A CONSPECTUS OF THE LICHEN GENUS STEREOCAULON ...
A CONSPECTUS OF THE LICHEN GENUS STEREOCAULON ...
A CONSPECTUS OF THE LICHEN GENUS STEREOCAULON ...
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Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43: 191-355 (Nov. 1977)<br />
A <strong>CONSPECTUS</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> <strong>LICHEN</strong> <strong>GENUS</strong><br />
<strong>STEREOCAULON</strong> (SCHREB.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Page<br />
INTRODUCTION ................................... .I91<br />
TAXONOMY.. ....................................... .I93<br />
SYSTEM ......................................... .I93<br />
<strong>CONSPECTUS</strong> SPECIERUM .................... .200<br />
APPENDIX 1. TYPIFICATION <strong>OF</strong> CERTAIN<br />
APPENDIX 2. DOUBTFUL, EXCLUDED<br />
AND REJECTED TAXA .................... .321<br />
APPENDIX 3. HERBARIA CONSULTED ..... .33l<br />
LITERATURE CITED ............................. .334<br />
SUMMARY ......................................... .346<br />
TAXA<br />
-307 INDEX<br />
.347<br />
.........................................<br />
...............................................<br />
This synoptic account is a highly condensed version of an originally planned full<br />
scale monograph of the genus Stereocaulon, the publication of which was not possible<br />
for economic reasons. It presents in abridged form the results of over 30 years' study,<br />
both in the field and in many herbaria, and aims at presenting the most essential data<br />
on the taxonomy of the species and their subsidiary taxa. The data here given include:<br />
the original literature references and those to extant useful descriptions of later date;<br />
typification of all taxa; synonymy, both obligate and facultative; exsiccata; references<br />
to useful illustrations; chemical constituents; general geographical distribution;<br />
and pertinent remarks. All type materials cited have been studied by the author<br />
unless otherwise stated.<br />
The information on chemical constituents is derived mainly from the examination<br />
of selected specimens by thin layer chromatography (CULBERSON and KRISTINSSON,<br />
1970), in some cases also by microcrystallization tests, and is to be evaluated with<br />
the critical caution imposed by the inherent present-day limitations of these techniques<br />
(cfr. J. SANTESSON, 1970), also by the limited number of samples examined. We are<br />
heavily indebted to several colleagues, mentioned further on, for valuable assistance<br />
in this respect. More detailed information on the taxonomically less important subsidiary<br />
constituents is to be found in the book of C. CULBERSON (1969), with its two<br />
supplements (C. F. CULBERSON, 1970; C. F. CULBERSON, W. L. CULBERSON and A.<br />
JOHNSON, 1977).<br />
Careful discrimination is required in using specimens in the listed exsiccata for<br />
comparison, as the same number in different sets may sometimes be heterogeneous,<br />
C/o Dr. Elke Mackenzie, Organization for Tropical Studies, Ciudad Universitaria, San JosB,<br />
Costa Rica.
192 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
or intermixtures of other species may be present. We have mentioned such cases in<br />
our listing when they were detected in the limited number of sets examined.<br />
Stereocaulon belongs to the class Ascomycetes, subclass Ascomycetidae, order<br />
Lecanorales, family Stereocaulaceae, which also includes the genera Argopsis, Compsocladium<br />
and Pilophorus (HENSSEN and JAHNS, 1974; POELT in AHMADJIAN and HALE,<br />
1973). According to COOKE and HAWKSWORTH (1970) the first valid publication of the<br />
family Stereocaulaceae was by CHEVALLIER, 1826-27, as an "order", with the spelling<br />
"Stereocauleae". The characters of the family are: fruit body an apothecium; ontogeny<br />
gymnocarpic; developmental type ascohymenial; asci unitunicate; true paraphyses<br />
present; erect structure a pseudopodetium; phycobiont of thallus Chlorophyceae;<br />
cephalodia present (HENSSEN and JAHNS, 1974). In Stereocaulon the spores are elongateellipsoid<br />
to cylindrical-fusiform or vermiform, transversely multiseptate (very rarely with<br />
1 or 2 longitudinal septa); in Argopsis muriform or submuriform; in Compsocladium<br />
acicular or filiform, transversely multiseptate; and in Pilophorus simple (unicellular).<br />
The generic epithet Stereocaulon (SCHREB.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. (1796) is a conserved name<br />
(LANJOUW et al., Int. Bot. Code, 1966, p. 247)'. It is conserved against Stereocaulon<br />
SCHRAD. (1794), which was based on Lichen corallinus L.,=Pertusaria corallina (L.)<br />
ARN., and also against Coralloides H<strong>OF</strong>FM. (1790, non WOLF, 17763), which was based on<br />
Lichen paschalis L. (also the type species of Stereocaulon H<strong>OF</strong>FM.). Leprocat~lon NYL.,<br />
which has commonly been included in Stereocaulon, is a distinct and unrelated genus;<br />
see LAMB and WARD, 1974.<br />
The first published monographic treatment of the genus was by TH. FRIES (1857,<br />
1858). Prior to that date at least two monographic studies appear to have existed in<br />
manuscript, by DELISE and by LAURER; references are found in the early literature and<br />
on old herbarium labels to "Delise Monogr. ined." and "Laur. Monogr. ined." Later<br />
published studies, with the exception of those of DODGE (1929) and LAMB (1951), have<br />
been mostly regional, the most important being by MAGNUSSON (1926), FREY (1932),<br />
KERSHAW (1960), POELT (1969), DAHL and KROG (1973) for the European species,<br />
RIDDLE (1910) for the North American species, and YOSHIMURA (1974) for the Japanese<br />
species. A study of the pseudopodetial and apothecial ontogeny in several species of<br />
Stereocaulon was made by JAHNS (1970), who confirmed the validity of the criteria<br />
on which the subgenera Enteropodium (= Stereocaulon) and Holostelidium LAMB (1951)<br />
The first usage of the epithet Stereocaulon was by SCHREBER (1791), as Lichen sect. Stereocaulon.<br />
He did not mention any species, but it is probable that he included in the section species of both Stereocaulon<br />
and Pertusaria. On account of the fact that SCHREBER did not mention any type species, the<br />
question of subsequent typification of the genus arises. The first typification was that of SCHRADER,<br />
1794, on Lichen corallinus L. (=Pertusaria corallina (L.) ARN.), but this is now rejected. H<strong>OF</strong>FMANN,<br />
1796, included several species, including St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM., in Stereocaulon, without citing any<br />
particular one of them as the type species. As far as we have been able to ascertain, the first lectotypification<br />
of the genus on St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. was by CLEMENTS and SHEAR on p. 320 of "The<br />
Genera of Fungi" (1931), where the genus is written "Stereocaulurn", and this lectotypification is approved<br />
by the entry in the International Code (LANJOUW et al., 1966).<br />
The lectotype of Coralloides WOLF (1776) is Lichen subulatus L. (=CIadonia subulata (L.) WIGG.);<br />
see Ross, 1966.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 193<br />
were established.<br />
The system of subgeneric classification here presented (p. 195 et sqq.) is based on<br />
that originally proposed by the present author (LAMB, 1951) with alterations derived<br />
from subsequent further study, and also incorporating certain features of the scheme<br />
elaborated by DUVIGNEAUD in his excellent treatment of the Central African species<br />
(1956). Previous subgeneric classifications are discussed in LAMB (1951).<br />
The number of species of Stereocaulon here recognized is 123 (of which 19 new),<br />
with 47 varieties (of which 14 new) and 40 forms (of which 11 new). For further<br />
details, see the Summary (p. 346).<br />
We have here used the traditional terms excipulum, central cone, and hypothecium<br />
in describing apothecial structure; it may however be preferable in future to use the<br />
alternative termspseudoexcipulum, medullary tissue, and subhymenial layer (A. HENSSEN,<br />
personal commun.).<br />
Reagents mentioned in the text are potassium hydroxide (KHO, abbreviated K),<br />
a 5-25 % aqueous solution, and para-phenylenediamine (H,NCeH,NH,, abbreviated<br />
PD), a freshly prepared 0.1 % alcoholic solution. They are applied to the phyllocladia<br />
or to young pseudopodetial tips; in some cases it may be necessary to scrape away<br />
the cortex and apply the reagent to the exposed medullary tissue.<br />
Our work was financially supported by two grants from the National Science<br />
Foundation (GB-4503, GA-119) and by smaller grants from the American Academy<br />
of Arts and Sciences, the Harvard Foundation for Advanced Study and Research<br />
(including the Joseph H. Clark Bequest Fund) and the William F. Milton Fund of<br />
Harvard University. Grateful thanks are also due to many colleagues who assisted us<br />
in other ways; in particular we would like to acknowledge the help received from Drs.<br />
C. CULBERSON, C. FOX, M. HALE and S. HUNECK in the elucidation of chemical constituents,<br />
Dr. G. SAYRE in matters of bibliography, Dr. M. ZIMMERMANN in preparing<br />
microtome sections and photomicrographs, and Dr. V. AHMADJIAN for contributing<br />
an instructive series of specimens collected by him in Swedish Lapland in 1959.<br />
It is planned to publish a supplementary key to all the recognized species at a<br />
later date.<br />
TAXONOMY<br />
SYSTEM^<br />
The main departures from the scheme presented in LAMB, 1951, are the following:<br />
Subgen. Enteropodium sect. Chondrocaulon TH. FR., comprising the species of<br />
the imperfect genus Leprocaulon NYL., has been eliminated, since Leprocaulon is a<br />
distinct and unrelated genus (LAMB and WARD, 1974).<br />
Subgen. Enteropodium LAMB is now called subgen. Stereocaulon, as it contains<br />
the type species of the genus, and for the same reason sect. Eustereocaulon KORB.<br />
is now called sect. Stereocaulon.<br />
Supplementary notes on pp.198-199.
194 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Sect. Denudata JATTA now replaces sect. Leucocheilon LAMB, being an earlier<br />
epithet in the same rank, and sect. Leucocheilon subsect. Peltophyllum (Du RIETZ)<br />
LAMB is now called subsect. Denudata, as it contains the type species of the section.<br />
Sect. Botryoideum G. T. JOHNS. em. LAMB is transferred, as a subsection, from<br />
subgen. Holostelidium to subgen. Stereocaulon, as the development has proven to be<br />
enteropodious; a connection with the vesuvianum-group (sect. Denudata JATTA) is<br />
plainly demonstrated by two of its species, St. saviczii and St. hokkaidense. These<br />
two species seem to be the most primitive of the subsect. Botryoideum, which comprises<br />
the majority of the Japanese species, and they seem to indicate that this assemblage<br />
originated in the subarctic zone of the northern Pacific region and spread southwards<br />
into Japan, there differentiating into a number of highly specialized species. The same<br />
origin is postulated by KUROKAWA (1972) for Parmelia galbina (L.) AcH., which is<br />
believed to have migrated southwards not only into Japan, but also into the southeastern<br />
United States. Additional evidence for the new taxonomic disposition is<br />
the fact that in St. japonicum TH. FR. the youngest phyllocladia in the emergent stage<br />
have a button-like form, suggesting that the coralloid phyllocladia of the advanced<br />
species of subsect. Botryoideum are modifications of a basically squamulose or peltate<br />
type.<br />
DUVIGNEAUD'S subgenus Lobophoron is incorporated into the system, as a section<br />
of subgen. Stereocaulon. It shows that the development of protosacculate cephalodia<br />
is not restricted to the subgen. Holostelidium.<br />
Sect. Pilophoropsis LAMB (non DUVIGN.) is now given the rank of a third subgenus<br />
of Stereocaulon, representing apparently a connecting link between the subgenera<br />
Stereocaulon and Holostelidium. Its development appears to be of the holostelideous<br />
type, but its cephalodia are truly botryose, corresponding to those produced by the<br />
species of subgen. Stereocaulon and not found in subgen. Holostelidium.<br />
In subgen. Holostelidium, sect. Sacculata SAT6 is replaced by sect. Holostelidium,<br />
as it contains the type species of the subgenus, and for the same reason subsect. Ascaridisporae<br />
DU RIETZ ex LAMB is now called subsect. Holostelidium. Subsect. Holostelidium<br />
comprises species with protosacculate as well as those with sacculate cephalodia.<br />
St. piluliferum TH. FR. and St. pomiferum DUVIGN., for instance, are closely related<br />
species, differing mainly in the cephalodial anatomy (sacculate and loose-cored in the<br />
former, protosacculate and solid-cored in the latter).<br />
Subgen. Holostelidium sect. Ecephalodiata LAMB is now placed in synonymy with<br />
subgen. Stereocaulon sect. Denudata subsect. Denudata, as the two species involved,<br />
St. scutelligerum TH. FR. and St. virgatum AcH., are clearly referable here, being<br />
connected with species of the more typical vesuvianum-type by intermediates such as<br />
St. anomalum LAMB, St. jibrillosum LAMB and St. furfuraceum DUVIGN. Cephalodia<br />
have since been found in one of the species (St. virgatum), and their presence or absence<br />
is not a very important taxonomic criterion.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 195<br />
<strong>STEREOCAULON</strong> (SCHREB.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Deutschlands Flora oder Botanisches Taschenbuch, Zweyter Theil: 128 (1796) (nom. conserv.). -<br />
Coralloides H<strong>OF</strong>FM. Descriptio et Adumbratio Plantarum, 1 : 23, 25 (1790) (non Coralloides WOLF ex<br />
anno 1776).<br />
Subgen. I. Stereocaulon<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon subgen. Eustereocaulon JATTA, Bull. SOC. Bot. Ital. 1892: 436 (1892). - Stereocaulon<br />
subgen. Enteropodium LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 566 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Platycladium<br />
DUVIGN. Lejeunia, MCm. no. 14: 41, 43 (see Note I). - Stereocaulon subgen. Pilophoropsis DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, MCm. no. 14: 42, 44 (non LAMB; see Note 2).<br />
Pseudopodetia produced by the basal medullary stratum only of the primary thallus;<br />
true phyllocladia present, similar to those forming the primary thallus (except in sect. Stereocladium).<br />
Type species: St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Sect. 1. Stereocaulon<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon sect. Eustereocaulon K&B. Systema Lichenum Germaniae: 13 (1855); LAMB, Canad.<br />
J. Bot. 29: 566 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Eustereocaulon sect. Paschalia JATTA, Flora Italica<br />
Cryptogama, Pars 111, Fasc. IV: 463 (1911) (see Note 3). - Stereocaulon subgen. Platycladium ser.<br />
Granulata DWIGN. Lejeunia, MCm. no. 14: 43 (1956); Stereocaulon subgen. Enteropodium sect. Eustereocaulon<br />
ser. Granulata DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 49, 54, 56 (see Note 4).<br />
Primary thallus persistent or evanescent, composed of squamules or verrucae similar to<br />
the phyllocladia of the pseudopodetia; phyllocladia without darker centers. Cephalodia<br />
simple to botryose, with poorly developed cortical layer. Type species, St. paschale (L.)<br />
H<strong>OF</strong>FM. Other species: St. alpinum LAUR., St. antarcticum VAIN., St. austroindicum LAMB,<br />
St. azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL., St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY, St. capitellatum MAGN., St.<br />
condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM., St. cymosum CROMB., St. dactylophyllum FLORKE (see Note 5), St. depreaultii<br />
DEL. ex NYL., St. depressum (FREY) LAMB, St. esterhuysenae LAMB (see Note 6),<br />
St. evolutum GRAEWE, St. glabrum (MULL. ARG.) VAIN., St. glareosum (SAV.) MAGN., St.<br />
glaucescens TUCK., St. grande (MAGN.) MAGN., St. groenlandicum (DAHL) LAMB, St. incrustatum<br />
FLORKE, St. intermedium (SAV.) MAGN., St. leprocauloides LAMB, St. myriocarpum<br />
TH. FR., St. papuanum LAMB, St. pileaturn AcH., St. pseudodepreaultii ASAH., St. rivulorum<br />
MAGN., St. sasakii ZAHLBR., St. saxatile MAGN., St. sibiricum LAMB, St. spathuliferum VAIN.,<br />
St. sterile (SAV.) LAMB, St. subcoralloides (NYL.) NYL., St. supervestiens MAGN. (see Note 7),<br />
St. tennesseense MAGN., St. tomentosum FR., St. uliginosum LAMB.<br />
Sect. 2. Stereocladium (NYL.) DODGE<br />
Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 95 (1929); emend. LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 566 (1951). - Stereocladium<br />
NYL. Flora, 58: 302 (1875).<br />
Primary thallus persistent, of erect, flabellate-spathulate squamules; phyllocladia of<br />
pseudopodetia granulose to verrucose, without darker centers. Cephalodia simple, scabridtuberculate,<br />
with poorly developed cortical layer. Type and only known species, St. nanodes<br />
TUCK. (syn. St. tyroliense (NYL.) LETT.).<br />
Sect. 3. Denudata JATTA<br />
Flora Italica Cryptogama, Pars 111, Fasc. IV: 463 (1911) (see Note 8). - Stereocaulon subgen. Enteropodium<br />
sect. Leucocheilon LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 566 (1951).
196 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Primary thallus persistent or evanescent, of squamules similar to the phyllocladia of the<br />
pseudopodetia; phyllocladia squamulose, peltate, verrucose, dactylaeform to cylindric-<br />
coralloid, flabellate or flattened-foliose, usually with darker centers and paler margins.<br />
Cephalodia simple to botryose, with poorly developed cortical layer; in some species absent.<br />
Type species, St. vesuvianum PERS. (lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; see Note 8).<br />
Subsect. A. Denudata<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon subgen. Enteropodium sect. Leucocheilon subsect. Peltophyllum @U RIETZ) LAMB,<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 567 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Platycladium ser. Umbilicata DUVIGN. Lejeunia,<br />
MBm. no. 14: 44 (1956). - Stereocaulon subgen. Enteropodium sect. Eustereocaulon ser. Umbilicata<br />
DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 49, 55, 79 (1956) (see Note 9). - Lecanocaulon NYL. Synopsis Methodica<br />
Lichenum, 1 (2): 233 (1860) (as "fere genus proprium"), emend. LAMB (emend. nov.; see Note<br />
10). - Stereocaulon subgen. Lecanocaulon (NYL.) VAIN. Etude sur la Classification et la Morphologie<br />
des Lichens du Bresil, Pars prima: 61 (1890) (see Note 10). - Stereocaulon subgen. Cylindrocladium<br />
sect. Lecanocaulon (NYL.) DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 44 (1956) (sensu erroneo; see Note 11).<br />
- Stereocaulon subgen. Holostelidium sect. Ecephalodiata LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951) (see<br />
Note 12). - Chlorocaulum CLEMENTS, The Genera of Fungi: 175 (1909) (see Note 24).<br />
Phyllocladia lateral, sessile, verrucose to peltate, coralloid, or foliose. Apothecia<br />
usually lateral and small. Type species, St. vesuvianum PERS. Other species: St. anomalum<br />
LAMB, St. arcticum LYNGE, St. arenarium (SAV.) LAMB, St. cornutum MULL. ARG., St. fibrillosum<br />
LAMB, St. furfuraceurn DUVIGN., St. graminosum SCHAER., St. lavicola MAGN. (see Note<br />
13), St. leprocephalum VAIN., St. nigromaculatum DUVIGN., St. obesum TH. FR., St. pityrizans<br />
NYL., St. scutelligerum TH. FR., St. subdenudatum HAV., St. symphycheilum LAMB, St. vanoyei<br />
DUVIGN., St. verruciferum NYL. (see Note 14), St. virgatum AcH., St. vulcani (BORY) AcH.,<br />
St. weberi LAMB.<br />
Subsect. B. Phyllocaulon (TUCK.) LAMB<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 567 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Phyllocaulon TUCK. Genera Lichenum: 144<br />
(1872). - Stereocaulon sect. Phyllocaulon (TUCK.) RAS. Acta Bot. Fenn. 33: 10 (1943). - Phyllocaulon<br />
(TUCK.) VAIN. Ark. Bot. 8 (4): 36 (1909).<br />
Phyllocladia apical, flattened, spathulate. Apothecia lateral. Type species, St. wrightii<br />
TUCK. Other species: St. apocalypticum NYL.<br />
Subsect. C. Botryoideum (G. T. JOHNS. emend. LAMB) LAMB (n. stat.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon sect. Botryoideum G. T. JOHNS. Bryologist, 44: 7 (1941); emend. LAMB, Canad. J.<br />
Bot. 29: 565 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Lecidocaulon sect. Verruculata SAT^, Cladoniales (I), in<br />
NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica: 57, footnote (1941) (see Note 15).<br />
Phyllocladia lateral, usually cylindric-coralloid and without darker spots or centers,<br />
rarely verrucose with darker spots or centers, never flattened-foliose, perhaps rarely deliquescent<br />
into soredia (cfr. St. exile ASAH.). Apothecia terminal. Type species, St. exutum<br />
NYL. Other species: St. commixtum (ASAH.) ASAH., St. curtatoides ASAH., St. curtatum<br />
NYL., St. etigoense (ASAH.) LAMB, St. exile ASAH. (see Note 16), St. hokkaidense ASAH. et<br />
LAMB, St. japonicum TH. FR., St. nigrum HUE, St. octomerellum MULL. ARG., St. octomerum<br />
MULL. ARG., St. pendulum ASAH., St. prostratum ZAHLBR., St. saviczii Du RIETZ, St. verruculigerum<br />
HUE.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
Sect. 4. Lobophoron (DUVIGN.) LAMB (n. stat.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon subgen. Lobophoron DwrGN. Lejeunia, Mern. no. 14: 44,49, 131 (1956).<br />
Phyllocladia lateral, verrucose, coralloid, or foliose, or completely dissolved into soredia.<br />
Cephalodia protosacculate (solid-cored, with well developed gelatinized cortical layer).<br />
Type species, St. foliolosum NYL. Other species: St. coniophyllum LAMB, St. himalayense<br />
AWAS. et LAMB, St. humbertii DUVIGN.<br />
Subgen. 11. Pilophoropsis (LAMB) LAMB (n. stat.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon subgen. Holostelidiurn sect. Pilophoropsis LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951) (non<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Pilophoropsis DUVIGN. ex anno 1956, norn. inval. ; see Note 2).<br />
Development (probably) holostelideous (see Note 17). Both phyllocladial branchlets<br />
(harmonic) and true phyllocladia (disharmonic) present, the latter derived from the pseudopodetial<br />
thallus-mantle, verrucose to digitate-coralloid. Cephalodia botryose, with pseudoparenchymatous,<br />
non-gelatinized cortical layer. Type and only known species, St. curtum<br />
(RKs.) LAMB.<br />
Subgen. 111. Holostelidiurn LAMB.<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 564 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Cylindrocladium DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mern. no.<br />
14: 44 (see Note 18).<br />
Pseudopodetia produced by all layers of the primary thallus; phyllocladial branchlets<br />
usually present; no true phyllocladia. Cephalodia sacculate or protosacculate, with well<br />
developed gelatinized cortical layer. Type species, St. sorediiferum HUE.<br />
Sect. 1. Holostelidiurn<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon sect. Sacculata SAT^, Cladoniales (I), in NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica:<br />
82, footnote (1941); LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951).<br />
Pseudopodetia usually well branched and with numerous and well developed phyllocladioid<br />
branchlets. Cephalodia sacculate or protosacculate. Type species, St. sorediiferum<br />
HUE.<br />
Subsect. A. Holostelidiurn<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon subgen. Holostelidiurn sect. Sacculata subsect. Ascaridisporae Du RIETZ ex LAMB,<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Cylindrocladium sect. Rhopalophoron DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, MBrn. no. 14: 44 (1956). - Stereocaulon subgen. Rhopalophoron Duvrc~. op. cit. 49, 106,<br />
with series Protoclavulifera DWIGN. and Euclavulifera DUVIGN. (see Note 19).<br />
Spores vermiform, (6) 8-30-septate. Apothecia hypophysate in the young condition.<br />
Cephalodia sacculate or protosacculate, smoothly globose to commonly indented-scrobiculate,<br />
with uniform cortex. Hypothecium colorless. Type species, St. sorediiferum HUE.<br />
Other species: St. brassii LAMB, St. claviceps TH. FR., St. macrocephalum MULL. ARG., St.<br />
massartianum HUE, St. montagneanum LAMB, St. piluliferum TH. FR., St. pomiferum DUVIGN.,<br />
St. procerum GROENH., St. paradoxum LAMB (see Note 20), St. togashii LAMB.<br />
Subsect. B. Aciculisporae Du RIETZ<br />
ex LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951). - Stereocaulon subgen. Lecanocaulon sensu DWIGN. Lejeunia,<br />
Mern. no. 14: 49 (1956) (non Nn., nec VAIN.; see Note 11). - Corynophoron NYL. Synopsis Methodica
198 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Lichenum, 1 (2) : 232 (1 860), as "fere genus proprium" ; Lichenes Novae Zelandiae : 15 (1 888). - Stereocaulon<br />
subgen. Cylindrocladium sect. Corynophoron (NYL.) DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 44 (1956)<br />
(see Note 21).<br />
Spores fusiform-cylindric, 3-7-septate (rarely up to 16-septate). Apothecia not hypophysate.<br />
Cephalodia sacculate or protosacculate, smoothly globose to commonly indentedscrobiculate<br />
or rarely cristate, with uniform or dimorphous cortex. Type species, St. ramulosum<br />
(Sw.) RAUSCH. Other species: St. argus HOOK. F. et TAYL. em. TH. FR., St. atlanticum<br />
(LAMB) LAMB, St. colensoi BAB., St. corticatulum NYL., St. crambidiocephalum LAMB, St.<br />
delisei BORY, St. didymicum LAMB, St. dusenii LAMB, St. fronduliferum LAMB, St. halei LAMB,<br />
St. implexum TH. FR., St. melanopotamicum LAMB, St. meyeri B. STEIN, St. microcarpurn<br />
M~~LL. ARG., St. novogranatense LAMB, St. pachycephalum VAIN., St. philippinense RAS.,<br />
St. pseudomassartianum LAMB, St. rubiginosum PERS., St. rugulosum LAMB, St. salazinum<br />
(BORY) F ~E, St. staufferi LAMB, St. stenospermum (LAMB) LAMB, St. trachyphloeum LAMB,<br />
St. wadei LAMB.<br />
Subsect. C. Dactyloideum (LAMB) LAMB (n. stat.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon subgen. Holostelidium sect. Dactyloideum LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951).<br />
Spores vermiform, (7-) 8-13-septate. Apothecia not hypophysate. Cephalodia protosacculate,<br />
finally digitately divided (dactylae form), with uniform cortex. Hypothecium<br />
pigmented (dark brown). Type and only known species, St. strictum TH. FR. (see Note 22).<br />
Sect. 2. Redingeria LAMB<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565 (1951). - Gymnocaulon DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 14, 41, 46, 50 (1956)<br />
(see Note 23).<br />
Pseudopodetia simple or sparingly branched; no phyllocladioid branchlets developed;<br />
cephalodia sacculate (sometimes indistinctly so). Type species, St. caespitosum RED. Other<br />
species: St. gregarium RED., St. loricatum LAMB.<br />
Supplementary Notes<br />
1. Stereocaulon subgen. Platycladium DUVIGN. Nom. inval., no Latin diagnosis given.<br />
No type species designated by DUVIGNEAUD.<br />
2. Stereocaulon subgen. Pilophoropsis DUVIGN. (non Stereocaulon subgen. Pilophoropsis<br />
(LAMB) LAMB). Nom. inval., no Latin diagnosis given. St. sphaerophoroides TUCK.<br />
(in the sense of St. azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL.) designated by DUVIGNEAUD as type species<br />
of his subgen. Pilophoropsis.<br />
3. Stereocaulon subgen. Eustereocaulon sect. Paschalia JATTA. Sectional name spelt<br />
with small initial letter by JATTA. NO type species designated, but St. paschaale (L.)<br />
H<strong>OF</strong>FM. listed among other species.<br />
4. Stereocaulon subgen. Enteropodium sect. Eustereocaulon ser. Granulata DUVIGN. St.<br />
paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. designated by DUVIGNEAUD as type species of ser. Granulata.<br />
5. St. dactylophyllum FLORKE. Position in this section somewhat doubtful; it may possibly<br />
belong to sect. Denudata subsect. Botryoideum, although this would seem unlikely<br />
for phytogeographical reasons.<br />
6. St. esterhuysenae LAMB. Position in this section somewhat doubtful.<br />
7. St. supervestiens MAGN. Position in this section doubtful.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 199<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Eustereocaulon sect. Denudata JATTA. Sectional name spelt with<br />
small initial letter by JATTA. NO type species designated by JATTA, but St. vesuvianum<br />
PERS. listed among other species. We here lectotypify it on St. vesuvianum (lectotypif.<br />
nov.).<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Enteropodium sect. Eustereocaulon ser. Umbilicata DUVIGN. St.<br />
denudatum FLORKE (syn. St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB) designated by<br />
DUVIGNEAUD as type species.<br />
Lecanocaulon NYL. Now lectotypified by us on St. scutelligerum TH. FR. ("Stereocaulon<br />
salazinum" sensu NYL.), lectotypif. nov. NYLANDER, loc. cit., cited the following<br />
3 species under Lecanocaulon, without designating a type: St. Iecanoreum NYL. (=St.<br />
strictum TH. FR.), St. salazinum (BORY) (in the sense of St. scutelligerum TH. FR., as<br />
plainly shown by NYLANDER'S figure), and St. pityrizans NYL. VAINIO, in making the<br />
combination Stereocaulon subgen. Lecanocaulon (NYL.), did not mention any species.<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Cylindrocladium sect. Lecanocaulon (NYL.) DUVIGN. Comb. inval.,<br />
no basionym indicated. Wrongly typified by DUVIGNEAUD on St. ramulosum (SW.)<br />
RAUSCH., a species not included in the protologue of Lecanocaulon.<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Holostelidium sect. Ecephalodiata LAMB. St. virgatum ACH.<br />
designated by LAMB as type species of sect. Ecephalodiata.<br />
St. lavicola MAGN. Position in this section doubtful.<br />
St. verruciferum NYL. Syn. St. speciosum LAMB.<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Lecidocaulon sect. Verruculata SAT6 St. exutum NYL. designated<br />
by SAT^ as type species of sect. Verruculata. Published 3 months later than sect.<br />
Botryoideum G. T. JOHNS.<br />
St. exile ASAH. Position in this subsection doubtful.<br />
Subgen. Pilophoropsis (LAMB) LAMB. None of the material of the only species, St.<br />
curtum (Rxs.) LAMB, seen to date shows the earliest stages of development necessary<br />
to determine conclusively whether the origin of the pseudopodetia is holostelideous or<br />
enteropodious, but the former seems more probable.<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Cylindrocladium DUVIGN. Nom. inval., no Latin diagnosis<br />
given. No type species designated by DUVIGNEAUD.<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Rhopalophoron DUVIGN. St. sorediiferum HUE designated by<br />
DUVIGNEAUD as type species of subgen. Rhopalophoron. St. nesaeum NYL. (in the sense<br />
of St. massartianum HUE) designated as type species of ser. Protoclavulifera, and St.<br />
piluliferum TH. FR. as type species of ser. Euclavulifera. There is an error here, because<br />
one of the two series would have to be based on St. sorediiferum HUE and called<br />
ser. Rhopalophoron.<br />
St. paradoxum LAMB is doubtfully placed in subsect. Holostelidium pending discovery<br />
of fertile specimens.<br />
Stereocaulon subgen. Cylindrocladium sect. Corynophoron (NYL.) DUVIGN. Comb.<br />
inval., no basionym indicated.<br />
St. strictum TH. FR. Syn. St. explanaturn LAMB, St. lecanoreum NYL., St. peladense<br />
VAIN., St. substrictum HUE.<br />
Gymnocaulon DUVIGN. Nom. inval., no Latin diagnosis supplied.<br />
Chlorocaulum CLEMENTS. Based on Lichen salazinus BORY (in the sense of St. scutelligerum<br />
TH. FR.).
Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
<strong>CONSPECTUS</strong> SPECIERUM<br />
Stereocaulon (SCHREB.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Deutschlands Flora oder Botanisches Taschenbuch, Zweyter Theil, Cryptogamie: 128 (1796) (nom.<br />
conserv.; vide LANJOUW et al.: 247; 1966). -Lichen sect. Stereocaulon SCHREB.<br />
Genera Plantarum. . . Editio octava, 2: 768 (1791).<br />
Subgen. I. Stereocaulon<br />
Sect. 1. Stereocaulon<br />
1. Stereocaulon paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Caroli a Linne . . .<br />
Deutschlands Flora oder Botanisches Taschenbuch, Zweyter Theil, Cryptogamie: 130 (1796); MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 45 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-<br />
FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 147 (1932); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and<br />
Sweden: 140 (1973). - Lichen paschalis L. Species Plantarum 2: 1153 (1753) (basionym). - Cladonia<br />
paschalis (L.) WIGG. Primitiae Florae Holsaticae: 90 (1780). - Coralloides paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Descriptio et Adumbratio Plantarum 1 : 23 (1789). - Verrucaria paschalis (L.) HUMB, Florae Fribergensis<br />
Specimen: 43 (1793). - Baeomyces paschalis (L.) WAHLENB. Flora Lapponica: 450 (1812). -<br />
Patellaria paschalis (L.) WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae, Pars prior: 441 (1831). -Stereocaulomyces<br />
paschalis (L.) THOMAS, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz, 9 (1): 180 (1939) (nom. nud.), ex<br />
CIF. et TOMAS. Atti 1st. Bot. Lab. Crittog. Univ. Pavia, ser. 5,lO: 272 (1954) (cum des~ript.)~. -Stereocaulon<br />
paschale [f.] a. paschale (L.) MUDD, A Manual of British Lichens: 65 (1861).<br />
Typus: country of origin not indicated ("Helvetiae, Italiae, Cambriae, Lapponiae, Scaniae, Groenlandiae,<br />
Pensylvaniae alpestribus"), most probably from Swedish Lapland; in herb. L. (LINN), sheet<br />
1273-259, lowermost specimen (lectotype, lectotypit. nov. ; see p. 308).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon paschale f. typicum Du RIETZ, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 20: 96<br />
(1926). - Stereocaulonpaschale [var.] a. vulgare TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 33 (1957).<br />
- Stereocaulon paschale [f.] a. vulgare (TH. FR.) TH. FR. Lichenographia Scandinavica, Pars prima:<br />
47 (1871). - Stereocaulon paschale [var.] 6. serpens TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.:<br />
33 (1857). - Stereocaulon paschale [f.] 6. serpens (TH. FR.) TH. FR. Lichenographia Scandinavica,<br />
Pars prima: 47 (1871). - Stereocaulon paschale f. colligatum LAMB, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada,<br />
1952 - 53, Bull. no. 132: 273 (1954). - Stereocaulonpaschale f. congesturn LAMB ex LEPAGE, Naturaliste<br />
Canad. 85: 184 (1958) (nom. nud.). - (?) Lichen crustaceus GUIB. Exercitia Phytologica, 2: 604 (1792)<br />
(ut synon. Stereocaulipaschalis; dubium).<br />
Exsicc.: ARN. Lich. Exs. no. 1363b (1888), as St. alpinum (c, FH, L, PC. The example in FH Contains<br />
also St. alpinum LAUR.). - BARTLING et HAMPE, Veget. Cellul. German. Septentr., Lich., Decas II<br />
(date ?) no. 17 pr. p. (M. This example is partly St. incrustaturn FLK. The numbers on the labels of<br />
this exsiccat do not agree with those cited by LYNGE, 1915 - 20). - BREUT. Flora German. Exs. ser. II,<br />
Cent. I1 (1843) no. 107, as St. paschale var. thyrsoideum (FH, PC, UPS. An example in s is St. alpinum<br />
LAUR., and one in L is a mixture of St. paschale and St. alpinum). - BROCKMWLLER, Mecklenburg.<br />
Kryptog. Fasc. II(1862) no. 67 (MB). - CUMM., WILLIAMS et SEYMOUR, Decades N. Amer. Lich. Decade<br />
3 (1892 ?) no. 25, pr. min. p. (c, CAN. The example in c is mixed with St. tomentosum FR. Those in<br />
DUKE, OC, US, WELC and wIs are St. saxatile MAGN.). - EHRH. PI. Cryptog. Linn. Decas XI1 (1789) no.<br />
118, as Lichen paschalis (ups). - ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross. Fasc. II (1907) no. 72a, b (FH). - FLORKE,<br />
Deutsch. Lich. Fasc. X (1821) no. 199 (MSC. Acc. to FREY, 1932, p. 149, an example seen by him is partly<br />
St. tomentosum FR.). - FLOT. Deutsche Lich. Exs. no. 12A (UPS; lectotype specimen of St. paschale<br />
[var.] a. vulgare TH, FR.~). - FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. III (1824) no. 89 pr. p., as St. paschale B. conglo-<br />
Refers to the mycobiont artificially isolated from the alga.<br />
Lectotypif. nov.; see p. 308.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 20 1<br />
meratum (s. Examples of this number seen in FH, LD and ups are St. evolutum GRAEWE or mixtures of<br />
St. paschale and St. evolutum). - HALE, Lich. Amer. Exs. Fasc. IV (1970) no. 98, as St. dactylophyllum<br />
(FH, LD). - HAV. Lich. EXS. Norveg. Fasc. VII (1905) no. 262 (BG); Lich. Norveg. Occid. Exs. Fasc.<br />
VII (1938) no. 153 (PR. This example has some intermixture of St. grande (MAGN.) MAGN.). - HEPP,<br />
Flechten Europas Band VZ (1857) no. 304, as St. paschale B. conglomeratum (FH, LD, PC, s.). - Krypt.<br />
Exs. Vindob. Cent. XL (1957) no. 3918 pr. p. (co~o, FH, L, LD. The examples in FH and L contain also<br />
St. alpinum LAUR. var. erectum FREY). - KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1971) no. 145,<br />
as St. sasakii (FH, LD). - Lich. Canad. Exs. no. 66 (1970), no. 67 (1970) (CAN). - Lichenotheca Fenn.<br />
Fasc. V (1947) no. 103, as St. squamescens, pr. p. (CAN, UPS. The example in LD is St. saxatile MAGN.);<br />
Fasc. VII (1947) no. 171 pr. p. (FH. This example is partly St. dactylophyllum FLK.); Fasc. X (1947)<br />
no. 248 (FH, HAK); Fasc. XXXI (1953) no. 760 (FH); Fasc. XXXIX (1956) no. 961 (FH); Fasc. XLIII<br />
(1957) no. 1056 (FH, with parasymbiontic Scutula); Fasc. XLIV (1958) no. 1081 (FH, with parasymbiontic<br />
Scutula); Fasc. L (1959) no. 1230, as St. subcoralloides (FH). - MAC. Canad. Lich. ser. I (1893) no.<br />
44, as St. tomentosum (WELC); ser. I1 (1909 - 12) no. 133 (FH, MSC, US. An example in WELC is St. saxatile<br />
MAGN., and one in DUKE is St. tomentosum FR.); no. 134, as St. tomentosum, pr. p. (us. The material<br />
distributed in this number was collected from four different Canadian localities. An example in<br />
DUKE is St. tomentosum FR., and one in WELC is St. saxatile MAGN.); no. 258 (us); no. 259, as St. tomentosum<br />
(us). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. VII (1933) no. 157 (DEGEL, PR). - MALME, Lich.<br />
Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXI (1915) no. 509A, B (PR, WIS). - MERESCH. Lich. ROSS. EXS. Fasc. I1 (1913) no. 39<br />
(FH). - MIG. Cryptog. German. Austr. et Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XXV (1904) no. 123 (FH, MSC, OC, PR, u). -<br />
NORRL. et NYL. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Continuatio (1921) no. 501 ("pascale") (ups). - RABENH. Lich.<br />
Europ. Exs. Fasc. V (1856) no. 134 (PR). - RAS. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1935) no. 57, as St. paschale<br />
var. squamescens (GB); Fasc. IV (1936) no. 197 (ups); no. 198, as St.paschale var. grandis (ups). - SAV.<br />
Lichenotheca Ross. Decas VIII (1956) no. 74, as St. alpinum (LD). - STENHAM. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc.<br />
I11 (1860) no. 80 (FH, LD, us); no. 81 pr. p., as St. paschale b. gracilentum (LD. In this example it occurs<br />
intermixed with St. alpinum LAUR. f. gracilentum (TH. FR.) LAMB; in that in FH it is entirely the latter). -<br />
TOBOL. Lichenotheca Polon. Fasc. VI (1955) no. 113 (FH. An example seen in LD is St. saxatile MAGN.).<br />
- TUCK. Lich. Amer. Septentr. Exs. Fasc. V (1 854) no. 112 (FH, UPS. An example seen in TENN, and one<br />
of two in FH, copiously fertile and without cephalodia, are tentatively referred to St. subintricans NYL.,<br />
a doubtful species; see p. 324). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XLIX (1974) no. 1211 (FH).<br />
Icon.: GALLBE 1972, P1. 74, figs. 566 - 572; PI. 75, figs. 573 - 578; P1. 76, figs. 579 - 583; P1. 77,<br />
figs. 584 - 587. - FREY 1932, fig. 23 ; PI. 111, figs. 1, 2. - RAs. 1951, PI. XVI, fig. 1. - YOSHIM. 1974,<br />
figs. 74a, 77d; PI. 33, fig. 331.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid; occasionally occurring in a deficient phase with<br />
only atranorin demonstrable by present chromatographic techniques.<br />
Distrib. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands (probably now extinct), Scotland,<br />
W. Germany, E. Germany, Poland, U. S. S. R. (including Estonia and Karelia), Mongolian People's<br />
Republic, Iceland, Greenland, Canada (N. W. Temt., Yukon Territ., British Columbia, Alberta,<br />
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia), Miquelon<br />
Island, U. S. A. (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, where probably now extinct, Virginia, Michigan,<br />
Montana, Alaska), Manchuria, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Chile (Valdivia, Magallanes),<br />
Argentina (Chubut). Unconfirmed literature records also from Belgium (DE WILDEMAN et<br />
DURAND 1898 - 1907 (1898)), N. W. France (DES ABBAYES 1934), Italy (JATTA 1900), Rumania (CRE-<br />
TZOIU 1939; MORUZI, PETRIA et MANTU 1967), Bulgaria (NIKOL<strong>OF</strong>F 1931), U. S. A., California (TUCKE-<br />
RMAN 1866), Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (BISWAS 1947, almost certainly erroneous, referring to St. austroindicum<br />
LAMB), Central Africa (LINDAU 191 I), China (MULLER ARC. 1893, erroneous, = St. myriocarpum<br />
TH. FR.), Ecuador (KREMPELHUBER 1861, erroneous, = St. myriocarpum TH. FR.).<br />
Remarks: the type species of the genus. See p. 307 for discussion of typification. The described<br />
infraspecific taxa which really belong to St. paschale (var. serpens TH. FR. and f. colligatum LAMB) are<br />
obviously environmental modifications of no taxonomic significance.
202 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
2. Stereocaulon alpinum LAUR.<br />
ex FUNCK, Cryptogamische Gewachse des Fichtelgebirg's. Ed. I1 (1806 - 1838), Heft 33: 6 (1827);<br />
MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 52 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts<br />
Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 158 (1932); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway<br />
and Sweden: 141 (1973). - Stereocaulon tomentosum [var.] y. alpinum (LAuR.) TH.FR. De Stereoc.<br />
et Pilophor. Comment.: 30 (1857). -Stereocaulon tomentosum subsp.* alpinum (LAuR.) TH. FR.<br />
Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 357 (1858). - Stereocaulon paschale [f.] y. alpinum (LAuR.) MUDD, A<br />
Manual of British Lichens: 66 (1861). - Stereocaulonpaschale var. alpinum (LAuR.) DU RIETZ, Svensk<br />
Bot. Tidskr. 20: 96 (1926).<br />
Typus: Austria, Alps of Tirol and Karnten, "besonders schon am Pasterzen Gletscher," but no<br />
holotype designated; collector and date of collection not known, but the material sent to FUNCK by<br />
LAURER, and distributed in the exsiccat Cryptog. Gewachs. d. Fichtelgeb. no. 684, accompanied by<br />
diagnosis in the schedae, may be regarded as isotype.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon tomentosum [var.] y. thyrsoideum SCHAER. Lichenum Helveticorum<br />
Spicilegium, Pars prima, sect. VI: 276 (1833). - Stereocaulon paschale [f.] b. thyrsoideum<br />
(SCHAER.) RABENH. Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora, 2, Abt. 1 : 112 (1845). - Stereocaulon tomentosum<br />
[subsp.]* alpinum [f.] a. verrucosum TH. FR. Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 357 (1858). - Sterocaulon<br />
alpinum f. adpressurn MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk. - o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 55<br />
(1926). - Stereocaulon botryosum var. subincrustatum FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1.<br />
Halfte: 127 (1932).<br />
Exsicc.: ANZI, Lich. Exs. Ztal. Super. Fasc. I (1865) no. 26 (FH-TUCK); no. 27, as St. alpinum var.<br />
botryosum (BM, FH-TUCK). - ANZI, Lich. Prov. Sondr. et Novo-Comensi Exs. Fasc. I (date ?) no. 7, as<br />
St. tomentosum (UPS); no. 9A (ups); no. 9B, as St. alpinum f. botryosum (ups). - ARN. Lich. EXS.<br />
(Lich. Jurae) no. 65la (date ?) (PC, UPS. Note that FREY, 1932, p. 155, states that in M and W this number<br />
is St. grande (MAGN.) MAGN.); no. 1363a (1888) (PC. In FH and MICH it is St. rivulorum MAGN.). -<br />
BILLOT, Flora Exs., continue' par B~voux, GUICHARD et PAILLOT, no. 3797 (date ?), as St. tomentosum<br />
(us. The example in PC, however, is a mixture of St. alpinum and St. dactylophyllum FLK.). - BREUT.<br />
Flora German. Exs., Ser. 11, Cent. I1 (1843) no. 107, pr. p., as St. paschale var. thyrsoideum (s. Examples<br />
of this number in FH, PC and ups are however St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.). - DESM. Plantes Cryptogames<br />
de France, ed. 2, Ser. 11, Fasc. X (1857) no. 495, as St. tomentosum b. majus (FH). - ELENK. Lich.<br />
Flor. Ross. Fasc. I1 (1907 ?) no. 73a (BM, FH, LE). - Erb. Crittog. Ztal., ed. DE NOTARIS, CESATI, BAGLI-<br />
ETTO etc. Fasc. XV (1862) no. 736 (FH). - Erb. Crittog. Ztal., publ. Soc. Crittogamolog. Itat., Ser. IT,<br />
Fasc. VII (1870) no. 320, pr. p., as St. alpinum, alpestre (FH. Intermixed with St. incrustaturn FLK.);<br />
no. 320 bis, as St. alpinum, botryosum (FH, LD). - FOLLM. Lich. Exs. Sel. Mus. Hist. Nut. Casselensi<br />
Fasc. VII (1975) no. 134 (KASSEL). - FUNCK, Cryptog. Gewachs. des Fichtelgebirg's, Ed. 11, Heft 33<br />
(1827) no. 684 (isotype material) (FH, LE). -HARM. Lich. Gall. Rar. Exs. Fasc. I (1908) no. 25 (FH.<br />
With some intermixture of St. saxatile MAGN.). - HEPP, Flechten Europas, Band VI (1857) no. 303<br />
(FH-TUCK, PC). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. I1 (1896) no. 152b (from Norway) (BM, COLO, FH, PR);<br />
same number (from Switzerland) (co~o, FH); Cent. XLIII (1961) no. 4237 (FH, LD, LE); Cent. XLVI<br />
(date ?) no. 4566 (FH). - Lich. Groenlandici Exs. (ed. Mus. Bot. Hauniense) Fasc. I (1972) no. 8 (LD).<br />
- MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXVII (date ?) no. 652 (ws. Seems to be a transitional state to the<br />
var. erectum FREY). - RABENH. Lich. Europ. Exs. Fasc. XXXII (1870) no. 859 (FH-TUCK, GB, MICH,<br />
WIS). - ROUM. Lich. Gall. Exs. Cent. I1 (1880) no. 164, as St. vesuvianum (UPS). - SCHAER. Lich.<br />
Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XI (1836) no 262, pr. p., as St. tomentosum B. majus (PC. The example in FH-TUCK is<br />
transitional to thevar. erectum FREY. FREY, 1932, p. 186, states that material of this number seen by him<br />
is a mixture of St. alpinum, St. tomentosum FR., and St. tomentosum var. alpestre FLOT. This number<br />
appears to be type material of Stereocaulon tomentosum B. majus SCHAER. Lichenum Helveticorum<br />
Spicilegium, Pars prima, Sect. VI: 276 (1833) and St. tomentosum a. granulosum SCHAER. Enumeratio<br />
Critica Lichenum Europaeorum: 181 (1850). In view of the heterogeneous nature of this material,<br />
both these epithets of SCHAERER should be discarded as nomina confusa); no. 263 (FH-TUCK, PC);
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 203<br />
no. 264, as St. alpinum B. botryosum (FH-TUCK, PC). - THOMS. Lich. Arct. no. 37 (1960) (WIS). -<br />
TREV. Lichenotheca Veneta, Ser. I, Fasc. IV (1869) no. 144 (ups), - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXXIX<br />
(1971) no. 964 (FH, LD). - WARTMANN et SCHENK, Schweizer. Kryptog. Cent. I, Fasc. I1 (1862) no. 51<br />
(FH).<br />
Icon. : ANDERS, 1928, PI. XVIII, fig. 10. - FREY, 1932, fig. 25; PI. 111, fig. 5. - MIG. 1927 - 31,<br />
Lief. 268 - 277 (1928), PI. 74, fig. 1. - CERN., NADV. et SERV. 1956, PI. VI, fig. 5. - SCHENCK, 1914,<br />
PI. 29 a, b (field photograph). - POELT, 1969, PI. 3, fig. 13. - OZENDA et CLAUZADE, 1970, fig. 394 A,<br />
B, C. - DAHL et KRoG, 1973, fig. 49. - HENSS. et JAHNS, 1974, fig. 13.14~.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, B-sitosterin. Occasionally lobaric acid apparently<br />
absent or in too low a concentration to be demonstrated by present chromatographic techniques.<br />
H. KRISTINSSON (in litt.) reports an Icelandic specimen allegedly containing atranorin,<br />
lobaric acid and stictic acid7. A polyol compound, "Stereocaulit", described by<br />
ZOPF (1907); this shown to be identical with D-arabitol ("arabit") by HUNECK, FOLLMANN<br />
and REDON (1973).<br />
Distrib.: More extensive than that of St. paschale, and penetrating further polewards than that<br />
species. Sweden, Norway, Finland, France, W. and E. Germany, Switzerland, Austria, northern<br />
Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, U. S. S. R. (Siberia, Murmansk region, Ural Mts.,<br />
Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Archipelago, Extreme Orient, Kamtchatka),<br />
Mongolian People's Republic, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Canada (N. W. Territ.,<br />
Yukon Territ., British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland,<br />
Labrador), Miquelon Island, U. S. A. (New Hampshire, Vermont, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana,<br />
Oregon, Washington, Alaska), Korea, northern India, Pakistan, Peru, Chile (Cautin, Aiskn, Magallanes),<br />
Argentina (Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego), South Georgia, Antarctic Peninsula.<br />
Unconfirmed literature records also from Belgium (DE WILDEMAN and DURAND 1898 - 1907 (1898)),<br />
Rumania (MORUZI, PETRIA and MANTU 1967), China (ZAHLBRUCKNER 1934), Hawaii (MULLER ARG.<br />
1889), and Central Africa (ZAHLBRUCKNER and HAUMAN 1936, erroneous, referring to St. nigromaculatum<br />
DUVIGN.).<br />
Remarks: DAHL 1956, p. 359, gives an instructive analysis of the morphological,<br />
physiological and ecological differences between St. alpinum and St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
KLEMENT (1959) distinguishes in northern Lapland an association named the Stereocauletum<br />
alpinum, dominated by St. alpinum and including also St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. and St. tomentosum<br />
FR.<br />
Fo. platycladum FREY<br />
ex POELT, Bestimmungsschliis~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 647 (1969).<br />
Typus: France, Dauphine, La Bkrarde, Vallon du Veneon, "graviers silicieux, alluvions", leg.<br />
E. FREY and A. SCHMIDT, 1932 (no. 2513) (FREY, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: material referable to this form has been seen also from Finland, Switzerland,<br />
U.S.A. (Colorado), Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan) and Greenland.<br />
Var. erectum FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1.9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 164 (1932); Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 69: 196 (1959); MAGN.<br />
Bot. Not.: 469 (1934). - Stereocaulon paschale var. erectum (FREY) LAMB ex LLANO, J. Wash. Acad.<br />
Sci. 41: 197 (1951).<br />
Typus: Switzerland, Canton Graubiinden, Sarnaden, altit. 1725 m s. m., "Kies- und Sandalluvi-<br />
Dr. KRISTINSSON<br />
later (in litt. 1976) informed us that this result is not quite certain, since it is<br />
possible that the material extracted may have been contaminated by St. tomentosum FR.
204 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
onen des Inn nahe beim Bahnhof", leg. E. FREY, 1931 (no. 1636) (FREY, CAN. Lectotypus, lectotypit.<br />
mv.).<br />
Exsicc.: ARN. Lich. EXS. (Lich. Jurae) no. 1604 (1894), as St. alpinum (BM, FH, PC. But FREY, 1932,<br />
p. 155, states this number to be St. grande (MAGN.) MAGN. in M and W, and St. tomentosum FR. in z).<br />
- Krypt. Exs. Vidob. Cent. I1 (1896) no. 152, as St. alpinum (the specimen from Tirol) (FH, GB, LE,<br />
PC, PR, US, WELC); Cent. XL (1957) no. 3918, pr. p., as St. paschale var. paschale & var. erectum (FH, L,<br />
Lich. Sel. Scad. Exs.<br />
LD. All of these contain an intermixture of St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.). - MAGN.<br />
Fasc. IX (1935) no. 210 (PR). - MASS. Lich. Ztal EXS. Fasc. I (1855) no. 11, as St. alpinum (FH-TUCK,<br />
LE. But FREY, 1932, p. 160, states that an example seen by him is a mixture of St. tomentosum FR. and<br />
St. incrustatum FLK.).- MERR. Lich. Exs. Ser. 11, Fasc. IV (1926) no. 86, as St. tomentosum (c, co~o,<br />
DUKE, US, WIS). - VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XL (1971) no. 989 (FH).<br />
Zcon.: FREY 1932, PI. I, fig. 8; PI. 111, fig. 6; PI. 111, fig. 4 pr. p., as St. grade; Fig. 24 a, b, as St.<br />
grande.<br />
Remarks: As widely distributed as the typical species. Difficult to distinguish from<br />
St. grande (MAGN.) MAGN.<br />
Var. gracilentum (TH. FR.) MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 54 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-<br />
F1.9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 162 (1932). - Stereocaulon paschale [var.] P. gracilentum TH. FR. De Stereoc.<br />
et Pilophor. Comment.: 33 (1857). - Stereocaulon paschale [f.] P. gracilentum (TH. FR.) TH. FR.<br />
Lichenographia Scandinavica, Pars prima: 47 (1871). - Stereocaulon alpinum f. gracilentum (TH. FR.)<br />
LAMB ex POELT, Bestimmungsschliisse1 Europaischer Flechten: 646 (1969).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Gotland, Fare, "in collibus arenae volatilis", leg. C. STENHAMMAR (date ?) '(ups-<br />
TH FR, holotypus; UPS-MAGN, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: RAs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. XVIII (1946) no. 879, as St. paschale (UPS). STENHAM.<br />
Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. 111 (1860) no. 81, as St. paschale b. gracilentum (FH-TUCK LD. In the latter there<br />
is some intermixture of St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM., as is stated by FREY, 1932, p. 162). - FREY, 1932, p.<br />
162, states ROUM. Lich. Gall. Exs. Cent. I1 (1880) no. 162, as St. incrustatum, to be St. alpinum var.<br />
gracilentum in M-ARN; in UPS, however, we found this number to be St. incrustatum FLK. as stated on the<br />
label.<br />
Remarks: characteristic of movable dunes or alluvial sands, in either maritime or inland<br />
localities. In addition to material from the type locality, we have seen var. gracilentum from<br />
Sweden, Vasterbotten, "f oppna flackar i rished pi sand nara havet"; Finland, Nylandia,<br />
Tvarminne, "in arena volubilis" (Lich. Fenn. Exs. no. 879); Canada, Saskatchewan, Lake<br />
Athabasca, on sand dunes; and U.S.A., Alaska, "recent flood plain of the Matanuska River,<br />
on friable dusty alluvial soil".<br />
3. Stereocaulon antarcticum VAIN.<br />
Lichens, in: Rks. Voy. Belgica, Botanique: 16 (1903).<br />
Typus: Antarctic Peninsula, Gerlache Strait, Brabant Island, altit. 300 m s. m., leg. ? (Exp6d.<br />
Antarct. Belge, 1897 - 99), no, 247 (no. 3932 in TUR-VAIN).<br />
(EXS~CC.~)<br />
Zcon. : VAIN. 1903, PI. 11, fig. 7.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and stictic acid, sometimes with norstictic acid in addition.<br />
Distrib.: Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands; Tierra del Fuego.<br />
No. 55 of the exsiccat FOLLM.<br />
Lich. Exs. Sel. Mus. Bot. Berol. (later titled Lich. Exs. Sel. Mus.<br />
Hist. Nat. Casselensi), called Stereocaulon antarcticum, consists of Catillaria corymbosa (HUE) LAMB.<br />
A corrected label was issued with Fasc. VIII (1975).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 205<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. glabrum (MULL. ARG.) VAIN. Widely misinterpreted in<br />
the literature. HUE'S records and descriptions (1908, 1915) refer to St. alpinum LAUR.,<br />
according to his material seen by us in PC-HUE. The specimen recorded by HUNECK and<br />
FOLLMANN (1966), in which atranorin, lobaric acid, and /3-sitosterin were found, is likewise<br />
St. alpinum. RASANEN'S record (1932) of "Stereocaulon antarcticum" from Fuegia is also<br />
based on a misidentification; the specimen in question, from Cerro Millaldeo, leg. ROIVAINEN,<br />
1929 (H-RAS) is scanty and depauperate, not determinable with certainty, but obviously not<br />
the present species. The reported occurrence of St. antarcticum in Tristan da Cunha, determined<br />
by MAGNUSSON (LYNGE, 1937) could not be verified, as no specimen could be found<br />
either in UPS-MAGN or in o. We collected St. antarcticum in Argentina, Tierra del Fuego,<br />
near Ushuaia, in 1965, the first extra-Antarctic find.<br />
4. Stereocaulon austroindicum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Thallus primarius (ad saxum decompositum) persistens, granulosus; pseudopodetia<br />
erecta, vulgo sat brevia, usque 2 cm longa, aggregata, substrato arcte affixa, simplicia<br />
aut ramosa, ecorticata et etomentosa, phyllocladiis confertim vestita, apicibus vulgo alboefflorescentia,<br />
sed haud vere sorediata. Phyllocladia primum granulosa, deinque coralloidea<br />
vel coralloideo-squamulosa, ca. 1 mm longa. Cephalodia verruculosa vel botryosa, ca.<br />
1 mm lata, pallida, fere ecorticata. Apothecia terminalia, fere ab initio pileato-convexa,<br />
usque 2 rnrn lata, saepe tandem composita. Hypothecium vulgo leviter pigmentiferum.<br />
Hymenium 50-75 ,u altum. Sporae fusiformes, 3(-7)-septatae, (23-)3M2 p longae, 2.5-<br />
3.5 ,u latae. Atranorinum et acidum lobaricum continet (K+flavescens, PD+pallide flavescens).<br />
- Antea cum St. condensato H<strong>OF</strong>FM. confusum fuit, a quo praesertim cephalodiis<br />
pallidis differt; habitu St. octomerellum M~~LL. ARG. vage simulans, sed magis robustum et<br />
phyllocladiis saepe subsquamulosis differens.<br />
Typus: India, Madras State, Madurai Distr., Shembaganur, Palni Hills, altit. ca. 1950 m s. m.,<br />
on decomposed earthy rock by roadside, leg. G. FOREAU, 1958 (FH, holotypus; AWAS, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid, or in some cases apparently atranorin only.<br />
Distrib.: southern India (Madras, Travancore) and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).<br />
Remarks: material of this species from Sri Lanka collected by ALMQUIST in 1879 was<br />
named "Stereocaulon condyloideum" and "Stereocaulon condensatum" by NYLANDER (1900),<br />
and was referred to St. leprocephalum VAIN. by VAINIO in his description of the latter species<br />
(1909). St. austroindicum can be easily distinguished from St. condensatum by its larger<br />
size and pale cephalodia, and from St. leprocephalum by the absence of true capitate soredia.<br />
The occasional accidental presence of blackish tufts of free-living Stigonema on the primary<br />
thallus probably led to the misidentification as St. condensatum. The cephalodial algae in<br />
the type material were examined by Dr. FRANCIS DROUET and identified as Anacystis montana<br />
(LIGHTF.) DR. et DAILY, Anacystis being according to him the correct name for Gloeocapsa<br />
KijTz. (see DROUET and DAILY, 1956). Other specimens examined had Stigonema in the<br />
cephalodia. Some specimens from Sri Lanka tend to be more slender, with the phyllocladia<br />
partly more distinctly coralloid, as in a specimen collected by THWAITES (BM, PC, UPS), but<br />
others, e.g. material collected by BECCARI (M), are quite typical in habitus and morphology.<br />
5. Stereocaulon azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL.<br />
Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 21: 287 (1856). - Stereocaulon tomentosum [var.] 6. azoreum SCHAER.<br />
Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europaeorum: 182 (1850).
206 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Typus: Azores, leg. GUTHN~K (date ?) (G-SCHAER, holotypus. not seen by us).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon Ieporinum TH. FR. De Stereocaulis et Pilophoris Commentatio:<br />
25 (1857). - Stereocaulon granulosum LAUR. ex HARTUNG, Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Ges. Gesammten<br />
Naturwiss. 15 (4): 147, 151 (1857). - Stereocaulon tomentosum var. granulosum (LAuR.) OLN.<br />
Mem. Real. Acad. Ci. Barcelona, ser. 3,16: 47 (1921).O - Stereocaulon maderense TUCK. Lichenes, in:<br />
United States Exploring Expedition, 17, Botany I, Lower Cryptogamia: 122 (1874). - Stereocaulon<br />
Ieporinum [var.] a. elatum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 25 (1857). - Stereocaulon<br />
sphaerophoroides [f.] a. elatum (TH. FR.) TH. FR. Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 349 (sep. 45) (1858).<br />
- Stereocaulon Ieporinum [var.] j3. pumilum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 25 (1857).<br />
- Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides [f.] j3. pumilum (TH. FR.) TH. FR. Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.:<br />
349 (sep. 45) (1858).<br />
Exsicc.: ALMB. Lich. Afric. Fasc. IV (1974) no. 86, as St. sphaerophoroides (FH). - BORN~LLER,<br />
Plant. Exs. Mader. (1900) no. 124 (LD, PR), no. 125 (LD), no. 126 (GB, LD, PR), as St. sphaerophoroides;<br />
no. 127, as St. denudatum var. pulvinatum (LD). - BORNMULLER, Plant. Exs. Canar. (1901) no. 3238<br />
(LD, PR), no. 3244 (LD), as St. sphaerophoroides. - BOURGEAU, Plant. Canar. no. 37 (1846-47), as St.<br />
botryosum (PC-HUE). - BOURGEAU, Plant. Canar., iter secund. no. 1594 (1856), as St. ramulosum (c,<br />
PC-HUE). - HEPP, Flechten Europas Band VI, Heft 1 1 (1857) no. 305, as St. granulosum (FH, FH-TUCK,<br />
PC-HUE, s). - HUSNOT Plant. Canar. no. 213 (1866 ?), as St. sphaerophoroides (PC-HUE). - Krypt. Exs.<br />
Vindob. Cent. VIII (1902) no. 767, as St. sphaerophoroides (c, FH, LD, PR, S, US, WELC); Cent. XLIII<br />
(1960) no. 4239, as St. sphaerophoroides (FH, s). - MANDON, Lich. Mad2re no. 49 (date ?), as St.<br />
sphaerophoroides (BM, FH-TUCK, PC-HUE, s). - TAV. Lich. Lusit. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1955) no. 65, as St.<br />
sphaerophoroides (FH); Fasc. X (1968) no. 238, as St. sphaerophoroides (FH). - VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs.<br />
Fasc. V (1961) no. 113, as St. sphaerophoroides (FH).<br />
Icon.: TH. FR. 1858, P1. IX, fig. 4, as St. sphaerophoroides. - HEPP 1853-67 (1857) no. 305, as<br />
St. sphaerophoroides (spores). - NYL. 1860, P1. VII, fig. 9, as St. sphaerophoroides (conidia and conidiophores).<br />
- DUVIGN. 1956, fig. 9, as St. sphaerophoroides (sections of pseudopod. and apoth.).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, stictic acid, norstictic acid; possibly also constictic<br />
acid and consalazinic acid. This is the only species of Stereocaulon in which lobaric acid and<br />
stictic acid are known with certainty to coexist.<br />
Distrib.: Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands. Unverified record (almost certainly incorrect):<br />
U. S. A., N. Carolina (NYLANDER, 1860; CURTIS, 1867). Erroneous record: Ecuador (KREMPELHUBER<br />
1861), = St. myriocarpum TH. FR.<br />
Remarks: related to St. tomentosum FR. An interesting species not only for its peculiar<br />
chemistry but also on account of lacking cephalodia. DUVIGNEAUD (1956) states that its<br />
phyllocladia contain Scytonema-filaments in addition to the normal phycobiont. Since<br />
1858 the name St. sphaerophoroides TUCK. has been consistently used for this species. This<br />
is however incorrect for the following reasons. The protologue of St. sphaerophoroides<br />
TUCK., An Enumeration of North American Lichenes, p. 52, footnote (1845) mentions no<br />
locality for the species, but states that it was collected by L. GOULDING (ex herb. LAMBERT).<br />
TH. FRIES (1858) adopted the name St. sphaerophoroides TUCK. for the present species, placing<br />
his own St. leporinum TH. FR. in synonymy, and stating that he had received the type material<br />
of TUCKERMAN'S species and found it to be the same as St. leporinum. This original specimen<br />
was labelled "In monte ignivomo Ind. Occid.? Rev. L. GOULDING", and we have seen it in<br />
UPS-TH FR; it is not the present species, but St. virgatum AcH., a West Indian endemic. TH.<br />
FRIES was therefore mistaken in identifying it with his St. leporinum. The protologue of<br />
Acc. to ZAHLBRUCKNER, Cat. Lich. Univ.; not seen by us. If it is based on LAURER'S epithet it<br />
is an illegitimate homonym; cfr. St. tomentosum [var.] a. granulosum SCHAER. Enum. Crit. Lich. Europ. :<br />
181 (1850), a nomen confusum (see p. 331).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaz~lon 207<br />
St. sphaerophoroides cites only the GOULDING specimen, and therefore St. sphaerophoroides<br />
must be considered a synonym of St. virgatum ACH. The specimen in FH-TUCK from the<br />
Azores, leg. HEWETT C. WATSON, 1842, said to be the type of St. sphaerophoroides by DODGE<br />
(1929, p. 143), is not type material. The first epithet legitimately applicable to the present<br />
species seems to be St. azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL. (1856), antedating St. leporinum TH. FR. by<br />
one year. NYLANDER'S Prodromus Lichenographiae Galliae et Algeriae was reissued as a<br />
reprint with separate pagination in 1857, but originally appeared in volume 21 of Actes Soc.<br />
Linn. Bordeaux, occupying pages 249-467 of that volume, starting with part 4 ("4e Livraison").<br />
The dates of issue of the various parts of this volume, which extends to 1858, are not<br />
clearly stated, but NYLANDER'S paper appears to have been published in parts 4 and 5 before<br />
the end of 1856. The priority over St. leporinum TH. FR. is further confirmed by NYLANDER'S<br />
remark in Bot. Not. 1857 (October), p. 167' "S. leporinum Fr. jam a me azoreum dictum fuit<br />
in Prodr. Lich. Gall. Alger. p. 41."<br />
6. Stereocaulon botryosum ACH.<br />
Lichenographia Universalis: 581 (1810). Emend. FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte:<br />
120 (1932); FREY, 1. c.; Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 69: 192 (1959); MAGN. Gijteborgs K. Vetensk.- o.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 33 (1926), as St. fastigiatum; POELT, Bestimmung~~chliis~el Europaischer<br />
Flechten : 643 (1969); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden:<br />
134 (1973). - Stereocaulon alpinum var. botryosum (AcH.) SCHAER. Lichenum Helveticorum<br />
Spicilegium, Pars prima (1823421, sect. VI: 277 (1833). - Stereocaulon alpinum f. botryosum (AcH).<br />
FR. Lichenographia Europaea Reformata: 204 (1831). - Stereocaulon tomentosum var. botryosum<br />
(AcH.) NYL. Lichenes Scandinaviae: 64 (1861).<br />
Typus: Switzerland ("ad montes Helvetiae"), leg. SCHLEICHER (date ?) (H-ACH, lectotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon fastigiatum ANZI, Catalogus Lichenum quos in Provincia<br />
Sondriensi: 11 (1860). - Stereocaulon evolutum var. fastigiatum (ANZI) TH. FR. Lichenographia Scandinavica,<br />
Pars prima: 45 (1871). - Stereocaulon evolutum f. fastigiatum (ANZI) MIG. Kryptogamen-<br />
Flora von Deutschland, ~eutsch-bsterreich und der Schweiz, 4 (2), Lief. 268-277: 67 (1928).<br />
Exsicc.: ANZI, Lich. Rar. Langob. Exs. Fasc. I(1861) no. 16, as St. fastigiatum (authentic,probably<br />
isotype material) (BM, FH, s). - ARN. Lich. EXS. (Lich. Jurae), no. 1575 (1893), as St. alpinum f. botryosum<br />
(BM, FH, PC, S, UPS). - Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XLII (1957) no. 1034, as St. paschale var. grande<br />
(TUR). - MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XL (1926) no. 979a, as St. fastigiatum (s. In LD, however, this<br />
number is St. depressum (FREY) LAMB). - ROUM. Lich. GUN. Exs. Cent. I1 (1880) no. 163, as St. alpinum<br />
(UPS); no. 165, as St, denudatum (ups, mixed with Sphaerophorus sp.).<br />
Icon.: LYNGE 1928, PI. VI, figs. 3,4. - FREY 1932, fig. 19 a - c, PI. I, fig. 4 (lectotype specimen in<br />
H-ACH), P1. 11, fig. 1; 1959, fig. 8. - OZENDA et CLAUZADE 1970, fig. 390 A, B, C. - DAHL et KROG<br />
1973, fig. 41.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and porphyrilic acid.<br />
Distrib.: boreal-arctic circumpolar and in the Alps of central Europe. Sweden, Norway, Finland,<br />
France, Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy, U.S.S.R. (Ural Mts., Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef<br />
Archipelago, Extreme Orient), Iceland, Spitsbergen, Greenland, Canada (N. W. Territ., Alberta),<br />
U. S. A. (Alaska). Unconfirmed literature records from the British Isles (LEIGHTON, 1871, 1879;<br />
LAMB, 1941 ; KERSHAW, 1960, all probably erroneous), U. S. A., Oregon (MAGNUSSON, 1939), Canada,<br />
Labrador and Qdbec (DIx, 1956, as St. fastigiatum), and Corsica (WERNER and DESCHATRES, 1970).<br />
A record from Ecuador (KUNTH, 1822, 1824 - 25) almost certainly erroneous. Definitely erroneous<br />
are records from South Georgia (Du RIETZ, 1926a) and Argentine Patagonia (LAMB, 1959), both referring<br />
to St. glabrum (MULL. ARG.) VAIN.; St. botryosum apparently does not occur in the southern<br />
hemisphere.
208 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Remarks: of the described infraspecific taxa, most belong to other species. A subspecies<br />
islandicum described by DUVIGNEAUD (1941) from Iceland is doubtful, the type having<br />
been lost, and should be discarded as a nomen dubium (see p. 321).<br />
Fo. congestum (MAGN.) FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 125 (1932); POELT, Be~timmung~~chlii~~el Europaischer<br />
Flechten: 643 (1969). - Stereocaulon fastigiatum f. congestum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 38 (1926).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Torne Lappmark, Kopparlsen, altit. 600 m s. m., leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1921<br />
(no. 6074) (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; seep. 310).<br />
Exsicc.: ARN. Lich. Exs. (Lich. Jurae) no. 651b (date ?), as St. alpinum (var.) (PC, s. The example<br />
in S has some intermixture of St. vesuvianum PERS. var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB, and another in<br />
UPS is St. rivulorum MAGN.). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XXXVII (1948) no. 3664, as St. fastigiatum<br />
var. dissolutum (co~o, FH, LD, LIL, S, UPS, US).<br />
Remarks: widely distributed and just as common as the typical species.<br />
Fo. finmarkicum (MAGN.) FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 126 (1932); POELT, Be~timmung~~chlii~~e1 Europaischer<br />
Flechten: 644 (1969). - Stereocaulon fastigiatum f. finmarkicum MAGN. Goteborgs K. '~etensk.- 0.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 36 (1926).<br />
Typus: Norway, Finmark, Mikkelskog-Sjuosjaure, leg. B. LYNGE, 1924 (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: rare; seen only from the type locality and from one locality in Sweden (Torne<br />
Lappmark).<br />
Fo. irregulare (MAGN.) FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 126 (1932); POELT, Be~timmung~~~hlii~~el Europaischer<br />
Flechten: 643 (1969). - Stereocaulon fastigiatum f. irregulare MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.<br />
-Sarnh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 35 (1926).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, Brandsfjallet, altit. 750 m s. m., "near a waterfall", leg. A.<br />
H. MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8959) (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus; lectotypif. FREY, 1932,l. c.).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, PI. 11, fig. 2 (lectotype specimen).<br />
Remarks: rare; seen only from the type locality and from one other locality in Sweden<br />
(Torne Lappmark).<br />
Fo. simplicior (MAGN.) FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 125 (1932); POELT, Bestimmungsschliissel Europaischer<br />
Flechten: 643 (1969). - Stereocaulon fastigiatum f. simplicior MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 38 (1926).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Bjorkfors, Syterbacken, altit. 450 m s. m., leg.<br />
A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8375) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: known only from the type specimen.<br />
Fo. subglobuliferum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn.: Statura et aspectu ut in f. congesto, sed sorediis genuinis capitiformibus globosis<br />
praeditum.<br />
Typus: Norway, Sor-Trondelag, Knutsho, altit. ca. 1400 m s. m., leg. I. M. LAMB, 1954 (no. 7039)
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 209<br />
(FH, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: the type material was of scarce occurrence on a rock in the lichen-heath, firmly<br />
attached, forming compact pulvinate clumps ca. 4 cm diarn. with the typical cauliflower-like<br />
habitus and woody, fastigiate, glabrous pseudopodetia. Soredia PDffaint yellow; atranorin<br />
and porphyrilic acid demonstrated by chromatography. Resembles St. spathuliferum VAIN.<br />
f. globuliferum (MAGN.) LAMB and St. capitellaturn MAGN., but has the chemical constitution<br />
of St. botryosum. We have seen also one specimen from W. Greenland referable to this form.<br />
7. Stereocaulon capitellaturn MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 39 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-<br />
F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 118 (1932); POELT, Be~timmung~~chlu~~el Europaischer Flechten: 636 (1969).<br />
opus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Bjorkfors, Syterbacken, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON,<br />
1924 (no. 8380) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus; s, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon farinaceurn MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh.<br />
Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 72 (1926).<br />
Exsicc. : HAV. Lich. Exs. Norveg. no. 609 (1939) (BG). (Note: the material from Switzerland distributed<br />
as "Stereocaulon farinaceurn" in POELT et al. Lich. Alpiurn Fasc. VI (1961) no. 116 (FH, GZU,<br />
KLEM, LD) is a different species, containing lobaric acid; we have not been able to determine it with<br />
certainty.)<br />
Icon. : DAHL et KROG 1973, fig. 42. - FREY 1932, fig. 18; fig. 17 (as St. farinaceurn); 1959, fig. 6<br />
(as St. farinaceurn).<br />
Mat. chirn.: presumed full chemical spectrum: atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid,<br />
miriquidic acid (the type specimen belongs here).<br />
Deficient phase I: atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid (the type specimen of St. farinaceum<br />
belongs here).<br />
Deficient phase 11: atranorin only (one specimen from Greenland).<br />
Distrib.: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, Switzerland, Iceland, Greenland.<br />
Remarks: examination of fairly copious material has convinced us that the differences<br />
supposed to separate St. farinaceurn from St. capitellatum are quite variable and taxonomically<br />
insignificant.<br />
8. Stereocaulon condensaturn H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
Deutschlands Flora oder Botanisches Taschenbuch, Zweyter Theil, Cryptogamie: 130 (1796); FREY,<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-Fl. 9, Abt. IV, I. Halfte: 92 (1932); POELT, Be~timmung~~chIu~~e1 Europaischer<br />
Flechten: 641 (1969); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 135<br />
(1973). - Lichen condensatus (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) ACH. Lichenographiae Suecicae Prodromus: 209 (1798). - Stereocaulon<br />
paschale [var.] j3. condensaturn (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) SCHAER. Lichenurn Helveticorum Spicilegium, Pars<br />
prima, Sect. VI: 273 (1833). - Cereolus condensatus (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) BOIST. Nouvelle Flore des Lichens, 2e.<br />
Partie: 33 (1903).<br />
Typus: Germany, no exact locality indicated, "in ericetis, montosis". Not seen by us.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Patellariapileata [var.] a. crustacea WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae,<br />
Pars prior: 441 (1831). - Stereocaulon condensaturn f. crustaceurn (WALLR.) RABENH. Lich. Europ. Exs.<br />
Fasc. XIIT (1858) no. 370. - Patellaria pileata [var.] j3. tharnnodes WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae,<br />
Pars prior: 441 (1831). - Stereocaulon acaulon NYL. Flora, 59: 232 (1876). - Stereocaulon<br />
condensaturn var. acaulon (NYL.) OLIV. Expose Systkmatique des Lichens de I'Ouest et du Nord-Ouest<br />
de la France, 1: 101 (1897). - Stereocaulon condensaturn f. acaulon (NYL.) MAGN. Goteborgs K.<br />
Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7) 68 (1926). - Cereolus condensatus subvar. acaulon<br />
("acaulis") (NYL.) BOIST. Nouvelle Flore des Lichens, 2e. Partie: 33 (1903). - Stereocaulon condensaturn
210 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
[var.] a. minor EGELING, Ber. Ver. Naturkunde in Cassel, 28: 93 (1881). - Stereocaulon condyloideurn<br />
ACH. Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes, Suppl.: 51 (1803). - Stereocaulon condensaturn subsp.<br />
condyloideurn (AcH.) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 251 (1 860). - Stereocaulon condensaturn<br />
var. condyloideurn (AcH.) NYL. Lichenes Scandinaviae: 66 (1 861). - Stereocaulon condensaturn f.<br />
condyloideurn (AcH.) MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 68 (1926).<br />
- Stereocaulon condensaturn f. athallinurn SANDST. ex ERICHS. Ann. Mycol. 36, 143 (1938). - Stereocaulon<br />
condensaturn f. septentrionale MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,<br />
30 (7): 67 (1926).<br />
Exsicc.: (Note: ANZI, Lich. EXS. Ztal. Super. Fasc. I (1865) no. 29 in FH is not St. condensaturn as<br />
named; it may be St. glareosurn (SAV.) MAGN., but is too poor for certain identification.) ASAH. Lich.<br />
Japon. Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 293 (UPS). - BARTLING et HAMPE, Veget. Cellul. German. Septentr.,<br />
Lich. Decas I1 (1832) no. 18 (M. The numbers on the labels of this exsiccat do not agree with those<br />
cited by LYNGE, 1915-20). - BREUT. Flora German. Exs. Ser. 11, Cent. I1 (1843) no. 106 (FH. An example<br />
in S is however St. vesuvianurn PERS. var. nodulosurn (WALLR.) LAMB). - CUMM., WILLIAMS et SEYMOUR,<br />
Decades N. Arner. Lich. Decas I11 (1892) no. 26 (DUKE, MSC, US, WELC, WIS). - CUMM. et al. Lich. Bor.-<br />
Arner. Decas XI (1894) no. 159 (FH, PR, S, WELC). - FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1824) no. 88, as St.<br />
pileaturn (FH. An example in LD is a mixture of St. condensaturn and St. pileaturn AcH.). - TH. FR.<br />
Lich. Scandin. Rar. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. 111 (1865) no. 64 (BM, CAN, LD, PC, S, US). - FUNCK, Cryptog.<br />
Gewachse des Fichtelgebirg's Ed. 11, Heft 16 (1810) no. 343, as St. condyloideurn (FH, PR). -HARM.<br />
Lich. Gall. Rar. Exs. Fasc. I (1908) no. 26 (FH). - HARM. Lich. in Lotharingia (1 887-99) no. 156 (FH). -<br />
HAV. Lich. EXS. Norveg. Fasc. XXI (1947) no. 657 (BG). - HEPP, FIechten Europas Band VI (1857) no.<br />
300 (FH, PC, s). - KRAWIEC, Lichenotheca Polonica Fasc. I1 (1935) no. 71 (s). - KUT~K, Lich. Bohern.<br />
Fasc. I1 (1913) no. 75 (PR, u). - LEIGHT. Lich. Brit. Exs. Fasc. X (1858) no. 295 (EM, FH, LD, S, US). -<br />
Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XLIV (1958) no. 1082 (FH). (Note: Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XXXVI (1956)<br />
no. 883 in FH is not St. condensaturn as named, but a species of Lepraria.) - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand.<br />
Lich. Suec.<br />
Exs. Fasc. VII (1933) no. 155, as St. condensaturn var. condyloideurn (GB, PR). - MALME,<br />
Exs. Fasc. XX (1915) no. 486 (s, wls). - MIG. Cryptog. German., Austr. et Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XXV<br />
(1904) no. 122 (FH, MSC, PR, s). - MUDD, Lich. Brit. Exs. Fasc. I (1861) no. 33 (EM, FH). - NORRL. et<br />
NYL. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Fasc. I1 (1875) no. 87, as St. condensaturn var. condyloideurn (FH). - OLIV.<br />
Herb. Lich. Orne et Calvados (Lich. Exs.) Fasc. VII (1882) no. 315, as St. acaulon (DUKE). - PIantae<br />
Varsav. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1964) no. 40 (LD, s). - RABENH. Lich. Europ. Exs. Fasc. V (1856) no. 138 (FH,<br />
PR, S. The example in PR contains also St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.); Fasc. XI11 (1858) no. 370, as St. condensaturn<br />
B. crustaceurn (FH, s). - REICHENB. et SCHUB. Lich. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1823) no. 68, as St. pileaturn<br />
(M). - ROUM. Lich. GUN. Exs. Cent. V (1883) no. 424 (ups. Acc. to FREY, 1932, p. 99, an example<br />
of this number seen by him is St. pileaturn AcH.); Cent. VI (date ?) no. 511, as St. acaulon (UPS). -<br />
SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHMER, Lkh. Sax. EXS. Decas L (1932) no. 496 (BM, KLEM). - SCHAER. Li~h.<br />
Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XXI (1847) no. 509, as St. paschale B. condensaturn (FH, PC). - STENHAM. Lich.<br />
Suec. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1860) no. 84 (BM, FH, LD, US). - SUZA, Lich. Bohernoslovak. Exs. Fasc. I (1926)<br />
no. 16 (BM, FH, LD). - VEZDA, Lich. Bohernoslovak. Exs. Fasc. I (1957) no. 42 (LD). - VBZDA, Lich.<br />
Sel. Exs. Fasc. VI (1962) no. 143 (LD); Fasc. XVII (1965) no. 414 (LD, s). - WESTEND. et WALLAYS<br />
Herb. Cryptog. Belge Fasc. XXVII (1859) no. 1315 (FH). -ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 58 (1904)<br />
(PC, ups).<br />
Icon.: GALL~E 1972, PI. 1. fig. 6; PI. 51, figs. 44146; PI. 52, figs. 447452; PI. 53, figs. 453456;<br />
P1. 54, figs. 457462; P1. 55, figs. 463469; PI. 56, figs. 470-473. - FREY 1932, fig. 11; 1959, fig. 2. -<br />
HALE 1969, fig. 384. - OZENDA et CLAUZADE 1970, fig. 392 A, B. - YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 33, fig. 328.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid, or sometimes apparently atranorin only.<br />
Distrib.: northern hemisphere, temperate to boreal-arctic, amphiatlantic and possibly circumpolar.<br />
Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Belgium, England, Scotland, France,<br />
Germany (W. and E.), Czechoslovakia, Poland, U. S. S. R. (Byelorussian SSR, Karelo-Finnish SSR,<br />
Kamtchatka), Mongolian People's Republic, Greenland, Canada (Quebec, Labrador, Ontario, Manitoba,<br />
Saskatchewan, N. W. Territ.), U. S. A. (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Wisconsin,
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 21 1<br />
Alaska, Hawaii), Japan, doubtfully from Indonesia (Java) (see below). Unconfirmed literature records<br />
from Ireland (PORTER 1948), Italy (JATTA 1900), Rumania (MORUZI, PETRIA and MANTU 1967), U.S.S.R.<br />
Lithuania (MINCEVIEIUS 1963), Kola Peninsula (TRASS, MAGI and PARN 1963; DOMBROVSKAYA 1970),<br />
Ural Mts. (SOROKIN 1877), Canada, British Columbia (OTTO 1968), U. S. A., Washington State (How-<br />
ARD 1955), Taiwan (Formosa) (ZAHLBRUCKNER 1933), and Ecuador (ZAHLBRUCKNER 1905, highly improbable).<br />
Erroneous records are from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (NYLANDER 1900),=St. austroindicum<br />
LAMB, and northern India, Kashrnir (AWASTHI and SINGH 1970), revised by us and found to be St.<br />
glareosum (SAV.) MAGN.<br />
Remarks: all the facultative synonyms represent mere growth-stages or non-taxonomic<br />
modifications of the species. St. condensatum is most closely related to St. glareosum (SAV.)<br />
MAGN. and St. incrustaturn FLK. It was recorded from Indonesia (Java) by MONTAGNE and<br />
VAN DEN BOSCH (1856); ZAHLBRUCKNER (1956) considered this record probably to refer to<br />
St. graminosum SCHAER. However, our own study of the specimen in question, from Mt.<br />
Sindoro, leg. JUNGHUHN (L) showed it to have the diagnostic characters of St. condensatum,<br />
but the material was poorly preserved and hence its identity somewhat doubtful. St. condensatum<br />
certainly occurs in Hawaii and Japan, but is a rare species there.<br />
9. Stereocaulon cyrnosurn CROMB.<br />
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15: 182 (1876); J. Bot. 15: 103 (1877); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 116 (1929).<br />
- Argopsis cymosa (CROMB.) STIZENB. Ber. Thatigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1889-90: 237 (1891).<br />
Typus: Kerguelen Island, Observatory Bay, "on the ground", leg. A. E. EATON, 1874-75 (K, holotypus;<br />
BM, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon depreaultii f. corallinum HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.<br />
ser. 3, 2: 248 (1890) (pr. p.; vide infra).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid, plus traces of some unidentified substances.<br />
Distrib.: Kerguelen and Marion Islands (southern Indian Ocean).<br />
Remarks: identical in vegetative morphology with Argopsis friesiana M~~LL. ARC., which<br />
differs in having submuriform spores and a different chemistry (see LAMB, 1974). Both species<br />
occur in Kerguelen, apparently growing intermingled. The material to which HUE gave the<br />
name Stereocaulon depreaultii f. corallinum was collected on Kerguelen by J. D. HOOKER<br />
and named first St.paschale by HOOKER and TAYLOR (1844), then St. corallinum by BABINGTON<br />
ex HOOKER (184547); NYLANDER (1860) referred it to St. depreaultii DEL. as "fere forma",<br />
and HUE, following this suggestion, made the combination St. depreaultii f. corallinum, attributing<br />
it to BABINGTON as original author. The name is of erroneous application, because<br />
BABINGTON did not intend the epithet corallinum as a new taxon, but used it with reference to<br />
FRIES, i.e. St. dactylophyllum FLORKE; see LAMB, 1974, p. 457, for further details.<br />
10. Stereocaulon dactylophyllurn FLORKE<br />
Deutsche Lichenen, Lief. IV: 13 (1819); RIDD. Bot. Gaz. 50: 291 (1910), as St. coralloides; MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 25 (1926), as St. coralloides; MIG.<br />
Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Deutsch-bsterreich und der Schweiz, 4, Lief. 268-277: 66 (1 928),<br />
as St. coralloides; FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 189 (1932), as St. coralloides;<br />
Oz. et CLAUZ. Les Lichens: 474 (1970). - Stereocaulon coralloides [var.] a. dactylophyllum (FLORKE)<br />
TH. FR. De Stereocaulis et Pilophoris Comrnentatio: 16 (1857). - Stereocaulon coralloides [f.] a.<br />
dactylophyllum (FLORKE) TH. FR. Lichenographia Scandinavica, Pars prima: 44 (1871). - Stereocaulon<br />
paschale [subsp.] B. dactylophyllum (FLORKE) BRANTH et ROSTR. Bot. Tidsskr. 3: 162 (1869). - Stereocaulon<br />
coralloides subvar. dactylophyllum (FLORKE) BOIST. Nouvelle Flore des Lichens, 2e. Partie: 36
212 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
(1903).<br />
Typus: Germany, 3 localities mentioned (Harz, Rehberger Graben and Andreasberg; Fichtelgebirge),<br />
leg. H. G. FLORKE, 1797, no holotype designated. The authentic material distributed by<br />
FL~~RKE in his exsiccat Deutsch. Lich. Fasc. IV (1819) no. 78, although without mention of locality or<br />
date, probably came from one of these localities and should be regarded as isolectotype (DODGE, 1929,<br />
p. 114).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon coralloides FR. Schedulae Criticae de Lichenibus Exsiccatis<br />
Sueciae, Part 111: 24 (1825). - Stereocaulon paschale [subsp.] a. coralloides (FR.) BRANTH et ROSTR.<br />
Bot. Tidsskr. 3: 162 (1869). - Stereocaulon dactylophyllum [var.] P. major SOMM. Supplementum Florae<br />
Lapponicae: 125 (1826). - Stereocaulon coralloides var. orientalis RAS. Ann Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn.<br />
Vanamo, 12 (1): 55 (1939). (Note: the name Stereocaulon corallinum (L.) SCHRAD. was frequently used<br />
by earlier authors, from FRIES onwards, to designate the present species, but wrongly, because it is based<br />
on Lichen corallinus L. = Pertusaria corallina (L.) ARN. ; see LANJOUW et al., 1966, p. 247.)<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Armor. Spect. Exs. Fasc. V (1932) no. 83, as St. coralloides (LD, ups). - ANZI,<br />
Lich. Exs. Ztal. Super. Fasc. 1 (1865) no. 28, as St. coralloides (BM, FH, s). - ANZI, Lich. Prov. Sondr.<br />
et Novo-Comensi Exs. Fasc. I (date ?) no. 8, as St. corallinum (ups). - ARN. Lich. Exs. (Lich. Jurae)<br />
no. 1483a, b (1889), as St. coralloides (BM, FH, PC, s). - BARTLING et HAMPE, Veget. Cellul. German.<br />
Septentr., Lich. Decas V (date ?) no. 46, as St. corallinum (M). - BREUT. Flora German. Exs., ser. 11,<br />
Cent. I1 (1843) no. 108, as St. corallinum (FH, s), - BRITZ. Lich. EXS. FI. Augsburgs, Suppl. Fasc. 111<br />
(1905) no. 542, as St. coralloides (BM, FH, PR). - CLAUD. et HARM. Lich. Gall. praecip. Exs. Fasc. 111<br />
(1904) no. 107, as St. coralloides (FH). - CROMB. Lich. Brit. Exs. Cent. I1 (1877) no. 119, as St. coral-<br />
Ioides (ups); no. 120 pr. p., as St. evolutum (St. dactylophyllum in BM, St. evolutum GRAEWE in ups). -<br />
DESM. Plantes Cryptogames de France, ed. 2, Ser. 11, Fasc. I (1853) no. 46, as St. corallinum (FH). -<br />
ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross. Fasc. I1 (1907) no. 71, as St. coralloides var. dactylophyllum (FH). - Erb.<br />
Crittog. Ztal., ed, DE NOTARIS, CESATI, BAGLIETTO etc. Fasc. I (1858) no. 39, as St. corallinum (FH). -<br />
FLAG. Lich. Franche-Comptk Fasc. VII (1884) no. 306, as St. corallinum (m). - FLORKE, Deutsch. Lich.<br />
Fasc. IV (1819) no. 78 (PR, UPS, isolectotype material). -Flora Exs. Austro-Hungar. Fasc. VIII (1885)<br />
no. 1538, as St. coralloides (FH, PC, PR, s). - FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. IV (1825) no. 118, as St. coral-<br />
Ioides (FH-TUCK, LD, M, s). - FUNCK, Cryptog. Gewachse des Fichtelgebirg's, Ed. 1, Heft 1 (1801) no.<br />
20, as St. paschale (PR. Mixed with St. tomentosum FR.). - Ed. 2, Heft 5 (1806) no. 117, as St. paschale<br />
(FH). -HARM. Guide Ekm. Lich. Vol. I (1904) no. 28, as St. coralloides (m). -HARM. Lich. in Lotharingia<br />
(1887-99) no. 158, as St. coralloides (FH). - HAV. Lich. Exs. Norveg. Fasc. VI (1904) no. 242,<br />
as St. coralloides (BG). - HAV. Lich. Norveg. Occid. Exs. Fasc. V (1935) no. 103, as St. coralloides<br />
(PR). - HEPP, Flechten Europas Band 111, Heft 5 (1853) no. 114, as St. corallinum (FH-TUCK, PC, s). -<br />
W. JOHNS.<br />
et<br />
North of England Lich.-Herb. Fasc. VI (1896) no. 210, as St. coralloides (BM). - KAVINA<br />
HILITZ. Crypt. eech. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1933) no. 77, as St. coralloides (BM, PR). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob.<br />
Cent. IV (1898) no. 355, 355b, as St. coralloides (FH, PC, PR, S, WELC). - KUROK. Lich. Rar. et Crit. Exs.<br />
Fasc. I1 (1969) no. 96 (lapsu typogr. "doctylophyllum") (FH). - LEIGHT. Lich. Brit. Exs. Fasc. V (1854)<br />
no. 148, as St. paschale (BM, FH. In us it is a mixture of St. vesuvianum PERs. var. nodulosum (WALLR.)<br />
LAMB and probably St. evolutum GRAEWE). - MALBR. Lich. Normand. Fasc. V (1869) no. 213, as St.<br />
coralloides (LD, s). - MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXI (1915) no. 508, as St. coralloides, pr. p. (PR,<br />
wrs. Both mixed with St. saxatile MAGN. An example in s is a mixture of St. evolutum GRAEWE and<br />
St. saxatile MAGN.). - MASS. Lich. Ztal. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1856) no. 44, as St. corallinum (BM, FH-TUCK, s).<br />
- MIG. Cryptog. German., Austr. et Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XVIII (1904) no. 98, as St. coralloides (FH,<br />
MSC, PC, PR); Fasc. XLV (1928) no. 174, as St. coralloides (FH, PR). - MOUG. et NESTL. Stirpes Cryptog.<br />
Vogeso-Rhenanae Fasc. I (1810) no. 73, as St. paschale (FH-TUCK. Acc. to FREY, 1932, p. 149, in G and M<br />
it is unmixed, but in w contains also St. tomentosum FR.). - OLIV. Herb. Lich. Orne et Calvados (Lich.<br />
Exs.) Fasc. VII (1882) no. 313, as St. coralloides (DUKE. With some intermixture of another species,<br />
probably St. condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM.). - RABENH. Lich. Europ. Exs. Fasc. V (1856) no. 137, as St. coral-<br />
Iinum (s. In PR this number is referable to the var. flabellatum (FREY) GRUMM.); Fasc. VIII (1857) no.<br />
210, as St. corallinum (lapsu typogr. "cor Ilinum") (PR, s); Fasc. XXXV (1874) no. 939, as St. corafloides
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 213<br />
B. dactylophyllum (PR, s). - RAs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1935) no. 55, as St. coralloides (ups). - REI-<br />
CHENB. et SCHUB. Lich. Exs. Fasc. VI (1826) no. 142, as St. paschale (PC). - ROUM. Lich. GUN. Exs.<br />
Cent. I(1879) no. 23, as St. corallinum (ups); Cent. VI (date ?) no. 560, as St. corallinum var.pulvinatum<br />
(UPS). - SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHMER, Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas VIII (1925) no. 78, as St. coralloides<br />
(WELC. In BM this number is referable to var. occidentale (MAGN.) GRUMM.). - SCHAER. Lich. Helvet.<br />
Exs. Fasc. XI (1836) no. 261, as St. paschale y. corallinum (FH-TUCK, PC). - STENHAM. Lich. Suec. Exs.<br />
Fasc. I11 (1860) no. 82, as St. coralloides (BM, FH-TUCK, LD). - TREV. Lichenotheca Veneta, ser. I, Fasc.<br />
IV (1869) no. 142, as St. corallinum (FH); no. 143, as St. paschale (ups. Acc. to FREY, 1932, p. 149, this<br />
number in w is St. tomentosum FR.). -TUCK. Lich. Amer. Septentr. Exs. Fasc. IV (1854) no. 94, as St.<br />
corallinum (FH, L, TENN). -V&DA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1960) no. 44 (LD). - WARTMANN et<br />
SCHENK, Schweizer. Kryptog. Cent. VI, Fasc. XI1 (1866) no. 552, as St. coralloides a. dactylophyllum<br />
(FH). - ZW. Lich. EXS. Fasc. XVIII (date ?) no 910, as St. coralFdes (PC, s, ups).<br />
Icon.: ANDERS 1928, PI. XIX, fig. 1, as St. coralloides. - CERN., NADv. et SERV. 1956, P1. VI,<br />
fig. 7, as St. coralloides. - FREY 1932, fig. 30a, b; P1.11, fig. 11, as St. coralloides. - GALLQE 1972, PI.<br />
72, figs. 555-561 ; P1. 73, figs. 562-565. - MAGN. 1929, PI. VI, fig. 2, as St. coralloides. - MIG. 1927-<br />
31, Lief. 268-277 (1928), P1. 72, figs. 4-9; PI. 73, fig. 1, as St. coralloides. - OKSN. 1968, fig. 148a.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and stictic acid (the "Pseudopsoromsaure" of ZOPF, 1907), usually<br />
with smaller amounts of norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : an amphiatlantic species, occurring in Europe and eastwards into Russia at least as far<br />
as the Urals; Greenland; eastern Canada and eastern and central U. S. A. In Scandinavia it is distinctly<br />
southern in its distribution (ALMBORN, 1948), but has been found as far north as Angermanland in<br />
Sweden (DEGELIUS, 1932). Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, England, Scotland, France,<br />
Germany (W. and E.), Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Poland, U. S. S. R. (Estonian SSR,<br />
Karelian SSR, Ukraine, Ural Mts., W. Siberia), S. W. Greenland, Canada (Quebec, Ontario, New<br />
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland), Miquelon Island, U. S. A. (New York State, Vermont,<br />
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, N. Carolina, Tennessee, Michigan). Unverified records from<br />
Ireland (PORTER, 1948), Rumania (CRETZOIU, 1933, 1939), U. S. S. R., Kola Peninsula, Murmansk<br />
Distr. (DOMBROVSKAYA, 1970), U. S. A., Pennsylvania (MOZINGO, 1948), in addition to records from<br />
Chile (JATTA, 1906) and Japan SAT^, 1965) which are almost certainly erroneous. The following<br />
records were checked by us and found to be erroneous: U. S. A., Alaska (EYERDAM, 1949,=St. intermedium<br />
(SAV.) MAGN.; HEUSSER, 1954,=St. glareosum (SAV.) MAGN.); China (MULLER ARC., 1893,<br />
HUE, 1898-1901 (1898), =St. myriocarpum TH. FR.) ; and Java (MERRILL, 191 3, =St. verruculigerum<br />
HUE).<br />
Remarks: St. dactylophyllum occupies a somewhat isolated position among its European<br />
congeners. It has some characteristics in common with sect. Denudata subsect. Botryoideum,<br />
with which it however probably has no close relationship, as it is geographically completely<br />
isolated from that E. Asiatic assemblage.<br />
Fo. expansum (MAGN.) GRUMM.<br />
Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 23 (1963). - Stereocaulon coralloides f. expansum MAGN. Goteborgs<br />
K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,30 (7): 27/28 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-Fl. 9, Abt.<br />
IV, 1. Halfte: 194 (1932).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Vastergotland, par. Landvetter, Gokskulla, leg. C. STENHOLM, 1925 (UPS-MAGN,<br />
holotypus).<br />
Remarks: a minute, stunted, non-caespitose condition, with primary thallus absent or<br />
evanescent; perhaps merely a juvenile state of no taxonomic value. In any case rare; we<br />
know it from only two localities, both in Sweden.
214 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Fo. subbotryosum (FREY) GRUMM.<br />
Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963). - Stereocaulon coralloides f. subbotryosum FREY, Rabenhorsts<br />
Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 194 (1932).<br />
Typus: Germany, Fichtelgebirge, leg. LAURER, 1871 (formerly in B; not seen by us; probably destroyed<br />
in World War 11).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, PI. 11, fig. 10 (the holotype), as St. coralloides f. subbotryosum.<br />
Remarks: an unusual form with massive woody pseudopodetia. Rare. Material agreeing<br />
very well with FREY'S description and illustration has been seen by us from Austria (Karnten).<br />
Fo. sessile LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn.: Thallus primarius bene evolutus; pseudopodetia brevissima, usque 2.5 mm longa, apotheciis<br />
pileatis coronata. Apothecia partim quoque thallo primario sessilia. - St. pileato ACH.<br />
habitu persimile.<br />
Typus: Sweden, Vastergotland, par. Floby, leg. C. STENHOLM, 1896 (GB, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: the holotype was labelled by MAGNUSSON "Stereocaulon pileatum f. sessile H.<br />
MAGN.", and is one of the two specimens on which he founded the latter taxon; the other<br />
specimen we have selected as lectotype of St. pileatum f. sessile MAGN.,=S~. vesuvianum var.<br />
nodulosum f. sessile (MAGN.) LAMB; see p. 247. Known only from the type specimen.<br />
Var. flabellatum (FREY) GRUMM.<br />
Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963). - Stereocaulon coralloides var. flabellatum FREY, Rabenhorsts<br />
Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 196 (1932).<br />
Typus: Germany, Bohmer Wald, Bayrisch-Eisenstein, "am Aufstieg zur Hochbergplatte und zum<br />
Brennesattel, auf schattigen Felsen im Wald". More than one specimen mentioned, no holotype<br />
designated. Most of the type material was in herb. J. HILLMANN, which was destroyed in World War<br />
11. However, FREY retained one of the specimens (syntype), which we have seen; it should be designated<br />
as lectotype (lectotypif. nov.), and is from the Hochbergplatte, leg. J. HILLMANN, 1930 (FREY,<br />
herb. no. 1688).<br />
Exsicc.: FOLLM. Lich. EXS. Sel. Mus. Hist. Nat. Casselensi Fasc. VII (1975) no. 135, as St. dactylophyllum<br />
(KASSEL). - RABENH. Lich. Europ. EXS. Fasc. V (1856) no. 137, as St. corallinum (PR. In s<br />
this number represents the typical species). - SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHMER, Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas XXVI<br />
(1927) no. 257, as St. coralloides (EM, PR. In BM it closely approaches var. occidentale (MAGN.) GRUMM.).<br />
- VENDRELY, Flora Sequania Exs. no. 251 (date ?), as St. coralloides (PC).<br />
Zcon.: FREY 1932, fig. 31, as St. coralloides var. flabellatum.<br />
Remarks: rather common and as widely distributed as the typical species.<br />
Var. occidentale (MAGN.) GRUMM.<br />
Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963).1° - Stereocaulon coralloides var. occidentale MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 27 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-<br />
F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 195 (1932).<br />
Typus: Sweden, 4 localities mentioned (in Bohuslan and Vastergotland), no holotype designated.<br />
As lectotype we select the one from Bohuslan, par. Dragsmark, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1915, and<br />
marked as "Type" in his herbarium (UPS-MAGN) (lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon spissum NYL. ex HUE, Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 6: 192" (1888);<br />
emend. LAMB, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada, 1952-53, Bull. no. 132: 272 (1954). - Stereocaulon coral-<br />
lo The combination was first made by LAMPE and KLEM. in Zeitschr. Mus. Hildesheim, n. F., Heft<br />
12: 71 (1958), but invalidly (basionym not designated).
I. MACKENZ~E LAMB: A Conspectus of Sfereocaulon 215<br />
loides var. spissum (NYL.) LAMB, loc. cit. - Sfereocaulon dacfylophyllum var. spissum (NYL.) LAMB ex<br />
GRUMM. Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963). - Sfereocaulon spissum f. dactylinum FREY,<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 141 (1932).<br />
Exsicc.: AND. Lich. EXS. Bohem. Bor. Fasc. VI (1933) no. 305, as Sf. fomenfosum (PR. Other<br />
examples of this number in PR contain also Sf. tomentosum FR. and another species, perhaps Sf. saxafile<br />
MAGN.). - BOHL. Lich. Brit. Fasc. I1 (1835) no. 14 (XIV), as Sf. paschale (FH). - MALME, Lich. Suec.<br />
Exs. Fasc. XXIII (1916) no. 559, as Sf. coralloides (PR, S, WIS. The example in s with slight intermixture<br />
of Sf. saxafile MAGN.). - MIG. Crypfog. German., Ausfr. ef Helvef. Exs. Fasc. LXII (1933) no. 342, as<br />
Sf. coralloides (FH, OC, PR, U. In FH there is an intermixture of Sf. saxafile MAGN.). - SCHADE, STOLLE<br />
et RIEHMER, Lich. Sax. EXS. Decas VIII (1925) no. 78, as Sf. coralloides (BM. In WELC this number is<br />
referable to the typical species); Decas XV (1925) no. 148, as Sf. coralloides (BM); Decas XXVI (1 927)<br />
no. 258, as Sf. coralloides (BM); no. 260 pr. p., as Sf. fomenfosum (BM. Mixed with Sf. saxafile MAGN.);<br />
Decas XXXVII (1927) no. 363, as Sf. coralloides (BM), - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXXV (1970)<br />
no. 866, as Sf. dacfylophyllum (LD). - Zw. Lich. Exs. Fasc. XIX (date ?) no. 997, as Sf. pileafum,<br />
spissum (H-NYL, lecfofypus; PC, isolectotypus).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 21, as Sf. spissum; fig. 30 c, d, as Sf. coralloides var. occidentale; PI. 11, fig.<br />
9, as Sf. spissum. - ULLRICH et KLEM. 1960, fig. 1112.9 (field photograph).<br />
Remarks: very common and as widespread as the typical species.<br />
Var. pygmaeum (FREY) GRUMM.<br />
Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963). - Sfereocaulon coralloides var. pygmaeum FREY, Rabenhorsts<br />
Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 197 (1932).<br />
Typus: Germany, Harz, Ilsenburg, between Eckerkrug and Rabenklippen, "auf stark verwittertem<br />
Granit", leg. J. HILLMANN, no date given (herb. HILLMANN, holotypus; destroyed in World War I1 and<br />
not seen by us).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 32, as Sf. coralloides var.pygmaeum.<br />
Remarks: characterized by very dwarf pseudopodetia forming a sward over the stone;<br />
phyllocladia as in var. flabellatum. FREY, loc. cit., admits the possibility of it being merely<br />
a juvenile condition of var. flabellatum or var. occidentale. We have seen only one specimen<br />
agreeing with the description, from U.S.S.R., Ural Mts., Sverdlovsk region.<br />
1 1. Stereocaulon depreaultii DEL.<br />
ex NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 249 (1860); ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 35: 292 (1960); YOSHIM.<br />
Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 176 (1974). - Sfereocaulon paschale subsp. depreaulfii (DEL.) LAMB,<br />
Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada, 1952-53, Bull. no. 132: 273 (1954).<br />
Typus: Canada, Newfoundland, no exact locality given, leg. DESPREAUX (date ?) (CH-NYL, no. 39814,<br />
holotypus). What appear to be isotype specimens are present in ASAH (with date 1828), FH, PC (with<br />
date 1827), RB (as from "Petit-nord de Terre-neuve", the old name for the Great Northern Peninsula)<br />
and s.<br />
Exsicc. : ASAH. Lich. Japon. EXS. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 294 (ASAH, FH, LD, UPS). - KUROK. Lich.<br />
Rarior. el Crif. Exs. Fasc. 111 (1971) no. 139 (ASAH, FH, LD, UPS).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1960, fig. 4A. -YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76i; PI. 33, fig. 325.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Disfrib.: Canada (Newfoundland and possibly Nova Scotia; see below) and Japan. Possibly<br />
elsewhere in eastern N. America, but these finds rather doubtful. It is an example of the disjunct type<br />
of eastern N. American and Asiatic distribution found in certain mosses (IWATSUKI, 1958) and a few<br />
lichens, e. g. Sfereocaulon fennesseense MAGN. and Lecanora perconcinna HUE (syn. L. microbola LAMB,<br />
1954, p. 29111). See also W. L. CULBERSON, 1972.<br />
Identity established by examination of the holotype of L. perconcinna in PC-HUE, 1966.
21 6 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Remarks: there is another specimen of the same species in H-NYL (no. 39980) labelled<br />
"Stereocaulon Despreauxii Del.", on which NYLANDER has written "alpinum Halifax Jardin".<br />
Halifax is a town in Canada, Nova Scotia, and Jardin perhaps the name of the collector. The<br />
holotype specimen also bears the name "tortuosum Delise" in an older handwriting, perhaps<br />
that of DELISE himself, and a specimen of the same species (perhaps isotype material) in FH<br />
bears the same name with the addition of "Delise in herb. et monogr. ined." The epithet<br />
tortuosum remained a herbarium name (nomen nudum) until 1900, when it was published by<br />
HULTING (1900, p. 17), who validated it by a short diagnosis supplied by NYLANDER, and<br />
quoted Stereocaulon subintricans NYL. as a synonym. It seems that the Swedish specimen<br />
to which HULTING attached the name St. tortuosum (in GB) must be regarded as the holotype,<br />
rather than any of the DELISE material. It was studied both by MAGNUSSON (1926, p. 83)<br />
and by the present author, neither of whom could identify it with certainty. It also seems<br />
that the authority for St. tortuosum should be NYL. ex HUL~NG rather than DEL., because<br />
DELISE used the name in reference to St. depreaultii. See also under St. tortuosum and St.<br />
subintricans in Appendix 2 (p. 321).<br />
12. Stereocaulon depressum (FREY) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Be~timmung~~~hlii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 645 (1969); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of<br />
Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 139 (1973). - Stereocaulon fastigiatum f. depressum MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 36 (1926) (nom. inval., provisor.). -<br />
Stereocaulon botryosum f. depressum FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 126 (1932)<br />
(val. pub].).<br />
Typus: Norway, Nordland, Umbukten, Krabbfjall, altit. ca. 600 m s. m., leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON,<br />
1924, no. 9040 (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon fastigiatum f. confluens MAGN. Gijteborgs K. Vetensk.- o.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 35 (1926). - Stereocaulon botryosum f. confluens (MAGN.) FREY,<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 126 (1932).<br />
Exsicc.: MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XL (1926) no. 979A, pr. p., as St. fastigiatum (LD. In s<br />
this number is St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, often with traces of some unidentified substances, including a<br />
fatty acid. (Porphyrilic and lobaric acids absent.)<br />
Distrib. : Fennoscandia, in northern and alpine locations: Sweden, Norway, Finland. Also found<br />
in E. Greenland and Jan Mayen.<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. groenlandicum (DAHL) LAMB, which has a more complex<br />
chemistry. MAGNUSSON'S original publication of the taxon is regarded as invalid (provisional<br />
name, cfr. STAFLEU et al., 1972, Art. 34), and so FREY is taken to be the original author.<br />
13. Stereocaulon esterhuysenae LAMB<br />
Lilloa, 26: 417 (1953).<br />
Typus: South Africa, Cape Province, Tulbagh Division, Great Winterhoek, altit. 1500 m s, m., leg.<br />
E. ESTERHUYSEN, 1951, no. 19862 pr. p. (CAN, holotypus; BOL, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1953, PI. 11, fig. 6 (the holotype).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid (the latter in low concentration).<br />
Distrib. : South Africa.<br />
Remarks: the type material is a juvenile, dorsiventral, flattened condition; mature plants<br />
are erect, less or not dorsiventral, with rigid and ligneous, firmly attached pseudopodetia,<br />
somewhat resembling St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY in habitus. May be difficult to distinguish
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 217<br />
from St. glabrum (MULL. ARG.) VAIN., but has a different morphology in the juvenile state.<br />
14. Stereocaulon evolutum GRAEWE<br />
ex TH. FR. Bot. Not.: 181 (1865); MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,<br />
30 (:7) 30 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 142 (1932). - Stereocaulon<br />
evolutum [var.] a. typicum TH. FR. Lichenographia Scandinavica, Pars prima: 45 (1871).<br />
Typus: "I vestra delen af Skaraborgs Ian", Vastergotland, Frammestad, leg. P. H. F. GRAEWE,<br />
1864 (UPS-TH FR, holotypus or isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon evolutum f. planum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-<br />
Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 32 (1926). - Stereocaulon lusitanicum MAGN. ex TAV. Broteria, 16 (43):<br />
147 (1947).<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Armor. Spect. Exs. Fasc. V (1932) no. 84, as St. paschale (LD, UPS). AND.<br />
Lich. Exs. Bohem. Bor. Fasc. I1 (1930) no. 87, pr. p., as St. globosus (PR. Mixed with St. tomentosum<br />
var. compactum FREY). - CLAUD. et HARM. Lich. Gall. praecip. Exs. Fasc. X (1908) no. 479, as St.<br />
paschale (FH). - CROMB. Lich. Brit. Exs. Cent. I1 (1877) no. 120 (ups. But in BM it is St. dactylophyNum<br />
FLORKE). - DEL. Lich. de France, Fasc. I (1828) no. 17, as St. dactylophyNum (FH). - FR. Lich. Suec.<br />
Exs. Fasc. I11 (1824) no. 89, pr. p., as St. paschale B. conglomeratum (FH. But in s it is St. paschale (L.)<br />
H<strong>OF</strong>FM., and in LD and ups a mixture of St. evolutum and St. paschale). - HAMBERG, Kryptogam-<br />
Herbarium (1895) no. 50, as St. paschale (UPS). - HAV. Lich. Norveg. Occid. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1913) no.<br />
33 (FH, LE). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XXI (1913) no. 2065 (FH, LE, PR, US, WELC). - MAGN. Lich.<br />
Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. X (1937) no. 237, as St. evolutum f. planum (DEGEL, LE, PR). - MALME, Lich.<br />
Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXVIII (date ?) no. 677 (WIS). - OLIV. Herb. Lich. Orne et Calvados (Lich. Exs.)<br />
Fasc. VII (1882) no. 314, as St. coralloides var. conglomeratum (DUKE); Fasc. IX (1884) no. 407, as St.<br />
pileaturn (DUKE). - RABENH. Lich. Europ. Exs. Fasc. XXXII (1870) no. 858 (FH-TUCK). - ROUM.<br />
Lich. Gall. Exs. Cent. V (1883) no. 423, as St. coralloides var. conglomeratum (UPS). - SAMP. Lich.<br />
Portugal, Fasc. I11 (1923) no. 286, as St. coralloides (LD). - TAV. Lich. Lusit. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I (1951)<br />
no. 12, as St. lusitanicum (LD, TENN).<br />
Icon.: ALVIN et KERSH. 1963, PI. 54, lower fig. - BRIGHTM. et NICHOLSON 1966, figs. 8, 8A. -<br />
FREY 1932, fig. 19 d-f; PI. 11, fig. 7. - GALL. 1913, figs. 120-123. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 4. - Oz. et CLAUZ.<br />
1970, fig. 391 A, B. - TAV. 1947, fig. 1, as St. lusitanicum.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: a European suboceanic species, occurring mainly along the coastal regions of western<br />
Europe from Scandinavia and the Faeroe Islands in the north to Spain, Portugal, Madeira and the<br />
Canary Islands in the south; penetrating eastwards in Europe as far as Finland, central Germany and<br />
Czechoslovakia. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, Belgium, England, Scotland,<br />
Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, W. Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madeira, Canary Islands. Unverified<br />
records: Italy (JATTA, 1900; 1909-11); U. S. S. R., Murmansk Distr. (DOMBROVSKAYA, 1970), Estonian<br />
SSR (TRASS, 1958). Transbaikalia (RASSADINA, 1936). Erroneous record: Canada, Quebec (LEPAGE,<br />
1958, =St. saxatile MAGN.).<br />
Remarks: when sterile, as is commonly the case, St. evolutum may be rather difficult to<br />
distinguish from St. saxatile MAGN., but the pseudopodetia are stronger and more woody<br />
and perfectly glabrous, and the phyllocladia are digitate-squamulose, many of them forming<br />
phyllocladioid branchlets, and often of a characteristic caesious-gray color. If apothecia<br />
are present, the short broad spores are diagnostic. The pycnoconidia also seem to be different<br />
in the two species.<br />
Fo. Iaxum (FREY) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Be~timmung~schliisse1 Europaischer Flechten: 643 (1969). - Stereocaulon spissum var. laxum
21 8 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 141 (1932). - Stereocaulon evolutum var. Iaxum<br />
(FREY) LAMB ex GRWM. Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963).<br />
Typus: Germany, Prov. Hannover, Giersfeld, "Granitblocke des Hunengrabes", leg. H. SANDSTEDE<br />
1888 (M-ARN, holotypus; isotypes in herb. SANDSTEDE and in B, the latter destroyed in World War 11).<br />
Exsicc. : HAV. Lich. Exs. Norveg. Fasc. VII (1905) no. 264, as St. evolutum (BG).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, PI. I, fig. 6, as St. spissum var. laxum (holotype or isotype specimen).<br />
Remarks: characterized by laxly caespitose pseudopodetia. Fairly common in western<br />
Europe.<br />
15. Stereocaulon glabrum (MULL. ARG.) VAIN.<br />
Lichens, in: Res. Voy. Belgica, Botanique: 16 (1903); D. C. LINDS. Brit. Antarct. Survey Sci. Repts.<br />
89: 50 (1974). - Stereocaulon alpinum var. glabrum MULL. ARC. Lichens, in: Mission Scientifique du<br />
Cap Horn, 1882-1883, 5, Botanique: 151 (1889).<br />
Typus: Chile, Magallanes, Hardy Peninsula, Orange Bay, leg. HYADES (G-~LL, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon patagonicum LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 454 (1955). - Stereocaulon<br />
colensoi var. reagens RAS. Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo, 2 (1): 24 (1932). - Pilophoron<br />
colensoi var. reagens (RAs.) ZAHLBR. Catalogus Lichenum Universalis, 10: 381 (1939). - Stereocaulon<br />
patagonicum f. reagens (RAs.) LAMB, An. Parques Nac. [Buenos Aires], 1958, 7: 99 (1959). -Stereocaulon<br />
patagonicum f. subirregulare LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 456 (1955).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1967, fig. 8. -LAMB 1955, fig. 21, as St. patagonicum; fig. 22, as St. patugonicum f.<br />
subirregulare. - D. C. LINDS. 1974, PI. 111, fig. f. -VAIN. 1903, PI. 11, fig. 8.<br />
Mat. chim. : the species occurs in two chemical strains.<br />
Strain I, with atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid (the latter in low concentration).<br />
The typical and common strain.<br />
Strain II, with atranorin, norstictic acid and connorstictic acid (stictic acid absent). One<br />
specimen only of this strain seen: Chile, Prov. Malleco, Dept. Angol, Parque Nacional de<br />
Nahuelbuta, leg. M. MAHU, 1971 (no. 2320) (FH, USGO-MAHU).<br />
Distrib. : Chile (Magallanes, Valdivia, Chiloe, Ayskn, Bio-Bio, Osorno, Malleco), Juan Fernandez,<br />
Argentina (Tierra del Fuego, Santa Cruz, Chubut, Rio Negro, Neuqukn,) South Georgia, W. Antarctica<br />
(South Shetlands) and Tristan da Cunha.<br />
Remarks: specimens from the southernmost parts of S. America (including the type<br />
specimen), and also from alpine locations further north, are mostly very reduced and depauperate;<br />
the optimally developed state of the species occurs in Argentine and Chilean<br />
Patagoaia, at comparatively low elevations (St. patagonicum LAMB). The taxa reagens RA~.<br />
and subirregulare LAMB represent states somewhat less depauperated than the type material<br />
of the species. The isolated occurrence in Tristan da Cunha is paralleled by the similar<br />
distribution of another S. American species, St. implexum TH. FR., but in that case the insular<br />
population is chemically different.<br />
Fo. flabellans (LAMB) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulonpaschale var. alpinum f.flobellans LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 457 (1955).<br />
Typus: Argentina, Patagonia, Rio Negro, summit of Mt. Rigi near Lago Frias, altit. ca. 1750 m s.<br />
m., leg. I. M. LAMB, 1950 (no. 5787) (CAN, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1955, fig. 23, as St. paschale var. alpinum f. flabellans.<br />
Remarks: known only from the type locality.<br />
16. Stereocaulon glareosum (SAV.) MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 60 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 219<br />
F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 170 (1932); POELT, Bestimmungsschli~ssel Europaischer Flechten: 641, 645<br />
(1969). - Stereocaulon tomentosum f. glareosum SAV. Bull. Jard. Imp. Bot. Pierre le Grand (Izv. Imp.<br />
Bot. Sada Petra Velikago), 14: 121 (1914).<br />
Typus: U. S. S. R., Kamtchatka, Sczapina River, leg. V. P. SAVICZ, 1909 (no. 6186 [115]) (LE,<br />
holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon paschale f. ramuliferum NYL. ex STIZENB. Flora, 48: 93 (1865)<br />
(nomen nudum), NYL. Lichenes Lapponiae Orientalis: 111 (1866)12 (cum descript.). - Stereocaulon<br />
glareosum f. congestum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 63<br />
(1926).<br />
Exsicc. : FELLM. Lich. Arct. no. 47 (1865), as St. paschale f. ramuliferum (H, H-NYL). - HAV. Lich.<br />
Exs. Norveg. no. 684 (1949) (BG). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. I1 (1896) no. 152b, as St. alpinum (the<br />
specimen from Finnish Lapland) (BM, COLO, FH, PR, US). - Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XXXIX (1956)<br />
no. 963, as St. saxatile (FH). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. IX (1935) no. 211 (DEGEL, FH, LE,<br />
PR). - POELT et al. Lich. Alpium Fasc. VI (1961) no. 111 (czu, LD); Fasc. VIII (1961) no. 147 (GZU,<br />
LD). - RAS. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. IV (1936) no. 199 (CAN, UPS).<br />
Icon.: DAHL et KROG 1973, fig. 43. - FREY 1932, fig. 27; 1959, fig. 12; 1969, fig. 5 (opposite p.<br />
52). - HALE 1969, fig. 385. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 12.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: boreal-arctic, alpine-subalpine, circumpolar, extending across Europe, Asia and N.<br />
America, also in the northern part of S. America. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Austria,<br />
Italy, France, Scotland, U. S. S. R. (Estonian SSR, Kola Peninsula, Ural Mts., Altai, E. Siberia, Transbaikalia,<br />
Kamtchatka, Extreme Orient), Mongolia, Kashmir, Nepal, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Greenland,<br />
Canada (Quebec, Labrador, Alberta, British Columbia, N. W. Territ., Yukon Territ.), U. S.A. (Colorado,<br />
Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Washington, Alaska), Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.<br />
Remarks: the cephalodia of this species are very characteristic.<br />
Var. brachyphylloides LAMB<br />
ex LLANO, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 41: 196 (1951).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., Alaska, Brooks Range, Anaktuvuk Pass, altit. 1000 m s. m., leg. G. A. LLANO<br />
and N. WEBER, 1949 (no. 527) (us, holotypus; CAN, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc. : Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. I1 (1963) no. 66, as St. glareosum (LD, LE).<br />
Remarks: seems to be as widely distributed as the typical species.<br />
17. Stereocaulon glaucescens TUCK.<br />
Boston J. Nat. Hist. 3: 302 (1841). - Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. glaucescens (TUCK.) LAMB ex<br />
HALE, Amer. Midl. Naturalist, 51: 245 (1954) (comb. inval.).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., New Hampshire, The Notch, leg E. TUCKERMAN, 1839 (FH-TUCK, holotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, lobaric acid, and an unidentified compound.<br />
Distrib.: N. E. North America, mostly in mountainous or alpine situations. The typical species<br />
occurs in New Hampshire, Vermont and QuCbec; the variety caespitosulum extends over a wider area<br />
including New York State, Massachusetts, Maine, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Some<br />
specimens seen from Michigan and Minnesota strongly resemble var. caespitosulum, but their identity<br />
is not fully established.<br />
Remarks: although TUCKERMAN himself (1845, p. 101; 1847, p. 238) reduced this species<br />
to synonymy with St. denudatum (=St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB), it is quite<br />
different from that species, belonging to sect. Stereocaulon and obviously closely related<br />
to St. saxatile MAGN. The resemblance to certain states of St. vesuvianum PERS. (and even<br />
l2 Reprinted in Not. Sallsk. Fauna FI. Fenn. Forh. 8: 101-192 (1882).
220 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
more so to St. vanoyei DUVIGN.) is superficial and coincidental. When typically developed,<br />
it is noteworthy for its rather large, apically produced, convex and pileate-squamulose phyllocladia,<br />
but the var. caespitosulum more resembles St. evolutum GRAEWE and St. saxatile<br />
MAGN.; from the latter it is distinguished by its strongly ligneous, firmly affixed, non-tomentose<br />
pseudopodetia. The spores of var. caespitosulum are 3-septate, 20-33 x34 p; the typical<br />
species has not been found with apothecia.<br />
Var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB (n. comb.)13<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon denudatum var. caespitosulum NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2):<br />
247, footnote (1860). - Stereocaulon depreaultii var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB ex THOMS. Bryologist,<br />
57: 284 (1954) (comb. inval., basionym not cited), ex IMSH. Bryologist, 60: 223 (1957) (val.). -Stereocaulonpaschale<br />
subsp. depreaultii var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada, 1952-<br />
53, Bull. no. 132: 274 (1954).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., "ad terram in montibus Novae Angliae", leg. E. TUCKERMAN (date ?) (TUCK.<br />
Lich. Amer. Septentr. Exs. no. 114 in H-NYL, holotypus. The isotypes seen in various herbaria are<br />
identical).<br />
Exsicc.: Lich. Canad. Exs. no. 64 (1970) (CAN). - MERR. Lich. EXS. Ser. 11, Fasc. I (1925) no. 7,<br />
as St. paschale var. conglomerata (c, COLO, FH, UPS-MAGN, US, WIS). - TUCK. Lich. Amer. Septentr. Exs.<br />
Fasc. V (1854) no. 114, as St. denudatum (FH, H-NYL, TENN, US, isotype material).<br />
18. Stereocaulon grande (MAGN.) MAGN.<br />
ex NILSS. Ark. f. Bot. 24A (3): 71 (1931); POELT, Bestimmungsschliissel Europaischer Flechten: 647<br />
(1969); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 141 (1973). -<br />
Stereocaulon paschale var. grande MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30<br />
(7): 49 (1926). - Stereocaulon alpinum var. grande (MAGN.) FREY, Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais Sci. Nat.<br />
54: 85 (1937).<br />
Typus: several localities in Sweden mentioned, no holotype designated. As lectotype we have<br />
selected the specimen from Jamtland, par. Kall, Sundet, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1914 (UPS-MAGN,<br />
lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.). It was marked as type specimen by MAGNUSSON himself.<br />
Exsicc.: Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XXXI (1953) no. 758, as St. tomentosum (FH); Fasc. XLlV<br />
(1958) no. 1080, as St. paschale (FH). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. X (1937) no. 238 (PR, s). -<br />
Rds. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. VIII (1939) no. 396, as St. squamescens (GB, LD). - VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs.<br />
Fasc. XIX (1966) no. 465, as St. paschale (FH).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, PI. 111, fig. 4 pr. p. (right-hand specimen only).14<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: boreal-circumpolar, apparently not occurring in central Europe. Sweden, Norway,<br />
Finland, U. S. S. R. (Kola Peninsula, Sayan Mts., Kamtchatka), W. Greenland, Canada (Ontario,<br />
QuBbec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, N. W.<br />
Territ.), U. S. A. (Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, Alaska).<br />
Remarks: a rather unsatisfactory species from the taxonomic point of view, being intermediate<br />
between St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. and St. alpinum var. erectum FREY, and partaking<br />
of the characters of both. Only when well and typically developed is it clearly distinguishable.<br />
Its characteristic features, in approximate order of constancy and reliability, are: (1) phyllo-<br />
l3 This combination made on label of Lich. Canad. Exs. no. 64 (1970), but invalid (basionym not<br />
cited).<br />
l4 The description given by FREY, 1932, p. 155, is not reliable for this species, as it refers in part to<br />
St. alpinum var. erectum FREY. His illustrations loc. cit., apart from the one listed above, which is of<br />
part of the type (lectotype) material of St. grande, depict specimens of St. alpinum var. erectum.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 221<br />
cladia mostly of the paschale-type (but somewhat coarser); (2) cephalodia pulvinate to subglobose,<br />
smooth or verruculose-divided, usually pale br'own, containing either Arostoc or<br />
Stigonema; (3) apothecia large, terminal, often subdividing; (4) usually of tall growth, 4-<br />
8 cm high. MAGNUSSON (1946, p. 92) states that St. grande has longer conidia than St.<br />
paschale. AHTI (1964, p. 24) points out that St. grande seems to be ecologically distinguished<br />
from St. paschale and St. alpinum. While undoubtedly more than a mere ecotypic modification,<br />
St. grande is perhaps not entitled to the rank of a proper species.<br />
19. Stereocaulon groenlandicum (DAHL) LAMB<br />
Occas. Papers Farlow Herb. Crypt. Bot. no. 5: 10 (1973). - Stereocaulon rivulorum var. groenlandicum<br />
DAHL, Meddel. Gronland, 150 (2): 117 (1950).<br />
Typus: S. W. Greenland, Julianehaab Distr., Igalikofjord, Igdleriigssalik, altit. 700-800 m s. m.,<br />
leg. E. DAHL, 1937 (0, holotypus; c, us, isotypes).<br />
Icon.: DAHL 1950, PI. 11, fig. 2, as St. rivulorum var. groenlandicum. -LAMB 1973, figs. 9, 10a, b,<br />
c, 11.<br />
Mat. chim.: the full chemical spectrum (as in the type material) consists of atranorin,<br />
perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, miriquidic acid, and some unidentified substances. Miriquidic<br />
acid is obviously an accessory substance, as many of the specimens seen lack it. A strongly<br />
deficient phase with only atranorin certainly identifiable is also of moderately common occurrence,<br />
which makes distinction from St. depressum (FREY) LAMB difficult.<br />
Distrib. : boreal-arctic, probably circumpolar. Rare in N. Scandinavia: Sweden (Ase~e Lappmark)<br />
and Norway (Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Tromso, Sogn og Fjordane). More common in the arctic<br />
and subarctic regions: Spitsbergen, Greenland, Canada (N. W. Territ.), U. S. A. (Alaska).<br />
Remarks: most closely related to the mainly Fennoscandian species St. depressum (FREY)<br />
LAMB, which always contains atranorin only. However, as mentioned above, a deficient<br />
phase of St. groenlandicum with atranorin only is sometimes found, and the question arises<br />
as to whether the two species may be synonymous, although St. depressum is usually distinguishable<br />
in its morphology (more flattened and dorsiventral growth-habitus). In the<br />
meantime, it seems best to treat them as separate species. Smaller, more stunted specimens<br />
of St. groenlandicum not clearly showing the characteristic ligneous development of the<br />
pseudopodetia are morphologically hardly distinguishable from St. rivulorum MAGN.<br />
20. Stereocaulon incrustatum FLORKE<br />
Deutsche Lichenen, Lief. IV: 12 (1819); TH. FR. Monographia Stereocaulorum et Pilophororum: 360<br />
(1858); HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 255 (1898), as St. tomentosum var. incrustatum;<br />
MAGN. Gijteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterhdamh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 59 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts<br />
Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 172 (1932); RAs. Suomen Jakalakasvio: 68 (1951); YOSHIM. Lichen<br />
Flora of Japan in Colour: 177 (1974). - Stereocaulon tomentosum var. incrustatum (FLORKE) SCHAER.<br />
Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium, Sect. VI: 276 (1833). - Stereocaulon tomentosum [subsp.] *<br />
incrustatum (FLORKE) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 245 (1860).<br />
Typus: Germany, Schmargendorf in Grunewald near Berlin, "an der Erde in den Tannenwaldungen",<br />
leg. H. G. FLORKE, 1816 (UPS-TH FR, S, isotypes; the holotype in herb. FLORKE not seen by us).<br />
The material distributed with the original description in FLORKE'S exsiccat Deutsch. Lich. no. 77 bears<br />
no indication of locality, but is probably also isotype material. FLORKE, loc. cit., also mentioned<br />
specimens from Rostock, so lectotypification on the Schmargendorf material is necessary (lectotypif.<br />
nov.).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Patellaria tomentosa /3. erecta WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae,
222 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Pars prior: 439 (1831). -Stereocaulon abduanum ANZI, Comment. Soc. Crittogamolog. Ital. 2 (1) 5<br />
(1864). - Stereocaulon tomentosum var. abduanum (ANZI) OLIV. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 36:<br />
162 (1906-07). - Stereocaulon incrustatum var. abduanum (ANZI) FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9,<br />
Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 172 (1932). - Stereocaulon incrustatum var. elatum OKSN. Zhurn. Inst. Bot. Vseukrakjins'k.<br />
Akad. Nauk (Journ. Bot. Acad. Sci. RSS Ukraine), 1 (2): 314 (1940).<br />
Exsicc.: ANZI, Lich. Rar. Langob. Exs. Fasc. I (1861) no. 14 (FH-TUCK, s). - ARN. Lich. EXS.<br />
(Lich. Jurae) no. 1565 (1892) (BM, FH, PC). - BARTH, Herbarium Transsylvanicum Fasc. I (1873) no. 4,<br />
as St. tomentosum (M). - BARTLING et HAMPE, Veget. Cellul. German. Septentr., Lich. Decas I1 (date ?)<br />
no. 17, pr. p., as St. tomentosum (M. Mixed with St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.). - Erb. Crittog. Ztal., ed.<br />
DE NOTARIS, CESATI, BAGLIETTO etc. Fasc. IV (1859) no. 194 (FH). - Erb. Crittog. Ztal., publ. Soc.<br />
Critlogamolog. Ztal., Ser. 11, Fasc. VII (1870) no. 319 (FH). - FLORKE, Deutsch. Lich. Fasc. IV (1819)<br />
no. 77 (probably isotype material) (UPS). -Flora Romaniae Exs. Cent. XV (date ?) no. 1409, as St.<br />
corraloides [sic] (GB, s, us). - FUNCK, Cryptog. Gewrichse des Fichtelgebirg's, Ed. 11, Heft 30 (1824) no.<br />
624 (BM, FH). - HEPP, Flechten Europas, Band VI, Heft 11 (1857) no. 301 (FH-TUCK, PC, s). - MAGN.<br />
Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. VII (1933) no. 156 (DEGEL, PR); Fasc. XI1 (1939) no. 287 (ups). - RABENH.<br />
Lich. Europ. Exs. Fasc. V (1856) no. 136 (FH-TUCK, GB, PR, s); Fasc. XVI (1859) no. 455 (FH-TUCK, PR,<br />
s). - REICHENB. et SCHUB. Lich. EXS. Fasc. VI (1826) no. 141 (PC). - ROUM. Lich. GUN. Exs. Cent. I1<br />
(1880) no. 162 (ups. FREY, 1932, p. 162, states that the example in M-ARN is St. alpinum var. gracilentum<br />
(TH. FR.) MAGN.). - TOBOL. Lichenotheca Polon. Fasc. IX (1957) no. 184 (FH, LD, S. Not typical). -<br />
WARTMANN et SCHENK, Schweizer. Kryptog. Cent. VII, Fasc. XIV (1869) no. 652 (FH). - VBZDA, Lich.<br />
Sel. Exs. Fasc. LII (1975) no. 1282 (BRNU); Fasc. LIV (1975) no. 1340 (BRNU). - ASAH. Lich. Japon.<br />
Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 295 (ups, us). - Plantae Varsav. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1964) no. 39 (LD, s).<br />
Icon. : MIG. 1927-31 (1928), PI. 72c, figs. 6, 7; PI. 73, fig. 2. - FREY 1932, fig. 28a; PI. 111, fig. 9;<br />
1959, fig. 11; 1969, fig. 6 (opposite p. 53). - AHLN. 1932, fig. 1. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 11. -0~s~. 1968, fig. 146. - Oz. et CLAUZ. 1970, fig. 395 D, E. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 77c; PI. 33, fig. 330. - PASICH<br />
1973, figs. 1, 2 (plants with abnormal production of soralia).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid, or quite frequently in a deficient phase containing<br />
atranorin only. By ASAHINA (1934, p. 60) and DWIGNEAUD (1942, p. 82) erroneously stated<br />
to contain stictic acid, this apparently derived from the statement by ZOPF (1907, p. 404) that<br />
"Pseudopsoromsaure" (=stictic acid) is present.<br />
Distrib.: of mainly continental distribution in Europe, Asia and N. America. Sweden, Denmark,<br />
Norway, Finland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,<br />
Rumania, U. S. S. R. (Estonian SSR1q Ukraine, central and eastern Siberia, Transbaikalia, Kamtchatka,<br />
Extreme Orient), Mongolian People's Republic, U. S. A. (Colorado, Alaska), Korea, Japan.<br />
Unverified records from Belgium (DE WILDEMAN and DURAND, 1898-1907) and U. S. S. R., Kola<br />
Peninsula and Murmansk District (TRASS, MAGI and PARN, 1963; DOMBROVSKAYA, 1970). Probably<br />
erroneous record from the British Isles (JAMES, 1965, p. 147); 2 English specimens seen by us in a folder<br />
labelled Stereocaulon incrustatum in BM are poorly developed states of either St. condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
St. glareosum (SAV.) MAGN.<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. glareosum (SAV.) MAGN. St. tomentosum f. walamoense<br />
NYL. may refer to St. incrustatum (see p. 325). PASICH (1973) reported the occurrence of<br />
soralia in several specimens of St. incrustatum from Poland, and showed that their abnormal<br />
occurrence is due to the influence of external conditions, probably as a result of atmospheric<br />
pollution by dust.<br />
Fo. gracile FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 176 (1932) ("'gracilis", corrected to gracile in Errata, p.<br />
'Wap of its distribution in the Estonian SSR given by TRASS, 1970, fig. 47.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 223<br />
41 1).<br />
Typus: Germany, Rhon Mts. (borders of Bayern and Hesse), exact locality not indicated, leg.<br />
MARTIUS (date ?) (M-ARN, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, P1. 111, fig. 10.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by its dwarf proportions, but otherwise typical. Rare; in addition<br />
to the type, we have seen one specimen from Norway referable here.<br />
21. Stereocaulon intermedium (SAV.) MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 23 (1926). - Stereocaulon coralloides<br />
f. intermedium SAV. Bot. Materialy, Notul. System. ex Inst. Cryptog. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 2 (11): 163<br />
(1923).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Kamtchatka, 4 localities mentioned, leg. V. P. SAVICZ, 1908 and 1909. MAG-<br />
NUSSON, loc. cit., stated "Type specimen in my herbarium"; this specimen (UPS-MAGN) may be considered<br />
as the lectotype. It is from Poperechnyi Mountain by Koryatskaya River, leg. V. P. SAVICZ, 1908<br />
(no. 5654 [98]); an isolectotype duplicate is present in FH.<br />
Facultative synonym (inval.): Stereocaulon pseudosasakii ASAH. ex SAT^, Bull. Yamagata Agric.<br />
Coll. no. 1 : 46 (1949); ASAH. Misc. Bryol. Lichenol. 2 (5); 61 (1961) (nomen nudum).<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1955) no. 95, as St. pseudosasakii (FH, UPS, US). - MAC.<br />
Canad. Lich. Ser. I (1893-94) no. 130, as St. coralloides (MSC, LD, s, us, WELC); Ser. I1 (1909-12) no. 21 1,<br />
as Stereocanlon [sic] coralloides (oc).<br />
Icon. : DEGEL. 1938, P1. IV, fig. b. - YOSHLM. 1974, fig. 76h; P1. 33, fig. 324.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : mainly northern amphipacific, but with disjunct occurrence also in eastern N. America<br />
(Newfoundland). U. S. S. R., (Kamtchatka, Sakhalin), Bering and St. Paul Islands in the Bering Sea,<br />
Japan (Hondo, Hokkaido), Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territ., Newfoundland), U. S. A.<br />
(Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California). The 4 Newfoundland specimens seen and ascribed to this<br />
species show all the essential characters of the species. Unconfirmed record from U. S. S. R., Sayan<br />
Mts. region (RASSADINA, 1961).<br />
Remarks: closely related to the similarly amphipacific species St. tennesseense MAGN.<br />
The cephalodia are characteristic (pale greenish-gray, verrucose-tuberculate, usually large<br />
and conspicuous, with Nostoc or Stigonema).<br />
Fo. compactum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn. : Habitu humile, compactum, crustoso-pulvinatum.<br />
Typus: U. S. A., Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Rat Island, Amchitka, near Constantine Harbor, leg.<br />
G. A. LLANO, 1949 (no. 1277) (US, h010typ~~; CAN, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
Remarks: seen from U.S.A. (Alaska, Washington), U.S.S.R. (Kamtchatka) and Canada<br />
(British Columbia and Newfoundland).<br />
22. Stereocaulon leprocauloides LAMB<br />
ex W. WEB. Bryologist, 74: 193 (1971).<br />
Typus: New Guinea, Morobe Distr., Mt. Kaindi, near Wau, altit. 15W1800 m s. m., "along<br />
roadside cut-banks", leg. W. A. WEBER and D. MCVEAN, 1968 (FH, holotypus; co~o, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc. : Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. VIII (1971) no. 299 (FH, isotype material).<br />
Icon.: W. WEB. 1971, fig. 2.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid (cfr. Fox, FOLLMANN et HUNECK, 1971).<br />
~istrib. : New Guinea.<br />
Remarks: position within the genus somewhat doubtful; may possibly belong to sect.
224 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
Stereocladiurn.<br />
23. Stereocaulon myriocarpum TH. FR.<br />
De Stereocaulis et Pilophoris Commentatio: 15 (1857); Monographia Stereocaulorum et Pilophororum :<br />
34 (1858); LAMB, Ergebn. Forsch.-Unternehmen Nepal Himalaya, 1 (4): 350 (1966). - Stereocaulon<br />
myriocarpum [f.] a. typicum TH. FR. De Stereocaulis et Pilophoris Commentatio: 15 (1857). - Stereocaulon<br />
tomentosum [subsp.]* St. myriocarpum (TH. FR.) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 244<br />
(1 860).<br />
Typus: 3 localities mentioned in Mexico, all collected by LIEBMANN, no holotype designated.<br />
DODGE (1929, p. 128) selected as lectotype the specimen from El Pelado, Sierra de OajacalB, altit. 9-<br />
10000 feet (27W3100 m s. m.), leg. LIEBMANN, 1841 (no. 76) (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus; c, isolectotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon myriocarpum [var.] p. orizabae TH. FR. De Stereocaulis et<br />
Pilophoris Commentatio: 15 (1857). - Stereocaulon orizabae (TH. FR.) VAIN. Dansk Bot. Ark. 4 (11):<br />
7 (1926). - Stereocaulon tomentosum subsp. myriocarpum var. orizabae (TH. FR.) LAMB ex ASAH.<br />
Lichens, in: KIHARA, Fauna and Flora of Nepal Himalaya, 1952-53, 1: 50 (1955) (comb. inval.). -<br />
Stereocaulon tornentosum [subsp.]*** St. myriocarpoides NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2):<br />
245 (1860). - Stereocaulon myriocarpoides (NYL.) HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 2: 247<br />
(1890).<br />
Exicc.: CUMM., WILLIAMS et SEYMOUR, Decades N. Amer. Lich. Decade XXX (1899) no. 292, as<br />
St. tomentosum (DUKE, MICH, MSC, OC, WELC). - ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross. Fasc. IV (1910) no. 162a, pr.<br />
p., as St. denudatum var. genuinum (FH. But in UPS-MAGN it is St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. umbricolum<br />
(FREY) LAMB). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XVII (1909) no. 1655c, as St. tornentosum (co~o, FH, M, s,<br />
UPS-MAGN, US). - KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. 111 (1971) no. 143 (FH, LD). - Lich. EXS.<br />
Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. VIII (1971) no. 304 (COLO, FH). - LINDIG, Lich. Novo-Granatenses (1863 ?)I7<br />
no. 2586 (FH-TUCK). - VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXXVIII (1970) no. 931 (FH); Fasc. LVII (1976)<br />
no. 1417 (BRNU, FH).<br />
Icon. : TH. FR. 1858, PI. IX, fig. 1.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, sometimes constictic acid, usually also some norstictic<br />
acid (cfr. HUNECK, 1974). Doubtfully ventosic acid (see below). A dubious compound,<br />
"myriocarpic acid", isolated and named by AGHORAMURTHY, SARMA and SESHADRI, 1961,<br />
from "Stereocaulon rnyriocarpum var. orizabae". According to C. CULBERSON (1969, pi<br />
156), "structure not known". The specimens investigated by the authors were from two<br />
different localities in the Himalayas. One of these contained atranorin and the substance<br />
called "myriocarpic acid" (the PD reaction is not mentioned); the other specimen was stated<br />
to contain atranorin, stictic acid and ventosic acid. D-arabitol was also found in both<br />
samples. Dr. S. HUNECK kindly analyzed for us bulk material of two collections of St.<br />
rnyriocarpum from the Himalayan region, and failed to find any substance corresponding to<br />
"myriocarpic acid", only atranorin and stictic acid; "vermutlich handelt es sich bei der<br />
Myriocarpsaure der indischen Autoren nur um unreine Stictinsaure, sodass Myriocarpsaure<br />
gar nicht existiert" (in litt., 1972).<br />
Distrib.: two disjunct centers of distribution: one in South, Central and North America and the<br />
other in Asia. Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W. Indies (Dominican<br />
Republic), U. S. A. (New Mexico, Colorado, California, Montana, Washington, Alaska), Canada<br />
(British Columbia); N. India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, Pakistan, mainland China, Formosa,<br />
Mongolia, U. S. S. R. (Sayan Mts., Altai Mts., Transbaikalia, Extreme Orient), New Guinea. Unveri-<br />
-<br />
l8 =Oaxaca,=Sierra Madre del Sur; in Oaxaca State.<br />
l7 Probably not a true exsiccat. LYNGE<br />
by SAYRE (1969).<br />
(1915-20) lists it doubtfully as such, but it is not included
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 225<br />
fied record: Java (ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1956, as St. myriocarpoides). Erroneous record: Argentine Patagonia<br />
(RASANEN, 1939, as St. myriocarpoides),=St. glabrum (MULL. ARG.) VAIN.<br />
Remarks: perhaps too closely related to St. tomentosum to qualify as a good distinct<br />
species. Distinction from St. tomentosum var. alpestre FLOT. is often difficult, especially in<br />
North America. The distinguishing characters against St. tomentosum are the thinner and<br />
smoother tomentum and the more developed cephalodia (subglobose, botryose-divided,<br />
blueish-gray). Although largely sympatric with St. tomentosum, it shows a distinctive bicentric<br />
distribution pattern. It is completely lacking in Europe. In New Guinea a morphologically<br />
similar but chemically different species also occurs (St. papuanum LAMB).<br />
Var. altaicum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: Robustum, pseudopodetiis eximie validis, firmis, lignosis, substrato perarcte<br />
affixis, ad 2 mm crassis, usque 6(-8) cm longis, tomento tenui et laevigato vestitis vel glabrescentibus.<br />
Cephalodia prominentia, pulvinato-subglobosa, subbotryosa; aliter quoque<br />
velut in specie typica.<br />
Typus: U. S. S. R., Siberia, Altai Mts., Gub. Semipalatinsk, Katon-Karagai, reg. alpina, leg. P.<br />
KRYLOV and L. SERGIEVSKAYA, 1928 (no. 8) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: appears to be a well-defined regional infraspecific entity, characterized by its<br />
very strong, woody, firmly affixed pseudopodetia. Six different collections have been seen,<br />
all from the Altai and Sayan Mountains region. It was distinguished by MAGNUSSON as a<br />
new species bearing the name here given, but never published by him.<br />
24. Stereocaulon papuanum LAMB (n . sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia erecta, laxe caespitosa, irregulariter vel subdichotome ramosa,<br />
sat robusta, longit. 5-8 cm, crassit. ad 2(-3) mm, substrato arcte vel demum laxe affixa,<br />
indurata et quasi lignosa, ecorticata, glabra vel glabrescentia, fete tota longitudine phyllocladiis<br />
densiuscule vestita; ea verrucoso-subglobosa, parva, interdum leviter papillaeformielongata<br />
(sed nunquam rite coralloidea), pseudopodetiorum basin versus magis squamulosa<br />
vel fere digitata. Cephalodia sat numerosa, pulvinata, 0.4-0.8(-1.0) mrn lata, aeruginosoalbicantia,<br />
tandem obsolete verruculosa, algas Nostocaceas continentia. Apothecia numerosa,<br />
lateralia, sessilia (nonnulla etiam terminalia), parva, ad 1 mm lata, rufonigrescentia, plana<br />
et tenuiter fuscomarginata, tandem modice convexa et immarginata. Conus centralis compactus,<br />
incolor, hyalinus; hypothecium itidem incoloratum. Hymenium 60-75 p altum,<br />
paraphysibus discretis, fuscocapitatis. Asci clavati, longit. 50-65 p, sporis octonis, rectis<br />
vel subrectis, aciculari-fusiformibus, 3(-5)-septatis, 32-40 p longis, 3-4 p latis. Atranorinum<br />
et acidum colensoinicum juxta substantias quatuor ignotas continet (K+flavescens, PD-vel<br />
levissime flavescens). -Pro forma magis robusta St. myriocarpi facile censendum esset,<br />
sed materiis chimicis dissimilibus plane abhorrens.<br />
Typus: New Guinea, Papua, Central Division, Owen Stanley Range, Mt. Albert Edward, altit.<br />
3680 m s. m., "large clump on a shrub growing in open grassland", leg. L. J. BRASS, 1933 (no. 4394a)<br />
(LIL, holotypus; CAN,<br />
NY, isotypes).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, colensoinic acid, and traces of 4 unidentified substances.<br />
Distrib. : New Guinea.<br />
Remarks: morphologically equivalent to a large robust state of St. myriocarpum TH. FR.<br />
It is interesting to note that many specimens of the latter in New Guinea are similarly robust.<br />
Seems to occur indiscriminately on rocks and on lignum. 11 collections seen, all from high
elevations.<br />
Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
25. Stereocaulon pileatum ACH.<br />
Lichenographia Universalis: 582 (1810); MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser.<br />
4,30 (7): 68 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1.9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 98 (1932); HALE, HOW to Know<br />
the Lichens: 200 (1969); POELT, Be~timmung~~chlii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 634 (1969); DAHL et<br />
KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 133 (1973). - Stereocaulon cereolinum<br />
[f.] a. pileatum (AcH.) TH. FR. De Stereocaulorum et Pilophororum Commentatio: 19 (1857). -<br />
Stereocaulonpaschale [var.] 8. pileatum (AcH.) WAHLENB. Flora Suecica, pars 11: 855 (1826). - Cereoluspileatus<br />
(AcH.) BOIST. Nouvelle Flore des Lichens, 2e. Partie: 34 (1903).<br />
Typus: Switzerland, exact locality not stated, leg. SCHLEICHER, (date ?) (H-ACH, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon coridensatum var. sorediatum HARM. ex CROZ. Bull. Acad. Int.<br />
GBogr. Bot. 22: 157 (1913). - Stereocaulon pileatum var. sorediiferum NYL. ex KIEFF. Bull. Soc. Hist.<br />
Nat. Metz, 19: 13 (1895). - Stereocaulon pileatum f. sorediiferum (NYL.) HARM. Lichens de France,<br />
Fasc. 111: 369 (1907). - Cereolus pileatus var. sorediifer (NYL.) BOIST. Nouvelle Flore des ~ichens;<br />
2e. Partie: 34 (1903). - Stereocaulon pileatum f. sorediiferum subf. terrestre HARM. Lichens de France,<br />
Fasc. 111: 369 (1907) (nomen nudum). - Stereocaulon pileatum f. macrum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.-<br />
o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,30 (7): 70 (1926). - Stereocaulon saxonicum BACHM. Hedwigia,<br />
67: 109 (1927). - Stereocladium saxonicum (BACHM.) SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHM. Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas<br />
XXXIII, no. 330 (1927).<br />
Exsicc.: ANZI, Lich. EXS. Ztal. Super. Fasc. I (1865) no. 30a, b, as St. cereolinum (FH-TUCK). - ARN.<br />
Lich. Exs. (Lich. Jurae) no. 916a-c (1882) (FH, us); no. 1515 (1891) (FH. In BM doubtful, perhaps another<br />
species). - ARN. Lich. Monac. Exs. no. 143 (1891) (FH). - ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no.<br />
298 (UPS, us). - CLAUD. et HARM. Lich. Gall. praecip. Exs. Fasc. IX (1908) no. 425 (FH); Fasc. X (1908)<br />
no. 474, as St. condensatum var. sorediatum (FH). - Erb. Crittog. Ztal., ed. DE NOTARIS, CESATI, BAGLI-<br />
ETTO etc. Fasc. XXV (1865) no. 1228, as St. cereolinum (FH). - FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1824) no.<br />
88, pr. p. (L, mixed with St. condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM. In FH-TUCK it is all St. condensatum). -HARM.<br />
Lich. in Lotharingia (date ?) no. 165 (FH). - HAV. Lich. EXS. Norveg. Fasc. XI11 (1914) no. 459 (BG).<br />
- HOWE, Lich. Novae Angliae, Decade I11 (1911) no. 23 (FH). - KORB. Lich. Sel. German. Fasc. X<br />
(1864) no. 271, as St. cereolinum (M). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XXIII (1915) no. 2275, pr. p., as<br />
St. alpinum var. tyroliense (St. saxonicum on 2nd. corrected label) (co~o, FH, US. But in PR it is a mixture<br />
of St. pileatum and St. nanodes TUCK., and in S it is entirely St. nanodes). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand.<br />
Exs. Fasc. XI1 (1939) no. 288 (CAN). - MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXXVII (date ?) no. 918, pr.<br />
p. (WIS. The specimen from Netherlands St. pileatum, that from Sweden St. nanodes TUCK.). - MASS.<br />
Lich. Ztal Exs. Fasc. VI (1856) no. 181, as St. condensatum (BM, FH-TUCK, RB). - MOUG. et NESTL.<br />
Stirpes Cryptog. Vogeso-Rhenanae Fasc. X (1833) no. 947 (FH-TUCK). - OLN. Herb. Lich. Orne et<br />
Calvados (Lich. Exs.) Fasc. VII (1882) no. 312 (DUKE). - Reliquiae Farlowianae no. 483 (1922) (FH,<br />
PR, WIS). - SAMP. Lich. Portugal Fasc. I11 (1923) no. 285 (LD, UPS-MAGN). - SCHADE, STOLLE et RIE-<br />
HMER, Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas XXXIII (1927) no. 330, pr. p., as Stereocladium saxonicum (GB. But in<br />
DEGEL it is St. nunodes f. carinthiacum (FREY) LAMB). - STENHAM. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1860) no.<br />
85, as St. cereolinum (FH-TUCK, LD). - SUZA, Lich. Bohemoslovak. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1927) no. 42 (FH,<br />
UPS-MAGN). - TAV. Lich. Lusit. Sel. Exs. Fasc. VIII (1964) no. 190, as St. pileatum f. sorediiferum (LD).<br />
- TUCK. Lich. Amer. Septentr. Exs. Fasc. V (1854) no. 113, as St. condensatum (FH, TENN. In us doubtful,<br />
probably another species). - WESTEND. et WALLAYS, Herb. Cryptog. Belge Fasc. XXVII (1859) no. 1316,<br />
as St. cereolinum (FH). - VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I (1 960) no. 16 (LD) ; Fasc. XVII (1 965) no. 41 7<br />
(LD. With slight intermixture of St. nanodes TUCK.); Fasc. LV (1975) no. 1368 (BRNU).<br />
Icon. : FREY 1932, fig. 12; fig. 13, as St. saxonicum; 1959, fig. 3 (partly representing f. pumilum (NYL)<br />
LAMB); 1969, fig. 9 (opposite p. 53). - NEARING 1947, fig. VII-10. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 14. - OKSN.<br />
1968, fig. 144. - HALE 1969, fig. 38 1. - DAHL et KROG 1973, fig. 39. - YOSHIM. 1 974, fig. 75b ; PI. 33,<br />
fig. 323.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 227<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid, as already stated by ZOPF (1907).ls<br />
Distrib.: widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Belgium,<br />
Luxembourg, England, Scotland, Ireland, Faeroe Islands, France, Portugal, Germany, Austria, Switzerland,<br />
Italy, Czechoslovakia, U. S. S. R. (Ukraine), Canada (Qukbec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,<br />
Newfoundland), U. S. A. (Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New York, N. Carolina,<br />
Michigan, Minnesota, Hawaii), West Indies (Dominican Republic), Japan. Unverified records:<br />
Poland (TOBOLEWSKI, 1955, 1965); Jugoslavia (KuSAN, 1953); U. S. S. R., Siberia, Irkutsk region (OKS-<br />
NER, 1940). ALMBORN (1948) reckons it to the southern element in Scandinavia, and it is certainly<br />
lacking in the northern provinces.<br />
Remarks: earlier authors frequently used the name Stereocaulon cereolinum ACH. for<br />
this species. But according to TH. FRIES (1871, p. 56), Stereocaulon cereolinum was based<br />
on a mixture, not including St. pileatum, and consisting mainly of Pilophoron cereolus (AcH.)<br />
TH. FR. The typification of Stereocaulon saxonicum BACHM. is yet to be settled (see p. 312),<br />
but from his descriptions and illustrations (1926, 1927, mostly under the designation of<br />
"Stereocaulon tiroliense" or "Stereocladium tiroliense") it clearly refers to St. pileatum, as<br />
was already suspected by GAMS (1967, p. 114). St. pileatum only very rarely occurs on substrata<br />
other than rock; a few specimens have been seen growing on sandy soil, but as they<br />
were distinctly capitate-sorediate, there was no risk of mistaking them for St. condensatum<br />
H<strong>OF</strong>FM. Ecologically, this species is of interest in being one of the few lichens capable of<br />
withstanding atmospheric pollution, and in the British Isles it is actually spreading into<br />
urban and industrial areas (KERSHAW, 1963; HAWKSWORTH, 1975).<br />
Fo. pumilum (NYL.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Bestimmungsschlussel Europaischer Flechten: 634 (1969). - Stereocaulon coralloides var.<br />
conglomeratum f. pumilum NYL. ex HARM. Lichens de France, Fasc. 111: 361 (1907). - Stereocaulon<br />
subcoralloides f. pumilum (NYL.) ZAHLBR. Catalogus Lichenum Universalis, 4: 668 (1927). - Stereocaulon<br />
coralloides var. pumilum (NYL.) OLIV. Mem. Acad. Cienc. y Art. Barcelona, ser. 3,16: 475 (1921)<br />
(acc. to ZAHLBR. IOC. cit.; not seen by us).<br />
Typus: recorded from 2 localities in France. Lectotypified by DODGE (1929, p. 114) on the specimen<br />
collected by RIPART (from Haute-Vienne, Bessines) and said to be in herb. RIPART (no. 108).<br />
Isolectotype seen by us in H-NYL; leg. RIPART, 1865, labelled by NYLANDER as 'LStere~~aul~n coralloides<br />
Schrad. f. pumilum", and the only specimen of that name in his herbarium.<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon pileatum f. ramifcans MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 71 (1926).<br />
Exsicc.: LARBAL. Lichen-Herbarium Fasc. I (1879) no. 6, as St. pileatum (EM).<br />
Icon. : FREY 1959, fig. 3 (in part), as St. pileatum.<br />
Remarks: widely distributed but rare. Existing descriptions off. pumilum are not helpful,<br />
but MAGNUSSON'S description, as f. ramificans, is good.<br />
Var. nipponicum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: A specie typica differt hypothecio bene infuscato et sporis angustioribus et<br />
nonnihil longioribus: 28-36(40) p longis, (2.5-)3 p latis. Ceterum ut in typo.<br />
Typus: Japan, Kiushiu, Prov. Higo, Aida, on granitic rock, leg. K. MAEBARA, 1927 (herb. ASAH.<br />
no. 648) (CAN, h010typ~~; ASAH, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
la There have been certain discrepant reports: DUVIGNEAUD, 1942, stated St. pileatum to contain<br />
atranorin only, and RAMAUT and SCHUMACKER, 1962, claimed Belgian material to contain atranorin,<br />
lobaric acid and norstictic acid; probably a mixture of species was here involved.
228 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Remarks: to date known only from the type material. The typical species, which also<br />
occurs in Japan (cfr. ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. no. 298), has a colorless to sometimes very<br />
pale yellow-brownish, but never deeply pigmented hypothecium, and its spores are 20-30 x<br />
4-5 LA.<br />
26. Stereocaulon pseudodepreaultii ASAH.<br />
J. Jap. Bot. 35 (10): 293 (1960); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 176 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Fukui Prefecture, Prov. Wakasa, Mt. Aobayama, leg. M. TOGASHI, 1956<br />
(ASAH, h010typ~S ; FH, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1960, fig. 4B.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan.<br />
Remarks: resembles St. depreaultii DEL. in the shape of the phyllocladial granules, but<br />
is otherwise very different in being smaller, less branched, with smaller apothecia and paler<br />
cephalodia. The anatomical structure of the apothecia, however (pigmented central cone,<br />
etc.) shows some similarity to that found in St. depreaultii.<br />
27. Stereocaulon rivulorum MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 63 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-<br />
F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte : 166 (1 932) ; POELT, Be~timrnung~~chlii~~el Europaischer Flechten : 6471648<br />
(1969).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Syterbacken, altit. 450m s. m., leg. A. H.<br />
MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8237) (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus; lectotypified by TONSBERG, 1977). MAGNUSSON<br />
cited 10 specimens in the protologue from Sweden, Norway and Spitzbergen, without designating a<br />
holotype. At least 6 of these other paratype specimens belong to the lobaric acid strain of the species,<br />
acc. to TONSBERG, op. cit. (see below).<br />
Exsicc.: ARN. Lich. Exs. (Lich. Jurae) no. 651b (1878 ?), pr. p., as St. alpinurn (var.) (ups. But in<br />
PC and s it is St. botryosurn ACH. em. FREY); no. 1363a (1888), as St. alpinurn (FH, MICH. But in PC it is<br />
St. alpinurn LAUR.). - Krypt. EXS. Vindob. Cent. XXXI (1928) no. 3058 (Strain 111°) (COLO, FH, PR, S,<br />
UPS-MAGN, US). - Lichenotheca Fennica Fasc. XLVII (1958) no. 1153, as St. saxatile (LD). - MAGN.<br />
Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. X (1937) no. 239 (PR, sZ0). - ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 306 (1933) (s).<br />
Icon. : LYNGE 1928, PI. VI, figs. 5-6. - FREY 1932, fig. 26; 1959, fig. 13. - HALE 1969, fig. 388.<br />
Mat. chim.: T@NSBERG (1977) has shown that 3 or possibly 4 chemical strains exist in<br />
St. rivulorum :<br />
Strain I (the typical strain, according to T@NSBERG'S lectotypification), with atranorin,<br />
perlatolic acid and anziaic acid.<br />
Strain 11, with atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Strain 111, with atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid (only tentatively assigned to<br />
St. rivulorum, and perhaps a distinct species).<br />
Strain IV, with atranorin only demonstrable. This is perhaps merely a deficient phase<br />
of one of the foregoing strains.<br />
Strain I has been found in Scandinavia, Iceland, Greenland and Alaska. Strain I1 and<br />
l0 The example in UPS-MAGN chromatogrammed; according to TONSBERG (1977) that in o also<br />
belongs to the lobaric acid strain, but in TRH it is a mixture of the typical (perlatolic) and lobaric acid<br />
strains.<br />
20 The example in PR belongs to Strain 11, but according to TONSBERG, IOC. cit. those in o and TRH<br />
are the typical (per~atd~ic) strain.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 229<br />
Strain IV are widely distributed in boreal mountains and in the Arctic. The tentative Strain<br />
I11 is known only from Greenland and Jan Mayen.<br />
Specimens morphologically resembling St. rivulorum but containing miriquidic acid in<br />
addition to atranorin, perlatolic acid and anziaic acid appear to belong to a different species,<br />
St. groenlandicum (DAHL) LAMB (p. 221).<br />
Distrib.: the total distribution of St. rivulorum, without taking into account the separate chemical<br />
strains, is northern circumpolar, arctic-alpine, extending southwards to the Alps of Central Europe, the<br />
Altai Mts. of Russia, and Mongolia. At present the distribution pattern of the various strains cannot<br />
be given in detail, as relatively few specimens have been investigated chromatographically. Sweden,<br />
Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, U. S. S. R. (Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Distr., N. E. Siberia,<br />
Novaya Zemlya, Yakutia with the New Siberian Islands, Franz Josef Archipelago, Altai Mts., Extreme<br />
Orient, Kamtchatka), Mongolian People's Republic, Spitzbergen, Iceland,22 Jan Mayen, Greenland,<br />
Canada (QuCbec, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon Territ., N. W. Territ.), U. S. A. (Colorado,<br />
Washington, Alaska). Erroneous record: Italy (CENGIA SAMBO, 1933),=St. alpinum LAUR.<br />
Remarks: most closely related to St. groenlandicum (DAHL) LAMB and St. glareosum<br />
(SAV.) MAGN. St. paschale [f.] c. subcrustosum FR. may be an early synonym of St. rivulorum,<br />
to judge from the description (see p. 324). St. rivulorum f. nana CENGIA SAMBO is a doubtful<br />
taxon (see p. 324). This species finds its optimal habitat in seepage channels, and is frequently<br />
found in places with late snow cover. Ecological notes on its occurrence in Iceland<br />
are given by KRISTINSSON (1974) and in Switzerland by AMMANN (1971).<br />
Fo. pulvinarium (SAV.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon alpinum f. pulvinarium SAV. Bot Materialy, Notul. System. ex Inst. Cryptog.<br />
Hort. Bot. Petropol. 2 (11): 169 (1923).<br />
Typus: U. S. S. R., Kamtchatka, between Sczapina River and Kronotzkoje Lake, leg. V. P.<br />
SAVICZ, 1909 (no. 6325 [103])23 (LE, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; UPS-MACN, isolectotypus). 2 other<br />
Kamtchatka collections (paratypes) are cited in the original description.<br />
Remarks: a low, crustose, mat-like form of St. rivulorum with very short pseudopodetia.<br />
Seen also from Novaya Zemlya and Greenland. As none of the material has been examined<br />
chromatographically, it is not possible to state to which chemical strain the specimens belong.<br />
St. alpinum f. pulvinarium was recorded from Italy by CENGIA SAMBO (1933); the material<br />
not seen by us, and the determination probably incorrect.<br />
28. Stereocaulon sasakii ZAHLBR.<br />
Feddes Repert. 33: 48 (1933); SATB, Cladoniales (I), in: NAKAI, T. et M. HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica:<br />
88 (1941); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 177 (1974).<br />
Typus: Formosa (Taiwan), Mt. Niitaka (=Mt. Morrison), on soil, leg. S. SASAKI, 1927 (no. 414<br />
acc. to label) (w, holotypus).<br />
Ex~icc.:~~ ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross. Fasc. I1 (1907 ?) no. 73b, as St. alpinum (BM, FH, LE).<br />
Icon.: YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 77a, b; P1. 33, fig. 329; fig. 76k, 1, as St. myriocarpum; PI. 24, fig. e, P1. 33,<br />
fig. 327, as St. myriocarpum.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid; occasionally in a deficient phase with atranorin<br />
only.<br />
22 ACC. to TQNSBERG (1977) also occurs in the Faeroe Islands.<br />
23 In SAVICZ'S original publication the collecting number, apparently by a typographical error, is<br />
given as 6235 (103).<br />
z4 The specimen distributed in KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. no. 145 as "Stereocaulon sasakii"<br />
is St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.
230 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Distrib.: the typical species has an E. Asiatic distribution, occurring in Formosa, Japan, China,<br />
Java and the Himalayan region (N. India, Nepal, Tibet). The var. tomentosoides has its main center of<br />
distribution in western N. America, but also penetrates rarely into the E. Asiatic region. The var.<br />
simplex is of rare occurrence in both these main areas.<br />
Remarks: St. sasakii is morphologically analogous to St. tomentosum FR., but differs<br />
chemically in containing lobaric acid instead of stictic acid. This chemical difference is<br />
correlated with a different distributional pattern. The typical species has considerable<br />
resemblance to St. myriocarpum TH. FR.; the var. tomentosoides is morphologically more or<br />
less equivalent to St. tomentosum FR. ZAHLBRUCKNER mistakenly interpreted the apothecia<br />
as lecanorine. "St. myriocarpum (lobaric acid strain)" in YOSHIM. (1974, p. 177) refers to<br />
this species.<br />
Var. tomentosoides LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: Habitu Stereocaulo tomentoso FR. persimile, facie sat dorsiventrali, phyllocladiis<br />
congestis et tandem inciso- vel digitato-squarnulosis; cephalodia evolutiora subglobosa,<br />
aeruginoso-glaucescentia aut interdum fuscescentia, forma ut in St. myriocarpo TH. FR.<br />
Apothecia parva, lateralia aut sublateralia; structura interna, sporis etc. ut in forma typica<br />
et St. tomentoso.<br />
TYPUS: U.S.A., Washington Mason Co., Webb Hill Road near Cranberry Lake, on the ground,<br />
leg. C. WESTMAN, 1954 (no. 7793) (FH, holotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XLI (1957) no. 4020, as St. tomentosum (FH, L, s); Cent. XLIV<br />
(1962) no. 4338, as St. myriocarpum var. orizabae (FH, w). - Lich. Canad. Exs. no. 65 (1970), as St.<br />
myriocarpum (CAN, FH). - MAC. Canad. Lich. Ser. I (1893-94) no. 45, pr. p., as St. paschale (WIS.<br />
The material is however heterogeneous, 2 widely separated localities being given on the label; in LD,<br />
us and WELC it is St. saxatile MAGN.).<br />
Distrib.: Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territ.), U. S. A. (Washington, Oregon, California,<br />
Colorado, New Mexico, Minnesota, Michigan, Alaska), U. S. S. R. (Arakamtchetchene Island in<br />
Bering Strait), Japan, N. India, Nepal.<br />
Remarks: may eventually prove to be specifically distinct from St. sasakii; the different<br />
main distributional areal would lend support to this view.<br />
Var. simplex (RIDD.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon tomentosum var. simplex RIDD. Bot. Gaz. 50: 298 (1910).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., Washington, Mt. Rainier region, "on sandy river bottom", leg. T. C. FRYE,<br />
1904 (FH-RIDD, holotypus; MICH, WELC, isotypes).<br />
Icon. : RIDD. 1910, fig. 4, as St. tomentosum var. simplex.<br />
Distrib. : U. S. A. (Washington, Alaska), Formosa. RIDDLE mentions also specimens from Oregon<br />
and British Columbia, which we have not seen.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by the simple to sparingly branched pseudopodetia and the<br />
scanty and scattered phyllocladia in a thick spongy tomentum. Atranorin and lobaric acid<br />
demonstrated in the type specimen by chromatography.<br />
29. Stereocaulon saxatile MAGN.<br />
Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Sarnh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 41 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-<br />
F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 136 (1932); DUNCAN, Introduction to British Lichens: 80 (1970). - Stereocaulon<br />
evolutoides var. saxatile (MAGN.) LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 581 (1951) (nom. illegit.).<br />
Typus: several localities in Sweden (Medelpad) cited, all collected by E. ERIKSSON. In UPS-MAGN<br />
one of these is marked as "Typus" by MAGNUSSON, and should therefore be designated as the lectotype.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 23 1<br />
It is from Medelpad, Alna socken, Gubben, "p& vittrad sten", leg. E. ERIKSSON, 1926 (UPS-MAGN,<br />
lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon paschale var. evolutoides MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o.<br />
Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 50 (1926). - Stereocaulon evolutoides (MAGN.) FREY, Rabenhorsts<br />
Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 145 (1932). - Stereocaulon paschale subsp. evolutoides (MAGN.)<br />
LAMB, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada, 1952-53, Bull. no. 132: 274 (1954). Stereocaulon paschale<br />
subsp. evolutoides f. Iaxatum LAMB, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada, 1952-53, Bull. no. 132: 275 (1954).<br />
- Stereocaulon evolutoides f. glabrescens LAMB ex THOMS. Bryologist, 57: 284 (1954) (nomen nudum).<br />
- Stereocaulon paschale f. taeniarum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser.<br />
4, 30 (7): 48 (1926). - Stereocaulon tomentosum var. graphiticola RAs. Lichenotheca Fenn. no. 247<br />
(1947).<br />
Exsicc.: AND. Lich. EXS. Bohem. Bor. Fasc. I (1929) no. 27, as St. globosus (PR). - CUMM., WIL-<br />
LIAMS et SEYMOUR, Decades N. Amer. Lich. Decade I11 (1892 ?) no. 25, as St. paschale (DUKE, OC, US,<br />
WELC, WIS. But in c it is a mixture of St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. and St. tomentosum FR.). - CUMM. et al.<br />
Lich. Bor.-Amer. Decade XVI (1898) no. 151, as St. paschale (NEBC, PR, S, WELC). - FOLLM. Lich. EXS.<br />
Sel. Mus. Hist. Nut. Casselensi Fasc. VIII (1975) no. 158 (KASSEL). - HOWE, Lich. Novae Angliae<br />
Decade I11 (191 1) no. 22, as St. paschale (FH. With intermixture of St. tomentosum FR.). - Lichenotheca<br />
Fenn. Fasc. V (1947) no. 103, as St. squamescens (LD. But in CAN and ups it is St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.);<br />
Fasc. X (1947) no. 247, as St. tomentosum f. graphiticola (FH, LD); Fasc. XLI (1957) no. 1009, as St.<br />
squamescens (LD). - MAC. Canad. Lich. ser. 1 (1893-94) no. 45, as St. paschale (LD, us, WELC. But in<br />
WIS it is St. sasakii var, tomentosoides LAMB). - MAC. Canad. Lich. ser. I1 (1909-12) no. 133, as St.<br />
paschale (the specimen from Nova Scotia) (WELC). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. VII (1933)<br />
no. 158, as St. evolutoides (LE, PR). - MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXI (1915) no. 508, pr. p., as St.<br />
coralloides (PR, WIS, mixed with St. dactylophyllum FLORKE; S, mixed with St. evolutum GRAEWE). -<br />
MERR. Lich. EXS. Fasc. I1 (1909) no. 40, as St. paschale (DUKE, FH, L, US). - PIS~T, Lich. Slovak. Exs.<br />
Fasc. VI (1968) no. 142, as St. evolutoides (LD). - SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHMER, Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas<br />
XXVI (1927) no. 260, pr. p., as St. tomentosum (BM. Mixed with St. dactylophyllum var. occidentale<br />
(MAGN.) GRUMM.). - TOBOL. Lichenotheca Polon. Fasc. VI (1955) no. 113, as St. paschale (LD. But in<br />
FH it is apparently St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.). - VBZDA, Lich. Bohemoslovak. Exs. Fasc. I (1957) no.<br />
44, as St. tomentosum (FH). -VBZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XI11 (1965) no. 312, as St. evolutoides<br />
(BRNU, LD, M); Fasc. LII (1975) no. 1290 (BRNU).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 22; PI. 11, fig. 8, as St. evolutoides. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 8, as St. evolutoides.<br />
- HALE 1969, fig. 383. - DAHL et KROG 1973, fig. 48. - FOLLM. 1975, fig. 1.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : northern suboceanic, "probably essentially middle boreal to hemiboreal, amphiatlantic"<br />
(AHTI, 1964, p. 24). Does not occur in the Arctic regions, nor in the southern hemisphere or Asia.<br />
Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, Netherlands, England, Scotland, Germany, Czechoslovakia,<br />
Poland, U. S. S. R. (Leningrad region, Karelia ladogensis, Estonian SSR), Canada (Ontario,<br />
Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, Manitoba), U. S. A. (New York, New Jersey,<br />
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota).<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. A very variable species in its<br />
morphology, especially in N. America. St. paschale var. evolutoides, syn. St. evolutoides,<br />
represents the common and biologically typical state of the species; St. saxatile was based<br />
on a somewhat unusual state characterized by firm and wide attachment to rock, irregularly<br />
concrescent phyllocladial squamules, and in the persistence of the primary thallus; it is however<br />
the prior species-epithet, and must be used instead of evolutoides provided the 2 taxa are<br />
regarded as synonymous, which to us seems unquestionable. F. laxatum LAMB was published<br />
to designate plants of lax habitus, with loosely spreading prostrate pseudopodetia, but is<br />
only a modification completely transitional to the typical species. St. paschale f. taeniarum
232 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
MAGN. belongs to St. saxatile, being an environmentally produced modification due to development<br />
among erect moss-stems and lichens (Polytrichum, Cladinae, Cornicularia etc.) which<br />
constrain the pseudopodetia to grow separate and f vertically. RASANEN (1939a) claimed<br />
that St. paschale f. squamescens NYL. refers to this species, and used the epithet Stereocaulon<br />
squamescens (NYL.) RKs. for it in preference to St. evolutoides, an illegitimate procedure if<br />
NYLANDER'S forma should really belong here, which seems somewhat doubtful (see p. 323).<br />
Fo. sorediatum (MAGN.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Sfereocaulon paschale f. sorediafum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh.<br />
Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 51 (1926).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Varmland, par. Sillerud, near Jarnsjon, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1912 (UPS-MAGN,<br />
holotypus).<br />
Remarks: the type specimen belongs to St. saxatile, and is typical of the species as it<br />
commonly occurs except in the presence of a number of globose, farinose, well-delimited<br />
soralia mostly crowded together in one place on the surface. MAGNUSSON regarded it as a<br />
monstrous condition. In addition to the type material, we have seen 2 other specimens, both<br />
also from Varmland but from different localities, and they are exactly similar. This very<br />
local occurrence suggests the possibility of dissemination from a single mutant.<br />
Fo. paschaleoides (HAv.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Be~timrnung~schIii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 644 (1969). - Stereocaulon evolutoides var.<br />
paschaleoides HAV. Arbok Univ. Bergen, Naturvitensk. Rekke, no. 12: 17,20 (1954).<br />
Typus: Norway, Granvin, Gamladaemmo, near Skilsaete, "on moss- and lichen-covered gneiss<br />
boulders", leg. J. HAVAAS (date ?) (UPS-MAGN, CAN, isotypes).<br />
Exsicc.: Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XXXI (1953) no. 757, as St. tomentosum (FH); Fasc. LII (1960)<br />
no. 1278, as St. paschale (FH).<br />
Remarks: a puzzling form agreeing in morphological characters with St. saxatile, but<br />
pale-colored as in St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM., not slate-gray as is normal for St. saxatile. The<br />
tomentum is however gray. It seems to be almost intermediate between the two species, or<br />
might even be regarded as belonging to St. grande (MAGN.) MAGN. Specimens referable<br />
here have been seen from Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonian SSR, Canada (Ontario, Labrador,<br />
Manitoba) and U.S.A. (New York, Wisconsin).<br />
30. Stereocaulon sibiricum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetia erecta, caespitosa, substrato arcte affixa, 1.5-2.5 cm longa, 0.4-<br />
1.0 mm crassa, teretia, rigida et quasi lignosa, decorticata, omnino glabra, irregulariter ramosa.<br />
Phyllocladia lateralia, apices pseudopodetiorum versus aggregata, basin versus rarescentia;<br />
minuta, primum granuliformia, ad 0.1 mm lata, dein coralloideo-ramosa, ad 0.4 mm longa<br />
(ut in St. subcoralloidi NYL.) aut etiam interdum lobato- vel digitato-squamulosa. Cephalodia<br />
numerosa, conspicua, lateraliter sessilia vel brevissime pedicellata, grisea, fuscocinerascentia,<br />
fusca aut aeruginoso-nigrescentia, pulvinata subglobosave, 0.5-1.0 (-2.0) mm lata, superficie<br />
scabrida vel minute tuberculato-verruculosa, Stigonema continentia. Soredia desunt. Thal-<br />
lus primarius mox evanescens, e phyllocladiis parvis, digitato-ramosis, leviter complanatis,<br />
sax0 horizontaliter adpressis. Apothecia terminalia, parva, ad 1 mm lata, fusca vel fusco-<br />
nigra, primum plana et margine integro pseudothallino pallidiori circumdata, tandem pileato-<br />
convexa et immarginata. Conus centralis incolor, compactus, gelatinosus. Hypothecium
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 233<br />
fere incolor (pallide isabellinum). Hymenium 55-65 p altum, paraphysibus discretis, fuscocapitatis.<br />
Asci clavati, 4 0 p longi. Sporae 6-8nae, parallelae, rectae, 3-septatae, 3CL<br />
40 p longae, 3.CL3.5 p latae. Pycnoconidia bacilliformia, recta aut subrecta, 4-5 xca. 0.8 p.<br />
Atranorinum, acidum sticticum et acidum norsticticum continet (Kfflavescens, PD+<br />
aurantiaco-rubescens). - Quoad habitus St. subcoralloidi NYL. et St. sterili (SAV.) LAMB<br />
valde simile est.<br />
Typus: U. S. S. R., central Siberia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Evenkiiskii Distr., valley of Baikitin<br />
River, on rock, leg. N. SEMENCZUK, 1957 (no. 26) (FH, holotypus; UPS-MAGN, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : U. S. S. R. (central Siberia, Kamtchatka). Seen from 4 different localities in the Krasnoyarsk<br />
Territory, and 1 from Kamtchatka.<br />
Remarks: resembles St. subcoralloides NYL. and St. sterile (SAV.) LAMB, but has a tendency<br />
for some of the phyllocladia to become flattened-squamulose, and is chemically different<br />
(stictic acid instead of lobaric acid). Was distinguished by MAGNUSON in his herbarium<br />
under an unpublished name.<br />
3 1 . Stereocaulon spathulifrum VAIN.<br />
Ark. Bot. 8 (4): 36 (1909); POELT, Be~timmung~~chlii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 635 (1969); DAHL et<br />
KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 133 (1973). - Stereocaulon fastigiaturn<br />
f. spathuliferurn (VAIN.) MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 37<br />
(1926). - Stereocaulon botryosurn f. spathuliferurn (VAIN.) FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1.<br />
Halfte: 125 (1932). - Stereocaulon botryosurn var. spathuliferum (VAIN.) LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 581<br />
(1951).<br />
Typus: Norway, Granvin, Hardanger, Nesheimshorgen, altit. 980m s. m., on rock, leg. J. J.<br />
HAVAAS, 1900 (TUR-VAIN, no. 3926, holotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: HAV. Lich. Exs. Norveg. Fasc. XIX (date ?) no. 610 (BG). - HAV. Lich. Norveg. Occid.<br />
Exs. Fasc. VII (1938) no. 154 (LD, PR). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. Fasc. XVI (1952) no. 392, as<br />
St. botryosurn var. dissoluturn (CAN, LD. Somewhat transitional to f. dissoluturn (MAGN.) LAMB).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, and several unidentified substances,<br />
two of which may be constictic and consalazinic acids.<br />
Distrib.: boreal-arctic, amphiatlantic-bicentric or possibly circumpolar. Not seen from central<br />
Europe. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Scotland, U. S. S. R. (Murmansk Distr.), Iceland, Greenland,<br />
Canada (British Columbia), U. S. A. (Oregon, Washington, Alaska). Erroneous record: Austria<br />
(MAGNUSSON, 1926),=St. botryosurn ACH. em. FREY, St. rivulorurn MAGN. and St. alpinurn LAUR.<br />
Remarks: superficially has some resemblance to St. coniophyllum LAMB and St. nanodes<br />
TUCK., but not closely related to either. Differs from St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY both<br />
morphologically and chemically.<br />
Fo. dissolutum (MAGN.) LAMB (n. comb.)a5<br />
Basionyrn: Stereocaulon fastigiaturn var. dissoluturn MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-<br />
Samh. Handl. ser. 4,30 (7): 36 (1926). - Stereocaulon botryosurn f. dissoluturn (MAGN.) FREY, Raben-<br />
horsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 125 (1932). - Stereocaulon botryosurn var. dissoluturn (MAGN.)<br />
MAGN. Forteckning over Skandinaviens Vaxter, 4. Lavar: 49 (1936).<br />
Typus: 4 collections cited (3 from Sweden, 1 from Norway), no holotype designated. As lectotype<br />
we have selected the specimen from Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Bjorkfors, Syterbacken,<br />
26 This combination made in POELT, Be~timmung~~chlii~~e1<br />
Europaischer Flechten: 635 (1969), but<br />
there invalid (full basionym reference not given).
234 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8379) (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.). The other specimens<br />
cited in the protologue are different, belonging to St. botryosum f. congestum (MAGN.) FREY and St.<br />
rivulorum MAGN.<br />
Exsicc.: MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XL (1926) no. 979B, as St. fastigiatum var. dissolutum (LD,<br />
s, WIS).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, PI. I, fig. 7, as St. botryosum f. dissolutum.<br />
Remarks: widely distributed and much more common than the typical species, from<br />
which it differs in the lack of apical spathulate expansions, the soredia being effusely spread<br />
over the pseudopodetial apices. It has a considerable resemblance to the Antarctic species<br />
St. antarcticum VAIN.<br />
Fo. globuliferum (MAGN.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Be~timrnung~~chlii~~el Europaischer Flechten: 635 (1969). - Stereocaulon fastigiatum f.<br />
globuliferum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,30 (7): 37 (1926). - Stereocaulon<br />
botryosum f. globuliferum (MAGN.) FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1.9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 125 (1932).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Bjorkfors, Syterbacken, altit. 450 m s. m., on<br />
rock, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8236) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: apical soredia concentrated in & well-defined subglobose masses. Rare;<br />
known only from the type and one specimen seen from Alaska.<br />
Fo. pygmaeum (MAGN.) LAMB (n. comb.)as<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon botryosum f. pygmaeum MAGN. Ark. Bot. 33A (1): 91 (1946).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Brakkfjallet, altit. 600 m s. m., on irrigated rock,<br />
leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8084) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: like a stunted, partly prostrate state of f. dissolutum with granular soredia<br />
effusely concrescent into a dense crust. Known only from the type specimen and two specimens<br />
seen from U.S.A. (Washington and Oregon).<br />
32. Stereocaulon sterile (SAV.) LAMB<br />
ex KROG, Norsk Polarinst. Skr. no. 144: 89 (1968); Occas. Papers Farlow Herb. Crypt. Bot. no. 2: 1<br />
(1972); ibid. no. 5: 1 (1973). - Stereocaulon evolutum f. sterile SAV. Bot. Materialy, Notul. System. ex<br />
Inst. Cryptog. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 2 (11): 165 (1923).<br />
Typus: U. S. S. R., Kamtchatka, Truby Volcano near Sel'devaya Bucht, leg. V. P. SAVICZ, 1908<br />
(no. 2263) (LE, lectotypus; lectotypified by LAMB, 1973).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1973, figs. 2a, b, c, 3,4, 5, 6,7a, b.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : northern amphipacific: U. S. S. R. (Kamtchatka), Canada (British Columbia), U. S. A.<br />
(Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California).<br />
Remarks: morphologically resembling St. subcoralloides (NYL.) NYL., St. sibiricum<br />
LAMB, St. tennesseense MAGN., and in certain states also St. evolutum GRAEWE, to which latter<br />
however it is not closely related.<br />
33. Stereocaulon subcoralloides (NYL.) NYL.<br />
Flora, 57: 6, footnote (1874); MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7):<br />
--<br />
26 This combination made in HUNECK, Phytochemistry, 11 : 1494 (1972), but there invalid (basionym<br />
reference not given).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 235<br />
28 (1926); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1.9, Abt. IV, I. Halfte: 200 (1932); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens<br />
of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 136 (I 973). - Stereocaulonpaschale f. subcoralloides NYL.<br />
Lichenes Scandinaviae : 64 (1 861).<br />
Typus: no type specimen designated ("id inscripsi in Mus. Fenn."). No specimen labelled by<br />
NYLANDER as St. paschale f. subcoralloides could be found by us in H (Finnish lichen herbarium and<br />
general lichen herbarium) or H-NYL. Therefore it is necessary to select a neotype, and for this we have<br />
chosen a specimen in H-NYL (no. 39994) from Finland, Korpilahti, leg. E. LANC (VAINIO) in 1874,<br />
labelled by NYLANDER Stereocaulon subcoralloides (neotypif. nov.).<br />
Exsicc.: Krypf. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XXI (1913) no. 2066 (FH, PR, S, WELC). - Lichenotheca Fenn.<br />
Fasc. XXV (1949) no. 618 (UPS-MACN)?~ - NORRL. et NYL. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Fasc. I1 (1875) no. 85,<br />
as St. coralloides (FH-TUCK). - RAS. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1935) no. 56 (ups).<br />
Icon. : DAHL et KROC 1973, fig. 45.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid (cfr. DUVIGNEAUD, 1942 and HUNECK, 1974).<br />
Disfrib. : boreal circumpolar. Sweden, Norway, Finland, U. S. S. R. (Karelia ladogensis, Kola<br />
Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk Territ., W. Siberia, Transbaikalia, Kamtchatka), Canada (Ontario, QuBbec,<br />
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland), U. S. A. (New York, Maine, Alaska). Erroneous records: England<br />
(MACNUSSON, 1926), Scotland (WATSON, 1942). The specimen from England mentioned by MACNUS-<br />
SON (in EM, annotated by him as St. subcoralloides) is a small state of St. dactylophyllum FL~RKE. The<br />
Scottish record of WATSON is based on a specimen of St. subdenudafurn HAV. (FH, commun. U. DUNCAN).<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. sibiricum LAMB, less closely to St. tennesseense MAGN.<br />
Rarely fertile. St. coralloides ,B. conglomeratum TH. FR. is given as a synonym of this species<br />
by MAGNUSSON (1926) and ZAHLBRUCKNER (1926-27). However, TH. FRIES (1857, p. 17)<br />
ascribes the epithet to E. FRIES, who had described it as St. paschale P. conglomeratum, which<br />
is a nomen confusum (see p. 329). VAINIO (1940, p. 10) made the combination Stereocaulon<br />
conglomeratum ("TH. FR.") VAIN. Both he and TH. FRIES used the epithet in the sense of the<br />
present species, to which however it is inapplicable.<br />
Fo. sorediascens LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn.: Phyllocladia passim soredioso-dissoluta, sorediis pulvinatis, albidis, farinosis,<br />
0.5-1.5 mm latis, plus minusve confluentibus.<br />
Typus: U. S. S. R., Karelia ladogensis, Kurkijoki, Kuupala, Jaavuori, leg. V. RASANEN, 1931<br />
(CAN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: known only from the type specimen (sterile).<br />
34. Stereocaulon supervestiens MAGN.<br />
ex MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 37 (1944).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., Hawaii, Oahu, Waianae Range, Kealea trail, leg. CRANWELL, SELLING and SKOT-<br />
TSBERC, 1938 (no. 5640) (s, holotypus; CB, isotypus).<br />
Zcon.: MAGN. et ZAHLBR. 1945, P1. VII, fig. 2.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Hawaiian Islands.<br />
Remarks: a somewhat unclear species of doubtful taxonomic position, known only from<br />
4 collections. As it has some similarities to St. octomerellum MULL. ARG., it may actually<br />
belong to sect. Denudata, subsect. Botryoideum. The extensive and persistent primary thallus,<br />
with numerous dark cephalodia, somewhat resembles that of St. condensaturn H<strong>OF</strong>FM., but<br />
the phyllocladia of which it is composed are smaller, regularly grain-like and equal-sized, not<br />
27 Lichenotheca Fenn. no. 1230, as St. subcoralloides, is St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. (FH).
236 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
becoming squamuliform or subdivided. Growing on naked soil.<br />
35. Stereocaulon tennesseense MAGN.<br />
ex DEGEL. Ark. Bot. 30A (3): 48 (1941): ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36: 48 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan<br />
in Colour: 176 (1974).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., Tennessee, Great Smoky Mts., near Alum Cave, altit. 1515 m s. m., on moist<br />
rock, leg. G. DEGELIUS, 1939 (DEGEL, holotypus; US, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: KUROK. Lich. Rar. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1969) no. 97 (FH, LD).<br />
Icon. : ASAH. 1961, figs. 3,4; 1961a, fig. 3. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76j; PI. 33, fig. 326.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: disjunct-bicentric: eastern N. America and E. Asia. U. S. A. (New York, Virginia, N.<br />
Carolina, Tennessee), Canada (Newfoundland), Japan (Hokkaido). St. tennesseense is listed by W.<br />
CULBERSON (1972) as a representative of this disjunct distribution type, together with 11 other lichen<br />
species. Its northern occurrence in Newfoundland may place it with a group of several Newfoundland<br />
plants with distinctly southern affinities, the "Coastal Plain Element" of DAMMAN (1965).<br />
Remarks: resembles St. dactylophyllum FL~RKE, but is more closely related to St. subcoralloides<br />
(NYL.) NYL.<br />
Var. nigrofastigiatum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetia fastigiato-erecta, eximie rigida lignosaque, pro maxima parte<br />
vel saltem basin versus fusconigricantia. Phyllocladia praesertim in apicibus pseudopodetiorum<br />
congesta, digitato-coralloidea.<br />
Typus: U. S. A., New York State, Mt. Colden near Lake Placid, altit. ca. 850 m s. m., on rocks of<br />
talus slope, leg. J. L. LOWE, 1952 (CAN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: appears to be rather common in the Adirondack Mountains region of New<br />
York State, and one specimen has also been seen from N. Carolina.<br />
36. Stereocaulon tomentosum FR.<br />
Schedulae Criticae de Lichenibus Exsiccatis Sueciae, part 111: 20 (1 825); RIDD. Bot. Gaz. 50: 296 (1910);<br />
MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 56 (1926); AND. Die Strauchund<br />
Laubflechten Mitteleuropas: 124 (1928); FREY, Rabenhorsts Kryp~F1.9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 179<br />
(1932). - Stereocaulon paschale [var.] P. tomentosum (FR.) DUBY, Aug. Pyrami de Candolle Botanicon<br />
Gallicum, ed. 2, pars 2: 618 (1830). - Stereocaulon paschale [subsp.] b. tomentosurn BRANTH et ROSTR.<br />
Bot. Tidsskr. 3: 162 (1869). - Stereocaulon tonzentosum [var.] P. inciso-crenatum SCHAER. Enumeratio<br />
Critica Lichenum Europaeorum: 181 (1850). - Stereocaulon tomentosum f. incisocrenatum (SCHAER.)<br />
FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-Fl. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 184 (1932). - Stereocaulon tomentosurn [var.] a.<br />
campestre KijRB. Systema Lichenum Germaniae: 11 (1855). - Patellaria tomentosa [var.] y. decumbens<br />
WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae, Pars prior: 440 (1831).<br />
Typus: Sweden, exact locality not stated. Isotype material distributed in FRIES, Lich. Suec. Exs.<br />
no. 90. The copy of this in ups may be considered the holotype.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon tomentosum [subsp.I2. magellanicum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et<br />
Pilophor. Comment.: 31 (1857). - Stereocaulon paschale var. magellanicum (TH. FR.) Nn. Mbm. Soc.<br />
Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 5: 96 (1857). - Stereocaulon magellanicum (TH. FR.) ZAHLBR. Catalogus Lichenum<br />
Universalis, 4: 651 (1927)28. - Stereocaulon cupriniforme NYL. Flora, 48: 21 1 (1865). - Stereocaulon<br />
tomentosurn f. cupriniforme (NYL.) VAIN. Meddeland. Soc. Fauna F1. Fenn. 6: 100 (1881). -Stereocaulon<br />
tomentosum var. cupriniforme (NYL.) OLN. Mkm. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 36: 162 (190647).<br />
28 Apparently a lapsus rather than an intentional new combination.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 237<br />
- Stereocaulon tomentosum f. truncatum FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 185<br />
(1932).<br />
Exsicc. ANZI, Lich. Rarior. Venet. Fasc. I (1863) no. 19 (FH-TUCK, s). - ARN. Lich. Monac. Exs.<br />
no. 334 (1894) (FH, PC). - BREUT. Flora German. Exs. Ser. 11, Cent. I1 (1843) no. 109 (FH, s). - BRITZ.<br />
Lich. Exs. FI. Augsburgs Fasc. IV (1903) no. 149 (BM, FH. In PC with slight intermixture of St. incrustaturn<br />
FLORKE); Suppl. V (1907) no. 787, as St. alpinum (BM, FH, M, PR). - CLAUD. et HARM. Lich. Gall.<br />
praecip. Exs. Fasc. IX (1908) no. 423 (FH). - CLEMENTS, Crypt. Format. Coloradens. Cent. IV (1907) no.<br />
306, as Stereocaulum [sic] paschale (co~o). - ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross. Fasc. I (1901) no. 17, as St.<br />
tomentosum var. campestre (FH). - FLAG. Lich. Franche-Compte' Fasc. VI (1884) no. 253, pr. p. (FH,<br />
PC. Both mixed with St. dactylophyllum FL~RKE. FREY, 1932, p. 180, states the copy in G to contain also<br />
St. alpinum LAUR.). -Flora Exs. Austro-Hungar. Fasc. VIII, Cent. XVI (1885) no. 1539 (PC, PR, S,<br />
us). -Flora Hungar. Exs. Cent. I, Lichenes 6 (1912) no. 16 (PR, S, US). - FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc.<br />
I11 (1824) no. 90 (FH-TUCK, S; isotype material). - FUNCK, Cryptog. Gewachse des Fichtelgebirg's,<br />
Heft 1 (1801) no. 20, pr. p., as St. paschale (PR. Mixed with St. dactylophyllum FLORKE); ed. 11, Heft 41<br />
(1838) no. 841, as St. tomentosum B. alpestre (BM, FH). -HARM. Lich. in Lotharingia no. 157 (date ?),<br />
as St. tomentosum var. alpinum (FH). - HAV. Lich. EXS. Norveg. Fasc. VII (1905) no. 265 (BG). -<br />
HEPP, Flechten Europas Band VI, Heft 11 (1857) no. 302, as St. tomentosum B. inciso-crenatum (FH-<br />
TUCK, PC, s). - HOWE, Lich. Novae Angliae Decade 111 (lqll) no. 22, pr. p., as St. paschale (FH. Mixed<br />
with St. saxatile MAGN.). - KAVINA et HILITZ. Crypt. Cech. Exs. Fasc. VI (1937) no. 273 (PR). -<br />
Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XVII (1909) no. 1655 (FH, PC, WELC. In PR and s, with intermixture of St.<br />
incrustarum FLORKE); Cent. XLII (1958) no. 4145 (BM, FH, s). - Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XXXVIII<br />
(1956) no. 935 (FH); Fasc. XXXIX (1956) no. 962 (FH); Fasc. XLVI (1958) no. 1140 (FH). - LOJKA,<br />
Lichenotheca Regn. Hungar. Exs. Fasc. I (1882) no. 12 (FH-TUCK, PC, s). - MAC. Canad. Lich. ser. I1<br />
(1909-12) no. 133, as St. paschale (the specimen from Ottawa) (DUKE); no. 134 (the specimen from Nova<br />
Scotia, Cape Breton) (DUKE). - MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXVII (date ?) no. 651 (s). - NORRL.<br />
et NYL. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Fasc. I1 (1875) no. 86 (FH-TUCK). - PETRAK, Flora Bohem. et Morav. Exs.<br />
ser. 11, Abt. 2, Flechten (1924) no. 80 (FH, PR. In s it is referable to the var. compactum FREY). - Plants<br />
of Wyoming, ed. Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, no. 2690 (date ?) (co~o, us). - RABENH. Lich. Europ.<br />
Exs. Fasc. V (1856) no. 133 (FH-TUCK, PR, s); Fasc. XVI (1859) no. 454 (PR, s). - RAS. Lich. Fenn. Exs.<br />
Fasc. XI1 (1940) no. 570 (ups); Fasc. XV (1943) no. 736 (ups). - ROUM. Lich. Gall. Exs. Cent. VI<br />
(date ?) no. 559 (ups). - SCHULZ, Flora Gall. et German. Exs. Cent. XI1 (1848) no. 1194, as St. tomentosum<br />
var. /3. majus (M). - STENHAM. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1860) no. 79 (FH-TUCK, LD, US). - SUZA,<br />
Lich. Bohemoslovak. Exs. Fasc. V (1930) no. 135 (PR). -TUCK. Lich. Amer. Septentr. Exs. Fasc. I<br />
(1847) no. 23 (FH, L).<br />
Icon.: AND. 1928, P1. XVIII, fig. 8. ERN., NADv. et SERV. 1956, P1. VI, fig. 4. - ELENK. 1906,<br />
PI. 111, figs. 5-7. -FINK 1910, PI. 19. - FREY 1932, fig. 29a, b, c; PI. 111, fig. 7; fig. 8, as f. truncatum.<br />
-HALE 1969, fig. 386. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 10. - MIG. 1927-31, Lief. 268-277 (1928), P1. 75, fig. 1. -<br />
NEAR. 1947, fig. vii-8. - OKSN. 1968, fig. 147ax. - Oz. et CLAUZ. 1970, fig. 393. - RAs. 1951, PI. 11,<br />
fig. 11. - SAT^ 1941, fig. 27.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid; possibly also constictic and consalazinic<br />
acids. Working apparently with wrongly determined or mixed collections has given<br />
rise to some discrepant statements: RAMAUT (1962) and RAMAUT and SCHUMACKER (1962)<br />
reported the presence of lobaric acid. BRUUN (1973) reported lobaric acid and bourgeanic<br />
acid (an aliphatic compound, known to occur in a few exotic Stereocaulon species) from a<br />
Norwegian specimen of St. tomentosum, but a supposedly duplicate sample previously identified<br />
by us failed to show either of these compounds.<br />
Distrib.: boreal-montane-temperate, circumpolar but avoiding the high arctic regions, extending<br />
20 Flora Romaniae Exs. Cent. X (1931) no. 905, as St. tomentosum, is Cladonia squamosa (SCOP.)<br />
H<strong>OF</strong>FM. (s, US).
238 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
into the southern hemisphere along the Andean chain to the southernmost part of S. America. Generalized<br />
distribution map in LAMB, 1951, fig. 9. In S. E. Asia its place is taken by the very closely related<br />
St. myriocarpum TH. FR. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, Scotland, France, Spain,<br />
Germany, Swit~erland,~~ Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, U. S. S. R. (Kola Peninsula,<br />
Murmansk Distr., Estonian SSR, Belorussian SSR, Lening~ad region, Karelia ladogensis, Smolensk<br />
ObIast, Ural Mts., Altai Mts., Sayan Mts. Krasnoyarsk Temt., Transbaikalia, Kamtchatka, Extreme<br />
Orient, Sachalin), Mongolian People's Republic, Iceland, Greenland, Canada (Ontario, Quebec, New<br />
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta,<br />
British Columbia, N. W. Territ., Yukon Territ.), Miquelon Island, U. S. A. (New York, Connecticut,<br />
Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana,<br />
Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming, California, Washington, Alaska), China (Yiinnan), Korea, Japan (Hokkaido),<br />
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile (Magallanes, Brunswick Peninsula), Argentina<br />
(Tierra del Fuego, Santa Cruz, Rio Negro; the var. capitatum in Prov. TucumBn), Falkland Islands.<br />
Unverified records: Rumania (Mo~uzr, PETRIA and MANTU, 1967), Bulgaria (NIKOL<strong>OF</strong>F, 1931), U. S.<br />
S.R., Georgia (PACHUN<strong>OF</strong>F, 1934) and Moscow region (MULLER ARG., 1878), Manchuria P SAT^, 1952),<br />
Tibet (HUE, 1898-1901), U.S.A., Ohio (HUE, 1898-1901). Erroneous records: Himalayas (KREMPE-<br />
LHUBER, 1868, as St. tomentosum var. alpestre),=St. myriocarpurn TH. FR.; Chile, Juan Fernandez<br />
(ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1924, as St. paschale var. mageNanicum),=mixture of 2 indeterminable species, not<br />
St. tomentosum; Antarctic Peninsula (DARBISHIRE, 191 2), = St alpinum LAUR. ; South Georgia (ZAHL-<br />
BRUCKNER, 1917, as St. tomentosum var. magellanicum),=St. alpinum LAUR. (cfr. also Du RIETZ,<br />
1926a).<br />
Remarks: St. tomentosum var. inciso-crenatum SCHAER., var. campestre KORB., and<br />
Patellaria tomentosa var. decumbens WALLR., being founded on the same type material as the<br />
species, are obligate synonyms of the latter; see Appendix 1, p. 307.<br />
Fo. botryocarpum (MAGN.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Bestirnmungsschliisse1 Europaischer Flechten: 639 (1969). - Stereocaulon botryocarpum<br />
MAGN. Bot. Not.: 307 (1939).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Gotland, Gotska Sandon, on sand dunes, leg. TH. ARWIDSSON, 1934 (S, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: GALLQE 1972, PI. 1, figs. 3-5; PI. 59, figs. 481487; PI. 60, figs. 488494; PI. 61, figs. 495-<br />
501; PI. 62, figs. 502-506; PI. 63, figs. 507-510; PI. 64, figs. 511-516; PI. 65, figs. 517-520; PI. 66, figs.<br />
521-526; PI. 67, figs. 527-535; PI. 68, figs. 536-540; PI. 69, figs. 541-545; PI. 70, figs. 546-551; PI. 71,<br />
figs. 552-554; all as St. tomentosum.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by the very short, semi-prostrate, dorsiventral pseudopodetia<br />
with dark gray, smoothly felted tomentum and crustose-concrescent phyllocladia. PD+<br />
orange-red. The characters of botryosely divided apothecia and large cephalodia emphasized<br />
by MAGNUSSON are accidental and inconstant. Characteristic of movable sand dunes, and<br />
analogous to St. alpinum var. gracilentum (TH. FR.) MAGN. In addition to 3 specimens from<br />
the type locality, we have seen one from Canada, Prince Edward Island, on sand dunes,<br />
referable to this form.<br />
Var. alpestre FLOT.<br />
Flora, Jahrg. 19, 1, Beiblatt 1 : 17 (1836); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 185<br />
(1932); Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 69: 195 (1959). - Stereocaulon alpinum [f.] P. alpestre (FLoT.) TH. FR.<br />
Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 358 (sep. 54) (1858). - Stereocaulon tomentosum f. alpestre (FLoT.)<br />
Nn. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 244 (1860). - Stereocaulon tomentosum [subsp.l**. al-<br />
pestre (FLoT.) HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 2: 247 (sep. 39) (1890).<br />
30 Only the var. alpestre seen; cfr. also FREY (1959).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 239<br />
Typus: Polish-Czechoslovakian border, Riesengebirge, leg. FLOTOW (date ?) (B, holotypus, destroyed<br />
in World War I1 and not seen by us; it was however seen by FREY and his description of 1932 is<br />
based on it).<br />
Exsicc. : Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XIX (191 1) no. 1855b, as St. tomentosum (COLO, s, us). -<br />
THOMS. Lich. Arct. nos. 43, 46 (1960) (w~s).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 29e; 1959, fig. IOe.<br />
Remarks: morphologically puzzlingly similar to St. alpinum LAUR., but reliably distinguished<br />
by the PD+red reaction and, if fertile, by the small lateral apothecia. Also the<br />
tomentum is usually heavier than in St. alpinum. But distinction from St. myriocarpum<br />
TH. FR. may be difficult. FLOTOW'S original description is very good. Common and as<br />
widely distributed as the typical species, and more frequently found than the latter in very<br />
exposed situations.<br />
Var. cornpacturn FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 187 (1932).<br />
Typus: E. Germany, Sachsen, Plauen, Vogtland, Brambach, leg. A. SPINDLER, 1908 (HBG, holotypus;<br />
FREY, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon tomentosum f. tectorum TOM. Mem. Inst. Agronom. Woronesch<br />
(MBm. Inst. Agronom. de 1'Empereur Pierre I t~ Voroneje), 3: 127 (1918).<br />
Exsicc.: AND. Lich. Exs. Bohem. Bor. Fasc. I1 (1930) no. 87, pr. p., as St. globosus (PR. Mixed<br />
with St. evolutum GRAEWE). - HAHN, Flechten-Herbarium (1884) no. ,9, as St. tomentosum (DEGEL). -<br />
K ~ K Lich. , Bohem. Fasc. 111 (1913) no. 126, as St. tomentosum (PR). - SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHM.<br />
Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas VIII (1925) no. 76, as St. tomentosum (BM, PR); no. 77, as St. tomentosum (BM). -<br />
VBZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. LII (1975) no. 1283 (BRNU).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 29d; 1959, fig. 10d. -TOM. 1918, PI. 11, figs. 1-3, as St. tomentosum f. tectorum.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by its dark gray color, flattened and dorsiventral habitus, and<br />
often dark (grayish) tomentum of the underside; strongly resembling St. saxatile MAGN.<br />
Fairly common and widely distributed in Europe, Russia and N. America.<br />
Var. capitaturn LAMB (n. ~ar.)~l<br />
Diagn. : Apothecia pro majore parte terminalia et magna, usque 2(-3) mm lata; minora<br />
et lateralia passim quoque occurrunt. Ceteris notis ut in forma typica.<br />
Typus: Argentina, Prov. Tucumin, Valle de Tafi, W. slope of Cumbre Potrerillo, altit. 3700 m s.<br />
m., in rocky alpine Stipa pasture, leg. I. M. LAMB, 1947 (no. 5309) (CAN, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: differs from the typical species in having many of the apothecia terminal and<br />
large, pileate and convex-immarginate, sometimes irregularly lobate. Small lateral apothecia<br />
of the normal type for the species may occur also on the same thallus. Habitus typical of<br />
St. tomentosum, with heavy tomentum; phyllocladia mostly resembling those of the var.<br />
alpestre. Forming clumps up to 30 cm across, with pseudopodetia upright in the center,<br />
more or less decumbent at the periphery. Several collections made in the same region from<br />
elevations of 2000 to 3700 m s. m. Collected in 1872-74 by LORENTZ and HIERONYMUS, who<br />
worked in the same region of Argentina (Cienega, Prov. Tucumin); specimens are present<br />
in UPS-TH FR and M, determined as "Stereocaulon myriocarpum P. Orizabae" and listed by<br />
KREMPELHUBER under that name in Flora, 61 (1878). Apparently endemic to the Precordillera<br />
of N. W. Argentina.<br />
31 Published as nomen nudum in GRASSI, 1950, p. 365.
240 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
37. Stereocaulon uliginosum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia erecta, caespitosa vel dispersa, fragilia, irregulariter ramosa, basi<br />
emorientia, 2.5-4.0 cm alta, 0.5-1.0 mrn crassa, albicantia, glabra, in apicibus confertim<br />
sorediosa. Phyllocladia sparsa, praesertim in parte inferiori pseudopodetiorum evoluta,<br />
deplanato-squamulosa et digitato-ramulosa, albicantia, 0.5-0.8 mm lata, iis Stereocauli<br />
rivulorum MAGN. haud dissimilia. Soralia copiosa, terminalia, albida, conferta, globulosa,<br />
0.5-1.3 rnm lata, vulgo confluentia, subtiliter farinosa, fere laevigata. Cephalodia sparsa,<br />
minuta et inconspicua, pseudopodetiis lateraliter insidentia, pulvinato-subglobosa, ca. 0.5 mm<br />
lata, leviter fuscescentia, obsolete verruculosa vel fere laevigata, Stigonema aut Nostoc foventia.<br />
Apothecia haud visa. Atranorinum et acidum lobaricum continet (K flavesc., PD pallide<br />
flavesc.). - Habitu, crescendi mod0 et materiis chimicis cum St. alpino LAUR. necnon St.<br />
paschali (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. congruens, sed soraliis ut in St. capitellato MAGN. instructurn.<br />
Typus: Iceland, N. Thing., Sandiris, Thistilfjordur Di~tr.~~, altit. 70 rn s. m., in heathland, intermixed<br />
with St. alpinum LAUR., leg. H. KRISTINSSON, 1968 (no. 16423 pr. p.) (FH, holotypus; AK, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Iceland, W. Greenland, possibly Sweden.<br />
Remarks: a sorediate species resembling a tall state of St. capitellatum MAGN. (syn. St.<br />
farinaceum MAGN.), but with fragile, basally emorient pseudopodetia of the paschale-type<br />
and chemically different. Not seen fertile. It has the same habitat ecology as St. paschale<br />
(L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM., to which it is probably closely related. Found in 2 localities in Iceland by<br />
KRISTINSSON, in heath or grassland, forming pure stands or intermixed with St. alpinum<br />
LAUR. The W. Greenland specimen (Sdndre Strdmfjord, leg. SKYTTE CHRISTIANSEN, 1946,<br />
in c and FH) was growing on ground among mosses in Cassiope tetragona heath. The Swedish<br />
specimen (Torne Lappmark, leg. J. POELT, 1951, in GZU and FH) can only be tentatively assigned<br />
here; it agrees morphologically and chemically, but was growing on rock and is scanty and<br />
not very well developed.<br />
Sect. 2. Stereocladium (NYL.) DODGE<br />
38. Stereocaulon nanodes TUCK.<br />
Amer. J. Sci. Arts, ser. 2, 28: 201 (1859); Genera Lichenum: 144 (1872); Synopsis of the North American<br />
Lichens, Part I: 234 (1882); NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 251 (1860); RIDD. Bot.<br />
Gaz. 50: 303 (1910); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 128 (1929).<br />
Typus: U. S. A., New Hampshire, White Mountains, 3 localities mentioned (Crystal Falls, Saco<br />
Falls, upper gorge of the Arnrnonoosuck), "rocks near water", leg. E. TUCKERMAN. AS lectotype we<br />
have selected the specimen from "in the gorge of the Arnrnonoosuck at the last ford", 1848 (FH-TUCK,<br />
lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocladium tyroliense NYL. Flora, 58: 302 (1875). - Stereocaulon alpinum<br />
var. tyroliense (NYL.) ARN. Verh. K. K. Zoo1.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 27: 549, 566 (1877). - Stereocaulon<br />
tomentosum var. tyroliense ("ARN."; NYL.) OLIV. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 36: 162 (1906-07). -<br />
Stereocaulon tyroliense (NYL.) LETT. Hedwigia, 60 (3): 106 (1918). - Stereocaulon nanodes f. tyroliense<br />
(NYL.) LAMB ex MAQUINAY, LAMB, LAMBINON et RAMAUT, Physiol. P1. (Copenhagen), 14 (2): 285<br />
(1961) (comb. inval.); ex POELT, Be~timmung~schlii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 634 (1969) (val.). -<br />
Stereocaulon tyroliense var. lapponicum MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.- Samh. Handl.<br />
ser. 4, 30 (7): 74 (1926). - Stereocaulon hypopetrueurn VAIN. ex Us. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. ser. A, 34<br />
(4): 60, footnote (1931).<br />
32 Transliterated from the Icelandic characters.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 241<br />
Exsicc.: ARN. Lich. EXS. (Lich. Jurae) no. 652a, b (date ?), as St. alpinum var. tyroliense (ups);<br />
no. 1541 (1892), as Stereocladium tyroliense (EM). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XXIII (1915) no. 2275,<br />
pr. p., as St. alpinum var. tyroliense (St. saxonicum on 2nd. emended label) (s. But in co~o and FH it is<br />
St. pileatum AcH., and in PR a mixture of St. nanodes and St. pileatum). - MAGN. Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs.<br />
Fasc. I (1927) no. 6, as St. tyroliense var. lapponicum (ups); Fasc. X (1937) no. 240, as St. saxonicum<br />
(CAN, LD, PR, S, UPS-MAGN). - MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXXVII (date ?) no. 918, pr. p., as St.<br />
pileatum (the specimen from Sweden) (wrs). - PISUT, Lich. Slovak. EXS. Fasc. IX (1972) no. 211 (BRNU).<br />
- RAs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. V (1936) no. 201, as St. tyroliense var. lapponica (UPS). - SUZA, Lich.<br />
Bohemoslovak. Exs. Fasc. 1V (1929) no. 105, as St. saxonicum (UPS-MAGN); Fasc. VII (1932) no. 198,<br />
as St. tyroliense (PR). - V~ZDA, Lich. Bohemoslovak. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1957) no. 45, as St. tyroliense (FH,<br />
LD). - VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XVII (1965) no. 416 (LD); Fasc. XXXlX (1971) no. 965 (FH, LD);<br />
Fasc. LII (1975) no. 1289 (FH).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 15; PI. I, fig. 2, as St. tyroliense; PI. I, fig. 3, as St. tyroliense var. lapponum<br />
[sic]; 1959, fig. 4. - Oz. et CLAUZ. 1970, fig. 387A, B. - DAHL et KR~C 1973, fig. 38.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid. Occasionally in a deficient phase with atranorin<br />
only (cfr. HUNECK, 1966). RAMAUT and SCHUMACKER (1962) reported atranorin, lobaric<br />
acid and stictic acid, probably as a result of working with heterogeneous material.<br />
Distrib. : northern and central Europe; very locally in N. E. North America (Mt. Washington area<br />
in New Hampshire). Sweden, Norway, Finland, Belgium, England, Germany, Switzerland, Austria,<br />
Italy, Czechoslovakia, U. S. S. R. (Karelia ladogensis), U. S. A. (New Hampshire). Unverified records:<br />
Poland (TOEOLEWSKI, 1965; NOWAK, 1968); Argentina (RASANEN, 1941). Erroneous records: Newfoundland<br />
(ECKFELDT, 1895), =mixture of St. pileatum ACH. and Cladonia decorticata (FLORKE) SPRENG,<br />
fide RIDDLE (1910); Peru (LEIGHTON, 1866),=Leprocaulon congestum (NYL.) LAMB et WARD.<br />
Remarks: originally collected in 1848, it still occurs in the locus classicus (Amrnonoosuck<br />
River, New Hampshire), where we collected good and typical material in 1966. St, tyroliense<br />
var. Iapponicum MAGN. represents the optimally developed state, and St. tyroliense (NYL.)<br />
LETT. the commonly occurring incompletely developed state; St. hypopetraeum VAIN. represents<br />
an intermediate condition. Some ecological notes on its occurrence in Switzerland<br />
are given by FREY (1959). St. nanodes is commonly a pioneer plant on substrata rich in heavy<br />
metals, such as slag heaps, and is highly resistant to atomospheric pollution. It may occur<br />
on calamine slag substrata with a zinc content of up to 700 p.p.m., and concentrates that<br />
element in the thallus up to 3300 p.p.m. (MAQUINAY, LAMB, LAMBINON and RAMAUT, 1961;<br />
LAMBINON, 1964). POELT (1972) records its occurrence in Berlin, obviously as a result of<br />
quite recent colonization; some specimens were growing on the rusty surface of disused iron<br />
railroad tracks. It is usually saxicolous, but occasionally occurs also on lignum; it was<br />
found in Tirol growing on wooden vineyard poles regularly sprayed with copper compounds<br />
(POELT and HUNECK, 1968).<br />
Fo. carinthiacum (FREY) LAMB<br />
ex FREY, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 69: 189 (1959); POELT, Bestimmungsschlii~~el Europaischer Flechten:<br />
634 (1969). - Stereocaulon carinthiacum FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 113<br />
(1932).<br />
Typus: Austria, Karnten, "Sieben Hiigel" near Klagenfurt, leg. J. STEINER (no. 195; date ?) (B,<br />
holotypus, destroyed in World War 11, and not seen by us). FREY collected more material in the type<br />
locality in 1931, and it is preserved in CAN, FREY and UPS-MAGN.<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon ostrobottniae MAGN. ex AHLN. Acta Soc. Fauna FI. Fern. 62<br />
(8): 7 (1940).<br />
Exsicc.: SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHM. Lich. Sax. Exs. Decas XXXIII (1927) no. 330, pr. p., as Stereo-
242 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
cladium saxonicum (DEGEL. But in GB it is St. pileatum AcH.).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 16, as St. carinthiacum; 1959, fig. 5.<br />
Remarks: in this form the distinct bifacial flabellate primary squamules are imperfectly<br />
developed or only rarely present in the youngest stages; the apices of the pseudopodetia tend<br />
to branch and soon become effusely sorediate on all sides. Not uncommon; specimens seen<br />
from Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, Switzerland, Germany and Czechoslovakia.<br />
Fo. schadeanum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn. : Habitu pulvinato, compacto, squamulis primariis supra apices pseudopodetiorum<br />
elevatis et superficiem crustosam efficientibus. Pseudopodetia brevissima, congeste ramificantia,<br />
plus minusve denigrata.<br />
Typus: E. Germany, Sachsen, Freiberg, near Brand, "auf Gneisssteinchen und Erde auf einer<br />
Bergwerkshalde", altit. 510 m s. rn., leg. A. SCHADE, 1927 (no. 1767) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus; CAN,<br />
isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym (inval.): "Stereocaulon incognitum ad int." SCHADE, Sitzungsber. Naturwiss.<br />
Ges. Isis (Dresden), Jahrg. 1932: 159 (1933).<br />
Remarks: differs from the "tyro1iense"-condition in its compact-pulvinate growth-habit,<br />
with the primary unifacial-sorediate squamules all raised up on the ends of very short, congestedly<br />
branched, usually blackened pseudopodetia, and forming a more or less evenly<br />
crustose surface to the pulvinulae. SCHADE'S epithet "incognitum", referring to material<br />
from the type locality, is a nomen nudum proposed only provisionally. Rare; seen from 4<br />
localities in Germany and Czechoslovakia.<br />
Sect. 3. Denudata JATTA<br />
Subsect. A. Denudata<br />
39. Stereocaulon vesuvianum PERS.<br />
Ann. Wetterauischen Ges. Gesammte Naturk. 2: 19 (1810); TORN. Lichenographia Sicula: 108 (1849);<br />
JATTA, Sylloge Lichenum Italicorum: 98 (1900); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 178 (1974).<br />
- Stereocaulon botryosum [subsp.] ,B. vesuvianum (PERs.) ACH. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum: 285<br />
(1814). - Stereocaulon alpinum var. vesllvianum (" Vesuviana") (PERs.) LINK, Grundriss der Krauterkunde,<br />
Vierter (Praktischer) Theil: 168 (1833)33. - Stereocaulon denudatum [var.] B. vesuvianum (PERs.)<br />
LAUR. ex HEPP, Flechten Europas, Band I, Heft 1, no. 2 (1853). - Stereocaulon denudatum [subsp.It<br />
vesuvianum (PERs.) TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 28 (1857).<br />
Typus: Italy, Mt. Vesuvio, leg. ?, date ? (L-PERS, holotypus; H-ACH, isotyp~s).~~<br />
Exsicc. : ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I (1954) no. 45, as St. vesuvianum var. umbonatum (UPS, us).<br />
- BORN~LLER, Plant. Exs. Canar. (1901) no. 3245, as St. denudatum (PR); no. 3506, as St. denudatum<br />
var. pulvinatum (PR). - Erb. Crittog. Ital., publ. Soc. Crittogamolog. Ital. Ser. 11, Fasc. I (1868) no. 20<br />
(FH, LD, M). - FOLLM. Lich. EXS. Sel. Mus. Bot. Berol. Fasc. IV (1970) no. 76 (KASSEL); Lich. Exs. Sel.<br />
Mus. Hist. Nut. Casselensi Fasc. VII (1975) no. 138 (KASSEL). - HEPP, Flechten Europas Band 1, Heft 1<br />
(1853) no. 2, as St. denudatum B. vesuvianum (FH, PC. In FH-TUCK with intermixture of St. vulcani<br />
(BORY) AcH.). - JATTA, Lich. Ital. Merid. Exs. (1874-75) no. 45 (M). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent.<br />
33 Not seen. Reference from ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1926-27.<br />
34 Of the 3 syntype specimens in herb. PERSOON, 2 are labelled "Ex Sicilia"; the third has no indication<br />
of locality, but is annotated "Act. Soc. Vetteraviae"; it must be from Mt. Vesuvio and therefore<br />
the holotype of the species. The isotype specimen in herb. ACH. is labelled "Vesuvii crater Persoon".
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 243<br />
XXXVI (date ?) no. 3576, as St. denudatum (co~o, FH, US); Cent. XLIV (1963) no. 4337, as St. denudarum<br />
var. vesuvianum (FH, LD). - MANDON, Lich. Mudsre (date ?) no. 44, as St. denudatum (PC. With<br />
slight admixture of St. azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL.). - MASS. Lich. Ztal. EXS. Fasc. 1 (1855) no. 10 (FH-<br />
TUCK). - RABENH. Lich. Europ. Exs. Fasc. VI (1857) no. 160 (FH-TUCK, LD, M, PR). - SAMP. Lich.<br />
Portugal Fasc. 111 (1923) no. 287, as St. denudatum (LD). - SCHAER. Lich. Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XXVII<br />
(date ?) no. 652, as St. denudatum ,B. vesuvianum (FH. In some other copies it is St. flavireagens GYELN,<br />
=St. vulcani (BORY) ACH. acc. to DEGELIUS, 1941, p. 28). - TREV. Lichemtheca Veneta Fasc. IV (1869)<br />
no. 145 (ups). - VBZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXX (1969) no. 731 (FH, LD).<br />
Icon.: NYL. 1860, PI. VII, figs. 30a-d, as St. denudatum var. vesuvianum. - LICOPOLI 1871, PI. I,<br />
figs. 1-18. - POLI 1964, PI. XVI, fig. 11 (field photograph). - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 77e; PI. 33, fig. 332.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, usually also norstictic acid. RAMAUT and SCHU-<br />
MACKER (1962) claimed that a Belgian specimen of var. denudatum (=var. nodulosum (WALLR.)<br />
LAMB) contained atranorin, stictic acid and lobaric acid. A substance called 4,6-dihydroxy-2<br />
methoxy-3-methylacetophenone was isolated and characterized from St. vesuvianum by<br />
BOLOGNESI, CHIOCCARA and SCHERILLO (1974).<br />
Distrib.: widely distributed in both hemispheres, especially in volcanic regions. Material attributed<br />
to the typical species has been seen from Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, England (see Remarks<br />
below), U.S.S.R. (Kamtchatka), Iceland, Spitsbergen, Greenland, U.S.A. (Alaska, Hawaii), Formosa,<br />
Japan, New Zealand, W. and central Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores,<br />
Rkunion, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. The distribution of the various infraspecific taxa shows<br />
considerable differences, and is separately enumerated for each.<br />
Remarks: a very polymorphic species which has been broken down, sometimes not very<br />
satisfactorily, into a number of infraspecific taxa. The commonest of these in the northern<br />
hemisphere is var. nodulosurn (WALLR.) LAMB (syn. St. denudatum FLORKE). The distribution<br />
pattern of the whole complex is almost cosmopolitan. Some of the taxa may be sorediate,<br />
but this character seems to have liitle taxonomic importance in this species.<br />
St. vesuvianum (var. vesuvianum) is an early colonizer of lava flows; studies on this aspect<br />
of its ecology have been made by LICOPOLI (1871), POLI (1964), KLEMENT (1965) and KRISTINS-<br />
SON (1974a). KLEMENT, op. cit., distinguishes a special association, the Stereocauletum<br />
vesuviani, of which it is the dominant component. Information and field photographs of<br />
the association in the Canary Islands are given by FOLLMANN (1976), who states that initial<br />
stages may be observed even on quite recent lava flows which have not completely cooled<br />
down. In most places where it occurs, the typical species, unlike some of its varieties, grows<br />
on volcanic scoria; of interest in this respect is the only known collection from the British<br />
Isles: England, Kent, Lydd-on-Sea, "on clinker by railway halt", coll. P. W. JAMES and E.<br />
FREY, 1958 (BM); the artificial substratum closely resembles volcanic scoria.<br />
The spores of St. vesuvianum and its varieties are 3-5 (-6)-septate, (25-) 30-50 (-55) x<br />
2.5-3.5 p. TOMASELLI and TRUGLIO (1966) claimed that Italian material may have very<br />
stout spores, up to 12 p in breadth. We are unable to confirm this statement.<br />
Fo. santorinense (J. STEIN.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Bestimm~ngsschliisse1 Europaischer Flechten : 637 (1969). - Stereocaulon denudatum subsp.<br />
santorinense J. STEIN. Verh. 2001.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 69: 90 (1920).36<br />
Typus: Greece, Santorin, on 1866 lava flow, leg. SCHIFFNER and V. WETTSTEIN, 1911 (no. 7257)<br />
(w, holotypus).<br />
36 ZAHLBRUCKNER,<br />
1926-27, p. 666 (1927) quotes it as Stereocaulon santorinense; apparently not an<br />
intentional combination.
244 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Exsicc.: ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 198 (1921), as St. santorinense (FH).<br />
Remarks: analogous to the f. sessile of var. nodulosum. Rare; seen from Greece and the<br />
Azores.<br />
Var. noriulosum (WALLR.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Be~timmung~~chlu~sel Europaischer Flechten: 633 (1969); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in<br />
Colour : 178 (1974). - Patellaria paschalis [var.] a. nodulosa WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae,<br />
Pars prior: 441 (1831). - Stereocaulon denudatum f. nodulosa "Wallr." (WALLR.) VAIN. Meddeland.<br />
Soc. Fauna FI. Fenn. 14: 20, 1886 (1888).<br />
Typus: listed by WALLROTH from several localities in Germany, the only one of which mentioned<br />
by name is "Bructero Hercyn.", referring to the Brocken in the Harz Mountains of central Germany.<br />
The type material seen by us in STR is unlocalized, and VAINIO (1886a) also does not mention any locality<br />
for the type material seen by him in B. Probably a neotype from the same region should be designated.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon denudatum FLORKE, Deutsche Lichenen, Lief. 4: 13 (1819). -<br />
Baeomyces denudatus (FLORKE) HEPP, Lichenen-Flora von Wurzburg: 89 (1824). - Stereocaulon paschale<br />
[var.] 6. denudatum (FLORKE) SCHAER. Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium, Pars prima, Sect.<br />
VI: 274 (1833). - Stereocaulon paschale [f.] 6. denudatum (FLORKE) MUDD, A Manual of British Lichens:<br />
66 (1861). - Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. denudatum (FLORKE) LAMB ex POELT, Verh. Zoo1.-<br />
Bot. Ges. Wien, 95: 111 (1955). - Patellariapaschalis [var.] /3. bracteata WALLR. Flora C~yptogamica<br />
Germaniae, Pars prior: 442 (1831). - Stereocaulon denudatum f. bracteata "Wallr."; (WALLR.) VAIN.<br />
Meddeland. Soc. Fauna F1. Fenn. 14: 20 (1886). - Stereocaulon denudatum [status] b. validum LAUR.<br />
ex FR. Lichenographia Europaea Reformata: 205 (1831). - Stereocaulon denudatum [f.] b. validum<br />
(LAuR.) LAUR. ex RABENH. Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora, 2, Erste Abth., Lichenen : 11 1 (1845). -<br />
Stereocaulon denudatum var. validum (LAuR.) "TH. FRIES"; OLIV. MBm. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 36:<br />
163 (1907). - Stereocaulon denudatum [status] a. tenue LAUR. ex FR. Lichenographia Europaea Reformata:<br />
205 (1831). - StereocauIon denudatum [f.] a. tenue (LAuR.) LAUR. ex RABENH. Deutschlands<br />
Kryptogamen-Flora, 2, Erste Abth., Lichenen: 111 (1845). - Stereocaulon denudatum [f.] /3. commune<br />
[subf.] aa. tenue (LAuR.) TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 27 (1857). - Stereocaulon<br />
vesuvianum f. tenue (LAuR.) OKSN. Flora Lishainikiv Ukraini, 2: 359 (1968) (comb. inval.). - Stereocaulon<br />
denudatum [f.] b. capitatum FLOT. ex KORB. Systema Lichenum Germaniae: 13 (1855). - Stereocaulon<br />
vesuvianum var. capitatum (FLoT.) LAMB ex HAK. Arch. Soc. 2001. Bot. Fenn. "Vanamo", 9:<br />
116 (1955) (comb. inval.); P. JAMES, Lichenologist, 3: 98 (1965) (val.). - Stereocaulon vesuvianum var.<br />
denudatum f. capitatum (FLoT.) POELT, Verh. Zoo1.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 95: 11 1 (1955) (comb. inval.). -<br />
Stereocaulon denudatum [f.] P. commune TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment. : 27 (1857). - Stereocaulon<br />
denudatum [status] c. digitatum LAUR. ex FR. Lichenographia Europaea Reformata: 205 (1831).<br />
- Stereocaulon denudatum [f.] c. digitatum (LAuR.) RABENH. Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora, 2,<br />
Erste Abth., Lichenen: 11 1 (1845). - Stereocaulon denudatum [f.] /3. commune [subf.] /3/3. digitatum<br />
(LAuR.) TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 27 (1857). - Stereocaulon denudatum [var.] a.<br />
genuinum TH. FR. Lichenographia Scandinavica, Pars prima: 50 (1871). - Stereocaulon nabewariense<br />
ZAHLBR. ex YAS. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), 29: 320 (1915); Ann. Mycol. 14: 56 (1916) ("nabewaziense"). -<br />
Stereocaulon vesuvianum f. nabewariense (ZAHLBR.) ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. 11, no. 96 (1955)<br />
(comb. inval.).<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Armor. Spect. Exs. Fasc. IV (1929-30) no. 62, as St. denudatum (LD, UPS). -<br />
AND. Lich. Exs. Bohem. Bor. Fasc. IV (1931) no. 186, as St. denudatum (PR. Somewhat transitional to<br />
f. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB). - ANZI, Lich. Rar. Langob. Exs. Fasc. I (1861) no. 15, as St. denudatum<br />
var. capitatum (FH-TUCK). - ARN. Lich. EXS. (Lich. Jurae) no. 1576 (1893), as St. denudatum (BM, PC).<br />
ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1955) no. 96, as St. vesuvianum f. nabewariense (ups, us). - BARTLIN~<br />
et HAMPE, Veget. Cellul. German. Septentr., Lich. Decas IV (date ?) no. 34, as St. denudatum (M). -<br />
BREUT. Flora German. Exs. Ser. 11, Cent. I1 (1843) no. 105, as St. denudatum (FH). - DESM. PIantes
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 245<br />
Cryptogames de France. ed. 2, ser. 11, Fasc. X (1857) no. 494, as St. denudatum (FH). - FLORKE,<br />
Deutsch. Lich. Fasc. IV (1819) no. 79, as St. denudatum (PR, UPS. Isotype material of St. denudatum<br />
FLORKE). - FOLLM. Lich. Exs. Sel. Mus. Hist. Nut. Casselensi Fasc. VIII (1975) no. 159 (KASSEL). -<br />
FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XI1 (1852) no. 346, as St. denudatum (FH-TUCK). - FUNCK, Cryptog.<br />
Gewachse des Fichtelgebirg's, Ed. 11, Heft 32 (1826) no. 662, as St. denudatum (FH). -HARM. Lich.<br />
GUN. Rar. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1909) no. 65, as St. denudatum (FH, PC). - HAV. Lich. EXS. Norveg. Fasc.<br />
VII (1905) no. 263, as St. denudatum (BG). - HAV. Lich. Norveg. Occid. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1913) no. 32, as<br />
St. denudatum (FH). - HEPP, Flechten Europas Band X, Heft 19 (1860) no. 546, as St. denudatum a<br />
validum (FH-TUCK, PC). - W. JOHNS. North of England Lich.-Herb. Fasc. VI (1896) no. 211, as St.<br />
denudatum (BM). - KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. I (1966) no. 48, as St. vesuvianum<br />
(FH). - KUTAK, Lich. Bohem. Fasc. IV (1913) no. 171, as St. denudatum (PR, u). - LARBAL. Lichen-<br />
Herbarium Fasc. I (1879) no. 7, as St. tomeutosnm var. alpinurn (EM, PC); Fasc. VII (1880) no. 244, as<br />
St. denudatum (EM). - LEIGHT. Lich. Btri. Exs. Fasc. XI11 (1876) no. 387, as "Stereocaulon with<br />
cephalodia" (ups). - Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. V (1947) no. 104, as St. denudatum f. digitata (FH);<br />
Fasc. XXXI (1953) no. 759, as St. denudatum f. digitata (FH). - Lich. Canad. Exs. no. 68 (1970)<br />
(CAN). - Lich. EXS. Sect. Bot. Mus. Hist.-Nut. Hungar. (1969) no. 84, as St, denudatum (LD). -<br />
MALME, Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. XXI (1915) no. 510, as St. denudatum (WIS). - MIG. Cryptog.<br />
German., Austr. et Helvet. Exs., Flechten Fasc. LXII (1933) no. 343, as St. denudatum (FH, PR,<br />
u). - Mouc. et NESTL. Stirpes Cryptog. Vogeso-Rhenanae Fasc. V (1 81 5) no. 466, as St. botryosum<br />
(FH-TUCK, LE). -NORRL. et NYL. Herb. Lich. Fenn., Continuatio (1921) no. 805, as St. denudatum<br />
(UPS). - OLIV. Herb. Lich. Orne et Calvados (Lich. Exs.) Fasc. VII (1882) no. 311, as St. denudatum<br />
(DUKE). - PISUT, Lich. Slovak. Exs. Fasc. 111 (1965) no. 63, as St. vesuvianum (LD). - RABENH. Lich.<br />
Europ. Exs. Fasc. V (1856) no. 135, as St. denudatum (PR). - RAS. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. IV (1936) no.<br />
200, as St. denudatum (UPS); Fasc. VIII (1939) no. 398, as St. denudatum var. umbonata f. saxicola<br />
(UPS. Partly consisting off. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB). - SCHADE, STOLLE et RIEHM. Lich. Sax. Exs.<br />
Decas XXVI (1927) no. 259, as St. coraZZoide~~~ (EM, DEGEL, GB, LD, WELC. Another sample in DEGEL<br />
has intermixture of St. dactylophyllum var. occidentale (MAGN.) GRUMM.). - SOMM. Plant. Cryptog.<br />
Norveg. Fasc. IV (1830) no. 163, as St. denudatum (FH). - STENHAM. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1860)<br />
no. 83, as St. denudatum (BM, FII-TUCK, LD, US). - TOBOL. Lichenotheca Polon. Fasc. V (1954) no. 85,<br />
as St. denudatum (LD). - VEZDA, Lich. Bohemoslovak. Exs. Fasc. I (1957) no. 43, as St. denudatum<br />
(FH. In LD it has some intermixture of St. evolutum GRAEWE). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XLIII<br />
(1972) no. 1070, as St. vesuvianum (LD); Fasc. LII (1975) no. 1284 (BRNU). - ZW. Lich. Exs. Fasc.<br />
XVIII (date ?) no. 909, 909 bis, as St. denudatum (PC).<br />
Icon.: RIDD. 1910, fig. 6, as St. denudatum. - YAS. 1925, PI. XIII, fig. 3, as St. nabewariense. -<br />
MIG. 1927-31 (1928), PI. 75, fig. 2, as St. denudatum. -AND. 1928, PI. XVIII, fig. 9, as St. denudatum.<br />
- MAGN. 1929, PI. VI, fig. 3, as St. denudatum. -FREY 1932, fig. 20; PI. 11, fig. 6, as St. denudatum;<br />
PI. I, fig. 5, as St. denudatum f. capitatum. SAT^ 1941, fig. 22, as St. nabewariense. -NEAR. 1947,<br />
fig. VII-9, as St. denudatum. - RAs. 1951, PI. XVI, fig. 3, as St. denudatum. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 15, as<br />
St. vesuvianum. - ALVIN et KERSH. 1963, PI. 54, upper fig., as St. vesuvianum. - BRIGHTMAN et NI-<br />
CHOLSON 1966, figs. 7, 7A, as St. vesuvianum. - Oz. et CLAUZ. 1970, figs. 388, 389 A-D, as St. vesuvianum.<br />
- DAHL et KROG 1973, fig. 37, as St. vesuvianum.<br />
Distrib.: very widely distributed, almost cosmopolitan, but not occurring in S. E. Asia. Sweden,<br />
Norway, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, British Isles, Faeroe Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland,<br />
Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, U.S.S.R. (Murmansk Distr., Kola Peninsula, Komi<br />
ASSR, Karelia ladogensis, Lapponia petsamensis, Novaya Zemlya, Kamtchatka), Bering Straits<br />
region, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Canada (Qdbec, Labrador, Newfoundland,<br />
British Columbia), Miquelon Island, U. S. A. (Oregon, Alaska), Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,<br />
Bolivia, Japan, New Zealand, W. Africa, Tristan da Cunha. Unverified records: Rumania (MORUZI,<br />
38 All the copies seen by us have the printed epithet "coralloides" struck out and "spissum Nyl."<br />
substituted in handwriting.
246 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
PETRIA and MANTU, 1967), U.S.S.R., Ukraine (OKSNER 1968), Taimyr Peninsula (ELENKIN, 1909),<br />
Madeira and Cape Verde Islands (TUCKERMAN, 1874, perhaps St. vulcani OJORY) AcH.), U.S.A., Pennsylvania<br />
(MOZINGO, 1948), Formosa (ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1933).<br />
Remarks: very variable in its morphology. Unlike the typical species, it grows usually<br />
on plutonic, metamorphic or sedimentary rocks (not lava) and is therefore found in nonvolcanic<br />
regions. It has a tendency towards the production of farinose soredia at the tips<br />
of the pseudopodetia, sometimes very distinct and conspicuous (as in material called f. capitatum)<br />
but often only indistinctly or not at all developed, for which reason it does not seem<br />
justified to separate sorediate states taxonomically. Soredia are present in the isotype specimens<br />
of St. denudatum seen by us (FL~RKE, Deutsch. Lich. no. 79, in PR, UPS). NO soredia<br />
were seen in the type material of var. nodulosum examined.<br />
Fo. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB<br />
ex MAQUINAY, LAMB, LAMBINON et RAMAUT, Physiologia Plantarum, 14: 286 (1961) (comb. inval.);<br />
ex POELT, Be~timmung~~chlii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 637 (1969) (val.). - Patellaria paschalis<br />
[var.] y. umbonata WALLR. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae, Pars prior: 442 (1831). - Stereocaulon<br />
denudatum f. umbonata "Wallr."; (WALLR.) VAIN. Meddeland. Soc. Fauna F1. Fenn. 14: 21, 1886<br />
(1888). - Stereocaulon denudatum var. umbonatum "Wainio"; (WALLR.) ZAHLBR. Catalogus Lichenum<br />
Universalis, 4: 644 (1927). - Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB Canad. J. Bot.<br />
29: 582 (1951).<br />
Typus: the remarks on the typification of var. nodulosum given above apply also here.<br />
Facultative synonym (doubtful): Stereocaulon denudatum [f.] d. compactum FLOT. Flora, 19, Beiblatter:<br />
55 (1836).<br />
Exsicc.: W. JOHNS. North of England Lich.-Herb. Fasc. VI (1896) no. 212, as St. denudatum var.<br />
pulvinatum (BM). - Lichenotheca Fenn. Fasc. XIX (1948) no. 471, as St. denudatum (TUR); Fasc. XLVII<br />
(1958) no. 1154, as St. paschale var. alpinum (TUR).<br />
Icon. : FREY 1932, PI. 11, fig. 3, as St. denudatum var. umbonatum.<br />
Distrib.: same distribution pattern as var. nodulosum, but penetrating to higher latitudes in both<br />
hemispheres. A specimen from Coats Land, Antarctica, in lat. 79'12' S. (BIRM) represents the southernmost<br />
known record for any species of Stereocaulon.<br />
Remarks: may be merely a compacted, crustose modification of var. nodulosum caused<br />
by severe environmental conditions. This taxon has been commonly referred to as var. or f.<br />
pulvinatum (SCHAER.), but that epithet is inapplicable, for reasons given in Appendix 2, p. 000.<br />
Fo. umbricolum (FREY) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon denudatum var. umbricolum FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1.<br />
Halfte: 134 (1932). - Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. umbricolum (FREY) FREY, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges.<br />
69: 191, 192 (1959) (comb. inval.); LAMB ex POELT, Be~timmung~schlii~~e1 Europaischer Flechten: 638<br />
(1969) (val.).<br />
Typus: Switzerland, Berner Oberland, Grimsel, road to Nagelisgratli, altit. 2200 m s. m., on granite<br />
rock, leg. E. FREY, 1930 (no. 1429) (FREY, holotypus; CAN, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, P1. 11, fig. 5, as St. denudatum var. umbricolum; 1959, fig. 7a, as St. vesuvianum<br />
var. umbricolum.<br />
Distrib.: rare; seen from Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Faeroe Islands and U.S.A. (Alaska).<br />
Remarks: possibly merely an ecotypic modification of shaded or moist situations.<br />
Fo. sessile (MAGN.) LAMB<br />
ex POELT, Bestimmungsschliisse1 Europaischer Flechten: 638 (1969). - Stereocaulon pileatum f. sessile
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 247<br />
MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,30 (7): 71 (1926).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Vastergotland; 2 localities cited, no holotype designated. As lectotype we<br />
selected the specimen from Halleberg, leg. C. STENHOLM, 1893 (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
MAGNUSSON himself designated it as the type in litt. The other (syntype) specimen from Floby is different<br />
(St. dactylophyllurn f. sessile LAMB, n. f.; see p. 214).<br />
Distrib. : rare; only 3 specimens seen, all from Sweden.<br />
Remarks: apothecia borne directly on the squamules of the primary thallus; analogous<br />
to the f. santorinense (J. STEIN.) LAMB of the typical species.<br />
Fo. depressum (MAGN.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon denudaturn var. depressurn MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-<br />
Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 82 (1926). - Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. depressum (MAON.) LAMB ex<br />
SOWT. Rev. Bryol. Lichenol. 27: 78 (1958) (comb. inval.); An. Parques Nacionales (Buenos Aires),<br />
7, 1958: 101 (1959) (val.).<br />
Typus: several localities in Sweden and Norway cited, no holotype designated. FREY (1932, p.<br />
134) selected as lectotype a specimen from Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Brandsfjallet, leg.<br />
A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924 (no. 8962) (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus). Other (paratype) material mentioned in<br />
the protologue is different, including St. spathuliferurn VAIN. and St. symphycheilum LAMB.<br />
Exsicc.: HAV. Lich. Exs. Norveg. Fasc. XI11 (1914) no. 458, as St. denudatum var. pulvinatum<br />
(BG).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, PI. 11, fig. 4, as St. denudatum var. depressurn.<br />
Distrib.: same distribution pattern as var. nodulosum, with the addition of U.S.S.R., Ural Mts.<br />
and Franz Josef Archipelago; Argentina, Rio Negro and Neuquen.<br />
Remarks: MAGNUSSON in his original description mentions the occasional occurrence of<br />
soralia. This refers to other species present in the mixed paratype material (St. spathuliferum<br />
and St. symphycheilum); the lectotype specimen is not sorediate. However, soredia<br />
do occur, although rarely, in some specimens of this form. A very large orbicular individual<br />
24 cm in diameter collected by V. AHMADJIAN in Sweden, Torne Lappmark in 1959 (FH)<br />
must probably have been several hundred years old.<br />
Fo. verrucosum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn.: Thallus compacto-caespitosus sed haud crustosus, ad 11 cm latus vel etiam<br />
major, dorsiventralis, pseudopodetiis e centro radiantibus, glabris. Phyllocladia conferta,<br />
verrucosa, 0.2-0.4 (4.5) rnm lata, absque maculis obscurioribus, simplicia vel nonnulla confluentia.<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Attu, altit. 300 m s. m., on rocks or shallow soil over<br />
outcrops, leg. G. A. LLANO, 1949 (no. 1463 pr. maj. p.) (us, holotypus).<br />
Distrib.: uncommon; seen from Sweden (see below), Iceland, Canada (British Columbia) and<br />
U.S.A. (Alaska).<br />
Remarks: distinguished from f. umbricolum (FREY) LAMB in the more congested and<br />
dorsiventral habitus and the larger verrucose phyllocladia, which resemble those of St. verruciferum<br />
NYL. The single Swedish specimen referred here differs from the type material<br />
only in the presence of granulose soredia at the apices of some of the pseudopodetia.<br />
Var. syrnphycheileoides LAMB<br />
ex VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. LII no. 1281 (1975).<br />
Typus: Czechoslovakia, Slovakia, Carpathians, Slovenske Rudohorie Mts., MniSek in valley of
248 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Smolnik River near Smolnickh pila, altit. 500 m s. m., on old volcanic rocks, leg. A. KISZELY and A.<br />
V~ZDA, 1974 (FH, holotype; BRNU, isotype; isotype material distributed in VBZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. no.<br />
1281).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. surugaense ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I1<br />
no. 97 (1955) (nomen nudum).<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1955) no. 97, as St. vesuvianum var. surugaense (UP& us).<br />
- VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. LII (1975) no. 1281 (isotype material) (BRNU).<br />
Distrib.: Czechoslovakia, U. S. A. (Alaska), Japan.<br />
Remarks: strongly resembles St. symphycheilum LAMB in its morphology, but has the<br />
characteristic chemical constituents of St. vesuvianum.<br />
Var. kilimandscharoense B. STEIN<br />
Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 66: 134 (1888).<br />
Typus: Africa, Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro; 2 specimens cited, from altit. 3000m s. m., "am<br />
Senecio-Bach" and from altit. 4000 m s. m., "in den Grasflachen", no holotype designated. We select<br />
the former as lectotype (lectotypif. nov.). The specimen in STEIN'S herbarium (BRSL ?) not seen by us,<br />
but an isolectotype in UPS-TH FR studied.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon confluens MULL. ARG. Flora, 67; 614 (1884). - Stereocaulon<br />
vesuvianum var. confluens (MULL. ARG.) B. STEIN ex MEYER, Ostafrikanische Gletscherfahrten: 315<br />
(1890).37 - Stereocaulon confluens var. fuscescens MULL. ARG. Flora, 73: 336 (1890). - ~tereocaulon<br />
confluens f. persquamosa DWIGN. Lejeunia, MCm. no. 14: 84 (1956) (nomen nudurn).<br />
Exsicc.: ALMB. Lich. Afric. Fasc. IV (1974) no. 85, as St. confluens (FH). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs.<br />
Fasc. LV (1975) no. 1373, as St. confiens (BRNU).<br />
Icon.: DUVIGN. 1956, figs. 5, 6, as St. confluens f. persquamosa; figs. 20,21, as St. denudatum.<br />
Distrib. : material attributed to this variety seen from Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina (Tierra del<br />
Fuego), Juan Fernandez, Japan, Formosa, Java, New Zealand, Tasmania, Africa (Cameroon, Zaire,<br />
Rwanda-Burundi, Uganda, Kenya), Madagascar, RBunion.<br />
Remarks: the anomalous distribution pattern raises some doubt as to whether this is a<br />
genetically homogeneous taxon. Occasional accidental states of var. nodulosum in Europe<br />
and elsewhere may mimic it strongly. The enlarged, plate-like or spathulate, compound<br />
phyllocladial expansions which are its diagnostic feature may occur either at the apices of the<br />
pseudopodetia or lower down. Soredia may be present (rarely in African specimens, cornmonly<br />
in Mexican specimens) and are farinose-pulverulent; in the following variety (egorescens)<br />
they are coarsely granulose.<br />
Anales Parques Nac. (Buenos Aires), 7, 1958: 100 (1959). - Stereocaulon obesum var. efflorescens<br />
Ns. Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 128: 136 (1939).<br />
Typus: Argentina, Patagonia, Rio Negro, Nahuel Huapi, altit. 1700 m s. m., on sandy ground, leg.<br />
DONAT (date ?) (H-RAS, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon violascens MULL. ARG. Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse), 1 : 164 (1 879).<br />
- Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. violascens (MULL. ARG.) LAMB, Anales Parques Nac. (Buenos Aires),<br />
7, 1958: 101 (1959).<br />
Distrib. : Argentina (Rio Negro, Chubut), Chile (incl. Juan Fernandez), Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,<br />
Venezuela, Tasmania, W. Indies (Dominican Republic), U. S. A. (Oregon).<br />
Remarks: apices of pseudopodetia coarsely granulose-sorediate, the granules derived<br />
by gradual diminution in size of the upper granulose phyllocladia. Pseudopodetia glabrous.<br />
37 Not seen; reference from ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1926-27.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 249<br />
Lower phyllocladia sometimes partly confluent-expanded as in var. kilimandscharoense. St.<br />
violascens was based on a decumbent, semi-crustose, dorsiventral state of purplish- or vio-<br />
lascent-cinereous color induced by very exposed habitat at high altitude.<br />
Var. obscurum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon obscurum M~~LL. ARG. Flora, 74: 109 (1891).<br />
Typus: W. Africa, Cameroon, Mt. Cameroon, altit. 5000-12000 feet, on lava, leg. E. MANN, 1862<br />
(no. 15) (G-M~~LL, holotypus; isotypes in H-NYL, K).<br />
Distrib.: Africa. Rare; seen only from the type locality and from Kenya, Mt. Kenya.<br />
Remarks: resembling var. nodulosum, but phyllocladia dark-colored (caesious-gray to<br />
brownish) and pseudopodetia more or less brown-tomentose. Perhaps an ecotypic modification.<br />
Var. thyrsoideum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn. : Habitu et mod0 crescendi ut in var. eflorescenti(Rks.) LAMB et similiter in apicibus<br />
pseudopodetiorum granuloso-sorediatum, sed phyllocladiis inferioribus parvis, haud ultra<br />
0.5 rnrn latis (ut in St. obeso TH. FR.), macula centrali obscuriore praeditis.<br />
Typus: Ecuador, Prov. Imbabura, Volcin Imbabura, altit. 2750-3650 m s. m., on trachyte and trachytic<br />
tuff, leg. M. WAGNER, 1859 (no. 5531208) (M-KREMP, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Distrib. : Ecuador, known only from the type material.<br />
Remarks: somewhat flattened and dorsiventral, 5 cm diam., with pseudopodetia glabrous<br />
to faintly adpressed-tomentose, radiating outwards from a central holdfast area. Phyllocladia<br />
very crowded, ochraceous-whitish, verrucose to peltate, towards apices of pseudopodetia<br />
progressively smaller and finally transformed into granulose soredia. Sterile. Was<br />
distinguished by KREMPELHUBER in Flora, 44: 129 (1861) as Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides<br />
var. thyrsoideurn ? (nomen nudum).<br />
40. Stereocaulon anomalum LAMB<br />
ex ABB. MCm. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, S6r. B, Biol. VCg. 7: 9 (1956) (nomen nudum); ex VEZDA, Lich.<br />
Sel. Exs. Fasc. L no. 1247 (1974) (cum descript.).<br />
Typus: Madagascar, W. of Manantenina River (tributary of the Lokoho), E. summit of Marojejy<br />
massif, altit. 1850-2137 m s. m., on gneiss and quartzite rocks, leg. H. HUMBERT, 1948 (no. 2) (PC, holotypus;<br />
isotypes in FH and REN).<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Madagasc. et Borbon. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1966) no. 37, as St. furfuraceum (FH.<br />
Not very typical). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. L (1974) no. 1247 (BRNU).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Madagascar and Africa (Tanzania and Zaire).<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. furfuraceurn DUVIGN. and St. fibrillosum LAMB.<br />
41. Stereocaulon arcticum LYNGE<br />
Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo, Mat.-Naturv. K1. no. 6: 69 (1938); ibid. no. 7: 35 (1940); Skr. om<br />
Svalbard og Ishavet, no. 76: 30 (1939); POELT, Bestimmungsschliissel Europaischer Flechten: 637<br />
(1969); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: 131 (1973). -<br />
Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. arcticum (LYNGE) LAMB ex HALE, Amer. Midl. Naturalist, 51: 245<br />
(1954).<br />
Typus: Jan Mayen, Hageruphytta, leg. J. LID, 1930 (0, holotypus).
250 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon alpinum var. Janii LYNGE ex DAHL, LYNGE et SCHOL. Skr. om<br />
Svalbard og Ishavet, no. 70: 39 (1937) (nomen nudum).<br />
Exsicc.: ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross. Fasc. IV (1910) no. 162b, as St. denudatum var. pulvinatum (FH).<br />
- Lich. Groenlandici Exs. (ed. Mus. Bot. Hauniense) Fasc. I (1972) no. 49, as St. vesuvianum (LD). -<br />
RAS. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. VIII (1939) no. 397, as St. denudatum var. umbonata f. pulvinata (ups).<br />
Icon. : LYNGE 1938, PI. XII, fig. 3 ; PI. XIII, figs. 1,2; PI. XIV, fig. 1.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, and small amounts of norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : boreal-arctic, circumpolar. Sweden (Jamtland), Norway (Nordland, Finnmark), Finland<br />
(Lapponia enontekiensis), U.S.S.R. (Lapponia petsamoensis, W. Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, Kamtchatka,<br />
Extreme Orient), Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Spitsbergen, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Canada (N. W. Territ.),<br />
U. S. A. (Alaska).<br />
Remarks: very similar to St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB, but distinguished<br />
by its ecology, basally emorient pseudopodetia, and other characteristics. The distinguishing<br />
features between these two taxa tabulated by DAHL, 1950, p. 115. The presence of Nostoc<br />
in the cephalodia, a character emphasized by LYNGE, is usual but by no means constant;<br />
sometimes both Nostoc- and Stigonema-cephalodia occur on the same individual. Closely<br />
related to St. arenarium (SAV.) LAMB; "St. arcticum, chemischer Stamm mit Atranorin u.<br />
Dendroidin" in POELT, 1969, p. 647, refers to the latter species. ~~1snNss0N (1974) reports<br />
St. arcticum to be a common species in Iceland, occurring on soil in heathland, tundra mounds<br />
and river flats.<br />
Var. turjaZnse (RAs.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon denudatum subsp. turja2nsis RAs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. VIII no. 399<br />
(1939).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Lapponia petsamoensis, Pechenga (Petsamo), Vaitolahti, "in humo arenosa<br />
prope Mare glaciale", leg. V. RASANEN, 1938 (H-RAS, holotypus; isotypes distributed in Us. Lich.<br />
Fenn. Exs. no. 399).<br />
Exsicc.: RKs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. Fasc. VIII (1939) no. 399, as St. denudatum subsp. turjaEnsis (isotype<br />
material) (H, UPS).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia small, not over 12 mm in length. Looks like a miniaturized<br />
version of St. verruciferum NYL. Generally distributed over the same area as the typical<br />
species.<br />
42. Stereocaulon arenarium (SAV.) LAMB<br />
Occas. Papers Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, no. 2: 1 (1972). - Stereocaulon denudatum<br />
var. pulvinatum f. arenarium SAV. Bot. Materialy, Notul. System. ex Inst. Cryptog. Hort. Bot. Petropol.<br />
2 (11): 171 (1923).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Kamtchatka, crater of Uzon Volcano S. of Kronotski Lake, leg. V. P. SAVICZ,<br />
1909 (no. 6419) (LE, lectotypusS8; UPS, isolectotypus).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1972, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and porphyrilic acid.<br />
Distrib.: arctic-subarctic, probably circumpolar. Greenland, Jan Mayen, U.S.S.R. (Kamtchatka)<br />
Canada (N. W. Territ., QuBbec), U. S. A. (Alaska). Unverified record: U.S.S.R., Lake Baikal (RAS-<br />
SADINA, 1936, as St. denudatum f. arenarium).<br />
Remarks: morphologically similar to St. arcticum LYNGE, but fundamentally different<br />
in chemical constitution; the PD reaction is faint yellow.<br />
s8 Lectotypified by LAMB, loc. cit.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
43. Stereocaulon cornutum MULL. ARG.<br />
Flora, 69: 252 (1886); VAIN. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. ser. A, 6 (7): 24 (1915).<br />
Typus: Jamaica, mountains near Gordon-Town, leg. J. HART (date ?), commun. W. JOSHUA<br />
(G-M~~LL, holotypus, not seen; K, isotypus; probably the same isotype material distributed in LOJKA,<br />
Lichenotheca Univ. no. 154).<br />
Exsicc.: LOJKA, Lichenotheca Univ. Fasc. IV (1886) no. 154 (probably isotype material) (LD, s,<br />
WELC). - MERR. Lich. Exs. Fasc. V (191 1) no. 121, as Sf. pityrizans (c, DUKE, FH, L, US). - ZAHLBR.<br />
Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 283 (1931) (s).<br />
Icon.: PLITT 1935, fig. 3 (field photograph).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Greater Antilles group of the West Indies (Jamaica, Dominican Republic) and Venezuela;<br />
the variety corallizans apparently endemic to Central America (Costa Rica). Unverified record:<br />
Japan (MULLER ARC., 1891). DODGE (1929) and SAT^ (1943, 1965) have suggested that this record<br />
should refer to St. nabewariense ZAHLBR. (=St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB). Although<br />
we have not seen the specimen in question (leg. MIYOSHI, no. 126) we would regard this opinion<br />
as undoubtedly correct.<br />
Remarks: very widespread and abundant in Jamaica at altitudes of 11W2250 m s.m.<br />
(PLITT, 1935).<br />
Var. corallizans LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: Differt a var. typica phyllocladiis apicalibus breviter digitato-coralloideis, haud<br />
impresso-maculatis, et apotheciis nonnihil minoribus.<br />
Typus: Costa Rica, prov. Heredia, Cerro Central de Zurqui, altit. 1520-1600 m s. m., leg. DODGE,<br />
VALERIO, THOMAS and VALERIO, 1929 (no. 6119) (s, holotypus; CAN, UPS, isotypes).<br />
Remarks: seen from a number of localities in Costa Rica at altitudes of 1500 to 2500 m s.m.<br />
44. Stereocaulonjibrillosum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetia congregata, stipato-caespitosa, arcte affixa, simplicia aut tantum<br />
parcissime ramosa, erecta, decorticata, glabra, albida vel pallide ochracea, apicibus cornutoattenuata.<br />
Phyllocladia numerosa, conferta partimve magis dispersa, albicantia, initio<br />
minute granuliformia, mox elongata et cylindrico-coralloidea, ad 2-3 mm longa, 0.15-0.20 rnrn<br />
crassa, teretia, patento-divaricata, breviora simplicia, longiora semel aut compluries ramosa,<br />
apices pseudopodetiorum versus gradatim breviora et postremo granulosa vel papillata.<br />
Cephalodia nurnerosa, lateraliter sessilia, subglobosa, ad 1 mm lata vel paullo majora, olivaceoviridia,<br />
fusca aut nigricantia, sat pellucida, majora subbotryosa. Apothecia sparsa, lateralia,<br />
sessilia et brevissime pedicellata, parva, ad 1 mm lata, primum plana et margine proprio<br />
fusco circumdata, deinque leviter convexa et irnmarginata, disco fusconigricanti. Hypothecium<br />
haud pigrnentiferum. Hymenium 70-75 ,u altum, ascis cylindrico-clavatis (sporae<br />
maturae haud visae). Atranorinum et acidum sticticum continet (KSflavescens, PDS<br />
aurantiaco-rubescens).<br />
Typus: Madagascar, N. E. region, Marojejy massif, E. summit, altit. 2100 m s. m., on rocks, leg.<br />
H. DES ABBAYES, 1956 (no. 3081) (FH, holotypus; REN, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and stictic acid demonstrated in the holotype.<br />
Distrib.: Madagascar. Known only from the type material.<br />
Remarks: belongs to the furfuraceum-nigromaculatum assemblage, and closely related<br />
to St. anomalum LAMB, from which it differs in the longer, well branched phyllocladia resembling<br />
those of St. exutum NYL.; phyllocladia of the flattened, dorsiventral, squamulose-
252 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
subfoliose type are completely absent. Cephalodial algae Stigonema.<br />
45. Stereocaulon furfuraceum DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 73 (1956).<br />
Typus: Africa, Rwanda Burundi, Karisimbi Volcano, altit. 3100m s. m., "sur pierre en la zone<br />
?I Hagenia, Senecio, Lobelia et Bruykres arborescentes", leg. DE WITTE, 1935 (no. 39A) (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. LIX (1977) no. 1463 (BRNU).<br />
Icon. : DUVIGN. 1956, figs. 18, 19.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : central Africa (Uganda, Zaire, Kenya, Rwanda Burundi).<br />
Remarks: has a general resemblance to St. cornutum MULL. ARG., St. scutelligerum TH.<br />
FR. and St. virgatum ACH. Distinction from St. nigromaculatum DUVIGN. may be difficult.<br />
46. Stereocaulon graminosum SCHAER.<br />
ex MORITZI, Systematisches Verzeichniss der von H. Zollinger . . . auf Java gesammelten Pflanzen:<br />
127 (1845-46). - Stereocaulon turgescens NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 248 (1860)<br />
(nom. illegit.).<br />
Typus: Java, "in graminosis Pangerango 9000' ", leg. ZOLLINGER (date ?) (no. 1946) (G-SCHAER,<br />
holotypus, not seen by us; L, isotypus). This is also the lectotype material of St. turgescens NYL.<br />
(lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Exsicc. : ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 373 (1936) (s).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and stictic acid (the latter sometimes sparingly present or absent).<br />
Distrib. : Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok), North Borneo, Philippines. Unverified records:<br />
Ecuador (LEIGHTON, 1866, as St. turgescens); acc. to NYLANDER (1874) this refers to St. denudatum<br />
(=St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB); W. Africa (NYLANDER, 1862, as St. turgescens).<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. vesuvianum PERS. but differing in the small size of the<br />
crowded, often substipitate, verruculose to finally more or less peltate phyllocladia. In this<br />
respect it more resembles St. obesum TH. FR., which is usually smaller in stature and has a<br />
different chemical constitution.<br />
47. Stereocaulon lavicola MAGN.<br />
ex MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 38 (1944). Emend. LAMB (emend. nov.).<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii, Molokai, Upper Maunahui camp, altit. ca. 1050 m s. m., on lava, leg. 0.<br />
SELLING, 1938 (no. 5848 pr. p.) (GB, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; see Remarks below).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and norstictic acid (Fox, FOLLMANN and HUNECK, 1971).<br />
Distrib.: Hawaiian Islands. MAGNUSSON loc. cit. mentions also a specimen from Oahu (paratype)<br />
which we have not seen.<br />
Remarks: the specimen designated as "part of type" in GB (SELLING no. 5848) consists<br />
of 2 pieces, which are different; one (the larger, on lava) is St. octomerellum MULL. ARG.;<br />
the other (on soil) is the species here under consideration, and we have lectotypified St.<br />
lavicola (emend.) on it. The greater part of MAGNUSSON'S diagnosis seems to refer to this<br />
specimen, the red reaction with K (due to norstictic acid) being particularly mentioned, but<br />
some details in his description obviously refer to the specimen of St. octomerellum, for<br />
instance as regards the apothecia and spores. The lectotype of St. lavicola forms a continuous,<br />
crustose patch about 3 cm across, consisting of densely crowded phyllocladia and<br />
ends of pseudopodetia, the latter penetrating for a short distance into the soil as root-like
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 253<br />
extensions, their upper parts congestedly and irregularly branched, corticated, glabrous,<br />
ochraceous-whitish. Phyllocladia borne on the pseudopodetial apices, grain-like to shortly<br />
and indistinctly papillose, not coralloid, crowded and sometimes confluent, without darker<br />
centers. No soredia. No cephalodia present. Only a few more or less immature apoth-<br />
ecia present, sessile among the phyllocladia, brown-blackish, plane, up to 0.6 mm diam.<br />
Hypothecium faintly pigmented (yellow-brown or brownish). Hymenium low (40-50 p),<br />
with asci 35-40x 10-13 p. Spores 6-8nae, straight, cylindric-fusiform, small, 17-26 x2.5 p,<br />
only 1-septate ones seen. The material is not very good, but undoubtedly represents a dis-<br />
tinct species and could be recognized if more and better material becomes available. The<br />
small apothecia have an internal structure similar to that of species of the vesuvianum-group,<br />
so that St. lavicola would appear to belong to sect. Denudata JATTA, in spite of the absence<br />
of darker centers in the phyllocladia. This disposition of the species must however remain<br />
provisional pending the discovery of better material.<br />
48. Stereocaulon leprocephalum VAIN.<br />
Ark. Bot. 8 (4): 35 (1909); MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4, 30 (7): 71<br />
(1926).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., N. E. Siberia, Chukchi Nat. Okrug, Jinretlen Peninsula, lat. 67"05' N., long.<br />
173"15' E., on rock, leg. E. ALMOUIST, Exped. Vega, 1878-79 (TUR-VAIN, no. 3899, holotypus; s, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and porphyrilic acid.<br />
Distrib.: arctic, probably circumpolar; at present known only from N. E. Siberia and E. arctic<br />
Canada (N. W. Territ., Baffin Island).<br />
Remarks: first mentioned in the literature as "Stereocaulon evolutum" by ALMQUIST<br />
(1879). VAINIO (1909) wrongly ascribed to the present species a specimen from Sri Lanka<br />
(Ceylon) recorded by NYLANDER (1900) as "Stereocaulon condyloideum", which is actually<br />
St. austroindicum LAMB. The finding of fertile material in Canada by HALE allows the species<br />
to be placed in the sect. Denudata JATTA, as the small lateral apothecia of lecideine appearance<br />
are characteristic. Morphologically and chemically, St. leprocephalum seems to be closely<br />
related to St. arenarium (SAV.) LAMB.<br />
49. Stereocaulon nigromaculatum DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, MBm. no. 14: 64 (1956); LAMB ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 220 (1967).<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori, Camp Emin, altit. 3900 m s. m.,3O "sur roches nues avec<br />
Umbilicaria Haumaniana", leg. HAUMAN, 1932 (no. 932) (BRLU, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon ruwenzoriense DUVIGN. Lejeunia, MBm. no. 14: 62 (1956). -<br />
Stereocaulon microthuja DUVIGN. Lejeunia, M6m. no. 14: 56 (1956), with fac. abietina DWIGN.<br />
Exsicc.: V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. LVI (1976) no. 1399 (BRNU).<br />
Icon. : DUVIGN. 1956, figs. 1, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17 ; figs. 12, 13, as St. microthuja.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, usually also norstictic acid, occasionally ursolic acid<br />
(a triterpene), in addition to several unidentified substances.<br />
Distrib. : central Africa (Uganda, Rwanda Burundi, Zaire, Tanzania).<br />
Remarks: St. ruwenzoriense and St. microthuja represent a dwarfed or juvenile condition<br />
of St. nigromaculatum.<br />
30 2900 m acc. to descr. orig., but 3900 m acc. to the label.
254 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Fo. fastigiato-pulvinatum LA^ (n. f.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon microthuja fac. fastigiato-pulvinata DWIGN. Lejeunia, M6m. no. 14: 61 (1956) (nom.<br />
inval., in lingua Latina haud descriptum).<br />
Diagn. : Habitu dense fastigiato-ramosum et pulvinatum, phyllocladiis apicalibus crustam<br />
superficialem formantibus.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori, Mt. Stanley, altit. 4350 m s. m., leg. HAUMAN, 1932 (no. 927)<br />
(BRLU, holotypus).<br />
Icon. : DUVIGN, 1956, fig. 12A (I), as St. microthuja fac. p~lvinata.'~<br />
Remarks: analogous to the f. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB of St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum.<br />
Seen from 2 localities in Uganda, between 3500 and 4350 m altitude.<br />
50. Stereocaulon obesum TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 28 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 49 (1858).<br />
Typus: Costa Rica, prov. Cartago, Volcan Irazu, altit. 11000 feet (3400 m s. m.), "pumici innascens",<br />
leg. A. ~RSTED (date ?) (UPS-TH FR, holotypus).<br />
(Exs~cc.'~)<br />
Icon.: TH. FRIES 1858, P1. X, fig. 1.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid; frequently in a deficient phase with atranorin only.<br />
Distrib. : Central America (Guatemala to Panama) and South America (Ecuador). Unverified record:<br />
Greenland (KREMPELHUBER, 1868), almost certainly not this species. Erroneous record: Argentina<br />
(RASANEN, 1939), =St. vesuvianum PERS.<br />
Remarks: morphologically resembles St. graminosum SCHAER., but less robust. Usually<br />
esorediate, but occasionally some of the pseudopodetia may be dissolute into effuse farinose<br />
soredia at the tips.<br />
5 1. Stereocaulon pityrizans NYL.<br />
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 11: 209 (1859); Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 234 (1860); DODGE,<br />
Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 135 (1929).<br />
Typus: Peru, prov. Carabaya, "in schistosis argillaceis", leg. WEDDELL, 1847 (H-~n, no. 40143,<br />
holotypus; PC, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib.: South and Central America: Peru, Colombia, Costa Rica.<br />
Remarks: when fertile, can be easily recognized by the lateral or terminal apothecia of<br />
lecanorine appearance, with conspicuous, light-colored pseudothalline margin. This misled<br />
ZAHLBRUCKNER (1926-27) to include the species in subgen. Lecanocaulon. Occasionally the<br />
apothecia may proliferate to form composite heads of small, immarginate, secondary apothecia.<br />
Phyllocladia typically minute and grain-like, 0.1-0.3 mrn diam., many with distinct darker spot.<br />
52. Stereocaulon scutelligerum TH. FR.<br />
Flora, 44: 412 (1861) (ut nom. nov.); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 141 (1929).<br />
Typus: R6union Island Porbonia), no exact locality indicated, leg. BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT<br />
(date ?) (UPS-TH FR, holotypus; PC, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon vulcani subsp. richardianum MONT. ex TH. FR. Monogr.<br />
'O In the legend to fig. 12, the subfigures 1 and 2 have been accidentally transposed.<br />
Tbe material distributed as "Stereocaulon obesum" in Lich. Austroamer. ex Herb. RegneN. no. 391<br />
is not this species, but St. verruciferum NYL. var. surreptans (LAMB) LAMB.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 255<br />
Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 44 (1858). - Stereocaulon richardianum (MoNT.) ZAHLBR. Catalogus Lichenum<br />
Universalis, 4: 666 (1927).42<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Madagasc. et Borbon. Sel. Exs. Fasc. 11 (1966) no. 36 (FH, REN).<br />
Icon.: TH. FRIES 1858, PI. IX, fig. 3, as St. vulcani. - NYL. 1860, PI. VII, fig. 7 a-c, as St. salazinum.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Rkunion, Mauritius, Madagascar.<br />
Remarks: great nomenclatorial confusion prevailed until TH. FRIES designated this<br />
species with the new name St. scutelligerum, on account of the fact that part of BORY'S original<br />
material of Lichen salazinus was a mixture of 2 species; see remarks under St. salazinum (p.<br />
302). The confusion was for a time further compounded by TH. FRIES'S misapplication<br />
(1857, 1858) of the name St. vulcani (BORY) to the present species; the true St. vulcani is a<br />
different species (p. 257). The variability of St. scutelligerum appears to be slight; St. vulcani<br />
subsp. richardianum (MoNT.) TH. FR. refers to an aged and denuded growth-state with entirely<br />
decorticated, smooth and glabrous pseudopodetia, the phyllocladia almost all grain-like<br />
or verruculose. Cephalodia have not been found in St. scutelligerurn, and probably do not<br />
occur. The closest relationship is obviously with St. virgatum AcH., a West Indian and<br />
Central American species, and with St. anomalum LAMB (Madagascar and central Africa).<br />
53. Stereocaulon subdenudatum HAV.<br />
Lich. Exs. Norveg. no. 658 (1947) (nomen nudum); Arbok Univ. Bergen, Naturvitensk. Rekke, no. 12:<br />
13, 20 (1954) (cum descript.).<br />
Typus: Norway, Hordaland, par. Granvin, Smareggfjellet, between Baorhaug and Plantefeltet;<br />
3 localities mentioned, one of them near Nyadaemmo; leg. J. HAVAAS, 1940. As lectotype material<br />
we select the specimen from Nyadaemmo distributed in HAV. Lich. Norveg. Occid. no. 232 (FH, UPS-<br />
MAGN, isolectotypes; lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Exsicc.: HAV. Lich. Exs. Norveg. Fasc. XXI (1947) no. 658 (BG). - HAV. Lich. Norveg. Occid.<br />
Exs. Fasc. X (1948) no. 232 (FH, UPS-MAGN, isolectotype material).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, constictic acid, and some unidentified<br />
substances.<br />
Distrib.: Norway (Hordaland, Nordland); Scotland (Argyllshire, Perthshire, Angus).<br />
Remarks: distinguished by HAVAAS from St. denudatum (St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum<br />
(WALLR.) LAMB) on the basis of form of phyllocladia and a different shade of color in the<br />
living condition. G. DEGEL~US studied living populations on Vega Island, Norway, Nordland,<br />
in 1974, and informed us (in litt.) that this species, growing there together with St. vesuvianum<br />
var. nodulosum, is distinctly different in color in the living state. This color is a slightly<br />
brownish gray, not glaucous-gray or glaucous-whitish as in St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum.<br />
The difference is however only obvious in the fresh state. Morphologically, St. subdenudatum<br />
closely resembles St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. umbricolum (FREY) LAMB. The species<br />
requires further investigation. St. denudatulum NYL., here regarded as a doubtful species<br />
(p. 322), may possibly be synonymous.<br />
54. Stereocaulon symphycheilum LAMB<br />
Bot. Not. 114 (3): 271 (1961): POELT, Bestimmung~~chliisseI Europaischer Flechten: 633 (1969); MOT.<br />
Flora Polska, 3 (2): 392 (1964); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden:<br />
131 (1973).<br />
42 Probably a lapsus rather than an intentional new combination.
256 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Hemavan (Bjorkfors), Syterbacken, reg. subalp.,<br />
altit. 450-480 m s. m., on rocks beside river, leg. V. AHMADJIAN, 1959 (no. 26) (FH, holotypus; UPS,<br />
isotypus).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1961, figs. 3a, b, c, 4a, b.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Fennoscandia (Sweden, Norway, Finland), Canada (Quebec), U. S. A. (Alaska), U.S.S.R.<br />
(Kamtchatka).<br />
55. Stereocaulon vanoyei DUVIGN.<br />
Biol. Jaarb. "Dodonaea", 8: 162 (1941) ("van Oyei"); ibid., 9: 82, 86 (1942).<br />
Typus: Iceland, Krisuvik, "ad lavam inter muscos", leg. P. VAN OYE, 1938 (no. 44a) (BRLU,<br />
holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : DUVIGN. 1941, fig. 6.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, norstictic acid, connorstictic acid, and an unidentified substance<br />
with also occurs with norstictic acid and connorstictic acid in Parmelia dierythra HALE.^'<br />
Distrib. : Iceland. Known from 4 collections.<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia prostrate, dorsiventral; phyllocladia up to 2.5 rnrn diam.,<br />
whitish, convex, shield-shaped, confluent, unicolorous or sometimes with several minute,<br />
faintly indicated, darker spots on the surface. Apothecia sessile on the phyllocladia, small,<br />
brown-blackish; hypothecium faintly brown; spores 3-septate, ca. 45 x 3 p. Morphologically<br />
resembles St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. depressum (MAGN.) LAMB and St. glaucescens TUCK.<br />
56. Stereocaulon verruciferum NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 248 (1860); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 118 (1929); Ms.<br />
Revista Univ. (Santiago), 22: 200 (1937).<br />
Typus: Colombia, no exact locality indicated, leg. J ~ESON (date ?); also mentioned from "America<br />
aequinoctiali", leg. BONPLAND (date ?). We select the former specimen, H-NYL no. 39813 pr. p.,<br />
as lectotype (lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon speciosum LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 458 (1955).<br />
Exsicc.: FOLLM. Lich. EXS. Sel. Mus. Bot. Berol. Fasc. I (1968) no. 15, as St. speciosum (FH).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1955, fig. 24; 1959, P1. VIII, fig. 29; as St. speciosum.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, stictic acid, usually also norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Argentina and Chile (Cordilleran Great Lakes region), Ecuador, Colombia. Unverified<br />
record: Peru (LINDAU, 1909).<br />
Remarks: has been confused with St. obesum TH. FR. (TH. FR. 1861; Lich. Austroamer.<br />
ex Herb. Regnell. no. 391), which is a much smaller and chemically different species.<br />
Var. surreptans (LAMB) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon speciosum var. surreptans LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 459 (1955).<br />
Typus: Argentina, Rio Negro, Cerro Rigi near Lago Frias, altit. ca. 1650 m s. m., leg. I. M. LAMB,<br />
1950 (no. 6098) (CAN, holotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: Lich. Austroamer. ex Herb. Regnell. Fasc. XVI (1943) no. 391, as St. obesum (CAN, LD,<br />
LIL, S, WIS). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXII (1967) no. 545, as St. "speciorum" var. surreptans<br />
(pH).<br />
43 ACC. to C. CULBERSON in litt. 1974.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 257<br />
57. Stereocaulon virgatum ACH.<br />
ex SPRENG. Caroli Linnaei . . . Systema Vegetabilium, Editio Decima Sexta, 4 (1): 275 (1827); MULL.<br />
ARG. Flora, 70: 286 (1887); VAIN. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. ser. A, 6 (7): 26 (1915).<br />
Typus: Leeward Islands, Guadeloupe, leg. ?, date ? (H-ACH, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon virgatum f. achariana VAIN. J. Bot. 34: 34 (1896). - Stereocaulon<br />
virgatum f. applanata VAIN. loc. cit. - Stereocaulon virgatum f. primaria VAIN. loc. cit. - Stereocaulon<br />
giltayi DUVIGN. Biol. Jaarb. "Dodonaea", 9: 87 (1942). - Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides TUCK.<br />
An Enumeration of North American Lichenes: 52, footnote (1845) (non auctt. plur.).<br />
Exsicc.: Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. IX (1971) no. 337 (LD).<br />
Icon.: DUVIGN. 1942, fig. 3A, B, as St. giltayi.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid, the latter two substances occurring<br />
in varied concentration, either in approximately equal proportions or with one or other of<br />
them strongly preponderant or perhaps in some cases present to the total exclusion of the<br />
other. The macroscopic reactions are therefore variable: K+yellow then red, PD+yellow<br />
(norstictic acid predominating) or K+yellow, PD+orange-red (stictic acid predominating).<br />
VAINIO'S 2 forms achariana and primaria were distinguished on the basis of such different<br />
reactions.<br />
Distrib.: West Indies (Greater Antilles, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands) and Central America<br />
(Nicaragua). A specimen said to be from Venezuela, but with this origin queried by TH. FRIES, leg.<br />
FUNCK and SCHLIM (date ?) is present in UPS-TH FR. St. giltayi DUVIGN. was described as from Scotland,<br />
certainly as the result of an error.<br />
Remarks: St. virgatum is closely related to St. scutelligerum TH. FR., and like the latter<br />
is usually destitute of cephalodia. Cephalodia have however been seen in a few specimens<br />
from Dominica and Guadeloupe. They are of the anatomically undifferentiated, "spherical"<br />
to "botryose" type normally associated with species of the section Denudata. TH. FRIES<br />
(1857, 1858) and NYLANDER (1860) erroneously stated that St. virgatum is a synonym of<br />
St. furcatum FR. The latter is referable to St. ramulosum (Sw.) RAusc~., as was pointed out<br />
by MULLER ARG. (1887), and confirmed by RIDDLE (ex DODGE, 1929) and by the present<br />
author. Stereocaulon sphaerophoroides TUCK., the commonly used name for a species endemic<br />
to the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, is a synonym of St. virgatum; see discussion on<br />
p. 206.<br />
58. Stereocaulon vulcani (BORY) ACH.<br />
Lichenographia Universalis: 583 (1810). - Lichen vulcani BORY, Voyage dans les Quatre Principales<br />
Iles des Mers d'Afrique, 3: 147 (1804). - Stereocaulon denudatum var. vulcani (BORY) NYL. Synopsis<br />
Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 248 (1860).<br />
Typus: R6union Island (Borbonia), no exact locality given, leg. BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT (date ?).<br />
There are several mounts in PC-HUE (ex herb. RICHARD) which qualify as type material44. As lectotype<br />
we have selected the best of these (herb. HUE no. 257 pr. p.), labelled "Herb. Richard Stereocaulon<br />
Vulcani Ile de Bourbon. Bory" (lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon flavireagens GYELN. Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 4: 173 (1931). -<br />
Stereocaulonflavireagens f. cinerascens MAGN. ex MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 43 (1944). -<br />
Stereocaulonflavireagens f. densum MAGN. op. cit. p. 42.<br />
Exsicc.:" ABB. Lich. Madagasc. et. Borbon. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1966) no. 38 (Ch. str. I) (FH). -<br />
HEPP, Flechten Europas Band I, Heft 1 (1853) no. 2 pr. min. p., as St. denudatum B. vesuvianum (Ch. str.<br />
44 DODGE (1929, p. 119) erroneously states the type of Lichen vulcani to be from Mauritius.<br />
46 V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. no. 415, as St.flavireagens, is not this species, but St. rubiginosum PERS.
258 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
11) (FH-TUCK, mixed with St. vesuvianum PERS. But in FH and PC it is entirely St. vesuvianum). -<br />
SCHAER. Lich. Helvet. Exs. Fasc. XXVII (date ?) no. 652, as St. denudaturn B. vesuvianurn (Ch. str. 11)<br />
(UPS).<br />
Mat. chim. : 2 chemical strains exist :<br />
Strain I, with atranorin, stictic acid, and smaller amounts of norstictic acid (Kfpersistent<br />
yellow, PDforange-red). The typical strain.<br />
Strain 11, with atranorin, norstictic acid, possibly also salazinic acid in low concentration;<br />
no stictic acid present (Kfdeep yellow then usually turning red, PDfpersistent deep yellow).<br />
The "flavireagens"-strain.<br />
Both strains occur in Hawaii, the Azores and Canary Islands, sometimes growing closely<br />
associated. The chemical situation is similar to that found in St. massartianum HUE (see<br />
p. 273).<br />
Distrib.: Ch. str. I: Rtunion, Africa (Zaire, Rwanda-Burundi), Canary Islands, Azores, Hawaii.<br />
Ch. str. 11: Canary Islands, Azores, Hawaii.<br />
Remarks: the species is variable as regards form and color; St. javireagens ff. cinerascens<br />
and densum MAGN. are insignificant variations. TH. FRIES, up to 1861, erroneously applied<br />
the name vulcani to St. scutelligerum TH. FR. The heterogeneous type material of St. cereolinum<br />
ACH. (see Append. 2, p. 327) consists, according to TH. FRIES (1871, p. 56), partly of<br />
St. vulcani. St. vulcani, after various algae, is one of the earliest pioneers of plant life on<br />
recent lava flows. Colonization studies in Hawaii have been made by JACKSON and KELLER<br />
(1970a), JACKSON (1971) and SMA<strong>THE</strong>RS and MUELLER-DOMBOIS (1974). JACKSON (1969) and<br />
JACKSON and KELLER (1970) found that in Hawaii St. vulcani greatly accelerates the chemical<br />
weathering of recent basalt lava flows. The weathered rock underneath the thallus was<br />
found to be a form of ferric oxide chemically different from the haematite occurring as weathering<br />
product on the lichen-free basalt lava rocks.<br />
Fo. maunae-loae (MAGN.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionyrn: Stereocaulon Maunae Loae MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 40 (1944).<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii, Hawaii, Mauna Loa, above rest house, altit. 3400 m s. m., leg. C. SKOT-<br />
TSBERG, 1922 (no. 1729) (GB, holotypus; S, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: a compact pulvinate form of cauliflower-like habitus with the phyllocladia<br />
forming an apical crust. Analogous to the f. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB of St. vesuvianum<br />
var. nodulosum. Seen from Hawaii and the Azores; all specimens in the Ch. str. 11.<br />
59. Stereocaulon weberi LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia erecta, stipato-caespitosa, substrato arcte affixa, singulatim<br />
radicata (haptero commune deficienti), simplicia aut (praesertim parte superna) subdichotomice<br />
ramosa; longit. 4-5 cm, crassit. 0.8-1.5 mm, teretia, apices versus sensim attenuata ibique<br />
obtuse subulata; tota longitudine plus minusve uniformiter phyllocladiis vestita, superficie<br />
interjacenti glabra, albicanti, laevi opacaque. Phyllocladia minute granuliformia, vulgo<br />
haud ultra 0.1 rnm lata, sorediiformia, globulosa, albescentia, conferta; basin pseudopo-<br />
detiorurn versus nonnihil majora, ad 0.2(-0.3)rnm lata, crassiuscule peltato-squarnulosa,<br />
albido-glaucescentia. Thallus primarius haud visus. Cephalodia numerosa, minuta, in-<br />
conspicua, fusconigricantia, irregulariter pulvinata, 0.2-0.4 (-0.8) mm lata, superficie obsolete<br />
tuberculata, Stigonema continentia. (Apothecia desunt.) Atranorinum et acidum lobaricum<br />
continet (Kfflavescens, PDfsulphureo-flavescens). - St. obeso TH. FR. affine, a quo phyllo-
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 259<br />
cladiis minimis et granuloso-sorediiformibus distat; saltem apicalia sorediis veris censenda.<br />
Typus: Ecuador, Galipagos Islands, Isla Santa Cruz, summit of Mt. Crocker, altit. 800 m s. m.,<br />
locally abundant on bare rocks, leg. W. A. WEBER and J. LANIER, 1976 (FH, holotypus; COLO, isotypus.<br />
Isotype material distributed in Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. no. 494).<br />
Exsicc. : Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. XI11 (1976) no. 494, as St. microcarpum (EH) (isotype<br />
material).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, possibly a trace of norlobaric acid, and an unidentified<br />
substance.<br />
Distrib. : Galipagos Islands. Known only from the type collection.<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. obesum TH. FR., and with similar chemical constitution,<br />
but differing in its uniformly smaller, granulose-sorediiform phyllocladia. In St. obesum<br />
soredia, when present, are restricted to the extreme tips, and the phyllocladia, although small,<br />
are not sorediiform.<br />
Subsect. B. Phyllocaulon (TUCK.) LAMB<br />
60. Stereocaulon wrightii TUCK.<br />
Amer. J. Sci. Arts, ser. 2, 28: 202 (1859); A Synopsis of the North American Lichens, Part I: 234<br />
(1882); RIDD. Bot. Gaz. 50: 302 (1910); MAGN. Gijteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser.<br />
430 (7): 77 (1926); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 149 (1929); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in<br />
Colour: 179 (1974). - Stereocladium wrightii (TUCK.) NYL. ex HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser.<br />
3,2: 245 (sep. 37) (1890). - Phyllocaulon wrightii (TUCK.) VAIN. Ark. Bot. 8 (4): 36 (1909).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., E. Siberia, Arakamtchetchene Island on E. side of Bering Straits, leg. C. WRIGHT,<br />
1858 (FH-TUCK, holotypus; US, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: see under the following species, St. apocalypticum, which is morphologically indistinguishable.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and stictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : U.S.S.R. (Bering Straits region, Extreme Orient) and Japan (Honshu). Most records in<br />
the literature refer to the following species (St. apocalypticum).<br />
Remarks: rarer than St. apocalypticum NYL. Although they are fundamentally different<br />
in chemistry, there is no detectable morphological or anatomical difference between St.<br />
wrightii and St. apocalypticum, and at least in Japan they may occur together (cfr. SAT^, 1965a).<br />
6 1. Stereocaulon apocalypticum NYL.<br />
ex MIDDENDOREF, Reise in den aussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens, 4, Anhang VI: Iv, footnote<br />
(1867); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 178 (1974). - Stereocladium apocalypticum (NYL.)<br />
NYL. Flora, 58: 302 (1875).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., E. Siberia, Stanovoi Range (border of Amur Oblast and Yakut Autonomous<br />
SSR), Ket-Kat Mts., leg. MIDDENDORFF, 1844 (H-NYL, no. 40146, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon foliiforme HUE, Bull. SOC. Bot. France, 54: 414 (1907).<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 291 (UPS, US). -ELENK. Lich. Flor. Ross.<br />
Fasc. IV (1910) no. 163, as Stereocladium wrightii (GB, PR). - KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc.<br />
I (1966) no. 47 (FH, LD). - SAV. Lichenotheca Ross. Decas XVII (1967) no. 165, as Stereocladium<br />
apocalypticum (LE). - ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 374 (19361, as St. wrightii (EH, PR, s).<br />
ASAH. 1936, figs. 48, 49, 50, as St. wrightii. - ELENK. 1909, PI. I, figs. 10, 10a, as Stereocladium<br />
apocalypticum. - HUE 1907, figs. 48, 50, as St. foliiforme. - R ~D. 1910, fig. 3, as St. wrightii.<br />
1974, fig. 77f, g; PI. 33, fig. 334. - ZAHLBR. 1927,<br />
- SAT^ 1941, figs. 20,21, as St. wrightii. - YOSHIM.<br />
48 Some of these illustrations may refer to the morphologically indistinguishable St. wrightii TUCK.
260 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
PI. XI, fig. 2, as St. folii/orme.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: U.S.S.R. (S. E. Siberia, Amur, Yakutia, Taimyr, Transbaikalia, Kamtchatka, Extreme<br />
Orient, Sachalin), Manchuria, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), U.S.A. (Alaska).<br />
Remarks: according to ASAHINA (1936, as St. wrightii) it is common in alpine and subalpine<br />
districts of central and northern Japan; distribution map in SAT^ (1965a). Sun and<br />
shade forms occur, differing in compactness of tufts and breadth of foliar expansions (ASAHINA,<br />
loc. cit.). Apothecia are rare; described by SAVICZ (1923, p. 175) and ASAHINA (1936, p. 806).<br />
Subsect. C. Botryoideum (G. T. JOHNS. em. LAMB) LAMB<br />
62. Stereocaulon exutum NYL.<br />
Lichenes Japoniae : 18 (1 890); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2) : 120 (1929) ; SAT^ in NAKAI et HONDA,<br />
Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (I): 67 (1941); ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36 (7): 225 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen<br />
Flora of Japan in Colour: 170 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Shizuoka Pref., Fujiyama, Itchigome, altit. 1650 m s. m., "supra quisquilia<br />
vegetabilia", leg. E. ALMQUIST, 1879 (H-NYL, no. 39989, holotypus; s, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon subramulosum MULL. ARC. Flora, 74: 108 (1891). - Stereocaulon<br />
subramulosum f. approximans HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3,lO: 248 (sep. 36) (1898).<br />
- Stereocaulon exutum f. approximans (HUE) DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 121 (1929). -<br />
Stereocaulon subramulosum f. complanatum HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 248 (sep. 36)<br />
(1898). - Stereocaulon exutum f. complanatum (HUE) DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 121 (1929).<br />
E~sicc.'~: KUROK. Lich. Rar. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. 111 (1971) no. 140 (FH, LD).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1961b, fig. 2. - DUVIGN. 1956, fig. 11 (section of phyllocladium). - SAT^ 1941, fig.<br />
24. - YAS. 1925, PI. XIII, fig. 2, as St. subramulosum. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76a; PI. 32, fig. 307.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kiushiu, Hokkaido), Korea, U. S. S. R. (Extreme Orient),<br />
Australia (N. S. Wales).<br />
Remarks: the graceful, well branched phyllocladia of this species are usually quite teretecoralloid<br />
and look like disharmonic pseudopodetial branchlets, but DUVIGNEAUD (1956) has<br />
shown that their anatomical construction is distinctly dorsiventral. The formae approximans<br />
and complanatum HUE appear to be insignificant variations. The hypothecium of St. exutum<br />
is colorless or often stained yellow by some unidentified substance, never brown-pigmented.<br />
The cephalodia are distinctly verruculose-botryose, with Stigonema in all specimens examined.<br />
The single known Australian specimen (G-~LL, mentioned also by DODGE, 1929, p. 120)<br />
is from the Snowy Mountains (Muniong Range of N. S. Wales), leg. C. MOORE, prior to 1895,<br />
and is perfectly typical. The Russian specimen (MSK) is from the Pacific seaboard, Primorskii<br />
Krai, near Shkotovo, leg. V. VOROSCHILOV, 1952. ASAHINA (1961b) states St. exutum<br />
to be "very common in Hondo, Shikoku and Kiusiu."<br />
63. Stereocaulon commixtum (ASAH.) ASAH.<br />
J. Jap. Bot. 44: 263 (1969); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 173 (1974). - Stereocaulon<br />
aponicurq var. commixtum ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 35: 290 (1960).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, prov. Owari, along Kisogawa River, on rock, leg. Y. ASAHINA, 1938 (no.<br />
1200) (ASAH, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1960, fig. 2A, as St. japonicum var. commixtum. - ASAH. 1969, figs. 3, 4. - YOSHIM.<br />
47 ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. no. 43, as St. exutum, is the closely related species St. nigrum HUE.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 261<br />
1974, fig. 76g; PI. 32, fig. 316.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, miriquidic acid, and 7 unidentified<br />
substances, acc. to chromatography by C. CULBERSON on a fragment of the holotype. ASAHINA<br />
(1960, 1969) distinguished this taxon from St. japonicum TH. FR. on the basis of a morphological<br />
difference (longer phyllocladia) and the presence, in addition to stictic and norstictic acids,<br />
of an unidentified substance which he characterized crystallographically and stated to be the<br />
same as an unidentified substance found by him in St. curtatum NYL. This "materia propria"<br />
can now be identified as miriquidic acid, which occurs also in St. curtatum.<br />
Di-strib.: Japan. ASAHINA records this taxon from 9 localities in Honshu and Shikoku.<br />
Remarks: the autonomy of this species is questionable. Its morphology seems to fall<br />
within the normal range of variation for St. japonicum TH. FR. The miriquidic acid which<br />
occurs in addition to stictic and norstictic acids (the normal constituents for St. japonicum)<br />
may be an accessory substance without taxonomic significance.<br />
64. Stereocaulon curtatoides ASAH.<br />
J. Jap. Bot. 44: 267 (1969); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 172 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Kiushiu, Yakushima, Hanano-ego, on granitic rock, leg. F. FUJIKAWA, 1933 (TNS,<br />
holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : ASAH. 1969, fig. 7. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76c; PI. 32, fig. 31 1.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, miriquidic acid.<br />
Disrrib. : Japan (Kiushiu).<br />
Remarks: similar in appearance to St. curtatum NYL., but with short, broad, 3-septate<br />
spores measuring 22-30 x 6.5-7.5 (-8.0) p and containing stictic and norstictic acids in addition<br />
to miriquidic acid.<br />
65. Stereocaulon curtatum NYL.<br />
Lichenes Japoniae: 18 (1890); SAT^ in NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (I): 75<br />
(1941); ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36 (7): 228 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 172 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Shizuoka Pref., Fujiyama, Itchigome, "in limite arborum", on rocks,<br />
leg. E. ALMQUIST, 1879 (H-NYL, no. 40134, holotypus; s, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs Fasc. I1 (1955) no. 93 (UPS).<br />
Icon. : ASAH. 1961 b, figs. 4,5. - SAT^ 1941, fig. 26. - YOSHIM. 1974, figs. 74b, 76d; PI. 32, fig. 312.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and miriquidic acid.<br />
Distrib.: Japan (Honshu). Not a common species.<br />
Remarks: miriquidic acid was not known at the time of ASAHINA'S description (1961b)<br />
and he characterized it crystallographically as an unidentified substance. HUE, 1890-92<br />
(1892), p. 137, and some subsequent authors have confused this species with St. octomerum<br />
MULL. ARG., which has the same general habitus, but differs in the usually taller stature,<br />
narrower spores and chemical constitution. The spores of St. curtatum are broadly fusiform,<br />
3M0 x 6-7 (-9) p, (5-) 7-septate, and are unique in the genus in having occasionally 1-4<br />
longitudinal septa, thus suggesting a transition to the genus Argopsis TH. FR. The primary<br />
thallus is more or less persistent, an additional distinction from St. octomerum. Pycnoconidia<br />
bacilliform, straight or almost so, 4.M.5 x ca. 0.7 p.<br />
66. Stereocaulon dendroides ASAH.<br />
J. Jap. Bot. 36 (7): 231 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 172 (1974).
262 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Typus: Japan, Shikoku, Mt. Kenzan, leg. F. FUJIKAWA, 1934 (no. 1207) (ASAH, holotypus; CAN,<br />
isotypus).<br />
Faclrltative synonym: Stereocaulon octomerum f. robustior ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36 (7): 230 (1961).<br />
Icon. : ASAH. 1961 b, figs. 7, 8. - YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 32, fig. 3 10.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and porphyrilic acid (dendroidin).<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kiushiu).<br />
Remarks: we have been unable to find any reliable morphological or anatomical differentiation<br />
between this species and St. octomerum M ~ L ARC. . The substance dendroidin,<br />
described by ASAHINA (1961b) from this species, was proved to be identical with porphyrilic<br />
acid by Fox, MAASS and LAMB (1969).<br />
67. Stereocaulon etigoense (ASAH.) LAMB<br />
ex YOSHIM. Misc. Bryol. Lichenol. 6 (8): 135 (1974) ("echigoense"); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in<br />
Colour: 173, 282 (1974). -. Stereocaulon japonicum subsp. etigoense ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 35: 291 (1960).<br />
Typus: ASAHINA listed 7 specimens from Japan, Honshu, in the original description, without designating<br />
a holotype. The specimen in his herbarium marked by him as "Typus" is not mentioned<br />
among these, but this does not invalidate its status as type material since it was one of the specimens<br />
used in compiling the description. It is from Prov. Etigo, Minami-uonuma-gun, Yuzawa Hot Spring,<br />
leg. M. TOGASHI, 1954 (no. 54719), and may be designated as lectotype (ASAH, lectotypus, lectotypif.<br />
nov.). Several of the other (paratype) specimens mentioned in the protologue have also been studied by<br />
US.<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1960, fig. 2B, as St. japonicum subsp. etigoense. - YOSHIM. 1974, P1.32, fig. 315.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, colensoinic acid, and traces of 4 unidentified substances.<br />
Distrib.: Japan. Appears to have a well-delimited distribution in the provinces of Etigo, Etizen,<br />
Shinano and Hida in N. central Honshu.<br />
Remarks: morphologically hardly distinguishable from St. japonicum TH. FR., although<br />
some specimens are more robust than is usual in that species and approach St. octomerum<br />
MULL. ARC. in appearance. Colensoinic acid has been demonstrated by chromatography<br />
in 6 specimens, including the lectotype.<br />
68. Stereocaulon exile ASAH.<br />
J. Jap. Bot. 35: 293 (1960); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 174 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Iwashiro, Iizuka, Moniwa, altit. 200 m s. m., leg. T. HIGUTI, 1957<br />
(no. 6283) (ASAH, holotypus). Paratype specimens from other localities in Honshu and Kiushiu are<br />
also mentioned in the protologue.<br />
Facultative synonym (invalid): Stereocaulon tenerrimum LAMB ex ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 43: 98 (1968)<br />
(nomen nudum).<br />
Icon. : ASAH. 1960, fig. 5. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 75c; PI. 32, fig. 318.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu and Kiushiu), apparently rather rare.<br />
Remarks: characterized chiefly by the slender, smooth, glabrous pseudopodetia irre-<br />
gularly clothed with sorediiform phyllocladial granules, and habitually somewhat resembling<br />
states of St. nanodes TUCK. (f. carinthiacum) or sorediate St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum<br />
(WALLR.) LAMB. The minuteness of the phyllocladial granules, which are for the most part<br />
deliquescent into finely granulose soredia, renders the placing of the species in the subsection<br />
Botryoideum somewhat doubtful. The cephalodia are however distinctly of the botryose<br />
type. Usually fertile; hypothecium faintly to moderately brown-pigmented; hymenium 55-<br />
75 p high; spores (I-) 3 (-4)-septate, 25-33 x 3.0 (-3.5) p.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 263<br />
69. Stereocaulon hokkaidense ASAH. et LAMB<br />
ex ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36: 46 (1961); ASAH. Misc. Bryol. Lichenol. 2 (5): 61 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora<br />
of Japan in Colour : 179 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Hokkaido, Shiretoko Peninsula, on rock (or thin detritus over rock), leg. FUKUSHIMA<br />
1959 (ASAH no. 5902, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : ASAH. 1961, figs. 1, 2; 1961a, fig. 4.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Hokkaido). Known only from the type material.<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. saviczii DU RIETZ, which has similar habitus, large apothecia<br />
and broad spores, but which differs in having more or less obvious dark spots or centers<br />
on the phyllocladia. The phyllocladia of St. hokkaidense do however sometimes show an<br />
irregular and indistinct mottling with minute darker spots, which may be interpreted as an<br />
intermediate condition; they are persistently grain-like to verrucose, not becoming dactylaeform<br />
or coralloid.<br />
70. Stereocaulon japonicum TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 18 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 343 (sep. 39) (1858);<br />
NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 246 (1860); HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10:<br />
253 (sep. 41) (1898); SAT^ in NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (I): 72 (1941);<br />
ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 35: 289 (1960); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 173 (1974). - Stereocaulon<br />
coralloides var. japonicum (TH. FR.) NYL. MCm. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 5: 96 (1857).<br />
Typus: Japan, exact locality not indicated, leg. C. P. THUNBERG (date ?) (UPS-THUNB, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon subramulosum var. humile MULL. ARG. Flora, 74: 108 (1891).<br />
- Stereocaulon exutum var. humile (MULL. ARG.) DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 121 (1929). -<br />
Stereocaulon uvuliferum MULL. ARG. Flora, 74: 109 (1891). - Stereocaulon armatulum ZAHLBR.<br />
Feddes Repert. 33: 47 (1933).<br />
Exsicc.: KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. IV (1973) no. 193 (LD). - YOSHIM. Lich. Japon.<br />
Exs. ser. 2 (1972) no. 47 (NICH).<br />
Icon. : TH. FR. 1858, PI. IX, fig. 2. - SAT^ 1941, fig. 25. - ASAH. 1959, PI. 66, fig. 68 ; 1960, fig. 1A ;<br />
1961b, fig. 1. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76f; PI. 32, fig. 314.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, and lower concentration of norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib.: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kiushiu, Ryukyu Islands, the var. aogasimense also in the Izu-<br />
Shichita Islands), Formosa, China (Chekiang Prov.), Hong Kong, Philippines.<br />
Remarks: a common and rather polymorphic species.<br />
Var. subfastigiatum ASAH.<br />
Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. (Tokyo), no. 45: 378 (1959) (nomen nudum); J. Jap. Bot. 35: 289 (1960) (cum descript.).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Owari, Jnuyama, leg. Y. ASAHINA, 1938 (no. 1201) (ASAH, holotypus;<br />
CAN, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1959, PI. 61, fig. 21; 1960, fig. 1B.<br />
Remarks: characterized by the strongly fastigiate-caespitose habitus with harmonic<br />
phyllocladial branchlets in the lower parts; the upper true phyllocladia are typically developed.<br />
Rare; seen only from 2 localities in Honshu and Kiushiu.<br />
Var. tokioense LAMB<br />
ex ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 43: 98 (1968) (nomen nudum); ex ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 44: 265 (1969) (cum descript.).
264 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Tokyo, on stone wall of the University, leg. Y. ASAHINA. 1943 (no. 650)<br />
(CAN, holotypus; ASAH, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1969, figs. 5, 6.<br />
Remarks: primary thallus persistent and well developed, with very short, granuliform<br />
phyllocladia and very dwarf crowded pseudopodetia only 3-5 (-12) rnrn in length. Specimens<br />
seen from Honshu and Kiushiu.<br />
Var. aogasimense (ASAH.) LAMB<br />
ex ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 44: 266 (1969). - Stereocaulon aogasimense ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 30: 223 (1955).<br />
Typus: Japan, Izu-Shichita Islands, Aogashima, on volcanic rock, leg. M. MIZUSHIMA, 1954<br />
(ASAH no. 541 16, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1955, p. 224.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by the minute size of the phyllocladia, which are cylindriccoralloid,<br />
not over 0.5 rnrn long and less than 0.1 rnrn in thickness. Primary thallus persistent.<br />
Analogous to the var. subfurfurascens of St. verruculigerum HUE. Known only from the<br />
Ryukyu and Izu-Shichita Islands. I. YOSHIMURA, who collected material of this variety on<br />
Okinawa Island in 1973, informed us in litt. that the pseudopodetia are often pendulous in<br />
nature, which may be a further distinguishing feature.<br />
71. Stereocaulon nigrum HUE<br />
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 248 (sep. 36) (1898); G. T. JOHNS. Bryologist, 44: 8 (1941);<br />
ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36 (7): 227 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 170 (1974). - Stereocaulon<br />
exutum var. nigrum (HUE) SATB in NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (I): 71<br />
(1941).<br />
Typus: Japan, Kiushiu, Unzen, leg. R. F. FAURIE, 1895 (no. 15389) (PC-HUE, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym (invalid): Stereocaulon exutoides LAMB ex SATB, Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Nat.<br />
Resources (Tokyo), no. 17/18: 172 (1950) (nomen nudum).<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I (1954) no. 43, as St. exutum (UPS, us).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1961b, fig. 3. - YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 32, fig. 308.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kiushiu).<br />
Remarks: by some authors confused with St. exutum NYL. It is very similar to that<br />
species, but differs in having a distinctly brown-pigmented hypothecium. The black color<br />
of the apothecia emphasized by HUE is an inconstant character; they vary from pale brown<br />
to dark brown or blackish.<br />
72. Stereocaulon octomerellum MULL. ARC.<br />
Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 24: 190 (1892); G. T. JOHNS. Bryologist, 44: 9 (1941); SAT^ in NAKAI et HONDA,<br />
Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (I): 66 (1941); ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 45: 68 (1970); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora<br />
of Japan in Colour : 172 (1 974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Nikko, "saxicola ut videtur", leg. YATABE, 1890 (no. 173) (G-MOLL, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon octomerelloides ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 45: 68 (1970). - Stereocaulon<br />
sandwicense MAGN. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 39 (1944). - Stereocaulon octomerellum var. sandwicense<br />
(MAGN.) LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582 (1951).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 265<br />
Exsicc. ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 296 (UPS, us). - YOSHIM. Lich. Japon. Exs.<br />
ser. 2 (1972) no. 48 (NICH).<br />
Icon. : SAT6 1941, fig. 23. - ASAH. 1970, fig. 3. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76e; PI. 32, fig. 3 13. - MAGN.<br />
et ZAHLBR. 1945, PI. VII, fig. 1, as Sf. sandwicense.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kiushiu); Hawaii. ASAHINA, 1970, states that many<br />
specimens of Sf. octornerellurn have been collected in Honshu and Hokkaido, but only a few in Shikoku<br />
and Kiushiu.<br />
Remarks: this tiny species is saxicolous (very rarely terricolous), firmly attached to rock,<br />
and has a distinct persistent primary thallus consisting of minute, scattered or crowded verruculae<br />
which are not of coralloid form except when giving rise to pseudopodetial initials.<br />
The phyllocladia on the pseudopodetia vary from papillose-verruculose to cylindric-coralloid.<br />
It seems to be always fertile. St. octomerelloides ASAH. was distinguished on the basis of<br />
verruculose phyllocladia on the pseudopodetia, "more delicate appearance and less separated<br />
spores", but these characteristics show all intergradations to the typical condition. St.<br />
sandwicense, formerly considered by us as a distinct variety (LAMB, 1951, LAMB ex FREY 1967),<br />
also intergrades in all characters formerly considered to separate it, and can no longer be<br />
regarded as distinct. St. octomerellum is therefore a somewhat variable species in its morphology<br />
and anatomy. The algae of the cephalodia are usually Stigonema, but in the lectotype<br />
specimen of St. sandwicense from Hawaii (s) they are Calothrix parietina (NAEG.) THUR.<br />
(identified by Dr. F. DROUET), a Cyanophyceous genus not previously reported in Stereocaulon<br />
(cfr. AHMADJIAN, 1967, p. 149/150).<br />
73. Stereocaulon octomerum MULL. ARC.<br />
Flora, 74: 109 (1891); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 115 (1929) (as syn. of St. curtaturn NYL.);<br />
ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 36 (7): 230 (1961); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour : 170 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, summit of Mt. Ontake, leg. M. MlYos~r, 1890 (no. 113) (G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1961b, fig. 6; 1970, fig. 1A. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 76b; P1. 32, fig. 309.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Hokkaido), Formosa, U.S.A. (Alaska).<br />
Remarks: has been confused with St. curtatum NYL., but differs from the latter not only<br />
chemically but also in its taller growth, soon evanescent primary thallus, narrower spores etc.<br />
HUE'S description of "Stereocaulon octomerum", 1898-1901 (1898), p. 249 (sep. 37) obviously<br />
refers to St. curtatum. Although the spores of St. octomerum are normally 7-septate, there<br />
is a good deal of variation; many 3-, 4- or 5-septate spores also occur, and occasionally a<br />
specimen is found with only 34-septate spores. The single Alaskan specimen seen was from<br />
the Kenai Peninsula, leg. H. KROG, 1957 (0); see KROG, 1968, p. 88.<br />
74. Stereocaulon pendulum ASAH.<br />
ex SAT^, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 247 (1941); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 174 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Kozuke, Mt. Akagi, "ad saxa non calcarea", leg. K. TSUNODA,<br />
1923 (TI, holotypus, not seen by us). Paratypes from Prov. Musashi and Prov. Shinano, sent by Dr.<br />
ASAHINA, were however examined.<br />
48 MAGNUSSON in MAGN. et ZAHLBR. (1944) stated that the exsiccat ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no.<br />
58, as St. condensaturn, should be referable to St. sandwicense MAGN. But according to our examination<br />
of the examples in PC and UPS, it is St. condensaturn H<strong>OF</strong>FM. as originally named.
266 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 297 (UPS, us).<br />
Icon.: SAT^ 1941a, fig. 11. -YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 32, fig. 320.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and porphyrilic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu).<br />
Remarks: apparently a rare species, characterized by the unique pendulous habitus.<br />
The phyllocladia are for the most part granular or papillate, very small, but in the lowermost<br />
parts of the pseudopodetia are larger and distinctly cylindric-coralloid. The apothecia (not<br />
present in the holotype specimen) are terminal, sometimes on short side-branchlets, and up<br />
to 1.5 rnm dim.; hypothecium pigmented (reddish- or yellowish-brown); hymenium 60-80 p<br />
highppores cylindric-fusiform, (I-) 3 (-5)-septate, 25-35 (-40) x4.04.5 p.<br />
75. Stereocaulon prostratum ZAHLBR.<br />
Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), 41: 340 (1927); SAT^ in NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (I):<br />
76 (1941); Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., ser. 4, Biol. 29 (314): 222 (1963); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of<br />
Japan in Colour : 174 (1 974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Mutsu, Mt. Hakkoda, leg. Y. ASAHINA, 1924 (no. 14748) (w, holotypus).<br />
Icon. : ZAHLBR. 1927, PI. XI, fig. 7. - YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 32, fig. 319.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido).<br />
Remarks: rare; seen only from about 5 localities. It grows on soil among mosses or<br />
directly on rock, forming almost crustose, appressed patches. Primary thallus more or less<br />
persistent, consisting of coralloid phyllocladia. Pseudopodetia more or less ligneous, glabrous,<br />
copiously branched. Phyllocladia densely crowded, often in branched clusters, up to<br />
0.8 mm long.80 Hypothecium pigmented, yellow-brown to brown (not "decolor" as stated<br />
by ZAHLBRUCKNER). Hymenium 70-90 p high. Spores 3-septate, 20-28 x 3.5-4.5 p. There<br />
is some resemblance, as ZAHLBRUCKNER states, to St. curtatum NYL., but the latter differs in<br />
its chemistry, 7-septate spores, different habitus, and coarser and less crowded phyllocladia.<br />
76. Stereocaulon saviczii Du RIETZ<br />
Ark. Bot. 22A (1 3) : 13 (1 929) ; ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 45 : 66 (1 970) ; YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour<br />
179 (1 974).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Kamtchatka, Awatchinskaja Sopka volcano, altit. 700 m s. m., on rock, leg. E.<br />
HULTEN, 1920 (no. 686a) (ups, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. IV (1973) no. 194 (LD).<br />
Icon.: Du RIETZ 1929, PI. I, fig. 2. - ASAH. 1970, figs. lB, 2. - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 77h; PI. 33,<br />
fig. 335.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : U.S.S.R. (Kamtchatka), U.S.A. (Alaska), Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).<br />
Remarks: closely related to St. hokkaidense ASAH. et LAMB. This pair of species seem<br />
to be the most primitive representatives of subsect. Botryoideum (see discussion on p. 194).<br />
The phyllocladia of St. saviczii are subglobose-verrucose to cylindric-coralloid, with darker,<br />
spot-like, depressed centers (wrongly interpreted as perforated by Du RIETZ) or irregularly<br />
mottled with darker spots or patches. The spores are (I-) 3-4 (-5)-septate, (1%) 17-37 x<br />
(3) (-6.5) p. Several collections seen from Kamtchatka, and two from Alaska: Nunivak<br />
4B ZAHLBRUCKNER<br />
loc. cit. gives the number as 149.<br />
80 By a typographical error given as 8 mm in the original description.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Srereocaulon<br />
Island (cfr. KROG, 1968, p. 89) and Iliamna Bay, leg. R. THOMAS (WIS).<br />
77. Stereocaulon verruculigerum HUE<br />
Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 54: 417 (1907); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 148 (1929); ASAH. J. Jap. Bot.<br />
35: 294 (1960); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 174 (1974).<br />
Typus: Java, exact locality not stated, "supra terram", leg. Bors, 1903 (PC-HUE, holotypus, not seen<br />
by us).<br />
Faculrarive synonyms: Stereocaulon verruculigerum var. formosanum ASAH. J. Jap. Bot. 35: 295<br />
(1960). - Stereocaulon formosanum ASAH. loc. cir. p. 294 (nom. inval.).<br />
Icon.: ASAH. 1960, fig. 6. - YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 32, fig. 317.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Formosa, Japan (Honshu).<br />
Remarks: morphologically indistinguishable from St. japonicum TH. FR. but with a different<br />
chemistry and a more southerly Asian distribution pattern. It is very common in<br />
Java, growing on rocks, stones and soil, sometimes on roof-tiles.<br />
Var. subfurfurascens LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: A specie typica differt phyllocladiis minutissimis, valde congestis, furfuraceocoralloideis<br />
(fere isidioideis), pseudopodetio applanatis et intricatis (haud divaricatis) et<br />
crustam granulatam formantibus.<br />
Typus: Sumatra, near Aer Batumbak along road between Lubuk Selasih and Simpang, altit. ca.<br />
1300 m s. m., on rock, leg. P. GROENHART, 1953 (no. 9274) (L, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: known from 3 collections made in or in the vicinity of the type locality in<br />
Sumatra. Pseudopodetia more or less erect, 2.0-3.5 an long. Analogous to the var. aogasimense<br />
(ASAH.) LAMB of St. japonicum TH. FR.<br />
Sect. 4. Lobophoron (DUVIGN.) LAMB<br />
78. Stereocaulon foliolosum NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 240 (1860); HUE, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 54: 416 (1907); DODGE,<br />
Ann. Crypteg. Exot. 2 (2): 122 (1929); LAMB, Ergebn. Forsch.-Unternehmen Nepal Himalaya, 1 (4):<br />
351 (1966); J. Jap. Bot. 43: 296 (1968).<br />
Typus: 2 collections cited from India, Himalayas: one unlocalized, leg. JACQUEMONT (date ?),<br />
the other from Kumaon (Kumaun, Uttar Pradesh), altit. 12000 feet, leg. STRACHEY and W~NTERBOTTOM<br />
(date ?); no holotype designated. As lectotype DODGE (1929, p. 122) designated the specimen collected<br />
by JACQUEMONT (no. 743) (PC, lectotypus; H-NYL, no. 40092, isolectotypus). The second (paratype)<br />
specimen also seen by us (H-~n, no. 39771).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1968, figs. ID, 2C.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: Himalayan region. India (Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, N. W. Bengal), Nepal, Sikkim. The<br />
var. botryophorum also in central Africa (Rwanda), and the var. srrictum also in China (Yiiman).<br />
Remarks: in the Himalayas it grows at altitudes between 1800 and 4000 m s.m., on rocks<br />
and stones, more rarely on soil.<br />
Var. botryophorum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon botryophorum MULL. ARG. Flora, 74: 371 (1891).<br />
Typus: India, Uttar Pradesh, above Ihala, altit. 12-13000 feet, leg. DUTHIE (prior to 1886) (G-M~~LL,
268 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
holotypus; K, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1951, fig. 2D (ceph. cortex); 1968, figs. IC, 2C; as St. botryophorum.<br />
Remarks: it now seems clear that this taxon should be placed with St. foliolosum, as<br />
suspected by LAMB, 1966, p. 351. The phyllocladia remain in an indeterminate, subsquamulose<br />
to subcoralloid condition, not becoming distinctly foliose. If sterile, a certain distinction<br />
from St. himalayense AWAS. et LAMB does not generally seem possible, but in the case of the<br />
DUTHIE type, although it has no apothecia, the tall and robust growth refers it to St. jolio~osum<br />
rather than to St. himalayense.<br />
Var. strictum (BAB.) LAMB<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582 (1951); J. Jap. Bot. 43: 297 (1968). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. strictum<br />
BAB. Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 250 (1852). - Stereocaulon rnixturn [subsp.]** strictum<br />
(BAB.) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 239 (1860). - Stereocaulon strictum (BAB.) MULL.<br />
ARG. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 3 (4): 194 (1895) (nom. illegit.; non St. strictum TH. FR. ex anno 1857). -<br />
Stereocaulon macrocephalum var. strictum (BAB.) DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 126 (1929).<br />
Typus: 2 collections from N. India, Uttar Pradesh, Kurnaun Div., cited in the protologue: Madhari,<br />
altit. 8700 feet, and Sagtia deo Pass, altit. 11500 feet, both leg. STRACHEY and WINTERBOTTOM<br />
(date ?), without designation of holotype. DODGE (1929, p. 126) lectotypified the taxon on the former<br />
specimen. This specimen (EM-BAB, lectotypus, is a mixture of the present variety and St. piluliferum<br />
TH. FR., and the isolectotype in K consists of the same mixture. The other (paratype) specimen from<br />
Sagtia deo Pass is also mainly the present variety, but with an intermixture of St. pomiferurn DuVIGN.<br />
Icon.: NYL. 1860, PI. VII, fig. 13, as St. mixtum subsp. strictrim (spores).<br />
Remarks: in this variety the foliose phyllocladia show a transition to coralloid form in<br />
the upper parts of the pseudopodetia. AGHORAMURTHY, SARMA and SESHADRI (1961) reported<br />
a Himalayan specimen ascribed to St. foliolosum var. "Stictum" [sic] to contain atranorin,<br />
stictic acid, an undetermined substance (probably an aliphatic hydrocarbon) and<br />
D-arabitol; if stictic acid were indeed present, the specimen must have been incorrectly determined.<br />
79. Stereocaulon coniophyllum LAMB<br />
Bot. Not. 114 (3): 266 (1961); J. Jap. Bot. 43: 294 (1968); Oz. et CLAUZ. Les Lichens: 470 (1970);<br />
YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 175 (1974).<br />
Typus: Norway, Hordaland, Eidfjord, Hardanger, Veringfoss, reg. subalpina, altit. 450-630 m s.<br />
m., leg. J. HAVAAS, 1899 (FH, holotypus; BG, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1961, figs. 1, 2; 1968, figs. lA, 2A. - HENSSEN et JAHNS 1974, fig. 3.21~ (cephalodium<br />
in section). - YOSHIM. 1974, fig. 75e.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Europe, N. America, Himalayan region, Africa, Japan. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria,<br />
Canada (N. W. Territ.), U. S. A. (Alaska), N. India, Nepal, Sikkim, Africa (Uganda), Japan.<br />
Remarks: the very wide distributional range suggests that this may be a very ancient<br />
species of Afro-Asiatic origin, perhaps persisting at the present day only in relict stations of<br />
a formerly continuous area in the northern hemisphere. Its ecology in Norway was studied<br />
by VEVLE (1975); it is there restricted to the spray zones of larger waterfalls, the effect of the<br />
spray seeming to be twofold, i.e. keeping the plant continuously moist and stabilizing the<br />
temperature climate. VEVLE describes a new association, the Stereocauletum coniophyllae,<br />
which includes also Vestergrenopsis isidiata (DEGEL.) DAHL and Placopsis gelida (L.) LINDS.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 269<br />
80. Stereocaulon himalayense AWAS. et LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia caespitosa, erecta, substrato arcte affixa, ad 2.5(-4.0) cm longa<br />
(sed saepe depauperata et breviora), subsimplicia vel parum aut sat congeste ramosa, nonnihil<br />
rigida, glabra et denudata, albida aut subochraceo-pallida, phyllocladiis granuliformibus vel<br />
brevissime dactyloideis inaequaliter vestita, basi vulgo e crusta phyllocladiorum thalli primarii<br />
subpersistenti surgentia. Soredia nulla. Cephalodia protosacculata, intus solida, subglobosa<br />
aut pulvinata, glebosa et tandem e globulis aggregatis composita. Apothecia terminalia,<br />
primum urceolata et sat crasse marginata, dein plana convexave, margine reflex0 et evanescenti,<br />
disco fusconigro. Hypothecium incoloratum. Hymenium pro ratione humile (7675 p, raro<br />
ad 90 p altum), ascis vulgo 5665 p longis. Sporae 5-8nae, rectiusculae, pauciseptatae, septis<br />
(I-) 3-4, rarissime 5-7, cylindrico-fusiformes, longit. (26) 25-40 (-49, crassit. 3.5-4.5 (-5.0) p.<br />
Atranorinum et acidum lobaricum continens (phyll. Ktflavesc., PD+pallide flavesc.). -<br />
Habitu St. foliolosum var. botryophorum exacte referens, a quo statu sterili vix distinguendum,<br />
differentiis enim e fructificatione, viz. altitudine hymenii et septatione sporarum, desumptis.<br />
Typus: Nepal, Khumbhakarna Himal, Dhankuta Distr., Upper Barun Valley, altit. 4800 m s. m.,<br />
leg. WRABER, 1972 (AWAS, holotypus; FH, GZU, isotypes).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib.: Himalayan region: N. India (Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal, at very high altitudes (3500-<br />
5400 m s. m.).<br />
Remarks: morphologically and habitually similar to St. foliolosum var. botryophorum<br />
(M~~LL. ARG.) LAMB, but differing in the lower hymenium and the shorter, pauciseptate spores.<br />
This obvious reduction in the dimensions of the reproductive structures, unlike the degree<br />
of vegetative development, is unlikely to be produced by environmental conditions, but is<br />
most probably genetically determined, and we noted in the present case that the asci are<br />
frequently well developed, many with mature spores of quite healthy appearance. Plants<br />
growing at the highest altitudes may be very stunted, of crustose habitus. Grows on stones<br />
and boulders of glacial moraines, sometimes associated with St. coniophyllum LAMB and<br />
Hypogymnia sp. Known from 9 different collections.<br />
8 1. Stereocaulon humbertii DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, Mkm. no. 14: 132 (1956); LAMB, J. Jap. Bot. 43: 295 (1968).<br />
Typus: Africa, Zaire, Kivu, Mt. Mikeno, altit. 4250 m s. m., leg. H. HUMBERT, 1929 (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: DWIGN. 1956, fig. 41. -LAMB 1968, figs. lB, 2B.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid, or quite often in a deficient phase with atranorin<br />
only demonstrable.<br />
Distrib.: central Africa (Uganda, Zaire, Kenya), at altitudes of 35U550 m s. m.<br />
Remarks: habitually resembles St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY, apart from the distinctive<br />
cephalodia. Occasionally fertile; apothecia very large, 4-5 (-8) rnrn diam., terminal, flat or<br />
variously undulate (not becoming strongly convex), with subpersistent dark proper margin;<br />
finally becoming fissured and dividing into secondary discs. Hypothecium colorless. Hymenium<br />
7@90 ,u high. Spores (3-) 4-5 (-6)-septate, 45-60 x (3%) 4.0-4.5 p.<br />
Subgen. 11. Pilophoropsis (LAMB) LAMB<br />
82. Stereocaulon curtum (RA~.) LAMB<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 565, 581 (1951). - Stereocaulon macrocarpurn ("macrocarpon") var. curta RAs.
270 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Revista Univ. (Santiago), 22: 200 (1937).<br />
Typus: Chile, Valdivia, Volciin Villarrica, altit. 1300m s. m., leg. A. HOLLERMAYER, 1933 (H-<br />
RAS, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1951, fig. 4.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, and traces of unidentified substances.<br />
Distrib. : apparently endemic to a rather restricted region of the South American Cordillera between<br />
latitudes 39" and 43" S. (provinces of Valdivia and Llanquihue in Chile, Rio Negro and Chubut in<br />
Argentina).<br />
Remarks: when typically developed, the stiff, thick, simple or sparingly branched pseudopodetia,<br />
with verrucose thallus-mantle, have much the appearance of a Pilophorus. Alpine<br />
specimens tend to be more compact and stunted, of a darker cinereous color, more copiously<br />
and closely branched, and widely decorticated in the basal and middle parts, with a greater<br />
development of coralloid phyllocladial branchlets. The pigmented tissue of the upper central<br />
cone (unique to this species) extends downwards into the lower colorless part in ill-defined<br />
strands; its color is not changed by KHO. In the type specimen the spores are (7-) 8-9 (-10)septate,<br />
48-68 x 3.54.0 p. In one specimen from Argentina some spores are simple (eseptate),<br />
others 1-5-septate; apparently an abnormality.<br />
Subgen. III. Holostelidium LAMB<br />
Sect. 1. Holostelidium<br />
Subsect. A. Holostelidium<br />
83. Stereocaulon sorediifrum HUE<br />
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 250 (sep. 38) (1898); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 143<br />
(1929); SATO in NAKAI et HONDA, Nova Flora Japonica, Cladoniales (1): 85 (1941); LAMB, J. Jap. Bot.<br />
40: 274 (1965); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan in Colour: 175 (1974).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, near Yokosuka ("Yokoska"), on rock, leg. SAVATIER (date ?) (PC-HUE,<br />
holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon exutum var. sorediata RAs. J. Jap. Bot. 16: 88 (1940). -<br />
Stereocaulon sorediiferum f. esorediosum ASAH. Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. (Tokyo), no. 45: 381 (1959) (nomen<br />
nudum).<br />
Exsicc.: ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. I (1954) no. 44 (UPS, us). - Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XLIII<br />
(1961) no. 4238 (FH, s). - YOSHIM. Lich. Japon. Exs. ser. 2 (1972) no. 49 (NICH).<br />
Icon. : YAS. 1925, PI. XIII, fig. la, as St. ramulosum. - S A 1941, ~ fig. 30. - ASAH. 1959, P1. 66,<br />
fig. 67, as St. sorediiferum f. esorediosum. - YOSHIM. 1974, figs. 74c, 75d; PI. 32, fig. 321.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and lobaric acid. The mention of a chemically aberrant strain<br />
from Vietnam in LAMB, 1965, p. 274 was based on an error; the material in question was<br />
subsequently found to contain atranorin and lobaric acid, in spite of its spurious reddish PD<br />
react ion.<br />
Distrib.: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kiushiu), Formosa, China (Szechuan), Hong Kong, Philippines,<br />
Vietnam.<br />
Remarks: cephalodia sacculate. Occasionally almost or even totally lacking in the<br />
production of soredia (f. esorediosum ASAH.); such plants appear morphologically like St.<br />
massartianum HUE, but may be distinguished by their different chemi~try.~~<br />
61 But see discussion under St. massartianum, p. 273.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 271<br />
Var. leprosolingulatum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn. : Soredia non solum ad ramulos phyllocladoideos prodientia, sed etiam in apicibus<br />
pseudopodetiorum, ubi strias angustas linguiformes unifaciales formant.<br />
Typus: Taiwan (Formosa), Mt. Tsu-Tson-San, Mt. Ali, altit. 2200-2600 m s. m., on rock, leg. S.<br />
KUROKAWA, 1964 (no. 475) (FH, holotypus; TNS, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: in this variety soredia occur not only on the ends of the short divaricate phyllocladial<br />
branchlets, but also on the apices of the pseudopodetia, where they form narrow,<br />
tongue-like, often curved, apically acuminate bands on one side only (the opposite side being<br />
smoothly corticate). They extend downwards to a distance of up to 7 mm from the tip, and<br />
are whitish and finely powdery.<br />
84. Stereocaulon brassii LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetia erecta, caespitosa, substrato arcte adhaerentia, valida et robusta,<br />
5-8 (-10) cm longa, inferne ca. 2 mm, in partibus superioribus 0.7-1.3 rnrn crassa, irregulariter<br />
et sparse vel sat copiose ramosa, rigida et quasi lignosa, glabra, pro majore parte decorticata.<br />
Phyllocladia cylindrico-coralloidea aut subulata. Soredia desunt. Cephalodia subglobosa,<br />
sacculata, scrobiculato-convoluta. Apothecia terminalia aut praesertim ad apices ramulorum<br />
lateralium prolata, e clavulis parvis subglobosis oriunda, tandem convexa et immarginata,<br />
1-2 mm lata. Hypothecium incolor aut leviter isabellino-nubilatum. Hymenium altum<br />
(15CL200 p). Sporae vermiformi-sinuosae, 10CL210 p longae, 4-5 p latae, multiseptatae,<br />
septis (7-) 9-16 (-20). Conidia filiformia, leviter arcuata. Mat. chim.: atranorinum, acidum<br />
sticticum et acidum norsticticum (K+flavescens, PD fvulgo aurantiaco-rubescens). - Habitu<br />
St. massartiano HUE persimile, sed multo magis robustum et rigidum.<br />
Typus: New Guinea, north-east region, Eastern Highlands Distr., Mt. Wilhelm, altit. 3560 m s.<br />
m., "terrestrial in alpine grassland", leg. L. J. BRASS, 1959 (no. 30042) (us, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, one or more unidentified substances<br />
related to stictic acid, and occasionally ursolic acid (a triterpene).<br />
Distrib. : N. E. New Guinea and W. New Guinea (Irian), at high altitudes.<br />
Remarks: resembles a very robust condition of St. massartianum HUE. AS in that species,<br />
the apothecia often occur at the ends of short lateral side-branchlets. The phyllocladia<br />
towards the apices of the pseudopodetia are small, short, subulate, but not reduced to papillae<br />
as in St. montagneanum LAMB. The cephalodial algae are usually of a pale Nostocoid type;<br />
Stigonema and Scytonema were found only in specimens from W. New Guinea (Irian). One<br />
specimen from Irian collected by BRASS and MEYER DREES (FH) has very abundant apothecial<br />
clavulae, which contain numerous immersed coiled ascogonia provided with trichogynes<br />
protruding out above the surface, giving a whitish-pruinose macroscopic appearance.<br />
85. Stereocaulon claviceps TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 21 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 336 (sep. 32) (1858);<br />
DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 110 (1929); LAMB, J. Jap. Bot. 43: 297 (1968). - Stereocaulon<br />
ramulosum [subsp.]* claviceps (TH. FR.) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 236 (1860).<br />
Typus: Mexico, Cumbre de Sempoaltepec, altit. 11000 feet. leg. LIEBMANN (date ?) (no. 71a)<br />
(UPS-TH FR, holotypus; C, FH, isotypes).<br />
Icon.: TH. FR. 1857a, fig. c (spore); 1858, PI. VIII, fig. 2. - NYL. 1860, PI. VII, fig. 12 (spores).<br />
- LAMB 1968, figs. 1 E, 2 E, F.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid.
272 Joum. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Distrib. : Mexico, Costa Rica, central and South Africa.<br />
Remarks: cephalodia protosacculate. Has been commonly confused with St. pomiferum<br />
DUVIGN., from which it differs in being sorediate. Not a common species, and usually of<br />
local and scanty occurrence; seen from several localities in Mexico (Puebla, Mexico and<br />
Veracruz States) and from one each in Costa Rica (LAMB and METZGER, 1969, FH), Kenya<br />
(Sw~~scow, 1973, SWINSC) and South Africa, Natal (ESTERHUYSEN, 1953, BOL). St. claviceps<br />
var. yunnanense HUE belongs to St. pomiferum DUVIGN. (see p. 277).<br />
86. Stereocaulon macrocephalum MULL. ARG.<br />
Flora, 74: 371 (1891); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 125 (1929); LAMB, J. Jap. Bot. 43: 298 (1968).<br />
Typus: India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun Div., Garhwal Distr., above Bhowani, altit. 12-14000 feet,<br />
on rocks, leg. DUTHIE (date ?) (no. 5227) (K, holotypus; G-MULL, isotypus).<br />
Icon.: DUVIGN. 1956, fig. 10 B. - LAMB 1968, figs. 1 F, 2 D.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and stictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Himalayan region: N. India and Nepal.<br />
Remarks: cephalodia protosacculate. A rare species, seen to date only from two collections.<br />
It is possible that it may be conspecific with St. pomiferum DUVIGN., representing<br />
a vegetatively reduced state of the latter, although the habitus, the apparent absence of distinct<br />
clavulae in the immature apothecia, and the structure of the cephalodial cortex appear to<br />
afford distinctive characters. If it should prove to be the same as St. porniferum, the species<br />
epithet macrocephalum would have priority. ZAHLBRUCKNER, 192G27 (1927), p. 660, erroneously<br />
places St. macrocephalum as a synonym of St. piluliferum TH. FR.<br />
87. Stereocaulon massartianum HUE<br />
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 252 (sep. 40) (1898); LAMB, J. Jap. Bot. 40 (9): 271 (1965).<br />
Typus: Java, near Lebak-Saet, altit. 2100 m s. m., leg. D. MASSART, 1895 (no. 1689) (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: "Stereocaulon nesaeum" Auctt. (non Stereocaulon nesaeum NYL. Ann. Sci.<br />
Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 11: 236 (1859), vide infia.) - Stereocaulon rnixtum [subsp.]*** nesaeum (NYL.) NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 240 (1860) (saltem pr. p.; non St. nesaeum NYL. ex anno 1859).<br />
- Stereocaulon nesaeum var. Iecideoides VAIN. Philipp. J. Sci. 4 (5) : 662 (1909). - Stereocaulon nesaeum<br />
var. zeorina VAIN. ibid. p. 661. - Stereocaulon chlorocarpoides ZAHLBR. Feddes Repert. 33: 48 (1933).<br />
- Stereocaulon massarfianum var. chlorocarpoides (ZAHLBR.) LAMB J. Jap. Bot. 40 (9): 271 (1965). -<br />
Stereocaulon stalagmitiferum DUVIGN. Biol. Jaarb. "Dodonaea", 9: 93 (1942).<br />
Exsicc.: Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XXI (1913) no. 2067, as St. mixtum (c, FH, L, LD, PR, US, WELC)<br />
(Strain 11). - Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. VIII (1971) no. 302 (co~o, FH). - VBZDA, Lich.<br />
Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXVIII (1968) no. 684, as St. massartianum var. chlorocarpoides (FH).<br />
Icon.: NYL. 1860, PI. VII, fig. 15 a, b (spores and ceph. algae), as Sf. mixtum subsp. nesaeum. -<br />
KREMP. 1870, PI. XIX, fig, la, b, c, d, as St. nesaeum. SAT^ 1941, fig. 29, as St. chlorocarpoides. -<br />
DUVIGN. 1942, fig. 5, as St. stalagmitiferum; 1956, fig. 10c; fig. 31 (apothecia and clavules), as St.<br />
nesaeum and St. stalagmitijerum. - LAMB 1965, fig. 1, partly as St. massartianum var. chlorocarpoides.<br />
Mat. chim. : there are two morphologically indistinguishable chemical strains, which may<br />
later possibly prove to be entitled to the rank of separate species:<br />
Strain I, with atranorin, stictic acid, often a small amount of norstictic acid, and possibly<br />
some trace of constictic acid (K+pale yellow, PD+orange-red). The typical strain.<br />
Strain 11, with atranorin, norstictic acid and connorstictic acid (no stictic acid present)<br />
(K+yellow or occasionally red, PD+persistent yellow).
I. MACKENZIE Lam: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 273<br />
Crushed thallus or apothecial fragments of Strain 11, when tested with KHO under the<br />
microscope, regularly produce the characteristic red spicular crystals of the potassium salt<br />
of norstictic acid; those of Strain I similarly treated may or may not do so, depending on the<br />
concentration of norstictic acid present. The biosynthetic difference between the two strains<br />
would appear at first sight to be rather insignificant, stictic acid being probably formed from<br />
norstictic acid by 0-methylation in a terminal reaction, but studies with other lichen genera<br />
seem to indicate that the difference is often correlated with a phenotypic morphological<br />
difference, a different distributional pattern, and different ecological preferences, these features<br />
combining to reinforce the chemical evidence to such an extent that distinct species seem to<br />
be indicated; see W. L. CULBERSON'S remarks on the Ramalina siliquosa group (1969, p. 163).<br />
A segregate from St. massartianum characterized by quite different chemical constitution<br />
(atranorin, lobaric acid and porphyrilic acid) and different geographical distribution (Himalayan<br />
region) is St. togashii LAMB (p. 278).<br />
The macroscopic reactions on the phyllocladia in St. massartianum are not always reliable<br />
for distinguishing the two chemical strains, and chromatography is necessary in some doubtful<br />
cases. Specimens of Strain I1 with a low concentration of norstictic acid may give the reactions<br />
Kt-yellow, PD +yellow or -, and therefore not be distinguishable by this means from<br />
St. togashii. Usually in such cases, however, crushed-out carpogonial clavulae, which are<br />
richer in lichen substances than the phyllocladia, will be found to show a few red crystals of<br />
the norstictic acid salt on treatment with KHO under the microscope.<br />
A specimen collected by WISSEL, 1936, in West New Guinea (Irian), Mt. Carstensz, no.<br />
1897 (FH, L), giving a negative reaction with PD, was found by chromatography and UV<br />
spectrum analysis (C. CULBERSON, S. HUNECK) to contain atranorin and an unidentified<br />
substance which appears to be an unknown depsidone. Unfortunately not enough material<br />
was available for a further analysis by other methods.<br />
Japanese material recorded as "Stereocaulon massartianum var. chlorocarpoides, lobaric<br />
acid strain" by YOSHIMURA, 1974, p. 175, probably refers to an atypically esorediate condition<br />
of St. sorediiferum HUE. Some similar specimens, esorediate and morphologically indistinguishable<br />
from St. massartianum, but containing lobaric instead of stictic acid, have been<br />
seen in various herbaria also from Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea and Java. They may<br />
represent an undescribed species differing chemically from St. massartianum, rather than<br />
esorediate states of St. sorediiferum, as their occurrence falls outside the main geographical<br />
area of the latter. How they should be dealt with taxonomically is a problem which we are<br />
unable to resolve at present.<br />
Distrib.: S. E. Asia: Java, Lombok, Sumatra, Celebes, Malaya, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea,<br />
Formosa; occurring at higher elevations. The distribution of the two chemical strains seems to coincide,<br />
except that Strain I1 has not yet been seen from Formosa, Malaya, Lombok or Sumatra. Records<br />
of "Stereocaulon nesaeurn" from outside this area refer to other species. A specimen in M from<br />
Brazil, leg. GLAZIOU, thus determined by KREMPELHUBER, is St. rarnulosurn (SW.) RAUSCH. MULLER ARG.<br />
(1894) recorded "St. nesaeurn" from New Zealand; the specimen not seen by us, but doubtless referable<br />
also to St. ramulosum.<br />
Remarks: cephalodia sacculate. In the older literature and in herbaria St. massartianum<br />
has figured under the name Stereocaulon nesaeum NYL., an epithet which is however of somewhat<br />
uncertain application and certainly cannot correctly refer to the present species. DODGE<br />
(1929) typified St. nesaeum NYL. on a Javan specimen collected by ZOLLINGER, in PC. This<br />
lectotypification is inadmissable, since in NYLANDER'S original description (Ann. Sci. Nat.,<br />
Bot. ser. 4, 11: 236. 1859) the only locality mentioned is "in insulis Sandwich" (no collector's
274 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
name given). In his Synopsis (1860) he mentioned specimens from Java, the Philippines and<br />
Polynesia, as St. mixtum subsp. nesaeum, using the epithet in the sense of St. massartianurn,<br />
a circumscription which was followed by later authors. Nevertheless, the name nesaeum<br />
must be typified on the material listed in the original description: Sandwich Islands, = Hawaii.<br />
St. massartianum or related species do not seem to occur in the Hawaiian Islands, and we<br />
have not been able to find any material from there designated by NYLANDER as St. nesaeum<br />
either in his herbarium (H-NYL) or in PC. MAGNUSSON in MAGNUSSON and ZAHLBRUCKNER,<br />
1944, p. 47, expressed the opinion that the type material of St. nesaeum from the Hawaiian<br />
Islands must belong to St. ramulosum (Sw.) RAUSCH., but the question cannot be satisfactorily<br />
resolved unless NYLANDER'S original specimen comes to light.<br />
The two varieties lecideoides and zeorina distinguished by VAINIO are taxonomically<br />
insignificant. According to our lectotypification (p. 318) both appear to belong to Strain 11.<br />
Stereocaulon chlorocarpoides ZAHLBR. represents the condition of St. massartianum in which<br />
the apothecia are borne at the ends of apical branches, not on short lateral branchlets. Although<br />
this state was formerly considered by us to be a distinct variety (LAMB, 1965), it has<br />
since become obvious that it is a normal non-taxonomic variation. Similar states occur in<br />
the closely related species St. brassii and St. togashii. Stereocaulon stalagmitiferum DUVIGN.<br />
was separated from St. massartianum on the basis of having compound or aggregated carpogonial<br />
clavulae. This feature seems to be without taxonomic value.<br />
88. Stereocaulon montagneanum LAMB<br />
J. Jap. Bot. 40 (9): 272 (1965).<br />
Typus: Malaya, Pahang State, Cameron Highlands, altit. 1500-2500 m s. m., leg. M. TOGASHI,<br />
1962 (no. 62236) (FH, holotypus; ASAH, isotypus. Isotype material distributed in KUROK. Lich. Rarior.<br />
et Crit. Exs. no. 142).<br />
Facultative synonym (doubtful) : Stereocaulon coralligerum MEYER, Nebenstunden meiner Beschaefftigungen<br />
im Gebiete der Manzenkunde, Erster Theil: 156 (1825); see Remarks below.<br />
Exsicc.: KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1971) no. 142 (isotype material) (FH).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1965, fig. 2. - G. T. JOHNS. 1954, fig. 1, as St. nesaeum.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and stictic acid; possibly also norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Celebes), Malaya, Borneo, New Guinea, at higher elevations.<br />
Remarks: cephalodia sacculate. Closely related to St. massartianum HUE, but differing<br />
in its taller growth, conspicuously dendroid habitus, and in the reduction of the phyllocladia<br />
on the uppermost branches to short papillae. It has been given various unpublished herbarium<br />
names by several authors, the first being MONTAGNE. A doubtful published epithet<br />
which may possibly refer to this species is Stereocaulon coralligerum MEYER (1825), very<br />
incompletely described as from Chile, leg. CHAMISSO, and Brazil, leg. BEYRICH. MEYER<br />
describes the apothecia as being in swollen heads resembling the fruit bodies of Sphaerophorus,<br />
a character congruent with the present species. Furthermore, there is a specimen in UPS-TH<br />
FR, labelled by TH. FRIES "Stereocaulon coralligerum Mey. Specimen origin. Loc. nat. non<br />
indic. Ex hb. Berol. accepi. Berol. Dec. 1861. Th. Fr.", and it is a very typical fertile specimen<br />
of St. montagneanum. DUVIGNEAUD, 1942, p. 91, attributes the name St. coralligerum to<br />
various specimens seen by him from Chile under the name of St. ramulosum, but does not<br />
give a clear description of them. St. montagneanum is not known from S. America, where<br />
its occurrence is very unlikely, and it is almost certain that the specimen in UPS-TH FR mentioned<br />
above must have come from S. E. Asia. If this is so, it cannot be regarded as type<br />
material, which would have to be from either Chile or Brazil, the countries cited in the pub-
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 275<br />
lished protologue. There is a specimen of St. montagneanum in L from Java, without name<br />
of collector, stated to be from the herbaria of BUSE and SPRENGEL, named "Stereocaulon<br />
ramulosum" and "Stereocaulon coralligerum Meyer". The available evidence points to the<br />
probability of St. coralligerum MEYER having been based on an Indonesian specimen of St.<br />
montagneanum, but because the protologue cites only specimens from Chile and Brazil, the<br />
typification of the epithet in the sense of the present species is not nomenclaturally possible.<br />
89. Stereocaulon paradoxum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia (inter muscos et hepaticas crescentia) plus minusve decumbentia<br />
aut prostrata, substrato laxe vel vix affixa et partibus infimis ut videtur emorientia; longit.<br />
24 cm, crassit. 0.64.8 (-1.0) mm, teretia, subsimplicia vel parce irregulariter ramosa, varie<br />
flexuosa intricataque, pr. maj. p. bene tomentosa (tomento coacto-spongioso, pallido, ut in<br />
St. myriocarpo). Soredia desunt. Phyllocladia nurnerosa, aggregata, digitata aut cylindricocoralloidea,<br />
bene ramosa, parva exiliaque, longit. 0.5-1.5 mm, crassit. 0.10-0.25 mm, albida,<br />
pseudopodetia aequaliter vestientia et in eorum apicibus minute papillata sed mox digitatoelongantia.<br />
Cephalodia pseudopodetiis lateraliter insidentia, intus solida (protosacculata),<br />
laeviuscule subglobosa, pallide rufofuscescentia, parva (0.54.8 rnm lata), nec pedicellata nec<br />
scrobiculata, sed majora interdum fissurantia et tandem verrucoso-divisa; structura corticalis<br />
gelatinoso-pseudoparencymatica. (Apothecia et pycnidia adhuc ignota.) Atranorinum et<br />
acidum lobaricum continet (K+flavescens, PD+pallide flavescens). -Prim0 intuitu St.<br />
myriocarpum TH. FR. simulans, sed cephalodiis protosacculatis mox distinguendum.<br />
Typus: India, Uttar Pradesh, Charnoli Distr., between Waan and Bhuna, altit. 3500 m s. m., on<br />
soil over rock among mosses and foliose hepatics, leg. A. SINGH, 1967 (no. 91599) (FH, holotypus;<br />
LWG, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, and trace of an unidentified substance.<br />
Distrib.: Himalayan region. Known only from the type specimen.<br />
Remarks: This rather strange new species with protosacculate cephalodia superficially<br />
resembles St, myriocarpum TH. FR. in habitus, form of phyllocladia and tomentosity of<br />
pseudopodetia. As apothecia are not known, its placing in Subsect. Holostelidium can only<br />
be tentative. The cephalodia contain Nostocoid algae; their cortex is 20-45 p thick, pale<br />
sordid yellowish but not nubilated, of pseudoparenchymatous structure with isodiametric,<br />
thick-walled cells; lumina rounded, 34 p diam., the walls gelatinously confluent and 2-3 p<br />
thick. There is no indication of any palisadic structure.<br />
90. Stereocaulon piluliferum TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 21 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 337 (sep. 33) (1858);<br />
DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 134 (1929).<br />
Typus: Nepal, exact locality not given, leg. WALLICH (date ?) (UPS-TH FR, holotypus; c, FH-TAYL,<br />
isotypes).<br />
Fac~ltative synonyms: Stereocaulon sinense HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 251 (sep.<br />
39) (1898). - Stereocaulon piluliferum var. sinense (HUE) LAMB ex ASAH. in KIHARA, Fauna & Flora of<br />
Nepal Himalaya, 1952-53, 1: 50 (1955) (comb. inval.).<br />
Exsicc.: KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fax. I11 (1971) no. 144 (FH, LD). - Lich. EXS. Univ.<br />
Colorado Mus. Fasc. IV (1966) no. 150, as St. '>iliferumM (LD). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fax. XLI<br />
(1971) no. 1016 (FH).<br />
Icon.: TH. FR. 1858, PI. VIII, fig. 3. -HUE 1898-1901 (1899), PI. 111, fig. 4, as St. sinense.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid; in one specimen from India, Darjeeling
276 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Distr., leg. AWASTHI, 1954, no. 3119 (AWAS, FH) porphyrilic acid is also present, apparently<br />
as an accessory constituent.<br />
Distrib.: Nepal, N. India (Uttar Pradesh, N. West Bengal), Sikkim, Assam, China (Yunnan,<br />
Szechuan), possibly E. Tibet (localization uncertain); Java ? (see Remarks below). Erroneous record:<br />
Japan M SAT^, 1941, 1965; acc. to I. YOSHIMURA in litt. based on a misidentification by DODGE of St.<br />
pomiferum DUVIGN.).<br />
Remarks: cephalodia sacculate. Closely related to St. pomiferum DUVIGN., but clearly<br />
distinguished by the cephalodial structure. Usually fairly small, ca. 3 cm tall, but occasionally<br />
up to 6 cm. Hymenium up to 19q-240) p high. Spores (80-) 150-170 p long, 10-19 (-29)septate.<br />
Pycnoconidia filiform, arcuate, 8-12xca. 0.4 y. HUE, 1898-1901 (1898), p. 250<br />
(sep. 38) gives a detailed description, as St. piluliferum, of a specimen from India, Himachal<br />
Pradesh, Simla, but its identity is not certain from the data given. In M-KREMP there is a<br />
packet labelled in NYLANDER'S writing "Stereocaulon nesaeum" from Java, Pangerango, leg.<br />
KURZ, 1861 (no. 706). It consists of a mixture of St. massartianum HUE and St. piluliferum;<br />
the latter perhaps an accidental herbarium intermixture, as suggested by duplicates of the<br />
same collection seen in FH, H and MEL, which do not contain it.<br />
9 1. Stereocaulon pomifeum DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, Mem. no. 14: 1 19 (1956); LAMB, J. Jap. Bot. 43: 298 (1968); YOSHIM. Lichen Flora of Japan<br />
in Colour: 175 (1974). - Stereocaulon claviceps var. pomiferum (DUVIGN.) LAMB, Ergebn. Forsch.-<br />
Unternehmen Nepal Himalaya, 1 (4): 352 (1966).<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda-Zaire border, Ruwenzori, Mt. Stanley, altit. 4200 m s. m., leg. HAUMAN,<br />
1932 (no. 931B) (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon mamillosum DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mdm. no. 14: 111 (1956). -<br />
Stereocaulon claviceps var. yunnanense HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 251 (1898).62 -<br />
Stereocaulon macrocephalum var. yunnanense (HUE) DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 125 (1929). -<br />
Stereocaulon yunnanense (HUE) LAMB ex ASAH. in KIHARA, Fauna &Flora of Nepal Himalaya, 1952-<br />
53, 1: 50 (1955) (comb. inval.). - Stereocaulon claviceps var. tuberatum LAMB ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb.<br />
Syst. 86: 219 (1967) (nomen nudum).<br />
Exsicc. : ASAH. Lich. Japon. Exs. Fasc. VI (1959) no. 292, as St. claviceps (ups, us).<br />
Icon.: DUVIGN. 1956, figs. 32, 38, 39; figs. 1, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, as St. mamillosum. -LAMB 1968,<br />
figs. lG, 2E, F. - YOSHIM. 1974, PI. 32, fig. 322.<br />
Mat. chim. : there appear to be 2 chemical strains of this species:<br />
Strain I, with atranorin, stictic acid, usually also some norstictic acid, occasionally<br />
porphyrilic acid as accessory substance. The typical, common and widely distributed strain.<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin and porphyrilic acid. One specimen seen, from Bhutan.<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin and an unidentified pigment. One specimen seen,<br />
from Nepal.<br />
Strain 11, with atranorin and norstictic acid (no stictic acid). Seen only from the Hawaiian<br />
Islands, and perhaps to be regarded as a distinct species. Also present in Hawaii are plants<br />
with atranorin only demonstrable, apparently a deficient phase of this strain.<br />
Distrib.: central Africa (Uganda, Zaire, Rwanda-Burundi, Kenya), India (Uttar Pradesh, N.<br />
West Bengal), Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Tibet, China (Yunnan), Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Japan, Formosa<br />
and (the Strain 11) U.S.A. (Hawaii). Some other plant groups show broadly the same Asiatic-<br />
African distribution pattern: lichens mentioned by MAGNUSSON (1940), mosses by SHARP and IWATSUKI<br />
(1965), algae by MAEKAWA (1966), phanerogams by MATUDA (1953) and HEDBERG (1961).<br />
82 Lapsu "yltnnana" in ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1926-27 (1927), p. 635.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 277<br />
Remarks: cephalodia protosacculate. Till recently confused with St. claviceps TH. FR.<br />
(a sorediate species) to which it is closely related. The habitus is occasionally corymbose-<br />
dendroid in African specimens, with the cephalodia mainly basal on the pseudopodetia.<br />
The apothecial receptacles vary from smooth to strongly tesselate-tuberculate. Hymenium<br />
126200 (-270) p high. Spores (1W) 140-180 (-220) x3.54.0 (4.5) p, (16) 15-22 (-32)-<br />
septate. St. claviceps var. yunnanense HUE represents a well developed state of St. pomiferum<br />
with very verrucose-tuberculate receptacles, high hymenium (up to 270 p) and spores up to<br />
32-septate, reaching 220 p in length.<br />
Fo. mikenoense (DUVIGN.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon mikemense DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mkm. no. 14 : 126 (1 956).<br />
Typus: Africa, Zaire, Kivu, Mikeno Volcano, altit. 4250 m s. rn., leg. H. HUMBERT, 1929 (BRLU,<br />
holotypus).<br />
Icon.: DUVIGN. 1956, fig. 40, as St. mikenoense.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by the robust pseudopodetia, corymbosely branched above and<br />
densely clothed with strigose phyllocladia. Receptacle tesselate-verruculose. 4 specimens<br />
seen, from Zaire, Uganda and Rwanda-Burundi.<br />
92. Stereocaulon procerum GROENH. ex LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia caespitosa, substrato ut videtur sat arcte affixa, elongata, 7-13 cm<br />
longa, simplicia aut parce ramosa, fragilia, decorticata, superficie subtomentosa. Phyllocladia<br />
coralloideo-cylindrica aut subulata, in parte superiori pseudopodetiorum brevia simpliciaque,<br />
inferne longiora (ad 7 mm) et ramosa, superficie subtomentoso-mollescenti. Soredia<br />
nulla. Cephalodia sacculata, subglobosa, fusca, valde scrobiculata, intrinsecus laxe hyphosa,<br />
strato corticali hyalino e hyphis fistulosis, gelatinosis, paliformibus contexto. Apothecia in<br />
apicibus ramulorum lateralium sita, ca. 1 mm lata, e clavulis pyriformibus plus minusve persistentibus<br />
oriunda, mox convexa et indistincte marginata. Hypothecium leviter pigmentiferum<br />
(pallide fuscescens). Hymenium 166170 p altum, paraphysibus filiformibus tenuibusque.<br />
Sporae vermiformes, flexuosae, in asco partim spiraliter contortae, 16-19- septatae,<br />
116140 p longae et 4.04.5 p latae. Mat. chim.: atranorinum et acidum sticticum (Kf<br />
flavescens, PDf aurantiaco-rubescens). - St. massartiano HUE simile et arcte afie, sed statura<br />
proceriori, fragilitate, superficie subtomentoso-mollescenti, et phyllocladiis longioribus distinctum.<br />
Typus: Sumatra, Atjeh Gajolanden, G. Kemiri, altit. 3200-3300 m s. m., on rocks in mountainheath,<br />
leg. VAN STEENIS, 1937 (no. 10259) (L, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and stictic acid.<br />
Distrib.: Indonesia (Sumatra). Known from 2 collections made by VAN STEENIS at elevations<br />
between 3200 and 3400 m s. m.<br />
Remarks: closely related and similar to St. massartianum HUE, but distinguished by its<br />
very tall growth, obvious fragility, longer and coarser phyllocladial branchlets, and especially<br />
by the spongy, subtomentose, smoothly felted surface of pseudopodetiurn and phyllocladia,<br />
resembling in this respect the varieties exalbidum and submollescens of St. ramulosum (Sw.)<br />
RKusc~. St. massartianum sometimes has a slightly spongy or subtomentose pseudopodetial<br />
surface, but its phyllocladia are always more or less smoothly corticate. The pycnidia of<br />
St. procerum are immersed in small swellings around the base of developing apothecial hypophyses,<br />
and appear as blackish spots; conidia filiform, arcuate, 1612 x ca. 0.5 p. Dr. P.
278 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
GROENHART, who died in 1965, distinguished St. procerum as a new species and left isotype<br />
material and drawings with the present author.<br />
93. Stereocaulon togashii LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Statura et habitu omnino ut in St. massartiano HUE: pseudopodetia stipatocaespitosa<br />
aut forsan partim decumbentia, ad 6.5 cm alta, simplicia aut parum ramosa,<br />
glabra, pr. max. p. denudata, sorediis destituta, phyllocladiis divaricatis, coralloideis, ramosis,<br />
cephalodiis sacculatis, scrobiculato-corrugatis, intus laxe hyphosis, apotheciis vulgo singulatim<br />
in apicibus ramulorum lateralium prolatis, parvis, convexo-immarginatis; hypothecium<br />
incoloratum; hymenium (loo-) 130-150 p altum; sporae vermiformes, 7-12-septatae, longit.<br />
75-120 p, crassit. 3.54.5 p. Thallus atranorinum, acidum lobaricum et acidum porphyrilicum<br />
geret (phyllocladiis PD leviter flavescentibus). - Materiis chimicis necnon distributione<br />
geographica (himalayensi) a St. massartiano diversum.<br />
Typus: Sikkim, Puleg-chu, altit. 2100 m s. m., leg. M. TOGASHI, 1960 (no. 6072) (FH, holotypus;<br />
ASAH, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, porphyrilic acid.<br />
Distrib.: Himalayan region; N. India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan).<br />
Remarks: morphological and microscopic characters are in full agreement with St.<br />
massartianum HUE, but the presence of lobaric and porphyrilic acids instead of stictic acid,<br />
combined with the distinctly separated pattern of distribution, surely entitles this taxon to<br />
the rank of a separate species. Cephalodial algae Scytonema in all specimens examined;<br />
cephalodial cortex 2540 p thick, gelatinized, colorless to sordid yellowish, clear, palisadic,<br />
with vertically parallel, oblong lurnina 1.0-1.5 p wide, also intermixed a number of larger,<br />
oval to isodiametric lumina 34 p in diameter. Pycnidia forming minute, dark brown, semiglobose<br />
swellings 0.10-0.15 mrn diarn. at apices of pseudopodetia; conidia filiform, curved,<br />
9-lox ca. 0.5 LA.<br />
Subsect. B. Aciculisporae Du RIETZ ex LAMB<br />
94. Stereocaulon rarnulosum (Sw.) RAUSCH.<br />
Nomenclator Botanicus, edit. 3: 328 (1797); TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 11 (1857);<br />
Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 329 (sep. 24) (1858); NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 235<br />
(1860); TUCK. A Synopsis of the North American Lichens, Part I: 230 (1882); HUE, NOUV. Arch. MUS.<br />
Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 243 (sep. 31) (1898)s3; DODGE, AM. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 137 (1929); MAGN. in<br />
MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 44 (1944); MARTIN et CHILD, Lichens of New Zealand: 155<br />
(1972). -Lichen ramulosus Sw. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum: 147 (1788). - Stereocaulon<br />
ramulosum [f.] a. genuinum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 11 (1857).<br />
Typus: Jamaica, leg. SWARTZ (date ?) (s, holotypus; H-ACH, isotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon furcaturn FR. Systema Orbis Vegetabilis, Pars I: 285 (1825)<br />
(see Remarks below). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. furcaturn (FR.) NYL. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg,<br />
5: 96 (1857). - Stereocaulon mixtumN~~. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 11: 210 (1859). - Stereocaulon<br />
proximum NYL. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4,ll: 210 (1859). - Stereocaulon rarnulosum f. proximum<br />
(NYL.) TUCK. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, 7: 228 (1866). - Stereocaulon rarnuloslrrn var. compacturn<br />
MULL. ARC. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 4: 87 (1896). - Stereocaulon rarnulosum [f.] y. strigosum TH. FR. De<br />
Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 12 (1857). - Stereocaulon rarnulosum var. strigosum (TH. FR.) HUE,<br />
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 244 (sep. 32) (1898). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. microcar-<br />
n3 Description based on a Patagonian specimen which is probably referable to f. elegans TH. FR.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 279<br />
poides MULL. ARG. Flora, 72: 505 (1889). - Stereocaulon vimineum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor.<br />
Comment. : 13 (1857). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. vimineum (TH. FR.) NYL. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot.<br />
ser. 4, 11: 209 (1859). - Stereocaulon ramulosum f. vimineum (TH. FR.) HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist.<br />
Nat. ser. 3, 2: 245 (sep. 37) (1890). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. sublecanoreum LAMB ex VARGAS,<br />
Revista Univ. (Cuzco), 37 (94): 187 (1948) (nomen nudum).<br />
Ex~icc.~': FOLLM. Lich. Exs. Sel. Mus. Bot. Berol. Fasc. I (1968) no. 14 (FH. In DUKE it is a mixture<br />
of St. ramulosum and St. vesuvianum PERS.) - Lich. Exs. Sect. Bot. Mus. Hist.-Nut. Hungar. (1969) no.<br />
87 (LD). - Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. VII (1969) no. 249, as St. ramulosum var. nudatum<br />
(DUKE, LD). - Lichenotheca Parva, edit. Sect. Bot. Mus. Hist.-Nut. Hungar. (1969) no. 83 (LD). -<br />
LINDIG, Lich. Novo-Granatensesbb no. 2501, as St. mixtum (FH-TUCK); no. 2537, as St. proximum (FH-<br />
TUCK). - LQIKA, Lichenotheca Univ. Fasc. IV (1886) no. 153 (WELC). - MERR. Lich. EXS. Fasc. 111<br />
(1910) no. 55, as St. ramulosum f. proximum (c, DUKE, FH, LD. In us it is var. pilophoroides (TUCK.)<br />
LAMB); Fax. V (1910) no. 110. as St. mixtum (LD, us); Ser. 11, Fasc. V (1927 ?) no. 109 (co~o, us). -<br />
TILDEN, South Pacific Plants (date ?) no. 160 (co~o, us). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fax. XXII (1967)<br />
no. 544 (FH, DUKE); Fasc. XXXVII (1970) no. 910 (FH); Fasc. LIX (1977) no. 1464 (BRNU). - ZAHLBR.<br />
Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 138 (1910), as St. mixtum (FH).<br />
PAYER 1850, fig. 415. -NYL. 1860, P1. VII, fig. 10 (spores, pycnidium, conidia); fig. 28,<br />
as St. furcatum (conidia, cephalodial algae). - LINDS. 1861, figs. 27-32 (pycnidia and conidia). -<br />
BORNET 1873, PI. XI, figs. 1-3 (cephalodial structure); P1. XIII, figs. 8-9, as St. furcatum (cephalodial<br />
structure). - REINKE 1895, fig. 48, subfigs. 111, IV. - PLITT 1935, fig. 3 (field photograph). - GRASS]<br />
1950, fig. 6; P1. VIII, lower fig. - MARTIN and CHILD 1972, P1. 46. - HENSSEN and JAHNS 1974, figs.<br />
3.21b (cephalodial structure), 13.14d (fertile pseudopodetium). -LAMB 1951, figs. 1, 2a; PI. I, fig. 1,<br />
PI. 11, fig. 6; 1976, fig. 1 (cephalodium).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, perlatolic acid, often anziaic acid, occasionally possibly glomelliferic<br />
and stenosporic acids as accessory compounds, 2 unidentified substances. HUNECK and<br />
FOLLMANN (1967) reported atranorin only in a Chilean specimen; probably a deficient phase.<br />
CAMFSIE (1968) reported atranorin, anziaic acid and a hitherto unknown dimethyl ether of<br />
anziaic acid in New Zealand material. A mixture of unidentified tetrahydroxy fatty acids,<br />
in addition to atranorin and perlatolic acid, was reported in specimens from Jamaica, New<br />
Zealand, Argentina and Costa Rica by Fox and HUNECK (1970) and Fox, FOLLMANN and<br />
HUNECK (1971). DUVIGNEAUD (1942, 1956) had stated the chemical constituents of St.<br />
ramulosum and several other Stereocaulon species to be atranorin, divaricatic acid, and a<br />
chemically uncharacterized substance to which he gave the name "ramulosine" (not to be<br />
confused with the compound ramulosin produced by Pestalotia (Fungi Irnperfecti) and described<br />
by HESSELTINE, BENJAMIN, BRADLE and HENDERSHOT, 1963). The alleged presence of<br />
divaricatic acid in St. ramuIosum has not been confirmed by subsequent investigations. Dr.<br />
TH. ESSLINGER (Duke Univ.) investigated the chemical constitution of the pseudopodetia and<br />
the apothecia separately by thin-layer chromatography in material of St. ramulosum from<br />
Jamaica and New Zealand. Perlatolic acid, with traces of 2 unidentified substances, was<br />
found in both apothecia and pseudopodetia, but atranorin was present only in the latter<br />
(ESSLINGER, personal commun.). This investigation was suggested by the fact that in another<br />
64 DICKSON, Hortus Siccus Britannicus Fasc. XI (1796) no. 24, named Lichen paschalis, in BM is a<br />
mixture of St. ramulosum and an indeterminable species, probably St. alpinum LAUR. NO locality is<br />
given on the label.<br />
66 This is probably not a true exsiccat, as no fully printed labels were issued, most of the data being<br />
handwritten.<br />
The illustration of "Stereocaulon ramulosum" in YASUDA, 1925, PI. XIII, fig. 1 is of St. sorediiferum<br />
HUE.
280 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
species of this group, St. trachyphloeum LAMB, the apothecia and the pseudopodetia proved<br />
to contain different substances (see p. 304).<br />
Distrib. : very widely distributed and common in the southern hemisphere, and penetrating into the<br />
northern hemisphere in Central America and the West Indies as far north as Mexico; also in Hawaii.<br />
Southern hemisphere: Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand (including the subantarctic islands), New<br />
Hebrides (var. macrocarpum), New Caledonia (var. macrocarpum), Tahiti (var. macrocarpum), Fiji (?,<br />
somewhat doubtful), central Africa (Uganda, Zaire, Rwanda-Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania), Gough<br />
Island in the S. Atlantic, Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands, South Georgia (var. pulvinare), Bolivia,<br />
Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil. Northern hemisphere: Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico,<br />
Jamaica, Cuba (var. perpumilum), Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Curacao, Puerto Rico,<br />
Hawaiian Islands. Unverified records:" Himalayan region (CHOPRA, 1934; BISWAS, 1947); China<br />
(ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1934); Java (ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1956); Comores Islands (NYLANDER, 1860, as St. proximum);<br />
Amsterdam Island (S. Indian Ocean) (NYLANDER, 1886, as St. proximum); Tristan da Cunha<br />
(HUE, 1898-1901 ; LYNGE, 1937, as St. rnixtum); Canary Islands (KLEMENT, 1965), probably referable to<br />
St. atlanticum (LAMB) LAMB. Erroneous records: Japan (YASUDA, 1925,=St. sorediiferum HUE);<br />
Philippines (ZAHLBRUCKNER in Krypt. Exs. Vindob. no. 2067, as St. mixtum,=St. massartianum HUE);<br />
South Africa (DOIDGE, 1950, as St. proximum; apparently a misinterpretation of NYLANDER'S record<br />
from the Comores Islands mentioned above); the specimen quoted as from the Cape of Good Hope<br />
by TH. FRIES, 1858, p. 25, collected by FRASER, was almost certainly from Au~tralia~~.<br />
St. ramulosum probably represents an old Antarcto-Tertiary element, as its distribution agrees in<br />
the main with that of Astelia (Liliaceae), of which SKOTTSBERC (1960) writes: "Astelia is one of the best<br />
examples of an old Antarcto-Tertiary genus, now spread around the colder southern hemisphere, with<br />
scattered insular stations and extending north to the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific and to the Mascarene<br />
Islands in the Indian Ocean." St. salazinum (BORY) FBE, a species very closely related to St.<br />
ramulosum, does occur in the Mascarene Islands (Reunion). A similar distribution pattern is shown by<br />
the phanerogam genera Acaena, Gunnera, Nertera and Brachycoma, included by VAN STEENIS (1953) in<br />
the "General Subantarctic" floral element.<br />
Remarks: shows considerable variation in stature and habitus. Occasionally, when<br />
growing among grasses, the pseudopodetia are often more slender and tend to be emorient at<br />
the base. The hypothecium is more or less brownish and nubilated up to the base of the<br />
hymenium, without any intervening hyaline stratum as in St. implexum TH. FR. This brownish<br />
coloration usually disappears on treatment with KHO, except in W. Indian specimens and var.<br />
pilophoroides (TUCK.) LAMB, in which a certain degree of pigmentation is present and some<br />
brown color persists in the hypothecium when thus treated. Hymenium (6%) 7%80 (-1 10) p<br />
high. Spores 3-5 (-7)-septate, (28-) 3240 (-90) x3.tk3.5 (4.0) p. Pycnoconidia filiform,<br />
arcuate, 9-1 1 x ca. 0.5 p. The ontogenetic development of St. ramulosum has been described<br />
and figured by JAHNS (1970).<br />
St. ramulosum f. genuinum TH. FR. designates the typical species; Lichen ramulosus Sw.<br />
is cited as synonym, and the type of the latter is also that of the nomenclaturally superfluous<br />
forma. Var. compactum MULL. ARG. is merely a stunted and depauperate condition. Var.<br />
microcarpoides MULL. ARG. is a fortuitously microcarpic state with apothecia 1 mm or less in<br />
diameter. F. strigosum TH. FR. is a taxonomically insignificant condition of lax and elongated<br />
growth habitus. St. furcatum FR. was based on a small and delicate growth state of St.<br />
5r TUCKERMAN, 1872, 1882-88, mentions specimens said to have been collected in North America,<br />
but considers such records doubtful. RIDDLE (1910) also mentions a reputed occurrence in Oregon,<br />
but is of the opinion that a confusion of labels was involved. We have never seen St. ramulosum from<br />
the continental United States, although the related St. rnicrocarpum MULL. ARC. occurs there.<br />
The closely related species St. meyeri B. STEIN does however occur in South Africa.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 28 1<br />
ramulosum; it was confused with St. virgatum ACH. by TH FRIES (1857), this error being pointed<br />
out by M~~LLER ARG. (1887). St. vimineum TH. FR. is a state of St. ramulosum with markedly<br />
harmonic basal phyllocladial branchlets, a not uncommon condition in this species.<br />
NYLANDER (1860 and elsewhere) segregated several species from St. ramulosum mainly<br />
or entirely on the basis of different Cyanophyceous algae in the cephalodia. He did not<br />
recognize them as such, but commented on their resemblance to blue-green algal genera,<br />
using e.g. the term "sirosiphoid" for Stigonema filaments. He considered St. ramulosum (s.<br />
str.) to be characterized by Nostoc-like "granula gonimia" in the cephalodia, which was an<br />
incorrect assumption if reference is made to the actual type specimen, which has Scytonema.<br />
NYLANDER'S segregates, which all belong to St. ramulosum, were St. mixtum NYL. (Scytonema<br />
in cephalodia), St. proximum NYL. ('Lsir~~iphoid'', i.e. Stigonema in cephalodia) and St.<br />
ramulosum subsp. macrocarpoides NYL. (like var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB., but with "sirosiphoid<br />
gonimia", i.e. Stigonema in cephalodia instead of Nostocoid). FORSELL (1883) however<br />
showed that in St. ramulosum different genera of Cyanophyceae may occur on the same<br />
individual and even in the same cephalodium, and the distinction of different species on this<br />
basis has been accordingly denied by HELLBOM (1896) and DEGELIUS (1941). Nevertheless, it<br />
has been observed that the typical species usually has Stigonema or Scytonema in the cephalodia<br />
(rarely Nostocoid algae) whereas the f. elegans has most frequently Nostocoid algae (LAMB,<br />
1951, p. 542-543).<br />
Fo. elegans TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment. : 11 (1857);n0 Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor. : 328 (sep. 24) (1858);<br />
HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 244 (sep. 32) (1898).80<br />
Typus: several collections cited from Campbell Island, Magellan Straits, Chile (Valdivia), Cape<br />
of Good Hope and Australia, no holotype designated. DODGE (1929, p. 137) lectotypified it on a specimen<br />
from Magellan Straits, leg. N. J. ANDERSON (date ?) (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon proximum f. traversii HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser.<br />
3, 10: 245 (sep. 33) (1898).<br />
Exsicc. : ARN. Lich. Exs. (Lich. Jurae) no. 1209 (date ?), as St. proximum (FH). - FOLLM. Lich.<br />
Exs. Sel. Mus. Hist. Nat. Casselensi Fasc. VII (1975) no. 136 (FH, KASSEL).<br />
Icon. : HOOK. F. 184547, PI. LXXX, fig. 1, as St. ramulosum.<br />
Remarks: a luxuriant form of the cooler southern hemisphere, reaching a height of 12<br />
(-18) cm and with elegantly branched phyllocladia. Common in southern Argentina and<br />
Chile, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and the subantarctic islands. Sometimes apparently<br />
transitional to the var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB. Cephalodia usually with Nostocoid algae,<br />
rarely Stigonema or Scytonema.<br />
Fo. nudatum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon proximum var. nudatum MULL. ARG. Flora, 69: 252 (1886); DODGE,<br />
Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 136 (1929). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. nudatum (MULL. ARG.) MULL.<br />
ARG. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 199 (1896); LAMB ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 247 (1967).<br />
Typus: Australia; 2 collections cited, one without exact locality ("Australia Felice"). DODGE<br />
(1929) selected as lectotype the specimen from Brogers Creek, leg. BAUERLEN, 1884 (no. 10) (G-MULL,<br />
lectotypus).<br />
There as St. ramulosum ,5'. elegans; referred to as a forma in the accompanying text.<br />
Bo AS St. ramulosum var. elegans, not an intentional new combination. This taxon is accorded<br />
varietal rank also by several other authors, under the impression that TH. FRIES described it as such.
282 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Remarks: characterized by the strongly denuded and ecorticate, ligneous pseudopodetia<br />
with smooth, almost polished surface. Appears to be transitional to the var. rnacrocarpum<br />
(RICH.) BAB. and the f. elegans TH. FR. Seen from Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and<br />
Chile.<br />
Fo. subcompressum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn. : Ramuli phyllocladoidei leviter complanati, flabelliformiter divisi, latere inferiori<br />
pallidiores. Ceterum ut in typo.<br />
Typus: Tasmania, Mt. Wellington, on rocks, leg. R. A. BASTOW (date ?) (LD, holotypus; FH,<br />
isotypus).<br />
Remarks: phyllocladia slightly flattened, flabellately branched in one plane and with<br />
paler undersides. Otherwise as in the typical species. Rather uncommon; seen from Australia,<br />
Tasmania, subantarctic islands of New Zealand, and Chile (incl. Juan Fernandez).<br />
Some of the references in the literature to St. ramulosum var. compressum BAB., such as HUE<br />
(1898-1901) and LINDAU (1912), perhaps refer to this form of St. ramulosum and not to the<br />
true "var. compressum" BAB. (=St. fronduliferum LAMB).<br />
Fo. tomentosulum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetiis tomentosulis (tomento tenuissimo, adpresso) dignoscitur; habitu<br />
interdum macrocarpoideo (phyllocladiis pseudopodetiorum fertilium superne rarescentibus<br />
vel fere nullis).<br />
Typus: Colombia, Dept. Santander, W. slope of PBramo Rico, altit. 3600 m s. m., on soil, leg. E. P.<br />
KILLIP and A. C. SMITH, 1927 (no. 17733) (s, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia more or less continuously clothed with a very thin, adpressedfelted<br />
tomentum. Stature and habitus either as in the typical species or more resembling<br />
that of var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB. with upper parts of fertile pseudopodetia more or less<br />
destitute of phyllocladia. Rather common in Colombia and Peru; also seen from Ecuador,<br />
Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, West Indies (Dominican Republic) and New Zealand.<br />
Var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB.<br />
ex HOOK. F. Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years<br />
1839-1843. . .Part 11. Flora Novae-Zelandiae. Part ii. Flowerless Plants: 294 (1855); NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 236 (1860). - Stereocaulon macrocarpum RICH. Voyage de<br />
Dkouvertes de l'Astrolabe, execut6. . . pendant les annks 18261829 sous le cornmandement de M.<br />
Dumont d'u~ille, Botanique, I : 34 (1832); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 139 (l$29)61. - Stereocaulon<br />
ramulosum [subsp.]** macrocarpum (RICH.) HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 2: 245<br />
(sep. 37) (1890). - Stereocaulon macrocarpum [f.] a. genuinum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.<br />
: 22 (1857).<br />
Typus: New Zealand, "loco dicto havre de l'Astrolabe", leg. A. RICHARD (date ?) (PC-HUE, holotypus).<br />
This is the specimen cited as type by DODGE, 1929, p. 139, and is labelled: "Echantillon figur6.<br />
Nouvelle Zelande. Stereocaulon macrocarpum No. 4. Herbarium Richard"; in red ink has been added,<br />
in HUE'S handwriting, the number 234.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon proximum [subsp.]** macrocarpoides NYL. Synopsis Methodica<br />
Lichenum, 1 (2): 238 (1860). - Stereocaulon proximum var. macrocarpoides (NYL.) NYL Ann. Sci. Nat.,<br />
Bot. ser. 4, 15: 371 (1861). - Stereocaulon macrocarpoides (NYL.) KREMP. Lichenes, in Reise S. M.<br />
The description given by DODGE<br />
appears to be a composite one, referring partly to St. implexum<br />
TH. FR.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 283<br />
Fregatte Novara, Bot. Theil, 1 (2): 124 (1870). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. macrocarpoides (NYL.)<br />
MULL. ARG. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2, Append. I: 22 (1894).<br />
Exsicc.: FOLLM. Lich. Exs. Sel. Mus. Hist. Nut. Casselensi Fasc. VII (1975) no. 137 (FH, KASSEL).<br />
-Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. XLIV (1963) no. 4339 (FH, LD, s). - V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XLVIII<br />
(1973) no. 1191 (FH).<br />
Icon.: RICH. 1832-33, P1. IX, fig. 4, as St. macrocarpum. - DUVIGN. 1956, fig. 10 A, as St. macrocarpum<br />
(apothecial structure, asci, spores).<br />
Remarks: phyllocladia absent or almost so in upper parts of pseudopodetia, there replaced<br />
by a wrinkled and interrupted cortical layer. This character is however somewhat<br />
inconstant, and some specimens seem to afford transitions to f. elegans and var. pulvinare.<br />
The apothecia are often quite large, up to 4 or 5 mm dim., but sometimes reach this size also<br />
in the two other taxa mentioned. Most typically developed in New Zealand and the subantarctic<br />
islands, Tierra del Fuego and southern Chile, but material apparently referable<br />
here has also been seen from New Caledonia. the New Hebrides, Tahiti, Bolivia, Venezuela<br />
and Mexico.<br />
Var. pulvinare (DODGE) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
ex D. C. LINDS. Brit. Antarct. Survey Sci. Repts. no. 89: 51 (1974) (comb. inval.).<br />
Basionym: Sfereocaulon pulvinare DODGE, Repts. B. A. N. Z. Antarct. Research Exped. 1929-<br />
1931, ser. B, 7: 139 (1948).<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, Dunedin, Mac's Valley, on rock, leg. J. S. THOMSON (date?)<br />
(no. 9) (DODGE, holotypus).<br />
Faculfative synonym (doubtful): Sfereocaulon macquariense DODGE, Nova Hedwigia, 15: 289<br />
(1968) (see Append. 2, p. 323).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia densely caespitose, crowded and intricated, forming hard and<br />
rigid clumps very firmly rooted onto stones or gravelly soil. Perhaps a modification induced<br />
by harsh environmental conditions, and possibly not taxonomically distinct from var. macrocarpum.<br />
Seen from New Zealand and the subantarctic islands, Australia, Tasmania, southern<br />
Chile, Tierra del Fuego, and South Georgia.<br />
Fo. crebratum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Diagn.: Habitu maxime compcto et pulvinato, phyllocladiis coralloideis apicalibus<br />
congestisque, superficiem crustesam efficientibus.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, Port Chalmers near Dunedin, on rock, leg. J. S. THOMSON<br />
(date ?) (no. D. 15, T. 696) (DSIR, holotypus; CAN, MO, isotypes).<br />
Remarks: forming pulvinate tufts of extremely compact habitus, with the coralloid<br />
phyllocladia apical and very crowded, forming a more or less crustose surface. Usually<br />
sterile. Not uncommon in New Zealand and the subantarctic islands; also seen from Tasmania<br />
and Juan Fernandez.<br />
Var. pilophoroides (TUCK.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulonpilophoroides TUCK. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, 6: 265 (1864); DODGE, Ann.<br />
Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 134 (1929); MAGN. in MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 47 (1944); LAMB ex<br />
FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 245 (1967).<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii, without exact locality, leg. W. HILLEBRAND, 1864 (FH-TUCK, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon denudatum PERS. ex GAUDICHAUD in DE FREYCINET, Voyage<br />
autour du Monde . . . executk sur les Corvettes de S. M. 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les annks<br />
1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820, Botanique: 21 1 (1826) (non St. denudatum FLORKE ex anno 1819). - Stereo-
284 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
caulon mixtum var. denudatum (PERs.) MULL. ARG. Flora, 72: 60 (1889).<br />
Exsicc. : ZAHLBR. Lich. Rarior. Exs. no. 137 (1910), as St. proximum (FH).<br />
Icon.: MAGN. in MAGN. et ZAHLBR. 1945, PI. I, fig. 1, as St. pilophoroides.<br />
Remarks: endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Habitually resembles the S.E. Asiatic<br />
species St. staufleri LAMB. When typically developed, easily recognizable by the taller stature<br />
(10-12 cm, or even up to 20 cm acc. to MAGNUSSON), more or less brown-pigmented hypothecium<br />
and more numerous septa (up to 8) in the spores, which may be up to 90 p long.<br />
However, these distinctive characters are not always associated, and sometimes only one or<br />
two are present, making distinction from the typical species and the var. macrocarpum difficult.<br />
Which of the three distinctive characters should be regarded as most important<br />
(chief-differential) is undecided; see BLANKINSHIP (1898) for a discussion of this problem as<br />
met with in higher plant groups.<br />
Var. simplicius LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia simplicia vel subsimplicia, cornuto-attenuata. Habitu ut in<br />
St. meyeri var. acuminatum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB, sed esorediaturn.<br />
Typus: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Organ Mts., Pedra do Sino above Teresopolis, altit. 2000 m s.<br />
m., on exposed gneissic rock, leg. S. F. MARKGRAF, 1952 (M, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia erect, stipate-caespitose, several springing from a common<br />
holdfast, simple or very sparingly branched, cornute-acuminate, 5-8 cm long, 1-2 rnrn thick,<br />
terete, clothed throughout entire length with cylindric-coralloid phyllocladia. Apices esorediate.<br />
Pseudopodetial surface ecorticate, glabrous. Cephalodia typical of the species, containing<br />
Stigonema or Scytonema. Apothecia rare, terminal, 0.61.5 mm diam., conveximmarginate.<br />
Rare; the only other specimen seen was from Ecuador, altit. 2200 m s.m.,<br />
leg. G. HARLING, 1947 (no. 2040, in CAN, LIL, s).<br />
Var. gracilius (MULL. ARG.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon proximum [var.] ,i3. gracilius MULL. ARG. Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse), 1 : 164<br />
(1 879) ; DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2) : 136 (1 929). - Stereocaulon gracilius (MULL. ARG.) DUVIGN.<br />
Biol. Jaarb. "Dodonaea", 9: 92 (1942)82.<br />
Typus: Colombia, Cauca Valley, La Horqueta, near Dolores, leg. ANDRB, 1876 (no. 2813 pr. p.)<br />
(G-MULL, holotypus; K, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia of small and delicate stature, not exceeding 4 cm in length,<br />
usually less, but otherwise well developed and often fertile. Apothecia not over 1 mm diam.<br />
Does not appear to be a stunted or depauperate ecotype. Pseudopodetia often strongly corticate.<br />
Some specimens show whitish, mealy, pseudosorediate efflorescences at the apices of<br />
the pseudopodetia, such as are often present also in St. rnicrocarpum MULL. ARG. This, as<br />
well as the resemblance in habitus, has led some authors to misidentify St. rnicrocarpum as<br />
the present taxon (ZAHLBRUCKNER in Krypt. Exs. Vindob. no. 667, as St. proximum var.<br />
gracilius; DUVIGN. 1942, as St. gracilius). Spores (3-) 45 (-6)-septate, 35-60 x3.54.0 p.<br />
Var. gracilius has been seen by us from Colombia, Costa Rica and Mexico.<br />
Var. perpumilum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: Nanum, statura etiam humiliori quam in praecedente (var. gracilius), pseudo-<br />
OZ The material studied by DUV~GNEAUD<br />
(Krypt. Exs. Vindob. no. 667), and to which he applied this<br />
name, is a different species, St. microcarpum MULL. ARG.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 285<br />
podetiis 4-14 mm longis, apotheciis minoribus (0.6-0.8 mm), sporis brevioribus, 33-43 p<br />
longis, 3-septatis.<br />
Typus: Cuba, Oriente, Sierra Maestra, along ridge E. of Gran Piedra, altit. ca. 1250 rn s. m., on<br />
rock, leg. H. A. IMSHAUG, 1959 (no. 25055) (FH, holotypus; MSC, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: similar to the var. gracilius, but much dwarfer, with pseudopodetia only 4-<br />
14 mm long, smaller apothecia and shorter, less septate spores. Richly branched, mostly<br />
smoothly corticate, with cylindric-coralloid phyllocladia both on the main and upper branches.<br />
As often in var. gracilius, some of the pseudopodetial apices show small whitish mealy pseudosorediate<br />
efflorescences. Cephalodia normal for the species, with Scytonema in the specimens<br />
examined. Apothecial structure typical, with hymenium ca. 75 p high. Similar in appearance<br />
to dwarf states of St. microcarpum M~~LL. ARG., but chemically different (atranorin and perlatolic<br />
acid, PD +faint yellow). 3 different collections seen, all from Sierra Maestra in Cuba,<br />
leg. IMSHAUG, 1959.<br />
Var. exalbidum (NYL.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon exalbidum NYL. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 11: 210 (1859); DODGE, Ann.<br />
Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 120 (1929). - Stereocaulon proximum [subsp.]* exalbidum (NYL.) NYL. Synopsis<br />
Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 237 (1860).<br />
Typus: Peru, Prov. Carabaya, San Juan del Oro, leg. WEDDELL (date ?) (H-NYL, no. 39773, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia and larger phyllocladia ecorticate, spongy-tomentose, white or<br />
chalky-whitish, sometimes with a slight roseate tinge, in the fresh condition, but becoming<br />
pallid brownish or cream-colored in old herbarium specimens. Apothecial structure, spores<br />
etc. typical for St. ramulosum. Similar in color and tomentosity to the following variety<br />
(var. submollescens). Common in Peru and Bolivia; also seen from Ecuador.<br />
Var. submollescens (NYL.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon ramulosum [subsp.]** submollescens NYL. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances<br />
Acad. Sci., Paris, 83: 87 (1876); Lichenes Novae Zelandiae: 16 (1888); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot.<br />
2 (2): 146 (1929).R3<br />
Typus: Campbell Island (subantarctic island of New Zealand), growing among mosses and hepatics,<br />
leg. FILHOL, 1874 (H-NYL, no. 40089, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: chalky-whitish, often with a faint roseate tinge, in fresh material; fragile;<br />
younger parts of pseudopodetia and phyllocladia matt, with soft, spongy or tomentose surface.<br />
Pseudopodetia 7-1 1 cm long, loosely entangled, subsimple to moderately branched. Mature<br />
apothecia rare, but immature initials commonly present. The coralloid phyllocladia are of<br />
very small size relative to the pseudopodetia, less than 1 mm long, and this seems to be the<br />
principal distinguishing character from var. exalbidum. Usually growing in moss tufts or in<br />
carpets of Coprosma pumila, in which the lower parts are concealed. Common in the subantarctic<br />
islands (Campbell, Antipodes, Macquarie) and one quite typical specimen has been<br />
seen from New Zealand (South Island, Arthur's Pass, leg. H. A. IMSHAUG, 1971, in MSC).~~<br />
- . - - - -- -- - - - -- -- - -<br />
63 AS Stereocaulon submollescens; a lapsus rather than an intentional new combination. ZAHLBRU-<br />
CKNER, 1926-27 (1927), p. 668, also lists it as St. submollescens.<br />
O4 The description by DODGE (1948, p. 139) of "Stereocaulon submollescens" from New Zealand<br />
refers to the typical St. ramulosum.
28 6 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
95. Stereocaulon argus HOOK. F. et TAYL.<br />
London J. Bot. 3: 653 (1844); in HOOK. F. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery<br />
Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 . . . Part I. Flora Antarctica. Part i: 196 (1845).<br />
Emend. TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 22 (1857)s6; Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 333<br />
(sep. 29) (1858); MULL. ARG. Flora, 71: 19 (1888). - Stereocaulon macrocarpum [var.] B. argus (HOOK.<br />
F. et TAYL.) TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 22 (1857).<br />
Typus: Campbell Island (subantarctic island of New Zealand), leg. J. D. HOOKER, 1840, pr. p.<br />
(FH-TAYL, lectotypusBB; UPS-TH FR, isolectotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon argodes NYL. Compt. Rend. Hebd. S6ances Acad. Sci., Paris,<br />
83: 87 (1876); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 108 (1929).<br />
Icon.: HOOK. F. 184547, PI. LXXIX, fig. 11, 1-9.07 - TH. FRIES 1858, PI. VII, fig. 4 (hymenium,<br />
ascus, spores). - DUYIGN. 1956, fig. 9,2, as St. argodes.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, perlatolic acid, probably stenosporic acid, and traces of unidentified<br />
substances. HUNECK (1974) reported atranorin and norstictic acid, but subsequently (in litt.)<br />
informed us that the specimen investigated contained perlatolic acid, not norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : subantarctic islands of New Zealand (Campbell and Macquarie Islands); also Stewart<br />
Island, just S. of New Zealand. Unverified record: Chile (NYLANDER, 1855), probably referring to St.<br />
dusenii LAMB.<br />
Remarks: apothecia large, 3-6 mm diam., pseudolecanorine with wrinkled paler margin,B8<br />
later tending to become convex-irnmarginate. Hypothecium brownish-nubilated and opaque<br />
right up to the base of the hymenium. Hymenium 80-100 (-135) p high. Spores fusiforrn,<br />
stout, (3-) 5-7 (-9)-septate, 35-60 (-75)x(4-) 5-7 p. Pycnoconidia filiform, slightly to<br />
moderately curved, 12-15 x ca. 0.4 p. Cephalodia pale, resembling those of St. ramulosum<br />
(Sw.) RAUSCH., but smoother and more globose, less deeply scrobiculate-indented, containing<br />
Nostocoid algae.<br />
Two specimens collected on Campbell Island by H. A. IMSHAUG in 1969 (nos. 46382,<br />
46405, in MSC) resemble St. argus, but are smaller, contain atranorin and fumarprotocetraric<br />
acid (PDSorange-red) and have large, smoothly subglobose cephalodia. They differ from<br />
St. dusenii LAMB, which has similar chemical constitution, in the form of the cephalodia.<br />
Probably an undescribed species, but requires further investigation.<br />
96. Stereocaulon atlanticum (LAMB) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon meyeri subsp. atlanticum LAMB ex POELT, BestimmungsschliisseI Europaischer<br />
Flechten: 635 (1969).<br />
Typus: Azores, S. Jorge, on rock, leg. SPINOLA (date ?) (no. 109) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus; FH, isoty-<br />
PUS).<br />
Mat. chim. : the full chemical spectrum consists of atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid,<br />
norstictic acid, possibly connorstictic and consalazinic acids, perlatolic acid, possibly anziaic<br />
acid, ursolic acid, and 5 unidentified substances. There are several deficient phases, the<br />
commonest with atranorin, stictic acid and norstictic acid (the type specimen belongs here).<br />
Distrib. : Azores, central Africa (Kenya, Rwanda-Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire), South Africa<br />
Bs AS St. macrocarpum [var.] B. argus.<br />
Consists partly of Argopsis megalospora TH. FR.; considered lectotypified on the Stereocaulon<br />
component by TH. FRIES'S emendation, 1857. See LAMB, 1974, p. 450452.<br />
B7 Illustration based partly on St. argus and partly on Argopsis megalospora TH. FR. 1 and 2, showing<br />
the habitus, seem to refer to St. argus, but 8 and 9, "asci", obviously represent spores of the Argopsis.<br />
ZAHLBRUCKNER,<br />
1926-27 (1927), p. 673, placed the species in subgen. Lecanocaulon.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 287<br />
Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.<br />
Remarks: resembling St. meyeri B. STEIN, but of smaller stature, with corticated pseudopodetia<br />
of "macrocarpoid" habitus and mostly harmonic phyllocladial branchlets, and<br />
distinct in chemical constitution. Closely related to St. microcarpum MULL. ARG., from which<br />
it differs in the possession of well developed true soredia and in its simpler chemical spectrum.<br />
Morphologically it appears to be indistinguishable from St. rugulosum LAMB, which is chemically<br />
different (furnarprotocetraric acid) and has a less extensive, although partly overlapping<br />
geographical distribution. St. atlanticum is rarely fertile. The record of "Stereocaulon<br />
ramulosum var. farinosum" from the Azores by DEGELIUS (1941) refers to this species.<br />
97. Stereocaulon colensoi BAB.<br />
ex HOOK. F. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the<br />
Years 1839-1843 . . . Part 11. Flora Novae-Zelandiae. Part ii. Flowerless Plants: 295 (1855);<br />
NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 232 (1860); HOOK. F. Handbook of the New Zealand Flora,<br />
Part 11: 562 (1867); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 110 (1929); MARTIN et CHILD, Lichens of New<br />
Zealand: 155 (1972). - Pilophoron colensoi (BAB.) KNIGHT, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 16: 400<br />
(1 883) ; ZAHLBR. Catalogus Lichenum Universalis, 4 : 433 (1 926). - Corynophoron colensoi (BAB).<br />
NYL. Lichenes Novae Zelandiae: 15 (1888).80<br />
Typus: New Zealand, North Island, leg. COLENSO (date ?) (no. 2746) (K, holotypus; H-NYL, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : HOOK. F. 1855, PI. CXXX A. - NYL. 1860, PI. VII, fig. 8 (ceph. algae). - DUVIGN. 1956,<br />
figs. 4 (3, 6. - MARTIN and CHILD 1972, PI. 47, lower fig.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, colensoinic acid, D-mannitol, D-arabitol, unidentified tetrahydroxy<br />
fatty acids, and traces of 5 further unidentified substances. Colensoinic acid, described from<br />
St. colensoi by Fox, KLEIN and HUNECK, 1970, is the depsidone analogue of the depside<br />
perlatolic acid, and has since been found also in some other Stereocaulon species.<br />
Distrib. : New Zealand and Campbell Island. Erroneous record: Fuegia (RASANEN, 1932, =St.<br />
glabrum (MOLL. ARG.) VAIN.).<br />
Remarks: a notable feature of typical St. colensoi are the peculiar cephalodia, which<br />
DUVIGNEAUD (1956) terms "ficoid". They are pyriform-clavate, shortly stalked, usually<br />
with a subaeruginose tinge, with finely granulate to cerebriform-wrinkled surface, solid internally,<br />
containing Stigonema or Scytonema. Their cortex is 15-50 p thick, isabelline-nubilated<br />
and semi-opaque in section, of indistinctly pseudoparenchymatous (not palisadic) structure<br />
with more or less isodiametric, thin-walled cells 3-5 p diam. The structure of the cephalodial<br />
cortex in St. colensoi is unique in being persistently of the primary type, not proceeding to the<br />
development of gelatinized-palisadic tissue as in St. implexum TH. FR. (see LAMB, 1976, p. 358).<br />
Young immature cephalodia may be subglobose with almost smooth surface. In var. caliginosum<br />
the cephalodia are of somewhat different appearance (see below). Pseudopodetia<br />
corticated with verrucose-wrinkled thallus-mantle, and often "macrocarpoid" in habitus.<br />
Apothecia terminal, commonly several clustered, 1.5-3.0mm diam., at first with prominent<br />
paler receptacle (pseudothalline margin) which later becomes more or less reflexed and excluded.<br />
Central cone densely isabelline-nubilated, opaque and compact. Hypothecium<br />
nubilated below, more or less hyaline in upper subhymenial part. Hymenium 9LL120 (-135) p<br />
high. Spores (4) 8-12-septate, finally somewhat constricted at the septa, (35-) 65-90 x 4-6 p.<br />
@@ The epithet Corynophoron was first published by NYLANDER, 1860, as "fere genus proprium",<br />
and 1888 (loc. cit.) as a proper genus, comprising St. colensoi only, mainly on the basis of the peculiar<br />
cephalodia.
288 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Conidia arcuate, 9-12 ~0.5-0.7 p. KNIGHT (1883, P1. XXXIX, fig. 1) illustrated an "ascus"<br />
of "Pilophoron colensoi" supposedly containing 8 uniseriate simple ellipsoid spores. He<br />
probably mistook a single spore, constricted at the septa, for an ascus.<br />
Var. caliginosum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn. : Distinguitur cephalodiis subglobosis, simplicibus vel vulgo tuberculato-conglomeratis,<br />
mox obsolete verruculosis aut minute areolato-verruculosis (haud cerebriformicorrugatis),<br />
breviter pedicellatis aut sessilibus, intrinsecus solidis et dense griseo- vel nigricantinubilatis<br />
opacisque.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, North Island, Kaimanawa Range, Thunderbolt Peak, altit. 1500 m s. m.,<br />
On rock, leg. D. J. GALLOWAY, 1972 (FH, holotyp~s; GALWWAY, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
Remarks: cephalodia both basal and lateral on pseudopodetia, concolorous with the<br />
phyllocladia or somewhat darker (grayish or brownish-gray), irregularly subglobose, 0.7-<br />
2.0 rnrn diam., sessile or shortly stalked, single or usually agglomerated into compound masses<br />
3-5 (-8) rnrn diarn., at first more or less smoothly corticate, soon becoming obsoletely verruculose<br />
to minutely areolate-verruculose, not cerebriform-wrinkled. Their cortical structure<br />
as in the typical species, but their internal tissue densely dark gray or blackish and opaque in<br />
section (not relieved by KHO). Chemistry, apothecial structure and spores as in var. colensoi.<br />
Known from 2 different localities in the Kaimanawa Range of North Island, New Zealand.<br />
98. Stereocaulon corticatulum NYL.<br />
Flora, 41: 117, footnote (1858); Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 240 (1860); Lichenes Novae<br />
Zelandiae: 15 (1888); LINDS. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 25: 529 (1866); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot.<br />
2 (2) : 1 14 (1929) ; MART^ et CHILD, Lichens of New Zealand : 155 (1972), pr. p.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, exact locality not stated, "supra saxa calcarea", leg. COLENSO (date ?) (no.<br />
5144) (H-NYL, no. 40026, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon Ieptaleum NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 251<br />
(1860). - Stereocaulon corticatulum [subsp.]* detergens NYL. Lichenes Novae Zelandiae: 16 (1888).<br />
- Stereocaulon corticatulum var. detergens (NYL.) MULL. ARG. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2, Append. I:<br />
22 (1894).70<br />
Icon. : MARTIN and CHILD 1972, PI. 32, upper right hand figure (field photograph in color).71 -<br />
LAMB 1976, fig. 3 (cephalodia).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, rangiformic acid, norrangiformic acid, an unidentified fatty acid<br />
and an unidentified pigment; the chemical constitution is the same as that of St. delisei BORY.<br />
Distrib.: New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, Australia, Tasmania, Argentina (NeuquBn,<br />
Rio Negro, Chubut, Tierra del Fuego), Chile (Magallanes, Aysen, Ruble, Juan Fernandez), South<br />
Africa (var. capense), Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island. Erroneous record: Lapland and North<br />
America (OZENDA and CLAUZADE, 1970; based on a confusion with St. capitellatum MAGN. and other<br />
species).<br />
Remarks: NYLANDER correctly compared St. corticatulum with St. delisei BORY; the two<br />
species are in fact very closely related. Other closely related species are St. wadei LAMB and<br />
St. melanopotamicum LAMB. St. corticatulum is a small species, often not over 1 cm high,<br />
ZAHLBRUCKNER, 1926-27 (1927), p. 646, lists it as "Stereocaulon detergens NYL.", a lapsus, not<br />
an intentional new combination.<br />
Another photograph, PI. 46, lower figure, said to be of St. corticatulum, obviously represents a<br />
different species, possibly St. ramulosum var. submollescens (NYL.) LAMB. The description of St.<br />
corticatulum given by MARTIN and CHILD is a composite one.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 289<br />
but may reach 3 cm or slightly over. Pseudopodetia partly or largely corticate, glabrous,<br />
rarely becoming more or less ligneous. Phyllocladia often very indistinctly developed; most<br />
of the assimilation seems to be carried on by the corticate thallus-mantle. Apical soredia<br />
often present but not constant. Cephalodia very variable in appearance, often not outwardly<br />
recognizable as of the sacculate type; pale (concolorous with the thallus-mantle) to brownish,<br />
subglobose and divided into botryose verruculae, indented-corrugated, or more rarely distinctly<br />
scrobiculate-foveolate. The depressions on their surface are often darker (aeruginoseglaucescent).<br />
They are of loose-cored sacculate structure, and their cortical layer is dimorphic,<br />
showing alternation of two different types of tissue (LAMB, 1976). Apothecia up to ca. 1 mrn<br />
in diameter, becoming convex. Hymenium 60-80 p high. Spores 8, straight, acicularfusiform,<br />
3(-5)-septate, (28-) 35-50 (-65) x 34 (4.5) p. Pycnoconidia filiform, curved to<br />
almost straight, 8-13 x ca. 0.5 p.<br />
Var. humile (MULL. ARG.) LAMB<br />
ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 244 (1967). - Stereocaulon humile MULL. ARC. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 4:<br />
88 (1896); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 123 (1929).<br />
Typus: Australia, Victoria, "verisimiliter in cacuminibus montium", leg. KNIGHT, 1887 (no. 60)<br />
(G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia dwarf, 4-12 (-15) mm long, upright or subdecumbent, forming<br />
a crust, more or less sorediate at their apices; phyllocladia indistinct. Seen from Australia,<br />
Tasmania, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, and Chile (Magallanes).<br />
Var. complanatum LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn. : Habitu applanato, dorsiventrali, apicibus pseudopodetiorum expansis, spathulatis,<br />
in latere ventrali sorediosis; soredia vulgo ramulis perminutis, congestis, leprosis suffulta (ut<br />
in St. delisei BORY).<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Taieri Mouth, on coastal rock face, leg. J. MURRAY,<br />
1958 (no. 1421) (FH, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: characterized by the flattened, dorsiventral, spathulate habitus, with soredia<br />
on the ventral side of the expanded apical portions, the general habitus resembling that of a<br />
very short St. spathuliferum VAIN. or a coarse St. nanodes TUCK.; the soredia commonly borne<br />
on minute, crowded, leprose branchlets, as in St.delisei BORY. The nature of the soredia in<br />
this variety affords an additional indication of the close affinity, already shown by the identical<br />
chemistry, between St. corticatulum and St. delisei. 2 specimens seen, from New Zealand and<br />
Australia. LAUDER LINDSAY (1866, p. 529) mentions a condition of St. corticatulum from<br />
New Zealand which must refer to this variety: "a condition of minute branching and subfarinosity<br />
of the terminal divisions of the podetia."<br />
Var. capense (LAMB) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon capense LAMB, Lilloa, 26: 416 (1953).<br />
Typus: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Tulbagh Division, Great Winterhoek, altit. 1500 m<br />
s. m., on rock face above a stream in steep gully, leg. E. ESTERHUYSEN, 1951 (no. 19862 pr. p.) (CAN,<br />
holotypus; BOL, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1953, PI. 11, fig. 5.<br />
Remarks: distinguished by its more dorsiventral habitus with the terminal branches<br />
tending to be more or less strongly flattened and flabellate-squamulose, somewhat resembling
290 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
the phyllocladia of St. evolutum GRAEWE or certain states of St. sterile (SAV.) LAMB. Soredia<br />
present or absent. Several collections seen from South Africa (Table Mountain, Western<br />
Cape Province, Natal).<br />
Var. subcorticatum (RAs.) LAMB<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 581 (1951). - Stereocaulon subcorticatum RAS. Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn.<br />
Vanamo, 2 (1) : 24 (1932).<br />
Typus: Chile, Magallanes, Fjordo de Agostini, on rocks at seashore, leg. H. ROIVAINEN, 1929<br />
(H-R~S, holotypus; S, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia almost entirely clothed with corticate thallus-mantle. Often<br />
fertile, but seldom sorediate. Grows preferentially in more shaded locations. Rather<br />
common; seen from Chile (Magallanes, Aysen, Juan Fernandez), Argentina (Tierra del<br />
Fuego, Rio Negro), Australia, Tasmania, and Gough Island in the south Atlantic.<br />
99. Stereocaulon crambidiocephalum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
ex VARGAS, Revista Univ. (Cuzco), no. 94: 3 (1948) (nomen nudum).<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetia erecta, substrato arcte affixa, 4.5-8.0 cm alta, robusta, ramis<br />
majoribus crassit. 2.Ck3.5 mm, apicalibus 0.8-1.2 mm; parce subdichotomice ramosa, albida,<br />
fere in toto decorticata et subfarinosa; apicibus dense corymbiformiter sorediosis, sorediis<br />
ramulis tenuibus congestis suffultis et capitula 2-6 mm lata formantibus. Phyllocladia parce<br />
evoluta (praesertim basin versus, superne fere deficientia), cylindrico-coralloidea, vulgo<br />
ramosa, longit. 0.8-2.0 (-3.0) mm, divaricata, corticata, partim parce subfarinosa. Cephalodia<br />
jam basalia, jam lateraliter insidentia, cinereo-albida, subglobosa, sacculata, 1.0-2.3 mm lata,<br />
scrobiculato-foveolata vel cerebriformia. (Apothecia et pycnidia ignota.) Atranorinum,<br />
acidum perlatolicum et acidum anziaicum continet (KSbene flavescens, PDSpallide flavescens).<br />
-A St. meyeri B. STEIN, cui peraffine, habitu magis robusto, pseudopodetiis decorticato-farinosis,<br />
phyllocladiis superne rarescentibus aut nullis, et praecipue soraliis apicalibus<br />
multoties majoribus et ramulis minutis congestis suffultis differt.<br />
Typus: Peru, Dept. Cuzco, Prov. Paucartambo, Llulluchayocc, altit. 3200 m s. m., on rock, leg. C.<br />
VARGAS, 1944 (no. 4301) (VARGAS, holotypus; CAN, MICH, isotypes).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Peru and Colombia.<br />
Remarks: closely related and similar to St. meyeri B. STEIN, differing chiefly in larger<br />
and more robust stature and large apical heads of soredia borne on fine congested branchlets.<br />
The cephalodia, containing Stigonema, are similar to those of St. ramulosum (Sw.) RAUSCH.<br />
Rare; known from 4 collections.<br />
100. Stereocaulon delisei BORY<br />
ex DUBY, Aug. Pyrami de Candolle Botanicon Gallicum, ed. 2, Pars secunda: 619 (1830); SCHAER.<br />
Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europaeorum: 178 (1850); OLIV. Flore Analytique et Dichotomique<br />
des Lichens de lYOrne, Part 1 : 59 (1882); CROMB. A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain: 117 (1894);<br />
HARM. Lichens de France, Fasc. 111: 363 (1907); A. L. SM. A Monograph of the British Lichens, ed.<br />
2, Part I: 410 (1918); MAGN. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.- o. Vitterh.-Samh. Handl. ser. 4,30 (7): 44 (1926);<br />
Flora over Skandinaviens Busk- och Bladlavar: 67 (1929); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 116<br />
(1929); FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1.9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 82, 106 (1932); LAMB, J. Bot. 77: 76 (1939);<br />
MOT. Porosty (Lichenes), in Flora Polska, 3 (2): 378 (1964); DAHL et KROG, Macrolichens of Denmark,
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 291<br />
Finland, Norway and Sweden : 133 (I 973). - Stereocaulon coralloides [subsp.]' delisei (BORY) NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 242 (I 860). - Leprocaulon delisei (BORY) OLIV. Expod Systkmatique<br />
et Description des Lichens de l'Ouest et du Nord-Ouest de la France, 2 (4): 378 (1903).<br />
Typus: France, Dept. Calvados, Vire, leg. DELISE and DESPREAUX (PC, fide DODGE, 1929, p. 116;<br />
not seen by us. We have however studied the authentic, possibly isotype material distributed in DEL.<br />
Lich. de France no. 18, from the same locality).<br />
Exsicc.: DEL. Lich. de France Fasc. I (1828) no. 18 (authentic, possibly isotype material) (FH). -<br />
HAV. Lich. EXS. Norveg. no. 608 (1939) (BG, WS).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1932, fig. 14. - KERSH. 1960, fig. 6. - Oz. et CLAUZ. 1970, fig. 387 C. - DAHL et<br />
KROG 1973, fig. 40. - NYL. 1860, PI. VII, fig. 17 (ceph. algae), as St. coralloides subsp. delisei.<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, rangiformic acid, norrangiformic acid, and an unidentified fatty<br />
acid.<br />
Distrib.: France, England, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Madeira, South Africa. Unverified record:<br />
Italy (JATTA, 1909-11).<br />
Remarks: a rare suboceanic species, closely related to St. corticatulum NYL.; the only<br />
member of the subgenus Holostelidium found in Europe. Cephalodia (not always present)<br />
similar in appearance and structure to those of St. corticatulum. Apothecia were previously<br />
unknown in this species, but a specimen in BM from Scotland, Argyll, Strontian, on boulders<br />
from lead mine spoil heaps, leg. P. W. JAMES, 1962 (no. 295) is fertile. Apothecia scarce,<br />
terminal, up to ca. 1 mrn diam., convex, irnrnarginate. Central cone compact, sordid isabelline;<br />
hypothecium colorless, hyaline; hymenium (somewhat immature) ca. 60 p high. (No<br />
mature asci or spores found.)<br />
10 1. Stereocaulon didymicum LAMB (n . sp .)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia caespitosa, erecta aut partim subdecumbentia, substrato arcte<br />
affixa, 2.0-3.5 cm longa, 0.8-1.0 mm crassa, teretia, subsimplicia vel irregulariter aut subdichotomice<br />
ramosa, vel in toto corticata vel partim decorticata, omnino glabra, sordide<br />
cinerascentia. Phyllocladia (passim parcissime evoluta) cylindrico-coralloidea, simplicia vel<br />
parce ramosa, longit. 0.5-1.5 mm, crassit. ca. 0.2 mm, laevia et corticata, in partibus superioribus<br />
pseudopodetiorum breviora et verruculosa aut passim omnino deficientia (habitu macrocarpoideo).<br />
Cephalodia lateralia, sessilia subsessiliave, latit. 0.7-1.5 mm, isabellino-albescentia<br />
aut cinerascentia, haud nitida, primum laeviuscule subglobosa, dein mox scrobiculato-corrugata<br />
(ut in St. ramuloso), sacculata, intus laxe contexta, cortice 30-60 p crasso,<br />
nec palisadico nec gelatinoso, sordide nubilato et lamina tenui viso fere opaco, hyphis valde<br />
pachydermaticis 5-9 p latis contexto. Apothecia terminalia, 0.8-2.0 (-2.3) mm lata, e plano<br />
mox pileato-convexa et immarginata, fusconigricantia. Conus centralis sat compactus et<br />
dense cinerascenti- aut isabellino-nubilatus. Hypothecium sordide nubilatum aut fuscescens<br />
sed haud vere pigmentiferum (KHO fere decoloratum). Hymenium 75-90 {L altum. Sporae<br />
rectae aut subrectae, 34-septatae, aciculari-fusiformes, longit. 32-50 p, crassit. 3.0-3.5 p.<br />
Atranorinum, acidum didymicum, acidum sticticum et substantiam ignotam acido didymico<br />
affinem geret (KSsubflavescens, PDi-aurantiaco-rubescens). - Habitu statum minorem St.<br />
ramulosi var. macrocarpi (RICH.) BAB. in memoriam revocans, St. rubiginoso PERS. vere arctius<br />
affine (ut e structura corticali cephalodiorum videtur), sed materiis chimicis et distributione<br />
geographica diversum.<br />
Typus: Costa Rica, Prov. Cartago, between Palmital and La Sierra, altit. 1800 m s. m., on steep<br />
stony roadside soil bank, leg. I. M. LAMB and U. V. METZGER, 1969 (FH, holotypus; DUKE, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, didymic acid, stictic acid, and an unidentified substance related to
Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
didymic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Costa Rica and Ecuador.<br />
Remarks: this is the only species of Stereocaulon known to contain the dibenzofuran<br />
didymic acid, and appears to be most closely related to the Hawaiian species St. rubiginosum<br />
PERS. (incl. St. roccelloides (TH. FR.) LAMB), having the same peculiar cephalodial structure as<br />
the latter. The cephalodial cortex in both these species has in effect the structure of pseudopodetial<br />
cortex, being sordid brownish- or isabelline-nubilated, mostly semi-opaque, not<br />
gelatinized-conglutinated or palisadic but composed of randomly interwoven or vaguely vertically<br />
subparallel, very thick-walled hyphae compacted together but distinct and separate,<br />
those on the surface emerging separate and discrete. Algae Scytonema or Stigonema. In<br />
the type specimen the apices of some of the sterile pseudopodetia bear terminal, whitish,<br />
granulose, pseudosorediate efflorescences, similar to those seen in St. microcarpum MULL.<br />
ARG. Morphologically the new species resembles a small state of St. ramulosum (Sw.)<br />
RAusc~. or its variety macrocarpurn (RICH.) BAB. Known from 2 collections only; that from<br />
Ecuador (FH, MSC) was collected by G. W. PRESCOTT in Prov. Carchi, 1953 (no. An L-5).<br />
102. Stereocaulon dusenii LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia robusta, rigida, erecta, caespitosa, substrato arcte adnata, 4-7<br />
(-8) cm longa, 1.0-2.5 (4) mm crassa, teretia aut partim leviter complanata, parce modiceve<br />
irregulariter ramosa, albida aut cremea, in partibus superioribus corticata, pallio thallino continuo,<br />
verrucoso aut rugoso vestita, tantum partibus infimis denudata et ecorticata. Soredia<br />
nulla. Phyllocladia cylindrico-coralloidea, valida, crassit. 0.2-0.4 mm, teretia, vulgo nonnihil<br />
toruloso-verrucosa, majora ramosa et longit. 4(-5) mm attingentia; pseudopodetia aequaliter<br />
vestientia aut passim superne parum evoluta. Cephalodia lateralia, vulgo breviter pedicellata,<br />
subglobosa, plumbeo-cinerascentia, olivaceo-cinerea aut subalbida, 1-2 (-2.5) mm lata, scrobiculato-corrugata<br />
(ut in St. ramuloso), sacculata, intus laxe contexta, cortice hyalino aut<br />
isabellino-nubilato, conglutinato-palisadico. Apothecia terminalia, 1.5-3.0 (-5) mm lata,<br />
mox pulvinato-convexa et immarginata, disco fusconigricanti, aetate nonnumquam divisa et<br />
discos secundarios proferentia, receptaculo pseudothallino pallido rugosoque reflex0 inferne<br />
bene conspicuo. Conus centralis cinerascens et subopacus, laxe aut compacte contextus.<br />
Hypothecium parte basali sordide isabellino-nubilatum, parte superiori (50-100 p) incolor et<br />
hyalinum. Hymenium 90-100 p altum. Sporae Clnae, rectae, cylindrico-fusiformes, 3-6<br />
(-8)-septatae, longit. 35-60 p, crassit. 4.0-5.5 (-6) p. Pycnidia infra apothecia sita, maculis<br />
nigricantibus indicata; conidia filiformia, arcuata, longit. 9-15 p, crassit. 0.3-0.5 p. Atranorinum,<br />
acidum fumarprotocetraricum, acidum protocetraricum, acidum perlatolicum et<br />
acidum anziaicum continet (K+subfuscescens, PDSminiato-rubescens, saltem in strato<br />
medullari). -Simile St. argo HOOK. F. et TAYL. et St. stenospermo (LAMB) LAMB, ab iis<br />
materiis chimicis aliisque notis discrepans.<br />
Typus: Chile, Magallanes, Isla Desolacibn, Puerto Angosto, altit. ca. 150 m s. m., on rocks, leg.<br />
P. DUSBN, 1896 (no. 186) (s, holotypus; CAN, UPS, isotypes).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid, perlatolic acid,<br />
anziaic acid.<br />
Distrib. : Chile (Magallanes, AysBn, Juan Fernandez) and Argentina (Tierra del Fuego).<br />
Remarks: closely related and similar morphologically to St. argus HOOK. F. et TAYL. em.<br />
TH. FR., and especially to St. stenospermum (LAMB) LAMB, both of which differ in chemistry<br />
and geographical distribution. NYLANDER'S record of St. argus from Chile (1855) probably
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 293<br />
refers to this species. There is a specimen of St. dusenii in s said to be from North America,<br />
labelled "Menzies misit. L. rarnulosus Sw. N. America Herb. Swartzii. Stereocaulon ramulosum<br />
Achar.", and annotated by TH. FRIES "St. macrocarpum A. Rich.". St. dusenii is sometimes<br />
"macrocarpoid" in habitus, with the upper parts of the pseudopodetia more or less<br />
destitute of phyllocladia. The cephalodia contain Stigonema or Scytonema.<br />
103. Stereocaulon fronduliferum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
ex MARTIN, Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, Bot. 3 (8): 152 (1966) et MARTIN et CHILD, Lichens of New<br />
Zealand : 158 (1972) (nomen nudum).<br />
Diagn. : Pseudopodetia arcte affixa, plus minusve erecta, ad 3.5 cm alta (sed saepe minora),<br />
ramosa, teretia aut leviter complanata, habitu dorsiventrali (uno latere corticata, glaucescentia,<br />
saepe transversim rugosa aut fissa, altero latere decorticata, glabra, ochraceo-albida), ramificatione<br />
bilaterali, distincte pinnatifida. Rarnuli phyllocladoidei complanati, simplices aut<br />
flabellatim divisi, superficie dorsali glauco-corticati, ventrali pallidiores; longit. 1-2 mm, sed<br />
basin pseudopodetiorum versus longiores. Soredia nulla. Cephalodia lateralia, sessilia aut<br />
breviter pedicellata, subglobosa, 0.7-1.3 mm lata, primo laevia, dein leviter aut sat distincte<br />
foveolata; fuscescentia, subnitida, intus solida (protosacculata), algas Nostocaceas continentia,<br />
cortice 40-50 p crasso, incolori aut pallide isabellino, palisadico. Apothecia terminalia, fere<br />
ab initio hemisphaerico-convexa et immarginata, tandem fere globosa, 1.0-1.5 (-2.0) mm lata,<br />
fusconigricantia, subnitida opacave. Conus centralis laxe contextus, hyphis hyalinis saepe<br />
materia viridiflava et granulosa (KHO dissolventi et solutionem aurantiaco-rubescentem<br />
effundenti) inspersis. Hypotheciurn pigrnentiferum (fuscum, KHO fere immutatum), ad<br />
150 p crassum. Hymenium 90-110 (-120) p altum. Sporae (6) 8nae, rectae vel subrectae,<br />
cylindrico-fusiformes, (4) 5-9 (-10)-septatae, ad septa passim leviter constrictae, longit. 40-<br />
70 (-80) p, crassit. 3.5-4.5 (-5.5) p. Atranorinum, acidum fumarprotocetraricum et fortasse<br />
parce acidum protocetraricum continens (K - vel leviter fuscoflavescens, PD intense miniatorubescens).<br />
- Species valde peculiaris, phyllocladiis complanatis et flabellato-divisis fere St.<br />
foliolosum NYL. simulans. A cel. BABINGTON jam anno 1855 recognitum et nomine St. ramulosum<br />
var. compressum appellatum fuit.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, exact locality, collector and date not indicated, commun. LOCKE TRAVERS<br />
to the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1889 (PC-HUE, holotypus, named by HUE St. ramulosum var.<br />
compressum).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon ramulosum var. compressum BAB. in HOOK. F. The Botany of<br />
the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 . . . Part 11.<br />
Flora Novae-Zelandiae. Part ii. Flowerless Plants: 294 (1855). - Stereocaulon ramulosum [subsp.<br />
macrocarpum] f. compressum (BAB.) HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 2: 245 (1890), nom.<br />
illegit., non St. ramulosum f. compressum NYL. ex anno 1860.72<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, and probably a trace of protocetraric acid.<br />
Distrib.: New Zealand. Unverified records: Colombia (HUE, 1898-1901; LINDAU, 1912), perhaps<br />
referring to St. ramulosum f. subcompressum LAMB.<br />
Remarks: ZAHLBRUCKNER, Catalogus Lichenum Universalis, vol. I (1922) p. 692, published<br />
the combination Stereocaulon compressum, referring to a species of Sphaerophorus, by<br />
a lapsus, wrongly ascribing it to LINDSAY. For this reason it seems advisable to use a different<br />
name for the present species. Short descriptions (as St. ramulosum var. compressum)<br />
were given by TH. FRIES (1857, p. 12, footnote; 1858, p. 26, footnote), NYLANDER (1860, p.<br />
72 A facultative synonym of St. strictum var. compressum (NYL.) LAMB.
294 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
236) and DODGE (1929, p. 138). The chemical composition of the greenish-yellow granular<br />
pigment, colored orange-red by KHO, commonly present in the central cone tissue, is unknown;<br />
a similar or possibly the same substance is frequently found in the hypothecium of<br />
St. exutum NYL.<br />
104. Stereocaulon halei LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia erecta, caespites laxos formantia, simplicia vel parce ramosa,<br />
apicibus cornuto-attenuata, (3-) 46 cm longa, satis robusta, glaberrima, pro maj. parte<br />
decorticata; phyllocladia cylindrico-coralloidea, divaricata, majora ad 2.5 (-3.0) mm longa et<br />
ramificantia. Soredia nulla. Cephalodia subglobosa aut pulvinuliformia, pallida, tandem<br />
scrobiculato-contortuplicata (nullo mod0 complanata nec cristata), protosacculata, intus<br />
solida, Scytonema continentia. Apothecia parva, ad 1 mm lata, ramulos laterales simplicesque<br />
singulatim terminantia, mox convexa, haud hypophysata, margine (receptaculo) haud<br />
distincte evoluto. Conus centralis compactus, isabellino-nubilatus et serniopacus. Hypothecium<br />
angustum, incolor, con0 centrali multo crassiori impositum. Hymenium 6C80<br />
(-85) p altum. Sporae 6-8nae, cylindrico-fusiformes, rectae, (I-) 3-septatae, longit. 25-35 p,<br />
crassit. ca. 3 p. Mat. chim. : atranorinum et acidum lobaricum (phyllocladiis K flavescentibus,<br />
PD leviter flavescentibus). -St. pseudomassartiano LAMB habitu persimile et certe arcte<br />
cognatum, forma cephalodiorum et materiis chimicis praecipue differens.<br />
Typus: Malaya, Pahang, below Ganong Brinchang, altit. ca. 1800 m s. m., on exposed rocks and<br />
soil, leg. M. E. HALE, 1965 (no. 29793) (FH, holotypus; us, isotypus; isotype material distributed in<br />
VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. no. 683).<br />
Exsicc.: KUROK. Lich. Rarior. et Crit. Exs. Fasc. I11 (1971) no. 141, as St. massartianum (FH, LD).-<br />
VBZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XXVIII (1968) no. 683, as St. massartianum (isotype material) (FH).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid. Traces of some unidentified substances also often<br />
present.<br />
Distrib.: Indonesia (Java, Borneo) and Malaya.<br />
Remarks: closely related and habitually similar to St. pseudomassartianum LAMB, but<br />
differing in its chemical constitution (lobaric instead of perlatolic and anziaic acids) and in<br />
the form of its cephalodia, which are not flattened and plate-like or cristate as in St. pseudomassartianum,<br />
but subglobose and finally scrobiculate-foveolate to cerebriform. The cephalodial<br />
structure is however similar in both species (solid-cored except immediately around<br />
the algae, with dimorphic cortex showing alternation of clear-palisadic and nubilated-pseudoparenchymatous<br />
tissue). St. halei is the unnamed species referred to in LAMB, 1976, p. 358.<br />
In spite of the fact that it is apparently a rather rare species, it may in some of its localities<br />
occur in considerable profusion.<br />
105. Stereocaulon implexum TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 23 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 335 (sep. 31) (1858). -<br />
Stereocaulon ramulosum var. implexum (TH. FR.) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 236 (1860).<br />
Typus: 2 collections cited by TH. FRIES: Magellan Straits, leg. N. J. ANDER~SON (date ?) and Chile,<br />
Child, near Ancud ("Aneud"), leg. LECHLER (Pl. Magell. no. 981). As lectotype we select the former<br />
specimen (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus, lectotypif: nov.).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon proximum var. compactius ZAHLBR. in SKOTTSBERG, The Natural<br />
History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 2, Botany, Part 111, no. 11: 373 (1924).<br />
Icon.: TH. FR. 1857a, unnumbered fig., b (spore); 1858, PI. VIII, fig. 1. - NYL. 1860, P1. VII, fig.<br />
11 (ceph. algae), as St. ramulosum var. implexum.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 295<br />
Mat. chim. : 3 chemical strains are here distinguished:<br />
Strain I (the typical and common strain), with atranorin and lobaric acid, or sometimes<br />
in a deficient phase with atranorin only demonstrable. Cfr. HUNECK (1972).<br />
Strain 11, with atranorin and miriquidic acid.<br />
Strain III, with atranorin, norstictic acid and salazinic acid. Strains I1 and 111, which<br />
probably merit the status of independent species, are found only in the islands of the S. Atlantic<br />
Ocean (Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island).<br />
Distrib. : Strain I: Chile (from Magallanes northwards to Bio-Bio, also Juan Fernandez) and Argentina<br />
(from Tierra del Fuego northwards to NeuquCn). Strain 11: Tristan da Cunha. Strain 111:<br />
Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. Unverified records: New Zealand (KREMPELHUBER, 1870;<br />
MULLER ARG., 1894; HELLBOM, 1896), all probably referring to St. colensoi BAB. Erroneous record:<br />
Brazil (VAINIO, 1890,=St. microcarpurn M~~LL. ARG.). The occurrence, outside of South America, of<br />
the morphologically indistinguishable chemical strains I1 and 111 in the S. Atlantic islands is parallelled<br />
by a similar distribution pattern in some other genera, e. g. certain species of Placopsis (LAMB, 1947)<br />
and some Pteridophytes (TRYON, 1966).<br />
Remarks: St. implexum attains its optimal development in the more northerly provinces<br />
of Chilean and Argentine Patagonia, there being of very different appearance from the stunted<br />
populations of Magallanes and Tierra del Fuego (such as the lectotype material). The<br />
important features of the species in its best development may be briefly summarized as follows:<br />
Pseudopodetia erect, 4.5-5.5 (-7.0) cm tall, 1-2 mm thick, glabrous, for the most part<br />
decorticate and subligneous, but in upper parts clothed with an interrupted or continuous,<br />
areolate-verrucose, corticate thallus-mantle. Phyllocladia coralloid, terete, usually slightly<br />
verruculose-torulose; lower ones longer and harmonically developed, upper ones short and<br />
divaricate; uppermost parts of pseudopodetia destitute of phyllocladia (habitus notably<br />
"macrocarpoid"). Cephalodia becoming very deeply and closely scrobiculate-foveolate,<br />
much more so than in St. ramulosum, finally verruculose-scrobiculate. Apothecia usually<br />
ca. 1.5 mm diam., rarely up to 3.5 mm. Central cone densely gray-nubilated and opaque.<br />
Hypothecium colorless and transparent, contrasting sharply with the underlying central cone<br />
tissue. Spores 3-5 (-6)-septate, (25-) 4&55 (-65) x(3.c) 3.54.0 (4.5) p. The deeply and<br />
sharply wrinkled cephalodia and the transparent hypothecium are reliable distinguishing<br />
characters against St. ramulosum.<br />
The southern (Magellanic) population of the species is generally more stunted, fails to<br />
show the "macrocarpoid" habitus, has less deeply and closely scrobiculate cephalodia, and<br />
its spores are shorter and broader, ca. 25-28 (-32) x (4) 5 (-6) p, not however so short and<br />
broad as represented by TH. FRIES (1857a). All these features however intergrade, as specimens<br />
are taken from south to north, with those described above. The character of the<br />
transparent hypothecium remains constant throughout the entire range.<br />
The cephalodial cortex of St. implexum shows a structural transition from primary<br />
(nubilated, indistinctly pseudoparenchymatous) tissue to secondary (hyaline, gelatinizedpalisadic)<br />
tissue. The secondary gelatinized tissue is developed from the outer side of the<br />
primary tissue. The youngest cephalodia have a cortex consisting entirely of primary tissue.<br />
A similar superimposition of cortical tissues, but in reverse order, is seen in the cephalodia<br />
of St. staufferi LAMB. See discussion in LAMB, 1951, p. 537, and 1976, p. 358.<br />
The type material of St. proximum var. compactius ZAHLBR. from Juan Fernandez is shorter<br />
and more compacted, otherwise typical St. implexum.<br />
St. implexum is the commonest Stereocaulon species in the Great Lakes region of Argentine<br />
Patagonia (Rio Negro, Chubut), forming extensive pure associations on exposed rocks.
Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
106. Stereocaulon melanopotamicum LAMB (n. nom.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon corticatulum var. procerum LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 462 (1955).<br />
Typus: Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, between Lago Frias and the Frias Glacier, on rock, leg.<br />
I. M. LAMB, 1950 (no. 6086) (CAN, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Icon. : LAMB 1955, fig. 27, as St. corticatulum var. procerum.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, lobaric acid, and traces of unidentified substances. Usnic acid<br />
also demonstrated in one specimen, but perhaps due to a contaminant. The report by<br />
HUNECK and FOLLMANN (1965) of atranorin, lecanoric acid and parietin in a Chilean specimen<br />
was based on a misidentification, the plant in question being Leprocaulon tenellum (TUCK.)<br />
NYL.; see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 540.<br />
Distrib.: Argentina (Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut) and Chile (Malleco).<br />
Remarks: morphologically similar to St. corticatulum NYL., but sometimes considerably<br />
larger (up to 5 cm tall, as in the type specimen), although usually only ca. 2 cm, so that for<br />
certain identification chromatography is necessary to demonstrate the presence of lobaric<br />
acid instead of rangiformic and norrangiformic acids, the characteristic constituents of St.<br />
corticatulum. The apical soredia, conspicuous in the type material, are not always distinctly<br />
developed. May occur closely associated with St. corticatulum in Argentine Patagonia.<br />
107. Stereocaulon meyeri B. STEIN<br />
Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 66: 134 (1888); LAMB ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 220 (1967).<br />
Typus: Africa, Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro, altit. 4000 m s. m., leg. H. MEYER, 1887. Holotypus<br />
(BRSL ?) not seen by us, but an isotype sent by B. STEIN studied in UPS-TH FR.<br />
Facultative synonymsT3: Stereocaulon meyeri var. bornmulleri B. STEIN, Jahresber. Schles. Ges.<br />
Vaterl. Cult. 66: 134 (1888). - Stereocaulon ramulosum var. bornmulleri (B. STEIN) M ~L. ARG. Engler's<br />
Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 513 (1893). - Stereocaulon haumanianum DUVIGN. Lejeunia, Mbm. no. 14: 102<br />
(1956). - Stereocaulon karisimbiense DUVIGN. IOC. cit. p. 94 (1956). - StereocaulonpenicilliurnD~~~~<br />
loc. cit. p. 98 (1956).<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Madagasc. et Borbon. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1966) no. 39 (FH).<br />
Icon.: DUVIGN. 1956, figs. 2, 27, as St. penicillium; fig. 26, as St. karisimbiense; figs. 28, 29, 30, as<br />
St. haumanianum.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, perlatolic acid, and 2 unidentified substances. The chemistry<br />
therefore agrees with that of the closely allied species St. ramulosum (Sw.) RAUSCH.<br />
Distrib. : central Africa (Kenya, Rwanda-Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania), South Africa, Madagascar,<br />
Rkunion, Tristan da Cunha, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina (prov. C6rdoba).<br />
Remarks: whether St. meyeri should be maintained as a distinct species separate from<br />
St. ramulosum (Sw.) RXusc~. is perhaps open to question. The only reliable distinguishing<br />
character is the presence of soralia on the apices of the pseudopodetia, and these are variable<br />
in their degree of development. Generally speaking, the abundance of soralia in St. meyeri<br />
is inversely proportional to the degree of fertility (presence of apothecia). In well fertile<br />
African specimens the soredia may be reduced to vanishing point, and the distinction from<br />
St. ramulosum becomes subjective. POELT (1970, 1972a) has drawn attention to the existence<br />
of paired ascocarpic and sorediate taxa in various lichen genera; St. ramulosum and St. meyeri<br />
afford a good example of such an "Artenpaar". See also discussion in BRODO and HAWKS-<br />
WORTH, 1977, pp. 3C32. Morphologically subsimilar but chemically different species related<br />
to St. meyeri are St. atlanticum (LAMB) LAMB and St. rugulosum LAMB.<br />
73 Stereocaulon proximum f. sorediata NYL. (syn. Stereocaulon sorediatum (NYL.) VAIN.) may also<br />
possibly be a synonym of Sr. meyeri, but is an untypified doubtful taxon (see Append. 2, p. 324).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 297<br />
Fo. acuminatum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon ramulosum var. acuminatum MULL. ARC. Flora, 73: 335 (1890); DODGE,<br />
Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 138 (1929).<br />
Typus: Africa, Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro, altit. 3000 m s. m., leg. VON HOHNEL, 1890 (no. 208)<br />
(G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
Remarks: pseudopodetia simple or only sparingly branched, acuminate-attenuate at the<br />
apices, which are farinose-sorediate. Habitus resembling that of St. cornutum MULL. ARG.<br />
Rare; 2 specimens seen, from Tanzania and Kenya.<br />
Fo. tucumanum LAMB (n. f.)<br />
Syn. Stereocaulon meyeri var. tucumanum LAMB ex GRASSI, Lilloa, 24: 363 (1950) (nomen nudum).<br />
Diagn. : A specie typica differt phyllocladiis distincte complanatis et flabellato-divisis.<br />
Typus: Argentina, Prov. Tucumhn, Dept. Chicligasta, between La Cascada and Las Cuevas, altit.<br />
2800 m s. m., on rock in subalpine pasture at the tree limit, leg. T. MEYER, 1949 (LL, holotypus; CAN,<br />
isotypus).<br />
Remarks: phyllocladia flabellately branched, distinctly flattened at the ends, often paler<br />
(whitish) on the underside. Apices of pseudopodetia sorediate. (Sterile.) Pycnoconidia<br />
filiform, arcuate, 8-10 xca. 0.5 p. Known only from the type specimen.<br />
Var. farinosum (TH. FR.) LAMB<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582 (1951). - Stereocaulon ramulosum [var.] 6. farinosum TH. FR. De Stereoc. et<br />
Pilophor. Comment.: 12 (1857); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 138 (1929). - Stereocaulon ramulosum<br />
f. farinosum (TH. FR.) HUE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3,lO: 244 (sep. 32) (1898). - Stereocaulon<br />
farinosum (TH. FR.) VAIN. Dansk Bot. Ark. 4 (11): 6 (1926).<br />
Typus: Mexico, Pico de Orizaba, altit. 10-12000 feet, leg. LIEBMANN, 1841 (no. 74; PI. Mex. no.<br />
7663) (WS-TH FR, holotypus; c, FH, isotypes).<br />
Icon. : TH. FR. 1858, PI. VII, fig. 1, as St. ramulosum 6. farinosum. - LAMB 1951, PI. 111, fig. B.<br />
Remarks: distinguished from the typical species by its compact, prostrate-caespitose,<br />
dorsiventral habitus. Specimens seen from Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and South Africa.<br />
The description given by HUE (I 898-1901), based on a Colombian specimen (not seen by us)<br />
may refer to St. strictum TH. FR. The specimens from the Azores cited as St. ramulosum<br />
var. farinosum by DEGELIUS (1941) belong to St. atlanticum (LAMB) LAMB.<br />
108. Stereocaulon microcarpum MULL. ARG.<br />
Flora, 62: 162 (1879); DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2): 126 (1929).<br />
Typus: Brazil, Slo Paulo State, near Apiahy, on rock, leg. J. I. PUIGGARI, 1877 (no. 151) (G-<br />
MULL, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocalrlon mixtum var. tenellum MULL. ARG. Flora, 63: 260 (1880). -<br />
Stereocalrlon proximum status ferruginascens MCL. ARG. Hedwigia, 30: 220 (1891). - Stereocaulon<br />
implexum f. sorediosa VAIN. Etude sur la Classification Naturelle et la Morphologie des Lichens du<br />
Brhil, Pars prima : 68 (1 890).<br />
Exsicc.: Krypt. Exs. Vindob. Cent. VII (1901) no. 667, as St. proximum var. gracilius (c, FH, LD,<br />
UPS, US, WELC). -VAIN. Lich. Bras. Exs. (1891-92) no. 1188, as St. implexum f. sorediosa (FH); no.<br />
1361, as St. implexum (FH).<br />
Mat. chim.: the chemistry of this species is complex. The presumed full chemical spectrum<br />
(seen in 1 specimen from Peru) comprises atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic<br />
acid, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, glomelliferic acid, bourgeanic acid, and fumarproto-
298 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
cetraric acid. The following deficient phases have been found:<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic acid, perlatolic<br />
acid, anziaic acid, glomelliferic acid. Seen from Brazil, Peru, Costa Rica and Mexico.<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic acid, perlatolic<br />
acid, anziaic acid. The type specimen of St. mixtum var. tenellum MULL. ARG. belongs here.<br />
Deficient phase 111, with atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic acid, perlatolic<br />
acid. Seen from Brazil, Peru, Oceania (Tahiti) and U.S.A. (Tennessee).<br />
Deficient phase IV, with atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic acid. The<br />
type specimen of St. microcarpurn belongs here. One specimen seen also from Galipagos<br />
Islands.<br />
Deficient phase V, with atranorin, stictic acid, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid. One specimen<br />
seen, from Peru.<br />
Deficient phase VI, with atranorin and stictic acid. One specimen seen, from Peru.<br />
Stictic acid being the dominant primary constituent, specimens of St. microcarpurn<br />
normally react PDtorange-red. One specimen from Brazil was found to give the reaction<br />
K + yellow then red, PD +persistent strong yellow. Chromatography however showed it to<br />
belong to Deficient phase IV, with an unusually high concentration of norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib.: Brazil, Peru, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Oceania (Tahiti), GalApagos Islands,<br />
U.S. A. (Tennessee).<br />
Remarks: St. microcarpum varies considerably in stature, with pseudopodetia often<br />
only 1-2, but sometimes up to 6 cm in length. Tall states are morphologically hardly to be<br />
distinguished from St. ramulosurn (Sw.) RAUSCH. In many specimens the apices of the pseudopodetia<br />
are whitened, mealy and decorticated, giving a pseudosorediose appearance, probably<br />
not due to damage by animal agencies, and not to be confused with the true apical soredia in<br />
the related species St. atlanticum (LAMB) LAMB and St. rugulosum LAMB. The cephalodia are<br />
of the normal ramulosum-type, loose-cored with gelatinized-palisadic cortex. Pycnoconidia<br />
filiform, curved, 8-1 1 x ca. 0.5 p. St. proximum status ferruginascens MULL. ARG. was<br />
based on a rusty-colored specimen growing on iron-bearing rocks. St. microcarpum is the<br />
only species of subgen. Hofostelidium known to occur in the continental United States. It is<br />
found at the top of Roan Mountain in Tennessee.<br />
109. Stereocaulon novogranatense LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia disco basali substrato affixa, erecta sed nonnihil dorsiventralia<br />
(phyllocladiis uno latere crebrioribus), ca. 6 cm alta, modice ramosa, rigida sed vix lignosa,<br />
sordide cinereo-albida, decorticata, superficie laevi aut submollescenti, haud tomentosa.<br />
Rami principales tereti, I .0-1.7 (-2.5) mm crassi. Phyllocladia cylindrico-coralloidea, divaricata,<br />
corticata, laevigata, subulata, primo simplicia, mox congeste ramosa, glaucoalbida,<br />
ca. 0.7-1.3 mm vel basin versus ad 3.5 mm longa et magis ramosa, 0.1-0.2 mm crassa. Cephalodia<br />
pseudopodetiis lateraliter insidentia, pulvinata, 1-2 rnrn lata, valde contortuplicatoscrobiculata<br />
et corrugata, rugis complanatis et cristatis (fere ut in St. pseudomassartiano<br />
LAMB), isabellino-glaucescentia, marginibus sinuatis et pallidioribus; sacculata, intus laxe<br />
contexts, cortice hyalino et gelatinoso, palisadico. Apothecia terminalia, latit. 1.5-2.0<br />
(-3.0) rnrn, haud hypophysata, primo subplana et margine pallidiori haud prominenti cincta,<br />
dein bene convexa et irnmarginata, disco obscure fusco. Conus centralis cum hypothecio<br />
dense fuscidulo-nubilatus (KHO decoloratus). Hymenium 100-120 p altum. Sporae 6<br />
8nae, in asco leviter spiraliter contortae, nonnihil sinuosae, 7-1 1 (-16)-septatae, longit. 70-95 p,
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 299<br />
crassit. 3.54.0 p. Atranorinum, acidum fumarprotocetraricum, acidum protocetraricum,<br />
acidum perlatolicum et acidum anziaicum continet (K+flavofuscescens, PD+aurantiaco- vel<br />
miniato-rubescens). - Species peculiaris, affinitate nonnihil dubia, fere ad subsect. Holostelidium<br />
accedens.<br />
Typus: Colombia, Volcan Purac6 between Popayan and La Plata, altit. 3300 m s. m., in paramo<br />
formation, apparently on rock, leg. G. GUZMAN, 1964 (no. 5543 pr. max. p.) (FH, holotypus; MEXPOL,<br />
isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid (trace), perlatolic acid,<br />
anziaic acid, and traces of unidentified substances (possibly including glomelliferic acid).<br />
Distrib. : Colombia.<br />
Remarks: the cephalodia are distinctive, outwardly somewhat resembling those of St.<br />
pseudomassartianum LAMB, but sacculate (loose-cored). The chemistry is similar to that of<br />
St. pachycephalum VAIN., which differs in the form of the cephalodia, lower hymenium and<br />
less septate spores. Seems to occupy a position transitional to the subsect. Holostelidium.<br />
Known only from the type material.<br />
1 10. Stereocaulon pachycephalum VAIN.<br />
Dansk Bot. Ark. 4 (11): 7 (1926).<br />
Typus: Mexico, Oaxaca State, Sierra de Oajaca (Oaxaca), El Pelado, altit. 9-10000 feet, on rock,<br />
leg. LIEBMANN, 1842 (no. 71b, Plant. Mex. no. 7654) (TUR-VAIN, no. 3868, holotypus; c, UPS-TH FR,<br />
isotypes).<br />
Mat. chim.: the full chemical spectrum (not yet found) appears to comprise atranorin,<br />
fumarprotocetraric acid, lecanoric acid, perlatolic acid, sublimbatic acid and bourgeanic acid.<br />
Material of the following deficient phases has been found:<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, lecanoric acid, sublimbatic<br />
acid (trace), and bourgeanic acid. One specimen from Peru.<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, perlatolic acid, and probably<br />
a trace of sublimbatic acid. The type material belongs to this phase, also one specimen<br />
from Peru.<br />
Distrib. : Mexico, Peru.<br />
Remarks: related to St. microcarpum MULL. ARG. Habitually similar to St. ramulosum<br />
(Sw.) RAUSCH., but mng in its chemistry, almost complete cortication of the pseudopodetia,<br />
predomiaantly harmonic phyllocladia, slightly higher hymenium (1W110 p) and<br />
longer spores (not described by VAINIO) which are 4-6-septate, 55-85 x3.54.0 (-4.5) p.<br />
Cephalodia (with Scytonema) sacculate, anatomically like those of St. ramulosum. The<br />
presence of lecanoric acid is unique in the genus. Rare; known only from 4 collections.<br />
1 1 1 . Stereocaulon philippinense Rjis.<br />
Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. "Vanamo", 3: 79 (1949).<br />
Typus: Philippines, Negros, Canlaon Volcano, "ad terram argillaceam et arenosam", leg. E. D.<br />
MERRILL, 1910 (no. 6874) (H-RAS, holotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin and lobaric acid.<br />
Distrib. : Philippine Islands.<br />
Remarks: this species, known only from the type specimen, remains poorly understood<br />
even after restudy of the holotype. RASANEN compared it to Cladonia cariosa (AcH.) SPRENG.,<br />
but habitually it more calls to mind a very robust state of Stereocaulon condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
The primary thallus is well developed and persistent, consisting of crowded, upright, closely
300 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
branched stipes (undeveloped pseudopodetia) densely covered at their apices with a more or<br />
less continuous crust of dactylaeform-coralloid phyllocladia of minute size (ca. 0.5 mm long,<br />
not over 0.1 mm diam.). Pseudopodetia simple or very sparingly branched, 1.5-2.0 cm high,<br />
0.61.0 mm thick, erect, rigid, decorticate, glabrous, pallid ochraceous. Phyllocladia densely<br />
clothing pseudopodetia from base to apex, cinerascent-whitish, terete-coralloid, simple or<br />
rarely furcate, minute, similar to those on the primary thallus. Cephalodia mostly on primary<br />
thallus, a few also lateral on pseudopodetia; inconspicuous, concolorous with the phyllocladia<br />
or with a slight aeruginose tinge, irregularly subglobose to pulvinate-verrucose, 0.3-1.0 mm<br />
diam., the larger ones becoming divided into more or less discrete verruculae; often with a<br />
few dark spots on the surface due to the Cyanophyceous algae (Stigonema) showing through;<br />
sacculate, loose internally, with cortex 25-60 p thick, colorless and hyaline, highly gelatinized,<br />
with fistulose, branched and anastomosing lumina intricated in various directions (not pali-<br />
sadic). Apothecia terminal, convex-pileate, large, up to 4.5mm diam., dark brown to<br />
blackish-brown, immarginate. Central cone colorless, compact. Hypotheciurn faintly<br />
sordid yellowish in section (not truly pigmented), 45-70 p deep. Hymenium 65-78 p high,<br />
with asci 50-60 p long. Spores seen 4-6 in ascus, cylindric-fusiform, straight, 3-septate,<br />
30-40 x 3.54.0 p. The cephalodia resemble those of St. corticatulum NYL., to which the<br />
species may be related, but it requires further investigation.<br />
1 1 2. Stereocaulon pseudomassartianum LAMB<br />
ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 246 (1967); J. Jap. Bot. 51 (12): 357 (1976).<br />
Typus: Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Province, between Banaue and Mt. Polis, altit. 1060-1212 m<br />
s. m., on soil, leg. A. W. HERRE, 1923 (FH, holotypus; UPS-MAGN, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: Lich. Exs. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. VIII (1971) nos. 300, 301, 303 (COLO, FH).<br />
Icon.: FREY 1967, fig. 3: PI. 17, fig. 3. - LAMB 1976, fig. 4 (cephalodia).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, perlatolic acid, sometimes also trace amounts of anziaic acid.<br />
Wrongly stated to contain lobaric acid by LAMB ex FREY (1967).<br />
Distrib. : Philippines, Celebes and New Guinea. Erroneous records: Java and Borneo (LAMB<br />
ex FREY, 1967), =St. halei LAMB.<br />
Remarks: habitually resembles St. massartianum HUE on account of the apothecia borne<br />
on lateral stalks, but immediately distinguishable by the peculiar plate-like or cristate cephalodia,<br />
which are solid-cored and have a dimorphic cortical layer (LAMB, 1976).<br />
1 13. Stereocaulon rubiginosum PERS.<br />
ex GAUDICHAUD in DE FREYCINET, Voyage autour du Monde . . . executB sur les Corvettes de S. M.<br />
1'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les annBes 1817, 1818,181 9 et 1820, Botanique: 212 (1826); MAGN.<br />
in MAGN. et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 48 (1944). - Stereocaulon sanguineum DEL. ex GAUDICHAUD,<br />
loc. cit. (illegitimate obligate synonym).<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii ("Iles Sandwich"), exact locality not stated, on soil, leg. C. GAUDICHAUD<br />
(date ?) (no. 72) (L, holotypus, not seen by us; isotypes studied in PC and H-NYL, also a probable isotype<br />
in UPS-TH FR).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon ramulosum [subsp.]* roccelloides TH. FR. De Stereoc. et<br />
Pilophor. Comment.: 13 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 330 (sep. 26) (1858); MAGN. in MAGN.<br />
et ZAHLBR. Ark. Bot. 31A (6): 43 (1944). - Stereocaulon roccelloides (TH. FR.) LAMB, J. Jap. Bot. 51<br />
(12): 354, footnote (1976)r4 (Strain 11).<br />
--<br />
r4 ZAHLBRUCKNER (192627) and DODGE (1929) cite the taxon as Stereocaulon roccelloides, but this<br />
was a lapsus, not an intentional new combination.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 301<br />
Exsicc. : VEZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XVII (1965) no. 415, as St. flavireagens (LD) (typical strain);<br />
Fasc. XIX (1966) no. 466 (FH, KLEM, LD) (Strain 11).<br />
Mat. chim. : 2 chemical strains are here recognized, which may merit the status of separate<br />
species :<br />
Strain I (the typical or rubiginosum strain), with atranorin, norstictic acid, connorstictic<br />
acid (trace) and perlatolic acid (trace). No stictic acid present.<br />
Strain I1 (the roccelloides strain), with presumed full chemical spectrum (found in 1<br />
specimen) consisting of atranorin, stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic acid, perlatolic acid,<br />
anziaic acid and bourgeanic acid. The following deficient phases have been found:<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid,<br />
bourgeanic acid.<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin, stictic acid, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, bourgeanic<br />
acid (V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. no. 466).<br />
Deficient phase 111, with atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid, bourgeanic acid.<br />
Deficient phase IV, with atranorin, stictic acid, norstictic acid.<br />
Distrib. : both strains are sympatric (endemic to the Hawaiian Islands).<br />
Remarks: St. rubiginosum, together with St. caespitosum RED. and St. didymicum LAMB,<br />
is characterized by the peculiar structure of the cephalodial cortex, which anatomically resembles<br />
that of the pseudopodetial cortex, consisting of more or less distinct and separate<br />
thick-walled hyphae in irregularly interwoven arrangement, sordid isabelline and cloudy in<br />
section (not colorless, hyaline and conglutinated-palisadic as in St. ramulosum (Sw.) RAUSCH.);<br />
see LAMB, 1976, p. 354. The structure is the same in both the chemical strains. The cepha:<br />
lodia are sacculate, cerebriform-convoluted, sometimes flattened and tongue-like in the<br />
juvenile condition, with Scytonema or Stigonema. The species is of low, compact, rigid,<br />
divaricately branched habitus, very firmly attached to rock or soil, and the pseudopodetia are<br />
for the most part corticate. The spores seem to be constantly 3-septate, (22-) 2545 p long.<br />
The pycnoconidia are filiform, curved, 9-12xca. 0.5 p. The crimson-reddish color of<br />
PERSOON'S type material is obviously due to the secondary decomposition of norstictic acid.<br />
1 14. Stereocaulon rugulosum LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia caespitosa, irregulariter ramosa, substrato disco basali arcte<br />
affixa, longit. 24 (-7) cm, teretia, sat robusta (diametro 1-2 mm), rigida, habitu macro-<br />
carpoideo (phyllocladiis in partibus superioribus haud vel vix evolutis), pro max. parte strato<br />
corticali (pallio thallino) fere continuo, scrobiculato-ruguloso vestita, apicibus sorediata,<br />
soraliis terminalibus, capitatis, 0.8-1.5 mm latis, albidis, granuloso-pulverulentis. Phyllo-<br />
cladia cylindrico-coralloidea, simplicia ramosave, vulgo 1.0-1.5 mm longa, 0.2-0.4mm<br />
crassa, cremeo-albida, basin pseudopodetiorum versus longiora (ad 8 mm) et ibi bene ramosa;<br />
superne vix ulla. Cephalodia lateraliter sessilia aut breviter pedicellata, subgloboso-pulvinata,<br />
1-3 (4) mm lata, glaucescentia aut subaeruginoso-cinerea, tandem confertirn contortuplicata<br />
vel scrobiculato-rugosa, sacculata, intus laxe contexta, cortice 25-70 ,u crasso, fuscopallescenti,<br />
haud vel parum nubilato, manifeste pseudo- aut prosoparenchymatico, cellulis aut rotundatis<br />
et ca. 6 p latis aut palisadico-elongatis, ca. 10 x 3 p. pot he cia terminalia, primo scutelli-<br />
formia, mox pileato-convexa et irnmarginata, 1.5-2.5 (-3.5)mm lata, fusconigrescentia.<br />
Conus centralis sublaxe contextus, dense isabellino-inspersus et opacus. Hypothecium tota<br />
crassitudine (60-170 p) fuscidulo-nubilatum (KHO decoloratum). Hymenium 75-1QO<br />
(-120) p alturn. Sporae 8nae vel pauciores, rectae, elongato-fusiformes, (3-) 5-7-septatae,
302 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
40-70 (-75) p longae, 3.54.5 (-5.0) p latae. Atranorinum et acidum fumarprotocetraricum<br />
geret, accessorie etiam acidum perlatolicum et acidum anziaicum (K fuscoflavescens, PD<br />
miniato-rubescens). - St. meyeri B. STEIN subsimile est sed minus, habitu macrocarpoideo,<br />
pseudopodetiis ruguloso-corticatis, et materiis chimicis differens; St. atlantico (LAMB) LAMB<br />
vere arctius cognatum.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori Mts., Scott Elliott Pass, altit. 4000 m s. m., on rock in scree<br />
slope, leg. E. ESTERHUYSEN, 1956 (no. 25233) (FH, holotypus; BOL, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : the full chemical spectrum (seen in several specimens) comprises atranorin,<br />
fumarprotocetraric acid, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, and an unidentified substance. Protocetraric<br />
acid may also possibly be present in traces.<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, perlatolic acid, and an unidentified<br />
substance. The type material belongs here.<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, and an unidentified substance.<br />
Distrib. : Central Africa (Uganda and Kenya).<br />
Remarks: a sorediate species morphologically resembling St. meyeri B. STEIN, but usually<br />
smaller, of more or less distinctly "macrocarpoid" habitus, for the greater part corticate with<br />
a rugulose thallus-mantle, and chemically different. Very similar in appearance to St. atlanticum<br />
(LAMB) LAMB, which has a wider geographical range (overlapping in Central Africa)<br />
and also differs in the chemical constituents.<br />
1 1 5. Stereocaulon salazinum (BORY) FI~E<br />
Essai sur les Cryptogames des Ecorces Exotiques Officinales: xcvii (1824) ("salazianum"). -Lichen<br />
salazinus BORY, Voyage dans les Quatre Principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique, 3: 106, footnote (1804).<br />
- Chlorocaulum salazinum (BORY) CLEMENTS, The Genera of Fungi: 175 (1909).<br />
Typus: Rbunion (Bourbon) Island, "les rochers de la plaine des chicots. Plus beau aux Salazes",<br />
leg. BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT (date ?) (PC, lectotypus; lectotypified by RIDDLE ex DODGE, 1929, p. 140).<br />
Probable isotypes (not all with complete data) seen in L, PC and PC-HUE.<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon assimile NYL. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 11 : 251 (1859). -<br />
Stereocaulon mixtum [subsp.]* assimile (NYL.) NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 239 (1860).<br />
-Stereocaulon ramulosum var. assimile (NYL.) LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582 (1951).75<br />
Exsicc.: ABB. Lich. Madagasc. et Borbon. Sel. Exs. Fasc. I1 (1966) no. 35, as St. ramulosum var.<br />
macrocarpum.<br />
Icon.'? BORY 1804, PI. XVI, fig. 3, as Lichen salazinus. - LAMB 1951, PI. 111, fig. 7 A, as St. ramu-<br />
Iosum var. assimile.<br />
Mat. chim.": the presumed full chemical spectrum (not yet seen in the same specimen)<br />
consists of atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, stictic acid, norstictic acid, usnic and<br />
isousnic acids, and probably stenosporic acid. The material seen represents the following<br />
deficient phases :<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, stictic acid, usnic and<br />
isousnic acids. (Reunion.)<br />
'5 The epithet was emended by LAMB loc. cit. because NYLANDER'S isotype material in H-NYL has a<br />
slight intermixture of St. scutelligerum TH. FR.; but since NYLANDER'S description is perfectly unambiguous,<br />
this emendation seems unnecessary.<br />
Ffi~, 1824. PI. 111, fig. 7, as St. salazianum [sic] seems to represent a different species.<br />
'' The depsidone salazinic acid of ZOPF was isolated from "Stereocaulon salazinum" (actually St.<br />
scutelligerum TH. FR.). It is now known that this substance was in fact norstictic acid (DWIGNEAUD,<br />
1942; MORS, 1952), but in spite of this the name salazinic acid is still used for a different depsidone (see<br />
C. CULBERSON, 1969, p. 162).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 303<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, usnic and isousnic acids.<br />
(Rkunion.)<br />
Deficient phase 111, with atranorin, perlatolic acid, stictic acid, norstictic acid. (Madagascar.)<br />
Deficient phase IV, with atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid and probably stenosporic<br />
acid. (Rkunion, including isotype material.)<br />
Usnic acid is a very unusual constituent in the genus Stereocaulon; it has been found also<br />
in one specimen of St. melanopotamicum LAMB, in which however it may be an accidental<br />
contaminant. But its occurrence in St. salazinum (2 specimens) seems to be indisputable.<br />
Distrib.: islands of the Indian Ocean (Rkunion, Madagascar).<br />
Remarks: the nomenclatural history of this species is very complicated. BORY'S original<br />
material consists of a mixture of 2 species, which were later designated as Stereocaulon assimile<br />
NYL. (1859) and Stereocaulon scutelligerum TH. FR. (1861). BORY'S original description combines<br />
the characters of both these species, but his figure, PI. XVI, fig. 3, shows a plant of the<br />
ramulosum-type. NYLANDER (1859, p. 250, and 1860, p. 233) applied the name St. salazinum<br />
to the St. scutelligerum component, and in this was followed by several other authors, e.g.<br />
HUE (1898-1901) and VAIN10 (1915). Other authors, such as ACHARIUS (1810), TH. FRIES<br />
(1861) and DODGE (1929) applied the epithet to the other component, which resembles St.<br />
ramulosum var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB." NYLANDER, considering the epithet salazinum to<br />
refer to the scutelligerum component, was automatically obliged to give a name to the ramulosum-like<br />
component, which he did as Stereocaulon assimile NYL. (1859, p. 251). In agreement<br />
with the views expressed by ACHARIUS and TH. FRIES (see above), RIDDLE (ex DODGE, 1929,<br />
p. 140) finally definitely lectotypified Lichen salazinus BORY on the ramulosum-like component<br />
(=St. assimile NYL.), thereby clearing up the longstanding confusion. The emendation of<br />
Lichen salazinus in the present sense can probably be credited to ACHARIUS (1810, p. 580).<br />
St. salazinum, in the presently accepted sense, is closely related to St. ramulosum (Sw.)<br />
RAUSCH., having a strong resemblance to the var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB. It is smaller<br />
and more slender than the latter, has a tendency in some specimens at least to produce harmonic<br />
branches (cfr. the illustration in LAMB, 1951, P1. 111, fig. 7 A), and has a distinctive chemical<br />
constitution as well as a different distribution pattern, confined to the Mascarene Islands and<br />
Madagascar.<br />
1 16. Stereocaulon staufleri LAMB<br />
ex FREY, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 86: 247 (1967).<br />
Typus: New Guinea, North-east Region, Eastern Highlands Distr., Mt. Wilhelm, Goroka, Keglsugl,<br />
Pengage Creek, on route to Lake Aunde, altit. 3250-3500 m s. m., on granitic rock, leg. H. U.<br />
STAUFFER, 1964 (no. 5668-B) (FH, holotypus; FREY, isotypus).<br />
Exsicc.: Lich. EXS. Univ. Colorado Mus. Fasc. VIII (1971) no. 305 (COLO, FH).<br />
Icon. : FREY 1967, fig. 4: PI. 17, fig. 4.<br />
Mat. chim.: the typical species contains atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid (in trace<br />
" FFBE (1824, p. xcvii) made the combination Stereocaulon salazinum (BORY) FFBE (as "salazianum")<br />
but gave no description, and his illustration (PI. 111, fig. 7) is quite unrecognizable. Chlorocaulum<br />
salazinum (BORY) CLEMENTS was applied to the scutelligerum component, but this does not affect the nomenclature.<br />
TH. FRIES (1857, p. 25, and 1858, p. 43) mistakenly applied the name Stereocaulon vulcani<br />
(BORY) ACH. to the St. scutelligerum component, but after this mistake was pointed out by N~ANDER<br />
(1859) rectified it by introducing the nomen novum scutelligerum, reserving the name salazinum for the<br />
ramulosum-like component of BORY'S original material (TH. FRIES, 1861).
304 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
amounts) and an unidentified substance. The var. borneense has the same constituents with<br />
the addition of glomelliferic acid. The statement in the original description that St. staufleri<br />
contains lobaric acid was an error.<br />
Distrib.: New Guinea (including Irian and Papua); N. Borneo (var. borneznse). It seems to be<br />
common in the Bismarck Ranges of northeastern New Guinea. Var. borneense has been found to date<br />
only in the Kinabalu National Park of North Borneo (Sabah), where it also appears to be quite common.<br />
Remarks: a large and conspicuous species, outwardly resembling large states of St. ramulo-<br />
sum var. pilophoroides (TUCK.) LAMB. The anatomical structure of the cephalodial cortex is<br />
like that found in St. implexum TH. FR. in consisting of two superimposed tissues, but in St.<br />
staufleri the nubilated-pseudoparenchymatous tissue is developed outside of the hyaline-<br />
gelatinized layer.<br />
Var. bornehe LAMB (n. var.)<br />
Diagn.: Minus et tenuius quam in typo, ramulis phyllocladoideis basin versus magis<br />
evolutis, cephalodiis partim laevigatis; atranorinurn, acidum perlatolicum, acidum anziaicum<br />
et insuper acidum glomellifericum continens.<br />
Typus: North Borneo (Sabah), Kinabalu National Park, altit. ca. 3500 m s. m., at base of rock<br />
slabs in open forest on tourist trail, leg. M. E. HALE, 1964 (no. 28310) (US, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Remarks: smaller and more slender than the typical species, with more development of<br />
phyllocladioid branchlets towards the base. Cephalodia partly with smooth surface. Glomelliferic<br />
acid present in addition to atranorin, perlatolic acid and anziaic acid. Spores seen<br />
3-7-septate, 70-90x&5 p, sometimes slightly spirally wound inside ascus. 8 collections<br />
seen, all from the Kinabalu National Park.<br />
117. Stereocaulon stenospermum (LAMB) LAMB (n. comb.)<br />
Basionym: Stereocaulon argus var. stenospermum LAMB, Farlowia, 4: 460 (1955).<br />
Typus: Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, near foot of Frias Glacier S. of Lago Frias, on exposed rock,<br />
leg. I. M. LAMB, 1950 (no. 6088) (CAN, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1955, fig. 26, as St. argus var. stenospermum.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, perlatolic acid, anziaic acid, glomelliferic acid, and traces of<br />
unidentified substances.<br />
Distrib. : Argentine Patagonia (Rio Negro, NeuquCn, Chubut).<br />
Remarks: similar to St. argus HOOK. F. et TAYL. em. TH. FR., but differs in the narrower<br />
spores, partly or entirely transparent hypothecium, and presence of glomelliferic acid.<br />
1 18. Stereocaulon trachyphloeum LAMB<br />
in GALWWAY, LAMB et BRATT, Lichenologist, 8: 64 (1976).<br />
Typus: Tasmania, Hansen's Peak, altit. 1136 m s. m., on quartzite-schist rock, leg. G. C. BRAIT,<br />
1967 (no. 67-527) (FH, h010typuS; BRATT, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
Icon.: GALLOWAY, LAMB et BRATT 1976, P1. 2, figs. A, B.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid and protocetraric acid (in the thallus);<br />
perlatolic acid and anziaic acid (in the apothecia).<br />
Distrib. : Tasmania and New Zealand.<br />
Remarks: habitually resembles a coarse state of St. colensoi BAB. with roughened, areolateverruculose<br />
thallus-mantle. Of interest is the occurrence of different chemical constituents in<br />
the thallus and in the apothecia.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 305<br />
119. Stereocaulon wadei LAMB (n. sp.)<br />
Diagn.: Pseudopodetia caespitosa, erecta aut intricata, substrato arcte affixa, parva,<br />
altit. 5-14 mm, crassit. 0.3-0.9 rnm, teretia, irregulariter ramosa, passim corticata (pallio<br />
thallino laevigato aut rimoso), passim decorticata et glabra, pro maj. parte soredioso-pulverulenta.<br />
Thallus primarius effusus, granuloso-sorediosus. Phyllocladia haud distincte evoluta.<br />
Soralia apicalia, effusa, 1-3 (-5) rnrn lata, albida, granuloso-pulverulenta, ramulis pertenuibus<br />
corymbosis terminalibus laxe suffulta (ut in St. delisei BORY). Cephalodia subglobosa, sessilia<br />
aut brevissime pedicellata, 0.61.8 mm lata, plumbeo-cinerascentia, distincte confertimque<br />
scrobiculata aut botryoso-scrobiculata, sacculata, intus laxe contexta. (Apothecia haud visa.)<br />
Atranorinum, acidum perlatolicum, acidum glomellifericum et acidum glomellicum continet.<br />
- Ad stirpem St. corticatuli pertinet et cum St. delisei BORY similitudinem praebet, sed materiis<br />
chimicis ornnino diversum.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, North Island, Tongariro National Park, near Whakapapa, leg. A. E. WADE,<br />
1966 (FH, holotypus; BM, isotypus).<br />
Mat. chim. : atranorin, perlatolic acid, glomelliferic acid and glomellic acid. The latter<br />
substance occurs in brown Parmeliae (Melaenoparmelia). The same series of compounds<br />
(perlatolic acid, glomelliferic acid, glomellic acid) occurs very commonly in brown Parmeliae;<br />
see LEUCKERT, POELT, SCHULTZ and SCHWARZ, 1975.<br />
Distrib. : New Zealand.<br />
Remarks: known only from the type material. The morphological appearance falls<br />
within the range of St. corticatulum NYL., but the apical soralia are larger and more copiously<br />
developed than is usual in that species, and the cephalodia more closely and distinctly scrobiculate,<br />
resembling those of St. implexum TH. FR. The unique chemistry sets it apart from both<br />
St. corticatulum and St. delisei.<br />
Subsect. C. Dactyloideum (LAMB) LAMB<br />
120. Stereocaulon strictum TH. FR.<br />
De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 24 (1857); Monogr. Stereoc. et Pilophor.: 346 (sep. 42) (1858).<br />
- Stereocaulon substrictum HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 10: 253 (1898) (ut nom. nov.).<br />
- Stereocaulonpeladense VAIN. Dansk Bot. Ark. 4 (1 1): 7 (1926) (ut nom. nov.).<br />
Typus: TH. FRIES cited 3 Mexican collections made by LIEBMANN. AS lectotype we select the specimen<br />
from Oaxaca, Sierra de Oajaca (Oaxaca), altit. 9-10000 feet, leg. LIEBMANN, 1842 (no. 76, Plant.<br />
Mex. no. 7661) (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; c, isolectotypus).<br />
Facultative synonyms: Stereocaulon lecanoreum NYL. Flora, 41: 117, footnote (1858); Synopsis<br />
Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2) : 233 (1 860) ; DODGE, Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 2 (2) : 124 (1929). - Stereocaulon<br />
strictum var. lecanoreum (NYL.) LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582 (1951). - Stereocaulon mixtum sorediatum<br />
NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 239 (1860). -Stereocaulon mixtum var. sorediatum<br />
(NYL.) HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 2: 246 (1890).<br />
Exsicc.: V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. XLVIII (1973) no. 1190 (BRNU).<br />
Icon.: TH. FRIES 1858, PI. VIII, fig. 4. - LAMB 1951, fig. 3 (cephalodia); 1976, fig. 2 (cephalodia).<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin and porphyrilic acid. Cfr. HUNECK, 1974.<br />
Distrib. : Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.<br />
Remarks: St. strictum is characterized by the frequent presence of spathulate unifacial<br />
soredia at the apices of the pseudopodetia or at the tips of the phyllocladia, dactylaeform<br />
cephalodia, dark pigmented hypothecium, vermiform multiseptate spores, and the presence of<br />
porphyrilic acid. In fertile specimens soredia may be almost or entirely absent; in the var.<br />
compressurn they are very well developed. The cephalodia are solid internally and bounded
306 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
by a uniform, transparent, gelatinized cortical layer (LAMB, 1976). The apothecia are often<br />
pseudolecanorine with pale pseudothalline margin, as in the type material of St. lecanoreurn<br />
NYL. ZAHLBRUCKNER (1926-27), following NYLANDER (1860), included St. Iecanoreurn in<br />
subgen. Lecanocaulon. Although occasional symbiotic algae (Trebouxia) may be present<br />
entangled among the loosened hyphae on the outer side of the excipulum, the structure of the<br />
apothecium in St. stricturn, as in all other Stereocaulon species, is not truly lecanorine. St.<br />
substricturn HUE (1898) and St. peladense VAIN. (1926) are illegitimate nomina nova for St.<br />
stricturn, unnecessarily given on account of Stereocaulon rarnulosurn var. stricturn BAB. (1852,<br />
syn. St. foliolosurn var. stricturn (BAB.) LAMB).<br />
Var. compressum (NYL.) LAMB<br />
ex VBZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. no. 1435 (1976). - Stereocaulon proximum var. compressum NYL. Synopsis<br />
Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 237 (1860). - Stereocaulon explanatum LAMB, Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582<br />
(1951) (ut nom. nov.).<br />
Typus: Colombia (Nova Granata), exact locality not stated, leg. GOUDOT, 1844 (PC, holotypus).<br />
Facultative synonym: Stereocaulon ramulosum f. compressum NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum,<br />
1 (2): 236 (1860).<br />
Exsicc.: Lich. Exs. Sect. Bot. Mus. Hist.-Nut. Hungar. (1969) no. 86, as St. proximum (LD). -<br />
V~ZDA, Lich. Sel. Exs. Fasc. LVIII (1976) no. 1435 (BRNU).<br />
Icon.: LAMB 1951, fig. 5, as St. explanatum.<br />
Remarks: apices of pseudopodetia flattened, spathulate, corticated on one side, sorediate<br />
on the other. Apothecia rarely developed. Transitional states between the variety and the<br />
typical species are sometimes found. The nomen novum explanaturn LAMB was unnecessarily<br />
created on account of the mention of "Stereocaulon cornpressurn LINDS." in ZAHLBRUCKNER'S<br />
Catalogus, but that proved to be merely a lapsus, for LINDSAY'S reference is to Sphaerophoron<br />
cornpressurn.<br />
Sect. 2. Redingeria LAMB<br />
121. Stereocaulon caespitosum RED.<br />
Hedwigia, 76: 132,138 (1936); MARTIN et CHILD, Lichens of New Zealand: 155 (1972). - Gymnocaulon<br />
caespitosum (RED.) DWIGN. Lejeunia, Mtm. no. 14: 14 (1956) (comb. inval.).<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Mt. Maungatua near Dunedin, altit. 900m s. m.,<br />
on schistose rock, leg. J. S. THOMSON (date ?); 2 collecting numbers cited, 185 and 485, of which we<br />
designate the former as lectotype (DSIR, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
Icon.: RED. 1936, figs. 1 A, 2 E, F. -LAMB 1951, figs. 3, 4.<br />
Mat. chirn.: the internal tissues give a strong red reaction with PD, and most specimens<br />
contain atranorin, protocetraric acid, furnarprotocetraric acid, and an unidentified pigment.<br />
Two specimens from Tasmania, however, although giving a similar reaction, were found to<br />
be of different chemical constitution: one contained atranorin and bourgeanic acidrs, the other<br />
apparently atranorin only. The chemistry of this species requires further investigation.<br />
Distrib.: New Zealand (South Island), Australia, Tasmania, Campbell Island.<br />
Remarks: a specimen from the type locality in New Zealand formed a patch about 1 m<br />
in diameter, estimated as being more than 400 years old (J. MURRAY, personal communication).<br />
The ontogenetic development of this species was studied by JAHNS (1970).<br />
70 Bourgeanic acid, an aliphatic compound, was first named, isolated and characterized (from species<br />
of Ramalina) by BODO, HEBRARD, MOLHO and MOLHO, 1973. It occurs also in several other species of<br />
Stereocaulon.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 307<br />
122. Stereocaulon gregarium RED.<br />
Hedwigia, 76: 139 (1936); MARTIN et CHILD, Lichens of New Zealand: 155 (1972). - Gymnocaulon<br />
gregarium (RED.) DUVIGN. Lejeunia, MBm. no. 14: 14 (1956) (comb. inval.).<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Flagstaff Hill near Dunedin, on schistose rock, leg. J.<br />
S. THOMSON (date ?) (no. 149) (DSIR, holotypus).<br />
Icon.: RED. 1936, fig. 3. - MARTIN and CHILD 1972, PI. 47, upper left.<br />
Mat. chim.: the full chemical spectrum consists of atranorin, protocetraric acid, fumarprotocetraric<br />
acid, perlatolic acid, colensoinic acid, anziaic acid, and possibly sublimbatic<br />
acid.80<br />
Deficient phase I, with atranorin, protocetraric acid and furnarprotocetraric acid.<br />
Deficient phase 11, with atranorin, protocetraric acid and perlatolic acid.<br />
Distrib. : New Zealand (North Island, South Island, Stewart Island). In North Island it appears<br />
to be rare.<br />
Remarks: very similar to St. caespitosum RED., but differing in the pale, wrinkled-scrobiculate<br />
cephalodia, the almost unpigmented hypothecium, the longer and narrower spores, and<br />
the filiform conidia. Ontogenetic development investigated by JAHNS (1970).<br />
123. Stereocaulon loricatum LAMB<br />
in GALLOWAY, LAMB et BRATT, Lichenologist, 8: 61 (1976).<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, West Matukituki Valley, Mt. French, altit. 1600 m s. m., on<br />
rock, leg. D. J. GALLOWAY, 1967 (FH, h010typuS; BM, CHR, isotypes).<br />
Icon.: GALLOWAY, LAMB and BRATT 1976, PI. I, A, B.<br />
Mat. chim.: atranorin, colensoinic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, salazinic acid (often in<br />
only trace amounts).<br />
Distrib. : New Zealand (South Island).<br />
Remarks: known from 7 collections.<br />
APPENDIX 1<br />
St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM.<br />
St. paschale is the type species of the genus Stereocaulon, and the type specimen must be<br />
one of those seen by LINNB in drawing up his description of Lichen paschalis (1753) and<br />
preserved in his herbarium at the Linnean Society of London (LINN). VAINIO, 1886, cited 4<br />
sheets seen by him in the Linnean herbarium, which he referred, without comments, to Stereocaulon<br />
pascale [sic]. The situation is however somewhat more complicated. There are<br />
actually 6 sheets bearing material of "Lichen paschalis", of which 4 were labelled by other<br />
authors (LINN. fil., EHRHART) and were probably inserted after the date of publication and<br />
hence not to be considered as type material. The 2 sheets labelled by LINNB himself are nos.<br />
1273-254 and 1273-259. The former is labelled "Lichen pascalis globuliferus" by LINNB and<br />
~aschalis" by LINNAEUS fil., and bears one specimen of Stereocaulon ramulosum (Sw.)<br />
RAUSCH., as correctly determined by RIDDLE; the latter bears in LINNB'S handwriting "paschalis"<br />
and the numbers 982 and 68, and has 8 specimens, of which RIDDLE has stated, in an<br />
Sublimbatic acid is a substance of uncertain chemical affinity described by HALE (1967) from<br />
Parrnelia hypomelaena HALE and several other species of subgen. Xanthoparmelia. It has also been<br />
found in Stereocaulon pachycephalum VAIN.
308 Joum. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
attached annotation, "This is the authentic Type of Lichen paschalis Linn. The central<br />
specimen is certainly that species. The others are less typical." The number 982 refers to<br />
the number of the species on p. 359 of the first edition of LINNJYS Flora Suecica (1745), where<br />
the polynomial nomenclature ("Lichen fruticulosus solidus tectus, foliolis crustaceis") is used;<br />
68 refers to the number of the species in LINNE'S Species Plantarum, vol. 2 (1753), which is<br />
the original publication of Lichenpaschalis. We inspected the specimens on this sheet in 1954<br />
and again in 1958. The large central specimen which RIDDLE seems to suggest as lectotype<br />
is not St. paschale as now understood, but is either St. tomentosum FR. or St. myriocarpum<br />
TH. FR., with the numerous small lateral apothecia characteristic of both those species. The<br />
lectotypification of RIDDLE (if such was intended) should therefore be rejected. The remaining<br />
7 specimens, grouped around the large central specimen, are as follows (starting at the uppermost<br />
one and going clockwise): (2) St. paschale (fert.); (3) St. paschale (ster.); (4) St.<br />
paschale (fert.); (5) St. paschale (sparingly fert.); (6) apparently referable to St. grande (MAGN.)<br />
MAGN. (fert.); (7) St. paschale (sparingly fert.); (8) St. paschale (ster.). We would suggest<br />
as lectotype of St. paschales' specimen no. (5), at the bottom of the sheet, not only because<br />
it represents the species in the generally accepted sense, but also because LINN~ has written<br />
the Flora Suecica number 982 close against it, which suggests that this may be the specimen<br />
which he regarded as most characteristic of Lichenpaschalis. This specimen shows the typical<br />
dark cephalodia. The origin of the specimens on the sheet is not known, but the placing<br />
of the Flora Suecica number 982 against the lectotype would seem to indicate that it was from<br />
Sweden (probably Lapland).<br />
It must be remembered that prior to the end of the first quarter of the 19th. century, when<br />
St. dactylophyllum FLK. (1819), St. tomentosum FR. (1824) and St. alpinum LAUR. (1827) were<br />
first discriminated, the names Lichen paschalis and Stereocaulon paschale were used in a very<br />
wide sense, including these species, and probably some others also.<br />
St. paschale f. typicum DU RIETZ<br />
No type designated. A superfluous nomenclatural synonym for the typical species.<br />
St. paschale [var.] a. vulgare TH. FR.<br />
Although intended to designate the typical species, this variety is probably not to be considered<br />
as typified by the Linnean material, which according to TH. FRIES'S remarks (1857,<br />
p. 34) he had not seen, but should be typified on one of the specimens cited by him in his original<br />
description of that taxon, i. e. either EHRHART, PI. Cryptog. Linn. no. 118 or FLOTOW,<br />
Deutsche Lich. Ens. no. 12 A-C (both in herb. TH. FRIES). Through the courtesy of Dr.<br />
R. MOBERG (UPS) we received both these specimens for examination, and verified that they are<br />
both referable to St. paschale. The EHRHART specimen is somewhat atypical in having pale<br />
Nostoc-cephalodia of the alpinum-type, but FLOTOW 12A and 12B both have the typical dark<br />
Stigonema-cephalodia. No. 12A is fertile, and we designate it as the lectotype of var. vulgare<br />
(lectotypif. nov.), a synonym of the typical species. These FLOTOW specimens bear no indication<br />
of locality.<br />
St. paschale [var.] 6. serpens TH. FR.<br />
Typus: Sweden, "circa Upsaliam sat frequens" (UPS-TH FR). It is from Vitulfsberg, leg. TH.<br />
FRIES, 1852.<br />
Lectotypif. nov.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 309<br />
St. paschale f. colligatum LAMB<br />
Typus: Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Victoria Co., Ingonish, Middle Head, leg. I. M.<br />
LAMB, 1952 (no. 6946) (CAN).<br />
Lichen crustaceus GILIB.<br />
No holotype designated; specimens mentioned from France and Lithuania (not seen).<br />
Lichen paschalis L. given as a synonym, and a description supplied which conforms to some<br />
species of Stereocaulon. Possibly intended as a new species based on one of the specimens<br />
mentioned, but more likely merely an illegitimate change of name for Lichen paschalis.<br />
St. tomentosum [var.] y. thyrsoideum SCHAER.<br />
Switzerland, various specimens mentioned, no holotype designated. The specimens<br />
in question (G) examined by FREY, who stated them (1932, p. 153) to be typical St. alpinum<br />
LAUR.; not seen by us. FREY, 1. c., p. 172, also mentions a specimen in herb. SCHAER., called<br />
St. tomentosum var. thyrsoideum, from Switzerland, Gauligletscher, which is St. glareosum<br />
(SAV.) MAGN., but as this locality is not listed in SCHAERER'S protologue, it is not part of the<br />
type material of var. thyrsoideum, and was probably added later by SCHAERER.<br />
St. tomentosum [subsp.]* alpinum [f.] a. verrucosum TH. FR.<br />
No type designated; specimens mentioned from Spitsbergen, Norway, Scotland, Ger-<br />
many, Switzerland, France and Italy. St. alpinum LAUR. given as synonym. A superfluous<br />
nomenclatural synonym for the typical form of that species.<br />
St. alpinum f. adpressum MAGN.<br />
No holotype designated; specimens mentioned from Italy and Switzerland. Dr. R.<br />
MOBERG (UPS) informed us that there are no specimens in ups (incl. UPS-MAGN) identified as<br />
St. alpinum f. adpressurn. Therefore a lectotype would have to be selected. It seems obvious<br />
from the description that the name refers to a mere growth-state or modification of St. alpinum.<br />
St. botryosum var. subincrustatum FREY<br />
3 specimens mentioned, 2 from Switzerland and 1 from Austria, no holotype designated.<br />
As lectotype we have chosen that from Switzerland, Berner Alpen, Faulhornkette, Schoniwang<br />
near Breitenboden, leg. E. FREY, 1928 (no. 294) (FREY) (lectotypif. nov.). It is a juvenile<br />
saxicolous state of St. alpinum LAUR. with short pseudopodetia still firmly attached to the rock.<br />
FREY, in litt. 1957, concurred with the opinion that this taxon is a synonym of St. alpinurn.<br />
The other Swiss specimen mentioned does indeed belong to St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY,<br />
but as its characters do not agree with those described in the protologue, we excluded it from<br />
consideration in selecting a lectotype.<br />
St. fastigiatum ANZI<br />
No holotype designated; "in molte alpi del distretto di Bormio, e della Valtellina". The<br />
authentic material distributed in ANZI, Lich. Rar. Langob. Exs. no. 16 should probably be<br />
designated as isotype or isolectotype subject to study of the material in ANZI'S own herbarium,<br />
for which we did not have the opportunity.<br />
St. botryosum subsp. islandicum DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Iceland, Arnessjhla, Thingvellir, "ad lavam inter muscos", leg. P. VAN OYE,
3 10 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
1938 (no. 5) (formerly BRLU, but destroyed during World War 11, according to Prof. Du-<br />
VIGNEAUD (oral commun., 1958)). It was supposed to differ from the typical St. botryosum<br />
in its chemistry, but the identity of the substances present was not elucidated. To be dis-<br />
carded as a nomen dubium.<br />
St. fastigiaturn f. congesturn MAGN.<br />
3 specimens cited (2 from Sweden and 1 from Norway), no holotype designated. We<br />
select the one from Sweden, Tome Lappmark, Koppargsen. It is fertile, although MAGNUSSON<br />
stated it to be sterile.<br />
St. farinaceurn MAGN.<br />
Typus: Sweden, Tome Lappmark, par. Jukkasjami, Vassitjlkko, altit. ca. 600 m s. m., "on soil in<br />
alpine situations", leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1919 (no. 3371) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
Patellaria pileata [var.] a. crustacea WALLR. and [var.] ,B. thamnodes WALLR.<br />
Both described from Germany (Thiiringen), without exact localities, "ad terram arenosam<br />
sterilem". Not seen by us.<br />
St. acaulon NYL.<br />
Typus: France, Limoges (prov. Lemovicensi), Barsac, "supra terram jugorum aridorum", leg. E.<br />
LAMY, 1873 (H-NYL, no. 40022, holotypus).<br />
St. condensaturn [var.] a. minor EGELING<br />
No type material now present in KASSEL; probably destroyed during World War I1 (G.<br />
FOLLMANN, personal commun.).<br />
St. condyloideum ACH.<br />
Typus: Sweden, no exact locality stated, "ad terram glareosam" (H-ACH, holotypus).<br />
St. condensatum f. athallinum SANDST. ex ERICHS.<br />
3 localities mentioned in Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, leg. ERICHSEN, 1926 and 1936,<br />
no holotype designated. Not seen by us, and not lectotypified.<br />
St. condensatum f. septentrionale MAGN.<br />
3 localities in Sweden (Harjedalen, Lycksele Lappmark, Lule Lappmark) mentioned,<br />
no holotype designated. We select as lectotype (lectotypif. nov.) the specimen from Harjedalen,<br />
Linsall, leg. STENHOLM, 1917 (UPS-MAGN). Color, after 38 years in the herbarium, not<br />
noticeably different from that of other herbarium material of St. condensatum.<br />
St. coralloides FR.<br />
Type from Sweden, but no locality or date designated. As the original description<br />
accompanied the exsiccat FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. Fasc. IV (1825) no. 118, the latter may be<br />
considered isotype material.<br />
St. dactylophyllum [var.] ,B. major SOMM.<br />
Type from Swedeish Lapland, but no locality designated. Not seen by us. Referred to<br />
St. coralloides a. dactylophyllum by TH. FRIES, 1861.<br />
St. coralloides var. orientalis RAS.<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Karelia ladogensis, Lake Ladoga, Kurkijoki, Lapinlahti, "auf Uferfelsen am
offenen See" (H-RAs, holotypus).<br />
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
St. spissum NYL. ex HUE<br />
Based on Zw. Lich. Exs. no. 997, from Germany, Oldenburg, Edewecht near Zwischenahn,<br />
leg. SANDSTEDE (date?). Two examples of this number are present in H-NYL, both placed<br />
in the cover of St. spissum; one (herb. NYL. no. 39877) is sterile, PD-, and probably St.<br />
saxatile MAGN.; the other (herb. NYL. no. 39878) is fertile, PD+ orange-red, and is referable<br />
to St. dactylophyllum var. occidentale; we selected it as the lectotype of St. spissum (LAMB,<br />
1954, p. 272).<br />
St. spissum f. dactylinum FREY<br />
Described from Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, "Gebiet der grossen Endmoranen", coll.<br />
C. F. E. ERICHSEN. Several localities cited, no holotype designated. Two specimens of this<br />
type material seen by us in HBG; one of them is St. saxatile MAGN., the other, with FREY'S<br />
annotation "f. dactylinum", is St. dactylophyllum var. occidentale; we select the latter as lecto-<br />
type of St. spissum f. dactylinum (lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. fastigiatum f. confluens MAGN.<br />
Typus: Sweden, Torne Lappmark, par. Jukkasjarvi, KopparAsen, altit. 600 m s. m., leg. A. H.<br />
MAGNUSSON, 1921 (no. 6073) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
St. evolutum var typicum TH. FR.<br />
TH. FRIES quotes this as synonymous with St. evolutum GRAEWE, and so it can be considered<br />
as based on the latter and therefore an obligate synonym.<br />
St. evolutum f. planum MAGN.<br />
3 localities in Sweden mentioned, all in Bohuslan, no holotype designated. We select<br />
the specimen from par. Naverstad, Klagerod, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1917, as lectotype<br />
(UPS-MAGN, lectotypif. nov.). It was marked as type specimen by MAGNUSSON himself.<br />
St. lusitanicum MAGN.<br />
Typus: Portugal, Minho, Serra do Gerez, near Cabril, altit. 1000 m s. m., leg. C. TAVARES, 1944<br />
(no. 196) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
St. patagonicum LAMB<br />
Typus: Argentina, Chubut, Lago Menendez, leg. I. M. LAMB, 1950 (no. 5790) (CAN, holotypus;<br />
FH, isotypus).<br />
St. colensoi var. reagens RAS.<br />
Typus: Chile, Magallanes, Finlandia Fjord, leg. ROIVAINEN, 1929 (H-RAS, holotypus).<br />
St. patagonicum f. subirregulare LAMB<br />
Typus: Argentina, Rio Negro, Lago Frias, Cerro Rigi, altit. ca. 1750 m s. m., leg. I. M. LAMB,<br />
1950 (no. 5789) (CAN, holotypu~; FH, isotypus).<br />
St. paschale f. ramulgerum NYL.<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Kola Peninsula, Murmansk region, Ponoi, leg. N. I. FELLMAN, 1863 (no. 47)<br />
(H-NYL, holotypus).
312 Joum. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
St. glareosum f. congestum MAGN.<br />
Typus: Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tarna, Syterbacken, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924<br />
(no. 8377) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus; FH, isotypus).<br />
Patellaria tomentosa ,B. erecta WALLR.<br />
WALLROTH, descr. orig., gives as synonym St. incrustatum FLORKE, quoting the latter's<br />
Deutsch. Lich. no. 77, which is probably isotype material of St. incrustaturn, and which may be<br />
considered as type material of WALLROTH'S epithet.<br />
St. abduanum ANZI<br />
Several localities in Italy mentioned: River Adda (Abdua) and its tributaries in the Valle<br />
Tellina plain (Fusine, Delebio, Chiavenna); no holotype designated. Lectotypified by DODGE<br />
(1929, p. 106) on the Adda specimen, which we have not seen. Paratype material from Valle<br />
Tellina and Valle Chiavenna (Clavenna) is distributed in ANZI'S exsiccat Lich. Rar. Langob.<br />
Exs. no. 14, as St. incrustaturn.<br />
St. incrustatum var. elatum OKSN.<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., E. Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast, near Sljudianka, Chamar-Daban, leg. A. N. OKSNER,<br />
5. viii. 1927 (herb. OKSNER, holotype, not seen by us). We did however see a specimen in UPS-MAGN,<br />
labelled "Stereocaulon conf. incrustaturn", which appears to be isotype material, as the locality, collector<br />
and date on the label are the same. It is quite typical St. incrustaturn. OKSNER corresponded<br />
with MAGNUSSON.<br />
St. myriocarpum [var.] ,B. orizabae TH. FR<br />
Typus: Mexico, Veracruz State, Mt. Orizaba, altit. 12000 feet (3700 m s. m.,) leg. LIEBMANN, 1841<br />
(no. 72b) (UPS-TH FR, holotypus; c, isotypus).<br />
St. tomentosum [subsp.]*** St. myriocarpoides NYL.<br />
Typus: N. India, Himalayas, exact locality not stated, altit. 12000 feet (3700 m s. m.), leg. J. D.<br />
HOOKER and THOMSON (date ?) (Herb. Ind. Or. no. 2170) (PC, holotypus; L, LD, UPS-TH FR, isotypes).<br />
St. condensatum var. sorediatum HARM.<br />
Lectotypified by DODGE (1929, p. 11 1) on the material distributed in CLAUD. et HARM. Lich. Gall.<br />
praecip. Exs. no. 474, from France, Herault, La Salvetat, leg. MARC (seen in FH, isolectotypus).<br />
St. pileatum var. sorediiferum NYL.<br />
Typus: France, Vosges, Dept. Moselle, Bitche, leg. ?, date ?. There is no specimen in H-NYL.<br />
St. pileatum f. macrum MAGN.<br />
Typus: Sweden, Bohuslan, par. Ljung, Kolbengtsered, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1925 (no. 9513)<br />
(UPS-MAGN, hblotyp~s; FH, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
St. saxonicum BACHM.<br />
several 'collections from Germany and Czechoslovakia mentioned in BACHMANN'S<br />
2<br />
papers (1926, 1927) in which for the most part the taxon is designated as Stereocaulon tiro-<br />
liense or Stereocladiurn tiroliense; no holotype designated. One of the collections cited,<br />
from E. Germany, Sachsen, Giesing mountain near Altenberg, was distributed in Krypt. Exs.<br />
Vindob. no. 2275, as St. alpinum var. tyroliense on the original label, St. saxonicurn on the se-<br />
cond emended label. This could possibly be selected as isotype material, but inspection
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 313<br />
of the copy used by BACHMANN would be necessary, because it is heterogeneous; in co~o,<br />
FH and us a depauperate meager state of St. pileaturn AcH., but in PR a mixture of St. pileatum<br />
and St. nanodes TUCK., and in s entirely St. nanodes. The present location of BACH-<br />
MANN'S herbarium is unknown to us.<br />
St. pileatum f. ramificans MAGN.<br />
Typus: Sweden, Vastergotland, Alingsls, leg. STENHOLM, 1896 (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
St. paschale var. evolutoides MAGN.<br />
Over 11 specimens from Sweden (Bohuslan, Vastergotland, Varmland and Medelpad)<br />
cited, no holotype designated. We have selected as lectotype a specimen from Varmland,<br />
Sillerud, Noretjarn, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1912 (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. tomentosum var. graphiticola RAS.<br />
Typus: Finland, Savonia borealis, Kuopio, Laivo Island, "supra saxa schistosa graphitica juxta<br />
fodinam", leg. V. RASANEN and A. S. LEPPALA, 1946 (H-RAS, holotypus; isotypes distributed in Licheno-<br />
theca Fenn. no. 247; that in LD examined by us).<br />
St. paschale subsp. evolutoides f. laxatum LAMB<br />
Typus: Sweden, Varmland, Sillerud, Jarnsjon, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1912 (UPS-MAGN, holotypus)<br />
St. paschale f. taeniarum MAGN.<br />
2 specimens from Sweden, Bohuslan, cited, no holotype designated. As lectotype we<br />
selected that from par. Ockero, Bjorko, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1916 (UPS-MAGN, lectotypus,<br />
lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. leporinum TH. FR.<br />
Several specimens cited from Madeira, leg. DIEDRICHSEN et al., and Canary Islands,<br />
leg. BOURGEAU et al., no holotype designated. As lectotype we have chosen the specimen<br />
from Madeira, Rio Frio, leg. F. DIEDRICHSEN (date?) (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
It is quite typical St. azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL. (= "St. sphaerophoroides" mult. auctt., non<br />
TUCK.).<br />
St. granulosum LAUR.<br />
Specimens cited in HARTUNG (1857) from the Canary Islands (Lanzarote and Fuertaventura)<br />
and from Madeira; no holotype designated. HEPP, Flechten Europas no. 305 is<br />
quoted; this is from Madeira, Cural, leg. HEER and HARTUNG, and may be proposed as isolectotype<br />
material (lectotypif. nov.). Examples in FH-TUCK, PC and s studied by us.<br />
St. maderense TUCK.<br />
Typus: Madeira, Pico Ruivo, leg. PICKERING, U. S. Exploring Exped. 1838-42 (FH-TUCK, holotypus).<br />
It was subsequently annotated by TUCKERMAN himself "S. sphaerophoroides (S. Maderense<br />
perperam mihi olim)".<br />
St. leporinum [var.] a. elatum TH. FR. and [var.] p. pumilum TH. FR.<br />
Included in the several specimens cited under St. leporit~um (see above), holotypes not<br />
designated. BOURGEAU, Plant. ,Canar., iter secund. no. 1594, collected in the Canary Islands,<br />
Teneriffe, Selva de Las Mercedes, by E. BOURGEAU, 1855, as St. ramulosum, might eventually<br />
be considered appropriate as isolectotype material of var. elatum, and is typical St. azoreum
314 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
(SCHAER.) NYL. However, we failed to examine the material of these two varieties studied by<br />
TH. FRIES himself (UPS-TH FR).<br />
St. tomentosum [var.] ,!I. inciso-crenatum SCHAER.<br />
A general distribution in boreal and montane Europe indicated, localities being mentioned<br />
in Switzerland and France. FR. Lich. Suec. Exs. no. 90 cited, which is isotype material of<br />
St. tomentosum. Obviously intended by SCHAERER to indicate the typical form of the species,<br />
so that the above-mentioned exsiccat may be considered as the type material also of P. incisocrenatum.<br />
St. tomentosum [var.] a. campestre KORB.<br />
K~RBER gives no description or localities for this variety, but cites FR. Lich. Suec. Exs.<br />
no. 90, as well as several other exsiccata. The typification is therefore the same as that of var.<br />
inciso-crenatum above.<br />
Patellaria tomentosa [var.] y. decumbens WALLR.<br />
Mentioned as from Thiiringen and the Harz Mountains; Stereocaulon tomentosum FR.<br />
Sched. Critic. no. 90 given as a synonym, and DODGE (1929) lectotypified it on FR. Lich. Suec.<br />
Exs. no. 90. It is therefore an illegitimate obligate synonym of St. tomentosum.<br />
St. tomentosum [subsp.]*. magellanicum TH. FR.<br />
Typus: Chile, Magallanes, Magellan Strait; specimens collected by ANDERSON and from near<br />
"Sandy Point" (Punta Arenas) by LECHLER (Plant. Magell. no. 997); no holotype designated. As<br />
lectotype we select a specimen from "Fretum Magellanicum", leg. N. J. ANDERSSON, 1852, in UPS-TH<br />
FR (lectotypif: nov.); it was annotated by G. E. Du RIETZ as St. tomentosum.<br />
St. cupringorme NYL.<br />
Typus: Finland, Asikkala, leg. NORRLIN (date ?) (H-NYL, no. 39921, holotypus). A poorly developed<br />
condition of St. tomentosum, as stated by TH. FRIES (1871, p. 49).<br />
St. tomentosum f. truncatum FREY<br />
Typus: Germany, Mecklenburg, Rostock, Bernstorffer Tannen, leg. ? (B, holotypus, destroyed<br />
in World War I1 and not seen by us). From the description of it, and the illustration of a Tyrolean<br />
specimen, by FREY (1932, p. 185, PI. 111, fig. 8) it would seem to be merely a robust condition of the<br />
species.<br />
St. tomentosum f. tectorum TOM.<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Smolensk Oblast, Smolensk, "sur le toit pourri et moussu d'un hangar", leg.<br />
M. P. TOMIN, 1915 (no. 82) (VORAG, holotypus; UPS-MAGN, isotypus). Only the isotype seen by us.<br />
Stereocladium tyroliense NYL.<br />
Typus: Austria, Tirol, Brenner, leg. ARNOLD, 1874 (H-NYL, no. 40148, holotypus).<br />
St. tyroliense var. lapponicum MAGN.<br />
3 localities mentioned in Sweden, Lycksele Lappmark, par. Tba, Bjorkfors, by Syterbacken<br />
and Kvarnbacken, leg. A. H. MAGNUSSON, 1924. As lectotype we have selected<br />
the specimen from Syterbacken, altit. 475 m s. m., by a brook (MAGN. no. 8238) (UPS-MAGN,<br />
lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 315<br />
St. hypopetraeum VAIN.<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Karelia ladogensis, Lake Ladoga (Laatokka), Kotiluoto Island, leg. E. A.<br />
VAINIO, 1923 (TUR-VAIN, no. 3764, holotypus; annotated "ex orig." by VAINIO).<br />
St. ostrobottniae MAGN.<br />
Typus: Finland, Ostrobottnia media, Karleby, Vittick, on granitic rock of a wall, leg. S. AHLNER,<br />
1938 (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
St. denudatum FLORKE<br />
Typus: cited from Germany, Harz Mts.: Brocken and Konigsberg; also from Norway (unlocalked);<br />
no holotype designated. As isolectotype material (lectotypif. nov.) we select FLORKE, Deutsch.<br />
Lich. no. 79 (1819), issued in conjunction with the original description. No locality is cited on the label.<br />
Seen in PR and UPS.<br />
Patellaria paschalis [var.] /I. bracteata WALLR.<br />
Listed from several localities in Germany, of which the only one mentioned by name is<br />
"Bructero Hercyn.", referring to the BroAen in the Harz Mts. of central Germany. The type<br />
material seen by us in STR is unlocalized, and VAINIO (1886a) also does not mention any locality<br />
for the type material seen by him in B. Probably a neotype from the same region should be<br />
designated.<br />
St. denudatum [status] a. tenue LAUR. ex FR., [status] b.<br />
validum LAUR. ex FR. and [status] c. digitatum LAUR. ex FR.<br />
No localized type material of these taxa cited. Pre-Linnean illustrations of b. validum and c.<br />
digitatum (DILLENIUS, MORISON) are mentioned, and these might possibly be considered as the types<br />
(STAFLEU et al., Int. Code, 1972, Art. 9).<br />
St. denudatum [f.] b. capitatum FLOT.<br />
Typus: Polish-Czechoslovakian border, Riesengebirge, no exact locality cited. B, holotypus,<br />
destroyed in World War I1 and not seen by us, but studied by FREY (1932, p. 133).<br />
St. denudatum [f.] P. commune TH. FR.<br />
No type locality cited; obviously intended to designate the typical condition of St. denudatum,<br />
and may therefore be considered as based on the same type material.<br />
St. denudatum [var.] a. genuinum TH. FR.<br />
No type locality cited; ff. validum LAUR. and commune TH. FR, cited as synonyms; therefore obviously<br />
intended to designate the typical condition of St. denudatum.<br />
St. nabewariense ZAHLBR.<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, prov. Kotsuke (=Gumma Pref.); 2 localities mentioned, Mt. Akagi and<br />
Mt. Nabewari, leg. A. YASUDA. We lectotypify it on the specimen from Mt. Nabewari, leg. YASUDA,<br />
1911 (no. 16) (w, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. denudatum [f.] d. compactum FLOT.<br />
Typus: Polish-Czechoslovakian border, Riesengebirge, Schneekoppe (Koppenkegel), leg. NEES<br />
v. ESENBECK and J. FLOTOW, 1836. B, holotypus, destroyed in World War I1 and not seen by us.<br />
FLOTOW'S description is vague, but it probably refers to f. umbonatum (WALLR.), the taxon with which<br />
it is placed by ZAHLBRUCKNER, 192627 (1927), p. 644.
316 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
St. confluens MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Java, Gedk Volcano, altit. ca. 7500 feet, leg. SOLMS, 1883 (G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
St. confluens var. fuscescens MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Africa, Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro, altit. ca. 3000-4000 rn s. m., leg. L. v. HOHNEL, 1890<br />
(no. 204) (G-~LL, holotypus).<br />
St. violascens MULL. ARC.<br />
Typus: Ecuador, Mt. Chimborazo, Tambo de Totorillas, leg. E. ANDRB, 1876, altit. 3910 m s. m.,<br />
(no. 3961 bis) and 4200 m s. m. (no. 3929). As lectotype we select the former specimen (G-M~~LL,<br />
lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; isolectotypes in K, UPS, us).<br />
St. ruwenzoriense DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori, W. side, altit. 4200 m s. m., leg. HUMBERT, 1929 (BRLU,<br />
holotypus).<br />
St. microthuja DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori, Mt. Stanley, altit. 4250 m s. m., "roches nues horizontales",<br />
leg. HAUMAN, 1932 (no. 928) (BRLU, holotypus). The fac. abietina DUVIGN. (nom. inval.) is based on the<br />
same specimen.<br />
St. vulcani subsp. richardianum MONT.<br />
Typus: RCunion, "com. cl. Richard" (PC-MONT, holotypus; L, UPS-TH FR, isotypes). TH. FRIES<br />
(1858) erroneously reported the type as from Mauritius.<br />
St. speciosum LAMB<br />
Typus: Argentina, Chubut, Lago Menendez, below the Torrecillas Glacier, altit. ca. 650 m s. m.,<br />
leg. I. M. LAMB, 1950 (no. 6069) (CAN, holotypus).<br />
St. virgatum f. achariana VAIN.<br />
Typus: Windward Islands, Dominica, Roseau Valley, leg. W. R. ELLIOT^, 1919 (no. 110) (TUR-<br />
VAIN, holotypus; could not be found by us, but a paratype specimen from St. Vincent, Souffrikre, leg.<br />
ELLIOTT thus inscribed was seen, herb. VAIN. no. 3840). VAINIO states that this taxon is the same as<br />
the type in herb. ACH.<br />
St. virgatum f. applanata VAIN.<br />
Typus: Windward Islands, St. Vincent, Richmond Valley, leg. W. R. ELLIOTT, 1919 (no. 193)<br />
(TUR-VAIN, holotypus, not seen by us).<br />
St. virgatum f. primaria VAIN.<br />
Typus: 2 localities cited in Windward Islands, leg. W. R. ELLIOTT, 1919: Dominica, Laudat (no.<br />
889) and St. Vincent, SouBritre crater (no. 143). As lectotype we select the specimen from Dominica<br />
(TURVAIN, no. 3847, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. giltayi DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: "Scottia", leg. L. GILTAY, 1937 (BRLU, holotypus). It is a perfectly typical specimen of<br />
St. virgatum, and must su~ely have come the West Indies. According to Dr. DWIGNEAUD (oral communication)<br />
the specimen was presented by L. GILTAY together with other specimens collected during<br />
a visit to Scotland in 1937, and he admitted the possibility of a confusion of labels.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of S~ereocaulon<br />
St. sphaerophoroides TUCK.<br />
TUCKERMAN'S protologue (1845) mentions no place of origin, but states that it was collected<br />
by L. GOULDING (ex herb. LAMBERT). He sent this type specimen to TH. FRIES, who wrongly<br />
identified it with his St. leporinum. This specimen, which appears to be the holotype of<br />
St. sphaerophoroidess2, is preserved in UPS-TH FR, labelled "In monte ignivomo Ind. Occid. ?<br />
Rev. L. GOULDING", and is typical St. virgatum ACH. See further discussion on pages 206,207.<br />
St. Jlavireagens GYELN.<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii, Glenwood ("Clenwood"), altit. 4000 feet, on lava, leg. E. SCHNELL (date<br />
?) (holotypus presumably in BP, not seen by us, but an isotype specimen seen in UPS-MAGN).<br />
St. Jlavireagens f. cinerascens MAGN.<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii, Maui, 2 localities mentioned, no holotype designated. As lectotype we<br />
select the specimen from Haleakala, along Halemau trail, leg. 0. SELLING, 1938 (no. 5886) (GB, lectotypus,<br />
leclolypif. nov. ; UPS-MAGN, ~SO~~C~O~YPUS).<br />
St. Jlavireagens f. densum MAGN.<br />
Typus: U.S.A., Hawaii, Hawaii, top of Hualalai, altit. 2600 m s. m., leg. C. SKOTTSBERG, 1922 (no.<br />
1569) (UPS-MAGN, holotypus).<br />
St. foliiforme HUE<br />
Typus: Japan, Hokkaido, Shiribeshi-yama, leg. FAURIE, 1905 (no. 6999) (PC, holotypus; FH,<br />
isotypus).<br />
St. subramulosum MULL. ARG.<br />
2 Japanese localities mentioned (Mt. Fusijama and Mt. Ontake), both collected by MI-<br />
YOSHI, 1890. As lectotype we have selected that from Mt. Fujiyama (no. 7) (G-MULL, lectotypus,<br />
lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. subramulosum f. approximans HUE<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Iidesan, leg. FAURIE (date ?) (no. 862) (PC-HUE, holotypus, but could not<br />
be found by us in 1966).<br />
St. subramulosum f. complanatum HUE<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Yokosuka, leg. ONO and SAVATIER (date ?) (no. 546) (PC-HUE, holotypus,<br />
but could not be found by us in 1966).<br />
St. subramulosum var. humile MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Japan, Shikoku, Prov. Tosa (=Kochi Pref.), leg. MIYOSHI, 1890 (no. 54) (G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
St. uvuliferum MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Tamba ("Tomba") (now part of Kyoto and Hyogo Prefectures),<br />
leg. MIYOSHI, 1890 (G-MULL, holotypus). Illustrated by ASAHINA, 1961b, fig. 1.<br />
St. armatulum ZAHLBR.<br />
Typus: Taiwan (Formosa), Soozan, Taihoku, on volcanic rock, leg. Y. ASAHINA, 1925 (no. 215)<br />
(w, holotypus).<br />
82 NO isotype duplicate could be found by us in FH-TUCK.
318 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
St. octomerelloides ASAH.<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Etigo, Sasagamine Pasture, leg. Y. ASAHINA, 1949 (ASAH, no. 1521,<br />
holotypus; CAN, isotypus).<br />
St. sandwicense MAGN.<br />
3 specimens from the Hawaiian Islands (Maui and Hawaii) mentioned in the protologue,<br />
no holotype designated. As lectotype we have selected that from Maui, Haelauu, leg. 0.<br />
SELLING, 1938 (no. 5820) (s, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.); it was marked "Typus" by MAGNUS-<br />
SON on the packet.<br />
St. octomerum f. robustior ASAH.<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Prov. Ettyu, Mt. Tateyama, leg. Y. ASAHINA, 1928 (no. 612) (ASAH,<br />
holotypus).<br />
St. verruculigerum var. formosanum ASAH.<br />
Typus: "saxicola in the higher mountain range of central Formosa", no exact locality or collector<br />
designated. As lectotype we have selected a specimen from Taiwan (Formosa), Rengechi, leg. Y.<br />
ASAHINA, 1925 (no. F. 222) (ASAH, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.; CAN, isolectotypus).<br />
St. exutum var. sorediata RAS.<br />
Typus: Japan, Kiushiu, prov. Hizen, leg. YASUDA, 1919 (no. 604) (H-RAS, holotypus).<br />
St. nesaeum var. lecideoides VAIN.<br />
4 specimens from the Philippines (Luzon and Mindanao) cited in the protologue, no holotype<br />
designated. As lectotype we selected the one from Mindanao, prov. Misamis, Mt. Malindang,<br />
leg. MEARNS and HUTCHINSON, 1906 (no. 4806) (TUR-VAIN, no. 3851, lectotypus,<br />
lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. nesaeum var. zeorina VAIN.<br />
4 specimens from the Philippines (Luzon) cited in the protologue, no holotype designated.<br />
As lectotype we selected the one from prov. Benguet, Mt. Tonglon (Santo Tomas), leg. A. D.<br />
E. ELMER, 1904 (no. 6544) (TUR-VAIN, no. 3859, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. stalagmit$erum DWIGN.<br />
Typus: Java, Mt. Pangerango, altit. 2600 m s. m., leg. J. MASSART (date ?) (formerly BRLU, holotypus,<br />
but could not be located there in 1958. Dr. DWIGNEAUD informed us that most probably it was<br />
destroyed or lost during World War 11).<br />
St. nesaeum NYL., 1859, non auctt. plur.<br />
The only locality mentioned in the original description is "supra lapides et saxa in insulis<br />
Sandwich". No specimens thus identified from Hawaii could be found in H-NYL or PC, and<br />
the identity of the species is uncertain. It is certainly not the same as St. massartianum HUE,<br />
to which the name nesaeum was subsequently applied; see discussion on p. 273.<br />
St. sinense HUE<br />
Typus: China, Yiinnan, Lopin-chan above Lan-kong, leg. R. P. DELAVAY, 1888 (PC, holotypus).<br />
St. mamillosum DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda-Zaire border, Ruwenzori, Vallde de la Kiterere ("Ruterere" acc. to label),
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
altit. 4000 m s. m., on rock, leg. LEBRUN, 1931 (no. 4554) (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
St. claviceps var. yunnanense HUE<br />
Typus: China, Yiinnan, summit of Mt. Tsangchan, above Ta-li, altit. 4000 m s. m., on rock, leg.<br />
R. P. DELAVAY, 1884 (no. 664) (PC-HUE, holotypus).<br />
St. furcatum FR.<br />
Typus: West Indies, exact locality not stated, collector's name and date not given, "ded. Casstrom"<br />
(UPS-TH FR, ex herb. FR., holotypus).<br />
St. mixtum NYL.<br />
Typus: Bolivia, Cinti, on soil, leg. WEDDELL (date ?) (H-NYL, no. 40085, holotypus).<br />
St. proximup NYL.<br />
Typus: Colombia; 3 specimens cited, collected by LINDIG (date ?), nos. 385, 866, 1005. As<br />
lectotype we select no. 1005, from Piramo de Tolima, altit. 13000 feet (H-NYL, no. 40043, lectotypus,<br />
lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. ramulosum var. compactum MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Australia, Queensland, on rock, leg. SHIRLEY, 1893 (no. 1738) (G-M~~LL, holotypus).<br />
St. ramuIosum [f.] y. strigosum TH. FR.<br />
2 collections cited: New Zealand, leg. A. RICHARD (date?) and southern Pacific Ocean<br />
region ("Soderhafs-landerna"), leg. SPARRMAN (date?). We have selected the latter as lectotype,<br />
since the RICHARD specimen could not be found in UPS; "Soderhafslandema" is the only<br />
localization on the label (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.). SPARRMAN was on Capt.<br />
COOK'S second voyage, which places the date of collection between 1772 and 1775.<br />
St. ramuIosum var. microcarpoides MULL. ARG.<br />
Place of collection unknown; collected by WALKER, 1875, on a journey through Fiji,<br />
New Zealand and Australia (G-M~~LL, holotypus).<br />
St. vimineum TH. FR.<br />
Typus: Mexico, Tiuzutlan, altit. 7000 feet, leg. F. LIEBMANN, 1841 (no. 73) (UPS-m FR, holotypus).<br />
St. proximum f. traversii HUE<br />
Typus: New Zealand, exact locality not stated, ''envoy6 par Sir Locke Travers a I'Exposition Universelle<br />
de Paris en 1889" (PC-HUE, holotypus).<br />
St. proximum [subsp.]** macrocarpoides NYL.<br />
Typus: 2 collections cited: Tasmania and Chile, without collectors' names or exact localizations.<br />
As lectotype we select the specimen from Tasmania, ex herb. HOOKER (H-NYL, no. 40029, lectotypus,<br />
lectotypif. nov.).<br />
St. denudatum PERS. (non FLORKE)<br />
Typus: Hawaiian Islands ("11. Sandwich"), leg. GAUDICHAUD, 1817-1820 (L-PERS, holotypus;<br />
PC, isotypus). It is typically developed St. rarnulosurn var. pilophoroides (TUCK.) LAMB.<br />
St. argodes NYL.<br />
Typus: Campbell Island, leg. FILHOL, 1874 (H-NYL,<br />
no. 40073, holotypus; MEL, UPS-TH FR, US,<br />
isotypes).
320 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
St. leptaleum NYL.<br />
Typus: Tasmania, no exact locality stated, on granitic rocks, leg. ?, ex herb. HOOK. F. (H-NYL,<br />
no. 39978, holotypus).<br />
St. corticatulum [subsp.]* detergens NYL.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, South Island, Otago, on rock, leg. ?, ex herb. JONES (H-NYL, no. 40025,<br />
holotypus).<br />
St. ramulosum var. compressum BAB.<br />
Typus: New Zealand, North Island, leg. COLENSO (date ?) (BM-BAB, holotypus; PC-MONT, isotypus),<br />
=St. fronduliferum LAMB.<br />
St. proximum var, compactius ZAHLBR.<br />
2 collections cited, both from Chile, Juan Fernandez, Masafuera, leg. C. and I. SKOT-<br />
TSBERG, 1917. As lectotype we select that from Las Torres, no. 350 (ups, lectotypus, lectotypif:<br />
nov.; SGO, isolectotypus). The other specimen, from near Correspondencia, no. 343,<br />
is identical (ups).<br />
St. meyeri var. bornmiilleri B. STEIN<br />
Typus: Africa, Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro, altit. 4000 m s. m., leg. H. MEYER, 1887. Holotypus<br />
(BRSL ?) not seen by us, but an isotype sent by B. STEIN studied in UPS-TH FR.<br />
St. haumanianum DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori, Mt. Stanley, altit. 4200 m s. m., leg. HAUMAN, 1932 (no.<br />
931) (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
St. karisimbiense DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Africa, Rwanda-Burundi, Karisimbi Volcano, altit. ca. 3600 m s. m., leg. HUMBERT,<br />
192983 (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
St. penicillium DUVIGN.<br />
Typus: Africa, Uganda, Ruwenzori, Mt. Stanley, Campi Achupa, altit. 4000 m s. m., leg. HAUMAN,<br />
1932 (no. 930) (BRLU, holotypus).<br />
St. mixtum var. tenellum MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Brazil, Slo Paulo State, near Apiahy, on rock, leg. J. I. PUIGGARI, 1879 (no. 151) (G-MOLL,<br />
holotypus). This specimen and the type of St. microcarpum MULL. ARC. were both collected near<br />
Apiahy by PUIGGARI, and both have the same collector's number (151). But according to the labels,<br />
that of St. microcarpum was collected in 1877, and that of St. mixtum var. tenellum in 1879. In spite of<br />
this apparent discrepancy in the dates, it seems possible that both may be portions of the same collection.<br />
St. proximum status ferruginascens MULL. ARG.<br />
Typus: Brazil, Minas GeraEs State, Ouro Preto, on weathered iron-mica schist, leg. H. SCHENCK,<br />
1891 (no. 4523) (G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
St. implexum f. sorediosa VAIN.<br />
Typus: Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Serra do Frio, on rock, leg. E. A. VAINIO, 1885 (TUR-VAIN,<br />
holotypus, not seen by us, but the isotype material distributed in VAIN. Lich. Bras. Exs. no. 1188 studied<br />
83 1931 acc. to the published description, but 1929 on the label.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
St. ramulosum [subsp.]* roccelloides TH. FR.<br />
Typus: Hawaiian Islands, Oahu, near Honolulu, leg. N. J. ANDERSON (date ?) (UPS-TH FR, lectotypus;<br />
lectotypified by DODGE, 1929, p. 140).<br />
St. assimile NYL.<br />
Typus: RBunion (Bourbon) Island, Piton des Neiges, "a 1600 toises sur les rochers", leg. BORY<br />
DE SAINT-VINCENT (date ?) (PC, holotypus; H-NYL, no. 40077, isotypuss4).<br />
St. lecanoreum NYL.<br />
Typus: Colombia, near Antioquia, leg. D. JERVIS (date ?) (H-NYL, no. 40142, ex herb. HOOKER,<br />
holotypus).<br />
St. mixtum sorediatum NYL.<br />
Typus: Mexico, exact locality not stated, leg. GALEOTTI (date ?) (no. 6921) (H-NYL or PC ? Not<br />
seen by us). VAINIO, who apparently saw the type material, stated it to be synonymous with St. peladense<br />
VAIN. (=St. stricturn TH. FR.) (VAINIO, 1926).<br />
St. ramuIosum f. compressum NYL.<br />
Typus: "In America aequinoctiali", locality not stated, leg. BONPLAND (PC, not seen by us).<br />
NYLANDER'S description leaves no doubt as to its identity with St. stricturn var. cornpressurn (NYL.)<br />
LAMB. Not to be confused with St. ramulosum var. cornpressurn BAB. (=St. fionduliferurn LAMB).<br />
APPENDIX 2<br />
A. Doubtful taxa<br />
St. botryosum subsp. islandicum DUVIGN.<br />
Biol. Jaarb. "Dodonaea", 8: 160 (1941).<br />
Typus: Iceland, Thingvellir, on lava among mosses, leg. VAN OYE, 1938 (no. 5) (formerly in BRLU,<br />
destroyed in World War 11, acc. to P. DUVIGNEAUD, personal comrnun.).<br />
According to DUVIGNEAUD'S description, morphologically similar to St. botryosum ACH.<br />
em. FREY but differing in its chemical constituents as shown by the form of the crystals produced<br />
in GE solution after extraction with acetone. Since the substance present was not<br />
characterized chemically, the identity of the taxon remains dubious.<br />
St. confluens ff. typica, gracilius, ramosa, fastigiata DUVIGN.<br />
Lejeunia, MCm. no. 14: 84 (1956) (all nomina nuda).<br />
No material seen by us; from DUVIGNEAUD'S illustrations most of them would appear to<br />
refer to St. vesuvianum PERS. (var. vesuvianum). In any case they are to be ignored as nomina<br />
nuda.<br />
St. coralligerum MEYER<br />
Nebenstunden meiner Beschaefftigungen im Gebiete der Manzenkunde, Erster Theil: 156 (1825).<br />
Material mentioned from Chile (leg. CHAMISSO) and Brazil (leg. BEYRICH). Very incompletely<br />
described. There is a specimen in UPS-TH FR labelled "Stereocaulon coralligerum<br />
Called lectotype specimen in LAMB, 1951, p. 528.
322 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
Mey. Specimen origin. Loc. nat. non indic. Ex hb. Berol. accepi. Berol. Dec. 1861. Th. Fr.";<br />
it is St. montagneanum LAMB, and must have been collected in Indonesia. It cannot be regarded<br />
as type material, as only Chilean and Brazilian specimens are cited in the protologue.<br />
St. coralligerum must therefore be regarded as a doubtful species; see LAMB, 1965, p. 274.<br />
St. curtulum NYL.<br />
Flora, 59: 232 (1876). - Cereolus condensatus subvar. curtulus (NYL.) BOIST. Nouvelle Flore des Lichens<br />
2e. Partie: 33 (1903).<br />
Typus: France, Puy-de-DBme, Mont Dore, La Tache, leg. LAMY, 1875 (H-NYL, no. 40002, holo-<br />
typus).<br />
Very scanty and fragmentary material, not recognizable with certainty, as already stated<br />
by HARMAND, 1905-13 (1907), p. 362.<br />
St. denudatulum NYL.<br />
Flora, 57: 6 (1874).<br />
Typus: Finland, near Helsingfors, among mosses (Andraeaea), leg. NORRLIN, 1872 (H-NYL, no.<br />
39879, holotypus).<br />
Resembles St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB, but smaller in all its parts.<br />
Phyllocladia PD+ red, many with an ill-defined darker central spot. It may possibly be<br />
synonymous with St. subdenudatum HAV., although the locality from which it was collected<br />
falls well outside of the known area of that species. The type material is very fragmentary,<br />
and the taxon must be regarded as a doubtful species.<br />
St. denudatum var. pulvinatum f. saxicolum SAV.<br />
Bot. Materialy, Notul. System. ex Inst. Cryptog. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 2 (11): 171 (1923).<br />
Described from U.S.S.R., Kamtchatka, "ad saxa in regionibus subalpinis alpinisque",<br />
no exact locality designated. 2 specimens are present in LE under this name, collected by<br />
V. P. SAVICZ: Truba Volcano, 1908, no. 2263 pr. p., and unlocalized, 1909, no. 6401. The<br />
latter is St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. depressum (MAGN.) LAMB; the former appears to be<br />
an undescribed species of the vesuvianum-arenarium group, PD- and with rather large terminal<br />
apothecia. Similar to this is another specimen from Krascheninnikov Crater, leg.<br />
SAVICZ, 1909 (no. 6582), labelled by him Stereocaulon denudatum and listed op. cit. p. 172.<br />
Unfortunately this interesting and probably new species could only be examined very briefly,<br />
and no data on its microscopic characters or chemical constitution were obtained. For the<br />
time being therefore it must be left as a doubtful and incompletely known taxon.<br />
St. gracillimum MULL. ARG.<br />
Flora, 64: 505 (1881).<br />
Typus: Japan, Honshu, Mt. Hakone, leg. BRAUNS, 1881 (no. 11) (G-MULL, holotypus).<br />
The somewhat scanty and depauperate type material is a species of the vesuvianum group<br />
rather resembling St. vulcani (BORY) ACH. in appearance, PD+ red, fertile, with apothecia<br />
typical morphologically and anatomically of the sect. Denudata. SAT^ (1941) wrongly considered<br />
it to be a species of Leprocaulon; see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 541. It cannot be<br />
identified with certainty, and must be considered as a doubtful species.<br />
St. kotiluotoense VAIN.<br />
ex RAs. Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo, 12 (1): 55 (1939); Ann. Univ. Turkuensis, ser. A,<br />
7 (1) : 10 (1940) ("Kotiluotense").<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Karelia ladogensis, specimens cited from 3 localities. We have selected
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 323<br />
as lectotype one of those from Kotiluoto Island in Lake Ladoga, Serdobol' (Sortavala), on<br />
littoral rocks, leg. E. A. VAINIO, 1926 (TUR-VAIN, no. 34680, lectotypus, lectotypif. nov.). The<br />
syntypes seen (same locality, TUR-VAIN no. 34680A, and Lapinlahti, leg. V. RASANEN, 1934,<br />
in H) are the same. The lectotype consists of a number of small pieces. Thallus crustose,<br />
growing on detritus, mosses and other lichens (mainly Ephebe), forming small clumps up to<br />
2.5 cm diam., not effigurate, consisting of densely crowded, whitish nodules or verrucose<br />
squamules 0.34.8 (-1.0) rnrn diam. Most of these are sessile, but some are borne on congested,<br />
brownish, branching stipes penetrating into the substratum; not true pseudopodetia,<br />
but rather radicate basal extensions of the thalline nodules. No soredia or apothecia. Thallus<br />
K+ yellow, PD+ pale yellow; chromatography demonstrated atranorin, lobaric acid,<br />
and an unidentified pigment. The general habitus somewhat calls to mind an Ochrolechia<br />
species; VAINIO and RASANEN compared it in appearance with Lepraria neglecta (NYL.)<br />
ERICHS. and Lecidea ramulosa TH. FR. Whether it really belongs to Stereocaulon is doubtful.<br />
St. macquariense DODGE<br />
Nova Hedwigia, 15: 289 (1968).<br />
Typus: subantarctic islands of Australia, Macquarie Island, Wind Desert, "top of hills", leg. H.<br />
HAMILTON, B. A. N. Z. Antarct. Research Exped. 1929-31 (no. 108) (DODGE, holotypus, not seen by us).<br />
The description given is inconclusive, but obviously refers to some entity of the St. ramulosum<br />
complex. Material sent on loan at our request did not include the holotype; the specimens<br />
seen thus named from Macquarie Island were referable to St. ramulosum var. pulvinare<br />
(DODGE) LAMB. Probably the holotype is the same, but this cannot be definitely stated<br />
at present.<br />
St. meissnerianum FLORKE<br />
Deutsche Lichenen, Lief. IV: 14 (1819).<br />
No type designated, only the cephalodia described. In FH-TUCK, sheet 2393, there is<br />
an authentic specimen, unlocalized, labelled: "Stereocaulon Meisnerianum Floerke ex ejus<br />
herbario Herb. Reg. Berol.". It is the sterile thallus of St. condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM., also revised<br />
and annotated as such by TUCKERMAN. Therefore the epithet probably refers to St. condensatum,<br />
but is doubtful.<br />
St. nanum f. mundum FR.<br />
ex TH. FR. De Stereoc. et Pilophor. Comment.: 37 (1857). - St. quisquiliare f. mundum (FR.) ZAHLBR.<br />
Catalogus Lichenum Universalis, 4: 663 (1927).<br />
No type material could be found in ups; probably not referable to the genus Leprocaulon<br />
NYL. TO be discarded as a nomen dubium.<br />
St. paschale f. squamescens NYL.<br />
Lichenes Scandinaviae: 64 (1861). - St. paschale var. squamescens (NYL.) RAs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. no. 57<br />
(1935). - Stereocaulon squamescens (NYL.) RAS. Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo, 12 (1): 53<br />
(1939).<br />
No type designated, merely a reference to this name given by NYLANDER in Mus. Fenn.<br />
Neither M~c~usso~.(1926, p. 51) nor the present author could find any specimens thus named<br />
by NYLANDER in H. TH. FRIES, who saw authentic material in Mus. Fenn., states that it may<br />
possibty be St. evolutum GRAEWE, but not determinable with certainty; one of the specimens,<br />
he states, was St. coralloides (=St. dactylophyllum FLORKE) (TH. FRIES, 1871, p. 46). It must<br />
therefore be regarded as a doubtful taxon. RASANEN used the name Stereocaulon squamescens
324 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
to designate St. evolutoides (MAGN.) FREY (=St. saxatile MAGN.).<br />
St. paschale [f.] c. subcrustosum FR.<br />
Lichenographia Europaea Reformata: 202, 203 (1831).<br />
No type designated. The description runs: "c. subcrustosum, rarnuloso-inaequabile,<br />
apotheciis maximis. . . primo obtutu P. subfuscam terrestrem refert". No material with<br />
this name could be found in ups. MAGNUSON (1926, p. 49) treated it as an "accidental form"<br />
of St. paschale, but the description of "apotheciis maximis" does not accord well with that<br />
species; St. rivulorum MAGN. would be more likely. A doubtful taxon.<br />
St. paschale f. velutinum FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 152 (1932).<br />
Typus: Poland or Czechoslovakia (former W. Schlesien), Heinersdorf, leg. FLOTOW<br />
(date?) (B, destroyed in World War I1 and not seen by us). From FREY'S description and<br />
illustration (PI. 111, fig. 3) it seems to agree with either St. alpinurn var. erectum FREY or St.<br />
grande (MAGN.) MAGN., but cannot be identified with certainty.<br />
St. proximum f. sorediata NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 237 (1860). - Stereocaulon sorediatum (NYL.) VAIN. Dansk Bot.<br />
Ark. 4 (1 1): 7 (1926).<br />
No type specimen is cited in NYLANDER'S original description, and VAINIO mentions no<br />
original material. Being impossible to typify, the taxon is a doubtful one, but possibly refers<br />
to St. meyeri B. STEIN.<br />
St. rivulorum f. nana CENGIA SAMBO<br />
Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. s. 40: 284 (1933).<br />
Typus: Italy, Piedmont, Passo Piccolo San Bernardo, leg. ?, date ?.<br />
No specimen bearing this name could be found in CENGIA SAMBO'S herbarium (FI), which<br />
contains only one specimen labelled "Stereocaulon rivulorum", from Passo San Bernardo,<br />
Lake Verney, and published as such by CENGIA SAMBO up. cit. p. 287; it is St. alpinum LAUR.<br />
This misidentification makes it seem very likely that the f. nana also does not belong to St.<br />
rivulorum MAGN., a species which we have not seen from Italy.<br />
St. solutum LAMB<br />
ex LYNGE, Skr. om Svalbard og Ishavet, no. 76: 50 (1939) (nomen nudum).<br />
This taxon, never validly published, was based on a specimen from Jan Mayen, Fishburn<br />
Valley, leg. R. S. RUSSELL, 1938 (no. 510 pr. p.) in BM. It is a sorediate species with some<br />
resemblance to St. capitellatum MAGN. and St. coniophyllum LAMB. Chromatography revealed<br />
only atranorin and a weak trace of some unidentified substance. Its identity is doubtful.<br />
St. spissum f. granuliferum FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-F1. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 141 (1932). - St. dactylophyllum f. granuliferum (FREY)<br />
GRUMM. Catalogus Lichenum Germaniae: 24 (1963).<br />
FREY'S statement on typification is unclear, but it would seem that he refers to a specimen<br />
from Germany, Harz, Lauterburg, in herb. ZSCHACKE. This specimen (in B) was destroyed<br />
in World War 11, and was not seen by us; its identity is uncertain.<br />
Flora, 58: 358 (1875).<br />
St. subintricans NYL.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 325<br />
Typus: Finland, Hollola, Hayhto, on rock, leg. E. LANG (VAINIO), 1874 (H-NYL, no. 39967, holotypus).<br />
Obviously belongs to the paschale-saxatile group, but is peculiar in its copious fertility,<br />
with numerous minute apothecia, and its quite glabrous pseudopodetia. Phyllocladia PD-.<br />
We could not see any affinity with St. subcoralloides (NYL.) NYL., to which NYLANDER<br />
relates it. FREY also saw the type specimen, and gives some anatomical details (1932, p. 116).<br />
Although several specimens from Europe and N. America have been seen which correspond<br />
more or less to it, we cannot be sure of the identity, and prefer to consider St. subintricans as a<br />
doubtful species.<br />
St. tenuissimum DEL.<br />
ex NYL. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 242 (1860).<br />
Published by NYLANDER under St. coralloides FR., as "forma videtur sterilis transiens<br />
fere in Ster. Delisei. Cephalodia illius tenuissimi interdum cinereo-olivacea", from France,<br />
Dept. Calvados, St. Sever near Vire. The specimen not seen by us, and its identity doubtful.<br />
St. tomentosum f. jlabelliforme OHL.<br />
Schr. Konigl. ~hys.-bkon. Ges. Konigsberg, 11: 8 (1870).<br />
3 localities in former E. Prussia (now Poland) mentioned (Oletzo, Angerburg, Neustadt),<br />
no holotype designated. We have not seen any of the type material,86 nor apparently did<br />
FREY, who from the description equates it with typical St. tomentosum (1932, p. 184).<br />
OHLERT describes it as flabellately expanded with the phyllocladia forming a continuous crust<br />
on the upper side, and the pseudopodetia glabrous on the underside. The latter feature does<br />
not conform to St. tomentosum, and the f. flabelliforme, until the type material is found, must<br />
be regarded as a doubtful taxon.<br />
St. tomentosum var. hercynicum FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-Fl. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 187 (1932).<br />
Typus: Germany, Harz, Lautenberg in Lutter Valley, leg. ZSCHACKE (date?), destroyed<br />
with ZSCHACKE'S herbarium (B) in World War 11, and not seen by us. From FREY'S description<br />
it seems to be probably synonymous with St. tomentosum var. compactum FREY.<br />
St. tomentosum f. leptothamnium FREY<br />
Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV, 1. Halfte: 185 (1932).<br />
Typus: Poland (formerly Schlesien), Hartau, probably near Katzengebirge, leg. FLOTOW<br />
(date?), destroyed with FLOTOW'S herbarium (B) in World War 11, and not seen by us. From<br />
FREY'S description it appears to be a non-taxonomic modification of St. tomentosum, but<br />
its status remains doubtful.<br />
St. tomentosum f. walamoense NYL.<br />
Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, 1 (2): 244 (1860). -St. tomentosum var. walamoCnse (Nn.) Nn.<br />
Lichenes Scandinaviae: 65 (1861). - Stereocaulon valamoCnse [sic] (NYL.) RAS. Meddeland. Soc. Fauna<br />
Fl. Fenn. 50: 39 (1925). -St. alpinum f. walamoCnse (NYL.) FREY, Rabenhorsts Krypt.-FI. 9, Abt. IV,<br />
1. Halfte: 164 (1932).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Karelia ladogensis, Valarno Island in Lake Ladoga, "supra terram nudam aridissimam",<br />
leg. W. NYLANDER, 1851 (H-NYL, no. 39952, holotypus; PC, isotypus).<br />
A very minute and poor specimen, resembling a much depauperated condition of St.<br />
s6 OHLERT'S herbarium is reputed to be at the University of Konigsberg (now Kaliningrad).
326 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
alpinum LAUR. Pseudopodetia distinctly tomentose. Phyllocladia minute, grain-like to<br />
lobate, PD-. Sterile. It gives the impression of a juvenile state of St. incrustaturn FLORKE,<br />
as remarked also by FREY loc. cit. MAGNUSSON (1926) could not decide on its real affinity.<br />
Must be considered as a doubtful taxon.<br />
St. tortuosum NYL.<br />
ex HULTING, Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 26, Afd. I11 (3): 17 (1900) (non DEL. in herb.).<br />
Typus: Sweden, Dalsland, Trollholmarne near Amal, leg. J. HULTING, 1870 (GB, holotypus).<br />
The above material somewhat resembles St. alpinum LAUR. and St. vesuvianum var.<br />
nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB in habitus; phyllocladia PD+ pale yellow; sterile. A description<br />
of it is given by MAGNUSSON (1926, p. 83). Neither MAGNUSSON nor the present author,<br />
after study of it, could decide on its identity. NYLANDER, loc. cit., stated it to be synonymous<br />
with St. subintricans NYL.; we have studied the type of the latter, a doubtful species (see<br />
p. 324), and do not consider it to be the same. In the protologue the epithet tortuosum is<br />
ascribed to DELISE; the latter author never published any Stereocaulon of that name, but applied<br />
it to herbarium specimens of St. depreaultii DEL. from Newfoundland; numerous specimens<br />
thus named exist in various herbaria. The identification of St. depreaultii with<br />
HULTING'S Swedish material is incorrect. The epithet in the sense of DELISE (=St. depreaultii)<br />
has no taxonomic validity, since DELISE never published it. The first and only publication<br />
was by NYLANDER ex HULTING as above, and HULTING'S material must be considered the<br />
type of the epithet. As its identity cannot at present be satisfactorily established, St. tortuosum<br />
NYL. must be considered a doubtful species.<br />
St. turfosum BORY<br />
in DUMONT-D'URVILLE, Mkm. Soc. Linn. Paris, 4: 596 (1826).<br />
Typus: Falkland Islands, leg. DUMONT-D'URVILLE (date ?). Could not be found in PC.<br />
The very brief and inadequate description is insufficient for recognition. Cono~ (1915)<br />
suggested that it might be synonymous with St. tornentosum subsp. magellanicum TH. FR.<br />
(syn. St. tomentosum FR.), but he had seen no authentic material. To be regarded as a doubtful<br />
taxon, unless the type material is eventually found.<br />
B. Excluded taxa<br />
Baeomyces paschalis P. nanum (AcH.) WAHLENB. Flora Lapponica : 450 (18 12) = Stereocaulon<br />
nanum AcH., = Leprocaulon microscopicurn (VILL.) GAMS. ZAHLBRUCKNER, 192627<br />
(1927), p. 667, erroneously gives this taxon as a synonym of St. subcoralloides (NYL.) Nn.<br />
Stereocaulon aciculare (AcH.) TUCK. = Pilophorus acicularis (AcH.) NYL.<br />
St. aggregatum (SW.) RAUSCH. =Cladia aggregata (Sw.) ACH.<br />
St. albicans TH. FR.=Leprocaulon albicans (TH. FR. emend.) NYL. See LAMB and WARD,<br />
1974, p. 513.<br />
St. andinum B. DE LESD. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 83: 7 (1936). Typus: Argentina, San Antonio<br />
de Los Cobres, leg. DUBUS, 1935 (B. DE LESD, destroyed in World War I1 and not seen<br />
by us). From the description, probably a stunted condition of Leprocaulon gracilescens<br />
(NYL.) LAMB et WARD, 1974, p. 523.<br />
St. arbuscula (NYL.) N~~.=Leprocaulon arbuscula (NYL.) NYL.; see LAMB and WARD, 1974,<br />
p. 516.<br />
St. arbuscula var. aberrans AsAH.=Leprocaulon arbuscula (NYL.) NYL., Ch. strain 11; see
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 516.<br />
St. buchanani KNIGHT =Bacidia buchanani (KNIGHT) HELLB.<br />
St. cereolinum ACH. =mainly Pilophorus cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR. This taxon was interpreted<br />
by some authors, e. g. TH. FRIES (1857, 1858) and NYLANDER (1860, 1861) as referring to<br />
St.pileatum AcH., but TH. FRIES subsequently showed (1871, p. 56) that the type material<br />
in herb. ACH. consists partly of Pilophorus cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR. and partly of Stereocaulon<br />
vulcani (BORY) ACH.<br />
St. cereolinum var. cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR. =Pilophorus cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR.<br />
St. cereolus ACH. = Pilophorus cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR.<br />
St. chlorellum TuC~.=Ramalina sp., perhaps R. pollinaria (AcH.) AcH., acc. to NYLANDER<br />
(1863, p. 11, footnote).<br />
St. cinchonae (WILLD.) RXUSCH. = Usnea cinchonae (WILLD.) ZAHLBR.<br />
St. confine (0. M~~LL.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. =Lichina confinis (0. MULL.) AG.<br />
St. congestum NYL. =Leprocaulon congestum (NYL.) LAMB et WARD, 1974, p. 519.<br />
St. corallinoides H<strong>OF</strong>FM. = Parmeliella corallinoides (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) ZAHLBR.<br />
St. corallinum (L.) SCHRAD. = Pertusaria corallina (L.) ARN.<br />
St. denudatum var. platycladum LAMB, Nytt Mag. Naturvidensk. 80: 278 (1940), cum icon.<br />
(PI. 11, figs. 1, 2). - Stereocaulon platycladum (LAMB) LAMB Canad. J. Bot. 29: 582<br />
(1951). Typus: E. Greenland, Kangerdlugssuak Glacier, altit. ca. 1300 m s. m., leg.<br />
L. R. and H. G. WAGER, 1935-36 (BM, holotypus). This is a compact, blackened, high<br />
alpine modification of Toninia conglomerata (AcH.) BOIST. resembling Stereocaulon<br />
vesuvianum PERS. to a remarkable degree and with the same chemical constitution and<br />
reactions. Only the longer, filiform conidia (16-24 x 0.5-0.7 p) supplied a clue to its<br />
correct identity. Quite similar specimens of Toninia conglomerata were subsequently<br />
seen from high altitudes in Switzerland (leg. FREY). See also LAMB, 1954a, p. 137.<br />
St. fibula TUCK. =Pilophorus cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR.<br />
St. fragile (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. =Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) PERS.<br />
St. fungiforme SCHAER. =Baeomyces rufus (HuDs.) DC.<br />
St. globiferum H<strong>OF</strong>FM. =Sphaerophorus globosus (Hum.) VAIN.<br />
St. gracilescens NYL. =Leprocaulon gracilescens (NYL.) LAMB et WARD, 1974, p. 523.<br />
St. intricatum MORIS = Lethariella intricata (MORIS) KROG, Norw. J. Bot. 23 : 94 (1976).<br />
St. laccatum FR. =Sphaerophorus globosus (Hms.) VAIN.<br />
St. laseroni DODGE, Repts. B. A. N. Z. Antarct. Research Exped. 1929-31, ser. B, 7: 141<br />
(1948) = Bacidia fibrosa LAMB, Rhodora, 56 : 128 (1954) (ut nom. nov.).<br />
St. madreporiforme H<strong>OF</strong>FM. =Pertusaria corallina (L.) ARN.<br />
St. melanocarpum (Sw.) RAUSCH. =Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (Sw.) DC.<br />
St. microscopicum (VILL.) FREY =Leprocaulon microscopicum (VILL.) GAMS ex D. HAWKSW.;<br />
see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 526.<br />
St. nanum (AcH.) Ac~.=Leprocaulon microscopicum (VILL.) GAMS ex D. HAWKSW. ; see<br />
LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 526.<br />
St, nanum f. pulverulentum TH. FR. = Leprocaulon microscopicum (VILL.) GAMS ex D. HAWKSW. ;
328 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 526.<br />
St. novo-arbuscula ASAH. =Leprocaulon arbuscula (NYL.) NYL. (deficient phase); see LAMB<br />
and WARD, 1974, p. 533.<br />
St. obtusatum (VAHL) ACH. =Pertusaria oculata (DICKS.) TH. FR.<br />
St. paschale var. cereolinum (AcH.) SCHAER. =Pilophorus cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR.<br />
St. pseudoarbuscula ASAH. = Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula (ASAH.) LAMB et WARD, 1974, p. 533.<br />
St. pulvinatum Ac~.=Siphula torulosa (THUNB.) NYL.; see MA<strong>THE</strong>Y in Nova Hedwigia, 22<br />
(314) : 820 (1971).<br />
St. pygmaeum VAIN. = Lecania (Thamnolecania) brialmontii (VAIN.) ZAHLBR. ; see LAMB, 1948,<br />
p. 236.<br />
St. quisquiliare (LEERS) HOEEM. =Leprocaulon microscopicum (VILL.) GAMS ex D. HAWKSW. ;<br />
see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 526.<br />
St. quisquiliare f. pulverulentum (TH. FR.) Z~~~~~.=Leprocaulon microscopicum (VILL.)<br />
GAMS ex D. HAWKSW.; see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 526.<br />
St. roccella (L.) RAusc~. = Roccella tinctoria (L.) DC.<br />
St. sertularia ACH. Not a lichen; see ZAHLBR. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4: 673 (1927).<br />
St. soleirolii DUE. =Lethariella intricata (MORIS) KROG, Norw. J. Bot. 23: 95 (1976).<br />
St. subalbicans L~~~=Leprocaulon subalbicans (LAMB) LAMB et WARD, 1974, p. 534.<br />
St. subgracilescens LAMB ex VARGAS, Revista Univ. (Cuzco), 37 (94): 187 (1948) (nomen<br />
nudum)=Leprocaulon albicans (TH. FR. emend.) NYL., Ch. str. 11; see LAMB and WARD,<br />
1974, p. 514.<br />
St. tabulare (THUNB.) Ac~.=Siphula tabularis (THUNB.) NYL. Correct name is Siphula<br />
verrucigera (GMEL.) SANT. ; see MA<strong>THE</strong>Y, Nova Hedwigia, 22 (314): 805 (1971).<br />
St. tenellum Tuc~.=Leprocaulon tenellum (TUCK.) NYL.; see LAMB and WARD, 1974, p. 537.<br />
St. vermiculare (Sw.) RAUSCH. = Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) ACH.<br />
C. Rejected taxa<br />
Lecidea artyta ACH.<br />
Lichenographia Universalis : 170 (1810).<br />
This is listed by ZAHLBRUCKNER, 192627 (1927), p. 633, as a synonym of Stereocaulon<br />
alpinum LAUR. We were unable to find any type material in H-ACH, but in s there is a small<br />
specimen without locality, "Herb. Swartzii", labelled as Lecidea artyta, in Ac~~~rus's handwriting;<br />
it consists of 2 fragments, one a Toninia species, the other Stereocaulon alpinum.<br />
According to TH. FRIES, 1874, p. 336, the original material of Lecidea artyta was a mixture of<br />
Stereocaulon tomentosum /3. alpinum (-St. alpinum) and St. denudatum /3. pulvinatum (=St.<br />
vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. umbonatum), to which was later (after the publication of the<br />
description) added a specimen of Toninia syncornista (FLORKE) TH. FR. (= T. lobulata (SOMM.)<br />
LYNGE). Lecidea artyta therefore seems to have been founded on a mixture of 2 Stereocaulon<br />
species, and the epithet should be discarded in accordance with Art. 70 of the Int. Code.<br />
Stereocaulon alpinum P. botryosum 2. subcymosum FLOT.<br />
Bot. Zeitung (Berlin), 8: 538 (1850).<br />
A nomen nudum; the only observation given is "Ciirie et Breutel Herb. No. 140a. Gron-
land".<br />
I. MACKENZ~E LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
St. corallinum c. stigmateum RABENH.<br />
Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora, 2, 1. Abt., Lichenen: 112 (1845).<br />
Typus: Switzerland, Susten, leg. SCHAERER; not seen by us. The description, "mit<br />
schwarz punktirten, kornigen Schuppchen", indicates a state infested by a parasymbiontic<br />
fungus. To be rejected (Int. Code Art. 70).<br />
"Stereocaulon globosus (HuDs.) VAIN."<br />
This name is given to nos. 27 and 87 of ANDERS'S exsiccat Lich. EXS. Bohem. Bor. The<br />
former is St. saxatile MAGN., the latter a mixture of St. evolutum GRAEWE and St. tomentosum<br />
var. compactum FREY. The combination is not mentioned in ANDERS'S book (1928), and<br />
we cannot trace it to VAINIO. It is probably merely a lapsus due to confusion with a name<br />
applied to a species of Sphaerophorus, and should be rejected and ignored.<br />
St. par vifolia<br />
A nomen nudum without indication of author, mentioned on pages 313 and 480 of H.<br />
B. DAVIS, "Life and Work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle" (1936), referring to a specimen numbered<br />
414 collected by PRINGLE in Mexico. Dr. F. SEYMOUR, Assistant Curator of the PRINGLE<br />
Herbarium (VT) informed us in litt. 1967 that no specimen with this name could be found in<br />
their collect ions.<br />
St. paschale ,B. conglomeratum FR.<br />
Schedulae Criticae de Lichenibus Exsiccatis Sueciae, Part 111: 20 (1825).<br />
Typus: Sweden, no exact locality. The isotype material is FRIES, Lich. Suec. Exs. no. 89.<br />
This is not homogeneous; some examples, as in FH, are St. evolutum GRAEWE, others, as in<br />
LD and UPS, a mixture of St. evolutum and St. paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM., and yet others, as in<br />
s, entirely St. paschale. The original description does not give much clue as to which of these<br />
species FRIES had in mind, but probably mostly St. evolutum. TH. FRIES (1865, p. 181) also<br />
stated that Lich. Suec. Exs. no. 89 is a mixture, partly consisting of St. evolutum; FREY (1932,<br />
p. 149) states that it contains also St. subcoralloides (NYL.) NYL. In FRIES, Lichenographia<br />
Europaea Reformata: 202 (1831) the same taxon is referred to as St. paschale b. minus FR.;<br />
the word "conglomeratum" forming the description; reference is made to the original Sched.<br />
Critic. publication. TH. FRIES (1857, p. 17) made the combination St. coraZZoides [var.] P.<br />
~onglomeratum (FR.) TH. FR., referring to FR. Lich. Europ. Reform. p. 202, and hence to<br />
St. paschale p. conglomeratum FR. as basionym. In Lichenogr. Scand. (1871) TH. FRIES<br />
refers to the taxon in 2 places: on p. 44 as St. coralloides P. conglomeratum, using it in the sense<br />
of St. subcoralloides (NYL.) NYL., and on p. 47 as St. paschale E. conglomeratum. ZAHLBRUCK-<br />
NER (1926-27, p. 667) lists St. coralloides P. conglomeratum as a synonym of St. subcoralloides.<br />
Finally, VAINIO (1940, p. 10) made the combination Stereocaulon conglomeratum ("TH. FR.")<br />
VAIN., and applied it to St. subcoralloides. We subscribe to the opinion of MAGNUSSON<br />
(1926, p. 51) that the epithet conglorneratum is so thoroughly confused in its application<br />
that it should be dropped entirely. To be rejected (Int. Code Art. 69).<br />
St. paschale ,B. conglomeratum 1. robustum FLOT.<br />
Bot. Zeitung (Berlin), 8: 537 (1850).<br />
A nomen nudum; the only observation given is "Curie et Breutel Herb. No. 141. Gron-<br />
land."
330 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
St. paschale [var.) E. pulvinatum SCHAER.<br />
Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium, Pars prima, Sect. VI: 274 (1833). - St. corallinum [f.] b. pulvinaturn<br />
(SCHAER.) RABENH. Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora, 2, Abt. 1: 112 (1845). -St. corallinum<br />
[var.] B. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) SCHAER. Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europaeorum: 180 (1850). - St.<br />
denudatum [var.] y. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) FLOT. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin), 8: 539 (1850). - Stereocaulon<br />
pulvinatum (SCHAER.) NYL. Bull. SOC. Linn. Normandie, ser. 4, 1: 201 (1887) (nom. illegit.; non AcH.).<br />
- St. vesuvianum var. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) "LAMB"; DUNCAN, A Guide to the Study of Lichens: 79<br />
(1959) (comb. inval.); P. JAMES, Lichenologist, 3: 98 (1965) (val.). - St. coralloides var. pulvinatum<br />
"SCH."; (SCHAER.) MALBR. Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Rouen, 3: 439 (1868). -St. denudatum var.<br />
umbonatum f. pulvinata (SCHAER.) L'D~~~~"; RAs. Lich. Fenn. Exs. no. 397 (1939). - St. denudatum<br />
[subsp.l*pulvinatum (SCHAER.) HUE, NOUV. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3,2: 247 (sep. 39) (1890).<br />
Typus: Switzerland, Susten, leg. SCHAERER (date ?) (G-SCHAER, not seen by us).<br />
The epithet has been widely used to designate St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. umbonaturn<br />
(WALLR.) LAMB, but FREY (1932), who saw the type material, testifies that it is a mixture,<br />
consisting mainly of St. botryosum ACH. em. FREY, and not including any specimen referable<br />
to St. vesuvianum PERS. sens. lat. To be rejected as based on discordant elements (Int. Code<br />
Art. 70).<br />
St. pileatum f. sorediiferum sub f. terrestre HARM.<br />
Lichens de France, Fasc. 111: 369 (1907).<br />
No description given, merely a statement of its occurrence on bare siliceous soil. The<br />
taxon is therefore not validly published.<br />
St. pruinosum FLORKE<br />
Deutsche Lichenen, Lief. IV: 14 (1819).<br />
A nomen nudum; no description or locality given.<br />
St. tomentosum [var.] p. alpestre f. stigmatea FLOT.<br />
Flora, Jahrg. 19, 1, Beiblatt 1: 17 (1836).<br />
Described from several localities in the Riesengebirge (Polish-Czechoslovakian border),<br />
no holotype designated. Type material presumably in herb. FLOTOW (B) and therefore<br />
destroyed in World War 11.<br />
If, as seems to be the case, it is a state (perhaps not of St. tomentosum) with fruit bodies<br />
of a parasymbiont, cfr. Catillaria stereocaulorum (TH. FR.) OLIV., it is to be rejected as based on<br />
disparate elements. KORBER, however (Syst. Lich. German. p. 11, 1855) considered it to represent<br />
the spermogoniiferous condition of St. tomentosum.<br />
St. tomentosum var. karelica VAIN.<br />
ex Rjis. Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo, 12 (1): 54 (1939).<br />
Typus: U.S.S.R., Karelo-Finnish SSR, Valamo Island in Lake Ladoga, leg. E. A. VAINIO, 1923<br />
(TUR-VAIN, holotypus; UPS-MAGN, ~SO~YPUS).<br />
Specimen in poor condition, not with certainty referable to St. tomentosum. The sorediate<br />
efflorescences belong to some other lichen (Lepraria sp.?) growing epiphytically over it.<br />
To be rejected as based on discordant elements (Int. Code, Art. 70).<br />
St. tomentosum B. majus SCHAER.<br />
Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium, Pars prima, Sect. VI: 276 (1833).<br />
and
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 331<br />
St. tomentosum [var.] a. granulosum SCHAER.<br />
Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europaeorurn : 181 (1 850).<br />
Both these taxa were founded on the same type material from Switzerland, Susten, "ad<br />
torrentes alpinos", leg. SCHAERER and distributed by him in his exsiccat Lich. Helvet. Exs.<br />
Fasc. XI (1836) no. 262, under the name Stereocaulon tomentosum B. majus. This number is<br />
however very heterogeneous; copies seen by FREY contained St. alpinum LAUR., St. tomentosum<br />
FR. and St. tomentosum var. alpestre FLOT. (FREY, 1932), and those seen by us were St. alpinum<br />
(PC) and St. alpinum var. erectum FREY (FH-TUCK). SCHAERER'S brief and vague descriptions<br />
do not clearly indicate any particular one of these taxa, and in our opinion both his epithets<br />
should be discarded as nomina confusa (Int. Code, Art. 70).<br />
APPENDIX 3<br />
AK: Natural History Museum, Akureyri, Iceland.<br />
ALA: University of Alaska, College, Alaska.<br />
ASAH: Herbarium of Y. ASAHINA (died 1975), Tokyo, Japan.<br />
AWAS: Herbarium of D. D. AWASTHI, Lucknow, India.<br />
B: Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.<br />
BA: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina.<br />
B. DE LESD: Herbarium of M. BOULY DE LESDAIN, Dunkerque, France (destroyed in World<br />
War 11).<br />
BFU: Institut fiir Systematische Botanik der Freien Universitat, Berlin, Germany.<br />
BG : Universitetets Botaniske Museum, Bergen, Norway.<br />
BIRM: Department of Botany, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.<br />
BM: British Museum (Natural History), London, England.<br />
BM-BAB: Herbarium of CHURCHILL BABINGTON (formerly in CGE).<br />
BOL: Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, South Africa.<br />
BP: Department of Botany, Museum of Natural History, Budapest, Hungary.<br />
BRATT: Herbarium of G. C. BRATT, Department of Botany, University of Tasmania, Hobart,<br />
Tasmania.<br />
BRLU: Laboratoire de Botanique SystCmatique et de PhytogCographie, Universitt Libre de<br />
Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.<br />
BRNU: Institutum Botanicum Acad. Scient. i'echoslovacae, Brno, Czechoslovakia.<br />
BRSL: Herbarium, Botanical Institute of the University, Wroclaw (formerly Breslau), Poland.<br />
c: Botanical Museum and Herbarium, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (K0benhavn),<br />
Denmark.<br />
CAN: National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.<br />
CANE: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Plant<br />
Industry, Canberra, Australia.<br />
CGE: Botany School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.<br />
CHR: Botanical Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Christchurch,<br />
New Zealand.<br />
COLO: University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.<br />
cuw: Department of Botany, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
332 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
DAO: Plant Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.<br />
DEGEL: Herbarium of G. N. DEGELIUS, Askim, Sweden.<br />
DODGE: Herbarium of C. W. DODGE, C/O University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont,<br />
U.S.A.<br />
DSIR: Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington,<br />
New Zealand.<br />
DUKE: Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, N. Carolina, U.S.A.<br />
E: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.<br />
EDWIL: Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.<br />
EYERD: Herbarium of W. J. EYERDAM, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.<br />
FH: Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,<br />
U.S.A.<br />
FH-RIDD: Herbarium of L. W. RIDDLE, in Farlow Herbarium.<br />
FH-TAYL: Herbarium of T. TAYLOR, in Farlow Herbarium.<br />
FH-TUCK: Herbarium of E. TUCKERMAN, in Farlow Herbarium.<br />
FI: Herbarium Universitatis Florentinae, Istituto Botanico, Firenze, Italy.<br />
FREY: Herbarium of E. FREY (died 1974), Miinchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland (now in Botanisches<br />
Institut der Universitat, Bern).<br />
G: Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Genkve, Switzerland.<br />
G-MULL: Herbarium of J. MULLER (ARC.), in Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques.<br />
G-SCHAER: Herbarium of L. E. SCHAERER, in Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques.<br />
GALLOWAY: Herbarium of D. J. GALLOWAY, C/O Department of Scientific and Industrial<br />
Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand.<br />
GB: Goteborgs Botaniska Tradgird, Goteborg, Sweden.<br />
czu: Institut fur Systematische Botanik, Universitat, Graz, Austria.<br />
H: Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.<br />
H-ACH: Herbarium of E. ACHARIUS, in Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki.<br />
H-NYL: Herbarium of W. NYLANDER, in Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki.<br />
H-RAS: Herbarium of V. RASANEN, in Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki.<br />
HAK: Herbarium of R. HAKULINEN, Kyro, Finland.<br />
HBG: Staatsinstitut fur Allgemeine Botanik, Hamburg, W. Germany.<br />
HKU: Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.<br />
HUN: Herbarium of S. HUNECK, Halle-Neustadt, German Democratic Republic.<br />
K: Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium, Kew, Surrey, England.<br />
KASSEL: Naturkundemuseum der Stadt Kassel, Kassel, W. Germany.<br />
KERSH: Herbarium of K. KERSHAW, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London,<br />
England.<br />
KIENER: Herbarium of W. KIENER (died 1959), Game, Forestation and Parks Commission,<br />
Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.<br />
KLEM: Herbarium of 0. KLEMENT, Kreuzthal-Eisenbach, Allgau, W. Germany.<br />
L: Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands.<br />
L-PERS: Herbarium of C. H. PERSOON in Rijksherbarium.<br />
LAE: Department of Forests, Papua and New Guinea, Lae, New Guinea.<br />
LD: Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Lund, Sweden.<br />
LE: Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 333<br />
LEPAGE: Herbarium of E. LEPAGE, Ecole #Agriculture, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada.<br />
LG: Institut et Jardin Botanique de I'UniversitC, Litge Belgium.<br />
LE GALLO: Herbarium of P. C. LE GALLO, Guadeloupe, Leeward Islands, West Indies.<br />
LIL: Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumin, Argentina.<br />
LSU: Herbarium, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.<br />
LWG: National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow, India.<br />
M: Botanische Staatssammlung, Miinchen, W. Germany.<br />
M-ARN: Herbarium of F. ARNOLD, in Botanische Staatssammlung.<br />
M-KREMP: Herbarium of A. v. KREMPELHUBER, in Botanische Staatssammlung.<br />
MAASS: Herbarium of W. MAASS, Atlantic Regional Laboratory, Halifax, Nova Scotia,<br />
Canada.<br />
MB: Botanisches Institut der Universitat, MarburgILahn, W. Germany.<br />
MC CULLOUGH: Herbarium of H. A. Mc CULLOUGH, Samford University, Birmingham,<br />
Alabama, U.S.A.<br />
MEL: Botanic Garden and National Herbarium, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.<br />
MEXPOL: Instituto PolitCcnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.<br />
MICH: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.<br />
MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.<br />
MSC: Department of Botany, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.<br />
MSK: Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR, Minsk,<br />
U.S.S.R.<br />
NEBC: Herbarium of New England Botanical Club, c/o Gray Herbarium, Haward University,<br />
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.<br />
NFLD: Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Newfoundland,<br />
Canada.<br />
NICH: Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan.<br />
NY: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, New York, U.S.A.<br />
o: Botanisk Museum, Oslo, Norway.<br />
oc: Department of Botany, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, U.S.A.<br />
ORE: Herbarium of the University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A.<br />
PC: Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.<br />
PC-HUE: Herbarium of A. M. HUE, in Laboratoire de Cryptogamie.<br />
PC-MONT: Herbarium of J. F. C. MONTAGNE, in Laboratoire de Cryptogamie.<br />
PH: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.<br />
PR: Botanical Department of the National Museum, Praha, Czechoslovakia.<br />
QMP: MusCe de la Province, QuCbec City, Quebec, Canada.<br />
RB: Jardim Botfinico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br />
REN : Laboratoire de Botanique, UniversitC de Rennes, Rennes, France.<br />
s: Botanical Department, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden.<br />
SASK: W. P. FRASER Memorial Herbarium, Department of Plant Ecology, University of<br />
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.<br />
SCHINDL: Herbarium of H. SCHINDLER, Karlsruhe, W. Germany.<br />
SGO: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile.<br />
SOVMONG: Soviet-Mongolian Complex Biological Expedition, Bolshaya Ordynka 21/16,<br />
Moskva, U.S.S.R.<br />
SOWTER: Herbarium of F. A. SOWTER (died 1972), Stoughton, Leicestershire, England.
334 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
STR: Institut de Botanique de la Facult6 des Sciences de 11Universit6, Strasbourg, France.<br />
SUND: Herbarium of S. W. SUNDELL, Munkfors, Sweden.<br />
SWINSC: Herbarium of T. D. V. Swr~scow, Topsham, Exeter, Devon, England.<br />
TAI: Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China.<br />
TENN: Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee,<br />
U.S.A.<br />
TI: Botanical Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.<br />
TNS: Botanical Section, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.<br />
TRH: Botanical Department, Museum of the Royal Norwegian Society for Science and Letters,<br />
Trondheim, Norway.<br />
TRTC: Cryptogamic Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto,<br />
Ontario, Canada.<br />
TU: Department of Taxonomy and Geobotany of Tartu State University, Tartu, Estonian<br />
SSR, U.S.S.R.<br />
TUR: Botanical Institute of the University, Turku, Finland.<br />
TUR-VAIN: Herbarium of E. A. VAINIO, in Botanical Institute of the University.<br />
u: Botanical Museum and Herbarium, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.<br />
UBC: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,<br />
Canada.<br />
uc: Herbarium of the University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.<br />
UPS: Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.<br />
UPS-MAGN: Herbarium of A. H. MAGNUSSON, in Institute of Systematic Botany.<br />
UPS-TH FR: Herbarium of TH. FRIES, in Institute of Systematic Botany.<br />
UPS-THUNB: Herbarium of C. P. THUNBERG, in Institute of Systematic Botany.<br />
us: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington,<br />
District of Columbia, U.S.A.<br />
USGO: Departamento de Botanica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.<br />
usw-MAHU: Herbarium of M. MAHU, in Departamento de Botanica.<br />
v: Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.<br />
VARGAS: Herbarium of C. VARGAS, Universidad de Cuzco, Cuzco, Peru.<br />
VORAG: Institute of Agronomy, Voronesh (Woronesch), U.S.S.R.<br />
VT: Pringle Herbarium of the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A.<br />
w: Botanische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria.<br />
: Botanisches Institut der Universitat, Wurzburg, W. Germany.<br />
WELC: Department of Botany, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, U.S.A.<br />
WIS: University of Wisconsin Herbarium, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.<br />
WTU: Herbarium, Botany Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,<br />
U.S.A.<br />
YU: Herbarium of Osborn Botanical Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecti-<br />
cut, U.S.A.<br />
z: Botanischer Garten und Museum der Universitat, Zurich, Switzerland.<br />
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SUMMARY<br />
An emended subgeneric classification of the genus Stereocaulon (SCHREB.) HOEEM. is presented.<br />
123 species are recognized, with 47 varieties and 40 forms. Literature references, synonymy, exsiccata,<br />
useful illustrations, chemical constituents and general geographical distribution are listed for each<br />
species. All taxa are typified, 51 lectotypes and 1 neotype being newly selected. The following taxa are<br />
described as new:<br />
Species: St. austroindicum LAMB, St. brassii LAMB, St. crambidiocephalum LAMB, St. didymicurn<br />
LAMB, St. dusenii LAMB, St. fibrillosum LAMB, St. fronduliferum LAMB, St. halei LAMB, St. himalayense<br />
AWAS. et LAMB, St. novogramtense LAMB, St. papuanum LAMB, St. paradoxurn LAMB, St. procerum<br />
GROENH. ex LAMB, St. rugulosum LAMB, St. sibiricum LAMB, St. togashii LAMB, St. uliginosum LAMB,<br />
St. wadei LAMB, St. weberi LAMB.<br />
Varieties: St. colensoi var. caliginosum LAMB, St. cornutum var. corallizans LAMB, St. corticatulum<br />
var. cornplanaturn LAMB, St. myriocarpum var. altaicum LAMB, St. pileatum var. nipponicum LAMB, St.<br />
ramulosum var. perpumilum LAMB, St. ramulosum var. simplicius LAMB, St. sasakii var. tomentosoides<br />
LAMB, St. sorediiferum var. Ieprosolingulatum LAMB, St. staufferi var. bornefnse LAMB, St. tennesseense
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 347<br />
var. nigrofastigiatum LAMB, St. tomentosum var. capitatum LAMB, St. verruculigerum var. subfurfurascens<br />
LAMB, St. vesuvianum var. thyrsoideum LAMB.<br />
Forms: St. botryosum f. subglobuliferum LAMB, St. dactylophyllum f. sessile LAMB, St. intermedium<br />
f. compactum LAMB, St. meyeri f. tucumanum LAMB, St. nunodes f. schadeanum LAMB, St. nigromaculatum<br />
f. fastigiato-pulvinatum LAMB, St. ramulosum f. subcompressum LAMB, St. ramulosum f. tomentosulum<br />
LAMB, St. ramulosum var. pulvinare f. crebratum LAMB, St. subcoralloides f. sorediascens LAMB, St.<br />
vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. verrucosum LAMB.<br />
New name: St. melanopotamicum LAMB.<br />
The following new combinations are made: St. arcticum var. turjadnse (Us.) LAMB, St. atlanticum<br />
(LAMB) LAMB, St. corticatulum var. capense (LAMB) LAMB, St. foliolosum var. botryophorum (MULL.<br />
ARC.) LAMB, St. glabrum f. jfabellans (LAMB) LAMB, St. glaucescens var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB,<br />
St. meyeri f. acuminatum (MULL. ARC.) LAMB, St. pomiferum f. mikenoense (DUVIGN.) LAMB, St. ramulosum<br />
var. exalbidum (NYL.) LAMB, St. ramulosum var. gracilius (M~~LL. ARC.) LAMB, St. ramulosum f.<br />
nudatum (MULL. ARC.) LAMB, St. ramulosum var. pilophoroides (TUCK.) LAMB, St. ramulosum var.<br />
pulvinare (DODGE) LAMB, St. ramulosum var. submollescens (NYL.) LAMB, St. rivulorum f. pulvinarium<br />
(SAV.) LAMB, St. sasakiivar. simplex (RIDD.) LAMB, St. saxatile f. sorediatum (MAGN.) LAMB, St. spathuliferum<br />
f. dissolutum (MAGN.) LAMB, St. spathuliferurn f. pygmaeum (MAGN.) LAMB, St. stenospermum<br />
(LAMB) LAMB, St. verruciferum var. surreptans (LAMB) LAMB, St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. umbricolum<br />
(FREY) LAMB, St. vesuvianum var. nodulosum f. depressum (MAGN.) LAMB, St. vesuvianum var.<br />
obscurum (MULL. ARC.) LAMB, St. vulcani f. maunae-loae (MAGN.) LAMB.<br />
New taxonomic positions (n. stat.) are given to the following 4 infrageneric taxa: subgen. Stereocaulon,<br />
sect. Denudata, subsect. Botryoideum (G. T. JOHNS. emend.) LAMB; sect. Lobophoron (DUVIGN.)<br />
LAMB; subgen. HoIostelidium, sect. Holostelidium, subsect. Dactyloideum (LAMB) LAMB; and subgen.<br />
Pilophoropsis (LAMB) LAMB.<br />
91 doubtful, excluded or rejected taxa are also listed.<br />
Argopsis cymosa (CROMB.) STIZENB. 21 1 Lecidea artyta ACH. 328<br />
Baeomyces denudatus (FL~RKE) HEPP 244 Leprocaulon Nn. 193<br />
-paschalis (L.) WAHLENB. 200<br />
- - 8. nanum (AcH.) WAHLENB. 326<br />
- delisei (BORY) OLIV. 291<br />
Lichen sect. Stereocaulon SCHREB. 200<br />
Cereolus condensatus (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) BOIST. 209 - condensatus (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) ACH. 209<br />
-- subvar. acaulon (NYL.) BOIST. 209 - crustaceus GILIB. 200, 309<br />
-- subvar. curtulus (NYL.) BOIST. 322<br />
-paschalis L. 200<br />
- pileatus (AcH.) BOIST. 226 - ramulosus Sw. 278<br />
-- var. sorediifer (NYL.) BOIST. 226 - salazinus BORY 302<br />
Chlorocaulum CLEMENTS 196, 199 - vulcani BORY 257<br />
- salazinum (BORY) CLEMENTS 302, 303<br />
Patellaria paschalis (L.) WALLR. 200<br />
Cladonia paschalis (L.) WIGG. 200 -- var. bracteata WALLR. 244, 31 5<br />
Coralloides H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 195 -- var. nodulosa WALLR. 244<br />
- WOLF 195 -- var. umbonata WALLR. 246<br />
- paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 200<br />
-pileata var. crustacea WALLR. 209, 310<br />
Corynophoron NYL. 197 -- var. thamnodes WALLR. 209, 310<br />
- colensoi (BAB.) NYL. 287<br />
Gymnocaulon DUVIGN. 198<br />
- tomentosa var. decumbens WALLR. 236, 314<br />
- - p. erecta WALLR. 221, 312<br />
- caespitosum (RED.) DUVIGN. 306<br />
Phyllocaulon (TUCK.) VAIN. 196<br />
- gregarium (RED.) DUMGN. 307 - wrightii (TUCK.) VAIN. 259<br />
Lecanocaulon NYL. 196<br />
Pilophoron colensoi (BAB.) KNIGHT 287<br />
Synonyms and doubtful, excluded or rejected taxa are in italics.
348 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
-- var. reagens (RAs.) ZAHLBR. 218<br />
Stereocaulomyces paschalis (L.) THOMAS 200<br />
Stereocaulon (SCHREB.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 192, 195<br />
- sect. Botryoideum G. T. JOHNS. 196<br />
- subgen. Cylindrocladium DUVIGN. 197<br />
-- sect. Corynophoron (NYL.) DUVIGN. 198<br />
-- sect. Lecanocaulon (NYL.) DUVIGN. 196<br />
-- sect. Rhopalophoron DUVIGN. 197<br />
- subgen. Enteropodium LAMB 195<br />
-- sect. Chondrocaulon TH. FR. 193<br />
-- sect. Eustereocaulon ser. Granulata<br />
DUVIGN. 195<br />
--- ser. Umbilicata DUVIGN. 196<br />
-- sect. Leucocheilon LAMB 195<br />
--- subsect. Peltophyllum (Du RIETZ)<br />
LAMB 196<br />
- sect. Eustereocaulon KORB. 195<br />
- subgen. Eustereocaulon JATTA 195<br />
-- sect. Paschalia JATTA 195<br />
- subgen. Holostelidium LAMB 197<br />
-- sect. Dactyloideum LAMB 198<br />
-- sect. Ecephalodiata LAMB 196<br />
-- sect. Holostelidium 197<br />
--- subsect. Aciculisporae Du RIETZ 197<br />
--- subsect. Dactyloideum (LAMB) LAMB<br />
198<br />
--- subsect. Holostelidium 197<br />
-- sect. Pilophoropsis LAMB 197<br />
-- sect. Redingeria LAMB 198<br />
-- sect. Sacculata subsect. Ascaridisporae<br />
DU RIETZ 197<br />
- subgen. Lecidocaulon sect. Verruculata<br />
SAT6 196<br />
- subgen. Lecanocaulon (NYL.) VAIN. 196<br />
-- DUVIGN. (non NYL., nec VAIN.) 197<br />
- subgen. Lobophoron DUVIGN. 197<br />
- subgen. Phyllocaulon TUCK. 196<br />
- sect. Phyllocaulon (TUCK.) Us. 196<br />
- subgen. Pilophoropsis (LAMB) LAMB 197<br />
- subgen. Pilophoropsis DUVIGN. 195<br />
- subgen. Platycladium DUVIGN. 195<br />
-- ser. Granulata DUVIGN. 195<br />
-- ser. Umbilicata DUVIGN. 196<br />
- subgen. Rhopalophoron DUVIGN. 197<br />
-- ser. Euclavulifera DUVIGN. 197<br />
-- ser. Protoclavulifera DUVIGN. 197<br />
- sect. Sacculata SATB 197<br />
- subgen. Stereocaulon 195, 200<br />
-- sect. Denudata JATTA 195<br />
--- subsect. Botryoideum (G. T. JOHNS.)<br />
LAMB 196<br />
--- subsect. Denudata 196<br />
--- subsect. Phyllocaulon (TUCK.) LAMB<br />
196<br />
-- sect. Lobophoron (DUVIGN.) LAMB 197<br />
-- sect. Stereocaulon 195, 200<br />
-- sect. Stereocladium (NYL.) DODGE 195<br />
- abduanum ANZI 222, 3 12<br />
- acaulon NYL. 209, 3 10<br />
- aciculare (AcH.) TUCK. 326<br />
- aggregatum (Sw.) RAUSCH. 326<br />
- albicans TH. FR. 326<br />
- alpinum LAUR. 202<br />
-- f. adpressum MAGN. 202, 309<br />
-- f. alpestre (FLoT.) TH. FR. 238<br />
-- var. botryosum (AcH.) SCHAER. 207<br />
-- f. botryosum (AcH.) FR. 207<br />
-- p. botryosum 2. subcymosum FLOT. 328<br />
-- var. erectum FREY 203 ,<br />
-- var. glabrum MULL. ARG. 21 8<br />
-- var. gracilentum (TH. FR.) MAGN. 204<br />
-- f. gracilentum (TH. FR.) LAMB 204<br />
-- var. grande (MAGN.) FREY 220<br />
-- var. Janii LYNGE 250<br />
-- f. platycladum FREY 203<br />
-- f. pulvinarium SAV. 229<br />
-- var. tyroliense (NYL.) ARN. 240<br />
-- var. vesuvianum (PERs.) LINK 242<br />
-- f. walamo&nse (NYL.) FREY 325<br />
- andinum B. DE LESD. 326<br />
- anomalum LAMB 249<br />
- antarcticum VAIN. 204<br />
- aogasimense ASAH. 264<br />
- apocalypticum NYL. 259<br />
- arbuscula (NYL.) NYL. 326<br />
-- var. aberrans ASAH. 326<br />
- arcticum LYNGE 249<br />
-- var. turjaense (Us.) LAMB 250<br />
- arenarium (SAV.) LAMB 250<br />
- argodes NYL. 286, 3 19<br />
- argus HOOK. F. et TAYL. 286<br />
-- var. stenospermum LAMB 304<br />
- armatulum ZAHLBR. 263, 317<br />
- assimile NYL. 302, 321<br />
- atlanticum (LAMB) LAMB 286<br />
- austroindicum LAMB 205<br />
- azoreum (SCHAER.) NYL. 205<br />
- botryocarpum MAGN. 238<br />
- botryophorum M~~LL. ARC. 267<br />
- botryosum ACH. 207
-- f. confluens (MAGN.) FREY 216<br />
-- f. congestum (MAGN.) FREY 208<br />
-- f. depressum FREY 216<br />
-- var. dissolutum (MAGN.) MAGN. 233<br />
-- f. dissolutum (MAGN.) FREY 233<br />
-- f. finmarkicum (MAGN.) FREY 208<br />
-- f. globuliferum (MAGN.) FREY 234<br />
-- f. irregulare (MAGN.) FREY 208<br />
-- subsp. islandicum DUVIGN. 208, 309, 321<br />
-- f. pygmaeum MAGN. 234<br />
-- f. sirnplicior (MAGN.) FREY 208<br />
-- var. spathuliferum (VAIN.) LAMB 233<br />
-- f. spathuliferum (VAIN.) FREY 233<br />
-- f. subglobuliferurn LAMB 208<br />
-- var. subincrustaturn FREY 202, 309<br />
-- subsp. vesuvianum (PERs.) ACH. 242<br />
- brassii LAMB 271<br />
- buchanani KNIGHT 327<br />
- caespitosurn RED. 306<br />
- capense LAMB 289<br />
- capitellaturn MAGN. 209<br />
- carinthiacum FREY 241<br />
- cereolinum ACH. 327<br />
-- var. cereolus (AcH.) TH. FR. 327<br />
-- f. pileatum (AcH.) TH. FR. 226<br />
- cereolus ACH. 327<br />
- chlorellum TUCK. 327<br />
- chlorocarpoides ZAHLBR. 272<br />
- cinchonae (WILLD.) RAUSCH. 327<br />
- claviceps TH. FR. 271<br />
-- var. pomiferum (DUVIGN.) LAMB 276<br />
-- var. tuberaturn LAMB 276<br />
-- var. yunnanense HUE 276, 319<br />
- colensoi BAB. 287<br />
-- var. caliginosum LAMB 288<br />
-- var. reagens RAS. 218, 311<br />
- cornrnixtum (ASAH.) ASAH. 260<br />
- condensatum H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 209<br />
-- var. acaulon (NYL.) OLN. 209<br />
-- f. acaulon (Nn.) MAGN. 209<br />
-- f. athallinurn SANDST. 210, 3 10<br />
-- subsp. condyloideum (AcH.) NYL. 210<br />
-- var. condyloideum (AcH.) NYL. 210<br />
-- f. condyloideum (AcH.) MAGN. 210<br />
-- f. crustaceum (WALLR.) RABENH. 209<br />
-- var. minor EGELING 210, 310<br />
-- f. septentrionale MAGN. 210, 310<br />
-- var. sorediatum HARM. 226, 31 2<br />
- condyloideum ACH. 210, 310<br />
- confine (0. M~L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 327<br />
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 349<br />
- confluens MULL. ARC. 248, 316<br />
-- f. fastigiata DUVIGN. 321<br />
-- var. fuscescens MULL. ARC. 248, 316<br />
-- f. gracilius DUVIGN. 321<br />
-- f. persquamosa DUVIGN. 248<br />
-- f. ramosa DUVIGN. 321<br />
-- f. typica DUVIGN. 321<br />
-congestumN~~. 327<br />
- conglomeratum (FR.) VAIN. 235, 329<br />
- coniophyllurn LAMB 268<br />
- coralligerum MEYER 274, 321<br />
- corallinoides H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 327<br />
- corallinum (L.) SCHRAD. 212, 327<br />
-- var. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) SCHAER. 330<br />
-- f. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) RABENH. 330<br />
-- c. stigmateum RABENH. 329<br />
- coralloides FR. 212, 310<br />
-- var. conglomeratum (FR.) TH. FR. 329<br />
--- f. pumilum NYL. 227<br />
-- var. dactylophyllum (FLORKE) TH. FR. 21 1<br />
-- subvar. dactylophyllum (FLORKE) BOIST.<br />
211<br />
-- f. dactylophyllum (FLORKE) TH. FR. 21 1<br />
-- subsp. delisei (BORY) NYL. 291<br />
-- f. expansum MAGN. 213<br />
-- var. flabellaturn FREY 214<br />
-- f. intermedium SAV. 223<br />
-- var. japonicum (TH. FR.) NYL. 263<br />
-- var. occidentale MAGN. 214<br />
-- var. orientalis RAS. 212, 310<br />
-- var. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) MALBR. 330<br />
-- var. pumilum (NYL.) OLIV. 227<br />
-- var. pygmaeum FREY 21 5<br />
-- var. spissum (NYL.) LAMB 215<br />
-- f. subbotryosum FREY 214<br />
- cornutum M ~L. ARC. 251<br />
-- var. corallizans LAMB 251<br />
- corticatulum NYL. 288<br />
-- var. capense (LAMB) LAMB 289<br />
-- var. complanatum LAMB 289<br />
-- subsp. detergens NYL. 288, 320<br />
-- var. detergens (NYL.) MULL. ARC. 288<br />
-- var. humile (MULL. ARC.) LAMB 289<br />
-- var. procerum LAMB 296<br />
-- var. subcorticatum (RAs.) LAMB 290<br />
- crambidiocephalum LAMB 290<br />
- cupriniforme NYL. 236, 314<br />
- curtatoides ASAH. 261<br />
- curtaturn NYL. 261<br />
- curtulum NYL. 322
3 50 Joum. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
- curtum (RAs.) LAMB 269<br />
- cyrnosum CROMB. 21 1<br />
- dactylophyllum FLORKE 21 1<br />
-- f. expansum (MAGN.) GRUMM. 213<br />
-- var. flabellatum (FREY) GRUMM. 214<br />
-- var. mujor Som. 212, 310<br />
-- var. occidentale (MAGN.) GRUMM. 214<br />
-- var. pygmaeum (FREY) GRUMM. 215<br />
-- f. sessile LAMB 214<br />
-- var. spissum (NYL.) LAMB 215<br />
-- f. subbotryosum (FREY) GRUMM. 214<br />
- delisei BORY 290<br />
- dendroides ASAH. 261<br />
- denudatulum NYL. 322<br />
- denudatum PERS. 283, 319<br />
- denudatum FLORKE 244, 3 15<br />
-- f. bracteata (WALLR.) VAIN. 244<br />
-- var. caespitosulum NYL. 220<br />
-- f. capitatum FLOT. 244, 315<br />
-- f. commune TH. FR. 244, 315<br />
--- subf. digitatum (LAuR.) TH. FR. 244<br />
--- subf. tenue (LAuR.) TH. FR. 244<br />
-- f. compacturn FLOT. 246, 315<br />
-- var. depressum MAGN. 247<br />
-- status digitatum LAUR. 244, 31 5<br />
-- f. digitatum (LAuR.) RABENH. 244<br />
-- var. genuinum TH. FR. 244, 315<br />
-- f. nodulosa (WALLR.) VAIN. 244<br />
-- var. platycladurn LAMB 327<br />
-- subsp. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) HUE 330<br />
-- var. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) FLOT. 330<br />
--- f. arenarium SAV. 250<br />
--- f. saxicolum SAV. 322<br />
-- subsp. santorinense J. STEIN. 243<br />
-- status tenue LAUR. 244, 31 5<br />
-- f. tenue (LAuR.) LAUR. 244<br />
-- subsp. turja2nsis RAs. 250<br />
-- f. umbonata (WALLR.) VAIN. 246<br />
-- var. umbonatum (WALLR.) ZAHLBR. 246<br />
--- f. pulvinata (SCHAER.) Ris. 330<br />
-- var. umbricolum FREY 246<br />
-- status validum LAUR. 244, 315<br />
-- var. validum (LAuR.) OLIV. 244<br />
-- f. validum (LAuR.) LAUR. 244<br />
-- subsp. vesuvianum (PERs.) TH. FR. 242<br />
-- var. vesuvianum (PERs.) LAUR. 242<br />
-- var. vulcani @ORY) NYL. 257<br />
- depreaultii DEL. 21 5<br />
-- var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB 220<br />
-- f. corallinum HUE 21 1<br />
- depressum (FREY) LAMB 216<br />
- didymicum LAMB 291<br />
- dusenii LAMB 292<br />
- esterhuysenae LAMB 216<br />
- etigoense (ASAH.) LAMB 262<br />
- evolutoides (MAGN.) FREY 23 1<br />
-- f. glabrescens LAMB 23 1<br />
-- var. paschaleoides HAV. 232<br />
-- var. saxatile (MAGN.) LAMB 230<br />
- evolutum GRAEWE 217<br />
-- var. fastigiatum (ANZI) TH. FR. 207<br />
-- f. fastigiatum (ANZI) MIG. 207<br />
-- var. laxum (FREY) LAMB 21 8<br />
-- f. laxurn (FREY) LAMB 217<br />
-- f. planum MAGN. 217, 3 11<br />
-- f. sterile SAV. 234<br />
-- var. typicum TH. FR. 217, 31 1<br />
- exalbidum NYL. 285<br />
- exile ASAH. 262<br />
- explanaturn LAMB 306<br />
- exutoides LAMB 264<br />
- exutum NYL. 260<br />
-- f. approximans (HUE) DODGE 260<br />
-- f. cornplanaturn (HUE) DODGE 260<br />
-- var. humile (MULL. ARG.) DODGE 263<br />
-- var. nigrum (HUE) SAT6 264<br />
-- var. sorediata RKs. 270, 31 8<br />
- farinaceum MAGN. 209, 310<br />
- farinosum (TH. FR.) VAIN. 297<br />
- fastigiatum ANZI 207, 309<br />
-- f. confluens MAGN. 216, 31 1<br />
-- f. congestum MAGN. 208, 310<br />
-- f. depressum MAGN. 216<br />
-- var. dissolutum MAGN. 233<br />
-- f. finmarkicum MAGN. 208<br />
-- f. globuliferum MAGN. 234<br />
-- f. irregulare MAGN. 208<br />
-- f. simplicior MAGN. 208<br />
-- f. spathuliferum (VAIN.) MAGN. 233<br />
- fibrillosum LAMB 251<br />
-fibula TUCK. 327<br />
-flavireagens GYELN. 257, 31 7<br />
-- f. cinerascens MAGN. 257, 317<br />
-- f. densum MAGN. 257, 317<br />
- foliiforme HUE 259, 3 17<br />
- foliolosum Nn. 267<br />
-- var. botryophorum (MULL. ARG.)~LAMB<br />
267<br />
-- var. stricturn (BAB.) LAMB 268<br />
- formosanum ASAH. 267
-fragile (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 327<br />
- fronduliferum LAMB 293<br />
- fungiforme SCHAER. 327<br />
- furcaturn FR. 278, 319<br />
- furfuraceum DUVIGN. 252<br />
- giltayi DUVIGN. 257, 31 6<br />
- glabrum ( M~L. ARG.) VAIN. 21 8<br />
-- f. flabellans (LAMB) LAMB 218<br />
- glareosum (SAV.) MAGN. 218<br />
-- var. brachyphylloides LAMB 219<br />
-- f. congesturn MAGN. 219, 312<br />
- glaucescens TUCK. 21 9<br />
-- var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB 220<br />
- globiferum H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 327<br />
- "globosus (HuDs.) VAIN." 329<br />
- gracilescens NYL. 327<br />
- gracilius (MULL. ARG.) DUVIGN. 284<br />
- gracillimum MULL. ARG. 322<br />
- graminosum SCHAER. 252<br />
- grande (MAGN.) MAGN. 220<br />
- granulosum LAUR. 206, 313<br />
- gregarium RED. 307<br />
- groenlandicum (DAHL) LAMB 221<br />
- halei LAMB 294<br />
- haumanianum DUVIGN. 296, 320<br />
- himalayense AWAS, et LAMB 269<br />
- hokkaidense ASAH. et LAMB 263<br />
- humbertii DUVIGN. 269<br />
- humile MULL. ARG. 289<br />
- hypopetraeum VAIN. 240, 3 15<br />
- implexum TH. FR. 294<br />
-- f. sorediosa VAIN. 297, 320<br />
- incogniturn SCHADE 242<br />
- incrustatum FLORKE 221<br />
-- var. abduanum (ANZI) FREY 222<br />
-- var. elatum OKSN. 222, 312<br />
-- f. gracile FREY 222<br />
- intermedium (SAV.) MAGN. 223<br />
-- f. compactum LAMB 223<br />
- intricatum MORN 327<br />
- japonicum TH. FR. 263<br />
-- var. aogasimense (ASAH.) LAMB 264<br />
-- var. commixturn ASAH. 260<br />
-- subsp. etigoense ASAH. 262<br />
-- var. subfastigiatum ASAH. 263<br />
-- var. tokioense LAMB 263<br />
- karisimbiense D ~IGN. 296, 320<br />
- kotiluotot?nse VAIN. 322<br />
- laccatum FR. 327<br />
- laseroni DODGE 327<br />
I. MACKENZ~E LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon<br />
- lavicola MAGN. 252<br />
- lecanoreum NYL. 305, 321<br />
- leporinum TH. FR. 206, 313<br />
-- var. elatum TH. FR. 206, 313<br />
-- var. pumilum TH. FR. 206, 313<br />
- leprocauloides LAMB 223<br />
- leprocephalum VAIN. 253<br />
- leptaleum NYL. 288, 320<br />
- loricatum LAMB 307<br />
- lusitanicum MAGN. 21 7, 31 1<br />
- macquariense DODGE 283, 323<br />
- macrocarpoides (NYL.) KREMP. 283<br />
-macrocarpurn RICH. 282<br />
-- var. argus (HOOK. F. et TAYL.) TH. FR.<br />
286<br />
-- var. curta RAs. 269<br />
-- f. genuinum TH. FR. 282<br />
- macrocephalum MULL. ARG. 272<br />
-- var. stricturn (BAB.) DODGE 268<br />
-- var. yunnanense (HUE) DODGE 276<br />
- maderense TUCK. 206, 3 13<br />
- madreporiforme H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 327<br />
- magellanicum (TH. FR.) ZAHLBR. 236<br />
- mamiNosum DUVIGN. 276, 3 18<br />
- massartianum HUE 272<br />
-- var. chlorocarpoides (ZAHLBR.) LAMB<br />
272<br />
- Maunae Loae MAGN. 258<br />
- meissnerianum FLORKE 323<br />
- melanocarpum (Sw.) RAUSCH. 327<br />
- melanopotamicum LAMB 296<br />
- meyeri B. STEIN 296<br />
-- f. acuminatum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB 297<br />
-- subsp. atlanticum LAMB 286<br />
-- var. bornmiilleri B. STEIN 296, 320<br />
-- var. farinosum (TH. FR.) LAMB 297<br />
-- var. tucurnanum LAMB 297<br />
-- f. tucumanum LAMB 297<br />
- microcarpum MULL. ARG. 297<br />
- microscopicurn (VILL.) FREY 327<br />
- microthuja DUVIGN. 253, 316<br />
-- fac. abietina DUVIGN. 253<br />
-- fac. fastigiato-pulvinata DUVIGN. 254<br />
- mikenoense DUVIGN. 277<br />
- mixtum NYL. 278, 319<br />
-- subsp. assimile (NYL.) NYL. 302<br />
-- var. denudatum (PERs.) MULL. ARG. 284<br />
-- subsp. nesaeum (Nn.) NYL. 272<br />
-- sorediatum NYL. 305, 321<br />
-- var. sorediatum (NYL.) HUE 305
352 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977<br />
-- subsp. strictum (BAB.) NYL. 268<br />
-- var. tenellum MULL. ARG. 297, 320<br />
- rnontagneanurn LAMB 274<br />
- myriocarpoides (NYL.) HUE 224<br />
- myriocarpum TH. FR. 224<br />
-- var. altaicum LAMB 225<br />
-- var. orizabae TH. FR. 224, 312<br />
-- f. typicum TH. FR. 224<br />
- nabewariense ZAHLBR. 244, 31 5<br />
- nanodes TUCK. 240<br />
-- f. carinthiacum (FREY) LAMB 241<br />
-- f. schadeanum LAMB 242<br />
-- f. tyroliense (NYL.) LAMB 240<br />
- nanum (AcH.) ACH. 327<br />
-- f. mundum FR. 323<br />
-- f. pulverulenturn TH. FR. 327<br />
- nesaeum NYL. 273, 318<br />
- nesaeum Auctt. (non NYL.) 272, 273<br />
-- var. lecideoides VAIN. 272, 3 18<br />
-- var. zeorina VAIN. 272, 318<br />
- nigromaculatum DUVIGN. 253<br />
-- f. fastigiato-pulvinatum LAMB 254<br />
- nigrum HUE 264<br />
- novo-arbuscula ASAH. 328<br />
- novogranatense LAMB 298<br />
- obesum TH. FR. 254<br />
-- var. egorescens RAS. 248<br />
- obscurutn MULL. ARG. 249<br />
- obtusatum (VAHL) ACH. 328<br />
- octomerelloides ASAH. 264, 3 18<br />
- octomerellum MULL. ARG. 264<br />
-- var. sandwicense (MAGN.) LAMB 264<br />
- octomerum MULL. ARC. 265<br />
-- f. robustior ASAH. 262, 31 8<br />
- orizabae (TH. FR.) VAIN. 224<br />
- ostrobottniae MAGN. 241, 315<br />
- pachycephalum VAIN. 299<br />
- papuanum LAMB 225<br />
- paradoxum LAMB 275<br />
-parvifolia 329<br />
- paschale (L.) H<strong>OF</strong>FM. 200, 307<br />
-- f. alpinum (LAuR.) MUDD 202<br />
-- var. alpinum (LAuR.) DU RIETZ 202<br />
--- f. flabellans LAMB 218<br />
-- var. cereolinum (AcH.) SCHAER. 328<br />
-- f. colligatum LAMB 200, 309<br />
-- var. condensatum (H<strong>OF</strong>FM.) SCHAER. 209<br />
-- f. congestum LAMB 200<br />
-- p. conglomeratum FR. 329<br />
--- 1. robustum FLOT. 329<br />
-- E. conglomeratum (FR.) TH. FR. 329<br />
-- subsp. coralloides (FR.) BRANTH et<br />
ROSTR. 212 .<br />
-- subsp. dactylophyllum (FLORKE) BRANTH<br />
et Rosm. 211<br />
-- var. denudatum (FLORKE) SCHAER. 244<br />
-- f. denudatum (FL~RKE) MUDD 244<br />
-- subsp. depreaultii (DEL.) LAMB 215<br />
--- var. caespitosulum (NYL.) LAMB 220<br />
-- var. erectum (FREY) LAMB 203<br />
-- var. evolutoides MAGN. 231, 313<br />
-- subsp. evolutoides (MAGN.) LAMB 231<br />
--- f. laxatum LAMB 231, 313<br />
-- var. gracilenturn TH. FR. 204<br />
-- f. gracilentum (TH. FR.) TH. FR. 204<br />
-- var. grande MAGN. 220<br />
-- var. magellanicum (TH. FR.) NYL. 236<br />
-- f. paschale (L.) MUDD 200<br />
-- var. pileatum (AcH.) WAHLENB. 226<br />
-- var. pulvinatum SCHAER. 330<br />
-- f. ramulferum NYL. 219, 311<br />
-- var. serpens TH. FR. 200, 308<br />
-- f. serpens (TH. FR.) TH. FR. 200<br />
-- f. sorediatum MAGN. 232<br />
-- var. squamescens (NYL.) RAS. 323<br />
-- f. squamescens NYL. 323<br />
-- f. subcoralloides NYL. 235<br />
-- f. subcrustosum FR. 324<br />
-- f. taeniarum MAGN. 231, 313<br />
-- f. thyrsoideum (SCHAER.) RABENH. 202<br />
-- subsp. tomentosum (FR.) BRANTH et<br />
ROSTR. 236<br />
-- var. tomentosum (FR.) DUBY 236<br />
-- f. typicum Du RIETZ 200, 308<br />
-- f. velutinum FREY 324<br />
-- var. vulgare TH. FR. 200, 308<br />
-- f. vulgare (TH. FR.) TH. FR. 200<br />
-patagonicum LAMB 218, 31 1<br />
-- f. reagens (RiCs.) LAMB 21 8<br />
-- f. subirregulare LAMB 21 8, 3 1 1<br />
- peladense VAIN. 305<br />
- pendulum ASAH. 265<br />
-penicillium DUVIGN. 296, 320<br />
- philippinense RAs. 299<br />
- pileatum ACH. 226<br />
-- f. macrum MAGN. 226, 312<br />
-- var. nipponicum LAMB 227<br />
-- f. pumilum (NYL.) LAMB 227<br />
-- f. ramificans MAGN. 227, 313<br />
-- f. sessile MAGN. 246
-- var. sorediiferum NYL. 226, 312<br />
-- f. sorediiferum (Nn.) HARM. 226<br />
--- subf. terrestre HARM. 226, 330<br />
-pilophoroides TUCK. 283<br />
- piluliferum TH. FR. 275<br />
-- var. sinense (HUE) LAMB 275<br />
- pityrizans NYL. 254<br />
- platycladum (LAMB) LAMB 327<br />
- porniferum DUVIGN. 276<br />
-- f. mikenoense (DUVIGN.) LAMB 277<br />
- procerum GROENH. 277<br />
- prostratum ZAHLBR. 266<br />
- proximum NYL. 278, 319<br />
-- var. compactius ZAHLBR. 294, 320<br />
-- var. compressurn NYL. 306<br />
-- subsp. exalbidum (NYL.) NYL. 285<br />
-- status ferruginascens MULL. ARG. 297,<br />
320<br />
-- var. gracilius MULL. ARG. 284<br />
-- subsp. macrocarpoides NYL. 282, 319<br />
-- var. macrocarpoides (NYL.) NYL. 282<br />
-- var. nudatum M ~L. ARG. 281<br />
-- f. sorediata NYL. 296, 324<br />
-- f. traversii HUE 28 1, 3 19<br />
-prrrinosum FL~~RKE 330<br />
- pseudoarbuscula ASAH. 328<br />
- pseudodepreaultii ASAH. 228<br />
- pseudomassartianum LAMB 300<br />
-pseudosasakii ASAH. 223<br />
- pulvinare DODGE 283<br />
- pulvinatum ACH. 328<br />
-pulvinatum (SCHAER.) NYL. 330<br />
- pygmaeum VAIN. 328<br />
- quisquiliare (LEERS) H<strong>OF</strong>TM. 328<br />
-- f. pulverulentum (TH. FR.) ZAHLBR. 328<br />
- ramulosum (Sw.) RAUSCH. 278<br />
-- var. acuminatum MULL. ARG. 297<br />
-- var. assimile (NYL.) LAMB 302<br />
-- var. bornmulleri (B. STEIN) MULL. ARG.<br />
296<br />
-- subsp. claviceps (TH. FR.) NYL. 271<br />
-- var. compacturn MULL. ARG. 278, 319<br />
-- var. compressurn BAB. 293, 320<br />
-- f. compressum NYL. 306, 321<br />
-- f. elegans TH. FR. 281<br />
-- var. exalbidum (NYL.) LAMB 285<br />
-- var. farinosum TH. FR. 297<br />
-- f. farinosum (TH. FR.) HUE 297<br />
-- var. furcaturn (FR.) NYL. 278<br />
-- f. genuinum TH. FR. 278<br />
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 3 53<br />
-- var. gracilius (MULL. ARG.) LAMB 284<br />
-- var. implexum (TH. FR.) NYL. 294<br />
-- var. macrocarpoides (NYL.) MULL. ARG.<br />
283<br />
-- subsp. macrocarpum (RICH.) HUE 282<br />
--- f. compressurn (BAB.) HUE 293<br />
-- var. macrocarpum (RICH.) BAB. 282<br />
-- var. microcarpoides MULL. ARG. 278,<br />
319<br />
-- var. nudatum (MULL. ARG.) MULL. ARC.<br />
28 1<br />
-- f. nudatum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB 281<br />
-- var. perpumilum LAMB 284<br />
-- var. pilophoroides (TUCK.) LAMB 283<br />
-- f. proximum (NYL.) TUCK. 278<br />
-- var. pulvinare (DODGE) LAMB 283<br />
--- f. crebratum LAMB 283<br />
-- subsp. roccelloides TH. FR. 300, 321<br />
-- var. simplicius LAMB 284<br />
-- var. stricturn BAB. 268<br />
-- var. strigosum (TH. FR.) HUE 278<br />
-- f. strigosum TH. FR. 278, 319<br />
-- f. subcompressum LAMB 282<br />
-- var. sublecanoreum LAMB 279<br />
-- subsp. submollescens Nn. 285<br />
-- var. submollescens (NYL.) LAMB 285<br />
-- f. tomentosulum LAMB 282<br />
-- var. vimineum (TH. FR.) NYL. 279<br />
-- f. vimineum (TH. FR.) HUE 279<br />
- richardianum (MoNT.) ZAHLBR. 255<br />
- rivulorum MAGN. 228<br />
-- var. groenlandicum DAHL 221<br />
-- f. nana CENGIA SAMBO 324<br />
-- f. pulvinarium (SAV.) LAMB 229<br />
- roccella (L.) Rjiusc~. 328<br />
- roccelloides (TH. FR.) LAMB 300<br />
- rubiginosum PERS. 300<br />
- rugulosum LAMB 301<br />
- ruwenzoriense DUVIGN. 253, 316<br />
- salazinum (BORY) F~E 302<br />
- sandwicense MAGN. 264, 318<br />
- sanguineum DEL. 300<br />
- sasakii ZAHLBR. 229<br />
-- var. simplex (RIDD.) LAMB 230<br />
-- var. tomentosoides LAMB 230<br />
- saviczii Du RIETZ 266<br />
- saxatile MAGN. 230<br />
-- f. paschaleoides (HAv.) LAMB 232<br />
-- f. sorediatum (MAGN.) LAMB 232<br />
- saxonicum BACHM. 226, 31 2
354 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43<br />
- scutelligerum TH. FR. 254<br />
- sertularia ACH. 328<br />
- sibiricum LAMB 232<br />
- sinense HUE 275, 318<br />
- soleirolii DUF. 328<br />
- solutum LAMB 324<br />
- sorediatum (NYL.) VAIN. 296, 324<br />
- sorediiferum HUE 270<br />
-- f. esorediosum ASAH. 270<br />
-- var. leprosolingulatum LAMB 271<br />
- spathuliferum VAIN. 233<br />
-- f. dissolutum (MAGN.) LAMB 233<br />
-- f. globuliferum (MAGN.) LAMB 234<br />
-- f. pygmaeum (MAGN.) LAMB 234<br />
- speciosum LAMB 256, 316<br />
-- var. surreptans LAMB 256<br />
- sphaerophoroides TUCK. 206, 257<br />
-- f. elatum (TH. FR.) TH. FR. 206<br />
-- f. pumilum (TH. FR.) TH. FR. 206<br />
- spissum NYL. 214, 31 1<br />
-- f. dactylinum FREY 21 5, 31 1<br />
-- f. granuliferum FREY 324<br />
-- var. laxum FREY 217<br />
- squamescens (NYL.) FUs. 323<br />
- stalagrnitiferum DWIGN. 272, 31 8<br />
- staufferi LAMB 303<br />
-- var. bomdnse LAMB 304<br />
- stenospermum (LAMB) LAMB 304<br />
- sterile (SAV.) LAMB 234<br />
- strictum (BAB.) MULL. ARG. 268<br />
- strictum TH. FR. 305<br />
-- var. compressum (Nn.) LAMB 306<br />
-- var. lecanoreum (NYL.) LAMB 305<br />
- subalbicans LAMB 328<br />
- subcoralloides (Nn.) NYL. 234<br />
-- f. pumilum (NYL.) ZAHLBR. 227<br />
-- f. sorediascens LAMB 235<br />
- subcorticatum Us. 290<br />
- subdenudatum HAV. 255<br />
- subgracilescens LAMB 328<br />
- subintricans NYL. 216, 324<br />
- submollescens (NYL.) ZAHLBR. 285<br />
- subramulosum MULL. ARG. 260, 317<br />
-- f. approximans HUE 260, 317<br />
-- f. complanatum HUE 260, 317<br />
-- var. humile MULL. ARG. 263, 317<br />
- substrictum HUE 305<br />
- supervestiens MAGN. 235<br />
- symphycheilum LAMB 255<br />
- tabulare (THIJNB.) ACH. 328<br />
- tenellum TUCK. 328<br />
- tenerrimum LAMB 262<br />
- tennesseense MAGN. 236<br />
-- var. nigrofastigiatum LAMB 236<br />
- tenuissimum DEL. 325<br />
- togashii LAMB 278<br />
- tomentosum FR. 236<br />
-- var. abduanum (ANZI) OLIV. 222<br />
-- var. alpestre FLOT. 238<br />
--- f. stigmatea FLOT. 330<br />
-- subsp. alpestre (FLoT.) HUE 238<br />
-- f. alpestre (FLoT.) NYL. 238<br />
-- var. alpinum (LAuR.) TH. FR. 202<br />
-- subsp. alpinum (LAuR.) TH. FR. 202<br />
--- f. verrucosum TH. FR. 202, 309<br />
-- var. azoreum SCHAER. 205<br />
-- f. botryocarpum (MAGN.) LAMB 238<br />
-- var. botryosum (AcH.) NYL. 207<br />
-- var. campestre KijRB. 236, 314<br />
-- var. capitatum LAMB 239<br />
-- var. compactum FREY 239<br />
-- var. cupriniforme (NYL.) OLIV. 236<br />
-- f. cupriniforme (NYL.) VAIN. 236<br />
-- f. flabelliforme OHL. 325<br />
-- f. glareosum SAV. 219<br />
-- var. granulosum SCHAER. 206, 331<br />
-- var. granulosum (LAuR.) OLIV. 206<br />
-- var. graphiticola US. 231, 313<br />
-- var. hercynicum FREY 325<br />
-- var. inciso-crenatum SCHAER. 236, 314<br />
-- f. incisocrenatum (SCHAER.) FREY 236<br />
-- subsp. incrustatum (FL~RKE) NYL. 221<br />
-- var. incrustatum (FLORKE) SCHAER. 221<br />
-- var. karelica VAIN. 330<br />
-- f. Ieptothamnium FREY 325<br />
-- subsp. magellanicum TH. FR. 236, 314<br />
-- B. rnajus SCHAER. 330<br />
-- subsp. myriocarpoides NYL. 224, 312<br />
-- subsp. myriocarpum (TH. FR.) NYL. 224<br />
--- var. orizabae (TH. FR.) LAMB 224<br />
-- var. simplex RIDD. 230<br />
-- f. tectorum TOM. 239, 314<br />
-- var. thyrsoideum SCHAER. 202, 309<br />
-- f. truncatum FREY 237, 314<br />
-- var. tyroliense (NYL.) OLIV. 240<br />
-- var. walamoCnse (Nn.) NYL. 325<br />
-- f. walamot?nse NYL. 325<br />
- tortuosum NYL. 216, 326<br />
- trachyphloeum LAMB 304<br />
- turfosum BORY 326
- turgescens Nn. 252<br />
- tyroliense (NYL.) LETT. 240<br />
-- var. lapponicum MAGN. 240, 314<br />
- uliginosum LAMB 240<br />
- uvuliferum MULL. ARG. 263, 3 17<br />
- valamo5nse (Nn.) RXs. 325<br />
- vanoyei DUVIGN. 256<br />
- vermiculare (Sw.) KUSCH. 328<br />
- verruciferum NYL. 256<br />
-- var. surreptans (LAMB) LAMB 256<br />
- verruculigerum HUE 267<br />
-- var. formosanum ASAH. 267<br />
-- var. subfurfurascens LAMB 267<br />
- vesuvianum PERS. 242 .<br />
-- var. arcticum (LYNGE) LAMB 249<br />
-- var. capitatum PLOT.) JAMES 244<br />
-- var. confluens (MULL. ARG.) B. STEIN<br />
248<br />
-- var. denudatum (FL~~RKE) LAMB 244<br />
--- f. capitatum (FLoT.) POELT 244<br />
-- var. depressum (MAGN.) LAMB 247<br />
-- var. emorescens (Ks.) LAMB 248<br />
-- var. glaucescens (TUCK.) LAMB 219<br />
-- var. kilimandscharoense B. STEIN 248<br />
-- f. nabewariense (ZAHLBR.) ASAH. 244<br />
-- var. nodulosum (WALLR.) LAMB 244<br />
--- f. depressum (MAGN.) LAMB 247<br />
--- f. sessile (MAGN.) LAMB 246<br />
--- f. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB 246<br />
--- f. umbncolum (FREY) LAMB 246<br />
--- f. verrucosum LAMB 247<br />
A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 355<br />
-- var. obscurum (MULL. ARG.) LAMB 249<br />
-- var. pulvinatum (SCHAER.) JAMES 330<br />
-- f. santonnense (J. STEIN.) LAMB 243<br />
-- var. surugaense ASAH. 248<br />
-- var. symphycheileoides LAMB 247<br />
-- f. tenue (LAuR.) OKSN. 244<br />
-- var. thyrsoideum LAMB 249<br />
-- var. umbonatum (WALLR.) LAMB 246<br />
-- var. umbricolum (FREY) LAMB 246<br />
-- var. violascens (MULL. ARG.) LAMB 248<br />
- vimineum TH. FR. 279,3 19<br />
- violascens MULL. ARG. 248, 3 16<br />
- virgatum ACH. 257<br />
-- f. achariana VAIN. 257, 316<br />
-- f. applanata VAIN. 257, 316<br />
-- f. primaria VAIN. 257, 316<br />
- vulcani (BORY) ACH. 257<br />
-- f. maunae-loae (MAGN.) LAMB 258<br />
-- subsp. richardianum MONT. 254, 316<br />
- wadei LAMB 305<br />
- weberi LAMB 258<br />
- wrightii TUCK. 259<br />
- yunnanense (HUE) LAMB 276<br />
Stereocladium Nn. 195<br />
- apocalypticum (NYL.) NYL. 259<br />
- saxonicum (BACHM.) SCHADE, STOLLE et<br />
RIEHM. 226<br />
- tyroliense Nn. 240, 3 14<br />
- wrightii (TUCK.) Nn. 259<br />
Verrucaria paschalis (L.) HUMB. 200