Checklist of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Croatia - European ...

European Mosquito Bulletin, 17 (2004), 8-13. 

Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association 

ISSN1460-6127 

Abstract 

Checklist of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Croatia 

Enrih Merdic*, Mirta Sudaric, Tomislava Lovakovic, Ivana Boca and Sanja Merdic 

Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek 

Lorentza Jagera 9,31000 Osijek, CROATIA 

*Author for contact: Email: enrih@pedos.hr 

The mosquito fauna of Croatia currently includes 48 species. This is the first checklist of this type, and will not be the 

final version as our systematic, ecological and distributional investigations are ongoing. The checklist includes names of 

authors who first recorded the presence of a particular species of mosquito in Croatia, as well as a review of the relevant 

literature and documentation. 

Introduction 

Croatia is a country with a wide variety of ecosystems and habitats, and a rich and diverse flora and fauna which, because 

all climatic, geological and ecological factors have not yet been fully studied, has almost certainly not yet been fully 

listed. As our investigations are ongoing, we expect the mosquito fauna will in future expand to include more species. In 

this respect we note the finding in neighbouring countries of Aedes albopictus, recorded in Italy, Serbia and Montenegro, 

and Culex torrentium recorded in Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro in 1983 (petric, 1989). 

The first documented data on the mosquito fauna of Croatia is in the list of Diptera of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 

Dalmatia compiled by Strobl (1898), which includes only two species of Culicidae: Culex pulchritarsis (now 

Dchlerotatus pulchritarsis) and Cx. omatus (now Dc. geniculatus). In 1902, the same author added four new species to 

his list: Cx. vexans (now Aedes vexans), Cx. spathipalpis (now Culiseta longiareolata), Cx. nemorosus (now Dc. 

communis) and Cx. pipiens, of which all but Cx. pipiens were found within the borders ofCroatia. 

Langhoffer (1916) included the following species in the list of the dipteran fauna ofCroatia: Cx. nemorosus (now Dc. 

communis), Cx. pipiens, ex. annulatus (now Cs. annulata), Cx. annulipes (now Dc. annulipes), Cx. bicolor (now 

synonymised with Cx. pipiens) and Cx. cantans (now Dc. cantans). Martini (1924) recorded the presence of Anopheles 

maculipennis s.l. in the Neretva Delta, but did not distinguish between the taxa within the complex. He also recorded the 

presence there of An. sacharovi and An. algeriensis. 

Karaman (1925) published a paper on mosquitoes and mosquito control in Dalmatia, recording for the first time 

Mansonia richiardii (now Coquillettidia richiardil), Stegomyia fasciatus (now Ae. aegyptl), Cx. modestus, Cx. hortensis 

and Cx. territans. Anopheles hyrcanus s.l. was recorded near Metkovic. He also found An. plumbeus, An. superpictus, Ae. 

dorsalis (now Dc. dorsalis), Ae geniculatus (now Dc. geniculatus), and Uranotaenia unguiculata. Later Apfelbeck 

(1925, 1929, 1931) successively found An. claviger, Dc detritus, An. subalpinus (now classified as a morphological egg 

variant of An. melanoon) in Metkovic. 

Zotta (1935) was the first to distinguish between the taxa belonging to Anopheles maculipennis complex identifying those 

present as Anopheles maculipennis variety messeae, var. typicus and var. atroparvus. Missiroli (1939), who continued 

studying this complex, documented an additional record of var. atroparvus. Trausmiler (1949) investigated the 

'biological races' of the common mosquito (Culex pipiens) and for the first time in the country literature used the name 

Culex pipiens molestus; he also recorded the presence of An. labranchiae. 

Pavisic (1951) discussed the pest mosquitoes in Croatia and listed several additional species, viz. Ae. cinereus, Ae. 

caspius (now Dc. caspius), Ae. flavescens (now Dc. flavescens), Ae. mariae (the later studies of Coluzzi et al. (1974) 

showed that older Adriatic records of this species in reality represent records of its allopatric sibling species Dc. 

zammitiz), Ae. punctor (now Dc. punctor), Ae. rusticus (now Dc. rusticus), and Cs. jumipennis, Cs. morsitans, and 

Drthopodomyia pulcripalpis. Labuda (1981) discovered the presence of Ae. zammitii (now Dc. zammitii) in the Croatian 

coastal area. Baranov (1943) first recorded the presence of Ae. sticticus (now Dc. sticticus). 

For the past 18 years Merdic has investigated mosquitoes in Croatia. He reported the following additions to the mosquito 

fauna of Croatia (Merdic, 1988): Ae. excrucians (now Dc. excrucians), Ae. cataphylla (now Dc. cataphylla) and Ae. 

rossicus. A further species Ae. riparius (now Dc. riparius) was recorded for the first time by Merdic (1992), and four 

8

years later Ae. leucomelas (now Qc. leucomelas) and Cx. martinii were discovered (Merdic & Skoda, 1996). Also in 

1996 Oc. nigrinus, and Cs. glaphyroptera were recorded in Gorski kotar (Merdic, 1996). Ochlerotatus behningi was 

recorded for the first time in Croatia in the Maksimir Park in Zagreb (Merdic, 2002). 

The presence of Cs. subochrea, found in Dalmatia, is reported here for the first time making a total of 48=CUITently 

recognised species so fur found in Croatia 

The checklist is based on bibliographic data as well as on accumulating knowledge about the existing species. By the mid 

20th century 60% of the known mosquito fauna of Croatia had been determined. Like in many other European countries 

at that time, the interest of scientists in mosquitoes (especially those of the subfamily Anophelinae) was the result of 

widespread malaria. In order to eradicate the disease, it was necessary to study the biology of the Anopheles vector 

species. After malaria had been eradicated, new species of mosquitoes were recorded, and previous findings were 

confirmed. Mosquitoes were investigated regardless of their role as vectors, but the potential possibility of disease 

transmission was always stressed and more recent papers have focused mainly on applied entomology. 

In the literature review references to available publications are marked (*) and other bibliographic data is unmarked. 

Because of difficulties in finding the oldest literature some of which no longer exists, judicious interpretation of some 

documents had to be exercised. 

CHECKLIST (SPECIES RECORDED IN THE CROATIAN LITERATURE) 

A total of 48 mosquito species have been recorded in Cn>atia, belonging to 8 genera, as follows: Anopheles (11), Aedes 

(4), Ochlerotatus (19), Coquillettidia (1), Culex (5), Culiseta (6), Orthopodomyia (1) and Uranotaenia (1). 

The list was compiled according to the current list of mosquitoes in Europe: A revised checklist of European mosquitoes 

by Snow & Ramsdale (2003), and it is based on the classification and nomenclature of mosquito species included in A 

catalogue of the mosquitoes of the World (Knight & Stone, 1977) and its supplements (Knight, 1978; Ward, 1884, 1992; 

Gaffigan & Ward, 1985). 

Family CULICIDAE 

Subfamily ANOPHELINAE 

Genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 

Subgenus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 

1. algeriensis Theobald, 1903 

2. atroparvus Van Thiel, 1927 

3. claviger Meigen, 1804 

4. hyrcanus Pallas, 1771 

5. labranchiae Falleroni, 1926 

6. maculipennis Meigen, 1818 

7. melanoon Hackett, 1934 

8. messeae Falleroni, 1926 

9. plumbeus Stephens, 1828 

10. sacharoviFavre, 1903 

Subgenus Cellia Theobald, 1902 

11. superpictus Grassi, 1899 

(Note 1) 

(Note 2.) 

(Note 3) 

Subfamily 

CULICINAE 

Genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 

SubgenusAedes Meigen, 1818 

12. cinereus Meigen, 1818 

13. rossicus Dolbeshkin, Gorickaja and Mitrofanova, 1930 

9

Subgenus AedimOlphus Theoba1d, 1903 

14. vexans Meigen, 1830 

Subgenus Stegomyia Theoba1d, 1901 

15. aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 

Genus Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arriblilzaga, 1891 

Subgenus Finlaya Theoba1d, 1903 

16. geniculatus Olivier, 1791 

Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arriba1zaga, 1891 

17. annulipes Meigen, 1830 

18. behningi Martini, 1926 

19. cantans Meigen, 1818 

20. caspius Pallas, 1771 

21. cataphylla Dyar, 1916 

22. communis De Geer, 1776 

23. detritus Haliday, 1833 

24. dorsalis Meigen, 1830 

25. excrucians Walker, 1856 

26. flavescens Mill1er,1764 

27. leucomelas Meigen, 1804 

28. nigrinus Eckstein, 1918 

29. pulchritarsis Rondani, 1872 

30. punctorKirby,1837 

31. riparius Dyar and Knab, 1907 

32. sticticus Meigen, 1838 

33. zammitii Theobald, 1903 

Subgenus Rusticoidus Shevchenko & Prudkina, 1973 

34. rusticus Rossi, 1790 

(Note 4) 

(Note 5) 

(Note 6) 

(includes early record of mariae) 

Genus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905 

Subgenus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905 

35. richiardii Fica1bi, 1889 

Genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 

Subgenus Barraudius Edwards, 1921 

36. modestus Fica1bi 1890 

Subgenus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 

37. pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 

Subgenus Maillotia Theoba1d, 1907 

38. hortensis Fica1bi, 1889 

Subgenus Neoculex Dyar, 1905 

39. martinii Medschid, 1930 

40. territans Walker, 1856 

(Note 7) 

Genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 

Subgenus Allotheobaldia Bro1emann, 1919 

41. longiareolata Macquart, 1838 

Subgenus Culicella Felt, 1904 . 

42. jumipennis Stephens, 1825 

43. morsitans Theobald, 1901 

Subgenus Culiseta Felt, 1904 

44. annulata Schrank, 1776 

45. glaphyroptera Schiner, 1864 

46. subochrea Edwards, 1921 

(Note 8) 

10

Genus Drthopodomyia Tbeobald, 1904 

47. pulcripalpis Rondani, 1872 

Genus Uranotaenia Lyncb-Arribalzaga, 1891 

Subgenus Pseudojicalbia Theobald, 1912 

48. unguiculata Edwards, 1913 

NOTES 

1. Anopheles atroparvus of the Anopheles maculipennis complex, i.e. one individual (female) was found in Podravina 

in the village ofVrbanovac located in the river plainp.ear the Plitvica river-a tributary of the Drava (Zotta, 1935). 

The same finding (species and number) appeared in 1981-1982 in the village of Otok in Podravina (Adamovic & 

Paulus, 1983). Missiroli (1939) also recorded the species. Trausmiller (1946) noted that he had not found the species 

in any part of continental Croatia. Since this species is frequently found in V ojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro 

(Adamovic, 1979), i.e. in the area of salt habitat, the fact that such areas do not exist in Croatia could explain the 

rarity of the species. 

2. The taxon Anopheles hyrcanus, Pallas 1771 is reported to comprise an unknown number of cryptic species about 

which there is no separate information (Ramsdale, 2001). Until this situation is resolved we are obliged to treat this 

taxon as a single species. 

3. The species Anopheles sacharovi was recorded for the first time in 1924, when Martini conducted research in the 

Neretva delta, i.e. in the towns ofMetkovic, Yid, Vidonje and Opuzen. After the 1st and 2nd World Wars, the lower 

Neretva was considered the region of endemic malaria. The epidemiological risk from the species Anopheles was 

considerable, which asked for more extensive research in the area. The following authors recorded the same species: 

Apfelbeck (1925), Karaman (1925) and Zotta (1935), who also found it in the Neretva delta, which was confirmed 

by Tartaglia (1949). The species Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles 

labranchiae, Anopheles messeae and Anopheles subalpinus, belong to the Anopheles maculipennis complex. The 

species Anopheles subalpinus is a synonym for the species Anopheles melanoon (Linton et al., 2002). 

4. The species Aedes vexans was recorded as early as 1902, when Strobl named it Culex vexans. As the number of 

generations and their abundance depend to a large extent on the water level of rivers, it is the reason why this species 

is dominant near rivers, many of which can be found in Eastern Croatia. 

5. Ochlerotatus detritus is a species recently found in Istria It was first recorded by Apfelbeck (1929), who was 

studying Culicidae in Bosnia and Dalmatia This taxon is now known to comprise two sibling species, Oc. coluzzii 

and Oc. detritus s,s" with overlapping distributions (Rioux et al., 1990). Ochlerotatus coluzzii has, as yet, been found 

only in North Africa and in Western Europe and, until proved otherwise, we continue to regard the Croatian 

populations to be of Oc. detritus s.S. 

6. Larvae of Ochlefotatus sticticus develop in floodplains near rivers, or in puddles that remain after snow melt. They 

can often be found with larvae of Aedes vexans. Baranov first recorded it in Croatia in 1943, whilst investigating 

breeding sites of flood mosquitoes on the banks of the river Drava at Osijek. 

7. Langhoffer first recorded Culex pipiens in 1916. It is the most significant representative of the urban mosquito :fauna, 

especially in towns and villages on the Adriatic coast, where it is a great problem during the holiday season. Since its 

larvae develop in stagnant waters, small breeding sites that are present in urban areas, this is not surprising. As Culex 

pipiens is one of the main vectors of the West Nile virus, it requires further investigation. The name Culex molestus 

is still used in some studies as a form within Culex pipiens complex and is useful in stressing physiological and 

behavioural differences even though, from a taxonomic point of view, it is incorrect (Ward, 1992). For purely 

taxonomic reasons we include Culex pipiens only in our checklist. 

8. Culiseta subochrea was found in Dalmatia (Merdic), but this has not yet been published. 

11

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12

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