GRAPHIS SCNIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

GRAPHIS SCNIPTA 

Volym 5, heifte 2, L993 

Nordisk Lichenologlsk Forening

Nordisk Lichenologisk Fiirening (NLF) 

Nordic Lichen Society 

Ordf6rande President: Tor Tonsberg, Botanisk 

Institutt, Universitetet i Bergen, All€gaten 41, 

N-5007 Bergen, Norge. 

Vice ordforande Vice-president: H6rdur 

Kristinsson, The Akureyri Museum of Natural 

History, P.O.Box 580, ffiz Akureyri, Island. 

Sekreterare Secretary: Hikon Holien, Botanisk 

Institutt AVH, Universitetet i Trondheim, 

N-7055 Dragvoll, Norge. 

Kass6r Treasurer: Ingemar Herber, Majgirdsvigen 

7, S-l4l 44 Huddinge, Sverige. 

&riga styrelsemedlemmar Other committee 

memberc: Eric Steen Hansen, Botanisk 

Museum, Gothersgade L30, DK- lI23 KObenhavn 

K, Danmark. 

Roland Skyt6n, Botaniska museet (pykologi), 

PB 47, FIN-00014 Helsingfors Universitet, 

Finland. 

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foreningsmeddelanden. Medlemskap i NLF iir 

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Graphis Scripta is published by the Nordic 

Lichen Society (NLF) twice a year. Graphis 

Scripta publishes papers of interest to Nordic 

lichenology and information from NLF. Membership 

of NLF is open to all persons. Membership 

in NLF is personal and costs SEK 200 

for 1992 1993, and 250 SEK for 1994 

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Institut for Okologisk botanik, O. Farimagsgade 

2D, DK-1353 KObenhavn K, Danmark. 

Telefan (45) 35 32233I 

Teknisk redaktion Technical board; Gunnar 

Carlin, Anders Nordin, G6ran Thor (teknisk 

redakt0r, technical editor) och Mats Wedin. 

Adress: Goran Thor, Botaniska institutionen, 

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Sverige. 

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Sverige. 

Framsidans teckning Frontpagei Ulf Arup 

Stockholm, september 1993 

ISSN 0901-7593

The lichen flora in the former shipyard Eriksbergsvarvef Giiteborg, 

Sweden 

C6NENTHOR 

Thor, G. 1993: The lichen flora in the former shipyard Eriksbergwarvet, 

G6teborg, Sweden. Graphis Scripta 5:77-84. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

The lichen flora in the former shipyard Eriksbergwarvet, situated on the 

northern shore of the river GOta iilv, just opposite the downtown area of 

Goteborg, was investigated during five days in 1992. Building of new ships 

was shut down in 1978 -79 and the area has after that, until I99z, been used 

only extensively by man. The area consists of large open areas with gravel and 

asphalt and scattered buildings. The waterfront is covered with quays except 

for the westernmost part. Lichen-rich habitats were found on old wooden 

quays, concrete, and soil heavily intermingled with metals. A total of 59 species 

were found. Sarcoqryrenia gibba and Vezdaea leprosa are reported as new 

to Sweden and Bacidina chloroticula, Lepraria elobata, Lichenothelia convq/a 

and Vemtcaria tectontm as new to the province of Vdsterg6tland. 

Goran Thon Swedish University of Agicultural Sciences, Department of 

Ecologt and Environmental Research, Box 7072, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. 

Lichenologists usually spend most of their time 

in the field far away from cities. However, as 

shown by Gilbert (1990), downtown areas and 

industrial estates can sometimes harbour 

lichen-rich habitats. In Sweden, only two 

recent inventories of lichens has been carried 

out in urban areas: the Botanical Garden in 

G6teborg (macrolichens only) (Arvidsson & 

Lindstr6m 1980) and the cathedral of Lund 

(Johansson 1993). There is no recent 

inventory of a true urban area. The inventory 

by Anridsson & Lindstr6m was a renewal of 

the inventory by G. Degelius in 1956 and 19ffi 

(Degelius lftil). Among a total of L82 species 

Degelius found 65 macrolichens while 

Arvidsson & Lindstrom only found 38 

macrolichens. Of the 27 disappeared species 

they suggested that air pollution explained the 

loss of 12. Arvidsson & Lindstr6m (1980) 

found that Cladonia furcata and Usnea sp. had 

increased and that several young thalli of some 

species were observed and suggested that this 

indicated that the lichen flora may be slowly 

recovering from a period of heavy air pollution 

(SOJ in the L960's. 

Eriksbergsvarvet 

In 1992 [ made an inventory of the lichens 

(and the non-lichenized Lichenothelia convua) 

in the approximate area of the former 

shipyard Eriksbergsvarvet (henceforth called 

Eriksberg) in Goteborg. Eriksberg is located 

on the north shore of the river GOta llv on the 

island Hisingen in G6teborg, Vistergotland 

just opposite the downtown area about 600 m 

SSW Lundby church in Lundby parish. The 

investigated area is about 24 ha. The altitude 

varies from sea-level to c. 6 m. The position is 

57"42'N, 1L"55'8. The fieldwork was carried 

out 4 May (3 h), L2 June (4 h) and 2l September 

(3 h), 22 September (5 h) and 26

78 Goran Thor 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA s (1993) 

N 

- 

Figure 1. Eriksberg. WS = western shore are4 WI = western inner are4 CS = cenral shore 

area" CI = central inner area, ES = eastern shore area, EI = eastern inner area. Scale 200 m. 

November (a h) L992.I have not found earlier 

information of lichens in the investigated area 

in the literature or in herbaria. 

The company Eriksbergs mekaniska verkstad 

was established in 1853 and became a shipyard 

in 1871. The building of new ships was shut 

down in 1978-79. In more than one hundred 

years the shipyard delivered 625 ships with a 

total weight of 13 millions ton deadweight. Still 

in 1973, 6000 people were employed 

(Nationalencyklopedin 1991). Since the enterprise 

was closed down large part of the area 

has only extensively been used by man. It has 

also been used for rock-concerts. From the 

shipyard period there are still some remnants. 

Besides several buildings there is one dock at 

the river in the western part and two slipways 

just east of the dock. At the northern end of 

the dock a big gantry crane, with its rail, is left 

to be seen over a large part of G6teborg. 

During the last years, large part of Eriksberg 

has been planned for buildings, both companies 

and housings and the construction of 

some of these have started. During the summer 

1992 some of the localities found in May 

and June disappeared and, depending on 

future building plans, the remainder of the 

investigated area will most probably be drastically 

altered in a near future. 

Air pollution 

The area is heavily affected by air pollution 

although the deposition has declined since the 

highest values reported in the mid 1960's 

(Anonymous 1992). Especially the amount of 

sulphur dioxide (SO, and soot has decreased- 

The air pollution is now measured at five

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 5 (1993) 

The lichen flora of Eril

80 Goran Thor 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1993) 

Phaeophyscia orbicularis and Xanthoria potycarpa 

found. 

Bones. One small bone was found on the railway 

embankment in the eastern inner area. 

Candelariella aurella, Cladonin sp. squamules 

and Lecanora hagenu were found on this. 

Bricks. Most bricks in the area have been 

deposited recently and harbour no lichens. In 

the western inner area there is a large area 

with recently dumped building material, 

including bricks. However, a few scattered old 

bricks were found all over the area. In exposed 

habitats, Trapelia obtegens, often with apothecia, 

was the only species on these bricks. In 

more shaded and moist habitats, Caloplaca 

chloina, C. citrina and Vemtcaria aff. 

acrotella were found. 

Concrete and mortar. The most abundant 

species are Caloplaca holocarpa, Candelaiella 

aurella and Lecanora dispersa. Over large 

areas, e.g. on old buildings and concrete beams 

delimiting parking areas, these are the only 

lichen species. A more species-rich lichen 

flora was found on shaded and moist concrete, 

especially along the river and near the rockwall. 

Besides the above mentioned species, e.g. 

Aspicilia moenium (syn. A. excavata), 

Caloplaca citrina, C. decipiens, C. saxicola, 

Phaeophyscia nigicans, P. orbicularis, Rinodina 

gennaii, Sarcogtne regulans and Vemtcaria 

muralis were found here. Gulls rest frequently 

in some areas along the shore. In connection 

to these sites where the concrete is manured 

by the birds, a lichen flora with Phaeophyscia 

orbicularis, Physcia caesia, P. dubia and Xanthoria 

parietind was found. Some species were 

only found on concrete close to the shore, e.g. 

Caloplaca decipiens, C. saxicola, Lecanora 

achaiana, L. muralis, Lecidella stigmatea, 

Rinodina gennaii and Xanthoia candelaria. 

Concrete under rusted iron is stained by 

the rust. The most frequently found species 

here was Scoliciosporum umbrinum. Sometimes 

Caloplaca citina, Candelariella vitellina, 

Lecanora polytropa and Phaeophyscia orbicularis 

were also found. 

Sarcopyrenia gibba (v. geisleri; Navarro- 

Rosinds & Hladun 1990) was found twice on 

concrete near the river. The concrete was vertical 

and exposed towards east and south. The 

species was accompanied by Aspicilia moenium, 

Caloplaca citrina, Candelariclla aurella, 

Lecanora dispersa and Phaeophyscia orbicularu. 

It is here reported as new to Sweden. Sarcoryrenia 

gibba is widely distributed with scattered 

localities in Great Britain, Central 

Europe, South Europe and North Africa 

(Navarro-Rosin€s & Hladun 1990). The 

nearest locality is in Central Germany 

(Navarro-Rosinds & Hladun 1990, Wirth 

1980) and the northern limit of the species is 

hereby drastically moved northwards. 

Rusted iron. Small areas of rusted iron were 

found in a few areas along the river. The most 

common species was Scoliciosporum umbrinum, 

but sometimes Caloplaca citrina, C. 

holocarpa, C. decipicns, Candelariclla aurella, 

Lecanora diipersa, L. polytropa, L. umbrina, 

Phaeophyscin orbicularis, Physcia caesia and 

Xanthorin parictina were found. 

Pumice. Some pumice was found in the soil in 

the central shore area. Vemtcaria muralis was 

the only species found on this substrate. 

Rocks and pebbles Within the investigated 

area only few siliceous rocks were found along 

the railway embankment in the east inner area 

There is also a rock-wall to the north and 

northeast of the gantry crane and some rocks 

on the shore in the western shore area. The 

rock-wall is vertical and c. 20 to 40 years old. 

It was investigated up to 2 m above the 

ground. Here Acarospora smaragdula, Cande-' 

laiella aurella, Lepraria elobata, Scoliciosporum 

umbrinum, Trapelia obtegens and 

Trapeliopsis granulosa were found. Lepraria 

elobata was reported as new to Sweden by 

Muhr (1993). It is here reported as new to the 

province of Vtisterg6tland. Lecanora salina 

was the only species found on rocks on the 

shore. The largest rock at the railway 

embankment was newly exposed and harboured 

few lichens, but was the only locality

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (1ee3) 

The lichen fl*o of Eril

82 Goran Thor 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (1993) 

Discussion 

A total of 59 species were found of which 44 

are crustose, 9 are foliose and 6 arc fruticose. 

There are also small unidentified thalli which 

might represent further ta:ra but these are not 

included in the list. The most species-rich 

habitats at Eriksberg were found less than 30 

m from the river. This can probably be explained 

by a combination of high humidity and 

presence of old substrates (worked wood, concrete, 

asphalt), not worn by trampling or used 

by vehicles. Gilbert (1990) listed 91 tara, found 

in 40 sites in England, Scotland and Wales. Of 

the species found in Eriksberg, 27 were not 

found by Gilbert (1990), vu. Acarospora fuscata, 

Aspicilia moeniltm, Caloplaca chlorina, 

C. decipiens, C. saxicola, Cladoni"a gracilis ssp. 

gracilis, C. pleurota, C. rei, Hypocenomyce 

scalaris, Lecanora achaiana, L. hagenii, L. 

polytrope, L. salina, L. umbrina, Lecidea fuscocinerea, 

Lepraria elobata, Lichenothelia 

convexa, Micarea enatica, Phaeophyscia nigricans, 

Physcia caesia, P. dubia, Poryidia 

cinereoatra, Mizocarpon geographicum, Sarcoptrenia 

gibba, Vemtcaria aff. acrotella, V. 

tectorum and Xanthori"a polycarpa. 

The species list 

Usually, at least one collection of each species, 

and from each substrate, was made and deposited 

in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, 

Stockholm (S). When a species was not 

collected from a substrate, or when a species 

was found within a collection of another species, 

this is indicated in the list. For some species 

notes on the chemistry are also given. If a 

species was only found in one or two areas, 

these are indicated in the text, and if found in 

three or more areas the species is indicated as 

"common". If a species is reported as "common 

along the shore" this means that the species is 

found in at least two of the three areas along 

the shore. In the list of species the substrate is 

indicated for all species within parentheses, 

with the following symbols: asbestos (as), 

asphalt (at), bark (ba), bone (bo), brick (br), 

concrete and mortar (c), rusted iron (i), pum- 

ice (p), rocks and pebbles (r), soil and plant 

debris (s), worked wood (*). 

Acarospora fuscata: Central shore area. (w) 

A. smaragdula: Central inner area. (r) 

Aspicilia moeniam (A. excavata): Common. (c) 

Bacidina chloroticula: Central shore area. (ba) 

Buellia aethalea: Eastern inner area. (r) 

Caloplaca chlorina: Western shore and western 

inner area. The species is not found 

with pycnidia or apothecia and the determination 

is therefore somewhat uncertain. 

(br, c) 

C. citrina: Common. (as, ba, br, c, i, wi not 

collected on as and ba) 

C. decipiens: Common along the shore. (c, i, 

w; not collected on i and w) 

C. holocafpa: Common. (at, c, i, r; not collected 

on at and r) 

C. saxicola: Common along the shore. (c) 

Candelariella aurella: Common. (at, bo, c, i, r, 

w; on bo in collection of Lecanora hagenii, 

not collected on at, r and w) 

C. vitqllina: Common. (c, w) 

Cladonia fimbriafa: Common. Fumarprotocetraric 

aid (TLC). (s) 

C. gracilis ssp. gracilis: Eastern inner area. 

Atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid 

(TLC). (s) 

C. humilis (C. conoidea): Common. Atranorin 

and fumarprotocetraric acid (TLC). (s) 

C. pleurofa: Eastern inner area. Usnic acid and 

zeorin (TLC). (s) 

C. rei: Common. Homosekikaic and fumarprotocetraric 

acids (TLC). (s) 

C. subulata: Eastern inner area. Fumarprotocetraric 

acid (TLC). (s) 

Hypocenomyce scalaris: Central shore area. 

(w) 

Hypogmnia physodes: Common. (ba) 

Lecanora achaiana: Central shore area. (c, 

w) 

L. conizaeoides: Common along the shore. (w) 

L. dispersa agg.: Common. Both type Dl and 

type D2 (Fr6berg 1989) were found (det. 

L. Fr6berg). (c, i) 

L. hagenii: Common. (ba, bo) 

L. muralls: Western shore area. (c)

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA s (1ee3) 

The lichen flora of Erilcsbergsvarver 83 

L. potytropa: Common. Highly variable. The 

thallus varies from almost lacking to thick 

with areolated squamules. The colour of 

the apothecia vary from pale yellow to 

brown. (as, at, c, i, r, wi not collected on 

as) 

L. salina: Western shore area. No substances 

found by TLC. (r) 

L. umbrina: Common along the shore. (as, at, 

br, i; not collected on as) 

Lecidea fuscocinereai Eastern inner area. (r) 

Lecidella stigmatea: Western shore area. (c) 

Lepraria elobata: Central inner area. Atranorin, 

zeorin, stictic acid complex (3 spots) 

(TLC). (s) 

Lichenothelia convexa: Common. (r) 

Micarea denigrataz Common along the shore. 

Usually with apothecia but sometimes only 

with numerous, white-tipped pycnidia. 

Thallus C-. (w) 

M. enatica: Eastern inner area. (r) 

Parmelia sulcata: 40 m W of the dock in the 

western inner area on small Beula stump 

(7 cm in diameter). (ba; in collection of 

Hypogmnin physodes) 

Phaeophyscia nigricans: Common. (c) 

P. orbicularb: Common. (at, ba, c, i; not collected 

on at, ba and i) 

Physcia caesia: Common. (c, i; not collected 

on i) 

P. dubia: Central shore area. (c) 

Plaqnthiclla icmalea: Common. (s, w) 

P. uliginosa: Central inner and eastern inner 

area. (s) 

Porpidia cinereoatra: Central shore area. (w) 

P. tuberculosa: Eastern inner area. (r) 

Rhizocarpon geographicum: Railway embankment 

in the eastern inner area. (r; not 

collected) 

Rinodina gennariiz On pebbles in concrete in 

the central shore area. (c) 

Sarcogtne regularzr: Central shore area. (c) 

Sarcopyrenin gibba: Western shore area and 

central shore area. (c) 

Sarcosagiam campestre: Western inner area. 

(s) 

Scoliciosporum umbrinum: Common. (c, i, r, 

w) 

Trapelia obtegens: Common. (br, r) 

Trapeliopsis tlextosa : Common. (w) 

T. granulosa: Eastern inner area and central 

inner area. (r, s; not collected on r) 

Vemtcaria aff. acrotella: Western inner and 

western shore area. (br) 

V. muralls: Common. (c, p) 

V. tectorum: Common along the shore. Not 

found with perithecia. (c) 

Vezdaea leprosa: Western inner area. (s) 

Xanthoria candelaria: Central shore area. (c) 

X. parietina: Common but only scattered thalli 

seen. (c, i; not collected on i) 

X. polycafpa: Common. (ba) 

Acknowledgements 

I wish to thank G. Degelius for his warm hospitality. 

I also wish to thank L. Arvidsson for 

accompanying me in the field part of the day 

22 September and for various comments, G. 

Carlin for confirming/determining the Cladonia 

collections, B. Coppins for determining 

Micarea eratica, S. Ekman for confirming the 

Bacidina chloroticula collection, L. Froberg 

for confirming/determining some Lecanora 

dispersa and Vemtcarin collections, T. Hallingbiick 

for determining Nccia sorocarPa, A. 

Henssen for confirming Lichenothelin converur 

and R. Santesson for determining Vemtcaria 

tectorum and various comments and A. Telenius 

for comments on the manuscript. 

Refercnces 

Ahti, T. 1980: Nomenclatural notes on Cladonia 

species. Lichenologist 12: L25-133. 

Anonymoui 1992: Arsrappon. Luftfororeningar 

i Gdteborg 1991. Milj6- och hilsoskydd. 

G0teborg. 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. I99L: lavfloran pi 

Hallands Vldeto. Svensk Bot. Tidsl

U Gdran Thor 


schappelijke Mededeling KNNV 188. 

Utrecht. 

CoppinS, B. J.1987 The genus Yezdaea in the 

British Isles. Lichenologist 19: t67 -L76. 

Degelius, G. 196l: The lichen flora of the 

Botanic Garden in G6teborg (Sweden). 

Acta Honi Gothoburg. 24: 25-ffi. 

Fr6berg, L. 1989: The calcicolous lichens on 

the Great Alvar of Oland, Sweden Institutionen 

f6r systematisk botanik. Lund. 

Gilbert, O. L. 1990: The lichen flora of urban 

wasteland. Lichenologist 22 : 87 -101. 

Henssen, A. 1987: Lichenothelia, a genus of 

microfungi on rocks. .In; Peveling, E. (ed.), 

Progress and Problems in Lichenolog in 

the Eighties. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 25: 

257-293. 

Hertel, H. 1982: Bemerkungen zum Faszikel 

III der 'kcideaceae exsiccatae'. Mitt. Bot. 

Staatssamml. Miinchen I 8: 443- 454. 

Johansson, P. L993: Iâvfloran pe Lunds domkyrka. 

Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 87: 25-30. 

Muhr, L.-E. 1993: Floristic notes on some 

Irpraria and I-eproloma species. Graphis 

Scripta 5: 51 -52. 

Nationalencyklopedin l99L: Vol. 5. Bra 

Bocker AB. 

Navarro-Rosin6s, P. & Hladun, N. L 1990: 

Sarcopyrenia Nyl. Candollea 45: 469-489. 

Santesson, R. 1984: The lichens of Sweden and 

Norway. Stockholm & Uppsala. Swedish 

Museum of Natural History. 

Tgnsberg, T. 1.990: Floristic notes on Norwegian 

Vezdaea species. Graphis Scripta 3z 

26. 

White, F. J. & James, P. 'W. 1985: A new 

guide to microchemical techniques for the 

identification of lichen substances. British 

Lichen Society Bulletin 57 (Suppl.): l-41. 

Wirth, V. 1980: Flechtenflora. Eugen Ulmer. 

Stuttgart. 

Woods, R. G. 1988: Further neglected lichen 

habitats: heavy metal outliers. Bull. Br. 

Lichen Soc. 63: 15-16.

Pannaria hookeri in Finland 

ORVO VITIKAINEN 

Vitikainen, O. 1993: Pannaria hookeri in Finland. Graphis Scipta 5:85-86. 

Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

Pannaria hookeri is recorded from Enonteki6 lâpland in Finland, and so the 

species re-enters the lichen flora of Finland. 

Orvo Vitikainen, Botanical Museum, Mycologt Divbion, P.O. Box 47, 

SF-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. 

Pannaia hookeri (Borrer ex Sm.) Nyl. was 

recently excluded from the lichen flora of 

Finland because its only known record from 

southeastern Finland and likewise, the 

report from the adjacent part of Russian 

Karelia were verified as representing P. 

leucophaea (see Jorgensen 1978, 1991). 

The species can, however, again be 

included in the list of Finnish lichens. Among 

the unidentified collections made by A. J. 

Huuskonen in Enontekid lâpland in 1956, 

one specimen of this species was found, and 

two specimens collected by Aino Henssen one 

year earlier in the same province proved to 

represent P. hookei as well. In fact, the latter 

were already recorded correctly in Henssen 

(1%e p.236). 

The localities are situated north-east of 

lake Kilpisj6rvi, in the highest area of Finland, 

and agree well with the more southern localities 

in the Scandes Mountains of Sweden and 

Nonvay (see Jorgensen 1978). The species is 

also known from Nordkapp in Finnmark, 

Norway, but not, for example, from the Kola 

Peninsula. 

This spccies was listed among the threatened 

lichen species of Finland (Rassi et al. 

1986) due to its supposed former presence in 

southeastern Finland in the southern boreal 

zone, and was classified as extinct. It was 

excluded from the most recent list (Rassi et al. 

|99?) as it was thought to be absent from 

Finland, the record by Henssen (1%9) remaining 

unnoticed. Now that it is again part of 

the lichen flora of Finland, the species, even if 

it is rather rare, should not be considered as 

seriously threatened by the activities of man, 

and it probably will be found in additional 

localities in the higher flelds of Finnish lâpland 

where lichens have been explored relatively 

poorly. 

The localities of the Finnish collections are: 

Enontekio Lapland (EnL): Enonteki0, NW. 

part, Porojiirvet, Ridni, S slope, alt. 1000 m, 

schistose boulder bed, 7.VIII.1956, Henssen 

t,e- 1127; summit plateau, strongly weathered 

rock, alt. 1300 m, Henssen I-e- ll28 (H, Herb. 

Henssen); W. Jehkats, alt. 800 m, on soil, 

26.VII. 1 956, Huuskonen (H). 


I wish to thank Prof. Dr. Aino Henssen, who 

kindly supplied important information, and Dr. 

I. M. Brodo for improving my English. 

Refercnces 

Henssen, A. 1969: Die Entstehung des Thallusrandes 

bei den Pannariaceen 

(Lichenes). Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellschaft 

82:235-248.

86 Orvo Vitikainen 


Jorgensetr, P. M. 1978: The lichen family Pannariaceae 

in Europe. Opera Bot. 45: 1- 

r24. 

Jorgensen, P. M. l99l: On some Fennoscandian 

Pannaria species. Annales Bot. 

Fennici 28: 87 -9I. 

Rassi, P., Alanen, A., Kemppainen, 8., Vickholm, 

M. & Vdisinen, R. 1986: Uhanalaisten 

eliinten ja kasden suojelutoimi- 

kunnan mietintO. III. Suomen uhanalaiset 

kawir Komiteanmictintd 1985: 43. 

Rassi, P., Kaipiainen, H., Mannerkoski, I. & 

StAhls, G. 1992: Uhanalaisten eliiinten ja 

kasvien seurantatoimikunnan mietinto. 

(Betiinkande av kommissionen f6r 6vervakning 

av hotade djur och vixter. Report 

on the monitoring of threatened animals 

and plants in Finland.) Komiteanmictinto 

191: 30. 

Boganmeldelse 

Lichens of northwestern Poland 

Faltynowicz, W. 1992. The lichens of western 

Pomerania (NW Poland) an ecogeographical 

study. Polish Botanical Studies 4: 182 pp. Polish 

Academy of Science, Krak6w. ISBN 0867- 

0730. 

Der foreligger efterhinden mange regionale 

kortlregninger af lavfloraen i Europa. Den her 

omtalte bog behandler et naboomrtde til Norden, 

nemlig omridet vest for Gdansk, et areal 

pi 50 000 km2, og har derfor srerlig nordisk 

interesse. Generel interesse har de Okologiske 

og phytogeografiske afsnit, isrer behandlingen 

af menneskets indflydelse pA lavfloraens 

udvikling. Tekstdelen er pA 85 sider. 

Bogen indeholder utbredelseskort for 

samtlige 526 arter i omridet. Det er anvendt et 

kvadratnet pi 10 x 10 km, og der er skelnet 

mellem fund gjort indtil 1919, fra L920 til 1945 

og efter 1945.23 000 observationer er kortlagt, 

heraf er ca 9 Vo fra fgr 1945. Hvert udbredelseskort 

indeholder desuden information om 

artens procentvise fordeling pA substrater. 

Vagn Alsmtp

Notes on the status of Parmelia delisei versus P. pulla and their 

distribution in Finland 

HENRIK SKULT 

Skult, H. 193: Notes on the status of Parmelia delisei versus P. pulla and 

their distribution in Finland. Graphis Scripta 5: 87-91. Stockholm. ISSN 

090r-7593. 

The status of Parmelia delisei as a separate species is discussed. The author 

prefers to interpret P. delisei as a variety of P. pulla. Data about the composition 

of secondary compounds are presented. 

Henrik Skult, Department of Biologt, AUo Akademi, BioCity, Anilleigatan 6, 

FIN -20520 Abo, Finland. 

In his revision of the brown Parmeliae Esslinger 

(1977) regards Parmelia delisei (Duby) 

Nyt as a separate species, whereas Santesson 

(1984) treated it as P. pulla var. delisei (Duby) 

Nyl. In Fennoscandia P. delisei (Neofuscelia 

delisei (Duby) Essl.) is by field lichenologists 

usually included in the species P. pulla Ach. 

(Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl.). Its recognition 

at species level by Riistinen (1951) is rather an 

exception. Esslinger (1977) gave detailed 

descriptions of P. pulla and P. delisei. 

I performed some microscopical and 

chemical analyses of 217 specimens of P. pulla 

s. lat. Geographically they mainly derive from 

Finland, but some specimens are from Sweden, 

Nonray, Estonia, Hungary and Russia. The 

material was borrowed from the herbaria H, 

TUR and TURA (some of these collected by 

the author). Thin-layer chromatography was 

carried out according to Culberson (1972), 

Culberson & Johnson (1976), and Culberson 

et al. (1981); see also Esslinger (1977). 

Morphology 

The descriptions by Esslinger (L977 p. 107 - 

L08 and 135-138) of the morphological characters 

of P. delisei and P. pulla are comprehensive 

and adequate. According to him the 

upper surface of P. delisei is pale yellowish 

brown or darker reddish or yellow brown, and 

the yellowish tinge is present at least on the 

lobe ends. Often the surface is very distinctly 

maculate. In P. pulla the upper surface is olive 

brown to yellowish brown, reddish brown or 

dark brown, but often paler at the periphery, 

and occasionally pruinose in part. I compared 

the specimens and chemotypes of the tara in 

question with respect to (1) lobe width, (2) 

upper surface having or lacking maculae, and 

(3) .rpper surface having or lacking a yellowish 

tinge. The results are shown in Table 1. No 

significant differences were found between P. 

pulla and P. delisei with respect to general 

habit and lobe width. Specimens with maculate 

upper surface were found in both species, with 

a little higher frequency (49.3 versus 36.4 Vo) 

for P. delisei, but specimens without maculae 

were more frequent in both tara. With respect 

to the colour of the upper side of the thallus a 

yellowish tinge is more frequent in delisei (45.7 

versus 26 %), but it is noteworthy that in both 

ta:ra over 54 Vo of the specimens lack a yellowish 

tinge. 

The data given by Esslinger (L977 p. L07- 

108 and 136) for spore and conidial dimen-

88 Henrik Skult GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 5 (1993) 

Oj 

o 

Figure l. The distribution of Parmelia puUa s. lat. in Finland, according to herbarium specimens 

analyzed. Symbols: ! = strain | ('pulla", with stenosporic acid etc.), f = strain 2 ("pulla,,,with 

divaricatic acid etc.), O = strain 3 ("delisei", with glomelliferic acid etc.), A = chemically intermediate 

forms between "pulla" and"delisei". 

sions exhibited no clear, essential differences 

and are consistent with the few measurements 

made by me. 

Chemistry 

Esslinger (L977 p. 107-108 and L36) also 

reported on the secondary chemistry of the 

tara in question. In P. delisei he detected glomelliferic, 

glomellic and perlatolic acids, with 

gyrophoric acid (!) as an accessory compound. 

For P. pulla he reported stenosporic or/and 

divaricatic acids, with accessory gyrophoric 

acid (i), and very rarely perlatolic acid. Occasional 

unknown, accessory substances were 

designated TE-l and TE-3.


Status of Parmelia delisei versus P. pulla 89 

Table 1. The percentage distribution 

within P. pulla (t*o chemical strains: 

glomelliferic acid). 

of specimens with some specific morphological characters 

1= stenosporic acid, 2-- divaricatic acid) and P. delisei (3= 

P. pulla 

Strain 1 (n=71) Strain 2 (n=6) 

Strain l+2 

P. delisei 

Strain 3 (n=140) 

Thallus robust 

Thallus slender 

I-be width 

under 1.5 mm 

1..5 - 3 mm 

over 3 mm 

Upper surface 

distinctly maculate 

slight maculate 

maculae absent 

yellowish tendency 

yellowish absent 

45 

33.3 

55 

6.7 

32.4 

33.3 

62.0 ffi.t 

5.6 

0 

,t'.1\ 36' 

63.4 

?3.2 

71.8 

0 

33.3 

6.7 

0 

100 

44.2 

55.8 

32.5 

62.3 

5,2 

,):.nt 36'4 

63.6 

?6.0 

74,0 

42.9 

57.L 

34.3 

62.9 

2.8 

o\:.lt 4s'3 

50.7 

45.7 

54.3 

Culberson et al. (1977) discussed the chemosyndromic 

variation within the P. pulla 

group. For P. delisei they found the same 

compounds as Esslinger (1977), but additionally 

also traces of anziaic, loxodellic and stenosporic 

acids, sometimes 4-O-methylolivetoric 

acid and the unknown TE-6. Culberson 

et al. (1977) recognized three chemical races 

of P. pulla. Race /; Stenosporic, divaricatic and 

accessory gyrophoric acid (1), and at least 

traces of 4-O-demethyldivaricatic, 4-O-demethylstenosporic 

and oxostenosporic acids. 

Race 2: Divaricatic acid, stenosporic acid (* 

traces), gyrophoric acid (*), 4-O-demethyldivaricatic 

acid, oxostenosporic acid, and 

sometimes the unknown PPY-compounds and 

TE-6. Race 3: Perlatolic acid, and as minor 

compound stenosporic acid. 

The chemistry of P. pulla was also analysed 

by Huneck et al. (1989); in this case the 

chemistry corresponds to that in P. delisei, 

reported above. Manrique (1989) presented 

some HPLC chromatograms of trvo chemical 

strains of P. pulla and two of P. delisei, adding 

lecanoric acid to the minor compounds of 

these taxa. 

In Parmelin pulla, Clauzade & Rour 

(1986) also included var. locarnensis (bpf ex 

Rosend.) Clauz. & Rorx (with stenosporic and 

gyrophoric (1) acids), subsp. glabrans (Nyl.) 

Clauz. & Rorx (alectoronic and collatolic 

acids), subsp. yryrenaica (Essl.) Clauz. & Roux 

(gyrophoric acid (1) and unknown compounds), 

and subsp. luteonotata (Steiner) 

Clauz. & Roun (gyrophoric acid (i) and 

unknown compounds). 

The TLC analyses (one- and bidirectional) pgrformed 

by me showed the presence of three 

chemical strains: 

Stain 1. This strain corresponds well to 

the race 1 by Culberson et aL (L977) and the 

"P. pulla tipo 2 by Manrique (1989): Stenosporic 

acid (4-5, in an approximate scale 1-5), 

divaricatic acid (1-3), accessory gyrophoric 

acid (2-41-), traces of 4-O-demethyldivaricatic 

acid, oxostenosporic acid and three 

unknowns (among these possibly 4-O-de-

90 Henrik Skult 


methylstenosporic acid). Perlatolic acid is 

sometimes an accessory compound. 

Strain 2. Corresponds to the race 2 by 

Culberson et al. (L977) and "P. pulla tipo 1" by 

Manrique (1989): Divaricatic acid (4-5), 

stenosporic acid (Llt traces), accessory gyrophoric 

acid (2-41-), traces of the unknown 

TE-6 (rarely) and two not exactly determined 

compounds, probably 4-O-demethyldivaricatic 

and oxostenosporic acids. 

Strain 3. Corresponds to the chemistry in 

P. delisei, presented by Esslinger (1977), with 

complementary data by Culberson et al. (1977) 

and Manrique (1989). Constant compounds 

are glomelliferic acid (4-5), glomellic acid (3- 

5) and perlatolic acid (2-5), accessory gyrophoric 

acid (3-41-). Usually several other 

compounds occur in small quantities; for 

instance in a bidirectional TLC analysis (C x 

B) were found besides the first named constant 

compounds: Anziaic acid (2), 4-O-methylolivetoric 

acid (2), loxodellic (isoloxodellic?) 

acid (1), olivetoric acid (1), probably 4-Omethylglomelliferic 

acid (2) and traces of three 

unknown substances (determined by means of 

data given by Culberson & Johnson 1976). 

Discussion 

These studies, mainly performed on Finnish 

material, show a high degree of similarity with 

earlier results. In chemical sense the strains 1 

and 2 are most closely related, but also strain 3 

contains the same category (chemosyndrome) 

of compounds. This is supported by Manrique 

(1989 p.254, figure 2): the quantitative HPLC 

chromatograms show peaks (low) of divaricatic 

and stenosporic acids also for P. delisei (my 

strain 3), and peaks of gyrophoric and lecanoric 

acids for all three strains. 

In extreme cases "typical delisei" can be 

identified with help of morphological characters, 

especially "yellowish tendency" and 

"maculate upper surface" of the thallus, but as 

a rule no clear morphological differences exist 

between "pulla" and "delisei" specimens. 

Already Esslinger (1977 p. 108) stated: 

"Overlap in morphological variation is thus 

much greater between P. pulla and P. delisei, 

and in fact is virtually complete". 

The ecological requirements are probably 

similar for these tara. Representatives for P. 

pulla (strain 1) and P. delisei (strain 3) are for 

instance growing side by side on maritime cliffs 

in the Finnish archipelago. 

The geographical distribution in Finland is 

presented in Figure 1. These ta(a are mainly 

distributed in the southwestern parts of the 

country, with some scattered sites along the 

western coast. Strain 2 is very rare, according 

to this herbarium material. The total distribution 

area is rather discontinuous, indicating 

the absence of a planned collecting strategy. 

The herbarium material has actually been collected 

during a long period of time, by several 

persons. On the mainland and in the SW archipelago 

of Finland the strains L and 3 are 

well represented, but along the west coast the 

strain 3 (delisef) is possibly more frequent. 

Taking into consideration the hitherto 

known chemical, morphological and environmental 

data I have the impression that maintaining 

two tana at species level is untenable. 

In my opinion the three major chemical strains 

represent a single species. On chemical 

grounds and with regard to the existence of 

subtle morphological differences I propose that 

P. delisei should be recognized as a variety of 

Parmelia pulla, i.e. P. pulla var. delisei (D"by) 

Nyl. 


I wish to thank Prof. Teuvo Ahti for valuable 

discussions and comments on the manuscript. 

Thanks are due to the staff members of the 

herbaria which generously arranged loans of 

lichen material. 

Refertnces 

Clauzade, G. & Rorx, C. 1986: Likenoj de 

Okcidenta Efiropo. Illustrita determinlibro. 

Bulletin de la Sociitd Botanique du Centre-Quest 

Nouvelle sdric Numdro 

Spdcial: 7-1985. "Le Clos de la Lande". 

S aint - S ulpic e - de - Roy an.


Status of Parmelia delisei versus P. pulla 91' 

Culberson, C. F. t972: Improved conditions 

and new data for the identification of 

lichen products by a standardized thinlayer 

chromatographic method. "I. Chromat72: 

lL3-L25. 

Culberson, C. F. & Johnson A. 1976: A standardized 

two-dimensional thin-layer 

chromatographic method for lichen products. 

l. Chromat. 128:253-259. 

Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L. & Esslinger, 

T. L. 1977: Chemosyndromic variation 

in the Parmelia pulla group. Bryologist 80: 

125-L35. 

Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L. & Johnso, 

A. 1981: A standardized TLC analysis 

of p-orcinol depsidones. Bryologist 84: 

16-29. 

Esslinger, T. L. 1977: A chemosystematic 

revision of the brown Parmeliae. f. Hattori 

bot. lab. 42: 1,-21L. 

Huneck, S., Jakupovic, J., John, V. & TabaccH, 

R. 1989: The chemistry of Parmelia 

pokornyi and Parmelia pulla from Turkey. 

I. Hattoi bot. lab. 67: 255-262. 

Manrique Reol, E. 1989: Aplicaci6n de t€cnicas 

analiticas e interpretaci6n de las 

variaciones quimicas en liquenes. An. fard. 

bot. Madr. 46: 249-257. 

Rtisiinen, V. 1951: Suomen jekaHkasvio. 

Ifitopion Luonnon Ysttiviiin Yhdistylcsen 

Iulkaisuja, A 5: 1-L58. 

Santessoo, R. 1984: The lichens of Sweden and 

Norway. Stockholm & Uppsala. Swedish 

Museum of Natural History.

Book review 

British lichen flora 

Purvis, O. W., Coppins, 8.J., Hawksworth, D. 

L., James, P. W. & Moore, D. M. (eds.) 1992: 

The lichen flora of Great Bitain and lreland. 

[-ondon, Natural History Museum Publications, 

IX + 710 p. Price f 50. 

The British Lichen Society Bulletin No. 58, 

1986, announced that Ole William Purvis had 

been appointed for three years to work on the 

production of a new British lichen flora. I don't 

know whether somebody really expected him 

to finish the work in that period, but we all 

began to look fonvard to see that book published, 

and no\ry, more than 6.5 years later, 

with 5 editors and 49 co-workers, the flora is 

here. This doesn't mean that the team has 

been lury; numerous publications about the 

British lichen flora, with revisions and 

descriptions of dozens of new species, have 

appeared in the meantime. 

More than 1700 species in 262 genera are 

included. Each specific entry contains the year 

of publication after the name, then follow 

descriptions of thallus and fruit-bodies and 

pycnidia, colour reactions, habitats, distribution 

and finally species it could be mistaken 

for. The extra-British distribution is also 

given, but that information is incomplete and 

hardly the result of an independent literature 

search. 

The generic keys are easy to work with. 

The key to sterile, crustose lichens only 

includes the bark- and wood-inhabiting species, 

a section of the key deals with species 

having pycnidia or sporodochia. The genera 

are arranged in alphabetical order, they are 

described with references to literature, followed 

by a key to species. 

Although several newly described genera 

and species are included for the first time in a 

lichen flora, the nomenclature is basically 

conservative. Many of the crustose genera are 

based on ascal characters, which is sound as 

long as the asci are specialized. The acceptance 

of Lecidea matginata with a "normal" 

ascus type in Lecanora irrespective of other 

characters and the inclusion of all parmelioid 

genera in Parmelia, although their thalli are 

highly divergent, is an extreme use of one 

character. The genus Cetraria contains species 

which diverge both in thalline and ascal characters. 

In some cases species are named by an 

incorrect epithet or are maintained in a wrong 

genus, the correct name being mentioned in 

the text. The flora does not mention forms or 

varieties, even subspecies, in most cases. One 

exempt is Parmelia glabratula ssp. fuliginosa, 

which is said to maintain its distinctive characters 

when growing with ssp. glabratula. The 

obvious consequence of this observation is not 

drawn. 

Some lichenicolous fungi are included. As 

it is sometimes difficult to find out whether 

ascomata or conidiomata belong to a lichen 

thallus or represent a lichenicolous fungus, 

this development is welcome, and I hop., that 

in the future, lichen floras will include that 

biological group, also the imperfect fungi. 

This book is indispensable for those 

studying lichens in the British Isles and the 

European lowland. It deals with a great number 

of oceanic species which cannot be found 

in other floras and will be of great value in 

other temperate, oceanic areas. 

Vagn Alstrup

Ramalina elegans, new to Sweden and Norway 

ROLANO STYTEN 

S$rt6n, R. 199i3: Ramalina elegans, new to Sweden and Nonray. Graphis 

Scripta 5: 93-95. Stockholm. ISSN 090L-7593. 

Ramalina elegans (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta is reported from eight provinces in 

central and eastern Sweden and in one province in southeastern Nonvay. The 

lichen contains sekikaic and homosekikaic acids. 

Roland Slqtira Botanical Museum (Mycologt), P.O. Box 47, FIN-00014 

University of Helsinki, Finland. 

Ramalina elegans (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta was 

originally described from northern Italy as R 

calicaris p elegares (Baglietto & Carestia 1880 

p. 159). More comprehensive descriptions have 

been given in htin and Polish by Motyka 

(1960, L962). Poelt (1969 p. 561) has given a 

short description in German. In brief R elegans 

can be said to resemble R. fastigiata, but 

it is usually slightly more slender with perforations 

in the thallus, especially near the base. 

The apothecia are thinner than those of R. 

fastigiata, and the edges of the older apothecia 

are curved inwards, not outwards as in R 

fastigiara. Furthermore there are usually shortish 

but distinctive, shallowly branched outgrowths 

immediately under the apothecia. A 

comprehensive description in English will be 

given in a subsequent paper. 

Distribution 

In southern and central Europe R elegans has 

been reported from northern Italy (Baglietto 

& Carestia 1880 p. 160), from the Alps, the 

Carpathian Mountains and the Balkans 

(Motyka 1960 p. 639, L962 p. 157, Poelt l%9 

p. 561). Quite recently it was reported from 

twelve localities in the northern half of Spain 

(Arroyo l99L p.321, Arroyo et al. 1992). 

In northern Europe, around the Baltic, R. 

elegans has been recently reported from Finland 

(Rassi et al. 1986 p. 402), Estonia and 

I-atvia (Sairanen 1981 p. 40). Krog & James 

(L977) do not mention the species in their 

survey of the genus Ramalina in Fennoscandia 

and the British Isles. 

Among material of R fastigiata (Pers.) 

Ach. and R sinensis Jatta from herbaria in 

Sweden, Nonvay and Denmatk, 24 specimens 

of R elegans collected in Sweden and Norway 

were found. In addition, there is one specimen 

of R elegans, named R calicaris, in the 

Acharian herbarium in Helsinki. 

In Sweden the species is concentrated to 

the provinces along the coast of the Baltic 

proper: Sm6land, Osterg6tland, Sodermanland 

and Uppland, on the islands of Gotland and 

Gotska Sand6n, and along the coast of the 

Gulf of Bothnia: Giistrikland and Hfllsingland. 

Only one specimen has been collected in Norwoy, 

in Vestfold on the coast of Skagerrak c. 

100 km south-southwest of Oslo. However, 

the total distribution of R elegans must be still 

very incompletely known. 

Specimens examined.' Sweden. "Suecia" (H- 

ACH L827c). Smdland; Viisteilft, Norrlandet, 

Quercus, 1907, Tiickholm (S). OstergOtland: 

Gryt, KildilO, L939, Wederholm (GB); Gryt, 

Stiteron, Sorbus, L949, Nannfeldt (UPS). 

Sddermanland: Salem, 1.908, Malme (S);

94 Roland Slqtin 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1ee3) 

Trosa, L925, Malme (S); Sorunda, Gr6nso, 

Malus,1945, Johansson (S); Toro, Herrhamra, 

Acer, 1955, Hasselrot (S); Greidinge, Tili"a, 

Ulmus, L960, Hasselrot (S). Uppland: Stockholm, 

1856, Thedenius (UPS); Stockholm, 

Viirmd6n, l,ofbetgl, LW7, Malme (S); Stockholm, 

Ljuster6, Sirs6, t916, Hiilphers (S); 

Stockholm, Runmar6, 1935, Lynge (O); 

Alvkarleby, Marma, Quercus, 1942, Ahlner 

(S); Uiby, Forsbacka, Sorbus, L945, Hasselrot 

(S); Djur6, Runmar6, L945, Rydberg (S); 

Malsta, Umus and Acer platanoides, 1961, 

Nordin (UPS); Singo, Fraxinus, 196L, Nordin 

(UPS). Gotland.' Endre, Fraxinus excelsior, 

1961,, Nordin (UPS); FArO, Gotska Sand6n, 

Beckmor, 1961, Tibell (UPS); FirO, Gotska 

Sand6n, Beckrevskullen, Populus tremula, 

L964, Tibell (UPS). Giistrikland: Gtivle, 

Angesb€rg, Fraxinus excelsior, L945, Gelting 

(C). Hiilsingland: Gnarp, Picea abies, 1951, 

Persson (S). Norruay. Vestfold: [-arvik, 

Malmon, 19L9, Lynge (O). 

Ecologr 

Ramalina eleganr seems to have a wide ecological 

range. In northern Europe it has a 

more or less oceanic and lowland distribution. 

Most of the specimens grow on old deciduous 

trees in cemeteries or around manors. In central 

and southern Europe, the species has been 

found in humid mountain forests (Motyka 

1960, Poelt L969). According to Arroyo (1991 

p. 32L) R elegans prefers altitudes betrpeen 

650 and 1700 m in Spain. 

Ramalina elegans is an exclusively epiphytic 

lichen. It apparently tolerates a wide 

range of pH values of its substrate. In Sweden, 

according to the specimen labels, it grows on 

the bark of Acer platanoid,es, Fraxinus excelsior, 

Malus sp., Quercus robur, Picea abies, 

Populus tremula, Sorbus aucupari.a., Tilia sp. 

and Ulmus sp. In addition, R elegans grows on 

Salix caprea in some other localities around 

the Baltic (Sairanen 1981 p. 40). Motyka 

(1960) mentions Abies sp., Alnus incana, 

Fagus sylvatica and Salix spp. as substrates for 

the lichen in central and southern Europe. 

Arroyo (199L p. 32L) has found R elegans 

growing on Quercus faginea, Q. ileX Q. rotundrfot 

o, Q. rubra, Pinus sylvestris and Populus 

nigra in Spain. 

Chemistry 

Thin-layer chromatographic studies were carried 

out for 23 specimens collected in Sweden 

and Nonvay. The major components were 

homosekikaic and sekikaic acids. This agrees 

well with the results of Sairanen (1981 p. 36) 

for specimens from Finland, and with the 

findings of Arroyo & Manrique (1989), Serifra 

& Manrique (1989) (called Ramalina sp.) and 

Arroyo et al. (1992) for specimens from Spain. 

The major components of. Ramalina fastigiata 

are substances of the evernic acid complex 

(Krog & James L977, Sairanen 1981 p. 

45). 

Discussion 

According to Poelt (L969 p. 561) R elegares is 

a rare species. This fact, together with its 

resemblance to R fastigiata, are the most 

probable reasons why this lichen has been 

overlooked almost everywhere. Among the 

specimens from Sweden and Nonvay, all but 

one were determined as R fastigiafa. One was 

determined R sinensis, which in some cases 

may resemble R elegans. In the days when 

Acharius determined his specimen mentioned 

above, and when Baglietto & Carestia (1880) 

described their specimen as a variety of R 

calicaris, almost nothing was known about 

lichen chemistry. It is therefore somewhat surprising 

that they all considered the specimens 

as belonging to R calicaris, rather than to R 

fastigiata. 


I am indebted to Prof. Teuvo Ahti, Helsinki, 

for reading the manuscript and giving constructive 

criticism, and to Dr. Irwin M. Brodo, 

Ottawa, for checking the language. 

References 

Arroyo Cabeza, R. l99l: El gdnero Ramalina 

Ach. en la Pininsula lbdica: quimica,


Ramalina elegans 95 

quimiotaxonomia, morfologia, anatomia y 

distibucihn. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 

Fac. Cienc. Biol., Univ. Complutense de 

Madrid,369 pp. Madrid. 

Arroyo Cabeza, R. & Manrique Reol, E. 1989: 

Estudios quimicos del gdnero Ramalina 

Ach. en el centro de la Peninsula Ib6rica. 

An. Iardin Bot. Madrid 46: 307-315. 

Arroyo Cabeza, R., Serifla Ramirez, E. & 

Manrique Reol, E. L992: Ramalina elegans 

(Bagl. et Car.) Stiz., a taxon that has 

been mistaken for Ramalina calicaris (L.) 

Fr. and Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. in 

the Iberian Peninsula. The Second International 

Lichenological Symposium UL 2, 

Hemmeslov, Bistad, Sweden 30 August - 

4 September 1992. Abstracts p. 56. 

Baglietto, F. & Carestia, A. 1880: Anacrisi dei 

licheni della Valsesia. Atti Soc. Ciuogamol. 

Ital.2: 143-356. 

Krog, H. & James, P.W. 1977 z The genus 

Ramalina in Fennoscandia and the British 

Isles. Norw. I. Bot. 24: L5-43. 

Motyka, J. 1960: De speciebus quibusdam 

generis Ramalina Ach. europaeis novis et 

minus cognitis. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 4: 

637 -644. 

Motyka, J. L962: Flora Polska. Porosty 

(Lichenes) V:lL 353 pp. Panst. Wyd. Naukowe, 

Warsaw. 

Poelt, J. 1969: Bestimmungsschliissel europiiischer 

Flechten.757 pp. Cramer, Irhre. 

Rassi, P., Alanetr, A., Kemppainen, E,., Vickholm, 

M. & V6isdnen, R. 1986: 

Betiinkande avgivet av kommissionen for 

skydd av hotade djur och vdxter. III 

Hotade viixter i Finland. Kommitt€betiinkande 

1985: 43. 43I pp. Helsingfors. 

Sairanen, A. 1981 : Eriiiden epifyyttisten 

Ramalina- suvttn j iikiilien tunnistamis esta 

j a levinnei,syydestii Suomessa. Unpublished 

M.Sc. thesis, Bot. Inst., Univ. Helsinki. 98 

pp. Helsinki. 

Serifla Ramirez,E. & Manrique Reol, E. 1989: 

Datos quimicos interesantes de algunos 

liquenes del Moncayo. An. Iardin Bot. 

Madrid 46: 317 -322.

News on lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Nordic countries 

VAGNAI5TRUP 

Alstrup, V. 1993: News on lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Nordic 

countries. Graphis Scipta 5: 96-104. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

The new species Anhonia aggregata, Chionosphaera lichenicola, Lecanora 

polysphaeridi,a, Nigropuncta groenlandicq Sclerococcum veftucisporurry Srlgmidiam 

microcalpurlt, Vouawiclla caloplacae and Zwac&tiomyces physciicola 

are described. Further 10 species are new to Greenland, one is new to Finland, 

and 1. L are new to Denmark. A sorediate form of Stereocaulon saxntile 

and a yellow form of Lecanora dbpersa are described, and Collema bachmannianttm, 

Mycobilimbi"a fusca and Taeniolella cladinicola are reported 

from new localities in Denmark. 

Vagn Alstrup, Department of plant ecologl, Univercity of Copenhagen, O. 

Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K Denmark 

The material treated in this paper was collected 

and identified by myself, and is kept in 

C, if not othenrise indicated. The majority 

originates from Greenland and Denmark, but 

a few collections from other Nordic countries 

have been included. 

Arthonia aggregata Alstrup, M. S. 

Christ. & Hafellner sp. nov. 

Ascomyces pathogenes, lichenicola, faciens 

maculas in thallo hospitis. Ascomata formata 

inter dua strata horizontalia hyphorum fuscorum 

sterilium, stratum superius tegens corticem 

hospitis, stratum inferius infra algas, 

inter se connexa hyphis fuscis. Ascomata 

maturescentia perfringunt stratum superius et 

aggrediuntur ascomata propinqua. Asci 

arthonioidei, clavati, ad apices I-, cytoplasmatae 

antea K tractato I+ aurantiaco (Lugol), 

35-40 x 8-10 ltffi, 8-spori. Ascosporae 1- 

septatae, 9-11, x 3.5-4 Ffr, primum hyalinae, 

postea fuscae. Hymenium 40-50 pm altum, 

gelatina I+ caerulea. Pycnidia frequentia, im 

mersa ad marginem infectionis, cum parietibus 

fuscis. Conidia circiter 3 x 1 pm. 

Type: Denmark, East Jutland, Vorso 

nature reserve, on Buellia punctata found on 

Populus canadensis, tree no. 15, July 1990, 

Alstrup (C, holotype). Figure 1. 

Pathogenic lichenicolous ascomycete forming 

black patches on the host thallus. Ascomata 

formed between two horizontal layers of sterile, 

brown hyphae, one layer covering the bark 

of the host, another layer situated below the 

algal layer. The fungal layers are connected by 

vertical, brown hyphae. Maturing ascomata 

become exposed by breaking through the 

upper layer, and merge with neighbouring 

ascomata. Asci arthonioid, clavate, apically I-, 

rytoplasma I+ orange (Lugol's solution after 

K), 35-40 x 8- l0 pm, 8-spored. Ascospores 

l.-septate, 9-11 x 3.5-4 Ffr, long remaining 

colourles, finally brown. Hymenium 40-50 pm 

high, gel I+ blue. Pycnidia frequent, immersed 

at the margin of infections, 35-40 1am diam., 

with brown walls. Conidia c. 3 x I pm.

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 5 (19e3) 

Nordic lichens and lichenicolous fungt 97 

Ltt 

hur:/ 

0s00 

AB 

Figure 1. Anhonia agrygata, holotype. A: Free-hand drawing of section. B: Ascospores, bar 

l0pm 

The new species is distinctive among 

lichenicolous Arthonia species in the ascomata 

being surrounded by sterile tissue, which cover 

the surrounding lichen thallus, forming large 

black spots. A. epimela Norman is also found 

on Buellia punctata, but its hymenium is I+ 

red, and the ascomata are not densely aggregated. 

Chionosphaera lichenicola Alstrup, 

Sutton & TOnsberg, sp. nov. 

Heterobasidiomyces lichenicola parasymbioticus, 

gasteroides, auricularioides. Mycelium 

hyalinum, in thallo hospitis immersum. Synnema 

200-300 ,rzm altum, 20-50 /rm crassum, 

pallide fuscidum, €x hyphis parallelis, hyalinis 

formatum 3 pm $assis, septis ad 50 pm distantibus 

divisis, prope apices ramos sub septis 

emittentibus. Basidia tetrablasticae, terminales, 

ad apices 4-4.5 pm latae, caput complanatum 

diametro synnemate tanto majus, supra 

basidiosporae album formantes. Basidiosporae 

ellipsoidea, hyalina, circiter 5 x 2.5 pm magna, 

saepe una decidua. 

Type: Norway, Hordaland, Fjell, Lokgy, 

the peninsula S of Stora{ellet, alt. 10 m. UTM 

grid ref.: 32V, KM 7794 (map 1115 IV). On 

corticolous (Sorbus aucuparia) Micarea prasina, 

27 August 1989, Tonsberg 12000 (BG, 

holotype; C, IMI, isotypes). Figures 2 and 3. 

Lichenicolous, parasymbiotic, gasteroid, 

auricularioid heterobasidiomycete. Mycelium 

hyaline, immersed in the host thallus. Synnema 

200-300 pm Hgh, 20-50 pm thick, pale 

brownish, of + parallel, hyaline hyphae 3 pm 

thick, with up to 50 pm betrreen rePh, 

branched near the top, branches forming 

below septa. Basidia tetrablastic, terminal, 4- 

4.5 pm broad at top, forming a flat head double 

as broad as the synnema, the top of the 

head white from basidia. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 

hyaline, c. 5 x 2.5 pm, often liberating 

together. 

Lecanora polysphaeridia Alstrup, {p. 

nov. 

Thallus indistinctus, tenuis, albidus, margine 

thallino apothecia juvenia cingente distincto. 

Apothecia ad 0.4 mm diam., plana vel paulum 

convexa, initio pallida, post fuscescentia. 

Hymenium circiter 60 pm altum, I+ leviter 

coerulescens, paraphysibus supra ramificatis, 

cellulis apicalibus fusco-pileatis saepe incrassatis. 

Asci late ellipsoides, lecanoroides, tholis 

distinctis, I+ coerulescentes,43-55 x 13-15 

pm magni, quisque 24-32 sporas continens. 

Ascosporae globulares, hyalinae, 4.5-5.5 pm 

magnae.

98 Vag, Aktrup GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1993) 

Figure 2. Chionosphaeralichenicola,holotype.A: 

W,iii',,,i,,'lliffiW 

5 II [$'{tqilffi 

.1X1.,6 i.,.ffi1.ii i,ii :iiiiii.ojil'il,..,,r$'N 

SEM, bar 50pm. B: SEM, bar 5 pm.

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA s (1993) Nordic lichens and lichenicolous fungt 99 

}lyYvldoff ffirutffi@ 

Figure 3. Chionosphaera lichenicola, holotype. 

Basidia and basidiespores. Bar 10 pm. 

Type: Greenland, Qaanaaq district, 2 km 

W of Qaanaaq, alt. 2O m, on dead twigs and 

leaves of Cassiope tetragone in Cassiope 

dwarf-shrub heath, October L99Z, T. Diklev 

(C, holotype). Figure 4. 

Thallus indistinct, thin, whitish, thalline margin 

distinct around young apothecia. Apothecia 

up to 0.4 mm diam., flat to slightly convex, 

pale at first, turning brown. Hymenium about 

60 pm high, with a faint I+ blue reaction, 

paraphyses branched in upper part, often with 

enlarged end-cells, which are brown-capped. 

Asci broadly ellipsoid, lecanoroid, tholus distinct, 

I+ blue, 48-55 x 13- 15 pm, polysporous. 

Ascospores 24-32 per ascus, globose, hyaline, 

4.5-5.5 pm diam. 

The iodine-reaction of the ascus and the 

Figure 4. Lecanora polysphaeridia, holotype. 

Asci and ascospores. Bar t0 pm. 

Figulr 5. Nigropuncta groenlandica, holotype. 

Part of conidiophore and conidia. Bar 101nm. 

Nigropuncta groenlandica Alstrup, sP. 

nov. 

771,137 (C, holoq/pe). Figure 5. 

o c 

thalline exciple places the new species in 

Lecanora instead of Biatorella. It belongs to 

the Lecanora fuscescens group and is distinct 

in being polysporous with globose ascospores. 

The new species was found in small 

quantities mixed with lapewia tornodnsis, 

which is the first lichen to colonize the dead 

twigs and leaves of Cassiope teffagone. fapewia 

is easily recognized on its red- to dark-brown, 

highly convex apothecia. 

On even more decayed parts of Cassiope 

many lichens, as Lopadiam pezboideum, 

Rinodina turfacea and Penusarin dactylina 

werd found. 

Fungus lichenicola pathogenes parietibus 

pycnidiorum fuscis, e cellulis angulatis 7 -I0 

;rm diam. formatis, in HNO3 colorem purpurascenter 

fuscum trahentibus a N. rugulosa 

diversus. Conidia catenata, unicellularia vel 

saepe 2-5 congregata,T-8.5 pm diam., membranis 

crassis, rugulosis, fuscis, K-, HNO3-. 

Typet Greenland, Sukkertoppen district, 

Kangerdluarssuk, bay E of settlement, on 

unidentified crustose lichen on stones on the 

ground, a raised beach, August 1977, Alstrup 

A pathogenic lichenicolous fungus differing 

from N. rugulosa D. Hawksw. in having darkbrown 

pycnidial walls composed of angular 

cells 7 -IO pm diam, changing to purplish 

brown in nitric acid. Conidia formed in chains, 

l-cellular but often adhering in groups of 2-5,

100 Vagn Alstrup 


@@ @@@ 

0 fl 0000 0fi 00 

Figure 6. Sclerococcum vemtcisporum, holotype. 

Conidia. Bar 10 pm. 

thick- and rough-walled, dark brown, 7-8.5 

pm diam, K-, HNO3-. 

The new species resembles N. ntgulosa in 

habit, being found on a crustose lichen thallus 

similar to that of N. rugulosa, but pathogenic. 

The dark grey host areoles turn pale and are 

eventually destroyed, especially when more 

pycnidia occasionally are found in the same 

areole. N. *grlosa was hesitatingly described 

as a lichenicolous fungus (Hawksworth 1981 p. 

46-49), but Hawksworth & Poelt (1986 p. 

206-207) were of the opinion, that it is a 

lichenized species. Finding a pathogenic 

closely related fungus indicates that Hawksworth's 

first opinion was right, and that N. 

rugulosa is a lichenicolous, commensalistic, 

fungus. 

Sclerococcum verrucisporum Alstrup, 

sp. nov. 

Hyphomyces lichenicola sporodochia faciens. 

Mycelium in parte superiore subviride, in 

inferiore hyalinum. Sporodochia usque ad 0.6 

mm diam., caespitosa, nigra. Conidiophora 

semi-macronemata, meristematica, non sive 

pauvum ramosa, olivacea, constantia ex cellulis 

angularibus, 4-S pm latis. Cellulae conidiogenae 

terminales, mono- sive diblasticae, 

6-8 x 4-5 pm. Conidia in catenis basipetalibus, 

constantia ex usque ad 8 conidiis, 

facile secedentibus, siccis, acrogenis, globosis, 

sive subglobosis, non-septatis, verruculosis, 

fuscis, 5-8 x 4.5-6 pm. 

Typer Sweden, Torne lappmark, on the 

shore of P6lnoviken N of Pieskenjarka, on 

Aspicilia diamanha on a schistose rock, 8 June 

1984, Alstrup 8/,597 (C, holotype). Figure 6. 

Figure 7. Stigmidium microcatpum, holotype. 

Ascosopres. Bar 10 pm. 

Lichenicolous hyphomycete forming sporodochia. 

Mycelium pale greenish in upper part, 

hyaline below. Sporodochia up to 0.6 mm 

diam, tufted, black. Conidiophores semimacronematous, 

meristematic, not or sparsely 

branched, brownish green, of angular cells 4-5 

,nm wide. Conidiogenous cells terminal, monoor 

diblastic, 6-8 x 4-5 pm. Conidia arranged 

in basipetal chains of at least up to 8, easily 

separating, dry, acrogenous, globose or subglobose, 

not septate, thick-walled and verruculose, 

dark brownish grey, 5-8 x 4.5-6 pm. 

The new species has a strong superficial 

resemblance to S. sphaerale, which also has 

simple conidia, but is distinct in having verrucose 

conidia. It also deviates in the greenish 

colour and has a different host genus. 

Stigmidium microcarpum Alstrup & J. 

C. David, {p. nov. 

Fungus bases moribundas thalli Cetrariae 

cucullatae habitans. Mycelium e hyphis fuscis, 

laevibus compositum, 3-5 pm crassis, per 

thallum hostis ramificatis. Ascomata per 

superficiem dense sparsa, ad 60 ffifr2, solum 

unam paginam thalli occupantia, partirh 

immersa, globularia vel subconica, atra, nitida, 

35-50 pm diam., poris apicalibus 4-7 pm diam. 

Paries ascomatis 4-5 pm crassus, textura 

angulari, e duobus modo stratis cellularum 

formatus, cellulis complanatis, e superficie visis 

isodiametricis, fere 3-5 um diam., aeque coloratus 

pigmento non granulari. Hamathecium 

e paraphysoidibus parum manifestis formatum; 

periphyses non visae. Asci numerosi, ad 30 in 

uno ascomate, obovate cylindrici, bitunicati,

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA s (1993) 

Nordic lichens and lichenicolous frngr 101 

cellis oculariobus satus angustis, juvenes I+ 

coerulescentes, sed substantia I+ aurantiaca 

impleti, L5-20 x 5 pm magni, quisque 8 ascosporas 

continens. Ascosporae distiche dispositae, 

hyalinae, quaeque uno septo divisa, ad 

septrum non constricta, elongate ellipsoides, 

ma:rimam diametrum supra ipsum septrum 

attingens, ad apices paulum attenuata, 7 -9 x 

2-3#m magna, membrana laevi. 

Typ", Greenland, Sukkertoppen district, 

Kangerdluarssuk, Um6narssuk, 65o33'N, 

52"72'W, 13 August 1977, Alstrup 771557 ex 

(C, holotype; IMI, isotype). Figure 7. 

Fungus occurring on the moribund bases of 

thalli of Cetraia cucullata. Mycelium of 

brown, smooth-walled hyphae ramiffing 

through the host thallus, 3-5 pm in diam. 

Ascomata closely scattered over the surface, 

up to 60 mm2, only occurring on one side of 

the thallus, partly immersed in the thallus, 

globose to slightly conical, black, shiny, 35-50 

,nm in diam., with an apical pore 4-7 ;rm in 

diam. Ascomatal wall textura angularis, with 

isodiametric cells some 3-5 pm in diam., but 

flattened tangentially, only two cells, 4-5 ,nm 

thick; pigmentation uniform throughout, 

amorphus. Hamathecium of indistinct paraphysoids; 

periphyses not seen. Asci abundant, 

up to 30 per ascoma, obovate-cylindrical, 

bitunicate with a relatively narrow ocular 

chamber, young asci staining I+ blue, but the 

ascus content staining I+ orange; 15-20 x 5 

pm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, distichously 

arranged, hyaline, L-septate, not constricted at 

the septum, elongate ellipsoid with the widest 

part just above the septum, somewhat attenuated 

at the ends, smooth-walled,7-9 x 2-3 

pm. 

The species is distinct in the size of the 

ascomata and ascospores. It is unusual in the 

abundance of asci in the ascomata and in the 

asci staining blue with I. It is referred to Stigmidium 

rather than Zwacl

102 Vogn Alstntp 


Caloplaca scopularis, 4 July 1937, Dahl (O, 

holotype). Figure 8. 

Lichenicolous, commensalistic, coelomycete. 

Conidiomata dispersed, immersed to slightly 

protruding, on the apothecia and thallus of the 

host, 40-80 pm diam., grey-orange-brown in 

section, paler in the center. Conidia smoothwalled, 

l.-septate, 6.5-8.5 x 2-3.5 Ffr, with 

rounded upper end and I distinctly flattened 

lower end, rarely non-septate and slightly 

smaller, 6 x2.5 pm. 

Zw acl


Nordic lichens and lichenicolous fungt 103 

Polysporina femtginea (I-ettau) M. Steiner: 

Godth8b district, Godthebsfiord, Kanasut, 

basaltdyke, 64o20'N, 51o43'W, August 

t976, VA 7ffi936. 

Protothelenella leucothelia (Nyl.) Mayrhofer & 

Poelt: Sukkertoppen district, Nugssup 

qarssua, 65"32'N, 51o43'W, alt. 325 m, July 

t977, VA 7740ta, conf. H. Mayrhofer. 

The specimen has a greenish thallus. 

Roselliniella cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer & 

Hafellner: Qaanaaq district, Qaanaaq, l-2 

km W of town, or Cladonia phyllophora, 

October L992, T. Diklev. 

Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel: Frederiksh6b 

district, Arsuk{ord, E-side of Kuunait, 

8-11 September 1937, Dahl (O). 

Species new to l)enmark 

Arthonia molendoi (Heufl. ex Frauenf.) R. 

Sant.: NE-Zealand, Gundso Kommune, 

Bolund, otr Physcia caesia,23 July 199.'/.,. 

Bispora lichenum Diederich: NE-Zealand, 

HillerOd, Gadevatrg, Strgdamreservatet, on 

Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, on Fraxinus, 

tree no. L65, April 1992. - Previously 

known only from Luembourg. 

Cladosporium arthoniae M. S. Christ. & D. 

Hawksw.: NE-Zealand, Hillerod, Gadevarg, 

StrOdamreservatet, on unidentified 

host on Fracinus, tree no. 197, April 1992. 

- Previously known only from Sweden. 

Fuscidea cyathoides var. sorediata H. Magn.: 

NE-Zealand, Jregerspris Slotshegn, on 

stone fence, May 1990. 

Lettauia cladoniicola D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.: 

NW-Jutland, Tommerby, old grave-field 

with dwarf shrub heath, on Cladonia portentosa,15 

July L957, Andersen. 

Phaeosporobolus usneae D. Hawksw. & 

Hafellner: NE-Zealand, Hillergd, Gadevang, 

Strodamresenratet, on Hypogmnia 

physodes on Fraxinus, tree no. 615 and 

619. 

Taeniolella beschiana Diederich.: N-Jutland, 

Thisted, Hanstedreservatet, on Cladonia 

uncialb and C. zopfii,Z December 1992. 

Taeniolella veffucosa M. S. Christ. & D. 

Hawksw.: NE-Zealand, Jagerspris Kom- 

mune, Nordskoven, on Opegrapha zonata 

and Chrysothrix candelaris on an old oak, 

25 June 1988. 

Trapeliopsis percrenata (Nyl.) G. Schneider: 

NE-Zealand, Orup Skov, Vestbrynet, on 

rotten wood, April 1989. 

Vouauxiella veffucosa (Vouau) Petrak & H. 

Sydow: E-Jutland, Vorso Nature Resew€, 

tree no. 19, on Lecanora argentata, July 

lg9o. 

Other intercsting finds from Denmark 

Collema bachmannianum (Fink) Degel.: S- 

Tnaland, Stevns Klint, at HOjerup old 

church, on moss over limestone, 20 May 

1993. Only two old finds from Christianso 

and MOns Klint were known from 

Denmark. 

Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf.: lolland, 

T&rs Frergehavn, May t991, Giersbery & 

Alstrup, not collected; I-angeland, 

Keldsnor Fyt, May I99l; NE-Jutland, 

Bunken Strand, N Frederikshavn, May 

L992; Zr;aland, Greve, Mosede Strand, on 

recently laid asphalt on the sidewalk of the 

road Mosede Strandvej, t7 September 

L986, S$rtte Christiansen 86106 (herb. 

Christiansen). On concrete and other 

artificial building materials a yellowish 

form of L. dispersa s. lat. has been 

collected at several occasions. One 

specimen was analysed chemically by C. 

I-euckert, who found vinetorine (5- 

chloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone) as 

a major compound and aotearone (5,7- 

dichloro -3 - O - methylnorlichexanthone) 

as a minor compound. The ta(onomy of 

the species is not yet settled. 

Mycobilimbia fusca (Massal.) Hafellner & V. 

Wirth: The species was thought extinct in 

Denmark (Alstrup & Sgchting 1989), but 

fortunately a recent specimen has been 

collected: NE-Jutland, Hirsholmene, 

probably t978, K. Ramkar (C). 

Stereocaulon saxatile Magnusson: A sorediate 

specimen, apparently different from f. 

soredintum (Magn.) I-amb, has been found 

in Denmark: NE-Jutland, Skagen,

104 Vogn Alstrup 


R6bjerg Stene, May 1992. The soralia 

are capitate on the tip of branches, dark References 

grey, c. L-2 mm diam., with very fine 

soredia consisting of only one algal cell 

surrounded by fungal hyphae. 

Taeniolella cladinicola Alstrup: N-Jutland, 

Tvrersted, Simon Skrivers Klit, on Cladonia 

portentosa, 16 May 1992. - This is the 

second find of the species. 

A species new to Finland 

Gyalidea diaphana (K0rber ex Nyl.) V6zda: 

Finland, Kemi l-appland, Mt. Yllis, in 

ravine at tree limit, June l98/,. 


Thanks are due to Torben Diklev for sending 

vegetation samples from Qaanaaq, to Max 

Stumb6k and Fred Daniels for supplying 

material, to Jack laundon for identification of 

Leproplaca lutea, to Helmuth Mayrhofer for 

confirming Protothelenella leucothelia, to 

Christian Iruckert for chemical analyses of 

the yellowish form of Lecanora disperca, and 

to the Botanical Museum in Oslo for loan of 

material. 

Alstrup, V. & Sgchting, U. 1989: ChecHiste og 

status over Danmarl

Lavfloran pfr Visingsd 

cOnnN THoR 

Thor, G. 1993: l-avfloran pe Visings6. [The lichen flora of the island 

Visingsol. Graphis Scripta 5: 105-L16. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

A meeting with 24 lichenologists from Sweden was arranged in September 

1992 on the island of Visingso in la[

106 Goran Thor 


1%8). Detta 6r den enda lokalen f6r arten i 

Sverige. R. Santesson bes6kte 6n under n6gra 

timmar en dag 1968 och iterfann bl. a. Caloplaca 

biatorina som de inte setts av nigon 

lichenolog hdr sedan Zetterstedt. Moberg 

(L977) angav pi utbredningskartor Phaeophyscia 

orbicularis, P, sciastra, Physcia adscendens, 

P. tenella v. tenella, P. stellaris, Physconia 

distona och P. perisidiosa fr6n Visingso. 

Kiillor till dessa uppgifter ges under respektive 

art i artlistan. Under exkursionen 1992 hittades 

Lepraria lesdainii som rapporterades 

hiirifrin av Arup & Ekman (L992). 

Besiikta biotopr 

Triid. On priiglas fortfarande i stor utstrickning 

av det oppna jordbrukslandskapet. Under 

medeltiden blev 6n i stort sett kalhuggen, 

framfOrallt f6r att skapa betesmark. 1831 och 

de ndrmast f6ljande 6ren planterades dock 

kronoparken i 6stra centrala delen av 6n med 

ek Quercus robur. Bland ekarna finns 6ven 

enstaka triid av andra arter, t. ex. ask Fraxinus 

excelsior, bok Fagus sylvatica, bj6rk Betula och 

silvergran Abies alba som undervdxt. Planteringen 

motiverades av svenska flottans behov av 

ek f6r krigsfartyg. Skogen 6r idag alltsi omkring 

160 6r och omfattar ca 360 ha och dr 

diirmed Sveriges stbrsta samlade ekskog (lokal 

t2, l3). Chrysothrix candelaris 5r mycket riklig 

hir och fiirgar ekstammarna gula. Hiir hittades 

ocksA ett flertal andra sorediOsa skorplavar pi 

trddstammarna, t. ex. Bacidia amoldinna, Biatora 

efrlorescens, Buellia griseovirens, Lecanora 

expallens, Mycoblastus fucatus, Opegrapha 

sorediifera, Pertusarin pupillaris och finhospora 

quenTea. Vid basen av tr6den fanns 

Agonimia (Potyblastia) allobata, Dimerella 

pineti, Micarea prasina och Porina aenea. I 

skogen hittades Sven Opegrapha niveoatra. 

Pi 6n finns ett flertal fornminnen liksom 

tre stora gravfilt ddr de flesta gravarna 5r frin 

jiirnildern. Ett av dessa gravfiilt besoktes 

(lokal 2). Pe ekstammarna i det glest trtidbevrxna 

gravfiiltet vixte t. ex. Schismatomma 

abietinum. 

UngetSr samtidigt som ekplanteringen 

(omkring 1830) skedde en plantering av mull- 

biirstriid Morus alba. Syftet var att odla silkesmask 

f6r att framstAlla siden. En ca t ha stor 

plantering med 6ldriga, knotiga trtid iterstAr i 

sfira delen av Visings6 (lokal 3). Pa muilbdrstr6den 

vixte bl. a. Candelariclla efflorescens 

ach Physconia grisea. 

Brahekyrkan b6rjade byggas ca 1150 och 

blev helt fiirdig L636. Kumlaby kyrka nira 

centrum av on 6r speciell med sitt avhuggna 

kyrktorn. Den b6rjade byggas 1135 och blev 

fiirdig 1636. PA grova iidellovtrAd runt de tve 

kyrkorna och i jordbrukslandskapet hittades 

ett stort antal lavar (lokal l, 7,9, 10, 15). Den 

i Ovrigt i Sverige ovanliga arten Ramalina 

obtusata hittades flerstiides pi lorrtriid i oppna 

biotoper. Vid Kumlaby kyrka (lokal 9) fanns 

Bacidina chloroticula vid basen av l6vtred. Vid 

Kumlaby kyrka hittades ocks6 Ramalina pollinaria 

pA l6nn Acer platanoides. Stra:< utanfor 

Kumlaby kyrkog&rd finns tve mycket grova 

ekar Quercus robur, en pA var sida om 

landsvigen. Htir hittades bl. a. de w6 knappnilslavarna 

Chaenotheca phaeocephala och C. 

trichialis. Pe idelldvtriid vid Brahekyrkan 

(lokal 10) fanns Melanelia subaryentifera och 

Pleurosticta acetabulum. Vid Erstad (lokal 7) 

hittades Sphinctrina leucopoda pt en grov ask 

intill vdgen. 

Sten, sand och jord. Berggrunden p6 Visingso 

best6r av sandsten och lerskiffer. Utmed 

stranden av Vtittern fr6n Niis slottsruin och 

norrut kommer berggrunden i dagen i den 

klint som bildar strand (lokal 6). Klinten iir 

delvis trtidbevu(en och b6de triiden och de 

exponerade klipporna i klinten har en artrik 

lavflora. Pe sten hittades t. ex. Catillaria chalybeia, 

Leci^della stigmatea, Leptogiam plicatile, 

Phaeophyscia sciastra, Plaqnthiam nigrum, 

Protoblastenia rupestris, Rhizocarpon concentricum, 

R geminatum, Rinodina teichophila 

och Tephromela ata. 

Enstaka silikatstensblock finns ocksA 

spridda pi on. 1,5 km ONO Kumlaby kyrka 

finns en domarring med urbergsblock (lokal 

14). Har finns mflnga arter karaktiiristiska f6r 

exponerade, svagt lviiveg6dslade urbergsblock, 

t. ex. Acarospora fuscata, Aspicilia cinerea, 

Candelaiella coralliza, C. vitellina, Carbonea


Lavfloran pd Visingso 107 

vitellinaria, Lecanora polytropa, Parmelin 

saxatilis, Rhbocarpon geographicum, Scolicio - 

sporum umbrinum och Xanthoparmelia conspersa. 

Strandlinjen f6r Visings6 fOriindras 

sttindigt och 6n its sakta upp av Vdtterns 

v6gor. PA ett par stlillen finns sandstrdnder och 

vid Sandudden (lokal 8) finns innanf6r sjiilva 

stranden en liten glest bevuxen sandhed med 

smistenar. I sanden 6terfanns Cetrari"a 

islandica och Coelbcaulon aculeatum vilka 

angivits hiirifrin av ktterstedt. Hiir hittades 

nio Cladonia arter, C. caiosa, C. fmbriata, C. 

furcata, C. gracilis ssp. rrzrbinata, C, portentosa, 

C. rangiferina, C. rangiformb, C, scabriuscula 

och C. subulata. Pe en hten sten i sanden 

hittades Aspicilia moenium, ett ovanligt substrat 

for denna art. I ovrigt hittades pA 

sm6stenar t. ex. Lecanora umbrina, Trapelia 

coarctara och T. granulosa. 

Ved. Vid stranden av Vbttern finns ett flertal 

gamla bithus byggda av obehandlat virke 

(lokal 6, L6) och iiven inne pA on finns enstaka 

hus byggda av obehandlat virke (lokal 4, 7). 

Det finns 6ven ett stort antal giirdesg6rdar av 

obehandlat virke. B6de bithusen och g6rdesg6rdarna 

har en mycket artrik lavflora. Hir 

hittades tv& arter som idag iir mycket ovanliga 

och hotade i Sverige, Calicium abietinum (pe 

giirdesglrd) oc,h Cyphelium notarisii (pfl gardesgirdar 

och hus). C. notarisii har minskat 

kraftigt och pi Visings6 finns Sveriges st6rsta 

kvarvarande population Forutom p& Visings0 

6r arten nu endast ir k6nd frin Hallands 

VSderO (Arup & Ekmal 1991) och 

G6strikland (som C. tigillare, Agren 1991). Pe 

bithus hittades 6ven t. ex. Cladonia spp., 

Hypocenomyce sorophora, Imshaugia aleurites, 

Ochrolechia microstictoides och Parmeliopsis 

ambigua. O. microstictoides forekommer i 

s6dra Sverige huvudsakligen pi ved. P6 giirdesgirdar 

forek om Thelomma ocellatum. 

Ruiner och mnran Bbgge slottsruinerna 6r 

lichenologiskt intressanta. Nira sydspetsen av 

6n ligger Ntis slottsruin vid Vdtterns strand. 

Detta slott byggdes i mitten av 11.00-talet, 

sannolikt av kung Sverker den iildre och hans 

son Karl Sverkersson. Det briindes ned 1318. 

Delar av slottet har underminerats av Vittern 

och idag flterstAr endast den.nordligaste delen 

Flera kungar har bott hdr. Ar 1167 m0rdades 

hiir Karl Sverkersson av Erik den heliges son 

Knut Eriksson och Magnus ladulis dog hlr 

l}9o. Pl murarna av Niis slottsruin (lokal 5) 

8terfanns gliidjande nog rikligt med Caloplaca 

biatorina. Dessutom fanns p& murbruket ett 

flertal kalkgynnade arter som Caloplaca 

decipiens, Lecanora albescens, L. crenulata, L. 

dispersa och Xanthoria elegans. Nlra ftirjeliiget 

till Griinna ligger Visingsborgs slottsruin (lokal 

11). Detta slott piborjades omkring 1570, fullbordades 

1670 och och brann ned L718. Hiir 

internerades ryska krigsfingar under lren 

1716-1718. Sannolikt fanns under denna tid 

mer iin 2000 ryska f6ngar pi on. De flesta utviixlades 

efter Karl XII d6d 17L8. PA vittrande 

kalksten och kalkfogar i taket och p6 viiggar i 

en kiillare i ruinen hittades Lepraria lesdainii 

(Arup & Ekman L992). Detta 5r en art som 

b6r efters6kas ytterligare pi liknande extremt 

skuggiga lokaler. Pi h6rt trampad, exponerad 

jord fanns Bacidia herbarum och Cladonin 

pocillum. Pe jord hittades 6ven Collema tenax 

och Mycobilimbia s abuletorum. 

Murarna kring de tv6 kyrkorna 6r gamla 

och artrika, speciellt den kring Brahekyrkan. 

Pi stenar i muren runt Brahekyrkan (okal t3) 

Aterfanns Acarospora rugulosa (A. chalcophila). 

Arten viixer bara under koppartiickta 

partier och impregneras alltsA med kopparhaltigt 

vatten. I ovrigt hittades t. ex. Lecidella 

siabra, Neofuscelia veftuculifera, Opegrapha 

glaucomaria och Rhizocafpon distinctum. I 

jorden ovanpi muren fanns t. ex. Cladonia . 

pyxidata, Leproloma vouauxii, Leptogiam gelatinosum, 

Peltigera rufescens och Plaqnthiella 

icmalea. Pe muren runt Kumlaby kyrka 

(lokal 9) hittades bl. a. Pertusaia albescens pe 

sten. 

Resultat 

Zetterstedt (1878) anger 98 tana fr6n 0n. I 

slutet av texten om lavarna (ktterstedt 1878) 

skriver han "Ehuru ofullstiindiga mina anteckningar 

5ro 6fuer lafoarne, 6t hvilka egnats



lAngt mindre tid och omsorg iin 6t phanerogamer 

och mossor, si tror jag mig dock kunna 

pAstt att artantalet iir ringa och betydligt mindre 

6n mossornas, samt f6ga Ofrerstiger 100 d 

110 arter". Under exkursionen 1992 hittades 

239 arter varav 11 var nya for Smiland och 

175 var nya f6r Visingsil. il tidigare angivna 

arter iterfanns. Lavfloran 6r artrik, sannolikt 

beroende bl. a. pa Vittern vilken ger en h6g 

och jimn luftfuktighet, det fortfarande omvixlande 

jordbrukslandskapet med ett flertal 

gamla tidellovtriid, den stora ekskogen och de 

tvi slottsruinerna. Det som dock g0r Visings6 

unikt 6r den stora miingden gamla byggnader 

och girdesgArdar byggda i obehandlat trfl. Ett 

berrarande och en f6rnyelse av dessa ir mycket 

angeliget di wi hotade lavar forekommer hiir. 

En ganska kort tid frgnades 6t varje lokal och 

en mer noggrann inventering skulle siikerligen 

resultera i att fler arter hittades. Aven vanliga 

arter kan ha undg6tt att noteras, Atminstone 

pi vissa lokaler. En jiimf6relse av lavfloran nu 

och pi 7-etterstedts tid stoter pa flera problem. 

Mycket har hiint inom lavforskningen och ett 

stort antal nya arter, speciellt skorplavar, har 

beskrivits och artuppfattningen iir heller inte 

alltid densamma. Inte heller besOkte 

exkursionen 1992 alla de lokaler som 

Zetterstedt besokte varfor en jiimforelse 

forsviras. Av arter som Zetterstedt anger och 

dir det iir oklart om artuppfattningen 6r 

densamma som nu 6r t. ex. Lecanora glabrata, 

Melanelia olivacea, Physconia muscigena och 

Usnea barbata. Det 6r ocksi oklart vilken art 

T.etterctedt avser med Lecanora subfusca v. 

rugulosa. Tvfl trender vad giiller arter som 

minskat gir dock att urskilja. Nigra arter har 

sannolikt missgynnats av igenviixning av 

niiringsfattig, 6ppen mark och Arthroraphis 

citrinella, Baeomyces rufus, Cetraria eicetorum 

och Epilichen scabrosus Aterfanns inte och 

Cetraria islandica verkar ha minskat. NAgra 

arter med bl6gronalger, Collema flaccidum, 

Leptogiam lichenoides, L. saturninum och 

Peltigera aphtosa 8terfanns inte. Sannolikt har 

6ven lavfloran i den stora planteringen av ek 

Quercus robur f6rtindrats. De de tidigare 

uppgifterna htirifrAn tir fi iir det dock w6rt att 

pivisa detta. 

Artlista 

Listan omfattar samtliga ktinda lavar frfln 

Visings6. Den grundar sig pA litteraturuppgifter, 

R. Santessons exkursion 1968, exkursionen 

L992 och G. Thors f6rexkursion 1990. 

Herbariematerial till litteraturuppgifter har 

bara i ett fital fall studerats. 

De flesta av de geografiska namn som 

ktterstedt anger anvdnds fortfarande 

(Iantmflteriet 1988, Gula kartgn, 7E:61) om 

5n ibland med nigot annorlurida stavningar. 

Med Hamnen avser T.etterstedt sannolikt den 

nuvarande hamnen vid Visingsborgs slottsruin. 

Med Haga avses sannolikt girden soder om 

ekskogen och Oster om mullbirstridsplanteringen. 

Det ktterstedt kallar Erstads ostra 

udde kallas nu Sandudden (lokal S). Det ir 

oklart vad nfrgra av ktterstedts namn avser. 

Dessa 6r: (1) "Pavola Malm" vilken enligt 

ktterstedt skall ligga vid gamla hamnen p6 

Kumlaby iigor. Sannolikt avses omr6det vid 

domarringen niira stranden av Vittern 1,5 km 

ONO Kumlaby kyrka (ett flertal arter). (2) 

"Kungsskogen" ("Stora tallskogen mellan Haga 

och Abrahamstorp") (ett flertal arter). Sannolikt 

avses nigot omride mellan Kungsgirden 

och serdra gravfiiltet. (3) "Tunnestads utmarker 

nedom sodra skolhuset" (Cladonia arbuscula, 

C. turgida). Tunnestad (n,, Tunnerstad) f,r 

beliiget SV Kumlaby kyrka men var sodra 

skolhuset ar beliiget iir oklart. (4) 

"Ekplanteringar ovan Roniis nira Eket" 

(Peltigera aphthosa, Stereocaulom tomentosum). 

Flera hus med namnet R6niis iir beltigna 

vid V stranden av 6n V om mullbiirstriidsplanteringen 

men var Eket iir beliiget iir oklart. (5) 

"Tunnestad pi stenmurar vid Angen" 

(Rhbocarpon distinctum, Scoliciosporum umbrinum). 

Tunnestad (nu Tunnerstad) iir 

beliiget SV Kumlaby kyrka men vad som avses 

med Angen 6r oklart. (6) "Stora eken mellan 

Stigby och Niis 69or" (Buellia alboatra, Opegrapha 

vulgata, Pertusaria flavida, Physconi"a 

muscigena). Stigby och Niis dr beltigna pi 

s6dra delen av 6n. Vilken ek som avses och 

om denna finns kvar 6r okiint. (7) "Nedom 

s6dra Skolhuset" (Cladonia furcata, C. sttbn-

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA s (1ee3) Lavfloran pd Visingsd 109 

/ata). M6jligen avses samma skolhus som vid J*Agonimin (Polyblastia) allobata: 12 (GT). 

(3). Basav Quercw robur. 

En artlista baserad hrmrdsakligen peZA- Anaptychia ciliaris:Tdnligen allmin (7- Phyterstedts 

uppgifter och f0renkursionen delades sciaciliaris). -3,6 (GT),7, 10. 

ut till alla deltagare under exkursionen. Tilliigg tAnisomerid.iam nysEaegenwni 6 (etT),9, 12. 

Bas av l&triid. 

till denna giordes arr flera personer redan i ftilt 

Senare har till8gg giorti av f6ljande personer: **Arthonia clemens (Tul.) Th. Fr.: 5 (M$ 

Hans-Erik Gustavsson (HEG), Bengt conf. R Santesson). PL Lecanora albe- 

Henriksson @H), Bertil Jannert (BJ), Per scens. 

Johansson (PJ), Iars-Erik Muhr (LElvf), A. dispenat Pi unga etar (Quercus robur) i 

Bjorn Nord6n (BN), Bjtirn Owe-larsson ekplanteringarna (ryan Rdniis (Z A. ePi- 

(BOL), Rolf Santesson (RS), Gdran Thor pasta). 

(GT), Mas Wedin (MW), Gunvor Westling *A. leucod.ontis: 12 (LD). Pi mossig Quercus 

robur. 

(GW) samt av Ulf Arup, Stefan Ekman, Lars 

Frdberg och louise Lindblom frAn Lund *A. mokndoi;ll (VW det. R Santesson). Pi 

ftollektivt beniimnda LD). Efter insamlat Caloplaca sarbola. 

material anges alltid en f6rkortning fbr den 'A. punctiformis: 6 (GT, LD). Pe Mafus eh 

person som samlat arten. lavar som inte Sorbus aucuparia. 

insamlats utan bara noterats i ftilt anges utan A. radiam; Sjdbranterna silder om Hamnen pf, 

f0rkortning fOr nAgon person. [:var rap- trad(Z). -6(GT), 12(GT). 

porterade av Zetterstedt (1878) anges fdrst tA. spadicea:tz. 

och avslutas md (Z). Om nu anviint namn pi *A. vinosa:3,L2 (Gl). 

arterna awiker frin Zetterstedts anges hans *Anhopyrenia punctifonnisz 6 (LD, PD. Pe 

namn inom parantes efter (Z). Arter vilka iir 

Alnus, Sorbus aucuparia och Ubnus 

iterfunna senare anges efter ett streck (-). glabra. 

Zetterstedts uppgifter om arterna, bide Anhrorhaphis citrinellaz Rar; N6s i diken pi 

frekvens-, lokal- och biotopuppgifter, iir lerhaltig sandjord (nA. tlavwinscens). 

direkta citat, bortsett frAn att wenskan i n6gra *Aspicilia caeci.einerea:11. Pl ett granitblock. 

fall moderniserats och att vetenskapliga namn A. calcareaz Rar; Niis slottsruiner (Z), -6 

pe tred bgts till efter de wenska namnen (LD),9. 

F0rekomster funna under er


GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (1e93) 

*Bacidina chloroticula: 9 (c. ap.) (GT). Bas av 

Quercus robur och Ulmus glabra. 

Baeomyces rufus: Rar; Haga vid stora vigen 

(2, Sphyridiam bys s oide s). 

* 

Biatora eflorescens: 12 (LD). 

*Biatora helvola: LZ (BOL). Pe Fagus sylvatica. 

B. hypnorum: Sjobranterna nedom Haga sparsamt 

(2, Lecidea (Biatora) fusca). 

Bryoria fuscescensi Tdmligen allmtin (2, Alectoria 

jubata). A. jubata var en tidigare beteckning 

f6r det som nu uppfattas som 

flera olika Bryoria-arter. -1,2,6 (GT). 

*Buellia aethalea: 6 (BOL), 10 (LEM). TLC: 

norstictinsyra (LEM). 

B. alboatra: Flerstddes, t ex. pe stora eken 

(Quercus robur) mellan Stigby och Niis 

iigor; Busarp p6 asp (Populus tremula) 

(Z).-6 (LD). Pe Ulmus glabra. 

B. discifurmrs: Tdmligen allmiin pi unga ekar 

(Quercus robur) (2, Buellia parasema). 

*8. epipolia:5 (GT),6 (BOL),9 (LD), 11. 

*8. griseovirens: LZ (GT). TLC: atranorin, 

norstictinsyra. 

*8. punctata: 2 (GT), 6 (BOL, GT), 7, g 

(BOL), 9 (GT). Biigge kollekterna av 

BOL pi sten. 

B. schaerei: Kungsskogen pA tall (Pinus 

sylvestris) (Z). 

*Calicium abictinum: 6 (G!V). Pe gammal 

giirdesg6rd. 

*C. salicinum: 7 (BOL), 12 (GT). 

C. viride: Flerstiides i Kungsskogen pA tall 

(Pinus sylvestris) (2, C. hyperellum). -I,2, 

7 (BOL), g. 

Caloplaca biatorina: Niis slottsruin (coll. ktterstedt 

1877, Nordin 1968). -5 (LD,RS). 

*C. cerina: 12. 

*C. cerinella: 15 (GT). Pa gammal Fraxinus 

excelsior. 

*C. chlorina:3 (GT), 6 (BOL, GT), 9 (GT). 

C. citrina: Visingsborgs slottsruin (Z). -5, 6,9, 

11. 

*C. decipiens: 1, 5 (RS). 

*C. tlavorubescensi 6 (GT), 10. 

C. holocarya: Niis slottsruiner pi sten (2, C. 

pyracea). -1, 5 (LD), 6 (BOL, GT), 7 

(GT), 8 (BOL, LD), 9, 11 (LD). B6de p6 

sten och l6vtrdd. 

*C. lactea:9 (LD). 

*C. obscurella: 3,6 (GT), 7. 

C. saxicola: Flerstiides, t. ex. Nis slottsruiner; 

Visingsborgs slottsruin; Borga-sten vid Ed 

(2, C. murontm med v. mini"atum). -6, 9, 

tl (LD). 

Candelarin concolor: Kungsskogen pa tall (2, 

Xanthori"a concolor). -9 (BOL), 15 

(LEM). PA l6vtrbd. 

*Candelariella aurella: L, 8, 9. 

*C. coralliza: 10, 14 (GT). 

*C. efrlorescens;3 (GT, LD). 

* 

C. xanthostigma: l, 3, 7, 9. 

C. vitellina: FlerstAdes, t. ex. Tunnestad pi 

g6rdesgArdar; Pavola Malm pi gr6sten (2, 

Caloplaca vitellina). -6 (GT), 10 (GT), t4 

(GT). 

+ 

Carbonea vitellinarin : 14 (GT). 

iCatillaria chalybeia: 6 (BOL, GT). PA sten. 

Cetraia chlorophylla: Ttimligen allman (2, C. 

saepincola v. chlorophyAa). -1, 3. 

C. ericetorum: Flerstiides, t. ex. Haga vid stora 

vdgen; Erstads ostra udde i sanden med 

Coelocaulon aculeatum (2, C. islandica 

med v. crispa, med samma lokalangivelser 

som C. islandica v. platyna (C. islandica)). 

C. islandica: FlerstAdes, t. ex. Haga vid stora 

vdgen; Erstads 6stra udde i sanden med 

Coelocaulon aculeatum (2, C. islandica v. 

platyna, med samma lokalangivelser som 

C. islandica v. crispa (C. eicetorum)).-8 

(GT). 

Chaenotheca chrysocephala: Kungsskogen pA 

tall (Pinus rylvestris) flerstldes (Z). 

C. femtginea: Kungsskogen flerstiides pi tall 

(Pinus sylvestris) (2, C. melanophaea). 

*C. phaeocephala:9 (GT). P6 Quercus robur. 

C. trichinlis: Kungsskogen flerstides pi tall 

(Pinus rylvestris) (Z).-9. Pa Quercus robur. 

tChrysothrix candelans: 1, 2,7,9, ll, 12, 13. 

Cladonia arbuscula: Flerstiides, t. ex. pe 

ljunghedar pA gr6nsen mellan Stigby och 

Niis sj6branter; Haga vid stora v6gen; 

Tunnestads utmarker nedom s0dra skolhuset 

(2, C. rangiferina v. silvatica). 

*C. bacilliformis: 6 (GT). Pe taket av gammalt 

bAthus.

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA s (1993) 

Laufloran pd Visingsii 111 

*C. cariosa: 8 (BOL, GT, LD). TLC: atranorin 

(GT). 

C. cenotea: Kungsskogen (Z). 

C. cornuta: Haga vid stora vlgen (2, C. 

gracilis v. cornuta). 

C. digitata: Flerstldes i Kungsskogen (Z).-13 

(GT). TLC: thamnolsyra. 

C. funbriata: Flerstiides, t. ex. Haga vid stora 

viigen; Kungsskogen (Z).-8 (GT). TLC: 

fumarprotocetrarsyra. 

*C. foliaceai 6 (BN). Sparsamt pe marken. 

C. furcata: Mingenstddes, t. ex. Haga i unga 

ekplanteringar niira sj6stranden och vid 

stora vtigen; ekplanteringar ovan Roniis; 

nedom sodra Skolhuset; Kungsskogen (2, 

C. furcata medv. crispata ochv. racemosa, 

med samma lokalangivelser som C. furcata 

v. subulata (C. subulata)). -8 (GT), 10 

(GT). TLC: fumarprotocetrarsyra. 

C. gracilis: Haga vid stora vtigen (2, C. gracilis 

v. hybrida). 

*C. gracilrs ssp. turbinata:8. 

*C. pocillum: 11 (GT). TLC: fumarprotocetrarsyra. 

*C. ponentosaz 8 (LD). 

*C. pyxidata: 10 (GD. Pe muren runt kyrkan. 

TLC : fumarprotocetrarsyra. 

*C. rangiferinaz 8 (LD). 

*C. rangiformis: 8 (BOL, GT, LEM). Sandmark. 

TLC: atranorin, rangiformsyra 

(BOL, GT, LEM). 

*C. scabriuscula: 8 (BOL, GT).TLC: atranorin, 

fumarprotocetrarsyra (BOL, GT). 

C. squamosa: Flerstiides i Kungsskogen (Z). 

C. subulata: Mingensttides, t. ex. Haga i unga 

ekplanteringar (Quercus robur) n6ra 

sj6stranden och vid stora v6gen; ekplanteringar 

(Quercus robur) ovan R0n6s; 

nedom sodra Skolhuset; Kungsskogen (2, 

C. furcata v. subulata, med samma 

lokalangivelser som C. furcata v. crispata 

och v. racemosa (C. furcata)). -8 (GT). 

TLC : fumarprotocetrarsyra. 

*C. sulphurina: 6 (GT). TLC: usninsyra, 

squamatsyra. 

C. turgida: Flerstddes, t. ex. Tunnestads utmarker 

nedom s6dra Skolhuset; 

Kungsskogen (Z). 

*Cliostomum snffithii:2, 12 (GT). 

Coelocaulon aculeatum: Flerstiides, t. ex. vid 

stora vtigen nflra Busarp; Erstads ostra 

udde i sanden (2, Cetraia aculeata). -8 

(GT). 

Collema flaccidum: Rar; Stigby sj6branter (Z)- 

C. tenax: Visingsborg (Degelius 1954). -11 

(GT). 

Cypheliam inquinans: Flerstiides pi giirdesgirdar, 

t. ex. utmed stora viigen vid 

Kungsskogen (2, C. tympanellum). 

*C. nolarisii:4 (c. ap.) (GT),7 (c. ap.). 

*Dimerella pineti: L2 (GT), 13. 

Epilichen scabrosus: Rar; Haga vid stora 

viigen pn Baeomyces rufus (2, Lecidea 

(Buellia) scabrosa). 

Eventia prunasti: Allmiin (Z). -1,2,3,7,9. 

*Fellhanera bouteillei: Haga (G. Degelius, 

UPS). Pi kvistar och barr av unga exemplar 

av Abics vid vtigen. 

*Graphis scripta: 12 (GT). 

*Gyalecta truncigena: 6 (GT, PJ). Ph Fraxinus 

excelsior och Ulmus glabra. 

**Hobsonia christinnsenii Brady & D. 

Hawksw.: 6 (MW, conf. R. Santesson). Pi 

Physci"a sp. 

*Hypocenomyce caradocensis: L6 (BN). Pe 

bithus. 

H. scalaris: Kungsskogen flerstiides i miingd 

(2, Lecidea (Psora) ostreata). -2, 10. 

*H. sorophorai 6 (GT), 7 (BOL, GT). TLC: 

alectorialsyra (BOL, GT). Pe omilat 

bithus och omilad lada. 

Hypogmnia physodes: Allmtin (2, Parmelia 

physodes). -1, 21 3, 4, 6,7, 8r 9, 10, LL, IZ, 

L3,14, L5. 

*H. tubulosa: 7, 14 (GT). 

*Imshaugia aleuites: 6 (GT). Pa gammalt 

bithus. 

*Iapewia subaurifera: L2. Ph Fagus sylvatica. 

*Lecania fuscella: 6 (GT), 7 (GT). 

*Lecanora albescens: 5, 10 (BOL), 11 (BOL). 

*L. allophanai 1, 6 (GT), L9. 

*L. argentataz '7, 12 (BOL, GT), 13 (BOL). 

TLC: atranorin, gangaleoidin (GT). 

L. cadubrine: Kungsskogen flerst5des pi tall 

(Pinus sylvestris) (2, Lecidea (Biatora) 

cadubriae). 

*L. campestris:9 (LEM). Sten i muren. 

* 

L. carpineaz I, 2, 3.

ll2 Gdran Thor 


+L. chlarothera: t, 12 (BOL), 13 (BOL). 

*L. crenulata: 5,9,11 (LD). 

L. dispersa: Rar; Nis slottsruiner (Z).-1, 5, 6 

(BOL), g, 10, 1.1. 

L. expallens: FlerstAdes, t. ex. pi unga ekar 

(Quercus robur) i ekplanteringarna ovan 

R6niis; Kungsskogen pi tall (pinus sylvestris) 

(2, Lecanora varia med v. expallens). 

-1,21 3, 12, 13. 

L. glabrata: Allmiin (2, L. subfusca v. 

glabrata, med samma lokalangivelser som 

L. subfusca v. rugulosa). 

*L. hagenii: 6 (GT), 7 (GT). 

L. muralisz Pavola Malm pi gristen (2, 

Placodium saxicolum). -6 (GT), 9, 10. 

L. pallida: Allmiin (2, L. albella). 

*L. polytropa: 8 (BOL, GT), 14. 

*L. populicola: 16 (BN). PA Populus tremula. 

*L. pulicarisz 6 (PJ). Pi giirdesg8rd. 

L. ntpicola: Pavola Malm pi gr8sten (2, L. 

sordida). - 10. 

*L. saligna: 6 (PJ). P6 giirdesg8rd. 

"L. subfusca v. rugulosa": Allmdn (2, med 

samma lokalangivelser som L. subfusca v. 

glabrata (L. glabrata)). Vilken art som 

avses iir oklart. 

*L. ty*micta: 6 (PJ). pA gtirdesg&rd. 

+L. umbrina: 6 (BOL, GT), 8 (BOL, LEM, 

LD). PA sten. 

L. varia: Flerstides, t. ex. pA unga ekar 

(Quercus robur) i ekplanteringarna ovan 

R6niis; Kungsskogen p6 tall (pinus rylvestris) 

(2, Lecanora varin med v. expallens). 

-4. 

*Lecidea insidiosa: 5 (LD). Pi giirdesg6rd. 

Lecidella elaeochroma: Allmiin (2, Lecidea 

elaeochroma). -L,6 (GD, 12 (BOL). 

*L. scabra: 10 (GT), 14. TLC: atranorin, 

arthothelin. 

*L. stigmatea: 6 (BOL, GT, LD), 9, 10 (GT). 

*Lepraria incana s. str.: 2, 9 (GT), LZ (LD). 

TLC: zeorin, divaricatsyra (GT). 

*L. lesdainii: 11 (BOL, GT, LD) (Arup & 

Ekman 1992). TLC: 1 okiind triterpenoid 

(BOL, GT, LD). 

*L. lobiftcans: 6 (GT), 10 (LD), tZ (Gf). 

TLC: atranorin, zeorin, stictinsyrakomplexet 

(3 prickar) (GT). 

*Leproloma vouauxii: L0 (BOL, LEM). TLC: 

methylpannarsyra, pannarsyra och spir av 

andra dibenzofuraner (BOL, LEM). 

*Leptogiam gelatinosum (L. sinuatum): 10 

(BOt" GT, LD). 

L. lichenoides: Visingsborgs slottwallar (2, L. 

lacerum). 

L. plicatile: Rar; Stigby sjObranter pi lerskiffer 

flerstlides (Z). -6 (GT). 

L. saturninum: Rar; Stigby sjobranter pi al 

(Alnus glutinosa) (Z). 

**Lichenoconium erodens: t (MW, conf. R. 

Santesson). Ph Ramalina fraxinea. 

+L. usneaei I (MW, conf. R. Santesson). pe 

Physconia distona. 

*L. xnnthoriae:3 (MW, conf. R. Santesson)), 6 

(MW conf. R. Santesson). PA Xanthoria 

polycarpa. 

**Lichenothelia convexa: 10 (GT). 

**Marchandiomyces corallinus (Roberge) 

Diederich & D. Hawksw.: 7 (MW, conf. R. 

Santesson). Ph Physcin tenella. 

*Melanelia (Parmelia) disjuncta: la (GT). 

*M. (Parmelia) exasperata: 1.4 (GT). 

* 

M. (Parmelia) exasperatula: 1, 7, 10. 

M. (Parmelia) olivacea: Allmiin (2, Parmelia 

olivacea). 

*M. (Parmelia) subargentifera: L, 3, l0 (GT, 

LD). 

*Micarea denigrata: 6 (PJ), 14 (GT). 

*M. melaena:13 (GT), 16 (BN). Pe ved. 

*M. prasina: LZ (GT, LD), 13 (GT). 

**Monodictys cellulosa S. Hughes: 4 (MW, 

conf. R. Santesson). Pe oidentifierad 

skorplav. 

* 

Mycobilimbia sabuletorum: L1 (GT). 

M. tetramera: Kungsg8rden (2, Bilimbia obscurata). 

*Mycoblastus fucatus (M. sterilis): 12 (HEG). 

PA Fagus sylvatica. 

*Neofuscelia (Parmelia) vemtculifera: L0 

(GT). 

N. (Parmelia) pulla: Pavola Malm pi grtsten 

(2, Parmelia olivacea v. prolixa). 

*Ochrolechia miuostictoides: 6 (GT). pe 

gammalt bithus. TLC: variolarsyra, lichesterinsyra. 

*O. subviridis:9 (LD). PhAcer platanoides.


Lavfloran pd Visingsd 113 

*O. turneri: 6 (GT), 9 (GT). PA lovtr6d. TLC: 

variolarsyra. 

*Opegrapha glaucomaria: 10 (RS, GT). Pe 

Lecanora rupicola. 

+O. niveoatra: 6 (GT), 13 (LD). PA Fagus sylvatica. 

*O. ochrocheila: 6 (GT). Bas av Ulmus glabra. 

*O. rufescens:12 (BOL). Pa Fagus sylvatica. 

**O. sorediifera: 12 (GT). P6 Fagus rylvatica 

och Quercus robur. TLC: gyroforsyra. 

O. varin: Busarp pi asp (Populus tremula) (Z). 

-6 (GT), 10 (GT). 

*O. viridis: 11 (BJ). Pe Fraxinus excelsior. 

O. vulgata: Pe stora eken (Quercus robur) 

mellan Stigby och Nis iigor (Z>. -12 

(LEM). 

Parmelia omphalodes: Kungsskogen sparsamt 

pi grAsten (2, P. saxatilis v. omphalodes). 

P. saxatilis: Allmin (Z). -14 (GT). 

*P. sulcata: 1, 3, 7 r 9, 14. 

Parmeliopsis ambigua: Ttimligen allmln (2, 

Parmelia diffusa). -6 (GT). Pe gammalt 

bithus. 

Peltigera aphthosa: Flerstiides, t. ex. ekplanteringar 

(Quercus robur) ovan R6niis nlra 

Eket; Haga vid stora viigen; niira 

Rysskyrkog6rden (2, P. aphtosa). 

P. canina: Flerstiides, t. ex. Stigby sj6branter; 

Kungsskogen vid stora v6gen flerstddes i 

miingd (Z).-2 (GT),8 (GT). 

*P. didactyla:8 (GT). 

*P. horizontalis: 11 (GT). 

P. malacea: Flerstddes, t. ex. Haga vid stora 

vtigen; Kungsskogen pi flera stiillen i 

nirheten av stora v6gen (Z). 

P. polydactyla: Flerstiides, t. ex. Haga vid stora 

viigen; Kungsskogen; Slottsvallarna pi ask 

(Fraxinus ucelsior); Overallt sparsamt (Z). 

-8 (cr). 

*P. praetextata: 3, 11 (M!D. 

*P. rufescensi 8 (GT), 10 (GT), 11 (GT). 

*Pertusaia albescens: 9 (GT). Pe sten i 

kyrkogirdsmuren. 

*P. amara: lr 2r 7 r 9. 

*P. coccodes: l, 2, 3, 7, 9 (GT), 10. TLC: 

norstictinsyra, connorstictinsyra. 

P. flavida: Pi stora eken (Quercus robur) 

mellan Stigby och Ntis 69or (2, P. wulfenii 

v. lutescens). -2 (CrT), 7, 10. TLC: thiofaninsyr 

a, 2' - O- metylperlatolsyra. 

* 

P. hemisphaerica: 9 (GT). 

*P. lactea: 9 (LEM). Pe sten i kylkogirdsmuren. 

*P. leioplaca (inkl. P. leucostoma): 12 (G!V). 

Ph Fagus rylvatica. 

*P.pupillaris: 13 (GT). TLC: fumarprotocetrarqyra. 

*Phaeophyscin endophoenicia: 6 (HgC, conf. 

R. Moberg). 

*P. nigricans: l,31 5,9. 

P. orbicularis: Flerstbdes, t. ex. Haga; Busarp; 

Tunnestad; vanligtvis p6 asp (Populus 

tremula) (2, Physcia obscura). -Aven 

publicerad frln Visings6 av Moberg 

(1977). Herbariematerial insamlat av 7ntterstedt 

fr6n Busarp och Tunnerstad och 

konfirmerat av R. Moberg finns i UPS. 1, 

3,6 (GT), 9, 10. 

P. sciastra: Publicerad frin Visingso av 

Moberg (1977). Herbariematerial insamlat 

av Magnusson 1945 vid Stigby och konfirmerat 

av R. Moberg finns i UPS. 6 

(GT). 

*Phlyctis argena: 3,'7,9, 12, 13. 

**Phoma qtospora (Vouatx) D. Hawksw.: 3 

(MW, conf. R. Santesson). Pe Parmelia 

sulcata. 

*Phoma physciicola:7 (MW, conf. R. Santesson). 

PA Physconin distorta. 

Physcia adscendens: Allmdn (2, P. stellans v. 

adscendens). Aven publicerad frln 

Visings0 av Moberg (L977). Herbariematerial 

insamlat av ktterctedt frin Haga 

och konfirmerat av R. Moberg finns i 

uPS. -3,6. 

*P. aipolia: 1,3, 6. 

P. caesin: Flerstddes, t. ex. Pavola Malm pi 

gr6sten; Borga-sten vid Ed (Z). 1, 5, 6,9, 

1.0. 

*P. dubin:9,14 (GT). 

P. stellans: Allman (Z). -Aven publicerad frin 

Visingso av Moberg (1977). Herbariematerial 

insamlat av Berggren 1906 och konfirmerat 

av R. Moberg finns i UPS. 9 

(LD), 14 (GT). 

P. tenella: Publicerad frin Visingso av Moberg 

(1977) men enligt R. Moberg saknar han

ll4 Goran Thor 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA s (19e3) 

uppgift om varifrin denna uppgift kommer. 

1, 3. 

Physconin distorta: Allmtin (2, Physcia pulverulenta). 

-Aven publicerad frAn Visingso 

av Moberg (1977). Herbariematerial insamlat 

av Degelius 1948 frfln Ed (herb. 

Degelius) och ktterstedt frin Haga och 

Kungsskogen och konfirmerat av R. 

Moberg finns (UPS). 1, 3, 6,7. 

*P. enteroxnnthaz l, 61 7 r 8. 

*P. grisea: 3,9 (GT). 

P. muscigena: Pe rdtterna av stora eken 

(Quercus robur) mellan Stigby och Nis 

iigor (2, Physcia pulverulenta v. muscigena). 

Ej med i Moberg (1977). Enligt R. 

Moberg (muntl.) 5r det osannolikt att 

denna art f6rekommit pi Visings6 och om 

det funnits herbariematerial tir detta ombest?imt. 

P. perisidiosa. Publicerad frin Visings6 av 

Moberg (L977). Herbariematerial insamlat 

av ktterctedt och konfirmerat av R. 

Moberg finns i UPS. 

*Plaqnthiella icmalea: 8 (c. ap.) (GT), 9 (c. 

ap.) (GT), 14 (GT). 

P. uliginosa: Kungsskogen flerstiides (2, 

Lecidea (Biatora) uliginosa; sannolikt 

avses itminstone delvis P. icmalea). 

*Plaqnthiam nigrum: 6 (BOL, GT), 10. 

Platismatia glauca: Tiimligen allmdn (2, Cetraria 

glauca). -3, 6 (GT). 

*Pleurosticta (Parmelia'S acetabulum: '/-,, 3, 9, 

10. 

**Potycoccum galligenum Vdzda: 10 (MW, 

conf. R. Santesson). PA Physciâ dubia. 

*Porina aenea: 6 (GT), 12 (BOL, GT). 

tPorpidia crustulata: 8 (BOL, LD). Pe 

sm6sten i sanden. 

*Protoblastenia rupestris: 6 (BOL, GT). 

Pseudevernia furfuracea: Allman (2, Parmelia 

furfuracea). -1,3,7. 

* 

Psilolechia lucida: L0. 

**furenopsis subareolata: 6 (BOL, conf. R. 

Santesson, LD). Strandhan. 

*flnhospora quernea: I,2,7 , I0, L2. 

Ramalina farinacea: Allmiin (2, R calicaris v. 

farinacea). -1,2. 

R fastigiafa: Sparsamt, t. ex. vid Erstad (2, R. 

calicaris v. fastigiata). -1,9. 

R fraxinea: Allmin (2, R calicaris v. 

fraxinea). -1, 7,9. 

*R obtusata:1, 7 (GT), 9. 

R. pollinaria: FlerstAdes, t. ex. Haga pl de 

stora ekarna (Quercus robur); vid grdnsen 

mellan Stigby och Niis iigor pi en stor ek 

(Quercus robur) (Z). -9 (GT). Ph Acer 

platanoides. 

Rhizocarpon concentricum: Flerstiides, t. ex. 

Stigby sj6branter; Niis slottsruiner (2, R 

calcareum v. concentricuffi, med samma 

lokalangivelser som R calcareum (R umbilicatum)).-6 

(BOL, GT, LD). 

R diitinctum':. Tunnestad pi stenmurar vid 

Angen (Z).-6 (BOL), L0 (RS, cT). 

*R geminatum: 6 (GT), 10 (LEM). TLC: 

rhizocarpsyra (LEM). 

R geographicum: Allmdn (Z). -9, 14. 

R umbilicaum: FlerstAdes, t. ex. Stigby 

sjobranter; Niis slottsruiner (2, R calcareum, 

med samma lokalangivelser som R 

calcareum v. concenticum (R concentricum\). 

Inget beHggmaterial insamlat av 

T.etterstedt finns i UPS. En av Magnusson 

insamlad kollekt var R concentricum 

(BOL). Sannolikt finns inte arten pA Visings6. 

* 

Rimularia insularb : lO. 

* 

Rinodina exigua: 3,'l (GT). 

*R fatiscensi 10 (LEM). Utan apothecier. 

TLC: atranorin, gyroforsyra. 

*R teichophila: 6 (GT), 10 (LD). Pi sten. 

*Sarcog/ne regularu: 8 (BH). 

tSarcosagilm campeste; 8 (LD). Pa sm6sten 

pi marken. 

*Schismatomma pericleum: 2 (GT, LD), 11 

(PJ), 12 (BOL, LEM). 

*Scoliciosporum sarothamniz 3 (LD). Pe 

Morus alba. 

S. umbrinum: Tunnestad pi stenmurar vid 

Angen (2, Bacidiâ umbrina). -6 (GT, 

LD), 10 (LEM), L4 (GT). Pfl sten. 

*Sphinctrina leucopoda: 7 (MW). Pe Pertusarin 

coccodes ph Fraxinus excelsior. 

Staurothele clopima: Stigby sj6branter pi skifferhdllar 

(Z). 

*S. flrsa: 6 (BOL, LD). I UPS finns material 

insamlat av Stilberg och btterstedt.

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA s (1993) 

Laufloran pd Visingso 115 

Stereocaulon dactylophyllum: Pe grAsten vid 

Haga ytterst sparsamt (2, S. coralloides). 

S. tomentosum: P6 en dikeskant i ekplanteringarna 

ovan ROnSs nlra Eket (Z).-8 (GT). 

*Stigmidium congestum: 6 (MW, det. R. Santesson), 

7 (MW, det. R. Santesson). Pa 

Lecanora allophana. 

Tephromela atra: Flerstiides pA gristen, t. ex. 

Pavola Malm; Kungsskogen (2, Lecanora 

atra). -10 (GT). 

*Thelomma ocellatum: 4,6 (GT), 7, 14. 

Trapelin coarctata: Niis pt lerskiffer (2, 

Lecidea (Biatora) coarctata). -8. 

* Trap eliop sis flextos 

*7. a : 2. 

granulosa:8 (GT), 10, 13 (GT). 

[Jsnea barbata (med v. hina): Allmiin (Z). 

U. hirta: Allmln (2, U. barbata v. hirta). 

*U. subfloridana: 3,4 (GT), 7. 

*Vemtcaria aethiobola: 6 (BOL). Strandhan. 

V. litorea: Visingsborg 1935 (Magnusson 1937 

"on decaying trunks of Alnus, at times 

submerged"). Bestimningen av denna 

kollekt 6r oklar, detta iir enda ffndet i 

Sverige. 

V. muralu: Nis slottsruiner (Z). 

V. nigrescensi Niis slottsruiner (Z).-6 (BOL), 

9. 

*V. praetermissa: 6 (LD). Pe sandsten vid 

stranden. 

Xanthoparmelia (Parmelia) conspersai Allmiin 

(2, Parmelin conspersa). -10 (GT), L4 

(GT). 

Xanthoria candelariaz Flerstddes, t. ex. 

Kungsskogen p& tall (Pinus sylvestris); 

Tunnestad pi gdrdesgirdar (2, X. tyrhnea). 

-5,7,9, L4 (GT). 

*X. elegans: 5. 

*X. fulva: 15 (GT). 

X. parietina: Allmiin (Z). -1,3,9. 

*X. polycafpa; 1,3, 4, 14 (GT). 

*X. ulophylloides: 7 (LD). 

*Xanthoriicola physciae: 1 (MW, conf. R. 

Santesson),7 (MW, conf. R. Santesson), 9 

(MW, conf. R. Santesson). P6 Xanthorin 

paietina. 

*Xylographa vitiligo: L6. 

Besiikta lokaler 

Besokta lokaler under exkursionen 25 27 

september 1992 (lokal 16 endast av B. 

Nord6n). Gemensamt f6r alla lokaler: Sverige, 

Sm6land, Visingso socken, Visings6. 

1. 200 m SSV Kumlaby kyrka, Visingso folkhogskola, 

alt. 11.5 m, 58o03'N,14"21'8,25 

september L99?. Glest stAende, gamla 

lovtriid (Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula 

veffucosa, Fraxinus ucelsior, Quercus robur) 

samt grindstolpar av cement p& folkh6gskoleomridet. 

2. 2,2 km SV Brahekyrkan, S delen av S 

gravfSltet, alt. L15 m, 58'0L'N, 14"t9',F,,26 

september 1992. Griisbevruret jtirnfildersgravfiilt 

med enstaka Quercus robur. 

3. 2,4 km SV Brahekyrkan, Morus alba 

plantering, alt. 1.L5 m, 58o01.'N,14"19'8,26 

september 1992. 

4. 5 km SV Brahekyrkan, vid parkeringsplatsen 

till Nds slottsruin, alt. 90 m, 

58"00'N, L4"18'8, ?6 september 1992. 

Omilad lada och triistiillningar i anslutning 

till denna. 

5. 5,1 km SV Brahekyrkan, Nls slottsruin vid 

Vltterns strand samt giirdesgirdar N 

dirom, alt. 90 m, 58"00'N, 14"L8'E, 26 

september L992. 

6. Utmed stranden av V6ttern frtn Niis 

slottsruin till bithus vid stranden 3,4 km 

SV Brahekyrkan, alt. 90 - 100 m, 58"01'N, 

14"18-1.9'E, 26 september 1992. Berggrund 

lerskiffer och sandsten. Dessutom 

fanns nigra granitblock. 

7. 4,5 km NO Kumlaby kyrka, Erstad, ca 50 

m frin Vtittern, alt. 90 m, 58"05'N, 

L4"24'8, 26 september 1992. Tvi grova 

Fraxinus excelsior vid viigkanten samt en 

omilad lada. 

8. 5,5 km NO Kumlaby kyrka, Sandudden, 

alt. 90 m, 58"06'N, '1,4"25'Er 26 september 

!992. Opp.n sandhed med triddungar och 

grlsbevrxna omrAden. 

9. Kumlaby kyrka, alt. 115 m, 58o03'N, 

L4'ZL'E, 26 september 1992. Aven tred V-

116 Gdran Thor 


SV kyrkogflrden (bl. a. tve mycket gamla 

Quercus robur). 

1.0. Brahekyrkan, alt. L10 m, 58"02'N, L4"ZI,E, 

27 september 1992. AdellOvtrad och en 

stenmur tiickt med jord. 

11.500 m O Brahekyrkan, Visingsborgs 

slottsruin vid Vitterns strand, alt. 90 - 95 

m, 58o02'N, I4o2l'8, 27 september LgZ. 

Oppen grismark och ruin. Nigra Quercus 

robur vid vigen. 

12. Ca 750 m SV Brahekyrkan, i n6rheten av 

stigen till ett stort exemplar av Abies alba 

O v6gen, alt. 1L0 m, 58"02'N, 14"21'8,27 

september 1992. Skog d?ir Quercus robur 

och Fagus sylvatica dominerar. 

13. Ca 1.,5 km SV Brahekyrkan, i nirheten av 

stigen till ett stort exemplar av Pinus strobus 

Y viigen, alt. LL5 m, 58'02'N, l4"Zl'F., 

27 september 1992. Skog ddr Fagus sy/- 

vatica dominerar. 

14. Ca L,5 km ONO Kumlaby kyrka, domarring 

vid stranden av V6ttern (sannolikt iir 

detta det stiille som tidigare kallades 

Pavola Malm) vid bithus och brygga, alt. 

90 m, 58"04'N. 14"22'8, 27 september 

I99L. Urbergsblock (granit) i 6ppen 

grlsmark och en dod Sorbus aucuparia. 

15. Kumlaby samhfllle, alt. IZ0 m, 58"03'N. 

14"20'E, 27 september 1992. En gammal 

Fracinus excelsi,or3 m Vvlgen. 

16. Rokinge bithus 2,2 km VNV Brahekyrkan, 

alt. 90 m, 58'02'N, l4"lg'F,, 27 

september 1992. B6thus och Populus 

tremula i nirheten. 

Tack 

Utan kompletteringar frin Ovriga deltagare pe 

exkursionen hade den hiir listan inte blivit av 

och ett mycket varmt tack riktas dtirf6r tilt 

dessa personer. R. Santesson har sta[t sitt 

opublicerade material frfrn sin exkursion 1968 

till forfogande och bestimt/konfirmerat flera 

insamlingar. U. Arup och S. Ekman har bestdmt 

Candelariella efflorescens. G. Carlin har 

bestiimt/konfirmerat ett flertal av de Cladonia- 

och Peltigera kollekter som G. Thor insamlat. 

R. Moberg har llmnat uppgifter om 

Phaeophyscia, Physcia och Physconia samt 

konfirmerat Phaeophyscia endophoenbiâ. L. 

Tibell konfirmerade Cyphelium notarisii. A. 

Nordin har ltimnat synpunkter pA texten. 

Referenser 

Arup, IJ. & Ekman, S. l99L: lâvfloran pt 

Hallands V5der6. Svensk Bot. Tifukr. 85: 

263-309. 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. L992: Nyheter i sfira 

Sveriges lavflora. Graphis Scipta 4: 81- 

86. 

DegeliuS, G. L954: The lichen genus Collema 

in Europe. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology. 

Symb. Bot. Up* 13(2). 

Magnusson, A. H. 1937: New or othenvise interesting 

lichens. 9. Bot. Notiser 1937: 

124-L40. 

Magnusson, A. H. 1956: A second supplement 

to the monograph of Acarospora with 

keys. Goteborys lfungl. Vetenskaps- och 

Vitterhets- Samhiilles Handlingar 6(ser. B) 

band 6(17): l-34. 

Moberg, R. 1977: The lichen genus Physcia 

and allied genera in Fennoscandia. Symb. 

Bot. Upsal. 22:1. 

Nordin, I. 1968: lavsliiktet Caloplaca, sektionen 

Gasparrinia pi Stora Karls6. /; Stora 

Karlso 1968 sid. 9-34. Visby. 

Santesson, R. 1984: The lichens of Sweden and 

Nonvay. Stockholm & Uppsala. Naturhistoriska 

riksmuseet. 

Zetterstedt, J. E. 1878: Vegetationen p& Visingso. 

Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Al(dd. 

Han(. 5(7):1-86. 

. 

Agren, A. l99l: Nya lavar f6r Hdlsingland. 

Var 9Q): 17-20.

Sten Ahlner (1905-1991): in memoriam 

GUNNAR DEGELIUS 

Degelius, G. 193: Sten Ahlner (1905-1991): in memoriam. Graphis Scripta 

5: 1L7-120. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Docent Sten Ahlner (1905-1991), Uppsala, Was author of many papers on 

Nordic lichens, e.g. the doctoral dissertation on some species on coniferous 

trees, their distribution (with maps), ecology and immigration (1948). He 

made many interesting discoveries, including some species new to Europe. His 

rich collections are incorporated in S. 

Gunnar Degelius, Askims liittegrytsvtig 3, 5-436 00 Askim, Sweden. 

On January 12th L991, Sten Ahlner died in 

Uppsala, aged 85 years; he was senior curator 

and docent. He had been frail in health during 

his last years (hip-disease and trouble with the 

heart). With his death we have lost an appreciated 

lichenological colleague. 

Sten Gustaf Edvard Ahlner was born on 

September 18th L905, in Giivle, the same town 

as Acharius. He was the son of Oscar Ahlner, 

teacher at a deaf and dumb-school, and his 

wife Anna, nde Karlsson, also a teacher. After 

matriculation (with high marks) in his native 

town in 1924, he enrolled as a student at 

Uppsala University where he graduated: Fil. 

Mag.in 1930 (botany, zoology, geography) and 

Fil. Lic. in 1936 (plant biology). In L948, on 

May 26th, he defended a doctor's dissertation 

and was appointed docent in plant biology the 

same year. In 1950-71he was in active service 

at the Botanical section of the Museum of 

Natural History (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet) 

in Stockholm, and from 1955 also docent in 

botany at Stockholm University. Between L952 

and 1969 he was the editor of the periodical 

Svensk Botanisk Tidskift, and owing to this 

work he was designated as an honorary 

member of the Swedish Botanical Society 

(Svenska Botaniska F6reningen). He was also 

a corresponding member of the Societas 

Tnolo gica - B otanica Fennica Vanamo. 

His nearest relatives are his wife Astrid, 

n6e Hammarberg, and two children from a 

previous marriage. His last resting place is 

situated in the old cemetery in Uppsala. 

Interested in botany, also lichens, already as a 

schoolboy, Sten dedicated himself to this 

science after the Fil. Mag.-degree, and went to 

the Institution of Plant Biology (now called 

Department of Ecological Botany, "Vdxtbio") 

in Uppsala, the head of which was. the legendary 

Professor Rutger Sernander, the founder 

of lichen-ecological research in Sweden. Some 

years later Prof. Sernander retired and was 

followed by Professor G. Einar Du Rietz, 

many-sided botanist as his predecessor, also 

lichenologist, and a teacher capable of arousing 

the highest enthusiasm in his pupils. 

Lichen research was at this time - and also in 

the future of major importance in the research 

activities of the institution, and also 

several other young scientists became devoted 

to this branch of cryptogamy.* Torsten Has- 

* This is almost entirely neglected by Thomas 

Soderqvist in his dissertation The Ecologists. 

From Merry Naturalists to Saviours of the

118 Gunnar Degelius 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 5 (19e3) 

Figure 1. Sten Ahlner on excursion, 1925. 

selrot and I were working on investigations 

similar to those of Sten. As pointed out by 

Sten in his dissertation, we three had a mutual 

interchange brought together at the institution 

almost every day during several years (except 

the summer) and during numerous excursions 

in my car in Uppland and other areas (Sten 

and I also in Tr6ndelagen in Nonvay in 1934). 

Sten's lichenological interest was strongly 

stimulated. He was especially interested in the 

macrolichens, and among crustose ones, the 

Caliciales. His first lichenological papers deal 

with two fruticose (pendulous) species, Evernia 

divaicata and Usnea longissima, the lastmentioned 

in a comprehensive survey of the 

Nordic distribution, a very good maiden work. 

Altogether, he wrote L9 papers on Nordic 

lichens before his greatest work, the doctoral 

Nation (1986), in the survey of the work at 

"Vdntbio". Only slight information in a fqotnote 

(p. La\ is to be found there. (The statement 

that Degelius and Ahlner were called the 

lichen clergymen ("lavprostarna") is a misunderstanding; 

Torsten Hasselrot was sometimes 

called "lavprosten" owing to his habitus.) 

dissertation (1948). Among these smaller publications 

is an inventory of the whole lichen 

flora of an area in J6mtland (L944). 

The subject of his dissertation was settled 

already in 1933, and deals with some selected 

lichens on coniferous trees in Norden, their 

distribution and ecology, €t cetera (1948), 

established in the same way as my own dissertation 

on the oceanic lichens (1935). Nineteen 

macrolichens are described in detail. It is no 

homogeneous group as to distribution et cetera; 

some species are markedly eastern in 

Scandinavia, others western or widely spread. 

Some species are rare, others rather common. 

His statements on distribution are based on 

maps according to the current dot-method, 

and these maps had been established, for the 

most part, on the basis of investigations during 

Sten's own numerous journeys (by bicycle or, 

later on, moped) in Sweden, Nonvay and Finland. 

Detailed lists of localities are included, 

also photos of nearly all species. Especially 

interesting are Cavernularia hultenii, Efuderma 

boreale (described as a new species), 

and Lobaria hallii (cf. below). Finally, he also 

had an interesting and critical discussion on

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 5 (19e3) 

Sten Ahlner (1905-1991) Il9 

Figure 2. Sten Ahlner 1965. 

the immigration to Scandinavia of the different 

species. He took into consideration immigration 

from east (together with the spruce) as 

well as from the south (earlier, with the pine); 

however, some species with a special distribution 

may be survivors from the last glaciation 

in Scandinavia. The last-mentioned theory is 

based on the distribution of Cavernularia 

especially, a genuine spruce lichen (according 

to the author) which also will speak in favour 

of the survival of the spruce (Picea abies var. 

arctica) in Noruray, the view of Bertil Lindquist 

(see, however, Degelius in Svensk Bot. 

Tidskr. 1952: 53-61). After the doctorate, 

Sten's scientific activity was practically finished. 

Sten was, first and foremost, a phytogeographer 

and field botanist, less a taxonomist. 

During the numerous excursions he collected 

a rich lichen material, now incorporated in the 

herbarium of Riksmuseet (S). His keenness in 

the field is widely known; he enriched the 

knowledge of the Nordic lichen flora thanks to 

several very interesting discoveries. Some species 

were new to Europe, such as the above 

mentioned Cavernularia hultenii, Erioderma 

boreale (which must be called E. pedicellatum, 

earlier described), and Lobaria hallii, all North 

American. Among other his interesting finds 

were Solorinella asteriscus and Caloplaca 

tominii (both new to northern EuroPe), Psora 

vallesiaca ("Lecidea albilabra", new to Scandinavia), 

Heppia lutosa (neln to Norway), Alectoria 

nitidula and Stereocaulon incrustatum 

(new to Sweden). He was interested in the 

lichen flora of Gistrikland, his home province, 

and Opland in Nonnay especially, but alas he 

never published the results of these investigations. 

, 

We became acquainted in the middle 

twenties in Uppsala, and since that time we 

were close friends. With his considerable gifts 

and cleverness he was much honoured among 

fellow-students and teachers. He was goodnatured 

and sociable, natural and reliable; in 

his investigations very solid but conservative 

(as in other things). Together with his wife 

Astrid he was very hospitable in his home in 

Uppsala as well as in the summer house on 

Igg0n north of Glvle. 

The memory of Sten Ahlner will long live 

among friends and colleagues. 

Lichenological publications of Sten Ahlner 

L93la: Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach. funnen 

med soredier. Bot. Notiser 1931: 219-22I. 

1931b: Usnea longissima Ach. i Skandinavien. 

Med en oversikt av dess europeiska utbredning. 

Svensk Bot. Tidslcr. 25: 395-416. 

1932: Stereocaulon incrustatum Flk., en f0r 

Sverige ny lav. Bot. Notiser 1932:300-301. 

1935: Gyrophora rigida DR. funnen i Halsingland. 

Bot. Notiser 1935: L6-L67. 

L936a: Ett gammalt fynd av Gyrophora rigida 

DR. vid Gefle. Bot. Notiser 1936: 134-135.

120 Gunnar Degelias 


1936b: Einige Flechtenfunde aus Kuusamo 

(Nord-Finnland). Mem. Soc. F. Fl. Fennica 

12: 52-56. 

1937: Flechten aus Nordfinnland. Ann. Bot. 

Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 9: l- 

47. 

1938a: Ein n6rdlicher Fund von Pseudocyphellaria 

crocata (L.) Vain. in Norwegen. 

Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. 78:331-338. 

1938b: Cavernularia Hultenii Degel. funnen i 

Skandinavien. Svensk Bot. Tidslcr. 32: 

160- L70. 

1938c: Weitere Beitrige zur Strauch- und 

l-aubflechtenflora von Asele Lappmark. 

Ark. f, Bot. 29A.9: 1-L1. 

1940a: Weitere Beitriige zur Strauch- und 

I-aubflechtenflora von Aseh l-appmark. II. 

Ark. f. Bot. 30A.2: 1-L0. 

1940b: Beitriige zur Flechtenflora Finnlands. 

Acta Soc. F. Fl. Fennica 62: I-18. 

1940c: Alectoria altaica (Gyel.) Riis. und ihre 

Verbreitung in Fennoskandia. Acta Phytogeogr. 

Suec. XIII: 27-38. 

1941: Einige Flechtenfunde aus Karelien. 

Svensk Bot. Tidslq. 35: 26I-270. 

L942az Nya och gamla Snd av Normandina 

pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. Svensk Bot. Tidslcr. 

36: 8l-85. 

1942b: N6gra lavar frtn Viirmland. Bot. Notiser 

1942: 99-103. 

1942c: Discomyceten lâchnella tricolor (Sow. 

ex Fr.) Phill. .funnen i Norge. Bot. Notiser 

1942: 103- 104. [Some lichens mentioned.] 

1943: N6gra lavar frin Hirn6n i Angermanland. 

Bot. Notiser 1943: 155-159. 

1944: I-avar frin I-6ngans owe vattenomride i 

viistra Jtimtland. K Sv. Vet.-alcad. Skr. i 

N aturslcydds iirenden 44 : 1,-84. 

1945: Nigra lavar fr6n Viisterg6tland och 

Sm6land. Bot. Notiser 1945: ll7-L21.. 

1948: Utbredningstyper bland nordiska barrtrddslavat. 

Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 22: I- 

IX, 1 -257. [Academic dissertation.J 

1949: Contributions to the lichen flora of 

Nonray. I. Solorinella asteriscus Anzi new 

to Scandinavia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 43: 

157-162. 

1951: Pi lavjakt i Hiilsinglands och Hiirjedalens 

barrskogar. Natur i Hiilsinglan"d och 

Hiirjedalr!, pp. 79 -85. Svensk Natur. 

1.953a: Om Angermanlands lavflora. Natur i 

Angermanland och Medelpad pp. 191- 196. 

Svensk Natur. 

1953b: Some aspects of nomenclature and 

taxonomy of lichens. Proceed. of the 

Seventh Intern. Bot. Congr. StocWtolm 

1950. 

I954a: Viirmlands mtirkligaste lav. Natur i 

Viirmland pp. 99 - I02. Svensk Natur. 

1954b: Nomenclature-Committees: Special 

Committee for Lichenes. Taxon 3: 234- 

240. 

1966: Artlista 6ver lavar. In: Malmstrom, C. 

(ed.), Sickla Udde vid Hammarby sjd. 

Svensk Bot. Tidsl

Rainar Hakulinen (1918-1991), a link in the Finnish tradition of 

lichenologr 

TEUVOAHTI 

Ahti, T. 1993: Rainar Hakulinen (1918- L99I), a link in the Finnish tradition 

of lichenology. Graphis Scripta 5: l2l-L24. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

An obituary is given of the Finnish lichenologist Rainar Hakulinen. He was 

known as a specialist in the ta:ronomy of the lichen famrly Candelariaceae. In 

1949-1%8 he authored a macrolichen flora of Finland and numerous articles 

on the biogeography and ecology of boreal and Arctic lichens, with special 

reference to Finland, northern Nonray and Russian Karelia. He edited many 

fascicles of the lichen exsiccata Lichenotheca Fennica. All his lichenological 

publications (40) are listed. 

Teuvo Ahti, Department of Botan!, P.O. Box 47, FIN-00014 University of 

Helsinki, Finland 

Dr. Rainar Alarik Hakulinen passed away on 

29 December L99I at his home in Hlmeenlinna 

at the age of 73; he was born at Kurkijoki 

on 9 October 1918. Kurkijoki is a Karelian locality 

well-known to lichen ta:ronomists, since 

another Finnish lichenologist, Veli R6sinen, 

worked there for many years and studied the 

lichen flora of the area intensively. This formerly 

Finnish area, located on the northwest 

shore of the huge l,ake l-adoga (the largest 

lake in Europe), which now belongs to the 

Karelian Republic and is part of Russia. After 

having left his home region in 1944 Hakulinen 

never visited the area again, though it would 

have been possible in recent years. 

In 1941-44 Hakulinen served in the Finnish 

army in war against Russia. For much of 

the time he was at the frontier at the Svir 

(Sryeri) River south of the present Russian 

Karelia. He was wounded more than once so 

that he spent several months in military hospitals, 

including a stay in a hospital in Stockholm 

during the war. 

Hakulinen got interested in lichens 

through Risinen during his school years at 

Kurkijoki and made field excursions together 

with him, maintaining his interest when studying 

biology and geography at the University of 

Helsinki since t945. In 1954 he published and 

presented his Ph. D. thesis on the talronomy of 

the lichen genus Candelariclla.It was primarily 

based on Fennoscandian material, in Finland 

largely collected by himself, but also included 

the other species of the genus. The family 

Candelariaceae Hakulinen, norv commonly 

accepted, was established in his thesis. After 

the university studies Hakulinen acted as a 

secondary school teacher, first at KyrO (near 

Turku) where his o\iln formerly Karelian 

school was located in evacuation, but soon 

settled down at Himeenlinna for the rest of 

his life. 

Hakulinen primarily studied the distribution 

and ecology of the Finnish lichens. For 

that purpose he travelled and collected in 

many provinces, publishing floristic lists and 

treatments of various groups with distribution 

maps. In 1946 he started from the J) /eskylii 

region, central Finland, paying special attention 

to rock lichens. later he collected near

I22 Teuvo Ahti 


Helsinki, at Karinainen and other parishes in 

Southwest Finland, near H6meenlinna in 

south-central Finland, and in I-apland, particularly 

Utsjoki and Enonteki6. The Norwegian 

Finnmark and Troms Counties were also visited 

by him. For instance, in 1951 he and his 

wife, Aulikki K. Margareta Hakulinen, made a 

long collecting trip with bicycles to lapland. 

One result was that Rainar described a new 

species, Candelariella margaretae, from Troms 

County to honour his wife. 

Most useful are several papers by 

Hakulinen on the distribution of individual 

species in Finland and adjacent areas, covering 

Umbilicariaceae (1962a), Thamnolia (L9621), 

some Cetrari.a (1962il, Lobaria $96a$, and 

many arctic-boreal terricolous and sa:ricolous 

macrolichens (1965, 1966b). Sensational new 

finds are presented in papers on Dactylina ramulosa 

(with A. J. Huuskonen; including still 

the only locality in Fennoscandia) and Asahinea 

chrysantha (with T. Ulvinen; the few 

localities in Finnmark and the Kola Peninsula 

are still the only ones in Europe). A standard 

reference work for the Finnish macrolichens, 

their provincial distributions and vernacular 

names is his ltikdliikasvio (Lichen Flora; 

1963). 

Besides the taronomy and phytogeography 

of lichens, Hakulinen was particulary interested 

in the ecology and dispersal of nitrophilous 

lichens growing on small islands and along 

shores of lakes. It is still a very insufficiently 

known field of study, offering fascinating possibilities 

for comparison with much better 

known maritime lichen floras. He also conducted 

measurements of lichen growth rates, 

€.9., noting (1966a) that Parmelin (Arctoparmelia) 

centifuga was growing t.50-2.59 

mm/year, while the related P. incurya grew 

only 0.47-1.13 ffiffi, but he emphasued the 

large variation caused by ecological conditions. 

In fact, there are many useful data on boreal 

lichens in his papers. The reader should note 

that he usually followed essentially the same 

nomenclature as his mentor Riisdnen, which 

meant that there were some deviations from 

traditional Scandinavian practice. 

Finally, it should be mentioned that after 

Figure 1. Rainar Hakulinen, 1.978 

Veli Riistinen died (1953) he took over the 

editing of the exsiccata Lichenotheca Fennica 

a Museo Kuopio€nsi edita, adding 500 numbers 

(nos. 801-1300) to those distributed by 

R6s6nen. It is present in c. 35 institutions 

throughout the worlcl. 

Rainar Hakulinen published his papers 

mainly in German or Finnish, using English to 

a lesser degree (though he graciously received 

such eminent American visitors as William A. 

Weber and John W. Thomson at his home). In 

1968 he published his last paper on lichens. 

There are several reasons for the cessation of 

his lichenological activity. Of course, it was 

difficult to follow the literature and maintain a 

herbarium outside a university town, and to 

work in the evenings besides teaching school. 

He did apply for professorships in the Universities 

of Turku and Oulu but did not manage 

to obtain a position. The main reason, however, 

seems to be that he moved on to other 

kind of research and felt that he was no longer 

needed to keep lichenology alive in Finland. 

After 1968 Rainar Hakulinen moved to 

other activities, primarily working on the local 

history of his lost home parish Kurkijoki. He 

produced three remarkable volumes (L972, 

L978, 1986) on that subject, based on painstaking 

documentation from scattered sources. 

In addition he wrote two school history books. 

As a person he was rather quiet and 

reserved - like most Finns - though robust in

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA s (1e93) 

Rainar Hakulinen (1918-1991) 123 

stature; his'nickname was aptly called "Nalle" 

(the diminutive of "Bear"). 

His herbarium of 10 Offi lichen specimens 

will probably be located in the Botanical 

Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural 

History at the University of Helsinki (H). 

Rainar Hakulinen should be remembered 

gratefully as an important link in maintaining 

continuity between the splendid Finnish tradition 

of lichenology from William Nylander 

through E. A. Vainio and V. Rasanen to the 

present. When he "gave up" lichenolory there 

were already younger people to undertake the 

task. 

Lichenological publications by Rainar 

Hakulinen (40 entries) 

1949a: Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) Hoffm. ja 

sen esiintyminen Suomessa. [Umbilicaria 

pustulata and its occurrence in FinlandJ. 

Luonnon Tutkija 53: 81-83. 

L949b: UUer das Vorkommen von Cladonia 

Grayi Merr. im Ostlichen Fennoskandien 

Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 4: 

17-20. 

1949c: Candelariella septentrionalis Hakul. sp. 

n. In: Huuskonen, A. J., Havaintoja 

Luoteis-Enontekihn jAkiilAkasvistosta. 

(Ref.: Beobachtungen iiber Flechtenflora 

im Nw-Enonteki6, Finnland). Kuopion 

Luonnon YstAvAin Yhdistylcsen julkaisuja 

B 2, 5: \6. 

1950a: Havaintoja Jyvaskyltin seudun 

jAkeHkasvistosta. (Ref.: Beobachtungen 

tiber die Flechtenflora in der Gegend von 

Jry6skyl6, Mittelfinnland). Arch. Soc. 

Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 5: 5l-&. 

1950b: Einige bemerkenswerte Flechtenfunde 

aus Finnland. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae 

Vanamo 4: 105. 

1953a: Veli Riisiinen. Luonnon Tutkija 57: 

84-85. 

1953b: Fil. tri. Veli Riisisen muistolle. [In 

memory of Dr. Veli Rds6nen]. Kr*ijokelainen 

4(31): 3. 

L954: Die Flechtengattung Candelariella 

Miiller Argoviensis mit besonderer 

Berticksichtigung ihres Auftretens und 

ihrer Verbreitung in Fennoskandien. Ann. 

Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 27 

(3): l-Yl, L-I27. - A typewritten appendix 

containing a list of specimens examined 

has been deposited in the herbaria H, O 

and S. 

1955a: Tietoja Varsinais-Suomen sisiiosien 

jekahkasvistosta. (Ref.: Beitriige zur 

Kenntnis der Flechtenflora im Innern 

Siidwestfinnlands.) Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. 

Fennicae Vanamo 9: ll4-120. ' 

1955b: Lisiitietoja pohjoisen Fennoskandian 

jikeHkawiston tuntemiseen. (Ref.: Neue 

Beitrtige zur Kenntnis der Flechtenflora 

Nordfennoskandiens.) Arch. Soc. Zool. 

Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 9 (suppl.): M-55. 

L956a: Lichenotheca Fennica a Museo 

Ifiiopiohnsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos 

XXKII-XXXV (nr. 801-875). 27 pp. 

Kuopio. Kuopion Museo. 

1 956b : Veli R6siine n 24.Yil I. 1 888- 1 6.VII. 1 953. 

Kuopion Luonnon Ystiiviiin Yhdistylcsen 

julkaisuja B 3, 2: L-32. 

L957a: Lichenotheca Fennica a Museo 

Ifuopiohnsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos 

XXXVI-XXXVI (nr. 876-950). 27 pp. 


L957b: Solorina octospora (Arn.) Arn., eine 

ftrr Finnland neue Flechtenart. Arch. Soc. 

Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 12: 39-40. 

1958a: Jakana Suomen serpentiinikallioilta. 

(Ref.: Flechten aus Serpentinfelsen in 

Finnland). Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae 

Vanamo 12: 143-146. 

1958b: Lichenotheca Fennica a Museo 

Ifttopiohnsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos 

XXKX-XLI (nr. 951-L025). 27 pp. 


1958c: Lichenotheca Fennica a Museo 

IfiiopioEnsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos 

XLII-XLIV (nr. 1026-1100). 27 pp. 


L959a ('1958'): Some species of Candelariella 

from North America and Central Asia. 

Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 

13: 53-55. 


Ktopioinsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos

124 Teuvo Ahti 


XLV-XLUI (nr. 1101-1175). 27 pp. 


1fti0: Lichenotheca Fennica a Museo 

Ktopio€nsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos 

XLVIII-L (nr. 1,176-1250). 2l pp. 


l%la: Die von Veli Riisinen aufgestellten 

Flechtentaxa und Neukombinationen. 

Ktopion Luonnon Ystiiviiin Yhdistylcsen 

julkaisuja B 3, 4: I-31. 


KuopioEnsi edita. Schedae ad fasciculos 

LI-LII (nr. 1251-1300). Incl. Index systematicus 

lichenum ad fasciculos omnes 

(I-LII). 32 pp. Kuopio. Kuopion Museo. 

L967a: Die Flechtengattung Umbilicaria in 

Ostfennoskandien und angrenzenden 

Teilen Nonregens. Ann. Bot. Zool. Bot. 

Fennicae Vanamo 32 (6): l-87. 

1962b: Beobachtungen tiber die lâubflechten 

der Uferbirken in Mittelfinnland. Arch. 

Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 16: 

75-77. 

1962c: Huomioita eriiiden jtikdlien levidmisestii 

ja kawunopeudesta. (Ref.: 

Beobachtungen tiber die Ausbreitung und 

Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit einiger 

Flechten). Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae 

Vanamo 16:77-80. 

l%Zd: Luotokivien jiikiiHlajien ekologiasra. 

[Ecology of lichens on rocky islets]. Luonnon 

Tutkija 66: 44-48. 

1962e: UUer Verbreitung und Auftreten von 

Cetraria ciliaris Ach. in Ostfennoskandien. 

Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 

17: l-4. 

1962f: Flechten6kologische Beobachtungen an 

Klippensteinen in Stid- und Mittelfinnland. 

Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae 

Vanamo 17: 4-L2. 

19629: Okologische Beobachtungen tiber die 

Flechtenflora der Vogelsteine in Stid- und 

Mittelfinnland. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae 

Vanamo 17: 12-15. 

L962h: Die Flechtengattung Anaptychia KOrb. 

in Ostfennoskandien. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. 

Fennicae Vanamo 17: L2l-133. 

1962i: UUer Thamnolia vermicularis (S*.) 

Schaer. in Ostfennoskandien. Arch. Soc. 

Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 17: 134-138. 

I962j: UUer die Verbreitung einiger Cetraria-Arten 

in Ostfennoskandien. Arch. Soc. 

Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 17: 138- 149. 

1963: IAkAlAlesvio. [Lichen flora of Finland]. 

235 pp. Porvoo & Helsinki. Werner 

SOderstr6m. 

l%4az Die Flechtengattung l.obaria in Ostfennoskandien. 

Ann. Bot. Fennici 1: 

202-213. 

L964b: Beobachtungen tiber die Flechtenflora 

und Flechtenvegetation von Utsjoki, 

Nordfinnland. Ann. Univ. Turkuensis, ser. 

A II, 32 ( = Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 

1):132-139. 

1965: UUer die Verbreitung und das 

Vorkommen einiger nOrdlichen Erd- und 

Steinflechten in Ostfennoskandien. Aquilo, 

ser. Bot. 3: 22-66. 

1966a: UUer die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit 

einiger laubflechten. Ann. Bot. Fennici 3: 

167 -179. 

1966b: UUer einige n6rdliche Flechtenarten im 

stidostlichen Fennoskandien. Ann. Bot. 

Fennici 3; 180-198. 

Hakulinen, R. & Ulvinen, T. 1966: Asahinea 

chrysantha (Tuck.) Culb. et Culb. in Fennoskandien. 

Ann. Univ. Turkuensis A II, 

36 (= R p. Kevo Subarctic Sta. 3), 

101- 105. 

Hakulinen, R. & Huuskonen, A. J. 1968: 

Dactylina ramulosa (Hook.) Tuck., eine 

ftrr Fennoskandien neue Flechtenart. Ann. 

Bot. Fennici 5; 1L2-114. 

Editor of the exsiccata collection: 

1956-60: Lichenotheca Fennica, fasc. 

)milil-Ln (nr. 801-1300). Kuopio. 

Kuopion Museo. 


I am grateful to Mrs. Aulikki Hakulinen 

(Hiimeenlinna) for making available biographic 

documents about her husband and his collections, 

including Hakulinen's autobiography. 

Mr. Orvo Vitikainen kindly helped me in 

compiling Rainar Hakulinen's bibliography, 

and Dr. I. M. Brodo revised the English.

Till ftirfattare i Graphis Scripta 

Manusl

GRAPHIS ScnIPTA 

Volym 5, hdfte 2, 1993 

Innehfill 

77 The lichen flora in the former shipyard Eriksbergsvarvet, Goteborg, Sweden 

G. Thor 

85 Pannaria hookeri in Finland 

O. Virikainen 

86 Boganmeldelse (Lichens of northwestern Poland) 

87 Notes on the status of Parmelia delisei versus P. pulla and their distribution in Finland 

H. SfuIt 

92 Book review (British lichen flora) 

93 Ramalina elegans, new to Sweden and Nonray 

R Slqt€n 

96 News on lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Nordic countries 

V. Alstrup 

105 l-avfloran pA Visings6 [The lichen flora of the island Visingso] 

G. Thor 

ll7 Sten Ahlner (1905-1991): in memoriam 

G. Degelius 

lLL Rainar Hakulinen (1918- 1991), a link in the Finnish tradition of lichenology 

T. Ahti

GRAPHIS SCNIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

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