Beacon Hill, Radnorshire - Royal Commission on the Ancient and ...

The Uplands Initiative<strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>An Archaeological SurveyRichard Hayman and Wendy HortonforRCAHM WalesOctober 2008Richard Hayman & Wendy HortonArchaeological and Historic Buildings ConsultantsTy Wen, Falstaff Street, Shrewsbury SY1 2QN01743 341125

CrynodebMae arolwg archeolegol ucheldir <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>, a gynhaliwyd yn 2008, yn cwmpasutua 17 cilomedr sgwâr o dir comin heb ei gau yng ngogledd-ddwyrain Sir Faesyfed.Mae’r dirwedd o fryniau tonnog yn gorwedd bron yn llwyr rhwng cyfuchliniau 300ma 550m. Gwireddwyd yr arolwg drwy gerdded trawsluniau 30m rheolaidd gyda’r nodo uniaethu safleoedd o bob cyfnod. Cofnodwyd cyfanswm o 422 o safleoedd, a 17 o’rrheiny wedi’u cofnodi’n flaenorol yn y Cofnod Henebion CenedlaetholRoedd henebion angladdol a defodol cynhanesyddol yn elfen fach o fewn yrarcheoleg, ond cynhwysai grwpiau o feddrodau pen-bryn ar <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> a Rhos Crug.Clostir bach amddiffynedig o Oes yr Haearn yw’r safle cynhanesyddol arall. MaeShort Ditch, ffin weinyddol o’r canol oesoedd cynnar a gafodd ei dyddio drwyddadansoddiad radio-carbon i’r bumed neu’r chweched ganrif, yn croesi pen deheuolardal yr arolwg ac yn diweddu ym mlaenau cwm nant dwfn. Mae tystiolaeth y canoloesoedd diweddarach wedi’i chyfyngu bron yn llwyr i lwyfannau tŷ sydd i’w cael ynagos i ffin y tir comin, a hynny fel arfer mewn mannau cymharol gysgodol.Mae mwyafrif y safleoedd a uniaethwyd yn yr arolwg yn perthyn i’r cyfnod ôlganoloesol.Gwelwyd systemau caeau creiriol, o bosib yn perthyn i ddiwedd y canoloesoedd, yn agos i ymyl y tir comin ac mewn cymoedd cysgodol. Roedd y mwyafrifwedi mynd o arfer erbyn dechrau’r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg. Gwelwyd digoneddo dystiolaeth o weithgarwch aredig ar y llechweddau agored, gan gynrychioli, mae’ndebyg, amaethu dros dro, hyd at uchder o 460m. Cawsai cwningaroedd eu cloddiomewn sawl man yn ystod y ddeunawfed ganrif neu ddechrau’r bedwaredd arbymtheg. Y darganfyddiadau mwyaf arwyddocaol, fodd bynnag, oedd nifer ogloddiau caeau hir yn rhychwantu darnau cyfan o dir comin, a ddehonglwyd felffiniau ffriddoedd - tir pori uchel i ddefaid. Gwelir tystiolaeth o rannu tir pori ymysgcominwyr mewn mannau eraill yn Sir Faesyfed ond mae ffiniau ffisegol yn anarferol.Mae’r adroddiad yn terfynu gydag argymhellion ar gyfer cofnodi ac ymchwil ydyfodol.

AbstractThe <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> uplands archaeological survey, undertaken in 2008, coversapproximately 17 square kilometres of unenclosed common land in north-east<strong>Radnorshire</strong>. The landscape of rolling hills lies almost entirely between the 300m and550m contours. The survey was conducted by walking regular 30m transects andaimed to identify sites of all periods. A total of 422 sites were recorded, 17 of whichhad been recorded previously in the National Monuments Record.Prehistoric funerary and ritual monuments formed a minor component of thearchaeology, but included the groups of hilltop barrows on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> and RhosCrug. The other prehistoric site is a small Iron Age defended enclosure. Short Ditch,an early medieval administrative boundary dated by radiocarbon analysis to the fifthor sixth century, crosses the southern end of the survey area and ends at the head of adeep stream valley. Evidence from later in the medieval period is confined almostentirely to house platforms that can be found close to the boundary of the commonand usually in relatively sheltered positions.Most of the sites discovered in the survey belong to the post-medieval period. Relictfield systems, some possibly of late-medieval date, have been found close to the edgeof the common and in sheltered valleys. Most were disused by the early nineteenthcentury. Abundant evidence was found of ploughing on the open hillsides, probablyrepresenting temporary cultivation, up to an altitude of 460m. Rabbit warrens weredug in several places in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century. The mostsignificant discoveries, however, were several long field banks spanning entiresections of common, which have been interpreted as the boundaries delineatingsheepwalks – upland grazing land for sheep. Evidence for the division of grazing landamong commoners is found elsewhere in <strong>Radnorshire</strong> but physical boundaries areunusual.The report concludes with recommendations for future recording and research.

© Crown Copyright, 2008Contents<strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>:An Uplands Initiative Archaeological SurveyRichard Hayman & Wendy Horton1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………. 12.0 Methodology ……………………………………………………. 23.0 Results of Survey ……………………………………………………. 23.1 Use of aerial mapping ……………………….. 163.2 Summary and statement of significance ……………………….. 174.0 Recommendations ……………………………………………………. 175.0 References …………………………………………………………. 20Appendix 1: Table of sites by period, altitude and type ……………………. 00List of tablesTable 1 sites grouped by contour ……………………………………… 2Table 2 sites grouped by period ………………………………………. 3Table 3 sites grouped by Broad Class …………………………………. 4Table 3 sites to be appended to Ordnance Survey mapping………………. 18List of figuresFigure 1 location plan …………………………………………….. 1Figure 2 Rhos Crug barrows …………………………………… 5Figure 3 Lawn Farm <strong>Hill</strong>fort …………………………………………. 5Figure 4 Short Ditch ………………………………… 6Figure 5 Building platform on Cefn Pawl …………………………….. 7Figure 6 Long hut on Warren Bank ………….………………………… 8Figure 7 Cultivation ridges above Cwm yr Ingel ……..……………..... 9Figure 8 Cultivation ridges above Lawn Brook ……………………… 10Figure 9 Field banks on Cefn Pawl …………………………….. 11Figure 10 Boundary stones on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> ………………………. 11Figure 11 Wern y geiniog farmstead ………………………………….. 12Figure 12 Cefn Pawl …………………………….. 12Figure 13 New Invention ………………..…………………………….. 13Figure 14 Pillow mound on Warren Bank …………………………… 14Figure 15 Cefn Pawl lead mine reservoir …………………………… 15Figure 16 Quarry on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> …………………………… 16

List of mapsMap 1Map 2Map 3archaeological sites in the survey area (north)archaeological sites in the survey area (south west)archaeological sites in the survey area (south east)

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>1.0 Introduction<strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> is an extensive area of upland common in eastern <strong>Radnorshire</strong>,immediately west of the Teme valley which forms the border between EnglandWales. The survey area was approximately 17 square kilometres of undulatingheathland, mainly with grass, heather and bracken cover. On Pool <strong>Hill</strong> is poorlydrained ground that includes some peat deposits. The landscape is of rounded hills,cut by deep stream valleys, especially on the east side where the streams formtributaries of the Teme. Towards the southern end of the survey area, on the lowerslopes of Pool <strong>Hill</strong>, is the source of the River Lugg. At the southern end the surveyarea adjoins an area surveyed under the Uplands Initiative in 2005 (Hankinson 2006).The highest point on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> is 547m AOD, and the lowest slopes descend below300m, but 91% of the survey area is in the 350-500m band (see table 1).Figure 1. Location plan.The underlying geology consists of shale and siltstones belonging to the Ludlow andWenlock phases of the Silurian period, which outcrop in numerous places, especiallyin deep stream valleys. The land is used for extensive grazing of sheep, cattle andponies. There are only small areas of improved upland pasture within the survey area,but more such areas, reclaimed from the common, are found on the adjoining lowerground, outside of the survey area. The Glyndwr’s Way long-distance footpathcrosses the common, using pre-existing footpaths and bridleways.<strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> is owned by Crown Estates and managed by the <strong>Radnorshire</strong> WildlifeTrust. The field survey was undertaken between February and September 2008 byHayman & Horton, with grant in aid from RCAHM Wales under the UplandsArchaeology Initiative.1

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>2.0 MethodologyThe project aimed to rapidly identify and record the archaeological resource throughsystematic field survey. Archaeological remains of all periods were consideredequally. RCAHM Wales undertook aerial photograph mapping of the area, which wasconsulted throughout the fieldwork phase. The regional Sites and Monuments Recordwas also consulted prior to the fieldwork and RCAHMW also provided digital copiesof the County series of Ordnance Survey maps. Tithe surveys of Beguildy andLlanbister parishes, and the 1830 Ordnance Survey map of Britain, were alsoconsulted, but a search did not discover any estate maps covering the area.The area was divided into transects 30m apart, except in areas where remains weresparse. These were divided into 50m transects. The location (NGR) and altitude ofevery site was established by a hand-held Global Positioning System receiver. Writtendescriptions, including approximate dimensions, were made in the field andphotographs were taken of all important sites and when the conditions werefavourable.The terrain changes significantly between spring and autumn, especially in the 300-400m contour band where there is dense bracken. By late summer the vegetationcover, especially bracken, inhibited the identification of some sites at the south-westend of the survey area.3.0 Results of SurveyA total of 422 sites were identified in a survey area of 17 square kilometres, giving adensity of 24.8 sites per square kilometre (table 1). An abbreviated table of sites,giving information on type, period and altitude, is provided in Appendix 1.Contour Band (m) Area (km 2 ) No. Sites Density(per km 2 )251-300 0.01 0 0301-350 0.3 20 66.6351-400 3.1 153 49.3401-450 7.1 184 25.9451-500 5.3 52 9.8501-550 1.2 13 10.8Total 17 422 24.8Table 1: Sites grouped by contour2

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>The survey area falls within the 250m and 550 contours and an estimate has beenmade of the area in each 50m contour band (table 1). The general trend is for sitedensity to decrease above 450m, where bracken and grass give way to heather.Altitude is an important factor in the distribution of some sites. Sites at the highestaltitude are Bronze Age funerary monuments, where the high ground was exploited toobtain commanding positions within the landscape. Agriculture and subsistenceaccounted for the majority of sites above 400m, but they are grouped around theedges of the common or in sheltered valleys, and show the upward advance andretreat of settlement and agriculture over time. Quarrying sites were less determinedby altitude.The following synthesis is primarily a discussion by period, although not all sites lendthemselves to absolute dating (table 2). Post-medieval sites dominate, but some of thefields and field systems dated to the post-medieval period might be late medieval. Thecomparatively low incidence of modern sites, only 6%, shows how <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> hasbeen largely unaffected by twentieth-century activity. Agriculture and Subsistence isthe broad class with the largest number of entries, followed by Transport (table 3).The high incidence of tracks and paths demonstrate the importance of access on to thecommon and across it. But the number has been inflated by numerous instances whereit appears that a track has become impassable and a short diversionary route has beenchosen. This is especially apparent with the long track between <strong>Beacon</strong> Lodge andBlack Mountain (nprn 244289). Only one recreational site was discovered, anineteenth-century fish pond (nprn 244303) associated with a former hunting lodgeknown as <strong>Beacon</strong> Lodge.PeriodNo. SitesBronze Age 6Iron Age 1Early Medieval 1Medieval 25Post Medieval 362Modern 27Total 422Table 2: Sites grouped by period3

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Broad ClassNo. SitesIndustrial 45Water Supply and Drainage 11Agriculture and Subsistence 167Transport 144Religious, Ritual and Funerary 6Domestic 33Recreational 1Commemorative 1Civil 2Monument by Form 9Unassigned 3Total 422Table 3: Sites grouped by Broad ClassBronze AgeThere are few prehistoric sites on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> common. No new Neolithic or BronzeAge sites were discovered. The barrows conform to a general pattern in <strong>Radnorshire</strong>whereby barrows occur east of the River Ithon and cairns occur further west. A line offour round barrows (nprn 306147-306150) on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> is one of only two suchgroups in <strong>Radnorshire</strong> (the other is at Cwm Difwg). Pairs of barrows, like those onRhos Crug (nprn 306164, 306165), are more common (figure 2), examples of whichin <strong>Radnorshire</strong> are also at Cwm Bwch, Cefn Wylfre and Carneddau (Jones 2004, 164-65). On Rhos Crug there is also an outlying barrow (nprn 306163, but outside thepresent survey area), which is on lower ground to the south east, beyond a deepstream valley. This configuration of an outlying barrow separated from the main pairby a natural obstacle, is also replicated at two other sites in <strong>Radnorshire</strong> (Dunn 1988,38).4

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Figure 2. Barrows on Rhos Crug (nprn 306164, 306165).<strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> and Rhos Crug barrows are inter-visible. In both cases they are locatedon hilltops. In <strong>Radnorshire</strong> most barrows are found on crests of hills, or on valleyterraces, placed in or looking down upon specific lowland territory (Dunn 1988, 37).The hilltop barrows – other <strong>Radnorshire</strong> examples of which are at Shepherds Tumpand Gilwern <strong>Hill</strong> – have distant panoramic views but limited views of adjacentvalleys. It has been argued that the long-range visibility of these monuments is thekey to their unusual siting.Iron AgeTo the north of Lawn Farm is a small univallate defended enclosure (nprn 309917,figure 3), assumed to be of Iron Age date. It occupies a natural plateau below thesummit of the <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>, with extensive views to the west and south. Although it isin a sheltered position well suited to settlement, there is higher ground to the southwhich would have rendered it less effective as a defensive position. Low banks ofearth and stone survive on part of its perimeter, but it also makes use of thetopography, with a steep fall on the south side.Figure 3. Lawn Farm <strong>Hill</strong>fort (nprn 309917), viewed from the north.5

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Early MedievalThe other monumental feature of the <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> landscape is Short Ditch (nprn306151, figure 4). Short Ditch is a cross-ridge dyke 640m long, with a bank on thewestern side. It joins a deep stream valley at the north-east end, which effectivelycontinues the boundary. The conjunction of artificial and natural barriers is a featurenoted at other short dykes. Investigation of this site was included in the Short DykesProject undertaken by CPAT (Hankinson 2004), following which augers were takenthat yielded organic layers beneath the earthwork. An organic layer, possibly turfstripped from the line of the ditch and laid on the old ground surface, has given acalibrated radiocarbon date in the range AD 410-590.Short Dykes were once interpreted as defensive structures but this theory has fallenout of favour. The defensive limitations of such a short earthwork have beenrecognised. A more likely interpretation is that it was built to verify or claim aboundary, at a time when it was customary to use natural or topographical features todefine boundaries. It has been suggested that following the collapse of Romanadministration in the early fifth century Short Ditch was an attempt to define theboundary of an administrative unit (Hankinson and Caseldine 2006, 266-68). Itsposition on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> demonstrates that the Teme valley immediately to the eastwas incorporated into a single administrative unit. Later in the Middle Ages theborder between England the March followed the river Teme, thereby dividing theTeme valley into separate jurisdictions.Figure 4. Short Ditch (nprn 306151), looking south west, showing modern damage inthe foreground.Medieval and post-medieval settlement and agricultureEvidence of medieval and post-medieval settlement and agriculture was found inabundance. In broad terms the evidence conforms to the overview of medieval andpost-medieval settlement in <strong>Radnorshire</strong> described by previous work (Silvester 2004,6

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>2006; Suggett 2005). No definitive evidence of medieval strip-field cultivation wasfound. Therefore it is suggested that the earliest evidence for settlement on <strong>Beacon</strong><strong>Hill</strong> is of the later medieval period, when the economy of <strong>Radnorshire</strong> recoveredfollowing the aftermath of the Glyndwr revolt. In the fifteenth century the economy of<strong>Radnorshire</strong> was dominated by stock rearing, especially cattle sold to Englishmarkets. From the late sixteenth century stock rearing became less profitable and inthe eighteenth century sheep became the mainstay of the farming economy. In termsof farmsteads, it has been argued that new sites were selected for house building in thefifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The profitability of farming allowed for cruckframedfarmhouses to be built professionally, often at high altitudes – one example ofwhich at Upper Cwm yr Ingel (nprn 81573) is close to the edge of <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>common. Cottages were built on the common from the seventeenth century by farmlabourers and the younger sons of freehold farmers, while later population growth sawsmall squatter cottages built around the fringes of the common (Suggett 2005, 12). On<strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> the latter class of dwellings are all just outside of the survey area, butinclude The Scrubs, a squatter settlement on Cefn Pawl, and cottages with ironicallygrand names such as Golden Grove, High Park and Sycamore Hall. Tracks associatedwith these dwellings are found on the common.Medieval settlement is represented by building platforms. In general the platforms arelocated close to the edge of the common, a tendency that has also been observedelsewhere (Silvester 2004, 57). They were dug to accommodate downslope houses,and are typically 11x5m (figure 5). Some of them are not associated with otherarchaeological features. These include isolated platforms on Wernygeufron <strong>Hill</strong> (nprn244234), although this is next to a spring, and above Lawn Farm (nprn 244218).Platforms are found in pairs side-by-side on Warren Bank, as described below, and inclose proximity on Cefn Pawl (nprn 244069, 244071).Figure 5. Building platform on Cefn Pawl (nprn 244069).There is no direct evidence of seasonal occupation, comparatively little evidence forwhich has been found in eastern <strong>Radnorshire</strong> (Silvester 2004, 59). Hafod and Lluestplace names exist only on lower ground at Hen Hafod and Llanlluest, both just7

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>outside of the survey area. In 1573 the Council of the Marches directed that cottagescould only be built on the common if habitation was limited to the period between 15May and 15 August, a throwback to what must have been customary practicethroughout the area. Therefore some of the platforms may have been seasonaldwellings. On Warren Bank are two platforms (nprn 244106, 244107) close to WarrenBrook, which is the typical streamside location for dairy houses in which butter andcheese was made (Suggett 2005, 249).Field systems of possible late medieval date include those at the upper end of Cwm yrIngel. The house Upper Cwm yr Ingel, mentioned above, is on the valley floor. Thenorth (i.e. south-facing) slope is enclosed, whereas the south side is a relict fieldsystem (nprn 244182, 244185, 244186), which may have been associated with thefarmstead, although it was unenclosed common by the time of the Tithe survey of1846. Further uphill is another field system (nprn 244173) within which is a singleplatform (nprn 244174).Another possible late medieval farmstead is at Wern y geiniog, although the evidenceis complicated by later settlement. In a sheltered east-facing valley it was an idealsettlement location. Wern y geiniog is discussed below as one of the post-medievalintakes, but on the south side of the farmstead is a relict field system (nprn 244092).This has small rectangular fields unlike the irregular fields of the seventeenth oreighteenth century, suggesting that it is not the abandoned portion of the postmedievalintake, but an earlier system. Another relict field system on the north-eastside of Wern y geiniog (nprn 244091) also comprises mainly rectangular fields. Aplatform (nprn 244085) and a long hut (nprn 244093) are associated with it (figure 6).Figure 6. Long hut on Warren Bank (nprn 244093).8

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Two platforms (nprn 244309, 244310) were discovered on a narrow stretch of groundbetween two deep stream valleys at the head of Lawn Brook. The platforms are on thesteep south-facing slope, uphill of which are field boundaries (nprn 244306, 244307,244308), although they do not form a coherent field system. Close to the southernedge of the common above Ffoeslaprey another platform (nprn 244356) was foundwithin a field system (nprn 244354).Evidence of arable farming was found in the form of cultivation ridges on the openhillside (figure 7). The extent of these areas of cultivation varies, partly because it hasbeen difficult to establish the exact extent on the ground. Some cover large areas, forexample on Cefn Pawl up to 400x300m (nprn 244021). They occupy the gentlerslopes and are found mainly on the east side of the survey area, although probablybecause the majority of farmsteads were on the Teme valley side of the common.Many of these areas are above 400m. The highest (nprn 244293) is at 459m AOD(figure 8).Figure 7. Cultivation ridges (nprn 244200) on the hill above Cwm yr Ingel, withparallel field bank (nprn 244198) on the right.These areas of cultivation are probably of post-medieval date, representing the shortepisodes of arable on the open hillside that have been recorded elsewhere in<strong>Radnorshire</strong> (Silvester 2004, 63). Some of them may have been sown with potatoes, acommon crop on the commons of <strong>Radnorshire</strong> by the mid eighteenth century (Suggett2005, 257). On the west side of Black Mountain cultivation ridges (nprn 244145) areoverlain by a field bank (nprn 244146). On Warren Bank a large area of cultivationridges (nprn 244080) appears to be overlain by field banks (nprn 244078, 244091) anda pillow mound (nprn 309907).9

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Figure 8. Cultivation ridges above Lawn Brook at 459m AOD (nprn 244293).Domination of sheep farming in eighteenth-century <strong>Radnorshire</strong> led to pressure ongrazing land, resulting in the subdivision of common land into sheep walks. Anexample of this subdivision of common land is shown on the Tithe map for the hillsaround Abbey Cwmhir, although it has been assumed that such boundaries rarely tooka physical form (Silvester 2004, 60). On <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> there is archaeological evidencethat can be interpreted as subdivision of common grazing land. Cefn Pawl, at thenorth end of the survey area, is a small sub-rectangular area of common delimited byfarmsteads on all sides. The common is effectively divided into three by twolongitudinal field banks (nprn 244004, 244045, figure 9). On Warren Bank a largearea approximately 900x300m is enclosed by a long L-shaped field bank (nprn244078), a stream and the boundary of the common. On the Tithe survey it is markedas ‘Warren Sheep Walk’, belonging to Cwm Bugail Farm. A dashed line on the Tithemap seems to indicate the line of the bank, although the bank is also integral with amuch smaller relict field system (nprn 244091). Another long bank on Warren Bank(nprn 244094) may also have been a sheepwalk boundary. Other long field bankswere discovered on Fron Bank (nprn 244126, 244129), Rhos Hir (nprn 244163),Stanky <strong>Hill</strong> (nprn 244325, 244331, 244334), on the hill south of Cwm yr Ingel (nprn244198, figure 7) and near Upper Heath (nprn 244270). The banks on Fron Bankenclose an area 950x450m bounded by Golden Grove and New Invention farmsteads.One of the banks on Stanky <strong>Hill</strong> (nprn 244325) is integral with a platform (nprn244330).10

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Figure 9. Bank of a small field (nprn 244044) on the left and, on the right, a long fieldbank (nprn 244045) that might have defined the boundary of a sheep walk.Later boundaries are in the form of boundary stones which, given their rough masonrycharacter, are probably of the mid nineteenth century or later (figure 10). A group offive stones forms an arc around the head of Lawn Brook (nprn 244169, 244172,244217, 244221, 244244). Another two boundary markers on Warren <strong>Hill</strong> (nprn244131, 244132) are on the north side of the field systems and of the ‘Warren SheepWalk’ mentioned above.Figure 10. Two nineteenth-century boundary stones on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> (nprn 244217,244224).Intakes from the common are well preserved (figure 11). They had begun by theseventeenth century, evidence for which is found in a petition of 1703 by localfreeholders to allow cottagers equal rights as freeholders in the parish: DavidEdwards, a poor man of the parish, had built a cottage on the common in the 1670s,which was described as one of many such encroachments (Howse 1955, 33).Surviving examples of intakes have the appearance of islands on the common and area familiar feature of Welsh uplands, most of which were abandoned in the latenineteenth or early twentieth centuries, exceptions being Golden Grove (excluded11

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>from the survey area) and Cefn Pawl. The Tithe surveys indicate that the enclosureswere a combination of meadow, pasture and arable.Figure 11. Wern y geiniog farmstead (nprn 244400), probably established in theseventeenth century.There is nothing that could be interpreted as a ty unnos. However, the stone shells andstone foundations that survive on the hills may not be the original dwellings, and maynot therefore be contemporary with the enclosures they stand in. It has been arguedthat homesteads of the early-modern period can were sited in the middle of theirassociated enclosures, on the basis that the area of enclosure was originally small andwas extended outwards progressively (Suggett 2005, 256). This arrangement can beseen in <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> farmsteads such as Wern y geiniog, Black Mountain Cottage,Cefn Pawl (figure 12), Middle and Lower Cwm Iago (nprn 244400, 244401, 244398,244402, 244403)..Figure 12. Cefn Pawl (nprn 303536).12

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Wern y geiniog homestead comprises a dwelling and outbuilding, both of which areshown on the 1846 Tithe map but were roofless by the time of the 1889 OrdnanceSurvey. The house (nprn 244120) was built on level ground next to a stream. Only thelower section of the walls remains standing, but sufficient to identify a two-unit plan,with offset entrance into the main room, where there is a wide fireplace. This suggestsa late-seventeenth or eighteenth-century date. The former is more likely since finds ofseventeenth-century pottery and a pipe bowl were found there (as reported in regionalSMR). The adjoining outbuilding (nprn 244121), perhaps incorporating a stable, isonly 8x4m.New Invention farmstead is uphill of, and probably therefore later, than Wern ygeiniog, from which it is separated by a deep stream. The house is a three-unit singlerange sited close to the stream (nprn 244124). Walls survive to just over 1m high,which is sufficient to determine the layout of the building. The large central unit wasthe kitchen. It has a large fireplace 1.9m wide, with later bread oven projecting fromthe rear wall (figure 13). The left-hand unit is less well preserved but is much smallerand was presumably an unheated parlour. The right-hand unit has a separate entranceand no internal doorway to the kitchen, suggesting that it was a stable.Figure 13. Fireplace and bread oven of New Invention (nprn 244124).The other homesteads are more difficult to interpret. The Tithe survey shows tworanges, set at right angles, at Black Mountain Cottage, but evidence of only one ofthem is now visible (nprn 15568), and it is uncertain whether it was a dwelling oroutbuilding. It is approximately 11x5m and of two units, but no evidence of afireplace is visible. There are two small parallel ranges at Middle Cwm Iago (nprn244285, 244286), as shown on the Tithe survey, of 7x4m and 9x4m respectively. It isunclear which of these could have been the dwelling. At Lower Cwm Iago (nprn244288) there is only one range now visible, as shown on the 1889 Ordnance Survey,13

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>but two parallel ranges are shown on the 1846 Tithe survey, of which the larger hasdisappeared.Rabbit warrens were found on the eastern side of the common, which probably belongto the eighteenth century. In 1789 Fron farmstead, below <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>, was let to askinner from Herefordshire and a butcher from Worcestershire, who sub-let theproperty to a local man responsible for digging and maintaining warrens (Silvester2004, 64). Three pillow mounds were discovered on the hill to the north of Fron (nprn244202, 244206, 244216). A group of five pillow mounds is on Warren Bank (nprn309907, 244081, 244082, 244083, 244084, figure 14).Figure 14. Pillow mound (nprn 244081) on Warren Bank.Activity on and around the common is also recorded in the large number of tracksacross the common. Many of the tracks lead on to the common from cottages justoutside the common boundary, cottages such as Dingle House and Sycamore Hall(tracks nprn 244049 and 244259 respectively). They were presumably created bylabourers crossing the common to find work at the farms. The main tracks aregenerally too narrow for a cart, although wide enough to be followed on horseback.The main tracks have numerous short parallel tracks, which appear to be alternativecourses taken when the main track became impassable, as mentioned above.14

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Figure 15. Reservoir (nprn 244018), with leat (nprn 244028) in the foreground,supplying Cefn Pawl lead mine (nprn 309103).Industrial sitesThere has been little industry on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> common. Cefn Pawl lead mine (nprn309103) lies just outside of the survey area. Nevertheless an associated header pondand leat (nprn 244018, 244028) are well-preserved on the hillside. Other industrialfeatures are quarries, almost all of which are small and were exploited for buildingmaterials used locally. Fields are not defined by drystone walls but banks (formerlywith hedges). The stone is poor quality in thin beds, providing little freestone. Thequarries have been dated to the post-medieval period, when stone was used as abuilding material. Some of the quarries are indicated on the 1889 Ordnance Surveymap as ‘old’.Bedrock is exposed in deep stream valleys, and these are the locations of many of thequarries, including those close to Upper Cwm yr Ingel (nprn 244177, 244180) andWern y geiniog (nprn 244097, 244098, 244099, 244100). The large quarry near Cwmyr Ingel (nprn 244180) has an associated track (nprn 244181) but otherwise noassociated transport systems were identified. A quarry (nprn 244156) on the west sideof Black Mountain was exploited in the twentieth century, but lies at the edge of thecommon close to a minor road.15

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>3.1 Use of aerial mappingFigure 16. Quarry on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> (nprn 244211).Mapping of archaeological features from aerial photographs was carried out by RCAHMWales prior to the commencement of the field project. The results were incorporated on todigital maps that were used in the field for identification and verification. Approximately50% of the total number of sites identified in the field had been mapped. Where largefeatures had been identified the map provided a useful overview of features, particularlyfield boundaries. The number of sites identified on the maps that could not be verified inthe field as archaeological features was small. This included some trackways that wereinterpreted in the field as sheep tracks or were not visible on the ground. By contrast, manyof the trackways recorded were not mapped.Of 28 areas of ridge and furrow identified from aerial photographs, 20 were identified onthe ground in some form. A further 18 areas of ridge and furrow were identified that hadnot been mapped. In some cases discrepancies might have been due to the recent densebracken cover that inhibits identification of features that make only a slight impression onthe ground. In some cases the direction of the ridges shown on the map was across theslope, which is not the traditional direction for ploughing on slopes, and so the aerialmapping might have interpreted the parallel lines created by bracken cutting. Bracken wascut to provide bedding for stock and remains one of the rights of commoners on <strong>Beacon</strong><strong>Hill</strong>.In some cases aerial mapping identified a large area of cultivation ridges (nprn 244021,244080, 244115) where only discrete patches could be identified on the ground. Bycontrast, in other cases (nprn 244046, 244190) the cultivation ridges were found to extendbeyond the limits defined by the map.Only two platforms were identified from aerial photographs, whereas a large number werefound in the field; and four of the nine pillow mounds were mapped. Nearly all of the fieldsystems and field banks were identified on the maps, although with notable lacunae,16

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>including one significant field system (nprn 244127) and long field banks (nprn 244126,244129, 244045, 244163, 244331).3.2 Summary and Statement of SignificanceThe archaeology of <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> common extends from the Early Bronze Age to thetwentieth century, with an intense period of activity between the fifteenth andnineteenth centuries AD, which is characteristic of the <strong>Radnorshire</strong> uplands.Relatively little impact was made on the common in the twentieth century, which hasensured that this medieval/post-medieval upland landscape is well preserved. Itrepresents the advance and retreat of settlement and agriculture on the high groundand the exercise of common rights such as grazing, quarrying and, to a lesser extent,peat digging.Prehistoric funerary and ritual monuments formed a minor component of thearchaeology, but included the groups of hilltop barrows on <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong> and RhosCrug. The other prehistoric site is a small Iron Age defended enclosure. Short Ditch,an early medieval administrative boundary dated by radiocarbon analysis to the fifthor sixth century, crosses the southern end of the survey area and ends at the head of adeep stream valley.Evidence from later in the medieval period is confined almost entirely to houseplatforms that can be found on the fringes of the common and usually in relativelysheltered positions. Some are in pairs and are close to streams, suggesting that theymight have been dairy houses occupied on a seasonal basis. Some of the platforms areassociated with field systems, but not all.Most of the sites discovered in the survey belong to the post-medieval period. Relictfield systems, some possibly of late-medieval date, have been found close to the edgeof the common and in sheltered valleys. Most were disused by the early nineteenthcentury. Abundant evidence was found of ploughing on the open hillsides, probablyrepresenting temporary cultivation, up to an altitude of 459m. Rabbit warrens weredug in several places in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century. The mostsignificant discoveries, however, were several long field banks spanning entiresections of common, which have been interpreted as the boundaries delineatingsheepwalks – upland grazing land for sheep. Evidence for the division of grazing landamong commoners is found elsewhere in <strong>Radnorshire</strong> but physical boundaries areunusual.Quarrying formed a minor component of the archaeology, although many small-scalequarries were identified where stone was exploited for local use.4.0 RecommendationsNo buildings or other structures were discovered that would qualify for listed-buildingstatus.Few sites can be regarded as under threat, although heavy modern farm vehicles havecut through some of the extensive archaeological features and are a conspicuous sighton the common. Cattle-feeding stations and modern waste pits have also caused17

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>ground disturbance that has affected features such as Ridge and Furrow. Short Ditchhas been damaged by motor cycles and farm vehicles, an ongoing problem that wasnoted in the 1990s (Burnham 1995, 118-19).There are a number of sites and general areas that would benefit from more detailedtopographical survey. These include Lawn Farm hillfort (nprn 309917), which has notbeen the subject of any significant archaeological investigation. A geophysical surveymight be considered for this defended enclosure, to determine whether it containsevidence of settlement. No hut platforms were identified within the site during thefield survey.On Warren Bank is a succession of features relating to agriculture, which probablyindicate several phases of activity and a more complex chronology. This includescultivation ridges (nprn 244080), field systems (nprn 244092, 244091, field banksdefining possible sheep walks (nprn 244078, 244094), intakes of the late seventeenthor eighteenth century (nprn 244120, 244124), and pillow mounds (nprn 309907,244081-244084). This area would clearly benefit from a more detailed survey.Modern Ordnance Survey maps show the presence of prehistoric and early-medievalfeatures, with the exception of Lawn Farm hillfort (nprn 309917). This and otherfeatures such as platforms, pillow mounds and field systems should be considered forinclusion (table 4).NPRNSite type to be mapped244004 Field bank244018 Reservoir (lead mine)244021 Ridge and Furrow244045 Field bank244069 Platform244078 Field bank244085 Platform244091 Field system244092 Field system244093 Long hut244094 Field bank244106-244107 Platforms244126 Field bank244129 Field bank244163 Field bank244173 Enclosure244174 Platform244182, 244185, 244186 Enclosures244198 Field bank244200 Ridge and Furrow244218 Platform244234 Platform244246, 244248, 244250 Enclosures244270 Field bank18

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>244293 Ridge and Furrow244309, 244310 Platforms244325 Field bank244331 Field bank244334 Field bank244354 Field system244356 Platform244358 Enclosure244382 Enclosure309107 Pillow mounds309907 Defended enclosureTable 4. Sites to be appended to Ordnance Survey mapping19

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>5.0 ReferencesPrimary sourcesBeguildy (Church township) Tithe survey, 1846.Beguildy (Pennant township) Tithe survey, 1844.Llanbister Tithe survey, 1841Secondary sourcesBurnham, H., 1995, A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales: Clwyd and Powys.London: HMSO.Dunn, C.J., 1988, ‘The barrows of east-central Powys’, Archaeologia Cambrensis137, 27-42.Hankinson, R., 2004, The Short Dykes of Mid and North-East Wales. Unpublishedreport, Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust.Hankinson, R., 2006, Beguildy Llangunllo Uplands Survey. Unpublished report,Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust for RCAHMW.Hankinson, R. and Caseldine, A., 2006, ‘Short dykes in Powys and their origins’,Archaeological Journal 163, 264-69.Howse, W.H., 1955, ‘Encroachments on the King’s wastes in Cantref Maelienydd,Transactions of the <strong>Radnorshire</strong> Society 25, 27-33.Jones, N.W., 2004, ‘Prehistoric funerary and ritual monuments in <strong>Radnorshire</strong>’,Transactions of the <strong>Radnorshire</strong> Society 74, 151-68.Jones, N., Walters, M. and Frost, P., 2004, Mountains and Orefields: metal mininglandscapes of mid and north-east Wales. York CBA Research Report 142.RCAHM Wales, 1913, An Inventory of Ancient Monuments in Wales andMonmouthshire, vol 3: <strong>Radnorshire</strong>. London: RCAHMW.Roberts, K. (ed), 2006, Lost Farmsteads: deserted rural settlements in Wales. YorkCBA Research Report 148.Silvester, R., 2004, ‘The commons and the waste: use and misuse in mid Wales’, inWhyte and Winchester (eds), 53-66.Silvester, R., 2006, ‘Deserted rural settlements in central and north-east Wales’, inRoberts (ed), 13-39.Suggett, R., 2005, Houses and History in the March of Wales: <strong>Radnorshire</strong> 1400-1800. Aberystwyth: RCAHM Wales.20

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>Whyte, I.D. and Winchester, A.J.L., 2004, Society, Landscape and Environment inUpland Britain. Society for Landscape Studies, supplementary series 2.21

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>APPENDIX 1Table of sites by Period, Altitude and Type22

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDERHOS CRUG, BARROW II 306165 SO1673274387 Religious, Ritual and Funerary ROUND BARROW Bronze Age 510RHOS CRUG, BARROW I 306164 SO1671374393 Religious, Ritual and Funerary ROUND BARROW Bronze Age 510BEACON HILL, BARROW IV 306150 SO1778876733 Religious, Ritual and Funerary ROUND BARROW Bronze Age 539BEACON HILL, BARROW III 306149 SO1772976775 Religious, Ritual and Funerary ROUND BARROW Bronze Age 541BEACON HILL, BARROW II 306148 SO1754776859 Religious, Ritual and Funerary ROUND BARROW Bronze Age 546BEACON HILL, BARROW I 306147 SO1764576799 Religious, Ritual and Funerary ROUND BARROW Bronze Age 547LAWN FARM HILLFORT 309917 SO2049876834 Domestic HILLFORT Iron Age 370SHORT DITCH, LLANLLUEST 306151 SO1903174901 Civil DYKE Early Medieval 460WERNYGEUFRON HILL, BUILDING PLATFORM 244234 SO2302776000 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 333CWM DWLIWN, TRACK II 244329 SO1589675218 Transport TRACKWAY Medieval 377FFYNNON FAIR WELL 244166 SO1705977821 Water Supply & Drainage WELL Medieval 389BLACK MOUNTAIN, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244106 SO1641078036 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 392BLACK MOUNTAIN, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244107 SO1642778051 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 393DOL-Y-FRAN, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244379 SO1586274387 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 397CWM DWLIWN, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244328 SO1585275217 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 400LAWN BROOK, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244309 SO1854975736 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 401WARREN BANK, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244079 SO1737779005 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 402LAWN BROOK, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244310 SO1853375725 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 402WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW V 244109 SO1645078286 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Medieval 407DINGLE COTTAGE, BUILDING PLATFORM 244356 SO1633674182 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 409CEFN PAWL, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244069 SO1748979394 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 410CEFN PAWL, BUILDING PLATFORM III 244071 SO1727379316 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 411CWM YR INGEL, ENCLOSURES I 244173 SO1794377694 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Medieval 411DOL-Y-FRAN, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244380 SO1596874391 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 411CWM YR INGEL, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244174 SO1793577648 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 415TYN YR YNN, BUILDING PLATFORM 244338 SO1549075908 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 417CWM YR INGEL, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244188 SO1864077429 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 419CEFN PAWL, PATH V 244023 SO1667480048 Transport PATH Medieval 422CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW V 244043 SO1682579803 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Medieval 436CEFN PAWL, BUILDING PLATFORM I 244035 SO1693279926 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 436BEACON HILL, BUILDING PLATFORM 244218 SO1963176781 Domestic PLATFORM Medieval 44623

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDERHOS CRUG, RECTANGULAR EARTHWORK 401290 SO16437452 Unassigned EARTHWORK Post MedievalRHOS CRUG, RECTILINEAR ENCLOSURE 401291 SO16527451 Unassigned EARTHWORK Post MedievalWERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK IV 244232 SO2318976074 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 304THE FARM, TRACK 244273 SO1986375688 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 325GOYTRE HILL, TRACK 244230 SO2339275648 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 334WARREN BANK, QUARRY V 244100 SO1710378461 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 335THE FARM, FIELD BOUNDARY 244272 SO2005675735 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 337WARREN BANK, QUARRY IV 244099 SO1707478442 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 339CWM YR INGEL, TRACK I 244176 SO1834977764 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 342WARREN BANK, QUARRY III 244098 SO1703578407 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 344WARREN BANK, QUARRY II 244097 SO1701878389 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 344WERN Y GEINIOG, BUILDING II 244121 SO1695478299 Agriculture & Subsistence OUTBUILDING Post Medieval 345FRON BANK, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244126 SO1734978615 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 345CWM YR INGEL, PATH I 244179 SO1856977880 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 345WERN Y GEINIOG, FARMHOUSE 244120 SO1695778282 Domestic FARMHOUSE Post Medieval 347WERN Y GEINIOG 244400 SO1695778282 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 347WERNYGEUFRON HILL, ENCLOSURE I 244235 SO2274175889 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 347CWM YR INGEL, QUARRY I 244177 SO1835977712 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 347WERN Y GEINIOG, QUARRY I 244119 SO1693178336 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 349WERN Y GEINIOG, QUARRY II 244122 SO1696118284 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 350WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK II 244229 SO2324175695 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 351CWM YR INGEL, QUARRY III 244178 SO1837577732 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 351WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK V 244236 SO2280075885 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 354WERNYGEUFRON HILL, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244393 SO2174075802 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 354WERN Y GEINIOG, TRACK I 244117 SO1683278273 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 355DOL-Y-FRAN, QUARRY 244385 SO1565574290 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 357WERNYGEUFRON HILL, ENCLOSURES III 244245 SO2165375735 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 357LAWN FARM, QUARRY I 244207 SO2038476871 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 357CWM YR INGEL, PATH II 244187 SO1873977889 Transport PATH Post Medieval 357WERN Y GEINIOG, ENCLOSURE VII 244134 SO1704478369 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 357WARREN BANK, TRACK II 244086 SO1696478406 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 359CEFN CRAIG, TRACK III 244268 SO2042275471 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 35924

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECWM YR INGEL, ENCLOSURE II 244182 SO1848477801 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 360PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK II 244194 SO2010177789 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 361WERN Y GEINIOG, ENCLOSURES III 244089 SO1694178373 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 361CWM DWLIWN, TRACK I 244320 SO1614975387 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 361LAWN FARM, PILLOW MOUND 244206 SO2036576932 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 362CEFN CRAIG, RIDGE AND FURROW 244395 SO2027175756 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 362FRON BANK, ENCLOSURES 244127 SO1790078656 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 362WERN-Y-GENIOG, BUILDING III 309906 SO1695378391 Agriculture & Subsistence OUTBUILDING Post Medieval 363DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH II 244362 SO1573874295 Transport PATH Post Medieval 363WERNYGEUFRON HILL, ENCLOSURE II 244244 SO2193275874 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 363BROOK HOUSE, BANK AND DITCH 244261 SO2068475339 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 363WARREN BANK, TRACK III 244101 SO1695878439 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 364WERN Y GEINIOG, BUILDING I 244116 SO1691978401 Agriculture & Subsistence OUTBUILDING Post Medieval 364WERN Y GEINIOG, ENCLOSURE II 244088 SO1677678248 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 365LAWN FARM, QUARRY II 244208 SO2046576850 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 365WERN-Y-GENIOG, ENCLOSURES I 309106 SO1692178253 Agriculture and Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 365PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK III 244195 SO2015877739 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 367LAWN FARM, QUARRY III 244209 SO2050876828 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 367CEFN CRAIG, TRACK II 244266 SO2038275739 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 368CEFN CRAIG, TRACK IV 244269 SO2024375716 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 368WERN Y GEINIOG, QUARRY III 244123 SO1697678228 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 368BROOK HOUSE, ENCLOSURE 244267 2041975522 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 370DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH I 244361 SO1586774274 Transport PATH Post Medieval 370PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK IV 244196 SO2012277743 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 370WERN Y GEINIOG, TRACK II 244139 SO1669078167 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 372CWM YR INGEL, QUARRY TRACK 244181 SO1855077572 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 372DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH V 244365 SO1606074251 Transport PATH Post Medieval 372WERNYGEUFRON HILL, RIDGE AND FURROW III 244394 SO2160975581 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 372CWM YR INGEL, TRACK III 244189 SO1946577764 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 373CWM YR INGEL, TRACK V 244199 SO1948177658 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 373SYCAMORE HALL, TRACK II 244257 SO2088975382 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 374NEW INVENTION, HOUSE 244124 SO1700778114 Domestic FARMHOUSE Post Medieval 37425

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECWM YR INGEL, QUARRY II 244180 SO1855777549 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 375DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH VI 244366 SO1606774243 Transport PATH Post Medieval 375CEFN CRAIG, TRACK I 244265 SO2027675693 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 376DOL-Y-FRAN, ENCLOSURE I 244381 SO1591274265 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 377SYCAMORE HALL, BANK AND DITCH 244256 SO2091475384 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 378SYCAMORE HALL, TRACK III 244258 SO2087875353 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 378LAWN FARM, QUARRY V 244211 SO2003276730 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 379FRON FARM, QUARRY 244213 SO1906876426 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 379LLANRHYS, ENCLOSURE II 244147 SO1568977771 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 380LOWER CWM IAGO, FARMSTEAD 244287 SO2081675276 Agriculture & Subsistence FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 380LOWER CWM IAGO, HOUSE 244288 SO2083075295 Domestic FARMHOUSE Post Medieval 380LOWER CWM IAGO 244403 SO2081675276 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 380LOWER CWM IAGO, BANK AND DITCH 244262 2079775341 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 380CWM YR INGEL, FIELD BOUNDARY 244191 SO1990677718 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 380LITTLE CWM DWLIWN, QUARRY 244321 SO1612075125 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 380CWM YR INGEL, TRACK II 244184 SO1863077722 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 381RHOS CRUG, SHEEPFOLD 244358 SO1660874050 Agriculture & Subsistence SHEEP FOLD Post Medieval 381WERNYGEUFRON HILL, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244237 SO2285875539 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 381BLACK MOUNTAIN, FIELD BOUNDARY IV 244114 SO1666678221 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 381CEFN PAWL 244398 SO1787079659 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 382LAWN FARM, QUARRY IV 244210 SO2007876754 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 382SYCAMORE HALL, ENCLOSURES II 244255 SO2101675311 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 382CEFN-PAWL 303536 SO1787079659 Domestic FARMHOUSE Post Medieval 382CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY VI 244010 SO1672280597 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 382WERNYGEUFRON HILL, ENCLOSURE V 244248 SO2149875292 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 383LITTLE CWM DWLIWN, TRACK I 244322 SO1613875076 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 383WERNYGEUFRON HILL, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244247 SO2163775375 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 383FFYNNON FAIR WELL, QUARRY 244138 SO1708877944 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 383CEFN PAWL, PATH II 244009 SO1675780611 Transport PATH Post Medieval 384WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK VIII 244243 SO2164175425 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 384WERNYGEUFRON HILL, ENCLOSURE IV 244246 SO2164275428 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 384SYCAMORE HALL, TRACK IV 244259 SO2088175222 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 38426

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECWM DWLIWN, ENCLOSURE 244319 SO1648575666 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 385CEFN PAWL, ENCLOSURES 244387 SO1780079690 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 385WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK III 244231 SO2276875664 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 385WARREN BANK, QUARRY VI 244140 SO1642778013 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 386DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH III 244363 SO1606174330 Transport PATH Post Medieval 386CWM IAGO, TRACK 244249 SO2105975188 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 386CWM YR INGEL, ENCLOSURES III 244185 SO1906077726 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 386WERNYGEUFRON HILL, POND 244392 SO2168775313 Agriculture & Subsistence POND Post Medieval 387NEW INVENTION 244399 SO1705778099 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 387NEW INVENTION, ENCLOSURES 244125 SO1705778099 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 387WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK VI 244238 SO2225375651 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 388CWM YR INGEL, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244200 SO1960477636 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 388UPPER HEATH, TRACK I 244263 SO2021575144 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 388LAWN BROOK, TRACK II 244312 SO1854775684 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 389CEFN CRAIG, FIELD BOUNDARY 244270 SO2005375508 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 389WERN Y GEINIOG, ENCLOSURES V 244091 SO1686378498 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 389WARREN BANK, LONG HUT 244093 SO1674178362 Domestic LONG HUT Post Medieval 389LITTLE CWM DWLIWN, TRACK II 244386 SO1620874951 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 390SYCAMORE HALL, ENCLOSURE I 244250 SO2116975096 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 390CWM YR INGEL, PEAT CUTTING II 244388 SO1853877664 Industrial PEAT CUTTING Post Medieval 390BLACK MOUNTAIN, ENCLOSURE I 244112 SO1654478167 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 391LLANRHYS, FIELD BOUNDARY 244149 SO1583177844 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 391BLACK MOUNTAIN, ENCLOSURE II 244155 SO1527276745 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 391WERNYGEUFRON HILL, FIELD BOUNDARY II 244240 SO2199475601 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 392WARREN BANK, PILLOW MOUND IV 244084 SO1719878763 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 392CEFN PAWL, PATH III 244013 SO1661080349 Transport PATH Post Medieval 393MIDDLE CWM IAGO 244402 SO2073875039 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 393MIDDLE CWM IAGO, FARMSTEAD 244284 SO2073875039 Agriculture & Subsistence FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 393BLACK MOUNTAIN, DITCH I 244111 SO1642578036 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 394WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK VII 244241 SO2197075537 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 394LAWN FARM, FIELD BOUNDARY 244205 SO2047177062 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 394WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW VII 244145 SO1583178013 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 39427

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECEFN PAWL, PATH I 244007 SO1759779888 Transport PATH Post Medieval 394CEFN PAWL, QUARRY III 244029 SO1708580098 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 394PANT Y FFYNNON, BANK AND DITCH 244198 SO1962377606 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 395STANKY HILL, TRACK II 244326 SO1578175456 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 395BLACK MOUNTAIN, FIELD BOUNDARY III 244110 SO1645978099 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 395CEFN PAWL, DITCH III 244048 SO1629379804 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 395WERNYGEUFRON HILL, LEAT 244242 SO2195575564 Water Supply & Drainage LEAT Post Medieval 395LLANRHYS, ENCLOSURES I 244146 SO1582878012 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 395DOL-Y-FRAN, TRACK II 244384 SO1571674548 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 396BLACK MOUNTAIN, QUARRY I 244113 SO1666578308 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 396THE FARM, PIT 244274 SO1969675340 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 396WERN Y GEINIOG, ENCLOSURES VI 244092 SO1680178113 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 396CWM YR INGEL, TRACK IV 244192 SO1962477591 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 396PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK VI 244215 SO2022077210 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 397CWM YR INGEL, PEAT CUTTING I 244183 SO1862477618 Industrial PEAT CUTTING Post Medieval 397LLANRHYS, TRACK 244150 SO1565677594 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 397LLANRHYS, DITCH 244154 SO1544677428 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 397RHOS CRUG, ENCLOSURE I 244357 SO1661074111 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 398FFYNNON FAIR WELL, DITCH 244167 SO1703277821 Water Supply & Drainage DITCH Post Medieval 398PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK I 244193 SO1987577334 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 398WARREN BANK, TRACK V 244144 SO1586277850 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 398WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244101 SO1630978549 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 398DINGLE COTTAGE, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244360 SO1606074381 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 399LLANRHYS, ENCLOSURE III 244148 SO1555077512 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 399SYCAMORE HALL, RIDGE AND FURROW III 244253 SO2097475078 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 399DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XIII 244373 SO1599574342 Transport PATH Post Medieval 399WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW IV 244108 SO1638578081 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 400WARREN BANK 24607 SO170786 Agriculture and Subsistence PLACE NAME Post Medieval 400WARREN BANK, PILLOW MOUND III 244083 SO1715878768 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 401MIDDLE CWM IAGO, BUILDING II 244286 SO2072775035 Agriculture & Subsistence FARM BUILDING Post Medieval 401PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK V 244197 SO1984577520 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 401SYCAMORE HALL, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244252 SO2105375096 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 40128

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDEDOL-Y-FRAN, PATH IV 244364 SO1601774361 Transport PATH Post Medieval 401LITTLE CWM DWLIWN, FIELD BOUNDARY 244323 SO1617275109 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 402BLACK MOUNTAIN, FIELD BOUNDARY II 244105 SO1635478125 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 402CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY V 244008 SO1766279791 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 402MIDDLE CWM IAGO, BUILDING I 244285 SO2072775024 Agriculture & Subsistence FARM BUILDING Post Medieval 402FRON BANK, BOUNDARY STONE 244133 SO1717978046 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 403DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XIV 244374 SO1597574358 Transport PATH Post Medieval 403CNWCH, TRACK 244336 SO1545775636 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 403WARREN BANK, PILLOW MOUND I 244081 SO1702178654 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 403SYCAMORE HALL, TRACK 244254 SO2100175081 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 403LAWN BROOK, BANK AND DITCH IV 244311 SO1850975678 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 403RHOS HIR, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244159 SO1797878380 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 404SYCAMORE HALL, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244251 SO2133975120 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 405PANT Y FFYNNON, TRACK VI 244389 SO1982877554 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 405FRON BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW 244137 SO1760378408 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 405DINGLE COTTAGE, ENCLOSURE II 244359 SO1617574426 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 405FRON BANK, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244129 SO1748978273 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 405WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW III 244103 SO1610778307 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 406UPPER HEATH, TRACK II 244264 SO1989475226 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 406CEFN PAWL, PATH IV 244014 SO1677680461 Transport PATH Post Medieval 406CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244001 SO1718579828 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 406WARREN BANK, BANK 244077 SO1696279019 Unassigned BANK Post Medieval 406PANT Y FFYNNON, PILLOW MOUND I 244202 SO1981177308 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 407WARREN BANK, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244085 SO1699278682 Domestic PLATFORM Post Medieval 407WARREN BANK, TRACK I 244076 SO1682679039 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 407CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW XII 244068 SO1777079532 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 407CEFN PAWL, TRACK V 244067 SO1752079368 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 407STANKY HILL, TRACK III 244327 SO1582575574 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 407MIDDLE CWM IAGO, QUARRY 244260 SO2078574922 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 409CWM YR INGEL, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244190 SO1929277553 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 409WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW VI 244115 SO1655778445 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 410WARREN BANK, PILLOW MOUNDS 309107 SO17097867 Agriculture and Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 41029

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDEWARREN BANK, PILLOW MOUND II 244082 SO1708178744 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 410CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY XV 244060 SO1604279624 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 410LAWN BROOK, BANK AND DITCH II 244307 SO1828075980 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 410LAWN BROOK, BANK AND DITCH I 244306 SO1837475857 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 410WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244118 SO1728679025 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 411BWLCH, RIDGE AND FURROW IX 244056 SO1665579156 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 411WARREN BANK, TRACK IV 244143 SO1601877989 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 411CWM DWLIWN, BUILDING PLATFORM II 244330 SO1587375360 Domestic PLATFORM Post Medieval 411CEFN PAWL, QUARRY VIII 244070 SO1735879339 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 411LLANRHYS, ENCLOSURES IV 244153 SO1539977253 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 412CEFN PAWL, TRACK II 244025 SO1660079984 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 412CEFN PAWL, PATH VI 244026 SO1709080018 Transport PATH Post Medieval 412FRON BANK, TRACK I 244128 SO1741778211 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 412CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW XIII 244072 SO1748979451 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 413CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY II 244002 SO1712179805 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 413CEFN PAWL LEAD MINE, PIT 244000 SO1714479810 Industrial PIT Post Medieval 413CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW VII 244047 SO1633579750 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 413BLACK MOUNTAIN, TRACK 244152 SO1573977539 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 414CEFN PAWL, DITCH VI 244052 SO1621779624 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 414BLACK MOUNTAIN, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244104 SO1626078148 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 415BLACK MOUNTAIN COTTAGE, HOUSE 15568 SO1629177782 Domestic FARMHOUSE Post Medieval 415WARREN BANK, PILLOW MOUND V 309907 SO1702178800 Agriculture and Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 415CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY IX 244030 SO1709879960 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 415WARREN BANK, FIELD BOUNDARY II 244094 SO1656178538 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 415WARREN BANK, BOUNDARY STONE II 244132 SO1680478606 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 415WARREN BANK, FIELD BOUNDARY III 244095 SO1667678603 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 416CEFN PAWL, QUARRY I 244003 SJ1706679807 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 416CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY XVI 244061 SO1603579559 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 416CEFN PAWL LEAD MINE, LEAT 244028 SO1708880069 Industrial LEAT Post Medieval 416BLACK MOUNTAIN COTTAGE, ENCLOSURES 244141 SO1628677796 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 417CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY IV 244006 SO1710379804 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 417BLACK MOUNTAIN COTTAGE 244401 SO1628677796 Domestic FARMSTEAD Post Medieval 41730

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY XIV 244058 SO1680579177 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 417WARREN BANK, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244080 SO1680978753 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 417CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW XV 244075 SO1704279303 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 418CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY VII 244016 SO1685380366 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 418CEFN PAWL LEAD MINE, RESERVOIR 244018 SO1705780131 Water Supply & Drainage DAM Post Medieval 418CEFN PAWL, TRACK IV 244066 SO1632279183 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 418CWM DWLIWN, FIELD BOUNDARY 244325 SO1581975418 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 418FRON FARM, ENCLOSURE I 244214 SO1822976613 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 419CEFN PAWL, DITCH IV 244050 SO1655479812 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 419DOL-Y-FRAN, TRACK I 244383 SO1583074574 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 420DINGLE COTTAGE, ENCLOSURES I 244354 SO1637074198 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval 420WARREN BANK, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244078 SO1694378809 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 420LAWN BROOK, TRACK III 244313 SO1846175734 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 420CEFN PAWL, DITCH VII 244057 SO1680179217 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 421CEFN PAWL, PIT V 244034 SO1707479944 Industrial PIT Post Medieval 421CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW III 244040 SO1769079626 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 422CEFN PAWL. RIDGE AND FURROW II 244038 SO1660279887 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 423TYN YR YNN, ENCLOSURE 244337 SO1550375868 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 423WARREN BANK, BOUNDARY STONE I 244131 SO1674678731 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 423CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW VI 244046 SO1650079759 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 423CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY X 244031 SO1705779953 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 424CEFN PAWL, DRAINAGE DITCH I 244015 SO1668580221 Water Supply & Drainage DITCH Post Medieval 424RHOS HIR, POND 244390 SO1821378142 Water Supply & Drainage POND Post Medieval 424UPPER HEATH, TRACK III 244275 SO1977175211 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 424UPPER HEATH, TRACK IV 244276 SO1976975212 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 424CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW XIV 244073 SO1720079431 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 424BLACK MOUNTAIN, ENCLOSURE I 244151 SO1564577450 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 424BLACK MOUNTAIN, TRACK III 244157 SO1651577776 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 425STANKY HILL, TRACK V 244333 SO1588075640 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 425CWM YR INGEL, ENCLOSURE IV 244186 SO1881777535 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 425CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW X 244062 SO1608279504 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 425RHOS HIR, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244160 SO1795178232 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 42531

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECEFN PAWL, DITCH VIII 244074 SO1693879315 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 425UPPER HEATH, TRACK V 244277 SO1922775112 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 425CEFN PAWL, QUARRY IV 244053 SO1638779715 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 425CEFN PAWL, TRACK III 244059 SO1685379242 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 426CEFN PAWL, LONG HUT 244032 SO1703279936 Domestic LONG HUT Post Medieval 427CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW XI 244063 SO1623879496 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 427WARREN BANK, TRACK II 244096 SO1685078784 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 427DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XV 244375 SO1593774452 Transport PATH Post Medieval 427RHOS HIR, QUARRY I 244162 SO1811378112 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 427CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW IV 244041 SO1714779686 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 428CEFN PAWL, QUARRY VI 244064 SO1604879297 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 428DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH X 244370 SO1600274470 Transport PATH Post Medieval 428DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XI 244371 SO1598874470 Transport PATH Post Medieval 429DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XVI 244376 SO1595174457 Transport PATH Post Medieval 429STANKY HILL, TRACK XVIII 244352 SO1568676588 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 430CEFN PAWL, DRAINAGE DITCH II 244042 SO1675980022 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 430BEACON HILL, TRACK I 244203 SO1962177264 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 430DOL-Y-FRAN, ENCLOSURE II 244382 SO1588974601 Agriculture & Subsistence ENCLOSURE Post Medieval 430DINGLE COTTAGE, FIELD BOUNDARY 244355 SO1635874341 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 430DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XVII 244377 SO1596274461 Transport PATH Post Medieval 431STANKY HILL, TRACK IV 244332 SO1590575650 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 431DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH XII 244372 SO1598874474 Transport PATH Post Medieval 432CEFN PAWL, DITCH V 244051 SO1646779718 Agriculture & Subsistence DITCH Post Medieval 432STANKY HILL, TRACK XVII 244351 SO1576976639 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 432RHOS HIR, BANK AND DITCH I 244163 SO1789478118 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 432CEFN PAWL, QUARRY VII 244065 SO1606379263 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 432PANT Y FFYNNON, PILLOW MOUND II 244216 SO1974877104 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 433BLACK MOUNTAIN, PILLOW MOUND 244158 SO1673477405 Agriculture & Subsistence PILLOW MOUND Post Medieval 433RHOS HIR, TRACK I 244130 SO1789878116 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 433CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY III 244004 SO1714679600 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 433DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH IX 244369 SO1601174483 Transport PATH Post Medieval 434CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY VIII 244022 SO1682180086 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 43432

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244021 SO1688580106 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 435LAWN BROOK, BANK AND DITCH III 244308 SO1838075748 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 436CEFN PAWL, PATH VIII 244049 SO1633479421 Transport PATH Post Medieval 437STANKY HILL, TRACK XVI 244350 SO1597276660 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 437CEFN PAWL, PATH VII 244037 SO1691979896 Transport PATH Post Medieval 437STANKY HILL, TRACK VII 244341 SO1600176596 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 438CEFN PAWL, QUARRY V 244054 SO1669379708 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 438RHOS HIR, BANK II 244164 SO1794677887 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 439CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY XII 244044 SO1674079652 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 440BLACK MOUNTAIN, TRACK I 244142 SO1676477683 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 440FRON FARM, ENCLOSURE II 244220 SO1947676540 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD Post Medieval 440STANKY HILL, TRACK XIII 244347 SO1587276701 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 440STANKY HILL, TRACK XV 244349 SO1585676704 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 440CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY XIII 244045 SO1666879482 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNADRYundary Post Medieval 441RHOS HIR, LEAT 244165 SO1777677742 Water Supply & Drainage LEAT Post Medieval 441CEFN PAWL, FIELD BOUNDARY XI 244039 SO1689879879 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 441CEFN PAWL, RIDGE AND FURROW VIII 244055 SO1672579693 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 442WERNYGEUFRON HILL, TRACK I 244228 SO2006874736 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 443STANKY HILL, TRACK XIV 244348 SO1589776737 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 443UPPER HEATH, TRACK X 244282 SO1996174923 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 445LAWN BROOK, QUARRY 244292 SO1832475421 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 448DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH VIII 244368 SO1604974574 Transport PATH Post Medieval 448BEACON HILL, TRACK III 244219 SO1963676822 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 449STANKY HILL, RIDGE AND FURROW I 244335 SO1589875762 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 450STANKY HILL, TRACK XII 244346 SO1604876751 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 451RHOS HIR, TRACK II 244168 SO1719077525 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 451CWM YR INGEL, TRACK I 244161 SO1773477466 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 455STANKY HILL, RIDGE AND FURROW II 244339 SO1567675714 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 455LAWN BROOK, TRACK I 244305 SO1821675754 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 455DOL-Y-FRAN, PATH VII 244367 SO1608074600 Transport PATH Post Medieval 456STANKY HILL, FIELD BOUNDARY I 244331 SO1581775760 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 456BEACON HILL, TRACK V 244223 SO1773475978 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 45733

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDELAWN BROOK, TRACK IV 244314 SO1823775744 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 458LAWN BROOK, RIDGE AND FURROW 244293 SO1810375569 Agriculture & Subsistence RIDGE AND FURROW Post Medieval 459BEACON LODGE, FISH POND 244303 SO1836674945 Recreational FISHPOND Post Medieval 460STANKY HILL, TRACK VI 244340 SO1577276160 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 460STANKY HILL, TRACK X 244345 SO1624076714 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 462POOL HILL, TRACK II 244316 SO1795075706 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 462POOL HILL, TRACK IV 244318 SO1806475619 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 464POOL HILL, TRACK III 244317 SO1803775628 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 465BEACON HILL, BOUNDARY STONE IV 244221 SO1788276210 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 467BEACON HILL, BOUNDARY STONE V 244224 SO1746676351 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 468BEACON HILL, TRACK IV 244222 SO1746876354 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 468BEACON LODGE, TRACK XI 244302 SO1830275035 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 469BEACON LODGE, TRACK IX 244300 SO1829575161 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 471FRON FARM, TRACK I 244212 SO1788676216 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 471UPPER HEATH, TRACK VII 244279 SO1968374830 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 471BEACON LODGE, TRACK XII 244304 SO1813675092 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 473STANKY HILL, TRACK IX 244344 SO1639776742 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 473BEACON LODGE, TRACK IV 244295 SO1874474996 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 473BEACON LODGE, TRACK X 244301 SO1829575155 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 473BEACON LODGE, TRACK III 244294 SO1891874945 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 475UPPER HEATH, TRACK IX 244281 SO1929374846 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 477BEACON LODGE, TRACK VII 244298 SO1832775154 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 477BEACON HILL, TRACK VI 244226 SO1735476419 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 478BEACON LODGE, TRACK II 244291 SO1881875001 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 478BEACON HILL, TRACK VII 244227 SO1732676409 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 479STANKY HILL, TRACK I 244324 SO1641976115 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 479UPPER HEATH, TRACK VIII 244280 SO1931274860 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 479STANKY HILL, TRACK XI 244342 SO1656976620 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 481UPPER HEATH, TRACK VI 244278 SO1960874820 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 482BEACON LODGE, TRACK VI 244296 SO1859375145 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 482UPPER HEATH, POND 244396 SO1958174846 Agriculture & Subsistence POND Post Medieval 483BEACON LODGE, TRACK I 244289 SO1679576433 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 48334

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDESTANKY HILL, TRACK VIII 244343 SO16475 7669 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 484BEACON LODGE, TRACK VIII 244299 SO1845075035 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 484STANKY HILL, FIELD BOUNDARY II 244334 SO1585175984 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD BOUNDARY Post Medieval 484POOL HILL, TRACK V 244353 SO1642574761 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 486BEACON LODGE, TRACK V 244297 SO1844375190 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 486POOL HILL, TRACK I 244315 SO1707975091 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 498BEACON HILL, PEAT CUTTING 244397 SO1854176808 Industrial PEAT CUTTING Post Medieval 503BEACON HILL, TRACK II 244204 SO1843976807 Transport TRACKWAY Post Medieval 505BEACON HILL, QUARRY I 244171 SO1808776748 Industrial QUARRY Post Medieval 511BEACON HILL, BOUNDARY STONE III 244217 SO1883576809 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 518BEACON HILL, BOUNDARY STONE I 244169 SO1744776703 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 524BEACON HILL, BOUNDARY STONE II 244172 SO1801776890 Monument BOUNDARY STONE Post Medieval 533WERNYGEUFRON HILL, DRAINAGE CHANNEL 244233 SO2306276136 Water Supply & Drainage DRAINAGE CHANNEL Modern 310CEFN CRAIG, QUARRY 244271 SO2032875803 Industrial QUARRY Modern 356WERN Y GEINIOG, ENCLOSURES IV 244090 SO1692078247 Agriculture & Subsistence FIELD SYSTEM Modern 360WARREN BANK, QUARRY I 244087 SO1726678763 Industrial QUARRY Modern 374WERNYGEUFRON HILL, FENCE LINE 244239 SO2224675650 Agriculture & Subsistence FENCE Modern 389CEFN PAWL, SHED 244011 SO1665980501 Agriculture & Subsistence SHED Modern 392GOLDEN GROVE, LEAT 244136 SO1761078289 Water Supply & Drainage LEAT Modern 395GOLDEN GROVE, PONDS 244135 SO1752778203 Water Supply & Drainage RESERVOIR Modern 400CEFN PAWL, TRACK I 244012 SO1659180301 Transport TRACKWAY Modern 400BLACK MOUNTAIN, QUARRY 244156 SO1533276619 Industrial QUARRY Modern 401WARREN BANK, WATER TANK 244102 SO1622478294 Agriculture & Subsistence WATER TANK Modern 409BLACK MOUNTAIN, SHEEP FOLD II 244201 SO1967677490 Agriculture & Subsistence FOLD Modern 410CEFN PAWL, QUARRY II 244024 SO1663480065 Industrial QUARRY Modern 412CEFN PAWL, PIT I 244019 SO1701580107 Industrial PIT Modern 420CEFN PAWL, PIT II 244020 SO1697980145 Water Supply & Drainage PIT Modern 421CEFN PAWL, FENCE I 244005 SO1708579774 Agriculture & Subsistence FENCE Modern 423CEFN PAWL, PIT IV 244033 SO1703579925 Agriculture & Subsistence PIT Modern 425CEFN PAWL, FENCE II 244017 SO1678079993 Agriculture & Subsistence FENCE Modern 433CEFN PAWL, PIT VI 244036 SO1694179919 Agriculture & Subsistence PIT Modern 435UPPER HEATH, QUARRY 244283 SO1964775125 Industrial QUARRY Modern 44235

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>NAME NPRN NGR BROADCLASS TYPE PERIOD ALTITUDECWM YR INGEL, ENCLOSURE V 244391 SO1958377065 Agriculture & Subsistence ENCLOSURE Modern 453BLACK MOUNTAIN, SHEEP FOLD I 244175 SO1641976931 Agriculture & Subsistence FOLD Modern 454DOL-Y-FRAN, SHEEPFOLD 244378 SO1611274645 Agriculture & Subsistence SHEEP FOLD Modern 460BEACON LODGE, MEMORIAL STONE 244290 SO1894375010 Commemorative COMMEMORATIVE STONE Modern 471BEACON HILL, SHEEPFOLD II 244225 SO1742176430 Agriculture & Subsistence FOLD Modern 479BEACON HILL, TRIANGULATION POINT 244170 SO1764576799 Civil TRIANGULATION POINT Modern 54736

RCAHM Wales Uplands Initiative – <strong>Beacon</strong> <strong>Hill</strong>37

Beacon Hill, Radnorshire - Royal Commission on the Ancient and ...

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