Foliicolous lichens from Madeira, with the description of a new ...
Foliicolous lichens from Madeira, with the description of a new ...
Foliicolous lichens from Madeira, with the description of a new ...
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Lichenologist 28(3): 197–227 (1996)<br />
FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS FROM MADEIRA, WITH<br />
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND TWO<br />
NEW SPECIES AND A WORLD-WIDE KEY OF<br />
FOLIICOLOUS FELLHANERA<br />
Emmanuël SÉRUSIAUX*<br />
Abstract: A preliminary annotated list <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foliicolous <strong>lichens</strong> and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
lichenicolous fungi occurring in <strong>the</strong> laurisilva in <strong>Madeira</strong> is presented. Fellhaneropsis<br />
Sérus. & Coppins gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate Bacidia myrtillicola<br />
Erichsen and Bacidia vezdae Coppins & James, both being present in <strong>Madeira</strong> on<br />
living leaves. Two <strong>new</strong> species are described: Byssoloma kalbii Sérus. sp. nov. and<br />
Fellhanera seroexspectata Sérus. sp. nov. The following combinations are introduced:<br />
Fellhanera lambinonii (Sérus.) Lücking & Sérus., Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Erichsen)<br />
Sérus. & Coppins, F. vezdae (Coppins & James) Sérus. & Coppins, Woessia apiahica<br />
(Müll. Arg.) Sérus., W. canariensis (Lumbsch & Vězda) Sérus. and W. vasakii<br />
(Vězda) Sérus. A key to all foliicolous species <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera is presented. Bacidia buxi<br />
Vězda & Vivant and Bacidia gorgonea Vězda & Poelt are reduced into synonymy<br />
<strong>with</strong> Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, Tapellaria similis Kalb <strong>with</strong> Byssoloma marginatum<br />
(Arnold) Sérus., and Bacidia michaeliana Sérus. <strong>with</strong> Bacidia lambinonii Sérus.<br />
1996 The British Lichen Society<br />
Introduction<br />
<strong>Madeira</strong> is a volcanic island in <strong>the</strong> North Atlantic Ocean, 565 km W <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
African coast <strong>of</strong> Morocco and 3245N, 1700W. It is a serrated mountain<br />
range reaching 1861 m a.s.l. at <strong>the</strong> Pico Ruivo, and many deep rugged ravines<br />
run to <strong>the</strong> coast. <strong>Madeira</strong> belongs to <strong>the</strong> ‘macaronesian’ phytogeographical<br />
zone, toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> Canary Islands and <strong>the</strong> Azores, well known for its high<br />
level <strong>of</strong> endemism in flowering plants and for <strong>the</strong> persistence <strong>of</strong> an evergreen<br />
subtropical cloud forest, usually known as <strong>the</strong> laurisilva. In <strong>Madeira</strong>, this<br />
forest is best developed at 700–1200 m on <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island and<br />
between 300 and 1300 m on <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn flank, if one includes <strong>the</strong> bushes<br />
dominated by Erica arborea and Myrica faya that top it on its higher parts. The<br />
tree and shrub flora (nomenclature following Hansen & Sunding 1993) is<br />
dominated by four species <strong>of</strong> Lauraceae (Appolonias barbujana (Cav.) Bornm.,<br />
Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco, Ocotea foetens (Ait.) Baill., and Persea indica<br />
(L.) K. Spreng.), toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> Clethra arborea Ait. (Clethraceae), Myrica faya<br />
Ait. (Myricaceae), Ilex canariensis Poir. (Aquifoliaceae), Picconia excelsa (Ait.)<br />
DC. (Oleaceae), Heberdenia excelsa (Ait.) Banks ex DC. (Myrsinaceae),<br />
Euphorbia mellifera Ait. (Euphorbiaceae), Isoplexis sceptrum (L. fil.) Loud.<br />
(Scrophulariaceae), Erica arborea L. (Ericaceae), Vaccinium padifolium J. E.<br />
Sm. ex Rees (Ericaceae) and several o<strong>the</strong>rs. The ground layer is extremely rich<br />
in ferns, including several endemic species. The laurisilva represents <strong>the</strong><br />
*Research Associate F.N.R.S., Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Liège, Sart Tilman, B–4000<br />
Liège, Belgium.<br />
0024–2829/96/030197+31 $18.00/0 1996 The British Lichen Society
198 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
Miocene forests <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, which vanished during <strong>the</strong> glacial times<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pleistocene period, and is <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>of</strong> tremendous ecogeographical<br />
interest.<br />
Knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lichen flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island, as well as <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r islands <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> archipelago, especially Porto Santo, has made great progress during recent<br />
years, <strong>the</strong> last contribution being that <strong>of</strong> Kalb & Hafellner (1992). That flora<br />
includes several endemics, e.g. Nephroma areolatum P. James & F. J. White for<br />
<strong>the</strong> main island, and Anzia centrifuga Haugan and several species <strong>of</strong> Ramalina<br />
for Porto Santo. A checklist has been prepared by Hafellner (1992) and is <strong>of</strong><br />
great help for any study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lichen flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> archipelago.<br />
<strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> have been reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> island (see Santesson 1952)<br />
and, in <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> a thorough study <strong>of</strong> this ecological group in western<br />
Europe (Sérusiaux 1993), I visited <strong>the</strong> laurisilva in February 1988 and in May<br />
1992 to ga<strong>the</strong>r comprehensive collections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species. This paper deals<br />
<strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> first results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study, and also includes collections made on<br />
<strong>the</strong> island by fellow botanists, especially L. Arvidsson, M. S. Christiansen,<br />
J. Duvigneaud, G. Een, J. Etayo, K. Kalb, H. Persson, S. Schuhmacher, C.<br />
Tavares and L. Tibell. This paper must, however, be considered as preliminary,<br />
as several taxa (at least three <strong>lichens</strong> and one lichenicolous fungus) have<br />
not yet been studied in detail and are not included in <strong>the</strong> list presented below.<br />
The study led to <strong>the</strong> reassessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generic position <strong>of</strong> Bacidia myrtillicola<br />
and <strong>of</strong> Bacidia vezdae, two species previously studied by my colleague and<br />
friend B. J. Coppins. He is <strong>the</strong>refore associated <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>new</strong> genus described<br />
for <strong>the</strong>m and to <strong>the</strong> two <strong>new</strong> combinations.<br />
The laurisilva has suffered much damage <strong>from</strong> human activities since <strong>the</strong><br />
discovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island early in <strong>the</strong> fifteenth century and is now very reduced<br />
and severely degraded. The best remnants were explored, <strong>the</strong> localities<br />
visited being: Ribeiro Frio, along <strong>the</strong> Levada do Furado, 800–850 m alt.;<br />
Portela, along <strong>the</strong> Levada de Portela, near Lamaceiros, 800 m alt.; Casa de<br />
Queimadas, track towards Caldeirâo Verde, 850 m alt.; Châo do Louros, N <strong>of</strong><br />
Encumeada pass, 800 m alt.; <strong>the</strong> Riba da Seixal, S <strong>of</strong> Seixal at 300–400 m alt.<br />
<strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> have been found on <strong>the</strong> following tree or shrub species:<br />
Appolonias barbujana, Laurus azorica, Persea indica, Ocotea foetens, Picconia<br />
excelsa, Ilex canariensis, Heberdenia excelsa, Clethra arborea, and on <strong>the</strong> following<br />
herbaceous plants growing at ground level: Ruscus streptophyllus P. F. Yeo<br />
(Liliaceae) and Trichomanes speciosum Willd. (Hymenophyllaceae). Several<br />
introduced species also have foliicolous species, e.g. Camellia japonica<br />
(Theaceae), when <strong>the</strong>y are planted in suitable localities.<br />
The Genus<br />
Fellhaneropsis Sérus. & Coppins gen. nov.<br />
Thallus crustaceus, tenuis, sine cortice, et algas verosimiliter Chlorococcaceae continens.<br />
Ascomata apo<strong>the</strong>cia, 0·1–0·4 mm diam., basi arcte constricta, cum margine tenui mox evanescenti.<br />
Excipulum tenue sed proprium, cum ellipticis et polyedralibus cellulis, in verticalibus<br />
seriebus dispositis, typicam paraplectenchymaticam texturam non formantibus; hama<strong>the</strong>cium<br />
cum ramosis et anastomosantibus paraphysibus; asci ad Byssoloma typum (sensu Hafellner 1984:<br />
315) pertinentes, octospori; sporae oblongae-fusiformes ad fere aciculares, cum transversalibus<br />
septis. Pycnidia longa filiformiaque conidia producentia, et (solum in Bacidia myrtillicola) parva<br />
bacilliformiaque.<br />
Type: Bacidia myrtillicola Erichsen
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 199<br />
Thallus crustose, thin, <strong>with</strong>out cortex and <strong>with</strong> most probably a species <strong>of</strong><br />
Chlorococcaceae as photobiont. Ascomata apo<strong>the</strong>cia, 0·1–0·4 mm diam.,<br />
distinctly constricted at <strong>the</strong>ir base, <strong>with</strong> a thin, soon disappearing margin.<br />
Excipulum thin but distinct, <strong>with</strong> elliptical to polyhedral cells, arranged in<br />
upright rows, not forming a typical paraplectenchymatous tissue. Hama<strong>the</strong>cium<br />
<strong>of</strong> branched and anastomosed paraphyses. Asci <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma-type<br />
(sensu Hafellner 1984: 315), 8-spored. Ascospores oblong-fusiform to almost<br />
acicular, <strong>with</strong> transverse septa. Pycnidia producing long and filiform conidia,<br />
and in addition (in Bacidia myrtillicola only) smaller bacilliform conidia.<br />
Bacidia myrtillicola and Bacidia vezdae are obviously close to <strong>the</strong> genus<br />
Fellhanera Vězda in <strong>the</strong> Pilocarpaceae (Vainio) Zahlbr. (Vězda 1986). Both<br />
species here transferred to <strong>the</strong> <strong>new</strong> genus Fellhaneropsis share all typical<br />
characters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pilocarpaceae and could be referred to Fellhanera, as<br />
accepted by several authors. We consider, however, that <strong>the</strong>ir excipulum type<br />
(elliptical to polyhedral lumina, arranged in rows) and <strong>the</strong>ir filiformsigmoid<br />
conidia are good apomorphies that require <strong>the</strong> recognition <strong>of</strong> a<br />
different genus. Fellhanera s.str. includes species <strong>with</strong> a typically paraplectenchymatous<br />
excipulum (isodiametric cells), and bacilliform to ellipsoid, or<br />
pyriform-clavate conidia.<br />
Most species <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera Vězda have pyriform-clavate conidia, as do <strong>the</strong><br />
most common species in Europe (F. bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda and F. subtilis<br />
(Vězda) Diederich & Sérus.). The type species (F. fuscatula (Müll. Arg.)<br />
Vězda), however, has bacilliform to mostly ellipsoid conidia (a feature not<br />
quoted by Vězda 1986: 201). This type <strong>of</strong> conidium is also present in Bacidia<br />
myrtillicola (microconidia; see below), but this species cannot be considered as<br />
congeneric <strong>with</strong> F. fuscatula as <strong>the</strong> latter has a typically paraplectenchymatous<br />
excipulum and never produces filiform conidia (numerous collections seen,<br />
mainly <strong>from</strong> tropical Africa, LG). Indeed, <strong>the</strong> filiform-sigmoid conidia<br />
produced by both species here referred to <strong>the</strong> <strong>new</strong> genus are probably <strong>the</strong> best<br />
apomorphy for it, as well as <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cial origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pycnidia producing<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. This is clearly demonstrated for Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola in this paper<br />
and is strongly suspected for F. vezdae. This feature appears to be unique in<br />
lichenized fungi and clearly merit <strong>the</strong> generic status <strong>with</strong>in <strong>the</strong> Pilocarpaceae.<br />
The genus Badimia Vězda, so far assigned to <strong>the</strong> same family, produces highly<br />
specialized pycnidia (campylidia) <strong>with</strong> extraordinary conidia (very long and<br />
filiform, multi-septate, <strong>with</strong> crooked ends and lateral appendages terminated<br />
by a tiny, sticky mass) (Sérusiaux 1986). The primordia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se campylidia<br />
are impossible to distinguish <strong>from</strong> those <strong>of</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia and <strong>the</strong>ir ontogeny<br />
shows that <strong>the</strong>y are transformed apo<strong>the</strong>cia.<br />
The Species<br />
Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Erichsen) Sérus. & Coppins comb. nov.<br />
Bacidia myrtillicola Erichsen, Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamb. 10: 414 (1939). Fellhanera myrtillicola<br />
(Erichsen) Hafellner, In Vězda, Lich. Sel. Exs. 95, No. 2358 (1989); type: Germany, Schleswig-<br />
Holstein, Lauenburg, im Sachsenwald bei Friedrichsruh, an Vaccinium myrtillus am Rande des<br />
Reviers Saupark, 2 xi 1924, C. F. E. Erichsen (HBG—holotypus!).
200 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
Bacidia myriocarpa Erichsen, Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamb. 10: 413 (1939); type: Germany,<br />
Schleswig-Holstein, Niedersachen, Kreis Lüneburg, Findling im Frost Einemh<strong>of</strong>, bei Radburch,<br />
14 iii 1937, Lehr (HBG—lectotypus!, selected by Jacobsen & Coppins 1989: 259).<br />
Bacidia nitschkeana var. perpusilloides Erichsen, Ann. Mycol. 41: 206 (1943); type: Germany,<br />
Schleswig-Holstein, Flenburg, Forst Clusries, near Wasserleben, on Picea twigs, 6 x 1923, C. F.<br />
E. Erichsen (HBG—holotypus!).<br />
Bacidia buxi Vězda & Vivant, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 119: 256 (1972). Fellhanera buxi (Vězda &<br />
Vivant) Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. (Praha) 21: 214 (1986); type: France, Dépt. Pyrénées-<br />
Atlantiques, Sauveterre-de-Béarn, île sur le gave d’Oléron, sur feuilles de Buxus sempervirens,<br />
28 i 1972, Vivant (hb. Vězda-holotypus!; UPS—isotypus!, isotypi also distributed in Vězda Lich.<br />
Sel. Exs. No. 1161, BM, G, LG!).<br />
Bacidia gorgonea Vězda & Poelt, in Poelt & Vězda, Herzogia 9: 241 (1992); type: Österreich,<br />
Steiermak, Windische Bühel, enger W-E-verlaufender westlicher Seitengraben des Gamlitzbach-<br />
Tales, S Kranach, WSW Gamlitz, auf Nadeln von Abies alba, 6 x 1991, Poelt & Giralt<br />
(GZU—lectotypus, selected here, see below!).<br />
(Figs 1–2)<br />
Illustrations: Vězda & Vivant (1972: 257); Coppins (1983: 197, fig. 56A); Poelt & Vězda (1992:<br />
245) and Arup & Ekman (1994: 37, fig. 3C & 39, fig. 4C).<br />
Thallus formed <strong>of</strong> small roundish patches that eventually merge to form<br />
a continuous thallus up to several centimetres in diam., thin and smooth<br />
or slightly verrucose, or convex and formed <strong>of</strong> agglutinated granules,<br />
especially when <strong>the</strong> thallus grows along <strong>the</strong> main vein <strong>of</strong> a leaf, or near <strong>the</strong><br />
nodes <strong>of</strong> a twig or on a rough surface (rock or bark), greenish grey to bluish<br />
grey (<strong>the</strong> typical specimens have a distinct bluish tinge), usually <strong>with</strong> a bluish<br />
pellucid prothallus, best seen on foliicolous specimens, <strong>with</strong> a shiny green to<br />
dark green surface colour when invaded by epiphytic green algae and<br />
cyanobacteria. Photobiont: most probably a species <strong>of</strong> Chlorococcaceae, <strong>with</strong><br />
spherical, green cells, 5–12 μm diam. Thallus reactions: K, C,P.<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia usually numerous, sometimes absent, very rarely agglutinated and<br />
never proliferating, circular or rarely <strong>with</strong> a swollen or irregular edge, distinctly<br />
constricted at <strong>the</strong> base, 0·1–0·2 mm diam., mostly not exceeding 0·15 mm,<br />
exceptionally up to 0·3 mm diam., less than 0·1 mm in height, at first flat<br />
and <strong>with</strong> a thin and pale but never<strong>the</strong>less distinct margin, soon convex and<br />
immarginate; disc pale brown to bluish grey, sometimes almost mauvish<br />
(some specimens show a patchwork <strong>of</strong> pale brown and bluish grey apo<strong>the</strong>cia).<br />
Excipulum distinct but not exceeding 15 μm in thickness, <strong>with</strong> elliptical to<br />
polyhedral lumina, arranged in upright rows, never forming a typical<br />
paraplectenchymatous tissue (isodiametric lumina), hyaline but <strong>with</strong> a brownish<br />
to greenish colour in <strong>the</strong> zone adjacent to <strong>the</strong> hymenium. Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium less<br />
than 10 μm thick, dark brown, K+ greenish brown to aeruginose green,<br />
usually <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> K+ reaction restricted to <strong>the</strong> central and basal parts.<br />
Hama<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>of</strong> branched and anastomosed paraphyses, 1–1·5 μm thick,<br />
much branched in <strong>the</strong> upper parts to form a densely interwoven network<br />
around <strong>the</strong> ascus tops and in <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>cium. Asci <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma-type<br />
(sensu Hafellner 1984: 315), 30–4012–16 μm, 8-spored. Ascospores<br />
oblong-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, sometimes deformed, rarely<br />
tapering towards one end, sometimes <strong>with</strong> a thin perispore, 3(–5)-septate,<br />
16–25(–28)3–4 μm (one spore seen reached 314 μm), several times seen<br />
<strong>with</strong> germinating tubes at one end while in <strong>the</strong> asci.
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 201<br />
FIG. 1. Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Spier W5030), pycnidia producing long and filiform conidia, at<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir early stage <strong>of</strong> development in spore-producing apo<strong>the</strong>cia. A, Marginal section; B, Radial<br />
section, a fully-developed ascus is clearly seen in <strong>the</strong> centre. Scale=0·1 mm.
202 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
FIG. 2. Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Spier W5030), pycnidium producing long and filiform conidia,<br />
at its early stage <strong>of</strong> development in a spore-producing apo<strong>the</strong>cium. Radial section; several asci are<br />
still producing ascospores. Scale=0·1 mm.<br />
Pycnidia <strong>of</strong> two types: (i) usually present, producing long and filiform<br />
conidia (macroconidia) and (ii) abundant or totally absent, producing small<br />
bacilliform conidia (microconidia).<br />
(i) Conidiogenous layer first appearing as a circlet deep in spore-producing<br />
apo<strong>the</strong>cia, in <strong>the</strong> basal zone between <strong>the</strong> hypo<strong>the</strong>cium and <strong>the</strong> excipulum,<br />
rapidly expanding and producing conidia, and ejecting <strong>the</strong> hymenium and<br />
hama<strong>the</strong>cium, which degenerate and finally disappear; some time after <strong>the</strong><br />
appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conidia, <strong>the</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> excipulum (=apo<strong>the</strong>cial<br />
margin) starts growing upwards long, thin-walled hyphae, gently tapering<br />
towards <strong>the</strong>ir top and thus forming a vertical to oblique cylinder <strong>of</strong> ‘palisadic’<br />
hyphae <strong>with</strong> a fimbriate rim at <strong>the</strong> top, and containing <strong>the</strong> conidia; mature<br />
pycnidia 0·1–0·15 mm diam. and up to 0·2 mm in height, but usually not<br />
exceeding 0·1 mm; in <strong>the</strong> best developed ones, <strong>the</strong> conidial mass is seen as a<br />
translucent ball under <strong>the</strong> dissecting microscope, whereas in eroded or in<br />
dying pycnidia, conidia and/or <strong>the</strong> ‘palisadic’ hyphae can be totally absent;<br />
conidiogenous cells elongate, 10–203–5 μm. Conidia long, filiform-sigmoid,<br />
non-septate, sometimes irregularly twisted and <strong>with</strong> a swollen end, 20–45<br />
1–1·5 μm.<br />
(ii) Sessile and globose, sometimes deformed, usually constricted at <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
base, 0·05–0·08 mm diam., sometimes <strong>with</strong> a glut <strong>of</strong> conidia at <strong>the</strong>ir apical
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 203<br />
ostiole; wall green-brown to bluish green; conidiogenous cells carpeting <strong>the</strong><br />
base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pycnidium, elongated-polyhedral. Conidia rare or numerous,<br />
bacilliform to cylindrical, sometimes narrowly ellipsoid, <strong>of</strong>ten deformed (<strong>with</strong><br />
swollen parts, irregularly bent), 4–80·5–1 μm (in some specimens, conidia<br />
reaching 10–131 μm are present, mixed <strong>with</strong> ‘normal’ ones).<br />
Notes: Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola is usually difficult to detect on any substratum<br />
on which it can grow: it rarely forms a dominant feature <strong>of</strong> any<br />
community, its thallus is easily passed over as a dying crust and its apo<strong>the</strong>cia<br />
are tiny and <strong>with</strong>out any brightness <strong>of</strong> colour. The best criterion to identify it<br />
is to search for <strong>the</strong> pycnidia producing macroconidia. They are usually present<br />
and highly characteristic: <strong>the</strong> ‘palisadic’ hyphae in <strong>the</strong> pycnidia are, to our<br />
knowledge, unique for European and Macaronesian <strong>lichens</strong>.<br />
Long, filiform-sigmoid conidia are not common in crustose <strong>lichens</strong>; <strong>the</strong>re is<br />
a risk <strong>of</strong> confusion <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> Micarea peliocarpa-group (Coppins 1983: 99 &<br />
112), which also produce long and curved conidia and which can also have<br />
pale bluish apo<strong>the</strong>cia <strong>with</strong> 3-septate ascospores. They are easily distinguished<br />
by <strong>the</strong>ir apo<strong>the</strong>cium size (mostly over 0·2 mm diam., and reaching at least<br />
0·4 mm diam.; such sizes are never reached in F. myrtillicola), by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
excipulum (made <strong>of</strong> richly branched and anastomosing, radiating hyphae,<br />
never <strong>with</strong> elliptical-polyhedral lumina as in F. myrtillicola), by <strong>the</strong>ir thallus<br />
and apo<strong>the</strong>cia reacting C+ red (production <strong>of</strong> gyrophoric acid, which is absent<br />
in F. myrtillicola) and by <strong>the</strong>ir pycnidia, not arising <strong>from</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia and devoid<br />
<strong>of</strong> any ‘palisadic’ hyphae.<br />
The species can also be confused <strong>with</strong> immature or foliicolous forms <strong>of</strong><br />
Byssoloma marginatum (Arnold) Sérus.; <strong>the</strong> differences between <strong>the</strong>se species<br />
are provided in <strong>the</strong> following paragraph, under <strong>the</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t<br />
gorgonea.<br />
Notes on <strong>the</strong> Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Epi<strong>the</strong>ts<br />
—myrtillicola. This epi<strong>the</strong>t was introduced simultaneously <strong>with</strong> myriocarpa<br />
by Erichsen and was adopted for <strong>the</strong> species dealt <strong>with</strong> here by Jacobsen &<br />
Coppins (1989: 258) on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> Art. 57.2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ICBN. It was erroneously<br />
used by Hafellner (in Vězda Lich. Sel. Exs. No. 2358 & 2359, 1989) and by<br />
Poelt & Vězda (1990: 389) for Fellhanera subtilis (Vězda) Diederich & Sérus.<br />
This error has been detected by Diederich et al. (1991: 3) and by Arup &<br />
Ekman (1994: 37–38). The type specimen <strong>of</strong> Bacidia myrtillicola has already<br />
been studied by Coppins (1983: 196).<br />
This epi<strong>the</strong>t has been scarcely used in <strong>the</strong> literature: apart <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
examination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Erichsen’s original collections by Coppins (1983: 196) and<br />
by Jacobsen & Coppins (1989: 258–259), we have noted <strong>the</strong> records by<br />
Benfield (1992: 42; specimen checked), Jacobsen (1992: 78; one specimen<br />
seen), and by Arup & Ekman (1994; specimens examined).<br />
—myriocarpa. I had <strong>the</strong> opportunity to study <strong>the</strong> type collection as well as<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r specimen mentioned by Jacobsen & Coppins (1989: 259): ‘Same<br />
locality [as <strong>the</strong> lectotype], 12 iv 1937, C. F. E. Erichsen’ (HBG). Bacidia<br />
myriocarpa Vězda (Vězda 1975a: 123–124) is a later homonym, and is now<br />
regarded as a synonym <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera rhapidophylli (Rehm) Vězda.
204 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
—perpusilloides. B. J. Coppins (Coppins 1983: 196) has examined <strong>the</strong><br />
lectotype and paratypes. A fur<strong>the</strong>r specimen annotated Bacidia nitschkeana<br />
var. perpusilloides by Erichsen (‘Kreis Lanenburg, an jungen Fichtenzweigen<br />
im Sachsenwald, 11 v 1924, C. F. E. Erichsen’, HBG) has also been examined:<br />
it contains only Fellhanera subtilis and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Graewe ex<br />
Stenh.) Vězda.<br />
—buxi. The type collection is plentiful and I have been able to examine<br />
several parts <strong>of</strong> it; moreover I visited <strong>the</strong> locality in 1985 and again in 1989,<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> P. W. James, F. Rose and J. Vivant. This population shows all<br />
<strong>the</strong> characters <strong>of</strong> Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola: thallus, apo<strong>the</strong>cia and both types <strong>of</strong><br />
pycnidia. Some isotypes distributed in <strong>the</strong> Vězda Lich. Sel. Exs. may be<br />
disconcerting as <strong>the</strong>y exuberantly produce apo<strong>the</strong>cia that are pale brown and<br />
lack <strong>the</strong> typical bluish tinge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species; moreover in such specimens, <strong>the</strong><br />
pycnidia <strong>with</strong> filiform conidia are absent. O<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>the</strong> collections ga<strong>the</strong>red<br />
in this locality are typical.<br />
A great deal <strong>of</strong> confusion is present in <strong>the</strong> literature concerning <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong><br />
this epi<strong>the</strong>t: <strong>the</strong> specimens mentioned under this name <strong>from</strong> Tenerife<br />
(Lumbsch & Vězda 1992: 25) belong to Fellhanera christiansenii Sérus. &<br />
Vězda (see below); those mentioned <strong>from</strong> S Austria (Poelt & Vězda 1992: 243;<br />
specimens seen, GZU!) are typical Fellhanera subtilis, and those reported <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> western Caucasus (Vězda 1983: 63; specimens seen, LG and hb. Vězda!)<br />
belong to a fur<strong>the</strong>r, still undescribed species <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera. Indeed, <strong>the</strong>se<br />
Caucasian specimens have a typical paraplectenchymatous excipulum and<br />
pyriform to obclavate conidia. E. Sérusiaux will deal <strong>with</strong> this taxon as soon as<br />
its relationships <strong>with</strong> a foliicolous population <strong>of</strong> a puzzling Fellhanera <strong>from</strong><br />
Spain/Cataluña are solved. The material mentioned <strong>from</strong> Costa Rica by<br />
Lücking (1992: 136; Costa Rica, Lücking 88-158, hb. Lücking!) is too scanty<br />
for a definite identification but <strong>the</strong>re is no doubt it is not Fellhaneropsis<br />
myrtillicola. Fellhanera buxi has also been reported in very small quantity on<br />
Calluna stems in Ireland (McCarthy et al. 1985: 96) but <strong>the</strong> material received<br />
on loan (1978, M. G. C. Schouten, GALW!) does not contain this species.<br />
Associate foliicolous species at <strong>the</strong> type locality include: Woessia chloroticula<br />
(Nyl.) comb. ined. (=Bacidia chloroticula (Nyl.) A. L. Sm.), Byssoloma<br />
leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vainio, Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda <strong>with</strong><br />
Wentiomyces lichenicola (Hansf.) D. Hawksw. subsp. bouteillei Bricaud et al.<br />
(Roux et al. 1994: 473) growing on its thallus, Porina hoehneliana (Jaap) R.<br />
Sant., P. leptosperma Müll. Arg. and P. oxneri R. Sant. Phorophytes are<br />
cladodes <strong>of</strong> Ruscus aculeatus, leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus sempervirens and <strong>of</strong> introduced<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Elaeagnus and <strong>of</strong> Diospyros. Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola grows on leaves<br />
<strong>of</strong> Buxus and <strong>of</strong> Elaeagnus.<br />
—gorgonea. The type collection (GZU!), which is plentiful and covers ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
large parts <strong>of</strong> needles and twigs <strong>of</strong> Abies, is a mixture <strong>of</strong> Byssoloma marginatum<br />
(Arnold) Sérus. and <strong>of</strong> Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola. The original <strong>description</strong><br />
(Poelt & Vězda 1992: 241–242) is based on <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma for <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia<br />
and on <strong>the</strong> Fellhaneropsis for <strong>the</strong> pycnidia. The only pycnidia present (<strong>with</strong><br />
macroconidia) are very typical <strong>of</strong> F. myrtillicola and show almost all stages<br />
between immature ones and ‘fully-mature’ ones <strong>with</strong> a glut <strong>of</strong> macroconidia
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 205<br />
raised between <strong>the</strong> typical walls <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species’ pycnidia, including <strong>the</strong> circlet<br />
<strong>of</strong> elongate thin-walled hyphae (named ‘Palisaden-Hyphen’ by Poelt & Vězda;<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir fig. 1, pv is an old, collapsing pycnidium).<br />
Two different types <strong>of</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia are present: those <strong>of</strong> F. myrtillicola,<br />
distinctly constricted at <strong>the</strong>ir base, <strong>with</strong> almost immarginate, convex, pale<br />
bluish and sometimes pale brown discs, and those <strong>of</strong> B. marginatum, almost<br />
sessile, <strong>with</strong> flat, clearly marginate (swollen, livid pale bluish grey), and<br />
bluish grey discs. Sections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia <strong>of</strong> both species are very similar,<br />
especially as <strong>the</strong> asci both belong to <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma-type (sensu Hafellner 1984:<br />
315) and as <strong>the</strong> hypo<strong>the</strong>cium pigment is closely related (K+ greenish brown<br />
to green-aeruginose in F. myrtillicola and K+ dark aeruginose, or greenish<br />
brown to purple-brown in B. marginatum). Only a detailed study can give<br />
prominence to <strong>the</strong> differences: in F. myrtillicola, <strong>the</strong> excipulum is made <strong>of</strong><br />
hyphae <strong>with</strong> elliptical to polyhedral lumina, arranged in upright rows (in<br />
squash preparations, it is usually possible to see fragments that can be<br />
described as paraplectenchymatous) while in B. marginatum, <strong>the</strong> excipulum is<br />
made <strong>of</strong> tightly interwoven hyphae that separate <strong>with</strong> difficulty in a KOH<br />
solution. In <strong>the</strong> type collection, <strong>the</strong> original authors have separated an<br />
Abies needle <strong>with</strong> typical apo<strong>the</strong>cia <strong>of</strong> B. marginatum in a small envelope,<br />
labelled as ‘Holo’. They describe <strong>the</strong> excipulum as ‘prosoplektenchymatisch,<br />
die strahlig angeordneten Hyphen dicht meist ungeteilt’, which clearly points<br />
to B. marginatum, and <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>description</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ascospores (‘<strong>of</strong>t schlecht<br />
entwickelt, ellipsoid oder ellipsoid-spindelig, <strong>of</strong>t an einem Ende verschmälert,<br />
3-, selten 1-septiert, 14–183–3·5 μm’) is a perfect one for young stages <strong>of</strong> B.<br />
marginatum. Indeed, this usually corticolous species normally produces ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
large apo<strong>the</strong>cia (up to 0·5–0·7 mm diam.) <strong>with</strong> ellipsoid, straight or hardly<br />
curved, 3-septate ascospores, measuring when fully mature 20–224–5 μm.<br />
However, <strong>the</strong> species is also foliicolous (especially in <strong>Madeira</strong>) and <strong>the</strong>n<br />
rapidly produces apo<strong>the</strong>cia <strong>with</strong> ascospores that are 1–3-septate, curved,<br />
attenuated at one end and measure 12–183–4 μm. Field experience <strong>of</strong> that<br />
species in <strong>Madeira</strong> shows that this is only an immature stage. The ascospores<br />
<strong>of</strong> F. myrtillicola very quickly reach <strong>the</strong>ir final septation and dimensions, and<br />
are oblong-fusiform, straight or slightly curved, rarely tapering towards one<br />
end, 3(–5)-septate, 16–25(–28)3–4 μm; usually <strong>the</strong>re is no problem in<br />
distinguishing between both species on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> mature ascospores.<br />
Poelt & Vězda (1992) obviously based <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>new</strong> species on <strong>the</strong> pycnidia<br />
producing long and filiform conidia. In spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir marking <strong>of</strong> an Abies<br />
needle <strong>with</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia <strong>of</strong> Byssoloma marginatum as <strong>the</strong> holotype, we lectotypify<br />
<strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t gorgonea on <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia and pycnidia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species named<br />
Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola in this paper. This decision is in accordance <strong>with</strong> art.<br />
9.10 <strong>of</strong> ICBN. However, we could have decided to follow Rec. 9 A.3 <strong>of</strong> ICBN<br />
and lectotypify <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t on <strong>the</strong> material marked as ‘holotype’; in this case,<br />
Bacidia gorgonea would have become a synonym <strong>of</strong> Byssoloma marginatum<br />
(Arnold) Sérus.<br />
Pending a final decision on <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> myrtillicola, buxi and gorgonea, E.<br />
Sérusiaux has used this latter epi<strong>the</strong>t to name specimens <strong>from</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn France<br />
submitted to him by Dr C. Roux. They have been published under that name<br />
(Bricaud et al. 1993: 100).
206 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
—Lecidea quintula Ny., Flora 48: 5 (1865). Type: France, Brest, on stem <strong>of</strong><br />
Calluna, Crouan (H-NYL 19061, 19062 & 19063—syntypi!).<br />
Dr C. Printzen kindly drew my attention to this forgotten name and<br />
arranged for <strong>the</strong> loan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> syntypes preserved in H. All syntypes contain<br />
fragments <strong>of</strong> a species that might be Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola. A short<br />
<strong>description</strong> follows: thallus thin, greyish; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·16–0·35(–0·4) mm<br />
diam., convex and <strong>with</strong>out margin, dark brown to black; excipulum <strong>of</strong><br />
outwardly radiating hyphae <strong>with</strong> polyhedral lumina; hypo<strong>the</strong>cium brown,<br />
<strong>with</strong> a K+ olivaceous reaction; hama<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>of</strong> branched and anastomosed<br />
paraphyses; asci <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma-type; ascospores oblong-fusiform,<br />
3–5-septate, <strong>with</strong> a thin perispore, 20–263–4(–4·5) μm, some <strong>with</strong> a<br />
germinating tube.<br />
This <strong>description</strong> clearly points to Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, except for a few<br />
details regarding <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia (size and colour). I do not know <strong>of</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
European species <strong>with</strong> Byssoloma-type asci and such long ascospores to which<br />
<strong>the</strong>se collections may be referred, and <strong>the</strong>ir ecology (epiphytic on Calluna<br />
stem) is compatible <strong>with</strong> that <strong>of</strong> F. myrtillicola (see below). I have, however,<br />
refrained <strong>from</strong> using this epi<strong>the</strong>t (which is much older than myrtillicola) for <strong>the</strong><br />
following reasons: <strong>the</strong> type material is very scanty and obviously badly<br />
preserved, and does not allow a thorough investigation; no pycnidia can be<br />
found on <strong>the</strong>m (macroconidia are definitely <strong>the</strong> best criterion to identify<br />
F. myrtillicola); <strong>the</strong> colour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thallus are not typical <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> species (but <strong>the</strong>se features might be explained by <strong>the</strong> bad preservation <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> material); <strong>the</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia size is abnormal for <strong>the</strong> species (but this may be<br />
explained by its growing on a much more stable substratum than twigs and<br />
leaves); and <strong>the</strong> flora <strong>of</strong> Calluna stems in Brittany is very poorly documented<br />
and may yield fur<strong>the</strong>r, little studied species. I have, <strong>the</strong>refore, decided to wait<br />
until fresh data on this flora are available to decide upon <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> Lecidea<br />
quintula Nyl.<br />
The syntype H-NYL 19061 also contains fragments <strong>of</strong> Byssoloma subdiscordans,<br />
and H-NYL 19062 has poor but typical (apo<strong>the</strong>cia and pycnidia)<br />
B. marginatum. As <strong>the</strong> protologue says that <strong>the</strong> ascospores are 5-septate and<br />
measure 21–255–6 μm, it is clear that Nylander was not dealing <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
two species in describing Lecidea quintula.<br />
Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, as circumscribed in this paper, is a widespread but<br />
overlooked species. It is now known <strong>from</strong> western and central Europe, and<br />
<strong>from</strong> Macaronesia. I expect that more attention to this tiny species will<br />
demonstrate that it is not rare in suitable habitats. As is <strong>the</strong> case <strong>with</strong> several<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r ‘foliicolous’ <strong>lichens</strong>, such as Fellhanera bouteillei, Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola<br />
is a weak competitor but is able to proliferate on quite different substrata in<br />
very different habitats, including semi-natural disturbed ones.<br />
It is known on acidic rocks in W England and N Germany (Jacobsen 1992:<br />
78), in shaded and humid environments. It grows on Vaccinium twigs in dense<br />
thickets at forest margins or inside forests in S Sweden (see Arup & Ekman<br />
1994 for more details) and in <strong>the</strong> Belgian Ardennes. In central Germany, it has<br />
recently been found in Calluna twigs in a cemetery, which clearly shows that<br />
<strong>the</strong> species is able to invade highly artificial habitats. It is also present on Abies
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 207<br />
twigs in hilly or mountainous areas <strong>of</strong> Germany, Austria and <strong>of</strong> Calabria in<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Italy; its ecology in such habitats is thoroughly described by Poelt &<br />
Vězda (1992). It is also present on Buxus leaves and twigs in S Belgium, in<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn (s. lat.) France and in <strong>the</strong> eastern parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spanish Pyrenees. In<br />
Belgium, <strong>the</strong> locality is <strong>the</strong> last remnants <strong>of</strong> Buxus shrubs at <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> a<br />
humid, shaded valley (a more detailed account <strong>of</strong> this fascinating site is in<br />
preparation by P. van den Boom and E. Sérusiaux), while in France and in<br />
Spain, it tolerates drier and fluctuating conditions in <strong>the</strong> summer but<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less requires a very humid atmosphere at certain periods <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year,<br />
at least during winter (O. Bricaud is studying <strong>the</strong> ecological conditions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
numerous sites <strong>with</strong> a foliicolous lichen flora in Provence/France). In <strong>the</strong><br />
laurisilva <strong>of</strong> Tenerife and <strong>Madeira</strong>, it develops only small, dispersed and<br />
ill-looking thalli; it is obviously unable to compete <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> most common<br />
foliicolous species (Byssoloma and Fellhanera species) and is sometimes <strong>the</strong><br />
only species present, usually along <strong>the</strong> main vein, toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> Gyalectidium<br />
colchicum, which grows mainly on <strong>the</strong> leaf surface.<br />
Additional specimens examined: Sweden: Västergötland, Kinnarumma par.: Flenstorp, mixed<br />
coniferous-deciduous forest, on twigs <strong>of</strong> Vaccinium myrtillus, viii 1993, Arup & Ekman (LD).<br />
Småland, Annerstad par.: V. Ringabergsholmen, small islet <strong>of</strong> damp Picea-Populus forest in a large<br />
bog, on twigs <strong>of</strong> V. myrtillus, vi 1993, Arup & Ekman (LD); Hemmesjö par.: c. 200 m SSW <strong>of</strong><br />
Vitarör, on small twigs <strong>of</strong> Frangula alnus in a ra<strong>the</strong>r old Picea forest, vii 1993, Arup (LD); 650 m<br />
NW <strong>of</strong> Fridhem, E <strong>of</strong> Store mosse, old coniferous forest, on twigs <strong>of</strong> V. myrtillus, iii 1994, Arup<br />
(LD); c. 500 m S <strong>of</strong> Vitarör, ra<strong>the</strong>r old Picea forest, on twigs <strong>of</strong> V. myrtillus, vi 1993, Arup (LD).<br />
Skåne, Örkened par.: Nytebodaskogen, at Lommagylet, old Picea forest, on twigs <strong>of</strong> V. myrtillus,<br />
xii 1993, Ekman (LD).—Germany: See type collections Bacidia myriocarpa and <strong>of</strong> Bacidia<br />
nitschkeana var. perpusilloides. ‘An Zweigen junger Fichten am Nordosthange der Kalkenberges,<br />
bei Klangenfurt’, s.d., J. Steiner (B); ano<strong>the</strong>r specimen is preserved in B but <strong>the</strong> label is illegible.<br />
Feldweg zwischen Emkendort und Brux, an Steinen auf einem flachen, erdbebedeckten Blockwall<br />
am Waldrand sowie an Steinem unmittlebar auf den Waldboden, iv 1989, Jacobsen 6122 (E).<br />
Nord-Niedersaschen, LK Harburg, cemetery in Lübberstedt, on Calluna twigs, ix 1994, G. Ernst<br />
s.n. (E).—Great Britain: N Devon, v.c.4: Oakford, near Spurway Baston, Combe Water, on top<br />
<strong>of</strong> a stream boulder, 1992, Benfield s.n. (E).—Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands: Den Treek, 4 km SE <strong>of</strong> Amersfoort,<br />
on Vaccinium myrtillus, ii 1994, Spier W5030 (hb. Spier).—Belgium: Namur prov.: Waulsort,<br />
Fonds des Vaux, small wooded valley <strong>with</strong> mature Buxus sempervirens, on twigs and leaves <strong>of</strong><br />
Buxus, 14 iv 1993, van den Boom 13871 (hb. van den Boom); ibid., vi 1994, Sérusiaux s.n.,<br />
Diederich 4996 & van den Boom (LG, hb. Diederich). Luxembourg prov.: Anlier, rivulet ‘Fond du<br />
Gris B<strong>of</strong>fet’, shrubs <strong>of</strong> Calluna vulgaris and <strong>of</strong> Vaccinium myrtillus by a disused meadow, on twigs<br />
<strong>of</strong> Calluna and Vaccinium, x 1988, Sérusiaux 10246a (LG).—Austria: see type collection <strong>of</strong><br />
Bacidia gorgonea.—France: see type collection <strong>of</strong> Bacidia buxi. Dépt. Isère: Cognin-les-Gorges,<br />
Gorges <strong>of</strong> Nant, dense wood <strong>with</strong> Buxus sempervirens and Corylus avellana, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus,<br />
viii 1986, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG). Dépt. Aveyron: Gorges <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lot, along <strong>the</strong> road to Issac and<br />
Florentin-la-Chapelle, dense wood <strong>with</strong> B. sempervirens, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus, viii 1986, Sérusiaux<br />
s.n. (LG). Dépt. Pyrénées-Occidentales: Sauveterre-le-Béarn, île sur le Gave d’Oloron, disturbed<br />
forest <strong>with</strong> mature B. sempervirens, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus, vii 1985, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG); ibid., on<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus and <strong>of</strong> Elaeagnus, vii 1989, Sérusiaux s.n. <strong>with</strong> James, Rose & Vivant (LG) (type<br />
locality <strong>of</strong> Bacidia buxi); Ste-Engrâce, Gorges <strong>of</strong> Ujarre, mixed vegetation <strong>with</strong> B. sempervirens and<br />
Corylus avellana, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus, 18 vii 1991, Diederich & Etayo (LG). Dépt. Vaucluse:<br />
Méthamis, ‘vallon Peynier’, dense shrubs <strong>of</strong> B. sempervirens in a disturbed wood, on leaves <strong>of</strong><br />
Buxus 3 v 1989, Roux s.n. <strong>with</strong> Bricaud & Clauzade (MARSSJ, LG); ibid., vii 1993, Sérusiaux s.n.<br />
<strong>with</strong> Bricaud & Roux (LG); Petit Lubéron, Ménherbes, small valley E <strong>of</strong> Mau Vallon, dense<br />
shrubs <strong>of</strong> B. sempervirens in a Quercus pubescens wood, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus, vii 1993, Sérusiaux s.n.<br />
<strong>with</strong> Bricaud & Roux (LG); Petit Lubéron, Sivergues, Chantebelle, ‘vallon de l’enfer’, dense<br />
shrubs <strong>of</strong> B. sempervirens, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus, vii 1993, Sérusiaux s.n. <strong>with</strong> Bricaud & Roux<br />
(LG).—Spain: Catalyuña, Girona prov.: Oïx, Riera d’Oïx, forest <strong>with</strong> B. sempervirens and Quercus<br />
pubescens, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Buxus, ii 1991, Etayo (hb. Etayo, LG).—Italy: Calabria: Vibo Valentia,
208 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
Serra San Bruno, nel Bosco di Santa Maria, on needles <strong>of</strong> Abies, iv 1993 and vi 1993, Puntillo s.n.<br />
(LG).—<strong>Madeira</strong>: Along <strong>the</strong> levada between Ribeiro Frio and Lombo Capitâo Mormo, on leaves<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lauraceae, vi 1952, H. Persson 98 (S); Ribeiro Frio, along <strong>the</strong> levada de Portela, disturbed<br />
laurisilva along <strong>the</strong> river, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Lauraceae and <strong>of</strong> an unknown introduced shrub, ii 1988,<br />
Sérusiaux s.n. (LG, 2 specimens); Châo do Louros, N <strong>of</strong> Encumeada pass, disturbed laurisilva, on<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> Clethra arborea, ii 1988, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG); Châo do Louros, little disturbed laurisilva,<br />
on fronds <strong>of</strong> Trichomanes speciosum, v 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG); Casa das Queimadas, track to<br />
Caldeirâo Verde, disturbed laurisilva, on Lauraceae, v 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG); Riba do<br />
Seixal, S <strong>of</strong> Seixal, pristine laurisilva, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Lauraceae, v 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG).—<br />
Canary Islands: Tenerife: Montaña de Anaga, near Pico del Inglés, laurisilva, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Ilex<br />
canariensis, xii 1978, Arvidsson s.n. (GB).<br />
Fellhaneropsis vezdae (Coppins & James) Sérus. & Coppins comb.<br />
nov.<br />
Bacidia vezdae Coppins & James, Lichenologist 10: 190 (1978). Fellhanera vezdae (Coppins &<br />
James) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs: 511 (1987).<br />
Type: Great Britain, England, West Sussex, Midhurst, ad corticem Querci, 8 December 1970,<br />
Coppins & Rose s.n. (BM—holotypus!).<br />
Illustrations: Coppins & James (1978: 192, fig. 2).<br />
A thorough <strong>description</strong> <strong>of</strong> this species is provided by Coppins & James<br />
(1978: 190–194). There is no doubt that this species is congeneric <strong>with</strong><br />
myrtillicola as it has <strong>the</strong> same type <strong>of</strong> ascus structure, <strong>of</strong> ascospores and conidia.<br />
The main differences are <strong>the</strong> colour <strong>of</strong> its apo<strong>the</strong>cia (livid brown to pinkish<br />
brown versus bluish to pale brown in myrtillicola) that frequently become<br />
tuberculate (very rarely in myrtillicola), <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> any K reaction in <strong>the</strong><br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>cium (usually K+ greenish brown to green-aeruginose in myrtillicola),<br />
<strong>the</strong> septation and <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> its ascospores [(3–)5–7, 30–35(–42)3–4·5 μm<br />
versus 3(–5), 16–283–4 μm inmyrtillicola]. The relationships between both<br />
species were already highlighted by Coppins (1983: 196; under Bacidia<br />
nitschkeana var. perpusilloides).<br />
Although many collections were carefully examined, we are not able to<br />
demonstrate, as is <strong>the</strong> case in Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, that <strong>the</strong> pycnidia arise<br />
<strong>with</strong>in ascospore-producing apo<strong>the</strong>cia and that <strong>the</strong> ‘excipulum’ elongate to<br />
form a circlet <strong>of</strong> raised hyphae around <strong>the</strong> ostiole. There are however clues<br />
that <strong>the</strong> pycnidia <strong>of</strong> F. vezdae derive <strong>from</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia: <strong>the</strong> pycnidial wall has <strong>the</strong><br />
same structure as <strong>the</strong> excipulum and <strong>the</strong> same pale brown K pigment, and<br />
well-preserved pycnidia have a ‘fimbriate rim’ (as already pointed by Coppins<br />
& James 1978: 191).<br />
Fellhaneropsis vezdae is known <strong>from</strong> western and central Europe (Purvis et al.<br />
1992: 112), usually growing on bark, and more rarely on bryophytes, o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>lichens</strong> or rock. It usually occurs in shaded habitats and tolerates a moderately<br />
polluted atmosphere. In <strong>Madeira</strong>, this species has been found several times in<br />
<strong>the</strong> laurisilva, but always in small quantities on living leaves, including<br />
Trichomanes speciosum fronds. It has just been reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> by Kalb<br />
& Hafellner (1992: 64) growing on branches <strong>of</strong> Erica arborea.<br />
Byssoloma kalbii Sérus. sp. nov.<br />
Foliicola Byssoloma species insignis apo<strong>the</strong>ciis minutissimis et albidis, hypo<strong>the</strong>cio hyalino et<br />
pycnidiis albidis.
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 209<br />
FIG. 3. Byssoloma kalbii (holotype), thallus <strong>with</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia and pycnidia on frond <strong>of</strong> Trichomanes<br />
speciosum. A, General view; B, Young apo<strong>the</strong>cia; C, Ripe apo<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>with</strong> marginal pycnidia.<br />
Scale=1 mm.<br />
Type: Portugal, <strong>Madeira</strong>, S <strong>of</strong> Seixal, Riba do Seixal, alt. 300–400 m, little disturbed laurisilva,<br />
on fronds <strong>of</strong> Trichomanes speciosum growing on <strong>the</strong> ground, May 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG—<br />
holotypus).
210 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
Thallus epiphyllous, farinose but ra<strong>the</strong>r compact, <strong>with</strong> an irregular surface,<br />
matt, pale green <strong>with</strong> tinges <strong>of</strong> yellow or blue, continuous over <strong>the</strong> leaf<br />
surface. Photobiont: most probably a species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chlorococcaceae, <strong>with</strong><br />
spherical, green cells, 5–12 μm diam.<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia usually numerous, sometimes absent, circular when young,<br />
eventually becoming lobulate, <strong>with</strong> an irregular edge, 0·15–0·2(–0·3) mm<br />
diam., less than 0·1 mm in height, <strong>with</strong>out any distinct margin, disc very pale<br />
to pale brownish orange, almost white when young; becoming brownish when<br />
old, flat or convex. Excipulum poorly developed, best seen in young apo<strong>the</strong>cia,<br />
almost absent in older ones, hyaline and <strong>with</strong>out crystals, made <strong>of</strong> a loose<br />
network <strong>of</strong> branched and anastomosed hyphae, cells <strong>with</strong>out any swelling at<br />
<strong>the</strong> margin. Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium hyaline, less than 10 μm thick. Hama<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>of</strong><br />
branched and anastomosed paraphyses. Asci <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma-type (sensu<br />
Hafellner 1984: 315), 35–4510–15 μm, 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoid,<br />
3-septate, not constricted at <strong>the</strong>ir septa, <strong>with</strong> a distinct gelatinous halo,<br />
10–142·5–4 μm.<br />
Pycnidia always numerous, sessile, globose, usually distinctly constricted at<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir base, 0·1–0·15 mm high, 0·05–0·1 mm diam., sometimes <strong>with</strong> a spherical<br />
glut <strong>of</strong> conidia at <strong>the</strong>ir apical ostiole, wall white to very pale brown. Conidia<br />
numerous, bifusiform to slightly clavate, 4–51–1·5 μm.<br />
Byssoloma kalbii belongs to a small group <strong>of</strong> foliicolous Byssoloma species<br />
<strong>with</strong> tiny apo<strong>the</strong>cia almost devoid <strong>of</strong> a margin and <strong>with</strong> 3-septate ascospores.<br />
These species are weak competitors and are usually present in atypical niches,<br />
such as <strong>the</strong> leaf margins or <strong>the</strong> fronds <strong>of</strong> fragile ferns, or at early stages <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> colonization <strong>of</strong> leaves by foliicolous organisms. Byssoloma kalbii is easily<br />
distinguished <strong>from</strong> related species by <strong>the</strong> very pale apo<strong>the</strong>cia, hyaline<br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>cium and <strong>the</strong> abundant, white globose pycnidia.<br />
The related species are (Vězda 1975b: 426–427, Kalb & Vězda 1990:<br />
445–447, Barillas & Lücking 1991: 314, Lücking 1992: 143):<br />
—Byssoloma subpolychromum Vězda, known <strong>from</strong> Africa/Tanzania and Zaïre<br />
and <strong>from</strong> ‘Amerika’ (fide Vězda 1987: 74, but not mentioned in Kalb & Vězda<br />
1990), and which has pale brown to brown apo<strong>the</strong>cia, 0·3–0·5 mm diam. and<br />
a dark brown hypo<strong>the</strong>cium. Pycnidia are also abundant and have a dark brown<br />
wall.<br />
—Byssoloma minutissimum Kalb & Vězda, widespread in Brazil, also found<br />
in Guatemala and Costa Rica, and which has pale ochre apo<strong>the</strong>cia, 0·15–<br />
0·2 mm diam. and a brown hypo<strong>the</strong>cium. Pycnidia have not yet been found in<br />
this species.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r data about species <strong>of</strong> Byssoloma <strong>with</strong> tiny apo<strong>the</strong>cia and hardly<br />
distinct excipulum not producing any crystals can be found in Farkas & Vězda<br />
(1993: 324).<br />
Byssoloma kalbii is known <strong>from</strong> only one locality in <strong>Madeira</strong>, where it<br />
colonizes <strong>the</strong> fronds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fern Trichomanes speciosum, growing on <strong>the</strong> ground;<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r foliicolous species present on <strong>the</strong> same phorophyte are Byssoloma<br />
leucoblepharum and Porina leptosperma. The Riba do Seixal shelters <strong>the</strong> best
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 211<br />
stand <strong>of</strong> laurisilva studied so far on <strong>Madeira</strong>; it is located at <strong>the</strong> lowest<br />
elevation seen for remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> laurisilva on <strong>the</strong> island.<br />
This <strong>new</strong> species is dedicated to Dr K. Kalb <strong>from</strong> Neumarkt (Germany)<br />
who, toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>. J. Hafellner, recently made an important contribution<br />
to <strong>the</strong> lichen flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> (Kalb & Hafellner 1992), including <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>description</strong> <strong>of</strong> several <strong>new</strong> taxa.<br />
Fellhanera seroexspectata Sérus. sp. nov.<br />
Foliicola Fellhanera species insignis thallo cum citrinis sorediis.<br />
Type: Portugal, <strong>Madeira</strong>, Casa de Queimadas, alt. 850–900 m, track towards Caldeirâo Verde,<br />
degraded laurisilva, on leaves <strong>of</strong> Lauraceae, mainly Laurus azorica and Persea indica, v 1992,<br />
Sérusiaux s.n. (LG—holotypus).<br />
(Fig. 4)<br />
Thallus epiphyllous, in <strong>the</strong> best preserved material formed <strong>of</strong> very tiny<br />
flattened greenish granules, tightly pressed against each o<strong>the</strong>r and forming a<br />
rugose surface when seen under high magnification (40), more loosely<br />
arranged at <strong>the</strong> thallus margin where <strong>the</strong>y are separated by a photobiont-free<br />
whitish prothallus, usually dark green but sometimes greyish to pale brown,<br />
sometimes almost absent or reduced to a thin uniform film. Photobiont most<br />
probably a species <strong>of</strong> Chlorococcaceae, <strong>with</strong> spherical, green cells, 6–12 μm<br />
diam. Soralia always present, circular, 0·2–0·3(–0·4) mm diam., usually<br />
distributed all over <strong>the</strong> thallus, but sometimes almost confluent in its centre or<br />
irregularly arranged at its margins, rarely dissolving into a soredial mass that<br />
spreads over <strong>the</strong> thallus surface, flattened or slightly convex, in <strong>the</strong> best<br />
preserved material distinctly crateriform <strong>with</strong> a thin membrane maintaining<br />
<strong>the</strong> soredia toge<strong>the</strong>r, citrine to greenish yellow when fresh, becoming more<br />
greenish when dry and almost losing any colour in old herbarium specimens<br />
(<strong>the</strong>n dirty white). Soredia farinose, formed <strong>of</strong> several (2–10) glomerules,<br />
each containing one algal cell when young (10–15 μm diam.) and up to 10<br />
when older (15–20 μm diam.) surrounded by globose or cylindrical hyphal<br />
filaments, <strong>with</strong> a few short hyphal projections, <strong>with</strong>out any pigmentation or<br />
crystals.<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia very rare, circular, 0·2–0·3(–0·5) mm diam., 0·15 mm in<br />
height, flat or slightly convex, <strong>with</strong> a dark brown disc, <strong>with</strong> a reddish hue and<br />
a non-prominent but persistent, paler margin. Excipulum well-developed,<br />
typically paraplectenchymatous, hyaline in sections, 50–60 μm thick under <strong>the</strong><br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>cium and less than 30 μm in lateral parts. Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium brownish,<br />
slightly reddish, <strong>with</strong>out any reaction in K. Hama<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>of</strong> coherent, simple<br />
or rarely branched paraphyses, slightly swollen at <strong>the</strong> spices, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
containing <strong>the</strong> pigment present in <strong>the</strong> hypo<strong>the</strong>cium. Asci <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Byssoloma-type<br />
(Hafellner 1984: 315), 50–6015 μm, 4–8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoid or<br />
nearly cylindrical, <strong>with</strong> rounded ends, 3–(4)-septate, not or very slightly<br />
constricted at <strong>the</strong> septa (even in a 10% KOH solution), <strong>with</strong> a thin gelatinous<br />
halo (best seen in KOH solution), (16–)19–225–7 μm.<br />
Pycnidia very rare, sessile, globose, slightly constricted at <strong>the</strong>ir base, 0·1–<br />
0·2 mm diam., wall dark bluish brown. Conidia usually numerous, bacilliform<br />
to ellipsoid but <strong>of</strong>ten deformed, sometimes slightly curved, 5–81–1·5 μm.
212 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
FIG. 4.Fellhanera seroexpectata (holotype). A, Thallus <strong>with</strong> apo<strong>the</strong>cia and soredia; B, Sterile<br />
thallus; C, Thallus <strong>with</strong> pycnidia (arrows) and soredia. Scale=1 mm.
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 213<br />
This <strong>new</strong> species clearly belongs to Fellhanera and is easily distinguished by<br />
<strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> soredia, a rare feature in foliicolous <strong>lichens</strong>. Although<br />
uncommon, it is easily detected in <strong>the</strong> field or in fresh material by its citrine or<br />
greenish yellow discrete soralia. The pigment that gives this characteristic<br />
colour has not been identified but <strong>the</strong> soralia do not react <strong>with</strong> K, C or P. The<br />
soredia can be described as consoredia as understood by Tønsberg (1992:<br />
34–37) as each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m consists <strong>of</strong> aggregated glomerules made <strong>of</strong> algal cells<br />
surrounded by globose to cylindrical hyphae. Although it could apply for each<br />
glomerule, <strong>the</strong> term goniocyst is avoided as it has been used for many different<br />
structures in <strong>the</strong> literature and I have suggested it should be restricted to <strong>the</strong><br />
diaspores produced in some foliicolous Opegrapha species (Sérusiaux 1985).<br />
A comprehensive key to all described foliicolous species <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera is<br />
provided below.<br />
Fellhanera seroexspectata is known only <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> where it is reported<br />
<strong>from</strong> several laurisilva localities on <strong>the</strong> island. It does not require undisturbed<br />
forests as I collected it at Ribeiro Frio in a severely degraded spot near <strong>the</strong><br />
tourist compound. It is not common but is usually seen as sterile thalli <strong>with</strong><br />
scattered yellowish soredia. I first found this species in 1978 when examining<br />
a small collection <strong>of</strong> foliicolous <strong>lichens</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>red at Ribeiro Frio by J.<br />
Duvigneaud, a Belgian botanist; <strong>the</strong> specimen has only three apo<strong>the</strong>cia and did<br />
not provide enough material for a good type specimen. I had to wait until May<br />
1992 to find a suitable specimen; <strong>from</strong> my point <strong>of</strong> view, <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t chosen to<br />
describe this attractive species (seroexspectata) is <strong>the</strong>refore appropriate.<br />
Additional specimens examined: <strong>Madeira</strong>: Ribeiro Frio, alt. 850 m, on Ruscus streptophyllus, vii<br />
1975, J. Duvigneaud 75.M.696 (LG); ibid., on leaves <strong>of</strong> Laurus azorica, xii 1979, Arvidsson (GB);<br />
ibid., ii 1988 and v 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG, 3 specimens); Châo de Louros, N <strong>of</strong> Encumeada<br />
pass, alt. 800 m, ii 1988 and v 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG, 3 specimens); Riba da Seixal, alt.<br />
300–400 m, v 1992, Sérusiaux s.n. (LG).<br />
Key to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Foliicolous</strong> Species <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera<br />
This key deals only <strong>with</strong> foliicolous species <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera Vězda, a typical<br />
representative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pilocarpaceae. The main apomorphy <strong>of</strong> this family, best<br />
represented in tropical and subtropical areas, is its ascus type, known as <strong>the</strong><br />
Byssoloma-type (see Hafellner 1984: 315).<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> family, Fellhanera is characterized by <strong>the</strong> paraplectenchymatous<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> its excipulum: solely species <strong>with</strong> such an excipulum are accepted<br />
in <strong>the</strong> genus and <strong>the</strong>refore included in <strong>the</strong> key. The only exception is<br />
F. stanhopeae, <strong>the</strong> excipulum structure <strong>of</strong> which is impossible to distinguish as<br />
it is filled <strong>with</strong> crystals. Both species <strong>of</strong> Fellhaneropsis are, however, included<br />
for <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> pycnidia may entail some confusion. Indeed <strong>the</strong> key is based<br />
on easily observable characters.<br />
The relationships between Fellhanera and Badimia Vězda, a genus suspected<br />
to belong to <strong>the</strong> Pilocarpaceae (Sérusiaux 1986: 6), are studied in detail by<br />
Lücking et al. (1994). Species that were mentioned as ‘ad int.’ by Lücking<br />
(1992: 136–138) and not formally described are not included in <strong>the</strong> key.<br />
I expect that many more species, ei<strong>the</strong>r foliicolous or corticolous, will be<br />
discovered in <strong>the</strong> future, especially in tropical regions.
214 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
1 Ascospores 1-septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
Ascospores <strong>with</strong> at least 3 septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
2(1) Pycnidia blue-grey, <strong>with</strong> a long beak, 0·15–0·3 mm long; apo<strong>the</strong>cia<br />
0·15–0·5 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a beige-brown to chocolate-brown disc<br />
and a persistent, beige, hardly prominent margin; ascospores<br />
9–12(–13)4–5 μm. Africa (Zimbabwe) . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera vandenberghenii (Sérus.) Vězda<br />
Pycnidia, if present, <strong>with</strong>out a long beak . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
3(2) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia black or brownish black, <strong>with</strong> a hardly distinct margin,<br />
0·2–0·25 mm diam.; epi<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>with</strong> dark granules; ascospores<br />
10–123·5–4·5 μm. Africa (Zaïre) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera encephalarti (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia not black, or, if dark brown, <strong>with</strong>out any dark granules in<br />
<strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>cium, <strong>with</strong> or <strong>with</strong>out a distinct margin . . . . . . . 4<br />
4(3) Ascospores not exceeding 122·5 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Ascospores when mature always exceeding 122·5 μm . . . . . 6<br />
5(4) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia very small, 0·08–0·2 mm diam., whitish to pale yellow,<br />
usually <strong>with</strong>out any margin; hypo<strong>the</strong>cium hyaline; ascospores<br />
6–112·5 μm. South America (Brazil) and Africa (Guinea) . . .<br />
Fellhanera parvula (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia larger, 0·2–0·4 mm diam., brownish red to dark brown,<br />
<strong>with</strong> a pale yellowish brown margin; hypo<strong>the</strong>cium dark brown;<br />
ascospores 6–101·5–2 μm. Africa (Tanzania) . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera congesta (Vězda) Vězda<br />
6(4) Thallus usually distinctly farinose, continuous, always <strong>with</strong> a bluish<br />
tinge; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·1–0·3 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> an orange disc, sometimes<br />
yellowish or reddish, and <strong>with</strong> a distinct, whitish, slightly<br />
prominent margin. Subcosmopolitan and locally abundant,<br />
ubiquitous (not strictly foliicolous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda<br />
Thallus smooth or farinose, <strong>with</strong>out any bluish tinge; apo<strong>the</strong>cia<br />
0·1–0·2 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a pale brown or lightly reddish brown<br />
disc, and a faintly visible whitish margin. Pantropical and rare . .<br />
Fellhanera semecarpi (Vainio) Vězda<br />
7(1) Ascospores 3-septate, very rarely 5-septate . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />
Ascospores, when mature, <strong>with</strong> at least 5 septa, or variable but always<br />
<strong>with</strong> most ascospores <strong>with</strong> more than 3 septa, or submuriform 26<br />
8(7) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia very small, 0·1–0·2 mm diam., convex and <strong>with</strong>out any<br />
margin when mature, dark brown to almost black . . . . . . . 9<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia larger, very rarely less than 0·2 mm diam., convex or not<br />
when mature, margin present or not; apo<strong>the</strong>cia colour dark brown<br />
or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 215<br />
9(8) Ascospores 12–163–5·5 μm; apo<strong>the</strong>cia strongly convex when<br />
mature. Pantropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera rhapidophylli (Rhem) Vězda<br />
=Bacidia myriocarpa Vězda<br />
Ascospores 18–25(–28)3–4 μm; apo<strong>the</strong>cia slightly convex when<br />
mature. Western and central Europe, Tenerife and <strong>Madeira</strong>, a<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r ubiquitous species, usually abundant on twigs . . . . . .<br />
Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Erichsen) Sérus. & Coppins<br />
10(8) Thallus formed <strong>of</strong> isolated, rarely confluent, whitish, and convex<br />
verrucae, or <strong>with</strong> a continuous thallus <strong>with</strong> distinct verrucae that<br />
may eventually break up into a soredial mass, or <strong>with</strong> a continuous<br />
thallus and typical soredia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />
Thallus never <strong>with</strong> typical soredia, nor <strong>with</strong> verrucae . . . . . 16<br />
11(10) Thallus formed only <strong>of</strong> isolated, rarely confluent, whitish and convex<br />
verrucae; apo<strong>the</strong>cia growing on <strong>the</strong> thin pellucid prothallus or on<br />
<strong>the</strong> margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> verrucae, 0·3–0·35 mm diam. <strong>with</strong> pale or<br />
dark brown disc and a thin but distinct paler margin. Australia<br />
(Queensland), Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia. [See<br />
note 1.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera bullata Kalb & Vězda<br />
Thallus not formed only <strong>of</strong> verrucae, but verrucae present or not over<br />
<strong>the</strong> thallus surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
12(11) Thallus continuous <strong>with</strong> whitish hemispherical verrucae, pale bluish<br />
grey; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·25–0·4 mm diam. <strong>with</strong> a yellowish red disc and a<br />
white, sharply delimited margin. Central America (Costa Rica) .<br />
Fellhanera badimioides Lücking, Lumbsch & Elix<br />
Thallus <strong>with</strong> distinct verrucae that eventually break up into a soredial<br />
mass and <strong>the</strong>n thallus greenish and apo<strong>the</strong>cial disc dark brown, or<br />
<strong>with</strong> soredia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />
13(12) Thallus <strong>with</strong> distinct verrucae that eventually break up into a soredial<br />
mass, rarely <strong>with</strong> large and sometimes confluent soralia that spread<br />
over <strong>the</strong> thallus surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
Thallus never <strong>with</strong> verrucae, but <strong>with</strong> soredia . . . . . . . . . 15<br />
14(13) Excipulum encrusted <strong>with</strong> colourless crystals (<strong>the</strong> paraplectenchymatous<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> excipulum is <strong>the</strong>refore indistinct); thallus<br />
<strong>with</strong> verrucae <strong>of</strong> various size, that frequently break up into a coarse<br />
soredial mass; thallus smooth to farinose. Distribution: see note 2<br />
Fellhanera stanhopeae (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Lumbsch &<br />
Elix<br />
Excipulum not encrusted <strong>with</strong> crystals, <strong>with</strong> a distinct paraplectenchymatous<br />
structure; thallus <strong>with</strong> verrucae that very frequently<br />
break up into a soredial mass, or <strong>with</strong> abundant, large, yellowish<br />
soralia that are <strong>of</strong>ten confluent and cover large parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thallus;
216 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
thallus farinose to coarsely farinose. Africa (Zaïre and Rwanda).<br />
[See note 3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera lambinonii (Sérus.) Lücking & Sérus.<br />
=Bacidia michaeliana Sérus.<br />
15(13) Thallus smooth, continuous, whitish or brownish, reacting K+ red<br />
brown, <strong>with</strong> a distinct dark violaceous prothallus; soredia whitish,<br />
punctiform, loose and dispersed, becoming confluent and larger on<br />
older thalli; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·4–0·7 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a pale orange to<br />
yellowish brown disc and a pale orange distinct margin that<br />
eventually vanishes; ascospores 13–164–4·5 μm. Africa (Zaïre<br />
and Ivory Coast) . . Fellhanera sorediantha (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Thallus rugose under high magnification and formed <strong>of</strong> packed<br />
greenish granules in well-preserved material, sometimes absent or<br />
formed by a thin brownish membrane; soredia citrine to greenish<br />
yellow, losing <strong>the</strong>ir colour in herbaria, rarely confluent and<br />
coalescing; apo<strong>the</strong>cia very rare, 0·2–0·3(–0·5) mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a<br />
dark brown disc and a paler, distinct and persistent margin;<br />
ascospores (16–)19–225–7 μm. Macaronesia (<strong>Madeira</strong>) . . . .<br />
Fellhanera seroexspectata Sérus.<br />
16(10) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia almost black, or brown, possibly <strong>with</strong> a red tinge but never<br />
ochre, nor <strong>with</strong> a vivid red colour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia paler, never blackish or brown . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
17(16) Ascospores not exceeding 13 μm in length and 2·5 μm in width<br />
(8–132–2·5 μm); apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·3–0·8 mm diam. <strong>with</strong> a red-brown<br />
disc and a pale reddish margin, at first distinct and hardly<br />
prominent but soon disappearing; hypo<strong>the</strong>cium dark-brown, K+<br />
purple-red. Africa (Zaïre). Fellhanera wirthii (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Ascospores always exceeding 13 μm in length and 2·5 μm in width<br />
when mature; hypo<strong>the</strong>cium K+ purple-red or not. . . . . . 18<br />
18(17) Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium brownish red, usually K+ purple-red, rarely K+<br />
brown; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·3–0·5 mm diam. <strong>with</strong> a brownish red disc, at<br />
first <strong>with</strong> a distinct, slightly prominent, pale reddish brown margin;<br />
ascospores 18–253·5–4 μm. Australia (Queensland and New<br />
South Wales) Fellhanera endopurpurea Hafellner & Vězda<br />
Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium never reacting K+ purple-red, even when dark brown<br />
or brownish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
19(18) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia mainly developed on a hypophyllous, marginal, nonlichenized<br />
mycelium, 0·3–0·5 mm diam.; disc first plane, soon<br />
convex, bluish grey to blackish brown, usually <strong>with</strong> a greyish white<br />
pruina, <strong>with</strong> a pale greyish margin, at first prominent but soon<br />
thinner and almost disappearing in old apo<strong>the</strong>cia; ascospores<br />
17–273·5–5 μm. Central America (Cocos Is) . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera avilezii Lücking<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia mainly epiphyllous, developed on lichenized thallus . 20
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 217<br />
20(19) Thallus green to pale green; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·3–0·45(–0·5) mm diam.,<br />
<strong>with</strong> a dark brown to carbonaceous black disc and a concolorous or<br />
slightly paler margin which at first is thick and prominent but<br />
becomes thinner and not prominent; pruina on <strong>the</strong> disc absent<br />
or, if present, very thin and bluish; ascospores 14–173–5 μm.<br />
Pycnidia usually present, black. Europe (Italy/Calabria) and<br />
Macaronesia (<strong>Madeira</strong> and Tenerife) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera christiansenii Sérus. & Vězda<br />
Thallus greenish grey or bluish white; apo<strong>the</strong>cia and pycnidia<br />
different . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
21(20) Thallus greenish grey; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·2–0·4 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a grey to<br />
livid black disc and a distinct, whitish, hardly prominent margin;<br />
pruina on <strong>the</strong> disc whitish, always present on young apo<strong>the</strong>cia;<br />
ascospores 15–203·5–4 μm. Pycnidia unknown. Central<br />
America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, St. Lucia) . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera santessonii Barillas & Lücking<br />
Thallus bluish white, or rarely bluish grey; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·2–0·4 mm<br />
diam., <strong>with</strong> a dark brown disc and a distinct but thin, nonprominent,<br />
pale brown margin; pruina on <strong>the</strong> disc very rare;<br />
ascospores 12–183·5–5·5 μm. Pycnidia rare, pale yellowish grey.<br />
Pantropical but mostly common in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera sublecanorina (Nyl.) Vězda<br />
22(16) Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium K+ red-brown or red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Hypo<strong>the</strong>cium K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />
23(22) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·4–0·5(–0·6) mm diam., <strong>with</strong> an orange-red to brownish<br />
disc and a pale orange, thin, non-prominent margin; thin whitish<br />
pruina sometimes present on <strong>the</strong> disc; excipulum sometimes<br />
filled <strong>with</strong> small yellowish brown granules that dissolve in K;<br />
ascospores 15–204·5–5 μm. Central America (Costa Rica and<br />
Guadeloupe) and Africa (Zaïre) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera lisowskii (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·3–0·4 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> an orange-red disc and a distinct,<br />
pale orange or white, at first thick but soon non-prominent margin;<br />
excipulum and hypo<strong>the</strong>cium hyaline but K+ vivid yellow to red;<br />
ascospores 12–154–4·5 μm. North America (USA—Florida)<br />
and Africa (Guinea and Zaïre) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera aurantiaca (Vězda) Vězda<br />
24(22) Thallus granular, grey green to ochraceous; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·2–0·4 mm<br />
diam., <strong>with</strong> a pale orange, sometimes pruinose disc and a thin,<br />
non-prominent, very pale orange to almost white margin; ascospores<br />
11–162·5–4·5 μm; apical parts <strong>of</strong> paraphyses <strong>with</strong> 1–3<br />
irregular swellings; pycnidia frequent. NW Europe, mostly corticolous,<br />
but sometimes growing on Vaccinium or Buxus leaves, or<br />
on Picea or Abies needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera subtilis (Vězda) Diederiech & Sérus.
218 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
Thallus farinose, very thin, bluish grey to bluish white; apical parts <strong>of</strong><br />
paraphyses <strong>with</strong>out swellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
25(24) Apo<strong>the</strong>cial margin at first thick, prominent, pale orange and very<br />
minutely pruinose, <strong>the</strong>n becoming thinner and almost nonpruinose;<br />
paraphyses sinuous, branched and anastomosed and<br />
2 μm thick; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·2–0·4 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> an orange to<br />
pinkish orange disc; hypo<strong>the</strong>cium brownish; ascospores<br />
14–194–5 μm. Central America (Trinidad) and Africa<br />
(Guinea) . . . . . . . . . Fellhanera carnea (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cial margin thin, non-prominent, almost white and epruinose;<br />
paraphyses almost simple, straight and 1 μm thick; apo<strong>the</strong>cia<br />
0·2–0·4 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a pinkish orange to pale brown disc;<br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>cium pale brownish; ascospores 10–152·5–4·5 μm.<br />
Pantropical but rare . . Fellhanera subternella (Nyl.) Vězda<br />
26(7) Ascospores 2–8 per ascus; mature ascospores <strong>of</strong> various shapes and<br />
irregularly <strong>with</strong> (3–)5–7(–9) transverse septa and sometimes <strong>with</strong> a<br />
longitudinal septum, 15–374·5–8 μm; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·3–0·4 mm<br />
diam., <strong>with</strong> a red brown disc and a thin, orange-red, slightly<br />
prominent margin. Central America (Costa Rica) and Africa<br />
(Guinea and Tanzania). Fellhanera paradoxa (Vězda) Vězda<br />
Ascospores mostly 8 per ascus, <strong>of</strong> regular shape . . . . . . . . 27<br />
27(26) Ascospores submuriform, <strong>with</strong> 7–9 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal<br />
septa, 26–335–10 μm; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·3–0·5 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a<br />
yellowish or reddish brown disc and a thin, pale brown, slightly<br />
prominent margin. Central America (Costa Rica and St. Vincent)<br />
and South America (Brazil). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera elliottii (Vain.) Vězda<br />
Ascospores (3–)5–7-septate, never submuriform . . . . . . . . 28<br />
28(27) Ascospores (3–)4–7-septate, acicular-fusiform, usually <strong>with</strong> one end<br />
attenuated and more or less irregularly curved, 30–35(–42)3–<br />
4·5 μm; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·2–0·4 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a flat, livid brown to<br />
pinkish brown disc, at first <strong>with</strong> a thick, slightly raised margin,<br />
eventually immarginate, convex and tuberculate. Western and<br />
central Europe, and Macaronesia (<strong>Madeira</strong>); corticolous, occasionally<br />
found on leaves (in <strong>Madeira</strong> only) . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhaneropsis vezdae (Coppins & P. James) Sérus. &<br />
Coppins<br />
Ascospores mostly <strong>with</strong> a regular number <strong>of</strong> septa (5 or 7), ellipsoid<br />
to fusiform; sometimes <strong>with</strong> one end attenuated and slightly<br />
curved (F. microdiscus); apo<strong>the</strong>cia never becoming tuberculate 29<br />
29(28) Ascospores 7-septate, 18–244–4·5 μm; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·2–0·4 mm<br />
diam., <strong>with</strong> a brown disc and a thin, pale brown, slightly prominent<br />
margin. Central and South America (where <strong>the</strong> species is mostly
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 219<br />
abundant), Australia (New South Wales) and Africa (Ivory Coast<br />
and ? Tanzania [see note 4]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera dominicana (Vainio) Vězda<br />
Ascospores 5-septate, rarely a few ascospores <strong>with</strong> 6 or 7 septa 30<br />
30(29) Most ascospores exceeding 25 μm in length [24–32(–34)4–5 μm];<br />
pruina present, at least in young apo<strong>the</strong>cia . . . . . . . . . 31<br />
Most ascospores not reaching 25 μm in length [14–263–5 μm];<br />
pruina never present, even in young apo<strong>the</strong>cia . . . . . . . 32<br />
31(30) Apo<strong>the</strong>cia developed on an epiphyllous, lichenized thallus; apo<strong>the</strong>cia<br />
0·2–0·4 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a brownish disc, sometimes almost black<br />
or <strong>with</strong> a distinct red tinge, when young usually <strong>with</strong> a thin whitish<br />
pruina, and <strong>with</strong> a distinct pale brown margin. Central America<br />
(Costa Rica and Cuba) . . . Fellhanera winkleriana Lücking<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cia mostly developed on a hypophyllous, marginal, unlichenized<br />
mycelium; apo<strong>the</strong>cia 0·5–0·6 mm diam., <strong>with</strong> a dark brown<br />
disc; whitish to bluish pruina present on <strong>the</strong> disc and on <strong>the</strong> margin<br />
in young apo<strong>the</strong>cia, but thick and persistent only on <strong>the</strong> margin.<br />
Central America (Cuba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera ekmanii (Vězda) Lücking<br />
32(30) Apo<strong>the</strong>cial disc pale to dark brown; margin pale brown, thin and<br />
non-prominent; ascospores bacilliform to ellipsoid, usually not<br />
curved and not tapering towards one end. Pantropical but mostly<br />
abundant only in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vězda<br />
Apo<strong>the</strong>cial disc red-brown; margin pale reddish brown, thin and<br />
non-prominent; ascospores ellipsoid, usually slightly curved and<br />
attenuated at one end. Asia (Philippines and Vietnam) and Australia<br />
(Queensland). Fellhanera microdiscus (Vainio) Vězda<br />
Notes<br />
1. Dr K. Kalb has recently collected Fellhanera bullata in New Caledonia: Prov. Sud, Mts<br />
Koghis-Dumbéa, 550 m alt., tropical rain forest, 23 viii 1994, K. & A. Kalb (hb. Kalb!).<br />
A collection <strong>from</strong> that country has just been distributed in Lücking Lich. Fol. Exs. No. 136<br />
(1995). The species is also present in Papua New Guinea: Eastern Highlands prov.,<br />
Gahavisuka Provincial Park, 2300–2450 m, mossy mountain forest, 11 viii 1992, Sérusiaux<br />
13762-45 (LG).<br />
2. Fellhanera stanhopeae is said to be present in Central and South America and in Africa by<br />
Santesson (1952: 474–475) and by Vězda (1980: 93) but typical specimens, examined by R.<br />
Lücking and myself, are all <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neotropics. Those <strong>from</strong> Africa may all belong to<br />
F. lambinonii. Bacidia stanhopeae has been transferred to Badimia by Vězda (in Lich. Sel. Exs.<br />
No. 2307, 1989) but does not belong <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
3. Fellhanera lambinonii (Sérus.) Lücking & Sérus. comb. nov. Bas.: Bacidia lambinonii Sérus.,<br />
Lejeunia N.S., 90: 12 (1978).<br />
Bacidia michaeliana Sérus. represents <strong>the</strong> sorediate form <strong>of</strong> that species. Several collections<br />
(LG) that were not available in 1978 for <strong>the</strong> original <strong>description</strong> <strong>of</strong> this taxon (Sérusiaux<br />
1978: 15–16) show all intermediate stages between typical Bacidia lambinonii and Bacidia<br />
michaeliana.<br />
4. Fellhanera dominicana is mentioned as ‘cf. dominicana’ <strong>from</strong> Tanzania by Vězda (1975: 417).
220 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
Preliminary List <strong>of</strong> <strong>Foliicolous</strong> Lichens and Their Lichenicolous<br />
Fungi <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong><br />
Ampullifera foliicola Deighton<br />
This lichenicolous hyphomycete was first mentioned <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> island by<br />
Arvidsson & Wall (1985: 42) and by M. S. Christiansen (in Santesson 1986:<br />
1) on <strong>the</strong> thallus <strong>of</strong> Byssoloma subdiscordans. It is indeed common on this<br />
abundant foliicolous species and was found only on it. When abundant it can<br />
hamper <strong>the</strong> development or production <strong>of</strong> its host’s apo<strong>the</strong>cia and spreads<br />
over <strong>the</strong> leaf surface, but it is never<strong>the</strong>less unable to colonize o<strong>the</strong>r lichen<br />
species. It is also present on <strong>the</strong> same species in <strong>the</strong> French Pyrenees.<br />
Ampullifera foliicola is probably a pantropical species, and interestingly grows<br />
over several different hosts in o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.<br />
Arthonia muscigena Th.Fr.<br />
This species is thoroughly described in Purvis et al. (1992: 84) and is usually<br />
known as A. leucodontis (Poelt & Döbbeler) Coppins, which is a synonym. It<br />
is a ra<strong>the</strong>r common, ubiquitous species <strong>of</strong> lowland western Europe and is<br />
tolerant <strong>of</strong> suburban conditions. It is not surprising to find it on leaves.<br />
<strong>Foliicolous</strong> specimens have, however, been named A. microsticta Vain. (Vězda<br />
Lich. Sel. Exs. No. 1676, 1980). The type collection <strong>of</strong> this forgotten species<br />
(West Indies, Dominica, Elliott 517, BM!) is a small leaf fragment <strong>with</strong> several<br />
apo<strong>the</strong>cia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arthonia growing over <strong>the</strong> leaf surface, or over a smooth<br />
bluish lichen thallus. This group <strong>of</strong> tiny Arthonia <strong>with</strong> 1-septate ascospores is<br />
very little known and it cannot be ruled out that A. microsticta is just a form <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> widespread A. muscigena Th.Fr. More material <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies is<br />
needed to understand correctly this taxon.<br />
In <strong>Madeira</strong>, Arthonia muscigena grows directly on <strong>the</strong> leaf surface or forms<br />
its own very thin greenish thallus; it is locally abundant. In western Europe<br />
(S Belgium, S France, Spanish side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pyrenees), it specializes on <strong>the</strong><br />
goniocysts <strong>of</strong> Woessia species on Buxus leaves and twigs; it does not seem to<br />
damage its host.<br />
Aulaxina sp.<br />
A sterile specimen collected in 1988 at Châo do Louros <strong>with</strong> numerous<br />
hyphophores definitely belongs to that genus; <strong>the</strong> hyphophores are typical <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> pantropical Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.) R. Sant. but <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong><br />
ascomata precludes any definite identification.<br />
Byssoloma aptrootii Sérus.<br />
This recently described species (Sérusiaux 1993: 451–454) is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
most common foliicolous lichen in <strong>the</strong> laurisilva <strong>of</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>, at least in <strong>the</strong> less<br />
disturbed localities. Outside <strong>Madeira</strong>, it is known only <strong>from</strong> Tenerife and<br />
Gomera where it is also common.<br />
Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain<br />
A common species in <strong>Madeira</strong>, also found on twigs and bark. It is a<br />
common foliicolous lichen in SW Europe on Buxus leaves and is also found on
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 221<br />
bark, especially on Corylus and on Quercus. Its general distribution can be<br />
described as pantropical, expanding into warm temperate regions.<br />
Byssoloma marginatum (Arnold) Sérus.<br />
Tapellaria similis Kalb in Kalb & Hafellner, Herzogia 9: 90 (1992).<br />
This species is known mainly as corticolous in western and central Europe,<br />
and as foliicolous and corticolous in <strong>Madeira</strong> and in Tenerife. So far I have<br />
seen specimens <strong>from</strong> Germany (Bavaria), Austria (Steiermark), <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Isles, S and SW France, Spain/Galicia (see Lopez de Silanes & Carballal 1991:<br />
48; specimen seen by myself), <strong>from</strong> Portugal (van den Boom et al. 1990: 470;<br />
<strong>the</strong> specimen mentioned as ‘Byssoloma sp.’ <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Serra de Sintra belongs to<br />
B. marginatum), <strong>from</strong> Italy/Calabria (<strong>the</strong> species is present on living needles<br />
and on bark <strong>of</strong> Abies in a set <strong>of</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> sent to me by D. Puntillo, but it is not<br />
mentioned in Puntillo & Vězda 1994) and <strong>from</strong> Tenerife (where it is common<br />
on Erica in <strong>the</strong> ‘Fayal-Brezal’, toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>with</strong> Byssoloma leucoblepharum and<br />
Micarea pycnidiophora Coppins & James). The species is also mentioned <strong>from</strong><br />
S Sweden by Santesson (1993: 42). In <strong>Madeira</strong>, it is not uncommon on leaves<br />
but never develops conspicuous thalli; it also grows on twigs and on bark <strong>of</strong><br />
several trees in <strong>the</strong> laurisilva. Tapellaria similis Kalb, just described on bark <strong>of</strong><br />
Laurus azorica in <strong>Madeira</strong> (Kalb & Hafellner 1992: 90), is typical Byssoloma<br />
marginatum (holotype: K. Kalb 23296, hb. Kalb!).<br />
Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) James<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most common foliicolous <strong>lichens</strong> in <strong>Madeira</strong>, also<br />
colonizing <strong>the</strong> living leaves <strong>of</strong> introduced species in suitable conditions, and<br />
rarely epiphytic on twigs or on bark. It was reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> by<br />
Santesson (1952: 493) and is a widely distributed species in <strong>the</strong> tropics as well<br />
as in temperate Europe where it is known as ei<strong>the</strong>r saxicolous, corticolous on<br />
spruce and fir twigs, or foliicolous on spruce and fir needles and on Buxus<br />
leaves.<br />
Dimerella luteola Kalb<br />
This recently described species (Kalb & Hafellner 1992: 62–63) is <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Madeira</strong>n vicariant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European D. lutea (Dickson) Trevisan. It is a<br />
common epiphytic species in <strong>the</strong> laurisilva and is occasionally present on living<br />
leaves, especially at Seixal.<br />
Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most widespread species on <strong>the</strong> planet, being present in<br />
boreal, temperate and tropical areas, growing on coastal rocks, on twigs, on<br />
bark and on living leaves. It was known in <strong>Madeira</strong> by Santesson (1952: 434)<br />
where it is abundant on leaves.<br />
Fellhanera christiansenii Sérus. & Vězda<br />
The abundance <strong>of</strong> this species in <strong>Madeira</strong> is comparable <strong>with</strong> that <strong>of</strong><br />
Byssoloma aptrootii <strong>with</strong> which it <strong>of</strong>ten grows. I first collected it in 1988 in large
222 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
quantities and was ready to describe it as <strong>new</strong> (under <strong>the</strong> name Fellhanera<br />
nigra) when Dr A. Vězda sent to me a preliminary version <strong>of</strong> a manuscript<br />
dealing <strong>with</strong> <strong>new</strong> taxa <strong>of</strong> foliicolous <strong>lichens</strong>, including this <strong>new</strong> species <strong>of</strong><br />
Fellhanera. It was <strong>the</strong>n decided to describe it toge<strong>the</strong>r under <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t<br />
christiansenii. I have, however, spread <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t nigra for several years and <strong>the</strong><br />
curators <strong>of</strong> herbaria should be aware that ‘F. nigra Sérus. ad int.’ is <strong>the</strong> same<br />
as F. christiansenii Sérus. & Vězda (in Vězda 1994: 130–131). The species is<br />
described on a collection <strong>from</strong> Tenerife where it is common; it is also known<br />
<strong>from</strong> Calabria in Italy (Puntillo & Vězda 1994; several specimens checked by<br />
myself). The reports <strong>of</strong> Fellhanera buxi (Vězda & Vivant) Vězda <strong>from</strong> Tenerife<br />
by Lumbsch & Vězda (1992: 25) are all based on typical specimens <strong>of</strong><br />
F. christiansenii (both specimens cited seen).<br />
Gyalectidium colchicum Vězda<br />
This species was described by Vězda (1983: 58–60) <strong>from</strong> collections made<br />
in <strong>the</strong> western Caucasus (Georgia and Russia). The foliicolous populations <strong>of</strong><br />
Gyalectidium <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> are referred to that species as <strong>the</strong>y have hyphophores<br />
typical <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus (see Sérusiaux & De Sloover 1986: 282–289) and<br />
identical <strong>with</strong> those <strong>of</strong> that species [size: 0·15–0·2(–0·3) mm in total length].<br />
They do not belong to G. filicinum Müll. Arg. as claimed by Arvidsson & Wall<br />
(1985: 42; specimens mentioned by <strong>the</strong>se authors examined, GB!). Vězda<br />
(1983: 58–60) has described pycnidia in that species; <strong>the</strong>y are also present in<br />
<strong>Madeira</strong>. They are seen as slightly raised, dark bluish spots on <strong>the</strong> thallus<br />
surface, and <strong>the</strong>ir conidia are bacilliform to slightly bifusiform and measure<br />
2–30·75 μm. Apo<strong>the</strong>cia are absent in <strong>the</strong> Caucasus material but are<br />
sometimes present in <strong>Madeira</strong>; <strong>the</strong>y are typical <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus and are seen as<br />
rounded sessile discs, 1–2(–10) per thallus <strong>with</strong> a pale grey or green disc,<br />
0·2–0·3 mm diam., and <strong>the</strong> ascospores are single in <strong>the</strong> asci, muriform and<br />
measure 32–3813–18 μm. The species is sometimes attacked by <strong>the</strong><br />
hyphomycete Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola (see under that species). Gyalectidium<br />
colchicum is also present in <strong>the</strong> Azores but is unknown in <strong>the</strong> Canary Islands.<br />
It is <strong>the</strong> only species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus present in <strong>Madeira</strong>, whereas <strong>the</strong> recently<br />
described G. setiferum Vězda & Sérus. (in Sérusiaux 1993: 454–458) and<br />
G. caucasicum (Elenkin & Woron.) Vězda are observed in continental Europe,<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter being extremely rare in Western Europe (two localities known:<br />
France/Atlantic Pyrenees and Spain/Cataluñya).<br />
Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola (Batista & Maia) Deighton<br />
This lichenicolous hyphomycete is widespread in tropical areas on <strong>the</strong> three<br />
continents (see Hawksworth 1979: 227), infecting several species, mostly<br />
those <strong>with</strong> setae. In <strong>Madeira</strong> it is strictly confined to Gyalectidium colchicum<br />
and when abundant is able to damage its host; it is also present on <strong>the</strong> same<br />
species in <strong>the</strong> western Caucasus.<br />
Porina hoehneliana (Jaap) R. Sant.<br />
This species is very common in western Europe [France, Spain (Navarra<br />
and Cataluñya), Croatia], and in <strong>the</strong> western Caucasus (Russia and Georgia)
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 223<br />
and has also been reported in <strong>the</strong> Himalaya range (Vězda & Poelt 1988: 425).<br />
In <strong>Madeira</strong> I have found it in one locality only, <strong>the</strong> Seixal laurisilva, where it<br />
is very common. This locality shelters <strong>the</strong> only laurisilva at low elevation<br />
(300–400 m vs 800–850 m for <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r localities). It was, however, found at<br />
Châo de Louros by C. Tavares in 1951 and published by Santesson (1952:<br />
260) under Porina semecarpi Vainio, which is absent <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> island.<br />
Porina leptosperma Müll. Arg.<br />
The species was already mentioned in <strong>Madeira</strong> by Santesson (1952: 258);<br />
it is common on <strong>the</strong> island. It is also abundant in <strong>the</strong> western Pyrenees in<br />
France, where it has been confused <strong>with</strong> P. hoehneliana; <strong>the</strong> No. 1083 and<br />
1084 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vězda Lich. Sel. Exs., collected in France on Buxus leaves and<br />
on Ruscus cladodes and distributed as P. hoehneliana, represent typical<br />
P. leptosperma. The species is o<strong>the</strong>rwise pantropical.<br />
Psoroglaena stigonemoides (Orange) Henssen<br />
This species is common in western Europe [especially as an epiphyte on<br />
Sambucus, frequently associated <strong>with</strong> Anisomeridium nyssaegenum (Ellis &<br />
Everh.) Harris] and has just been reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> (Kalb & Hafellner<br />
1992: 70). It is a common epiphytic and muscicolous species in <strong>the</strong> laurisilva<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island and is occasionally present on living leaves. The same situation<br />
occurs in SW France where <strong>the</strong> species is locally extremely abundant and can<br />
invade Buxus twigs and leaves. The taxonomic affinities <strong>of</strong> this species have<br />
just been established by Henssen (1995) and are accepted here.<br />
Strigula angustata Sérus. & Roux ad int.<br />
This species is close to Raciborskiella minor Vězda, described <strong>from</strong> Georgia<br />
in <strong>the</strong> western Caucasus (Vězda 1983: 49–51), and widespread on Buxus twigs<br />
in sou<strong>the</strong>rn France. It is more closely related to <strong>the</strong> bulk <strong>of</strong> Strigula species<br />
than to <strong>the</strong> type species <strong>of</strong> Raciborskiella [R. janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.].<br />
The status <strong>of</strong> S. angustata is currently being studied <strong>with</strong> Dr C. Roux (see<br />
Roux & Bricaud 1993) and this taxon may end as a variety <strong>of</strong> R. minor as <strong>the</strong><br />
only diagnostic character is <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> macroconidia. It is known <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>Madeira</strong> and <strong>from</strong> two localities in France (Lot and Vercors).<br />
Strigula nitidula Mont.<br />
This species is reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> by Santesson (1952: 182) and is<br />
indeed common on <strong>the</strong> island. Specimens <strong>with</strong> an effigurate thallus and<br />
distinct lobes and a thin black line at <strong>the</strong> margins come close to S. concreta<br />
(Fée) R. Sant., a pantropical species. Following Lücking (1992: 39), <strong>the</strong>y<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less belong to S. nitidula: S. concreta has a thickened thallus and never<br />
has a metallic thallus <strong>with</strong> scattered small black points. Strigula nitidula is<br />
common in SW Europe, reaching Brittany in W France (Josien 1967: 829,<br />
de Foucault et al. 1982: 75).<br />
Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.<br />
Santesson (1952: 506) reports this species in <strong>the</strong> Azores and in <strong>Madeira</strong><br />
where it is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most common foliicolous species. It also grows on living
224 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 28<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> introduced species (e.g. Camellia) in suitable localities. In <strong>the</strong> Canary<br />
Islands, it is known only in Gomera. Tapellaria epiphylla is a common<br />
foliicolous species in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics and in Africa.<br />
Vezdaea dawsoniae Döbbeler<br />
This very tiny pedicellate Vezdaea was first described <strong>from</strong> Papua New<br />
Guinea (where it is common in <strong>the</strong> mountains, pers. obs.) and was later<br />
reported <strong>from</strong> Cuba (Vězda 1984: 192; as ‘cf. dawsoniae’), <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pyrenees<br />
in France (Sérusiaux 1989: 90) and <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Caucasus (Giralt et al. 1993:<br />
mentioned in <strong>the</strong> key page 716, but not in <strong>the</strong> conspectus on page 720; for<br />
unknown reasons, Vezdaea obscura, described by Döbbeler 1981: 461–464<br />
<strong>from</strong> Tasmania and New Guinea, is not studied in that survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus).<br />
In <strong>Madeira</strong>, V. dawsoniae has been found as foliicolous (in small quantities)<br />
only at Châo do Louros.<br />
Woessia apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Sérus. comb. nov.<br />
Patellaria apiahica Müll. Arg., Lichenes epiphylli novi: 9, 1890.<br />
Bacidia apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Catal. Lich. Univ. 4: 174, 1926.<br />
Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. (Praha) 25: 432, 1990.<br />
The generic name Woessia Hawksw. & Poelt antedates Bacidina Vězda and<br />
is now used for <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r well-delimited group <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> Bacidia s.l. <strong>with</strong><br />
a thallus made <strong>of</strong> goniocysts s.lat., pale orange to dark brown apo<strong>the</strong>cia, a<br />
typically paraplectenchymatous excipulum, simple paraphyses <strong>with</strong> swollen<br />
apices, acicular ascospores spirally arranged in <strong>the</strong> asci and filiform-sigmoid<br />
conidia forming a coiled mass in <strong>the</strong> pycnidia (Sérusiaux 1995). The necessary<br />
combinations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species mentioned in this paper are introduced. Woessia<br />
apiahica was already mentioned in <strong>Madeira</strong> by Santesson (1952: 443) and<br />
indeed Woessia <strong>with</strong> small pale orange apo<strong>the</strong>cia are common on leaves in<br />
<strong>the</strong> island. The status <strong>of</strong> those populations as well as <strong>the</strong> genuine identity <strong>of</strong><br />
W. apiahica are, however, still a great challenge to me. In <strong>Madeira</strong> I suspect<br />
that two taxa are involved and I am quite sure that Woessia vasakii (Vězda)<br />
Sérus. comb. nov. [Bacidia vasakii Vězda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. (Praha)<br />
18: 64, 1983], which is abundant in sou<strong>the</strong>rn France, is not present.<br />
Woessia canariensis (Lumbsch & Vězda) Sérus. comb. nov.<br />
Bacidina canariensis Lumbsch & Vězda, Lichenologist 24: 22, 1992.<br />
I first collected this species in <strong>Madeira</strong> in 1988 where it is ra<strong>the</strong>r rare; in<br />
contrast it is more frequent in Tenerife where I ga<strong>the</strong>red large samples,<br />
including several <strong>with</strong> almost black apo<strong>the</strong>cia. The species prefers ra<strong>the</strong>r dry<br />
laurisilva, a niche which is more frequent in Tenerife than in <strong>Madeira</strong>. The<br />
type collection (hb. Lumbsch!) comes <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Anaga Mts in Tenerife<br />
(Lumbsch & Vězda 1992: 22–24). One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> specimens mentioned by<br />
Lumbsch & Vězda (Tenerife, Las Montanas de Anaga, 25 iii 1976, Santesson<br />
26837, hb. Lumbsch!) contains only Byssoloma aptrootii.
1996 <strong>Foliicolous</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>—Sérusiaux 225<br />
Species to be Excluded <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>n Flora<br />
Dimerella epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) Malme<br />
This common pantropical species is reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> by Follmann<br />
(1990: 100). The only specimen cited (Ribeiro Frio, vi 1987, S. Schuhmacher,<br />
KOELN 33244) has not been examined, but ano<strong>the</strong>r one, also collected at<br />
Ribeiro Frio in June 1987 by S. Schuhmacher and annotated Dimerella<br />
epiphylla (No. 708, KOELN), has been studied: it is a pale but never<strong>the</strong>less<br />
typical Fellhanera bouteillei. Dimerella epiphylla has not been found in my own<br />
collections. It should probably be removed <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>n flora.<br />
Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevisan<br />
This species is reported as foliicolous in <strong>Madeira</strong> by Santesson (1952: 403)<br />
on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> a collection made by Tavares. R. Santesson had a ra<strong>the</strong>r wide<br />
concept <strong>of</strong> that species, including <strong>the</strong> now easily distinguished Dimerella<br />
fallaciosa (Müll. Arg.) Vězda. The specimen is preserved at LISU and has been<br />
examined (Châo do Louros, 31 vii 1951, C. Tavares No. 4428-Q): it contains<br />
only two apo<strong>the</strong>cia. Therefore I have not made any section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; I suspect<br />
it is a foliicolous Dimerella luteola Kalb, which is a common epiphytic species<br />
in <strong>the</strong> laurisilva <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island and which is occasionally present on living leaves.<br />
Porina semecarpi Vain.<br />
The species is reported <strong>from</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong> by Santesson (1952: 260); <strong>the</strong> single<br />
mentioned collection is preserved at LISU and has been examined (Entre a<br />
Encumeada e a Châo do Louros, 31 vii 1951, C. Tavares No. 4428-F): it is a<br />
typical Porina hoehneliana. Porina semecarpi must <strong>the</strong>refore be removed <strong>from</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>n flora.<br />
Tricharia triseptata R. Sant.<br />
The only specimen cited by Follmann (1990: 101) for this species in<br />
<strong>Madeira</strong> has been studied (v 1987, S. Schuhmacher KOELN 33258); it<br />
contains only unlichenized fungi amongst which Dennisiella babingtonii (Berk.)<br />
Bat. & Cif. is abundant and has obviously been confused <strong>with</strong> Tricharia<br />
triseptata. This species should <strong>the</strong>refore be removed <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Madeira</strong>n flora.<br />
Dennisiella babingtonii is a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Coccodiniaceae, widespread worldwide<br />
on living leaves, especially in humid areas; it is very common in <strong>Madeira</strong><br />
(<strong>description</strong> in Batista & Ciferri 1962: 37–38).<br />
I would like to thank <strong>the</strong> curators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following institutions and <strong>the</strong> colleagues who keep private<br />
herbaria which allowed me to study material in <strong>the</strong>ir care: B, BM, E, GB, GZU, H, KOELN, LD,<br />
LISU, S, UPS, hb. A. Aptroot, hb. S. Christiansen, hb. P. Diederich, hb. J. Etayo, hb. T.<br />
Lumbsch, hb. K. Kalb, hb. D. Puntillo, hb. L. Spier and hb. A. Vězda. Dr C. Printzen kindly<br />
arranged <strong>the</strong> loan <strong>of</strong> type material <strong>of</strong> Lecidea quintula Nyl. Dr B. J. Coppins is warmly thanked for<br />
most valuable comments on <strong>the</strong> species treated in this paper and for reading and improving <strong>the</strong><br />
manuscript. Drs U. Arup, P. Diederich, R. Lücking and Pr<strong>of</strong>. J. Lambinon also read <strong>the</strong><br />
manuscript <strong>with</strong> great care and made several interesting suggestions and remarks.<br />
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Accepted for publication 1 October 1995