Jozani biodiversity inventory report 2002 - Coastal Forests of Kenya ...

SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR 

CARE TANZANIA AND DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL CROPS, FRUITS AND 

FORESTRY 

JOZANI - CHWAKA BAY PROPOSED NATIONAL PARK BIODIVERSITY 

INVENTORY REPORT 

PREPARED BY 

C. L. NAHONYO, L. B. MWASUMBI, S. ELIAPENDA, C. MSUYA, C. MWANSASU, T. 

M. SUYA, B. O. MPONDA AND P. KIHAULE 

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND MARINE BIOLOGY 

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM 

P. O. BOX 35064 

DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA 

zoology@udsm.ac.tz 

NOVEMBER 2002 

i

Table of Contents 

Item 

Page 

Title………………………………………………………….……………………... i 

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. ii 

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………. iv 

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… v 

List of Maps………………………………………………………………………... v 

List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………. v 

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… vii 

Map showing position of Zanzibar relative to Tanzania mainland………………... viii 

Map of Zanzibar showing position of JCPNP……………………………………... ix 

Executive Summary………………………………………………………………... x 

1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1 

1.1 Overview of Tanzania biodiversity………………………………………… 2 

1.2 Brief history of Jozani area………………………………………………… 3 

2.0 THE SURVEY AREA…………………………………………………………. 5 

2.1 Location……………………………………………………………………. 5 

2.2 Scope……………………………………………………………………….. 5 

2.3 Accessibility………………………………………………………………... 5 

2.4 Topography………………………………………………………………… 5 

2.5 Geology…………………………………………………………………….. 5 

2.6 Soils………………………………………………………………………... 7 

2.7 Climate……………………………………………………………………... 7 

2.8 Hydrology………………………………………………………………….. 8 

2.9 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 9 

2.10 Fauna……………………………………………………………………… 9 

2.11 Land tenure, land use and habitats………………………………………... 10 

2.12 Human demography……………………………………………………… 10 

3.0 METHODS………………………………………………………………….…. 14 

3.1 Vegetation Sampling……………………………………………………….. 14 

3.1.1 Reconnaissance ……………………………………………………… 14 

3.1.2 Vegetation data collection…………………………………………… 15 

3.1.3 Structural questionnaires and interviews…………………………….. 16 

3.2 Vegetation Mapping……………………………………………………….. 16 

3.2.1 Interpretation and field verification………………………………….. 16 

3.2.2 Digitatization and rectifications……………………………………… 17 

3.3 Fauna inventory……………………………………………………………. 17 

3.3.1 Reconnaissance survey………………………………………………. 17 

3.3.2 Fauna sampling………………………………………………………. 17 

3.3.2.1Mammals……………………………………………………….. 20 

3.3.2.2 Small mammals………………………………………………… 22 

3.3.2.3 Reptiles………………………………………………………… 22 

3.3.2.4 Amphibians………………………………………………….…. 23 

3.3.2.5 Fish………………………………………………………….…. 23 

3.3.2.6 Invertebrates……………………………………………………. 23 

3.3.3 Legend to threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna…… 24 

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………… 25 

4.1 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 25 

4.1.1 Major habitat types and dominant species…………………………… 25 

Item 

Page 

ii

4.1.2 Floristic diversity and species list ……….…………………………... 29 

4.1.3 Indicator species and tools to diagnose ecological condition ……….. 30 

4.1.4 Vegetation condition, quantitative description and assessment of 

species abundance……………………………………………………. 33 

4.1.5 Socially, economically and ecologically important species…………. 37 

4.1.5.1 Medicinal plants ……………………………………………… 37 

4.1.5.2 Species with multiple uses as sources of plant products 

essential to society……………….……………………………. 42 

4.1.6 Conservation status and endemism of plant species…………………. 43 

4.2 Fauna……………………………………………………………………….. 48 

4.2.1 Mammal occurrence and distribution……………………….……….. 48 

4.2.2 Relative abundance of vertebrates…………………………………… 54 

4.2.3 Animal species diversity……………………………………………... 57 

4.2.4 Important habitats for animals…………………………………….…. 57 

4.2.5 Animal movement and migration……………………………………. 59 

4.2.6 Reptiles………………………………………………………………. 60 

4.2.7 Amphibians…………………………………………………………... 60 

4.2.8 Endemic species of animals …………………………………………. 63 

4.2.9 Threatened and endangered animal species………………………….. 63 

4.2.10 Introduced species of animals………………………………………. 65 

4.2.11 Fish……………………………………………………………….… 65 

4.2.11.1 Fisheries resources………………………………………….… 66 

4.2.11.2 Fish species occurrence, endemism and diversity in Chwaka 

Bay……………………………….…………………………… 66 

4.2.11.3 Fish movement and migration……………………….……….. 66 

4.2.11.4 Fish habitats and spawning areas………………………….….. 67 

4.2.11.5 Threatened species of fish…………………………………….. 69 

4.2.11.6 Fishing and fish production…………………………………... 70 

4.2.11.7 Threats to fisheries resources……………………………….… 72 

4.2.11.8 Fisheries conservation………………………………………… 74 

4.2.12 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata)………………….……... 74 

4.2.12.1 New records from Jozani-Chwaka Bay…………………….… 76 

4.2.12.2 Observations of other invertebrates…………………………. . 76 

5.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR 

CONSERVATION VALUE…………………………………………………… 77 

6.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY………………………………. 79 

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS……………………….……………………………… 86 

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 93 

Terms of reference…………………………………………………………………. 100 

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………. 101 

Plates……………………………………………………………………………….. 176 

List of Tables 

Page 

Table 1: Area statement: Proposed Jozani - Chwaka Bay National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 13 

Page 

Table 2: Human population in villages surrounding Jozani - Chwaka Bay 

iii

proposed National Park, Zanzibar………………………………………… 13 

Table 3: Description of transects used to sample plants, small mammals, reptiles, 

amphibians and invertebrates in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National 

Park, Zanzibar…………………………………………………………….. 19 

Table 4: The units of vegetation classification as were observed in Jozani - 

Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar………………………….. 25 

Table 5: Summarised tree data for different transects representing different 

vegetation types in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 35 

Table 6: Some species investigated or under investigation at Chemistry 

Department University of Dar es salaam for phytochemical constituents 

with medicinal values……………………………………………………... 39 

Table 7: Potential medicinally important plant species in Jozani - Chwaka Bay 


Table 8: Plants with multiple uses in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National 

Park, Zanzibar…………………………………………………………….. 44 

Table 9: Threatened and endangered plant species and their conservation status…. 46 

Table 10: Endemic and near endemic plant species of Jozani - Chwaka Bay 


Table 11: Population trends of the Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii) in 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 50 

Table 12: Total number of mammal specimens captured in traps in Jozani - 

Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar…………………………... 55 

Table 13: Relative abundance of some vertebrate groups and species in Jozani - 

Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar…………………………... 57 

Table 14: Shannon Weaver diversity Index for all species captured in traps in the 

8 sampled transects in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 58 

Table 15: Distribution of different habitats in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed 

National Park, Zanzibar……………………………………. 59 

Table 16: Shannon Weaver diversity Index for amphibians only captured in the 8 

sampled transects in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 63 

Table 17: Endemic and near endemic animal species in Zanzibar………………… 63 

Table 18: Threatened and endangered animal species (IUCN/CITES) found in 

Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park and other areas in Zanzibar. 64 

Table 19: Some animal species introduced to Zanzibar and Pemba……………….. 65 

Table 20: Threatened fish species occurring in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar…………... 69 

Table 21: Fish catch by artisanal fishermen at Chwaka Bay from 1994 to 2000….. 71 

Table 22: Fish production in Unguja island between 1993 to 1997……………….. 71 

Table 23: Summary of potential threats to biodiversity in Jozani - Chwaka Bay 


List of Figures 

Page 

Figure 1: Mean monthly rainfall for Kisauni Airport Zanzibar for a period of 13 

years……………………………………………………………………….. 8 

Page 

Figure 2: Basal area in different transects representing various vegetation types in 

Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar…………………. 36 

iv

Figure 3: Distribution of tree heights in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National 

Park, Zanzibar……………………………………………………………... 38 

Figure 4: DBH distribution in various transects representing different vegetation 

types in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar………… 38 

Figure 5: Catch rate of shrews in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 55 

Figure 6: Squirrel catch rate in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 56 

Figure 7: Rodent catch rate in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 56 

Figure 8: Number of species for various animal groups occurring in Zanzibar…… 58 

Figure 9: Number of amphibians caught in bucket pitfall traps in Jozani - Chwaka 

Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar……………………………………. 60 

Figure 10: Catch rate of amphibians from bucket pitfall traps in Jozani - Chwaka 

Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar……………………………………. 61 

Figure 11: catch rate of two species of amphibians a possible new species of 

"Kassina" and Stephopaedes howelli in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed 

National Park, Zanzibar…………………………………………………… 61 

List of Maps 

Page 

Map 1: Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar Islands………………………………….. Viii 

Map 2: Location of the study area…………………………………………………. Ix 

Map 3: Digital elevation model……………………………………………………. 6 

Map 4: Proposed Jozani - Chwaka National Park (detached)……………………... 

Map 5a: Population density by Shehia (1988)……………………………………... 11 

Map 5b: Population density by Shehia (2007) (extrapolated)……………………... 12 

Map 6: Sample points……………………………………………………………… 18 

Map 7: Animal count transects…………………………………………………….. 21 

List of Appendices 

Page 

Appendix I: Plant checklist of Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 101 

Appendix II: Species abundance in herb and shrub layers in Jozani - Chwaka Bay 


Appendix III: Dominance of tree species in various transects representing 

different habitat types in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 120 

Appendix IV: Questionnaire……………………………………………………….. 125 

Appendix V: Information collected from a survey using structured questionnaires 

in five villages surrounding Jozani Forest Reserve, Zanzibar…………….. 128 

Appendix VI: List of algae and seagrass species found in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar.. 141 

v

Appendix VII: Checklist 

of animals recorded during a survey conducted in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed 

National Park, and those known to occur on 142 

Zanzibar………………………………………………………………… 

Appendix VIII: Results of trapping effort using bucket pitfall, snap and Sherman's 

traps in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar………… 147 

Appendix IXa: Brief description of the fish Families/Genera occurring in Chwaka 

Bay, Zanzibar……………………………………………………………… 153 

Appendix IXb: Some fish species occurring in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar…………... 162 

Appendix Xa: Checklist of Lepidopterans, (Butterflies and Moths) from Jozani - 

Chwaka Bay Proposed National Park, Zanzibar………………………….. 166 

Appendix Xb: Total Lepidopterans and Odonata collected from different locations 

in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar………………. 173 

vi

Acknowledgements 

We would like to thank CARE Tanzania for funding this biodiversity inventory. We are grateful 

for the time and commitment of CARE staff Polly Dolan, Thabit Masoud and members of staff 

from Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits, and Forestry particularly Mr Ali Mwinyi, Mr 

Mwijuma Muharamu and drivers Kuku Junior and Kuku Senior who devoted most of their time 

to ensure that this exercise becomes a success. The forest staff at Jozani participated in the field 

excursions and the cooks Saphia and Mwatatu prepared nice food for the team members. The 

local communities around Jozani forest were friendly and cheerfully participated in the fieldwork 

and during the questionnaire interviews. We thank them all. 

vii

viii

Executive Summary 

A biodiversity inventory of Jozani - Chwaka proposed National Park was undertaken in June/July 

2002. This area is internationally recognised together with the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal 

forests as part of the global biodiversity hotspots. The inventory was preceded by a 

reconnaissance survey involving three members of the team from 23 rd to 25 th June 2002, which 

allowed them to see the study area and determine sampling plots. This was followed by fieldwork 

by eight team members from 29 th June to 8 th July 2002. The main goals of the inventory were to 

produce a vegetation map of the area and provide species lists of plants, mammals, reptiles, 

amphibians, fish and selected invertebrates (Lepidoptera and Odonata). The survey was also 

expected to provide an indication of the conservation status, endemism, distribution and relative 

abundance of the various species. 

Vegetation sampling was conducted at selected sites in different habitat types using the Nested 

Quadrat Method. Opportunistic sampling of plants outside designated transects was also done. 

For medium and large mammals foot counts on line transects, night drives and opportunistic 

sampling were employed. Vocalisation was the most useful method for identifying the prosimians 

(bushbabies). Small mammals were sampled along transects using bucket pitfalls, snap and 

Sherman traps at selected sites. Reptiles were also sampled opportunistically. Amphibians were 

sampled using bucket pitfalls and indirect methods such as vocalisation, while tree frogs were 

also collected opportunistically. Fish data was collected from artisanal fishermen and from office 

records. Invertebrates were collected using pitfall traps, sweep nets, banana and light traps. 

At least 291 vascular plant species belonging to 83 families were recorded in the survey area of 

which one species, Monanthotaxis faulknerae (Annonaceae), a climber, was a new record for 

Zanzibar. Two species of plants, a tree, Acacia mangium (Mimosaceae), an introduced species in 

the forest plantations and a climber Agelaea setulosa (Connaraceae), a near endemic species to 

coastal areas of Tanga and Kenya, not listed in the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) were 

detected during the survey. A tree Burttdavya nyasica (Rubiaceae) reported by Ruffo (1992) was 

also detected during the survey and does not appear in the FTEA (Rubiaceae Part II). A total of 

28 species found in the study area are endemic or near endemic and 21 species are known to be 

threatened or endangered. Five endemic and near endemic plant species are also threatened or 

endangered: Coffea pseudozanguebarie and Psychotria alsophyla (Rubiaceae), Mkilua fragrans 

x

(Annonaceae), Pouteria alnifolia var. saclenxii (Sapotaceae), and Xylotheca tettensis var. 

fissistyla (Flacourtiaceae). Ten vegetation categories and soil features were identified including 

the swamp forest, Albizia dominated forest, evergreen mixed dry forest, dry bushland thicket, 

derived vegetation, salt marsh swamp grassland, shrubland, cotton soil grassland, forest 

plantations, and marine ecosystems. There are a number of alien plant species notably a palm 

Areca catechu (Palmae) already known to suppress indigenous vegetation growth. Invasive 

plants, vegetation clearing, and over-exploitation are the major threats to plant biodiversity in the 

Jozani area. 

Mammals occur in most of the ten vegetation types in the study area with primates, prosimians, 

bushpigs and duikers being ubiquitous. The status of the Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus 

adersi) remains unclear, while bushpigs, Zanzibar Red Colobus, sykes monkeys and prosimians 

appeared to be relatively abundant. Small mammals appeared to be relatively abundant and 

widely distributed, particularly elephant shrews, shrews and squirrels. A total of 30 mammal 

species were recorded during the survey out of 48 species known to occur on Zanzibar. One 

rodent Grammomys sp. was a new record for Zanzibar. Seven mammal species are endemic or 

near endemic, and out of 24 animal species which are threatened or endangered on Zanzibar 14 

are mammals. All seven mammalian species which are endemic or near endemic are also 

threatened or endangered. Five mammal species were introduced to Zanzibar and all of them are 

still found on the islands. Although their effects have not been determined species like House rat 

(Rattus rattus) and Common rat (Rattus norvegicus) are known pests and potential vectors of 

disease such as plague. About 25 reptile species were encountered during the survey mostly from 

opportunistic sampling. At least 44 reptiles are known to occur on Zanzibar and 10 of them are 

threatened or endangered. Two new reptile records for Zanzibar were obtained during the survey 

including the Tropical Girdled Lizard (Cordylus tropidosternum) and the Short-tailed Pigmy 

Chameleon (Rhampholeon brevicaudatus). One snake species Rhamphotyphlops braminus was 

introduced to Zanzibar as a stowaway but its current status is not known. Amphibians were very 

abundant and at least 19 species were recorded during the survey out of 27 species known to 

occur on Zanzibar. One new amphibian species has been discovered during this inventory 

possibly belonging to the genus Kassina. Details of the new species including its ecology are 

being sought to be used in description and classification. Three amphibian species Mlola Forest 

Toad (Stephopaedes howelli), Mozambique Ridged frog (Ptychadena mossambica) and Common 

Squeaker (Athroleptis stenodactylus) were new records for Zanzibar. Six amphibian species are 

endemic or near endemic, four to coastal forests and two to Zanzibar. At least 157 species of fish 

xi

are reported to occur in Chwaka Bay of which 24 are threatened or endangered, no fish species is 

endemic. Fish production is progressively declining in the area. At least 204 specimens of 

Lepidoptera and Odonata were collected including 21 new records for Zanzibar and two species 

endemic to Tanzania. The fauna is mostly threatened by hunting/exploitation, habitat loss and 

fragmentation, the small and declining populations paradigms and pollution. 

Immediate measures need to be taken to conserve the rare, endemic, threatened, endangered and 

other species occurring inside the proposed national park and surrounding areas. Control of 

biodiversity exploitation and habitat protection are immediate measures which are recommended 

to be taken to reduce, halt or reverse some negative trends of the affected populations while long 

term plans for the conservation of the habitats and species are being prepared. Conservation 

programmes will need to be supported by monitoring programmes of biological and physical 

resources found inside and outside the park. 

xii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

Biodiversity includes all organisms, species, and populations; the genetic variation among these; 

and all their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. It also refers to the 

interrelatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment. 

Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each ecosystem is necessary to preserve the web of life 

that sustains all living things. In his book "The Diversity of Life," Wilson (1992) said, "It is 

reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished indefinitely without threatening humanity 

itself." Human activity has caused an alarming number of species to become extinct. When a 

large number of species perform various functions, an ecosystem is more stable. The fewer 

species there are filling certain niches, the more unstable the environment becomes. Humans have 

always depended on the Earth's biodiversity for food, shelter, and health. Biodiversity also 

supplies indirect services to humans, which include drinkable water, clean air, and fertile soils. 

The loss of populations, species, or groups of species from an ecosystem can upset its normal 

function and disrupt these ecological services. 

The Earth's biodiversity contributes to the productivity of natural and agricultural systems. 

Insects, bats, birds, and other animals serve as pollinators. Parasites and predators can act as 

natural pest controls. Various organisms are responsible for recycling organic materials and 

maintaining the productivity of soil. Genetic diversity is also important in terms of evolution. The 

loss of individuals, populations, and species decreases the variety of genes (genetic diversity) the 

material needed for species and populations to adapt to changing conditions or for new species to 

evolve. 

In recent years knowledge of biodiversity has increased, as has the realization that something 

must be done to counteract the loss of species, populations, and ecosystems. There is still much to 

be learned about biodiversity and its relationship to the functioning of our world. Ecologists 

conduct research to better understand biodiversity, quantify its loss, and develop strategies for 

conserving and using it. Much is still unknown as to what species exist, where they occur, and the 

relationships between them. By inventorying and monitoring biodiversity, ecologists study 

species abundance, functions, interactions, and importance to maintaining or enhancing the 

quality of human life. 

1

Biodiversity hotspots are biologically rich areas that are under extreme threat. Together, they 

contain more than 60 percent of terrestrial biodiversity on just 1.4 percent of Earth's land surface. 

The hotspots contain concentrations of endemic species in areas which are undergoing 

exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all 

species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots already identified all over the world. 

The conservation effort priority in conserving the hotspots is based on their share of the world's 

species at risk. The threat to species diversity is reflected in the mounting loss of forests and other 

plant and animal habitat worldwide. Eighty-eight percent of the original hotspots are already 

destroyed. Some 12 percent of all mammal species and 11 percent of all bird species are currently 

threatened with extinction. 

As part of its strategy to conserve the biological diversity on the islands the Revolutionary 

Government of Zanzibar is in the process of creating Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park. The 

Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits, and Forestry in collaboration with CARE Zanzibar 

intends to enhance the protection of Jozani forest by establishing a larger conservation unit in 

order to protect the habitat and species contained therein. This initiative is important due to 

potential threats facing the plant and animal species and the forest in general. However, this is 

only possible when species present in the area together with their conservation status is known. 

To provide sound biological data on which to base conservation activities the Revolutionary 

Government of Zanzibar and CARE Zanzibar initiated an inventory of the proposed national park 

area. The main areas of interest for the survey were on vegetation, mammals, reptiles, 

amphibians, fish and selected groups on invertebrates (refer to ToR later). 

1.1 Overview of Tanzania biodiversity 

Tanzania has a rich and diverse spectrum of animals and plants including a wide variety of 

endemic species and subspecies. The diversity and degree of endemism in Tanzania is fairly high, 

for example, of the 18 primate species, 5 are endemic, there are 30 antelope species and 2 are 

endemic, and 60 species of reptiles are endemic out of the 227 species present in the country. 

There are also many other species of fish, birds, amphibians and plants unique to our country 

(Wildlife Division, 1998). There are over 600 endemic plant species in Tanzania most of them in 

the eastern arc forests/coastal forests. There are other species still unknown to science and are 

awaiting discovery particularly in the eastern arc mountains, Zanzibar and Pemba islands. 

2

Within the coastal forests biodiversity hotspots in East Africa, the importance of Zanzibar and 

Pemba islands has long been recognised. Zanzibar has been separated from the mainland 

Tanzania for about 10,000 - 15,000 years. During this time species have been evolving separately 

from their mainland counterparts. This has resulted in the presence of a number of new species 

and sub species of both flora and fauna. This inventory was an attempt to explore areas and taxa 

which may have been missed in previous studies (by various groups and individuals). The 

occurrence and conservation status of a number of already known species was assessed. 

Tanzania has completed a country study on biodiversity as one its obligations under the 

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). On the other hand, a number of studies have been 

undertaken on the flora and fauna of Unguja and Pemba. While some studies were general 

surveys covering broad areas others were focused on Jozani forest in Zanzibar and Ngezi forest in 

Pemba the two main remaining sanctuaries for both plant and animal species on the islands. 

Moreau and Pakenham (1941) conducted a zoogeography study of Pemba and Zanzibar and 

Pakenham (1984) produced a checklist of mammals of Zanzibar and Pemba islands. Leskinen et 

al (1997) conducted a wood biomass inventory of Zanzibar islands while Pikkarainen (1991) 

conducted an inventory of Jozani and Ngezi forests. Ruffo (1992) conducted a vegetation 

inventory of Jozani and Ngezi forests, while an inventory of Unguja and Pemba coral rag forests 

was undertaken by Leskinen and Silima (1993). Studies on individual animal species include 

those on the Zanzibar leopard by Marshall (1994), Goldman and Walsh (1997) and by Stuart 

(1999). Reports on the Zanzibar Red Colobus are available from Silkiluwasha (1981), Mturi 

(1991, 1993), Struhsaker and Siex (1998), Siex and Struhsaker (1999), Nowak (2000) and 

Masoud et al (2001). Duikers have been studied by Swai (1983a, 1983b), Archer and Mwinyi 

(1995) and Williams et al (1996). There is a valuable information on fisheries resources from 

FAO/Department of Environment, Zanzibar (1999) on the integrated management and sustainable 

development of Zanzibar coast. Archer et al. (1991) conducted a fauna survey in Jozani forest. 

1.2 Brief history of Jozani area 

The western area of Jozani forest known as Unguja Ukuu is reported to be the first area of 

Zanzibar to be settled by migrants from Kisiju in mainland Tanzania. These people settled here 

even before the coming of the Arabs. They then spread to other areas and cultivated mainly 

coconut palms because the presence of coral rag could not allow them grow other crops due to 

shallow soils. The local people continued to occupy and manage the Jozani area up to the 1930s. 

The time between 1956 - 1960 was a transition period whereby initiatives were taken towards 

3

establishing a forest reserve. These involved negotiations with Pete villagers, most of whom 

occupied the area in which it was intended to establish the forest reserve. The Jozani Forest 

Reserve was formerly established and gazetted in 1960 and covered 194 ha. In 1965 the FR was 

expanded to 590 ha. A further expansion was implemented in 1980 when it was expanded to 

2,512 ha. A complete ban in consumptive use of forest trees was imposed in 1992 when removal 

of fallen trees from the reserve was banned. 

4

2.0 THE SURVEY AREA 

2.1 Location 

The study area is located on the main Zanzibar Island (Unguja) (Map 1, Map 2) some 35 

kilometers from Zanzibar town. It is situated between E 39° 34’, S 6° 16’ (Northwest corner) and 

39° 45’, S 6° 28’ (Southeast corner). 

2.2 Scope 

The area of the Proposed Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park (PJCNP) is 57.7 sq. km. This 

excludes the Mapopwe Village enclave whose area is 0.7 sq.km (see Map 2, Map 4). The 

Proposed National Park falls within the Unguja Kusini administrative Region and includes Kati 

and Kusini districts. The study area is within the following Shehias (wards): Cheju, Unguja Ukuu, 

Charawe, Chwaka and Jozani-Pete. 

2.3 Accessibility 

The Proposed National Park is located between two major tarmac roads. One tarmac road from 

Zanzibar town to Unguja Kusini Region through Tunguu passes through the southern part of the 

Proposed National Park. Another tarmac road from Zanzibar town through Dunga to Chwaka Bay 

passes through the northern part of the proposed national park. Between the two tarmac roads, 

there are interconnecting gravel roads running in north-south direction. One runs from Jendele to 

Mpirani through Kisomanga crossing the Proposed National Park. Another road runs from Jozani 

to Charawe on the eastern side forming the boundary on that side. From this road, there are a few 

roads generally running in an east-west direction. One such road goes to Wangwani salt marshes 

(see Map 2, Map 4). 

2.4 Topography 

Altitude in the proposed National Park ranges from sea level to around 31 meters on the western 

side of Kitongani village and southeastern part of Mapopwe village. Jozani forest has the lowest 

altitude point on Zanzibar Island (see the Digital Elevation Model Map 3). 

2.5 Geology 

The geology of the Jozani, Chwaka and surrounding areas is predominantly limestone formed 

during the Quaternary, through to the Miocene. Whereas the Jozani forest area is mainly 

comprised of Quaternary geologic formations, the remaining areas including Chwaka, Unguja 

Ukuu, Ukongoroni have a mixture of Quaternary and Miocene geologic formations. The 

5

Quaternary rocks have a mixture of tropical laterites, limestone, fish bones, sharks teeth, garnets, 

kyanites and tourmalines. Their maximum thickness ranges from 25-35m. The Quaternary rocks 

range in colour from a complex of red, chocolate, brown to white cream and grey. The Miocene 

rocks are mainly rhythmic fluviatile sediments of the dissected Rufiji River delta. These include 

limestones, sandstones, marls, sandy clays and clayey sands in 5 meter bands. They also include 

lenses of crystalline limestone and anhydrite frequently with local ferruginous and siliceous 

cementing with a maximum thickness of 2560m. Modified Miocene rocks are hard, dense, pearly 

white with crystalline limestone in strata and lenses. Other Miocene rocks are grey, white, 

opaline, coarse or angular siliceous sands, lightly cemented. These can also be thick grey-green 

and dense, roughly sorted chalky rocks. 

2.6 Soils 

Soils are closely related to the parent rocks and geomorphology. However, since the forest and 

most of the surrounding areas are under coral rag, the soils are shallow and in many areas the rag 

is emergent. In the Quaternary parent rock areas the laterites, alluvials and colluvials are 

predominant with some areas covered with marine, fluviatite sands and sandstone. The Miocene 

soils are comprised mainly of rythmic fluviatite and deltaic sediments and limestones. There are 

also sands, sandstones with marls, sandy clays and clayey sands. 

In forested areas the soils are mostly clay loam attaining black colouration due to humus. The 

forest soils are mostly damp or water logged in areas with a high water table. Patches of sandy 

soil appear in places like Pete where the soil is brown and in Unguja Ukuu where the sandy soils 

are grey. In the mangroves there is fine mud clay, black in colour though the substrata could be 

comprised of sand. The coastline in Chwaka is sandy but some areas are muddy, especially 

where mangroves are present. 

2.7 Climate 

The climate of Jozani forest and Chwaka Bay like other East African coastal areas is determined 

by geographical location and seasonal changes brought by the general circulation of air over the 

Indian Ocean. The monsoons have the dominant influence on wind direction and strength, 

temperature and rainfall. The northwest monsoon (Kaskazi) prevails from November to February 

and is characterised by high air temperatures of greater than 30 0 C and weaker winds. The 

southeast monsoon (Kusi) lasts from April to September and is marked by lower air temperatures, 

approximately 25 0 C, with stronger winds. Inter monsoon periods are calm. Rainfall in the 

7

tropics depends mainly on the movements of the air masses that cover the globe. The heavy rains 

from March to May are brought about when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is to the 

north of the equator; hence Tanzania receives the convection currents causing rain. The short 

rains in October are due to the ITCZ moving southwards from the Tropic of Capricorn. There are 

no rainfall records from Jozani and only recently has a rain gauge been installed at the station, 

however data recording is still not satisfactory. Rainfall data from Zanzibar is presented showing 

mean monthly rainfall for a period of 13 years (Figure 1). Zanzibar receives rain almost all year 

round and no month completely lacks rainfall. East Africa coastal islands receive the highest 

rainfall, with Pemba receiving the highest rain (2000mm/year) while Zanzibar receive on the 

average 1565mm/year (UNEP, 2001). In Jozani area the locals refer to the heavy rains as 

"masika" and the short rains as "vuli". Unreliable rainfall between the two main seasons is known 

as "chororo. 

Mean monthly rainfall (mm) 

450 

400 

350 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

65 

48 

139 

399 

211 

72 

40 44 52 

73 

210 

165 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Month 

Figure 1: Mean monthly rainfall for Kisauni Airport Zanzibar for a period of 13 years 

(Source: TANRIC, UDSM) 

2.8 Hydrology 

The Quaternary geomorphology forms part of Zanzibar's corridor aquifer complex. Jozani area is 

reported to be the lowest in Zanzibar and the water table is generally high, often emerging above 

the ground surface forming springs and marshes. High water tables are also evident in areas with 

ground water forest. Some creeks in Charawe, Chwaka and Kichanga extend inland sometimes 

8

joining marshes and springs. Apparently there are no rivers in the area, only drainage lines where 

water flows during rains. The area is generally flat and with only very gentle slopes in some 

areas. The average water table gradient is 0.004 whereas the annual water table recharge due to 

two wet seasons range from 1.67m per year in areas with Quaternary rocks to 3.27 to 7.91m per 

year in Miocene rock areas. 

Water on the eastern coast shows increased chlorides due to wind blow sea spray and average 

total dissolved salts (TDS) ranges from 100 to 300mg/l. The water quality of Jozani and Cheju is 

slightly high with TDS ranging from 100 to 200mg/l. The limestones have little quality influence 

on water quality. 

2.9 Vegetation 

Biogeographically the flora of Zanzibar belongs to the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of 

endemism (UNEP, 2001) which extends from Somalia to Mozambique coast. The proposed 

Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park includes a wide range of discrete mappable vegetation 

communities with rare and endemic plant species. Ground-water forest occupies the central part 

enclosed by coral rag forests and bushland. Derived wooded grassland vegetation occurs in 

Mapopwe and Wangwani. Mangrove formations are well developed in Chwaka Bay to the north, 

and to a less extent in the southern end of the park. 

2.10 Fauna 

Because of their relatively small size compared to the mainland coastline, generally the number 

of species is fewer in Zanzibar and Pemba islands than on the mainland. Since their isolation 

from mainland Tanzania about 10,000 - 15,000 years ago a number of endemic and near endemic 

species and subspecies have envolved as a result of this geographical isolation. Due to the small 

size of the islands and habitat loss, large mammal species could not be supported. The largest 

mammal the Zanzibar leopard (carnivore) weights 50-82 kgs. and the red duiker (herbivore) 

weigh only 14 kgs. Not many biological studies have been conducted on Zanzibar and Jozani 

Forest in particular related to identification of species. Most of the medium to large sized animal 

species have been identified. So far not much has been done on identification of small terrestrial 

animals including mammals, reptiles and amphibians. There has been some emphasis in studying 

fisheries resources due to their importance in the Zanzibar economy and livelihood of the people. 

9

2.11 Land tenure, landuse, and habitats 

The issue of land tenure on Zanzibar is complex. Though the land was nationalised soon after the 

Zanzibar revolution in 1964, several tenure systems exist within the islands. With nationalisation 

of land people had the right to own and sell only crops and structures located on a piece of land 

but could not sell land because it belongs to the State. In villages people may own land under 

customary law. There is also land, "wakf" which is dedicated specifically for religious use and no 

one including the Government could use it for a different purpose. Table 1 summarises the land 

use / habitat types in the proposed national park and surrounding areas. Most of the land in the 

survey area is used for forestry and wildlife conservation. Forestry includes both the natural forest 

and forest plantations. The protected area is also used for photographic tourism, nature trails and 

conservation activities. The Mapopwe enclave is used for settlement and agriculture as are most 

of the areas surrounding the Jozani forest reserve. Crops grown include coconuts, mangoes, 

oranges, lemons, cassava, potatoes and bananas. There are a number of activities including forest 

products exploitation, hunting, beekeeping and grazing some of them illegally conducted inside 

the forest. In Chwaka Bay fishing is the main activity, but seagrass farming and marine 

invertebrates collection is practiced. Harvesting of mangroves is observed in the coastal areas of 

Charawe, Ukongoroni and Chwaka. 

The proposed Jozani-Chwaka National Park (Map 4) is dominated by bush lands (32.6 %). The 

western part, found at a higher altitude, is dominated by lower bushes (19.6) with few or no big 

trees. On the other hand, the eastern part is dominated by bushes with emergent trees (13 %). The 

area between bush lands forms a valley with mangroves (13.1 %) on the northern and southern 

parts. Between the mangroves are: Diospyros Forest (12.4 %), Ground Water Forest (9.6) and 

Salt Marshes (1.7). The area under cultivation (3.3 % i.e. palms, mango trees etc.) is located 

between Kitogani and Kaebona villages. 

2.12 Human demography 

There has been no census conducted since 1988 and most of the figures available are probably 

underestimates. The 1988 census indicated that population rate of increase in Zanzibar was 3.0% 

while human population density was 226 people/km 2 in Unguja and 269 people /km 2 in Pemba. 

The average household size was 4.7 people per household. Map 5a and Map 5b Show the human 

population density in the survey area by Shehias for 1988 and 2007 years respectively. Human 

densities for the year 2007 have been extrapolated based on 1988 population figures. Table 2 

10

provides human population in villages surrounding the forest reserve in 1988 and projected to the 

year 2007. 

Table 1: Area Statement: Proposed Jozani - Chwaka National Park, Zanzibar 

Vegetation Type sq.m sq.km % 

Albizia Dominated Forest 9,211,759 9.21 16.8 

Bushland with Emergent Trees 7,100,182 7.10 13.0 

Bushland 10,735,027 10.74 19.6 

Derived Vegetation: Bracken Bush 778,770 0.78 1.4 

Derived Vegetation: Wooded Grassland 1,137,127 1.14 2.1 

Diospyros Forest 6,808,538 6.81 12.4 

Ground Water Forest 5,261,116 5.26 9.6 

Lake 6,562 0.01 0.0 

Mixed Cropping 1,826,738 1.83 3.3 

Mangrove 7,192,622 7.19 13.1 

Ocean 3,332,920 3.33 6.1 

Plantation 335,616 0.34 0.6 

Sand Dunes 86,536 0.09 0.2 

Salt Marshes 946,902 0.95 1.7 

Area 

54,760,415 54.76 100.0 

Table 2: Human population from 1988 census and data projected to the year 2007 in 

villages surrounding Jozani - Chwaka proposed National Park, Zanzibar 

Village 

Human population 

1988 2007 

Bwejuu 2139 3005 

Charawe 531 861 

Cheju 596 710 

Chwaka 1897 2765 

Kibigiji 1817 2132 

Marumbi 744 1203 

Michamvi 501 704 

Muungoni 1722 2708 

Paje 1089 1487 

Pete 543 812 

Ukongoroni 596 937 

Unguja Ukuu 2370 3228 

Uroa 1551 2415 

Uzi Ng'ambwa 2021 3020 

13

3.0 METHODS 

3.1 Vegetation sampling 

Botanical assessment of Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park ecosystem was carried out 

in order to produce information relevant to the environment impacts. The study involved 

identification of vegetation types and the species diversity comprising the flora of the area. This 

procedure enables to expose the threatened and rare species of the area, and suggestions of any 

conservation measures for the rare and endangered species. The floristic survey at the study area 

adopted three approaches: 

• Reconnaissance 

• Sampling intensity comprising of vegetation data collection and structured questionnaires. 

• Literature survey relevant to Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park. 

3.1.1 Reconnaissance 

This was carried out for 2 days (see also section 3.3.1) in order to identify different vegetation 

types and sites at which to establish sampling transects. Vegetation classification was based on 

the concepts of Greenway (1973) as modified by White (1983), Herlocker (1999) and Beentje 

(1994). This classification combines physiognomic and floristic criteria including the dominant 

species of the dominant stratum of the vegetation as follows: 

Category Life form Height Woody canopy Herb Vertical stratification 

cover 

cover 

Forest Trees 5 - 40 m Closed, >80% nil 1 - 2 storeys 

Bushland Shrubs with few Emergent trees 10 > 20% to Little or single or shrub layered 

and thickets emergent trees - 20 m 

closed nil 

Wooded 

grassland 

Stunted or dwarf 

trees 

< 5 m except in 

clustered thickets 

>80% single 

Grasses - perennial 

- annual 

25 - 100 cm 

< 10 cm 

Shrubland Shrubs or dwarf 

shrubs to 2 m or 

1 – 2m with 

emergent trees < 

Bushes >20% 

Open area 

Little or 

> 50% 

Shrub entangled with 

lianas or climbers 

clustred bushes 5m high. 20% > 90% Homogenous cover 

Mangrove 

formation 

Trees and bushes on 

shores periodically 

flooded 

5 – 25 m > 20% nil 1 - 2 storeys 

This basic information was used to assess the different vegetation communities that were 

classified into 10 vegetation types as indicated in Table 1 in the results section. 

14

3.1.2 Vegetation data collection 

The classification and mapping of vegetation communities are the initial phases of ecological 

inventory. Sources of information include observations on, and measurements of species 

abundance, heights and diameter at breast height (DBH) for trees, how these attributes are 

influenced by the natural environment and by different types and intensities of land use practices. 

Eleven vegetation communities were recognized in this study area. Mangrove vegetation 

community was studied separately in another study. 

During sampling at least one transect line was established for each vegetation community that 

was identified during reconnaissance except for grassland, mangrove vegetation, shrubland and 

marine vegetation. Shrubland and grassland were not studied quantitatively but their species 

compositions were enumerated on various randomly selected sites. The mangrove vegetation and 

marine vegetation (algae and seagrasses) were not quantitatively assesed because they have 

already been separately studied in other studies (Shunula, 1997; Mohammed, 1999). The data 

were collected using a Nested Quadrat Method (Stohlgren et al, 1995; Crawley, 1997). Along 

each transect, sample plots were fixed at 100m intervals and each rectangular plot of 50m x 20m 

dimensions contained sub-plots for sampling shrubs and herbs as indicated below. 

Life Form Fixed plot area Length Width Definition 

Herbs 2.0m 2 2.0m 0.5m All forbs and grasses under 1.5m 

& all annuals 

Shrubs 10.0m 2 5.0m 2.0m Woody plants higher than 1.5m 

with dbh 10cm 

GPS readings were taken at each sample point but in the forest readings for some points could not 

be obtained due to forest shade and for such cases a gap or opening closest to the point was 

chosen where there was sufficient light. 

All herbs and shrubs that occur within the sub-plots were recorded and the number of individuals 

for each species was counted. Trees were recorded and measurements included height and DBH 

for each individual. Where individual trees were multi-stemmed from below the breast height, 

each stem was measured as a separate individual. 

15

Where new species encountered did not fall into the plots and subplot being sampled, the 

respective species were recorded for addition to the plant chek-list. Land-use and condition of the 

habitat were noted. Human threats to the forest reserve were assessed by noting fire incidences, 

tree felling, ring barking, root collections for medicinal use and foot paths leading to the forest. 

Plant specimens were collected and taken to herbarium of the Botany Department, University of 

Dar es Salaam for verification of names. They will serve as voucher specimens for future 

references. Mounted duplicates will be returned to Jozani museum. 

Review of past botanical reports include Ruffo (1992), Mohammed (1999) and Pikkarainen 

(1991). Species concept of vascular plants follow Milne-Redhead, Polhill, Beentje et al (1952…). 

Consistence of vernacular names was confirmed with the field identifications and literature 

relevant to the flora (Ruffo, 1992; Williams, 1949). 

3.1.3 Structured questionnaires and interviews 

Information on the various uses of resources from the study area were collected by a structured 

questionnaire (Appendix IV) distributed to six villages surrounding the Jozani Forest Reserve. 

The villages included Unguja kuu, Charawe, Kitongani, Ukongoroni and the two conflict villages 

of Mapopwe and Pete. For some reasons the Ukongoroni village did not respond to the 

questionnaire. Further information was gathered during botanical field survey and through 

unstructured interviews with field guides who were among our key sources of information. 

Indigenous knowledge is useful in the planning for conservation and managemenr of the 

proposed national park. Actual field observations were useful in determining wood supplies to the 

villages and lorries carrying both building materials and fuelwood to urban areas were observed. 

3.2 Vegetation mapping 

3.2.1 Interpretation and field verification 

The main sources of information were aerial photographs at the scale of 1:10,000 and in some 

cases 1:50,000. The first stage was interpretation where major topographic features and the 

preliminary vegetation types were identified. The second stage involved final interpretation after 

field verification. Interpretations were made on transparent films. GPS readings were taken in 

different areas with their corresponding vegetation types. All vegetation types previously 

identified were covered. 

16

3.2.2 Digitization and rectifications 

The transparent films obtained from the thematic interpretation of different vegetation types were 

digitized using ArcInfo software. Further manipulation of digitally captured datasets e.g. area 

statement computation was done using ArcInfo, ArcView, and Microsoft Excel. 

All digitized data sets underwent the following processes: 

♦ Creation of raw digitized coverage 

♦ Cleaning of the coverage (identifying errors) 

♦ Editing of the coverage (correcting errors) 

♦ Transformation of the coverage to UTM projection 

♦ Checking for sliver polygons and editing-out 

♦ Coding of polygons 

♦ Clipping of the coverage (to allow edge-matching to adjacent sheets) 

♦ Edge match editing 

♦ Production of color plot and checking 

Since the aerial photos were not rectified, rectification was done using control points appearing 

both on the existing topographic and aerial photographs. 

3.3 Fauna inventory 

3.3.1 Reconnaissance survey 

A reconnaissance survey was undertaken from 23 rd to 25 th June 2002 as a preliminary site visit 

and scoping exercise. Three team members Dr. C. Nahonyo, Dr. C. Msuya and Mr. B Mwasumbi 

pariticipated in the survey. This enabled the team to familiarize with the area and identify the 

major vegetation types and decide on where and how many transects to establish. The area was 

traversed in all directions and was found to be relatively large. It was decided that transects would 

be established in the major habitats and vegetation types so as to be as representative of the area 

as possible. Logistical arrangements for the survey were also dealt with. 

3.3.2 Fauna sampling 

Different techniques were used to sample different groups of animals in the study area. The 

techniques differed in accordance with the species concerned. The techniques enabled researchers 

to determine presence of species, their distribution and index of abundance. The sampling 

protocol was based on transects (Map 6) decided during the reconnaissance survey. Due to the 

17

large study area and time constraints transects were spaced to cater for both habitat and spatial 

distribution. Also due to a large gap in the knowledge of small mammals, amphibians and 

invertebrates in the study area the survey team concentrated much of its effort on the currently 

least known taxa and species. For the large and medium sized mammals which have been studied 

before and/or there is a substantial amount of information, the existing literature was used to 

provide information. Species diversity was calculated using the Shannon Weaver Index H' : 

nlog 

n − fi log fi 

i= 

1 

H' 

= 

n 

Where k = number of categories, f i = number of observations in category i, n = sample size. 

The maximum diversity which could be attained in the area was calculated using the expression: 

H' max = logk 

k 

 

Where H' max is the maximum possible diversity for a set of data consisting of k categories. H' tests 

abundance equality among k categories and is affected by the distribution of data and the number 

of categories. H' max is the highest diversity which can be calculated from a set of data consisting 

of k categories (Zar, 1996). 

Table 3: Description of transects used to sample plants, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and 

invertebrates in Jozani - Chwaka proposed National Park, Zanzibar. GPS coordinates (using 

Garmin GPS 12x) for each transect were taken for future reference 

Transect 

SN 

Name 

1 Wangwani (Evergreen 

scrub forest/Coastal coral 

rag forest) 

GPS 

S 06° 13.552' 

E 039° 24.642' 

Description 

Natural forest close to salt marshes, tall 

trees up to 10-25m high. Canopy cover 

c.60-100% in some areas with strata. Dry 

leaf litter cover 60-100%. No signs of 

harvesting. Soils fairly deep, dark brown. 

Coral rag conspicuous in some areas. 

Salt marsh grassland 

2 Wangwani (wooded 

grassland) 

S 06° 13.563' 

E 039° 24.765' 

Open salt resistant grassland with almost 

100% cover and few emergent shrubs. 

Typha and mangroves downstream. High 

water table, black sandy-loam on top of 

rocks and in some places the sub surface is 

composed of sand 

Annona senegalensis bushes predominant 

c.4-4m high. Grass cover 85% wood 

vegetation cover 10-15%. Coral rag 

emergent common and conspicuous. Soil 

dark brown fairly deep mixed with coral rag 

19

Transect 

SN 

Name 

3 Bondeni (Evergreen scrub 

forest) 

4 Jozani (Ground water 

forest plantation) 

5 Tovu/Mnazi Mmoja 

(Ground water natural 

forest) 

6 Unguja Ukuu (Forest 

plantation) 

7 Mapopwe (Legume 

dominant natural forest) 

8 Kichanga (Bushland and 

thicket ) 

GPS 

S 06° 15.017' 

E 039° 25.625' 

S 06° 16.273' 

E 039° 25.102' 

S 06° 16.381' 

E 039° 25.355' 

S 06° 15.422' 

E 039° 23.075' 

S 06° 12.509' 

E 039° 23.403' 

S 06° 16' 38.5" 

E 039° 25' 36.3" 

Description 

Dry thicket/bushland canopy cover 50- 

100%, and dry leaf litter cover 20-90%. 

Pandanus dominant with lianes, climbers. 

Soil black brown loam, shallow to deep, 

mixed with coral rag. Trees and shrubs 5- 

12m high. 

Tall trees of Callophylum inophyllum, 

Casuarina equesetifolia Eucalyptus sp. up 

to 45m high with undergrowth of ferns. 

There are also Pandanus rabaiensis and 

Raphia farinifera and Vites doniana in 

some areas. High water table in usually 

brown-black sediment soil. Coral rag 

emergent in some places 

Tall trees some up to 50m high, dominated 

by Pandanus, Raphia, Vitex, Elaeis and 

Anthrocleista. Canopy cover 10-90% with 

layers. Leaf litter cover 50-100%. Some 

coral rag conspicuous, rocky sub surface, 

high water table, deep soil, black humid 

loam. 

Casuarina and Acacia spp. 15m high, with 

some natural vegetation regeneration. Dry 

leaf litter cover c.100%. Fairly deep brown 

loam soil. Coral rag not very conspicuous. 

Harvesting of poles and fuelwood 

Dominated by Albizia adianthifolia and 

Senna petersiana with intermediate layers 

of Mallotus. Forest with layers, lianes and 

climbers, trees 15-50m high, canopy cover 

50-90%. Dry leaf litter cover almost 100%. 

Coral rag prominent and highly 

conspicuous. Shallow soil of black loam. 

No signs of harvesting. Stone walls sign of 

past human presence. 

Thicket/bushland 5-10m high on mangrove 

forest edge. Thorny shrubs lianes and 

climbers. Coral rag emergent in some 

places. Soils top black loam, bottom brown 

loam fairly deep but with gravel, pebbles, 

no sign of harvesting. 

3.3.2.1 Mammals 

Large mammals were censused using foot counts on line transects selected from a baseline (Map 

7). Animals encountered along the transects during censusing were counted and recorded. The 

perpendicular distance from the transect line was estimated. Since animals were few or difficult 

to sight, animal signs e.g. pellet, footprint, vocalisation was recorded and used to identify species 

and for certain species determine their relative abundance (Davies, 2002). A variable visibility 

20

profile was used during the census to determine transect strip width. Opportunistic sampling was 

also used to record any large mammals encountered during the survey. Villagers were 

interviewed on local uses of wild animal species including large mammals and conflicts between 

wildlife and people. 

Night drives were also conducted to record presence of nocturnal animals which are difficult to 

sight during daytime. A total of 4 transects totaling 58km were surveyed from Jozani forest 

headquarters to Wangwani, Tovu and Unguja Ukuu. Animals sighted during the night drive were 

recorded. 

3.3.2.2 Small mammals 

The trapping of small mammals was done in all 8 transects (Table 3) described above. Specimen 

collection was done using three types of traps: bucket pitfalls, snap traps and live traps (Sherman 

traps). On each transect 11 buckets of 18litres capacity were buried in the ground such that the 

bucket rim was level with the ground and the buckets were spaced 5m apart making a total 

transect length of 55m. A drift fence using polythene sheeting of 0.5m high (see plates later) was 

erected with the support of wooden stakes to run above ground across the middle of the buckets. 

Part of the drift fence was buried in the ground to prevent animals going under the fence. Beside 

each bucket trapline 15 snap traps and 5 Sherman traps were laid in order to trap other species not 

easily caught in the bucket pitfalls. Fried coconut mixed with peanut butter was used as bait in the 

snap and sherman traps. Baits were replaced each day during trap inspection. Traps were 

inspected every morning during sampling time from around 7.00am to 11.00am since traplines 

were far spaced, all specimens found in the traps were identified and recorded. Specimens not 

able to be identified immediately were collected for later identification. The traps were also used 

to collect certain reptile species (see section 3.3.3) and amphibians (see section 3.3.4). Collected 

specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol, 10% formalin or skinned and sun dried. Specimens 

found alive during trap inspection and which could be identified were released near the place they 

were captured. 

3.3.2.3 Reptiles 

Due to the very low number of captures opportunistic sampling was used to obtain further 

information of species which were available in Jozani. Sightings of the reptiles were also 

recorded to give clues of occurrence and distribution in the area. 

22

3.3.2.4 Amphibians 

Most amphibian specimens were collected using bucket pitfall traps (see Section 3.3.2 above). 

However for tree frogs and other amphibian groups which are not easily trapped in buckets 

opportunistic sampling was used and those were collected whenever they were encountered. 

Vocalisation especially at night was also used to establish presence of some of the species. 

Photographs of specimens were taken for identification. 

3.3.2.5 Fish 

Fish specimens from artisan fishermen were identified on sight using identification keys and 

knowledge of the local fishermen. Useful information on fish and fisheries resources and 

exploitation were obtained from office records in Chwaka and the Fisheries Department in 

Zanzibar town. Some fishermen were interviewed and provided valuable information on fish, 

fishing gear, fish spawning areas and fish marketing. 

3.3.2.6 Invertebrates 

Butterflies and moths (Order Lepidoptera), and dragonflies and damselflies (Order Odonata) were 

sampled using three methods: (1) sweep nets, (2) light traps at night using a 11-Watt bulb and a 

white screen, and (3) a “Banana trap” for Butterflies. Sampling was done systematically so that 

the samples were comparable and therefore could be used for comparison of relative abundance. 

Sweeping during daylight and collecting at night were timed (5 minutes per sample for general 

sweeping, and 40 minutes per sample for butterflies and Odonata. Collecting at night took 50 

minutes per sample). Night collections were done between 7.00pm and 10.00pm. There was no 

moonlight during the survey time. Banana traps were set in the morning and checked in the 

evening. 

Six specific sites were selected within the study area to give a representation of the various subhabitats 

of the area. The sites, with their co-ordinates, were as follows: (1) Salt-water marsh 

(SM), (2) Natural Forest (NF) -S06 0 13’25’’E39 0 24’35’’, (3) Wooded grassland (WG) – 

S06 0 13’32’’E39 0 24’43’’, (4) Ground-water Forest Plantation (GFP) -S06 0 16'02''E39 0 25'10'', (5) 

Ground-water Natural Forest (GFN) –S06 0 15’02’’E39 0 24’42’’, and (6) Thicket (THI) – 

S06 0 16’11’’E39 0 24’24’’. At each site a 50m square plot was marked and all the sampling took 

place inside the plot. Most of the specimens were identified using Kieland (1990), Migdoll (1987) 

Pinhey (1961), Pinhey (1965) and Scholtz (1985). 

23

3.3.3 Legend to threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna 

The IUCN redlist updated in 2000 of endangered species and CITES Appendices were used to 

estalish the conservation status of plants and animals: 

Legend to the IUCN status of Threatened Species of Flora and Fauna (for details see http://www.redlist.org) 

Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of 

extinction in the wild in the immediate future (These are defined under criteria A-E) 

Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of 

extinction in the wild in the near future (These are defined under criteria A-E) 

Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high 

risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term (These are defined by criteria A-E) 

Lower Risk (LR): A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the 

categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk cane be separated 

into three sub-categories: 

1. Conservation Dependent (cd) 

2. Near Threatened (nt) 

3. Least Concern (lc) 

Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect 

assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. 

Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria. 

Explanation of CITES Appendices 

CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls. These require 

that all import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be 

authorized through a licensing system. 

The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need. 

(for additional information see CITES Species or http://www.cites.org) 

• Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is 

permitted only in exceptional circumstances 

• Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be 

controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival 

• Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES 

Parties for assistance in controlling the trade 

24

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

4.1 Vegetation 

4.1.1 Major habitat types and dominant species 

The description of different vegetation units that were classified into 10 vegetation types or 

habitats is presented in Table 4. A general description of grassland, shrubland, marine (algae and 

seagrasses) and mangrove vegetation types are given though these were not quantitatively 

studied. Pikkarainen (1991) attempted to classify the Jozani vegetation into 8 vegetation types 

namely forest plantations, natural forest unexploited, secondary forest (following previous 

commercial harvesting), natural high forest (no longer used for commercial cutting), coastal 

evergreen thickets, salt marsh grassland, low forest and magrove forest. This classification system 

does not make clear distinctions especially as regards to what is a forest or bushland or thicket 

and completely omits wooded grassland and ground water forest. The concept used to define low 

forest and high forest is also not clear. Mohammed (1999) classifies the vegetation of Jozani- 

Chwaka bay proposed National Park in 7 vegetation types including groundwater forest, coastal 

evergreen thickets, mangrove forests, saline grasslands, algae and seagrass beds and forest 

plantations. This is an appropriate classification although no details are given as to what criteria 

were used to arrive at the categories. In this study we applied abundance scales and physiognomic 

concepts of Greenway (1973) and White (1983) in the determination of vegetation types of 

Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park. In our study the mangrove and algae/seagrass bed 

formations were not sampled but their floristic compositions are briefly described. We have 

treated bushland and thickets as one vegetation type (Burgess and Clarke, 2000) and the wooded 

grassland and the shrublands as separate units (Table 4). 

Table 4: The units of vegetation classification as were observed in Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

proposed National Park 

VEGETATION CATEGORIES AND 

MAIN EDAPHIC FEATURES 

1. Swamp forest (freshwater swamp 

forest of White, 1983) in 

permanently moist truncated valley 

bottom (Plates 1, 3, 16). Rock 

basement surface covered with a 

deep layer of decayed litter with 

high water table. 

SPECIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS 

This topography is frequently interspersed with large and key emergent 

species. They are Pandanus, Elaeis, Eugenia and scattered trees of 

Vitex, Anthocleista and Ficus species. These species have trees 25 -35 

m in height that constitute the canopy cover. Ficus species and Vitex 

doniana with largest dbh ranges dominate for trees and the shrub layer 

is dense in some spots while the ferns Stenochlaena and Phymatodes 

form the herb layer. Monodominant stands of Pandanus rabaiensis are 

causing some concern for conservation as the species is deemed to 

invade and suppress regeneration of other species (personal 

communication with Thabit). Another monocotyledonous tree of Jozani 

is Raphia farinifera. (White 1983, Greenway 1973). 

25



2. Albizia dominated forest, greater 

part covered by coral rock (Legume 

dominated forest of Burgess and 

Clarke 2000) 

3. Evergreen mixed dry forest or 

Mixed evergreen scrub forest of 

Burgess and Clarke, 2000 (Plates 

23, 24). 

4. Dry bushland and thicket (Gillmann 

1949, White, 1983)(Plates 4, 5). 


Closed canopy formation dominated by Albizia adhianthifolia with 

trees 30 - 35m high. Intermediate species include Blighia unijugata,and 

Senna species. The Caesalpinioideae dominated dry forest suggests 

relicts of the former Pan-african lowland forest shown to be stable with 

healthy understorey regeneration (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). Mallotus 

opposifolia is the most dominant middle canopy tree with density of 

about 47.5 stems.ha -1 . The habitat is the most vulnerable to fires, 

farming, hunting and grazing. The surface is moist, but leaf litter is 

thin. There are indications of former plot farms within the forest 

marked by ruins of long walls made of coral rocks. These were meant 

to prevent vermin (wild pigs) from entering the farms. It is considered a 

separate vegetation unit because the stands completely exclude other 

canopy dominant species in the next category. Many members of 

Caesalpinioideae produce seeds of short viability which do not tolerate 

dessication and are not dispersed by wind or birds (Burgess and Clarke, 

2000). Clearance of such a forest affects regeneration potential. 

Relatively moist surface (surface limestone developed on coral rock), 

represented by a mixed dominance of a few species which include 

Diospyros consolatae (most dominant), Terminalia boivinii, Rapanea 

melanophloeus, Olea woodiana, Apodytes dimidiata, Mystroxylon 

aethiopicum, Maytenus mossambicensis, Ozoroa obovata and 

Sideroxylon inerme. In shallow valley bottoms Ficus sur is common. 

Canopy height is 10-25m with few emergent trees. The structure is 

intermediate between the bushland and thicket category (below) with 

trees below 10m tall and forest canopy over 25m. White (1983) 

recognizes that scrub forest occurs as a narrow band separating 

Zanzibar-Inhambane forest from the Somali-Masai regional centre of 

endemism. Lianas are scarce or rare. 

This category is transitional to scrub forest and represents a dwarf 

bushland with clustered bushes on more xeric coral rock basement. The 

dominant species are the same as above, but the structure is different. It 

is dominated by shrubs with emergent trees to 10m. Thickets are well 

developed in shallow valley depressions with a thin layer of litter. 

Afzelia quanzensis occurs in this type of thickets. There are some 

indications of previous farming, thus representing secondary 

vegetation. Common emergent trees include Maytenus mossambicensis, 

Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Apodytes dimidiata, and Diospyros 

consolatae. All of these species occur in the previous category except 

that the trees are of smaller sizes (




5.2. Fire induced bracken bush This represents early successional stages of fire influences on 

vegetation. It is represented by a thick impenetrable bush cover of 

Pteridium equilinum which is a pioneer species with few emergents of 

Bridelia micrantha and Ficus species.The bracken acts as a pioneer in 

areas where the previous vegetation has been destroyed by fire. It 

produces toxins which retard seed germination of other plants but this 

obstacle breaks down later in the succession. 

6. Salt marsh swamp grassland (Plates 6, 

9) 

Paspalum vaginatum forms dense cover to the exclusion of other 

grasses and herbs. A few woody species such as Ficus sp and Pluchea 

dioscoridis occur on scattered rocks covered with think soil mantles. 

Edges of the salt marsh are dominated by Acrostichum aureum, 

Pluchea soridida and scattered Aframomum sp, Syzygium cumini, 

Pandanus kirkii and Phoenix reclinata. 

7. Shrubland (Plate 17) It is located between Cheju and forest boundary on a higher elevation 

than the rest of the area. This vegetaion type was not quantitatively 

sampled but its species composition was enumerated on various 

randomly selected sites. The vegetation type is characterized by dwarf 

bushes with open spaces or clustered thickets. There are few emergent 

trees which include Euclea racemosa ssp schimperii, Rapanea 

melanophloeos, Manilkara sansibarensis Bersama sp. and Diospyros 

consolatae. There are also shrubs or small trees




9.3 Gmelina plantation The plantation is a dominated by Gmelina arborea. In some places a 

few individuals of Rapanea melanophloes, Calophyllum inophylum, 

Apodytes dimidiata and Eucalyptus sp are present. 

9.4 Casuarina plantation (Plates 14, 15) These are pure stands of Casuarina equisetifolia with individuals 

reaching a height of about 10m. 

10. Marine ecosystem This include mangrove formation, algae and seagrasses, open water 

body 

10.1 Mangrove formation (Plates 18, 19, 

20) 

The mangrove ecosystem is confined on shores where the vigour of the 

surf is broken by sand bars or coral reefs, being most extensively 

developed on the deltas of large rivers such as Rufiji delta in the 

mainland or small bays such as Chwaka Bay. The mangrove flora of 

East Africa has a high diversity compared to the mangrove flora of 

West Africa. There are 9 mangrove species which include Avicennia 

marina (Family Avicenniaceae), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Family 

Rhizophoraceae) Ceriops tagal Family Rhizophoraceae) Rhizophora 

mucronata (Family Rhizophoraceae), Sonneratia alba (Family 

Sonneratiaceae), Lumnitzera racemosa (Family Combretaceae), 

Hertiera littoralis (Family Sterculiaceae) Xylocarpus granatum 

(Family Meliaceae) and Xylocarpus moluscaensis (Family Meliaceae). 

Associates of mangrove species occur at high water mark and these 

include Barringtonia sp and Brexia madagascariensis in Chwaka Bay. 

Landward the mangrove formation gradually fades into barren sand-flat 

where Shaeda monoica intermingles with Arthrocnemum indicum, 

Salicornia sp and grasses like Sporobolus viriginius, Paspalum 

vaginatum. All the above basic information applies also to Jozani- 

Chwaka Bay proposed National Park. Paspalum vaginatum for 

instance, forms a dense cover in Wangwani salt marsh. The details of 

this ecosystem have been dealt with under a separate study. 

10.2 Algae and seegrasses There are varieties of algae and seagrass species occurring in Chwaka 

Bay area. About 23 species of algae and 10 species of seagrass 

(Appendix VI) have been reported in Mohammed (1999). 

The survey results show that habitat diversity in the proposed park is relatively high and probably 

higher compared to areas of similar size on the mainland coastal forests. Vegetation communities 

on Zanzibar are similar to those found in the coastal areas on the mainland at the same latitude. 

Zanzibar was separated from the mainland during the ice-age but the short distance separating the 

two areas can still allow dispersal of certain plant species (Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). The 

island communities have habitat suitability favouring species pre-adaptation (Begon et al, 1996). 

This is a genetic selection of the ancestors, which have a genetic fitness to survive under stress 

and different climatic conditions. The species pre-adaptation also involves the modification of the 

plant parts induced by the external conditions to suit the existing environment. However, due to 

the relatively short separation time, Zanzibar has not developed many endemic plant species. The 

diversified ecological habitats harbour genetic reservoir for numerous plants and unique habitats 

for the rare and endemic animal species such as the Zanzibar red colobus. For Zanzibar, the 

28

Jozani forest is the only large remaining natural rainforest and its units are vital for in situ 

conservation of plant diversity in order to support and preserve a potentially useful gene pool and 

maintain ecosystem ecological stability. Different habitats will tend to have different threats 

hence zoning the park will be necessary, as different zones might need different management and 

conservation approaches due to the different biotic communities and physical characteristics 

present. A diversity of habitats also gives opportunity to have a broad range of ecotourism uses. 

4.1.2 Floristic diversity and species list 

A total of 291 plant species belonging to 83 families were recorded in Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

proposed National Park area (Appendix I). This is not an exhaustive species list due to time 

constraint which prevented a more detailed botanical survey. However, the figure gives an 

indication of the high floristic diversity possessed in the study area. The vascular plant groups are 

reprented as follows: 

(i) Dicotyledons: 66 families, 187 genera and 248 species. 

(ii) Monocotyledons: 9 families, 26 genera and 35 species. 

(iii) Pteridophytes (ferns): 8 families, 8 genera and 8 species. 

Out of the 291 vascular plant species recorded during the survey one species Monanthotaxis 

faulknerae (Annonaceae) a climber was a new record for Zanzibar. A tree Acacia mangium 

(Mimosaceae) an introduced species in the forest plantations and a climber Agelaea setulosa 

(Connaraceae) a near endemic species to coastal areas of Tanga and Kenya, are documented for 

the first time for Zanzibar as they do not appear in the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA). A 

tree Burttdavya nyasica (Rubiaceae) was reported by Ruffo (1992) and during this survey was 

found in the groundwater forest but does not appear in the FTEA (Rubiaceae Part II). 

Some factors influencing species richness on Zanzibar includes invasion of communities by preadaptive 

species (Diospyros-Terminalia-Euclea-Manilkara-Encephalartus associations) that 

evolved elsewhere on the mainland. The flora is limited to those types having ancestors that 

managed to disperse to the island (Begon et al., 1996). 

The species richness and diversity at each site was assessed by the number of species in each 

growth form. The number of species in the herb layer was lowest (4 species) in the Callophylum 

plantation followed closely by the vegetation at the edge of mangrove, the two sites in the ground 

water forest and the salt marsh grassland (Appendix II). Each of the five sites had less than 10 

29

herb species. The rest of the habitats showed a relatively high diversity with the highest number 

(16 species) recorded in the evergreen scrub forest, Gmelina plantation and the Syzigium–Elaeis 

dominant ground water forest. The low diversity in the herb layer of Callophylum plantation and 

similar habitats can be explained by lack of enough light at the floor of such vegetation resulting 

in dominance of shade loving species such as Stenochlaena and Phymatodes as was observed in 

most habitats with closed canopy. The Albizia dominated forest showed the highest number of 

species in the shrub layer followed by the scrub forest whereas the lowest number was recorded 

in the salt marsh swamp grassland and wooded grassland. The habitats with high number of 

shrubs may indicate a high regeneration process of the forest. The evergreen forest had highest 

diversity (24 species) of three species (Appendix III) and only tree species in the Casuarina 

plantation. This may imply that Casuarina equisetifolia has a suppressing effect on other species 

and is probably affecting the indigenous species. 

4.1.3 Indicator species and tools to diagnose ecological condition 

A forest is sound when it is able to sustain its structure in the face of regular and incidental 

natural disturbance. The main criterion for forest integrity is the occurrence of all species of 

organisms and age classes of all organisms in a particular proportion of social organization 

(Herlocker, 1999). The loss of a particular species is a symptom of poor forest condition. 

Fluctuating climatic conditions also affect the ecological condition and inflict vegetation changes. 

Results from this study shows that some species have declined or disappeared through harvesting 

such as Croton sylvaticus and Burttdavya nyasica. Decline in these species is of great concern for 

conservation especially of timber trees. 

Indigenous timber tree species of Milicia excelsa and others have been reported from Jozani 

Forest, but the majority were not encountered during this study. Callophylum inophyllum was 

introduced to replenish timber production. 

The species inventory and population composition are not adequate to evaluate ecological 

integrity (condition) for planning and management. It is laborious to make exhaustive inventory 

of species diversity and their relative population composition in order to evaluate ecological 

integrity for planning and management. For convenience, it is preferable to adopt new 

approaches, which rapidly assess forest integrity without detailed inventories of all major groups 

of forest species. However, this is a hypothesized approach to use rapid simple measurement of 

the appropriate set of indicators resulting in standardized approach techniques (Koop et al., 

30

1994). Ecological indicators are useful tools to appraise forest condition. There are three groups 

of ecological indicators to be considered: 

i. Structural indicators 

Natural vegetation is considered structurally stable when it is undisturbed. When a forest is 

disturbed through activities such as timber harvesting the condition of the forest integrity is also 

affected (Budowski, 1965). Forest structure indicators, therefore, define the reduced eclogical 

integrity of the habitat: 

a) Basal area: The numbers of counted trees and their basal areas are indicated in Table 2. These 

values are relatively low in Jozani compared to the coastal forests on the mainland for most 

surveyed habitats except in ground water forest and in forest plantations. For example in the 

coastal forests on the mainland the average DBH (cm) and basal area (m 2 /ha., in brackets) 

were 10-20 (0.118), 20-50 (0.528), and >50 (0.728) (Burgess and Clarke, 2001) respectively. 

b) Tree diameter: The presence of large trees is taken as an indicator of mature forest. In this 

study trees with a diameter greater than 40cm were considered as relatively large and were 

recorded in transect 8 (ground water forest: Pandanus-Elaeis dominant), transect 9 

(Callophylum plantation), transect 7 (ground water forest: Areca catechu dominant) transect 

10 (edge of mangrove vegetation), transect 13 (ground water forest: Syzigium & Eugenia 

dominant), transect 17 (Gmelina plantation) and in transect 4 (evergreen scrub forest). 

Transects 11, 12 and 14 each had 1 tree with diameter over 40cm. However, among these 

trees only a few had diameters greater than 50cm, categorised by Smiet (1989) as big trees. 

This is relevant for Jozani because the forest has trees with DBH category of > 50 cm hence 

the concern for conservation and monitoring. 

c) Tree height: Tree heights were estimated in 5 metre classes and the maximum height class 

was composed of trees with height greater than 25 m. Tall trees constituted 166 stems (7.6%) 

out of the sampled 2,170 trees. Most of these trees occurred in transects 9 (40%) and transect 

7 (17.5%). 

d) Forest layers: Young and old secondary forests have a single or double layer, while late 

successional stages have a more multi-layered structure (Budowski 1965, Jacobs 1988). In 

Jozani forest examples were sighted at Mapopwe and Unguja Ukuu areas where ruins of past 

31

stone walls were seen indicating previous forest disturbance. The secondary forest in these 

areas was usually two layered. 

e) Characteristic diameter distributions (Koop, 1989): Diameter distribution patterns in 

secondary forest (e.g. Figure 3 and in Table 2), tend to display a reverse J-shaped curve 

shown by the undisturbed forest. In Jozani the relationship of overall density to DBH follows 

the L - shaped curve whereby the lowest DBH class has the highest number of species, and 

the high DBH class has the lowest number of species, except for transect 9 a forest plantation 

under the monospecific genus Callophyllum. The diameter distribution of this transect shows 

a normal J - shaped curve suggesting that there is no forest stratification. In this forest 

plantation old individuals continue to increase in size and dominate the forest while few 

seedlings are recruited. 

ii. 

Light indicator species 

Light indicator species show reduced ecological integrity. The presence of such indicators is a 

sign of secondary forest or disturbed habitat (Budowski, 1965): 

a) Indicative groups of pioneer tree species found in the gap formations: The indicative groups 

of pioneer tree species found in the study area include Trema guineensis, Macaranga 

capensis and Mallotus opposifolia. 

b) Light demanding species: These include Panicum trichocladum, Aframomum angustifolium 

(ginger group), Stenochlaena tenuifolium, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Phymatodes 

scolopendria. The latter three belong to the fern group. 

iii. Atmospheric moisture indicators 

This indicator group refers to families of species indicating high atmospheric humidity 

e.g. the hanging Usnea, the epiphytic orchids of Aerangis hologlotis and Microcoelia 

exilis in bushland and thicket. No quantitative sampling was undertaken for these 

indicator groups. 

Other direct ecological indicators are those of disturbance. These include cut stumps of trees, fire 

incidences, presence of footpaths leading to areas of destruction (pole cutting), burnt stumps and 

logs, exotic trees e.g. Mangifera indica, Cocos nucifera which indicate development stages of 

farming and settlements. Some species serve as ecological indicators for certain habitat 

32

conditions. Acrostichum aureum and Paspalum vaginatum are indictors of saline conditions often 

associated with salt marsh. The percentage of canopy gaps is reflected by the frequency of light 

indicators. Mostly the gaps created in old growth are colonised by light indicators which 

eventually dominate. 

4.1.4 Vegetation condition, quantitative description and assessment of species abundance 

i) Trees basal area, density and dominance 

The basal area calculated for each vegetation type separately (Table 5 & Fig. 2) showed the 

highest basal area (53.49 m 2 .ha -1 ) in transect 7 representing ground-water forest, the Areca 

catechu dominant stand, followed by transect 9 which represents Callophylum plantation (49.06 

m 2 .ha -1 ), transect 17 representing Gmelina plantation (36.57 m 2 .ha -1 ), and transect 8 in the 

ground-water forest, the Pandanus-Elaies dominant stand (22.35 m 2 .ha -1 ). Some vegetation 

communities showed an intermediate range of basal areas. These include the Syzigium and 

Eugenia dominant stand in the ground water forest (transect 13), the vegetation at the edge of 

mangrove (transect 10) and the Albizia dominated forest (transect 6) which had 17.01 m 2 .ha -1 , 

16.98 m 2 .ha -1 and 16.3 m 2 .ha -1 respectively. The rest of transects had low basal area values less 

than 10.0 m 2 .ha -1 . The lowest values were recorded in salt marsh swamp (transect 1), wooded 

grassland (transect 3) and in dry bushland and thickets (transect 5). 

The density (Table 5), expressed as the number of stems per hactare for the sampled trees showed 

a nearly similar pattern as that observed in basal area with highest values in ground water forest, 

the Areca catechu dominant stand (1097.5 stems.ha -1 ) followed by Gmelina plantation (530.0 

stems.ha -1 ). Next to this plantation were evergreen scrub forest (transect 4) and the Pandanus- 

Elaies stand in the ground water forest having 475 stems.ha -1 each and the Acacia plantations 

(440 stem.ha -1 ). These five forest stands had density over 400 stems per hectare which is 

substantially high figure. Again the lowest values were recorded in the salt marsh swamp 

grassland and wooded grassland. These big differences in tree basal area and density for different 

transects explains the big differences existing within the study area for micro-habitat conditions 

ranging from the permanently wet habitats to very dry rocky ones. 

Tree dominance for each transect was calculated separately and the species dominance values are 

presented in Appendix III. There was a high variation in dominance among transects. Based on 

ranks assigned to each species, Diospyros consolatae had highest dominance in the evergreen 

scrub forest (transects 2 & 4) and in transect 14 while Annona senegalensis and Bridelia 

33

micrantha contribute equally high in dominance in the wooded grassland. Rapanea 

melanophloeos and Albizia adianthifolia. ranked highest in transect 5 and transect 6 respectively 

whereas Callophylum inophyllum dominated in transects 8, 9 and 17. In transect 7 the highest 

dominance was recorded in Vitex doniana and Syzigium cumini dominated in transects 10 and 13. 

In transect 11 and transect 12 the dominating species were Olea woodiana and Bourreria 

petiolaris respectively. Acacia auriculiformis dominated the Acacia plantations and Casuarina 

equisetifolia ranked highest in transect 16. This observation whereby a certain species or group of 

species change in dominance from one area to another confirms that the Jozani-Chwaka Bay is 

heterogeneous with different habitats and vegetation types. Every type survives and performs 

better in the environment to which it is most adapted and most suited. 

ii) Shrub and Herb layer 

Relative densities (R.D.) and relative frequencies (R.F.) of herb and shrub species assessed for 

various transects are presented in Appendix II. The R.D. and R.F. values for different species 

varied from one community type to another depending on micro-habitat conditions operating at 

different scales. In the salt marsh grassland Paspalum vaginatum showed the highest dominance 

(R.D. > 80%) because this species is adapted to salty conditions. 

In transect 2 and 4, the seedlings and saplings of Olea woodiana, Macphersonia gracilis and 

Diospyros consolatae had highest relative density and frequency in the herb and shrub layers. 

High abundance of these three species in the shrub and herb layers is an indication of high 

regeneration potential under the prevailing conditions. In the wooded grassland Heteropogon 

contortus, Tephrosia pilosa and Hyparrhenia rufa were the dominant species in terms of R.D. 

and R.F. while the shrub layer was dominated by Annona senegalensis. This observation is due to 

the fact that following fire that destroyed the previous vegetation, the area is now exposed to light 

and many species of grasses, herbs and forbs are favoured. Many plants of Annona senegalensis 

in the woody layer indicates that the habitat represents secondary succession following a previous 

catatrophic event of fire and if no further disturbanceoccurs it may develop to a forest again. 

Generally, the herb and shrub layers in many vegetation types were dominated by the seedlings 

and saplings of the dominating trees mixed with other understorey species. This is important 

since presence of seedlings, saplings and the shrubs of the dominating species indicates a high 

regeneration potential of the habitat. This was true for all habitat types except in Callophylum and 

Casuarina plantation where the shrub layer was poorly represented and the herb layer was 

dominated by ferns. 

34

Table 5: Summarized tree data for different transects representing different vegetation types in Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park 

Transects 

Attributes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total 

Density (stems.ha -1 ) 20.0 302.5 37.5 475.0 110.0 310.0 1097.5 475.0 345.0 157.5 230.0 157.5 315.0 237.5 440.0 202.5 530.0 320.1 

Basal area (m 2 .ha -1 ) 0.02 8.43 1.2 4.89 1.37 16.3 53.49 22.35 49.06 16.98 4.75 4.09 17.01 5.23 6.32 3.29 36.57 14.79 

Height ranges (m) 

DBH ranges (cm) 

5.0 - 9.9 1 22 13 31 41 31 141 55 7 32 77 40 62 73 110 30 99 865 

10.0 - 14.9 0 33 2 67 3 45 91 43 19 11 13 11 32 15 66 30 69 550 

15.0 - 19.9 0 41 0 71 0 24 95 43 25 12 2 7 14 5 0 21 20 380 

20 - 24.9 0 14 0 19 0 8 83 31 19 6 0 2 11 2 0 0 14 209 

>25.0 0 11 0 2 0 16 29 18 68 2 0 3 7 0 0 0 10 166 

10.0 - 14.9 1 49 5 61 39 51 240 18 7 20 59 29 64 55 105 58 50 911 

15.0 - 19.9 0 34 5 53 5 31 35 19 11 6 18 22 21 24 64 17 68 433 

20.0 - 24.9 0 22 3 43 0 11 59 38 13 3 10 7 9 11 5 6 20 260 

25.0 - 29.9 0 14 2 22 0 31 12 21 19 3 3 2 10 3 1 0 20 163 

30.0 - 34.9 0 0 0 4 0 0 23 11 11 10 1 1 5 1 1 0 24 92 

35.0 - 39.9 0 2 0 4 0 0 31 20 27 3 0 1 7 0 0 0 21 116 

>40.0 0 0 0 3 0 0 39 63 50 18 1 1 10 1 0 0 9 195 

Total number of stems sampled 1 121 15 190 44 124 439 190 138 63 92 63 126 95 176 81 212 2170 

Key: 

Transect 1: Salt mash swamp Transect 10: Edge of mangrove vegetation 

Transect 2 & 4: Evergreen scrub forest Transect 11: Diospyros dominated bushland and thickets 

Transect 3: Wooded grassland Transect 12: Forest to bushland/thicket profile 

Transect 5: Dry bushland and thicket Transect 13: Ground water forest: Syzigium & Eugenia dominant 

Transect 6: Albizia dominated forest Transect 14: Fire induced vegetation 

Transect 7: Ground water forest: Areca catechu (Mipopoo) dominant Transect 15: Acacia plantations 

Transect 8: Ground water forest: Pandanus-Elaeis dominant Transect 16: Casuarina plantations 

Transect 9: Calophyllum plantation Transect 17: Gmelina plantation 

35

60 

50 

53.49 

49.06 

Basal area (m 2 .ha -1 ) 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

36.57 

22.35 

16.30 

16.98 

17.01 

8.43 

4.89 

0.02 

1.20 1.37 

4.75 4.09 

5.23 6.32 3.29 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

Transects 

Figure 2: Basal area in different transects representing various vegetation types in Jozani- 

Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar 

iii) DBH and height distribution 

One way of assessing forest structure is by looking at the way individuals of different sizes 

(height and stem diameter) are represented in that community. The height frequency distribution 

is presented in Fig. 3 & Table 5 while DBH frequency distribution for various transects 

representing different vegetation types is shown in Fig. 4 and Table 5. For all trees sampled in 

each transect there was highest number of plants in the lowest DBH class (i.e.10.0-14.9cm) and 

the lowest number in the largest DBH class except for transect 8 (ground water forest: Pandanus 

–Elaeis dominant) and transect 9 (Callophylum plantation) in which the opposite pattern was 

observed. Again with exception of transects 8 and 9 there was a consistent decrease of number of 

individual per class as DBH increased. This dominance of trees in the lower DBH classes as 

observed in this study is a good indication of active forest regeneration since many tree 

populations have small newly recruited individuals differing in size and age. The opposite trend 

observed in transects 8 and 9 where many individuals are found in the largest class is an indicator 

of low or lack of forest regeneration process. This observation shows that there is not much 

regeneration taking place in the Callophylum plantation nor in Pandanus-Elaies stand in the 

36

ground water forest. It may also mean that no much harvesting of big individuals from these sites 

is taking place. Normally, the trees included in above 40cm DBH class are tall; they are also 

canopy trees. The height frequency distribution of the trees shows that there was highest number 

of trees with height

160 

140 

120 

5.0 - 9.9 m 

10.0 - 14.9 m 

15.0 - 19.9 m 

20 - 24.9 m 

>25.0 m 

No. of stems 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

Transects 

Figure 3: Distribution of tree heights in Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed national Park, 

Zanzibar 

300 

10.0 - 14.9 cm 

15.0 - 19.9 cm 

20.0 - 24.9 cm 

25.0 - 29.9 cm 

30.0 - 34.9 cm 

35.0 - 39.9 cm 

> 40 cm 

250 

Number of stems 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

Transects 

Figure 4: DBH distribution in various transects representing different vegetation types in 

Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar 

38

production of conventional medicines (Herlocker, 1999). Over collection of some species for 

medicinal uses also needs further investigation. For example, Croton sylvaticus (Msinduzi) is 

becoming exceedingly rare because it is being over exploited for its medicinal uses. Its 

phytochemical constituents are being undertaken at University of Dar es Salaam, Department of 

Chemistry. Other species that have been investigated are known from Jozani and Pemba are listed 

in Table 6 below. 

Table 6: Some species investigated or under investigation at Chemistry Department, 

University of Dar es Salaam for phytochemical constituents with medicinal values (Nkunya 

et al, 1990) 

Species Family Places of 

observation 

Part 

investigated 

Mkilua fragrans Annonaceae Pemba, Fruits, stem, 

Zanzibar root bark 

town 

Uvaria acuminata Annonaceae Mapopwe Stem & root 

barm 

Constituents 

Aporphinoids 

acetylenic 

acetogenins 

C- 

benzyhydrochaico 

nes sesquiterpenes 

Under 

Hoslundia opposita Lamiaceae Jozani Arial parts, 

roots, fruits investigation 

Croton sylvaticus Euphorbiaceae Jozani Roots Under 

investigation 

Biological 

acitivitiy 

Antifungal, 

antibackerial, 

cytotoxic 

Antimalarial 

Antimalarial 

Apart from the species under investigation and those with known chemical contituents several 

others medicinal plants are known. A list of potential medicinally important plant species found 

in Jozani-Chwaka Bay area is presented in Table 7. 

Table 7: Potential medicinally important plant species in Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed 

National Park, Zanzibar 

Botanical name Vernacular name Disease treated Part used 

Achyranthes aspera L. 

An emetic for pains Roots 

in the chest not due to 

cough 

Adansonia digitata Mbuyu Dysentery remedy 

Malaria treatment 

Antidote against 

strophanthus 

poisoning to tree eyepains 

Fruits 

Leaves 

and barks Under 

leaves 

39


Albizia adianthifolia Mgelenge 

To cure scabies and Bark and roots 

Mkenge 

skin diseases 

As a bronchitis 

remedy 

Snake bite and for 

keeping evil sprits 

away 

Albizia zygia. Mgunga To cure skin eruptive Bark & roots 

fevers and as a 

dressing on yawns 

Anacardium occidentale Mkorosho Preventing abortion Roots 

Annona senegalensis Mtopetope Head-ache 

Stomach ache 

Kirambi 

Liver, abdominal 

pains 

Antidesma venosum Mtimagoa msisimizi Liver, abdominal 

pains, coughs, 

schistosomiasis, 

scabies, fits, 

diarrhoea dysentery 

and constipation 

Roots 

Asparagus falcatus Veneral diseases Roots 

Blighia unijugata Mtikiza 

Epilepsy 

Roots 

Mkulukilemba Hernia 

Bridelia micrantha 

(Hochst) 

Mkaratu 

Mututututu 

To treat liver 

complains against 

Roots 

Barks 

Seeds, Fruits, leaves, 

Twig 

dysentery in children 

Caesalpinia volkensii Mkomwe Tracoma Seeds 

Cassytha filiformis Mlangamia Hedache Leaves 

Clausena anisata Mfusho Fever, dementia Leaves 

Clerodendrum sp. Kipepe Convulsions Leaves 

Croton sylvaticus Mshinduzi Swellings Hernia Bark-powder 

Dichrostachys cinerea Msigino Snake bites 

Wounds and Boils 

Stomach-ache 

Leaves, Roots 

Dodonaea viscosa Mkeng’eta Impotence Roots 

Elaeis guineensis Jacq Mchikichi Culnery Fruits 

Eucalyptus sp. Mkaratus Nasal drops, Vermin Seeds 

repellant 

Euclea racemosa ssp. 

schimperi 

Mdaa 

Swelling, chest pains 

ancylostomiasis, 

Roots, barks 

syphilis 

Euclea natalensis Msiliza Constipation Roots 

Euphorbia hirta L. Mziwaziwa Gonorrhoea, Whole plant and Roots 

stomach-ache, 

dysenteries, snake 

bite, bronchitis 

asthma. 

Ficus exasperata Msasa Pneumonia Roots 

40


Ficus sycomorus L. Mkuyu Chest, Antidiarrhoea, 

Flow of milk to the 

Stem, Leaves, Fruit, 

Roots 

cow 

Flagellaria guineensis Mpepa, Mtebi Treatment of Fruits 

venereal disease 

Flueggea virosa Mkwamba Promote fertility 

among women, to 

cure chest pains 

insect-repelent 

Leaves/roots 

Roots, Leaves 

Grewia sp. Mkole Fumigation Roots, Bark, Leaves 

Harrisonia abyssinica Mdakakomba Fever, Dementia, 

snake bites stomachache 

Leaves, 

Roots 

Hoslundia opposita Mlashore Fever Leaves 

Launaea cornuta Mchunga Malaria Leaves 

Lippia javanica Mpambauke Anaemia, Madness Leaves 

fever 

Macaranga capensis Mkalanga Allergy Leaves 

Mallotus oppositifolius Mtandutundu Stomach-ache, chest Roots 

Mangifera indica Mwembe Stomach-ache, Leaves 

Diarrhoea 

Markhania obtusifolia 

Convulsion & Leaves, fruits 

sprague 

barrenness 

Ocimum suave Vumbasis Asthma stomachache, 

fever, mosquito 

repellent dementia 

Leaves 

Pandanus kirkii Mkadi Aphrodisiac Roots 

Ozorora obovata Mng’ombe Stomach-ache Roots 

Ozorora obovata Mng’ombe Stomach-ache, to Roots 

treat fever 

Phyllanthus sp. Mtambaa na penu Gonorrhoea, bubanic 

plague, dressing to 

abscesses 

Leaves, Fruits, Roots 

Piper umbellatum Mnamia-panga 

Mtambuu mwitu 

Ring worm 

Pittosporum viridiflorum Mpande To prevent Abortion, 

Anaemia 

Whole plant or stem. 

Bark 

Pluchea sordidas Mwingambu Dementia Leaves 

Psiadia punctulata Mkeneta Rashes Leaves 

Psidium gujava L. 

Deep cuts, spraius, 

diarrhoea, ulcers, 

instestinal 

haemorhages, cholera 

Rapanea melanophloeos 

Mez 

Mkangalashamba 

Expectrorant and 

emetic, astringent, 

anthelmintic 

Rauvolfia mombasiana Mwengechaa Stomach-ache 

Primary stages of 

diabetes 

Rhus longipes Mchengule Stomach-ache 

Tooth-ache 

Leaves, flowers, Bark 

& Roots. 

Bark, Leaves, Fruits 

Roots 

5 pieces of twigs per 

dose 

Roots 

Leaves 

41


Rhus natalensis Mkumba Wounds, infertility, Roots 

pains in menstruation 

period 

Senna petersiana Mpingawaume Hernia, impotence Roots 

Solanum incanum Mtula Hernia, constipation, Roots 

Sorideia 

Mtikiza/Mpilipili Bleeding of women, Roots 

madagascariensis doria 

also women’s pains 

while in monthly 

periods 

Mtonga Hernia Roots 

Synaptolepis kirkii Mbibikiu Vomiting, Impotence Roots 

Tabernaemontana Pumbu ya kima To heal wounds Milk sap from stems, 

ventricosa 

fruits 

Tacca leontopetaloids Uwangajike Ear-ach, Diarrhoea Tuber 

Tamarindus indica Mkwaju Lakative Seeds 

Tarenna pavettoides Mlashore Fever, 

Terminalia catapa L. Mkungu Catarrh, Diarrhoea, 

Dysenteries, Skin 

diseases, asthma 

Bark, Leaves 

Turraea floribunda Mtamagoa Stomach-ache Roots 

Mtimafuta Antiseptic for fresh 

wounds 

Squeeze juice from 

warmed twigs 

Euclea racemosa ssp. 

schimperii 

Mdaa Purgative/laxactive 

(aperient)tamagoa 

Roots 

4.1.5.2 Species with multiple uses as sources of plant products essential to society 

Eastern African countries harbour many plant species with multiple economic uses. Many are 

sources of food. These species help to alleviate problems of food shortage and nutritional 

requirements in fragile ecosystems. Zanzibar is highly populated, yet with little value in 

agricultural terms the study area is a source of many forest resources including fruits, vegetables, 

fuelwood, charcoal and medicine (Table 8; Appendix V). Mbuya et al. (1994) lists 37 different 

species of uses for trees, shrubs and liana. Proper conservation and the utilization and marketing 

of plant products from such species could to a large extent provide economic base for the rural 

areas. Some of the uses are not known from Zanzibar but known from other sources including 

literature. Table 8 below indicates plant species with multiple uses in Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

proposed National Park. 

ii) Forest plantations 

Jozani groundwater forest has been logged for timber since the 1940s and was made a forest 

reserve in the early 1960s. The history of forest plantations in Zanzibar goes back to 1930’s with 

the introduction of Callophylum inophyllum in the Jozani swamp forest. This was intended to 

meet timber demand after the indigenous timber trees had been depleted. Subsequently the 

42

government of Zanzibar realized that apart from timber shortage the fast growing population 

needed forest resources including marketable building poles, firewood and charcoal. Plantations 

of fuel-wood and pole-producing species were introduced (Plates 27, 28). The plantations contain 

hard wood species of Casuarina, two Acacia species and Gmeliana arborea. These species were 

introduced because they are fast growing and adaptable to soil and climatic conditions. The 

performances of these exotic species are presented together with other species in Appendix III, 

Table 5 & Figures 2 &3. 

There are no reports of enrichment plantations of the depleted indigenous timber trees of Milicia 

excelsa and Afzelia quanzensis. Hard wood planting of Milicia excelsa in Pugu Forest Reserve 

did not succeed due to insect infestation, but that doesn’t mean the same problem would be 

encountered if this approach was applied in the Jozani Forest Reserve. 

Thus the present approach of establishing hard wood plantations to meet local demands of 

fuelwood, charcoal and building poles is an appropriate method of conservation to reduce 

dependence on forest resources. Besides government plantations, local people have also been 

encouraged to establish their own hardwood plantations especially of Casuarina equisetifolia. It 

has been observed that wood supplies from government plantations are obtained at a lower 

marketable price compared to wood supplies from private sources (Mwinyimkuu, personal 

communication.). Government policy of financial considerations to local people’s rights on the 

forest resources has had a positive impact on deforestation. Management of forest plantations has 

gradually deteriorated since 1980’s to 1990’s due to financial problems, and because FINIDA, 

which was financing the Jozani Project, has ceased supporting it. This has resulted in the poor 

performances of plantations and unplanned forest harvesting (Plate 30). Casuarina plantations do 

not regenerate from coppices where the Acacia species respond well. The Callophylum 

inophyllum, Casuarina equesitifolia and Eucalyplus sp plantations in the groundwater habitat are 

performing well by attaining largest DBH classes and tree heights. However, Casuarina, 

especially, has been subjected to wind blow creating big gaps. 

4.1.6 Conservation status and endemism of plant species 

i) Conservation status 

Conservation efforts at Jozani are confronted by political, economical and habitat degradation 

issues arising from the surrounding villages (see interview responses in Appendix V). Major 

43

Table 8: Plants with multiple uses in Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park 

Species name Medicinal Firewood Charcoal Timber Poles Baskets Fibres Fodder Tools Boats Fruits, Vegetables Others 

& mats & 

ropes 

handle 

seeds, 

roots 

Anacardium occidentale * * 

Annona senegalensis * * * 

Afzelia quanzensis * 

Hoslundia opposita * * * 

Croton sylvaticus * * 

Calophyllum inophyllum * * * * 

Carica papaya * * * * 

Areca catechu * * 

Borassus aethiopicum * * * * 

Brexia madagascariensis * * 

Bridelia micrantha * * * 

Bruguera gymnorhiza * * 

Capsicum frutescens * * 

Senna petersiana * * 

Casuarina equisetifolia * * * 

Ceiba pentandra * * * 

Milicia excelsa * * * 

Citrus aurantiifolia * * * 

Cocos nucifera * * * * 

Encephalartos hildebrandtii * * 

Tabernaemontano ventricosa * * 

Ficus sur * * * 

Flacourtia indica * * 

Flagellaria guinensis * 

Flueggea virosa * * * * * 

Hyparrhenia rufa * * * 

Panicum trichocladum 

Psidium guajava * 

Tamarindus indica * * * * * * * 

Markhamia zanzibarica * * * * 

44

Species name Medicinal Firewood Charcoal Timber Poles Baslets 

& mats 

Maytenus mossambicensis * * * 

Launaea cornuta * * 

Adansonia digitata * * * 

Ipomoea aquatica * 

Antidesma venosum * * 

Ozoroa obovata * * 

Olea woodiana * * * 

Trema orientalis * * 

Rauvolfia Mombasiana * 

Suregada madagascariensis * * * 

Saba comorensis * * 

Flueggea virosa * * * * * 

Apodytes dimidiata * * * 

Diospyros consolatae * * * 

Phoenix reclinata * 

Pandanus kirkii * 

Rhus longipes * 

Euclea racemosa ssp. schimperii * 

Terminalia catapa * * 

Species which possess multiple medicinal values may be the subject of further biochemical investigation and threats. Stripping of bark for medicinal uses 

succumbs the individual tree to disease threats. Others include recreational, shade etc. 

Fibres 

& 

ropes 

Fodder 

Tools 

handle 

Boat 

45

issues include agricultural encroachment, illegal charcoal production and cutting trees for fire 

wood, building poles. Other uses including low income sources by villagers with farms close 

to the forest reserve to the issue of relocation. Some species found in the study area are known 

to be threatened or endangered and appear in the check-list of CITES species and in the Red 

list of endangered & threatened species (Table 9). Endangered wild species include plants that 

are directly overharvested in the wild for medicine, timber or forage plants. They also include 

populations used as sources of genetic variation for wild relatives of field crops and species 

which are crucial for the well-being of an ecosystem including dominant or keystone species 

and food plants of animals aof major concern (Frankel et al, 1995). 

Table 9: Threatened and endangered species and their conservation status 

Species Family Conservation status 

Eulophia volkensis 

Vanilla roscheri 

Vanilla zanzibarica 

Aerangis hologrottis 

Microcoelia exilis 

Nervilia umbrosa 

Orchidaceae 

Orchidaceae 

Orchidaceae 

Orchidaceae 

Orchidaceae 

Orchidaceae 

Appendix II of CITES 






Encephalartos hildebrandtii Zamiaceae Appendix I of CITES 

Var. hildebrandtii 

(Cycads) 

Coffea pseudozanguebariae Rubiaceae Red list summary report 2000, VU B1+2b 

Milicia excelsa Moraceae Red list summary report 2000, LR/nt 

Caesalpiniaceae Not specified 

Croton sylvaticus Euphorbiaceae Not specified 

Dalbergia melanoxyforn Fabaceae Red list summary report 2000, LR/nt 

Euphorbia nyikae Euphorbiaceae Appendix II of CITES 

Mkilua fragans Annonaceae Red list summary report 2000, VU B1+2b 

Pouteria alnifolia var. Sapotaceae Red list, summary report 2000, VU B1+2c 

saclenxii 

Psychotria goetzei var. Rubiaceae Red list, summary report 2000, VU B1+2b 

goetzeiplatyphylla 

Psychotria alsophyla Rubiaceae Red list, summary report 2000, VU B1+2b 

Mallotus oppositifolius var. Rubiaceae Red list, summary report 2000, VU B1+2b 

lindius 

Mildbraedii carpinifolia Rubiaceae Red list, summary report 2000, VU B1+2b 

Xylotheca tettensis var. Flacourtiaceae Red list, summary report 2000, VU B1+2c 

fissistyla 

Key: LR = Lower risk; VU = Vulnerable 

ii) Endemic and near endemic species 

Endemism describes species that are native to a particular geographic area or continent. In 

conservation view two aspects are of importance that is endemism and number of species. 

Polhill (1968) realized the paucity of plant species endemism in the Jozani area. Jozani is 

ranked among the 25 high-priority sites for long-term conservation due to its importance for 

46

the endangered red colobus monkey. The number of tourists visiting Jozani forest is rapidly 

increasing and thus an increasing forest income resulting into a revenue-sharing scheme 

among the surrounding villages. The forest also attracts local schools and it will in future 

form a centre for scientific research. 

Jozani-Chwaka Bay Proposed National Park possesses many near endemic species which 

have linkages with the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of endemism. One of the 

arguments is the location of Zanzibar Island on a continental shelf close to the coastal 

mainland of Tanzania that lies in this phytochorion. The endemic and near endemic species 

are listed in Table 10 below. 

Table 10: Endemic and near endemic plant species of Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed 

National Park and their distribution outside Jozani 

Family Species name Distribution Remarks 

Annonaceae Mkilua fragrans Verdc. K 7 , T 3 , 6,8, Z, P. In RLSR 

Monanthotaxis faulknerae Verdc. K 7 , T 3 In RLSR 

Monanthotaxis fornicata (Baill.) Verdc K 7 , T 3 , 6, Z Not known 

elsewhere 

Mononthotaxis trichocarpa (Eng. & 

Diels) Verdc. 

K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8, Z Not known 

elsewhere 

Uvaria kirkii Hook. f. K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8, Z & P. 

Apocynaceae Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8, Z & P 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea shupangensis Bak. T 1 , 3, 6, 8 & Z 

Ipomea zanzibarica Verdc. K7 & Z Not known 

elsewhere 

Celastraceae 

Maytenus mossambicensis (Koltz.) 

Blakelock, var. ambonensis (Loes) N. 

Robson 

K 7 , T 3 , 6 & Z 

Not known 

elsewhere 

Flacourtaceae Grandidiera boivinii Jaub. 

Xylotheca tettensis var. kirkii (Oliv.) 

K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8 & Z 

K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8 & Z 

Myrtaceae Eugenia capensis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Sond. K 7 , T 3, 6, 8 ,Z & P. 

ssp. multiflora Verdc. 

Ochnaceae Ochna atropurpurea T 3 , 6, 8 & Z 

Oleaceae Olea woodiana Z 

Pandanaceae Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle K 7 , T 3 , 6, 7, Z &P. Not known 

elsewhere 

Rubiaceae Burttdavya nyasica Hoyle T 3,, 6, 8 & Z Rare in 

Jozani 

Coffea pseudozangueriae Bridson K 7 , T 3, 6, & Z. 

Chassalia umbraficola Vatke ssp. K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8, Z &P. 

umbraticola 

Canthium mombazense Baillon K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8, Z & P Not in 

FTEA for 

Zanzibar 

Heinsia zanzibarica (Bojer.)Verdc. 

K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8 & Z 

47

Family Species name Distribution Remarks 

Psychotria alsophila K. Schum. 

New for 

FTEA 

records 

Trianolepis africana Hook. f. ssp. K 7 , T 3 , 6, Z & P. 

hildebrandtii (Vatke) Verdc. 

Tricalysia microphylla Hiern K 7 , T 3, & Z Not known 

elsewhere 

Tarenna littoralis (Hiern) Bridson K 7 , T 3 , 6, Z, P & M 

Sapotaceae Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard K 1 , T 3 , 6, Z & P Not known 

elsewhere 

Pouteria alnifolia (Baker)Pierre var. 

sacleuxii (Loconte) J.H. Hensl. 

Z 

Apparently 

restricted to 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Thymelaceae Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. T 3 , K 7 , T 3 , 6, 8, Z, & P 

T = Tanzania; K = Kenya; Z = Zanzibar; P = Pemba. 

4.2 Fauna 

4.2.1 Mammal occurrence and distribution 

Most of the species of large mammals reported to be present in Jozani from previous surveys 

and studies were encountered during the survey (Appendix VII) either through direct 

observation or signs. The exception was the Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) 

whose presence was difficult to establish. Leopards are notoriuosly difficult to observe 

(Kingdon, 1997) and their presence is difficult to establish without use of techniques like 

camera trapping or baiting. Mammals tended to occur in all forest areas though the 

distribution was influenced by habitat types and human interference. Certain species were 

sometimes absent in seemingly potentially ideal habitats. Some of the large mammals sighted 

physically during the survey included the Red Duiker (Cephalophus adersi) blue duiker 

(Cephalophus monticola sundevalli) Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii), Sykes Monkey 

(Cercopithecus mitis). Most other species were recorded from signs such as Suni, Galagos, 

Bushpigs, Genets and Civets. The distribution of most species was widespread within the 

forest and their occurrence outside the forest reserve was not common. This suggests that the 

distribution of most of these species is continuing to shrink compared to the previous reports 

(Williams et al 1996). Hunting, farming, settlement and human disturbances have restricted 

the range of most large mammals on Zanzibar. Ukongoroni area within which most of the 

Jozani forest is located remains the most important area for most large mammals. Below is a 

synopsis of the large mammal species of Jozani - Chwaka proposed National Park. 

48

Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) 

This is a subspecies endemic to Zanzibar. Reports indicate that it was abundant in Jozani 

forest and surrounding areas before 1964. Potential habitat includes forests and thickets in 

Wangwani, Tovu, Bondeni (Jozani HQ), Unguja Ukuu and Mapopwe to Cheju. Many 

leopards were killed after 1964 when it was presumed that they posed a threat to human life 

and property. This resulted in a severe decline in their number. No indication of leopard was 

found during our survey. In 1992, C. Ruffo (per comm.) reported hearing a leopard roar at 

night while camped at Unguja Ukuu forest station. In 2001 Ali Mwinyi (pers. comm.) a 

wildlife officer, collected dung in Jozani forest presumed to belong to a leopard but no 

voucher specimen was retained. The wildlife officer also heard an animal, which was not 

physically sighted but assumed to be a leopard. Villagers of Cheju north of Jozani reported 

that leopards are still present in Jozani but that they are scarce. They reported one or two 

sightings over one or two years. Leopards are probably still present in Jozani but their 

numbers are certainly low and possibly not a viable population. Application of infra red 

camera trapping technique may be necessary to establish whether there are still some 

individuals remaining in the forest. 

Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii) 

The Zanzibar red colobus is a species endemic to Zanzibar. It is listed as endangered in the 

IUCN threatened species categories and appears in Appendix I of CITES. It was investigated 

by Sir John Kirk, the Governor General of Zanzibar in 1868 and named after him. Other 

members of the red colobus group are widespread. The Zanzibar red colobus weighs 7 - 

13kgs. and exhibits diverse dietary habits, sometimes reported as crop pest. Its preferred 

habitat includes the ground water, coral rag, deep soil and mangrove forests. Occurrence in 

cultivated and areas under fallow is reported to be due to loss of preferred habitat. The Red 

Colobus was the most commonly observed mammal in the survey area, it occupies most 

forested areas from Mapopwe in the north down to Cheju, Unguja Ukuu, Pete, Jozani, 

Bondeni, Tovu, to Wangwani. Jozani forest and surroundings harbour the largest population 

of the colobus while Uzi Island has a small population. There are minor colobus populations 

in south Jozani, coral rag forest and Masingini. In Jozani, 9 groups are recognised and are 

under constant monitoring. Some groups at Jozani are habituated. The Zanzibar red colobus is 

the flagship species of Zanzibar's terrestrial conservation effort and a major tourist attraction. 

The conservation effort of the colobus started over 134 years ago because in 1868 Sir John 

Kirk described the colobus as "rare" in Zanzibar. Official role of the colobus protection began 

49

in 1919 and continued during the Sultan of Zanzibar regime. Unlike the leopard the 

conservation of the red colobus was unaffected after 1964. Since 1995 local community 

support has been sought in the conservation of the colobus. However, despite the conservation 

efforts the population of the red colobus (Table 11) is reported to be declining or rather 

fluctuating due to habitat loss, fragmentation and hunting. The different population figures are 

due to different counting techniques. Half of the current population of Red Colobus is 

reported to occur outside of the protected areas (Masoud et al, 2001). One of the main 

conservation difficulties for the species is its low reproduction rate. Due to its ecological, 

conservation and socio-economic importance, a population and habitat viability analysis 

(including a sensitivity test) is recommended to obtain the necessary information needed for 

planning the long term species conservation strategy. 

Table 11: Population trends of the Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii) in 

Zanzibar (Source: Hedberg and Hedberg, 1966; Masoud et al, 2001) 

Date Population size Area Source Method 

1868 "rare" Sir John Kirk (Hedberg and Hedberg, Estimate 

1966) 

1966 200 Jozani Herdbeg (Hedberg and Hedberg, Estimate 

1966) 

1981 1469 Zanzibar Silkiluwasha, 1981 Estimate 

1991 1000-1500 Zanzibar Struhsaker, 1991 Estimate 

1996 1500-2000 Zanzibar Struhsaker & Siex, 1996 Estimate 

1997 2400 Zanzibar Othman & Rijali, 1997 Census 

1998 1500-2000 Zanzibar Struhsaker & Siex, 1996 Estimate 

1999

including secondary thicket. The duikers tend to avoid wet ground and salt marshes hence 

there were more signs of them in dry thickets than in ground water forest. It is the largest 

herbivore in the forest and is hunted for its meat. The distribution of Aders' Duiker is 

currently largely limited to Jozani forest. Its range has been declining progressively from 

1983 (Swai, 1983a, 1983b) through the mid-nineties (Williams et al., 1996). Recent 

observations indicate they also remain in Kiwengwa forest in east-central and possibly 

Mtende forest to the south. By 1995 the range of Aders' Duiker in surveyed areas had shrunk 

by approximately 60% from that of 1983 (i.e 12 years). On the average the Aders' duiker 

range declined by 5% annually from 1983. The greatest decline occurred in unprotected areas. 

The breeding programme for this species was initiated. This breeding programme would be 

more successful if effective protection of animals released to the wild is practiced. 

Blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola sundevalli) 

This is the most widespread duiker in Africa and it displays a broad variation in coat colour 

and morphological aspects. In Zanzibar two different races occur one on Unguja and another 

on Pemba. On Unguja the preferred habitat is coral rag thickets. In Jozani forest the duiker 

occurs in dry thickets and forest in Wangwani, Charawe, Tovu, Unguja Ukuu, Cheju to 

Mapopwe in the north. Like the Aders' Duiker the range of the Blue Duiker has declined for 

the past two decades by approximately half. The remaining populations are concentrated in 

Ukongoroni (Jozani forest) and lesser populations in Kiwengwa in central-east and Mtende 

forest to the south. Hunting for meat and habitat loss are the major factors leading to decline 

in populations though this duiker is not listed on the threatened species list. An assessment is 

necessary to establish its conservation status. 

Suni (Neotragus moschatus moschatus) 

The suni is reported to have the widest distribution of the Zanzibar antelopes. It occupies 

coastal forests thickets and may be found in mountain forests up to 2,700m. In Zanzibar it 

occupies the coral rag thickets and forested areas, but is also found in disturbed habitats. It is 

known to occupy areas previously cultivated but left fallow for some years. In Jozani forest 

and surrounding areas it occurs in a range of habitats except the salt marshes and very wet 

areas. Its ability to utilise fallow areas enables it to extend its range and hence the only major 

threat to the species is over hunting. It is reported to be the most easily caught in drive nets 

and accounts for over 80% of antelope meat sold in Zanzibar town. In contrast to the other 

antelopes the range of suni was reported to have remained stable or increased slightly in the 

51

past two decades. This has been possible due to its ability to utilise fallow and abandoned 

cultivated areas. The suni range has extended to the east of Jozani an area which they were 

not reported to occur in 1983 (Williams et al., 1996). Their ability to tolerate certain levels of 

human disturbance provides them with some survival advantage. 

Prosimians (galagos) 

Three species of galagos occur in Zanzibar and they include the Lesser bushbaby (Galago 

senegalensis), Zanzibar galago (Galagoides zanzibaricus) and Greater galago (Otolemur 

garnettii). The last two are threatened. Galagos are found only in Africa south of the Sahara 

but are absent at the Cape. Morphologically similar species can be identified by vocalisation. 

Galagos occupy a range of habitats from forest, thickets, wooded savannah, deciduous 

woodland to tree-crop plantations depending on the species. The Garnett's galago occurs in 

coastal forests of Eastern Africa including Pemba and Zanzibar. The Zanzibar Galago is a 

locally abundant species in Jozani forest and other areas. It is confined to coastal forests and 

thickets and the Eastern Arc Mountains. There are possibly other species in southern Tanzania 

and Rondo plateau. Both species were identified during the survey using vocalisation at the 

headquarters and during opportunistic sampling and night drives. Habitat loss is possibly the 

greatest potential threat to galagos. 

Javan Civet (Viverricula indica) 

This is an exotic species introduced to Pemba and Zanzibar at an early date but it is not 

exactly known when. Since its introduction the civet has coexisted with the African civet 

Viverra civetta. No negative impact has been established between the Javan civet and its 

counterpart the African civet with which they share habitats. 

Small mammals 

There is a significant gap in the knowledge of taxonomy and distribution of smaller 

mammals, especially forest species and those which are nocturnal or difficult to detect such as 

bats, rodents and shrews. On the other hand shrews, bats, galagos, rodents, antelopes and 

elephant shrews are mammal groups showing the highest levels of endemism in coastal 

forests. Most small mammals observed were caught in traps and some were seen during night 

drives. Few animals were sighted opportunistically. Shrews, elephant shrews, squirrels, 

rodents and mongooses were distributed throughout the forest though their occurrence was 

clustered depending on habitat. Shrews were the most common in the forest and thicket 

52

habitats. The elephant shrews though not very frequently trapped occur more in the forested 

areas especially the Albizia forests of Mapopwe in the north of Jozani forest. The rodents also 

occurred more in forest areas and the catch rate of shrews and rodents was low in wooded 

grassland habitat. 

Shrews 

Shrews of East Africa are not well known, their distribution is restricted and do not 

commonly occur in all. Generic and species diversity in coastal forests is lower than in the 

Eastern Arc Mountain forests (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). Zanzibar shrew diversity is 

comparatively high in relation to most coastal forests on the mainland with 2 genera and 4 

species occurring on Zanzibar including the African Giant Shrew (Crocidura olivieri), 

Zanzibar Pygmy Shrew (Crocidura fuscomurina), larger Savanna Shrew (Crocidura viaria) 

and the Indian Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus). The Zanzibar Pygmy Shrew is the most 

common and widespread species in Africa (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). Shrews were the most 

common small mammals captured in all types of traps (see Appendix VIII). 

Elephant-shrews 

Two species occur in Zanzibar, the Four-toed Elephant Shrew (Petrodomus tetradactylus) and 

Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi adersi) and during the survey both 

species were sighted opportunistically and during night drive transects. Both species appear to 

be ubiquitous in the forest and thicket habitats in the survey area. The Four toed Elephant 

Shrew was also captured on a snap trap. The other species Rhynchocyon petersi adersi a sub 

species of R. petersi, belongs to a genus which is considered primitive and an ancient relict in 

the forests. The subspecies R. petersi adersi is an endangered species and occurs only on 

Zanzibar. The species R. petersi is widespread in coastal forests of East Africa. 

Squirrels (Sciuridae) 

Two species occur in Zanzibar: the Red-legged Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus rufobranchium) 

and the Red Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus palliatus). The latter was the most common sighted 

during the survey particularly in the forests and thickets in Mapopwe and Wangwani areas. P. 

palliatus is registered in the IUCN redlist as a vulnerable species. 

53

Rodents (Muridae) 

At least five species of rats occur in Zanzibar and three of them including the Giant rat 

(Cricetomys gambianus), the introduced House rat (Rattus rattus) and Grammomys sp. were 

observed during the survey. The last species was a new record for Zanzibar. The specimen is 

yet to be classified to species level. Two specimens of Grammomys sp. were collected in 

Wangwani and another in Tovu area, both forest habitats. 

Bats 

At least 20 species occur in Zanzibar and 9 of them were observed during the survey. Bats are 

abundant in Jozani and surrounding areas occupying a variety of habitats. Two bat species 

occurring in Zanzibar are threatened, including the Heart-nose Big eared Bat (Cardioderma 

cor) which is at lower risk and Decken's Horse-shoe Bat (Rhinolophus deckeni) which is 

considered threatened though there is data deficiency is establishing its actual conservation 

status. 

4.2 2 Relative abundance of vertebrates 

Overall mammals appeared to be widely distributed in the study area though individual 

species or groups tended to occur more in certain habitats than others although when the catch 

rate of all species combined in each of the 8 transects was tested there was no sigficant 

difference (KW = 3.294, df = 7, P > 0.05). However, when the different animal groups are 

examined (Table 12, Figure 5, 6 and 7) a clear difference appears as some animal groups 

occurred more abundantly in certain areas than others. Few mammals were physically seen in 

the three transects covered during the animal foot count census to warrant any meaningful 

density calculation. In the fisrt transect (2.3km) one blue monkey was sighted but a number of 

animal signs (dung, vocalisation, trails, footprints) were observed. In the second transect 

(2.6km) one group of red colobus was encountered but could not be counted due to poor 

visibility. Many animal signs and other small animals and invertebrates were observed. In the 

third transect (3.9km) 2 groups of black monkeys and one of red colobus (29 individuals) 

were encountered. However, animal signs suggested the presence of a number of species in 

the survey area. Dung count along the transects recorded an average of 1.3 dung piles /km of 

transect for Aders Duiker, 0.8 dung piles/km for Blue Duiker and 0.3 dung piles /km for suni 

respectively. Bushpigs appeared to be the most common species with signs appearing 

frequently in all three transects. Duiker signs were mostly seen in thickets and forested areas 

which are relatively dry. 

54

Four night drive transects ran from Jozani-Tovu (13 x 2 km) and from Jozani-Wangwani (16 

x 2 km). Only three animals were recorded; 2 elephant shrews in the Jozani-Tovu transect and 

one galago at Wangwani. None of the nocturnal species was sighted during the night drives. 

The relative abundance of some mammals is summarized in Table 13 below. Factors 

including occurrence and distribution, population numbers, rarity and endemism have been 

taken into account. 

Table 12: Total number of mammal specimens captured in traps (bucket pitfalls, snaps, 

shermans) in Jozani forest Zanzibar (June-July 2002) 

Transect 

Animal group 

Total 

Shrews Squirrels Rodents Mongooses 

1. Wangwani (F) 3 1 1 1 6 

2. Wangwani (WG) 0 0 0 0 0 

3. Bondeni (SF) 0 1 0 0 1 

4. Jozani (GWFP) 5 0 0 0 5 

5. Tovu (GWF) 2 0 1 0 3 

6. Unguja Ukuu (FP) 2 0 0 0 2 

7. Mapopwe (CRF) 2 4 0 0 6 

8. Kichanga (BT) 0 1 0 0 1 

Total 14 7 2 1 24 

Shrew catch rate per 100 trap 

nights 

3.5 

3 

2.5 

2 

1.5 

1 

0.5 

0 

1.7 

Wangwani 

(F) 

0.0 0.0 

Wangwani 

(WG) 

Bondeni 

(SF) 

2.9 2.6 


(GWFP) 

Tovu 

(GWF) 

3.0 3.0 

Unguja 

Ukuu (FP) 

Mapopwe 

(CRF) 

0.0 

Kichanga 

(BT) 

Transect 

Figure 5: Catch rate of shrews (x/100 trap nights) in Jozani - Chwaka proposed National 

Park, Zanzibar (June-July 2002) 

55

Squirrel catch rate per 100 trap 

nights 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

1.3 

Wangwani 

(F) 

1.3 1.1 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wangwani 

(WG) 

Bondeni 

(SF) 


(GWFP) 

Tovu 

(GWF) 

Unguja 

Ukuu (FP) 

5.3 

Mapopwe 

(CRF) 

Kichanga 

(BT) 

Transect 

Figure 6: Squirrel catch rate (x/100 trap nights) in Jozani - Chwaka proposed National 


Rodent catch rate per 100 trap 

nights 

4.5 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.0 

4.0 4.0 

Wangwani 

(F) 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wangwani 

(WG) 

Bondeni 

(SF) 


(GWFP) 

Transect 

Tovu 

(GWF) 

Unguja 

Ukuu (FP) 

Mapopwe 

(CRF) 

Kichanga 

(BT) 

Figure 7: Rodent catch rate (x/100 trap nights) in Jozani - Chwaka proposed National 


56

Table 13: Relative abundance of some vertebrate groups and species in Jozani-Chwaka 

Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar (Source: This survey; various sources) 

Animal group Species Relative abundance 

Mammals Zanzibar Leopard Rare 

Aders Duiker 

Moderate 

Blue Duiker 

Moderate 

Suni 

Abundant 

Elephant Shrews 

Abundant 

Shrews 

Abundant 

Galagos 

Moderate 

Sykes Monkey 

Abundant 

Zanzibar Red Colobus 

Abundant 

Bats 

Abundant 

Vervet Monkeys 

Moderate 

Bushpigs 

very abundant 

Rodents 

Abundant 

Squirrels 

Moderate 

Civets 

Moderate 

Reptiles Snakes Moderate 

Chameleons 

Moderate 

Amphibians 

Very abundant 

4.2.3 Animal species diversity 

The indices of species diversity considered only those species captured in the traps. The 

Shannon Weaver diversity index takes into account the number of individuals for each species 

as well as the total number of species. The highest species diversity was observed in Jozani 

forest plantation and Wangwani and Tovu forests (Table 14). The wet forested areas showed a 

high species diversity. Bondeni natural forest and Unguja Ukuu forest plantation showed the 

lowest species diversity. Figure 8 indicates the number of species for different animal groups 

found on Zanzibar. 

4.2.4 Important habitats for animals 

Different animal groups occur in different habitat types (Table 15). Although certain animals 

can occur in a variety of habitats but there are habitats which are more ideal for a species or 

taxonomic group. Most mammals utilise the forest and thicket habitats as they provide both 

57

Number of species 

41 

50 

44 

27 

Mammals 

Reptiles 

Amphibians 

231 

Fish 

Lepidoptera 

157 

Odonata 

Figure 8: Number of species for various animal groups occurring in Zanzibar. Most of 

these species are recorded in Jozani Forest and surrounding areas. Fish records are 

from Chwaka Bay only (Source: variuos sources including Moreau and Pakenham 1941; 

Pakenham, 1984; FAO, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; Archer et al, 1991 and this survey) 

Table 14: Shannon Weaver diversity index (H') for all species captured in traps in the 8 

sampled transects in Jozani Forest, Zanzibar (H' max = 1.2553) 

Transect 

H' 

1 Wangwani (forest) 0.7445 

2 Wangwani (wooded grassland) 0.5796 

3 Bondeni (forest) 0.3305 

4 Jozani (ground water forest plantation) 0.8335 

5 Tovu (ground water forest) 0.7553 

6 Unguja Ukuu (forest plantation) 0.3360 

7 Mapopwe (coral rag forest) 0.6734 

8 Kichanga (Bushland thicket on mangrove forest edge) 0.3756 

sufficient food and cover. However some animals may occur in less desirable habitats mainly 

due to loss of habitat or disturbances in the desirable areas. The forest habitat is particularly 

important for primates and prosimians and also other animal groups such as bushpigs, shrews, 

elephant shrews, bats, amphibians and invertebrates. The forest is the habitat which harbours 

a high diversity of species and animal groups. Other habitat types tend to be supposedly ideal 

58

for limited number of animal groups or species generally due to resources limitations and 

other environmental attributes. 

Table 15: Distribution of different habitats in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National 

Park, Zanzibar 

Species F WG GWF FP BT TF SM MF 

Red Colobus * * * * * * 

Aders Duiker * * * 

Blue Duiker * * * * 

Suni * * * * * 

Bushpigs * * * * * * 

Galagos * * * * 

Elephant shrews * * * * 

Shrews * * * * * * * 

Bats * * * * * * 

Sykes Monkey * * * * * 

Amphibians * * * * * * * * 

Molluscs * * * * * * * * 

Lepidoptera * * * * * * * * 

Odonata * * * * * * * * 

Orthoptera * * * * * * * * 

Legend: F = forest, WG = wooded grassland, GWF = ground water forest, FP = forest 

plantation, BT = bushland thicket on mangrove forest edge, TF = thicket and forest, SM = salt 

marsh, MF = mangrove forest 

4.2.5 Animal movement and migration 

Jozani forest and surrounding areas are remnants of the rain forest and receives a substantial 

amount of rain during the long and short rains. As such variation in environmental parameters 

like humidity and temperature variation is low (UNEP, 2001). This tends to make the 

seasonal differences minimal. Most of the forest remains evergreen. Plants produce fresh 

leaves, flowers and fruits for most of the year depending on phenology. Animals therefore are 

able to get their requirements in the same area for most of the year. Daily, short term 

movements are exhibited by some animals in search of food and shelter or water. In certain 

situations animals are forced to move from one area to another due to human disturbances 

such as hunting. These movements are generally confined within the forest area or may 

extend outside in some places for certain species. For most species particularly large 

mammals, heavily hunted and shy animals, areas outside protected areas are encroached and 

59

disturbed hence do not form favourable habitat for the animals. No specific movement routes 

for the animals were reported by the local people. 

4.2 6 Reptiles 

Reptiles were the most difficult species to find. Forest Cobras (Naja melanoleuca) and Whitelipped 

Snake (Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia) were the most frequently observed species during 

the survey period. A Short-tailed Chamaeleon (Rhamphoeleon brevicaudatus) and Tropical 

Girdled Lizard (Cordylus tropidosternum) were recorded for the first time on Zanzibar Island. 

R. brevicaudatus was found on leaf litter in dense coral-rag forest at Mapopwe and C. 

tropidosternum was found in tree holes in forest surrounding Wangwani salt marshes. 

Literature survey and observations suggest the reptile community on the island to be 

composed of species known from coastal forests and woddland. Reptile occurrence in Jozani 

forest was an indication of diversity and suitability of microhabitats that are important for the 

survival of the group. 

4.2.7 Amphibians 

Almost all species of the amphibians recorded in Jozani –Chwaka proposed National Park 

(Figure 9, Table 16) during the survey and reported from previous works (Pakenham, 1984) 

are common in Tanzania mainland coastal areas. Amphibians were captured in all 8 sampled 

transects though catch rates differed slightly between areas (Figure 10, 11). 

Number of amphibians 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

43 

Wangwani 

(F) 

80 

Wangwani 

(WG) 

30 

Bondeni 

(SF) 

41 


(GWFP) 

133 

Tovu 

(GWF) 

Unguja 

Ukuu (FP) 

24 22 

Mapopwe 

(CRF) 

15 

Kichanga 

(BT) 

Transect 

Figure 9: Number of amphibians caught in bucket pitfall traps in Jozani - Chwaka 

proposed National Park, Zanzibar (June-July 2002) 

60

Amphibian catch rate per 100 

trap nights 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

12.2 

Wangwani 

(F) 

15.2 

Wangwani 

(WG) 

11.4 

Bondeni 

(SF) 

7.8 


(GWFP) 

24.7 

Tovu 

(GWF) 

12.1 

Unguja 

Ukuu (FP) 

8.3 

Mapopwe 

(CRF) 

11.4 

Kichanga 

(BT) 

Transect 

Figure 10: Catch rate of amphibians (x/100 trap nights) from bucket pitfall traps in 

Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar (June-July 2002) 

Catch rate per 100 trap nights 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Wangwani (F) 

9.1 8.0 

10.2 

Wangwani (WG) 

0.0 

27.3 

Bondeni (SF) 

30.3 

13.6 

6.5 

3.4 2.3 

1.5 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Jozani (GWFP) 

Tovu (GWF) 

Unguja Ukuu (FP) 

Transect 

Mapopwe (CRF) 

Kichanga (BT) 

Kassina sp.? 

Stephopaedes howelli 

Figure 11: Catch rate (x/100 trap nights) of two species of amphibians a possible new 

species of "Kassina" and Mlola Forest Toad (Stephopaedes howelli) in Jozani - Chwaka 

Bay proposed National Park, Zanzibar (June-July 2002). The latter is endemic to coastal 

forests on Mafia and Zanzibar. 

61

The Xenopus muelleri is a species restricted to freshwater pools and can move from one water 

body to another on wet days. It has a wide distribution south of the Sahara. In Jozani-Chwaka 

National Park it was found in ground water forest areas. Three members of the family 

Bufonidae are reported on Zanzibar Island. Bufo gutturalis although common in Zanzibar, 

was not recorded in the park area. The population of this species in Jozani may be very low. 

Mertensophryne micranotis and Stephopaedes howelli are among the known coastal forest 

endemic species. Stephopaedes howelli (Plate 34) is reported for the first time on Zanzibar 

Island. Mertensophryne micranotis was recorded once in plantation forest around Unguja Kuu 

during the survey. Both species prefer areas with leaf litter and breeding takes place in water 

trapped in snail shells, coral rag and in tree holes. 

Members of the Tree Frogs (Hyperoliidae, Lepipelis, Afrixalus and Hyperolius) reported on 

Zanzibar are common species. Afrixalus stuhlmanni although not recorded during the survey, 

its type locality is on Zanzibar Island and may be considered as endemic to Zanzibar. Hyperolius 

parkeri and Leptopelis flavomaculatus are coastal forest endemics. Most animals were 

recorded in areas near forest edge and in patches of grassland. Kassina maculata, a species 

common in fresh water ponds and known to occur on Zanzibar Island was not recorded inside 

the park area during the survey. A possibly new species of Kassina was found (Plate 35). The 

highest abundance of this species was recorded in forest plantation around Unguja Ukuu. 

More ecological studies are needed while the description process is underway. The family 

Rhacophoridae, (Foam-nest Tree frogs) is represented by only a single species on Zanzibar, 

Chinomantes xerompelina. 

Eight species of Ranids have been reported for Zanzibar and all are common in the adjacent 

mainland coastal areas with the exception of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami and 

Phrynobatrachus minutus. P. pakenhami type locality is near Wete, Pemba and seems to be 

endemic to Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. Taxonomically, the species may be confused with P. 

acridoides, which is most abundant in rice cultivation outside the park area. 

Arthroleptis stenodactylus was reported on Zanzibar for the first time. The species is widely 

distributed in East Africa to South Africa. However, two types (forest and woodland types) 

have been reported and can be separated by their characteristic calls (Msuya, 2001). The 

forest type which was recorded in Jozani forest is restricted to closed and mature forest 

habitat. 

62

Table 16: Shannon Weaver Diversity indices (H') for amphibians captured in the 8 

sampled transects in Jozani-Chwaka Proposed National Park, Zanzibar (H' max = 1.2788) 

Transect 

H' 

1 Wangwani (forest) 0.5699 

2 Wangwani (wooded grassland) 0.5796 

3 Bondeni (forest) 0.2775 

4 Jozani (ground water forest plantation) 0.7174 

5 Tovu (ground water forest) 0.7054 

6 Unguja Ukuu (forest plantation) 0.2364 

7 Mapopwe (coral rag forest) 0.4729 

8 Kichanga (secondary forest/mangrove forest edge) 0.0371 

4.2.8 Endemic species of animals 

Many species on Zanzibar and Pemba have existed or evolved in isolation from mainland 

Tanzania for thousands of years. This has resulted in the development of a number of endemic 

and near endemic species. At least 6 mammal species are known to be endemic to Zanzibar 

(Table 17). 

Table 17: Endemic and near endemic animal species and sub species on Zanzibar 

(Source: Moreau and Pakenham, 1941; Pakenham, 1984; Kingdon, 1997; Burgess and 

Clarke, 2000) 

Animal group Common name Scientific name Status 

Felidae Zanzibar leopard Panthera pardus Endemic to Zanzibar 

adersi 

Cercopithecidae Zanzibar Red Colobus Piliocolobus kirkii Endemic to Zanzibar 

Bovidae Zanzibar Red Duiker Cephalophus adersi Endemic to East African 

coastal forests, Arabuko- 

Sokoke forest in Kenya 

Blue Duiker 

Cephalophus 

monticola monticola 

Near endemic (two different 

races, one on Pemba and one 

on Zanzibar; Kingdon, 1997) 

Galagonidae Garnetts Galago Otolemur garnettii East African coastal forests 

endemic 

Zanzibar Galago Galagoides 

East African coastal forests 

Soricidae Black and Rufous 

Elephant Shrew 

zanzibaricus 

Rhynchocyon petersi 

adersi 

endemic 

Endemic to Zanzibar 

4.2.9 Threatened and endangered animal species 

A number of animal species found in the survey area and surroundings are threatened. These 

include 14 mammals and 14 reptiles (see Table 18). At least one species, the Hawksbill turtle 

63

(Eretmochelys imbricata) is critically endangered. A number of factors have led to this 

situation, mainly explotation, hunting, and habitat loss and fragmentation. The impact of 

various factors is known to vary between species. 

Table 18: Threatened and endangered animal species listed in IUCN redlist, and species 

listed in CITES Appendices found in Jozani - Chwaka Bay proposed National Park and 

other areas in Zanzibar (CR = critically endangered, EN = endangered, VU = 

vulnerable, LR = lower risk, DD = data deficient) 

Animal group Common name Scienfific name 

Conservation status 

IUCN 

Redlist 

CITES 

Append 

ices 

Macroscelididae Black and rufous Rhynchocyon petersi EN. B1 + 

(elephant shrews) Elephant shrew adersi 

2c 

Megadermatidae (Bats) Heart-nose Big- Cardioderma cor LR. Nt 

eared Bat 

Rhinolophidae (bats) Decken's Horseshoe 

Rhinolophus deckeni DD 

Bat 

Galagonidae 

Zanzibar galago Galagoides zanzibaricus LR, nt 

(bushbabys) 

Greater galago Otolemur garnettii LR, nt 

Cercopithecidae Sykes monkey Cercopithecus mitis DD II 

(monkeys) 

Zanzibar Red Piliocolobus kirkii EN, B1a II 

Colobus 

Viverridae (mongooses Zanzibar slender Herpestes sanguineus EN, B1 + 

and civets) 

mongoose 

2c 

Felidae (cats) Zanzibar leopard Panthera pardus adersi ? I 

Procaviidae (hyraxes) Eastern Tree Dendrohyrax validus VU. B1 + 

hyrax 

2c 

Bovidae Zanzibar Red Cephalophus adersi EN, C1 

Duiker 

Suni Neotragus moschatus LR, cd 

moschatus 

Blue Duiker Cephalophus monticola II 

Sciuridae (squirrels) Red Bush Squirrel Paraxerus palliatus VU, A1c 

Dermochelyidae Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea I 

(turtles) 

Chelonidae (turtles) Green Turtle Chelonia mydas EN, A1 abd I 

Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata CR, A1, I 

abd, 2bcd 

Testudinidae (tortoises) Aldabra Giant Geochelone gigantea VU, D2 II 

Tortoise 

Bell's Hinged Kinixys belliana 

II 

Tortoise 

Gekkonidae (geckos) Dull-Green day Phelsuma dubia 

II 

Gecko 

64

Animal group Common name Scientific name 

Conservation status 

IUCN 

Redlist 

CITES 

Append 

ices 

Chamaeleonidae Flap-necked Chamaeleo dilepis 

II 

(chameleons) 

Chameleon 

Cordylidae (lizards) Tropical Girdled Cordylus trypidosternum 

II 

Lizard 

Varanidae (monitor Nile Monitor Varanus niloticus II 

lizards) 

Boidae (pythons) Rock Python Python sebae VU II 

4.2.10 Introduced species of animals 

Islands like Zanzibar are often affected by introduction of alien species by variuos dispersal 

agents including humans (Table 19). In the past 500 years at least five mammals and one 

lizard have been introduced to Zanzibar and Pemba (Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). Most of 

these species are still surviving in the islands. The impact of the introduced animals to 

indigenous species is unknown. The Javan civet, however, is reported to coexist with the 

indigenous African civet. The presence of most other species on the islands, however, is 

attributed to the natural dispersal agents such as air, water and land crossing before the 

geological separation of islands from the mainland during the ice-age. Also subsequent 

geologic processes after the ice-age created land bridges or shallow continetal shelf which 

allowed animals to go through (Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). 

Table 19: Some animal species introduced to Zanzibar and Pemba 

Common name Scientific name Area 

introduced 

Agency 

Introduction 

date 

Current 

status 

Wild boar/Black Sus scrofa Zanzibar and Portuguese 16 th century Present 

pig 

Pemba 

Musk-shrew Suncus caeruleus Zanzibar Stowaway Unknown ? 

Javan civet Viverricula indica Zanzibar and Indian 

Unknown Present 

Pemba community 

House rat Rattus rattus Zanzibar Stowaway Unknown Present 

Common rat Rattus norvegicus Zanzibar Stowaway Unknown Present 

Snake 

Rhamphotyphlops 

braminus 

Zanzibar Stowaway on soil 

of plant cuttings 

Unknown Not known 

4.2.11 Fish 

Chwaka Bay 

Chwaka Bay is located within 6.13-6.25°S and 39.37-39.58°E on the East Coast of Unguja 

Island, about 34 km east of Zanzibar town. Large intertidal flats partly covered with mixed 

assemblages of algae and seagrass beds characterize the bay. On the landward side of its 

65

mouth, the bay is fringed by a dense mangrove forest, which is drained by a number of tidal 

creeks, the largest of which is Mapopwe Creek, the main water exchange route between the 

forest and the bay. A modest fragmented coral reef occurs at the entrance of the bay, which is 

part of the extensive reef that fringes the east of Unguja Island. 

4.2.11.1 Fisheries resources 

Fisheries resources found on Zanzibar include fish, prawns, sea cucumbers, seaweeds and 

lobsters. These are mainly exported but fin fishes are used for local consumption. All these 

resources are also available in Chwaka Bay. Other marine resources like prawns, lobsters, and 

sea-shells have declined in recent years. In the past decade these resources were collected in 

substantial amounts in the inter-tidal zones but nowadays one must do SCUBA diving in deep 

sea to collect them. Other resources like sea-shells (bivalve molluscs and cockles) are used 

domestically since their production is low (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 

1999). 

4.2.11.2 Fish species occurrence, endemism and diversity in Chwaka Bay 

Chwaka Bay is found in region No. 51 of the global fisheries sector. It has a number of 

species (Carcasson, 1977; Bianch, 1985) which are common and distributed throughout the 

region (FAO, 1984a). In Chwaka Bay there are at least 38 fish families (Appendix IXa) and 

not less than 157 fish species (Appendix IXb). None of the families or species is endemic to 

Zanzibar. Most of the fishes obtained in this area are found elsewhere in the region according 

to FAO (1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; Bianch, 1985). 

4.2.11.3 Fish movement and migration 

Movement and migration is a common phenomenon for animals including fishes. Movements 

could be for feeding purposes, escaping predation, or escaping unsuitable conditions. 

The migrations like other characteristics of the species have some adaptive significance, 

ensuring favourable conditions for the existence and reproduction of the species. The cycles 

of migrations usually consist of: 

1. Spawning migration: movement of fishes from the feeding grounds to the spawning 

grounds 

66

2. Feeding migrations: movement away from the spawning grounds to the feeding 

grounds 

Most marine species are migrants. Migration between marine and estuarine ecosystems has 

ecological and commercial significance. In Chwaka fishermen report large numbers of fish 

migrating from marine areas into the estuarine when the sea is rough and turbulent. These fish 

return to deep water when the sea is calm. 

Feeding migration 

Feeding migration is normally accompanied by the changes of the tidal regime at Chwaka 

Bay. When water recedes to a low tide the juvenile and mature fishes tend to migrate to 

deeper waters. When tide in the bay reaches high water mark the fishes especially the 

detritivorous, omnivorous and herbivorores also migrate to the feeding grounds in shallow 

waters. 

In general carnivorous species constitute 50-70 % of the fish. Godman and Talbot (1976) 

reported that many of the carnivorous fish appear not to be highly specialised to a given food 

type but instead are opportunistic feeders, taking whatever is available to them. 

Herbivores and coral grazers make up the next largest groups of fishes and account for 15% 

of the species. Of these, Scaridae and Acanthuridae are most important. The remaining fishes 

are considered to be omnivores and include all families of fishes on the reef (i.e. 

Poamacentridae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Monocanthridae, Ostraciontidae, 

Tetraodontidae). A few groups, mainly small schooling fishes in the families Pomacentrridae, 

Clupeidae and Antherinidae, are zooplankton feeders. 

4.2.11.4 Fish habitats and spawning areas 

Fishes and mangroves 

Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems. They harbour a diversity of fish 

species due to the presence of organic matter (dissolved or particulate), detritus from plant 

litter and their associated organisms (bacteria, fungi, micro, macro and meio fauna). Between 

80% and 90% of the inshore landing in East Africa comes from artisanal fishers who operate 

within 22 km limits to territorial waters (Anon, 1979). The presence of mangroves in Chwaka 

Bay makes the area a potentially important habitat for fish and fishing. 

67

Large predators enter the mangroves with incoming tide (Sasekumar et al., 1984; Blaber et al, 

1985). The lack of important piscivorous fish reported in some mangroves (Blaber 1980; Bell 

et al., 1984) seems to relate to high turbidity and very low depth where predators become less 

effective. Most of the fish species breeding in mangrove areas complete all their lifecycle 

there (Thallot, 1992). This situation is also expected to occur in shallow water Chwaka Bay. 

The lack of many potential predators in the bay provides a conducive environment for the 

juvenile fish grow to maturity. 

The first order consumers have been noted to determine estuarine fish communities (Blaber 

1980). First order consumers including Gereidae, Antherinidae, Clupeidae, Teraponidae, 

Acropomidae, Apogonidae and Gobiidae (Blaber 1980) were found to dominate in Gazi 

fishing community (Kimani et al, 1996). Short term feeding migration of reef fishes into the 

creek may represent a connectivity and energy transfer between the two ecosystems. Chwaka 

Bay has creeks and fishermen report of the presence of reefs at the edge of the bay where it 

joins the marine environment. The presence of these areas diversify the habitats available for 

fish in the area and provide opportunity for fish to undertake short term feeding migration 

between these habitats. 

Fishes and seagrass 

Fishes are abundant in seagrass beds and many of them feed within the bed removing 

considerable biomass. Ogden (1980), reported that herbivore fishes are not resident in 

seagrass beds, but migrate during the night from surrounding reefs. Larger fish e.g. rays and 

sharks are important in structuring seagrass communities through carnivorous species preying 

on fish which graze on seagrasses so reducing grazing pressure. Seagrasses provide an 

important nursery habitat for the juveniles of many fishes such as Tarwhine (Rhabdosargus 

sarba), Eastern Blue Grouper (Achoerodus viridis) and Yellow-finned Leatherjacket 

(Meuschenia trachylepis). The young fish feed on small animals living among seagrass leaves 

and use the seagrasses to hide from larger predators. Most of these fish will leave the seagrass 

meadows and migrate to other habitats, such as kelp beds and rocky reefs, as they get older. 

For many other fishes such as pipefishes, White's Seahorse (Hippocampus whitei), Southern 

Pygmy Leatherjacket (Brachaluteres jacksonianus), Leaf Fish (Ablabys taenionotus) and 

Blue-spot Goby (Pseudogobius sp.) seagrasses provide lifelong habitat. Seagrass meadows 

are ecologically important habitats in marine environments as they are: 

68

- places of great attraction of larger marine organisms, especially fishes in search of 

good feeding areas 

- good nursery grounds for juvenile stages of commercially important shrimps, crabs, 

lobsters and fishes 

- important feeding sites for adult fishes and birds. 

In Chwaka Bay fishermen reported that mangroves and seagrass meadows were important 

fish habitat and spawning areas. Mangroves were particularly important for prawn breeding; it 

was reported that most prawns breed in the mangroves. Places reported to be important for 

fish breeding in the estuarine included Mchenga/Kidimani, Vijawi, Kumvi and Haibari 

"river". These breeding sites have special significance in Chwaka bay as they form an 

important breeding area for fish because the corals which are usually good breeding sites for 

fish are reported by fishermen to be on the edge of the bay where it joins the marine 

environment. It is important to note here that seagrass farming is also actively practised by the 

local people especially women in Chwaka Bay (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 

1999). This has a positive effect on fishery as the seagrasses provide shade, feeding and 

nursery grounds for fish. 

4.2.11.5 Threatened species of fish (IUCN threat categories) 

There are several factors which may lead to fish species to become threatened. The causative 

agents of the threat are usually humans and human activities. It is commonly known that 

some species of sharks, swordfish, Billfishes are threatened (Table 20). Many of these fish 

occur in deep water sea or are benthic species so are not easily seen by the local people. These 

fish are also not usually caught by artisanal fishermen hence are not locally reported, although 

distribution maps show that they occur on Zanzibar (FAO, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; 

Smith and Heemstra, 1991). 

Table 20: Threatened fish species (IUCN) reported as occurring on Zanzibar (Source: 

FAO, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; Smith and Heemstra, 1991, 

http://www.redlist.org/info/links.html) 

FAMILY SPECIES ENGLISH NAME IUCN 

STATUS 

SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus tukula Potato grouper LR 

LABRIDAE Cheilinus undulatus Hampered wrasse LR 

CARCHARHINIDAE Carharhinus plumbeus Sandbar shark LR 

CARCHARHINIDAE Carharhinus taurus Grey nurse shark EN 

CARCHARHINIDAE Carharhinus falciformis Silky shark LR 

CARCHARHINIDAE Galeocerdo cuvier Tiger shark LR 

SERRANIDAE Cromileptes altivelis Barramund grouper LR 

69

FAMILY SPECIES ENGLISH NAME IUCN 

STATUS 

SERRANIDAE 

Epinepheleus 

fuscoguttatus 

Flowery grouper 

LR 

SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus malabaricus Malabar grouper LR 

SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus tauvina Greasy grouper LR 

SCOMBRIDAE Thunnus maccoyii Southern bluefin tuna LR 

SYPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna lewini Scalloped hammerhead LR 

SYPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna mokarran Great hammerhead LR 

SQUALIDAE Centrophorus uyato Southern dogfish VU 

LAMNIDAE Isurus oxyrinchus Short fin mako LR 

Glyphis sp. Bizan river shark CR 

PRISTIDAE Pristis microdon Larger tooth saw fish CR 

RHINOBATIDAE Rhynchobatus djeddensis White spotted wedge fish LR 

DASYATIDAE Taeniura lymna Ribbontail stingray LR 

MOBULIDAE Manta birostris Giant Atlantic manta LR 

MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagle ray LR 

Key: LR = Lower risk, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically endangered 

4.2.11.6 Fishing and fish production 

(a) Number of Fishers 

A survey conducted by Commission for Natural Resources found that there were 23,734 

fisher on Zanzibar, of which 11,965 were based on Unguja Island and 303 were in Chwaka 

Bay. The Chwaka Bay fishers make about 1.2 % of Zanzibar and 2.5% of Unguja fishers 

respectively (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 1999). 

(b) Fishing vessels 

Fishing vessels employed include dugout canoes, outrigger canoes, planked motorised boats 

and planked sailing boat. A survey conducted by the Commission for Natural Resources 

showed that there were 5,149 fishing vessels on Zanzibar and 2,933 on Unguja. Chwaka Bay 

had 167 vessels or 3.2% and 5.6% of Zanzibar and Unguja vessels respectively 

(FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 1999). 

(c) Fish production 

Data on fish production from Chwaka Bay and Unguja suggests that fish production has been 

declining progressively in the last two decades. There are several factors which have 

contributed to that decline: 

(i) Increase of fishing pressure (caused by increased fishing effort) 

(ii) Decrease of small pelagics, believed to be the main source of food to bigger fish 

(iii) Habitat degradation due to use of destructive fishing gears and techniques. 

70

In Chwaka Bay fish production by artisanal fishermen has dropped by 89% between 1994 and 

2000 (Table 21). On the other hand fish production for the whole of Zanzibar has remained 

more or less unchanged between 1993 to 1997 with only a slight increase of 1.2% in total fish 

production for 1997 compared to that of 1993 (Table 22). This suggests that probably fishing 

intensity has not changed over the specified period or there has been a minimal fish habitat 

destruction which has enabled the fish stocks to remain healthy. 

Table 21: Fish catch (kgs) at Chwaka Bay by artisanal fishermen from 1994 to 2000 

YEARS 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 

GROUP/SPECIES 

SIGANIDAE 48576 42266 41844 34730 36292 19987 9320 

SCARIDAE/LABRIDAE 40998 57658 72566 38611 15721 9678 8511 

LETHRINIDAE 60782 83946 89800 72483 60572 41550 17628 

HAEMULIDAE 6134 9337 18837 8846 1777 341 116 

MULLIDAE 21880 14022 18186 12888 3977 3500 2340 

ACANTHURIDAE 15045 4050 7213 2762 244 16 - 

MUGILIDAE 14132 384 897 610 3540 2010 262 

DEMERSALS 16640 9763 14850 8417 - - - 

ENGRAULIDAE 17003 4834 6886 3936 4 110 - 

CLUPEIDAE 8514 - 794 1418 - - - 

SCOMBRIDAE 20763 3360 3724 2817 2378 - - 

CARANGIDAE 19509 13322 18801 10251 3994 7873 1692 

SCOMBRIDAE 2309 - 2510 71 206 18 2212 

ISTIOPHORIDAE 10607 - - 490 - 100 - 

SCOMBRIDAE 13769 1852 6271 3642 218 50 - 

SYPHRINIDAE 18045 3067 8657 9528 1136 1367 440 

PELAGICS 27256 18076 20446 13376 - - - 

ELASMOBRANCHIA 33432 25805 34709 20396 24400 12464 1796 

LOLIGIDAE/OCTOPODIDAE 29537 28021 31340 24865 38118 12955 6561 

PENAIDAE 8203 2281 6375 2066 1591 - - 

Others 35337 6455 14469 15145 4950 18762 5952 

TOTAL 468473 328499 419175 286348 216118 130779 56830 

Source: Zanzibar Fisheries Department 

Table 22: Fish production on Unguja Island between 1993 to 1997 

Year 

Catch (kg) 

1993 7,354,249 

1994 8,059,401 

71

Year 

Catch (kg) 

1995 7,321,500 

1996 7,817,800 

1997 7,443,227 

Total 37,996,227 

Source: Zanzibar Fisheries Department 

Fishing gears 

Fishing gears in Chwaka Bay reported by the fishermen and Commission for Natural 

Resources (CNR-Fisheries, 1997) are gillnets, shark nets, small scale purse seines, a variety 

of fishing lines (troll-lines, hand lines, long lines) fish traps, fishing weirs, spear guns and 

beach seines. However, some of the fishing gears such as spear guns and beach seines are 

illegally used because they are banned in Zanzibar due to their destructive nature. Fishing 

traps, weirs and spear guns are made locally. Fishing lines, mostly nylon monofilaments are 

imported and available in sufficient quantities in various shops. There is adequate availability 

of fishing gears and equipment but their prices are high compared to the purchasing power of 

most artisanal fishers (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 1999). 

4.2.10.7 Threats to fisheries resources 

Marine biodiversity threats are divided into two aspects: proximate threats and root causes. 

Data from Zanzibar Fisheries Department show a decrease in weight of fish caught in recent 

years. The decline is attributed to: 

1. Some of the fishers decided to shift from the fishing activities to seaweed farming 

(possibly due to decline in fish production) 

2. Destruction of breeding and nursery grounds especially coral reefs, through dynamiting 

3. The use of the illegal fishing gears especially the small mesh size nets resulting in over 

fishing of both mature and juvenile fish (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 

1999). 

Proximate threats 

The main human activities that damage marine organisms and ecosystems include: over 

exploitation, physical alterations and habitat loss, pollution, introduction of alien species and 

global climate changes. 

72

In Chwaka Bay some fishers use fishing techniques and gears which are illegal including 

dynamiting and poison fishing. These techniques are unselective and kill large numbers of 

invertebrates that are then not harvested (IUCN, 1990; Salvat, 1987). Some fishing gears that 

are illegal in the area include small mesh size fishing nets and harpoon guns. Many marine 

organisms, including corals, sponges, molluscs, echinoderms, puffer and tiger fishes are 

collected widely for the curio trade and jewellery (IUCN, 1990; Martens, 1992; Wells, 1988). 

Physical alteration and habitat loss 

Organisms are adapted to specific abiotic environments, the conditions in each place are 

crucial in determining the community of species that live there. Dugan and IUCN (1990) 

reported that vast areas of mangrove, estuaries and beaches are cleared for activities like 

aquaculture a common practice in many developing countries. Since more valuable and 

commercially important fish species depend on these coastal habitats as nursery grounds their 

survival is thus threatened. Also some fishing methods like beach seining disturb the seabed 

and cause physical damage and reduced photosynthesis caused by suspension of sediment 

(Salvat, 1987). 

In Chwaka Bay there are various activities which cause physical alteration and habitat loss. 

The human population increase and increase of the tourism industry are potential threats to 

the area. Other activities causing the physical alterations in this area are construction, clearing 

for aquaculture, and dynamiting of the coral reefs, which cause serious beach erosion. 

Negative impacts of tourism includes trampling, and boat anchoring on the coral reefs 

(Martens, 1992). 

Pollution: human sewage (together with pathogenic organisms) and aquaculture runoff (with 

increasing amounts of inorganic fertilisers) which are rich in nitrogen and phosphorous, form 

a major source of pollution of coastal waters. 

Chemicals such as trace metals and petrol residues become toxic environmental contaminants 

when discharged in excess concentrations. Increased use and disposal of plastics, solid wastes 

and debris cause widespread mortality in marine species through entanglement and ingestion 

(Carr, 1987). 

73

Root causes 

The main causes of biodiversity loss lie in demographic pressure and unsuitable use of natural 

resources, economic policies that fail to value the environment and its resources, insufficient 

knowledge and its poor application, and weakness in legal and institutional systems (Dugan, 

1990; WRI/ICUN/UNEP, 1992). 

4.2.11.8 Fisheries conservation 

Management of fisheries in Zanzibar, as in other developing countries has been problematic. 

The reason for such problems is due to the fact that management objectives are not defined: 

- The open-access nature of the fisheries, the shortage of alternative employment 

opportunities to the fishers and the poor economy could constrain the effort tailored 

to manage fisheries 

- Fisheries management plans in general do not exist; instead short time approaches are 

used in attempts to manage fisheries resources. 

Local initiatives 

In the past traditional management practices such as closing of the octopus fishery for certain 

periods were implemented. Now days due to population increase and culture changes such 

practices are no longer in existence in most fishing villages. However, in Chwaka fishermen 

claim that they still do practice a fishing moratorium for octopus and prawns. Currently there 

is a need for establishing a marine protected area in Chwaka Bay. This could be implemented 

by emulating examples found elsewhere in Zanzibar like Menai Bay, Mnemba and Misali 

where conservation areas have been established and at Chumbe Island where there is a coral 

park. Mnemba and Chumbe are privately managed under special agreements with the 

Government. In all those protected areas community participation is given a high priority. 

Major problems of these protected areas are shortage of funds, which lead to poor law 

enforcement. Although Chwaka Bay will be annexed into the proposed National Park, the 

management programme of the bay could be designed such that local community 

participation is included (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 1999). 

4.2.12 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata) 

A total of 204 individual specimens of Lepidoptera and Odonata were sampled during this 

study. These comprised of 163 Lepidoptera (46 species of Butterflies and 13 families of 

Moths), and 41 Odonata (12 species of Dragonflies and Damselflies). The complete checklist 

74

is given on Appendix Xa, and the number of individuals from the six sites is given in 

Appendix Xb. At least 68 species seen by Archer et al (1991) were not sampled during this 

survey. 

Relative abundance was similar at five out of the six sites. There were 34, 43, 43, 36, and 30 

individual specimens per total sampling effort at the first five sampling sites (see Table in 

Appendix IXd). The sixth site (thicket) had low relative abundance of both Lepidoptera and 

Odonata (18 individual specimens per total sampling effort). Sampling effort was low due to 

the short time spent in the field. This is indicated by the large number of species represented 

by single specimens (singletons). For example, for Butterflies, the percentage of singletons 

was 58.7%. Most of the butterflies and Odonata are common in lowland parts of East Africa. 

The following species deserve special attention: 

a) Rare species 

Acraea cerasa cerasa, commonly known as the "tree-top acraea", is rare in Tanzania. This 

species is found in tree tops of coastal forests. Its larval food plant are the forest tree species, 

Rowsonia lucida and R. usambarensis (Family Flacourtiaceae) and Rinorea convallarifolia 

(Family Violaceae). 

b) Endemic species 

Two species Abisara zanzibarica and Bicyclus kiellandi are endemic to Tanzania. The first 

was described from specimens collected at Jozani Zanzibar in 1988. The second is found in 

woodland, grassland and forest edges in localised areas from sea level to mid-altitude. It has 

been collected in Mikumi and the Udzungwa Mountains. 

c) Forest species 

Forest species are indicated with an asterisk (*) in Appendix Xa. These need special 

conservation priority because their habitat (forest) is subjected to pressure from economic 

activities (agriculture etc.). Examples include: Amauris niavius dominicus (the frier or 

monnik) is an unpalatable species to predators and serves as a model to several other 

butterflies (mimics). Its larval host plant is Gymnema sylvestre. The adults are found all year 

around. Charaxes brutus natalensis (the white-barred charaxes) is found in most coastal and 

island forests. Its larval host plants include Triclia emetica, T. dregeana, Turraea spp. and 

others. Papilio nireus lyaeus (green-banded swallowtail) occurs in forest and woodland from 

75

sea level to about 1500m above sea level. Larval food plants include members of Family 

Rutaceae such as Toddalia spp., Clausena spp. and Citrus spp. 

4.2.12.1 New records from Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

Butterflies not recorded by Archer et al. (1991) at Jozani-Chwaka are indicated (by a star (✪) 

in Appendix Xa. 

4.2.12.2 Observations of other invertebrates 

Opportunistic sampling of other Invertebrates revealed a rich and diverse fauna. Some 

interesting examples include the following: Freshwater pools in the Ground-water Natural 

Forest and Ground-water Forest Plantation areas harboured several snail species, including 

Bulinus nasutus and Bulinus globosus. The same pools had fresh-water crabs of genus 

Potamonautes and larvae of mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. 

Anopheles funestus adults were observed in the Wooded Grassland area. Other invertebrates 

observed in various places included Adults and larvae of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), Field 

Crickets (Orthoptera: Griliidae), centipedes and millipedes (Diplopoda and Chilopoda) and 

earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta), among others. 

Molluscs 

(Class: Gastropoda, Sub Class: Pulmonata, Order: Stylommatophora, Family: Achatinidae). 

Many live specimens and shells of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) were seen in 

Jozani forest and other areas surrounding the forest. Many shells were observed scattered 

especially in Tovu area. The Zanzibar variety used to be called ssp. hamillei (versus ssp. 

rodatzi), the Dar es Salaam subspecies. The naming was based on shell striations and 

patterning, which in semi-fossilised shells are already weathered. However both the Zanzibar 

and Dar es Salaam varieties have been found to interbreed in areas where the two varieties 

converge such as Mbudya, Bongoyo islands off the coast of Dar es Salaam and eastern coast 

along Bagamoyo and Saadani. 

76

5.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CONSERVATION 

VALUE 

Although in terms of biodiversity Jozani and Zanzibar as a whole may not be as rich as the 

coastal forests (Frontier, 1995) and Eastern arc mountains on the mainland most of the species 

on Zanzibar are isolated from the mainland populations. Some are endemic or near endemic 

and others are races of their congeners on the mainland. Others are threatened or endangered. 

All these species need to be protected and some of them may need special attention and 

conservation programmes. 

Apart from maintaining biological diveristy, plant resources at species and community level 

are important in many respects ranging from life support systems, climate control, ecological 

processes and as wildlife habitats. 

Some species found in Jozani are of potential value as a genetic resource. Species like Coffea 

psudozanguebariae (Rubiaceae) is of potential importance in crossbreeding to produce coffee 

hybrids. 

A tree species Pandanus rabiensis has been singled out as the most inactive indigenous 

species in the groundwater forest. Accounts of its regeneration capacity are not available. This 

could form part of a research project to study its biology including breeding systems, 

dispersal mechanisms and seed viability. The species may not be economically importyant but 

its conservation is essential in terms of biodiversity conservation. 

It is known that over 75% of the closed forests originally present on Zanzibar were destroyed 

by 1966 (Hedberg and Hedberg, 1966), more of the forest has been cleared since then. Human 

population increase was a major factor in the decline of forests. Understanding human 

demography of populations living on the edge of proposed park is essential in the biodiversity 

conservation of the area since this will allow designing appropriate conservation programmes 

taking which take into account the growing human populations. 

There is also the issue of alien species like Areca catechu (mipopoo) (Palmae). No studies 

have bee conducted on this species which is known to suppress indigenous vegetation and 

little effort appeart to have been unable to control their spread. 

77

For plant resources outside protected areas which can be exploited they may provide 

medicinal plants, grazing areas, timber, building materials and good habitat for beekeeping 

A number of animal species are, like the plants, endemic or near endemic and there are also 

species which are threatened or endangered. Animal resources contribute to the biological 

diversity and also help to boost tourism. Most of the species are threatened by exploitation, 

habitat loss, fragmentation and pollution. Understanding the status of the Zanzibar leopard is 

of exceptional importance due to the controversial conservation status of the animal. Species 

designated endemic or near endemic and threatened need appropriate conservation 

programmes. 

Apart from their aesthetic value, the lepidopterans (Butterflies and Moths) and Odonata 

(Dragonflies and Damselflies) are important as they form a large section of the natural 

ecosystem in terms of number of individuals and species richness. They are also important in 

maintaining the health of the ecosystem by controlling vegetation through their herbivory and 

pollination activities (lepidopterans), and by checking the population growth of other 

invertebrates through predation (Odonata). In addition to the above, the two groups are useful 

as indicators of the health of the ecosystem. They also form an important part of the food 

chain as a source of food to many species of other animals. 

78

6.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 

In the past traditional systems of land and resource use caused some damage to habitat and 

biodiversity but probably regeneration occurred as long as population levels were low. 

Human activities placed relatively little pressure on the available land resources. Also certain 

cultural norms helped to ensure sustainable use of resources. Rapidly growing human 

populations and associated socio-economic and political issues, and probably climatic 

changes associated with greenhouse effects all together or individually have contributed 

towards ecological instability. In the Eastern Arc Mountains the immediate threats to 

biodiversity were identified as deforestation, forest fragmentation, forest degradation, overexploitation 

of species, and the introduction of exotic species (Newmark, 2002). The situation 

in Jozani is similar to that found in the Eastern Arc Mountains on the mainland. The 

following were identified as threats to Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park biological 

diversity: 

1. Human population pressure 

Humans are a major cause of biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems (Martens, 1995). 

Zanzibar is experiencing a fast growing population (annual population growth rate r = 0.03) 

Jozani forest and the surrounding areas are important source of fuelwood, charcoal, building 

poles (Plates 25, 26, 28), medicines, food and fodder (Appendix V). Over-use of the resources 

is one major threat to the forest and loss of species. Increased population puts pressure on 

land for farming and crops involve land clearance and thus a loss of habitats (Plates 2, 8, 9). 

The introduced trees in Jozani area include coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), mangoes 

(Mangifera indica), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), guavas (Psidium guajava), banana (Musa 

spp.) (Plate 22) all of which are widespread in what was once natural vegetation area. 

Humans are also responsible for over utilisation of animal resources from both terrestrial and 

marine ecosystems through hunting, fishing and invertebrates collection (sea cucumbers, 

bivalves). 

2. Grazing impact 

A number of people in Jozani and surrounding areas keep livestock including cattle, goats and 

a few donkeys. Fodder plants include trees shrubs, forbs and grasses. Some species have 

exceptionally high nutritive values and are preferred by domestic stock. Baobab (Adansonia 

digitata) for instance contains about 16.9% crude protein and is so palatable that its seedlings 

79

are scarce and big trees are rare. Increased livestock number cause negative impact on fodder 

species (Plate 29). With heavy grazing the habitat may change for such an extent that some 

species may not be able to survive and these will be lost from the ecosystem, causing a 

change in biodiversity. This threat is made worse by the free grazing system practiced in most 

of the villages surrounding the Jozani forest and sometimes livestock encroach into forest 

(See Appendix V). 

3. Effect of alien species 

This is one of the major threats to native biological diversity (IUCN, 1990). Invasive species 

are found in all taxonomic groups including introduced viruses, fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, 

higher plants, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The impacts of 

invasive species are immense, insidious, and usually irreversible. Hundreds of extinctions, 

especially on islands, have been caused by alien species (IUCN, 1990). Article 8 (h) of the 

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of which Tanzania is a Party states that "each 

Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, prevent the introduction of, 

control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystem, habitats or species". 

The decision to use only alien species in plantation forests may have a negative effect on the 

local biodiversity through destruction of the habitat prior and after planting. Such introduced 

exotic species may suppress local species which may disappear from the area (Plate 31a and 

b). For example Maesopsis eminii tree (Rhamnaceae) was introduced in East Usambara from 

western Tanzania in the 1960s. Since then the tree has been spreading fast and it is predicted 

that in 200 years it will cover 50% of the area originally under natural forest (Binggeli, 1989). 

In all forest plantations plant species diversity was low. Some are comprised of pure stands of 

planted trees with only a handful of local species. This may be due to low competitive ability 

by the local species suggesting that in the long run the area may have most of local species 

completely out-competed. In plantation forestry indigenous species are considered as weeds 

so that during tending operations they have to be weeded out. 

A number of alien species have been introduced to Zanzibar including the Javan civet 

(Viverricula indica), House rat (Rattus rattus) and Common rat (Rattus norvegicus) (Moreau 

and Pakenham, 1941). These species are common in the proposed national park. Their effect 

remains unknown but some like the house rat are pests and potential vectors for diseases such 

80

as plague. Rattus rattus have been reported to cause damage to indigenous forest in New 

Zealand (Daniel, 1972) and to coconut palms in Fiji (Williams, 1974). 

4. Extraction of forest resources 

Timber harvesting is one of the most pressing threats to biodiversity in the study area. For 

valuable timber species only a few individuals of Burttdavya nyasica were encountered 

during the survey while Milicia exelsa was completely missing. Stumps of Burttdavya 

nyasica were encountered in few stands especially in Pandanus-Raphia-Vitex groundwater 

forest. The basal areas of many of the timber trees were also very low indicating timber tree 

sizes had already been over-harvested. The timber trees in Jozani include Sorindeia 

madagascariensis, Terminalia boivinii, Casearia gladiiformis, Macaranga capensis, Bridelia 

micrantha, Trichilia emetica, Xylocarpus granatum, Rapanea melanophloeos, Milicia 

excelsa, Syzigium cordatum, Syzigium cumini, Albizia adiathifolia, Afzelia qaunzensis, 

Burttdavya nyasica, Vitex doniana, Erythrophleum suaveolens and Callophylum inophyllum. 

The basal areas for these species are presented in Appendix III. Collection of fuelwood, 

building poles and medicinal plants are other activities that may cause loss of species and 

therefore pose a threat to biodiversity. 

5. Agriculture 

Most of the area is unsuitable for farming but Mapopwe and Cheju areas are more fertile and 

large areas of Mapopwe have been cleared for farms (Plate 8). Mapopwe area is dominated by 

Albizia forest and wildlife there is at risk due to poison which is put into ripe pawpaws and 

bananas to kill "pest" animals that destroy crops. The bait was meant to kill monkeys 

including vervet, blue and red colobus monkeys. Large areas of forest were cleared and long 

coral rock walls are erected to protect farm plots from wild pigs and other animals. Such walls 

were also encountered as ruins in secondary forest in Mapopwe. 

6. Fire 

Man made fires have a great effect on plants and biodiversity in general. Depending on the 

intensity and frequency the effects of fire may range from mild where a few fire resistant 

species are favoured to severe whereby an area is made completely devoid of vegetation. 

Although no event of recent fire was recorded in the study area, the signs of past fires were 

noted, especially in the wooded grassland and in the bracken bush. Interviews with the local 

people revealed that poachers and honey collectors caused most fires. Fire is also a great 

81

threat to reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. Serious fires damage habitats, so reducing 

their quality. Fire may also cause changes in species composition of an area through 

encouraging some species and supressing others. 

7. Habitat loss and fragmentation 

This arises mainly from converting natural vegetation into agricultural land or settlements. It 

is a major threat to most fauna species from large mammals to invertebrates. The decline in 

the Zanzibar red colobus numbers is mainly attributed to habitat loss and fragmentation. This 

factor is also known to affect to some extent the duiker species in the area. There are 

obviously many other species affected in this way. It has been observed in Usambara 

Mountains that frugivore species declined with decreasing forest fragment size. Consequently, 

the loss of these dispersal agents depressed tree recruitment in the course of forest 

fragmentation (Cordeiro and Howe, 2001). The lepidopterans (Butterflies and Moths) are 

completely dependent on specific plant species during their larval stage, which is the feeding 

stage. Any activities that result in the loss of the natural vegetation would adversely affect this 

group of insects. The larval stage of Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata nymphs) are 

aquatic predators. They are completely dependent on availability of fresh-water habitats. Any 

activity that results into modification or loss of fresh-water bodies would adversely affect the 

Odonata. For marine environment harvesting methods such as dynamiting and use of beach 

seines can cause serious habitat damage. 

8. Hunting/over exploitation 

This includes both illegal and uncontrolled legal hunting. Hunting is the main cause of the 

decline in numbers of duikers and blue monkeys in the survey area. It is reported that there is 

increased demand for wild meat and trophies by tourists coming to the south eastern Zanzibar 

and this is a potential threat to some animals especially the antelopes. Fish, molluscs and 

other marine resources are adversely affected by over exploitation. 

9. Diseases 

Transmission of diseases between people-wildlife-livestock has been reported to occur in 

Tanzania (GL-CRSP, 2002). Primates are close relatives of humans and diseases like polio, 

pneumonia, measles and flu and there are over 20 known, potentially lethal viruses that can be 

transmitted between non human primates and humans including Ebola, Marbug, hepatitis A 

and B, herpes B, SV40 and SIV (Fano et al, nd). The possibility of such an event is high 

82

given the large number of visitors from all over the world going to Jozani each year. The 

primates in Jozani would be the most susceptible to this problem. 

10. Pollution 

In Jozani area solid waste from litter is the main source of pollution. Materials like plastics, 

cans, bottles, papers were often found scattered in many parts of the survey area. This is 

mainly due to the increase in tourism activities. For the marine environment sewage from 

coastal settlements and run-off from inland are potential threats. Inland run off water may 

carry soil, pesticides, chemicals and other suspended materials into the sea. The potential 

threat from pesticide misuse needs to be taken into consideration. 

11. Motorway mortality 

Despite its effect on wildlife, road kills of animals is often not documented (Lode, 2000). 

Animal mortality is also reported to increase exponetially with increase in traffic volume. At 

Jozani forest a number of animals including the Red colobus, are reported to be killed by 

speeding vehicles (Struhsaker and Siex, 1998). Other affected species include blue monkeys, 

antelopes, and occasionally birds, reptiles and amphibians. A suspended bridge constructed 

for red colobus to cross the highway at Jozani is not used by the colobus. Improved designs 

and new approaches may be necessary to reduce the road accidents. Road humps and sign 

boards in areas frequently used by animals to cross have not proved to be very effective 

either. Construction of underground passages and fauna ducts reduced mortality of crossing 

animals in western France by 21% to 31% in places where road mortality reached 100% 

(Lode, 2000). 

12. Small population paradigm (Caughley, 1994) 

Most of the plant and animal species and communities in Zanzibar are small and may also be 

rare, endemic or near endemic. These populations are isolated from their congeners on the 

mainland and hence may be subjected to inbreeding. The exception here could be the marine 

organisms which are possibly not separated by any barriers from other populations and flying 

creatures like bats and birds or pythons, hippos and crocodiles which are known to be able to 

swim across the continental shelf between the mainland and Zanzibar (Moreau and 

Pakenham, 1941). Island populations of plants and animals may appear healthy but could be 

genetically poor. Woody vegetation communities with long generation time mostly tend to 

exhibit this phenomenon whereby they physiognomically look healthy but are genetically 

83

poor (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). Such plant communities eventually suffer from inbreeding 

depression problems and may become locally extinct. 

13. Declining population paradigm (Caughley, 1994) 

Generally island populations have higher extinction rates than continetal populations (Moreau 

and Pakenham, 1941). Since most of these populations are small and may not be viable, the 

presence of agents resulting in decline in their number often becomes detrimental. Such 

agents could be over-exploitation or habitat loss and fragmentation or pollution. Animals like 

the Zanzibar leopard, Aders' duiker, blue duiker and sykes monkey and some plants species 

could be affected by this problem. These populations are known to be declining and if this 

trend is not halted or reversed these species are likely to go locally extinct. 

14. Tourism 

About 216, 000 tourists visit Zanzibar each year and most of them visit Jozani forest. This 

area is therefore an important tourist destination. There are a number of impacts arising from 

tourism including cultural, economic and environmental (e.g. pollution, disease transmission). 

Habituation of red colobus and littering are examples of problems currently existing in Jozani. 

No studies have been done to determine the acceptable number of visitors which can visit the 

area without having serious negative impact on the environment. Since Zanzibar is 

increasingly becoming a major tourist destination in East Africa, levels of acceptable use for 

the proposed national park should determined to avoid future problems. 

Table 23: Summary of potential threats to biodiversity in Jozani-Chwaka Bay Zanzibar 

Group Species Threats 

Protected 

Encroachment, vegetation clearing, resources exploitation 

area 

Mammals Zanzibar leopard Hunting, disturbances, small & declining populations 

paradigm 

Zanzibar red colobus Habitat loss and fragmentation, road kills, hunting 

Aders duiker Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, small & declining 

populations paradigm 

Blue duiker 

Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, small & declining 

populations paradigm 

Suni 

Hunting 

Galagos 

Habitat loss 

Reptiles Sea turtles 

Exploitation, loss of nesting sites, marine pollution 

Tortoises 

Wildfires, habitat loss 

Amphibians 

Pollution, habitat loss 

Fish 

Exploitation, marine pollution, habitat damage 

84

Group Species Threats 

Invertebrates Molluscs (terrestrial, Pollution, wildfires 

fresh water) 

Molluscs (marine) Marine pollution, exploitation 

Lepidoptera 

Pollution, wildfires 

Orthoptera 


Odonata 


85

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 

The proposed National Park has a variety of habitats rich in species. The availability of 

resources differs in quantity and quality from one habitat to another therefore making some 

habitats more vulnerable than others. In order to manage the biological resources available in 

Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, all decisions on management and planning 

optimization should embrace relevant factors including available technology (by local people) 

as well as indigenous knowledge, social-economic, cultural and political considerations 

(Herlocker, 1999). The managemnt plan of the proposed park needs to address and 

incorporate certain key issues for effective conservation of the area. These include the 

conservation of the rare, threatened, endangered and endemic species such as the Zanzibar 

Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii), Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) and the over 

exploited plants; Croton sylvaticus and Burttdavya nyasica. There is also a need to address 

the issue of duiker hunting in areas surrounding the park, as hunting appears to be one of the 

major threats to the duikers. The conservation of the new species of frog (Kassina sp.) is 

another important issue to address as indications are that the frog is endemic to Zanzibar. The 

impact of humans living on the edge of the park on the resources inside the park is an 

important aspect to consider when designing the management strategy of the proposed park. 

Likewise, the relevant organs should investigate the possibility of including the people on the 

edge of the park in the planning process. In view of these, the following recommendations are 

put forward: 

1. There are five key areas, which need to be considered when formulating the strategic 

conservation and management plan for the proposed park. These include: 

♦ the proposed Jozani - Chwaka National Park 

♦ the forest plantations 

♦ the Mapopwe enclave 

♦ the surrounding habitats and communities involving neighbours to the proposed park 

♦ the mangroves and Chwaka Bay which are ecologically different from the other terrestrial 

habitats. 

2. A habitat and population viability analysis including sensitivity test for the Zanzibar red 

colobus is recommended to ensure an effective planning of its sustainable conservation 

86

3. Immediate scientific measures should be taken to establish the actual conservation status 

of the Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) in order to have a conclusive statement 

on its presence on Zanzibar. 

4. The ecology of the new species of frog (Kassina sp.) needs to be investigated to allow for 

its description. A close collaboration is needed between The Department of Commercial 

crops, Fruits and Forestry, CARE and University of Dar es Salaam to facilitate this 

process. 

5. The proposed park should remain a core habitat for the duiker populations. Since duiker 

hunting on the edge of the proposed park also threatens duiker populations inside the 

park, it is advised to impose a temporary ban or moratorium on duiker hunting to ensure 

their recovery and give authorities time to plan properly the conservation strategy for the 

duikers. Where appropriate, initiate or continue with breeding in captivity programmes 

for certain species such as the red duiker breeding programme (Williams et al. 1996) 

6. A number of plant and animal populations in the proposed park are either rare, endemic, 

small or declining. Some populations may even be not viable. Immediate measures need 

to be taken to serve these species from disappearing. These species should also be 

subjected to monitoring programmes. Affected plants include those over-used for 

medicine, especially Croton sylvaticus and Burttdavya nyasica used for timber. 

Furthermore, the use, extraction and harvesting of all rare plant species should be 

controlled even if it means banning their utilisation. Simple habitat protection and 

controlling exploitation may be initial measures to conserve some of the affected animal 

populations. 

7. Heavy logging has been reported to be the cause of disappearance of timber valuable 

species like Milicia excelsa. It is recommended to increase the population of the scarce 

ones through enrichment planting of such species. 

8. Forest plantations have been neglected for a long time. Tending operations should be reintroduced 

to save them from further deterioration. In the Casuarina plantation there is 

no regeneration following harvesting because Casuarina does not coppice from stumps. 

Efforts should be directed to rehabilitate harvested blocks previously under Casuarina 

87

plantation. In the Acacia plantations profuse coppicing occurs especially in Acacia 

mangim. This species should be thinned out to obtain a few good pole-stems. 

Uncontrolled harvesting in Kibele plantations and other plantation blocks should follow 

proper management plans. The plant nursery at Jozani forest headquarters should be 

expanded so that more seedling stocks can be raised for distribution to villages and 

expansion of forest plantations. 

9. Using the available baseline data, there should be a close follow-up of any ecological 

change that might bring ecological imbalance and consequently loss of biodiversity. 

10. Seek cooperation from appropriate specialists who can help to identify some of the lesser 

known groups of plants and animals. For example invertebrate fauna have not been 

exhaustively studied, and Zanzibar is expected to have insular species because it is an 

island. 

11. In order to conserve the invertebrate fauna of the area it is important to conserve their 

habitat (e.g. forest, water bodies etc.), since they are completely dependent on it. 

Invertebrates have a high reproductive potential, and most insect species can sustain their 

population if there is minimum human interference. The chief threat for the invertebrate 

diversity of Jozani-Chwaka Bay area is likely to come from loss of habitat through 

human activities, rather than any direct effect on the species themselves. Forest habitats 

are especially under pressure from surrounding human population through increased 

agricultural use (including cattle raising), collection of firewood and timber, and the 

harvesting of non-timber forest resources (medicinal plants, mushrooms, honey etc.). 

Jozani is a unique ground water forest habitat and fresh water habitats outside the 

proposed park are under threat. It is, therefore, important to protect the environment and 

the suitable habitats inside the park. 

12. Undertake the study of the ecology and forest dynamics of Jozani forest to identify the 

key pollinators and dispersal agents in the ecosystem. 

13. Monitor the introduced species of plants and animals on the ecology of the park and 

determine their potential threats to the indigenous populations of plants and animals and 

take appropriate measures to control the situation 

88

14. Mangrove formations for instance must be treated differently from the terrestrial 

ecosystem. A separate natural resource management and conservation programme should 

be put in place to ensure effective conservation of its biological diversity. This may start 

by a simple measure of making the protected areas exclusive while long term 

conservation measures are planned. 

15. To ensure that the depleted marine resources in Chwaka Bay are restored, involve local 

communities in marine resources management and conservation and prepare a 

comprehensive management and conservation plan for the fisheries resources in the area. 

16. To control or discourage man-made fires. Human activities that cause fires such as 

poaching (hunting), charcoal burning and honey collection can be controlled by 

reinforcing the existing by-laws and even by formulating new ones. Create fire breaks in 

vulnerable areas through using techniques like plantation block roads. 

17. To restrict free trails into the proposed National Park area. There were very few fresh 

trails leading into the forest, but cut stems were prevalent in the dry scrub forest and in 

the bushland and thickets. 

18. The forest area has been used by people living on the forest edge through generations. 

The forest plantations were specifically established for harvesting, whereas access by the 

local people to the natural forest is now restricted although there are indications that they 

are still somehow still dependent on it. The forest has been the source for fuelwood, 

poles, medicines and hunting ground. Members of the local community have been 

earning their living from the forest resources. Therefore, a better approach should be 

designed to allocate resource-use areas for human activities such as extractions and 

farming outside the proposed park. 

19. To embark on ethnobotanical surveys to identify all plant species used or with potential 

use to the local communities. Efforts should aim at selecting the potential species for 

further phytochemical investigation. Domesticating such species and development of 

harvesting protocols may be a useful tool for sustainable production systems. Some rare 

plant species should be introduced into the gardens in the city (ex situ conservation). 

89

20. The presence of forest plantations is very important to take the pressure off the natural 

forest. The management strategy should aim to increase the area under forest plantation. 

Furthermore, increase in fuelwood prices could be a sufficient stimulus to encourage 

villagers to plant trees on their farms. Encouraging villagers to plant trees on their farms 

and around their homes or along the farm boundaries is a rational option because such 

trees act as windbreak, provide shade and could be sustainably harvested as fuelwood 

hence stop people from harvesting in protected areas. Decentralization of nurseries as 

much as possible is important to minimize transport costs and by doing so every village 

will be able to raise enough tree seedlings for their own woodlots or sale. Local residents 

should be encouraged to expand plantations of fast growing species that have proved to 

grow well in the project area. 

21. Evaluate the agricultural practices in areas surrounding the proposed park to determine 

potential threats to biodiversity arising from these practices including use and disposal of 

pesticides and other pollutants 

22. Since there are a number of human activities and livestock grazing occurring inside the 

proposed park, their impacts need to be investigated. Nevertheless, livestock should be 

excluded from the proposed national park. For integrated management in areas outside 

the proposed park, the actual number of livestock should be known and fodder plant 

species should be properly monitored. Encouraging zero grazing is one measure to 

minimize threats caused by the free grazing of domestic animals. This is because most 

tree planting and woodlot establishment is done in the grazing, small-farming areas such 

as in Mapopwe where livestock herding is free-range. Free grazing animals destroys tree 

seedlings before they reach maturity. In such areas the farmers raise livestock more than 

the land can support. The excessive livestock not only damage trees but also cause soil 

compaction and overall soil degrdation. The villagers can be encouraged to reduce the 

number of animals. 

23. During our discussion with local people the impression we had was that many people 

seem to be unaware of the proposed changes of the conservation status of the area and 

conservation issues in general. The local community's awareness, willingness and 

attitude towards biodiversity conservation are very important aspects. Educate local 

community through workshops or other means on the need, importance and benefits of 

90

iodiversity conservation. Emphasis could be put on the positive impacts of conservation 

such as increase in income earnings through tourism at the national, local community and 

individual levels. People should also be informed of other benefits such as employment 

opportunities to local people and improved social services such as health and education 

from revenues accrued from wildlife conservation. The importance of forests in 

influencing weather conditions can also be addressed. During interviews and 

questionnaires some people were reluctant to cooperate for fear of being evacuated. 

24. A reference collection/display should be established to maintain limited mounted 

specimens of plant species, small mammals, and insects found in the proposed park. 

Technical staff should be recruited and trained to man the reference collection. Research 

facilities should be incorporated into the management plan. 

25. Indigenous knowledge should be incorporated in the management of biodiversity. The 

approach should be communal resource management which satisfies communal needs 

and sustainable biodiversity conservation. 

26. Integration of biodiversity management with land use resources is an effective approach 

of conservation. Planning should therefore include provisions of zonation and 

dermarcation of core areas in which sensitive species and ecosystems are protected. 

Establishment of a buffer zone may help to control entry and encroachment into the 

forest in order to maintain a healthy forest 

27. A close evaluation of the impact of the Mapopwe enclave activities on the park need to 

be studied and evaluated. This will provide clues on whether its future existence inside 

the park is sustainable or not. 

28. To initiate and maintain a flow of biological information from the site. The focus should 

be on habitat stability. Habitat changes and their consequences on biodiversity change 

should be monitored through follow-up studies. 

29. Initiate monitoring programmes to monitor changes in key biological and physical 

resources, environmental parameters and human demography in the project area 

91

i. A monitoring system is required to evaluate the consequences of the 

rapid decline of the forest and assess the prospects for their 

restoration. The major threats to the ecological conditions of the 

forest include timber exploitation, habitat degradation caused by fire, 

land clearance for agriculture, forest plantation, fuel wood collection, 

building materials, medicinal plant uses and many other human 

activities involving forest resources 

ii. It is important to have regular basic ecological data such as rainfall, 

termperature and humidity 

iii. Ensure that Zanzibaris are trained to develop the capacity and 

institutional strength in cooperation with other organs to carry out 

monitoring 

iv. Monitor vegetation changes in areas where this survey was 

conducted. This study has provided a baseline data from which to 

start the monitoring 

30. Improve the publicity of Jozani forest at the same time taking precaution on the effect of 

having too much ecotourism 

31. This report provides conditions outside the proposed park in 2002. There is a need to 

conduct modelling to predict the situation on long-term basis say 50 years. The strategic 

plan should incorporate data on what is happening outside and inside the park. 

92

REFERENCES 

Archer, A. L. and Mwinyi, A. A. (1995) Further Studies on the Two Duiker Species and the 

Suni Antelope in Zanzibar. Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Natural Resources, 

Zanzibar. 

Archer, A.L., Collins, S. and Bampton, I. (1991) Report on a visit to Jozani Forest, Zanzibar. 

Bulletin of the East African Natural History Society 21, 59-66. 

Beentje, H. J. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi. 

Begon, M., Harper, J. L. and Townseed, C. R. (1996) Ecology: Individuals, Populations and 

Communities 3 rd Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford. 

Bell, J.D., Pollard, D.A., Burchmore, J.J., Pease, B.C. & Middleton M.J. (1984) Structure of a 

fish community in a temperate tidal mangrove creek in Botany Bay, New South 

Wales. Australian Journal aof Marine and Freshwater Research 35, 33-46. 

Bianch, G. (1985) Field Guide to Commercial Marine and Brackish Water Species of 

Tanzania. FAO Species Identification sheets for Fishery purposes TCP/URT/4406 

and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme 199 PP. 

Binggeli, P. (1989) The Ecology of Maesopsis Invasion and Dynamics of the Evergreen 

Forest of the East Usambaras, and their Implications for Forest Conservation and 

Forestry Practices. In: Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains 

Tanzania. (Eds. A. C. Hamilton and R. Bensted-Smith). The IUCN Tropical Forest 

Programme. 

Blaber, S. J .M., Young, J. W., and Dunning, M. C. (1985) Community structure and 

zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the Dampier region of north-western 

Australia. Australian Journal aof Marine and Freshwater Research 36, 247-266. 

Blaber, S. J. M. (1980) Fish of the Trinity inlet system of north Queensland with noted on the 

ecology of fish faunas of tropical Indo-Pacific estuaries. Australian Journal aof 

Marine and Freshwater Research 31, 137-146. 

Budowski, G. (1965) Distribution of tropical rain forest species in the light of successional 

process. Turrialba 15: 40-42. 

Burgess, N. D., Clarke, G. P. (2000) Coastal Forests of East Africa. The IUCN Forest 

Conservation Programme. 

Carcasson, R. H. (1977) A field guide to the Coral Reef Fishes of the Indian and West Pacific 

Oceans.320 pp. 

Carr, A. (1987) Impact of non-degradable marine debris on the ecology survival outlook of 

sea turtles. Mar.Poll.Bull. 18: 352-357. 

93

Caughley, G. (1994) Directions in conservation biology (review). J. Animal Ecology 63: 215- 

244. 

CITES (1998) Checklist of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 

Flora and Fauna (CITES). CITES Secretariat/World Conservation Monitoring 

Centre. 

Cordeiro, N. J. and Howe, H. F. (2001) Low Recruitment of Trees Dispersed by Animals in 

African Forest Fragments. Conservation Biology 15(6): 1-9. 

Crawley, M. J. (1997) Plant Ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd, London. 

Daniel, M. J. (1972) Bionomics of the strip rat (Rattus r. rattus) in a New Zealand Indigenous 

Forest. New Zealand Journal of Science 15: 313-341. 

Davies, G. (Ed.) (2002) African Forest Biodiversity: A Field Survey Manual for Vertebrates. 

Earthwatch Institute. Europe. 

Dugan, P. J. (1990) Wetland Conservation: A review of current issues and require action. 

Gland: IUCN 

Fano, A., Cohen, M. J., Cramer, M., Greek, R. and Kaufman, S. (?) Of Pigs, Primates, and 

Plagues: A Laypersons Guide to the Problems With Animal - to - Human Organ 

Transplants. Medical Research Modernisation Committee 

http://www.mormcmed.org/pigs.html 

FAO (1984a) Species Identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing 

area 51. Volume I. (Eds. W. Fisher, and G. Bianch) Marine Resources Service, 

Fishery Resources and Environment Division, FAO Fisheries Department, Rome 

Italy. DANIDA. 

FAO (1984b) Species Identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing 

area 51.Volume II. (Eds. W. Fisher, and G. Bianch) Marine Resources Service, 



FAO (1984c) Species Identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing 

area 51.Volume III. (Eds. W. Fisher, and G. Bianch) Marine Resources Service, 



FAO (1984d) Species Identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing 

area 51.Volume IV. (Eds. W. Fisher, and G. Bianch) Marine Resources Service, 



94

FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar (1999) Towards Integrated Management and 

Sustainable Development of Zanzibar's Coast. FAO/Department of Environment, 

Zanzibar. 

Frankel, O. H., Brown, A. H. D. and Burdon, J. J. (1995) The Conservation of Plant 

Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press. 

FRONTIER (1995) Coastal Forest Research Programme; Status Reports for 11 Coastal 

Forests in Coast Region, Tanzania (Eds. G. P. Clarke & A. Dickinson). Frontier- 

Tanzania Technical Report No. 17. The Society For Environmental Exploration and 

The University of Dar es Salaam. 

Frost, D. R. (Ed.) (1985) Amphibian Species of the World, a Taxonomic and Geographic 

Reference. Allen Press, Inc. and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, 

Kansas, U.S.A. 

Gillmann, C. (1949) A vegetation type map (1:200,000) of Tanganyika. Terrds Geogrl Rev. 

(N.Y.): 7-37. 

GL-CRSP (2002) Integrated Assessment Results to Aid Policy Decisions in Ngorongoro 

Conservation Area, Tanzania. POLEYC Project of the Global Livestock 

Collaborative Research Support Program (GL-CRSP). University of California. 

Report 79pp. 

Godman, B. and Talbot, F. (1976) Aspects of the ecology of coral reef fishes pp 125-154. In 

Jones D.A. and R. Endean (eds). Biology and geology of coral reefs Vol.III. Biology 

Academic Press, New York. 

Goldman, H. V. and Walsh, M. T. (1997) A leopard in jeopardy: an anthropological survey 

of practices and beliefs which threaten the survival of the Zanzibar leopard 

(Panthera pardus adersi). Conservation Section, Commission of Natural Resources, 

Zanzibar. 

Greenway, P. J. (1973) A classification of the vegetation of East Africa. Kirkia 9: 1-68. 

Hedberg, I. and Hedberg, O. (Eds.) (1966) Conservation of Vegetation in Africa South of the 

Sahara. Association Pour I' Etude Taxonomique de la Flora d' Afrique Tropicale (A. 

E. T. F. A. T). Uppsala 

Herlocker, R. (1999) Rangeland Resources in eastern Africa: their Ecology and Development 

http://www.redlist.org/info/links.html 

IUCN (1990) Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its islands. IUCN. Species survival 

Commission Paper No. 6. 

95

Jacobs, M. (1988) The tropical: a first encounter. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New 

York. 

Kieland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne and London. 

Kimani, E. N., Mwatha, G. K., Wakwabi, E. O., Ntiba, J. M. and Okoth, B. K. (1996) Fishes 

of a shallow Tropical Mangrove Estuary, Gazi, Kenya. Mar. Freshwater. Res. 47: 

857-868. 

Kingdon, J. (1997) The Kingdon Field Guide to African mammals. Academic Press, London. 

Koop, H. (1989) Forest dynamics, SILVI-STAR: a comprehensive monitoring systems. 

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 

Koop, H. Rijksen, H.D. and Wind J. (1994): Tools to diagnose Forest Integrity; an appraisala 

method substantiated by SILVI-STAR assessement of diversity and forest structure. 

In: Boyle T.J.B and Boontawee B. (Eds). Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in 

Tropical and Temperate forests pp.309-333. Proceedings of a IUFRO Symposium 

held at Chiang mai, Thailand August 27 th -September 2 nd , 1994. 

Leskinen, J. and Silima, P. A. (1993) Unguja and Pemba coral rag forests inventory. 

Zanzibar Forestry Development Project Technical paper No. 10. 

Leskinen, J., Pohjonen, V. M. and Mbarouk, S. A. (1997) Woody biomass inventory of 

Zanzibar islands. Report 35pp. 

Lode, T. (2000) Effect of Motorway on Mortality and Isolation of Wildlife Populations. 

Ambio 29 (3): 163-167 

Marshall, S. (1994) The status of the Zanzibar leopard. Zanzibar FS, Commission for Natural 

Resources. 

Martens, E. E. (1992) Coastal wetland utilization. Pp 115-134 in S.A. Crafter, S.G. Njuguna 

and G.W. Howard (Eds) Wetlands of Kenya. Proceedings of the KWWG seminar on 

wetlands of Kenya, Nairoibi, Kenya, 3-5 July 1991. IUCN, Gland. 

Masoud, T. S., Finnie, D., Omar, A. B., Basha, A. U. and Wild, R. G. (2001) Zanzibar Red 

colobus Monkey Conservation Strategy: A long term strategy for the survival of the 

Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey Piliocolobus kirkii. Department of Commercial 

Crops, Fruits and Forestry/Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment 

and Co-operatives. 

Mbuya, L. P., Msanga, H. P., Ruffo, C. K., Birnie, A. and Tengas, B. (1994) Useful trees and 

shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural 

and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU) and Swedish 

International Development Authority, Dar es Salaam and Nairobi. 

96

Migdoll, I. (1987) Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland, London. 

Milne-Redhead, E., Polhill, R. M., Beentje, H. J. et al. (Eds.) (1952... to present) Flora of 

Tropical East Africa. (Published Families) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 

Mohammed, S. M. (1999) The ecology and socioeconomy of Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. Federal 

Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development of Germany (BMZ). 

Moreau, R. E. and Pakenham, R. H. W. (1941) The Land Vertebrates of Pemba, Zanzibar and 

Mafia: A Zoo-Geographical Study. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 

Series A. Vol. 110 Parts 3 and 4. 

Msuya, C. A. (2001) Habitats, Distribution and Feeding of Amphibians in Zaraninge Forest 

Reserve, Tanzania. Ph.D thesis, University of Dar es Salaam 

Mturi, F. A. (1991) The Feeding Ecology and Behaviour of the Red Colobus Monkey 

(Colobus badius kirkii). PhD Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam. 

Mturi, F. A. (1993) Ecology of the Zanzibar red colobus monkey, Colobus badius kirkii 

(Gray, 1968), in comparison with other red colobines. pp243-263. In: Biogeography 

and Ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa (Eds. J. Lovett and Wasser). 

Cambridge University Press. 

Newmark, W. D. (2002) Conserving Biodiversity in East African Forests: A study of the 

Eastern Arc Mountains. Ecological Studies 155. Springer, Berlin. 

Nkunya, M. H. H., Weenen, H., Bray, D. H., Mgani, Q. H. and Mwasumbi, L. (1990) 

Antimalarial activity of Tanzanian plants and their active constituents: The genus 

Uvaria. Planta Medica 57(1991). 

Nowak, K. E. (2000) Red Colobus Monkey: daily Caloric Intake, Activity, and Dietary 

Protein. Pp 32. 

Ogden, J. C. (1980) Fundamental relationships in Carribean seagrass beds pp 173-198 In: 

Phillips, R.C. and C.P. McRoy (eds). Handbook of Seagrass biology: An ecosystem 

perspective. Earland STPM Press. NY 353pp. 

Pakenham, R. H. W. (1984) The Mammals of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. pp80. 

Pikkarainen, T. (1991) Inventory of Jozani and Ngezi Forests: Results. Forestry Department, 

Zanzibar & FINNIDA, Kuopio. 

Pinhey, E. C. G. (1961) A Survey of the Dragonflies (Order Odonata) of Eastern Africa. 

British Museum, London. 

Pinhey, E. C. G. (1965) Butterflies of Southern Africa. Nelson, London. 

Polhill, R. M. (1968) Conservation of vegetation in Africa, South of the Sahara. In: Hedberg, 

O. ad Hedberg, I. (eds). Acta Phytogeogra. Suec, 54. 

97

Ruffo, C. K. (1992) A report on species identification for Jozani and Ngezi Forest Inventory, 

Forestry Department, Zanzibar & FINNIDA, Kuopio. 

Salvat, B. (Ed) (1987) Human impacts on coral reefs: Facts and recommendations. Antenner 

Museum E.P.H.E., French Polynesia. 

Sasekumar , A. Ong, T. L. Thong K. L. (1984) Predation of mangrove fauna by marine fishes. 

(Eds. E. Soepadmo, A. N. Rao, D. J. MacIntosh). Proc As Symp Mangr Env Res 

Manag, Kuala Lumpur. 25-29 August 1980: 378-384. 

Scholtz, C. and Holm, E. (1985) Insects of Southern Africa. University of Pretoria, Pretoria. 

Shunula, J. P. (1990) A survey of the distribution and status of mangrove forests in Zanzibar, 

Tanzania. Environmental studies series No. 5. Comission for Lands and Environment. 

Siex, K. S. and Struhsaker, T. T. (1999) Ecology of the Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey: 

Demographic Variability and habitat Stability. International Journal of Primatology 

20 (2): 163-190. 

Silkiluwasha, F. (1981) The distribution and conservation status of the Zanzibar red colobus. 

African J. Ecol. 19: 187-194. 

Smiet, A. C. (1989) Human impact on mountain forest in River Konto area: Vegetation and 

transect studies. Konto River Project. Project Communications No 11, Malang. 

Smith, M. M. and Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.) (1991) Smiths' Sea Fishes. 1 st Edition. Southern 

Book Publishers, Johannesburg, 1048pp, 144pls. 

Spawls, S., Howell, K. M., Drewes, R. and Ashe, J. (2002) A field Guide to the Reptiles of 

East Africa. Academic Press 

Stohlgren, T. J., Falker, M. A. and Schell, L. D. (1995) A Modified Whittaker Vegetation 

Sampling Method. Vegetatio 17: 113-121. 

Struhsaker, T. T. and Siex, K. S. (1998) The Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey: Conservation 

Status of an Endangered Island Endemic. Primate Conservation 18: 51-58. 

Stuart, C. T. (1999) A preliminary Faunal Survey of South-Eastern Unguja: With Emphasis 

on the Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi). Report 39pp. Unpublished. 

Swai. I. S. (1993a) Wildlife Conservation Status in Zanzibar. MSc Thesis, University of Dar 

es Salaam. 

Swai, I. S. (1983b) Problems associated with wildlife conservation in Zanzibar. Unpublished 

report, Wildlife Division, Dar es Salaam. 

Thallot, P. (1992) Importance of mangroves for Pacific reef fish, myrth or reality? 

Proceedings of the seventh International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 934-941. 

98

UNEP (2001) Eastern Africa Atlas of Coastal Resources: Tanzania. UNEP, Directorate for 

International Cooperation (DGIC) Belgium, United Republic of Tanzania. 

Wells, S. M. (Ed.) (1988) Coral reefs of the world. 3 volumes. 

White, F. (1983) The Vegetation of Africa, A Descriptive memoir to Accompany the 

UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. UNESCO, Paris. 

Wildlife Division (1998) The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania. Ministry of Natural Resources and 

Tourism, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 

Williams, A., Mwinyi, A. A. and Ali, S. J. (1995) A population survey of the mini-antelope 

Aders' duiker (Cephalophus adersi), Blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola sundevalli), 

Suni (Neotragus moschatus moschatus) of Unguja, Zanzibar Section A. Technical 

Paper No. 26. Commission for natural Resources Sub-commission for Forestry 

Zanzibar, CARE, FINNIDA. 

Williams, J. M. (1974) Rat damage to coconuts in Fiji. Part I assessment of damage. PANS 20 

(4): 379-391. 

Williams, R. O. (1949) Useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba. St. Ann's 

Press, UK. 

Wilson, D. E. and Reeder, D. M. (Eds.) (1993) Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian 

Institute. Washington, USA. 

Wilson, E. O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts. 

WRI/IUCN/UNEP (1992) Global biodiversity strategy. WRI/IUCN/UNEP, Washington DC: 

Zar, J. H. (1996) Biostatistical Analysis 3 rd edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 

99

TERMS OF REFERENCE 

Outputs of the contract 

♦ A vegetation map of the National Park showing vegetation types and their distribution. 

The vegetation classification used will be agreed between the consultant and Jozani - 

Chwaka Bay Conservation Project (JCBCP) at the beginning of the project. The map 

should be at a scale of 1: 10,000 and in colour. Three copies of the map should be 

supplied (unless provided in digital form - MapInfo compatible) 

♦ A vegetation species list for the habitats identified in the vegetation map with a 

quantitative assessment of species abundance. The location of rare and/or important 

species. 

♦ A complete species list with an indication of distribution and relative abundance for the 

following taxa: Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish, Butterflies and moths, Odonata 

♦ A final report summarising the data collected and evaluationg the biological resources 

found within the national park. The report should contain detailed assessment of 

important and endemic species, including IUCN status, conservation status and current 

threats. Management recommednations should also be provided 

Other agreement 

♦ At the end of the consultancy period all specimens collected, data, maps, reports and any 

other intellectual information will remain the sole property of the JCBCP 

100

Appendix I: Plant checklist of Jozani-Chwaka Bay Proposed National 

Park, Zanzibar 

FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME Group 

Adiantaceae Achrosticum aureum L. (P) 

Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. (P) 

Blechnaceae Stenochlaena tenufolia Chani cha chatu (P) 

Dennstaedticeae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

(P) 

Polypodiaceae Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. F.) Ching (P) 

Oleandraceae Nephrolepis biserrata (Swartz) Schott (P) 

Schizaeaceae Lygodium microphylum (Cav.) R. Br. (P) 

Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris madagascariensis (Fee) Schult 

(P) 

Agavaceae Sansevieria kirkii Mkongepori (M) 

Amarylidaceae Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn.) Rf. subsp. multiflorus Yangimamga (M) 

Araceae Anchomanes abbreviatus Engl. (M) 

Culcasia orientalis Mayo 

(M) 

Gonatopus boivinii Hook.f. Wangadume (M) 

Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Kongwa (M) 

Commelina erecta L. 

(M) 

Cyperaceae Carex echinochloe Kuntze (M) 

Cyperus compresus L. 

(M) 

Cyperus distans L.f. 

(M) 

Cyperus immensus C.B. Cl. 

(M) 

Cyperus obtusiflorus Vahl 

(M) 

Cyperus rotundus L. 

(M) 

Fimbristylis hispidula (Vahl.) Kunth 

(M) 

Kyllinga alba Nees 

(M) 

Kyllinga aurata Nees 

(M) 

Mariscus dubius Ndago (M) 

Dracaenaceae Dracaena steudineri Engl. (M) 

Gramineae Euclasta condylotricha (Stud.)Stapf (M) 

Dactyloctenium aegyticum Willd 

(M) 

Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. 

(M) 

Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E. Hubb 

(M) 

Oplismenus compositus (L.) Beav. 

(M) 

Panicum repentellum Napper 

(M) 

Panicum trichocladum K.Schum 

(M) 

Paspallum scrobiculatum L. 

(M) 

Paspallum vaginatum Sw 

(M) 

Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. 

(M) 

Sorghastrum stipoides (Kuunze) Nash. 

(M) 

Orchidaceae Aerangis hologlottis (Schltr.) Schltr. (M) 

Microcoelia exilis Lindl 

(M) 

Nervilia umbrosa (Reichb.f) Schttr. 

(M) 

Vanilla roscheri 

(M) 

Vanilla zanzibarica 

(M) 

Zingiberaceae Aframomum agustifolium (Sonnerat.) K. Schum. Matunguu (M) 

Acanthaceae Asystacia gangentica (L.) T. Anders (D) 

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. (D) 

Aerva lanata (L.) Schult 

(D) 

Amaranthus viridis L. 

(D) 

Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Mkorosho (D) 

Mangifera indica Jacq. 

(D) 

Lannnea schweinfurhii (Engl.) Engl. Muumbu/Mfupapu (D) 

Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R.A. Fema Mn'gombe (D) 

Rhus longipes Engl. var. longipes Mchengele (D) 

Rhus natalensis Krauss Mkumba/mlapaa (D) 

101


Sclerocarya birrea (L. Rich.) Hochst Mng'ongo (D) 

Sorideia madagascariensis DC. Mtikiza (D) 

Annonaceae Annona senegalensis Pers. Mtopetope (D) 

Mkilua fragrans Verdc. Mkilua (D) 

Monathotaxis ferruginea (Oliv.) Verdc. 

(D) 

Monodora grandidieri Baill. Mchofu (D) 

Uvaria acuminata Oliv. 

(D) 

Monoathotaxis faulknerae (Oliv.) Verdc. Mwenyechaa (D) 

Apocynaceae Ancylobothrys petersiana (Kl.) Piere Mtowe (D) 

Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf Muwango (D) 

Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon Mabungo (D) 

Strophanthus zimmernanianus Monach. 

(D) 

Tabernaemontana ventricosa A.DC. 

(D) 

Araliaceae Cussonia zimmermannii Harms Mpapai dume (D) 

Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. (D) 

Bignoniaceae Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch.) K.Schum. (D) 

Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum. Mtarawanda (D) 

Markhamia zanzibarica K.Schum. Mtalawanda (D) 

Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata L. Mbuyu (D) 

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Msufi (D) 

Boraginaceae Argusia argentea (L.f.) Heine (D) 

Bourreria petiolaris (Lam.) Thulin Mpanda jongoo (D) 

Cordia myxa L. Mkamasi (D) 

Caesalpiniaceae Afzelia quanzensis Welw. Mtamati, 

(D) 

Mbambakofi 

Cassia abbreviata Oliv. 

(D) 

Cassia mimosoides L. 

(D) 

Erythrophleum suavoelens (Guill & Perr.) Brenan Mwavi/Mbaraka (D) 

Senna petersiana Bolle 

Mkunde nyika/ (D) 

Muumbuzi/ 

mpingua ume 

Tamarindus indica L. Mkwaju (D) 

Casuarinaceae Casuarina equesitifolia L. Mvinje (D) 

Celastraceae Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum (Loes.) Loes Mlanunga/mnyum (D) 

vuu 

Maytenus mossambicensis Kl. Mnusi (D) 

Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock 

(D) 

Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. 

Mlimbolimbo/Kifu (D) 

gu 

Salacia madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. 

(D) 

Combretaceae Combretum paniculatum Engl. (D) 

Terminalia boivinii Tul. Mkunguni (D) 

Terminalia catappa L. Mkungu (D) 

Compositae Emilia abyssinica (A.Rich.) C. Jeffrey (D) 

Emilia coccinea (Sims.) Sweet 

(D) 

Emilia javanica (Burm.f.) Merr 

(D) 

Laggera brevipes Oliv & Hiern 

(D) 

Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & T.R.I. Wood 

(D) 

Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern). C.Jeffrey Mchunga (D) 

Mikania cordata Robins 

(D) 

Pluchea sordida Oliv. & Hiern 

(D) 

Psiadia punctulata (DC.) vatke Mkeneta (D) 

Ethulia conyzoides L. 

(D) 

Synedrella nodiflora Daecn. 

(D) 

Vernonia amygdalina Del. Kikunde cha kuku (D) 

Vernonia glabra (Steetz.) Vatke Dimi la ng'ombe (D) 

Vernonia zanzibarensis Less. Mtukutu (D) 

102


Connaraceae Agelaea setulosa Schellem b. (D) 

Rourea orientalis Baill. 

(D) 

Convolvulaceae Hewitia sublobata (L.f.)O. Ktze. (D) 

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. 

(D) 

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Kiazi (D) 

Ipomea obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl.var.obscura 

(D) 

Ipomea shupangensis Bak. 

(D) 

Merremia tridentata [L.] Hall.f. 

(D) 

Cucurbitaceae Cocinia adoensis (A. Rich.) Cogn. (D) 

Zamiaceae Encephalartos hildebrandtii A. Br. & Bouche Mgwede (D) 

Dilleniaceae Tetracera littoralis Gilg Mkala, Malafisi (D) 

Ebeneceae Euclea racemosa Hiern ssp. schimperii (A.D.C.) F. Mdaa 

(D) 

White 

Euclea natalensis A.D.C. ssp. obovata F. White Msiliza (D) 

Diospyros consolatae Chiov. Mkururu/Mjengo (D) 

Diospyros natalensis (Harv.) Brenan Mtimweusi (D) 

Escalloniaceae Brexia madagascariensis Thou. Mfurugudu (D) 

Euphorbiaceae Antidesma venosum Tul. Mtimagoa/Msisimi (D) 

zi 

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. Mututututu (D) 

Croton pseudopulchellus Pax Mgeuka, Mpashu (D) 

Croton sylvaticus Krauss 

Msinduzi/Mdawad (D) 

awa 

Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. Mjafari (D) 

Drypetes reticulata Pax 

(D) 

Erythrococca kirkii (Muell.Arg.) Prain Mjafari (D) 

Euphorbia nyikae Pax. Mkweche (D) 

Euphorbia hirta L. Mziwaziwa (D) 

Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim. 

Mkaranga/Mlanga (D) 

makelele 

Mallotus opposifoloius (Geisel.)Muell.Arg. 

Mtundutundu/Mtu (D) 

mbika 

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.)Webster Mkwamba (D) 

Mildbraedia carpinifolia (Pax) Hutch Mtapatapa (D) 

Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn 

(D) 

Spirostachys africana Sond. 

(D) 

Suregada zanzibarensis Baill. Mdimu msitu (D) 

Flacourtiaceae Caesaria gladiiformis Mast Mdegepa (D) 

Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) War Mtumbua (D) 

Oncoba spinosa Forsk 

Xylotheca tettensis (Kl.) Gilg Mchekachaka (D) 

Guttiferae Calophylum inophyLlum L. Mtondoo (D) 

Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata Arn. var. acutilolia (A.Rich.) Mlambuzi (D) 

Boutque 

Asparagaceae Asparagus africanus Lam. (M) 

Agavaceae Dracaena steudneri Engl. (M) 

Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis Mlangamaia (D) 

Liliaceae Gloriosa superba L. Mkalamu (M) 

Loganiaceae Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg Mkungu maji (D) 

Strychnos angolensis Gilg. Mvuje msitu (D) 

Strychnos cocculoides Bak. Mtonga (D) 

Strychnos spinosa Lam. Mtongo (D) 

Loranthaceae Agelanthus kayneri (Engl.) Baill (D) 

Agellanthus scassellatii(chiov.)Polh.&Wiens 

(D) 

Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Thieg. 

(D) 

Erianthemum sodenii (Engl.) Balle. 

(D) 

Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd. (D) 

103


Malvaceae Hibiscus seineri Engl. (D) 

Hibiscus surattensis L 

(D) 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 

(D) 

Sida acuta Burm.f Mfagio (D) 

Melastomataceae Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana 

(D) 

Memecylon deminutum Brenan 

(D) 

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (D) 

Trichilia emetica Vahl. Mkungwina (D) 

Turraea floribunda Hochst. Mtamagoa (D) 

Turraea holstii Guerke 

(D) 

Turraea nilotica Kotschy 

(D) 

Xylocarpus granatum Koen. 

Mkomafi,/Mtongapwani 

(D) 

Melianthaceae Bersama abyssinica Fresen Mwangwakwao (D) 

Menispermaceae Tiliacora funifera (Miers) Oliv. Msisi (D) 

Mimosaceae Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Mkwaju wa kihindi (D) 

Acacia hockii De Wild. Mguga (D) 

Acacia mearasii De wild. Muwati (D) 

Acacia mangium 

(D) 

Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.F. Wight Mchapia 

(D) 

tumbili/Mkenge 

Albizia glaberrima (Schumach. Thonn.) Benth. Mkenge (D) 

Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. 

(D) 

Dichrostachys cinerea L. Mgunga (D) 

Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Mfenesi mfuu (D) 

Ficus cyathistipula Warb. 

(D) 

Ficus exasperata Vahl. Msasa dume (D) 

Ficus lutea Vahl. Mlangawa/Mtago (D) 

Ficus natalensis Hochst. 

Mtonga 

(D) 

mwitu/Mlandege 

Ficus sur Forssk. Mkuyu (D) 

Ficus sycomorus L. Msasa dume (D) 

Myrsinaceae Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. Mkangalashamba (D) 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp. Mkaratusi (D) 

Eugenia capensis (Eckl & Zeych.) Sond ssp. multiflora 

(D) 

F. White Mkaaga/Mdalasini 

mwitu 

Psidium guajava L. Mpera (D) 

Syzygium cordatum Krauss 

Mzambarau (D) 

ziwa/Mlati 

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Mzambarau (D) 

Ochnaceae Ochna atropurpurea DC. Mzambarau (D) 

Ochna thomasiana Engl. 

(D) 

Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense Vell. Mramba mwitu (D) 

Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green Mwafu (D) 

Olea woodiana Knobl. 

Mchungwa (D) 

mwitu/Mlimbo 

Oxalidaceae Averrhoa mbilimbi L. Mbilimbi (D) 

Papilionaceae Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl.) DC. (D) 

Antylosia scarabaecides (L.) Benth. 

(D) 

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. Magobi (D) 

Crotalaria gooddiformis Vatke 

(D) 

Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. Mviongozi (D) 

Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. var. adscendens 

(D) 

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. 

(D) 

Desmodium salicifollium (Poir) DC. var. densiflorum 

Schubert 

(D) 

104


Indigofera dendroides Jacq 

(D) 

Macrotyloma africanum (Wilczek) Verdc. 

(D) 

Rhynchosia sublobata (Schum. Thonn.) Meikle. 

(D) 

Sophora tomentosa L. Utupa wa mwitu (D) 

Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. 

(D) 

Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. 

(D) 

Tephrosia vogelii Hook. P. Utupawa mrima (D) 

Passifloraceae Adenia kirkii (Must.) Engl. (D) 

Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L. Mnamiapang (D) 

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims Mpande (D) 

Ranunculaceae Clematis hirsuta Guill & Perr (D) 

Clematis viridiflora Bertol 

(D) 

Rubiaceae Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzch. (D) 

Buttdavya nyasica Hoyle Mvule maji (D) 

Canthium mombazense Baill. 

(D) 

Chassalia discolor K.Schum. 

(D) 

Chassalia parvifolia K.Schum. 

(D) 

Coffea pseudozanguebariae Brids. 

(D) 

Cremaspora trifolia Thonn. Mkanja (D) 

Guettard aspeciosa L. 

(D) 

Kohautia lasiocarpa Klotsch 

(D) 

Leptactina platyphylla Hiern Mbuni mwitu (D) 

Oldenlandia corymbosa L. 

(D) 

Pavetta crebrifolia Hiern 

(D) 

Pentas parvifolia Hiern 

(D) 

Polysphaeria multiflora Hiern 

Mchesi/mkanja/ml (D) 

apaa 

Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern Mlapaa (D) 

Pyrostria bibracteata (Bak.) Cavaco Mkonge/Mfupapo (D) 

Psychotria goetzei (K.Schum.) Petit 

Mtimafuta/Mwang (D) 

o 

Psychotria holtzii (K.Schum.) Petit 

(D) 

Psychotria punctata Vatke var. punctata - (D) 

Spermacoce laevis (Lam.) Griseb. 

(D) 

Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sim Mlashore (D) 

Triainolepis africana Hook.f. ssp. 

(D) 

hildebrandtii(Vatka)Verdc. 

Rutaceae Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. Mvuje (D) 

Citrus aurantiacus (Christm.) Swi Mdimu (D) 

Vepris eugeniifolia (Engl.) Verdc. 

(D) 

Sapindaceae Allophylus africanus P.Beauv. (D) 

Allophylus pervillei Blume ssp. trifoliotus Radlk. 

(D) 

Apporrhiza paniculata Radlk. Mchembelele (D) 

Blighia unijugata Baker 

Mkukilemba/Mtiki (D) 

vuli 

Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. Mkunguma (D) 

Dodonaea angustifolia L.f. Mkeneta (D) 

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. ssp. viscosa Mkeng'eta (D) 

Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius Bak. ssp.vanghanii 

(D) 

(Dunkley)Friis 

Macphersonia gracilis O.Hoffm. Mjoma (D) 

Majidea zanguebarica Oliv. Mtimweusi (D) 

Paulinia pinnata L. Mduyuyu (D) 

Sapotaceae Englerophytum natalense (Sond) Pennington Mduyuyu (D) 

Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dub. 

(D) 

Pouteria alnifolia (Bak.) Roberty Mguoguo (D) 


105

Mimusops fruticosa A. DC 

Mnyuvuu, (D) 

mgambo, kapu, 

mkoke 

Scrophulariaceae Buchnera hispida D. Don. 

(D) 

Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. (D) 

Solanaceae Physalis peruviana L. (D) 

Senneratiaceae Sonneratia alba Sm. Mlilana/Mpira (D) 

Sterculiaceae Cola microcarpa Decne Mshunduzi (D) 

Melhania ovata (Cuv.) Spreng 

(D) 

Pterygota schummaniana Engl. Mshunduzi (D) 

Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori Ungamweupe (D) 

Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris madagascariensis (Fee) Schott 

(P) 

Tiliaceae Corchorus trilocularis L. (D) 

Grewia capitellata Bojer Mkole (D) 

Grewia glandulosa Vahl 

(D) 

Thymlaeaceae Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. Mbibikiu (D) 

Ulmaceae Celtis africana Burm.f. Kimungwe (D) 

Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. Mpesi (D) 

Urticaceae Boehmeria macrophylla Hornen. (D) 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv. (D) 

Clerodendrum sansibarense Gurke 

(D) 

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 

(D) 

Lantana trifolia L. 

(D) 

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. 

(D) 

Vitex doniana Sweet Mfuu (D) 

Violaceae Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze (D) 

Vitaceae Cayratia gracillis (Guill & Perr) Suesseng (D) 

Cissus aralioides (Bak.) Planch. ssp. Orientalis Verdc. 

(D) 

Cissus integrifolia Planch 

(D) 

Cissus phymatocarpa Masinde & L.E. Newton 

(D) 

Cyphostemma kirkianum (Planch.) Wild & Drum. 

(D) 

ssp. kirkianum 

Cyphostemma paucidentatum (Kl.) Wild & Drum. 

(D) 

ssp. zanzibaricum Verdc 

Cissus zanzibarizum Verdc. 

(D) 

Cissus producta Afz. 

(D) 

Cyphostema adenocaule (A.Rich.) Willd&Drum Mdudu upande (D) 

Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. Mtongo (D) 

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Willd & Drummond. Mtongo (D) 

KEY 

P = PTERIDOPHYTES 

M = MONOCOTYLEDONS 

D = DICOTYLEDONS 

106

Appendix II: Species abundance in herb and shrub layers in Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

proposed National Park, Zanzibar 

TRANSECT I: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 

S/N SPECIES NAME 

SAMPLE TOTAL R.D R.F 

POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Aframomum angustifolium 1 1 1.08 9.09 

2 Asystacia gangetica 2 2 2.15 9.09 

3 Blighia unijugata 1 1 1.08 9.09 

4 Gonatopus boivinii 1 1 1.08 9.09 

5 Euclasta sp. 2 2 2.15 9.09 

6 Impatiens walleriana 3 3 3.23 9.09 

7 Trenochlaena tenuifolia 6 6 6.45 9.09 

8 Paspalum vaginatum 25 25 25 75 80.65 27.27 

9 Pluchia sordida 2 2 2.15 9.09 

93 

TRANSECT I: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Acrostichum aureum 3 3 27.27 33.33 

2 Aframomum angustifolia 7 7 63.63 33.33 

3 Trema orientalis 1 1 9.09 33.33 

11 

TRANSECT II: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 


SAMPLE TOTAL R.D R.F. 

POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Cissus quadrangularis 1 1 0.69 4.55 

2 Cissus rotundifolia 2 2 4 2.78 9.09 

3 Crotalaria goodiiformis 1 1 0.69 4.55 

4 Cyphostema adenocaule 1 1 0.69 4.55 

5 Dalbergia melanoxylon 2 1 3 2.08 9.09 

6 Diospyros consolatae 3 4 7 4.86 9.09 

7 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 1 1 0.69 4.55 

8 Macphersonia gracilis 4 1 4 9 6.25 13.64 

9 Olea woodiana 100 100 69.44 4.55 

10 Phymatodes scolopendria 4 3 7 4.86 9.09 

11 Psychotria goetzei 1 1 0.69 4.55 

12 Pyrostria bribracteata 1 1 0.69 4.55 

13 Rourea sp. 4 4 2.78 4.55 

14 Sansevieria kirkii 2 2 1.38 4.55 

15 Synaptolepis 1 1 0.69 4.55 

16 Terminalia boivinii 1 1 0.69 4.55 

144 

107

TRANSECT II: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Alophylus pervillei 1 1 1.22 3.57 

2 Annona senegalensis 1 1 1.22 3.57 

3 Apodytes dimidiata 1 1 1.22 3.57 

4 Cussonia zimmermannii 1 1 1.22 3.57 

5 Diospyros consolatae 2 2 2.44 3.57 

6 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 1 1 2 2.44 7.14 

7 Euclea racemosa 1 1 1.22 3.57 

8 Euclea schimperi 1 1 1.22 3.57 


10 Maytenus mossambicensis 2 2 2.44 3.57 

11 Mystroxylon aethiopicum 1 2 3 3.66 7.14 

12 Olea woodiana 2 2 2.44 3.57 

13 Ozoroa obovata 3 3 3.66 3.57 

14 Polysphaeria parvifolia 7 1 1 9 9.76 7.14 

15 Polysphaeria parrifolia 1 1.22 3.57 

16 Bersama abyssinica 3 3 3.66 3.57 

17 Pyrostria bribracleata 9 5 5 19 23.17 10.71 

18 Rinorea ilicifolia 1 1 1 1.22 3.57 

19 Synaptolepis kirkii 1 1 1.22 3.57 


82 

TRANSECT III: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 


SAMPLE TOTAL R.D R.F. 

POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Cassia mimosoides 3 3 1.55 4.00 

2 Commelina erecta 1 2 3 1.55 8.00 

3 Cyperus distans 4 4 2.07 4.00 

4 Emilia javanica 1 1 2 1.04 8.00 

5 Heteropogon contortus 42 59 10 12 123 63.73 16.00 

6 Hyparrhenia rufa 9 3 12 6.22 8.00 

7 Launaea cornuta 1 1 0.52 4.00 

8 Panicum repentellum 3 3 1.55 4.00 

9 Pennisetum polystachyon 1 3 4 2.07 8.00 

10 Polygala sp. 4 1 5 2.59 8.00 

11 Pleridium aquilinum. 3 3 1.55 4.00 

12 Tephrosia pilosa 9 10 1 20 10.36 12.00 

13 Tephrosia pumila 4 4 2.07 4.00 

14 Triainolepis africana 1 1 0.52 4.00 

15 Vernonia glabra 5 5 2.59 4.00 

193 

TRANSECT III: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 

108



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Annona senegalensis 1 58 1 60 95.24 50.00 

2 Vernonia glabra 1 1 2 3.17 37.50 

3 Vitex doniana 1 1 1 1.59 12.50 

63 

TRANSECT IV: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Desmodium salicifolium 7 7 6.03 5.56 

2 Diospyros consolatae 32 1 8 41 35.34 16.67 

3 Diospyros mafiensis 2 2 1.72 5.56 

4 Eugenia 1 3 4 3.45 11.11 

5 Macphersonia gracilis 3 4 1 5 13 11.21 22.22 

6 Mariscus dubius 15 15 12.93 5.56 

7 Memecylon deminutum 2 2 1.72 5.56 

8 Panicum trichocladum 25 25 21.55 5.56 

9 Phymatodes scolopendria 4 4 3.45 5.56 

10 Pyrostria bribracteata 1 0.86 5.56 


12 Tacca leontopetaloides 1 1 0.86 5.56 

116 

TRANSECT IV: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Allophylus africanus 1 1 3.70 3.70 

2 Bridelia micrantha 1 1 3.70 3.70 


4 Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum 1 1 3.70 3.70 


6 Eugenia capensis 1 1 3.70 3.70 



9 Mimusops fruticosa 1 1 3.70 3.70 


11 Pittosporum viridiflorum 1 1 1 3 11.11 11.11 

12 Polysphaeria parvifolia 1 1 1 1 4 14.81 14.81 


14 Pyrostria bribracleata 1 1 2 7.41 7.41 

15 Terminalia boivinii 1 1 1 3 11.11 11.11 

16 Triainolepisi africana 1 1 3.70 3.70 

27 

109

TRANSECT V: HERBS (0.5m x 2 m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Cassia mimosoides 4 7 11 9.16 10.00 



4 Eragrostis ciliaris 4 4 3.33 5.00 

5 Frimbristylis hispidula 7 5 12 10.00 10.00 

6 Kohautia lasiocarpa 5 5 4.17 5.00 

7 Macphersonia gracilis 3 3 2.50 5.00 

8 Mariscus dubius 14 5 8 27 22.50 15.00 

9 Mystroxylon aethiopicum 1 1 0.83 5.00 

10 Polysphaeria parvifolia 5 5 4.17 5.00 

11 Rhoicissus revoilii 1 1 0.83 5.00 


13 Tephrosia purpurea 1 34 35 29.17 10.00 


120 

TRANSECT V: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Dodonea viscosa 1 1 1.41 3.45 

3 Euclea racemosa 2 1 3 4.23 6.90 

4 Euclea schimperi 2 1 3 4.23 6.90 



7 Maytenus mossambicensis 1 1 2 2.82 6.90 


9 Mystroxyloa aethiopicum 4 3 7 9.86 6.90 

10 Olea woodiana 2 2 2.82 3.45 

11 Pluchea sordida 2 2 2.82 3.45 

12 Polysphaeria parvifolia 4 11 15 21.13 6.90 

13 Pyrostria bribracteata 1 1 2 2.82 6.90 

14 Pyrostria pallida 1 1 1.41 3.45 

15 Rapanea melanophloeos 1 1 2 4 5.63 10.34 

16 Rhus natalensis 3 1 4 5.63 6.90 

17 Terminalia boivinii 1 6 7 9.86 6.90 


71 

TRANSECT VI: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 


SAMPLE 

POINTS 

TOTAL 

NO. OF 

R.D 

R.F 

110

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Achyranthes aspera 4 4 7.41 6.25 

2 Albizia adianthifolia 1 1 1.69 6.25 

3 Asparagus africanus 1 1 1.69 6.25 


5 Deinbellia borbonica 1 1 1.69 6.25 

6 Desmodium gangeticum 6 6 10.17 6.25 


8 Monodora grandidieri 4 4 7.41 6.25 

9 Ochna holtzii 5 5 8.47 6.25 



12 Rinorea ilicifolia 1 1 2 3.39 12.50 


59 

TRANSECT VI: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Agelaea sp. 1 1 1.85 3.57 

2 Albizia adianthifolia 2 3 1 6 11.11 10.71 


4 Coffea pseudozangueriae 1 1 2 3.70 7.14 

5 Deinbollia borbonica 3 3 5.56 3.57 

6 Ficus lutea 1 1 1.85 3.57 

7 Grewia conacarpa 1 1 1.85 3.57 


9 Majidea zanguebarica 1 1 2 3.70 7.14 

10 Mallotus opposifolius 1 3 4 7.41 7.14 

11 Mildbraedia carpinifolia 1 1 1.85 3.57 

12 Monodora grandidiera 2 1 3 5.56 7.14 

13 Monothotaxis ferruginea 2 2 3.70 3.57 


15 Rauvolfia kirkii 1 1 1.85 3.57 

16 Senna petersiana 1 1 1.85 3.57 

17 Sorindeia madascariensis 1 1 1.85 3.57 

18 Strophanthus zimmermmianus 1 1 1.85 3.57 

19 Suregada zanzibarensis 1 1 1.85 3.57 

20 Uvaria acuminata 2 2 3.70 3.57 

21 Uvaria tanzaniae 1 1 2 3.70 7.14 

54 

TRANSECT VII: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Anthocleista grandiflora 2 2 3.57 7.14 

111

2 Areca catechu 4 12 1 17 28.60 21.43 

3 Culcasia orientalis 6 6 10.71 7.14 

4 Flagellaria indica 1 1 1.79 7.14 

5 Stenochlaena tenuifolia 3 6 3 12 21.43 21.43 

6 Pandanus rabaiensis 10 3 13 23.21 14.29 


8 Stenochlaena tenuifolia 1 1 1.79 7.14 

56 

TRANSECT VII: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Areca catechu 1 1 2 6.25 13.33 

3 Calophyilum inophyllum 3 3 9.38 6.67 

4 Nephrolepis biserrata 1 1 3.13 6.67 


6 Pandanus rabaiensis 1 1 1 3 9.38 20.00 

7 Polysphaeria parvifolia 7 7 3 1 18 56.25 26.67 

8 Stenochlaena tenuifolia 1 1 2 6.25 13.33 

32 

TRANSECT VIII:HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Elaeis guineensis 4 4 6.70 7.14 

3 Stenochlaena termifolia 10 18 3 2 33 55.00 28.57 

4 Pandanus rabaiensis 1 1 1.70 7.14 

5 Polyphaeria parvifolia 2 2 4 6.70 14.29 

6 Raphia farinifera 1 1 1.70 7.14 

7 Thelypteris madagascariensis 4 4 6.70 7.14 

8 Triainolepis africana 2 4 6 12 20.00 21.43 

60 

TRANSECT VIII: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Antidesma venosum 1 1 5.26 14.29 

2 Elaeis guineensis 1 1 5.26 14.29 

3 Pandamus rabaiensis 4 4 21.05 14.29 



19 

112

TRANSECT IX: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 



3 Phymatodes scolopendria 6 10 6 5 27 87.10 57.14 


31 

TRANSECT IX: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) 

UALS 

1 Blighia unijugaa 1 1 16.70 16.67 

2 Mangifera indica 1 1 16.70 16.67 

3 Phoenix reclinata 1 1 16.70 16.67 

4 Psychotria goetzei 1 1 2 33.33 33.33 

5 Rauvolfia mombasiana 1 1 16.70 16.67 

6 

TRANSECT X: SHRUBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Casuarina equisetifolia 27 21 1 49 33.50 25.00 

2 Cocos nucifera 5 5 3.57 8.33 

3 Ficus natalensis 2 2 1.43 8.33 

4 Macaranga capensis 2 2 1.43 8.33 

5 Pandanus kirkii 9 9 6.43 8.33 

6 Phoenix reclinata 1 1 0.71 8.33 

7 Triainolepis africana 1 11 34 26 72 51.43 33.33 

140 

TRANSECT X: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Diospyros consolatae 3 3 33.33 14.29 


4 Rapanea melanophloeos 1 1 11.11 14.29 

5 Xylocarpus granatum 2 2 22.22 28.57 

9 

TRANSECT XI: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 


SAMPLE 

POINTS 

TOTAL 

NO. OF 

R.D 

R.F 

113

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 



3 Fimbristylis hispidula 2 2 3.28 6.67 

4 Heteropogon contortus 3 3 4.92 6.67 

5 Kohautia lasiocarpa 5 5 8.20 6.67 

6 Kyllinga elata 1 26 27 44.26 13.33 


8 Mariscus dubius 7 7 11.48 6.67 



11 Pyrostria bibracteata 1 1 1.64 6.67 

12 Synaptolepis kirkii 1 3 1 5 6.56 13.33 

61 

TRANSECT XI: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Chassalia discolor 3 1 4 5.71 8.33 



5 Euclea schimperi 1 2 2 5 7.14 12.50 





10 Pyrostria bribracleata 8 8 12 10 38 54.29 16.67 

11 Rhus natalensis 1 1 1.43 4.17 

12 Synaptolepis kirkii 1 2 1 4 5.71 12.50 

70 

TRANSECT XII: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Bolbilis sp. 1 1 1.79 5.88 

2 Chassalia discolor 1 1 1.79 5.88 

3 Culcasia orientalis 4 4 7.14 5.88 

4 Deinbolia borbonica 4 4 7.14 5.88 



7 Mariscus sp. 1 11 12 21.43 11.76 

8 Macaranga capensis 11 7 18 31.03 11.76 

9 Pandanus kirkii 1 1 1.79 5.88 

10 Psiadia punctulata 1 1 1.79 5.88 


12 Rauvolfia kirkii 1 1 1.79 5.88 

114



15 Turraea floribunda 5 5 8.93 5.88 

56 

TRANSECT XII: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Allophylus pervillei 1 1 1.52 4.55 

2 Areca catechu 2 2 3.03 4.55 

3 Chassalia parvifolia 5 5 7.58 4.55 


5 Eugenia capensis 2 1 3 4.55 9.09 



8 Macaranga capensis 3 3 4.55 9.09 


10 Pyrostria bribracteata 21 7 28 42.42 9.09 

11 Rapanea melanophloeas 1 1 1.52 4.55 


13 Rinorea ilicifolia 1 1 1.52 4.55 

14 Suregada sansibarensis. 1 1 1.52 4.55 


16 Taberuaemontana ventricosa. 9 9 13.64 4.55 


18 Uvaria acuminata 1 1 1.52 4.55 

66 

TRANSECT XIII: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Phymatodes scolopendria 3 5 7 1 16 19.48 14.29 


3 Chassalia discolor 3 2 5 6.50 9.52 

4 Encephalartos hildebrandtii 1 1 1.30 4.76 

5 Elaedendron schweinfurthianum 1 1 1.30 4.76 

6 Eugenia `capensis 3 3 3.90 4.76 



9 Ochna thomsiana 1 1 1.30 4.76 



12 Synaptolepis kirkii 1 5 6 7.80 9.52 

13 Tacca leontopetaloides 2 2 2.60 4.76 

14 Thelypteris madagascariensis 10 10 13.00 4.76 

15 Triainolepis africana 1 13 14 18.20 9.52 

77 

115

TRANSECT XIII: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Chassalia discolor 1 5 13.16 14.29 

3 Clerodendron rotundifolium 1 1 2.63 7.14 

4 Diospyros consolatae 3 7.90 7.14 

5 Eleaedendron schweinfurthianum 1 1 2.63 7.14 

6 Euclea racemosa 5 13.16 7.14 

7 Eugenia spinostachyum 1 1 2.63 7.14 

8 Flagelaria indica 1 1 2.63 7.14 

9 Macphersonia gracilis 2 5.30 7.14 

10 Mallotus oppositifolius 3 7.90 7.14 


12 Rapanea melanophloes 1 1 2.63 7.14 

38 

TRANSECT XIV: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Cissus producta 1 1 1.20 6.25 

2 Desmodium 4 4 4.82 6.25 

3 Dichrostachys cinerea 1 1 1.20 6.25 




7 Hyparrhenia rufa 3 3 3.61 6.25 

8 Kyllinga erecta 10 10 22 42 50.60 18.75 


10 Olea woodiana 1 1 1.20 6.25 

11 Stenotaphrum dimidiatum 2 2 2.40 6.25 

12 Phymatodes scolopendria 3 3 3.61 6.25 

13 Pteridium aquilinum 3 3 3.61 6.25 

83 

TRANSECT XIV: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 



3 Carpodiptera africana 1 1 1.89 4.76 




7 Jasminum fluminense 2 2 3.77 4.76 


116




12 Olea woodiana 2 2 3.77 4.76 



15 Pyrostria pallida 5 5 9.43 4.76 




19 Triainolepsis africana 1 1 1.89 4.76 

53 

TRANSECT XV: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Acacia mangium 1 1 2.60 6.25 

2 Agathisanthemum bojeri 2 2 5.12 6.25 


4 Commelina erecta 1 4 10.30 6.25 

5 Desmodium obovata 12 12 30.80 12.50 

6 Heteropogon contortus 3 3 7.70 6.25 


8 Sida acuminata 2 2 5.12 18.75 

9 Suregada zanzibarica 1 1 2.60 6.25 


11 Tacca leontopetaloide 1 1 2.60 6.25 

12 Panicum trichocladum 2 4 7 18.00 6.25 


39 

TRANSECT XV: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Acacia mangium 1 2 7 10 22.73 10.71 

2 Annona senegalensis 2 2 1 5 11.36 10.71 



5 Ficus natalensis 1 1 2.30 3.57 

6 Flueggea virosa 1 1 2.30 3.57 

7 Hoslundia opposita 1 2 4.55 7.14 

8 Jasminum flumenses 1 1 2.30 3.57 

9 Pyrostria bribracteata 2 2 1 1 6 13.64 14.29 

10 Rapanea melanophloeos 1 1 6 4.55 7.14 

11 Rauvolfia mombasiana 1 2 2.30 3.57 


13 Suregada zanzibarica 1 1 2.30 3.57 


117


16 Turraea floribunda 3 4.55 3.57 


44 

TRANSECT XVI: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 

1 Agathisanthemum bojeri 4 4 2.10 3.85 


3 Bourreria petiolaris 12 3 15 7.77 7.69 

4 Desmodium salicifolium 3 3 1.55 3.85 

5 Flueggea virosa 1 1 2 1.04 7.69 

6 Gonatopus boivinii 1 1 0.52 3.85 

7 Heteropon contortus 5 5 2.60 3.85 

8 Kyllinga erecta 6 6 3.11 3.85 

9 Leucaena glauco 8 10 18 9.33 7.69 

10 Panicum repentellum 16 16 8.30 3.85 

11 Sida acuminata 2 31 12 45 23.32 11.54 

12 Staphenophyta sp. 25 1 22 48 24.90 11.54 

13 Suregada zanzibarensis 1 1 0.52 3.85 

14 Tephrosia pumila 12 3 10 25 13.00 11.54 

15 Vernonia cinerea 1 1 2 1.04 7.69 

16 Waltheria indica 1 1 0.52 3.85 

193 

TRANSECT XVI: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 


2 Annona senegalensis 4 4 5.00 5.56 

3 Casuarina equisetifolia 3 1 4 5.00 11.11 

4 Clerodendron myrioides 1 1 1.25 5.56 

5 Euclea zacemosa 1 1 1.25 11.11 

6 Flueggea virosa 2 3 5 6.25 11.11 

7 Hoslundia opposita 4 4 5.00 5.56 

8 Leucaena glauco 2 5 7 8.75 11.11 

9 Psidium guajava 2 2 2.50 5.56 


11 Sida acuminata 2 20 22 27.50 11.11 



80 

TRANSECT XVII: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

118

UALS 



3 Gmelina arborea 2 2 3.77 6.67 

4 Jasminum flumenense 2 2 3.77 6.67 

5 Nephrolepis biserrata 10 10 18.90 13.33 


7 Rhus vulgaris 1 1 1.90 6.67 

8 Sida alba 3 3 5.70 6.67 

9 Sorindeia madagascariensis 1 1 1.90 6.67 

10 Stenochlaena termifolia 20 20 37.74 6.67 



13 Panicum trichocladum 5 5 9.43 13.33 

53 

TRANSECT XVII: SHRUBS (2m x 5m) 



POINTS NO. OF 

1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) 

UALS 




4 Flueggea virosa 3 3 6.70 5.26 

5 Gmelina arborea 10 7 17 39.53 10.53 

6 Jasminum flumenense 2 2 4.70 5.26 

7 Mangifera indica 2 2 4.70 5.26 

8 Psychotria goetzei 1 2 3 6.70 10.53 


10 Rhoicissus tridentata 1 1 2.33 5.26 

11 Rhus vulgaris 1 1 2.33 15.79 



14 Vitex doniana 1 1 2.33 5.26 

43 

119

Appendix III: Dominance of tree species in various transects representing 

different habitat types in Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, 

Zanzibar 

Transect Species No. of 

individuals 

Basal Area 

(m 2 .ha -1 ) 

Relative dominance 

(%) rank 

1 Ficus exasperata 1 0.02 0.08 1 

2 Diospyros consolatae 37 8.3804 24.40 1 

Olea woodiana 21 6.5761 19.14 2 

Ozoroa obovata 10 4.4344 12.91 3 

Mystroxylon aethiopicum 12 3.5248 10.26 4 

Apodytes dimidiana 6 2.8695 8.35 5 

Maytenus mossambicensis 10 2.0368 5.93 6 

Pittosporum viridiflorum 2 1.505 4.38 7 

Terminalia boivinii 5 1.3997 4.07 8 

Mimusops fruticosa 5 1.0511 3.06 9 

Eugenia capensis 4 0.766 2.23 10 


Rapanea melanophloeos 3 0.4339 1.26 12 

Macphersonia gracilis 2 0.284 0.83 13 

Pandanus kirkii 1 0.1994 0.58 14 

Encephalartos hildebrandtii 1 0.0868 0.25 15 

Euclea natalensis 1 0.0816 0.24 16 

Euclea racemosa ssp schimperii 1 0.0816 0.24 17 

Total Transect 2 121 34.3496 100.00 

0 

3 Annona senegalensis 6 1.6698 31.75 1 

Bridelia micrantha 3 1.6698 31.75 2 

Syzigium cumini 1 0.3902 7.42 3 

Vitex doniana 5 1.5293 29.08 4 

Total transect3 15 5.2591 100.00 



Olea woodiana 10 5.2594 8.48 3 


Bersama abyssinica 18 4.9047 7.91 5 

Ficus sur 16 3.3754 5.44 6 









Cussonia zimmermanii 4 0.8797 1.42 15 


Senna petersiana 4 0.5563 0.90 17 


Rinorea sp 1 0.1836 0.30 19 

Macaranga capensis 1 0.1406 0.23 20 

120

Transect Species 

No. of 

individuals 

Basal area 

(m 2 . ha -1 ) 


% rank 

Euclea racemosa ssp schimperii 1 0.115 0.19 21 

Pyrostria bibracteata 1 0.115 0.19 22 

Albizia adianthifolia 1 0.109 0.18 23 

Onchoba spinosa 1 0.0868 0.14 24 

Total transect 4 189 61.998 100.00 

5 Rapanea melanophloeos 8 1.2015 21.97 1 

Diospyros consolatae 10 0.9679 17.70 2 




Sideroxylon inerme 4 0.3942 7.21 6 

Olea woodiana 3 0.2904 5.31 7 




Ficus lutea 1 0.1404 2.57 11 



6 Albizia adianthifolia 27 34.6703 53.19 1 

Syzigium cuminii 12 8.1789 12.55 2 

Mallotus oppositifolius 29 5.7031 8.75 3 

Ficus cycomorus 12 3.118 4.78 4 

Grewia conocarpa 7 2.8509 4.37 5 


Tamarindus indica 2 1.8754 2.88 7 



Suregada zanzibariensis 6 0.945 1.45 10 

Bourreria petiolaris 2 0.6563 1.01 11 


Ficus lutea 3 0.4705 0.72 13 

Psychotria goetzei 1 0.2477 0.38 14 


Sorindeia madagascariensis 1 0.1911 0.29 16 


Polyphaeria parvifolia 1 0.0975 0.15 18 


7 Vitex doniana 33 66.0982 30.89 1 

Elaeis guineensis 46 54.0484 25.26 2 

Areca catechu 225 31.9247 14.92 3 

Pandanus rabaiensis 69 26.1012 12.20 4 

Calophyllum inophyllum 31 15.0134 7.02 5 

Anthocleista glandiflora 12 7.4476 3.48 6 


Burttdavya nyasica 2 2.0773 0.97 8 


Ficus lutea 1 1.7914 0.84 10 

Albizia glaberrima 2 1.1531 0.54 11 

Ficus sur 1 0.2771 0.13 12 



121


individuals 

Basal Area 

(m 2 .ha -1 ) 


% rank 

0 

8 Calophyllum inophyllum 13 41.6361 20.88 1 

Vitex doniana 20 36.6929 18.40 2 

Elaeis guineansis 27 35.6176 17.86 3 


Raphia farinifera 10 23.9379 12.00 5 

Ficus sur 8 12.1032 6.07 6 

Anthocleista glandiflora 12 10.5131 5.27 7 

Ficus lutea 3 7.9774 4.00 8 

Albizia zygia 2 4.2405 2.13 9 

Ficus natalensis 3 1.9625 0.98 10 

Ficus sycomorus 1 0.2321 0.12 11 



0 


Casuarina equisetifolia 45 41.1637 21.00 2 

Cocos nucifera 5 4.8637 2.48 3 

Pandanus kirkii 5 2.459 1.25 4 


Ficus sur 2 1.0763 0.55 6 


Phoenix reclinata 1 0.3899 0.20 8 


0 

10 Syzigium cumini 13 35.4226 52.16 1 

Xylocarpus granatum 25 17.2925 25.46 2 

Cocos nucifera 6 10.1579 14.96 3 




Onchoba spinosa 2 0.2139 0.31 7 

Heritiera littoralis 1 0.1991 0.29 8 

Euclea schimperii 1 0.0866 0.13 9 


0 

11 Olea woodiana 26 5.3859 31.64 1 



Olea europaea 1 1.2842 7.54 4 


Euclea racemosa 7 0.8211 4.82 6 







0 

12 Bourreria petiolaris 13 4.2291 25.86 1 

Markhamia acuminata 3 2.2867 13.98 2 



Tabernamontana ventricosa 5 1.0277 6.28 5 

122


individuals 

Basal area 

(m 2 ha -1 ) 


% rank 

Albizia glaberrima 1 0.9634 5.89 6 





Olea woodiana 4 0.5547 3.39 11 

Mallotus oppositifolius 3 0.4991 3.05 12 

Apodytes dimidiata 3 0.3909 2.39 13 


Ficus sur 3 0.3787 2.32 15 

Suregada zanzibariensis 1 0.115 0.70 16 

Areca catechu 1 0.092 0.56 17 

12 Pyrostria bibracteata 1 0.0867 0.53 18 


0 

13 Syzigium cumini 4 15.5707 22.87 1 

Vitex doniana 11 15.0357 22.09 2 


Elaeis guineansis 5 4.7827 7.03 4 



Ficus exasperata 2 3.8276 5.62 7 

Ficus lutea 3 2.1243 3.12 8 

Blighia unijugata 4 1.985 2.92 9 




Phoenix reclinata 9 1.0382 1.53 13 



Psychotria goetzei 4 0.5783 0.85 16 

Ficus sur 1 0.5091 0.75 17 



Polysphaeria parvifolia 2 0.1786 0.26 20 

Bourreria petiolaris 1 0.1542 0.23 21 

Mallotus opposifolia 1 0.1273 0.19 22 


0 


Afzelia quanzensis 10 3.8518 18.43 2 


Olea woodiana 5 1.5411 7.37 4 



Rhizophora mucronata 4 1.1609 5.55 7 


Pittosporum viridiflora 5 0.9749 4.66 9 

Eugenia spinostachyum 5 0.6831 3.27 10 



Ficus sur 3 0.4536 2.17 13 


Grewia capitellata 1 0.2584 1.24 15 

123

Transect Species 

No. of 

individuals 

Basal area 

(m 2 .ha -1 ) 

Relative 

dominance 

% rank 



Euclea racemosa ssp. schimperii 1 0.1273 0.61 18 



Pyrostria bibracteata 1 0.0975 0.47 21 


0 

15 Acacia auriculiformis 102 13.452 53.59 1 

Acacia mangium 44 6.393 25.47 2 


Annona senegalensis 8 1.1262 4.49 4 

Terminalia catapa 4 1.0663 4.25 5 

Ficus sur 4 0.5449 2.17 6 



Ficus exasperata 1 0.0866 0.34 9 

15 Rapanea melanophloeos 1 0.0866 0.34 10 


16 Casuarina equisetifolia 79 12.9869 98.64 1 

Acacia auriculiformis 2 0.1785 1.36 2 


0 


Rapanea melenophloeos 17 2.9325 2.40 2 

Eucalyptus sp 1 1.5595 1.27 3 




124

Appendix IV: Questionnaire 

Yafuatayo ni maswali ambayo tunakuomba utupatie majibu yake kwa kujaza form hii: 

1. Jinsia: Mke/ Mume:------------------- 

2. Umri: Miaka: -------------------------- 

3. Kazi: ------------------------------------ 

4. Mimea 

i) Orodhesha majina ya mimea inayotumika kwa wingi kwa matumizi mbalimbali. 

Jina 

Matumizi 

1. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

2. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

3. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

4. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

5. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

6. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

7. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

8. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

9. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

10. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

11. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

12. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

13. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

14. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

15. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

16. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

17. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

18. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

19. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

20. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

ii) Tafadhali taja ni sehemu gani ya mmea uliotajwa hapo juu hutumika 

Mmea 

Sehemu itumikayo (tunda, 

shina, mizizi, majani, mbegu, 

nyingineyo taja) 

1. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

2. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

3. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

4. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

5. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

6. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

7. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

8. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

9. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

10. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

11. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

12. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

13. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

125

14. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

15. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

16. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

17. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

18. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

19. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

20. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

iii) Huu msitu wa kupandwa una faida gani kwa wanakikjiji? -------------------------------------------------- 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

iv) Je utaratibu wa kutoa leseni za kukata miti kwenye msitu wa kupandwa ukoje? ------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

5. Wanyama na mifugo 

i) Taja aina ya wanyamapori na ndege wanaopatikana katika msitu wa hifadhi wa Jozani 

Mnyama 

1. ----------------------------------------------- 11. ---------------------------------------- 

2. ----------------------------------------------- 12. ---------------------------------------- 

3. ----------------------------------------------- 13. ---------------------------------------- 

4. ----------------------------------------------- 14. ---------------------------------------- 

5. ----------------------------------------------- 15. ---------------------------------------- 

6. ----------------------------------------------- 16. ---------------------------------------- 

7. ----------------------------------------------- 17. ---------------------------------------- 

8. ----------------------------------------------- 18. ---------------------------------------- 

9. ----------------------------------------------- 19. ---------------------------------------- 

10. ---------------------------------------------- 20. ---------------------------------------- 

ii) Taja matumizi ya wanyama uliowataja 

Mnyama 

Matumizi 

1. ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- 

2. ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- 

3. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

4. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

5. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

6. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

7. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

8. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

9. ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

10. ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 

ii) Kwa kukisia kuna idadi gani ya mifugo katika eneo hili? 

Mbuzi:------------, Kondoo:--------------, Ng'ombe:-----------------------, Wengine:------------ 

iii) Sababu kuu za kufuga: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

iv) Ni aina gani ya ufugaji inayotumika hapa kijijini? Weka alama X mbele ya jibu sahihi: 

a) Ufugaji wa ndani ya banda na kuleta malisho 

b) Ufugaji wa nje wa kuwafungia mahali pamoja 

c) Ufugaji wa nje wa kuachia mifugo iijitafutie malisho 

126

(v) Taja mimea inayopendwa au inayoliwa sana na mifugo 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

(vi) Je mifugo katika eneo hili huathirika zaidi na magonjwa gani? 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------ 

(vi) Je kuna magonjwa ambayo huambikiza kati ya mifugo na wanyama pori au binadamu? 

NDIYO/HAPANA. 

Yataje: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 

6. Mengineyo 

(i) Unavyojua wewe hiki kijiji kinaweza kuwa na wakazi wangapi:-------------------------- 

ii) Eneo unalomiliki au unalotumia kwa shughuli za kilimo na mifugo liko umbali gani toka msitu wa 

hifadhi wa Jozani? Weka alama X mbele ya jibu sahihi 

a) liko ndani ya msitu wa hifadhi 

b) limepakana na msitu wa hifadhi 

c) liko mbali na msitu wa hifadhi 

iii) Kama eneo unalomiliki au unalotumia kwa shughuli za kilimo na mifugo liko ndani ya hifadhi au 

limepakana na msitu wa hifadhi utapenda kuhamia sehemu nyingine kama serikali ikiamua hivyo? 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

127

Appendix V: Information collected from a survey using structured questionnaires in five 

villages surrounding Jozani Forest Reserve, Zanzibar 

(i) Demographic structure of respondents 

In the two villages of Unguja kuu and Mapopwe there were more male respondents. The 

average age of respondents was around 50 years suggesting that they had a good knowledge 

and history of the area. As in most parts of the country the main occupation is farming 

although it was expected that fishing would also be mentioned as an economic activity for the 

area. 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 

2.5 

2 

1.5 

1 

0.5 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Gender of respondents 

Pete 

Charawe 

Mapopwe 

Kitongani 

Male 

Female 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 

2.5 

2 

1.5 

1 

0.5 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Age of respondents 

Pete 

Charawe 

Mapopwe 

Kitongani 

20 - 50 

> 50 

128

(ii) Occupation of respondents 

Farming is the major activity in all the five villages surveyed while in Unguja Ukuu many 

respondents were employed in the forestry sector mostly to take care of forest plantations. 

Therefore, forest plantations provide employment to local residents in addition to wood 

supply. 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 

2.5 

2 

1.5 

1 

0.5 

0 

Farmer 

Carpenter 

Occupation of respondents 

Tailor 

Fisherman 

Business 

Forest officer 

Unguja ukuu 

Pete 

Charaw e 

Mapopw e 

Kitongani 

(iii) Population estimates 

Population estimates for respective villages were obtained from interviewed villagers. Figures 

may not reliable especially for villages like Charawe and Pete. More accurate data may be 

obtained from the Shehias because no records of human populations are available in most 

villages. 

Estimate 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Village population estimates 

Unguja 

ukuu 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Village 

Charawe 

Kitongani 

< 100 

500-600 

600-1000 

1000-1500 

129

(iv)Forest Reserve benefits and Regulations: 

The responses on forest benefit were not as detailed as expected, this may be due to little 

knowledge of what would occur in the absence of the forest, rather than due to lack of 

appreciation for the present forest. 

The forestry officers were very clear on the regulations regarding purchase or extraction of 

forestry products. Villagers were also aware of the regulations safeguarding forest products 

exploitation. However, a few villagers appeared to be unclear of the forest rules and 

regulations There is probably a communication problem between the two parties, users and 

caretakers. 

Knowledge of forest benefits 

Frequency of mention 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Fresh air 

Building 

material 

Fuel 

Heritage 

Protects 

environment 

Others 

Business 

Don't know 

Benefit 

Knowledge of regulations to obtain 

forest produce 

Frequency of 

mention 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Buying from 

responsible 

persons 

Permit from post 

Don't know 

Procedure 

. 

130

(vi) Vegetation 

The figure below indicates the total number of plant species used in each village 


70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Total species per village 

Village 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Charawe 

Kitongani 

Below is information on the indigenous knowledge on uses of cultivated and wild plants of 

Jozani-Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, as collected through questionnaires 

Local name Scientific name Use Tissue used 

Dimi la ng'ombe Food Fruit 

Kifauongo Medicinal Stem 

Kifugu Mystroxylon aethiopicum Building Stem 

Kifunga ng'ombe Building, Fuel Stem 

Kiraramba Olea sp. Food Root 

Majimbi Xanthosoma sagitifolium Fodder Fruit 

Mbalungi Ctrus maxima Fuel Stem 

Mbamba kofi Afzelia quanzensis Food Fruit 

Mbebeta wa juu Psiadia punctulata Food, medicinal Fruit, root 

Mbilinganyi Solanum melongena Building Stem 

Mbirimbi Averrhoa bilimbi Food Fruit 

Mboga Curcubita maxima Food Seed 

Mbulugam Food Leaves 

Mbungo Saba comorensis Fuel Stem 

Mbuyu Adansonia digitata Food, Fuel Stem 

Mchaichai Cymbopogon citratus Food Fruit 

Mchengele Rhus longipes Medicinal, Fuel Roots, leaves, stem 

Mchenza Citrus nobilis Medicinal Leaves 

Mchikichi Elaeis guineansis Food, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Mchovu Mondora grandidieri Fuel Stem 

Mchu Avicennia marina Building, Food Stem 

Mchungwa Citrus sinesis Medicinal, Food Fruit 

Mchupaka 

Medicinal, Building Roots 

Mdaa/ Msiliza Euclea racemosa Medicinal Fruit 

Mdimu Citrus aurantiifolia Food, medicinal Fruit 

Mdimu msitu Surregada zanzibarensis Food, timber Fruit, Stem 

Mdodoki Luffa acutangula Medicinal Leaves 

131


Mdoriani Durio zibethinus Medicinal, Fuel Stem 

Mfenesi Artocarpus heterophyllus Medicinal Leaves 

Mfurugundu Brexia madagascariensis Timber, Fuel Stem 

Mfusho Fuel, Timber Stem,canoe 

Mfuu Vitex doniana Food, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Mgenenge Building, Fuel Stem 

Mgerenge Albzia adianthifolia Food Fruit 

Mgo 

Roots 

Mgoma Medicinal Leaves 

Mgomba Musa spp. Soap Fruit 

Mgwede Encephalartos hildebrandtii Food Seed 

Mhali udi Vetiveria zizanoides Food, medicinal Fruit, root 

Mharage Phaseolus vulgaris Toxin for fish Root 

Mharita Sapindus saponaria Medicinal Root, Bark 

Migerenge Alibizia adiantifolia Medicinal Root, Bark 

Mjafari Drypetes natalensis Fuel, Building Stem 

Mjoma 

Machphersonia gracilis 

O.Hoffm Medicinal, Fuel Stem, Bark 

Mkaaga Eugenia capensis Medicinal Root, leaves 

Mkadi Pandanus kirkii Fuel Stem 

Mkandika Sideroxylon inerme Building, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Mkangala shamba Rapanea melanophloeos Spice,Timber Seeds, Stem 

Mkarafuu Syzigium aromaticus Building Stem 

Mkarati Bridelia micrantha Medicinal Root 

Mkaratusi Eucalyptus spp. Fuel Stem 

Mkeneta Dodonea viscosa Building Stem 

Mkesia Acacia spp. Timber Stem,medicine 

Mkoko Rhizophora mucronata Fuel Stem 

Mkole Grewia conocarpa Herbal cure Flowers 

Mkomafi Xylocarpus granatum Building, Fuel Stem 

Mkomwe 

Caesalpinia bonduc; Cordia 

subcordata Fuel Stem 

Mkonge Pyrostria bibracteata Timber Fruit 

Mkumba Rhus natalensis Building, Fuel Stem 

Mkungu Anthocleista glandiflora Bird feed Fruit 

Mkururu Diospyros consolatae Chiov. Food,Fuel Fruit,Stem 

Mkuyu Ficus sur Fuel Stem 

Mkwaju Tamarindus indica Essence Fruit 

Mkwamba Margaritaria discoidea Fuel, Food, Building Stem, Fruit 

Mlangi langi Cananga odorata Medicinal Root 

Mlapaa Polyphaeria parvifolia Spice, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Mlashore Trianolepis africana Food Fruit 

Mlimau Citrus limon Food, timber Fruit, Stem 

Mnanasi Ananas comosum Fuel, Medicinal Stem 

Mnazi Cocos nucifera Fuel Stem 

Mng'ombe Ozoroa obovata Medicinal Barks 

Mninga Pterocarpus angolensis Food Fruit 

132


Mnusi Maytenus mossambicensis Medicinal Root, Bark 

Mpachori Artemisia dracunculus Food Fruit 

Mpande 

Pittosporum viridiflorum 

Mpapai Carica papaya Food, medicinal Fruit 

Mpashu Croton pseudopulchellus Building Stem 

Mpeasi Trema orientalis Food Fruit 

Mpera Psidium guajava Food, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Mpesheni Passiflora foetida Spice, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Mpesu Tema orientalis Medicinal Root 

Mpilipili Capsicum annuum Food Fruit 

Mpilipili doria Sorindea madagascariensis Fuel Stem 

Mpilipili hoho Capsicum frutescens Timber Stem 

Mpinguaume Senna petersiana Timber Tissue used 

Mrimbo mti Medicinal Leaves 

Mrunga Food, timber Fruit, Stem 

Msaji Tectona grandis Medicinal, Fuel Stem 

Mshelisheli Artocarpus altilis Fruit Leaves 

Mshinduzi Croton slyvaticus Building Stem 

Mshoki shoki Nephelium lappaceum Canoe, Mattress Stem, Fruit 

Mstafeli Annona muricata Food, Fuel Fruit, Stem 

Msufi Ceiba pentandra Fuel Stem 

Mtamagoa Turraea floribunda Mashuwa, Timber Stem 

Mtondoo Calophyllum inophyllum Medicinal Stem 

Mtonga 

Strychnos innocua, Strychnos 

spinosa Medicinal, Fuel Leaves, Stem 

Mtopetope Annona senegalensis Medicinal Roots, leaves 

Mtufaa Syzigium malaccensis Food, medicinal Stem 

Mtunda Sideroxylon inerme Food Fruit 

Mtundutundu Mallotus oppositifolia Fuel Stem 

Mtunguja Solanum officianarum Medicinal Fruit 

Mua Saccharum offinarum Food Root 

Muarikali Medicinal, Fuel Leaves, Stem 

Muarubaini Adzirachta indica Building, Medicinal Stem 

Muhogo Manihot esculenta Poison to animals Stem 

Muumbuzi Senna petersiana Building, Fuel Stem 

Muwango Rauvolfia mombasiana Timber Stem 

Muwangwa kwao Bersama abyssinica Stem 

Mvinje Casuarina equisetifolia Medicinal Leaves 

Mvule Milicia excelsa Food Fruit 

Mvumbasi/Kivumbasi Food, herbs Fruit, Stem 

Mvumo Borassus aethiopum Fuel Stem 

Mwache 

Borassus aethiopum 

Food, Fuel, 

medicinal Fruit, Stem, root 

Mwembe Mangifera indica Food Root 

Mwembe mwitu Rauvolfia caffra Building Stem 

Mwembe wa kizungu Spondias cytherea Fuel Fruit 

Mzambarau Syzigium cuminii (L) Skeels Medicinal Leaves, Root 

133


Mzingifuri Bixia orellana Medicinal Leaves 

Patakuva Medicinal Leaves 

Upundi Food Fruit 

Utupa Euphorbia nyikae Food? Leaves 

Uyoga Mushroom Medicinal Roots 

Viazi Ipomea batatas Medicinal Leaves 

(v) Animals known in the area 

The number of animal species found in each village as reported by local people is presented in 

the figure below 

Total Animal species found in area 

50 


40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Unguja 

ukuu 

Mapopw e Pete Charaw e Kitongani 

Village 

The following is a list of animals and their uses as provided by the local people: 

Local name English name Use 

Buku Cane rat? None 

Bugi 

None 

Bundi Owl None 

Chatu Python Skin for leather 

Cheche Mongoose None 

Chindi Squirrel None 

Chozi Sunbird Food 

Chui Leopard Skin for leather 

134


Chura Frog None 

Dete 

None 

Dumichuma 

None 

Fungo Civet None 

Fyembe 

None 

Golegole 

None 

Gonota 

None 

Huwa Pigeon None 

Jemse 

None 

Jogoo mwitu Wild cockerel None 

Jore 

None 

Kaa wa maji baridi Fresh water crab None 

Kanga Guinea fowl Food 

Karora 

None 

Kenge Monitor lizard Food, skin 

Kichinita 

None 

Kidete makungu 

None 

Kijumba mshare 

None 

Kihodi 

None 

Kima Vervet monkey None 

Kima mweusi Sykes monkey Pet 

Kima punju Red colobus Tourist attraction 

Kindi 

None 

Kinyonga Chameleon None 

Kitu 

None 

Komba Galago None 

Kopanga 

None 

Korongo Stork None 

Kororo 

Food 

Kumbizi 

None 

Kunguru Pied crow None 

Kuruwiji Thrush None 

Mbuzi Goat Food 

Mbwa Domestic dog Security, hunting 

Mnana 

None 

Msese 

None 

Ndere 

None 

Ngawa Civet None 

Ng'ombe Cattle Food 

Ngombo 

Food 

Nguruwe Bushpig Food 

Ninga Green pigeon Food 

Nyoka Snake None 

Paa Suni Food, skin 

Paa chesi Blue duiker Food, skin 

Paa nunga Aders' duiker Food, skin 

Panya Rat None 

135


Pelele Hyrax None 

Pugi Wood dove None 

Shore Bulbul None 

Siafu Red ants None 

Tetere Dove None 

Tipitipi Coucal None 

Tiva Boubou None 

Tomboro 

None 

Tore 

None 

Uhange 

None 

Ushundwi 

None 

Yangeyange Egret None 

Ziwade 

None 

(vi) Livestock 

Livestock in the area consists mainly of cattle and goats, though chicken numbers register 

quite high. Livestock are mainly free ranging. 

Numbers 

10000 

8000 

6000 

4000 

2000 

0 

Livestock numbers 

Goats 

Cows 

Sheep 

Chicken 

Others 

Unguja ukuu 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Charawe 

Village 

Kitongani 

As in many other areas the reasons for keeping livestock i.e to raise the household income and 

for food are distinguishably the most prominent. 

136


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Stocking purpose 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Charawe 

Vllage 

Kitongani 

Increase 

income level 

Savings 

Food 

Manure 

Security of 

farm 

Grazing methods rank evenly, suggesting that the availability of fodder determine the grazing 

method at a particular period 


mention 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Grazing method 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Village 

Charawe 

Kitongani 

Zero grazing 

Enclosed 

pastures 

Free range 

Fodder species mentioned are mainly related to zero grazing as these are by products of farm 

produce. In some cases livestock are brought to the farm to graze. Sorghum fodder is mostly 

found within the farm/house compounds 

137

Fodder species 


20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Bananas 

Cow peas 

Papaya 

Sorghum 

Tungule 

Mfagio 

Mlapaa 

Upundi 

Kitatu 

Jimbi chatu 

Ndago 

Species 

(vii) Disease affecting livestock and transmissible diseases 

Though the perception of diseases affecting livestock is high, the knowledge on transmissible 

diseases between humans, wildlife and livestock is lacking. This may be due to respondents 

ignorance of human-animal interactions 

Diseases affecting livestock 


14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Vibunywa 

Skin 

Mahepe 

Kuhara 

Vidumwa 

Minyoo 

Homa 

Macho 

Kupe 

Kichaa 

Kuvimba 

Maji 

Sotoka 

Midomo 

Disease 

138

Knowledge of transmissable disease 


mention 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Yes None Don't know 

Response 

(viii) Relocation issues 

Kitongani, Mapopwe and Charawe villages have farmland within the forest boundary and 

thus relocation is not a light issue with these three villages particularly Mapopwe and 

Charawe. Land use is an important agenda in these vilages especially due to the high human 

population found there. 


mention 

Location of agricultural/ pastural area 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Charawe 

Kitongani 

Within FR 

boundary 

Bordering 

FR 

Far from 

FR 

Village 

139


8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Unguja ukuu 

Acceptance to relocation 

Mapopwe 

Pete 

Charawe 

Kitongani 

Yes 

No 

Village 

140

Appendix VI: List of algae and seagrass species found in Chwaka Bay (Source: 

Mohammed S. 1999) 

Algae 

Caulerpa lentilifa 

Caulerpa scaperis 

Caulerpa serulars 

Chaetomorpha sp 

Cladophora fasciculs 

Cystoceira sp 

Dictyota sp 

Enteromorpha sp 

Gracillaria sp 

Halimeda macrola 

Halimeda opuntia? 

Hormophysa triequea 

Hydroclathrs clathrats 

Hypnea sp 

Laurentia sp 

Lyngbya? Sp 

Padina sp 

Sargassum binderi 

Sargassum iliciforlim 

Turbinaria sp 

Udotea indica 

Ulva fasciata 

Ulva retivulaa 

Seagrasses 

Cymodocea rotundata 

Cymodocea serulata 

Enhallus acroides 

Hallodule uninervis 

Hallodule wrighty 

Hallophila ovalis 

Hallophila stiplacea 

Syringoides sp. 

Thallasia hamprichii 

Thallosodendron ciliatum 

141

Appendix VII: Checklist of animals recorded during a survey conducted in Jozani - 

Chwaka Bay proposed National Park, between 29 th June - 8 th July 2002 and 

those known to occur on Zanzibar 

Species 

Amphibians 

Recorded in Jozani 

Known for 

Zanzibar 

PIPIDAE 

Xenopus muelleri (Peters, 1844) Muller’s Clawed Frog x x 

BUFONIDAE 

Bufo gutturalis Power, 1927 Guttural Toad 

x 

Mertensophryne micranotis (Loveridge, 1925) x x 

Stephopaedes howelli 

x 

HEMISIDAE 

Hemisus marmoratus (Peter’s 1854). Mottled Shovel-snouted Frog x x 

RANIDAE 

Phrynobatrachus acridoides (Cope, l867). East African Puddle Frog x x 

P. minutus (Boulenger,1895) x x 

P. natalensis (Smith, l849). Snoring Puddle Frog x 

P. pakenhami Loveridge, 1941 x x 

Hylarana galamensis (Perret, l977) Golden-backed Frog 

x 

Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage, 1867) Savanna Ridged Frog x x 

P. mascareniensis (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) Mascarene Frog x 

P. mossambica (Peters, 1854) Mozambique Ridged Frog ? x 

RHACOPHORIDAE 

Chiromantis xerampelina Peters, 1854. Grey Foam-nest Treefrog x x 

ARTHROLEPTIDAE 

Arthroleptis stenodactylus Pfeffer, 1893 Common Squeaker 

x 

Schoutedenella xenodactyloides (Hewitt, 1933) Dwarf Squeaker x x 

HYPEROLIIDAE 

Afrixalus brachycnemis (Boulenger, 1896) Short-legged Banana Frog x x 

A. fornasinii (Bianconi, 1849) Fornasini’s Leaf-folding Frog x x 

A. pygmaeus (Ahl, 1931) x x 

Hyperolius argus Peters, 1854 Argus Reed Frog 

x 

H. mitchelli Loveridge, 1953 Mitchell’s Reed Frog x 

H. nasutus Gunther, 1864 Sharp-nosed Reed Frog ? x x 

H. parkeri Loveridge, 1933 Parker’s Reed Frog x x 

H. viridiflavus mariae (Barbour & Loveridge, 1928) x 

Kassina maculata (Dumeril, 1893) Red-legged Kassina 

x 

Kassina sp 

x 

Leptopelis flavomaculatus (Gunther, 1844) Yellow-spotted Tree Frog x x 

Species Recorded in Jozani Known for 

Zanzibar 

142

Reptiles 

DERMOCHELYIDAE 

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle 

CHELONIIDAE 

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle 

Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle 

x 

x 

x 

TESTUDINIDAE 

Geochelone gigantea Aldabra Giant Tortoise 

x 

Kinixys belliana Bell’s Hinged Tortoise x x 

PELOMEDUSIDAE 

Pelusios castanoides Yellow-bellied Hinged Terrapin x x 

GEKKONIDAE 

Hemidactylus brookii Brook’s Gecko 

x 

H. mabouia Tropical House Gecko x x 

H. platycephalus Tree Gecko x x 

Lygodactylus luteopicturatus Yellow-headed Dwarf Gecko x x 

Phelsuma dubia Dull-Green Day Gecko 

x 

CHAMAELEONIDAE 

Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked Chamaeleon x x 

Rhamphoeleon brevicaudatus Short-tailed Pygmy Chameleon x 

SCINCIDAE 

Cryptoblepharus boutoni Coral Rag Skink x x 

Mabuya maculilabris Speckle-lipped Skink x x 

M. striata Striped Skink x x 

Lygosoma sundevalli Sundevall’s Writhing Skink 

x 

CORDYLIDAE 

Cordylus trypidosternum Tropical Girdled Lizard 

x 

GERRHOSAURIDAE 

Gerrhosaurus major Great Plated Lizard x x 

VARANIDAE 

Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor x x 

TYPHLOPIDAE 

Ramphotyphlops braminus Flower-pot Blind Snake x x 

Rhinotyphlops lumbriciformis Worm-like Blind Snake 

x 

R. pallidus Zanzibar Blind Snake x 


Zanzibar 

R. schlegelii x 

BOIDAE 

Python sebae Rock Python x x 

COLUBRIDAE 

143

Atractaspis bibronii Bibrons' Burrowing Asp 

x 

Dipsadoboa aulica Marbled Tree Snake x 

Crotaphopelis hotamboeia White-lipped Snake x x 

Dasypeltis medici East African Egg-eater x x 

Dispholidus typus Boomslang x x 

Lamprophis fuliginosus Brown House Snake x x 

Lycophidion capense Cape Wolf Snake 

x 

Mehelia capensis Cape File Snake 

x 

M. nyassae Black File Snake x 

Natriciteres olivacea Olive Marsh Snake x 

Philothamnus macrops Usambara Green Snake x 

P. semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake x x 

Psammophis sibilans Short-snouted Grass Snake x 

P. subtaeniatus Stripe-bellied Sand snake x x 

Thelotornis capensis Savanna Twig Snake x x 

ELAPIDAE 

Dendroaspis angusticeps Green mamba x x 

Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra x x 

Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra x x 

VIPERIDAE 

Causus defilippii Snouted Night Adder 

x 

Mammals 

SORICIDAE 

Crocidura olivieri African Giant Shrew x x 

C. fuscomurina Zanzibar Pygmy Shrew x x 

C. viaria Larger Savanna Shrew x 

Suncus murinus Indian Musk Shrew 

x 

MACROSCELIDIDAE 

Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed Elephant Shrew x x 

Rhynchocyon petersi Black and rufous Elephant Shrew x x 

PTEROPODIDAE 

Eidolon helvum Straw- coloured Fruit-bat x x 

Epomophorus minor Little epaulated Fruit-bat x x 

E. wahlbergi Wahlberg’s Epaulated Fruit-bat x 

EMBALLONURIDAE 


Zanzibar 

Taphozous mauritianus Mauritian Tomb-bat 

x 

NYCTERIDAE 

Nycteris grandis Large Slit-faced Bat x 

N. hispida Hairy Slit-faced Bat x 

N. macrotis Dobson’s Slit-faced Bat x 

N. thebaica Egyptian Slit-faced Bat x x 

144

MEGADERMATIDAE 

Cardioderma cor Heart-nose Big-eared Bat 

x 

Lavia frons Yellow-winged Bat x x 

RHINOLOPHIDAE 

Rhinolophus deckeni Decken’s Horse-shoe Bat 

x 

R. swinyi Swinny’s Horse-shoe Bat x 

HIPPOSIDERIDAE 

Hipposideros caffer Sundevall’s Africa Leaf-nosed Bat x x 

H. commersoni Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat x x 

VESPERTILIONIDAE 

Eptesicus capensis Cape Serotine 

x 

Pipistrellus nanus Banana Pipistrelle 

x 

Scotophilus nigrita Brown Bat x x 

S. nigrita Yellow House Bat x x 

MOLOSSIDAE 

Tadarida brachyptera Mozambique Free-tailed Bat x x 

T. pumila Little Free-tailed Bat x 

GALAGONIDAE 

Galago senegalensis Lesser Bushbaby 

x 

Galagoides zanzibaricus Zanzibar Galago x x 

Otolemur garnettii Greater Galago x x 

CERCOPITHECIDAE 

Cercopithecus mitis Sykes Monkey x x 

Piliocolobus kirkii Zanzibar Red Colobus x x 

VIVERRIDAE 

Bdeogale crassicauda Bushy-tailed Mongoose 

Herpestes sanguineus Zanzibar Slender Mongoose x x 

Mungos mungo Banded Mongoose x x 

Viverra civetta African Civet x x 

Viverricula indica Javan Civet x x 


Zanzibar 

FELIDAE 

Panthera pardus Leopard 

x 

PROCAVIIDAE 

Dendrohyrax validus Tree Hyrax x x 

SUIDAE 

Potamochoerus porcus Bush Pig x x 

Sus scrofa Wild Boar 

x 

145

BOVIDAE 

Cephalophus adersi Zanzibar duiker x x 

C. monticola Blue Duiker x x 

Neotragus moschatus Suni x x 

SCIURIDAE 

Heliosciurus rufobranchium Red-legged Sun Squirrel 

x 

Paraxerus palliatus Red Bush Squirrel x x 

MURIDAE 

Cricetomys gambianus Giant Rat x x 

Grammomys sp 

x 

Mus musculus White-bellied house Mouse 

x 

Rattus norvegicus Common Rat 

x 

R. rattus House Rat x x 

The taxonomic list of mammals follows Wilson & Reeder (1993); Kingdon (1997), Reptiles follows 

Spawls et al. (2002) and Amphibians follows Frost, 1984. 

146

Appendix VIII: Results from trapping effort using bucket pitfalls, snap and 

Sherman's traps in Jozani - Chwaka proposed National Park, Zanzibar, 

29th June - 8th July 2002 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline 

I: 

Location: 

Habitat: 

S. 06o 

13.552' 

E. 39o 

24.642' 

Evergreen scrub forest/Coastal coral rag forest close to 

salt marsh grassland (Wangwani area) 

( x 100) 

Date: 01- 

Jul 

02- 

Jul 

03- 

Jul 

04- 

Jul 

05- 

Jul 

06- 

Jul 

07- 

Jul 

08- 

Jul 

Trapping effort (No. of 

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 88 

Buckets) 

Stephopaedes howelli 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 7 7.95 

Arthroleptis 

8 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 18 20.45 

stenodactylus 

Schoutedenela 

7 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 10 11.36 

xenodactyloides 

Kassina sp 4 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 8 9.09 

Crocidura fuscomurina ? 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2.27 

Crocidura olivieri 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.14 


0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 75 

snaps) 

Species: 

Paraxerus palliatus 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.33 

Herpestes sanguinea 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.33 


0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 25 

Shermans) 

Species: 

Grammomys sp 0 0 1 0 0 1 4.00 

Total 

Catch 

rate 


2: 

Location: 

Habitat: 

S. 06o 

13.563' 

E. 39o 

24.765' 

Wooded grassland patch (Wangwani area) 

Total 

Catch 

rate 

147

Date: 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08- (x/100) 

Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul 


11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 88 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Phrynobatrachus minutus 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2.27 

? 

Hemisus marmoratus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2.27 

Arthroleptis 

6 7 5 0 2 7 0 1 28 31.82 

stenodactylus 

Schoutedenela 

1 5 0 20 0 0 4 4 34 38.64 


Kassina sp 1 1 6 0 0 0 1 0 9 10.23 

Hyperolius tuberilinguis 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 5.68 


snaps) 

(No capture) 


Shermans) 

(No capture) 

0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 75 

0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 25 


3: 

Location: 

S. 06o 

15.017' 

E. 39o 

25.625' 

Evergreen scrub forest (Bondeni area) 

Habitat: 

Total Catch 

rate 

Date: 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08- (x/100) 



11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 88 

Buckets) 

Species: 


Arthroleptis 

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3.41 

stenodactylus 

Kassina sp 7 4 7 2 1 0 2 1 24 27.27 


0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 75 

snaps) 

Species: 



Shermans) 

0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 25 

148

(No capture) 


4: 

Location: 

Habitat: 

S. 06o 

16.273' 

E. 39o 

25.102' 

Ground water forest plantation (near Jozani forest HQ) 

Total 

Date: 01- 

Jul 

02- 

Jul 

03- 

Jul 

04- 

Jul 

05- 

Jul 

06- 

Jul 

07- 

Jul 

08- 

Jul 


11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 88 

Buckets) 

Catch 

rate 

(x/100) 

Species: 


Hemisus marmoratum 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 9 10.23 

Arthroleptis 

1 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 7 7.95 

stenodactylus 

schoutedenella 

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 3.41 


Phrynobatrachus 

0 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 12 13.64 

acridoides ? 

Phrynobatrachus minutus 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 8 9.09 

Crocidura fuscomurina ? 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 3.41 


snaps) 

Species: 

Petrodromus 

tetradactylus 

0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 75 

1 0 0 0 0 1 1.33 


0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 25 

Shermans) 

Species: 

Crocidura sp 0 1 0 0 0 1 4.00 


5: 

Location: 

Habitat: 

S. 06o 

16.381' 

E. 39o 

25.355' 

Ground water forest (Tovu/Mnazi Mmoja area) 

Total 

Catch 

rate 

149

Date: 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08- (x/100) 



0 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 77 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Xenopus muelleri 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 4 5.19 

Hemisus marmoratum 3 4 1 1 0 1 0 10 12.99 

Arthroleptis 

3 1 1 1 3 0 0 9 11.69 

stenodactylus 

Schoutedenella 

32 4 0 0 2 0 6 44 57.14 



0 0 21 0 0 0 0 21 27.27 

acridoides ? 

Phrynobatrachus minutus 1 22 0 14 2 1 0 40 51.95 

Mabuya maculilabris 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.30 

Kassina sp 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 5 6.49 

Crocidura olivieri 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2.60 


snaps) 

(No capture) 

0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 75 


0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 25 

Shermans) 

Species: 

Grammomys sp 1 0 0 0 0 1 4.00 


6: 

Location: 

S. 06o 

15.422' 

E. 39o 

23.075' 

Forest plantation (Unguja Ukuu) 

Habitat: 

Total Catch 

rate 

Date: 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08- (x/100) 



0 11 11 11 11 11 11 0 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Mertensophryne 

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.52 

micranotis 

Arthroleptis 

0 1 1 1 0 0 3 4.55 

stenodactylus 

Kassina sp 10 7 2 0 0 1 20 30.30 

Crocidura fuscomurina ? 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 3.03 

150


snaps) 

(No capture) 


Shermans) 

0 0 15 15 15 15 15 0 75 

0 0 5 5 5 5 5 0 25 


7: 

Location: 

S. 06o 

12.509' 

E. 39o 

23.403' 

Legume dominant natural forest (Mapopwe) 

Habitat: 

Total catch 

rate 

Date: 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08- (x/100) 



0 11 11 11 11 11 11 0 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Stephopaedes howelli 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.52 

Arthroleptis 

1 2 2 0 2 1 8 12.12 

stenodactylus 

Schoutedenella 

0 0 0 9 1 0 10 15.15 



1 0 1 0 0 1 3 4.55 

acridoides ? 

Crocidura fuscomurina ? 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 3.03 


0 0 15 15 15 15 15 0 75 

snaps) 

Species: 



0 0 5 5 5 5 5 25 

Shermans) 

Species: 

Paraxerus palliatus 0 0 0 2 0 2 8 


8: 

Location: 

Habitat: 

S 06o 

16' 

38.5" 

E 039o 

25' 

36.3" 

Bushland and thicket close to mangrove forest 

(Kichanga area) 

151

Total Catch 

rate 

Date: 01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08- (x/100) 



0 0 11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Kassina sp 1 4 4 0 0 0 9 13.64 

Arthroleptis 

stenodactylus 

2 1 1 1 0 1 6 9.09 


0 0 15 15 15 15 15 15 90 

snaps) 

Species: 

Paraxerus palliatus 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.11 


Shermans) 

(No capture) 

0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 

152

Appendix IXa: Brief description of some fish Families/Genera occurring in 

Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar 

ARIIDAE: CATFISHES 

- Colour usually grey/blue, dark grey/brown on back and sides 

- are found in schools or singly in marine, brackish or freshwater 

- Male practises oral incubation of the eggs, which are rather large in number. 

Geographical distribution and behaviour 

West Coast of India to Indo-Australia. Found along all shores, throughout its range. Feeds 

mainly on invertebrates and small fishes 

ALBULIDAE 

Colour side silvery, back blue/green or olive 


Known from the Red Sea to Madagascar. An inshore shalow-water species associated with 

sand and, mud bottom. Feeds by grubbing in the substratum with the snout. 

ACANTHURIDAE 

Colour: often brown or grey, but some species very colourful. 


Occurs throuthout most of the Indo-Pacific. Feeds on zooplankton. 

AMBASSIDAE 

Colour: translucent or semi- translucent, often silvery 

Used as bait 

ATHERINIDAE 

Colour: blue/green or olive on back. 


Appear to have narrow range. Restricted to the cape and east coast of Africa. Are used as 

subsistence fishery. 

153

ANTENNARIIDAE 

Colour: usually in two phases; a more common light phse with light tan to yellow brown or 

rust background. Swome frog fishes may rich sive to over 50 cm total length. 


Throughout the fishing area 51. 

APOGONIDAE 

Colour: are reddish in colour, mixed with silver and white, though most species are yellow, 

silvery and black. 


Fiji, Malaysia, Indo-Pacific, East Africa. Feeding predator on small fishes and invertebrates. 

BALISTIDAE 

- colour: grey dashed with olive green, 3 large white blotches on back and numerous blue 

spots, 

- maximum size 60 cm 


Throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the region, found over sands, sponge, and weed 

bottom. Shallow water down to 90m, feeds on bottom fauna 

BELONIDAE 

Colour: green or black on the back and silver white or the lower sides. 


- Is carnivorous feeding largely on small fishes. 

- Found off coast and islands throughout the area. 

- Are worldwide species of tropical and warm warm-temperate waters. No special fishery. 

BLENNIIDAE 

Scaless body, premaxillae not protractile. 


Indian, Atlantic and Pacific; chiefly tropical and subtropical marine; rare in freshwater. 

Feeding: mixed diet algae and benthic invertebrates. 

154

BOTHIDAE 

Colour: eyed side brown, often with spots, blind side pale. Eyes on left side of the head, 

moutyh are terminal, lower jaw prominent. 


Throughout most warm waters. Inhabit the shallower muddy and sandy bottom of the 

continental shelf. 

Feeds on bottom living animals. 

CARCHARHINIDAE 

Colour: variable, usually no colour pattern. 


Tropical continetal coast and offshore waters. A minority of species range into temperate 

waters. This family contains more dangerous species than any other. Feeding: feed heavily on 

bony fishes, other sharks, rays, squid, octopi, crabs, lobsters. 

CHAETODONTIDAE 

Colours: ground colours are white, yellow, orange and brown. 

Have little value as food, young are popular aquarium fish. 


Tropical Indo-Pacific , East Africa, south africa, Zanziibar 

CARANGIDAE 

Colour: pale to dark blue, silvery white below 


Throughout warm waters. Habits shallow coastal areas. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes. 

CONGRIDAE 

Colour: plain cream, grey to black, often lighter below with a dark border to dorsal and anal 

fins. 


Wide spread in the Indo-West Pacific, eastward to Pacific central America. Active at night 

feeding variouslay on smal reef animals. 

155

CLUPEIDAE 

Colour: back usually ble/green, sside ssilvery, sometimes with a distinct silver band. Dark 

dots or spots along the back 


Throughout warm waters, inhabits coastal waters, pelagic, feeds on detritus. 

Tropical Indo-Pacific, East Africa, South Africa 

DACTYLOPTERIDAE 

Colour: usually dusk red or purple with brown spots above, pinkiush or whitish below. 


Throuighout most of the area, Indo-weswt Pacific from Japan to Australia. Feeds primarlly in 

benthic crustaceans, clams and small fishes. 

EPHIPPIDAE 

Coulour: silvery grey to greenish, body with 4 to 10 vertical bands fading with age. 


Within East coastal of Africa from Natal northward to Mombasa and Zanzibar. Feed by 

nibbing at organisms on rocks and corals. 

FISTULARIIDAE 

Colour: vaiable with the species either red to oragnge brown above and silvbey below or 

brownish-olive above, lighter below with series of blue spotson back and snout.. 


In west Indian Ocean along the East coast of Africa from Red sea to Maldives. Most common 

in seagrass beds and coral reefs in shallow waters. Feeds on small fishes and shrimps. 

GERREIDAE 

Colour: head and body usually silvery, often with faint marking such as spots or lines. 

Small to medium sized fishes, body more or less compressed. 


Inhabit coastal waters down to depths of about 40m, near the bottom usually found in schools. 

Feeds bottom living animals. 

156

HOLOCENTRIDAE 

Colour: usually red or pink, plain or striped sometimes with black marekings around the gill 

opening or on fins. 


Found from Red Sea south to Durban and Madagascar. Most often seen in shallow water 

protected bays and coral reefs. Feedin on crabs and small fishes. 

HAEMULIDAE 

Colour: variable from uniform colured to banded blotched and spotted. 


Shallow coastal areas and coral reefs down to 80m depth. Feeds on bottom invertebrates 

and fishes. 

HEMIRAMPHIDAE 

Colour: dark bluish above, silvery white bellow. 


An Indo-Pacific species found in the continental coasts and islands chiefly in the area of rich 

submerged vegetation. Used as a food. 

LABRIDAE 

Colour: generally bright and elaborately patterned, often differing between sexes and 

changing with age. 


Throughout the region. Feeds mostly on hard shllede prey, including molluscs, crustaceans 

and seaurchins. 

LEIOGNATHIDAE 

Body oval sometimes compressed. Colour; silvery with brownish/ golden wavy on upper half. 

Size max. 15cm. 


Inhabits coastal waters down to depths of about 40 cm near bottom and found in schools, 

enters brackish waters. 

157

LETHRINIDAE 

Size moderate sized perch like fishes with a large head. Colour, olive green above, pale 

below. 


Inhabits coastal waters to 50m. feeds mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. 

LUTJANIDAE 

Colour: dark green to blue/green 


Throughout the warm waters from the surface down to depths of 100m. feeds on fishes. 

MONACANTHIDAE 

Colour: variable often drabs, grey or greenish with darker makings or very colourful with 

vivid patterns. 


Indo-West pacific and Red Sea. Feeds on plankton. 

MURAENIDAE 

Colour: Variable sometimes plain creamish, Brownish, puplish or blackish with minor other 

markings. 


East Africa to Natal, also wide spread in tropical Indo-Pacific. Found in coral reefs or 

elsewhere. Feeds on reef animals particularly crustaceans. Consumed locally. 

MUGILIDAE 

Colour: in life, blue/green, green/olive on back. Silver on sides and belly, often with 3 to 9 

longitudinal streaks on back, fins hyline and dusky. 


In the area, found from Natal, Madagascar to the Gulf of Aden, the west coast of India and 

Sri Lanka. E.g Liza macrolepis 

Feeds on samll algae, diatoms, foraminifora and other organic matter, both living and detrital. 

158

MULLIDAE 

Colour: variable, ground colour generally pale, some species with distinctive dark, or yellow, 

oragne or brown bands or stripes and spots. 


Throughout the region. Feeds mainly on crabs and other crustacean. 

NEMIPTERIDAE 

Colour: extremeely variable, but usually pinkish or silvery, with red, yellow and blue 

markings. 


Indo-West Pacific region in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Feed priomarly on samll 

benthic invertebrats and small fishes. Males are usually larger and some species may be 

protogynous hermaphrodites. 

OSTRACIIDAE 

Colour:Either grey, yellow, brown usually with darker or lighter spots, blotches and 

refraction. 


Found throughout West Indo-Pacific. Not consumed. 

PLOTOSIDAE 

Colour: back and sides uniformly tan, brown or black, or with 2 or 3 whitish to yellowish 

lateral stripes, belly usually paler or white. 


Along the entire coastline of frishery area 51. Found oin reef, along open coasts in eastuarines 

and in tidal pools. Feeding on small crustaceans, molluscs and fishes. 

POMACENTRIDAE 

Colour: dark red/brown with l;ighter face. There is large white spot behind and sadding the 

dorsal fin and another over its head and behind its eyes. 


Indo-Pacific. 

159

POMADASYIDAE 

Colour: background colour with 2- diagonal bands on the head. 


Western Pacifc and India. Feedinding - are amnivores. 

SIGANIDAE 

Colour: coral associating species usually coloured. 


Found throughout West India-Pacific, moderate sized, herbivore fishes of shallow waters, 

some species live in pairs around coral, others in schools around rock and coral reefs, 

mangrove, estuaries and brackish lagoons. 

SYNODONTIDAE 

Colour: green/brown on back, lighter on flanks with a dark blotches or bars down flanks or on 

fins in certain species. 


Throughoput the region. Feeding mainly piscivours, but feeds also on crustaceaqns and other 

invertebrates. 

SPHYRAENIDAE 

Colour: usually grey to blue above, with silvery reflections, lighter to white below. 


Throughout the area. Elsewhere found in East Indian Ocean, western Pacific and eastern and 

western Atlantic. Fees on moderate or quite large fishes, either aroud reef or near the surface. 

SCARIDAE 

Colour: most speciwes are very colourful and many exhibit striking sexual dichromatism. 


Red sea, east African coast. Elsewhere eastern Indian Ocean and western central Pacific. 

Feeding; grazinjg heavily on live corals but also on algae. E.g. Scarus ghoban 

SCORPAENIDAE 

160

Colour: inshore scapionfishes are mostly brown or various mottled and barred with dark 

pigment on ligher background. Deeper water are mostly red, often with spots or darker red, 

rown or black and with white skin filaments. 


Thoughout the region. 

SOLEIDAE 

Colour: eyed side greyis brown to redish brown, blid side white. Both eyes on rightside of the 

head. Pectoral fins absent or present. No fin spine. 

Feeding: feeds on benthic invertebrates and fishes. Are pelagic spawners. 


Western Indian Ocean,Red Sea,Natal,Mozambique, India and Japan. 

SYNGNATHIDAE 

Colour: variable from brown or dark brown, or banded. 


Temperate and sub-tropical Indo-Pacific, Inhaca, Mozambique, Kenya, Madagascar, Pinda 

and Zanzibar. Sexual dimorphic, male carry eggs exposed. 

TETRAODONTIDAE 

Colour: varible. 


Some species contain contanin tetraodotoxin especially inm viscera, in gonads of some 

species during spawning season. 

Feeding: some spedcies consume abouyt ecverything where others have preference for certain 

invertebrates. 

Distribution: tropical and subtropical, India and Pacific. 

TERAPONIDAE 

Colour: Body yellowish, silvery-grey with white belly, 3-longtudinal brown. 


From Red Sea, East Africa to Mozambique. Feeds on bentrhic invertebrates and small fishes. 

161

Appendix IXb: Some fish species occurring in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar (Fish 

families and species shown with asterik: * and represent those families and 

species identified by B. Lugendo, pers. comm.) 

FAMILY Species Common Name 

OSTRACIIDAE Acanthurus sp. Cowfish 

OSTRACIIDAE *Lactoria fornasini Box fish 

ALBULIDAE Albula vulpes Bonefish 

ANTENNARIIDAE Antennarius sp. Angle fish 

ANTENNARIIDAE *Histrio histrio 

AMBASSIDAE Ambassis natalensis Slender glassy 

AMBASSIDAE 

*Ambassis gymnocephalus 

*ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus bicommatus 

*ACANTHURIDAE Acanthuru blochii 

APOGONIDAE Apogon lateralis Mangrove Cardinalfish 

APOGONIDAE 

Apogon “silver band” 

APOGONIDAE Apogon orbicularis Pyama-Cardinaal 

APOGONIDAE 

Fowleria aurita 

APOGONIDAE 

Chelliodipterus 

Five-Lined Cardinalfish 

quinquelineatus 

APOGONIDAE Apogon cooki Black Banded Cardinal 

APOGONIDAE Apogon nigripinnis Black Foot Cardinalfish 

APOGONIDAE Foa brachygramma Foa 

ARRIDAE Arius sp. Barredsea Catfish 

ANTHERINIDAE Atherion africanus Pricklednose Silverside 

SOLENOSTOMIDAE Solenostomium cyanopterus Ghosst Pipefish 

BALISTIDAE Abalistes stellatus Satrry Triggerfish 

BELONIDAE Tylosurus crocodilus Hound Needlefish 

BELONIDAE Tylosurus sp. Needlefish 

BELONIDAE Blenidae sp. Needlefish 

BELONIDAE *Strongylura leiura Banded needlefish 

BOTHIDAE Bothus sp. Flounder 

BOTHIDAE Bothus pantherinus Leopard Flounder 

BOTHIDAE *Pseudorhombus elevatus Deep flouder 

CARANGIDAE Caranx ignobilis Giant Trevally 

CARANGIDAE Caranx papuensis Brassy Trevally 

CARANGIDAE Caranx sp. Trevally 

CARANGIDAE Trachinitus blochii Snub Nose Pombano 

CARANGIDAE Scomberoides sp. Queenfish 

CARANGIDAE *Caranx sexfasciatus Bigeye trevally 

CARANGIDAE * Alectis indicus Indian threadfin trevally 

TETRAODONTIDAE Cathigaster solandri Sharp nose Puffer 

TETRAODONTIDAE *canthigaster bennetti Bennett's puffer 

TETRAODONTIDAE *C. valentini Sharpnose puffer 

TETRAODONTIDAE *Arothron hispidus Broad-barred Toadfish 

TETRAODONTIDAE *A. immaculatus Narrow-lined Toadfish 

TETRAODONTIDAE *A. stellatus Starry Toadfish 

TETRAODONTIDAE *Amblyrhychotes honkenii Toadfish 

CENTRISCIDAE Aeoliscus punctilatus Speckled Shrimp Fish 

CHAETODONTIDAE Heniochus sp. Banner Fish 

162

FAMILY Species Common name 

CHAETODONTIDAE *Chaetodon auriga Threadfin butterfly fish 

CLUPEIDAE Sardinella gibbosa Goldstripe Sardinella 

CONGRIDAE Conger cinereus Longfin African Conger 

CONGRIDAE Conger wilson Cape Conger 

DACTYLOPTERIDAE Dactyloptena ore Helmet Gurnards 

GOBIIDAE Hetereleotris zanzibarensis Goggle Goby 

ENGRAULIDAE Stoiphorus indicus Indian Anchovy 

ENGRAULIDAE Thrissa baelama Baelama Anchovy 

GERREIDAE Gerres oyena Common Silver Biddy 

GERREIDAE Gerres filamentosus Whipfin Silverbiddy 

GERREIDAE Gerres acinaces Longtail Silverbiddy 

GOBIIDAE Gobidae sp. Gobies 

GOBIIDAE Yongeichthys nebulosus Shadow Goby 

GOBIIDAE Amblygobius albimaculatus Butterfly Goby 

HAEMULIDAE 

Plecthorhynchus 

Two striped sweetlips 

albovittatus 

HAEMULIDAE Dragmma pictum Painter Sweetlips 

HAEMULIDAE Plecthorhynchus sp. Rubberlip 

HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus sp. Halfbeak 

HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus dussumieri Dussumier Halfbeak 

HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hyporhamphus dussumieri Dussumier Halfbeak 

HOLOCENTRIDAE Neoniphon sammara Sammara Squirrelfish 

HOLOCENTRIDAE Neoniphon opecularis Black fin Squerrel fish 

LABRIDAE Labridae sp. Wrasse 

LABRIDAE *Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse 

LABRIDAE *C. cholorourus Floral wrasse 

LABRIDAE *C. trilobatus Tripletail wrasse 

LABRIDAE 

*Helichoeres scapularis 

LABRIDAE 

*Coris audimacula 

LABRIDAE 

*Novaculichthys 

macrolipidotus 

LABRIDAE * Stethojulis strigiventer Silver streaked rainbowfish 

LABRIDAE 

*S. albovittata 

LABRIDAE *Epibulus insidiator Sling-jaw wrasse 

LEOGNATHIDAE Leoignathus sp. Tooth Pony 

LEOGNATHIDAE Gaza minuta Toothpony 

LEOGNATHIDAE Leiognathus equelus Common Pony fish 

LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus variegatus Variegated Emperor 

LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus harak Thump print Emperor 

LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus lentjan Red spot Emperor 

LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus mineatus Long face Emperor 

LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus ramak Yellow Banded Emperor 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus fulviflamma Blackspot Snapper 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus argentimaculatus Manrove Red Snapper 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus russeli Russel, Snapper 

LUTJANIDAE 

Lutjanus fulvae 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus monostigma One Spot Snapper 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus kasmira Common Blue stripe Snappper 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus sanguines Malabar Blood Snapper 

LUTJANIDAE *L. ehrenbergi Ehrenberg's snapper 

163


HAEMULIDAE 

Pristipoma nigrum 

HAEMULIDAE 

*Diagramma pictum 

HAEMULIDAE 

*plectorhinchus 

plagiodesmus 

MEGALOPIDAE Megalopa cyprinoldes Indo-Pacific Tarpoon 

MONACANTHIDAE *aluterus scriptus 

MONACANTHIDAE Thamnaconus modestoides Modest Filefish 

MONODACTYLIDAE Monodactylus argentius Silver Moony 

MUGILIDAE Mugilidae sp. Mullet 

MUGILIDAE Liza macrolepsis Large Scale Mullet 

MULLIDAE Upeneus vittatus Stripped Goatfish 

MULLIDAE Upeneus tragula Freckled Goatfish 

MULLIDAE *Upeneus sulphureus Sulphur goat fish 

MULLIDAE Parupeneus macronema Long Barbel Goatfish 

MULLIDAE Parupeneus cinnabarinus Cinnibar Goatfish 

MULLIDAE Mulloides flavolineatus Yellow Stripe Goatfish 

MULLIDAE Parupeneus barberinus Dash and dot Goatfish 

MURAENIDAE Sideria picta Speckled Sideria Moray 

*SIGANIDAE Siganus sutor Shoemaker spine foot 

*SIGANIDAE Siganus argenteus Streamlined spine foot 

*SIGANIDAE Siganus stellatus Brown spotted spine foot 

*SIGANIDAE Siganus ludirus Dusky spine foot 

*TERAPONODAE Pelates quadrilineatus Four lined terapon 

*TERAPONODAE Terapon jarbua Jabua terapon 

*POMACENTRIDAE Chrysiptera annulata 

*POMACENTRIDAE C. animaculata 

*POMACENTRIDAE *Dascyllus aruanus Whitetailed Humbug 

*FISTULARIDAE Fistularia commensonii Blue spotted cornet fish 

*SYGNATHIDAE Sygnathoides biaculatus Double-ended pipefish 

*SCORPAONIDAE Dendrochirus brachypterus Stonefish 

Pterois miles 

*EPHIPPIDAE 

Platax teira 

P. orbicularis Batfish 

POMADASYIDAE Pomadasys multimaculatum 

*SCOPRPAENIDAE Synanceia verrucosa Stonefish 

*BLENNIIDAE Petroscirtes breviceps Blennies 

*PLOTOSIDAE Plotosus lineatus Striped eel catfish 

*SCARIDAE *Scarus ghoban Yellow scale parrotfish 

*SCARIDAE *S. ruselii Eclipse parrotfish 

*SCARIDAE *Leptoscarus vaigiensis Marbled parrot fish 

*SCARIDAE *Calotomus spinidens Spiny tooth parrotfish 

*SCARIDAE *Hipposcarus harid Candelema parrot fish 

*NEMIPTERIDAE Scolopsis ghanam Arabian monocle bream 

*SYNODONTIDAE Saurida gracilis Gracile lizard fish 

*SYHYRAENIDAE Syhyraena barracuda Great barracuda 

*SOLEIDAE Pardachirus marmoratus Finless sole 

SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus tukula Potato grouper 


SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus fuscoguttatus Flowery grouper 

SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus malabaricus Malabar grouper 

SERRANIDAE Epinepheleus tauvina Graesy grouper 

164

SERRANIDAE Cromileptes altivelis Barramund grouper 

LABRIDAE Cheilinus undulatus Hampered wrasse 

CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus plumbeus Sandbar shark 

CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus taurus Grey nurse shark 

CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus falciformis Silky shark 

CARCHARHINIDAE Galeocerdo cuvier Tiger shark 

SCOMBRIDAE Thunnus maccoyii Soutthern bluefin tuna 

SYPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna lewini Scalloped hammerhead 

SYPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna mokarran Great hammerhead 

SQUALIDAE Centrophorus uyato Southern dogfish 

LAMNIDAE Isurus oxyrinchus Short fin mako 

PRISTIDAE Pristis microdon Larger tooth saw fish 

RHINOBATIDAE Rhynchobatus djeddensis White spotted wedge fish 

DASYATIDAE Taeniura lymna Ribbontail stingray 

MOBULIDAE Manta birostris Giant Atlantic manta 

MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagle ray 

165

Appendix Xa: Checklist of Lepidopterans (Butterflies and Moths) from Jozani-Chwaka 

Bay Proposed National Park, Zanzibar (Butterflies not recorded by Archer et al. (1991) at 

Jozani-Chwaka are indicated by a star: ✪, those recorded by Archer et al. but not collected in 

the present survey are indicated by two stars: ✪✪, and forest species are indicated by an 

asterik: *) 

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA 

Family Acraeidae 

Acraea acrita Hewitson ✪✪ 

Acraea aubyni Eltringham ✪✪ 

Acraea cepheus Linnaeus ✪ 

Acraea cerasa cerasa Hewitson ✪ 

Acraea egina pembanus Kielland 

Acraea eponina Cramer 

Acraea esebria Hewitson ✪✪ 

Acraea insignis Distant ✪✪ 

Acraea natalica Boisduval 

Acraea oncaea Hopffer ✪ 

Acraea zonata Hewitson ✪✪ 

Acraea zetes Linnaeus ✪✪ 

Bematistes aganice aganice Hewitson ✪ 

Family Danaidae 

Amauris ochlea ochlea Boisduval* 

Amauris niavius dominicanus Trimen* 

Amauris niavius Linnaeus* 

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Linnaeus ✪ 

Danaus chrysippus dorippus Klug ✪ 

Family Hesperidae 

Acleros mackenii Trimen ✪✪ 

Andronymus caesar philander Hopffer ✪✪ 

Borbo borbonica Boisduval 

Gegenes pumilio Hoffmansegg ✪✪ 

Gomalia elma Trimen ✪✪ 

Spialia spio Linnaeus ✪✪ 

Tagiades flesus Fabricius ✪✪ 

Family Lycaenidae 

Agriolaus lalos ✪✪ 

Anthene amarah Guerin ✪✪ 

Anthene kersteni Gestaecker ✪✪ 

Anthene rubrimaculata Strand ✪✪ 

Axiocerses punicea Grose-Smith ✪✪ 

Cupidopsis cissus Goddart ✪✪ 

Epamera silanus ssp.nov. ✪✪ 

166

Epamera sidus Trimen ✪✪ 

Epamera diametra ssp.nov. ✪✪ 

Epamera mermis Druce ✪✪ 

Euchrysops osiris Hopffer ✪✪ 

Hypolycaena philippus philippus Fabricius 

Hypolycaena sp. 

Lachnocnema bibulus Fabricius ✪✪ 

Lacnocnema durbani Trimen ✪✪ 

Lepidochrysops ignota (Trimen) 

Leptotes pirithous Linnaeus ✪✪ 

Lipaphnaeus aderna spindasoides Aurivillius ✪✪ 

Myrna silenus fidecula Trimen ✪✪ 

Pentila tropicalis mombasae Grose-Smith & Kirby ✪✪ 

Spalgis lemolea Druce 

Spindasis apelles Oberthur ✪✪ 

Virachola antalus Hopffer ✪✪ 

Virachola dariaves Hewitson ✪✪ 

Zizeeria knysna Trimen ✪✪ 

Family Nymphalidae 

Bebearia orientis orientis Karsch* 

Byblia anvatara acheloia Boisduval ✪ 

Byblia ilithya Drury ✪✪ 

Charaxes brutus natalensis Staudinger* 

Charaxes ethalion Boisduval ✪✪ 

Charaxes macclounii Butler ✪✪ 

Cymothoe sp. ✪ 

Euphaedra neophron Hopffer* 

Euphaedra neophron littoralis Talbot ✪✪ 

Euriphene sp. 

Eurytela dryope angulata Aurivillius* 

Eurytela sp. 

Euxanthe wakefieldi Ward ✪✪ 

Hypolimnas deceptor Trimen ✪✪ 

Hypolimnas dubius wahlbergi Wallengren ✪✪ 

Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus ✪✪ 

Junonia oenone oenone Linnaeus ✪✪ 

Junonia terea elgiva Hewitson ✪✪ 

Junonia natalica Felder ✪✪ 

Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera Rothschild & Jordan ✪✪ 

Neptis laeta Overlaet ✪ 

Neptis penningtoni van Son ✪✪ 

Neptis saclava marpessa Hopffer ✪✪ 

Phalanta phalanta aethiopica (Rothschild and Jordan) 

Precis actia Distant ✪✪ 

Pseudacraea lucretia Cramer* 

Pseudacraea lucretia expansa Butler ✪✪ 

Teriomima subpunctata Kirby ✪✪ 

Family Papilionidae 

167

Graphium angolanus angolanus Goeze ✪✪ 

Graphium colonna Ward ✪✪ 

Graphium pelopidas Oberthur ✪✪ 

Graphium philinoe ✪✪ 

Graphium policenes Cramer ✪✪ 

Graphium porthaon Hewitson ✪✪ 

Papilio dardanus cenea Stoll*✪ 

Papilio dardanus tibbulus Kirby ✪✪ 

Papilio demodocus Esper ✪✪ 

Papilio morania Angas ✪ 

Papilio nireus lyaeus Doubleday*✪ 

Family Pieridae 

Appias lasti Grose-Smith ✪✪ 

Belenois creona severina Stoll ✪✪ 

Belenois thysa thysa Hopffer 

Catopsilia florella Fabricius ✪ 

Colotis eunoma flotowi Suffert ✪✪ 

Colotis evippe omphale Godart ✪✪ 

Eronia cleodora dilatata Butler ✪✪ 

Eurema brigita Cramer 

Eurema desjardinsi marshalli Butler ✪ 

Eurema hapale Mabille ✪ 

Eurema hecabe Linnaeus 

Eurema regularis Butler 

Leptosia alcesta inalcesta Bernardi ✪ 

Mylothris chloris agathina Cramer 

Mylothris rubicosta attenuata Mabille ✪ 

Family Riodinidae 

Abisara zanzibarica Kielland* 

Family Satyridae 

Bicyclus campinus ocelligerus Strand ✪✪ 

Bicyclus kiellandi Condamin* ✪ 

Bicyclusu safitza Hewitson ✪✪ 

Henotesia perspicua Trimen ✪✪ 

Melanitis leda africana Fruhstorfer ✪ 

Melanitis leda helena ✪✪ 

Ypthima asterope Klug ✪ 

Ypthima granulosa Butler ✪✪ 

Ypthima rhodesiana Carcasson ✪ 

Others 

Moths (identified to Family: See below) 

168

Checklist of Dragonflies and Damselflies from Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

ORDER ODONATA 

Family Aeshnidae 

Aeshna rileyi (Calvert)* 

Family Coenagriidae 

Ceriagrion sp. 

Enallagma sp.1 

Enallagma sp.2 

Ischinura senegalensis (Rambur) 

Olpogastra fraseri Pinhey 

Pseudagrion sp. 

Family Libellulidae 

Hemistigma albipuncta (Rambur) 

Notiothermis jonesi Ris* 

Palpopleura jucunda (Rambur) 

Palpopleura lucia (Drury) 

Trithermis annulata (Palisot de Beauvois) 

169

Appendix Xb: Total Lepidopterans and Odonata collected from different locations in 

Jozani Chwaka Bay Proposed National Park, Zanzibar 

SM NF WG GFP GFN THI TOTAL 

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA 

Family Acraeidae 0 

1 1 

Acraea egina pembanus 3 1 1 2 1 8 

Acraea eponina 1 1 2 

Acraea cerasa cerasa 1 1 

Acraea natalica 2 2 

Acraea oncaea 1 1 

Bematistes aganice 

1 1 

aganice 

Family Danaidae 0 

Amauris niavius 

1 1 2 

dominicanus 

2 1 3 

Amauris ochlea ochlea 1 1 2 

Danaus chrysippus 

1 1 

chrysippus 

Danaus chrysippus 1 1 2 4 

dorippus 

Family Hesperidae 0 

Borbo borbonica 1 1 

Family Lycaenidae 0 

Hypolycaena philippus 

1 1 

philippus 

Hypolycaena sp. 1 1 

Lepidochrysops ignota 1 1 

Spalgis lemolea 1 1 

Family Nymphalidae 0 

Bebearia orientis orientis 1 1 

Byblia anvatara 

1 1 1 3 

acheloia 

Charaxes brutus 

2 1 3 

natalensis 

Cymothoe sp. 1 1 

Euphaedra neophron 1 1 2 

Euryphene sp. 1 1 

1 1 

 

Eurytela sp. 1 1 

1 1 

Phalanta phalanta 

2 2 

aethiopica 

Pseudacraea lucretia 1 1 

Family Papilionidae 0 

Papilio dardanus cenea 1 1 

170


Papilio morania 1 1 

Papilio nireus lyaeus 1 2 1 4 

Family Pieridae 0 

Belenois thysa thysa 1 1 

Catopsilia florella 1 1 

Eurema brigita 1 1 

Eurema desjardinsi 

1 6 2 2 6 17 

marshalli 

Eurema hapale 2 2 

Eurema hecabe 1 1 

Eurema regularis 1 1 

Leptosia alcesta inalcesta 1 1 

Mylothris chloris 

2 1 3 

agathina 

Mylothris rubicosta 

3 3 

attenuata 

Family Riodinidae 0 

Abisara zanzibarica 2 1 3 

Family Satyridae 0 

Bicyclus kiellandi 1 1 2 1 5 

Melanitis leda africana 3 1 4 

Ypthima asterope 1 2 1 4 

Ypthima rhodesiana 6 6 

OTHERS (MOTHS) 0 

Family Arctiidae 2 2 3 7 

Family Callidulidae 1 1 2 

Family Cossidae 2 2 

Family Epiplemidae 1 1 

Family Geometridae 6 4 4 2 2 1 19 

Family Lasiocampidae 1 1 1 3 

Family Noctuidae 4 1 3 8 

Family Pterothysanidae 1 1 

Family Pyraustidae 1 1 2 

Family Sphingidae (Oligographa sp.) 1 1 

Family Tortricidae 2 2 

Family Uraniidae (Sub-fam. 

1 1 3 5 

Microniinae) 

Family Zygaenidae 1 1 

Total Lepidoptera 22 37 35 25 26 18 163 

ORDER ODONATA 

Family Aeshnidae 

1 1 

Family Coenagriidae 

Ceriagrion sp. 2 2 

Enallagma sp.1 2 9 11 

Enallagma sp.2 2 2 

Ischinura senegalensis 1 1 

Olpogastra fraseri 3 3 

Pseudagrion sp. 1 1 

171


Family Libellulidae 

Hemistigma albipuncta 1 1 

Notiothermis jonesi 1 1 

Palpopleura jucunda 4 1 4 9 

1 2 3 6 

Trithermis annulata 1 1 1 3 

Total Odonata 12 6 8 11 4 0 41 

Grand total 34 43 43 36 30 18 204 

172

Jozani biodiversity inventory report 2002 - Coastal Forests of Kenya ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?