Kalmar liin: 

Misterhult, Ble Jungfrun, pi 11 lonnar och 3 

ekar, 1990, Ottosson (muntlig uppgift) (19)


Kronobetgs ltin: Annerstad, holme i mossen 

1.5 km SO kyrkan, torr aspstam, 194?, Tor6n 

(Degel.) (20); Hinneryd, ca 1 km N kyrkan vid 

v?igen till Torpa, asp, 193?, Degelius (Degel.) 

(2L); Torpa, osp i ekbacke stran S kyrkan, 

1932, Degelius (Degel.) (22). 

Letharia vulpina (4SV): Ionkdpings liin: N. 

Sandsj6, vigkorset vid kyrkan, gammalt staket, 

1930, Haglund (LD) (23); Niissjo, pe v?iggarna 

av en gammal bngslada ca 600 m V sydligaste 

girden i Isflsa, L929, Hedvall (LD) (24); As, 

Ans e gamla kyrkotaket, t876, Bengtsson 

(LD) (25); Ingatorp, 1888, Tolf (LD) (26). 

Kalmar liin: M6lilla, M6lilla stn, Dalsbacken 

pi en gdrdsgirdsstolpe strax invid landsviig€o, 

ett fetal €X, 1,908, Johansson (S) (27). 

Kronobetgs liin: Nottebdck, Granhult, kyrkan, 

1920, Brundin (S) (28). 

Moelleropsis nebulosa (3J): Jdnkopings ltin: 

Rydaholm, Mohyltan, Frideborg, naken sandig 

jord, tiiml riklig, 1944, Degelius (S) (29\. 

Pannaia meditenanea (2S): Ihnkopings ltin: 

Giillaryd, Os, asp v. viigen O. ut, 1932, 

Degelius (Degel.) (30); K6llerstad, strar O 

viigskiilet S kyrkan, aspar i nedre delen av 

glest bevuxen skogsbacke mot N, 1938, Du 

Rietz (S) (15). 

Ramalina thrausta (1SB): Ihnkdpings liin: 

Almesflkra, N. Viebiick pA doda grangrenar, 

1928, Haglund (LD) (31); Gdllaryd, Os, r6nn 

v. viigen osterut, 1932, Degelius (Degel.) (30); 

Ntissj6, Spexhult, pi dod grangren, 1928, 

Haglund (LD) (32).Kalmar liin: Hjorted, 1 km 

N M6rhult, brant mot Gissj6n; pe gran och en, 


1938, Hasselrot (UPS) (33); H6gsby, Sinnerbo, 

gran i mossrik blAbdrsgranskog, 1938, 

Hasselrot (S) (34); Locknevi, S-iindan av sjon 

378 V. Vbstantorp, gran i granskog, sparsam, 

1938, Hasselrot (S) (35); M6nsteris, ca 1.5 km 

O Baggem6la, i barrskog, 1938 Haglund (S) 

(36); M6nsteris, Baggemila, i granskog vid 

v6gen mot T6lebo, 1938, Haglund (S) (36), 

Monsteris, mellan Koperhult och Baggem6la, 

pA gran, L938 Haglund (LD) (36); Monster8s, 

Tjdrorshail, N-sluttningen pi gran, 1935, 

Hasselrot (S) (37); Monsteris, Tjiir6rshiill, pi 

N-exponerad klippviigg, 1.935, Hasselrot (S) 

(37); Rumskulla, S St. Holmsj6n, en i 

granskog, L938, Hasselrot (S) (38); Rumskulla, 

N Asj6n, en i barrblandskog, 1938_, Hasselrot 

(S) (38). Kronoberys liin: Almundsryd, Alshult, 

pA gran i granskog vid landwSg€tr, t935, 

Hasselrot (S) (39); Irnhovda, Alatorp, gran i 

mossrik granskog, 1939, Hasselrot (S) (40); 

Atgtrutt, NV V6natorp, gran i mossrik 

blflbiirsgranskog, L938, Hasselrot (LD) (41); 

Alghult, S Algasj6n, gran och en i 

barrblandskog, 1939, Hasselrot (S) (2); 

Alghult, V Hageskruv, gran i mossrik 

granskog, 1939, Hasselrot (S) (43). 

Usnea barbata (3S): Ionkopings liin: Eksjo, 

Lunnagird, pi Salix, fe €X, L910, Johansson 

(S) (3); Eksjo, So6sen, t906, Johansson (S) 

(3). 

Usnea longissima (1S): Jonkopings liin: N. 

Hestra, skog m kyrkan och jiirnviigsstationen, 

1938, Stenholm (Degelius L939) (44). 

Kronobergs ltin: Agunnaryd, Mfllensfls, ca 

1928, Karlsson (Ahlner l93I) (45).

Notes on some lichenicolous fungi from Denmark 

VAGN AISTRUP 

Alstrup, V. 1993: Notes on some lichenicolous fungi from Denmark. Graphis 

Scipta 5: 60-64. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

Two species are new to science: Endococcus tricolorans and Taeniolella 

cladinicola. Twelve other species are reported as new to Denmark. 

Vagn Alstrup, Institut for gkologisk botanilE @. Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 

Copenhagen K Denmark. 

After a "down-period" the lichenicolous fungi 

have received much attention during the last 

20 years. Identification keys to the group have 

been produced for the British Isles 

(Hawksworth 1983), Greenland (Alstrup & 

Hawksworth 1990), for the lecideicolous 

ascomycetes (Triebel 1989) and for the entire 

world (Clauzade, Diederich & Rou 1989). 

Exsiccates exclusively of lichenicolous fungi 

have been distributed by Santesson (1984, 

1986), and lichenicolous fungi will be included 

in the forthcoming Znd edition of Santesson's 

The lichens of Sweden and Noruay and in The 

lichens of the Faroes by Alstrup et al. (1993). 

Although the first Danish lichenologists E. 

Rostrup and J. S. Deichmann Branth were 

aware of lichenicolous fungi, the lichenicolous 

fungi of Denmark are still insufficiently 

known. Christiansen (1954) described the new 

genus Nanostictis from Denmark, and later 

(1956, 1980) he dealt with the taxonomy and 

biology of the genus Lichenoconium. Also 

Gunnar Degelius, whose 90 years we celebrate 

with this issue of Graphis Scripta, has contributed 

to the knowledge of the Danish lichenicolous 

fungi through the inclusion of an 

appendix of the group in his work on the 

lichens of Anholt (Christiansen 1936). Many 

Danish collections made by Skytte Christiansen 

were treated in cooperation with David 

Hawksworth in Hawksworth (I979b, 1981). 

About 70 species have now been reported 

from Denmark, and I know about 10 further 

species which are not safely identified and may 

represent undescribed species. The material 

reported here was partly collected by myself 

(VA), partly found in the lichen herbaria in 

Copenhagen and Hamburg, or given to me by 

collectors. The collections are found in C unless 

othenvise stated. 

The districts are abbreviated according to 

Alstrup & Sochting (1990). 

Endococcus tricolorans Alstrup, sp. 

nov. 

Pyrenomyces parasiticus, lichenicola. Maculae 

infectae ad complures cm diam.; pars centralis 

mortua, cinerea, perithecia numerosa, congregata 

praebens, zona transitoria rosea, L-2 mm 

lata, perithecia sparse praebente et zona marginali 

fusca vel nigra, circiter 1 mm lata 

peritheciis carente cincta. Perithecia semiimmersa, 

nigra, circiter 50 ,nm diam. Excipulum 

pseudoparenchymaticum e cellulis nigris formatum. 

Hamathecium nullum. Asci subcylindrici 

pedibus pands, 8spori, 45-50 x 10- 13 pm 

magni. Ascosporae fuscae, laeves, septis singulis 

divisae, ad septa constrictae cellula superiore 

inferiorem latitudine superante, L1-13(- 

15) x 4-5 pm magnae.


NC 

v J8000 

Figure 1. Endococcus ticolorans, holotype. Ascus and ascospores. Scale = 10 pm. 

Typer Denmark, Notheast Jutland, 

Bunken Strand between Frederikshavn and 

Skagen, oo Platismatia glauca found on the 

ground in a sand-dune, ZS May 1992, V. 

Alstrup & U. SOchting (C, holotype). Figure 1. 

Lichenicolous, parasitic, pyrenomycete. Infection 

areas up to several cm in diam.; the central 

part dead and grey with numerous, aggregated 

perithecia, surrounded by a rose transition 

zone l-2 mm broad, with scattered 

perithecia, and a dark brown to black marginal 

zone about 1 mm broad, without perithecia. 

Perithecia semi-immersed, black, c. 50 pm 

diam. Exciple black, of pseudoparenchymatous 

cells. Hamathecium absent. Asci subcylindrical 

with a small foot, 8-spored, 45-50 x 10-13 

pm. Ascospores dark brown, smooth, l-septate, 

constricted at the septum, the upper cell 

broader than the lower one, 11-13(-15) x 4-s 

pm. 

The genus Endococcus was revised by 

Hawksworth (1979a} and Triebel (1989) 

treated several species occurring on Lecidea s. 

lat. A further species, E. vemtcosporu.s Alstrup 

Notes on some lichenicolous fungi from Denmark 6l 

F-f 

is being described from the Faroe Islands on 

Hymenelia lacustris (Alstrup et al. L993). 

Although several species of. Endococcus are 

known, the genus has not been reported from 

Platismatia before. E. parictinus (Lindsay) 

Clauz. & Rotx is probably its closest relative; 

it is a species having dense groups of perithecia 

on the host's apothecia, which turn black 

or on the thallus, which becomes decolorrzed. 

The species is known only from the holotype. 

Taeniolella cladinicola Alstrup, sp. 

nov, 

Hyphomycetes parasiticus, lichenicola. Mycelium 

in hyphis hospitis intracellulare, ramificatum, 

circiter 2 pm crassum, in aqua achroa 

vix visibile, in tinctura LCB manifestum. 

Conidiophori breves, superficiales, quisque ex 

unica vel paucis cellulis constitutus. Cellulae 

conidiogenae integratae, terminales. Conidiogenesis 

enteroblastica. Conidia laevia, unicellularia, 

7-8 x 3.5-4 pm magna vel raro bicel-

62 Vagn Alstrup 

GRAPHrs 

scRrPTA 5 (lee3) 

Figure 2. Taenialella cladinicola, holotype. l,eft: Mycelium growing inside the host hyphae, in 

places penetrating to the surface and starting conidiogenesis, in LCB. Center: Mature-conidiophores 

in water. Right: Conidia in water. Scale = l0 rrm. 

lularia, Il-14 x 3.5-4.5 pm magna, catenas 

formantia, facile separata. 

Type: Denmark, Northeast Zealand, Frederiksvrerk 

Kommune, Asserbo Plantage, 

Strengehus, on Cladonia arbuscula, Nov. I99I, 

U. Sochting (C, holotype). Figure 2. 

A lichenicolous, parasitic, hyphomycete. 

Mycelium intracellular in the host's hyphae, 

branching, c. 2 pm thick, uncoloured and 

hardly visible in water, becoming distinct in 

LCB. Conidiophores short, of one or a few 

cells, superficial. Conidiogenous cells integrated, 

terminal. Conidiogenesis enteroblastic, 

conidia smooth, l-celled, 7-8 x 3.5-4 ltm, or 

rarely 2-celled and 1,I-I4 x 3.5-4.5 Fn, 

adhering in chains, easily separating. 

The new species is rather close to ?i delicata 

M. S. Christ. & D. Hawksw. but differs in 

the mostly nonseptate, easily separating conidia. 

T. beschiana Diederich known from Ctadonia 

chlorophaea in Lu

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 5 (lee3) 

Solorina crocea. On Peltigera didactyla, 

NWJ, Sallingsund Kommune, Pinen, at the 

start of the bridge, April 1989, VA. 

Dactylospora homoclinella (Nyl.) Hafellner. A 

rarely reported discomycete parasymbiotic 

on Lecanora spp.; known from Sweden, 

Finland and ltaly. On Lecanora salina 

and possibly Rinodina gennari, F, H6rby, 

Agernres, at the dam to Helnns, 22 Oct. 

1988, VA. 

Dactylospora parasitica (Fl6rke) Zopt.A discomycete 

known from Pertusat?a spp. and 

Ochrolechi"a spp. in Europe and North 

Africa. On Pertusaria leucostoma on 

Fagus, NEJ, Bjergeskov 1.5 km NNW of 

Rebild, 15 Oct. L988, S. N. Christensen, 

det. SNC & VA. 

Endococcus propinquus (Kirber) D. Hawksw. 

A widely distributed and common pyrenomycete 

parasitic on Porpidia spp. and 

related genera. - On Porpidia musiva, B, 

Ro, Helligdommen, Gronlund, probably 

1858, det. VA. On P. soredbodes, NEZ, 

Jregerspris, Skoven Kirke, May L898, VA. 

Endococcus rugulosrzs Nyl. A frequently found 

and widely distributed parasitic pyrenomycete 

on epilithic crustose hosts. On 

Aspicilia caesiocinerea, F, Fiborg Kommune, 

Brahetrolleborg, stone fence, 2L 

Oct. 1988, VA. 

Fayodia leucophyUa (Glll.) Iange & Sivertsen. 

A hat-forming basidiemycete parasitic on 

Peltigera spp. known from northern 

Europe and North America. - On Peltigera 

praetextata, NEZ, Asserbo Plantage, 5. 

Nov. L973, H. Knudsen (C). 

Graphium aphthosae Alstrup & D. Hawksw. 

A recently described synnemataceous 

hyphomycete frequently occurring 

saprophytically on Peltigera aphthosa, 

rarely on other Peltigerd spp., known from 

Greenland and Scandinavia. - On Peltigera 

didactyla, NEZ, AllerOd, road bank, 

April 1989, VA. 

Potycoccum galligenum Yezda. A pyrenomycete, 

forming galls on Physcla spp. and on 

Xanthoria elegans, known from Europe. - 

On Physcia caesia, NEZ, SkibbY Kommune, 

Sonderby, May L989, VA. 

Notes on some lichenicolous fungi from Denmark 63 

Psammina stipitata D. Hawksw. A parasitic 

hyphomycete previously reported from 

Lepraria sp. and Schismatomma decolorans 

in England. - On Schismatomma 

decolorans on oak, LFM, Vindeholme 

Skov south of Naksakov, 24 July L977, 

SBchting, det. VA. On an unidentified 

lichen on oak, WJ, NOrholm near Varde, 

11 May 1990, VA. 

Scutula miliaris (Wallr.) Trevis. A common 

and widespread parasitic discomycete on 

Peltigera and Soloina spp. - On Peltigera 

praetextata, LFM, MOns Klinteskov, 1979, 

Sochting, det VA. 

Stigmidium fuscatae (Arnold) R. Sant. A 

parasitic pyrenomycete known from 

Acarospora fuscata in EuroPe. - On 

Acarospora fuscata, NWZ, on a stone 

fence at Granly, Gelting L943, det. VA. 


I wish to thank Ulrik Sochting, Steen N. 

Christensen and Henning Knudsen for supplying 

material, M. Skytte Christiansen for 

discussion of some of the species, Tyge Christensen 

for translation of the diagnoses into 

[,atin, and the herbaria C and HBG for loan 

of material. 

References 

Alstrup, V., Christensen, S. N., Hansen, E. S. 

& Svane, S. 1993: The lichens of the 

Faroes. Frodskaparrit. In Press. 

Alstrup, V. & Hawksworth, D. L. L90: The 

lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddr. 

Gr^nland, Bioscience 3 1. 

Alstrup, V. & Sgchting, U. 1989: Checkliste og 

status over Danmarl

64 Vagn Alstrup 

The lichen flora of the bland of Anholt, 

Denmark, Acta R g. Soc. Sci. Litt. Gothob., 

Botanica 3. 

Clauzad€, G., Diederich, P. & Rou, C. 1989: 

Nelikenigintaj fungoj likenlogaj. Bull, Soc. 

linn. Prov, nllm. spec. 1, 

Diederich, P. 1992: New or interesting lichenicolous 

fungi. 2. Taeniolella beschiana sp. 

nov. and T. serusiarxii sp. nov. 

(Hyphomycetes). BuU. Soc. Nat. Luxemb. 

93: 155-162. 

Hawksworth, D. L. I979a: Studies in the 

genus Endococcus (Ascomycotina, 

Dothideales). Bot Notiser I 32: 283-290. 

Hawksworth, D. L. L979b The lichenicolous 

hyphomycetes. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. 

(Bot.) 6; 183-300. 


Hawksworth, D. L. 1981: The lichenicolous 

coelomycetes. Bull. Br. Mus, nat. Hist. 

(Bot.) 9: l-98. 

Hawksworth, D. L. 1983: A key to the lichenforming, 

parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic 

fungi occurring on lichens in the 

British Isles. Lichenologist 15: 1-44. 

Santesson, R. L9M: Fungi lichenicoli exsiccati 

L-2. Publ. Herb. Univ. Uppsala, Sweden 

13. 

Santesson, R. 1986: Fungi lichenicoli exsiccati 

3-4. Thunbergia 3. 

Triebel, D. 1989: kcideicole ascomyceten. 

Bibliotheca Lichenologica 3 5.

Notes on the variation of Caloplaca obscurella 

LARS ARVIDSSON and PER-OLOF MARTINSSON 

Arvidsson, L. & Martinsson, P.-O. 1992: Notes on the variation of Caloplaca 

obscurella. Graphis Scripta 5:65-68. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

The variation of Caloplaca obscurella (K6rber) Th. Fr. is discussed and its 

distribution in Sweden is mapped. Caloplaca sarcopisoides (Korber) hhlbr. is 

reduced to synonym with C. obscurella. 

Lars Arvidsson, Naturhistoriska museet, Box 7283, 5-402 35 Gdtebory, Sweden. 

Per-Olof Martinsson, Hamneskiirsgatan 10 A, 5-414 61 Goteborg, Sweden. 

During recent years we have often come 

across C. obscurella in southwestern Sweden. 

A great morphological variation was observed, 

and a small investigation with the intent to 

depict this was undertaken. 

Materials and methods 

Specimens of C. obscurella and C. sarcopisoides 

were examined from the following herbaria: 

BG, C, GB, H, L, LD, M, O, S, TUR, 

UPS and the private herbaria of I-ars Arvidsson 

(LA), Gunnar Degelius (GD) and Per- 

Olof Martinsson (POM). An attempt was 

made to correlate the morphological variation 

with the enviromental conditions. Attention 

was also paid to the variation within single 

populations. 

Nomenclaturrc 

Caloplaca obscurella (K6rber) Th. Fries 

(1871: L82) (not (I-ahm) Th. Fr.) - Blastenia 

obscurella Korber (1860: 130) (as "8. 

obscurella [âhm in litt ad Koerb.") - Typet 

Germany, Westfalen, Miinster. Am Grunde 

der Stiimme alter Pappeln und Obstbtiume 

1858, J. G. F. X. I-ahm (L 910.145 -62L!, 

lectotype, here designated). 

Caloplaca sarcopisoides (K6rber) T,ahlbruckner 

(1901: 346) Callopisma sarcopisoides 

Korber (L867 z 7M) (as uC. sarcopisioi"das") 

Typet Yugoslavia, Dalmatia, 

Comolaz, in valle Ombla, ad Cupressorum 

truncos, 1867, E. Weiss (L 9L0.L47 -L50!, 

lectotype, here designated). 

Lecanora refellens Nylander (1877: 458) - 

Typet Ireland, prope Kylemore, super corticem 

populi, without date, C. D. I-arbalastier (H- 

NIYL 293891, lectotype, here designated). 

Caloplaca obscurella was described by K6rber 

in 1860 as "Illastenia obscurella Lâhm in litt 

ad Kbr". In a letter to Korber [-ahm gave the 

name "Callopisma Koerberi n. sp." to this 

taxon. What appears to be part of the original 

letter by I-ahm is glued to the package of the 

type material. However, K6rber evidently 

changed the name in his publication. In addition, 

he also gave a detailed description in his 

own words. Therefore the author citation must 

be Korber and not l,ahm. 

We have chosen the specimen with both 

Lahms' and K6rbers' annotations on as a lectotype. 

There exists also additional material of 

this taxon collected by Lahm (L! annotated 

"Blasteni"a obscurella mihi") from Populus at 

Miinster. One specimen (H!) has the annota-

66 Lars Arvidsson and Per-Olof Martinsson 

Figure l. The distribution of Caloplaca 

obscurella in Sweden. 

tion "1164" which might refer to January L864. 

Four specimens (H-NYL 29396-97!, S! and 

M!) are undated. These specimens are probably 

part of the original material and can be 

regarded as isotypes. 

In Fries (1871 p. I8Z) Lecanora rylitella 

(Nylander 1867) is given as a synonym of C. 

obscurella. However, the original material (H- 

NYL 2L493!) has simple, oblong spores. 

Description 

Thallus finely areolate or pustulate or uneven 

to smooth, sometimes + disappearing. Areolae 

usually distinct, round or irregular, plane to 

convex, epruiose, discrete at first, becoming * 

confluent with og€, 0.2-0.5(-1.0) mm diam. 

Areolae rarely minutely lobulate or crenulate, 

almost squamulose. Thallus usually greyish 

white to grey, occasionally yellowish grey, 

greyish green, bluish grey to almost black. 

Fresh material of specimens with thick areolae 

is greenish when moist. 

Soralia usually frequent and prominent, 

sometimes scarce, round or irregular, deeply 

concave, delimited by a ring of minute cortex 

lobes, white or green (fresh material), some- 


times yellowish or bluish green, 0.1-0.5 mm 

diam; starting as a shallow pustule which splits 

open to a crater. Soredia leprose or fine 

granular, formed at the bottom and on the 

internal walls of craters. In old soralia the dispersed 

soredia leave characteristic, empty cups. 

Apothecia biatorine to lecanorine, often 

present (found in 90 Vo of the examined 

specimens) and sometimes numerous, scattered, 

0.2-0.5(-0.9) mm diam., usually sessile, 

sometimes innate when young. Disc plane or 

concave when young, usually becoming slightly 

convex whith z9e', brown, sometimes pale 

brown or yellowish, dark reddish brown or 

black. Proper margin I distinct, often becoming 

excluded in convex apothecia, usually concolorous 

with the disc or slightly paler. proper 

margin often surrounded by or occluded by a 

greyish white and thick thallus margin. 

Spores polarilocular, colourless, (10-)11- 

15(-16) x (5-)6-7(-3) pm. Septum usually 

thick, 

spores. 

frcnidida absent. 

Thallus and soralia K-, C-, KC-, pdand 

UV-. 

Variation 

The habit of Caloplaca obscurella is quite 

variable and can be correlated with ecological 

conditions. Specimens growing i open, exposed 

habitats usually have a very thin thallus, which 

often is reduced to scattered soralia. Under 

more humid conditions, e.g. at the base of 

alders along streams and lakes, the thallus is 

prominent and sometimes slightly lobulate at 

the margins (e.9. Viistergotland, G6teborg, 

Liirjeholm, 4.1.L990, Arvidsson (LA)). The 

thallus of these specimens become fresh green 

when moist (e.g. Dalsland, Ftirgelatr&, 

17.VII.1988, Martinsson (POM); G6tehrg, 

Angered 31.X.1986, 23.IV.Lgg7, Arvidsson 

(LA)). 

Typical crater-like soralia are always present 

but more or less well developed according 

to a pattern similar to the rest of the thallus. 

Thus, specimens from humid situations with a 

prominent thallus also have numerous, well


developed soralia and vice versa. The K+ violet 

soralia found rarely in Nonpegian material 

(TOnsberg 1992) was not observed in our 

specimens. 

The size of the discocarps varies and can 

be correlated with humidity and degree of 

exposition. Under moist conditions the size 

seems to increase and vice versa. Usually the 

discocarps are biatorine with a persistent, thin 

proper margin, and plane at maturity. In the 

examined material we have found only a few 

specimens with convex, mature apothecia. A 

variation from slightly concave, young discocarps 

to convex, mature discocarps can be seen 

in a single thallus. Ircanorine discocarps are 

sometimes found, preferably in specimens with 

a prominent thallus (e.g. Dalsland, Fiirgelanda, 

17.VII.19S, Martinsson (POM); Smiland, 

Svennaby, Feskaby, L877, P. G. E. Theorin 

(UPS)). A variation from pale brown to black 

apothecia can be seen in a single thallus or 

even in a single apothecium (e.g. Vtisterg6tland, 

Vilske-Kleva, 17.VII.1920, Malme (S)). 

The differences between specimens with a 

thin, almost disappearing thallus with plane, 

biatorine discocarps and specimens with 

prominent, -'- placodiomorph thallus and 

lecanorine discocarps at first gave the impression 

of nro different species. However, a close 

examination of the present material revealed 

several intermediate forms (e.g. Dalsland, Or, 

Striinge, 22.VI1.938, Magnusson, 16473 

(UPS); Germany, Heidelberg, 5.VI.1874, v. 

Zwackh-Holzhausen 474 (S)). The differences 

in habit must therefore be regarded as intraspecific 

variation. A similar correlation 

between thallus structure and presence of 

thalline margine was observed also in Nonvegian 

material (TOnsberg pers. comm.). 

Taxonomical remarks 

When sterile C. obscurella and C. ulcerosa 

Coppins & James can be difficult to distinguish. 

However, sometimes C. ulcerosa has minute, 

orange (K* red) pycnidia, a character not 

found in C. obscurella. Fertile specimens are 

easily separated since C. ulcerosa has orange 

or orange-red apothecia with presence of 

Caloplaca obscurella 67 

anthraquinones (K*) (Coppins & James L979, 

Arup & Ekman 1991). 

Sometimes sterile specimens of C. chlorina 

(Flot.) Sandst. can be confused with C. obscurella. 

However, the thallus of C. chlorina is 

prominent and has a typical bluish tinge. The 

soralia are convex and more or less confluent, 

sometimes isidia-like with coarsely granular 

soredia, never crater-formed as in C. 

obscurella. 

Discussion 

Sterile specimens of C. obscurella are probably 

quite common but overlooked since the thallus, 

particularly when very thin or even reduced 

to scattered soralia, can be difficult to 

observe even with a lense. 

In the past, determination of sterile specimens 

has been difficult as different morphological 

characteristics are presented in various 

lichen-floras. For instance Almborn (L952) 

gives C. obscurella as non-sorediate. C. 

sarcopisoides is often given as non-sorediate 

(e.g. Foucard 1990 p. 99, Poelt 1969 p. L78). 

These authors op. cit. also give C. sarcopisoides 

as having apothecia with soon disappearing 

white-pruinose proper margin. However, a 

close examination of the sparse type material 

shows minute soralia but no pruinose proper 

margins. Therefore we regafi C. sarcopisoides 

as conspecific with C. obscurella. 

Fertile specimens are easily assigned to 

Caloplaca by the polarilocular spores, and the 

absence of anthraquinones leave a limited 

number of possible species. The material 

examined in this paper is to 90 Vo fertile, a 

figure that probably is misleading as to the rate 

of fertility of this species, and more reflects the 

difficulty to determine sterile specimens. 

Tonsberg (1992), who is particularly 

specialized in sterile lichens, reports apothecia 

in merely 41, % of Nonregian specimens. 

Habitat 

Caloplaca obscurella is mainly a corticolous 

species growing on deciduous trees (e.g. Acen 

Ulmus, Fraxinus, Alnus, Salix etc.). Occasionally 

it is found on lignum (e.g. Uppland'

68 Lars Arttidsson and Per-Olof Martinsson 

Uppsala, Eklundshov, IV.1866, Th. M. Fries 

(uPS)). 

It is usually collected on trunks of solitary 

trees in open situations, at churchyards, in 

gardens and parks, along alleys etc. It is preferably 

growing at the base of trees. Another 

common substrate is at the base of Alnus glutinosa 

in more or less exposed situations along 

streams and lakes. 

Associated species are: Bacidia rubella, 

Buellia punctata, Caloplaca cerina, C. chlorina, 

C. chrysophthalma, Candellariella xanthostigma, 

Cladonia coniocraea, Lecanora 

hagenir, L. subfusca coll, Lecidella elaeochroma, 

Leptogiam teretiusculum (Viistergotland), 

Pachyphiale fagtcola (Viirmland), 

Parmelia glabratula, P. sulcata, Phaeophyscia 

ciliata, P. orbicularis, P. nigicans, Physcia 

tenella, P. adscendens, Physconia perisidiosa, 

P. distona, P. enteroxantha, Ramalina 

pollinaria (Gotland), R. fainacea, Xanthoria 

parietina and X. potycafpa. 

Distribution 

C. obscurella has a scattered distribution in 

southern Sweden (Figure 1) up to Limes 

Norrlandicus. The absence of records from 

south and southeast Sweden might reflect the 

lack of field investigations. The Nonregian 

distribution was recently mapped by TOnsberg 

(L99z). In addition we have also seen material 

from central Europe. 

A complete list of specimens examined can 

be obtained from the authors. 

Exsiccates 

Arnold Lich. Mon. Exs. 377 (H) as "Blastenia 

obscurella ". Kiirber Lich. Sel. Germ. 185 (M) 

as "Blastenia obscurella". Material of this 

exsiccate in O has yellowish, K+ red apothecia 

with a greyish proper margin and minute 

soralia. This is probably C. chlorina. Larbala- 


stier Lich. Herb. 24 (H) as "Lecanora refellens". 

Vezda Lich. Sel. Exs. 595 (H, S, UPS) as 

"Caloplaca sacopisoides", y. Zwackh-Holzhausen 

Lich. Exs. 474 (S) as "Blastenia obscurella". 

The material distributed in C. N. Tavares, 

Lich. Lus. Sel. Exs.2M (H) as "Caloplaca sarcopisoides" 

is not this species. 

Refercnces 

Almboro, O. 1952: A key to the sterile corticolous 

crustaceous lichens occuring in 

South Sweden. Bot. Notiser 1952: 239- 

263. 

fuup, u. & Ekman, S. l99l: Caloplaca 

ulcerosa new to Sweden. Graphis Scripta 

3: 46-48. 

CoppinS, B. J. & James, P. W. 1979: New or 

interesting British Lichens [V. Lichenologist 

11: 139-179. 

Foucard, T. l9X): Svensk skorplavsflora. 

Stockholm. 

Fries, Th. M. I87l: Lichenographin Scandinavica, 

Pars /. Uppsala. 

K6rber, G. W. 1860: Parerga Lichenologica, 

Pars ^[/. Breslau. 

Korber, G. W. lK7: Lichenes novi, a Dr 

Weiss in Dalmatia lecti. Verhandl. Zool.- 

Bot. Ges. Wien XVII:703-708. 

Nylander, W. 1867: Addenda nova ad lichenographiam 

europaeam. Flora D(V: 326- 

380. 

Nylander, W. 1877: Addenda nova ad lichenographiam 

europaeam. Flora LX: 457-463. 

Poelt, J . 1969: Bestimmungsschliissel Europiiischer 

Flechten. khre. 

Tgnsberg, T. 1992: The sorediate and isidiate, 

corticolous crustose lichens in Nonray. 

Sommerfeltia I 4: 1. -331.. 

Zahlbruckner, A. 1901: Vorarbeiten zu einer 

Flechtenflora Dalmatiens. Osten. Bot. 

Zeitschr. LI: 324-350.

Contributions to the knowledge of the lichen llora of the Himalayas 

IX. Sagema, a new lichen genus (Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae) 

MARTIN GRUBE and JOSEF POELT 

Grube, M. & Poelt, J. 1993: Contributions to the knowledge of the lichen 

flora of the Himalayas IX. Sagema, a new lichen genus (kcanorales, Ircanoraceae). 

Graphis Scipta 5: 69-72. Stockholm. ISSN W0L-7593. 

Sagema potentillae gen. et spec. nov. from the Central Himalayas is described 

and illustrated. Superficially, it resembles some species of the Lecanora subfusca 

group but is different in the structures of the asci, the anatomy of cortex 

of the ascocarps, and in the thichvalled spores. At least for the time being 

Sagema is positioned in the I-ecanoraceae. 

Martin Grube and losef Poelt, Institut fur Botanilq Holteigasse 6, A-8010 

Graz, Austia. 

In the concept of hhlbruckner (e.9. 1926 p. 

22L) the genus Lecanora was extremely large 

and heterogeneous. In the last decades the 

number of. Lecanora species was of course 

reduced by the exclusion of remote groups, e.g. 

Aspicilia, Eiglera, Orceolina, Placopsis, Trapelia 

etc. On the other hand several taxa - some 

of them formerly placed in Lecidea were 

combined into Lecanora dve to principal concordance 

concerning ascus characteristics. 

Nevertheless the genus is rather inhomogeneous 

even today. It would be desirable to 

split the whole complex into smaller and 

clearly delimited genera. But as long as the 

diagnostic value of the characters is unclear, 

any splitting is a gambling with the chance of 

long instability. 

The genus described below at the 

moment represented by a single species is 

based on a lichen which would obviously be 

placed in the genus Lecanora in hhlbruckner's 

scheme. However, it is well distinguished 

by a number of characters and the description 

of a new genus is legitimate and not too rashy. 

Sagema potentillae* Poelt & Grube, 

gen, et sp. nov. 

Thallus crustaceus, subindistinctus. Apothecia 

sessilia basi distincte angustata, lecanoroidea, 

discis rubrofuscis, interdum verruculosis, et 

marginibus distinctis subalbidis, vix elevatis, 

demum reclusis. Amphithecium corticatuffi, 

cortice hyphis anticlinalibus valde conglutinatis 

constructo. Hypothecium paratheciumque 

incoloratum. Hymenium incoloratum paraphysibus 

anastomosantibus conglutinatis, vix 

capitatis. Asci unitunicati-rostrati, tholo basin 

versus valde producto. Sporae octonae ellipsoideae, 

maiores, pariete percrasso, stratis 

compluribus constructo. Continet acidum isousnicum. 

Type: Nepal, Central Himalaya, Langtang 

Area, Dupka, 4000 m, on Potentilla arbuscula, 

* The name of the genus is an acronym of 

Sabine and Georg Mrehe, the collectors of the 

new lichen. The epitheton refers to the host 

plant.

70 Manin Grube and Josef Poelt 

Figure 1. Sagema potentillae. a) ascus (bar = 20 pm) with a detail of the tholus stained in iodine. 

b) spores (bar = 20 pm); one spore with a detail of the wall; another spore with reticulate plasma. 

c) secfion through an ascocarp @ar = 200 pm). 

30 July 1986, G. & S. Miehe 7307a (GZIJ, 

holotype; M, UPS, isotypes). (Soc. c. Cetraia 

sp. Nephroma sp.) 

In the holotype material the lichen grows on 

rather thin, dead twigs of. Potentilla arbuscula 

S. Don (group of P. fruticosa L.).The thallus 

is thin, crustose, well developed only at the 

circumference of the apothecia, whitish to 

sordid greyish-white, ecorticate, and it contains 

coccal greenalgae. The algal cells are 

roundish and rarely exceeding 1,I pm in diameter. 

Apothecia often arranged to groups, about 

0.3-0.6 pm in diameter, sessile, with constricted 

base. Disc dark red-brown, epruinose, 

even, but occasionally with minute humps 

caused by protruding ascus tips; when moistened 

the asci are recognized as clear points 

under the stereo microscope. Thalline margin 

distinct, not or only when young slightly protruding, 

then dwinilling, whitish to ochraceous 

white, not or slightly crenate. The amphithe- 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1993) 

l0H 

cium consists of an dense algal layer extending 

up into the rim of the margin, where a ringformed 

pseudocyphella is formed betrveen the 

cortex and the parathecium. Below the algal 

layer, in the centre of the apothecia, a hydrophobous 

medulla extends down to the substrate. 

The amphithecium is bordered by a 

cortex 60- 100 pm built up by anticlinal, 

strongly gelatinized hyphae with filiform 

lumina. The cortex is studded by polarizing 

grains (soluble in K, insoluble in N). 

Hypothecium up to I0 pm thick, of slightly 

horizontal hyphae, c. L pm wide, embedded in 

a diffuse matrix. Subhymenium c. L5 pm in 

height. Hymenium c. L20-140 pm high; the 

pale brown epihymenium occupying c. 20 pm 

of the hymenium height. Paraphyses with + 

distinct anastomoses, the lumina c. 0.5-0.7 pm 

thick, the outer wall layer gelatinized; polarrzing 

grains (soluble in K, insoluble in N) are 

present between the tips of the paraphyses, 

too. Asci functionally unitunicate, with rostrate 

mechanism, clavate to saccate, c. 80- 100 x

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 4 (r99?) 

30-35 Fn, c. 4 pm thick at the base. The 

amyloid tholus is not sharply delimited from 

the lateral ascus wall, but extending and fading 

out downwards; 'chambre oculaire' often 

indistinct. Ascospores regularly 8 per ascus, 

broadly ellipsoid (when free) to narrowly 

ellipsoid (when enclosed-in the ascus), c. 30- 

40 x l5-2I pm; the spore plasma often 

appearing somewhat reticulate in structure. 

Spore wall 2-4 pm thick, comprising several 

layers. Most of these layers can only be discerned 

occasionally and only at certain stages 

of the spore ontogeny. An outer wall layer, c.2 

pm thick, can be distinguished quite clearly, 

delimited by a thin lamella on the outside, and 

a more refractive layer on the inside. 

Iodine reactions (lVo Lugol's without pretreatments): 

Ascus plasma red brown. Exoascus 

reddish-brown, with an inner, unstained 

layer. Endoascus resp. tholus deep blue. In the 

case that the 'chambre oculaire' is distinct, a 

thin, unstained borderline can be recognized, 

which is sometimes enlarged to form a broad 

domelike 'masse ariale'. Therefore the asci 

refer to a derived Lecanora-type. Spermogonia 

not found. 

Chemistry: thallus resp. thalline margins 

K-, C-, KC- or pale yellowish, PD-. Epihymenium 

in N slightly brighter brown, without 

reddish tones. TLC reveals isousnic acid plus a 

not identified triterpenoid. 

In habit, the new species is somewhat similar 

to some Lecanora species of the subfusca 

group. However, the anatomical characters 

indicate that Sagema potentillae is not closely 

related. Firstly, the asci with their laterally 

extended tholus are untypical for Lecanora. In 

addition, the characteristic multilayered spore 

walls are apparently quite unique. Thickwalled 

spores are also present in several other 

taxa comprising crustose lichens, e.g. Megalosporaceae, 

Mycoblastaceae, Pertusariaceae 

or the recently described genus Japewia, based 

on the arctic alpine distributed Lecidea 

tornohnsis Nyl. (TOnsberg 1990), but Sagema 

is unrelated to all these tru

72 Manin Grube and losef Poelt 

References 

Hue, A. 1915: Lichenes novos vel melius cognitos 

II.Ann. Mycol. 13:73-1.03. 

Miehe, G. 1990: I-angtang Himal. Flora und 

Vegetation als Klimazeiger und -zeugen 

im Himalaya. Dus. Bot. 158. 


Tonsberg, T. 190: Japewia subaurifera, a new 

lichen genus and species from North- 

West-Europe and western North-America. 

Lichenologist 22: 205-212. 

Zahlbruckner, A. 1926: Dic natilrlichen 

Ptlaruenfamilien 8. Lichenes (Flechten). 

Lnipzig.

Cetraria inermis new to Europe 

TOR T@NSBERG and ARVE ELVEBAKK 

Tgnsberg, T. & Elvebakk, A. 1,993: Cetraria inermis new to Europe. Graphis 

Scripta 5: 73-74. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593, 

Cetrarin inermis is reported as new to Europe from Svalbard. 

Tor Tqnsberg, Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, All6gt. 41, N-5007 

Bergen, Notway. 

Arve Elvebalch University of Troms4, Institute of Biologt and Geologl, 

N-9037 Troms4, Nonvay. 

As a participant on the Nonvegian Svalbard 

Expeditions 1936, "our Benjamin, the young 

student Mr. Eilif Dahl" (quotation from Lynge 

1938 p. 6) collected an interesting Cetraria 

specimen which until recently has escaped 

appropriate scientific attention. The specimen 

represents C. inermis (Nyl.) Krog, a species 

which previously was regarded as having an 

amphi-Beringian distribution with a very 

limited range (Kirnefelt L979). Dahl collected 

Cetraria inermis on the SjuOyane archipelago, 

northernmost Svalbard, at almost 81o northern 

latitude. 

The present material has been compared 

with material from Alaska (O) collected by H. 

Krog and Pegau. The Svalbard material is up 

to L.5 cm high and typical in all important 

characters including marginal pseudocyphellae, 

subglobose to globose spores, and the presence 

of lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids. 

lateral and substipitate apothecia are richly 

present. A detailed description of the species is 

given by Kiirnefelt (1979). 

Associated species found with Cetraria 

inermis in the herbarium packet included 

Sphaerophorus globosus and the bryophytes 

Pohlia cruda and Potytichum alpinum. 

The Sju0yane archipelago belongs to the 

Arctic Polar Desert bne (Elvebakk 1985). 

The bedrock of Phippsoya is gneissic/schistose 

(Winsnes 1988) and the habitat is probably 

oligotrophic. In Alaska Cetrarin inermis is 

most often corticolous (Kiirnefelt L979). At 

present no other plant or lichen is known to 

have a similar distribution pattern. There are 

several species, mainly bryophytes like 

Anoectangtam tenuinente, Bryobriaonia 

longipes, Cryptocolea imbicata, Didymydon 

johansenii, and Mesoptychia sahlberyii 

(Frisvoll 1978, 1981) which have related, but 

less disjunctive patterns. Horton (L982) 

indicated that most of the disjunctions 

displayed by these bryophytes reflected 

insufficient floristic documentation or absence 

of suitable habitats. 

Cetraia inermis is one of several rare 

species of. Cetraria which recently have been 

published as new to Europe; C. andrejevli was 

recorded from Finnmark, northernmost 

Nonray (Alstrup & SOchting 1986) and C. 

nigricascens from Svalbard (Elvebakk & 

Tonsberg l99?). Cetrari"a inermis and C. 

nigricascens both have their most northerly 

known sites on Svalbard. 

Specimen examined: Svalbard. Sju6yane, the 

southernmost peninsula on the Island of 

Phippsoya, 18 Aug. L936, E. Dahl (O).

74 Tor Tsnsberg and An,e Elvebakk 


Thanks are due to the curator of the lichen 

herbarium at the University of Oslo, for giving 

the senior author access to lichen collections 

from Svalbard made by E. Dahl. 

References 

Alstrup, V. & SOchting, U. 1986: Lichens from 

east Finnmark. Graphis Scipta 1: 11-13. 

Elvebakk, A. 1985: Higher phytosociological 

synta€ on Svalbard and their use in 

subdivision of the Arctic. Nord. J. Bot. 5: 

273-2U. 

Elvebakk, A. & Tonsberg, T. L992: Additions 

to the lichen flora of Svalbard. Graphis 

Scipta 3: 140-1,47. 

Frisvoll, A. A. 1978: Twenty-eight bryophytes 

new to Svalbard. Bryologist 81: 122-136. 


Frisvoll, A. A. 1981: Fifteen bryophytes new to 

Svalbard, including notes on some rare or 

interesting species. Lindbergia 7: 9L-I02. 

Horton, D. G. L982: The status and 

significance, relative to refugial theory, of 

bryofloristic research in western Canada. 

Beiheft Nova Hedwigia 71: 435-449. 

Kiirnefelt, I. 1979: The brown fruticose species 

of Cetraria. Opera Botanica 46: 1- 150. 

Lynge, B. 1938: Lichens from the west and 

north coasts of Spitsbergen and the 

North-East land collected by numerous 

expeditions. I. The macrolichens. Skr. 

norske Vid.-Akad. Oslo. I. Nat.-natury. 

Kt. 1e38 (6). 

WinsneS, T. S. 1988: Bedrock map of Svalbard 

and Jan Mayen. Norsk Polainst. Temakan 

3.

Nordic Lichen Society. Field meeting in Norway L993 

Excursions are planned to lichen rich localities 

in the coastal spruce forests of Nord- 

Trondelag county, central Nonvay, 26 30 

July I993. If you are interested in receiving 

Ekskursion till Bialowieza-skovetrr Polen 

Dansk botanisk forening arrangerer ekskursion 

til Mellemeuropas vildeste natur. 

Varighed ca. en uge. Afrejse fra Kgbenhavn 

formentlig25.juni eller 18. juni med natb6den 

further information on the excursions please 

write to the President, Dr. T. Tonshtg, or the 

Secretary, Mr. Hikon Holien, before the end 

of January 1993. 

til Swinoujscie. For nrermere oplysninger kontakt 

Vagn Alstrup, Ronneholmsvej 15, 2610 

Rodovre, telefon 36720947 eller 33322919.

Till ftirfattare i Graphis Scripta 

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Citerad litteratur. FOlj dessa exempel: 

Krog, H. 1991,: Lichenological observations in 

low montane rainforests of eastern 

Tanzania. In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.), 

Tropical Lichens: Their systematics, 

conseryation and ecologt. The Systematics 

Association Special Volume 43: 85-94. 

Santesson, R. L984: The lichens of Sweden and 

Norway. Stockholm & Uppsala. Swedish 

Museum of Natural History. 

Hansen, E. S. l99l: The lichen flora near a 

lead-zinc mine at Maarmorilik in West 

Greenland. Lichenologist 23 : 381 -391. 

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GRAPHIS ScnIPTA 

Volym 5, h5fte 1, 1993 

Innehlll 

2 Gunnar Degelius 90 tr 

L.Amidsson 

3 Stigmidium degelii" a na, lichenicolous fungus 

R Santesson 

5 l.epogium degelii, a nev species from South America 

M.Lindsnfin 

8 Paheotropical species of Pseudocyphellaria collected by Gunnar Degelius in 1964 and 

Lno 

D. I. Galloway & S. Iiemp 

12 Physma omphalarioides - its taxonomic position and phytogeography 

P. M. Igrgensen &A. Hewsen 

18 Further obsenrations on the association betrreen the lichen I-ecanora conizaeoides and 

its parasites Lichenoconium erodens and L lecanorae (Sphaeropsidales) 

M. S. Clvistiansen 

22 Collentr leptaleum new to Europe 

T. Tpnsbery 

A Omntgra oceaniska lavar i SydvAstwerige 

[On some oceanic lichens in southwestern Sweden] 

S. Hulungren C. I(annesten &,S. ,Svensson 

39 Additions to the lichen flora of Angermanlan4 Central Sweden 

R Mobery &G. Tlar 

45 Notes on the cetrarioid lichens 

I. Iftnefelt &A. TheA 

49 Ramonia, a lichen genus new to Scandinavia 

A. funen 

51 Floristic notes on some Swedish kpraria and kproloma species 

L.-E. Muhr 

53 NAgra hotade lavar i Smeland [Some threatened lichens in Smaland, southern Sweden] 

L. Lindblom & I.- E. Matuson 

60 Notes on some lichenicolous fungi from Denmark 

V.Abaup 

65 Notes on the variation of Caloplaca obccurella 

L. Amidsson & P.-O. Mattinsson 

69 Contributions to the knonledge of the lichen flora of the Himalayas. IX Sagema, a nenr 

lichen genus (-ecanorales, I-ecanoraceae) 

M. Grube &J. Poelt 

73 C-etraria inermis nor to Europe 

T. Tgnsbery &A. Elvebakk

CRAPHIS ScnIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

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