AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD - Calodema

AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD______________________________________________________________2007 (No 7) ISSN 1325-2992 March, 2007______________________________________________________________Some Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Considerations on the Class Reptilia in Australia.An Introduction to the Sea Turtles of Australia.byRichard W. WellsP.O. Box 826, Lismore, New South WalesAustralia, 2480IntroductionThe following brief introduction to Australia’s six species of marine turtles follows the acceptedclassification of the Families Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae. I have refrained from splittingsome species into their traditional subspecies, but it is clear to me that the Cheloniidae inparticular is in need of detailed morphological study across each species’ entire range. It isnot an unreasonable belief that our marine turtles are all perilously at threat from a range ofhuman activities, and it may not be too long before some - such as the Leatherback -disappear entirely. Far greater financial, political and technical support should be given to thesmall group of sea turtle researchers struggling to arrest the decline of these spectacularreptiles - and more research needs to be undertaken on all species - and known breedingareas all over the world must be protected from all manner of threats. The task is huge andreally beyond the handful of scientists currently involved with turtles. To encourage others totake up the study of sea turtles, I have included a fairly extensive list of references for allspecies studied anywhere in the world - not just Australia - as much important work potentiallyuseful for Australian studies can be found in often obscure reports and other extralimitalpublications. In this age of electronic information there is the belief that published referencelists are now less useful or even redundant, but I do subscribe to that view. They canhowever, provide a very relaxing introduction to a subject, when compared to the on-demandrapid response of internet searching. Despite the rapid availability of such reference listsderived from internet searches, the actual hard copies of such papers still have to be obtainedand this can be a lot harder task than it may first appear. A list is the first step in a longjourney to build any library, and turtle publications can be particularly difficult to source. Thislist of biological and ecological articles should be considered as merely an introduction to theknown literature - which is now so vast as to be beyond the scope of this article or even ahuge book. The best electronic resource bibliography on the world’s marine turtles can alsobe found at the SEA TURTLE ONLINE BIBLIOGRAPHY website, and as one would expect, itis particularly strong in its coverage of the global primary literature. This huge bibliography isthe result of ongoing work by staff and researchers associated with the Archie Carr Center forSea Turtle Research at the University of Florida and can be accessed by those with access tothe Internet.Family: Cheloniidae Oppel, 1811Genus: Caretta Rafinesque, 18141814 Caretta Rafinesque, Specchio Sci. Palermo, 2: 66. – Type species (by monotypy):Caretta nasuta Rafinesque, 1814 = Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758).1835 Thalassochelys Fitzinger, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 121. - Subsequentlydesignated type species (Fitzinger 1843): Thalassochelys caouana (Lacépède, 1788) =Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758).1838 Caouana Cocteau In: de la Sagra, Hist. phys. pol. natur. Île Cuba, 4 (Rept.): 35. – Typespecies (by tautonymy): Caouana caouana (Lacépède, 1788) = Caretta caretta (Linnaeus,1758).

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Queensland (Heron Island) revealed gastropod molluscs and clams were principallyconsumed, with smaller amounts of jellyfish, starfish, corals, crabs and fish being utilized.Hawksbill Turtles will actively dig amongst soft substrates for suitable prey. Juveniles andsub-adults live in the open ocean and are essentially pelagic for many years feeding upon arange of planktonic organisms (algae, pelagic crustaceans, molluscs) before maturing intomore continental shelf or reef habitats. After they reach a carapace length of around 70 cmthey inhabit more benthic habitats with a variety of substrates - soft muddy bottoms, rocky,sandy with seagrass beds or coral reefs may all be utilized for foraging. Sometimes smallerspecimens will mistakenly ingest flotsam and anthropogenic debris and this has an unknownimpact on mortality rates in the species. It is known that individuals return to their particularfeeding and breeding areas over many years.Toxicity: Loggerhead turtle flesh has been known to cause severe illness when eaten in someregions. The meat, adipose tissue, organs, blood, and eggs of sea turtles are consumed byhumans in various parts of the world (including traditional hunters in northern Australia) and itis known that many deleterious health consequences may also result from their consumption.Among the identified health hazards of sea turtle products are bacterial and parasiticinfections which have led to extreme illness or even death by organ damage, diarrhoea,vomiting, and extreme dehydration. A range of identified biotoxins and environmentalcontaminants such as heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, have also beendetected that are above WHO safety levels. Consuming contaminated sea turtle productsmay lead to neurotoxicity, kidney disease, liver cancer, and developmental effects in fetusesand children. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and children should be discouraged fromconsuming all sea turtle products. (see Aguirre, Gardner, Marsh, Delgado, Limpus andNichols 2006 for a very important review of this hazard).Survival Status: Internationally, this species is classified as Endangered on the IUCN RedList. It appears to be declining throughout its entire distribution. In the eastern USA (at SouthCarolina and Georgia) the main breeding sites have significantly declined in recent years.Within Australia, its survival status ranges from Vulnerable to Endangered. Federally, thistaxon is classified as Endangered under the Environmental Protection and BiodiversityConservation Act (1999) (listed as Caretta caretta). In New South Wales it is protected underthe NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) and listed in that State as a ThreatenedSpecies (Vulnerable) in Schedule 2 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act(1995). It is also protected under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (as amended) (listedas ‘rare, or likely to become extinct’), the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1998),the SA National Parks and Wildlife Act (1972) (Vulnerable), the Tasmanian National Parksand Wildlife Act (1970) (Endangered), the Qld Nature Conservation Act (1992) (Endangered).It is also technically protected under the Victorian Wildlife Act (1975) but not listed asthreatened in Schedule 2 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988) [however, Iconsider that it should be treated as an Endangered species in Victoria]. Although regardedas common in its primary habitats, it is another heavily exploited species of turtle in someparts of the world, and is threatened with extinction over much of its global range mainlythrough egg-poaching. Countless numbers are also accidentally drowned in fishingoperations, entanglements with marine debris or poisoned through pollution. In many parts ofits range, this species has also been increasingly infected with a debilitating illness(Fibropapillomatosis) which is apparently caused by a virus.Etymology: The name ‘Caretta’ is generally thought to mean ‘tortoise-shell' and 'Carettagigas', means 'large tortoise-shell' - referring to the morphology of the species' carapace.However, ‘caretta’ is actually from the Spanish ‘carey’ which means ‘type of turtle’ and theLatin ‘etta’ meaning ‘little’Genus: Chelonia Brongniart, 18001800 Chelonia Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 2: 89. – Subsequently designatedtype species (Bell 1828): Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1805 Chelone Brogniart (nomen novum), Mém. prés. Inst. Paris, 1: 610.1814 Chelonias Rafinesque (nomen novum), Specchio Sci. Palermo, 2: 66.1828 Chelona Fleming (nomen novum), Hist. Brit. Anim.: 149.4

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-901838 Mydas Cocteau in de la Sagra (non Mydas Fabricius, 1794 = Diptera; non MydasBonaparte, 1831 = Mammalia, Primates), Hist. phys. pol. natur. Île Cuba, 4 (Rept.): 19. –Type species (by tautonymy): Chelonia (Mydas) viridis (Schneider, 1783) = Chelonia (Mydas)virgata Schweigger, 1812 = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1843 Mydasea Gervais, Dict. Hist. natur., 3: 457. – Type species (by tautonymy): Mydaseamydas Linnaeus, 1758 = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1846 Euchelonia Tschudi, Fauna peruana: 22. – Type species (by monotypy): Chelonia(Euchelonia) midas [sic] = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1848 Megemys Gistel (nomen novum pro Chelonia Brongniart, 1800), Naturgesch. Thiere: 8.1858 Euchelys Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20 (Herpetol.): 447. – Typespecies (by monotypy): Euchelys macropus (Walbaum, 1782) = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus,1758).Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)1758 Testudo mydas Linnaeus, Syst. Natur., Ed. 10, 1: 197. – Restricted Type Locality(Mertens & Müller 1928): Ascension Island.1782 Testudo macropus Walbaum (nomen illegitimum), Chelonogr.: 112. – Type Locality:unknown.1783 Testudo viridis Schneider, Allgem. Naturgesch. Schildkr.: 299; plate 2. – DesignatedType Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Charleston, South Carolina.1787 Testudo japonica Thunberg, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., Stockholm, 8: 178; plate 7:fig. 1. – Type Locality: Japan.1788 Testudo marina vulgaris Lacépède (nomen novum pro Testudo mydas Linnaeus, 1758),Hist. natur. Quadrup. ovip., 1 (Synops. méthod.): 54; plate.1788 ? Testudo viridi-squamosa Lacépède (nomen suppressum: Opinion 660, ICZN 1963),Hist. natur. Quadrup. ovip., 1 (Synops. méthod.): 92; plate. – Restricted Type Locality(Brongersma 1961): Blanquilla Island, Caribbean Sea.1800 Chelonia mydas – Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 2: 89.1800 Testudo chloronotos Bechstein, Naturgesch. Amphib., 1: 107. – Restricted Type Locality(Brongersma 1961): Blanquilla Island, Caribbean Sea.1801 Testudo rugosa Daudin [non Testudo rugosa Shaw, 1802 = Trachemys terrapen(Lacépède, 1788) or Trachemys decussata decussata (Gray, 1831)], Hist. natur. gén. part.Rept., 2, 1802: 37. – Type Locality: Maledives.1801 Testudo cepediana Daudin, Hist. natur. gén. part. Rept., 2, 1802: 50; plate 17: fig. 1. –Type Locality: unknown.1805 Chelone mydas – Brogniart, Essai Classif. Natur. Rept.: 27.1812 Chelonia japonica – Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 290.1812 Chelonia mydas – Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 291.1812 Chelonia virgata Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 291. – RestrictedType Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Bermuda Islands.1820 Caretta cepedii Merrem (nomen novum pro Testudo cepediana Daudin, 1801), Tentam.Syst. Amphib.: 18.1820 Caretta esculenta Merrem, Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 18. – Type Locality: Atlantic Ocean.1820 Caretta nasicornis Merrem, Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 18. – Designated Type Locality (hocloco): Atlantic Ocean.1820 Caretta thunbergii Merrem (nomen novum pro Testudo japonica Thunberg, 1787),Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 19.1826 Caretta mydas – Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept.: 44.1826 Caretta virgata – Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept.: 44.1829 Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier, Règne animal, Ed. 2, 2: 13. – Designated Type Locality(hoc loco): Ascension Island.1829 Chelonia maculosa Cuvier, Règne animal, Ed. 2, 2: 13. Designated Type Locality (Smith& Taylor 1950): Ascension Island.1830 Chelonia midas Wagler (ex errore), Natürl. Syst. Amphib.: 133.1831 Chelonia mydas var. japonica – Gray, Synops. Rept., 1 (Cataphracta): 53.1832 Chelonia esculenta – Wiegmann & Ruthe, Handb. Zool.: 165.1834 Chelonia bicarinata Lesson, In: Bélanger, Voy. Ind.-Orient., Zool.: 301. – Type Locality:Atlantic Ocean.1835 Chelonia viridis – Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold, Fauna Japon., Rept.: 18.5

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-901835 Chelonia marmorata Duméril & Bibron, Erpétol. gén., Hist. natur. Rept., 2: 546; plate 23:figs 1, 1a. – Type Locality: Ascension Island.1835 Chelonia (Chelonia) cepedeana Fitzinger (ex errore), Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1:128.1838 Mydas mydas – Cocteau, In : de la Sagra, Hist. phys. pol. natur. Île Cuba, 4 (Rept.): 22.1843 Mydasea mydas – Gervais, Dict. Hist. natur., 3: 457.1846 EuChelonia mydas – Tschudi, Fauna peruana: 22.1848 Megemys mydas – Gistel, Naturgesch. Thiere: 8.1858 Chelonia formosa Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20 (Herpetol.):456; plate 31: figs 1-4. – Type Locality: Fiji Islands.1858 Chelonia tenuis Girard, Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20(Herpetol.): 459; plate 31: fig. 8. – Type Locality: Honden Island, Tahiti, Eimeo and RosaIsland.1858 Euchelys macropus – Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20 (Herpetol.):447.1862 Chelone macropus – Strauch, Mém. Acad. impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5 (7): 61.1862 Chelone maculosa – Strauch, Mém. Acad. impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5 (7):186.1862 Chelone marmorata – Strauch, Mém. Acad. impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5 (7):187.1862 Chelone virgata – Strauch, Mém. Acad. impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5 (7): 183.1862 Chelone viridis – Strauch, Mém. Acad. impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5 (7): 185.1864 Chelonia albiventer Nardo, Atti R. Ist. Ven. Sci. Lett. Arti, Ser. 3, 9: 1420; plate 35. –Type Locality: harbour of Malamocco, Adriatic Sea.1865 Thalassiochelys albiventer – Günther, Zool. Rec., Rept.: 148.1868 Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, Ann. Sci. natur., (5) 10: 122. – Type Locality: mouth of RioNagualate, Pacific coast of Guatemala.1870 Mydas viridis – Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. Coll. Brit. Mus., 1 (Testud.): 119.1871 Chelone midas – Cope, Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia, 1871: 214.1887 Chelonia lata Philippi, Zool. Garten, 28: 84. – Type Locality: Valparaiso.1889 Chelone mydas – Boulenger, Cat. Chelon. Rhynchoceph. Crocod. Brit. Mus. (Natur.Hist.): 180.1928 Chelonia mydas mydas – Mertens & Müller, Abh. Senckenb. naturforsch. Ges., 41: 23.1952 Chelonia mydas agassizii – Carr, Handbook of Turtles: 357.1962 Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell, Los Angeles Co. Mus. Publ. Sci., 61: 4; figs 1-5. –Type Locality: Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte, Mexico.1967 Chelonia mydas agassizi Pritchard (ex errore), Living Turtles of the World: 201.1979 Chelonia mydus Nutaphand (ex errore), Turtles of Thailand: 70.1979 Chelonia mydas carinegra Nutaphand (ex errore), Turtles of Thailand: 200.Most workers treat this as a single variable species, although it is often divided into twoseparate subspecies - Chelonia mydas mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Atlantic Ocean andEuropean waters such as the Mediterranean Sea, and Chelonia mydas agassizii (Bocourt,1868) for the Pacific and Indian Oceans ‘population’; The earlier name of Chelonia mydasjaponica (Thunberg, 1787) is sometimes applied to this latter region’s Green Turtles also.Description: The common name of Green Turtle actually refers to the colour of the fat of theslaughtered turtle - not the the colour of its carapace. However, the principle colour of thisspecies’ carapace is any shade of olive-green, prominently marked with reddish-brownstreaks and variegations. The enlarged scalation of the head and flippers is usually edgedwith cream providing a reticulated appearance on a darker brown background colour. Theplastron is whitish-cream. The colouration of hatchlings is bright bluish-black on the carapaceand white on the plastron. A number of features also allow this species to be easilydistinguished from other turtles. The head has a single pair of prefrontal shields and issmoothly rounded in profile (I.e. not beak-like). The body of the Green Turtle is deep, with thecarapace being somewhat heart-shaped, and the edges straight rather than upturned. Theforelimbs are covered in enlarged plates, and there is a lack of smaller scales between thephalanges. There are 4 pairs of costal shields on the carapace (and these do not overlap),The maximum length attained is usually around 1 metre, but larger specimens have beenfound.6

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Distribution: Known throughout most tropical and subtropical seas and oceans of the world,with vagrants occasionally entering more temperate waters. In Australian waters, it occursfrom about Sydney, New South Wales (a non-resident population) northwards through theGreat Barrier Reef in Queensland, across the top of Australia, from Torres Strait and intoNorthern Territory waters, and across to Western Australia extending southwards to aboutShark Bay. They generally only occur as rare vagrants in the waters of southern New SouthWales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia.Habitat: This species is particularly common in the shallower tropical continental waters from3-10 metres in depth such as is found along the Great Barrier Reef. They also occur intemperate waters, and juveniles and immatures up to around 300 mm length are pelagic,drifting with currents thousands of kilometres - and are usually associated with Sargassumdrift-lines. Sub-adults inhabit shallow benthic foraging habitat containing seagrass and/oralgae, including coral and rocky reefs, and inshore seagrass beds. Underwater overhangs,ledges and shallow caves are also utilised as resting sites. Green Turtles also migrate acrossopen seas for thousands of kilometres, and it is not unusual for feeding areas to be severalhundreds of kilometres from breeding sites.Biology/Ecology: Green Turtles undertake extensive reproductive migrations from feedinggrounds to nesting beaches. They breed in four major regions of tropical Australia, withQueensland having the most significant nesting activity. Major rookeries are located on theGreat Barrier Reef. In the Southern section (population about 8000), the main nesting areasare in the Capricorn-Bunker Island Group, and also at Coral Sea Island. In the Northernsection large scale breeding occurs (Population around 30,000) on Raine I., Moulter Cay,Bramble Cay, Number 7 Sandbank and Number 8 Sandbank. Another significant rookery isfound in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria (population about 5,000), where major nestingoccurs on Wellesley Island and Sir Edward Pellew Island. Anorther significant nesting area isfound in the western Gulf of Carpentaria and around the coast of Arnhem Land, with layingsites at Groote Island, Blue Mud Bay, and on the Cobourg Peninsula. To the west, severalrookeries are known in Western Australia’s North-West Shelf (population about 20,000),principal among them being at North West Cape, the islands of the Dampier Archipelago, alsonesting occurs on Browse Island, Lacepede Island, Monte Bellow Island, and Barrow Island.The Australian territory of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island in the Indian Ocean also havesmall nesting sites as well. The timing of reproduction varies geographically, but it mainlyoccurs in the Summer months in Western Australia, as well as in the southern parts of theGreat Barrier Reef (October to January, with some as late as March). The northern GreatBarrier Reef breeding extend through Spring, Summer and Autumn. Breeding tends to beoccur throughout the year however in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria population (WellesleyIsland) peaking in the middle of the Dry Season (June-July). Females come ashore onbeaches at night to lay around 100 (but sometimes up to 200) white spherical parchmentshelled eggs in burrows in the sand above the high tide mark. Eggs are about 45 mm indiameter and weigh around 50 grams each. A female will lay several times each season(about 5 is average) with each clutch being produced every couple of weeks, and each egglayingevent takes 3-4 hours for the female to complete. The female usually remains withinabout 10 kms of the nesting beach until all clutches are laid, then returns to her feedinggrounds. The eggs hatch after incubating in the sand for about 50 to 70 days (average 64days), and the sex-ratio of the hatchlings being temperature dependant - all males areproduced at 26 C and all females at 29 C. Each hatchling is around 50mm in carapace lengthand around 25 grams in weight at hatching. Following hatching the juveniles head out to seaand spend the early years of their life drifting in the open ocean. When they reach around 300to 400 mm in carapace length they move to shallower benthic habitats where they remain fordecades. Hatchlings eventually travel vast distances beyond their nesting areas, with thosefrom the southern Great Barrier Reef nesting areas on average travelling some 400 km andup to 2600 km. Most appear to travel north to the northern Great Barrier Reef, Torres Strait,and Papua New Guinea, but some have been recovered around New Caledonia in the SouthPacific. Hatchlings from the northern Great Barrier Reef rookeries have found their way toPapua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and westwards toIndonesia. Turtles tagged in Western Australia (Lacepede Island) have been recoveredmainly in the Kimberley region of WA, Arnhem Land and the Gulf of Carpentaria, and on arare occasion Indonesia, It is known that some females nest every 2 or 3 years, but7

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90reproductive females may return to their nesting beaches from 1-9 years later. Maturity isreached very slowly, in some individuals as early as 9 years, usually around 30 years, but inothers it takes nearly 50 years before they may breed. Adults are principally herbivorousfeeding largely on sea grasses, and sometimes jellyfish and algae. On occasions food itemscan include mangrove, fish egg-cases, and sponges. Adults usually remain in fairly smallareas while foraging. Hatchlings and pre-sub-adult specimens are carnivorous, feeding onfish and other available pelagic marine life.Toxicity: Although this species has long provided a food source for humans, its products arenevertheless still potentially hazardous. The meat, adipose tissue, organs, blood, and eggs ofsea turtles are still consumed by humans in various parts of the world (including traditionalhunters in northern Australia and the south pacific). Despite its products being probably theleast toxic of all the sea turtles if properly prepared, it is known that deleterious healthconsequences may also result from their consumption. Among the identified health hazards ofsea turtle products are bacterial and parasitic infections which have led to extreme illness oreven death by organ damage, diarrhoea, vomiting, and extreme dehydration. A range ofidentified biotoxins and environmental contaminants such as heavy metals andorganochlorine compounds, have also been detected that are above WHO safety levels.Consuming contaminated sea turtle products may lead to neurotoxicity, kidney disease, livercancer, and developmental effects in fetuses and children. Pregnant women, nursing mothersand children should be discouraged from consuming all sea turtle products. (see Aguirre,Gardner, Marsh, Delgado, Limpus and Nichols 2006 for a very important review of thishazard).Survival Status: Internationally, this species is classified as Endangered on the IUCN RedList. Within Australia, its survival status ranges from Vulnerable to Endangered. Federally, thistaxon is classified as Vulnerable under the Environmental Protection and BiodiversityConservation Act (1999) (listed as Chelonia mydas). Protected under the New South WalesNational Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) and listed in that State as a Threatened Species(Vulnerable) in Schedule 2 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995).Protected under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (as amended) (listed as ‘rare or likelyto become extinct’), the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1998) and the QldNature Conservation Act (1992) (Vulnerable). It is also protected under the SA National Parksand Wildlife Act (1972) (Vulnerable), and the Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Act(1970) (Vulnerable). It is also technically protected under the Victorian Wildlife Act (1975) butnot listed as threatened in Schedule 2 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988)[however, I consider that it should be treated as an Endangered species in Victoria]. The mostcommercially hunted of all turtles, this species has been exploited by mankind for centuriesand as a consequence, has been extirpated across much of its former range. Although widelyrecognised as being under threat of extinction through over-exploitation, some countries arestill rapidly wiping out stocks of this migratory turtle, resulting in depletions thousands ofkilometres away from areas where they are fully protected. It is now threatened with extinctionover much of its global range mainly through egg-poaching, illegal hunting and accidentalmortality due to human activities. Countless numbers are accidentally drowned in fishingoperations, entanglements with marine debris or poisoned through pollution. Populationshave crashed everywhere, and in one area of its range in the Atlantic a population believed tobe over 10 million in historical times now numbers less than 30,000, and similar trends couldbe expected for the Pacific as well. In many parts of its range, this species has also beenseverly infected with a debilitating illness (Fibropapillomatosis) which is apparently caused bya virus.Etymology: Chelonia is from the Greek ‘chelone’ the name for ‘tortoise’. The meaning of thename 'mydas' is thought to be from the Greek ‘mydos’ meaning ‘wetness or dampness’presumably in reference to its habitat. The name 'japonica' refers to the original location forthe taxon - off Japan, in the North Pacific Ocean. The name ‘agassizi’ honours the 19thcentury naturalist and scientist Louis Agassiz (1807-1873).Genus: Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 18438

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-901828 Caretta Ritgen (non Caretta Rafinesque, 1814), Nova Acta Acad. caes. leop.-carol., 14:269. –Type species (by monotypy): Caretta imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) = Eretmochelysimbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766).1843 Eretmochelys Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1: 30. – Type species (by original designation):Chelonia imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) = Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766).1846 Eretmochelis Tschudi (ex errore), Fauna peruana: 7.1846 Eritmochelys Tschudi (ex errore), Fauna peruana: 22.1868 Herpysmostes Gistel, Lurche Europas: 145. – Type species (by monotypy):Herpysmostes imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) = Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus,1766).1873 Onychochelys Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1873: 397. – Type species (bymonotypy): Onychochelys kraussi Gray, 1873 = Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus,1766).1953 Erethmochelys Maldonado Koerdell, In: Beltrán (ex errore), Vida silvestre y recurs.natural.: 130.2006 Erethmochelye Zhou (ex errore), Sichuan J. Zool., 25: 274.Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766)1766 Testudo imbricata Linnaeus, Syst. Natur., Ed. 12, 1: 350. – Restricted Type Locality(Schmidt 1953): Belize, British Honduras.1805 Chelone imbricata – Brongniart, Essai Classif. Natur. Rept.: 26.1812 Chelonia imbricata – Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 291.1820 Caretta imbricata – Merrem, Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 19.1829 Chelonia radiata Cuvier, Règne animal, 2nd ed., 2: 14. – Type Locality: unknown.1829 Chelonia griseam Eschscholtz, 1: 13. – Type localitiy: Caspian Sea (in error).1834 Chelonia pseudo-mydas Lesson, In: Bélanger, Voy. Ind.-Orient., Zool.: 299. – RestrictedType Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Bermuda Islands.1834 Chelonia pseudo-caretta Lesson, In: Bélanger, Voy. Ind.-Orient., Zool.: 302. –Restricted Type Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Bermuda Islands.1835 Caretta bissa Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. Abyss., Amphib.: 4; plate 2. – Type Locality: RedSea.1857 Eretmochelys imbricata – Agassiz, Contrib. Natur. Hist. U.S.A., 1: 381.1857 Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz, Contrib. Natur. Hist. U.S.A., 1: 382. – Restricted TypeLocality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Singapore, Straits Settlements.1858 Caretta rostrata Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20 (Herpetol.): 446;plate 30: figs 8-13. – Type Locality: Fiji Islands.1858 Caretta squamosa Girard (nomen novum pro Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz, 1857),U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20 (Herpetol.): 442; plate 30: figs 1-7.1862 Chelone imbricata – Strauch, Mém. Acad. impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5 (7):181.1863 Caretta squamata – Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist., (3) 12: 221.1868 Herpysmostes imbricata – Gistel, Lurche Europas: 145.1873 Onychochelys kraussi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1873: 398; figs 1-2. – TypeLocality: French Guiana.1884 Eretmochelys squammata Dugès (ex errore), Elementos zoología: 332.1899 Chelonius imbricatus – Herrera, Sinon. vulg. cientif. princip. vertebr. mexic.: 7.1907 Eretmochelys squamosa – Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 58: 511.1927 Eretmochelys imbricata squamosa – Mertens, Senckenbergiana, 9: 242.1928 Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata – Mertens & Müller, Abh. Senckenb. naturforsch.Ges., 41: 23.1942 Eretmochelys imbricata squamata – Carr, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 21: 4.1950 Eretmochelys imbricata bissa – Smith & Taylor, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 199: 16.1953 Erethmochelys imbricata – Maldonado Koerdell, In: Beltrán, Vida silvestre y recurs.natural.: 130.1962 Eretmochelys fimbricata Beltran, Ricja, Alcaraz, Ruiz, Miranda & Larios (ex errore),Biología, Segundo curso, 2nd ed.: 97.1970 Chelys imbricata – Grassé, Traité zool., XIV, Reptiles: 68.2006 Erethmochelye imbricate Zhou (ex errore), Sichuan J. Zool., 25: 274.9

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Most workers treat this as a single variable species, although it is often divided into twoseparate subspecies - Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), from the AtlanticOcean, and Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Rüppell, 1835), for the Pacific and Indian Oceans‘population’; some workers regard this latter population as being referrable to Eretmochelysimbricata squamata Agassiz, 1857 but I consider this to be in error.Description: To many people, this is the most beautiful of the sea turtles. The base colour ofthe carapace may be greenish to dark chocolate brown, with delicate flecks of golden yellow,and prominent black or reddish variegations which radiate across the scutes. The sutures ofthe head and limbs are edged in white, and the plastron is almost immaculate white. Thehatchlings are usually blackish above and dark brown below. Proportionally to other turtles,this species has quite a small head. However, the snout protrudes somewhat forming aparrot-like beak, hence its common name of Hawksbill Turtle. The head has 2 pairs ofprefrontals. The carapace is heart-shaped, the dorsal scutes tend to be raised somewhat,overlapping one another in mature specimens, and the margin of the shell has a slightlyserrated appearance. There are 4 pairs of costal shields It reaches a maximum size of onlyabout 1 m, and is often slightly smaller at about 800mm shell length.Distribution: Hawksbill Turtles are found throughout the tropical and warm temperate watersof the world. In Australia, they mainly occur along our tropical coasts. They are mainly foundin continental waters from about Fraser Island in Queensland, up the virtually the entire coastto Torres Strait, through the Gulf of Carpentaria, along the entire coast of the NorthernTerritory, and in coastal waters of Western Australia, to about as far south as Carnarvon. Thisspecies is rarely known to breed in Australia, and then mainly on sandy islands around theGulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait, but it has also been rarely recorded breeding as farsouth as Brisbane in Queensland. Also vagrants may reach the waters of New South Wales,Victoria or even Tasmania.Habitat: They prefer the shallower rocky continental shelf waters of our northern and easterncoasts and are often found closely associated with islands and coral reefs, such as the GreatBarrier Reef where they forage around the shallows.Biology/Ecology: It is known that in some parts of the species' distribution, this species canmigrate vast distances between feeding and breeding areas. However, in Australia, breedingand feeding areas are within close proximity of one another and migratory behaviour is lesspronounced than elsewhere in the world. Females can breed over most of the year, butSummer is the peak of reproductive activity. Up to four clutches (each laying separated by 2-3weeks) may be produced by a single female in a season. Usually females produce only about50 small round eggs at a laying, but sometimes clutches may exceed 100 eggs. Sometimeslarge clutches may be separated by a few years due to the energy demands that such areproductive effort places upon a female. The eggs hatch after about 50-60 days incubation.Nesting occurs about every 3 years. Although generally regarded as an omnivorous species,this is mainly a carnivorous species, feeding largely on fish, molluscs, sponges, ascidians,anemones, jelly-blubbers and crustaceans. Marine algae is also eaten. Juveniles andimmature specimens are entirely carnivorous. Many species that this turtle feeds upon havetoxins present in their tissues, and this has resulted in Hawksbill Turtles being quitehazardous as a human food source.Toxicity: The meat, adipose tissue, organs, blood, and eggs of Hawksbill Turtles areconsumed by humans in various parts of the world (including traditional hunters in northernAustralia) and it is known that many deleterious health consequences may also result fromtheir consumption. Among the identified health hazards of sea turtle products are bacterialand parasitic infections which have led to extreme illness or even death by organ damage,diarrhoea, vomiting, and extreme dehydration. A range of identified biotoxins andenvironmental contaminants such as heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, have alsobeen detected that are above WHO safety levels. In some parts of the world this species nowconsumes less of some of the more toxic sponge species due to ecological changes to theirenvironment. This has resulted in the natural toxicity of Hawksbill Turtle meat apparentlydeclining between the 17th and 20th centuries. Consuming contaminated sea turtle productshowever, may lead to neurotoxicity, kidney disease, liver cancer, and developmental effects in10

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90fetuses and children so caution should still be shown. Pregnant women, nursing mothers andchildren should be discouraged from consuming all sea turtle products. (see Aguirre, Gardner,Marsh, Delgado, Limpus and Nichols 2006 for a very important review of this hazard).Survival Status: Internationally, this species is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCNRed List. Within Australia, its survival status ranges from Vulnerable to Endangered.Federally, this taxon is classified as Vulnerable under the Environmental Protection andBiodiversity Conservation Act (1999) (listed as Eretmochelys imbricata). Protected under theNew South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) but not listed in that State as aThreatened Species in any of the Schedules of the NSW Threatened Species ConservationAct (1995). Also protected under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (as amended) (listedas ‘rare, or likely to become extinct’), the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1998)and the Qld Nature Conservation Act (1992) (Vulnerable). It is also protected under theTasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Act (1970) (Vulnerable) and is also technicallyprotected under the Victorian Wildlife Act (1975) but not listed as threatened in Schedule 2 ofthe Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988) [however, I consider that it should betreated as an Endangered species in Victoria]. Nevertheless, it is regarded as common insome parts of its range. This is the turtle that gave rise to the 'Tortoise Shell' industry of thelast couple of hundred years, because of its prominent overlapping dorsal scutes which werelargely used for fashion accessories like combs and the like. This industry undoubtedlycaused the extirpation of the species from much of its former range. Nowadays, plastics havelargely replaced the need for 'tortoise shell' buttons and combs. Its population movements arefairly well known, and possibly with sufficient time, some depleted areas may be recolonised.In many parts of its range however, this species has been infected with a debilitating illness(Fibropapillomatosis) which is apparently caused by a virus.Etymology: Eretmochelys is from the Greek ‘eretmo’, meaning ‘oar’, and ‘chelys’, meaning‘turtle’, and probably refers to the paddle-shaped forelimbs. The names 'imbricata (='tiled')squamata' (=scales) literally mean 'overlapping scales', and refers to the distinctive stronglyoverlapping scutes of the species' carapace; the name bissa is from the Latin ‘bis’, meaning‘double’ or ‘twice’, and probably refers to bissa as the second species of Caretta at the time ofits original description.Genus: Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 18431843 Lepidochelys Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1: 30. – Type species (by original designation):Thalassochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) = Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829).1873 Cephalochelys Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1873: 408. – Type species (bymonotypy):Cephalochelys oceanica Gray, 1873 = Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829).1880 Colpochelys Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 6: 120. – Type species (by monotypy):Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempii Garman, 1880.1962 Lepidochelis Tamayo (ex errore), Geografia gen. México, 3: 373.Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829)1798 ? Testudo mydas minor Suckow (nomen suppressum: Opinion 660, ICZN 1963),Anfangsgr. Naturgesch. Thiere, 3: 30. – Restricted Type Locality (Brongersma 1961):Blanquilla Island, Caribbean Sea.1820 Chelonia multiscutata Kuhl (nomen oblitum et suppressum; Opinion 660, ICZN 1963),Beitr. Zool., Amphib.: 78. – Type Locality: unknown.1829 Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, 1: 3; plate 3. – Type Locality: Manila Bay,Philippine Islands and Sumatra.1831 Chelonia Caretta var. olivacea – Gray, Synops. Rept., 1 (Cataphracta): 54.1835 Caretta olivacea – Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. Abyss., Amphib.: 7.1835 Chelonia dussumierii Duméril & Bibron (nomen novum pro Chelonia olivaceaEschscholtz, 1829), Erpétol. gén., Hist. natur. Rept., 2: 557.1843 Thalassochelys olivacea – Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1: 30.1844 Caouana olivacea – Gray, Cat. Tort. Crocod. Amphisb. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 53.1844 Caouana rueppellii Gray (nomen nudum), Cat. Tort. Crocod. Amphisb. Coll. Brit. Mus.:53.1844 Chelonia subcarinata Rüppell, In: Gray (nomen nudum), Cat. Tort. Crocod.Amphisb.Coll. Brit. Mus.: 53.11

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-901849 Caouana dessumierii Smith (ex errore), Illustr. Zool. South Africa, Reptiles: 2.1857 Chelonia polyaspis Bleeker (nomen nudum), Natuurkundl. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., (3) 4:239.1858 Lepidochelys dussumieri Girard (ex errore), U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842,20 (Herpetol.): 437.1858 Lepidochelys olivacea – Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20(Herpetol.): 435.1864 Chelonia dubia Bleeker in Gray (nomen nudum), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864: 13.1873 Cephalochelys oceanica Gray (nomen nudum), Hand-List Spec. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus.:91.1873 Cephalochelys oceanica Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1873: 408. – Restricted TypeLocality (Smith & Smith 1980): San José del Cabo, Baja California del Sur, Mexico.1887 Thalassiochelys tarapacona Philippi, Zool. Garten, 28: 85. – Type Locality: Iqueque,Chile.1887 Thalassochelys tarapacana Philippi (ex errore), Ann. Univ. Chile, 104: 731.1892 Chelonia olivaccea Velasco (ex errore), Geograf. estadist. Republ. Mexicana, 12: 79.1896 Chelonia dussumieri – Dugès, Naturaleza, 2: 479.1899 Thalassochelys controversa Philippi, Ann. Univ. Chile, 104: 731. – Type Locality:Quinteros, Chile.1908 Caretta remivaga Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 34: 194; plates 10: figs 1-3, 11: fig. 5. –Type Locality: Ventosa Bay, Golf von Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.1930 Caretta caretta var. olivacea – Deraniyagala, Ceylon J. Sci., B16: 83.1943 Lepidochelys olivacea olivacea – Deraniyagala, Spolia Zeylan., 23: 81.1952 Caretta olivacea olivacea – Mertens, Abh. Senckenb. naturforsch. Ges., 16.1953 Lepidochelys olivacea remivaga – Schmidt, Checklist North Amer. Ampib. Rept., 6thed.: 107.1962 Lepidochelis olivacea – Tamayo, Geografia gen. México, 3: 373.1969 Lepidochelys olivaceas Kesteven (ex errore), Tecnica Pesquera, 2 (23): 12.Description: The Pacific Ridley is also known as the Olive Ridley, due to its unmarkedgreyish-olive carapace colour. The plastron is whitish to cream. Juveniles may have thecarapace blackish, and the plastron dark brown. The head is large and the jaws powerful andthe snout rounded (i.e. not beak-like) and there are 2 pairs of prefrontals. The carapace isvery broad and heart-shaped to almost circular in shape with usually 6 pairs of costal shields.Although only a small sea turtle (actually the smallest of Australia’s turtles), it reache about 70cm in maximum size, although larger specimens at around 1 metre in length are sometimesfound. It can attain around 40 kg in weight.Distribution: This species is found right across the tropical and sub-tropical regions from Asiato the Americas. It has been recorded in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and southern partsof the Atlantic Ocean. In Australia, it is mainly confined to the far northern coasts ofQueensland (Cape York) and the Northern Territory. The principal breeding areas andfeeding grounds in Australia occur around the coast of the Northern Territory - principally theislands of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, and parts of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Nobreeding is known west of Fogg Bay, NT. Breeding has also been rarely recorded in easternQueenland and northern New South Wales. Sometimes vagrant specimens are also reportedfrom southern Australian Waters off NSW and Victoria - but this is exceptionally rare.Habitat: It is usually an inhabitant of fairly deep tropical waters, but may on occasion be foundin more coastal waters in the breeding season or even washed ashore after cyclonic storms.They are often seen basking on the surface, and when approached can rapidly dive intodeeper water - dives of 80-110m having been recorded. Most foraging would seem to occur inwater depths ranging from a few metres to over 100 m., although many have been taken byfishing operations in Queensland trawling in the 10 to 50 metre depth range. Hatchlings andsmall juveniles have been reported from open oceanic waters where they are presumablypelagic, however, larger juveniles and adults have been observed in both coastal benthic, andopen sea (pelagic) habitats.Biology/Ecology: Minor nesting occurs in the Northern Territory, on inshore islands along theArnhem Land coast. Nesting occurs here from the end of the Wet Season onwards and peaks12

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90in the Dry Season from May to August. From 50 to 150 (but usually about 100) large whitespherical eggs are produced in a clutch, deposited high up on sandy beaches, usually to adepth of about 25 to 50 cm. There does not appear to be any large scale synchronizednesting here as in Asia or central America, although the species is known to aggregate infeeding areas in the Northern Territory. Eggs hatch after about 50 days incubation (dependingupon the temperature of the sand) with hatchlings being around 40 mm in length. Afterhatching, not much is known about the early life of this species, and indeed it is not evenknown at what age the species reaches reproductive maturity. It is unknown whether or nothatchlings from the Australian nestings participate in any large scale migrations as elsewherein the world. Further, it is unknown whether Australian hatchlings return to the same beach tolater breed as is done elsewhere in the World, or even how often or regular females return tobreed during their lives in Australia. It is possible that the Australian breeding population isisolated from the larger reproductive populations of Mexico and central America. Migratingindividuals have been detected in feeding areas in the Atlantic Ocean over 1900 km from thenesting beach, while one was tracked by satellite for a distance of over 2600 km over a 113day period (eastern Pacific Ocean). This species also nests in reasonable numbers in India(from around 100,000 to 600,000 turtles depending upon the breeding site) in south-eastAsia, but less commonly in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Western Pacific. In parts ofthe eastern Pacific Ocean where this species mainly breeds, some females are known to layup on average 1.5 clutches (often up to 3 times, but up to 8 times) in a season (with aninternesting cycle of between 17 and 45 days), every year or two, returning repeatedly to thesame nesting areas. Additionally, synchronized breeding aggregations can be hugeelsewhere, with anywhere from 300,000 to 670,000 females coming ashore to breed on thePacific coast of Mexico, and up to about 150,000 nesting at a time in Costa Rica. Bycomparison, the Australian breeding season is very small scale, with only some 500 to 1000nesting here. The main food consumed is crustaceans, shrimp, echinoderms, Jelly-blubbersand tunicates, and marine algae has also been recorded as food. In Australia, the principaldiet comprises Molluscs (both bivalves and gastropods).Toxicity: The meat, adipose tissue, organs, blood, and eggs of sea turtles are consumed byhumans in various parts of the world (including traditional hunters in northern Australia) and itis known that many deleterious health consequences may also result from their consumption.Among the identified health hazards of sea turtle products are bacterial and parasiticinfections which have led to extreme illness or even death by organ damage, diarrhoea,vomiting, and extreme dehydration. A range of identified biotoxins and environmentalcontaminants such as heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, have also beendetected that are above WHO safety levels. Consuming contaminated sea turtle productsmay lead to neurotoxicity, kidney disease, liver cancer, and developmental effects in fetusesand children. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and children should be discouraged fromconsuming all sea turtle products. (see Aguirre, Gardner, Marsh, Delgado, Limpus andNichols 2006 for a very important review of this hazard).Survival Status: Although this species is regarded as the most abundant of the sea turtles, ithas declined significantly in parts of range. The Malaysian breeding has declined recently andthat of Surinam has almost collapsed in recent years. Internationally, this species is classifiedas Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Within Australia, its survival status ranges fromVulnerable to Endangered. Federally, this taxon is classified as Endangered under theEnvironmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999) (listed as Lepidochelysolivacea). It is also protected under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1998),the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (as amended) (listed as ‘rare or likely to becomeextinct’), and the Qld Nature Conservation Act (1992) (Endangered). Also protected under theNew South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) and listed in that State as aThreatened Species (Vulnerable) in Schedule 2 of the NSW Threatened SpeciesConservation Act (1995). It is also technically protected under the Victorian Wildlife Act (1975)but not listed as threatened in Schedule 2 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act(1988) [however, I consider that it should be treated as an Endangered species when found inVictoria]. Usually regarded as a common species with a fairly limited distribution in Australia.Pacific Ridleys have in the past been a commonly hunted by the aboriginals of Torres Straitand the Northern Territory. This species has also been infected with a debilitating illness(Fibropapillomatosis) which is apparently caused by a virus.13

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Etymology: The name Lepidochelys is from the Greek ‘lepido’ meaning ‘scaled’, and ‘chelys’meaning ‘turtle’. The name ‘olivacea’ is from the Latin ‘olive’ meaning ‘olive green’, and ‘acea’,in effect meaning ‘having the nature or color of’ probably in reference to the colouration ofmature specimens.Genus: Natator McCulloch, 19081908 Natator McCulloch, Rec. Austral. Mus., 7: 127. – Type species (by monotypy): Natatortessellatus McCulloch, 1908 = Chelonia depressa Garman, 1880.Natator depressus (Garman, 1880)1880 Chelonia depressa Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 6: 124. – Restricted Type Locality(Loveridge, 1934): northern Australia.1908 Natator tessellatus McCulloch, Rec. Austral. Mus., 7: 127; plates 26-27. – Type Locality:Port Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.1988 Natator depressus – Limpus, Gyuris & Miller, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 112: 1.1988 Natator depressus – Zangerl, Hendrickson & Hendrickson, Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool., 1: 1.Description: Overall, the dorsal colouration of this species varies from light green to olive greyand there is no pattern. However, hatchlings pale green with black edging to scales. Thecarapace is strongly tapered posteriorly and is noticeably depressed with a slight upturning atthe edges. There are 4 pairs of non-overlapping costal plates and the carapace is covered ina distinctive thin fleshy skin. The snout is smoothly rounded - i.e. not beak-like - and there is asingle pair of large prefrontals. This is one of the smaller marine turtles reaching up to about 1metre in carapace length, although an average mature specimen would be only around 70-90cm.Distribution: This species is endemic to northern Australia and nearby Papua New Guineaand Irian Jaya. In Australia, it occurs in near-coastal waters from north-eastern New SouthWales (rarely), along the entire coast of Queensland (including the Gulf of Carpentaria), theninto coastal areas of the Northern Territory, and along the north-west coast of WesternAustralia - usually to about as far south as Broome, although a nesting site has also beenrecorded on Barrow Island. As much of this species’ range is still largely unexploredscientifically, its distribution pattern is incompletely known at present.Habitat: Occurs mainly in relatively shallow, soft-bottomed tropical continental shelf waters.Feeding areas have been recorded from turbid inshore waters ranging in depth from a fewmetres to about 40m.Biology/Ecology: This species only nests in Australia, and few nesting aggregations areknown, although within each several nesting sites occur. Major nesting regions are located inthe southern Great Barrier Reef, western Arnhem Land, the Kimberley region, and the Gulf ofCarpentaria. Although this species does not have the global distribution of most other seaturtles, it does however participate in significant reproductive migratory behaviour within itsrange. Tagged specimens have been recovered up to 1300 km from their nesting beach. Thetiming of reproduction varies somewhat over the range of the species. In more southernLatitudes (southern Queensland) mating has been recorded in October and egg-layingoccurring between October and January - although most laying occurs in summer(December). A similar pattern appears to occur on the Pilbara coast of WA (Barrow Island).Further north however (Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of WA) egglaying occursmuch later in the Dry Season (from June to August). Clutch size is usually about 50 eggs, andeach weigh approximately 80 grams and are around 50 mm in diameter. Females producearound 3 batches of eggs per season at about 15 days intervals. The females deposit theclutch at depth of about 50 cm in the sand. Most egg-laying areas are on sandy islands inboth the tropics and sub-tropics, but a few are also located on the mainland. Sandtemperatures of nests (at egg-laying) usually vary between 3 C and 25 C and temperaturesfluctuate over the development phase influencing the sex-ratio of the hatchlings. Nests thatare below 29 C produce only males and those above, females. Hatchlings are about 60 mm inlength and 45 grams in weight. After hatching juveniles remain within continental waters anddo not undertake an oceanic dispersal phase. Females can return to their nesting beaches14

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90anywhere from 1 to 5 year intervals (average about 2.7years). This is a carnivorous speciesthat feeds upon a range of benthic marine invertebrates such as jelly blubbers, hydroids,crinoids, sea cucumbers, cuttlefish and soft corals. Hatchlings and juveniles have been foundto mainly eat small molluscs (squid, gastropods and siphonophores).Toxicity: The meat, adipose tissue, organs, blood, and eggs of sea turtles are consumed byhumans in various parts of the world (including traditional hunters in northern Australia) and itis known that many deleterious health consequences may also result from their consumption.Among the identified health hazards of sea turtle products are bacterial and parasiticinfections which have led to extreme illness or even death by organ damage, diarrhoea,vomiting, and extreme dehydration. A range of identified biotoxins and environmentalcontaminants such as heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, have also beendetected that are above WHO safety levels. Consuming contaminated sea turtle productsmay lead to neurotoxicity, kidney disease, liver cancer, and developmental effects in fetusesand children. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and children should be discouraged fromconsuming all sea turtle products. (see Aguirre, Gardner, Marsh, Delgado, Limpus andNichols 2006 for a very important review of this hazard).Survival Status: Federally, this species is classified as Vulnerable under the EnvironmentalProtection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999) (listed as Natator depressus). It is alsoprotected under the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) but not listed inthat State as a Threatened Species in any of the Schedules of the NSW Threatened SpeciesConservation Act (1995). Also protected under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (asamended) (where it is listed as rare or likely to become extinct), the Territory Parks andWildlife Conservation Act (1998) and the Qld Nature Conservation Act (1992) where it is listedas a Vulnerable species. The IUCN Red List classes this species as Vulnerable. Regarded ascommon in some parts of its range.Etymology: The name 'depressus' means 'flattened', and refers to depressed body-form of thespecies.Family: Dermochelyidae Fitzinger, 1843Genus: Dermochelys Blainville, 18161815 Chelyra Rafineque (nomen nudum), Analyse de la Nature: 74.1816 Dermochelys Blainville, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1816: 111. – Type species (bymonotypy):Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellius, 1761).1820 Sphargis Merrem, Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 19. – Type species (by monotypy): Sphargismercurialis Merrem, 1820 = Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellius, 1761).1822 Coriudo Fleming, Philos. Zool., 2: 271. – Type species (by monotypy): Coriudo coriacea(Vandellius, 1761) = Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellius, 1761).1826 Siphargis Risso (ex errore), Hist. natur. princ. prod. Europe merid.: 85.1828 Scytina Wagler (nomen novum pro Sphargis Merrem, 1820), Isis (Oken), Leipzig, 21:816.1829 Dermochelis Cuvier (nomen novum pro Dermochelys Blainville, 1816), Règne animal,Ed. 2, 2: 14.1830 Dermatochelys Wagler (nomen novum pro Dermochelys Blainville, 1816), Natürl. Syst.Amphib.: 133.1832 Chelyra Rafinesque, Atlant. J. Friend Knowl., 1: 64. – Type species (by monotypy):Chelyra coriacca [sic] = Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellius, 1761).1838 Dermochelydis Alessandrini (ex errore pro Dermochelys Blainville, 1816), Cenni sullaStor. sulla Testuggine coriacea marina (Bologna): 357.1844 Scytena Gray (ex errore pro Scytina Wagler, 1828), Cat. Tort. Crocod. Amphisb. Coll.Brit. Mus.: 51.1846 Sphragis Agassiz (ex errore), Nomencl. zool.: 347.1896 Dermatochaelis Oliveira (ex errore), Rept. Amphib. Peníns. Ibérica (Coimbra): 28.1931 Seytina Smith (ex errore), Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amphib., 1: 59.1934 Dendrochelys Pierantoni (ex errore), Comp. Zool. Torino: 867.1940 Seytinia Neave (ex errore pro Scytina Wagler, 1828), Nomencl. zool., 4: 186.1956 Dermatochelis Romer (ex errore), Osteol. Rept.: 511.15

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-901956 Scytine Romer (ex errore), Osteol. Rept.: 511.1959 Dermotochelys Battersby (ex errore), Zool. Rec., 93 (1956, Rept.): 115.Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellius, 1761)1761 Testudo coriacea Vandellius, Epistola holothur. testuD. coriacea: 1. – Restricted TypeLocality (Bour & Dubois 1984): Laurentum, between Lido di Ostia and Tor Paterno, shore ofthe Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy.1769 Testudo coriaceous Pennant (ex errore), Brit. Zool., 3rd ed.: 7.1771 Testudo arcuata Catesby, Natur. Hist. Carolina, 2: 40; plate 40. – Designated TypeLocality (Mertens & Wermuth 1955): coastal regions of Carolina and Florida, U.S.A.1788 Testudo lyra Lacépède, Hist. natur. Quadrup. ovip., 1 (Synops. méthod.): 111; plate 3. –Type Locality: Mediterranean Sea off the Barbary Coast.1794 Testudo marina Wilhelm, Unterhalt. Naturgesch., Amphib.: 133. – Type Locality: alloceans.1801 Testudo tuberculata Pennant, In: Schoepff, Hist. Testud. Icon. illustr.: 123; plate 29a. –Restricted Type Locality (Smith & Smith 1980): Palermo, Sicily.1805 Chelone coriacea – Brongniart, Essai Classif. Natur. Rept.: 26.1811 Chelonia coriacea – Oppel, Ordn., Fam. Gatt. Rept.: 9.1814 Testudo lutaria Rafinesque [non Testudo lutaria Linnaeus, 1758 = Emys orbicularisorbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)], Specchio Sci. Palermo, 2: 66. – Type Locality: Sicily.1816 Dermochelys coriacea – Blainville, Prodrom. Syst, Règne Anim.: 119.1820 Sphargis mercurialis Merrem (nomen novum pro Testudo coriacea Vandellius, 1761 etnomen suppressum: Opinion 2105, ICZN 1956), Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 19.1822 Coriudo coriacea – Fleming, Philos. Zool., 2: 271.1828 Chelonia lyra Bory de Saint-Vincent (nomen novum pro Testudo coriacea Vandellius,1761), Résumé erpétol.: 80.1828 Scytina coriacea – Wagler, Isis (Oken), Leipzig, 21: 816.1829 Dermochelis atlantica LeSueur, In: Cuvier (nomen nudum), Règne animal, Ed. 2, 2: 14.1829 Sphargis coriacea – Gray, Isis (Oken), 1829: 201.1829 Sphargis tuberculata – Gravenhorst, Delicae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 9.1830 Dermatochelys coriacea – Wagler, Natürl. Syst. Amphib.: 133.1832 Chelyra coriacca Rafinesque (ex errore), Atlant. J. Friend Knowl., 1: 64.1833 Dermatochelys porcata Wagler (nomen novum pro Testudo coriacea Vandellius, 1761or ex errore?), Descr. Icon. Amphib.: plate 1: figs 1-23.1834 Testudo coriacea marina – Ranzano, Camilli Ranzani de Testudo coriacea marina(Bologna): 148.1835 Dermatochelys atlantica – Fitzinger, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturgesch., 1: 128.1838 Dermochelydis tuberculata – Alessandrini, Cenni sulla Stor. sulla Testuggine coriaceamarina (Bologna): 357.1884 Sphargis coriacea var. schlegelii Garman, Bull. U.S. nation. Mus., Washington, 25: 303.– Restricted Type Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.1889 Sphargis angusta Philippi, An. Univ. Santiago de Chile, 104: 728. – Type Locality:Tocopilla, Chile.1896 Dermatochaelis coriacea – Oliveira, Rept. Amphib. Peníns. Ibérica (Coimbra): 28.1907 Dermochelys schlegelii – Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 58: 485.1916 Dermatochelys angusta – Quijada, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 9: 24.1926 Dermochelys coriacea coriacea – Pêche Marit. Algérie, 4: 45.1934 Dendrochelys (Sphargis) coriacea – Pierantoni, Comp. Zool. Torino:867.1934 Dermochelys coriacea schlegeli Mertens, Müller & Rust (ex errore), Bl. Aqu.- u. Terr.-Kunde, 45: 64.1952 Dermochelys coriacea schlegelii – Carr, Handbook of Turtles: 452.1962 Dermochelys coriacea schlegelli Caldwell (ex errore), Los Angeles Co. Mus. Publ. Sci.,61: 24.1964 Dermochelys schlegeli – Barker, Famil. Rept. Amphib. America: 98.1985 Dermochelys coricea Das (ex errore), Indian Turtles, Field Guide: 36.Most workers treat this as a single variable species, although it is often divided into twoseparate subspecies - Dermochelys coriacea coriacea (Vandellius, 1761), from the AtlanticOcean, and Dermochelys coriacea schlegelii (Garman, 1884), for the Pacific and IndianOceans ‘population’ - which of course includes the Australian region.16

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Description: This is the largest of the sea turtles, growing to 3 metres in length and weighingupwards of a tonne, although a large one nowadays would only be about 2 m and around 500kg in weight, with the average size now being only around 1.6m. and a couple of hundred kg.This species is immediately identifiable by the prominent longitudinal ridges along thecarapace (7) and plastron (4). The carapace has a thick leathery skin over the osteoderms.Mature colouration is usually very dark brown to black - tending to be darkest in agedspecimens. Sometimes individuals are encountered with varying degrees of pale cream oryellow spotting or blotching on the carapace also. When such specimens are out of the water,this pale spotting has been observed to change to pinkish as blood flows to the surface tocool the body. The plastron is usually whitish, sometimes pinkish also - presumably for thesame reason as the temperature-related changes to the dorsal spotting. The hatchlings are adeep bluish-black, with creamish white edging to the flippers and body. On the carapace theenlarged osteodermal ridges are white giving a lined appearance in some also. The throatand under-surface of the neck is bright white, with scattered black flecking. The forelimbs arevery large and paddle-shaped, lack webbing and are clawless.Distribution: Leathery Turtles are found throughout the oceans of the world having the largestdistribution of any sea turtle. In the Northern Hemisphere, they extend to the extreme latitudesof Alaska, Labrador, Iceland, the British Isles, and along the north sea coast of Europe. In theSouthern Hemisphere, they range as far down as the Cape of Good Hope, New Zealand,Argentina, Chile, and Australia. Leatherback Turtles also occur right across south-east Asia,into most African waters and throughout both the southern and northern parts of the AtlanticOcean, as well as throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Leatherbacks have beenrecorded right around Australia, and have been regularly reported off the coasts of New SouthWales and Queensland, but less often in the waters of Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia,Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. The only nesting areas in Australia for thisspecies are located along central coastal Queensland, within about 20 km of Bundaberg, anda small area of north-eastern New South Wales near Ballina.Habitat: This is a pelagic species that may be found in coastal or continental waters as well asthe open ocean. It drifts with ocean currents well into the cooler latitudes, such as the colderwaters of Tasmania. It may be found in tropical, subtropical, temperate and even borealwaters. They are often observed at the mouths of rivers, and sheltered bays and inlets wherethey hunt jellyfish. Although Leathery Turtles are likely to occur in all our waters, both tropicaland temperate, they seem to be more often reported from the warmer areas of subtropicalsouthern Qld and northern NSW.Biology/Ecology: Leatherback Turtles have an advanced form of counter-current heatexchange within its body that allows it to have a core temperature some 18C higher than thesurrounding water. This physiological adaptation allows this species to occupy much colderareas of the world than other turtles, and similarly to keep cool in areas of warmer habitat. Itscapacity to exist across much of the world’s marine environment is a consequence of its largesize, high metabolic rate, thick fat deposits, and advanced circulation physiology. Thereproductive biology has received considerable attention but there is still much to be learntabout this very secretive species. It is known to make vast reproductive migrations from itsfeeding areas to its reproductive areas - like other sea turtles - although no Leatherbacks bornin Australia have been found as yet in other countries. A specimen marked as a hatchling inIndonesia has however been found in Western Australia, highlighting the potential importanceof protecting this species extralimitally. The main nesting beaches for this species around theworld are located in tropical and subtropical areas. It nests sporadically in Papua New Guineaand the Solomon Islands, as well as through various countries in south-east Asia - althoughthe once spectacular Malaysian nesting grounds have now collapsed and are almost ceasedto exist. The nesting areas of southern Java have almost been totally destroyed by overexploitationas has occurred in Borneo. A slight resurgence of nesting has occurred in parts ofSouth Africa, but only a handful of nestings occur annually there at present. An importantrefuge for the species is Natal, while western Mexico, Panama, Surinam, and French Guianaremain the major nesting areas for this species continued survival. Australia is however, onlyrarely used for nesting with perhaps only 1 to 3 nests per year being recorded fromQueensland and the Northern Territory. A rare nesting has been recently recorded from17

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Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Anderson, A.W. and Power, E.A. 1948 Fisheries statistics of the U.S. 1944. United StatesFish and Wildlife Service, Statistical Digest, 16:Anderson, S. 1981 The Racoon (Procyon lotor) on St Catherine's Island, Georgia. 7. Nestingsea turtles and foraging Racoons. American Museum Novitates, No 2713: 1-9Andre, J.B. and West, L. 1982 Nesting and management of the Atlantic Loggerhead, Carettacaretta caretta (Linnaeus) (Testudines: Cheloniidae) on Cape Island, South Carolina, in 1979.Brimleyana, No 6: 73-82 [Not 1981 as printed on cover]Andreu, G.C. 1971 National and Regional Reports. [Pp. 41-46]. In: Pritchard, P.C.H., et al(1971)Angel, F. 1946 Reptiles and Amphibians. Feder. Fran. Soc. Sci. Naturelle, Paris [Faune deFrance, No 45]Anonymous nd The Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Nucolorvue Productions Ltd, Melbourne[Pp. 1-24]Anonymous nd New Hebrides. Islands of Ashes and Coral. Coral Tours Melanesie, ParisAnonymous nd La Tortuga gogo Caretta caretta caretta en la Costa Norte Colombiana,Operacion Tortuga Marina 1974-1975. Instituto Nacional de los Recursos NaturalesRenovables y del Ambiente, Barranquilla, ColombiaAnonymous 1894 Fisheries. Bulletin of the Pan American Union [Washington], 1: 67Anonymous 1896 Florida Fisheries. Report of the United States Commission of Fish andFisheries, 23: 132Anonymous 1932 [Abstracts of Papers presented at 48th Annual Session of the AmericanAssociation of Anatomists]. Anatomical Record, 52 (Supplement for February): 1-81Anonymous 1940 Fourth Biennial Report. Florida State Board of Conservation, Tallahassie,FloridaAnonymous 1942 Fifth Biennial Report. Florida State Board of Conservation, Tallahassie,FloridaAnonymous 1943 Paper Nautilus and Loggerhead Turtle reported. South AustralianNaturalist, 22 (2): 14Anonymous 1944 [Sea Turtles] Fishery Bulletin of the Division of Fish and WildlifeConservation, Department of Agriculture and Commerce of Porto Rico (January)Anonymous 1944 Sixth Biennial Report. Florida State Board of Conservation, Tallahassie,Florida [includes information on Sea Turtles]Anonymous 1946 Seventh Biennial Report. Florida State Board of Conservation, Tallahassie,FloridaAnonymous 1950 No more soup from Queensland Turtles. Sydney Morning Herald, 15SeptemberAnonymous 1953 Breeding the Leathery Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linn.). Report of theRaffles Museum, 1952-1953: 8-10Anonymous 1957 Notes on the present regulations and practices of harvesting sea turtlesand sea turtle eggs in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Anthropological WorkingPaper, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Guam [Pp. 1-18]Anonymous 1966 Programa nacional de mercado de tortugas marinas. Instituto Nacional deInvestigaciones Biologico-Pesqueras, Mexico [Pp. 1-39]Anonymous 1967 Turtles and Seals in Turkey. Oryx, 9: 176-177Anonymous 1967 Green Turtles in Arabia. Oryx, 9: 177Anonymous 1968 Queensland. Marine turtle conservation. International Union for theConservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Research Bulletin, 2: 69Anonymous 1968 New Reserve Protects Green Turtle. Oryx, 9: 249Anonymous 1968 Aramco Handbook. Enschede, Zonen-Haarlem [Pp. 1-279; A publicationproduced by the Arabian American Oil Company]Anonymous 1968 Rare catch. Mimag [Mt. Isa Mines], 19 (1): 17Anonymous 1969 Solomon, the Sea Turtle. International Turtle and Tortoise Society Journal,3: 6-9, 30Anonymous 1969 Sea turtle programme. Kingfisher, 4: 3Anonymous 1969 State in Australia prohibiting taking its sea turtles. New York Times, 8 April:36Anonymous 1969 Farming the Green Turtle. Oryx, 10: 150-151Anonymous 1969 Australia - Marine turtle conservation. Pacific Science AssociationInformation Bulletin, 21: 10Anonymous 1969 Saving marine turtles. South African Journal of Science, 65: 32021

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Anonymous 1970 Saving the sea turtles. Anchor, 4: 181Anonymous 1970 Green Turtle. Fauna Bulletin of the Fisheries Department of WesternAustralia, 4: 12Anonymous 1970 Sea turtle conservation. Fauna Bulletin of the Fisheries Department ofWestern Australia, 4: 14Anonymous 1970 Marine turtle conservation. Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin,22 (1-2): 4-5Anonymous 1970 How fertile is the Green Turtle. Sydney Morning Herald, 26 October : 9Anonymous 1971 Too many turtles are lost at sea. Sydney Morning Herald, 19 January: 2Anonymous 1973 Report to the Government of the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemenon Marine Turtle management, based on the work of H.F. Hirth and S.L. Hollingworth, marineturtle biologists. FAO/UNDP (TA) (3178) [Pp. 1-51]Anonymous 1973 Head of turtle farm dismissed. Board ousts scientist. Sydney MorningHerald, 4 December: 2Anonymous 1973 Turtle Farm Board Senator dismissed. Sydney Morning Herald, 5December: 1Anonymous 1973 Turtle Farm work "inadequate". Continue with changes - Report. SydneyMorning Herald, 6 December: 11Anonymous 1973 Disaster in the Torres Strait. Sydney Morning Herald, 19 November: 7Anonymous 1973 Parlt. body 'overridden'. Sydney Morning Herald, 23 November: 3Anonymous 1974 New board to run turtle farm. Bustard may come back. Sydney MorningHerald, 18 March: 10Anonymous 1975 Turtle Farm in trouble. Wildlife [London], 17 (10): 438Anonymous 1975 Mid-Pacific marine laboratory. Enewetok, Marshall Islands [Pp. 1-25]Anonymous 1976 Proposed listing of the Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), LoggerheadSea Turtle (Caretta caretta), and Pacific Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) asThreatened Species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. United States NationalMarine Fisheries ServiceAnonymous 1976 Incidental capture of sea turtles by shrimp fisherman in Florida: PreliminaryReport of the Florida West Coast Survey. University of Florida Marine Advisory Program [3pp.]Anonymous 1977 Proposals for establishment of conservation areas in East Kalimantan. FAO(FO;INS;73;013 Field Report, No 5), Bogor [includes protection of sea turtles]Anonymous 1977 Nature conservation and wildlife management in Indonesia. Interim Report.FAO, Rome [FO;DP;INS;73;013]Anonymous 1977 Report on the Survey of the Islands of Gulf of Mannar for the setting up of aMarine National Park, April, 1977. CMFRI [includes protection of sea turtles]Anonymous 1978 Australian Endangered Species: Leathery Turtle Dermochelys coriacea.Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra [Leaflet, 'Reptiles No 2']Anonymous 1978 Preliminary report on the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) inIndonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore. Japanese Tortoise Shell Association Report[Originally published in 1973 in Japanese; English translation by G. Balazs and N. Nozoe]Anonymous 1978 Final Environmental Impact Statement: Listing and protecting the GreenSea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Pacific Ridley (Lepidochelysolivacea) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Washington, DC [Pp. 1-144]Anonymous 1978 Fifth Annual Report 1977-78. Applied Ecology Pty Ltd. AustralianGovernment Publishing Service, Canberra [Pp. 1-28]Anonymous 1978 Legislacao sobre a actividade da Caca. Imprensa Nac. Mocamb., 1978: 1-22Anonymous 1978 Studi habitat dan populasi Penyu Belimbing (Dermochelys coriacea) dipropinski Bengkulu. Direktorat Perlindungan dan Pengawetan Alam, BogorAnonymous 1979 Progress in Conservation of Sea Turtles. Conservation Indonesia, 3: 7Anonymous 1979 Mexico: The turtles are gathering for their nesting season massacre.International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Research Bulletin,June: 42-43Anonymous 1979 Tagging and rearing of the Green Turtle Chelonia mydas conducted inFrench Polynesia by the Department of Fisheries. Joint SPC/NMFS Workshop on MarineTurtles in the tropical Pacific islands. South Pacific Commission, Noumea [Working Paper No4]22

Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Anonymous 1980 Sea turtle conservation strategy: Abridged version. South PacificCommission Fisheries Newsletter [Noumea], 21: 8-15 [World Conference on Sea TurtleConservation]Anonymous 1982 Sea turtles fenced off. Hamadryad, 7 (1): 2Anonymous 1982 Conservation - Marine Turtle Newsletter (No 20). Rephiberary, 54: 1Anonymous 1982 Preserving sea turtle habitats. Sea Turtle Report, No 1: 3Anonymous 1982 A sea turtle Who's Who. Sea Turtle Report, No 1: 7Anonymous 1982 STRF maps sea turtles. Sea Turtle Report, No 1: 8Anonymous 1982 Why care about sea turtles? Sea Turtle Report, No 1: 8Anonymous 1984 Leatherback Turtle nesting beach becomes wildlife refuge. EndangeredSpecies Technical Bulletin [United States Fish and Wildlife Service], No 9: 3, 11Anonymous 1984 Do chemical cues call sea turtles home ? International Wildlife, 14 (5): 31Anonymous 1986 List of rare and endangered species. [Pp. 569-576]. In: Majupuria, T.C.(Editor): Wildlife Wealth of India. Tecpress Service, L.P., BangkokAnonymous 1987 Archie Fairly Carr, Jr (1909-1987). Animal Kingdom, 90 (5): 4, 8Anonymous 1987 Obituary. Archie F. Carr, Jr. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 40: 15-16Aplin, K.P. and Smith, L.A. 2001. Checklist of the frogs and reptiles of Western Australia.Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement No 63: 51-74Appa Rao, T. and Dutt, S. 1965 Chemical composition of the flesh of the turtle Chelonemydas (Boulenger). Current Science, 34: 695Aridjis, H. 1990 Continuing sea turtle problems in Mexico. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 50: 1-3Arnold, E.N., Burton, J.A. and Ovenden, D.W. 1978 A Field Guide to the Reptiles andAmphibians of Britain and Europe. Collins, London [Pp. 1-272; see pp. 94-100]Ashton, R.E. 1973 Endangered and Threatened Amphibians and Reptiles in the UnitedStates. Occasional Papers of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and ReptilesAtkins, L.S. 1960 The Leathery Turtle, or Luth, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) in Co. Cork. IrishNaturalists' Journal, 13: 189Atwater, W.O. 1888 The chemical composition and nutritive values of food-fishes and aquaticinvertebrates. Report of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1888: 697-868Audubon, J.J. 1926 The turtles. [Pp. 194-202]. In: Delineations of American scenery andcharacter. Baker and Co., New YorkAvens, L. et al. 2003 Responses of hatchling sea turtles to rotational displacements. Journalof Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 288 (1): 111-124Aznar, F.J., Badillo, F.J. and Raga, J.A. 1998 Gastrointestinal helminths of LoggerheadTurtles (Caretta caretta) from the Western Mediterranean: constraints on communitystructure. Journal of Parasitology, 84 (3): 474-479Babcock, H.L. 1918 Notes on some New England turtles. Copeia, 53: 15-16Babcock, H.L. 1919 The Turtles of New England. Memoirs of the Boston Society for NaturalHistory, 8 (3): 323-431Babcock, H.L. 1920 Some reptile records from New England. Copeia, 85: 73-76Babcock, H.L. 1930 Variation in the number of costal shields in Caretta. American Naturalist,64 (690): 95-96Babcock, H.L. 1930 Caretta kempii from Massachusetts. Copeia, 1930 (1): 21Babcock, H.L. 1931 Notes on Dermochelys. Copeia, 1931 (3): 142Babcock, H.L. 1938 Field Guide to New England Turtles. New England Museum of NaturalHistory, Natural History Guide No 2: 1-56Babcock, H.L. 1938 The sea turtles of the Bermuda Islands, with a survey of the present stateof the turtle fishing industry. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (A) 107 (4):595-601Bacon, P.R. 1967 Leatherback Turtles. Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club, 1967:2-3Bacon, P.R. 1969 The Leatherback Turtle project, progress report 1967-1968, andrecommendations. Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club, 1969: 8-9Bacon, P.R. 1970 Studies on the Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) in Trinidad,West Indies. Biological Conservation, 2: 213-217Bacon, P.R. 1971 Sea turtles in Trinidad and Tobago. [Pp. 79-84]. In: Pritchard, P.C.H., et al(1971): International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Publication(ns), Supplementary Papers, No 3123

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