Action Plan Peach Fruit Fly Bactrocera zonata - Nuclear Sciences ...

Food & Agriculture 

Organisation (FAO) 

International Atomic 

Energy Agency (IAEA) 

ACTION PLAN 

PEACH FRUIT FLY 

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) 

© CAB International 1992 

May 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

I. GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................1 

A. Action Statement................................................................................................................1 

B. Background Information ....................................................................................................1 

C. Life Cycle Application .......................................................................................................1 

II. SURVEY PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................3 

A. Delimiting Survey..............................................................................................................3 

B. Monitoring/Evaluation Survey...........................................................................................3 

C. Fruit Cutting Survey...........................................................................................................3 

D. Host Collection and Holding..............................................................................................3 

E. Detection survey.................................................................................................................3 

F. Orientation of Survey Personnel.........................................................................................3 

G. Survey ................................................................................................................................4 

III. REGULATORY PROCEDURES ........................................................................................5 

A. Instructions.........................................................................................................................5 

B. Regulated Articles ..............................................................................................................5 

C. Quarantine ..........................................................................................................................5 

D. Regulated Establishments Inspection.................................................................................6 

E. Use of Authorized Chemicals.............................................................................................6 

F. Approved Regulatory Treatments.......................................................................................6 

G. Principal Activities.............................................................................................................7 

H. Removing Areas from Quarantine .....................................................................................8 

I. Orientation of Regulatory Replacement Personnel..............................................................8 

J. Regulatory Records .............................................................................................................8 

IV. ERADICATION PROCEDURES........................................................................................9 

A. Eradication/Control Method Selection...............................................................................9 

B. Recommended Pesticides...................................................................................................9 

C. Approved Eradication Treatments....................................................................................10 

D. Orientation of Eradication/Control Personnel..................................................................13 

E. Eradication/Control Records ............................................................................................13 

F. Monitoring ........................................................................................................................13 

V. CONTACTS........................................................................................................................15 

VI. ADDENDA........................................................................................................................16 

Addendum A - Definitions ................................................................................................17 

Addendum B - Safety ........................................................................................................19 

Addendum C - Hosts .........................................................................................................20 

Addendum D - Technical Survey Information ..................................................................23 

Addendum E - Life History ...............................................................................................29 

Addendum F - Identification of Specimen(s) ....................................................................33 

Addendum G - Sources of Methyl Eugenol Attractant......................................................35 

Addendum H - Suppliers of Protein Bait...........................................................................37 

Addendum I - Fruit Flies That Respond or Do Not Respond to Known Attractants ........40 

Addendum J - Additional References................................................................................48 

i

COMMENTS 

This Action Plan was originally compiled and edited by Dr. Jeffrey N. L. Stibick, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Animal & Plant Health Inspector, Service, US Department of 

Agriculture. Modifications have been made by the Insect & Pest Control Section of the Joint 

FAO/IAEA Division for adaptation and use by National Plant Protection Organization, 

Ministries of Agriculture and other parties involved in control of this serious agricultural pest. 

Thanks are extended to Mr. William Routhier, California Department of Food and 

Agriculture, Lemon Grove, California for his careful review and recommended changes to the 

text; Dr. Ian M. White for providing the updated list of fruit flies that respond or do not 

respond to known attractants in the Addendum, as well as, verification of technical data on 

the global distribution of the pests, taxonomy, etc. Thanks to CAB International for use of the 

drawing used on the cover of the Action Plan taken from the 1992 publication Fruit Flies of 

Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics authored by I.M. White and M. 

M. Elson-Harris; and, finally, to Dr. Mahmoud Taher, Senior FAO Plant Protection Officer 

for the Near East Region, for review of the text. 

Patrick J. Gomes 

Joint FAO/IAEA Division 

Vienna, Austria 

May 2000 

ii

AUTHORIZATION 

This Action Plan provides guidelines and actions for the eradication of a peach fruit fly 

infestation. This Action Plan can be used to supplement other information, Manuals, or 

guidelines issued by Ministries of Agriculture, Natural Plant Protection Organizations, and 

others involved in pest prevention, exclusion, or control. 

It is to be used in conjunction with other manuals when conducting emergency program 

activities. The information and instructions contained in this Action Plan originally were 

developed with and approved by representatives of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), cooperating States, the Agricultural Research Service, Cooperative State 

Research Services, and affected industry and later modified by FAO/IAEA for use by its 

Member States. 

All program technology and methodology employed is determined through discussion, 

consultation, or agreement with the cooperating plant health officials. 

iii

NOTICE 

Recommendations in this Action Plan which involve the use of pesticides concern products 

which are registered or exempted under the local laws as appropriate. Precautions on the 

pesticide label and all instructions in this Action Plan must be carefully followed. 

Plant protection personnel may not make any warranty or representations, expressed or implied, 

concerning the use of these products and shall not be responsible for any loss, damage, or injury 

sustained as a result of the use of any product as specified in the Action Plan. 

The use of trade names in this Action Plan does not imply an endorsement of those products or of 

the manufacturers thereof by pest control programmes. 

iv

I. GENERAL INFORMATION 

A. Action Statement 

The information contained in this document is intended for use only when a peach 

fruit fly (PFF) infestation is known to exist. This Action Plan is to be used for guidance in 

implementing eradication procedures and in preventing spread to other locations. It provides 

technical and general information needed to implement any phase of a PFF eradication 

program. Specific emergency program action is to be based on information available at the 

time of infestation. 

B. Background Information 

The PFF is native to Asia. This tephritid fly occurs in Southeast Asia, Egypt, India, 

Mauritius, Moluccas Islands, Pakistan, Reunion Island, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. An 

infestation in California in 1984 was eradicated. The PFF has been recorded worldwide on 

42 different fruit hosts. Injury to fruit occurs through oviposition punctures and subsequent 

larval feeding. 

C. Life Cycle Application 

Insect development is temperature dependent. Egg, larval, and adult reproductive 

development are influenced by air temperatures. Pupal development is influenced by soil 

temperatures. In both environments, there is a minimum temperature threshold below which 

no measurable development takes place. A model can be designed to use air temperature data 

for all insect stages and to predict the entire life cycle. Temperature data area available from 

the National, private, State, university, or industry sources or are generated by strategically 

placed soil probes and thermometers. If available, electronic temperature recording 

equipment, such as a HP4CI or Biophenometer TA51, should be used. 

Many of the critical parameters for PFF have yet to be determined. In the absence of 

other reliable data, the developmental threshold (taken from Oriental fruit fly (OFF)) is 

assumed to be 12.2 ºC in air and 9.4 ºC in soil. The number of degrees accumulated above 

the developmental threshold for a life stage for 1 day are called day degrees (DD). For the air 

model depicted in the table below, 344 DD must be accumulated before own life cycle has 

been completed. Note: Since PFF pupae can be reportedly overwinter for periods of up to 46 

days, these formulas must be used with extreme caution. 

1

Formula: 

Minimum 

Daily 

Maximum 

Daily 

Total 

Temp ºC + Temp ºC = Temp ºC 

2 

Average Threshold Day 

Daily 

Degrees 

= Temp ºC - Temp ºC = Temp ºC 

Example: (Air Model 12.2 C Threshold) 

Minimum 

Daily 

Maximum 

Daily 

Total 

12 2 ºC + 23.3 ºC = 35.5 ºC 

2 

Average Threshold Day 

Daily 

Degrees 

= 17.75 ºC - 12.2 ºC = 5.6 DD 

Program actions are guided in part by insect life cycle data. Eradication treatments, 

length of trapping activities, and regulatory functions are affected primarily by the length of 

time it takes to complete each phase of the life cycle. Unforeseen delays in completion of the 

life cycle must be anticipated. 

2

II. 

SURVEY PROCEDURES 

(See Addendum D for Technical Survey Information) 

A. Delimiting Survey 

When one or more PFF are collected in an area, a delimiting survey will be 

implemented immediately to determine population distribution. Using the site of detection as 

the epicenter (focal point), Jackson traps will be set out in a 10-3-3-3-3 per square kilometer 

(km 2 ) trap array sequence. The traps are to be serviced weekly, with core traps serviced daily 

for the first week. Traps will be maintained through three PFF generations after the last fly 

find. 

IPMT McPhail traps are to be placed in the core area and the first buffer area at the 

same rate as the Jackson traps. 

If a fly is found in a particular square kilometer mi 2 , that area becomes an additional 

core area. 

B. Monitoring/Evaluation Survey 

A monitoring/evaluation survey will be conducted in that area where eradication 

treatments are applied (See Section IV.F. for details). 

C. Fruit Cutting Survey 

Preferred host fruit from the core, first buffer, and surrounding preferred host areas 

can be surveyed, depending on host availability. Fruit from the core area is to be cut and 

examined at the site. If fruit fly larvae are found the infested samples are taken in a sealed 

container for identification by an authorized entomologist. 

D. Host Collection and Holding 

Fruit can be collected within approximately 200 meters (m) of a detection and held for 

at least one PFF life cycle at an optimum and developmental temperature of 27 C and 70 

percent relative humidity. Security of the facility where the fruit is held must be equal to 

those established for a quarantine insect rearing facility. 

E. Detection survey 

The area beyond the 7-kilometer (km) buffer area (up to a 160 km radius from the 

core area) is trapped at the minimum rate of one Jackson trap per km 2 . These traps are to be 

serviced for three generations and relocated after each servicing, depending on preferred host 

availability. 

F. Orientation of Survey Personnel 

New personnel will be trained, on the job, by experienced personnel. Three working 

days will be necessary to teach the many important facets of the PFF survey. 

3

G. Survey 

Records noting the areas surveyed, sites trapped, dates, locations, and hosts in which 

detections were made will be maintained. 

4

III. 

REGULATORY PROCEDURES 

A. Instructions 

Regulatory actions will be required until the pest is eradicated. Officers must follow 

instructions for regulatory treatments or other procedures when authorizing the movement of 

regulated articles. Understanding the instructions and procedures will serve as a basis for 

explaining such procedures to persons interested in moving articles affected by the quarantine 

and regulations. Only authorized treatment procedures may be used. 

General instructions that are to be followed in regulatory treatments are found in the 

Appendix. 

B. Regulated Articles 

1. Those fresh fruits, nuts, vegetables, and berries listed in 

Addendum C which exist in the regulated area, will be listed 

as regulated articles. 

2. Cannery waste. 

3. Soil within the drip area of plants which produce the fruits, 

nuts, vegetables, or berries listed as regulated articles. 

4. Any other product, article, or means of conveyance of any 

character whatsoever, when it is determined by an inspector 

that it presents a hazard of spread of PFF and the person in 

possession thereof has been so notified. 

C. Quarantine 

Regulatory action will be required if: 

More than five adult flies or an unmated female and a male are found in an area less 

than 3 km 2 within one estimated PFF life cycle, or 

1. One mated female, or larva, or pupa are detected, or 

2. A single adult fly is found which is determined to be 

associated with a current eradication project. 

Note: These action triggers assume that there is an established 

and active surveillance underway at the time of the detection, 

preferably based on a sampling grid of some kind. 

When detections are made, implement the following steps: 

1. Issue Emergency Action Notifications to all growers and 

establishments that grow, handle, or process regulated articles 

within 7.5 km of the epicenter. Emergency Action 

5

Notifications and/or comparable notifications are issued by 

field personnel to the property owners or managers of all 

establishments handling, moving, or processing articles 

capable of spreading the PFF. Notifications will be issued 

pending authoritative confirmation and/or further instruction 

from the Minister of Agriculture or other authority as 

appropriate. 

2. If necessary, the Minister of Agriculture will issue a letter 

directing field offices to initiate specific emergency action 

under the appropriate legal authorities for that country. 

3. The Minister of Agriculture will notify cooperators of the 

PFF detection, actions taken, and actions contemplated. 

4. A narrative description of the regulated area with support 

documents will be developed by the Ministry of Agriculture 

(MOA) and its cooperators. The regulated area will also be 

clearly defined and marked on maps. The regulated area will 

normally be 225 km 2 . 

5. MOA will publish rules covering the emergency regulations 

as appropriate. 

D. Regulated Establishments Inspection 

Efforts to detect the pest within the regulated area will be made at establishments 

where regulated articles are sold, handled, processed, or moved. Establishments that might be 

involved are: airports, landfill sites, fruit stands, farmers' markets, produce markets, flea 

markets, and any other establishments that handle regulated articles. 

E. Use of Authorized Chemicals 

This Action Plan contains recommendations for various chemicals, methods of 

application, rates of application and any special application instructions. Concurrence by the 

MOA, National Plant Protection Authorities may be necessary for the use of any chemical or 

procedure for regulatory purposes. 

F. Approved Regulatory Treatments 

1. Soil Treatment. An approved insecticide applied to the soil 

within the dripline of host plants. 

Diazinon--(Diazinon AG-500) 108 ml (54 g. avoirdupois 

(advp)) active ingredient (a.i.) of 48 percent diazinon in 

enough water to soak 5 centimeters (cm) of soil over 250 

square meter to kill larvae, pupae, and emerging adults. 

Adjust water hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) to 6.5 or less 

prior to adding insecticide. The treatment interval will be 

6

described in the specific exemption issued by Environmental 

Protection authorities in the country. Normally, treatments 

are applied at a 14- to 16-day interval. 

Diazinon--Work Diazinon 14 G 3 to 5 cm into soil at the rate 

of 39 kilos/HA (5.6 kilos of a.i./HA) 40 grams per 3.5 meters 

diameter drip circle (9.6 m 2 ). The area should be treated with 

water that has been buffered (6.0-6.5 pH) to enhance 

percolation of the material into the soil. 

2. Fumigation. The application of an approved fumigant as a 

treatment (methyl bromide, Phostoxin) alone or in 

conjunction with cold treatment procedures. 

3. Cold Treatment. The use of cold temperatures as a treatment 

on selected products, either alone or in conjunction with 

fumigation. 

4. Vapor Heat Treatment. This treatment uses heated air 

saturated with water vapor to raise the temperature of the 

commodity to a required point for a specified length of time. 

5. Irradiation of Fruits and Vegetables. This is a viable 

treatment alternative that can be used to address quarantine 

security. NPPOs in some countries have approved treatment 

schedules that can be used for disinfestation purposes. The 

IAEA recommends a generic dose of 150 Gy for all fruit fly 

species and 300 Gy for all insects. Please check with the 

import requirements of the NPPO of the destination country 

for additional details. 

6. Bait treatment of commercial orchards. The use of protein 

hydrolyzate baits mixed with malathion, fenthion, or spinosad 

in low risk areas for 2 generations prior to movement of the 

host commodity can also be used as a means of certifying 

shipments for quarantine security purposes. 

G. Principal Activities 

The following identifies principal activities necessary for conducting a regulatory 

program to prevent the spread of PFF. The extent of regulatory activity required is dependent 

on the degree of infestation. For example, safeguarding fruit stands throughout the entire 

regulated area which are engaged in only local retail activity may not be necessary when the 

regulations that are imposed are based on a limited and light infestation. On the other hand, 

mandatory checks of passenger baggage at airports and the judicious use of road patrols and 

roadblocks may be necessary where general or heavy infestations occur. 

1. Advising regulated industry of required treatment procedures. 

2. Supervising, monitoring, and certifying commodity 

7

treatments of regulated articles. 

3. Contact visits with: 

a) Security and airline personnel 

b) Fruit stands 

c) Local growers and packers 

d) Farmers', produce, and flea markets 

e) Commercial haulers of regulated articles 

f) Public transportation 

g) Post Office contacts 

4. Visiting canneries and other processing establishments. 

5. Monitoring the movement of waste material to and from 

landfills to ensure adequate disposal of regulated articles. 

6. Monitoring the movement of regulated articles through major 

airports and other transportation centers. 

7. Observing major highway and quarantine boundaries for 

movement of host materials. 

8. Public relations is a key element and can involve signs along 

roadways, at airports and other public places. It should also 

use local media to inform the general public of ways they 

may assist. 

H. Removing Areas from Quarantine 

Area placed under regulation may be removed from quarantine requirements after the 

PFF has been declared eradicated. Project management will identify areas to be removed at 

such time that three PFF life cycles have been completed since the last specimen recovery. 

One life cycle must have elapsed since the cessation of control activities. MOA should 

publish a Notice of Quarantine Revocation when areas are removed from quarantine 

requirements. 

I. Orientation of Regulatory Replacement Personnel 

Only trained or experienced personnel will be initially trained by the individual being 

replaced. A training period of up to 3 working days is necessary for the orderly transfer of 

these functions. 

J. Regulatory Records 

Records will be maintained as necessary to carry out an effective, efficient, and 

responsible regulatory program. See Addendum G of this Action Plan for detailed 

instructions. 

8

IV. 

ERADICATION PROCEDURES 

The MOA, in consultation with its cooperators, methods and research agencies, will 

outline treatments to be used and must be notified of all treatment plans. If treatments 

selected or proposed are not in conformance with current pesticide labels, an emergency 

exemption can be provided. 

Eradication of any new PFF infestations is essential. The following provides 

approved procedures available for use in most situations. Local conditions will determine the 

most acceptable procedure or combination of procedures for achieving eradication. 

A. Eradication/Control Method Selection 

The following criteria will provide guidance for the selection of appropriate 

treatments to achieve eradication. Treatments suggested are the minimum recommended 

response to the criteria. Additional treatments can be applied if mutually agreed upon by 

cooperating agencies. Eradication measures will continue for at least two PFF life cycles. 

Trapping to verify eradication will continue for at least one PFF cycle after eradication 

measures have stopped. 

1. If two adult flies other than mated females are detected within 

a 9 km radius and within one estimated life cycle, the 

minimum response would be the initiation of ground applied 

male annihilation treatments. 

2. If the infestation criteria requiring regulatory action is met 

within an urban area, the minimum recommended response 

includes the initiation of ground applied male annihilation 

treatments, soil treatments, and fruit stripping. Similar fly 

detections in a commercial area may be treated as above with 

the addition of bait sprays. Bait sprays from the ground can 

be used in urban areas as well. The back pack airstream 

sprayers can make ULV type applications and have 

successfully eradicated fruit fly infestations in localised 

outbreaks. 

3. 

B. Recommended Pesticides 

1. Malathion 

2. Spinosad 

3. Diazinon 

4. Naled (Dibrom) 

Some pesticide bait, and lure formulations can damage painted surfaces, plastic, and 

some uncoated metal surfaces. Care must be exercised when formulating and applying these 

compounds. Possible damage caused by accidental contamination can be eliminated or 

minimized by promptly cleaning the affected surface. 

9

C. Approved Eradication Treatments 

1. Male Annihilation Option 

Spot Treatment: Apply the lure/insecticide using a Panama 

pump gun (available from Forestry Supplies, Mississippi) or a 

hydraulic oil squirt can to localized spots on utility poles, 

trees, fences, etc. The bait will burn foliage, therefore, leaves 

should not be treated unless no other sites exits.Alternatively, 

fiber blocks saturated with the attractant and insecticide or 

cordallitos (short segments of cotton rope or cigarette filters) 

also can be used effectively as lure & kill stations. Fiber 

blocks can easily be nailed or stapled to a surface temporary 

and removed or collected after 90 days. 

Apply the mixture at the rate of 3 to 5 milliliters (ml) per 

station at a height of about 2 meters above the ground out of 

the reach of children. Apply at least 240 evenly distributed 

stations per km 2 or 60 to 80 to a city block. This equals about 

1 bait station every 45-50 meters. Apply treatment every 2 

weeks. The area of coverage will be 25 km 2 around each fly 

find. 

Male Annihilation Formulation (formulated by weight) 

Naled 52 g. ---------------- 10 percent (by weight) Dibrom 14 EC 

or 

Malathion, technical grade 

------------------------------------------------ 20 percent (by weight) 

*Min-U-Gel -------------- 23 percent (by weight) Min-U-Gel 400 

Male Lure 325 ml. ------ 67 percent (by weight) methyl eugenol 

The proper viscosity of the formulation must be maintained 

(i.e., the surface of a spot application is thick enough to hold 

indentations) to avoid splash back, run off, and possible 

ineffective treatments on nonporous surfaces. 

*Normally 113 g. (by weight) of Min-U-Gel is sufficient to 

maintain appropriate viscosity. However, additional amounts 

may be required to achieve desired results. 

Procedure for mixing methyl eugenol/Dibrom/Min-U-Gel: 

1. Safety equipment must be worn when mixing – protective 

coveralls, gloves, face shield, helmet, respirator, and 

boots. 

10

2. Mix materials on a plastic tarp to contain any splatter. 

3. Using the closed mixing system, place 11.36 liters (3 

gallons) of methyl eugenol in a container and add 1.57 

liters (53 ounces) of Dibrom 14EC. Use an electric drill 

with a stirring paddle attachment to mix it thoroughly. Add 

3.6 kg (8 pounds) to 4.53 kg (10 pounds) of Min-U-Gel 

slowly while mixing. 

4. Using a funnel screen, pour the material into black plastic 

jugs and label, as required. 

2. Aerial Proteinaceous Bait Spray Option 

Treatment or retreatment should not be considered if weather 

reports indicate a 50 percent or greater chance of precipitation 

within 48 hours. 

The objectives are to eradicate the pest and minimize 

environmental contamination. Any treatment or retreatment 

recommendations must consider these objectives. 

Application of full-coverage protein bait spray will be 

scheduled and applied 7 to 10 days apart. The area of fullcoverage 

bait spray will extend a minimum of 2.5 km beyond 

any known infestation. It may be expanded to 4.0 km from 

any find if the infestation is heavy. Weather conditions may 

dictate changes in spray schedule. After an estimated two 

PFF generations of negative trapping, spray operations may 

be discontinued. 

Ultra low volume (ULV) Malathion (Cythion)—71 ml. liquid 

volume (62.37 avdp g. a.i.) of 91 percent technical grade 

Malathion plus 284 ml. of Miller’s NU-LURE (protein bait) 

per acre. 

Research is underway at the present time to substitute 

Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC - Naturalyte Insect Control) in lieu of 

Malathion in protein bait sprays to control fruit flies. For 

further information about registration, efficacy and 

formulation, contact DowElanco, Indianapolis, Indiana. 

3. Supplemental Eradication Methods 

a) Soil Treatment: Properties with confirmed larval 

infestations and the environs within 200 m will have 

approved soil treatments applied within a minimum of 1 m 

outside the dripline of all host plants and a minimum of a 

1 m radius around any spot where host fruit may have 

11

dropped or rolled. Take particular care to soak cracks or 

crevices in or next to barriers to horizontal movement of 

larvae (i.e., sidewalks, stones, etc.). Apply prescribed 

treatments at intervals stated in the specific exemption, as 

appropriate. Normally, the interval is 14-16 days. 

Diazinon--(Diazinon AG-500) 108 ml. (54 avdp g.) a.i. of 

48 percent diazinon in enough water to soak 5 cm of soil 

over 900 m 2 (5.6 kilos of a.i./ha) to kill larvae, pupae, and 

emerging adults. Adjust water pH to 6.5 or less prior to 

adding insecticide. 

Diazinon--Work Diazinon 14 G 3-5 cm in into soil at the 

rate of 39 kilos per ha (5,6 kilos of a.i./ha) or 41 g. per 3.6 

meter diameter drip circle (9.6 m 2 ). The area should be 

treated with water that has been buffered (6.0-6.5) to 

enhance percolation of the material into the soil. 

b) Ground Applied Proteinaceous Bait Spray: All hosts 

(available shelter, oviposition, or food sites in any stage of 

development) on the infested property, adjacent properties, 

and within approximately 200 m of the known find will be 

sprayed at the prescribed intervals. Ground spraying may 

be discontinued after an estimated two PFF generations of 

negative trapping or after the initiation of male 

annihilation or of aerial treatment. 

The bait may be applied as a limited coverage application 

to hosts and plants providing shelter or resting areas by 

means of a backpack sprayer or equivalent unit. 

Applications are sprayed out of reach of children or pets. 

If full coverage application is desired, a mistblower or 

similar unit can be utilized. Treatments are to be applied 7 

to 10 days apart. 

Subsequent applications, if in orchards or groves, may be 

decreased by treating every other tree. 

Ground application of protein bait spray formulations 

historically have not significantly reduced infestations in 

urban areas unless it is done so on an area-wide basis in a 

centrally-coordinated fashion. This can overcome the 

failure to gain access to all sites requiring treatment, 

equipment constraints and timeliness of applications. If 

properly organised and carried out, such treatments can 

eradicate small outbreaks in urban areas. 

c) Fruit Stripping: All ripe preferred host fruit within 200 m 

12

of a confirmed larval site should be promptly stripped and 

placed in a plastic bag and properly disposed of in an 

approved landfill. 

D. Orientation of Eradication/Control Personnel 

Only trained and experienced personnel will be used. Replacement personnel will be 

trained by the individual being replaced. A training period of up to 3 working days is 

necessary for the orderly transfer of these functions. 

E. Eradication/Control Records 

Records noting the location, dates, number, and type of treatments and materials and 

formulations used will be maintained for all areas treated. See Addendum G of this Action 

Plant for detailed instruction. 

F. Monitoring 

An effective monitoring program will be implemented to aid in the evaluation of 

program efforts and environmental impact. The application and use of pesticides will be 

assessed through the use of appropriate monitoring program criteria. The evaluation must 

effectively address Agency, cooperator, and public concerns. 

The monitoring program may include the following elements: 

1. Determine efficacy of pesticides against the target pest. 

2. Evaluating dye cards to monitor aerial bait applications. 

a) Droplet size 

b) Droplet distribution 

c) Bait deposition 

d) Identification of wind drift components 

e) Identification of skips 

3. Sampling to evaluate effect on environmental components. 

a) Water sampling to detect any insecticide levels resulting 

from direct application, leaching, and run-off. 

b) Soil sampling to determine insecticide levels and residues. 

c) Foliage sampling to identify residues. 

d) Biological organism sampling before, during, and after 

applications to determine impact of insecticides. 

e) Air sampling to determine presence of pesticides. 

The monitoring program is to be a combined effort between the Member State in 

13

which the emergency programme is being conducted. If specific plans need to be developed 

for monitoring activities, the will request assistance and guidelines from the MOA FAO. 

14

V. CONTACTS 

When a PFF eradication program has been implemented, its success will depend on 

the voluntary cooperation, assistance, and understanding from other involved groups. The 

following is a list of groups which either are involved in or must be kept informed of all 

operational phases of an emergency program. 

1. Other National and local agricultural officials 

2. Grower groups 

3. Commercial interests 

4. The general public 

5. Universities and Institutes 

6. State and local law enforcement officials 

7. Public Health agencies 

8. Foreign agricultural interests 

9. National, and local news media 

10. Post Office contacts 

15

VI. 

ADDENDA

Addendum A - Definitions 

Active ingredient (a.i.) 

Aerial Proteinaceous 

Bait Treatment 

Array 

Array Sequence 

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) 

Bait 

Buffer Area 

Cold Treatment 

Commercial Production Area 

Confirmed Detection 

Core Area 

Day Degrees 

Delimiting Survey 

Detection 

Detection Survey 

Developmental Threshold 

Epicenter/Focal Point 

Eradication 

Fruit Cutting Survey: 

Fumigation 

Generation (Life Cycle) 

Ground Proteinaceous Bait 

Spray 

Host 

Infestation 

Infested Area 

Lure Bait 

Male Annihilation Procedure 

Monitoring/Evaluation Survey 

Regulated Area 

Regulatory Survey 

Soil Treatment 

Ultra low-volume (ULV) Bait 

Spray 

The actual amount of insecticide contained in a given formulation. 

Using an aircraft to apply an ultra-low volume mixture of insecticide and protein 

hydrolysate bait to a treatment area. 

The trapping pattern in a 2.56 km 2 area. 

The trapping pattern (array) beginning with the core area and continuing outward 

through each buffer area ending with the outer buffer area. 

The scientific name of the PFF. 

An attractant and food source mixed with an insecticide for treating PFF 

infestations. 

The area extending beyond the boundary of the core - 1, 6; 3.2, 4.8 and 6.4 km. 

buffer. 

The use of cold temperatures as a treatment on selected products, either alone or in 

conjunction with fumigation. 

An area where host material is produced for sale and not personal consumption. 

A positive identification by a recognized expert of a submitted life form (specimen) 

as being PFF. 

An area of 2.56 km 2 surrounding a confirmed PFF detection. 

An accumulation of heat units above a developmental threshold. 

Determining whether an infestation exists and if so, the extent of the infestation in 

an area where the PFF has been detected. 

The collection of any life stage of PFF. 

The installation and monitoring of traps in an area not known to be infested with 

PFF. 

The minimum (or maximum) temperature below (or above) which physiological 

development stops (peaks). 

The initial site of an infestation. 

The confirmed removal of all PFF life forms in a specified geographical area as 

determined by the completion of three life cycles without pest specimens being 

recovered. 

Cutting fruit and examining for larvae. 

The application of an approved fumigant as a treatment (methyl bromide, 

Phostoxin) alone or in conjunction with cold treatment procedures. 

The period of time required for the pest to complete all stages of development. 

Using ground equipment to spray host vegetation in a PFF infested area with a 

mixture of insecticide and protein hydrolysate bait. 

A plant species capable for reproduction of the PFF. 

The collection of five adult flies, or an unmated female and a male within an area of 

2.56 km 2 within one estimated life cycle or the detection of one mated female, a 

larva, a pupa, or a single adult fly determine to be associated with the current 

eradication project. 

An area 4 km around all direction sites unless biological factors indicate the need 

for more or less area. 

A male attractant with a thickening agent and an (Methyl eugenol) insecticide. 

An eradication procedure that is designed to kill the adult PFF male. Bait stations 

consisting of a male lure, thickening agent, and an insecticide are applied with 

ground equipment. 

Using interdependent visual and trapping surveys, as well as environmental 

sampling, in an area where an insecticide treatment has been applied to evaluate the 

effectiveness of the application. 

An area that extends at least 9.1 linear km in any direction from the epicenter or an 

infestation. This area is normally expressed in square kilometers. 

Trapping conducted around establishments where regulated articles are sold, 

handled, processed, or transported. 

The application of an approved insecticide to the soil of nursery stock and within 

the dripline of host plants. 

A mixture of an insecticide with protein hydrolysate bait. This mixture is applied 

in very small droplets by aircraft or by ground. Normal insecticide rate is 71 ml. 

per acre. 

17

Urban/Residential Area 

Vapor Heat Treatment 

An area containing multiple- or single-family dwellings. 

The use of heated air saturated with water vapor to raise the temperature of the 

commodity to a prescribed limit. This temperature is high enough to kill any PFF 

eggs or larvae that may be infesting the commodity. 

18

Addendum B - Safety 

Personnel and public safety must be prime considerations at all times. Safety practices should 

be stressed in preprogram planning and through out the duration of actual program operations. 

Supervisors must enforce on-the-job safety procedures. For complete instructions, see V, D, 

in the Emergency Programs Manual. 

19

Addendum C - Hosts 

The following host list was developed from literature citations, contacts with plant protection 

officials and research scientists familiar with the Peach fruit fly. Fruits actually found infested 

with PFF larvae are marked with a . Starred hosts should be included on any list of 

regulated hosts for quarantine purposes. 

In recent years, this insect has expanded its global distribution and host range. The adventive 

nature of this fly demands that regulatory agencies give greater attention to its presence in 

order to take prudent measures for its early detection, containment and elimination. 

As this pest spreads to new areas, it will be exposed to new and different hosts suitable for its 

reproduction, and may attack closely related species within the same genus. For this reason, 

some of the closely related species are included below without a star. Since it is not fully 

known what will be suitable hosts for PFF should it become established in other parts of the 

world, any host listed below should be carefully inspected for possible infestation. In fact, it is 

not known which hosts may be preferred by adult PFF and no assumptions have been made in 

this regard. 

This pest is similar to the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in terms of its broad 

host preferences. PFF may be similar to OFF in other regards. Some scientists believe that 

PFF may be a hybrid or intermediate form resulting from the cross of OFF with the guava fly, 

B. correcta (Iwahashi & Routhier, in press). 

Hosts are listed first by scientific name followed by common name(s). An attempt has been 

made to select the most widely recognised common name although common names vary from 

location to location. Those species without an accepted or approved common name are given 

at the end of the list. All hosts starred () on these lists should be regulated for PFF. 

Scientific Name 

Abelmoschus esculentus 

Aegle marmelos 

Annona cherimola 

Annona muricata 

Annona reticulata 

Annona squamosa 

Careya arborea 

Carica papaya 

Citrofortunella japonica 

Citrullus lanatus 

Citrus aurantilifolia 

Citrus aurantium 

Citrus limon 

Citrus medica 

Citrus maxima 

Citrus nobilis 

Citrus paradisi 

Citrus reticulata 

Citrus sinensis 

Coccinia grandis 

Cucumis melo 

Cucumis sativus 

Cucumis utilissimus 

Common Name 

Okra 

Indian bael 

Cherimoya 

Soursop 

Custard apple, Annona 

Custard apple 

Patana oak; Kumbhi 

Papaya, common 

Calamondin orange 

Watermelon 

Sour lime 

Sour orange 

Lemon; baramasi 

Citron 

Pummelo 

King orange;Tangor 

Grapefruit 

Mandarin (tangerine) 

Orange, sweet 

Gourd, Ivy 

Cantaloupe 

Cucumber 

Melon, long 

20


Cydonia oblonga 

Elaeocarpus angustifolius 

Elaeocarpus grandiflorus 

Elaeocarpus madopetalus 

Eriobotrya japonica 

Eugenia brasiliensis 

Eugenia uniflora 

Felijoa sellowiana 

Ficus benghalensis 

Ficus carica 

Ficus macrophylla 

Ficus retusa 

Ficus rubiginosa 

Ficus spp. 

Fortunella japonica 

Grewia asiatica 

Lagenaria siceraria (= L. vulgaris) 

Luffa acutangula 

Luffa aegyptiaca 

Lycopersicum esculentum 

Madhuca indica (=Bassia latifolia) 

Malus spp. 

Malus (=domestica) sylvestris 

Mangifera foetida 

Mangifera indica 

Mangifera odorata 

Manilkara emarginata 

Manilkara hexandra 

Manilkara zapota 

Momordica balsamina 

Momordica charantia 

Momordica cochinchinensis 

Ochrosia elliptica 

Persea americana 

Phoenix dactylifera 

Prunus americana 

Prunus armeniaca 

Prunus avium 

Prunus cerasifera 

Prunus domestica 

Prunus dulcis 

Prunus ilicifolia (ornamental) 

Prunus lusitanica 

Prunus lyonii 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica var. nectarina 

Prunus salicia x Prunus cerasifera 

Prunus salicina 

Psidium cattleianum 

Psidium cattleianum littorale 

Psidium cattleianum lucidum 

Psidium guajava 

Punica granatum 

Putranjiva roxburghii 

Pyrus communis 

Common Name 

Quince 

blue marbletree; New Guinea-quandong 

Ma-kok-nam 

Loquat; Lokat 

Brazil cherry 

Surinam cherry 

Pineapple guava 

Banyan fig 

Fig, common 

Moreton Bay fig 

Glossy leaf fig 

Port Jackson fig 

Fig 

Chinese-orange; Kumquat;Narange 

Phalsa 

White flower; bottle gourd, calabash gourd 

Ribbed or ridged gourd; Kali torai, Jhinga, Luffa; 

Smooth loofah; Sponge gourd;Ghia torai 

Tomato;Tamatar 

Mahua; Mohua; Mowra-buttertree 

Apple 

Apple, common 

Bachang mango 

Mango 

Kuine 

Sapodilla, a 

Balata sapodilla 

Sapodilla 

Balsam apple hawthorn 

Balsam pear, bitter melon; bitter gourd 

Balsam apple, a 

Bourbon orange 

Avocado 

Date palm 

American plum 

Apricot 

Sweet Cherry 

Plum 

Garden plum (common European prune) 

Almond 

Cherry, hollyleaf 

Portuguese laurel cherry 

Cherry, catalina 

Peach 

Nectarine 

Methley plum 

Japanese plum 

Strawberry guava;Chinese guava 

Red strawberry guava 

Yellow strawberry guava 

Guava 

Pomegranate 

Olive, wild; Indian amulet plant 

Pear 

21


Pyrus pashia 

Pyrus pyrifolia 

Solanum aculeatissimum 

Solanum auriculatum 

Solanum melongena 

Solanum muricatum 

Solanum pseudocapsicum 

Solanum seaforthianum 

Solanum verbascifolium 

Syzygium aquea 

Syzygium cumini 

Syzygium jambos 

Syzygium malaccense 

Syzygium samarangense 

Terminalia bellirica 

Terminalia catappa 

Terminalia chebula 

Ziziphus mauritiana 

Common Name 

Kaenth 

Pear, sand 

Nightshade, a 

Wild tobacco; Tabac marron 

Eggplant 

Pepino 

Jerusalem cherry 

Brazilian nightshade 

Mullein nightshade 

Water apple;Watery roseapple;Lal;Jumrool 

Java plum; Jambolana 

Rose-apple;Jamrosat; jambos; Malabar-plum 

Malay-apple 

Java apple;Water apple 

Myrobalan 

Tropical or Indian almond 

Chinese-date (India jujube);Ber 

22

Addendum D - Technical Survey Information 

I. The Jackson Trap 

A Richmond dental wick capable of holding 6 ml of solution, 1 cm in diameter and 2.5 

cm in or 4 cm in long will be installed in the trap. The wick will be baited with a 

mixture of 80 percent methyl eugenol, and 20 percent Malathion by volume. A wick 

can hold 3 to 5 ml. Avoid overloading the wick or it will drip. The initial servicing will 

require 6 ml of lure. Subsequent servicings will require adding sufficient lure to 

saturate the wick without dripping. A period of 8 weeks between rebaitings is 

optimum but will depend on lure evaporation under existing weather conditions. The 

following chart may be employed as a guide: 

Period Temperature 

Rebaiting Intervals 

Winter 10 – 15.5 ºC 12 weeks 

Daytime Highs 

Spring/Cool 21 – 26.6 ºC 8 weeks 

Summer 

Daytime Highs 

Hot Summer/ 32 ºC and over 4 weeks 

Hot Fall 

Daytime Highs 

Cool Fall 21 – 26.6 ºC 8 weeks 

Daytime Highs 

If a blowing rain should occur, all traps should be replaced as soon as possible due to 

contamination. 

Each trapper can service 20 to 30 traps per day. 

A. When baiting traps, turn trap on end and add 3 ml of ME + Malathion to the 

end of the wick. Then turn the other end of the trap up and add 3 ml to the 

other end of the wick. This will total 6 ml. Take extreme care not to drip any 

of the lure on the insert or trap body, or the efficiency of the trap will decrease. 

If lure is on the outside, the flies will mill around and may not enter the trap at 

all. 

Take care not to saturate wicks to the point that they will drip sometime after 

the trap is placed in the host. 

Care must be taken when baiting the trap. An accidental spill, even a few 

drops, will cause a decrease in the effectiveness of the trap or may make it 

totally ineffective. 

B. Once a trapper selects a trap site, the location will be plotted on a map which 

has been sectioned or gridded into 1 square kilometer or quadrant (10 x 10 km) 

23

locks. In addition, a trap location record (normally a file card), with a rough 

drawing or sketch of the specific trap location, will be prepared to document 

trapping activities such as dates of placement and servicing. The trap should be 

moved to hosts of equal or greater preference. 

II. 

The McPhail Trap 

A. Fill McPhail traps with approximately 600 ml of protein hydrolyzate bait 

solution which is composed of: 

325 ml. of protein hydrolyzate bait--9% by weight 

453.6 g. of borax--5% by weight 

3.78 liters of water--86% by weight 

These solutions are best prepared with warm water and stirred. Stir again before 

adding solution to trap. Trap should be filled to just below lip. 

III. 

Quality Control 

Field supervisors oversee each trapper's work. In addition to arranging schedules, 

helping with problems, and overall direction, the following quality control items are 

carried out: 

A. Evaluation. The field supervisor periodically checks a number of traps run by 

each trapper. On an evaluation sheet the supervisor lists the trap number, 

location, description, and date and notes the condition of the wick, trap 

placement, and trapping schedule. Trappers are advised of results and problem 

areas worked out. 

B. Trapping Directory - Map Requirement 

1. Trap Location Directory. A list of all trappers. traps, 

servicing dates, field supervisors, and a copy of each trap card 

giving the exact location of each trap is maintained in a 

directory. 

2. Map. A large-scale master map, overlayed with a grid 

showing coordinates used in the survey, will be maintained 

and updated each day. The map will show the location of all 

traps and finds throughout the regulated area. 

C. Initial Trap Training and Public Relations 

1. Trap placement 

New trappers will be given individual instruction on proper trap 

placement. 

a) Selection of trapping sites. In selecting possible trap sites, 

24

consideration should be given to the availability of food 

and shelter near hosts with fruit. If two or more possible 

trap locations meet this criteria, preference should be given 

to the site that has a greater variety of hosts and shelter. In 

many cases, single trees will be the only host available and 

should be utilized. Never pick a location solely because it 

will look good on a map. For PFF, traps placed at the 

edges of orchards or in plants providing food and shelter 

have a higher likelihood of catching specimens than traps 

placed near the center. Placing a trap in a poor or second 

rate host, or even in a prime host without fruit when food 

and shelter or hosts with mature fruit are available, has the 

effect of making the lure compete with natural attractants. 

In some cases, a very desirable host may be lacking in 

mature fruit or have insufficient shade for trap placement. 

In such cases, a nearby honeydew source is a desirable trap 

location. Generally, it is not advisable to place a trap in a 

host without fruit unless it shows evidence of abundant 

honeydew or possesses inflorescences. Both serve as a 

food source. Honeydew is a sweetish, clear excretion 

produced by certain insects such as aphids, scale insects, 

mealy bugs, and white flies. It is a good food source for 

adult fruit flies. A fungus called sooty mold lives on the 

honeydew. This mold turns the leaves on the tree black. 

The presence of sooty mold is an indication that the host is 

infested with insects that produce honeydew. 

Inflorescences possess nectar, on which the flies can also 

feed, and provide shelter during the heat of the day. 

Those hosts which are likely to bear mature fruit and/or be 

attractive feeding/shelter sites for most of the year should 

form the bulk of the trapped hosts. The common guava, 

citrus and the mango are choice honeydew sources. 

Trees having sparse foliage should be avoided when other 

protection is available. This is true especially during the 

summer months, since these trees do not produce enough 

shade. When a tree does not have sufficient shade, the trap 

should be placed in some other host or non-host nearby. 

Desirable trap sites should be noted on the Trap Location 

Record to facilitate future trap locations. This may be done 

at the time of initial trap placement or as the sites are noted 

during trap servicing. 

b) Placement of trap in host. Generally, it is not advisable to 

place a trap in a host without fruit except when the tree is 

being used as a trap site adjacent to a host which has 

insufficient shade. 

25

The trap should be placed in a host or non-host at a point high 

enough to be out of reach of children, livestock, or pets. It 

should be secured in a manner to prevent it from being blown 

down. During the summer or warmer portions of the year, the 

trap must be placed in open shade; whereas, in the winter or 

cooler time of the year, it should be placed in a southern 

exposure, but not in direct sunlight. It is preferable to place it 

1/2 to 2/3 the distance from the trunk to the outer edge of the 

foliage. 

The trap should not hang below or outside the foliage of the 

tree. The trap should not be placed in dense foliage that may 

protrude into the trap or give the fly a resting place that would 

prevent it from entering the trap. 

It is desirable to have foliage below the level of the trap but 

not necessarily directly beneath the trap. A pole with a metal 

hook attached to one end can be used to place the trap 

sufficiently high in the host to be out of easy reach of children 

and curious adults. 

2. Public Relations 

Good public relations are an important part of the survey 

specialist's duties. Trappers are constantly in view and 

frequently in contact with the public. They should be 

courteous at all times. Prolonged conversations should be 

avoided, but short, cordial conversations concerning work are 

desirable. Do not be drawn into arguments concerning 

program activities. 

Survey Officers represent the Ministry of Agriculture and 

present an image of that Agency to the observing public. 

Dress, personal appearance, and actions should be appropriate 

to make a good impression with the general public. 

Shorts and tee-shirts may not be worn. Long pants or slacks, 

and shirts or blouses with sleeves are prescribed for comfort 

and protection. 

Shoes must be worn. Leather shoes with heavy soles help 

prevent punctures from nails and broken glass. 

Identification badges must be worn every workday at chest 

level for easy identification. 

When entering a property for the first time, always attempt to 

contact the property owner or caretaker, explain the work 

26

iefly, and ask permission to place the trap. In conversation 

with the public, traps should be referred to as "Insect survey 

traps." If no one is home a notice should be left. 

3. Preliminary Training 

A vial of five dead, marked PFF (wing-clipped and colormarked) 

is sent to each field supervisor by registered mail. 

These are randomly placed on a Jackson trap insert and shown 

to all trappers. As part of the demonstration, the flies will be 

submitted for identification as described in normal operational 

procedures. 

D. Quality Control Advisors 

In a large program, quality control advisors may be employed. These personnel 

will monitor the trapping program. The advisor works with trappers assisting 

will proper trap location, baiting, host selection, trap deployment, and recordkeeping. 

Deficiencies and recommended improvements in the trapping district 

are reported to the field supervisor. Such reports are also given to the program 

manager. Periodic staff meetings of advisors are held to exchange viewpoints 

and discuss improvements. The advisors should randomly place marked flies or 

other indicators in the traps to verify that the trappers and supervisors are 

properly servicing each trap according to the proper schedule. 

E. PFF Quality Control Trapping Test Program 

During the course of a large eradication program, it may be advisable to bait a 

selected number of traps with marked, dead PFF. This would maintain a high 

level of trapping awareness as well as ensure consistency in both trapping and 

reporting procedures. Previously killed and marked PFF will be obtained 

elsewhere and handled at project headquarters. The following procedure is 

suggested to minimize risk but actual procedures may vary, depending on 

agreement with Member State cooperators. Project managers will contact 

MOA for procedures to implement this test program. 

1. Trap Selection 

Each field supervisor will randomly select 5 to 15 traps per trapper to be 

tested and provide all data to the program offices at least 1 full week in 

advance of test date. 

27

2. Preparation 

The field supervisor will be notified of the approximate delivery time of the 

specimens. Specimens will be selected and checked for color markings. As 

a precaution, the color will be changed each month, and the right or left 

wing will be clipped. Only the program office will be aware of the color 

and clipping schedule. 

3. Mailing 

Each marked specimen will be placed in its own vial with a quality control 

identification number. The number will be recorded in a quality control log. 

The marked flies will then be sent by registered mail to the field supervisor. 

The field supervisor will send the program office a list of the traps to be 

baited for logging by specimen number. Specimens will be placed in traps 

no earlier than 1 day before normal servicing. 

4. Return 

When a marked specimen is detected, standard trapping procedures are 

followed. However, the specimen is returned in the original vial, the pest 

detection report slip is given the quality control number under remarks, and 

the specimen is returned to the program office via registered mail. 

5. Oral Tests 

To maintain trapper awareness, an occasional test may be given. General 

discussion may follow each test so that all concerned will benefit. 

28

Addendum E - Life History 

I. Systematic Position 

Peach fruit fly - Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)--[Diptera, Tephritidae] 

Class: Insecta 

Order: Diptera 

Family: Tephritidae 

Also known as Bactrocera maculigera Doleschall, Chaetodacus zonatus Bezzi, Dacus 

(Chaetodacus) zonatus Hendel, Dacus (Strumeta)zonatus Narayanan & Batra, 

Dasyneura zonata Saunders, Rivellia persicae Bigot, and Strumeta zonatus Perkins. 

This is one of about 440 species of the genus Bactrocera. The genus is found 

principally in Asia, Australia and on the islands of the Pacific. A few species can be 

found in Africa and only one in Southern Europe. 

II. 

Biology 

SUMMARY 

The PFF is a strong flier and is active throughout the year, when temperatures exceed 16 

o C. In India and Pakistan, adults appear in early spring and attack jujube, changing to 

loquat and peach by late April-June, and then to gourds, mango, bael, citrus, guava, 

pomegranate and sapodilla for the rest of the year. Peak populations occur July- 

October, then decline November-December. The pre-oviposition period is 10 to 23 days. 

The female lays an average of 137 eggs in batches of two to nine under the rind of the 

host fruit. These hatch in 2-3 days. Larvae feed on the fruit for 1 to 3 weeks, then 

emerge to pupate 2-15 cm in the ground. The pupal period varies from 4 days in 

summer to over 6 weeks in winter. On the strength of published observations, PFF can 

apparently survive winters in temperate climates. 

GENERAL 

Adults of the PFF have been observed to mate in dim light in the laboratory, and during 

twilight in the field. Both males and females may mate several times, but the female 

may lay fertile eggs 2 to 7 days after mating throughout its life span. The preoviposition 

period, which also includes sexual maturation (8-16 days), is therefore 10 to 

23 days to the first egg when the time for sexual maturity is included. 

Eggs 

The females lay white, elliptical eggs which taper at both ends. The eggs, similar to 

OFF, are 1.1 millimeter (mm) long and 0.2 mm wide and have a micropyle to one end. 

The PFF female punctures the chosen fruit with its ovipositor and deposits 2-9 eggs 

within the fruit. The females lay eggs throughout the day but prefer to lay most of their 

eggs in the afternoon. The ovipositional punctures may serve to introduce microbial 

pathogens into the fruit, thereby causing the fruit to decay rapidly. The PFF can 

multiply rapidly in a suitable environment because the adult female can lay up to 93 

eggs in 1 day, and as many as 564 in its lifetime. Under favorable condition, the eggs 

29

hatch into larvae within 2 days. This incubation period may be delayed when 

temperatures are below normal. 

Larvae 

The typical larva of the PFF is a creamy-white, legless maggot which feeds on fruit pulp 

and may grow to a length of about 7-10 mm within the fruit. The larval stage lasts about 

4-16 days depending upon temperature. The larvae later drop to the ground through 

conspicuous holes in the fruit, for pupation in the soil. When disturbed the larvae 

double over and jump about. This phenomenon has also been observed under laboratory 

conditions and may be important for their dispersal. 

Damage 

The larvae will normally destroy the interior of the fruit as they feed on the pulp. 

Further damage is done by the presence of the conspicuous, unsightly holes through 

which the larvae exit for pupation. This damage to the fruit is similar to that caused by 

the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) and the melon fly. 

The PFF has been reared from 33 fruits, a number of which are important crops (Kapoor 

1993). 

Pupae 

Although soil is not necessary for pupation, the larva usually pupates within 1-6 inches 

of the soil surface, depending on soil texture and compactness. The typical pupa is 

encased in a dark-brown cylindrical puparium, about 5.0 mm long. This is the quiescent 

stage, lasting from 4 to 16 days in the summer, and according to the literature, up to 46 

days in the winter. The adult fly emerges from the soil. 

The life cycle may be completed in 20 days, under optimum conditions, but is prolonged 

by cool temperatures. 

Adults 

The adult fly is about the size of a housefly. It is reddish brown, with yellowish 

abdominal crossbands and transparent wings with a small brown spot on the tip of each 

wing. The antennae are short, less then the vertical length of the head. 

The newly emerged adult is not sexually mature and has little or no stored source of 

energy. Under favorable conditions, the fly attains sexual maturity within 8 (rarely 6) to 

16 days and will produce several generations of progeny in a year.The adult PFF feeds 

on honeydew, decaying fruits, plant nectar, and plant sap. 

The average life span of the adult in the field will normally depend on the existence and 

presence of natural enemies, the nature and abundance of available food, and on weather 

conditions. Under laboratory conditions, life spans of 78 days have been recorded. 

30

Dispersal 

During mark-recapture experiments, adult flies were recaptured 25 kilometer from their 

release sites. It can therefore, disperse very quickly into new areas in search of food and 

acceptable host for oviposition. Indications are that the PFF tends to remain in one area 

when adequate food and hosts are available. This suggests that a new infestation may be 

contained, in part, by preventing the artificial movement of infested produce from the 

area (as may be required by quarantine regulations). The dispersal of the PFF is affected 

not only by adult flight, but by the wind and by the movement of infested produce by 

man. For resting and feeding, adults disperse to trees or hosts with inflorescences or 

aphid infestations and visit hosts with suitable fruit primarily for oviposition purposes. 

During the hottest part of the day the adults hide in foliage, inflorescences, or other such 

places where temperatures are lower. 

III. Global Distribution 

The probable origin of this pest is India. PFF is known to occur in the following countries: 

Bangladesh 

Egypt 

Reunion (France) 

India 

Laos 

Mauritius 

Myanmar 

Nepal 

Oman 

Pakistan 

Saudi Arabia 

Sri Lanka 

Thailand 

Vietnam 

A report that the pest occurs in the western portion of Indonesia (Sumatra) needs further 

confirmation. 

Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) 

X 

X X 

Indigenous range of this pest. 

Newly invaded areas by this pest. Source: CAB International 1997 

31

Sources: 

a.) CABI. 1996. Distribution Maps of Pests. Series A. Map No. 125 June 1996. First 

revision. Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). 

b.) Kapoor, V.C. 1993. Indian Fruit Flies. International Science Publisher, New York, 

USA. 228 pp. 

b.) White, I.; Hancock, D.L. 1997. CABI Key: Indo-Australasian Dacini Fruit Flies. 

CD-ROM 

c.) White, I.; Elson-Harris, M. M. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their 

Identification and Bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 601 pp. 

32

Addendum F - Identification of Specimen(s) 

As many specimens as possible of the pest are to be collected for screening/identification by 

the local designated identifier. Suspect adult specimens collected from McPhail traps and 

other insect stages should be forwarded to the MOA in vials of alcohol for confirmation. 

Suspect adult specimens collected from Jackson traps should be handled carefully. To insure 

that specimens caught in sticky material can be accurately identified, the following procedures 

are recommended. 

- Cut out a portion of the insert surrounding the specimen. This will leave you with 

the specimen imbedded in sticky material on a small piece of cardboard. Put an 

insect pin (number 2 size) through the cardboard and pin the cardboard (with 

specimens attached) in a mail master-type pinning box. You are thus treating the 

specimen as a pinned specimen and do not need to use alcohol or other liquids. To 

ship the pinning box for identification place it inside a second shipping box and put 

padding between the two boxes. 

- You may find it easier to submit the entire trap insert to the MOA. This eliminates 

the risk of breaking off critical body parts while removing a specimen from the 

insert. 

Suspect larvae should be killed by placing in water, bringing to the boiling point, cooling, and 

then preserved in 70-75 percent ethyl alcohol. Suspect adult specimens collected from 

McPhail and Jackson traps and other insect stages should all be forwarded in vials of alcohol 

for confirmation to the nearest MOA office. Telephone the MOA prior to shipping specimens 

to alert them of the shipment. 

33

INFORMATION FLOW FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS 

SPECIMEN COLLECTED 

SCREENING/IDENTIFICATION BY LOCAL EXTENSION OR MOA OFFICIALS 

SPECIMEN(S) SUBMITTED TO MOA 

for Confirmation 

CONFIRMATION NOTIFICATION 

to Other Agencies 

RESULTS SENT TO FAO IF EXOTIC 

Information Relayed to RPPO’s and NPPO’s 

34

Addendum G - Sources of Methyl Eugenol Attractant 

Methyl eugenol is a clear, colorless to yellowish liquid with a clove-like spicy aroma 

with a herbal and tea-like nuance. It tastes spicy and dry like herbal cloves. The chemical 

formula for methyl eugenol is C 11 H 14 O 2 . Its CAS registration number is: 93-15-2; the 

G.R.A.S./F.E.M.A. number is 2475, the FDA No.: 121.1164; and the Brussels Tariff No. is 

2908-1800. 

The molecular weight is 178.23 and its boiling point is 244-245ºC. The level of purity 

typically is a minimum of 98%. The specific gravity (D 25/25) is: 1.032-1.035, and the 

refractive index (n 20/D) is: 1.532-1.535. Its solubility at 20ºC in ethanol 80 vol. % is 1:1 v/v, 

1:2 v/v in 70% alcohol, and 1:4 v/v in 60% alcohol. Its solubility in 1,2 -Propanediol is 1:5 

v/v. Methyl eugenol is almost insoluble in water. Limits of impurities: a.) no more than 1% 

Eugenol (maximum); b.) Arsenic (as As): not more than 3 parts per million (0.0003%); c.) 

Heavy metals (as Pb): not more than 40 parts per million (0.004%); and d.) Lead: not more 

than 1-part per million (0.001%). 

Eugenol is a principal ingredient of oil of cloves. It is used in perfumes and flavorings, 

and it is used in dentistry as an antiseptic, an analgesic, and component of dental cement. 

The product used for detection and control should be of the highest possible purity. 

SGS can sample and certify purity in accordance with the specifications noted above. Typical 

levels of purity for commercial forms of methyl eugenol are >98% and not more than 1% 

Eugenol. 

Other chemical names for methyl eugenol are: 

Benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl) IUPAC Name 

1,2-Dimethoxyl-4-allylbenzene 

3, 4-dimethoxy-1-(2 propanyl) benzene 

4-Allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 

4-Allyl veratrole 

Ent 21040 

Eugenol methyl ether 

Eugenyl methyl ester 

Methyleugenol 

Veratrole methyl ether 

1.) Haarman & Reimer GmbH 

Postfach 12 53 

D-37601 Holzminden 

Germany 

Tel: +49-553-190-1230 

FAX: +49-553-190-1845 

Contact: Ms. Alexandra Bolte 

Product number 608 029 Eugenol methyl ether. Price is approximately US$16.75/kg. 

Price will vary based on the volume ordered. Material can be delivered in various sizes 

of containers including steel drums. 

35

2) Elan Chemical 

268 Doremus Avenue 

Newark, New Jersey 07105 

USA 

Tel.: 215-369-2926 

FAX.: 215-369-2936 

Cell.: 973-615-2228 

Contact: Mike Schrager 

E-mail: Ftwmail@aol.com 

3.) Agrisense BCS Ltd (A subsidiary of Thermo Trilogy Corporation) 

Agricultural Products 

Treforest Industrial Estate 

PONTYPRIDD CF37 5SU 

U.K. 

Tel: +44-1443-841155 Ext 108 

Fax: +44 1443 841152 

Contact: Nick Brown, Marketing & Sales Manager 

Direct e-mail: nickb@agrisense.demon.co.uk 

4.) International Pheromones Inc. 

60 Commerce Way 

Hackensack, New Jersey 07601 

Tel: 001-201-487-1332/1672 

5.) Polarome International Inc. 

200 Theodore Conrad Drive 

Jersey City , NJ 07305 

USA 

Tel 201-333-8700 

Fax 201-433-06384 

Contact: Mr. Jon Dunn 

e-mail jdunn@polarome.com 

Price: US$ 20.75 per kilo FOB New Jersey 

Packaging: Standard packaging - 400 lb drum ( 181.4 kilos) 

6.) Diverstech Co. 

15515 Sunset Blvd., Suite 115 

Pacific Palisades, CA 90272-3530 USA 

Phone 310-355-6046 

FAX 310-454-9592 

Contact: Barry Sugarman, B.S.ENGR., President 

mailto:barry@diverstech.com 

Methyl Eugenol is available. They manufacture the product 

for each order and quote individual competitive quotes. 

Experience on numerous USDA projects for over 20 years. 

36

Addendum H - Suppliers of Protein Bait 

Ranking or listing does not imply that the product is efficacious. You should contact the 

persons listed for data on efficacy and use for a given species. Contact companies directly for 

current price and availability. 

1. Product Name: Dacus Bait 

Alesis Co. 

Street A5 - Industrial Zone of Thessaloniki 

57022 Sindos, Greece 

Tel.: +30-31-798440 

Company Contact: Mr. Tselios 

Used for Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and Olive Fly, Bactrocera olea, in Greece with 

excellent results. For information regarding efficacy contact Dr. Aris Economopoulos, 

University of Crete (economop@nefeli.imbb.forth.gr) 

2. Product Name: Nasiman Protein Bait 

TAMOGAN (a subsidiary of OSEM) 

State of Israel 

FAX: +972-3-9265734 

Company Contact: Dr. Rafi Wilmersdorf, General Manager 

Used for Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) control in Israel since 1960's. For information 

regarding efficacy, contact Dr. Yoram Roessler, Head, Israel Cohen Institute for Bio 

Control (rossler@netvision.net.il) 

3. Product Name: Buminal 

Bayer Co. of Germany 

Lidor Chemicals, Ltd (Authorized Sales Agent in Israel) 

State of Israel 

FAX: +972-3-5400368 

Used for Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) control in Israel. Available in 1,000 liter capacity 

stackable, wire-reinforced, polycarb tanks with built-in pallets. For information 

regarding efficacy, contact Dr. Yoram Roessler, Head, Israel Cohen Institute for Bio 

Control (rossler@netvision.net.il). 

4. Product Name: Endosomyl or Entosomyl (Dacus Attractant) 

Agrevo (=Hoest) 

Ave. Sidonia Pais 391 (Apartado Postal 6041) 

P-4101 Porto, Portugal 

Tel: +351-2-606-7051/606-3161 

Fax: +351-2-609-0570 

Used for Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) and Olive (Bactrocera olea) Fly control in 

Portugal. For information regarding efficacy, contact Rui Pereira, Director, 

MadeiraMed (rpereira.sra@gov-madeira.pt) 

37

Addendum H - Suppliers of Protein Bait - Continued 

5. Product Name: Nu-Lure Protein Insect Bait (previously Staley's Protein Insect Bait 

No. 7) 

Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corporation 

P.O. Box 333, Radio Road 

Hanover, Pennsylvania 17331 

United States of America 

Tel: +717-632-8921 

Contact: Charles Svec/Barbara Klung 

Used by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for exotic fruit fly control 

since 1957 against Medfly (Ceratitis capitata), Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens), 

Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), Melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), Caribbean 

fruit fly (Anastrepha suspensa), and others. For information on rates of application and 

use, refer to USEPA Section 18 Crisis Exemption at the following URL: 

http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/sec18/pdf/96-01.htm 

For information regarding efficacy, contact David Lance, USDA/APHIS/PPQ, 

David.R.Lance@usda.gov 

6. Product Name: Mazoferm E802(Corn Steepwater) 

Corn Products 

6500 Archer Road/Box 345 

Summit-Argo, Illinois 60501-0345 

Tel: +708-563-2400 

FAX: +708-563-6770 

Contact Person: Henry Nonaka 

Used in large-scale field trials of SureDye in Guatemala for control of Medfly and 

Anastrepha species. Small research tests also run in Hawaii, California, and Texas. For 

information regarding efficacy, contact David Lance, USDA/APHIS/PPQ, 

David.R.Lance@usda.gov 

7. Product Name: HYM-LURE 

ROBERTSONS (PTY) LTD 

5 Walnut Road (P.O. Box 1956) 

Durban 4000 

South Africa 

Tel.: (031) 3699600 

FAX.: (031) 3699634 

HYM LURE is sold as a protein hydrolysate paste. MARDI tested the product and 

found it quite similar to NU-LURE and other hydrolysed proteins. Further information 

is available from the manufacturer. 

38

Addendum H - Suppliers of Protein Bait - Continued 

8. Product Name: PROMAR 

NAFAS 

Lot 9, Jalan 241 

Seksyen 51A 

46100 Petaling Jaya 

MALAYSIA 

Tel: 603 - 7766622 

Fax: 603 - 7775533 

9. Product Name: Mauri Pinnacle Protein Insect Lure (420g/litre protein, Low Salt) 

Mauri Yeast Australia Pty. Ltd 

P.O. Box 450 or Stephens Street 

Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350 

Tel.: +61 7 4632 3500 

FAX: +61 7 4639 2031 

E-mail: mauritmba@hotmail.com 

This product is used widely in Australia and the Pacific. Much of the bait spray 

development work done in the Pacific and Australia has used this product as a 

standard. 

10. Product Name: Royal Tongalure 

Royal Beer Company 

Tongatapu 

Kingdom of Tonga 

Contact: Mr John Sullivan 

Tel.: +676 21157/22155 

FAX: +676 21552 

39

Addendum I - Fruit Flies That Respond or Do Not Respond to Known Attractants 

SPECIES THAT DO NOT RESPOND TO KNOWN ATTRACTANTS 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) montyanus (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Austrodacus) cucumis (French) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) arecae (Hardy and Adachi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) barringtoniae (Tryon) 1 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) halfordiae (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latifrons (Hendel) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) quadrisetosa (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) samoae Drew 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) aenigmatica (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) bullata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) bullifera (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) eximia Drew 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) gnetum Drew and Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) mcgregori (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) neotigrina Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) penefurva Drew 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) peterseni (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) tigrina (May) 

Bactrocera (Daculus) olea (Rossi) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) calophylli (Perkins and May) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) decipiens (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) expandens (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) garciniae (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein) 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) tsuneonis (Miyake) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) depressa (Shiraki) 

Dacus (Didacus) amphoratus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) binotatus Loew 2 

Dacus (Didacus) botianus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) brevis Coquillett 

Dacus (Didacus) ciliatus Loew 

Dacus (Didacus) plagiatus Collart 

Dacus (Didacus) umbeluzinus (Munro) 

1 

Records of cuelure attraction in error 

2 

Needs confirmation. 

SPECIES THAT RESPOND TO CUELURE - 1 of 3 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) hypomelaina Drew 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) jarvisi (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) minuta (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) ochracea Drew 

Bactrocera (Asiadacus) apicalis (Meijere) 

Bactrocera (Asiadacus) maculifacies (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Asiadacus) melanopsis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) abdonigella (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) abscondita (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) abundans Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aemula Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aeroginosa (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) affinidorsalis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) albistrigata (Meijere) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) allwoodi (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) alyxiae(May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ampla (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) andamanensis (Kapoor) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) anfracta Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) anomala (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) anthracina (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) antigone (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aquilonis (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) assita Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aterrima (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) atriliniellata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aurantiaca (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) beckerae (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) bimaculata Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) breviaculeus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) brevistriata (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) bryoniae (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) caledoniensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carbonaria (Hendel) 1 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) cibodasae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) cinnamea Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) circamusae Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) cognata (Hardy & Adachi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) congener Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) curreyi Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) curvipennis (Froggatt) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) decumana (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) distincta (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dyscrita (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) enochra (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) epicharis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) erubescentis (Drew &Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) facialis (Coquillett) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fagraea (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) frauenfeldi (Schiner) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fuliginus (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fulvicauda (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fulvifemur Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) furfurosa Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) furvescens Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) furvilineata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fuscitibia Drew & Hancock 

40

SPECIES THAT RESPOND TO CUELURE (continued - 2 of 3) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) gombokensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) holtmanni (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) inconstans Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) indecora (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kinabalu Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kirki (Froggatt) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kraussi (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) lata (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) lateritaenia Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) laticosta Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latissima Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) limbifera (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) lineata (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) lombokensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) longicornis Macquart 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) luzonae (Hardy & Adachi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) makilingensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) malaysiensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) manskii (Perkins & May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) melanotus (Coquillett) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) melastomatos Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) merapiensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) moluccensis (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) morobiensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) morula Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) mucronis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) mulyonoi (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) neocognata Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) neohumeralis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrescentis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrotibialis (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) obfuscata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) oblineata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) obscura (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) parafrauenfeldi Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) paramusae Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) passiflorae (Froggatt) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pedestris (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) penecognata Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) peninsularis (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) perkinsi (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) phaea (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pisinna Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) propinqua (Hardy & Adachi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pseudocucurbitae White 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pseudodistincta (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) psidii (Froggatt) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pusilla (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) quadrata (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) quasisilvicola Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) recurrens (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) redunca (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) rhabdota Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) robertsi Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) robiginosa (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) rubigina (Wang and Zhao) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) rufescens (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) rufofuscula (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) rufula (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) russeola (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) sembaliensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) silvicola (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) simulata (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) sumbawaensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) thistletoni Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tinomiscii Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) trifaria (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) trifasciata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) trilineola Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) trivialis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tryoni (Froggatt) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) turneri Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) unifasciata (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) unilineata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) usitata Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ustulata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) varipes (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) vishnu Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) vulgaris (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) petila Drew 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) scutellaria (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) trilineata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Niuginidacus) singularis Drew 

Bactrocera (Papuodacus) neopallescentis Drew 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) abdopallescens (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) angustifinis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) aurantiventer Drew 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) citroides Drew 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) longicaudata (Perkins) 2 

Bactrocera (Semicallantra) aquila Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) angusticostata Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) buvittata Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) chonglui (Chao & Lin) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) hochii (Zia) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) infesta (Enderlein) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) paulula Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) perpusilla (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) qiongana (Chao & Lin) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) quaterna (Wang) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) salamander (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) strigifinis (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) surrufula Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) transversa (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) triangularis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) univittata (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) abdoangusta (Drew) 

41

SPECIES THAT RESPOND TO CUELURE (continued - 3 of 3) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) abnormis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) amoena (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) atrifacies (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) bogorensis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) brachus (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) caudata (Fabricius) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) chorista (May) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cilifera (Hendel) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) curta (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) daula Drew 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) diaphora (Hendel) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) dubiosa (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) elegantula (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) emittens (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) fallacis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) gracilis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) heinrichi (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) incisa (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) ishigakiensis (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) isolata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) macrovittata Drew 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) persignata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) reflexa (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) scutellaris (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) scutellata (Hendel) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) sicieni (Chao and Lin) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) synnephes (Hendel) 3 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) trichota (May) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) vultus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) yoshimotoi (Hardy) 4 

Dacus (Callantra) ambonensis Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) axanus (Hering) 

Dacus (Callantra) calirayae Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) capillaris (Drew) 

Dacus (Callantra) discors (Drew) 

Dacus (Callantra) formosanus (Tseng and Chu) 

Dacus (Callantra) lagunae Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) leongi Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) longicornis (Wiedemann) 

Dacus (Callantra) mayi (Drew) 

Dacus (Callantra) nanggalae Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) ooii Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) ramanii Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) siamensis Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) solomonensis (Malloch) 

Dacus (Callantra) sphaeroidalis (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Callantra) tenebrosus Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) trimacula (Wang) 

Dacus (Callantra) vijaysegarani Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Dacus) absonifacies (May) 

Dacus (Dacus) alarifumidus Drew 

Dacus (Dacus) badius Drew 

Dacus (Dacus) bakingiliensis Hancock 

Dacus (Dacus) bellulus Drew and Hancock 

Dacus (Dacus) bivittatus (Bigot) 

Dacus (Dacus) concolor Drew 

Dacus (Dacus) demmerezi (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) diastatus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) durbanensis Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) eclipsus (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) humeralis (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) ikelenge Hancock 

Dacus (Dacus) newmani (Perkins) 

Dacus (Dacus) pecropsis Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) pleuralis Collart 5 

Dacus (Dacus) punctatifrons Karsch 

Dacus (Dacus) sakeji Hancock 

Dacus (Dacus) santongae Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Dacus) secamoneae Drew 

Dacus (Dacus) signatifrons (May) 

Dacus (Dacus) telfaireae (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) xanthopterus (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Didacus) aequalis Coquillett 

Dacus (Didacus) africanus Adams 

Dacus (Didacus) chiwira Hancock 

Dacus (Didacus) devure Hancock 

Dacus (Didacus) dissimilis Drew 

Dacus (Didacus) eminus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) famona Hancock 

Dacus (Didacus) frontalis Becker 

Dacus (Didacus) hardyi Drew 

Dacus (Didacus) kariba Hancock 

Dacus (Didacus) langi Curran 

Dacus (Didacus) pallidilatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) palmerensis Drew 

1 B. atramentata (Hering) is a synonym. 

2 D. vinnulus Hardy is a synonym. 

3 D. ubiquitus Hardy is a synonym. 

4 Needs confirmation. 

5 D. masaicus Munro is a synonym. 

42

SPECIES ATTRACTED TO VERT-LURE (methy-p-hydroxybenzoate) 

Dacus (Didacus) vertebratus Bezzi 

SPECIES THAT ARE ATTRACTED TO METHYL EUGENOL 

Bactrocera (Apodacus) cheesmanae (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Apodacus) neocheesmanae Drew 

Bactrocera (Apodacus) visenda (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) abdolonginqua (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aethriobasis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) affinis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) amplexiseta (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) atrifemur Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) bancroftii (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) batemani Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) biarcuata (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) cacuminata (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) caryeae (Kapoor) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) collita Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) confluens (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) correcta (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) curvifera (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dapsiles Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) decurtans (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) diallagma Drew 1 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) diospyri Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ebenea (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) endiandrae (Perkins and May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) floresiae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) froggatti (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fuscalata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) honiarae Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) humilis (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) impunctata (Meijere) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) indonesiae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) infulata Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kandiensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kelaena Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) lampabilis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) laticaudus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latilineola Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) mayi (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) melanogaster Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) mimulus Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) minuscula Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) musae (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) neonigritus (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigella (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrescens (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) occipitalis (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ochromarginis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ochromarginis (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) opiliae (Drew & Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pallida (Perkins and May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) papayae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) parabarringtoniae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pepisalae (Froggatt) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) philippinensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) picea (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) prolixa Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) reclinata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) retrorsa Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ritsemai (Weyenbergh) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) romigae (Drew & Hancock) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) seguyi (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) sulawesiae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tenuifascia (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tuberculata (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) umbrosa (Fabricius) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) unimacula Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) unistriata (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) verbascifoliae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) versicolor (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) zonata (Saunders) 

Bactrocera (Hemigymnodacus) diversa (Coquillett) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) melanothoracica Drew 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) montana (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) unirufa Drew 

Bactrocera (Notodacus) xanthodes (Broun) 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) alampeta Drew 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) atrisetosa (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Semicallantra) memnonius Drew 

Bactrocera (Trypetidacus) invisitata Drew 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) pubescens (Bezzi) 2 

Dacus (Callantra) melanohumeralis Drew 

Dacus (Callantra) pusillus (May) 

1 Questionable (see Drew et al 1999). 

2 Two records show it is attracted to ME, but still 

needs confirming as this is the only Zeugodacus to 

respond to it. 

43

ATTRACTION TO LURES UNKNOWN - 1 of 4 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) biguttulus (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) brunnea (Perkins and May) 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) grandistylus Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) lucidus (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) menanus (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Afrodacus) nigrivenatus (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Asiadacus) absoluta (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Asiadacus) atypica White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Asiadacus) brachycera (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) abdofuscata (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) absidata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) aithogaster Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) angustifasciata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) armillata (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) atra (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) bidentata (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) bifasciata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) buinensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) buloloensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) caliginosa (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) citima (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) commina Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) consectorata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) contermina Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) contigua Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) costalis (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) daruensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) diaphana (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dispar (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsaloides (Hardy and Adachi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) enigmatica (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) exspoliata (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fergussoniensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) finitima Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) flavipennis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) fuscohumeralis White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) grandifasciata White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) heppneri White 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) hispidula (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) hyalina (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) involuta (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) irvingiae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ismayi Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kanchanaburi Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) lacerata White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latilineata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) luteola (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) maculigera Doleschall 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) megaspilus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) mendosa (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) muiri (Hardy & Adachi) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) murrayi (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) mutabilis (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) neopropinqua Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nesiotes (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigroscutata White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrovittata Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) notatagena (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) obliqua (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) obscurata (Meijere) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ochrosiae (Malloch) 1 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) osbeckiae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pectoralis (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) perfusca (Aubertin) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pernigra (Ito) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) phaleriae (May) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) popondettiensis Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) propedistincta Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pulchra (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pyrifoliae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) quasipropinqua Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) raiensis Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) repanda Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) resima (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) rutila (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) setinervis (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) strigata (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) terminaliae Drew 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) thailandica Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tortuosa White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) toxopeusi (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) venefica (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) aceraglans White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) aceromata White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) obtrullata White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) warisensis White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Diplodacus) signatifera (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) absona (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) amplexus (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) continua (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) hastigerina (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) mesomelas (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) tillyardi (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) unipunctata (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Heminotodacus) dissidens Drew 

Bactrocera (Hemiparatridacus) abdoaurantiaca Drew 

Bactrocera (Hemisurstylus) melanoscutata Drew 

Bactrocera (Hemizeugodacus) abdomininigra Drew 

Bactrocera (Hemizeugodacus) aglaiae (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Hemizeugodacus) arisanica (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Hemizeugodacus) aurea (May) 

Bactrocera (Hemizeugodacus) ektoalangiae Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Hemizeugodacus) tetrachaetus (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) aberrans (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) javanensis (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) maculifemur (Hering) 

44

ATTRACTION TO LURES UNKNOWN (continued - 2 of 4) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) nigrita (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Javadacus) pallescentis (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Melanodacus) nigra (Tryon) 

Bactrocera (Melanodacus) satanellus (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Melanodacus) terminifera (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Nesodacus) atrichus (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Notodacus) paraxanthodes Drew & Hancock 

Bactrocera (Papuodacus) complicata White 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) areolata (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) fulvipes (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) magnicauda White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) mindanaus (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) minima (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) perplexa (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Paradacus) urens White 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) banneri White 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) coracina (Drew) 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) icelus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Paratridacus) mesonotaitha Drew 

Bactrocera (Parazeugodacus) abbreviata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Parazeugodacus) bipustulata (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Parazeugodacus) fulvifacies (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Parazeugodacus) matsumurai (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Parazeugodacus) pendleburyi (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Queenslandacus) exigua (May) 

Bactrocera (Semicallantra) nigricula Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) emarginata (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) eurylomata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) jiannana (Chao & Lin) 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) sepikae Drew 

Bactrocera (Sinodacus) watersi (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) discipennis (Walker) 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) mesonotochra Drew 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) neopagdeni Drew 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) pagdeni (Malloch) 

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) splendida (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) ablepharus (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) ambigua (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) anchitrichota Drew 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) assamensis White 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) bezziana (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) biguttata (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) buruensis White 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) calumniata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) connexa (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) diaphoropsis (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) duplicata (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) exornata (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) flavipilosa (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) flavopectoralis (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) freidbergi White 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) fulvoabdominalis White & Evenhuis 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) gavisa (Munro) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) hoedi White 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) indentus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) lipsanus (Hendel) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) munda (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) neoelegantula White 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) nigrifacies (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) okunii (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) platamus (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) pura White 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) rubella (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) sandaracina Drew 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) scutellina (Bezzi) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) signata (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) sumbensis (Hering) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tappanus (Shiraki) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) timorensis (Perkins) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) trimaculata (Hardy) 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) unilateralis Drew 

Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) vargus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Callantra) atrimarginatus White 

Dacus (Callantra) axanthinus White & Evenhuis 

Dacus (Callantra) bannatus (Wang) 

Dacus (Callantra) bispinosa (Wang) 

Dacus (Callantra) conopsoides (Meijere) 

Dacus (Callantra) crabroniformis (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Callantra) discophorus (Hering) 

Dacus (Callantra) esakii (Shiraki) 

Dacus (Callantra) feijeni White 

Dacus (Callantra) icariiformis (Enderlein) 

Dacus (Callantra) impar (Drew) 

Dacus (Callantra) indecorus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Callantra) infernus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Callantra) insulosus Drew & Hancock 

Dacus (Callantra) maculipterus White 

Dacus (Callantra) murphyi White 

Dacus (Callantra) nummularius (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Callantra) pedunculatus (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Callantra) petioliformus (May) 

Dacus (Callantra) pictus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Callantra) polistiformis (Senior-White) 

Dacus (Callantra) pullus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Callantra) satanas (Hering) 

Dacus (Callantra) sinensis (Wang) 

Dacus (Callantra) subsessilis (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Callantra) vittatus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Callantra) wallacei White 

Dacus (Dacus) adustus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) alulapictus Drew 

Dacus (Dacus) ambliquus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) aneuvittata (Drew) 

Dacus (Dacus) armatus Fabricius 

Dacus (Dacus) bequaeti Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) bombastus Hering 

Dacus (Dacus) chrysomphalus (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) claricognatus (Munro) 

45


Dacus (Dacus) clinophlebs Hendel 

Dacus (Dacus) Collarti Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) croceus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) cyathus (Munro) 

Dacus (Dacus) disjunctus (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) dubisitatus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) etiennellus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) flavicrus Graham 

Dacus (Dacus) fumosus Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) fuscinervis Malloch 

Dacus (Dacus) ghesquierei Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) guineensis Hering 

Dacus (Dacus) hargreavesi Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) kampalensis (Munro) 

Dacus (Dacus) linearis Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) melanaspis (Munro) 

Dacus (Dacus) momordicae (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) notalaxus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) phantoma Hering 

Dacus (Dacus) schoutedeni Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) setilatens Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) sphaerostigma (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Dacus) spissus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) stentor Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) taurus Munro 

Dacus (Dacus) theophrastus Hering 

Dacus (Dacus) transitorius Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) veracundus Collart 

Dacus (Dacus) yangambinus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) abbabae Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) abditus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) adenionis (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) ancisus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) andriae (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) arcuatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) aspilus Bezzi 

Dacus (Didacus) attenuatus Collart 

Dacus (Didacus) bistrigulatus Bezzi 

Dacus (Didacus) blepharogaster Bezzi 

Dacus (Didacus) brevistriga Walker 

Dacus (Didacus) carnesi (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) cavalhoi (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) ceropegiae (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) cuspidatus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) elegans (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) elutissimus Bezzi 

Dacus (Didacus) engoninus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) fasciolatus Collart 

Dacus (Didacus) ficicola Bezzi 

Dacus (Didacus) fonsicanus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) fuscatus Wiedemann 

Dacus (Didacus) fuscovittatus Graham 

Dacus (Didacus) gypsoides Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) hainanus (Wang and Zhao) 

Dacus (Didacus) inclytus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) inopinus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) jubatus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) keiseri (Hering) 

Dacus (Didacus) lounsburyi Coquillett 

Dacus (Didacus) maprikensis Drew 

Dacus (Didacus) mirificus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) mulgens Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) nanus Collart 

Dacus (Didacus) opacatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) opinatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) ortholomatus (Hardy) 

Dacus (Didacus) ostiofaciens Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) pamelae (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) panpyrrhus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) pintadus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) pullescens Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) rugatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) serratus (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) siliqualactis Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) sphaeristicus Speiser 

Dacus (Didacus) tenebricus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) trigonus Bezzi 

Dacus (Didacus) tubatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) umbrilatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) vansomereni Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) venetatus Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) viator Munro 

Dacus (Didacus) xanthaspis (Munro) 

Dacus (Didacus) zavattarianus (Hering) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) annulatus Becker 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) apostator (Hering) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) apoxanthus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) bifasciatus (Hering) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) chamun (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) chapini Curran 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) erythraeus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) externellus (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) freidbergi (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) hamatus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) hapalus (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) hyalobasis Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) iaspideus Munro 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) inflatus Munro 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) inornatus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) interjectus (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) longistylus Wiedemann 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) macer Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) marshalli Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) maynei Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) meladassus (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) mochii Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) obesus Munro 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) persicus Hendel 

46


Dacus (Leptoxyda) phloginus (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) purpurifrons Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) pusillator (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) retextus Munro 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) rubicundus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) rufoscutellatus (Hering) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) rufus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) ruslan (Hering) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) scaber Loew 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) seguyi (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) semisphaerus Becker 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) sicatoluteus (Munro) 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) temnopterus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) triater Munro 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) woodi Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) xanthopus Bezzi 

Dacus (Leptoxyda) zavattarii (Hering) 

Dacus (Metidacus) adenae (Hering) 

Dacus (Metidacus) amberiens (Munro) 

Dacus (Metidacus) bidens (Curran) 

Dacus (Metidacus) delicatus Munro 

Dacus (Metidacus) herensis (Munro) 

Dacus (Metidacus) lotus (Bezzi) 

Dacus (Metidacus) partus (Munro) 

Dacus (Metidacus) pergulariae Munro 

Dacus (Metidacus) phimis (Munro) 

Dacus (Metidacus) purus (Curran) 

Dacus (Metidacus) radmirus Hering 

Dacus (Metidacus) rutilus Munro 

Dacus (Metidacus) stylifer (Bezzi) 

Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy 

Monacrostichus citricola Bezzi 

Monacrostichus malaysiae Drew & Hancock 

1 Cunningham 1989 and Drew 1974 both cite that 

B. ochrosiae (Malloch) is attracted to cuelure, but 

Drew (personal communication) expresses his doubts 

that the earlier citations are accurate. 

Note: Although the literature may indicated that a given species is attracted to one or several known lures or 

attractants, quite often there is no indication to what degree that species may be attracted. It should not be 

assumed that all species listed above respond in the same fashion to the lure. In fact, it would be safer to assume 

that the response can be quite varied in relation to the actual population that exists. Lure or attractants can be 

extremely powerful in attracting certain species. Those species that are not attracted to any known lure would be 

candidates for area-wide control using the SIT. 

Sources: 

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pp. 372. 

Drew, R. A. I. 1974. The responses of fruit fly species in the South Pacific area to male attractants. J. Aust. 

Entomol. Soc., 13:267-270. 

Drew, R. A. I. 1989. The tropical fruit flies of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Mem. Queensland Mus. 

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Drew, R. A. I.; Hancock, D. L.; Romig, M. C. 1999. New species and records of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: 

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Hancock, D. L. 1985. New species and records of African Dacinae. Arnoldia Zimb. 9:299-314. 

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ROM). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 

47

Addendum J - Additional References 

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Genetica 54(1):11-15. 

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control. Chemical Control of Insect Behavior. Wiley and Sons, New York. 327-344. 

Deshmukh, S.N. and Joid, B.S., 1975. Dimethoate residues on peaches Dacus zonatus. J. 

Food Sci. Tech. 12(2):92-94. 

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Fletcher, B.S. 1989b. Ecology ; life history strategies of tephritid fruit flies, In: Robinson, 

A.S. & Hooper, G.H.S (eds), Fruit Flies; their biology, natural enemies and control. World 

Crop Pests, 3(B): 195-208. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

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Pests, 3(B): 209-219. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

48

Grewal, J.S., 1981. Relative incidence of infestation by 2 species of fruit flies Carponyia 

vesuvian and Dacus zonatus on Ber in the Punjab, India. India J. Ecol. 8(1):123-125. 

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dorsalis) survey and control. Chemical Control of Insect Behavior. 327-344. Wiley and 

Sons, New York. 

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49

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50

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