28. Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE

570POACEAEsmooth or scaberulous. Spikelets 3.5–4.5 mm, greenish or purplish;glumes glabrous; lower glume 2.3–2.5 mm, 3–5-veined,scabrid along veins; upper glume as long as spikelet, 5-veined;lower floret staminate, longer than lower glume; upper floret 2–2.2 mm, lemma apex 2-denticulate, awned; awn geniculate withbrown twisted column, 3–6 mm; callus hairs 1/4 length of lemma.Fl. and fr. Apr.Shady rock fissures along river banks. Taiwan [Philippines].19. Arundinella rupestris A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist.Nat. 25: 367. 1919.岩生野古草 yan sheng ye gu caoArundinella fluviatilis var. pachyathera Handel-Mazzetti;A. rupestris var. pachyathera (Handel-Mazzetti) B. S. Sun & Z.H. Hu.Perennial, tufted, rhizomes absent, base with persistent paperysheaths. Culms very slender, erect or decumbent and rootingat base, 30–80 cm tall, ca. 1 mm in diam., 7–10-noded,nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes,thinly pilose, glabrescent, one margin ciliate, bearded atmouth; leaf blades linear or often involute, 5–20 cm × 2–5 mm,glabrous or adaxial surface thinly pilose, apex finely acuminate;ligule ca. 0.25 mm. Panicle loosely contracted, 7–15 cm; centralaxis and branches scabrid-hispidulous; branches narrowly ascending,3–7 cm, loosely spiculate; pedicels scabrid. Spikelets3.5–4 mm, yellowish green or purplish; glumes glabrous, smoothor midvein scabrid; lower glume 2.5–3.5 mm, 3–5-veined; upperglume as long as spikelet, 5-veined; lower floret staminate,as long as lower glume; upper floret 2.5–3 mm, lemma apex 2-denticulate, awned; awn geniculate with brown twisted column,2–5 mm; callus hairs 1/4–1/3 length of lemma. Fl. and fr. May–Oct.River banks, floodlands, rock fissures; 300–500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,Hunan [Thailand, Vietnam].This is a lowland, riverine species with tufts of wiry, many-nodedculms. The lower leaf blades and upper part of the lower sheaths are oftenbroken away, exposing the nodes.20. Arundinella intricata Hughes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew1920(3): 112. 1920.错立野古草 cuo li ye gu caoPerennial, densely tufted, strongly rhizomatous. Culmserect or ascending, 35–80 cm tall, 1.5–2 mm in diam., 5–9-noded, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes,glabrous or pilose, one margin ciliate; leaf blades linear, 11–20cm × 2–5 mm, glabrous or pilose, margins scabrid, apex finelyacuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Panicle loosely contracted,narrowly elliptic in outline, 10–17 cm; central axis andbranches scabrid-hispidulous; branches narrowly ascending,3–6 cm, loosely spiculate; pedicels scabrid. Spikelets 3.8–4.5mm, usually purple tinged; glumes glabrous, veins scaberulous;lower glume 2.5–3 mm, 3–5-veined; upper glume as long asspikelet, 5-veined; lower floret staminate, as long as lowerglume; upper floret 2.2–3 mm, lemma apex subentire, awned;awn geniculate with brown twisted column, 2.7–5 mm; callushairs ca. 1/2 length of lemma.Cliffs, sandy river banks. Xizang [Bhutan, NE India].This species is reputed to be a good soil binder.28. Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE高粱族 gao liang zuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ), Sun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. Phillips, Stephen A. RenvoizeAnnual or perennial. Leaf blades linear, rarely lanceolate or filiform; ligule membranous, rarely ciliate. Inflorescence composedof fragile (infrequently tough) racemes, these arranged in a terminal panicle with elongate central axis, or more frequently subdigitate,paired or solitary, often axillary, subtended by spathes and spatheoles and gathered into a compound panicle. Racemes usuallybearing paired spikelets (with a terminal triad), rarely spikelets single or in threes, usually one spikelet of a pair sessile and theother pedicelled, infrequently both pedicelled; rachis fracturing at maturity beneath each spikelet pair. Spikelets of a pair alike ormore often dissimilar in shape and sex, when dissimilar sessile spikelet bisexual or female, pedicelled spikelet male or barren, rarelypedicelled spikelet vestigial or absent and sessile spikelet then apparently single; sometimes 1 or more of lowermost pairs in racemeinfertile, resembling pedicelled spikelets, persistent (homogamous pairs); rachis internodes and pedicels filiform, linear or thickened,sometimes very stout and partially enclosing spikelet, falling with adjacent sessile spikelet, pedicelled spikelet falling separately;callus at base of sessile spikelet obtuse to pungent. Sessile spikelet with 2 florets, usually dorsally compressed; glumes enclosingflorets, hardened, lower glume facing outward, very variable, convex or 2-keeled, upper glume boat-shaped, fitting between internodeand pedicel; lower floret male or barren, lower lemma hyaline, 2-keeled, lower palea suppressed when floret barren; upperfloret fertile, upper lemma hyaline, narrow, entire or 2-toothed, awnless or bearing a geniculate awn with twisted column, upper paleashort or absent. Pedicelled spikelet usually lanceolate, papery, often smaller than pedicelled spikelet; pedicel resembling rachisinternode, rarely absent or fused to internode. Leaf anatomy Kranz MS. x = 5, 9.About 85 genera and ca. 1000 species: throughout the tropics, extending into warm-temperate regions; 41 genera (one or two introduced) and204 species (42 endemic, seven or eight introduced) in China.Members of this tribe can usually be readily recognized by their fragile racemes bearing paired spikelets, one sessile and the other pedicelled.The dispersal unit is thus composed of sessile spikelet, rachis internode, and pedicel (the pedicelled spikelet falls separately), all of which contribute tothe protection of the seed and are frequently ornamented or modified.In the more primitive members both spikelets of a pair are alike and fertile and are arranged in a terminal panicle. In most genera, however, the

POACEAE 571pedicelled spikelet has lost its fertility and differs in shape and texture from the sessile one. In some genera the pedicelled spikelet is much reduced,and in extreme cases its pedicel is reduced to a vestige or fused to the adjacent internode. The sessile spikelets then appear single, but the fragile rachisgives a good clue to the correct tribe.Another trend apparent throughout the tribe is the reduction of the large, terminal inflorescence to a few digitate or paired racemes, often arisingfrom the axils of specialized leaves with inflated sheaths and reduced blades (spathes). In the most complex genera the ultimate unit is a boat-shapedsheath without a blade (spatheole) subtending 1 or 2 short racemes, and by repeated branching many of these units are gathered into a leafy compoundpanicle.The spikelets contain 2 florets, but this is not obvious as the florets are delicate and usually reduced. However, it is seldom necessary to dissectthe spikelets in order to identify a member of Andropogoneae. The apex of the upper lemma and position of the awn are sometimes important foridentification. If the awn is gently drawn out, the small lemma at its base can be examined with a lens.See the drawings of Andropogoneae features on page 3 of this volume.Key 11a. Spikelets all unisexual, separated in different inflorescences or in different parts of the same inflorescence.2a. Male and female spikelets in different inflorescences, the female in sheathed axillary “cobs” (cultivated maize) ...... 226. Zea2b. Male and female spikelets in different parts of same inflorescence.3a. Female spikelets enclosed in a beadlike, bony utricle ............................................................................................. 223. Coix3b. Female spikelets not enclosed in a bony utricle.4a. Female spikelets conspicuously transversely constricted; racemes all solitary, in spathate axillaryclusters ................................................................................................................................................... 224. Chionachne4b. Female spikelets not transversely constricted; racemes digitate, at least the terminal .............................. 225. Polytoca1b. Spikelets all bisexual, or at least the sessile spikelet of a pair, male and female not separated.5a. Spikelets single, without an accompanying vestigial spikelet or pedicel (if spikelets awnlesss and rachisinternodes stout, see Key 4).6a. Inflorescence of many racemes on an elongate central axis ..................................................................... 186. Spodiopogon6b. Inflorescence of solitary or digitate racemes.7a. Leaf blades linear; raceme rachis tough ...................................................................................................... 207. Dimeria7b. Leaf blades lanceolate; raceme rachis fragile .......................................................................................... 208. Arthraxon5b. Spikelets paired, but sometimes pedicelled spikelet vestigial or represented only by the pedicel.8a. Rachis internodes and pedicels slender, filiform to linear, or if widened upward the upper lemma awned.9a. Spikelets of a pair similar in shape, usually both fertile ......................................................................................... Key 29b. Spikelets of a pair different in shape and sex (rarely pedicelled spikelet vestigial or reduced to pedicel)................................................................................................................................................................................... Key 38b. Rachis internodes and pedicels stout, angular, columnar or widening upward, internode and pedicel sometimesjoined; upper lemma awnless ......................................................................................................................................... Key 4Key 21a. Inflorescence with elongate central axis, longer than lowest raceme.2a. Lower glume papery, convex, the veins raised ................................................................................................ 186. Spodiopogon2b. Lower glume membranous or leathery, the veins flat.3a. Raceme rachis fragile; 1 spikelet of the pair sessile ..................................................................................... 187. Saccharum3b. Raceme rachis tough; all spikelets pedicelled.4a. Panicle loose; glumes cartilaginous to leathery ..................................................................................... 188. Miscanthus4b. Panicle contracted or spikelike; glumes membranous .............................................................................. 189. Imperata1b. Inflorescence of solitary or subdigitate racemes.5a. Inflorescences axillary.6a. Inflorescence a solitary raceme; spikelets laterally compressed; upper glume with long fineawn .......................................................................................................................................................... 192. Pogonatherum6b. Inflorescence of 2–4 subdigitate racemes; spikelets dorsally compressed; upper glumeawn-pointed ................................................................................................................................................... 193. Eulaliopsis5b. Inflorescence terminal.7a. Spikelets in groups of 3, 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled ......................................................................................... 194. Polytrias7b. Spikelets paired.8a. Culms rambling; leaf blades lanceolate; spikelets sparsely hairy; lower glume concave togrooved along median line ................................................................................................................. 195. Microstegium8b. Culms erect; leaf blades linear; spikelets conspicuously hairy; lower glume convex to flator slightly concave.9a. Slender annuals ............................................................................................................... 191. Pseudopogonatherum9b. Robust perennials.

572POACEAE10a. Raceme rachis tough, both spikelets of pair pedicelled ......................................................... 188. Miscanthus10b. Raceme rachis fragile; 1 spikelet of pair sessile .......................................................................... 190. EulaliaKey 31a. Sessile spikelets male or barren, hard, involucrelike, awnless; pedicelled spikelets fertile, long awned .................. 197. Germainia1b. Sessile spikelets fertile, often awned; pedicelled spikelets male, barren, or suppressed.2a. Racemes borne on an elongate central axis or its branches, axis longer than lowest raceme, not supportedby spathes.3a. Rachis internodes and pedicels without a purple translucent median line.4a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet laterally compressed; raceme often reduced to a triad .................. 200. Chrysopogon4b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; raceme of several spikelet pairs belowterminal triad.5a. Glumes of sessile spikelet leathery; panicle usually loose, racemes of 2–7 spikelet pairs;lodicules ciliate .................................................................................................................................... 198. Sorghum5b. Glumes of sessile spikelets firmly cartilaginous; panicle dense, racemes of 5–15spikelet pairs; lodicules glabrous ............................................................................................. 199. Pseudosorghum3b. Rachis internodes and pedicels with a purple translucent median line.6a. Racemes of 1–5(–8) spikelet pairs, often reduced to triads ............................................................... 202. Capillipedium6b. Racemes of more than 8 spikelet pairs ................................................................................................ 203. Bothriochloa2b. Racemes solitary, paired or subdigitate, often supported by spathes.7a. Rachis internodes and pedicels with a purple translucent median line ..................................................... 203. Bothriochloa7b. Pedicels and rachis internodes without a translucent median line.8a. Lower floret of sessile spikelet staminate, with well-developed palea.9a. Pedicel lacking a spikelet, partially fused to lower glume; sessile spikelet broadly truncate,apex with scarious colored band (A. intermedius with pedicelled spikelet) ...................................... 196. Apocopis9b. Pedicel bearing a spikelet, free from lower glume.10a. Ligule a line of hairs; raceme solitary; lower glume of sessile spikelet deeply grooved,apex elongate, scarious ................................................................................................................. 204. Sehima10b. Ligule membranous; racemes often more than 1; lower glume of sessile spikelet not as above.11a. Sessile spikelet laterally compressed, smooth; raceme solitary, reduced to spathatetriad, these numerous, crowded into compound panicle ..................................................... 206. Apluda11b. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; racemes (1 or)2 or more, terminal or axillary.12a. Rachis internodes and pedicels stoutly linear to thickly clavate; sessilespikelet often rugose or knobbly ......................................................................... 205. Ischaemum12b. Rachis internodes and pedicels filiform to linear; sessile spikelet smooth,grooved along midline ..................................................................................... 195. Microstegium8b. Lower floret of sessile spikelet barren, reduced to a lemma, palea absent.13a. Awn arising from low down on lemma back; culms slender, often trailing, leaf bladeslanceolate ......................................................................................................................................... 208. Arthraxon13b. Awn arising from apex of lemma, or from sinus of 2-lobed apex.14a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet 2-keeled; callus inserted into hollowedinternode apex.15a. Racemes solitary ................................................................................................... 209. Schizachyrium15b. Racemes paired or digitate.16a. Leaves not aromatic; racemes not deflexed, borne on unequalterete raceme bases .......................................................................................... 210. Andropogon16b. Leaves aromatic; racemes usually deflexed at maturity, borneon subequal flattened raceme bases ............................................................... 211. Cymbopogon14b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet convexly rounded without keels; callusattached obliquely, its apex visible.17a. Upper lemma 2-toothed, awned from sinus ............................................................ 212. Hyparrhenia17b. Upper lemma entire, awned from apex.18a. Raceme with 2 large homogamous spikelet pairs at base, formingan involucre .......................................................................................................... 213. Themeda18b. Raceme with or without homogamous spikelet pairs, but notforming an involucre.19a. Sessile spikelet with pungent callus ..................................................... 214. Heteropogon19b. Sessile spikelet with obtuse callus.

POACEAE 57320a. Inflorescence terminal, composed of (1 or)2–8subdigitate racemes ..................................................................... 201. Dichanthium20b. Inflorescence a small spathate raceme, racemesgrouped in bunches on flexuous peduncles,forming a compound panicle ................................................. 215. PseudanthistiriaKey 41a. Inflorescence terminal, racemes solitary, subdigitate or spread along an elongate axis.2a. Sessile spikelet with pectinate, often spinose margins, or margins tuberculate; raceme solitary .................... 220. Eremochloa2b. Sessile spikelet without pectinate margins; racemes solitary to many.3a. Pedicel joined to rachis internode; pedicelled spikelet absent ...................................................................... 218. Mnesithea3b. Pedicel free; pedicelled spikelet present ....................................................................................................... 216. Phacelurus1b. Inflorescence of axillary racemes from the upper leaf axils.4a. Sessile spikelets alternating on raceme in 2 opposite rows; pedicelled spikelets absent; pedicel joined torachis internode ....................................................................................................................................................... 222. Ophiuros4b. Sessile spikelets all on one side of raceme; pedicelled spikelets well developed to vestigial; pedicel free orpartially or completely joined to rachis internode.5a. Spikelets of a pair similar (if 2 sessile ornamented spikelets at each node, see Mnesithea); racemestough or tardily disarticulating; rachis articulation line usually oblique without central peg .................... 217. Hemarthria5b. Spikelets of a pair different; racemes easily disarticulating; rachis articulation line ± straight withcentral peg.6a. Sessile spikelet globose, reticulately ornamented .............................................................................. 221. Hackelochloa6b. Sessile spikelet not globose, smooth or with longitudinal slits or grooves between the veins.7a. Lower floret of sessile spikelet staminate, its palea well developed; spikelets smooth ................. 219. Rottboellia7b. Lower floret of sessile spikelet barren, its palea reduced or absent; spikelets with 2–7longitudinal slots or grooves between the veins, rarely smooth ...................................................... 218. MnesitheaEccoilopus Steudel.186. SPODIOPOGON Trinius, Fund. Agrost. 192. 1820.大油芒属 da you mang shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennials, often rhizomatous. Culms erect, many-noded, simple or branched. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, flat, sometimesnarrowed to a pseudopetiole; ligule membranous, often hairy on margin or back. Inflorescence terminal, an open or contractedpanicle with elongate central axis, primary branches subverticillate, typically capillary, smooth, bearing 1 or more racemes; racemesshort, rachis fragile or tough, sessile and pedicelled spikelet of a pair similar, both pedicelled when rachis tough, both fertile, rarelyspikelets solitary; rachis internodes and pedicels slender or thickened upward, often with cupular apex. Spikelets usually lanceolate,scarcely compressed; callus subglabrous to shortly bearded; glumes equal, firmly papery, lower glume rounded on back, puberulousto villous, closely many-veined, veins prominent, raised into ridges, apex acute to shortly awned; upper glume usually resemblinglower glume, sometimes keeled; lower floret often staminate, lemma lanceolate to ovate, palea usually present; upper lemma deeply2-lobed, awned from sinus; awn geniculate. x = 10.Fifteen species: Turkey eastward to India, Thailand, and Japan, one species extending northward to Siberia; nine species (six endemic) in China.Species with a tough rachis and pedicellate spikelets are sometimes separated as the genus Eccoilopus. However, the racemes have distinct jointsin these species, so the lack of disarticulation at maturity appears to be a secondary development. The spikelets are typical of Spodiopogon.1a. Racemes not disarticulating at maturity; spikelets of a pair both pedicelled.2a. Culms decumbent at base, branched; leaf blades lanceolate, 9–15 cm ........................................................... 1. S. bambusoides2b. Culms erect, not branched; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 15–60 cm.3a. Spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 5–6 mm; awn 12–18 mm ................................................................................. 2. S. cotulifer3b. Spikelets broadly lanceolate, 4–5 mm; awn 0–5 mm .................................................................................. 3. S. formosanus1b. Racemes disarticulating at maturity; spikelets of a pair 1 sessile and 1 pedicelled, or spikelets solitary.4a. Lower leaf blades sagittate with long pseudopetiole ......................................................................................... 4. S. sagittifolius4b. Lower leaf blades not sagittate, pseudopetiole present or not.5a. Plant tufted; leaf blades pseudopetiolate; panicle branches 5–15 cm ............................................................. 5. S. duclouxii5b. Plant rhizomatous; leaf blades not pseudopetiolate; panicle branches 2–6(–8) cm.6a. Primary branches of panicle much branched, branchlets many.

574POACEAE7a. Leaf blades villous; racemes of 7–11 spikelets ....................................................................................... 6. S. dubius7b. Leaf blades glabrous or abaxial surface tuberculate-hispid; racemes of 1–3 spikelets .................... 7. S. yuexiensis6b. Primary branches simple or sparsely branched, branchlets few or none.8a. Culms 60–200 cm tall, not branched; leaf blades 10–40 cm; awn 10–15 mm ................................... 8. S. sibiricus8b. Culms 20–50 cm tall, branched; leaf blades 4–8 cm; awn 7–10 mm ............................................. 9. S. tainanensis1. Spodiopogon bambusoides (P. C. Keng) S. M. Phillips & S.L. Chen, Novon 15: 468. 2005.竹油芒 zhu you mangEccoilopus bambusoides P. C. Keng, Guihaia 13: 320.1993.Perennial, tufted. Culms decumbent at base, rooting at lowernodes, hard, 1–1.4 m tall, 2–3 mm in diam., branched. Leafsheaths smooth, glabrous, lower blades disarticulating fromsheaths; leaf blades lanceolate, 9–15 × 1–1.7 cm, smooth, glabrous,base cuneate, apex acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm, ciliolate.Panicle elliptic in outline, 10–12 cm; branches spreading, 3–5cm, undivided below middle, much branched above, ultimatebranchlets shortly bearded at apex and bearing a spikelet pair or3 spikelets; spikelets of a pair both pedicellate, pedicels unequal,clavate upward, shorter pedicel stout. Spikelets 4–4.7mm; callus hairs ca. 0.7 mm; lower glume lanceolate-oblong,pilose, veins scaberulous, apex subacute or minutely mucronate;upper glume obtuse; lower floret staminate, palea welldeveloped; upper lemma 2-lobed to below middle; awn 6–8mm. Anthers 2.8–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov.● Grassy mountain slopes. Guangxi, Guizhou.2. Spodiopogon cotulifer (Thunberg) Hackel in A. Candolle &C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 187. 1889.油芒 you mangAndropogon cotulifer Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed.14, 903. 1784; Eccoilopus andropogonoides Steudel; E. cotulifer(Thunberg) A. Camus; E. cotulifer var. sagittiformis Ohwi;Eulalia cotulifera (Thunberg) Munro; Miscanthus cotulifer(Thunberg) Bentham; Saccharum cotuliferum (Thunberg) Roberty.Perennial. Culms solitary, erect, 60–150 cm tall, 3–8 mmin diam., unbranched. Leaf sheaths smooth, papery; leaf bladeslinear-lanceolate, 15–60 × 0.8–2 cm, scabrid, abaxial surfacesparsely hispid, adaxial surface villous above ligule, basenarrowed, lower blades pseudopetiolate, apex finely acute; ligule2–3 mm. Panicle open, ovate-oblong in outline, 15–30cm; branches capillary, flexuous, 3–10 cm, usually tippedby a single raceme, infrequently branched; racemes 3–10-noded, articulation lines present, shortly bearded, not disarticulatingat maturity, spikelets of a pair both pedicellate; rachisinternodes 4–7 mm, filiform, apices swollen; pedicels unequal,clavate upward, shorter pedicel stout. Spikelets 5–6 mm; callushairs ca. 1 mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate, subglabrousto hispid, veins scabrid, margins densely hispid, apex emarginate,shortly awned to 1.5 mm; upper glume similar; lowerfloret sterile, palea narrow; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle;awn 12–18 mm. Anthers 2.5–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov. 2n =40.Grassy hillsides, valleys, roadsides; 200–1000 m. Anhui, Fujian,Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N India, Japan, Kashmir,S Korea].The spikelets drop very readily at maturity, leaving slender, articulatedraceme axes bearing paired, clavate pedicels of distinctive andeasily recognizable appearance.3. Spodiopogon formosanus Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36:351. 1904.台湾油芒 tai wan you mangEccoilopus formosanus (Rendle) A. Camus; E. formosanusvar. tohoensis (Hayata) Honda; E. taiwanicus Honda; E.tohoensis (Hayata) A. Camus; Spodiopogon kawakamii Hayata;S. kawakamii var. sativus Honda; S. tohoensis Hayata.Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms erect, 60–130 cmtall, 2.5–5 mm in diam., unbranched. Leaf sheaths glabrous,mouth tuberculate-hispid; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 20–50 ×1–1.5 cm, glabrous, abaxial surface smooth, adaxial surfacescabrid, base narrowed, lower blades pseudopetiolate, apexacute; ligule 2–3 mm. Panicle open, ovate in outline, 5–15 cm;branches 3–6 cm, distal part branched; racemes 1–3-noded,articulation lines present, not bearded, not disarticulating at maturity,spikelets of a pair both pedicellate; rachis internodes 2–4mm; pedicels unequal, clavate upward, shorter pedicel stout.Spikelets 4–5 mm, plump; callus hairs 0.2–0.5 mm; lowerglume broadly lanceolate, glabrous to hispid, veins smooth exceptnear apex, apex emarginate, minutely mucronate; upperglume with mucro to 0.5 mm; lower floret sterile; upper lemma2-lobed in upper 1/3; awn 0–5 mm. Anthers 2–3 mm. Fl. and fr.summer–autumn.● Dry mountain slopes; 1000–2000 m. Taiwan.This species has been cultivated as a grain crop in the uplands ofTaiwan.4. Spodiopogon sagittifolius Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 352.1904.箭叶大油芒 jian ye da you mangPerennial from a short knotty rhizome. Culms erect, 60–100 cm tall, 2–3 mm in diam., 3–4-noded, unbranched. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 8–30 × 0.5–1.5cm, abaxial surface tuberculate-pilose, adaxial surface glabrous,margins smooth, base of lower blades deeply sagittate with pilosepseudopetiole up to 10 cm and acuminate lobes to 1.5 cm,apex acuminate; ligule 2–6 mm. Panicle open, lanceolate inoutline, 9–20 cm; branches 2–5 cm, pilose in axils, unbranched,tipped by a solitary spikelet, a spikelet pair, or 3 spikelets; disarticulatingat maturity, rachis internodes (when present) andpedicels slenderly clavate, 3/4 as long to equaling spikelets,shortly ciliate. Spikelets 4–6 mm, yellowish green; callus hairs

POACEAE 575ca. 1.5 mm; lower glume lanceolate-oblong, pilose, 11–13-veined, veins smooth, apex subacute; upper glume similar, 8–11-veined, emarginate; lower floret staminate, palea welldeveloped; upper lemma 2-lobed to below middle; awn 12–20mm. Anthers 3.5–4 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.● Mountain slopes, forests, grasslands; 1500–1800 m. Yunnan.Spodiopogon lacei Hole, from Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar,and N Thailand, is another species with sagittate leaf blades. It differs inits more robust culms to 2.5 m tall and 3–4 mm thick; denser, brownishpanicle of 2- or 3-noded, dense racemes with shorter, clavate rachisinternodes; and by the upper glume of the sessile spikelet, which isstrongly keeled and smooth without prominent veins.5. Spodiopogon duclouxii A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist.Nat. 27: 551. 1921.滇大油芒 dian da you mangPerennial, tufted from a tough rootstock. Culms erect,120–160 cm tall, 3–5 mm in diam., 8–10-noded, unbranched.Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 30–60 ×1.2–1.8 cm, abaxial surface thinly pilose, adaxial surface scaberulous,base of lower blades narrowed into up to 8 cm pseudopetiole,upper blades narrowed to sheath, apex finely acuminate;ligule 1.4–1.5 mm, back villous. Panicle open, 10–30 cm;branches in distant whorls, capillary, flexuous, 5–15 cm, mostlyunbranched, tipped by a raceme; racemes 2–5-noded with 7–13spikelets, sometimes branched with up to 40 spikelets, disarticulatingat maturity, one spikelet of a pair sessile, the other pedicellate;rachis internodes and pedicels slenderly clavate, marginsciliate, hairs 0.7–1 mm. Spikelets 4.5–5 mm; callus hairsca. 1 mm; lower glume lanceolate, thinly pilose, veins smoothbelow middle, scaberulous above, apex acuminate; upper glumeciliate on margins, acuminate or emarginate and mucronate;lower floret sterile, palea reduced; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle;awn 5.5–8 mm. Anthers 2–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.● Moist grasslands. Sichuan (Miyi), Yunnan.This is a robust species lacking creeping, scaly rhizomes. Thepseudopetiolate lower leaf blades are often missing on herbarium specimens,but the species can also be recognized by the long, flexuous paniclebranches.6. Spodiopogon dubius Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle,Monogr. Phan. 6: 186. 1889.绒毛大油芒 rong mao da you mangPerennial, with spreading scaly rhizomes. Culms solitaryor tufted, erect, 1–2 m tall, 4–5 mm in diam., branched or unbranched.Leaf sheaths glabrous to villous, woolly at apex; leafblades broadly linear, 20–30 × 1.2–1.5 cm, thinly appressed-piloseto densely villous, base rounded, apex long acuminate; liguleca. 0.3 mm, margin densely ciliate. Panicle dense, narrowlyoblong in outline, 10–22 cm; branches 2–5 cm, branchletsmany, short, pilose in axils; racemes 2–4-noded with 7–11spikelets, disarticulating at maturity, one spikelet of a pair sessile,the other pedicellate; internodes and pedicels 2–2.5 mm,slender with expanded tips, densely ciliate. Spikelets 4–5 mm;callus hairs 1.5–2 mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate, villouswith ca. 3 mm hairs, veins smooth, apex subacute or emarginate;upper glume villous on keel, apex acute; lower floretsterile, palea absent; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle; awn 8–10mm. Anthers 1.8–2.3 mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn.Mountain slopes, forest margins; ca. 2400 m. Xizang [NW India,Nepal].The name “Spodiopogon villosus L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 58. 1997, not Nees, 1838) belongs here, but was not validlypublished because no Latin description was provided.7. Spodiopogon yuexiensis S. L. Zhong, J. S. W. Agric. Coll.1982(4): 77. 1982.白玉大油芒 bai yu da you mangPerennial, rhizomatous. Culms 0.6–2 m tall, 2–6 mm indiam. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades lanceolate or linearlanceolate,8–30 × 0.3–2.2 cm, glabrous or abaxial surface tuberculate-hispid,margins scabrid, base narrow, apex acuminate;ligule 0.5–1 mm. Panicle open, lanceolate-oblong in outline, 6–27 cm; branches 2–8 cm, much branched, ultimate branchletsarticulated, bearded at articulation; racemes mostly reduced to asolitary, readily disarticulating spikelet, or 1 or 2 pedicelledspikelets also present; branchlets and pedicels slender, glabrous,6–7 mm, as long as or longer than spikelets. Spikelets 4.5–5mm; callus hairs 2–3 mm, soft; lower glume lanceolate, softlypilose, hairs ca. 2 mm, grayish white or purplish; lower floretstaminate, palea well developed; upper lemma 2-lobed to belowmiddle; awn 8–12 mm. Anthers 3–3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.● Roadsides, river banks, thickets; 1600–3000 m. W Sichuan.Most spikelets on the type of Spodiopogon yuexiensis fall singlywithout any trace of an attached rachilla segment or pedicel.The name “Spodiopogon baiyuensis L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 57. 1997) belongs here, but was not validly publishedbecause no Latin description was provided.8. Spodiopogon sibiricus Trinius, Fund. Agrost. 192. 1820.大油芒 da you mangPerennial, with spreading scaly rhizomes. Culms solitary,erect, 70–200 cm tall, 2–4 mm in diam., unbranched. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, (10–)20–40 ×0.8–2 cm, glabrous or pubescent, base narrowed almost tomidrib on lower blades, apex setaceously acuminate; ligule 1–2mm. Panicle loosely contracted, narrowly lanceolate in outline,10–20 cm; branches 2–6 cm, unbranched or lower branchesbranched once or twice, branchlets glabrous or pilose in axils;racemes 2–3-noded with 7–9 spikelets, disarticulating at maturity,one spikelet of a pair sessile, the other pedicellate; rachisinternodes and pedicels 2.5–5 mm, slenderly clavate, ciliate,hairs 1.5–2 mm. Spikelets 4.5–6 mm; callus hairs 1.5–2.5mm; lower glume broadly lanceolate, pilose with soft spreadinghairs, veins smooth except near apex, apex acute or slightlyemarginate, sometimes mucronate; upper glume acute ormucronate; lower floret staminate, palea well developed; upperlemma 2-lobed to lower 1/3; awn 10–15 mm. Anthers ca. 3mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n = 40.Mountain slopes, roadsides, forest margins; below 1100 m. Anhui,

576POACEAEGansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia,Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia,Russia (Siberia)].1a. Spikelets 4.5–6 mm .................................. 8a. var. sibiricus1b. Spikelets 6.5–8 mm ............................ 8b. var. grandiflorus8a. Spodiopogon sibiricus var. sibiricus大油芒 ( 原变种 ) da you mang (yuan bian zhong)Andropogon sibiricus (Trinius) Steudel; Saccharum sibiricum(Trinius) Roberty; Spodiopogon depauperatus Hackel var.purpurascens Honda; S. sibiricus var. purpurascens (Honda)Honda; S. sibiricus var. tenuis (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; S. sibiricusvar. tomentosus Koidzumi; S. tenuis Kitagawa.Leaf blades 20–40 cm; rachis internodes 2.5–5 mm; spikelets4.5–6 mm.Mountain slopes, roadsides, forest margins. Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong,Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong,Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia(Siberia)].8b. Spodiopogon sibiricus var. grandiflorus L. Liu ex S. M.Phillips & S. L. Chen, var. nov.大花大油芒 da hua da you mangType: China. Sichuan: Barkam Xian, 2600 m, 1 Sep 1957,Li Xin 71733 (holotype, PE).Haec varietas a S. sibirico var. sibirico spiculis majoribus7–8 mm longis differt.Leaf blades 10–19 cm; rachis internodes 5–7 mm; spikelets6.5–8 mm.Species exclusae● 2400–2600 m. Sichuan.This is a local variant with larger spikelets than usual. The typespecimen was labeled at varietal rank by L. Liu, but the taxon was describedat specific rank, as “Spodiopogon grandiflorus L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl.Popularis Sin. 10(2): 57. 1997), which name was not validly publishedbecause no Latin description was provided.9. Spodiopogon tainanensis Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21: 53.1907.台南大油芒 tai nan da you mangSpodiopogon gracilis Honda; S. hayatae Honda; S. hogoensisHayata; S. ramosus Keng; S. tainanensis var. hogoensis(Hayata) Ohwi; S. tainanensis var. takeoi (Hayata) Honda; S.takeoi Hayata.Perennial, rhizomatous. Culms erect or ascending, slender,40–70 cm tall, 1–2 mm in diam., branched. Leaf sheaths glabrousor tuberculate-pilose upward and along margins; leafblades linear-lanceolate, 6–14 × 0.3–0.8 cm, thinly pilose toglabrescent, narrowed to base, apex acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm.Panicle lax, narrowly lanceolate to ovate in outline, 5–12 cm;branches 2–4 cm, simple or once branched; racemes 1–3-nodedwith 3–9 spikelets, disarticulating at maturity, one spikelet of apair sessile, the other pedicellate; rachis internodes 3–4 mm;pedicels 2.5–3 mm, ciliate, hairs up to 3 mm. Spikelets 4.5–6mm; callus hairs 1–1.5 mm; lower glume lanceolate, softly piloseto silky villous, apex subacute or mucronate; upper glumeacute, mucronulate; lower floret staminate, palea welldeveloped; upper lemma 2-lobed to lower 1/4–1/3; awn 7–10mm. Anthers 2.5–3.2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 20*.● Grassy mountain slopes; 2300–3400 m. S Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan,Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan.The following two species names were not validly published because no Latin description was provided and no type was indicated. They do notappear to correspond with any known species of Spodiopogon. It has not been possible to validate the names here, as the specimens on which theywere based have not been located.“Spodiopogon ludingensis” L. Liu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.10(2): 55. 1997, nom. inval.泸定大油芒 lu ding da you mangPerennial. Culms erect, ca. 80 cm tall, 3–4 mm in diam.,3–5-noded. Leaf blades lanceolate, 10–20 × 0.5–1.2 cm; puberulous.Panicle purplish black, ca. 10 cm; branches 1–3 cm;racemes 2–3-noded, one spikelet of a pair sessile, the other pedicellate.Spikelets ca. 4 mm; callus glabrous; lower glume 9–11-veined, veins scabrid, puberulous between veins, apex obtuseor truncate; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle; awn 6–7 mm.Anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.● Dry mountain slopes; 1500–1600 m. W Sichuan.“Spodiopogon paucistachyus” L. Liu, Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 57. 1997, nom. inval.寡穗大油芒 gua sui da you mangPerennial. Culms erect, stiff, ca. 50 cm tall, 2–4 mm indiam., many-noded, farinose below node. Leaf sheaths purplish,longer than internodes; leaf blades lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.4–0.8cm, puberulous, base contracted into false petiole, lower marginsoftly tuberculate-hairy, apex acute. Panicle lax, ca. 5 cm;branches 1–2 per node; racemes with 1 or 2 spikelet pairs; rachisinternodes glabrous; pedicels pilose. Spikelets 6–6.5 mm;callus hairs ca. 2 mm; lower glume 9-veined, lower back softlypilose with ca. 3 mm hairs; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle;awn ca. 12 mm. Anthers ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn.● Mountain slopes; 2600–2700 m. W Sichuan.187. SACCHARUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 54. 1753.甘蔗属 gan zhe shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. Phillips

POACEAE 577Erianthus Michaux; Narenga Bor; Ripidium Trinius (1820), not Bernhardi (1801).Perennials, rhizomatous or tufted. Culms robust, up to 7 m tall. Leaf blades cauline, narrowly to broadly linear, midrib usuallybroad, white; ligule membranous, margin ciliolate. Inflorescence terminal, a large plumose panicle with elongate central axis, itsbranches bearing numerous hairy racemes; racemes fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelet of a pair similar, both fertile; rachis internodesand pedicels filiform with cupular apex, pedicels resembling internodes but often shorter. Spikelets usually small, lanceolate,dorsally compressed or pedicelled spikelet more rounded on back; callus short, obtuse, bearded, often with long silky hairs surroundingthe spikelet; lower glume membranous, thinly cartilaginous, or becoming leathery below, flat to broadly convex, veinsindistinct, laterally 2-keeled; upper glume boat-shaped, resembling lower glume in texture and color; lower floret reduced to anempty hyaline lemma; upper floret bisexual, lemma entire, rarely 2-toothed, sometimes very narrow or small, with or without a shortstraight awn; stamens 2–3. x = 10.Between 35 and 40 species: throughout the tropics and subtropics, but mainly in Asia; 12 species (two endemic, two introduced) in China.Species with awns are sometimes separated as the genus Erianthus, but this is an artificial distinction. Saccharum includes the important cropplant S. officinarum (sugarcane).The fluffy callus hairs are an efficient aid to wind dispersal.1a. Spikelets awned, awn clearly exserted from glumes.2a. Awn 4–8 mm.3a. Panicle much branched; racemes with 3–4 joints; culms 2–3 m tall, glabrous below panicle ....................... 1. S. ravennae3b. Panicle simple; racemes with numerous joints; culms 0.7–1.5 m tall, hirsute below panicle ................... 2. S. formosanum2b. Awn 10–28 mm.4a. Spikelets 4–6 mm; awn 13–28 mm .......................................................................................................... 3. S. longesetosum4b. Spikelets 2–3.5 mm; awn 10–15 mm .............................................................................................................. 4. S. rufipilum1b. Spikelets awnless or a short awn concealed within glumes (if exserted, awn up to 6 mm and panicle brown).5a. Lower glume glabrous on back; callus hairs much longer than spikelet.6a. Plant rhizomatous; leaf blades 0.2–0.8 cm wide, narrowed to midrib at base; wild plant ......................... 5. S. spontaneum6b. Plant clump-forming; leaf blades 1–6 cm wide, laminate to base; cultivated plant.7a. Culm apex and axis of panicle glabrous; rachis internodes glabrous; spikelets 3.5–4 mm ................. 6. S. officinarum7b. Culm apex and axis of panicle pilose; rachis internodes pilose; spikelets ca. 4.5 mm.8a. Culms 3–4 m tall, 3–4 cm in diam.; leaf blades ca. 100 × 3–5 cm ....................................................... 7. S. sinense8b. Culms ca. 2 m tall, 1–2 cm in diam.; leaf blades ca. 50 × 1–2 cm ....................................................... 8. S. barberi5b. Lower glume hairy on back (if subglabrous, panicle purplish); callus hairs equal to or shorter than spikelet.9a. Lower glume with white hairs, hairs 2–3 times longer than spikelet.10a. Culms 1.5–4(–6) m tall; rachis internodes 3–5 mm; upper lemma mucronate or with awn to3 mm ............................................................................................................................................... 9. S. arundinaceum10b. Culms up to 7 m tall, rachis internodes 6–7 mm; upper lemma awnless ........................................... 10. S. procerum9b. Lower glume subglabrous or with brown hairs, hairs shorter than spikelet.11a. Inflorescence coppery or purplish brown; nodes white bearded; callus hairs white or purplish;lower glume subglabrous ........................................................................................................................ 11. S. narenga11b. Inflorescence golden brown; nodes brown bearded; callus hairs golden brown; lower glume hirsute .... 12. S. fallax1. Saccharum ravennae (Linnaeus) Linnaeus in Murray, Syst.Veg., ed. 13, 88. 1774.沙生蔗茅 sha sheng zhe maoAndropogon ravennae Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1481.1763; Erianthus ravennae (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois.Perennial, forming large clumps. Culms (1.5–)2–3(–4) mtall, ca. 1 cm in diam., lower nodes yellowish villous, glabrousbelow panicle. Lower leaf sheaths hirsute with tubercle-basedhairs, upper sheaths smooth; leaf blades 50–120 × 0.5–1.8 cm,woolly above ligule with long yellowish hairs, otherwise glabrous,margins scabrid, tapering to midrib at base, apex filiform;ligule a narrow rim, back villous with ca. 2 mm hairs.Panicle dense, lobed, 30–50 × 10–15 cm, grayish sometimestinged pink, axis glabrous, branches much branched; racemesshort, crowded, with 3–4 joints; rachis internodes 2–3 mm,silky villous. Spikelets 3–6 mm, purplish; callus hairs as long asspikelet; lower glume lanceolate, membranous, back glabrousor pilose with spreading hairs, keels scabrid, apex attenuate,minutely notched; lower lemma 3/4 as long to subequalingglumes; upper lemma elliptic, apex acute, awned; awn almoststraight, 4–8 mm. Anthers 3, 2.1–2.2 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.2n = 20, 60.Sandy places; 1200–3000 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, NW India,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan;SW Asia, S Europe; introduced in America].This is a polymorphic species showing much variability in the dispositionof hairs on the glumes. Sometimes the spikelets are slightly dimorphic,with the sessile spikelet almost glabrous and the pedicelledone strongly pilose. This species has a more profusely branched paniclewith shorter racemes than others in China.The stout clumps are useful in erosion control. This grass is alsoused for forage when young.

578POACEAE2. Saccharum formosanum (Stapf) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.11: 152. 1942.台蔗茅 tai zhe maoErianthus formosanus Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew1898: 228. 1898; E. pollinioides Rendle; Saccharum formosanumvar. pollinioides (Rendle) Ohwi.Perennial, rhizomatous. Culms 0.7–1.9 m tall, 2–5 mm indiam., nodes glabrous, hirsute below panicle. Leaf sheathslonger or upper shorter than internodes; leaf blades flat or involute,30–100 × 0.3–0.6 cm, pilose at base, otherwise glabrous,margins scabrid, base straight, apex long acuminate; liguleca. 0.5 mm, margin ciliolate. Panicle obovate in outline, 15–24 cm, grayish white or pinkish, unbranched, axis 8–12 cm,shorter than racemes or subequaling lowest racemes, silky pilose;racemes 15–30, 11–12 cm, ascending or spreading; rachisinternodes ca. 2.5 mm, silky villous, hairs 2–3 times spikeletlength. Spikelets 3–3.6 mm; callus hairs short, ca. 0.5 mm;lower glume lanceolate, papery, brown, membranous and pallidnear apex, back pilose with white or purplish hairs 2–3 timesspikelet length, keels scabrid above, apex attenuate, minutelynotched; lower lemma equaling glumes; upper lemma lanceolate,upper margins ciliate, apex subentire, awned; awn slender,6–8 mm. Anthers 2, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.● Open grassy hillsides. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan,Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.Saccharum formosanum is closely related to Eulalia fastigiata(Nees ex Steudel) Stapf ex Bor (S. fastigiatum Nees ex Steudel; Erianthusfastigiatus (Nees ex Steudel) Andersson) from Bhutan, NE India,and Nepal. The latter species differs in its slightly larger (3.5–4.7 mm)spikelets, shorter spikelet and internode hairs not much exceeding thespikelet, and possession of 3 anthers. The two species are undoubtedlycongeneric, but lie on the boundary between Saccharum and Eulalia,and have been placed in different genera in recent Floras. The inflorescenceaxis is shorter than is usual in Saccharum, but longer than inEulalia, in which genus the racemes are usually digitate. On balance,the two species seem best placed in Saccharum.3. Saccharum longesetosum (Andersson) V. Narayanaswamiin Bor, Fl. Assam 5: 461. 1940 [“longisetosum”].长齿蔗茅 chang chi zhe maoErianthus longesetosus Andersson, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad.Förh. 12: 163. 1855; Eccoilopus hookeri (Hackel)Grassl; E. longesetosus (Andersson) Grassl; Erianthus hookeriHackel; E. rockii Keng; Saccharum hookeri (Hackel) V. Narayanaswami;S. longesetosum var. hookeri (Hackel) U. Shukla.Perennial. Culms 1–3 m tall, 0.5–1 cm in diam., manynoded,glabrous or hairy below panicle. Leaf sheaths longerthan internodes, mouth bearded; leaf blades linear-elliptic, 30–50 × 1.5–2(–4) cm, glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous, taperingto base and apex, apex acuminate; ligule 2.3–2.5 mm. Panicleelliptic or oblong in outline, nodding, 15–40 cm, golden brown,branched, axis glabrous or pilose; racemes 3–10 cm; rachisinternodes 2.5–4 mm, ciliate with long silky hairs. Spikelets 4–6 mm; callus hairs slightly shorter to longer than spikelet, whiteor pale yellow; lower glume lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, cartilaginous,golden brown, glossy, thinner and paler near apex,back glabrous or sparsely to densely pilose below middle, uppermargins ciliate, apex bidenticulate; lower lemma slightly shorterthan glumes; upper lemma linear-oblong, margins ciliate,shortly 2-toothed, awned; awn 1.3–2.8 cm. Anthers 3, 2–3 mm.Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 30.Grassy hillsides; 300–2700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Thailand].This species is variable in spikelet length and hairiness of thepanicle. The callus hairs vary from slightly shorter to considerably longerthan the spikelet, and the lower glume may be glabrous, thinly hairy,or densely hairy. Sometimes the pedicelled spikelet is hairier than thesessile spikelet. Particularly hairy specimens may be separated as var.hookeri, but there are many intermediate forms. The species as a wholeis recognizable by its broad leaf blades glaucous below and evenly taperingto each end, together with a nodding, golden brown panicle oflong-awned spikelets.Neither combination “Erianthus longisetosus [sic] var. hookeriBor” (Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, 151. 1960) nor “Saccharumlongisetosum [sic] var. hookeri Bor” (loc. cit. 212) was validlypublished because Bor proposed them simultaneously for the sametaxon and based on the same type (alternative names; Saint Louis Code,Art. 34.2).4. Saccharum rufipilum Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 409. 1854.蔗茅 zhe maoErianthus fulvus Nees ex Hackel (1889), not (Bory) Kunth(1829); E. lancangensis Y. Y. Qian; E. pallens Hackel; E.rufipilus (Steudel) Grisebach; Miscanthus rufipilus (Steudel)Grassl.Perennial, tussocky. Culms up to 3.5 m tall, 0.3–0.7 mm indiam., nodes bearded, silky villous below panicle. Leaf sheathslonger than internodes, smooth, margin and mouth hairy; leafblades flat or involute, tough, 20–60 × 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous,abaxial surface farinose, narrowed to base, apex acuminate;ligule 1–3 mm, ciliate. Panicle narrowly oblong in outline, verydense, 18–45 cm, cream or pinkish with long hairs obscuringthe spikelets, unbranched or shortly branched at base, axis villous;racemes 2–4(–9) cm; rachis internodes 1.5–2.5 mm, villous.Spikelets 2.5–3.5 mm; callus hairs ca. 3 times spikeletlength; lower glume lanceolate, thinly cartilaginous, dark brownat maturity, back subglabrous, margins shortly ciliate or occasionallywith longer hairs, apex palely membranous, sharplyacuminate; lower lemma slightly longer than glumes, apex attenuate,sometimes awnlike; upper lemma linear-lanceolate, entire,awned; awn 1–1.5 cm. Anthers (1–)3, 1–1.5 mm. Fl. and fr.Jun–Oct. 2n = 20.Dry grassy and rocky hillsides; 1300–2600 m. Gansu, Guizhou,Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India,Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan].This species can be recognized by its elongate, narrow panicle ofsmall, pointed, long-awned spikelets sunk among copious long hairs.Some specimens from Yunnan appear to have only one anther.5. Saccharum spontaneum Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 183. 1771.甜根子草 tian gen zi caoImperata spontanea (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois; Saccharumspontaneum var. roxburghii Honda.

POACEAE 579Perennial, with long rhizomes. Culms 1–4 m tall, 0.4–1cm in diam., 5–10-noded, often hollow in center, nodesbearded, softly pilose below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths piloseat mouth and margin, sometimes tuberculate-pilose throughout;leaf blades 60–180 × 0.2–0.8 cm, glaucous, glabrous, marginsserrate, tapering to midrib at base, apex long attentuate; ligulebrown, 2–8 mm. Panicle 20–40 cm, axis silky pilose; racemes4–17 cm; rachis internodes 1.5–5 mm, pilose with long silkyhairs. Spikelets 3–4 mm; callus hairs 3–4 times length of spikelet;lower glume papery and dark brown below middle at maturity,membranous and pallid above, back glabrous, marginsciliate above, apex acuminate; lower lemma ovate-lanceolate,equal to glumes; upper lemma linear or linear-oblong, awnless.Lodicules ciliate. Anthers 3, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. 2n= 40–128.Mountain slopes, gravelly river beds, low grassy places, formingcolonies; below 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia,India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan,Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Vietnam; Africa,SW Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands].There are numerous local strains comprising a complex series ofchromosome numbers. This species hybridizes readily with cultivatedsugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and is used in sugarcane breedingprograms. The name S. spontaneum var. juncifolium Hackel (S. juncifolium(Hackel) Janaki-Ammal) has been applied to extreme forms withthe leaf blades narrowed to the midrib along their whole length.This species is a good forage grass and an efficient soil binder.6. Saccharum officinarum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 54. 1753.甘蔗 gan zhePerennial, forming tall clumps. Culms 3–6 m tall, 2–5 cmin diam., 20–40-noded, solid, nodes glabrous, glabrous belowinflorescence. Leaf sheaths glabrous, pilose at mouth; leafblades 70–150 × 4–6 cm, usually glabrous, midrib large, white,margins sharply serrate, base rounded, apex acuminate; ligule2–3 mm, ciliate. Panicle 50–100 cm, axis glabrous but pilose atnodes; racemes 10–25 cm; rachis internodes 3–6 mm, glabrous.Spikelets 3.5–4 mm; callus hairs 2–3 times length of spikelet;lower glume oblong, uniformly firm throughout, buff-colored,back glabrous, margins membranous and ciliate above, apexacuminate; lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, subequal toglumes; upper lemma linear, awnless. Lodicules glabrous. Anthers3. Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 80.Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan,Xizang, Yunnan [SE Asia, Pacific Islands; widely cultivated elsewhere].This is the commercial crop sugarcane, now widely cultivated intropical regions of the world. Most present-day cultivars contain genesfrom Saccharum spontaneum. Sugar is extracted from the soft, centraltissue of the culm. The dyed inflorescence is used as an ornament.7. Saccharum sinense Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: t. 232.1818.竹蔗 zhu zheSaccharum officinarum Linnaeus subsp. sinense (Roxburgh)Burkill; S. spontaneum Linnaeus var. sinense (Roxburgh)Andersson.Perennial. Culms 3–4 m tall, 3–4 cm in diam., manynoded,solid, softly pilose below inflorescence. Leaf blades ca.100 × 3–5 cm, glaucous, glabrous, midrib large, white, marginsserrate; ligule ca. 2 mm. Panicle 30–60 cm, axis with whitesilky hairs; rachis internodes pilose. Spikelets ca. 4.5 mm;callus hairs 2–3 times length of spikelet; lower glumelanceolate, dark brown; lower lemma oblong-lanceolate; upperlemma linear, 1.2–3 mm or reduced, awnless. Lodiculesglabrous. Anthers 3, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Nov–Mar. 2n = 106–120*.● Cultivated. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,Yunnan, Zhejiang [of cultivated origin; cultivated elsewhere].Canes of this form of cultivated sugarcane were sent from Guangzhouto Calcutta in 1796, establishing its cultivation in India. Like Saccharumbarberi, this is a primitive form of sugarcane of hybrid originwith introgression from wild species. A number of different clonesexists, and these are usually included in S. officinarum as the Pansahigroup, of which the best known is the Uba cane. The clone Tekcha,which was cultivated in Taiwan for many years, also belongs here. Saccharumsinense clones have been used in breeding programmes, andmany modern cultivars have this species in their ancestry.The leaf blades and uppermost part of the culms are used forforage. The whole culm except the apex is used for sugar and medicine.8. Saccharum barberi Jeswiet, Arch. Suikerindustr. Ned.-Indie12: 396. 1925.细秆甘蔗 xi gan gan zheSaccharum officinarum Linnaeus subsp. barberi (Jeswiet)Burkill.Perennial with short stout rhizomes. Culms solid, up to 2m tall, 1–2 cm in diam., solid, nodes bearded, softly pilose belowinflorescence. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes; leafblades ca. 50 × 1–2 cm, margins serrate; ligule well developed.Panicle very large, axis with white silky hairs. Spikelets oblong;callus hairs longer than spikelet; lower glume oblong, glabrous,margin infolded; lower lemma slightly shorter than glumes;upper lemma narrowly linear, awnless. Fl. and fr. summer andautumn. 2n = 82–124.Cultivated. Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [originating in Bangladeshand India].This name covers a group of slender, relatively hardy, cultivatedsugarcane clones originating in subtropical N India. These are ancienttypes not far removed from wild Saccharum spontaneum and nowusually included in S. officinarum under cultivar names. They havemostly been superseded by modern, commercial varieties.9. Saccharum arundinaceum Retzius, Observ. Bot. 4: 14. 1786.斑茅 ban maoPerennial, forming large clumps. Culms robust, (0.7–)1–6m tall, 1–2 cm in diam., glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous orpubescent, ciliate at mouth and margins; leaf blades (60–)100–200 × 1–2 cm, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface velvety

580POACEAEwith long soft hairs on broad lower midvein, margins serrate,base narrow, apex long attenuate; ligule 1–2 mm. Panicle (25–)30–80 cm, much branched, axis glabrous; racemes 3–5.5 cm;rachis internodes 3–5 mm, pilose with long silky hairs. Spikelets3–4 mm, straw-colored tinged purple upward; callus hairsca. 1 mm, shorter than spikelet; lower glume thinly cartilaginous,back pilose with silky hairs twice length of spikelet, keelsscabrid, apex acuminate; upper glume usually glabrous in sessilespikelet, rarely thinly pilose, clearly pilose in pedicelledspikelet; lower lemma subequal to glumes; upper lemma lanceolate,apex mucronate or with awn to 3 mm. Lodicules glabrous.Anthers 1.8–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Dec. 2n = 30, 40, 50,60.Hill slopes, riversides, dry stream beds, often on sandy soils. SAnhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei,Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam].It is necessary to look carefully, preferably using a disarticulatedspikelet, in order to distinguish the basal, short callus hairs from thelong, silky hairs of the rachis internodes, pedicels, and glumes.This species is used for forage in China.Saccharum arundinaceum is similar to S. bengalense Retzius,from N India and Pakistan. The latter species is distinguished mainly byits rather narrow panicle and much narrower leaf blades, which arechanneled and consist mostly of midrib.1a. Culms up to 6 m; upper glume ofsessile spikelet glabrous ................. 9b. var. arundinaceum1b. Culms up to 1.5 m; upper glume ofsessile spikelet thinly pilose ............ 9b. var. trichophyllum9a. Saccharum arundinaceum var. arundinaceum斑茅 ( 原变种 ) ban mao (yuan bian zhong)Erianthus arundinaceus (Retzius) Jeswiet; Ripidium arundinaceum(Retzius) Grassl; Saccharum barbicostatum Ohwi.Culms up to 6 m tall. Inflorescence usually large, 30–80 ×6–17 cm. Upper glume of sessile spikelet glabrous.Hill slopes, or along riversides, dry stream beds, often on sandysoils. S Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].9b. Saccharum arundinaceum var. trichophyllum (Handel-Mazzetti) S. M. Phillips & S. L. Chen, Novon 15: 469. 2005.毛颖斑茅 mao ying ban maoErianthus griffithii J. D. Hooker var. trichophyllus Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58:154. 1921; Erianthus trichophyllus (Handel-Mazzetti) Handel-Mazzetti.Culms up to 1.5 m tall. Inflorescence narrow, 25–50 ×4.5–6 cm. Upper glume of sessile spikelet thinly pilose withlong silky hairs.Open grassy places; 600–1900 m. Yunnan [India (Sikkim)].This is a small variant, apparently of local distribution, distinguishedmainly by the hairy upper glume of the sessile spikelet.10. Saccharum procerum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 248. 1820.狭叶斑茅 xia ye ban maoErianthus procerus (Roxburgh) Raizada; Ripidium procerum(Roxburgh) Grassl.Perennial, forming large clumps. Culms very robust, up to7 m tall, glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous except at mouth andmargins; leaf blades 60–150 × 2–5 cm, abaxial surface glabrous,adaxial surface velvety with long soft hairs on broadlower midvein, midrib white, thick, margins coarsely serrate,base narrow, apex long attenuate; ligule less than 1 mm. Panicle30–80 cm, much branched, axis glabrous; racemes 4–5 cm;rachis internodes 6–7 mm, pilose with long silky hairs. Spikelets3–4.3 mm, straw-colored or tinged purplish; callus hairs 1–2.5 mm, shorter than spikelet; lower glume thinly cartilaginous,back pilose with long silky hairs 2–3 times spikelet length,keels smooth, apex cuspidate; upper glume glabrous in sessilespikelet, pilose in pedicelled spikelet; lower lemma subequal toglumes; upper lemma lanceolate-oblong, apex apiculate, awnless.Lodicules glabrous. Anthers 3, ca. 1.6 mm.Streams, valley bottoms; below 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, NEIndia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].This very large and ornamental species is used for forage andfiber. It intergrades with Saccharum arundinaceum, but tends to havemore widely spaced spikelet pairs and lacks a definite awnlet on theupper lemma.11. Saccharum narenga (Nees ex Steudel) Wallich ex Hackelin A. Candolle & C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 119. 1889.河八王 he ba wangEriochrysis narenga Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1:411. 1854; E. porphyrocoma Hance; Narenga porphyrocoma(Hance) Bor; Saccharum porphyrocomum (Hance) Hackel;Sclerostachya narenga (Nees ex Steudel) Grassl.Perennial from a short stout rhizome. Culms 1–3(–5) mtall, 5–8 mm in diam., nodes bearded, hirsute below panicle.Leaf sheaths hispid with tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades 1–1.5m × 0.6–2 cm, adaxial surface thinly hispidulous, abaxialsurface glabrous, margins scabrid, tapering to midrib at base,apex attenuate; ligule 3–4 mm, rounded. Panicle narrowly elliptic-oblongin outline, 20–50 cm, copper brown or purplishbrown, axis white-pilose; racemes arising almost from mainaxis, stiffly ascending, densely spiculate, lowest 6–10 cm; rachisinternodes 1.7–2.5 mm, ciliate. Spikelets 2.5–3 mm,brown, glossy; callus hairs about equaling spikelet, white orpurplish; lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, leathery,back glabrous or thinly pilose below middle, keels scabrid andmargins ciliate near apex, apex narrowly truncate; lower lemmaequal to glumes; upper lemma narrow, truncate, awnless. Anthers3, 1.2–1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov. 2n = 30.Open mountain slopes, dry grassy places. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guizhou, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam].

POACEAE 58112. Saccharum fallax Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 80. 1890.金猫尾 jin mao weiErianthus chrysothrix Hackel; E. fallax (Balansa) Ohwi;Narenga fallax (Balansa) Bor; N. fallax var. aristata (Balansa)L. Liu; Saccharum fallax var. aristatum Balansa; Sclerostachyafallax (Balansa) Grassl.Perennial. Culms 1.5–3 m tall, 8–12 mm in diam., nodesbearded with golden-brown hairs, hirsute below panicle. Leafsheaths usually longer than internodes, margin brown-hirsute;leaf blades stiff, 40–80 × 1–1.5 cm, uppermost usually verysmall, glabrous or tuberculate-pilose, margins scabrid, base narrowed,apex acuminate; ligule ca. 1.5 mm. Panicle loosely oblongin outline, 30–60 cm, golden or ferruginous brown, axispilose, bearded at nodes, primary branches sparsely branched inlower part; racemes flexuously ascending, densely spiculate, 8–16 cm; rachis internodes 2–2.4 mm, ciliate. Spikelets 3–4 mm,brown; callus hairs a little shorter than spikelet, brown; lowerglume oblong-lanceolate, papery becoming herbaceous towardapex, back brown-hirsute, apex narrowly truncate; lower lemma3/4 length of glumes; upper lemma oblong, obtuse and awnlessor minutely mucronate, varying to shortly 2-toothed and awnedfrom sinus; awn twisted, bent, up to 6 mm. Anthers 3, 1.6–2.2mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.Hill slopes; 400–1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].This is a very handsome grass with a striking golden or rustybrown, softly hairy inflorescence. The racemes often contain a mixtureof awned and awnless spikelets in varying proportions. Even adjacentspikelets may differ in this character, which is not related to whether thespikelet is sessile or pedicelled.188. MISCANTHUS Andersson, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 12: 165. 1855.芒属 mang shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Stephen A. RenvoizeDiandranthus L. Liu; Imperata subg. Triarrhena Maximowicz; Rubimons B. S. Sun; Triarrhena (Maximowicz) Nakai.Perennial, tufted or rhizomatous. Culms slender to robust, erect, solid. Leaves basal or cauline; leaf blades large, linear, flat,broad or narrow; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a panicle, often large and plumose, of racemes arranged on a long or short axis;raceme axis tough, internodes slender, spikelets paired, both spikelets pedicelled, pedicels slender, flattened, slightly clavate. Spikeletssimilar, lanceolate, dorsally compressed; callus bearded with hairs shorter than, as long as, or longer than the spikelet; glumespapery or membranous; lower floret usually represented by a hyaline sterile lemma; upper floret bisexual, lemma hyaline, awned orawnless. Stamens 2–3. Caryopsis oblong or ellipsoid.Fourteen species, mostly in SE Asia and the Pacific Islands, extending to tropical Africa; seven species (two endemic) in China.This genus is readily recognized by its paniculate inflorescence of racemes, which have a tough rachis, and also by its paired spikelets, both ofwhich are pedicelled.1a. Stamens 2.2a. Callus hairs longer than spikelet, golden brown in color .................................................................................... 6. M. nepalensis2b. Callus hairs shorter than spikelet, purple or white in color ..................................................................................... 7. M. nudipes1b. Stamens 3.3a. Panicle spikelike with short racemes appressed to the axis; spikelets straight-awned; lower glume distinctly2-keeled .............................................................................................................................................................. 1. M. paniculatus3b. Panicle large, usually open with spreading racemes; spikelets awnless or geniculately awned; lower glumeweakly 2-keeled.4a. Spikelets awnless.5a. Culms 300–700 cm tall, branching at nodes; inflorescence 20–40 cm .......................................... 2. M. lutarioriparius5b. Culms 65–160 cm tall, unbranched; inflorescence 7–30 cm ........................................................... 3. M. sacchariflorus4b. Spikelets awned.6a. Axis more than 2/3 the length of the panicle .......................................................................................... 4. M. floridulus6b. Axis up to 1/2 the length of the panicle ..................................................................................................... 5. M. sinensis1. Miscanthus paniculatus (B. S. Sun) Renvoize & S. L.Chen, Kew Bull. 60: 607. 2006.红山茅 hong shan maoRubimons paniculatus B. S. Sun, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 19:239. 1997.Plant rhizomatous. Culms 30–100 cm tall, 3–4 mm indiam., 3–4-noded, nodes puberulous. Leaf sheaths slightly compressed,usually shorter than internodes, glabrous, ciliate atapex; leaf blades linear, flat, 10–40 × 0.2–0.8 cm, glabrous orpilose, narrowed to midrib toward base, apex acuminate; ligule0.5–1.5 mm, ciliate, obtuse. Panicle 5–15 cm; axis glabrous.Racemes short, 2–6 cm, appressed. Spikelets lanceolate, 5–6mm, awned; callus hairs 0.5–2 mm; glumes unequal; lowerglume ca. 5 mm, back scabrid, pilose, obscurely 2–3-veinedbetween 2 keels, or veinless, keels hispidulous, upper marginpilose, apex 2-lobed or 2-toothed; upper glume ca. 6 mm, obscurely3–5-veined or veinless, scabrid, margins pilose, apexacuminate; lower lemma linear-lanceolate, 4.5–6 mm, 3–5-

582POACEAEveined, puberulous; upper lemma ca. 5 mm, 1–3-veined, marginspilose, apex acuminate, awned; awn ca. 2 mm, straight.Anthers 3, ca. 3 mm. Caryopsis oblong.● Dry mountain slopes; 2500–3100 m. W Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.This is a distinctive species easily recognized by its reducedinflorescence. The spikelets are typical of Miscanthus, and for thisreason the recognition of the separate genus Rubimons is unjustified.2. Miscanthus lutarioriparius L. Liu ex Renvoize & S. L.Chen, Kew Bull. 60: 605. 2006.南荻 nan diPlant robust, from a rhizomatous rootstock. Culms stout,canelike, 3–7 m tall, 10–20 mm in diam. in lower part, branching,branches ascending, branch buds invested with pubescentor pilose scales, internodes mostly hollow, becoming solidtoward apex, nodes glabrous in lower part of culm, pubescent inupper part, lower nodes often bearing adventitious roots.Leaves cauline, glabrous; leaf blades linear, flat, 50–90 × 1.5–3cm, midrib prominent, adaxial surface pilose at base behindligule, margins scabrid, base rounded or tapering to a pseudopetiole,apex finely acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm, margin pilose,auricles ca. 1 mm or absent. Panicle large, 20–40 × 10–15cm; axis glabrous, 10–25 cm. Racemes 20–40, 10–30 cm, rachispuberulous at base, otherwise glabrous; lower pedicel 1.5–2 mm, upper pedicel 4.5–5.5 mm. Spikelets 4–6.5 mm, pilose,awnless; callus hairs ca. 10 mm, exceeding the spikelet; glumessubequal, membranous, apex attenuate; lower glume 3–5-veined, back pilose with ca. 10 mm hairs; upper glume 3-veined, back glabrous, margins pubescent; lower lemmalanceolate, hyaline, 3.5–4.5 mm, veinless, pilose; upper lemmasimilar to lower, 3–4 mm; upper palea hyaline, pilose, reducedto a small scale. Anthers 3, ca. 2 mm. Caryopsis lanceolate, ca.2 mm.● River banks, lakesides; below 100 m. Hubei, Hunan.3. Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maximowicz) Hackel in Engler& Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2: 23. 1887.荻 diImperata sacchariflora Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur 331.1859; Triarrhena sacchariflora (Maximowicz) Nakai.Plant rhizomatous; rhizomes long, slender, covered byshort, striate, glabrous or pubescent cataphylls. Culms slender,erect, 65–160 cm tall, solid, unbranched. Leaves cauline; leafsheaths striate, glabrous; leaf blades linear, flat, 20–50 × 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous, midrib prominent, base tapering, straight orrounded, margins scabrid, apex acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm,fringed with 1–2 mm cilia. Panicle 7–30 cm; axis 5–15 cm, glabrousor pilose at base. Racemes 4–24, 5–20 cm; rachis internodesglabrous, nodes pilose or glabrous; lower pedicel 1–2.5mm, upper pedicel 2–5 mm. Spikelets 4–6 mm, pilose, awnless;callus hairs 8–12 mm, exceeding the spikelet; glumes subequal,membranous, 4–6 mm, veins obscure, apex acuminate; lowerglume densely pilose with long hairs on margins; upper glumeshortly pilose at apex; lower lemma lanceolate, hyaline, ca. 3mm, 0–1-veined, apex and margins puberulous; upper lemmasimilar to lower; upper palea a small, veinless, puberulousscale. Anthers 3, 2–2.5 mm. Caryopsis oblong.Mountain slopes, river banks. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi [Japan,Korea, Russia].4. Miscanthus floridulus (Labillardière) Warburg ex K. Schumann& Lauterbach, Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee 166. 1901.五节芒 wu jie mangSaccharum floridulum Labillardière, Sert. Austro-Caledon.13: t. 18. 1824; Eulalia japonica Trinius; Miscanthus japonicus(Trinius) Andersson.Plant tufted, robust. Culms erect, 1.5–4 m tall, 6–15 mm indiam., unbranched, nodes usually glabrous, or uppermost sometimesbearded. Leaves cauline, congested; leaf sheaths longerthan internodes, overlapping, glabrous, pilose at throat; leafblades linear, flat, tough, 20–85 × 0.5–4 cm, glabrous, midribprominent, margins scabrid, base rounded, apex acuminate; ligule1–3 mm, densely pilose on back. Panicle oblong or elliptic,dense, 20–50 cm; axis 25–45 cm. Racemes numerous, 10–30cm, appressed or ascending, glabrous, scaberulous; rachis internodespuberulous, nodes glabrous; lower pedicel 1–3.5 mm, upperpedicel 2.5–8 mm. Spikelets 2.5–4(–6) mm, awned; callushairs 4–6 mm, white, spreading, as long as the spikelet; glumessubequal, membranous, golden brown, 2.5–4(–6) mm, marginspilose near apex, veins obscure, apex acuminate; lower lemmalanceolate, hyaline, 3–3.5 mm, veinless, pilose; upper lemmasimilar to lower, 2–2.5 mm; awn geniculate, 5–6(–10) mm; upperpalea a small hyaline scale. Anthers 3, 1–1.5 mm. Caryopsisoblong, ca. 1.5 mm.Slopes, valleys, grassy places. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,Zhejiang [SE Asia].The plants are cultivated for hedges and as ornamentals, the rhizomesare used for medicine, the culms are used for papermaking, andthe young leaves are used for forage.5. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 12: 166. 1855.芒 mangMiscanthus condensatus Hackel; M. flavidus Honda; M.kanehirae Honda; M. purpurascens Andersson; M. sinensissubsp. purpurascens (Andersson) Tzvelev; M. sinensis var.condensatus (Hackel) Makino; M. sinensis var. purpurascens(Andersson) Matsumura; M. transmorrisonensis Hayata.Plant tufted or shortly rhizomatous. Culms (30–)80–200(–400) cm tall, 3–10 mm in diam., solid, unbranched, nodesglabrous or puberulous. Leaves basal and cauline; leaf sheathsglabrous or pilose; leaf blades linear, flat, 18–75 × 0.3–2(–4)cm, glabrous, glaucous or pilose, midrib prominent, marginsscabrid or smooth, base tapering or broad and rounded, apexacuminate; ligule 0.5–4 mm, ciliolate. Panicle (10–)20–36 cm;axis 6–16 cm, subglabrous to pilose or puberulous. Racemes(4–)10–40(–100), (8–)10–30 cm; rachis internodes glabrous,scaberulous or smooth, nodes glabrous; lower pedicel 0.5–1.5mm, upper pedicel 1.5–4 mm. Spikelets 4–6.5 mm, pilose orglabrous, awned; callus hairs 5–8 mm, exceeding the spikelet;

POACEAE 583glumes subequal, membranous, 4–6.5 mm, 5-veined, back glabrousor pilose, puberulous at apex and along upper margins,apex acuminate; lower lemma lanceolate, hyaline, 3.5–4 mm,veinless, apex and margins puberulous, otherwise glabrous;upper lemma similar to lower, 2.5–3.5 mm; awn geniculate, 4–12 mm; upper palea a 1–2 mm scale. Anthers 3, ca. 2.5 mm.Caryopsis ellipsoid, ca. 2 mm.Mountain slopes, coasts, disturbed places; below 2000 m. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu,Jiangxi, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Japan, Korea].This is a widespread species with a broad range of variation. Althoughthe variants may be locally distinct, there are too many intermediatesto allow a more detailed taxonomy to be followed. The mainvariants are as follows: Miscanthus condensatus: plants robust, 200–400cm tall; leaf blades broad, 20–40 mm wide; panicle dense, of up to 100racemes; Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), especially on coasts; M.purpurascens: glumes conspicuously pilose; throughout the range of M.sinensis; M. transmorrisonensis: panicles of 5–10 racemes; Taiwan.The name “Miscanthus jinxianensis L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 7. 1997) was not validly published because no Latindescription was provided. It probably refers to a slightly large form ofM. sinensis. The specimen on which it is based has not been seen.6. Miscanthus nepalensis (Trinius) Hackel in A. Candolle &C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 104. 1889.尼泊尔芒 ni bo er mangEulalia nepalensis Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 333. 1833; Diandranthus nepalensis(Trinius) L. Liu.Plant tufted. Culms erect, 20–200 cm tall, 2–7 mm indiam., glabrous or pilose immediately below inflorescence, nodesglabrous. Leaves basal and cauline; leaf sheaths glabrous, striate,pilose at throat; leaf blades linear, flat or folded, 15–60 ×0.3–2.5 cm, glabrous or pilose, margins scabrid, base tapering,straight or rounded, apex acuminate; ligule 1–3 mm, ciliolate,dorsally pilose. Panicle oblong or equidimensional, 8–24 cm;axis 1.5–16 cm, glabrous. Racemes 7–80, flexuous, 8–18 cm;rachis glabrous; lower pedicel 1–2 mm, upper pedicel 2.5–5.5mm. Spikelets 2–3 mm, golden brown, awned; callus hairs 5–11 mm, much longer than spikelet, pale to golden brown;glumes subequal or upper slightly longer, membranous, 1–5-veined; lower glume glabrous or margins sparsely pilose with4–6 mm hairs, apex emarginate; upper glume glabrous, marginsand apex hyaline, apex acute; lower lemma ovate, hyaline, 1.5–2 mm, veinless; upper lemma lanceolate, hyaline, 1.5–2 mm;awn straight or flexuous, 5–17 mm; upper palea a ca. 1 mmscale. Anthers 2, 1–1.5 mm. Caryopsis ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 mm.Mountain slopes; 1900–2800 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan,India, Myanmar, Nepal; introduced in Malaysia].7. Miscanthus nudipes (Grisebach) Hackel in A. Candolle &C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 109. 1889.双药芒 shuang yao mangErianthus nudipes Grisebach, Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss.Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 92. 1868; ?Diandranthus aristatus L.Liu; D. brevipilus (Handel-Mazetti) L. Liu; D. corymbosusL. Liu; D. eulalioides (Keng) L. Liu; D. nudipes (Grisebach) L.Liu; ?D. ramosus L. Liu; D. szechuanensis (Keng ex S. L.Zhong) L. Liu; D. taylorii (Bor) L. Liu; D. tibeticus L. Liu; D.wardii (Bor) L. Liu; D. yunnanensis (A. Camus) L. Liu; Miscanthusbrevipilus Handel-Mazzetti; M. eulalioides Keng; M.nudipes subsp. yunnanensis A. Camus; M. szechuanensis Kengex S. L. Zhong; M. taylorii Bor; M. wardii Bor; M. yunnanensis(A. Camus) Keng.Plant tufted. Culms erect, 25–120 cm tall, unbranched, 3–5-noded, nodes glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline; leaf sheathspilose, glabrescent; leaf blades linear, flat or folded, 10–40 cm× 0.15–0.8 cm, pilose, base straight or rounded, apex taperingto a fine point; ligule 1–1.5 mm, dorsally ciliate. Panicle 10–30cm; axis 3–20 cm, glabrous or pilose. Racemes 4–20, 5–20 cm;rachis pilose; lower pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm, or lower spikeletsubsessile, upper pedicel 1.5–4 mm; pubescent apex. Spikelets4–6.5 mm, pilose, awned; callus hairs 1–5 mm, purple or white;glumes subequal, membranous, 5–7-veined, pilose, margins hyaline,apex acute to 2-toothed or truncate; lower lemma membranousor hyaline, 3.5–6 mm, 0–1-veined, apex acute or obtuse;upper lemma membranous or hyaline, 2.5–5 mm, 0–1-veined, 2-toothed, the teeth finely acuminate, or apex entire;awn geniculate or flexuous, 6–11 mm; upper palea 2–5 mm.Anthers 2, 2–3.5 mm. Caryopsis fusoid, ca. 2 mm.Mountain slopes; 1000–3600 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Assam, Sikkim), Nepal].189. IMPERATA Cirillo, Pl. Rar. Neapol. 2: 26. 1792.白茅属 bai mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennials, strongly rhizomatous. Culms erect, unbranched. Leaf blades mainly basal, linear, flat or rolled; ligule membranous.Inflorescence a terminal, silky-white, spikelike panicle, branches bearing numerous very short racemes; racemes with tough rachis,spikelets of a pair both pedicelled with one pedicel longer than the other, deciduous at maturity within a plumose involucre of hairs;rachis internodes and pedicels persistent, densely silky hairy, tips expanded. Spikelets small, delicate, ± terete, enveloped in hairs;callus very small, pilose with long hairs usually exceeding the spikelet; glumes subqual, lanceolate, membranous or lower glumeherbaceous, back long-pilose; lower floret reduced to an empty hyaline veinless lemma, shorter than spikelet; upper lemma similar tolower, apex obtuse, denticulate, ciliate, awnless; palea short, broad. Lodicules absent. Stamens 1 or 2. x = 10.About ten species: throughout the tropics, extending to warm-temperate regions; three species (one endemic) in China.

584POACEAEImperata conferta (Presl) Ohwi has been reported in the literature from Taiwan, but its presence has not been confirmed. It is native to Indochina,Indonesia, and the Philippines. Distinguishing characters are given in the key below.1a. Callus hairs equal to or slightly shorter than spikelet; stigmas yellowish brown ............................................................. 3. I. flavida1b. Callus hairs 3 times longer than spikelet; stigmas purplish black.2a. Panicle narrowly conical, loose, branches spreading; stamen 1 ....................................................... I. conferta (see note above)2b. Panicle cylindrical, dense, branches appressed; stamens 2.3a. Culms up to 1.2 m tall; leaf blades 0.2–2 cm wide; panicle 6–20 cm ............................................................ 1. I. cylindrica3b. Culms up to 2.8 m tall; leaf blades 1.2–2.8 cm wide; panicle 40–50 cm .......................................................... 2. I. latifolia1. Imperata cylindrica (Linnaeus) Raeuschel, Nomencl. Bot.,ed. 3, 3: 10. 1797.白茅 bai maoPerennial, basal sheaths becoming fibrous; rhizomes widelyspreading, tough, scaly. Culms solitary or tufted, 25–120 cmtall, 1.5–3 mm in diam., 1–4-noded, nodes glabrous or bearded.Leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose at margin and mouth; leafblades flat or rolled, stiffly erect, 20–100 × 0.8–2 cm, culmblades 1–3 cm, adaxial surface puberulous, margins scabrid,base straight or narrowed, apex long acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm.Panicle cylindrical, copiously hairy, 6–20 cm, lowermostbranches sometimes loose. Spikelets 2.5–6 mm; callus with 12–16 mm silky hairs; glumes 5–9-veined, back with long silkyhairs ca. 3 times glume length, apex slightly obtuse or acuminate;lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, 2/3 length of glumes,ciliate, acute or denticulate; upper lemma ovate, 1/2 length ofglumes, denticulate, ciliate, palea equal to lemma. Anthers 2, 2–4 mm. Stigmas purplish black. Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug. 2n = 20.River and seashore sands, disturbed grassy places, cultivations.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan,Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea,Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, S Europe].This species is extremely polymorphic, but nevertheless easilyrecognizable by its dense, narrowly cylindrical, silky white inflorescence.The blackish stigmas are persistent and very obvious among thewhite hairs. The species has been classified into three varieties, whichshow some geographic separation. Two occur in China and a third isfound in Africa. However, there is a great deal of intergradation and alsovariation within the varieties.This widespread, noxious weed of disturbed ground and cultivationspreads vigorously by its rhizomes, which are almost impossible toeradicate, and may cover large areas of ground. It flourishes in grasslandsthat are frequently burned, and the young shoots provide goodfodder. It is also used for medicine and fiber.1a. Leaf blades rolled; spikelets 4.5–6 mm;anthers 3–4 mm ...................................... 1a. var. cylindrica1b. Leaf blades flat; spikelets 2.5–4(–4.5)mm; anthers 2–3 mm ................................... 1b. var. major1a. Imperata cylindrica var. cylindrica白茅 ( 原变种 ) bai mao (yuan bian zhong)Lagurus cylindricus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 2, 2: 878.1759; Imperata arundinacea Cirillo; I. arundinacea var. europaeaAndersson; I. cylindrica var. europaea (Andersson)Ascherson & Graebner; Saccharum cylindricum (Linnaeus)Lamarck.Culm nodes usually glabrous. Leaf blades rolled, apexhard, spiny. Panicle very dense. Spikelets 4.5–6 mm; anthers 3–4 mm.River and seashore sands, dry grassy places on lower mountainslopes. Xizang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan; N Africa, SW Asia, S Europe].This variety has been reported in the literature from Xizang, butno specimens have been seen.1b. Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubbard inC. E. Hubbard & R. E. Vaughan, Grasses Mauritius Rodriguez,96. 1940.大白茅 da bai maoImperata koenigii var. major Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill.90.1841; Imperata arundinacea var. koenigii (Retzius) Bentham;I. cylindrica subsp. koenigii (Retizus) Tzvelev; I. cylindricavar. koenigii (Retzius) Pilger; I. koenigii (Retzius) P.Beauvois; Saccharum koenigii Retzius.Culm nodes often bearded, sometimes sparsely or occasionallyglabrous. Leaf blades flat. Panicle slightly loose below.Spikelets 2.5–4(–4.5) mm; anthers 2–3 mm.Open grassy places, cultivations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan,Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, India,Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan,Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia (Iran), Australia].2. Imperata latifolia (J. D. Hooker) L. Liu, Vasc. Pl. HengduanMts. 2: 2299. 1994.宽叶白茅 kuan ye bai maoImperata arundinacea var. latifolia J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.India 7: 106. 1896 [“1897”]; I. cylindrica var. latifolia (J. D.Hooker) C. E. Hubbard.Perennial, basal sheaths becoming fibrous; rhizomes widelyspreading. Culms up to 2.8 m tall, 6–10 mm in diam., 3–8-noded, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths usually longer than internodes,crowded below, glabrous, bearded at mouth; leaf bladesflat, up to 120 × 1.2–2.8 cm, adaxial surface with yellowishlong soft hairs at base, otherwise glabrous, margins scabrid,base narrowed to midrib, apex long acuminate; ligule ca. 2 mm.Panicle cylindrical, copiously hairy with slight pinkish tinge,40–50 cm. Spikelets 3–4.5 mm; callus with ca. 12 mm silky

POACEAE 585hairs; lower glume 5–7-veined, back pilose below middle withlong silky hairs ca. 3 times glume length, apex ciliate; upperglume 3-veined in lower part, scabrid, margin ciliate; lowerlemma ca. 2.5 mm, margin ciliate; upper lemma resemblinglower, palea broadly ovate, subequal to lemma. Anthers 2, 2–2.5 mm. Stigmas red. Fl. and fr. summer to autumn.Swampy grasslands; ca. 800 m. SW Sichuan [N India].3. Imperata flavida Keng ex S. M. Phillips & S. L. Chen,Novon 15: 469. 2005.黄穗白茅 huang sui bai maoPerennial, basal sheaths becoming fibrous; rhizomesspreading, internodes very short. Culms solitary or tufted, 70–125 cm tall, 3–7 mm in diam., 3- or more-noded, nodes glabrous.Leaf sheaths longer than internodes, crowded below, glabrousexcept for silky hairs at mouth; leaf blades flat, 20–60 × 0.5–1 cm, culm blades 1–7 cm, glabrous or adaxial surfacepuberulous, margins smooth, base narrowed to midrib, apexlong acuminate; ligule 0.5–1 mm. Panicle cylindrical, silkyhairy, 12–17 cm, branches short, erect or ascending, discretebelow. Spikelets 3–4 mm; callus hairs ca. 4 mm, equal to spikelet;glumes 4–5(–7)-veined, back pilose in lower 1/3 with silkyhairs about as long as spikelet, upper margins ciliate, apexobtuse or erose; lower lemma broadly oblong, ca. 1/2 length ofglumes, ciliate, irregularly denticulate; upper lemma oblong,1/3 length of glumes, 2–3-denticulate, ciliate, palea similar tolemma. Anthers 2, 2.5–2.8 mm. Stigmas yellowish brown. Fl.and fr. summer to autumn.● Mixed forests, along rivers, valleys. Hainan.This species, which appears to be confined to Hainan, can be readilydistinguished from the more common Imperata cylindrica by itsmuch shorter spikelet hairs and yellow-brown (vs. purple-black) stigmas.190. EULALIA Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 160. 1829.黄金茅属 huang jin mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, rarely annual. Culms tufted, usually erect and unbranched. Leaf blades linear to narrowly lanceolate; ligule short,membranous, margin ciliolate. Inflorescence terminal, composed of several to many racemes inserted digitately or along a short axis;racemes elongate with many spikelet pairs, hairy, fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelets of a pair similar, pedicelled often slightlynarrower, both fertile; rachis internodes linear, ciliate along angles; pedicels resembling internodes, usually slightly shorter and moreslender. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly oblong, dorsally compressed; callus short, bearded, hairs usually less than 1/2 spikeletlength; glumes cartilaginous to leathery; lower glume flat or slightly concave, hairy, back veinless or inconspicuously veined, flanksrounded in lower half, keeled toward apex, acute to truncate; upper glume boat-shaped, 1-keeled down midline; lower floret reducedto an empty hyaline lemma, rarely absent; upper lemma linear to oblong, occasionally broader, shortly 2-toothed or 2-lobed to middle,awned (E. manipurensis awnless); awn geniculate, sometimes weakly; palea small or absent. Stamens 3. x = 9, 10.About 30 species: tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; 14 species (five endemic) in China.1a. Basal leaf sheaths covered in dense woolly hairs.2a. Basal leaf sheath hairs creamy or golden brown.3a. Sessile spikelets 6–6.5 mm; raceme hairs pinkish .......................................................................................... 1. E. siamensis3b. Sessile spikelets 4.6–5.7 mm; raceme hairs yellowish ..................................................................................... 2. E. speciosa2b. Basal leaf sheath hairs dark brown or reddish brown.4a. Culms robust, 2–5 mm in diam.; leaf blades 25–50 cm ................................................................................... 2. E. speciosa4b. Culms slender, 1–1.7 mm in diam.; leaf blades 15–30 cm.5a. Culms 6–9-noded; spikelets 3–3.5 mm; lower glume pilose with whitish brown hairs, apex truncate................................................................................................................................................................ 3. E. micranthera5b. Culms 2–3-noded; spikelets 3.5–5 mm; lower glume densely villous with golden brown hairs,apex subacute .......................................................................................................................................... 4. E. phaeothrix1b. Basal leaf sheaths glabrous, or appressed hairy between veins.6a. Sessile spikelet 5–7 mm; lower glume 2-veined between lateral keels, veins connected below apex.7a. Leaf blades 8–16 mm wide, apex acute .......................................................................................................... 1. E. siamensis7b. Leaf blades 4–6(–8) mm wide, apex acuminate-filiform .......................................................................... 5. E. quadrinervis6b. Sessile spikelet 3–5 mm; lower glume usually not or only obscurely veined between lateral keels.8a. Spikelets awnless ...................................................................................................................................... 6. E. manipurensis8b. Spikelets awned.9a. Plant with slender spreading stolons; raceme hairs brown; lower lemma absent ......................... 7. E. leschenaultiana9b. Plant tufted or rhizomatous; raceme hairs white or purplish (spikelets often brown); lowerlemma present.10a. Leaf blades conspicuously pruinose on abaxial surface, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,5–10 mm wide.11a. Leaf blades 3–8 cm, glabrous; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle ........................................... 8. E. brevifolia11b. Leaf blades 10–20 cm, tomentose; upper lemma very shortly 2-toothed .............................. 9. E. pruinosa

586POACEAE10b. Leaf blades green or reddish, linear, 2–6 mm wide.12a. Racemes with long silky hairs concealing the spikelets; plant with slender spreadingrhizomes ..................................................................................................................................... 10. E. mollis12b. Racemes with shorter hairs, spikelets obvious; plant without long rhizomes.13a. Leaf blades inrolled, tough; upper glume with 2–2.5 mm awn ..................................... 11. E. pallens13b. Leaf blades flat, herbaceous; upper glume not awned.14a. Inflorescence with ca. 5 cm axis; upper lemma very shortly 2-toothed ........... 12. E. splendens14b. Inflorescence digitate or axis less than 5 cm; upper lemma deeply 2-toothed.15a. Culm glabrous below inflorescence; raceme hairs silvery white;upper lemma 2-toothed to middle ............................................................ 13. E. trispicata15b. Culm densely pilose below inflorescence; raceme hairs faintlymauve tinged; upper lemma 2-toothed in upper 1/4 ........................... 14. E. yunnanensis1. Eulalia siamensis Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 499. 1954.二色金茅 er se jin maoPerennial; basal sheaths woolly with creamy brown orgolden hairs, or appressed pilose. Culms tufted, robust, up to2.5 m tall, 3–4 mm in diam., pilose below inflorescence, nodesglabrous or bearded. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose; leaf bladeslinear, tough, 60–100 × 0.5–1 cm, abaxial surface pinkish gray,subglabrous to villous or sericeous, adaxial surface green,villous throughout or just above ligule, margins scabrid, basenarrowed, apex finely acuminate; ligule ca. 2 mm. Racemes 4–7, subdigitate, drooping, 15–21 cm, hairs silvery or pale mauve;rachis internodes and pedicels ca. 2/3 spikelet length, ciliate.Sessile spikelet 6–6.5 mm, brown; callus hairs 2/5 spikeletlength; lower glume lanceolate-oblong, back flat, villous inlower 2/3, 2 anastomosing veins between keels below apex,margins long-ciliate in upper 1/3, narrowed to emarginateapex; upper lemma narrow, puberulous on back, shortly 2-toothed; awn 2.5–3.5 cm. Anthers 3.7–4.5 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.Dry grassy slopes, open woodlands; 500–1500 m. SW Yunnan[Myanmar, N Thailand].This is a large, handsome species of apparently restricted distribution.1a. Basal sheaths woolly with cream orgolden hairs ............................................ 1a. var. siamensis1b. Basal sheaths appressed pilose withwhite hairs ................................................. 1b. var. latifolia1a. Eulalia siamensis var. siamensis二色金茅 ( 原变种 ) er se jin mao (yuan bian zhong)Basal sheaths woolly with cream or golden hairs; leafblades subglabrous to villous. Upper lemma 2-toothed in upper1/5 or less.Open woodlands. ?SW Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].This variety is reported from SW Yunnan, but its presence inChina has not been confirmed.1b. Eulalia siamensis var. latifolia (Rendle) S. M. Phillips &S. L. Chen, comb. nov.宽叶金茅 kuan ye jin maoBasionym: Pollinia quadrinervis Hackel var. latifolia Rendle,J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 357. 1904; Eulalia wightii (J. D.Hooker) Bor var. latifolia (Rendle) B. S. Sun & S. Wang.Basal sheaths appressed pilose between veins with whitesilky hairs; leaf blades glabrous or abaxial surface appressedsericeous.Upper lemma 2-toothed in upper 1/3.Dry grassy slopes; 1800 m. Yunnan [N Thailand].2. Eulalia speciosa (Debeaux) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 775.1891.金茅 jin maoErianthus speciosus Debeaux, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux32: 53. 1878; Eulalia birmanica (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus; E.velutina (Hackel) O. Kuntze; Pollinia birmanica J. D. Hooker;P. phaeothrix Hackel var. aurea A. Camus; P. speciosa (Debeaux)Hackel; P. velutina Hackel; Pseudopogonatherum speciosum(Debeaux) Ohwi.Perennial, base swollen; basal sheaths woolly with goldenbrown hairs, becoming fibrous. Culms 0.7–2 m tall, 2–5 mm indiam., white-villous below inflorescence, nodes farinose, sometimespilose. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose; leaf blades linear,25–50 × 0.4–0.7 cm, adaxial surface farinose, white-pilose atbase, otherwise glabrous, apex finely acuminate; ligule ca. 1mm. Racemes 4–7(–13) on a 3–4 cm axis, 10–25 cm, hairswhitish, pale yellowish or golden brown; rachis internodes andpedicels 2/3 as long to subequaling spikelet, ciliate. Sessilespikelet 4.6–5.7 mm, dark brown; callus hairs 1/6–1/3 spikeletlength; lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, back concave,villous below middle, hairs evenly spread or concentrated atflanks, veinless between keels, upper keels stiffly ciliate, apexsubobtuse; upper lemma narrow, margins pilose, 2-toothed inupper 1/3; awn 1.5–2 cm. Anthers ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.Grassy hillsides. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan,Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Cambodia, NE India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,Thailand, Vietnam].This species is usually easy to recognize due to its swollen baseclothed in golden brown, velvety sheaths, which split into fine fiberswith age. Occasionally specimens occur with dark reddish brown or pallidbasal hairs. These are simply color variants, and more than one colormay even occur on the same specimen.A particularly vigorous form from Yunnan, N Myanmar, and NThailand has been separated as Eulalia birmanica. This has long,straight rachis internodes subequaling the spikelet. The type has darkbrown basal sheath hairs, but other specimens with long rachis inter-

POACEAE 587nodes have golden sheath hairs. It simply represents a rather extremeform of this variable species and intergrades with more typical forms.3. Eulalia micranthera Keng & S. L. Chen, Fl. Hainan. 4: 539.1977.微药金茅 wei yao jin maoPerennial; basal sheaths woolly with reddish brown hairs.Culms slender, 0.8–1 m tall, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., 6–9-noded,villous below inflorescence with whitish yellow hairs, browntomentosearound lower nodes, upper nodes glabrous. Leafsheaths glabrous or thinly pilose above nodes; leaf blades linear,15–27 × 0.3–0.4 cm, glabrous or abaxial surface thinly pilose,apex long acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. Racemes 4–5, digitate,10–12 cm, hairs whitish at first, becoming pale yellowishbrown; rachis internodes and pedicels 3/4 spikelet length, ciliate.Sessile spikelet 3–3.5 mm, brown with pallid tips; callushairs ca. 1/5 spikelet length; lower glume narrowly oblong,back concave, veinless between keels, pilose with spreadinghairs increasing to 2 mm above middle, apex emarginate-truncateor bimucronulate; upper lemma narrow, 2-toothed in upper1/3; awn 1.5–2 cm. Anthers 2.3–2.4 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn–winter.● Along streams. Hainan.This is a more slender species than Eulalia speciosa, with thesame basal sheath hair color as E. phaeothrix. However, it lacks the tussockyhabit of E. phaeothrix and has smaller spikelets of differing shapeand hairiness.4. Eulalia phaeothrix (Hackel) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 775.1891.棕茅 zong maoPollinia phaeothrix Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle,Monogr. Phan. 6: 168. 1889.Perennial, forming dense tussocks; basal sheaths woollywith dark reddish brown hairs, finally fibrous. Culms slender,0.3–0.8(–1) m tall, 1–1.5 mm in diam., 2- or 3-noded, white-villousbelow inflorescence, nodes sometimes farinose andbearded below. Leaf sheaths pilose or glabrescent; leaf bladesnarrowly linear, 15–30 × 0.1–0.4 cm, glabrous or pilose, apexacute; ligule 0.5–1 mm. Racemes (1–)2–6(–8), digitate, 4–11(–15) cm, hairs golden brown; rachis internodes and pedicels 1/2–2/3 spikelet length, densely ciliate. Sessile spikelet 3.5–5.5 mm,dark brown; callus hairs 1/8 spikelet length; lower glumeoblong-lanceolate, back flat or slightly concave, lower 2/3villous, hairs uniform or concentrated toward margins, veinlessbetween keels, apex pallid, ciliate, subacute; upper lemmanarrow, 2-lobed to about middle; awn 1–2 cm. Anthers 2.5–3mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.Grassy hillsides. Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [S India, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam].This species is common in the hills of S India and Sri Lanka,where it forms dense tussocks of narrow leaves with velvety, dark reddishbrown basal sheaths. The culms are wiry, and bear brown, denselygolden-villous racemes.5. Eulalia quadrinervis (Hackel) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:775. 1891.四脉金茅 si mai jin maoPollinia quadrinervis Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle,Monogr. Phan. 6: 158. 1889; Eulalia quadrinervis var.latigluma B. S. Sun & S. Wang; P. villosa var. chefuensis Franchet;Pseudopogonatherum quadrinerve (Hackel) Ohwi.Perennial, tufted from a short scaly rhizome; basal sheathsglabrous, rarely thinly appressed pilose between veins. Culms0.6–1.2 m tall, 2–4 mm in diam., pilose below inflorescence,nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths densely villous to hirsute with tubercle-basedhairs, or subglabrous; leaf blades linear, 10–40 ×0.4–0.6 cm, glabrous to tuberculate-villous, abaxial surfaceglaucous, apex acuminate-filiform; ligule 1–1.5 mm. Racemes2–7, subdigitate, 10–18 cm, hairs white or pale mauve; rachisinternodes and pedicels 1/2–2/3 spikelet length, silky villous.Sessile spikelet 5–6.5 mm, golden brown; callus hairs 1/3 spikeletlength, white; lower glume narrowly elliptic, back slightlyconcave and villous below middle, flat and glabrous above, 2–4green veins between keels, connected by veinlets below apexand between lateral veins, upper keels shortly pectinate-ciliate,apex membranous, subacute; upper lemma ovate-oblong, 2-lobed in upper 1/3; awn 1.2–2 cm. Anthers 2.7–3.4 mm. Fl. andfr. Sep–Nov.Dry mountain slopes, grassy places. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Henan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, N India, Japan,Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].Eulalia quadrinervis is very close to E. villosa (Sprengel) Nees(E. wightii (J. D. Hooker) Bor). The latter species is distributed fromAfrica to S India and differs in its acute leaf blades and leathery, broaderlower glume, which is concave down the whole midline and usuallyhairy only on the flanks. A few specimens from Yunnan with acute leafblades are better placed in E. quadrinervis.6. Eulalia manipurensis Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India,Pakistan, 156. 1960.无芒金茅 wu mang jin maoEulalia mutica B. S. Sun & M. Y. Wang.Perennial, tufted; basal sheaths glabrous. Culms (0.35–)0.75–1 m tall, 2–4 mm in diam., glabrous at nodes and belowinflorescence, nodes blackish. Leaf sheaths glabrous or marginciliate; leaf blades linear, (13–)45–60 × 0.2–0.6 cm, abaxial surfaceglabrous, adaxial surface hispid with tubercle-based hairs,margins scabrid, apex finely acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm,margin ciliate. Racemes 5–20 or more, subdigitate on an axis to3 cm, 8–16 cm, hairs white; rachis internodes and pedicels ca.2/3 spikelet length, densely woolly-ciliate. Spikelets 2.8–3.5mm, chestnut brown, glossy; callus hairs short, ca. 0.5 mm;lower glume narrowly elliptic-oblong, cartilaginous, back flat,flanks villous in lower 2/3, upper keels stiffly ciliate, veinlessbetween keels, apex acute; upper lemma oblong, apex truncatedenticulate,awnless. Anthers 1.8–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.Mountain slopes, wet grasslands; ca. 1600 m. W Yunnan (Tengchong)[Bangladesh, N Myanmar].7. Eulalia leschenaultiana (Decaisne) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci.Mus. 18: 2. 1947.龚氏金茅 gong shi jin mao

588POACEAEAndropogon leschenaultianus Decaisne, Nouv. Ann. Mus.Hist. Nat. 3: 357. 1834; A. aureofulvus Steudel; Eulalia cumingii(Nees) A. Camus; Pollinia cumingii Nees.Perennial, forming tufts on long trailing stolons; basalsheaths glabrous. Culms very slender, 0.3–0.7 m tall, ca. 1 mmin diam., usually pilose below inflorescence, lower nodesbearded. Leaf sheaths ciliate along margin, bearded at mouth;leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 4–10 × 0.2–0.4 cm, glabrous orthinly hispid with tubercle-based hairs, apex acute; ligule ca.0.5 mm, ciliolate. Racemes 1–3, solitary or digitate, 3–8 cm,hairs golden brown; rachis internodes and pedicels ca. 2/3 spikeletlength, ciliate. Sessile spikelet 3–4 mm, golden brown; callushairs 1/4 spikelet length; lower glume narrowly oblong, ±leathery, back flat, densely villous except below apex, obscurely1–2-veined between keels, connected by veinlets belowapex, apex broadly truncate, densely ciliolate; lower lemmaabsent; upper lemma oblanceolate, 2-toothed in upper 1/4, teethciliate; awn 8–15 mm, column pubescent. Anthers 1.7–2 mm.Fl. and fr. autumn.Dry exposed hillsides. Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan [Indonesia,Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].This species is unusual in lacking a lower lemma. The purple stigmasare exserted at the apex of the spikelet, rather than laterally whichis more usual, and are an obvious feature of the racemes.A variant occurs in N India and Nepal with smaller spikelets (2.5–3 mm) and slightly swollen culm bases with white-hairy basal sheaths.This has been described as Pollinia cumingii Nees var. parvifloraHackel. It may occur in adjacent parts of China.8. Eulalia brevifolia Keng ex P. C. Keng, Acta Bot. Yunnan.4: 351. 1982.短叶金茅 duan ye jin maoPerennial, rhizomatous; rhizome short, branching, denselyclothed in scale leaves. Culms with scales at base, 0.5–0.7 mtall, branched above base, glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous, lowerlonger but upper shorter than internodes; leaf blades lanceolate,reddish when dry, 3–8 × 0.5–0.7 cm, glabrous, abaxialsurface pruinose, base subcordate, apex acute; ligule ca. 0.5mm. Racemes 5, digitate, 3–4 cm, hairs whitish; rachis internodes(2–)3–4(–6) mm, densely ciliate. Sessile spikelet 4–4.5mm, pinkish brown; callus hairs 1/3 spikelet length; lower glumeoblong-lanceolate, back almost flat, villous below middle,finely 1-veined between keels, apex obtuse; upper lemma 2-lobed to below middle; awn ca. 6 mm, slightly twisted. Anthersca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Dec.● Dry mountain slopes; 1700–2600 m. Yunnan.9. Eulalia pruinosa B. S. Sun & M. Y. Wang, J. Yunnan Univ.21: 94. 1999.粉背金茅 fen bei jin maoPerennial; basal sheaths closely imbricate, appressed hispidbetween veins. Culms up to 1.8 m tall, ca. 3 mm in diam.,glabrous, lower nodes waxy. Leaf sheaths firm, smooth, glabrous,lower longer but upper shorter than internodes, stifflybearded at mouth; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 10–20 × 0.8–1cm, tomentose on both surfaces, abaxial surface glaucous, baserounded, apex acute; ligule ca. 1 mm. Racemes 5–7, digitate,11–17 cm, hairs dirty white tinged purplish; rachis internodesand pedicels 3/4 spikelet length, ciliate. Sessile spikelet ca. 4.5mm, purplish; callus hairs 1/3 spikelet length; lower glume narrowlyelliptic-oblong, papery, back concave and villous belowmiddle, flanks ciliate at upper 1/3, 2-veined between keels,connected by veinlets below apex, upper keels scabrid, apexnarrowly truncate-emarginate; upper lemma narrowly ovate,very shortly 2-toothed; awn 0.9–1.3 cm, column glabrous. Anthersnot seen. Fr. Oct.● Mountain slopes, roadside banks; 1900–2700 m. Yunnan.10. Eulalia mollis (Grisebach) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 775.1891.银丝金茅 yin si jin maoErianthus mollis Grisebach, Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss.Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 92. 1868; Pollinia mollis (Grisebach)Hackel.Perennial, loosely tufted, with slender spreading rhizomes.Culms ascending or decumbent, 0.25–0.5 m tall, 1–2 mm indiam., villous below inflorescence, nodes glabrous. Leafsheaths glabrous with ciliate margin or pilose, bearded atmouth; leaf blades linear, 3–8 × 0.2–0.5 cm, glabrous or hispidwith tubercle-based hairs, margins thickened, smooth, apexacuminate; ligule a ciliate rim. Racemes 3–7, digitate, 4–7 cm,hairs silvery white or pinkish; rachis internodes and pedicels2/3 spikelet length, densely hairy with long silky hairs exceedingand obscuring spikelets. Spikelets 4–5 mm, dark brown,pallid near apex, keels green; callus hairs 1/2 spikelet length;lower glume lanceolate, back flat, densely hairy with silky hairsca. 1.5 times spikelet length or more, veinless between keels,apex obscurely emarginate or 2-mucronate; upper lemma narrowlyoblong, shortly 2-toothed; awn 0.8–1.5 cm, fine, almoststraight. Anthers ca. 2 mm.Dry grassy mountainsides; ca. 2000 m. Xizang [Bhutan, N India,Nepal].This is a relatively small, Himalayan species.11. Eulalia pallens (Hackel) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 775.1891.白健秆 bai jian ganPollinia pallens Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle,Monogr. Phan. 6: 156. 1889.Perennial, densely tufted from a short rhizome; basalsheaths glabrous. Culms hard, 0.4–1 m tall, 1.5–2.5 mm indiam., glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous, lower longer and uppershorter than internodes; leaf blades tough, narrow, involute,pale green, lower 25–40 × 0.2–0.3 cm (when flattened), abaxialsurface smooth, glabrous, adaxial surface strongly ribbed, hirsute,margin scabrid; ligule very short, densely ciliolate. Racemes3–11, subdigitate, 6–13 cm, hairs white; rachisinternodes and pedicels 1/2–3/4 spikelet length, ciliate. Sessilespikelet 3.5–4.5 mm, pallid; callus hairs 1/8 spikelet length;lower glume oblong-lanceolate, membranous, back slightlyconcave, villous except near apex, veinless between keels,upper keels smooth or pectinate-scabrid, apex narrowly trun-

POACEAE 589cate or 2-toothed; upper glume apex with 2–2.5 mm awn; upperlemma narrow, 2-toothed in upper 1/4; awn ca. 1 cm, columnciliolate. Anthers purplish black, 1.8–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Oct–Nov.Grassy places. NW Guangxi, S and W Guizhou, Yunnan [NE India].This is a distinctive species, clearly differing from others in Chinaby its tough, inrolled leaf blades and awned upper glume. The blackishanthers are striking among the white raceme hairs.12. Eulalia splendens Keng & S. L. Chen, Bull. Bot. Res.,Harbin 12: 315. 1992.红健秆 hong jian ganPerennial; basal sheaths glabrous. Culms ca. 1 m tall, ca. 4mm in diam., pilose below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths longerthan internodes, usually glabrous; leaf blades linear, hard, 15–30 × 0.3–0.4 cm, but uppermost less than 1 cm and basal longerthan 40 cm, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface pilose,margins scabrid; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Inflorescence composed of7–9 racemes on a ca. 5 cm axis, hairs white; rachis internodesand pedicels 2–3 mm, villous. Sessile spikelet ca. 4 mm, yellowishbrown; callus hairs ca. 1 mm; lower glume oblong-lanceolate,membranous, lower back slightly concave, with ca. 4mm soft hairs below middle, veinless between keels, marginsciliate, apex subhyaline, acute; upper lemma elliptic, very shortly2-toothed; awn 5–8 mm, weakly geniculate. Anthers ca. 2mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.● Mountain slopes; ca. 800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan (Jinghong).This species is very close to Eulalia fastigiata (Nees ex Steudel)Stapf ex Bor from Bhutan, NE India, and Nepal, but differs in the racemesbeing inserted singly or in pairs, rather than in whorls. These twospecies, and the related Saccharum formosanum, lie on the boundarybetween Saccharum and Eulalia. The presence of a central inflorescenceaxis, thin glumes, scarcely toothed upper lemma, and weak awnare all characters more typical of Saccharum.13. Eulalia trispicata (Schultes) Henrard, Blumea 3: 453. 1940.三穗金茅 san sui jin maoAndropogon trispicatus Schultes, Mant. 2: 452. 1824; Eulaliaargentea Brongniart; E. tristachya (Steudel) Kuntze; Polliniatristachya (Steudel) Thwaites; Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum(Schultes) Ohwi; Saccharum tristachyum Steudel.Perennial, tussocky; basal sheaths glabrous. Culms slender,0.3–1.2 m tall, ca. 2 mm in diam., nodes glabrous, glabrousor infrequently thinly pilose below inflorescence. Leaf sheathsusually glabrous or upper margin pilose; leaf blades linear, 10–40 × 0.2–0.6 cm, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface piloseespecially at base, apex finely acuminate; ligule very short,ca. 0.5 mm, margin ciliate. Racemes 3–16, subdigitate orinserted on a short axis to 1.5 cm, 4–15 cm, hairs silvery white;rachis internodes and pedicels ca. 1/2 spikelet length, denselyciliate, hairs longer at apex. Sessile spikelet 2.5–4.5 mm, chestnutbrown or purplish; callus hairs short, ca. 0.5 mm; lowerglume narrowly oblong-lanceolate, papery, back flat, lowerflanks villous, upper keels ciliate, veinless between keels, apexnarrowly truncate, entire or bimucronate; upper lemma linear,2-toothed to about middle; awn 0.7–2 cm. Anthers 2–2.8 mm.Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 20.Grassy mountainsides. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].This slender, small-spiculate species is widespread in tropical Asiaand is to be expected elsewhere in S China.14. Eulalia yunnanensis Keng & S. L. Chen, Bull. Bot. Res.,Harbin 12: 316. 1992.云南金茅 yun nan jin maoPerennial; basal sheaths glabrous, finally fibrous. Culmsslender, ca. 0.6 m tall, ca. 2 mm in diam., nodes glabrous,densely pilose below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths softly ciliatealong margins, otherwise glabrous; leaf blades linear, 4–15 ×0.2–0.4 cm, apical blades much reduced, abaxial surface glabrous,adaxial surface villous at base, apex acuminate; ligulerounded, ca. 2 mm. Racemes 5–7, digitate, 8–10 cm, hairs silverywhite with faint mauve tinge; rachis internodes ca. 3 mm,3/4 spikelet length, densely ciliate, pedicel similar but shorter.Sessile spikelet ca. 4 mm, chestnut brown; callus with short softhairs; lower glume narrowly oblong-lanceolate, papery, backflat, villous below middle, upper keels greenish, scabrid, veinlessbetween keels, apex narrowly truncate, subentire or emarginate;upper lemma narrow, 2-toothed in upper 1/4; awn 1.3–1.5 cm. Anthers ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.● Mountain slopes, grassy places; 1400–2200 m. Yunnan.This species is very close to, and probably no more than anextreme local variant of, Eulalia trispicata.191. PSEUDOPOGONATHERUM A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 68: 204. 1921.假金发草属 jia jin fa cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsEulalia sect. Pseudopogonatherum (A. Camus) Pilger; Puliculum Stapf ex Haines.Annual. Culms solitary or tufted, slender, glabrous. Leaf blades narrowly linear, often inrolled; ligule a narrow membranousrim, margin densely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, composed of several to many subdigitate racemes in a dense brushlike cluster;racemes tough or fragile, spikelets of a pair similar, usually both pedicelled on unequal pedicels (one sessile and the other pedicelledin P. koretrostachys), both fertile; rachis internodes and pedicels linear, hairy along angles. Spikelets lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong;callus obtuse to acuminate, shortly bearded; glumes membranous or papery; lower glume slightly convex, flanks rounded, 2-keeledupward, back usually hairy, veinless between keels, keels ciliate toward apex, apex truncate or bidentate; upper glume boat-shaped,

590POACEAEapex mucronate or awned; lower floret reduced to an oblong hyaline lemma or absent; upper lemma stipelike, entire or 2-toothed,awned; awn well developed, geniculate, column dark brown, hairy, limb pallid; palea usually absent. Stamens 1–3.Three to five species: NE India and Myanmar through SE Asia to the Philippines, Australia, and the Pacific Islands; three species (one endemic)in China.This genus has been included in Eulalia, but is distinguished by its delicate, annual habit, pedicelled spikelets on tough or only tardily fracturingracemes, and very narrow intercostal long cells in the leaf epidermis.Pseudopogonatherum irritans (R. Brown) A. Camus is likely to occur in SE China. It is found from Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippinesthrough Indonesia to Australia.1a. Spikelets of a pair with one sessile and the other pedicelled ............................................................................... 3. P. koretrostachys1b. Spikelets of a pair both pedicelled.2a. Spikelets 3.5–4 mm; anthers ca. 1 mm .............................................................................................. P. irritans (see note above)2b. Spikelets 2–3 mm; anthers ca. 0.5 mm.3b. Awn of upper lemma 1.5–3 cm, clearly geniculate, pilose ........................................................................... 1. P. contortum3a. Awn of upper lemma 0.6–0.7 cm, not geniculate, glabrous ............................................................................ 2. P. filifolium1. Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongniart) A. Camus,Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 68: 205. 1921.笔草 bi caoPogonatherum contortum Brongniart in Duperrey, Voy.Monde 2(2): 90. 1831; Erianthus contortus (Brongniart) Kuntze.Culms erect, 25–50 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leafblades becoming involute, 10–30 × 0.1–0.2 cm, abaxial surfaceglabrous, adaxial surface thinly pilose; ligule ca. 0.2 mm. Racemes1–20, subdigitate, 3–6 cm, white hairy, tough, all spikeletspedicelled, disarticulating from pedicels at maturity; pedicelsusually unequal, as long as or shorter than internode,villous. Spikelets 1.8–3 mm, brown, glossy; callus hairs up to1/2 spikelet length; lower glume narrowly oblong or lanceolateoblong,pubescent to villous except near apex, or sometimesglabrous, upper flanks pilose, apex 2-toothed; upper glume withmucro or awn 0.5–4(–12) mm; lower lemma ca. 1 mm; upperlemma entire or minutely toothed; awn 1.5–3 cm, column pilose,hairs ca. 1 mm. Anthers 1–3, ca. 0.5 mm.Grassy places on mountain slopes, open and disturbed grassyhillsides, sometimes gregarious; 700–1700 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia,Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia, Pacific Islands].This widespread, annual species comprises a variable complex ofmany intergrading forms, some of which have been accorded separatestatus, either at specific or infraspecific rank. Two varieties have beenrecognized in China; var. contortum, with callus hairs less than 1/2 thespikelet length and pedicels of the spikelet pairs unequal, occurs inIndonesia and Australia.1a. Pedicels of spikelet pair unequal; upperglume with awn up to 4 mm ............ 1a. var. linearifolium1b. Pedicels of spikelet pair equal, as longas rachis internode; upper glume with0.5–1 mm mucro ........................................ 1b. var. sinense1a. Pseudopogonatherum contortum var. linearifolium Kengex S. L. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 489. 1980.线叶笔草 xian ye bi caoSpikelet pair with unequal pedicels; callus hairs 1/2 spikeletlength; upper glume with up to 4 mm awn. Fl. and fr. autumn.● Grassy places on mountain slopes; 1100–1700 m. Guangxi, Sichuan,W Yunnan.The name “Eulalia contorta var. linearifolia Keng” (Claves Gen.Sp. Gram. Prim. Sin. 237. 1957) belongs here, but was not validly publishedbecause no Latin description was provided.1b. Pseudopogonatherum contortum var. sinense Keng & S.L. Chen, Fl. Hainan. 4: 540. 1977.中华笔草 zhong hua bi caoSpikelet pair with equal pedicels, rachis internode equalingpedicels; callus 0.2–0.3 mm, obtuse; upper glume with 0.5–1mm mucro. Fl. and fr. autumn.● Hill slopes; ca. 700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,Jiangxi.This is probably the same taxon as Pseudopogonatherum collinum(Balansa) A. Camus, from N Vietnam, which is often included within P.contortum.The name “Eulalia contorta var. sinensis Keng” (Claves Gen. Sp.Gram. Prim. Sin. 237. 1957) belongs here, but was not validly publishedbecause no Latin description was provided.2. Pseudopogonatherum filifolium (S. L. Chen) H. Yu, Y. F.Deng & N. X. Zhao, Novon 14: 242. 2004.假金发草 jia jin fa caoEulalia filifolia S. L. Chen, Gram. Orient. Sin. 249. 1962;Pseudopogonatherum capilliphyllum S. L. Chen, nom. illeg.superfl.Culms slender, 17–30 cm tall, 3–4-noded, glabrous. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades usually involute, 5–17 × ca. 0.1cm, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface puberulous andpilose; ligule ca. 0.1 mm. Racemes 1–3, 2–4.5 cm, white hairy,tough, all spikelets pedicelled, disarticulating from pedicels atmaturity; rachis internodes ca. 1.3 mm, ciliate; pedicels of a pairequal. Spikelets ca. 2 mm, yellowish brown; callus hairs 0.3–1.7 mm; lower glume pilose on back, obtuse; upper glume boatshaped,mucronate, mucro 0.1–1 mm; lower lemma ovateoblong,ca. 1 × 0.5 mm; upper lemma entire; awn 6–7 mm,weakly geniculate, column glabrous. Anthers 3, ca. 0.7 mm. Fl.and fr. Sep–Dec.

POACEAE 591● Grassy hillsides. Anhui.3. Pseudopogonatherum koretrostachys (Trinius) Henrard,Blumea 4: 521. 1941.刺叶假金发草 ci ye jia jin fa caoAndropogon koretrostachys Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp.Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 273. 1833; A. asthenostachysSteudel; Eulalia setifolia (Nees) Pilger; Polliniasetifolia Nees; Pseudopogonatherum setifolium (Nees) A. Camus.Culms erect or geniculately ascending, 30–60 cm tall. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades usually involute, 5–20 × 0.1–0.2cm, glabrous or adaxial surface pilose; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Racemes(1–)7–25 or more, subdigitate, 2–8 cm, white hairy, tardilyfragile, one spikelet of a pair sessile, the other pedicelled;rachis internodes and pedicels 1/2 spikelet length, villous.Spikelets 2–3 mm, brown; callus hairs 1/5–1/4 spikelet length;lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, villous except nearapex, sometimes sparsely so or glabrous, upper flanks villous,apex 2-toothed or truncate and minutely 2-mucronate; upperglume with 3–6 mm awn; lower lemma ca. 1 mm; upper lemmashortly 2-toothed; awn 1.5–2 cm, column shortly ciliate, hairsca. 0.25 mm. Anthers 3, 0.5–0.7 mm. Pedicelled spikelet easilydeciduous, maturing before sessile spikelet. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov.Hill slopes, roadsides. Anhui (Tai Hu), Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Hainan, Jiangxi, SE Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,Philippines, Thailand].This is a variant from the Pseudopogonatherum contortum complexwith one spikelet of the pair sessile. It also has short hairs on thecolumn of the awn.Pogonopsis J. Presl.192. POGONATHERUM P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 56. 1812.金发草属 jin fa cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennials, densely tufted. Culms slender, branching, drooping or trailing, several- to many-noded. Leaf blades linear or linearlanceolate,lower blades deciduous; ligule a membranous ciliate rim. Inflorescence a single raceme borne on a flexuous peduncle,racemes many, terminating the culm branches; raceme fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelets of a pair similar, both fertile; rachisinternodes and pedicels shorter than spikelets, linear with expanded apex, ciliate. Sessile spikelet oblong, laterally compressed; callusobtuse, bearded with long silky hairs; glumes subequal, membranous or thinly cartilaginous; lower glume strongly convex, 3–5-veined, apex truncate, 2–3-lobed, ciliate; upper glume slightly longer than lower glume, strongly keeled, apex 2-toothed, a long, fine,flexuous awn from sinus; lower floret male with palea or reduced to a hyaline lemma or absent; upper lemma oblong, hyaline, 2-lobed for 1/3–1/2 its length, awned; awn long, very slender, geniculate near base; upper palea subequal to lemma. Stamens 1–2.Pedicelled spikelet often smaller, lacking a lower floret, upper floret bisexual or female.Four species: India to SE Asia, NE Australia, and Polynesia; three species (one endemic) in China.1a. Sessile spikelet 1.3–2 mm; stamen 1; awn of upper lemma strongly reflexed above base .......................................... 1. P. crinitum1b. Sessile spikelet 2.3–3 mm; stamens 2; awn of upper lemma slightly bent above base.2a. Lower glume of pedicelled spikelet awnless; lower floret of sessile spikelet staminate; anthers ca. 1.8 mm ..... 2. P. paniceum2b. Lower glume of pedicelled spikelet awned; lower floret of sessile spikelet absent or reduced to a smalllemma; anthers ca. 0.5 mm ................................................................................................................................. 3. P. biaristatum1. Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunberg) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1:478. 1833.金丝草 jin si caoAndropogon crinitus Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed.14, 903. 1784; A. monandrus Roxburgh; Homoplitis crinita(Thunberg) Trinius; Ischaemum crinitum (Thunberg) Trinius;Pogonatherum saccharoideum P. Beauvois var. crinitum(Thunberg) F. N. Williams; P. saccharoideum var. monandrum(Roxburgh) Hackel.Culms erect or geniculate, sometimes trailing, very slender,10–30 cm tall, 0.5–0.8 mm in diam., branching from nearbase. Leaf sheaths glabrous or puberulous, mouth long ciliate;leaf blades 1.5–5 × 0.1–0.4 cm, scaberulous-puberulous, apexacute. Raceme 1.5–3 cm (excluding awns), yellowish; rachis internodesand pedicels 1/3–2/3 spikelet length, hairs silky white.Sessile spikelet 1.3–2 mm, membranous; callus hairs equal to orslightly longer than spikelet; lower glume scabrid on back, apexciliate with ca. 0.2 mm hairs; upper glume awn 1.5–1.8 cm;lower floret absent or only lemma present; awn of upper lemma1.8–2.4 cm, strongly geniculate near base, column very short,dark brown, limb fine, diverging at right angle or more fromspikelet. Stamen 1, anther ca. 1 mm. Pedicelled spikelet similarto sessile but smaller; lower glume awnless. Fl. and fr. May–Sep.Mountain slopes, forests, moist places along roadsides and streams;below 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia (Queensland)].This is a more delicate species than Pogonatherum paniceum,forming a uniform tuft lacking dense bunches of branchlets, with tinyspikelets and strongly bent lemma awns.This species is used medicinally.

592POACEAE2. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lamarck) Hackel, Allg. Bot. Z.Syst. 12: 178. 1906.金发草 jin fa caoSaccharum paniceum Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 595. 1785; Perotispolystachya Willdenow; Pogonatherum saccharoideum P.Beauvois, nom. illeg. superfl.Culms stiffly erect at base, 30–60 cm tall, 1–2 mm indiam., hard and unbranched in lower part, repeatedly branchedforming dense fascicles of very slender branchlets in upper part.Leaf sheaths glabrous or puberulous, mouth long ciliate; leafblades stiff, 1.5–5.5 × 0.15–0.4 cm, scabrid, apex acuminate.Raceme 1.3–3 cm (excluding awns), yellowish; rachis internodesand pedicels ca. 1/2 spikelet length, hairs silky white.Sessile spikelet 2.3–3 mm, thinly cartilaginous; callus hairsshorter than spikelet; lower glume scabrid or puberulous onback, apex ciliate with 0.5–1 mm hairs; upper glume awn 1.3–2 cm; lower floret staminate, lemma slightly shorter thanlower glume, palea subequaling lemma; awn of upper lemma1.5–1.8 cm, weakly geniculate near base, column not stronglydemarcated, limb very fine. Stamens 2, anthers ca. 1.8 mm.Pedicelled spikelet similar to sessile but smaller; lower glumeawnless. Fl. and fr. Mar–Oct.Mountain slopes, roadsides, streams; 100–2300 m. Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Afghanistan,Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia (Arabia), Australia (Queensland)].3. Pogonatherum biaristatum S. L. Chen & G. Y. Sheng,Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 13: 76. 1993.二芒金发草 er mang jin fa caoCulms 40–60 cm tall, 1–2 mm in diam., hard, unbranchedin lower part, branched above; branches ascending. Leaf sheathsglabrous, mouth ciliate; leaf blades stiff, 2–4.5 × 0.1–0.3 cm,scabrid, puberulous at base, apex long acuminate. Raceme 2–3cm (excluding awns), yellowish; rachis internodes and pedicelsshorter than spikelet. Sessile spikelet ca. 3 mm; callus hairs 0.5–3 mm; lower glume scabrid and with scattered soft hairs onback, apex densely ciliate; upper glume awn ca. 1.6 cm; lowerfloret absent or represented by a small linear-lanceolate lemma;awn of upper lemma ca. 1.7 cm, weakly geniculate near base,column not strongly demarcated, limb very fine. Stamens 2, anthersca. 0.5 mm. Pedicelled spikelet smaller than sessile; lowerglume with straight ca. 1.5 cm awn. Fl. and fr. early summer.● Forests. Hainan.193. EULALIOPSIS Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 56. 1924.拟金茅属 ni jin mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPollinidium Stapf ex Haines.Perennial. Leaf blades narrow; ligule a long-ciliate rim. Inflorescences terminal and axillary from upper leaf sheaths, composedof a few subdigitate racemes; racemes conspicuously hairy, fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelets of a pair similar, both fertile;rachis internodes and pedicels flat, ciliate. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, lightly laterally compressed below middle, flat above; callusdensely bearded; glumes villous below middle; lower glume papery, convex, 5–9-veined, veins prominent, apex shortly 2–3-toothed;upper glume 3–9-veined, apex acute or 2-toothed, with or without an awn-point; lower floret male or sterile, lemma and palea welldeveloped, hyaline; upper lemma lanceolate-oblong, hyaline, entire or minutely 2-toothed, awned; awn weakly geniculate; upper paleabroadly ovate, glabrous or apex long ciliate. Stamens 3.Two species: Afghanistan and India to China and Philippines; one species in China.1. Eulaliopsis binata (Retzius) C. E. Hubbard, Hooker’s Icon.Pl. 33: t. 3262, p. 6. 1935.拟金茅 ni jin maoAndropogon binatus Retzius, Observ. Bot. 5: 21. 1789; A.involutus Steudel; A. notopogon Steudel; Eulaliopsis angustifolia(Trinius) Honda; Pollinia eriopoda Hance; Pollinidiumbinatum (Retzius) C. E. Hubbard; Spodiopogon angustifoliusTrinius; S. binatus (Retzius) Roberty.Perennial; basal sheaths woolly with creamy hairs. Culmsdensely tufted, erect, 30–80 cm tall, nodes glabrous. Leafsheaths glabrous, hairy at mouth; leaf blades tough, involute orrarely flat, 10–30 × 0.1–0.4 cm, uppermost very reduced, glabrous,adaxial surface and margins scabrid; ligule ca. 0.2 mmwith hairs to 2 mm. Racemes 2–4, 2–5 cm, softly goldenvillous;rachis internodes 2–2.5 mm, golden-villous on one orboth margins, sometimes thinly. Spikelets 3.8–6 mm, yellowish;callus hairs up to 3/4 spikelet length; lower glume villousalong lower margins and in tufts on back; upper glume slightlylonger than lower, similarly villous, apex with a 0.3–2 mmawnlet; lower lemma narrowly oblong, equal to lower glume;upper lemma subequal to lower lemma; awn 4–9 mm. Anthersca. 2.5 mm.Dry mountain slopes; Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan,Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India,Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand].This species is a source of fiber.194. POLYTRIAS Hackel in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(2): 24. 1887.单序草属 dan xu cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. Phillips

POACEAE 593Aethonopogon Kuntze; Eulalia sect. Polytrias (Hackel) Pilger.Perennial, low, stoloniferous. Leaf blades broadly linear; ligule short, truncate, ciliolate. Inflorescence a single terminal raceme;raceme hairy, fragile, densely spiculate, the spikelets borne in threes, 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled at each node, sessile and pedicelledspikelets similar, both fertile or pedicelled spikelet male or barren, occasionally lowermost spikelets paired; rachis internodes broadlylinear, densely ciliate on margins, shorter than spikelets; pedicel similar but more slender. Spikelets oblong; callus bearded; glumescartilaginous becoming membranous in upper 1/3; lower glume flat, villous, flanks keeled, clasping upper glume, obscurely 2-veinedbetween keels, apex truncate, ciliate; upper glume slightly longer than lower, 1–3-veined, keeled along midvein; lower floret absent;upper lemma small, broad, 2-cleft, awned; awn geniculate; palea very small or absent. Stamens 3.One species: SE Asia, including China.1. Polytrias indica (Houttuyn) Veldkamp, Blumea 36: 180.1991.单序草 dan xu caoPerennial forming loose mats. Culms slender, decumbent,rooting and branching at nodes, erect shoots 10–30 cm tall,nodes glabrous or bearded. Leaf sheaths lightly compressed,glabrous or rarely pubescent; leaf blades purplish glaucous, 2–5× 0.2–0.4 cm, stiffly pilose with tubercle-based hairs, marginsscabrid, apex acuminate; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm. Raceme 2–7 cm,shortly exserted from uppermost leaf sheath at maturity; rachisinternodes and pedicels golden-ciliate. Spikelets 3–4 mm, brown,densely hairy with soft golden hairs; callus hairs 1/3 spikeletlength; lower glume villous below middle, hairs usually extendingslightly beyond apex, keels green; upper glume denselypubescent except near base, villous on upper keel; upper lemmabroadly oblong to ovate, teeth narrow, tipped with hairs; awnslender, 0.8–1.2 cm, puberulous. Anthers 2.5–3 mm. Stigmasexserted from apex of spikelet. Fl. and fr. summer to autumn.Grassy places on mountain slopes, grassy spaces, lawns, wastelands,roadsides. Hainan, Hong Kong [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam; introduced elsewhere as alawn grass].1a. Lower glume with long hairs exceeding glumeapex .............................................................. 1a. var. indica1b. Lower glume with shorter hairs not exceeding2/3 of glume length ........................................ 1b. var. nana1a. Polytrias indica var. indica单序草 ( 原变种 ) dan xu cao (yuan bian zhong)Phleum indicum Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 13: 198. 1782; Andropogonamaurus Buse, nom. illeg. superfl.; A. diversiflorus Steudel;A. firmandus Steudel; Eulalia praemorsa (Nees ex Steudel)Stapf ex Ridley; Pollinia praemorsa Nees ex Steudel; Polytriasamaura Kuntze, nom. illeg. superfl.; P. diversiflora (Steudel)Nash; P. praemorsa (Nees ex Steudel) Hackel.Spikelets 3 per node; lower glume long villous, hairs extendingbeyond glume apex; upper lemma cordate.Grassy spaces. Hong Kong [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, NewGuinea, Philippines, Vietnam].This grass has been widely known as Polytrias amaura, based onAndropogon amaurus, which is a superfluous name for A. diversiflorus.1b. Polytrias indica var. nana (Keng & S. L. Chen) S. M.Phillips & S. L. Chen, Novon 15: 470. 2005.短毛单序草 duan mao dan xu caoEulalia nana Keng & S. L. Chen, Fl. Hainan. 4: 539.1977; Polytrias amaura var. nana (Keng & S. L. Chen) S. L.Chen.Spikelets 2–3 per node; lower glume with hairs not extendingto glume apex; upper lemma oblong.● Grassy places on mountain slopes. Hainan.195. MICROSTEGIUM Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2, 447. 1836.Ischnochloa J. D. Hooker.莠竹属 you zhu shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Culms slender, creeping or rambling, usually much branched and rooting at lower nodes. Leaf bladesbroadly linear to lanceolate or elliptic, base narrow, apex acuminate to setaceous; ligule membranous, truncate, back pubescent. Inflorescenceterminal, composed of 1 to many subdigitate racemes on a short axis; racemes elongate, sparsely hairy, usually fragile,sessile and pedicelled spikelets of a pair similar, rarely both spikelets unequally pedicelled; rachis internodes filiform to clavate orinflated; pedicels resembling internodes but shorter. Sessile spikelet lanceolate, dorsally compressed; callus shortly bearded; glumesherbaceous to cartilaginous; lower glume deeply grooved on back or with a broad median channel, margins inflexed, 2-keeled at leasttoward apex; upper glume boat-shaped, acute to shortly awned; lower floret almost always sterile, reduced to a single scale or absent;upper floret bisexual, lemma linear to cordate, deeply 2-lobed, shortly 2-toothed, or rarely entire, usually awned; awn flexuous orgeniculate. Stamens 2–3. Pedicelled spikelet resembling the sessile but slightly narrower and less concave, occasionally slightlysmaller and staminate.About 20 species: India to Japan and SE Asia, a few species in Africa; 13 species (three endemic) in China.

594POACEAEThe name Microstegium glaberrimum (Honda) Koidzumi (Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 394. 1929; Pollinia glaberrima Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39:42. 1925), described from Taiwan, has been misapplied in recent literature to forms of M. ciliatum. The protologue describes a grass with only 2 or 3short racemes of small (ca. 2 mm), awnless spikelets. The type has not been seen, and it has not proved possible to establish the identity of this taxon.1a. Rachis internodes filiform, glabrous or villous, equaling or longer than spikelets.2a. Rhizomatous perennial; raceme solitary; rachis internodes and pedicels long-ciliate ..................................... 1. M. batangense2b. Annuals; racemes 2–7; rachis internodes and pedicels glabrous or almost so.3a. Stamens 3; lower lemma reduced or absent ....................................................................................................... 2. M. fauriei3b. Stamens 2; lower lemma well developed, slightly shorter than glumes.4a. Spikelets of a pair one sessile, the other pedicelled; raceme rachis fragile ................................................. 3. M. nudum4b. Spikelets of a pair both pedicelled, one pedicel long, the other short; raceme rachis tough.5a. Spikelets 1-awned (from upper lemma); lower glume smooth, apex subentire; nodes of culmglabrous ............................................................................................................................................ 4. M. japonicum5b. Spikelets 3-awned (from upper glume and both lemmas); lower glume scabrid, apex 2-cleft;nodes of culm pubescent ......................................................................................................................... 5. M. somae1b. Rachis internodes linear to clavate, inflated upward, hairy on angles, usually shorter than spikelets.6a. Upper lemma well developed, 3–4 mm, split to about middle into 2 long, acute lobes.7a. Culms rambling, up to 2 m; leaf blades 15–20 cm, pseudopetiolate, at least the lower; racemes 6–20;pedicelled spikelet awned ............................................................................................................................... 6. M. petiolare7b. Culms erect, up to 40 cm; leaf blades 3–8 cm, not pseudopetiolate; racemes 2–3; pedicelled spikeletawnless or almost so ................................................................................................................................... 7. M. lanceolatum6b. Upper lemma small, 1–2 mm, shortly 2-lobed or entire.8a. Anthers 0.3–0.5 mm; awn often very short, included within spikelet; sessile spikelet 4–5 mm.9a. Lower glume with transverse veinlets below apex; leaf blades 5–8 mm wide ...................................... 8. M. vimineum9b. Lower glume with transverse veinlets below apex and down flanks; leaf blades 8–12 mm wide ..... 9. M. reticulatum8b. Anthers 0.8–2.5 mm; awn clearly exserted from spikelet; sessile spikelet 2–4(–5) mm.10a. Spikelets 2–2.5 mm; lower glume flat on back or almost so, veins obscure .................................. 10. M. delicatulum10b. Spikelets 2.8–5 mm; lower glume grooved on back, veins obvious.11a. Anthers 0.8–1.5 mm; upper glume with 0.3–3 mm awnlet; awn flexuous, column obscure ..... 11. M. ciliatum11b. Anthers 1.5–3.5 mm; upper glume acute or minutely mucronate; geniculate, column distinct.12a. Sessile spikelet 2.8–4 mm; anthers 1.5–2.5 mm; upper lemma emarginate,glabrous ....................................................................................................................... 12. M. fasciculatum12b. Sessile spikelet 4.5–5 mm; anthers 3–3.5 mm; upper lemma bifid, ciliate ............... 13. M. multiciliatum1. Microstegium batangense (S. L. Zhong) S. M. Phillips & S.L. Chen, comb. nov.巴塘莠竹 ba tang you zhuBasionym: Arthraxon batangensis S. L. Zhong, J. S. W.Agric. Coll. 1982(4): 97. 1982.Perennial with tough, spreading rhizomes. Culms slender,much branched at lower nodes, sprawling, ascending to 20–45cm, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linearlanceolate,firm, glaucous, 1–5.5 cm × 1.5–2 mm, smooth, abaxialsurface glabrous, adaxial surface sparsely setose toward ligulewith 2–3 mm bristles, apex acuminate; ligule 0.6–1 mm.Raceme solitary, 3.5–6.5 cm; rachis internodes filiform, ciliatewith ca. 2 mm hairs, equaling spikelet. Sessile spikelets 6–7.8mm; callus hairs 2–3 mm; lower glume linear-lanceolate, keelsrounded in lower 2/3, sharp and scabrid above, deeply groovedbetween keels in middle 1/3, 5–7-veined with transverse veinlets,apex acuminate; upper glume with rounded keel, 7-veinedwith transverse veinlets, upper margins shortly ciliate, apexacute and mucronate; lower floret male with well-developedpalea, anthers ca. 3 mm; upper lemma 3.5–4 mm, 2-lobed tobelow middle, lobes acuminate, ciliate on outer margins; awngeniculate, 1–1.4 cm; upper palea well developed. Pedicelledspikelet lanceolate, male and weakly awned or reduced and barren.Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.● Dry river valleys, under shrubs; 2600–3100 m. Sichuan.This grass is not a species of Arthraxon because the awn arisesfrom the sinus of the 2-lobed lemma, not from low down the lemmaback. The habit, grooved lower glume of the sessile spikelet, and the usuallywell-developed pedicelled spikelet indicate that it is better placedin Microstegium.2. Microstegium fauriei (Hayata) Honda, J. Fac. Sci. Univ.Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: 410. 1930.法利莠竹 fa li you zhuAnnual. Culms decumbent, rooting at lower nodes, up to50–100 cm, nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrousor pubescent; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, 5–20 × 0.3–1 cm,thinly pilose to tomentose, apex acuminate; ligule ca. 2 mm.Racemes 3–10, spreading, 4–10 cm; rachis internodes filiform,glabrous or lower edges sparsely ciliate, equaling or slightlylonger than spikelet. Spikelets 4–5.5 mm; callus shortlybearded; lower glume lanceolate, back shallowly concave, obscurely2-veined between keels, glabrous, keels stoutly pectinate-ciliate,apex shortly 2-toothed; upper glume hispid on keel,apex attenuate into 1(–3) mm awnlet; lower floret absent; upperlemma ca. 1 mm, hyaline, minutely 2-toothed; awn fine, flexuous,2–2.5 cm, apex hairlike; upper palea ca. 1.5 mm, irregularlytoothed. Anthers 3, 1.5–1.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.

POACEAE 595Montane forests and forest margins, moist places on pathsides,clearings, streams, forming colonies; middle elevations. Fujian, Guangdong,Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia].1a. Nodes of culm glabrous; leaf bladesglabrous or sparingly pilose .................... 2a. subsp. fauriei1b. Nodes of culm shortly bearded; leafblades tomentose ............................ 2b. subsp. geniculatum2a. Microstegium fauriei subsp. fauriei法利莠竹 ( 原亚种 ) fa li you zhu (yuan ya zhong)Pollinia fauriei Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 73. 1918.Culms 50–80 cm, nodes glabrous. Leaf blades glabrous oradaxial surface sparingly pilose with soft, tubercle-based hairs.Racemes 4–6, 5–9 cm.● Montane forest margins. Taiwan.2b. Microstegium fauriei subsp. geniculatum (Hayata) T.Koyama, Grasses Japan Neighboring Regions, 516. 1987.膝曲莠竹 xi qu you zhuPollinia geniculata Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 73.1918; Microstegium hendersonii (C. E. Hubbard) C. E. Hubbard;Pollinia hendersonii C. E. Hubbard.Culms up to 100 cm, nodes pubescent. Leaf blades tomentoseon both surfaces. Racemes 5–10, 6–10 cm.Montane forests, moist places on pathsides, clearings, streams.Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan [Indonesia, Malaysia].3. Microstegium nudum (Trinius) A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn.Lyon, n.s., 68: 201. 1921.竹叶茅 zhu ye maoPollinia nuda Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg,Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 307. 1833; Eulalia nuda (Trinius)Kuntze; Leptatherum royleanum Nees; Microstegium arisanense(Hayata) A. Camus; Pollinia arisanensis Hayata.Annual. Culms rambling, rooting at lower nodes, 20–80cm long, nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous, one marginciliate; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, thin, 3–8 × 0.5–1.1 cm,usually glabrous, midvein a white line below middle, apexacute; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Racemes 2–7, very slender, slightlyflexuous, lower becoming divaricate, 4–8 cm; rachis internodesfiliform, glabrous, longer than spikelet. Sessile spikelet 3.5–5mm; callus hairs 1–1.3 mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolateoblong,back shallowly concave, glabrous or rarely hispidulousnear apex, 2–4-veined, apex attenuate, hyaline, sometimes 2-toothed; upper glume weakly keeled or rounded on back, acuminate;lower lemma lanceolate, hyaline, slightly shorter thanglumes; upper lemma linear, hyaline, 1.5–3 mm, emarginate;awn very fine, flexuous, 1–2 cm, apex hairlike, tangled; upperpalea absent or minute. Anthers 2, 0.5–1 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.Moist mountainsides, forest undergrowth; ca. 3000 m. Anhui, Fujian,Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Nepal,Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam; Africa, Australia].4. Microstegium japonicum (Miquel) Koidzumi, Bot. Mag.(Tokyo) 43: 394. 1929.日本莠竹 ri ben you zhuPollinia japonica Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi2: 290. 1866; Leptatherum japonicum (Miquel) Franchet & Savatier;Microstegium nudum (Trinius) A. Camus subsp. japonicum(Miquel) Tzvelev.Annual. Culms trailing, rooting at lower nodes, up to 80cm long, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous, one marginciliate; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, 2–5 × 0.6–1.2 cm, glabrous,midvein obscure except near base, base rounded, apexacute; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm. Racemes 3–7, very slender, slightlyflexuous, lower becoming divaricate, 4–6 cm; rachis internodesfiliform, glabrous, longer than spikelet; spikelets both pedicelled,shorter pedicel ca. 1 mm, longer 2.5–3 mm. Spikelets 3–4mm; callus very shortly bearded or subglabrous in lowerspikelet; lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, back shallowlyconcave, 2–4-veined, keels scabrid, otherwise smooth,apex attenuate, hyaline, subacute or minutely 2-toothed; upperglume weakly keeled or rounded on back, apex acuminate;lower lemma lanceolate, hyaline, slightly shorter than glumes;upper lemma linear, hyaline, emarginate; awn very fine, flexuous,ca. 1 cm, apex hairlike, tangled; upper palea absent orminute. Anthers 2, 0.5–0.7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.Mountainsides, forest margins, roadsides. Anhui, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].This species is very close to Microstegium nudum, but differsmainly in its pedicelled spikelets.5. Microstegium somae (Hayata) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.11: 155. 1942 [“somai”].多芒莠竹 duo mang you zhuPolliniopsis somae Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 76.1918 [“somai”]; Microstegium japonicum subsp. somae (Hayata)Koyama.Annual. Culms slender, trailing, rooting at lower nodes,ascending to 30–40 cm, nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths glabrous,one margin ciliate; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.3–0.6cm, glabrous, base rounded, apex acute; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm. Racemes3–5, very slender, slightly flexuous, 3–8 cm; rachisinternodes filiform, glabrous, equaling or longer than spikelets;spikelets both pedicelled, shorter pedicel 1–1.5 mm, longer 2.5–3 mm. Spikelets 4–5 mm; callus hairs 1/4–1/3 spikelet length;lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, back shallowly concave,4-veined, scabrid, apex 2-cleft, lobes usually mucronate;upper glume weakly keeled, scabrid, apex 2-toothed with 2–10mm awn; lower lemma linear-lanceolate, hyaline, ca. 2 mm, 2-toothed with up to 1 cm awn; upper lemma similar to lower butslightly shorter; awn ca. 12 mm; upper palea absent. Anthers 2,0.6–0.8 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn to winter.Montane forests. Anhui, Fujian, Taiwan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].This species may prove to be a variant of Microstegium japonicumwith extra awns developed, but it seems sufficiently distinct on thebasis of specimens available at present.

596POACEAE6. Microstegium petiolare (Trinius) Bor, Indian Forest Rec.,Bot. 1(3): 87. 1938.柄莠竹 bing you zhuSpodiopogon petiolaris Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 301. 1833; Andropogonpetiolaris (Trinius) Steudel; Ischaemum petiolare (Trinius)Hackel; Microstegium yunnanense R. J. Yang.Perennial, clump-forming or rambling. Culms hard, up to2 m long, farinose below nodes, nodes densely bearded in tuftat sheath margin or all round. Leaf sheaths glabrous or tuberculate-pilose,margins broad at apex, extended into ligule; leafblades lanceolate, 15–20 × 1–1.5 cm (excluding pseudopetiole),adaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface pilose, midvein white,margins scabrid, base narrowed to a pseudopetiole up to 4 cmin lower blades, apex setaceous; ligule 4–11 mm. Racemes 6–20, corymbiform on 2–5 cm axis, lower racemes sometimes onside branches, straw-colored tinged purplish, 6–10 cm; rachisinternodes linear, shortly ciliate, equaling spikelet. Sessilespikelet 4.7–5 mm; callus hairs short, soft; lower glume oblong,back grooved, granular-scabrid, 6–8-veined, sharply keeled,keels slightly winged near apex, apex obtuse-denticulate; upperglume sharply keeled, granular-scabrid, apiculate; lower floretstaminate, lemma narrowly oblong, subequaling glumes, paleawell developed; upper lemma ovate-oblong, 3–4 mm, 2-lobedto about middle; awn geniculate, 0.8–1 cm. Anthers 3, ca. 3mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.Grassy places along roadsides, sometimes scrambling throughshrubs; ca. 2100 m. Yunnan [NE India, Myanmar, Nepal].This is a distinctive species used for forage. The hard, ramblingculms, broad, pseudopetiole leaf blades with long ligules, and corymboseinflorescence of many racemes all contribute to a recognizablehabit.7. Microstegium lanceolatum (Keng) S. M. Phillips & S. L.Chen, comb. nov.披针叶莠竹 pi zhen ye you zhuBasionym: Ischaemum lanceolatum Keng, J. Wash. Acad.Sci. 21: 155. 1931.Perennial, forming large tussocks. Culms stiff, up to 40 cmtall, branched below, many-noded, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheathsglabrous or pubescent at junction with blade; leaf blades lanceolate,tough, glaucous, 3–8 × 0.3–1 cm, uppermost much reduced,glabrous, base constricted, margins firm, closely scabrid,apex acute; ligule firm, 2–3 mm. Racemes 2–3, subdigitate,erect, slender, 3–6 cm, brownish or purplish; rachis internodeslinear, ciliate along angles, shorter than spikelet. Sessile spikelet5–6 mm; callus hairs ca. 1 mm; lower glume lanceolate-oblong,papery, 4–7-veined, flat across back but grooved between medianveins, keels indistinctly winged and scaberulous near apex,apex subentire; upper glume 3-veined, acute; lower floret withwell-developed lemma and palea, lemma margins pilose abovemiddle; upper lemma oblong, ca. 4 mm, bifid to middle orslightly below, outer margins of lobes pilose; awn of upperlemma 0.8–1.2 cm. Pedicelled spikelet laterally compressed, resemblingsessile or rudimentary, shortly awned or awnless.● Habitat unknown; 2800–3000 m. Yunnan.This species is known only from the type gathering. It was firstdescribed in Ischaemum, but is anomalous in that genus because of itsslender, linear rachis internodes and pedicels, and grooved lower glumeof the sessile spikelet.8. Microstegium vimineum (Trinius) A. Camus, Ann. Soc.Linn. Lyon, n.s., 68: 201. 1921.柔枝莠竹 rou zhi you zhuAndropogon vimineus Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 268. 1833; Arthraxon nodosusKomarov; Eulalia cantonensis (Rendle) Hitchcock; Microstegiumcantonense (Rendle) A. Camus; M. dilatatum Koidzumi;M. imberbe (Nees ex Steudel) Tzvelev; M. nodosum (Komarov)Tzvelev; M. vimineum subsp. nodosum (Komarov) Tzvelev; M.vimineum var. imberbe (Nees ex Steudel) Honda; M. vimineumvar. willdenowianum (Nees ex Steudel) Sur; M. willdenowianumNees ex Steudel; Pollinia cantonensis Rendle; P.imberbis Nees ex Steudel; P. imberbis var. willdenowiana(Nees ex Steudel) Hackel; P. viminea (Trinius) Merrill; P.willdenowiana (Nees ex Steudel) Bentham.Annual. Culms decumbent, up to 1 m long. Leaf sheathsshorter than internodes, upper usually enclosing cleistogamousspikelets; leaf blades narrowly elliptic, 4–9 × 0.5–0.8 cm,pubescent, often sparsely, midvein white, apex acuminate; liguleca. 0.5 mm. Racemes 1–6, ascending, 4–6 cm; rachis internodeslinear-clavate, ciliate, shorter than spikelet. Sessile spikelet4–5.5 mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, backdeeply grooved, puberulous-scaberulous or occasionally hispidulous,0–4-veined between keels, veins connected by veinletsbelow apex, apex subtruncate; upper glume scabrid on keel,acuminate; lower floret reduced to an inconspicuous linearlanceolatescale or absent; upper lemma lanceolate or oblong,1–1.5 mm, acute or bidenticulate, awnless or shortly awned;awn weakly geniculate, often included within spikelet, up to6(–9) mm; upper palea ovate, ca. 1 mm. Anthers 3, 0.5–1.5mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.Forest margins, moist grassy places. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,NE India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Russia,Vietnam; SW Asia (Iran); introduced in America and elsewhere].This is a variable species, usually with apparently awnless spikelets,where in fact a weakly developed awn is enclosed within theglumes. Sometimes the awn is exserted and obvious; rarely it is completelyabsent. The fertile lemma is accompanied by an ovate upper palea,clasping the opposite side of the caryopsis. Additionally an inconspicuous,linear-filiform remnant of the lower floret is often present.9. Microstegium reticulatum B. S. Sun ex H. Peng & X.Yang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 213. 1996.网脉莠竹 wang mai you zhuAnnual. Culms very slender, weak, decumbent, up to 50cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous, without cleistogamous spikelets;leaf blades lanceolate to narrowly ovate, thin, 5–6 × 0.8–1.2cm, pilose with tubercle-based hairs, base narrow, apex acute;ligule ca. 0.8 mm. Racemes 1–3(–4), 3–5 cm; rachis internodes

POACEAE 597linear-clavate, ciliolate or glabrous. Sessile spikelet 5–6 mm,pallid with green veins; lower glume cartilaginous, backgrooved, smooth or minutely scaberulous, flanks keeled abovemiddle, veins reticulately connected by veinlets below apexand along most of length of glume flanks; upper glumesmooth, acuminate; lower floret reduced to a small lanceolatescale; upper lemma lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, acute, awnless;upper palea ovate, 0.5–0.8 mm. Anthers 3, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. andfr. Sep–Oct.Roadsides, ditches, grasslands; 1500–2500 m. Yunnan [NE India].This taxon represents an extreme local variant from the Microstegiumvimineum complex. It is distinguished from typical M. vimineumby the combination of a more delicate habit, broader leaf blades, anda conspicuously reticulately veined lower glume.10. Microstegium delicatulum (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus, Ann.Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 68: 200. 1921.荏弱莠竹 ren ruo you zhuPollinia delicatula J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 117.1896 [“1897”].Annual. Culms very slender, weak, rambling, ascending toca. 50 cm, nodes pilose. Leaf sheaths glabrous or with scatteredsetae, one margin ciliate; leaf blades linear-elliptic, thin, flaccid,6–10 × 0.5–0.8 cm, thinly hispid on adaxial surface withtubercle-based hairs, puberulous on abaxial surface, base setose,apex acuminate, setaceous; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Racemes 3–5,pale, slender, erect, 3–6 cm; rachis internodes linear, inflatedupward, shorter than spikelet, margins ciliate. Sessile spikelet2–2.5 mm; callus hairs ca. 1 mm; lower glume oblong, back flator shallowly grooved, smooth, glossy, scabrid near apex, veinsobscure, keels shortly ciliolate above middle, apex broadly obtuse;upper glume sharply keeled, apex acute, minutely mucronate;lower floret absent; upper lemma tiny, ca. 0.2 mm, broad,rounded; awn geniculate, 6–8 mm; upper palea ca. 0.2 mm.Anthers 3, ca. 1 mm. Pedicelled spikelet similar to sessile orreduced and awnless. Fl. and fr. Oct–Dec.Forest margins; ca. 600 m. Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].11. Microstegium ciliatum (Trinius) A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn.Lyon, n.s., 68: 201. 1921.刚莠竹 gang you zhuPollinia ciliata Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg,Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 305. 1833; Andropogon biaristatusSteudel; A. formosanus Rendle var. minor Rendle; Microstegiumbiaristatum (Steudel) Keng; M. biforme Keng; M. ciliatumvar. formosanum (Hackel) Honda; M. ciliatum var. integrumOhwi; M. formosanum (Hackel) A. Camus; Polliniaciliata Trinius var. formosana (Hackel) Honda; P. formosana(Hackel) Hayata; P. monantha var. formosana Hackel.Perennial. Culms wiry, creeping, 1 m or more long, pubescentbelow inflorescence, nodes glabrous or pilose. Leafsheaths pilose or glabrous, one margin ciliate; leaf bladeslinear-elliptic, 6–16 × 0.5–1.5 cm, adaxial surface thinly pilosewith short tubercle-based hairs, abaxial surface softly pilose,apex acuminate into a setaceous point; ligule 1–2 mm. Racemes3–15, flexuous, usually pale green, fastigiate, 6–10 cm; rachisinternodes linear, slightly inflated upward, shorter than spikelet,margins ciliate. Sessile spikelet 3–4 mm; callus hairs 1–1.5mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate, back sharply grooved atlower midline, glabrous or scaberulous toward apex, 2-veinedbetween keels, upper keels stiffly pectinate-ciliate, apex 2-toothed; upper glume sharply keeled, apex acuminate into a0.3–3 mm hairlike awnlet; lower lemma absent or very small;upper lemma linear or lanceolate, occasionally broader, 0.5–1mm, apex usually entire; awn 1–2 cm, flexuous with weaklydeveloped column and fine hairlike apex. Anthers 3, 0.8–1.5mm. Fl. and fr. Sep–Dec.Open woodlands, shady banks, pathsides, forming loose mats.Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan,Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].This species is closely related to Microstegium fasciculatum, andthe two are difficult to distinguish, at least in the herbarium. Microstegiumciliatum is a more slender species, forming loose mats rather thanlarge, rambling colonies, usually with pale green rather than purplishinflorescences. The spikelets are narrower, with obviously longer, flexuousawns and an awned upper glume. Occasionally some spikelets inan inflorescence have tiny anthers (the basis of M. biforme).The name “Ischnochloa monostachya L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 65. 1997) has been placed in synonymy under this species(in Fl. Yunnan. 9: 637. 2003), but was not validly published becauseno Latin description was provided.12. Microstegium fasciculatum (Linnaeus) Henrard, Blumea3: 453. 1940.蔓生莠竹 man sheng you zhuAndropogon fasciculatus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1047.1753; A. formosanus var. minor Rendle; Microstegium gratum(Hackel) A. Camus; M. monanthum (Nees ex Steudel) A.Camus; M. vagans (Nees ex Steudel) A. Camus; Pollinia ciliatavar. breviaristata Rendle; P. grata Hackel; P. monantha Neesex Steudel; P. vagans Nees ex Steudel.Perennial. Culms rambling, rooting at base, branching, upto 4 m long, internodes sometimes pubescent, nodes pilose.Leaf sheaths pubescent to tuberculate-hispid, at least belowblade, one margin ciliate; leaf blades narrowly elliptic, 10–18 ×(0.5–)0.8–2 cm, pilose, more densely on abaxial surface, basesometimes setose, apex acuminate into a setaceous point; ligule1–2 mm. Racemes 3–12, purplish, flexuous, fastigiate, 7–12cm; rachis internodes linear, slightly inflated upward, shorterthan spikelet, margins ciliate. Sessile spikelet 2.8–4 mm; callushairs 1–1.5 mm; lower glume elliptic-oblong, back shallowlygrooved or almost flat, scabrid-hispidulous, 2-veined betweenkeels, upper keels stiffly pectinate-ciliate, apex subentire; upperglume sharply keeled, apex acuminate or with a brief mucro;lower floret usually absent; upper lemma ovate, ca. 0.5 mm,rounded to emarginate; awn geniculate with distinct column, 5–8 mm; upper palea lanceolate, 0.7–1.2 mm, obtuse or 3-dentate.Anthers 3, 1.5–2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Jan. 2n = 80.Forming extensive colonies, moist banks, slopes, usually in shade.Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India,Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa].

598POACEAENormally the lower floret is completely absent in this species. In afew gatherings (including the type of Pollinia vagans) the lower floret isrepresented by a well-developed palea supporting stamens. A specimenfrom Hong Kong has a rudimentary lower lemma, but no lower palea.The presence or absence of parts of the lower floret appears to be of notaxonomic significance.13. Microstegium multiciliatum B. S. Sun, J. Yunnan Univ.21: 95. 1999 [“multicilliatum”].多纤毛莠竹 duo xian mao you zhuPerennial. Culms rambling, robust, thinly pilose, nodespubescent. Leaf sheaths hispid with tubercle-based hairs; leafblades oblong-elliptic, up to 23–25 × 2–2.5 cm, thinly pilosewith tubercle-based hairs, base setose, apex acuminate into asetaceous point; ligule 1.5–2 mm. Racemes ca. 10, whitishtinged purple, 9–12 cm; rachis internodes linear, slightlyinflated upward, equaling or shorter than spikelet, marginsciliate. Sessile spikelet 4.5–5 mm; callus hairs 1–1.5 mm;lower glume narrowly oblong, back grooved below middle,smooth except below apex, upper keels stiffly pectinateciliate,obscurely 2-veined between keels, apex subentire;upper glume sharply keeled, upper margins broadly hyaline,fimbriate, apex subacute; lower floret absent or representedby ca. 1 mm scale; upper lemma 0.8–1 mm, deeply 2-lobed,lobes lanceolate, ciliate; awn geniculate with distinct column,10–12 mm; upper palea broad, ca. 1.5 mm, 3-dentate, apexciliate with ca. 1.5 mm hairs. Anthers 3, 3–3.5 mm.● Mountain slopes. W Yunnan (Tengchong).Amblyachyrum Hochstetter ex Steudel.196. APOCOPIS Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 93. 1841.楔颖草属 xie ying cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual or perennial. Culms slender. Leaf blades linear; ligule short, membranous. Inflorescence terminal, composed of (1or)2(–4) erect, closely appressed racemes; racemes fragile, spikelets imbricate, usually single, sessile spikelets present, pedicelledspikelets normally suppressed, sometimes a few basal spikelets enlarged, barren, awnless; rachis internodes shorter than spikelets,linear, ciliate; pedicels slender, partly adnate to margin of lower glume, occasionally bearing a rudimentary spikelet (developed in A.intermedius). Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed, florets 2; callus obtuse; lower glume papery to leathery, broad, flattened, 7(–9)-veined, apex broadly truncate or emarginate; upper glume narrowly lanceolate, 3-veined, 2-keeled, margins inflexed; lower floretstaminate, lower lemma and palea similar, hyaline; upper floret variable, female, bisexual, male or barren, upper lemma linearlanceolate,entire or 2-toothed, with geniculate puberulous awn, infrequently awnless, palea shorter and broader. Lodicules absent.Stamens 2.Fifteen species: tropical Asia; four species (one endemic) in China.1a. Lower glume dark brown with pale yellowish transverse apical band; awn usually absent ...................................... 1. A. paleaceus1b. Lower glume pale greenish yellow with dark red transverse apical band; awn present.2a. Sessile spikelet 6–9 mm, upper floret male or barren; pedicelled spikelet present, female, awned ................. 4. A. intermedius2b. Sessile spikelet 3.5–6 mm, upper floret bisexual; pedicelled spikelet absent.3a. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm; lower glume papery, obovate-cuneate ............................................................. 2. A. breviglumis3b. Sessile spikelet 4.5–6 mm; lower glume herbaceous, obovate ......................................................................... 3. A. wrightii1. Apocopis paleaceus (Trinius) Hochreutiner, Bull. New YorkBot. Gard. 6: 262. 1910.楔颖草 xie ying caoIschaemum paleaceum Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 293. 1833; Andropogon himalayensisSteudel; A. paleaceus (Trinius) Steudel; Apocopis himalayensis(Steudel) W. Watson; A. royleanus Nees.Perennial with spreading rhizomes. Culms tufted, up to 60cm tall, 3–7-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous below middle,tuberculate-hispid toward blade; leaf blades linear-lanceolate,2.5–7 × 0.2–0.6 cm, tuberculate-hispid, rarely glabrous, marginsthickened, sometimes pectinate-hispid, apex acute; ligule0.5–1 mm. Racemes 2–4, 2–4 cm; rachis internodes 2–2.5 mm,golden ciliate; pedicel golden bearded. Sessile spikelet 3.8–5mm; callus golden bearded; lower glume broadly oblong, leathery,dark brown with a pale yellowish scarious band aroundapex and upper margins, glabrous, 2 outermost veins on eachside connected below apex, connected vein minutely exserted,apex truncate, erose-denticulate, ciliolate; florets subequalingglumes; lower lemma lanceolate, apex obtuse to truncate; upperlemma apex truncate, awnless, or 2-denticulate, mucronate toshortly awned. Anthers 2.5–3 mm. Pedicelled spikelet absent.Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug.Open hillsides. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, NIndia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam].Some specimens from NE India have exserted, geniculate awns to7 mm long.2. Apocopis breviglumis Keng & S. L. Chen, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 13(1): 59. 1975.短颖楔颖草 duan ying xie ying caoPerennial. Culms loosely tufted, glabrous, ca. 50 cm tall,7–9-noded. Leaf sheaths pilose, hairs denser toward ligule; leafblades linear or linear-lanceolate, 3–13 × 0.25–0.6 cm, upper-

POACEAE 599most very reduced, tuberculate-pilose, apex acuminate; liguleca. 1 mm. Racemes 2, 2.5–4.5 cm, lowermost spikelets barren,awnless; rachis internodes ca. 2 mm, yellowish brownciliate. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm; callus yellowish brownbearded; lower glume obovate-cuneate, firmly herbaceous,glabrous, greenish yellow with a scarious red-brown bandacross apex, veins straight, terminating below apex, connectedthere by transverse veinlets, apex truncate, erose, ciliate; floretslonger than upper glume, exserted apices red; lower lemmaoblong, truncate-denticulate, ciliate; upper lemma apexsubentire, awned; awn 2.2–2.8 cm. Pedicelled spikelet absent.Fl. and fr. summer–autumn.● Grassy mountain slopes. S Sichuan, N Yunnan.This species is similar to Apocopis wrightii, but with smaller,broader spikelets.3. Apocopis wrightii Munro, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4: 363.1860.瑞氏楔颖草 rui shi xie ying caoPerennial. Culms tufted, wiry at base, 30–60 cm tall,branching above base, 6–7-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous orpilose; leaf blades linear, 8–12 × (0.2–)0.3–0.6 cm, uppermostvery reduced, tuberculate-pilose, rarely glabrous, apex acuminate;ligule ca. 1 mm. Racemes 2, 3–5 cm, lowermost spikeletsbarren, awnless; rachis internodes 1.5–2 mm, yellowish brownciliate; pedicel yellowish brown bearded. Sessile spikelet 4.5–6mm; callus yellowish brown bearded; lower glume obovateoblong,firmly herbaceous, glabrous or thinly hispid, greenishyellow with a scarious red-brown band across apex, veinsgreen, straight, terminating below apex, connected there bytransverse veinlets, apex truncate, erose, ciliate; florets longerthan lower glume, exserted apices red; lower lemma oblonglanceolate;upper lemma apex 2-denticulate or subentire,awned; awn geniculate, 2–3 cm. Anthers ca. 2.5 mm. Pedicelledspikelet absent or rudimentary. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.Dry grassy hillsides. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi,Yunnan, Zhejiang [Thailand].4. Apocopis intermedius (A. Camus) Chai-Anan, Thai ForestBull., Bot. 6: 46. 1972.异穗楔颖草 yi sui xie ying caoLophopogon intermedium A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl.Hist. Nat. 25: 285. 1919; Apocopis heterogamus Keng & S. L.Chen; A. tridentatus Bentham var. intermedius (A. Camus) Roberty;A. wrightii Munro var. macranthus S. L. Chen; Sclerandriumintermedium (A. Camus) C. E. Hubbard.Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms erect, ca. 50 cmtall, 7–9-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous to hirsute; leaf bladeslinear-lanceolate, 6–15 × 0.3–0.5 cm, uppermost very reduced,tuberculate-pilose when young, or sometimes densely hispid;ligule ca. 1.5 mm. Racemes 2, 2–4 cm, lowermost spikelets barren,awnless; rachis internodes 2.5–3 mm, loosely ciliate withyellowish brown soft hairs. Sessile spikelet 6–9 mm; callushairs yellowish brown; lower glume oblong, firmly herbaceous,glabrous or hispid, greenish yellow with a scarious brown orred band across apex, veins green, straight, terminating belowapex, with transverse veinlets, apex truncate, ciliate; floretslonger than lower glume, exserted apices red; lower lemmaoblong-lanceolate; upper floret usually barren, lemma linearlanceolate,apex entire or 2-toothed, awned; awn geniculate, 2–3 cm. Anthers 4–5 mm. Pedicelled spikelet developed, ca. 5mm; glumes pilose, lower glume narrowly oblong-lanceolate,apex obtuse, upper floret female, lemma awned; awn 2–3 cm.Fl. and fr. autumn.Streams, valleys, roadsides. Guangdong, S Yunnan, Zhejiang[Thailand, N Vietnam].This species is anomalous in Apocopis in possessing a developedpedicelled spikelet, which is female with the stigmas often exserted andvisible. This is typical of the related genus Germainia, but that has atough rachis with the fertile pedicelled spikelets falling from theraceme. In A. intermedius the base of the pedicel is fused to the marginof the lower glume of the sessile spikelet, as is usual in Apocopis, and itappears to be very close to A. wrightii.197. GERMAINIA Balansa & Poitrasson, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 7: 344. 1873.吉曼草属 ji man cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Leaf blades linear; ligule short, membranous. Inflorescence terminal, composed of 1 or 2(–6) digitateracemes; racemes with large imbricate persistent sessile spikelets covering smaller pedicelled deciduous spikelets; rachis internodestough, short, or almost absent and then inflorescence capitate and sessile spikelets forming an involucre, the lower sometimes lackinga pedicelled spikelet. Sessile spikelet male or barren, dorsally compressed, florets usually 2; lower glume lanceolate to oblong,leathery or papery, broadly convex, 7–9-veined, apex truncate or denticulate or retuse; upper glume longer and narrower than lowerglume, membranous, 3-veined, apex truncate; upper lemma awnless or rarely mucronate. Pedicelled spikelet fertile, subterete, floret1(–2); callus pungent, obliquely attached to pedicel; lower glume apex truncate; lower floret usually suppressed; upper lemma entire,stipitiform, awned; awn geniculate, pubescent. Lodicules absent. Stamens 2.Nine species: NE India to SE Asia and Australia; one species in China.1. Germainia capitata Balansa & Poitrasson, Bull. Soc. Hist.Nat. Toulouse 7: 344. 1873.吉曼草 ji man caoPerennial; basal sheaths persistent, glabrous to tomentose.Culms tufted, erect, 50–60 cm tall, unbranched. Leaf sheathsglabrous or pilose; leaf blades erect, stiff, 5–35 × 0.3–0.9 cm,pubescent to glabrous, margins scabrid, acuminate; ligule scari-

600POACEAEous, ca. 1 mm. Raceme 1(–2) on a long stiff peduncle, 2–3cm, greenish, narrowly capitulate. Sessile spikelets 4, involucrelike,1.3–2.2 cm, 2 florets present; lower glumeoblong, leathery, smooth, glabrous or sparsely pilose, apexretuse to obliquely 2-toothed; upper glume puberulous, apexrounded to truncate; lemmas and paleas reddish brown, subhyaline;stamens 2 in each floret; anthers 6–8 mm. Pedicelledspikelets 3, dark brown; pedicel 5–7 mm; callus stifflybearded, hairs brown; lower glume narrowly lanceolateoblong,leathery, puberulous; awn 2-geniculate, stout, 6–9.5cm, column hispidulous, limb shorter than column, puberulous.Fl. and fr. autumn.Dry hillsides; 800–1000 m. Guangdong, Yunnan (Lingchuan) [Indonesia,New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].The elongate involucres of hard sessile spikelets, tipping theculms after the long-awned pedicellate spikelets have fallen, are an unmistakablefeature of this grass.198. SORGHUM Moench, Methodus, 207. 1794, nom. cons., not Sorgum Adanson (1763).Andropogon subg. Sorghum Hackel.高粱属 gao liang shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual, with or without rhizomes. Culms usually robust, erect. Leaf blades linear to linear-lanceolate; ligule a ciliatemembrane. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle with elongate central axis; primary branches simple or branched, bearing shortdense racemes of paired spikelets; racemes fragile (tough in cultivated species); rachis internodes and pedicels slender, ciliate. Sessilespikelet dorsally compressed; callus obtuse, bearded, inserted into internode apex; lower glume usually leathery, shallowly convex,rounded on flanks, becoming 2-keeled and winged upward, usually hairy, apex membranous; upper glume boat-shaped, keeled upward;lower floret reduced to an empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma 2-toothed, awned from sinus or infrequently awnless; awnbigeniculate, glabrous. Lodicules ciliate. Pedicelled spikelet well developed or reduced to a glume, usually much narrower thansessile spikelet, awnless.About 30 species: tropics and subtropics of the Old World, one species endemic to Mexico, otherwise introduced in America; five species (threeintroduced) in China.The genus includes species of agricultural importance, including the tropical cereal sorghum, and several species grown for forage.1a. Nodes of culm conspicuously bearded; panicle branches simple ................................................................................... 1. S. nitidum1b. Nodes of culms glabrous or shortly pubescent; panicle branches subdivided.2a. Plants with rhizomes; wild.3a. Culms slender, 0.5–1.5 m tall; panicle lanceolate, 20–40 cm; sessile spikelet elliptic; lower glume apexclearly 3-denticulate ........................................................................................................................................ 2. S. halepense3b. Culms robust, 1.5–3 m tall; panicle ovate, 30–55 cm; sessile spikelet ovate; lower glume apex apiculateor obscurely denticulate .............................................................................................................................. 3. S. propinquum2b. Plants without rhizomes; usually cultivated.4a. Panicle rather lax; racemes usually tardily fragile at maturity; sessile spikelets elliptic, 6–7.5 mm; grainenclosed by the glumes .................................................................................................................................. 4. S. sudanense4b. Panicle often dense; racemes tough at maturity; sessile spikelets ovate to subrotund, 3.5–6 mm; grainlarge, exposed between the gaping glumes ......................................................................................................... 5. S. bicolor1. Sorghum nitidum (Vahl) Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805.光高粱 guang gao liangHolcus nitidus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 102. 1791; Andropogonnitidus (Vahl) Kunth; A. serratus Thunberg var. nitidus(Vahl) Hackel; Holcus fulvus R. Brown; H. fulvus var. nitidus(Vahl) Honda; Sorghum fulvum (R. Brown) P. Beauvois; S.nitidum var. fulvum (R. Brown) Handel-Mazzetti.Perennial forming loose tufts. Culms erect, 0.6–2 m tall;nodes bearded with pale spreading hairs. Leaf sheaths glabrousor pilose; leaf blades linear, 10–40(–50) × 0.4–1 cm, glabrousto hispid, bearded at base; ligule 1–1.5 mm. Panicle lanceolatein outline, 15–30 cm, glabrous but with soft hairs at the nodes;primary branches whorled, simple, flexuous, 2–5 cm, lower partbare; racemes borne at branch ends, fragile, composed of 2–4spikelet pairs; internodes and pedicels brown-ciliate. Sessilespikelet ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–5 mm; lower glume leathery,black-brown at maturity, glossy, glabrous below middle, upperpart and margins hispid with brown hairs; upper lemma awnlessor awned; awn 1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet usually staminate,elliptic, 3–3.7 mm, papery, light brown. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n = 10, 20.Meadows, grassy hillsides; 300–1400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia,Japan, Korea, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka,Thailand; NE Australia, Pacific Islands].This is a distinctive species not closely related to others found inChina. It is easily recognizable by its conspicuously bearded nodes andsmall, blackish, glossy spikelets. It occurs in both awned and awnlessforms.

POACEAE 6012. Sorghum halepense (Linnaeus) Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 101.1805.石茅 shi maoHolcus halepensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1047. 1753; Andropogonhalepensis (Linnaeus) Brotero; A. sorghum (Linnaeus)Brotero subsp. halepensis (Linnaeus) Hackel.Perennial with vigorous spreading rhizomes. Culms 0.5–1.5 m tall, 4–6 mm in diam.; nodes puberulous. Leaf sheathsglabrous; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 25–80 × 1–4cm, glabrous; ligule 0.5–1 mm, glabrous. Panicle lanceolate topyramidal in outline, 20–40 cm, soft white hairs in basal axil;primary branches solitary or whorled, spreading, lower partbare, upper part branched, the secondary branches tipped by racemes;racemes fragile, composed of 2–5 spikelet pairs. Sessilespikelet elliptic, 4–5 mm; callus obtuse, bearded; lower glumesubleathery, often pale yellow or yellowish brown at maturity,shortly pubescent or glabrescent, 5–7-veined, veins distinct inupper part, apex 3-denticulate; upper lemma acute and mucronateor 2-lobed and awned; awn 1–1.6 cm. Pedicelled spikeletstaminate, narrowly lanceolate, 4.5–7 mm, often violet-purple.Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n = 40.Introduced. Streams, valleys, waste ground, a weed in fields. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Kazakhstan,Kyrgystan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan; SW Asia, S Europe].This species is thought to have originated in the Mediterraneanregion, but is now widely distributed as a serious weed in warm-temperateregions of the world. The forage known as Johnson Grass is aselection of Sorghum halepense. It introgresses with grain sorghum (S.bicolor) where both species grow together.3. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchcock, Lingnan Sci. J.7: 249. 1931 [“1929”].拟高粱 ni gao liangAndropogon propinquus Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 502. 1833;A. halepensis (Linnaeus) Brotero var. propinquus (Kunth)Hackel; A. sorghum (Linnaeus) Brotero var. propinquus (Kunth)Hackel.Perennial, loosely tufted with a few stout rhizomes. Culms1.5–3 m tall, up to 1 cm in diam., many-noded; nodes puberulous.Leaf sheaths glabrous, ciliate at mouth and margins;leaf blades yellowish green, linear or linear-lanceolate, 40–90 ×3–5 cm, glabrous, midvein robust, margins ciliolate; ligule 0.5–1 mm, puberulous. Panicle open, ovate or broadly ovate, 30–55cm; primary branches in whorls of 3–6; lower part bare, upperpart branched, branches tipped by racemes; racemes fragile,composed of 3–7 spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet ovate, 3.8–4.5mm; callus obtuse, pubescent with pale hairs; lower glume subleathery,pale or purple-tinged, thinly pilose, 9–13-veined, veinsdistinct in upper part, apex acute to apiculate or tridenticulate;upper lemma acute or emarginate, awnless, rarely with shortawn. Pedicelled spikelet staminate, linear-lanceolate, 4–5.5mm, yellowish to pale purple. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n =20.Streamsides, moist places. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan,Taiwan, Yunnan (Funing, Hekou) [S India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Sri Lanka].This species is closely related to Sorghum halepense, but is diploid,is larger with a more profuse panicle, and has a different geographicdistribution. It is sometimes used for fodder. A form with larger(4.5–5 mm) sessile spikelets, S. propinquum var. siamense (Piper)Snowden, occurs from S India to Thailand, but has not been found inChina.4. Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa9: 113. 1917.苏丹草 su dan caoAndropogon sorghum subsp. sudanensis Piper, Proc. Biol.Soc. Washington 28(4): 33. 1915; A. sudanensis (Piper) Leppan& Bosman; Sorghum vulgare Persoon var. sudanense (Piper)Hitchcock.Annual. Culms 1–2.5 m tall, 3–6 mm in diam. Leafsheaths glabrous or pilose at mouth and base; leaf blades linearor linear-lanceolate; 15–30 × 1–3 cm, glabrous; ligule brown.Panicle lax, 15–30 × 6–12 cm; branches slender, branched;racemes usually tardily fragile at maturity, composed of 2–5spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet elliptic, 6–7.5 mm; callus hairy;lower glume leathery, thinner upward, thinly strigillose, distinctly11–13-veined; upper lemma ovate or ovate-elliptic, apex2-lobed, awned; awn 10–16 mm. Pedicelled spikelet male orbarren, linear-lanceolate, persistent. Caryopsis elliptic or obovate-elliptic,3.5–4.5 mm, enclosed within glumes. Fl. and fr.Jul–Sep. 2n = 20.Naturalized. Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan,Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [native to Africa;now widely cultivated for forage].This taxon is a cultivated selection (Sudan Grass) from Sorghum×drummondii (Steudel) Millspaugh & Chase. It originated in Africa, butis widely grown for forage and is now naturalized in China. Sorghum×drummondii is a general name given to the wide variety of weedyforms that have arisen in Africa by hybridization between the cereal S.bicolor and its wild progenitor S. arundinaceum (Desvaux) Stapf.5. Sorghum bicolor (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus, 207. 1794.高粱 gao liangHolcus bicolor Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 301. 1771; Andropogonbicolor (Linnaeus) Roxburgh; A. sorghum (Linnaeus)Brotero; A. sorghum var. technicus Körnicke; Holcus cernuusArduino; H. dochna Forsskål; H. sorghum Linnaeus; Sorghumcernuum (Arduino) Host; S. dochna (Forsskål) Snowden; S.nervosum Besser ex Schultes; S. technicum (Körnicke) Roshevitz;S. vulgare Persoon, nom. illeg. superfl.Annual. Culms erect, robust, 3–5 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam.;nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or slightlyfarinose; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 40–70 × 3–8cm, glabrous; ligule subrounded, ciliate. Panicle very variable,lax or dense, cylindrical or pyramidal to obovate in outline, upto 60 cm, main axis elongate to very short; primary branchesascending or spreading, lower branches sometimes almost aslong as panicle, stiff or pendulous; racemes tough at maturity,composed of 2–6 spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet variable,broadly obovate to subglobose, 3.5–5.5 mm; callus hispid; lowerglume leathery to papery, glabrous to pilose, pale creamy-

602POACEAEgreen to dark brown or blackish at maturity, upper lemma usuallyawned; awn 0.4–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren,linear-lanceolate, persistent or deciduous. Caryopsis large, oftenexposed between the gaping glumes. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n =20.Cultivated in China [native to Africa; widely cultivated in thetropics].Sorghum bicolor is the important, tropical cereal sorghum. Originatingin Africa, its cultivation for both grain and fodder spreadthroughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. It was introducedwith the slave trade to America, including warm parts of theUnited States. It is now cultivated throughout most of China.There is a multiplicity of forms of cultivated sorghum, derived byhuman selection and all fully interfertile. Some forms have sweet culms.Many species names have been proposed in the past in an attempt tocategorize this variation, but they represent no more than intergradingcultivars within the common species pool.The name Holcus saccharatus Linnaeus (Sorghum saccharatum(Linnaeus) Moench) has been identified as this species, but its applicationis uncertain (see Davidse & Turland in Taxon 50: 577–580. 2001)and the name has been formally rejected.The principal races grown in China are as follows.‘bicolor’高粱 gao liangPanicle loose with long branches, to 40 cm. Sessile spikeletsbroadly obovate; glumes leathery, glossy. Grain relativelysmall, enclosed within the glumes or only the top protruding.Cultivated for grain; a primitive type.‘cernuum’弯头高粱 wan tou gao liangPanicle elliptic or ovate-elliptic, dense, 8–20 cm, curved orerect. Sessile spikelets broadly ovate, whitish; glumes thin, papery,transversely wrinkled, densely white-villous to glabrescent.Grain pale, subrotund to orbicular, usually much flattened,protruding beyond the glumes.‘dochna’Cultivated in Xinjiang for grain and forage.甜高粱 tian gao liangCulms with sweet juice. Panicle elongate, to 50 cm;branches racemose or corymbose, the lower ones half as long aspanicle or more. Sessile spikelets broadly elliptic to obovate;glumes crustaceous, striately veined above middle. Grain ellipticor elliptic-oblong, enclosed by the glumes or only slightlyprotruding.Cultivated for grain and forage throughout most of China,including forms used for making brooms.‘nervosum’多脉高粱 duo mai gao liangPanicle elongate, dense, elliptic in outline, to 40 cm. Sessilespikelets elliptic to broadly elliptic; glumes papery, prominentlyveined ± throughout. Grain broadly elliptic, protrudingbeyond the glumes.Cultivated for grain, mainly in N China.199. PSEUDOSORGHUM A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 26: 662. 1920.假高粱属 jia gao liang shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual. Leaf blades cauline, linear; ligule membranous, margin ciliate. Inflorescences terminal and also axillary, contracted,composed of a central axis bearing fascicles of racemes; racemes with several to many spikelet pairs, narrow, 1-sided, fragile; rachisinternodes and pedicels slenderly linear, white ciliate on edges. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed, lanceolate-oblong; callus verysmall, obtuse, bearded with long silky hairs, inserted into internode apex; glumes firmly cartilaginous, glossy, lower glume shallowlyconvex, rounded on flanks becoming keeled upward, apex narrowly truncate; upper glume boat-shaped; lower floret reduced to anempty hyaline lemma; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed, lobes ciliate, awned from sinus; awn geniculate, glabrous. Lodicules glabrous.Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, somewhat narrower than sessile, awnless.One species: tropical Asia, including China.1. Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxburgh) A. Camus, Bull.Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 26: 662. 1920.假高粱 jia gao liangAndropogon fascicularis Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 269. 1820;A. tonkinensis Balansa; A. zollingeri Steudel; Bothriochloa gracilisW. Z. Fang; B. yunnanensis W. Z. Fang; Pseudosorghumzollingeri (Steudel) A. Camus; Sorghum fasciculare (Roxburgh)Haines; S. zollingeri (Steudel) Kuntze.Plant tufted. Culms slender, erect or ascending, up to 2 m,many-noded, simple or branched below, nodes glabrous. Leafsheaths usually with tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades linear,10–40 × 0.4–1 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, margins scaberulous,apex acute; ligule 2–4 mm. Inflorescence 4–13 cm, fascicleswith up to 10 racemes; racemes composed of 5–15 spikeletpairs. Sessile spikelet 3.8–4.5 mm, yellowish or purplish; lowerglume smooth, glossy, scabrid-puberulous near apex; upperslightly longer than lower; upper lemma ca. 2 mm; awn 1.2–1.8cm. Pedicelled spikelet narrowly lanceolate, male or barren,glumes sometimes enclosing hyaline lemmas.Damp places; below 1000 m. Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Myanmar,Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].

POACEAE 603200. CHRYSOPOGON Trinius, Fund. Agrost. 187. 1820, nom. cons.金须茅属 jin xu mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsCentrophorum Trinius, nom. rej.; Pollinia Sprengel, nom. rej.; Rhaphis Loureiro, nom. rej.; Vetiveria Bory.Perennial, tufted or with spreading rhizomes. Leaf blades mostly basal, usually narrow; ligule a short ciliolate rim or line ofhairs. Inflorescence a lax terminal panicle; primary branches whorled, filiform, usually unbranched, each bearing a raceme; racemescomposed of few to many spikelet pairs, or more usually reduced to a triad of 1 sessile bisexual spikelet flanked by 2 pedicellatemale or barren spikelets; rachis internodes and pedicels slender. Sessile spikelet laterally compressed; callus elongate, acute to pungent,usually bearded; lower glume cartilaginous to leathery, often spinulose; upper glume boat-shaped, usually shortly awned; lowerfloret reduced to an empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma entire or 2-toothed, awned from apex or sinus or infrequently awnless; awngeniculate, glabrous to pubescent. Pedicelled spikelet dorsally compressed, well developed or reduced, male or barren.Forty-four species: tropical and warm-temperate regions of the Old World, mainly in Asia and Australia, one species in the SE United States(Florida) and Cuba; four species (one introduced) in China.Vetiveria has traditionally been separated from Chrysopogon on the basis of its longer racemes composed of a number of spikelet pairs inaddition to the terminal triad. However, it has long been known that intermediates exist, and present knowledge of the group shows that separationinto two genera is no longer tenable.1a. Racemes composed of 5–13 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad; callus rounded, subglabrous; plant cultivated ..... 1. C. zizanioides1b. Racemes reduced to a triad of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets (rarely with 1–4 spikelet pairs); callus pungent,bearded; plant wild.2a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet tuberculate-spinulose; sessile spikelets ca. 7 mm; culms robust, often morethan 1 m tall ................................................................................................................................................................ 2. C. gryllus2b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not spinulose; sessile spikelets 4–6 mm; culms 20–90 cm tall.3a. Upper lemma of sessile spikelet with geniculate 4–6 cm awn; pedicels with golden hairs .......................... 3. C. orientalis3b. Upper lemma of sessile spikelet with straight 0.4–0.7 cm awn; pedicels glabrous ...................................... 4. C. aciculatus1. Chrysopogon zizanioides (Linnaeus) Roberty, Bull. Inst.Franç. Afrique Noire 22: 106. 1960.香根草 xiang gen caoPhalaris zizanioides Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 183. 1771;Vetiveria zizanioides (Linnaeus) Nash.Tussocky perennial; roots stout, aromatic. Culms robust,1–2.5 m tall, ca. 5 mm in diam. Leaf sheaths glabrous, lowersharply keeled and imbricate in fanlike clusters; leaf bladeslinear, pale green, stiff, 30–90 × 0.5–1 cm, pilose on adaxialsurface toward base, otherwise glabrous; ligule a scarious rim.Panicle oblong in outline, 20–30 cm, usually contracted, purplish;branches numerous, lowermost 5–20 cm, bare at base,smooth or slightly scaberulous; racemes slender, with 5–13spikelet pairs and a terminal triad; internodes and pedicelsslightly scabrid. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate to almost linear,4–5 mm; callus rounded, subglabrous; lower glume muricate,3–5-veined, veins spinulosely aculeate, apex acute; upperglume spinulosely aculeate on keel, not awned; upper lemmaslightly 2-toothed, awnless or mucronate; mucro 0–2 mm, notexserted. Pedicelled spikelet staminate, sparingly aculeolate oralmost smooth. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 20.Commonly cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Sichuan,Taiwan, Yunnan (Xixhuangbanna), Zhejiang [native to India;cultivated elsewhere].This species (Vetiver Grass) is said to have originated in India, butis now distributed throughout warm parts of the Old World and introducedinto the S United States and West Indies. It has long been cultivatedfor the oil extracted from the aromatic roots, which is used in perfumery.More recently, its potential as a soil binder to prevent erosionhas been recognized. It is planted in hedges for this purpose, particularlyalong the contours of sloping ground. The deep, non-invasive rootsystem holds the plants firm, while the stiff, dense leaves trap soil andprevent it being washed away. It is also used as a forage grass.2. Chrysopogon gryllus (Linnaeus) Trinius, Fund. Agrost. 188.1820.刺金须茅 ci jin xu maoAndropogon gryllus Linnaeus, Cent. Pl. 2: 33. 1756; A.echinulatus Nees ex Steudel; A. gryllus subsp. echinulatus(Nees ex Steudel) Hackel; Chrysopogon echinulatus (Nees exSteudel) W. Watson; C. gryllus subsp. echinulatus (Nees exSteudel) Cope; Rhaphis gryllus (Linnaeus) Trinius.Perennial forming tough tussocks. Culms robust, up to 1.5m tall, scabrid below panicle. Leaf sheaths strongly keeled atbase; leaf blades linear, glaucous, up to 30 × 0.2–0.4 cm,sparsely to densely hispid with tubercle-based hairs or glabrous,apex subacute to acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm, a ciliate rim.Panicle open to contracted, 6–25 cm, purplish; branches stifflyascending to loosely spreading, 3–15 cm, tipped by a singletriad or also with 1–4 spikelet pairs below the triad. Sessilespikelet ca. 7 mm; callus subacute, 1.3–1.7 mm, bearded withgolden hairs, obliquely attached to branch apex; lower glumenarrowly oblong, tuberculate-spinose along inturned flanks,sometimes hispidulous at apex, apex truncate or 2-toothed; upperglume hispid on keel toward apex, awnless, mucronate orwith an awn up to 10 mm; upper lemma minutely 2-toothed,awned; awn geniculate, 1.2–3.5 cm, column puberulous. Pedicelledspikelet staminate, 7–11 mm; lower glume with 3.5–7mm awn. Pedicel 2/3–3/4 length of sessile spikelet, glabrous.Fl. and fr. autumn.

604POACEAEMountain slopes; ca. 2500 m. S Xizang, Yunnan (Menghai) [Afghanistan,Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan; SW Asia (Caucasus, Iraq),Europe].3. Chrysopogon orientalis (Desvaux) A. Camus in Lecomte,Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 332. 1922.金须草 jin xu caoRhaphis orientalis Desvaux, Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat. 69.1831; Andropogon wightianus Nees ex Steudel; Chrysopogonsinensis Rendle.Perennial, tufted, shortly rhizomatous. Culms 30–90 cmtall, glabrous or puberulous below inflorescence. Leaf sheathsglabrous or puberulous; leaf blades linear, 3–10 × 0.2–0.4 cm,lower margins tuberculate-setose, otherwise glabrous, apex subacute;ligule 0.2–0.7 mm. Panicle open, 6–20 cm, purplishbrown; branches laxly spreading, 3.5–6 cm, tipped by a singletriad. Sessile spikelet 4.7–5.5 mm; callus pungent, 2–4 mm,bearded with golden hairs, obliquely attached to branch apex;glumes leathery; lower glume narrowly lanceolate, smooth, glabrous,pilosulous near apex, apex obtuse; upper glume setuloseon upper keel, awned, awn 1.2–1.8 cm; upper lemma entire,awned; awn geniculate, 4–6 cm, column puberulous. Pedicelledspikelet male or barren, 5.3–7 mm; lower glume with 5–15 mmawn. Pedicel 3/4 length of sessile spikelet, ciliate with goldenhairs. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.Hill slopes, coastal sand at low elevations. Fujian, Guangdong,Hainan [India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].4. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retzius) Trinius, Fund. Agrost.188. 1820.竹节草 zhu jie caoAndropogon aciculatus Retzius, Observ. Bot. 5: 22. 1789;Centrophorum chinense Trinius.Perennial with extensively creeping rhizomes, sward forming;rhizomes stout, close-noded. Culms decumbent at base orascending, 20–50 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous or ciliate atmouth; leaf blades broadly linear, 3–5 × 0.4–0.6 cm, glabrousor adaxial surface pilose near base, margins serrate, apex subacute;ligule 0.1–0.3 mm. Panicle dense, oblong in outline, 5–9cm, purplish brown; branches erect when dry, 1.5–3 cm, tippedby a single triad. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm; callus acicular, 4–6mm, bearded with golden hairs, obliquely attached to branchapex; glumes leathery; lower glume lanceolate, 2-keeled upward,lower back smooth, glabrous, upper back thinner, keelshispidulous, apex acute to 2-toothed; upper glume setulose onupper keel, acuminate or mucronate, mucro 1–2 mm; upperlemma entire, awned; awn straight, 4–7 mm. Pedicelled spikeletstaminate, 4–5.7 mm; lower glume acuminate or with mucro to1 mm. Pedicel 3/4 length of sessile spikelet, glabrous. Fl. and fr.Jun–Oct. 2n = 20.Dry open grasslands, waste ground, lawns; 500–1000 m. Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Afghanistan,Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam;Australia, Pacific Islands (Polynesia)].Rarely, racemes of this species may have one or more spikeletpairs below the triad.This is a ground-cover grass used for erosion control and lawns. Itsometimes becomes a noxious weed. The needle-sharp callus on thediaspore can injure cattle and other animals, catching in fur and thenpenetrating the skin.201. DICHANTHIUM Willemet, Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 18: 11. 1796.Eremopogon Stapf; Lepeocercis Trinius.双花草属 shuang hua cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, rarely annual. Leaf blades often cauline, linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescence of single or subdigitate racemes,terminal or also axillary and sometimes supported by spathes; racemes usually with 1 or more basal homogamous spikelet pairs,spikelets often imbricate; rachis internodes and pedicels slender, solid, bearded, truncate or oblique at apex. Sessile spikelet dorsallycompressed; callus short, obtuse; lower glume papery to cartilaginous, broadly convex to slightly concave, sometimes pitted,rounded on flanks, becoming 2-keeled upward, apex obtuse; upper glume boat-shaped, dorsally keeled, awnless; lower floret reducedto an empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipitiform, entire, awned from apex; awn geniculate, glabrous or puberulous. Stamens (2–)3. Pedicelled spikelet similar to the sessile, male or barren, awnless.About 20 species: Africa through India to SE Asia and Australia; three species in China.Dichanthium is closely related to Bothriochloa, but can be distinguished by its pedicels and rachis internodes being solid and lacking a median,purple line. The species present in China are not clear-cut and are also variable within themselves due to polyploidy and apomixis. All three speciesprovide good grazing and now occur widely in tropical regions as introductions or escapes.1a. Peduncle pilose below inflorescence ........................................................................................................................... 1. D. aristatum1b. Peduncle glabrous.2a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet obovate, winged along keels; leaf sheaths compressed; ligule less than 1 mm,margin ciliate ....................................................................................................................................................... 2. D. caricosum2b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet oblong, not winged along keels; leaf sheaths terete; ligule 1–2 mm, marginlacerate ................................................................................................................................................................. 3. D. annulatum

POACEAE 6051. Dichanthium aristatum (Poiret) C. E. Hubbard, Bull. Misc.Inform. Kew 1939: 654. 1939.毛梗双花草 mao geng shuang hua caoAndropogon aristatus Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl.1: 585. 1811; A. caricosus Linnaeus var. mollicomus (Kunth)Hackel; A. mollicomus Kunth.Perennial. Culms geniculate to suberect, 20–60 cm tall,nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths usually longer thaninternodes; leaf blades flat, 1.5–8(–20) × 0.3–0.6 cm, glabrousor thinly pilose on both surfaces; ligule ca. 0.6 mm, minutelyfimbriate. Inflorescence terminal; peduncle softly pilose nearthe summit; racemes (1–)2–4, subdigitate, 2–5 cm, with 1–6pairs of homogamous spikelets. Sessile spikelet 3–5 mm; lowerglume obovate, subleathery, 8–10-veined, pubescent on lowerback, slightly glossy, margins glabrous or shortly ciliate, keelsoften narrowly winged, apex rounded; upper glume glabrous orciliate along margins and keel; awn 1.2–2 cm. Caryopsis ca. 1.8mm. Pedicelled spikelet many-veined, resembling sessile. Fl.and fr. Jun–Nov. 2n = 20, 40, 60.Hill slopes; 500–1500 m. Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia;introduced elsewhere].This species is very close to, and may simply be a variant of, Dichanthiumcaricosum.2. Dichanthium caricosum (Linnaeus) A. Camus, Bull. Mus.Natl. Hist. Nat. 27: 549. 1921.单穗草 dan sui caoAndropogon caricosus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1480.1763.Perennial, stoloniferous. Culms tufted at nodes of stolons,geniculately ascending, 30–60 cm tall, nodes glabrous or pubescent.Leaf sheaths compressed, keeled, shorter than internodes;leaf blades flat, 15–20 cm × 2.5–5 mm, glabrous or with a fewhairs at base, margins smooth or scabrid, apex acuminate; liguleless than 1 mm, margin ciliate. Inflorescence terminal; peduncleglabrous; racemes (1–)2–4, 2.5–5 cm, with 1–3 pairs of homogamousspikelets. Sessile spikelet 3–3.5 mm; lower glume obovate-ellipticor obovate-oblong, papery, 8–12-veined, glabrousor often sparsely hirsute on lower back, slightly glossy, marginsshortly ciliate, keels winged, apex rounded; upper glume ciliateabove middle, apex obtuse; awn 1.5–2.5 cm, weakly geniculate.Caryopsis obovate-oblong. Pedicelled spikelet many-veined,resembling sessile. Fl. and fr. Oct–Mar. 2n = 20, 40.Hill slopes, roadsides; 300–1000 m. Guizhou, Yunnan [India,Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand; introduced elsewhere].3. Dichanthium annulatum (Forsskål) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop.Africa 9: 178. 1917.双花草 shuang hua caoAndropogon annulatus Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 173.1775; Bothriochloa tuberculata W. Z. Fang; Dichanthium annulatumvar. bullisetosum B. S. Sun & S. Wang.Perennial. Culms tufted, erect or sometimes straggling,30–100 cm tall, nodes bearded with spreading hairs. Leafsheaths terete, shorter than internodes; leaf blades flat, 8–30 ×0.2–0.4 cm, glabrous or adaxial surface stiffly pilose, marginssmooth or scaberulous, apex acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm, lacerate.Inflorescence terminal; peduncle glabrous; racemes 2–8,subdigitate, suberect, 4–5 cm, with 0–6 pairs of homogamousspikelets. Sessile spikelet 3–5 mm; lower glume elliptic-oblongor oblong, firmly papery, 5–9-veined, subglabrous or pubescentto villous on lower back, upper flanks often with long spreadinghairs, keels shortly ciliate, not or barely winged, apex obtuse;upper glume ciliate along keel and margins, apex acute or obtuse;awn 1.6–2.4 cm. Caryopsis obovate. Pedicelled spikeletmany-veined, pubescent to villous with spreading tuberclebasedhairs. Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov. 2n = 20, 40.Mountain slopes, disturbed ground; 100–2200 m. Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia,Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines; Africa, PacificIslands; introduced in America and Australia].202. CAPILLIPEDIUM Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 169. 1917.细柄草属 xi bing cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Culms erect, decumbent or rambling. Leaf blades linear, sometimes aromatic; ligule membranous, marginciliolate. Inflorescence a terminal open panicle with elongate central axis; branches capillary, subdivided, each branchlet tipped by ashort raceme; racemes with 1–5(–8) spikelet pairs, often reduced to triads of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets, basal homogamousspikelet pairs absent; rachis internodes and pedicels slender, with a median translucent stripe between thickened margins. Sessilespikelet dorsally compressed; callus very short, obtuse, shortly bearded; lower glume cartilaginous, broadly convex to slightly concave,flanks rounded, keeled toward apex, apex acute to obtuse; upper glume boat-shaped, dorsally keeled; lower floret reduced to asmall empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipitiform, entire, awned from apex; awn geniculate, glabrous or puberulous. Pedicelledspikelet male or barren, similar to the sessile or smaller, herbaceous.About 14 species: E Africa, tropical Asia, Australia; five species (one endemic) in China.This homogeneous genus is distinguished from Bothriochloa by the combination of an elongate inflorescence and few-spiculate racemes.1a. Sessile spikelet 2.6–3 mm.2a. Culms woody, 1.5–3.5 m tall; pedicelled spikelet 1/2–2 times longer than sessile spikelet .................................. 1. C. assimile2b. Culms herbaceous, 0.5–1.1 m tall; pedicelled spikelet equal to sessile spikelet or slightly longer .............................. 2. C. kuoi

606POACEAE1b. Sessile spikelet 3–3.8 mm.3a. Culms up to 30 cm, much branched; nodes glabrous; leaf blades 6–10 cm; lower glume of sessile spikeletacute or bidentate .............................................................................................................................................. 3. C. kwashotense3b. Culms up to 120 cm, not or little branched; nodes bearded; leaf blades 15–30 cm; lower glume of sessilespikelet obtuse.4a. Racemes 1(–3)-noded, with 1(–3) sessile spikelets; lower glume of sessile spikelet 2-veined andchanneled on back ....................................................................................................................................... 4. C. parviflorum4b. Racemes 3–8-noded, with more than 3 sessile spikelets; lower glume of sessile spikelet often4–5-veined and flat on back .......................................................................................................................... 5. C. spicigerum1. Capillipedium assimile (Steudel) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl.Indo-Chine 7: 314. 1922.硬秆子草 ying gan zi caoAndropogon assimilis Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 397.1854; A. glaucopsis Steudel; A. subrepens Steudel; Bothriochloaassimilis (Steudel) Ohwi; B. picta Ohwi; Capillipediumglaucopsis (Steudel) Stapf; Dichanthium assimile (Steudel)Deshpande.Perennial, often straggling. Culms decumbent and rootingat base, woody, 1.5–3.5 m tall, 1.5–5 mm in diam., fastigiatelybranched, nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous,bearded at mouth; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 6–15 × 0.3–0.6cm, glabrous or hispidulous, base tapering, apex setaceouslyacuminate; ligule ca. 0.7 mm. Panicle pyramidal, 5–12 × ca. 4cm; branches pilose in axils; racemes composed of triads, sometimeswith 1 or 2 additional spikelet pairs, greenish or pinkish;rachis internodes and pedicels long ciliate. Sessile spikelet 2.1–2.9 mm; lower glume elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, back 2–5-veined, slightly convex, glossy, glabrous or hispidulous, uppermargins keeled, ciliate-hispid; upper glume ciliate along margins;awn of upper lemma 0.6–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet linear-lanceolate,up to twice length of sessile spikelet. Fl. and fr.Aug–Dec. 2n = 40.Streams, forests, or mountain slopes. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan,Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].This grass is said to have the appearance of a small bamboo. Itdiffers from the other common species, Capillipedium parviflorum, byits taller, woody, fasciculately branching culms, shorter leaf blades withnarrowed base, smaller sessile spikelets, and pedicels ciliate along thelength of both margins.2. Capillipedium kuoi L. B. Cai, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 12:34. 1994.郭氏细柄草 guo shi xi bing caoPerennial, loosely tufted. Culms erect or geniculate atbase, herbaceous, 50–110 cm tall, 1.5–2.3 mm in diam., fewbranched, nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or sparselytuberculate-hairy; leaf blades linear, 10–20 × 0.5–0.8 cm, adaxialsurface scabrid or hispid at base, abaxial surface glabrous orsparsely pubescent; ligule ca. 1.6 mm. Panicle ovate in outline,10–18 cm; branches pilose in axils; racemes composed of 1–3spikelet pairs and a terminal triad; rachis internodes and pedicelsciliate. Sessile spikelet ca. 3 mm; lower glume elliptic-lanceolate,back 4–6-veined, slightly sulcate, pilose, marginskeeled, thinly ciliate, apex denticulate; upper glume glabrous;awn of upper lemma 0.8–1.2 cm. Pedicelled spikelet equal to orslightly longer than sessile spikelet. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.● Moist roadside thickets, ditch banks; 600–1900 m. SW Sichuan,SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.3. Capillipedium kwashotense (Hayata) C. C. Hsu, J. Jap. Bot.37: 280. 1962.绿岛细柄草 lü dao xi bing caoAndropogon kwashotensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7:80. 1918; Bothriochloa kwashotensis (Hayata) Ohwi.Perennial, rhizomatous. Culms solitary or tufted, hard, 15–30 cm tall, ca. 1 mm in diam., much branched above base,nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate,6–11 × 0.3–0.5 cm, glabrous, long tubercle-based bristlesabove ligule, apex setaceously acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm.Panicle small, elliptic in outline, 4–8 cm; branches simple orlittle branched; racemes composed of 3–4 spikelet pairs belowthe terminal triad, straw-colored; rachis internodes and pedicelslong ciliate. Sessile spikelet 3–3.8 mm; lower glume narrowlylanceolate-oblong, back 5–7-veined, flat, not glossy, scaberulouson veins, margins keeled and scabrid above middle, apexacute or bidentate; upper glume scabrid on upper keel; awn ofupper lemma 1–1.6 cm. Pedicelled spikelet resembling the sessile,staminate. Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 40*.Cliffs and slopes near the sea. Taiwan [Japan (Iriomote Island in SRyukyu Islands)].This nearly endemic species is apparently confined to the easterncoast of Taiwan and a few offshore islands, where it is locally abundantand used for forage. It can withstand salt water.4. Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Brown) Stapf in Prain, Fl.Trop. Africa 9: 169. 1917.细柄草 xi bing caoHolcus parviflorus R. Brown, Prodr. 199. 1810; Andropogoncinctus Steudel; Bothriochloa parviflora (R. Brown)Ohwi; Chrysopogon pictus Hance.Perennial. Culms tufted, 50–120 cm tall, 0.5–2 mm indiam., not or little branched, nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths glabrousor pilose, ciliate at mouth; leaf blades 15–30 × 0.3–0.8cm, scaberulous or pubescent, usually hispid with tuberclebasedhairs toward base, base rounded, apex acuminate; ligule0.5–1 mm. Panicle oblong in outline, 9–20 × 2–5 cm; branchesuntidily flexuous, pilose in axils; racemes usually composed oftriads, occasionally with 1–2 additional spikelet pairs, purple;

POACEAE 607rachis internodes and pedicels shortly ciliate at base. Sessilespikelet 3–4 mm; lower glume oblong-lanceolate, slightly glossy,back 2-veined, shallowly concave between veins, hispidulous,margins keeled, pectinate-ciliate above middle, apex narrowlyobtuse; upper glume ciliate along upper margins; awn of upperlemma 1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet equaling the sessile andoften staminate, or smaller and barren. Fl. and fr. Aug–Dec. 2n= 20, 40, 60.Mountain slopes, streams. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan,Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan,Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand; Africa,SW Asia, Australia].Capillipedium parviflorum introgresses with C. assimile at thetetraploid level where both species are sympatric, resulting in apomictichybrids. Tetraploid C. parviflorum also introgresses extensively withtetraploid Bothriochloa bladhii, likewise forming apomictic, hybridraces that cause much taxonomic difficulty. The name B. glabra hasbeen applied to these hybrids.5. Capillipedium spicigerum S. T. Blake, Pap. Dept. Biol.Univ. Queensland 2(3): 43. 1944.多节细柄草 duo jie xi bing caoAndropogon micranthus Kunth var. spicigerus (Bentham)Hackel; A. parviflorus Roxburgh var. spicigerus (Bentham)Domin; A. spicigerus (S. T. Blake) Reeder; Bothriochloa spicigera(Bentham) T. Koyama; Capillipedium parviflorum (R.Brown) Stapf var. spicigerum (Bentham) C. Hsu; Chrysopogonparviflorus (R. Brown) Bentham var. spicigerus Bentham.Perennial. Culms tufted, up to 150 cm tall, unbranched,nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths usually pilose, ciliate at mouth;leaf blades 15–40 × 0.5–0.8 cm, scaberulous or pubescent, usuallyhispid with tubercle-based hairs toward base, base rounded,apex acuminate; ligule 0.5–1 mm. Panicle oblong-ovate in outline,10–18 × 5–8 cm; branches untidily flexuous, pilose in axils;racemes composed of 3–7 spikelet pairs below the terminaltriad, purple; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate. Sessile spikelet3–4 mm; lower glume oblong-lanceolate, slightly glossy,back 4–5-veined, scarcely depressed along midline, sparselyhispidulous, margins keeled, pectinate-ciliate above middle, apexnarrowly obtuse; upper glume ciliate along upper margins; awnof upper lemma 1.2–1.8 cm. Pedicelled spikelet equaling thesessile and often staminate, or smaller and barren. Fl. and fr. autumn.2n = 40.Mountain slopes. Hong Kong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Japan(Ryukyu Islands), Philippines; Australia].This species is thought to have arisen by hybridization betweenCapillipedium parviflorum and Bothriochloa bladhii, resulting in intermediateswith several spikelet pairs per raceme. It tends to be slightlymore robust than C. parviflorum.203. BOTHRIOCHLOA Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 762. 1891.Amphilophis Nash; Gymnandropogon (Nees) Duthie.孔颖草属 kong ying cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial. Leaf blades linear or lanceolate, sometimes aromatic; ligule membranous, margin ciliolate. Inflorescence terminal,usually of digitate, subdigitate, or corymbiform racemes, infrequently paniculate; racemes shortly pedunculate, composed of severalspikelet pairs (if paniculate, more than 8 spikelet pairs present), basal homogamous spikelet pairs absent; rachis internodes and pedicelsslender with a median translucent stripe between thickened margins. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus short, obtuse,bearded; lower glume cartilaginous with herbaceous apex, occasionally herbaceous throughout, broadly convex to slightly concave,flanks rounded, back sometimes with 1–3 deep circular pits, apex subacute; upper glume boat-shaped, dorsally keeled; lower floretreduced to an empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipitiform, entire, awned from apex; awn geniculate, glabrous. Pedicelled spikeletsimilar to the sessile or smaller, herbaceous.About 30 species: throughout the tropics and subtropics; three species in China.The rachis internodes and pedicels of the closely related genera Bothriochloa and Capillipedium are most distinctive, providing an easy diagnosticcharacter for these genera. The central cells, between the thickened margins, are translucent and frequently purple pigmented. Dichanthium alsobelongs to this group, but has normal, solid internodes and pedicels. Circular, pitted glands on the lower glume are another remarkable feature of somespecies in this group.1a. Inflorescence with an elongate central axis ..................................................................................................................... 1. B. bladhii1b. Inflorescence subdigitate.2a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet without a circular pit ........................................................................................ 2. B. ischaemum2b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with a circular pit ................................................................................................... 3. B. pertusa1. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retzius) S. T. Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc.Queensland 80: 62. 1969.臭根子草 chou gen zi caoPerennial, tufted. Culms erect or decumbent at base, fairlyrobust, up to 130 cm tall, many-noded, nodes glabrous or appressedbearded. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear, 10–40 × 0.2–1 cm, hairy with tubercle-based hairs on both surfacesor abaxial surface glabrous, apex finely acuminate; ligule 0.5–1.5 mm. Inflorescence 9–20 cm, composed of many racemesborne in loose whorls along an elongate central axis, axis usuallylonger than lowest raceme, sometimes paniculate with

608POACEAEbranched peduncles; racemes 2–5 cm, often purplish, notobviously hairy; rachis internodes and pedicels thinly ciliate,shortly bearded at apex. Sessile spikelet 3–4 mm; lowerglume narrowly oblong-lanceolate, herbaceous or cartilaginousand glossy, 5–7-veined, back slightly concave, glabrousor pubescent below middle, sometimes with a pit, marginskeeled and scabrid near apex; awn of upper lemma 1–2.5cm. Pedicelled spikelet barren or rarely staminate, narrowerthan sessile spikelet, sometimes pitted. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n =40, 60, 80.Exposed slopes, waste ground; 400–1600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,Xinjiang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal,New Guinea, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia;introduced in America].Bothriochloa bladhii hybridizes easily and frequently with someother species of Bothriochloa, and also with Capillipedium parviflorumand Dichanthium annulatum, blurring the boundaries between thesegenera and leading to a host of intermediates. New, apomictic raceshave arisen from among these products of introgression, causing muchtaxonomic difficulty. The name B. glabra has been applied to hybridsbetween B. bladhii and C. parviflorum.Bothriochloa bladhii is most practicably treated in a broad senseto include all forms with an elongate inflorescence axis. Additionally,the habit is usually not stoloniferous, and the racemes are less obviouslyhairy than in B. ischaemum and B. pertusa.1a. Lower glume of sessile and pedicelledspikelet without pits on back ...................... 1a. var. bladhii1b. Lower glume of sessile and pedicelledspikelet with 1–3 pits on back ................. 1b. var. punctata1a. Bothriochloa bladhii var. bladhii臭根子草 ( 原变种 ) chou gen zi cao (yuan bian zhong)Andropogon bladhii Retzius, Observ. Bot. 2: 27. 1781;Amphilophis intermedia Stapf; Andropogon glaber Roxburgh;A. intermedius R. Brown; A. vachellii Nees; Bothriochloa anamiticaKuntze; B. glabra (Roxburgh) A. Camus; B. intermedia(R. Brown) A. Camus; Dichanthium bladhii (Retzius) Clayton.Lower glume of both sessile and pedicelled spikelets usuallywithout pits on back. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.Exposed slopes, waste ground. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang,Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea,Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia; introducedin America].1b. Bothriochloa bladhii var. punctata (Roxburgh) R. R.Stewart, Kew Bull. 29: 444. 1974.孔颖臭根子草 kong ying chou gen zi caoAndropogon punctatus Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 268. 1820;Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Brown) A. Camus var. punctata(Roxburgh) Keng; B. punctata (Roxburgh) L. Liu.Lower glume of sessile and pedicelled spikelets with 1–3pits on back. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.Exposed slopes, waste ground; 400–1600 m. Anhui, Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,Xinjiang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal,New Guinea, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia;introduced in America].2. Bothriochloa ischaemum (Linnaeus) Keng, Contr. Biol.Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 10: 201. 1936.白羊草 bai yang caoAndropogon ischaemum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1047. 1753;Amphilophis ischaemum (Linnaeus) Nash; Andropogon ischaemumvar. songaricus Ruprecht ex Fischer & Meyer; Bothriochloaischaemum var. songarica (Ruprecht ex Fischer &Meyer) Celarier & J. R. Harlan.Perennial, tussocky from a branching rootstock. Culmsslender, erect or geniculately ascending, 25–70 cm tall, 3–6-noded, nodes glabrous or appressed bearded. Leaf sheathskeeled, congested at plant base; leaf blades linear, 5–16 × 0.2–0.3 cm, usually sparingly hairy with tubercle-based hairs, apexacuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. Inflorescence composed of 5–15racemes, subdigitate or inserted on a brief axis; racemes 3–7cm, silvery-green or tinged purplish brown; rachis internodesand pedicels ciliate with long white or pinkish silky hairs.Sessile spikelet 4–5 mm; lower glume oblong-lanceolate, usuallycartilaginous, sometimes herbaceous, back flat to slightlyconcave, 5–7-veined, silky-pilose below middle, lacking a pit,margins keeled and stiffly ciliate near apex; awn of upperlemma 1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, subequalto sessile spikelet, glabrous. Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 40, 50, 60.Rocky and sandy slopes, roadsides, disturbed places. Anhui, Fujian,Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, NeiMongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang,Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, N India, Kazakhstan,Korea, Kyrgystan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe; introducedin United States].Dichanthium annulatum is similar, but can be distinguished by itsconspicuously bearded nodes with spreading hairs and by the broadlyobtuse sessile spikelet with long hairs on the upper margins. It also lacksa purple stripe on the pedicels.Bothriochloa ischaemum introgresses with B. bladhii, leading to arange of intermediates. The name Andropogon taiwanensis Ohwi (J.Jap. Bot. 12: 652. 1936), described from Taiwan, has been applied toone of these intermediates. The name “Bothriochloa taiwanensis” (Ohwi,loc. cit.) was not validly published because it was merely cited as asynonym of A. taiwanensis.3. Bothriochloa pertusa (Linnaeus) A. Camus, Ann. Soc.Linn. Lyon, n.s., 76: 164. 1931 [“1930”].孔颖草 kong ying caoHolcus pertusus Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 301. 1771; Amphilophispertusa (Linnaeus) Stapf; Andropogon pertusus (Linnaeus)Willdenow; Bothriochloa nana W. Z. Fang; Dichanthiumpertusum (Linnaeus) Clayton.Perennial, often stoloniferous, sward forming. Culms erector geniculately ascending, up to 100 cm tall, 5- or more-noded,nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths keeled; leaf blades linear, 5–20 ×0.1–0.4 cm, tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces or abaxialsurface glabrous, apex acute; ligule 0.5–2 mm. Inflorescence

POACEAE 609composed of 3–5(–)8 racemes, subdigitate; racemes 3–8 cm,tinged purplish; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate with longsilky hairs. Sessile spikelet 3–4.5 mm; lower glume narrowlyelliptic, cartilaginous, back concave, 5–7-veined, glossy, sparselyhirtellous to silky-pilose below middle, a circular pit abovehairs, 2-keeled, margins keeled and scabrid near apex; awn ofupper lemma 1–2 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, purplish,subequal to sessile spikelet, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.2n = 40, 60.Grassy hills, disturbed ground; 1200–1500 m. Guangdong, Sichuan,Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand,Vietnam; introduced in Australia and United States].The type of Bothriochloa nana is a stunted specimen of B. pertusawith the spikelets infected by a smut fungus.204. SEHIMA Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 178. 1775.沟颖草属 gou ying cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Culms tufted, simple or sparingly branched. Leaf blades narrowly linear; ligule a line of hairs. Inflorescencea single terminal raceme, spikelets paired, dissimilar; rachis internodes and pedicels subinflated, stoutly linear to subclavate,densely white-ciliate along margins. Sessile spikelet bisexual, narrow, compressed between internode and pedicel; callus rounded, insertedinto shallowly hollowed internode apex; lower glume leathery, back concave or longitudinally grooved, strongly veined oneither side of groove but midvein absent, 2-keeled, keels lateral or becoming dorsal toward base, barely winged, apex elongate, scarious,2-toothed; upper glume boat-shaped, finely awned; lower floret staminate, well developed with palea; upper lemma 2-lobed,awned from sinus; awn geniculate, column glabrous or ciliolate. Pedicelled spikelet large, conspicuous, usually staminate, lanceolate,strongly dorsally compressed, distinctly veined, midvein present, awnless. x = 10 and 20.Five species: E Africa through India to SE Asia and Australia; one species in China.1. Sehima nervosum (Rottler) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa9: 36. 1917.沟颖草 gou ying caoAndropogon nervosus Rottler, Ges. Naturf. Freunde BerlinNeue Schriften 4: 218. 1803 [“nervosum”]; Ischaemum laxumR. Brown; I. nervosum (Rottler) Thwaites.Perennial. Culms erect, wiry, 30–100 cm tall, nodesbearded or glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous or hispid withtubercle-based hairs; leaf blades linear, flat, tough, pale green,10–45 × 0.2–0.7 cm, scabrid, tapering to a filiform apex; ligule2–3 mm. Raceme 3–12(–18) cm, straight or gently curved;rachis internodes and pedicels stoutly linear, 3.5–5 mm. Sessilespikelet yellowish green, 7–9 mm; lower glume narrowlyoblong, deeply grooved between keels in lower part, with 6prominent laterally placed intercarinal veins, inner veinsanastomosing toward apex, apex scarious, 1/4–1/3 glumelength, shortly 2-toothed; upper glume with straight, 7–13 mmawn; awn of upper lemma stout, 1.7–3.5 cm, column brown,ciliolate along spiral, limb pallid. Pedicelled spikelet usuallyflushed purple, 7–10 mm, lower glume conspicuously 7-veined,margins ciliate. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.Dry grasslands; at low elevations. Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia,Laos, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam; E Africa, SW Asia, Australia].205. ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1049. 1753.鸭嘴草属 ya zui cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, or sometimes annual. Culms often decumbent and much branched. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, narrowed toligule, sometimes pseudopetiolate; ligule membranous; sheath auricles often present. Inflorescence of paired racemes, or occasionallysubdigitate, terminal and axillary, exserted or sometimes supported by a spatheole; racemes 1-sided, when paired oftenlocked back to back and appearing as a single cylindrical raceme, spikelets of a pair similar or not; rachis internodes and pedicelsstoutly linear to thickly clavate, U-shaped or triquetrous in cross section. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus truncate or obtuse,inserted into hollowed internode apex; lower glume papery to leathery, shallowly convex or almost flat, 2-keeled or rounded onflanks, sometimes winged, often rugose; upper glume boat-shaped, awnless or with straight awn from apex; lower floret male, welldeveloped with palea; upper lemma usually deeply 2-lobed, awned from sinus, rarely awnless; awn geniculate, glabrous. Pedicelledspikelet as large as sessile or much smaller, upper lemma sometimes geniculately awned.About 70 species: throughout the tropics but mainly in Asia, especially India; 12 species (one endemic) in China.1a. Margins of lower glume of sessile spikelet broadly rounded in lower part, narrowly inflexed and keeled above, notcoarsely rugose or knobbly.2a. Spikelets of a pair without obvious awns, or only sessile spikelet awned.3a. Inflorescence base enclosed in uppermost sheath; plant strongly rhizomatous ................................................ 1. I. muticum3b. Inflorescence long exserted from uppermost sheath; plant loosely tufted.

610POACEAE4a. Racemes villous; sessile spikelet 8–10 mm ..................................................................................... 2. I. anthephoroides4b. Racemes glabrous; sessile spikelet 5.5–8 mm .......................................................................................... 3. I. aristatum2b. Spikelets of a pair both clearly awned.5a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet winged on keels, apex rounded, emarginate.6a. Racemes paired; rhizomes absent; culms less than 60 cm ............................................................................ 4. I. ciliare6b. Racemes (2–)3–6; rhizomes present; culms 60–100 cm .................................................................... 5. I. polystachyum5b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not winged on keels, apex sharply bicuspidate.7a. Spikelets ± glabrous; upper glume of sessile spikelet not winged on keel; callus hairs less than1 mm .......................................................................................................................................................... 6. I. timorense7b. Spikelets hispid; upper glume of sessile spikelet winged on keel; callus hairs ca. 2 mm ................ 7 I. thomsonianum1b. Margins of lower glume of sessile spikelet narrowly and evenly inflexed and keeled along entire length, oftencoarsely rugose or knobbly.8a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not transversely rugose or knobbly.9a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet wingless, keels pilose; awn 1.8–2.5 cm ........................................................... 8. I. aureum9b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet winged, glabrous; awn 1–1.2 cm .................................................................. 9. I. setaceum8b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet transversely rugose or knobbly on flanks.10a. Plant annual; lower glume of sessile spikelet coarsely rugose with 4–7 sharp transverse ridges acrossback ................................................................................................................................................................ 10. I. rugosum10b. Plant perennial; lower glume of sessile spikelet with rounded knobs on keels in lower part, sometimesalso with 2–4 weak ridges across back.11a. Culms up to 1 m tall; sessile spikelet 5–7 mm, awned, awn 1–1.5 mm ........................................... 11. I. barbatum11b. Culms 1–2 m tall; sessile spikelet 6.5–8 mm, awnless or awn less than 1 mm .................................. 12. I. magnum1. Ischaemum muticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1049. 1753.无芒鸭嘴草 wu mang ya zui caoPerennial, strongly rhizomatous; rhizomes clothed in cataphylls.Culms often red, much branched, stoloniferous orscrambling, several meters long, flowering culms erect, up to60 cm, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths ciliate along outer margin,otherwise glabrous or sparingly appressed hairy; leaf bladeslanceolate, tinged reddish brown, 2–10(–18) × 0.3–1.7 cm, glabrousor abaxial surface sparingly pilose, margins smooth orscaberulous, base cordate, very shortly pseudopetiolate, apexacute; ligule 0.2–0.6 mm. Racemes usually paired, appressedback to back, 2–5 cm, base enclosed by subtending sheath;rachis internodes and pedicels oblong, triquetrous, outer anglenarrowly winged, inner angles glabrous or ciliolate. Sessilespikelet lanceolate, 4.8–7 × 2.5–2.8 mm; lower glume leatherywith expanded rounded flanks in lower 2/3, herbaceous, stronglyveined and sharply 2-keeled below apex, glabrous, wingedfrom near base, apex entire; upper glume winged on upper keel;upper lemma subentire, mucronate or with ca. 1 mm awnlet.Pedicelled spikelet laterally compressed, otherwise resemblingsessile or smaller, awnless.Sands near the sea; below 100 m. Taiwan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia,Japan (S Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea,Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia (Queensland)].This seashore plant forms extensive colonies that bind the sand atthe back of sandy beaches.2. Ischaemum anthephoroides (Steudel) Miquel, Ann. Mus.Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 193. 1867 [“antephoroides”].毛鸭嘴草 mao ya zui caoRottboellia anthephoroides Steudel, Flora 29: 22. 1846[“antephoroides”]; Andropogon anthephoroides (Steudel) Steudel;A. anthephoroides var. eriostachyus (Hackel) Honda; Ischaemumeriostachyum Hackel.Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, geniculately ascending toshortly decumbent and rooting at lowest nodes, 30–70 cm tall,branching in lower part, nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths loose, villous;leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 5–20 × 0.3–0.9 cm, villous,margins thickened, smooth, base constricted, apex acuminate;ligule 1–3 mm. Racemes terminal, paired, appressed back toback, 5–8 cm, long exserted; rachis internodes and pedicelsstoutly cuneate, triquetrous, villous. Sessile spikelet broadlyoblong or obovate, 8–10 × 2.5–3.5 mm; lower glume leatherytoward base, flanks rounded in lower 1/3, villous with stiff ca. 3mm hairs, papyraceous and puberulous above, keeled andwinged above middle, wings ca. 0.8 mm wide with ciliolatemargin, apex truncate-denticulate; upper glume keeled andwinged above middle, villous on midline below wing; awn ofupper lemma weakly geniculate, up to 1.5 cm. Pedicelledspikelet laterally compressed, otherwise resembling sessile,awnless. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.Sand dunes, sandy slopes, near the sea. Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang(Dachen Dao) [Japan, Korea].This species occupies a similar seashore habitat to Ischaemummuticum, but has a much more limited, more northerly distribution. It isa much hairier species, with exserted racemes of larger spikelets, andlacks the widely spreading, scaly rhizomes of I. muticum.3. Ischaemum aristatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1049. 1753.有芒鸭嘴草 you mang ya zui caoPerennial. Culms loosely tufted, erect or geniculately ascending,40–80 cm tall, simple or branching, nodes glabrous.Leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 5–25 × 0.4–1 cm, glabrous or thinly pilose, margins smooth becomingscabrid toward apex, base attenuate or contracted, apexacuminate; ligule 2–3 mm. Racemes terminal, paired, appressedback to back, 4–7 cm; rachis internodes clavate, triquetrous,scabrid or ciliate along outer angle, inner angles glabrous orshortly ciliate. Sessile spikelet oblanceolate to obovate, 5.5–8 ×2–2.3 mm; lower glume leathery with rounded flanks below

POACEAE 611middle, herbaceous, broader and 2-keeled above, 5–7-veined,keels narrowly to broadly winged, wing margin scabrid; upperlemma awnless or shortly awned; awn well developed or imperfect,up to 1.2 cm. Pedicelled spikelet dorsally compressed,resembling sessile, asymmetrical, 2-keeled, keels winged, onewing incurled. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 56, 72.Open grassy sandy places, often near the sea; 100–1000 m. SAnhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, NE Yunnan,Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].This species usually has awnless or only inconspicuously awnedracemes, but occasionally the awns are a little longer and more obvious.Longer awns are weakly associated with a more broadly winged sessilespikelet, and the type of the species name falls within this less frequentvariant.1a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet obovate,broadly winged; awn present, geniculate,exserted from spikelet ............................. 3a. var. aristatum1b. Lower glume of sessile spikeletoblanceolate, winged; awn absentor imperfect, included within spikelet ..... 3b. var. glaucum3a. Ischaemum aristatum var. aristatum有芒鸭嘴草 ( 原变种 ) you mang ya zui cao (yuan bian zhong)Ischaemum crassipes (Steudel) Thellung var. aristatumNakai; I. crassipes var. formosanum (Hackel) Nakai; I. crassipesvar. hondae (Matsuda) Nakai; I. guangxiense Zhao; I.hondae Matsuda; I. sieboldii Miquel var. formosanum Hackel.Rachis internodes and pedicels often ciliate along outerangle, inner angles glabrous or shortly ciliate. Sessile spikeletobovate, broadly winged, awned; awn exserted, 0.8–1.2 cm,geniculate. 2n = 72.Open grassy sandy places, often near the sea; 100–1000 m. SAnhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, NE Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].This awned form of Ischaemum aristatum is very similar to I.ciliare, and the two have been much confused. Ischaemum ciliare clearlydiffers by its laterally compressed, geniculately awned pedicelledspikelets. It also has bearded nodes and a slightly smaller (4–6 mm) sessilespikelet.3b. Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum (Honda) T. Koyama,J. Jap. Bot. 37: 239. 1962.鸭嘴草 ya zui caoIschaemum crassipes var. glaucum Honda, J. Fac. Sci.Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: 355. 1930; Andropogon crassipesSteudel; Ischaemum aristatum subsp. glaucum (Honda) T.Koyama; I. aristatum var. momiyamae (Honda) Hsu; I. crassipes(Steudel) Thellung; I. crassipes var. hainanense Keng; I.crassipes var. momiyamae Honda; I. sieboldii Miquel.Rachis internodes and pedicels scabrid or shortly ciliate onouter angle, inner angles glabrous or shortly ciliate. Sessilespikelet oblanceolate, narrowly to broadly winged, mucronateor shortly awned; awn included, 0.1–0.3 cm, straight. 2n = 56.Sandy places, usually near the sea. S Anhui, Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning,Shandong, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].4. Ischaemum ciliare Retzius, Observ. Bot. 6: 36. 1791.细毛鸭嘴草 xi mao ya zui caoAndropogon patentivillosus Steudel; Ischaemum ciliarevar. villosum (Nees) Hackel; I. indicum (Houttuyn) Merrill var.breviaristatum Zhao; I. indicum var. guangdongense Zhao;Spodiopogon obliquivalvis Nees var. villosus Bentham; S. villosusNees.Perennial. Culms slender, loosely tufted, erect, spreadingor prostrate and rooting at lower nodes, up to 60 cm tall, nodesbearded. Leaf sheaths sparsely to densely pilose with tuberclebasedhairs, or glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 5–15 ×0.3–1 cm, tuberculate-villous or sometimes glabrous, base contracted,apex acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm. Racemes terminal,paired, often slightly separated, 2–9 cm; rachis internodes andpedicels oblong, triquetrous, ciliate along angles. Sessile spikeletobovate-oblong, 4–6 × 1.2–1.5 mm; lower glume smooth,glossy, leathery with rounded flanks in lower half, upper halfflat, papyraceous, sometimes wrinkled, asperulous, flankskeeled, winged, wings 0.2–0.7 mm wide, forming 2 roundedlobes at apex; upper glume swollen and keeled above middle,keel narrowly winged, apex shortly awned; awn of upperlemma 1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet laterally compressed;lower glume with a single median winged keel; upper lemmaawned.Moist meadows, field margins, hill thickets; near sea level to 1300m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Malaysia,Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; introduced in America].This grass has been widely known as Ischaemum indicum (Houttuyn)Merrill (Phleum indicum Houttuyn), but that name in fact refers toa species of Polytrias. Ischaemum ciliare is a very variable species,widespread in tropical Asia, and a number of varieties has been describedover its range.5. Ischaemum polystachyum J. Presl in C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk.1: 328. 1830.簇穗鸭嘴草 cu sui ya zui caoIschaemum digitatum Brongniart; I. duthiei Stapf ex Bor;I. fasciculatum Brongniart.Perennial, rhizomatous. Culms loosely tufted, sometimesstoloniferous and rooting at lower nodes, 60–100 cm tall, nodesbearded or glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous or sparsely to denselypilose with tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades broadly linear,5–20 × 0.5–1.5 cm, pubescent, rarely glabrescent, base roundedto subcordate, apex acute; ligule 1–2 mm. Racemes (2–)3–6 ormore, mostly terminal, subdigitate, 2–9 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels broadly linear, triquetrous, ciliate on outer angle,shortly ciliate on inner angles. Sessile spikelet lanceolate, 4–5 ×1.2–1.4 mm; lower glume leathery with expanded roundedflanks below middle, herbaceous, strongly veined and sharply2-keeled above, glabrous or villous, keels usually winged, apex2-toothed; upper glume attenuate into mucro or awnlet to 2mm; awn of upper lemma 1.2–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet laterallycompressed, similar to sessile, upper lemma awned.

612POACEAEMoist places on grassy plains and hillsides; 100–400 m. Guangdong,Guizhou, Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand;Africa, Mauritius, Pacific Islands].This is a widespread, polymorphic species, long known by differentnames in various parts of its range.6. Ischaemum timorense Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 369. 1830.帝汶鸭嘴草 di wen ya zui caoAndropogon timorensis (Kunth) Steudel.Annual or short-lived perennial. Culms slender, looselytufted or stoloniferous, rooting at lower nodes, branching, floweringshoots 15–50 cm tall, nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths glabrousexcept toward throat, sometimes margins ciliate; leafblades linear-lanceolate, 2–8 × 0.2–1 cm, glabrous or pilosewith tubercle-based hairs, margins scabrid, base attenuate, apexacuminate; ligule 1–2 mm. Racemes terminal and axillary,paired (rarely 3), loosely arranged, 2–10 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels columnar, triquetrous, ciliate along angles. Sessilespikelet broadly elliptic, 3.5–6 × 1.2–1.5 mm; callus hairs 0.5–1mm, white; lower glume smooth, glossy, leathery with roundedflanks in lower half, upper half papyraceous, prominentlymany-veined, asperulous, flanks keeled, keels scabrid, wingless,abruptly narrowed to bicuspidate apex; upper glumekeeled above middle, keel wingless, apex narrowed into 2–4mm awnlet; awn of upper lemma 1–1.6 cm. Pedicelled spikeletlaterally compressed, resembling sessile, upper lemma awned.Fields, damp wayside places; below 100 m. Guangdong, Taiwan[India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand; introducedin Africa and America].The lower glume of the sessile spikelet occasionally has very narrowlywinged keels, but the narrowed, sharply bicuspidate apex is characteristic,differing from the more rounded lower glume apex of Ischaemumciliare. Axillary inflorescences are also uncommon in I. ciliare.7. Ischaemum thomsonianum Stapf ex C. E. C. Fischer inGamble, Fl. Madras 1722. 1934.尖颖鸭嘴草 jian ying ya zui caoIschaemum murinum J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 135.1896 [“1897”], not G. Forster (1780).Annual. Culms slender, shortly stoloniferous at base,branching, 20–45 cm tall, nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths glabrous;leaf blades linear, 2–8.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, glabrous or a fewlong tubercle-based bristles toward ligule on adaxial surface,base narrowed or shortly pseudopetiolate, apex setaceously acuminate;ligule 3–5 mm. Racemes terminal and axillary, paired,loosely arranged, 1–3 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels columnar,triquetrous, densely ciliate along angles with yellowishhairs. Sessile spikelet lanceolate, 4.5–5.5 × ca. 1 mm; callusdensely bearded, hairs ca. 2 mm; lower glume smooth, glossy,leathery with rounded flanks in lower half, upper half herbaceous,many-veined, bristly, flanks keeled, keels scabrid, wingless,narrowed to bicuspidate apex; upper glume markedly longerthan lower, awned, keeled above middle, winged on keel, atuft of bristles below wing, apex elongate, excurrent into anawn up to 6 mm; awn of upper lemma 1–1.8 cm. Pedicelledspikelet laterally compressed, resembling sessile, bristly, upperlemma awned.Flatlands; ca. 700 m. W Yunnan [India, Myanmar].This slender, annual grass is very close to Ischaemum timorense,but has hairier racemes, narrower, hairy spikelets, and longer awned upperglumes than are usual for that species. It may simply be an extremevariant of I. timorense.8. Ischaemum aureum (Hooker & Arnott) Hackel in A. Candolle& C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 224. 1889.金黄鸭嘴草 jin huang ya zui caoSpodiopogon aureus Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy.273. 1838.Perennial from short rhizome. Culms loosely tufted, 20–30cm tall, internodes short and leaves crowded in lower part,nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous; leaf bladesbroadly linear, 3–12 × 0.3–0.8 cm, smooth, glabrous or a fewsetae on adaxial surface above ligule, base contracted, apexacuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm, truncate. Racemes terminal, paired,erect but usually separate, 2–5 cm, yellowish hairy; rachis internodesoblong-clavate, triquetrous, outer angle densely ciliatewith long yellowish hairs, inner angles shortly ciliate or glabrous.Sessile spikelet lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, yellowish;lower glume subleathery in lower part, 2-keeled, wingless,keels thickened, ciliolate, also pilose with ca. 2 mm yellowhairs, sometimes sparsely or ciliolate throughout, papery andasperulous toward apex with obvious anastomosing veins, apexbicuspidate; upper glume pilose on upper keel, apex 2-toothed,2–3 mm awn from between teeth; awn of upper lemma 1.8–2.5cm. Pedicelled spikelet ± equaling sessile, usually bisexual,slightly laterally compressed, both glumes 1-keeled, shortlyawned, upper lemma awned.Coral rocks and bluffs of the seashore. Taiwan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].This is a very locally distributed grass, with yellowish-hairy racemesand contrasting, reddish brown stigmas. The pedicelled spikeletsare usually bisexual, exserting their stigmas and maturing before thesessile spikelets, but otherwise the species is typical of the genusIschaemum.9. Ischaemum setaceum Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 54.1924.小金黄鸭嘴草 xiao jin huang ya zui caoPerennial. Culms slender, stoloniferous and rooting at base,ascending to 25 cm, lower internodes short with crowded leaves,nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate,3–6 × 0.3–0.7 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate; ligulerounded, tonguelike, ca. 1.5 mm. Racemes paired, 2–5 cm; rachisinternodes thick, outer angle ciliate with long hairs, innerangles shortly ciliate or glabrous. Sessile spikelet narrowly lanceolate,ca. 4 mm, tinged reddish brown; lower glume subleatheryin lower part, 2-keeled, papery and asperulous towardapex with obvious anastomosing veins, keels winged upward,apex bicuspidate; upper glume pilose on keel, apex acuminateor with 1–2 mm awnlet; awn of upper lemma 1–1.2 cm.Pedicelled spikelet resembling sessile, both glumes 1-keeled,cuspidate or mucronate.

POACEAE 613● Seashores. S Taiwan (Lan Yu).No specimens of this narrow endemic have been seen by theauthors.10. Ischaemum rugosum Salisbury, Icon. Stirp. Rar. 1, t. 1.1791.田间鸭嘴草 tian jian ya zui caoAndropogon rugosus (Salisbury) Steudel; A. segetum(Trinius) Steudel; Ischaemum akoense Honda; I. rugosum var.segetum (Trinius) Hackel; I. segetum Trinius.Annual. Culms loosely tufted, erect to decumbent, 20–100cm tall, often branching, nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths loose,papery, lightly keeled, glabrous or pilose with scattered tubercle-basedhairs, margins ciliate; leaf blades linear-lanceolate,10–30 × 0.5–2 cm, glabrous or thinly pilose, margins scabrid,base variable, rounded and constricted, or attenuate and sometimesbriefly pseudopetiolate, apex acuminate; ligule 2–5 mm.Racemes terminal and axillary, paired, appressed back to backor slightly separated, 3–11(–13) cm; rachis internodes inflated,thickly clavate, ciliate along midline, inner angles glabrous.Sessile spikelet oblong-ovate, 4–6 × ca. 2 mm; lower glume 2-keeled throughout, crustaceous, yellowish and transversely 4–7-ridged below, ridges sharp, mostly continuous, herbaceousabove with many anastomosing green veins, keels scabrid,wingless or winged on one side, apex obliquely obtuse; awn ofupper lemma 1.2–2 cm. Pedicelled spikelet dorsally compressed,variable in size, often much reduced especially towardraceme apex, awnless; pedicel elongate when spikelet rudimentary.Marshy fields, ditch banks, river banks, other wet often slightlysaline grassy places; 100–1800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Australia(Queensland); introduced in Africa and America].This native of tropical Asia is now widespread as a weed in tropicalparts of the world, especially as a weed of rice fields.11. Ischaemum barbatum Retzius, Observ. Bot. 6: 35. 1791.粗毛鸭嘴草 cu mao ya zui caoAndropogon lodicularis (Nees) Steudel; A. meyenianus(Nees) Steudel; Ischaemum aristatum Linnaeus subsp. barbatum(Retzius) Hackel; I. aristatum var. lanuginosum A. Camus;I. aristatum var. lodiculare (Nees) Hackel; I. aristatum var.meyenianum (Nees) Hackel; I. barbatum var. hainanense Keng& H. R. Zhao; I. barbatum var. scabridulum Keng & H. R.Zhao; I. cylindricum Keng & H. R. Zhao; I. goebelii Hackel; I.imbricatum var. pubescens Keng & H. R. Zhao; I. lanuginosum(A. Camus) Keng & H. R. Zhao; I. lanuginosum var. enodulosumKeng & H. R. Zhao; I. lanuginosum var. erianthum Keng& H. R. Zhao; I. nodulosum Honda; I. nodulosum var. glabriflorumKeng & H. R. Zhao; I. rugosum Salisbury var. humidumKeng & H. R. Zhao; I. sinense Keng & H. R. Zhao; I. tientaienseKeng & H. R. Zhao; I. yunnanense Keng & H. R. Zhao;Meoschium lodiculare Nees; M. meyenianum Nees.Perennial. Culms erect or ascending, 30–100 cm tall, oftenbranched at base, nodes glabrous or bearded. Leaf sheathsglabrous to villous, margins ciliate or glabrous; leaf blades linearor narrowly lanceolate, 5–30 × 0.3–0.8 cm, glabrous to villous,margins scaberulous, base variable, cordate to attenuate orpseudopetiolate, apex acute; ligule 2–5 mm. Racemes terminal,paired, usually appressed back to back, 4–10 cm; rachis internodesoblong, triquetrous, ciliate along outer angle, inner anglesglabrous or shortly ciliate. Sessile spikelet lanceolate-oblong,5–7 × 1.6–2 mm; lower glume 2-keeled throughout, glabrous tovillous, leathery, marginal nodules in lower 2/3, these sometimesextended into weak transverse ridges, herbaceous abovewith many anastomosing green veins, keels asymmetricallywinged, one wing wider than the other; awn of upper lemma 1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet dorsally compressed, as large as sessilebut marginal nodules less developed, awnless or awned.Hill slopes, open grasslands, marshes; near sea level to 1000 m.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indonesia,Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, SriLanka, Thailand, Vietnam; W Africa, Australia].This is a widespread, polymorphic species, to which many specificand infraspecific names have been applied. Variation depends mainlyon the degree of hairiness of the leaves and spikelets and the numberand prominence of the nodules and ridges on the sessile spikelet. In extremecases the ridges are particularly well developed and approach thecondition in Ischaemum rugosum, but such plants can be recognized asI. barbatum by their more robust, perennial habit and more oblongsessile spikelets.12. Ischaemum magnum Rendle, J. Bot. 32: 102. 1894.大穗鸭嘴草 da sui ya zui caoIschaemum laeve Ridley.Perennial. Culms erect, 1–2 m tall, sparingly branched inupper part, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes,pilose with tubercle-based hairs, especially along margins andtoward blade; leaf blades broadly linear, 5–33 × 0.5–1.8 cm,abaxial surface densely to sparsely appressed pubescent, adaxialsurface glabrous, margins scabrid, base narrowed, apex acuminate;ligule 3–5 mm. Racemes terminal, paired, appressedback to back, 6–12 cm; rachis internodes columnar, slightly expandedupward, triquetrous, ciliate along outer angle, sometimesonly at base, inner angles glabrous. Sessile spikeletoblong-lanceolate, 6.5–8 × 1.7–2 mm; lower glume 2-keeledthroughout, leathery except near apex, usually with 2–4 marginaltubercles in lower half, sometimes almost smoooth, ortubercles transversely connected into coarse shallow ridges,herbaceous above with anastomosing green veins, keels narrowlywinged; upper lemma entire, awnless or mucronate, or 2-lobed and awned; awn up to 1 cm, weakly geniculate. Pedicelledspikelet dorsally compressed, equaling or slightly longerthan sessile, strongly asymmetrical, winged on one keel only,wing 0.3–1.5 mm wide, awnless; pedicel very short, stout.Moist meadows, field margins; 800–1000 m. W Yunnan [Malaysia,Myanmar].

614POACEAE206. APLUDA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 82. 1753.水蔗草属 shui zhe cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, rambling. Leaf blades linear-lanceolate, often pseudopetiolate; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a single short racemeencircled by a small boat-shaped spatheole; raceme comprising 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets; spatheoles numerous,crowded into a leafy compound panicle; peduncle very short, spikelet triad deciduous from it at maturity; pedicels both broad,strongly flattened, together with lower glume of sessile spikelet forming a triangular box around fertile floret. Sessile spikelet bisexual,slightly laterally compressed; callus broad, swollen; lower glume herbaceous or subleathery toward base, convex, withoutkeels or wings, 2-toothed; upper glume strongly convex, laterally compressed, membranous with hyaline margins, 1-keeled, awnless;lower floret staminate, well developed with palea; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed and awned from sinus, or entire to emarginate andawnless; awn 4–12 mm. Pedicelled spikelets awnless, unequal, one well developed, staminate, as large as sessile spikelet, the otherrudimentary.One species: S Arabia and Mauritius through India to SE Asia, Australia, and New Caledonia.1. Apluda mutica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 82. 1753.水蔗草 shui zhe caoApluda aristata Linnaeus; A. communis Nees; A. geniculataRoxburgh; A. microstachya Nees; A. mutica var. aristata(Linnaeus) Hackel; A. varia Hackel, nom. illeg. superfl.Culms rooting from lower nodes, up to 3 m long, smooth,glabrous, much branched in upper part, branches flexuous. Leafsheaths usually glabrous; leaf blades flat, 10–30 × 0.5–2 cm,attenuate to a setaceous apex; ligule 1–2 mm. Spathate panicleup to 50 cm, branches very slender with spaced spathes subtendingsmall clusters of spatheoles; spatheole ovate in sideview, herbaceous, multiveined, up to 1 cm, often tipped by afimbriate ligule and narrow vestigial blade; peduncle 1–1.5mm; raceme 7–10 mm; pedicels oblong, 3–4 mm, glabrous or207. DIMERIA R. Brown, Prodr. 204. 1810.觿茅属 xi mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. Phillipsciliate upward. Sessile spikelet 4–5 mm; lower glume narrowlyelliptic-lanceolate; lower lemma as long as or shorter thanlower glume; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed with 4–12 mm awn,or entire to emarginate and awnless. Pedicelled spikelets lanceolate,awnless. Fl. and fr. Jul–Dec.Common in thickets and along forest margins, sometimes forminglarge masses; below 1800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands),Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia (Oman, Socotra), Australia(Queensland), Indian Ocean Islands (Mascarenes), Madagascar,Pacific Islands (New Caledonia)].This is a polymorphic species widespread in tropical Asia.Didactylon Zollinger & Moritzi; Haplachne Presl; Psilostachys Steudel; Pterygostachyum Nees ex Steudel.Annual or perennial. Culms often delicate, erect to decumbent, nodes bearded, the hairs directed upward. Leaf blades linear; liguleshort, membranous. Inflorescence terminal, composed of solitary or subdigitate racemes. Racemes 1-sided, spikelets single,shortly pedicelled, usually overlapping in 2 rows; rachis tough, triquetrous or flattened, spikelets disarticulating from pedicels at maturity;pedicels very short, broad, apex concave, margin truncate. Spikelets lanceolate or narrowly oblong, strongly laterally compressed;callus truncate, shortly bearded; glumes herbaceous or thinly papery, folded with a median keel, keel often winged, lowerglume narrower and slightly shorter than upper glume; lower floret reduced to a narrow hyaline lemma; upper floret bisexual, lemmahyaline, a little shorter than upper glume, apex shortly 2-toothed, awned from sinus; awn geniculate, sometimes weakly or almoststraight, glabrous; upper palea normally absent. Stamens 2. Caryopsis narrowly oblong, laterally compressed.About 40 species: India, China, and Japan to Indonesia, the Philippines, and Australia; six species (three endemic) in China.1a. Raceme with triquetrous rachis.2a. Awn 0.5–2.5 mm; raceme rachis smooth on angles ................................................................................................... 2. D. parva2b. Awn 6–11 mm; raceme rachis scabrid on angles ............................................................................................. 1. D. ornithopoda1b. Raceme with flattened rachis.3a. Perennial; racemes (1–)2–3; rachis usually glabrous along margins.4a. Anthers 1.7–2 mm; upper glume obscurely keeled except below apex, or if keeled throughout, wingnarrow .................................................................................................................................................................. 3. D. falcata4b. Anthers ca. 0.8 mm; upper glume distinctly keeled and broadly winged from base to apex .................. 4. D. guangxiensis3b. Annual; raceme solitary; rachis densely ciliate along margins.5a. Upper glume broadly winged from base to apex ............................................................................................... 5. D. sinensis5b. Upper glume narrowly winged only in upper 1/3 ............................................................................................ 6. D. solitaria

POACEAE 6151. Dimeria ornithopoda Trinius, Fund. Agrost. 167. 1820.觿茅 xi maoAnnual, delicate. Culms very slender, erect, 3–40(–60) cmtall, 2–17-noded. Leaf sheaths keeled, usually hispid, hairs scattered,tubercle-based; leaf blades green when young, becomingreddish, soft, 1.5–5 × 0.1–0.25 cm, hispid with scattered tubercle-basedhairs or glabrescent; ligule 0.5–1 mm, lacerate. Racemes2–3(–5), subdigitate, 1–6(–10) cm, ascending at first,then divergent; rachis triquetrous, scabrid on angles, internodes1–3 mm; pedicels ca. 0.2 mm, glabrous. Spikelets linear-oblong,1.7–3.2(–4.5) mm, usually purple or reddish brown; glumesherbaceous with broad scarious margins, scabrid, sometimeswith a few long stiff hairs near top of keel, or stiffly pilosethroughout, keel usually wingless, occasionally upper glumenarrowly winged, apex acute; upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate,1.6–2 mm; awn 6–11 mm, geniculate; upper palea absent. Anthers0.4–0.6 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov.Streams, moist places, often gregarious; below 2000 m. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan,Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea,Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; SWAsia (Oman), Australia, Pacific Islands (Polynesia)].This is a widespread, polymorphic species, in which a number ofinfraspecific taxa has been recognized.1a. Upper glume with rounded midline orsharply keeled only at apex, wingless......................................................... 1a. subsp. ornithopoda1b. Upper glume sharply keeled throughout,keel narrowly winged ...................... 1b. subsp. subrobusta1a. Dimeria ornithopoda subsp. ornithopoda觿茅 ( 原亚种 ) xi mao (yuan ya zhong)Dimeria hirtella B. S. Sun; D. tenera Trinius.Culms 3–40 cm tall. Racemes 2–3, 1–6 cm. Spikelets 1.7–3 mm; lower glume shorter than spikelet, dorsally scabrid,papery, margin membranous; upper glume with rounded midlineor sharply keeled only at apex. Fl. and fr. Oct–Nov.Streams, moist places; below 2000 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea,Malaysia, Philippines; Australia].1b. Dimeria ornithopoda subsp. subrobusta (Hackel) S. L.Chen & G. Y. Sheng, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 172.1997.具脊觿茅 ju ji xi maoDimeria ornithopoda var. subrobusta Hackel in A. Candolle& C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 82. 1889; D. heteranthaS. L. Chen & G. Y. Sheng.Culms up to 60 cm tall. Racemes 2–5, 2–8.5(–10) cm.Spikelets (2.5–)3–3.5(–4.5) mm; lower glume slightly shorteror equal to spikelet; upper glume sharply keeled throughout,keel narrowly winged. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.Mountain slopes, streams, valleys; below 1100 m. E, S, and SWChina [Japan].Three varieties have been recognized under this subspecies inChina, as follows: var. subrobusta Hackel, with culms 9–60 cm tall;spikelets reddish brown or pale, 3–3.5 mm; throughout the range of thesubspecies; var. nana Keng & Y. L. Yang (J. Nanjing Univ., Nat. Sci.Ed. 1980(4): 109. 1980), with culms 4–12 cm tall, 5–13-noded; spikeletsyellow, 3–4 mm; from Anhui; and var. plurinodis Keng & Y. L.Yang (loc. cit.), with culms 20–60 cm tall, 8–17-noded; spikelets 2.5–3mm; from Taiwan.The name Dimeria heterantha is based on an aberrant specimen ofD. ornithopoda. The lower lemma is a small, hyaline scale, and the upperlemma is geniculately awned as usual. The upper floret possesses aminute palea, and a third awned lemma is placed above it.2. Dimeria parva (Keng & Y. L. Yang) S. L. Chen & G. Y.Sheng, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 175. 1997.小觿茅 xiao xi maoDimeria ornithopoda Trinius var. parva Keng & Y. L.Yang, J. Nanjing Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 1980(4): 108. 1980.Annual. Culms erect, 5–11 cm tall, 5–15-noded, muchbranched, nodes slightly pubescent or subglabrous. Leaf sheathsglabrous, longer than internodes except the uppermost; leafblades linear-lanceolate, 1–3.5 × 0.1–0.25 cm, adaxial surfacebrownish, abaxial surface pale brown, loosely tuberculate-hairyat base, otherwise glabrous; ligule 0.5–0.7 mm. Racemes 2, 1–2.5 cm; rachis triquetrous, smooth on angles. Spikelets 3–3.5mm, reddish brown; glumes papery with membranous margins,glabrous, upper glume winged along keel, apex acute or acuminate;upper lemma subentire; awn flexuous, 0.5–2.5 mm, usuallyexserted from spikelet; upper palea absent. Anthers yellow,ca. 0.5 mm. Caryopsis ca. 1.5 mm.● Streams. Taiwan.This species differs from Dimeria ornithopoda by its muchbranchedhabit, subglabrous nodes, and subentire upper lemma with astraight awn included within the spikelet.3. Dimeria falcata Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle,Monogr. Phan. 6: 85. 1889.镰形觿茅 lian xing xi maoPerennial. Culms tufted, wiry, erect or rooting at lowestnodes, 20–70 cm tall, branching, 2–9-noded. Leaf sheaths hirsutewith short tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades dark green orreddish, linear, 10–20 × 0.2–0.3 mm, hirsute, adaxial surfacewith broad white midrib, apex finely acuminate; ligule 0.4–0.5mm. Racemes 2–3, slightly curved, 2–7 cm, divergent; rachisflattened, margins winged, wing margin scabrid or white-ciliate,internodes 1.5–2 mm; pedicels 0.4–0.5 mm, bearded onouter or both margins. Spikelets linear-oblong, 3.5–4.5 mm,reddish brown or nearly purplish; glumes papery, upper glumewith broad scarious margins, back rounded, keeled and scabridor narrowly winged below apex, or keeled and winged throughout,white-pilose near margins and on keel, apex acute; upperlemma oblanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm; awn 7–10 mm, geniculate;upper palea absent. Anthers 1.7–2 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.Swampy slopes, lakesides. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan[India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

616POACEAE1a. Raceme rachis scabrid along margins; upperglume obscurely keeled except below apex,winged only below apex ............................. 3a. var. falcata1b. Raceme rachis white-ciliate along margins;upper glume sharply keeled throughout,keel narrowly winged .......................... 3b. var. taiwaniana3a. Dimeria falcata var. falcata镰形觿茅 ( 原变种 ) lian xing xi mao (yuan bian zhong)Dimeria falcata var. tenuior Keng & Y. L. Yang.Rachis of raceme scabrid along margins. Upper glumerounded on back, only keeled below apex, keel winged or not.Fl. and fr. autumn.Swampy slopes, lakesides. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan[India, Myanmar, Thailand].3b. Dimeria falcata var. taiwaniana (Ohwi) S. L. Chen & G.Y. Sheng, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 179. 1997.台湾觿茅 tai wan xi maoDimeria taiwaniana Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 58.1935.Rachis of raceme white-ciliate along margins. Upper glumedistinctly keeled from base to apex, keel narrowly winged.Moist slopes. Fujian, Taiwan [Vietnam].4. Dimeria guangxiensis S. L. Chen & G. Y. Sheng, Bull. Bot.Res., Harbin 13: 77. 1993.广西觿茅 guang xi xi maoAnnual. Culms erect, 35–40 cm tall, 6–8-noded, branching.Leaf sheaths densely hairy, hairs tubercle-based; leaf bladeslinear-lanceolate, 2–5 × 0.15–0.35 cm, adaxial surface reddishbrown, abaxial surface yellowish brown, puberulous, hairs tubercle-based,apex acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Racemes 1–2,2.5–3.5 cm; rachis ca. 0.8 mm wide, usually glabrous. Spikeletsoblong, ca. 3.5 mm, brown; lower glume shortly ciliate alongkeel, upper glume broadly winged along keel, wing marginshortly ciliate; upper lemma ca. 2.5 mm; awn ca. 8 mm, almoststraight. Anthers ca. 0.8 mm. Caryopsis ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr.Oct.● Grassy hillsides; below 500 m. Guangxi.5. Dimeria sinensis Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 359. 1904.华觿茅 hua xi maoAnnual. Culms slender, erect, 12–40 cm tall, usually unbranched,5–8-noded. Leaf sheaths reddish with age, hispid,hairs tubercle-based; leaf blades linear, 1.5–9 × 0.2–0.4 cm,abaxial surface green, smooth and glabrous, adaxial surfacereddish, setose with tubercle-based 3–5 mm bristles, especiallynear margins; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Raceme solitary, 2–5.5 cm,slightly flexuous; rachis flattened, 0.4–0.7 mm wide, marginsnarrowly winged, densely ciliate with white silky hairs; internodesca. 1.5 mm; pedicels 0.3–0.5 mm, white bearded on outermargin. Spikelets oblong, 3.5–4 mm, reddish brown or purplishbrown; glumes papery, sharply keeled, keel of upper glumebroadly winged from base to apex, lower glume keel and upperglume wing margin densely white-ciliate, abaxial flank silkywhitevillous near margin, adaxial flank sparsely hairy, apexacute; upper lemma oblong, ca. 2.7 mm; awn 12–14 mm, geniculate;upper palea absent. Anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Caryopsis oblong,ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn.Hillsides, roadsides, damp waste ground; below 1000 m. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Thailand].6. Dimeria solitaria Keng & Y. L. Yang, J. Nanjing Univ.,Nat. Sci. Ed. 1980(4): 106. 1980.单生觿茅 dan sheng xi maoAnnual. Culms erect or slightly geniculate at base, 9–19cm tall, 3–6-noded. Leaf sheaths puberulous, hairs tuberclebased;leaf blades linear, 1–3 × 0.1–0.25 cm, abaxial surfaceand margins loosely tuberculate-hairy; ligule ca. 0.4 mm. Racemesolitary, 1.5–2.5 cm; rachis flattened, ca. 1 mm wide,margins densely ciliate. Spikelets oblong, ca. 3 mm, reddishbrown; glumes papery, lower glume densely ciliate along keel,densely pubescent near margins; upper glume densely ciliatealong keel, narrowly winged along upper 1/2 of keel; upperlemma ca. 2 mm; awn 8–10 mm, geniculate. Anthers ca. 0.8mm.● Damp waste ground. Guangdong.This species is related to Dimeria sinensis, but is a smaller plant,with the upper glume winged only in the upper third.208. ARTHRAXON P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 111. 1812.Batratherum Nees; Lucaea Kunth; Pleuroplitis Trinius.荩草属 jin cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual or perennial. Culms slender, much branched, often trailing, nodes bearded or infrequently glabrous. Leaf blades lanceolateto ovate, cordate, often clasping culm, usually pectinate-setose on lower margins; ligule membranous, hairy on margin and back.Inflorescence of subdigitate, slender, fragile racemes, these terminal on culms and branches, not spathate; rachis internodes andpedicels filiform to linear, glabrous or ciliate on angles; spikelets of a pair dissimilar, or spikelets apparently solitary. Sessile spikeletlinear to lanceolate, dorsally or laterally compressed; callus short, truncate; lower glume membranous to leathery, back flat or convex,several-veined, with or without lateral keels, scaberulous to spinulose; upper glume boat-shaped, keel herbaceous, margins hyaline,apex acute to mucronate; lower floret reduced to an empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma hyaline, entire or shortly 2-toothed,awned from near base; awn geniculate, glabrous. Stamens 2 or 3. Caryopsis terete. Pedicelled spikelet variable, awnless, welldeveloped, reduced, or represented by the pedicel only, sometimes almost completely suppressed. x = 9.

POACEAE 617About 26 species: Old World tropics, mainly in India; introduced in America; 12 species (one endemic) in China.Arthraxon is a rather isolated genus with no obvious close relatives, distinguished from the other awned Andropogoneae by its broad, claspingleaf blades on slender, branching culms, together with a sub-basally awned fertile lemma. It is superficially similar to Microstegium, but that genus hasawned pedicelled spikelets.1a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet laterally 2-keeled, margins inflexed; perennial; anthers 3.2a. Keels of lower glume stoutly pectinate-spinose, intercarinal veins usually muricate; leaf blades pubescent;uppermost sheath inflated, spathelike .................................................................................................................... 1. A. echinatus2b. Keels of lower glume tuberculate or almost smooth, intercarinal veins smooth or scaberulous; leaf bladesglabrous or sparsely hispid; uppermost sheath tightly cylindrical.3a. Plant with knotty rootstock covered in velvety scales; lower glume of sessile spikelet with 2 rows oftubercles along each keel, intercarinal veins obscure except near apex ......................................................... 2. A. prionodes3b. Plant with spreading branching rhizomes; lower glume of sessile spikelet with 1 row of tuberclesalong each keel, intercarinal veins visible from base .................................................................................. 3. A. epectinatus1b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet without lateral keels, margins flat; annual or perennial; anthers 2 or 3.4a. Sessile spikelets 1.2–2.1 mm .............................................................................................................................. 6. A. junnarensis4b. Sessile spikelets 2–8 mm.5a. Pedicelled spikelets present, at least at raceme apex.6a. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, strongly scabrid to spinulose ........................................................................ 7. A. hispidus6b. Sessile spikelets smooth to scaberulous.7a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet linear, obscurely veined, smooth below middle ........................ 11. A. lancifolius7b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet lanceolate or elliptic, strongly 6- or 7-veined with deepgrooves between ......................................................................................................................... 12. A. microphyllus5b. Pedicelled spikelets absent or vestigial, represented by the pedicel only, this sometimes reduced to aminute stump.8a. Stamens 2.9a. Culms 10–30 cm tall; lower glume 5–9-veined .................................................................................. 7. A. hispidus9b. Culms 30–60 cm tall; lower glume 9–11-veined ............................................................................ 8. A. multinervis8b. Stamens 3.10a. Sessile spikelets 4–8 mm; anthers (1.5–)2–3.5 mm.11a. Raceme bases terete, pubescent all over; upper glume broad, leathery, hyaline margins0.1–0.2 mm; lemma margins ciliate ....................................................................................... 4. A. castratus11b. Raceme bases flattened on inner face, only flattened surface pubescent; upper glumenarrow, leathery, hyaline margins 0.6–0.7 mm; lemma margins glabrous .............................. 5. A. typicus10b. Sessile spikelets 2.8–4.2 mm; anthers 0.4–2 mm.12a. Sessile spikelets apparently awnless; anthers 1.5–2 mm .................................................... 9. A. submuticus12b. Sessile spikelets with exserted awn; anthers 0.4–0.5 mm ......................................................... 10. A. nudus1. Arthraxon echinatus (Nees) Hochstetter, Flora 39: 188.1856.粗刺荩草 cu ci jin caoAndropogon echinatus (Nees) Heyne; Arthraxon lanceolatus(Roxburgh) Hochstetter var. echinatus (Nees) Hackel; A.spathaceus J. D. Hooker; Batratherum echinatum Nees.?Perennial (base not seen). Culms straggling, ascending to60 cm. Leaf sheaths tuberculate-hispid, uppermost sheathslightly inflated, spathelike with reduced blade; leaf blades lanceolate,3–6 cm × 7–13 mm, both surfaces pubescent, base amplexicaul,margins closely pectinate-ciliate along whole length,apex acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. Racemes 2–3, ca. 5 cm, suberect,yellowish green, enclosed at base in uppermost sheath orfinally shortly exserted; rachis internodes ca. 2/3 length of sessilespikelets, shortly ciliate, hairs 0.3–1 mm. Sessile spikelet5.2–7 mm; lower glume lanceolate, shallowly convex, laterallykeeled, margins inflexed, keels stoutly pectinate-spinose, back3–7-veined between keels, muricate along length of veins, oronly toward apex, or occasionally completely absent; upperlemma acuminate or shortly 2-toothed; awn 8–13 mm. Pedicelledspikelet narrowly lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm, sterile, infrequentlyreduced toward raceme base; pedicel stout, less thanhalf internode length. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 18.Mountain slopes, streams; 1900–2300 m. Yunnan [India, Nepal].2. Arthraxon prionodes (Steudel) Dandy in Andrews, Fl. Pl.Sudan 3: 399. 1956.茅叶荩草 mao ye jin caoAndropogon prionodes Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 383.1854, based on A. serrulatus A. Richard, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2:458. 1850, not Link (1827); Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxburgh)Hochstetter var. glabratus S. L. Chen & Y. X. Jin; A. pilophorusB. S. Sun.Perennial, loosely tufted, base knotty, covered in silky-tomentosescales. Culms stiff, erect or straggling, 40–60 cm long.Leaf sheaths glabrous or tuberculate-hispid; leaf blades lanceolateto narrowly ovate, tough, glaucous, 2–7 cm × 5–15 mm,usually glabrous, base rounded, margins cartilaginous and pec-

618POACEAEtinate-setose from stout tubercles, apex setaceously acuminate;ligule 0.5–1 mm. Racemes 2–11, 2–7 cm, pale green or tingedpurple, suberect; rachis internodes 1/3–2/3 length of sessilespikelets, pilose, hairs increasing to 2–3 mm at apex. Sessilespikelet 5.8–7.2 mm; lower glume linear, strongly convex, laterallykeeled, margins inflexed, back obscurely veined belowmiddle, glabrous or puberulous, rarely shortly pubescent, 5scaberulous veins between keels toward apex, keels stoutly tuberculate-spinose,a second row of smaller tubercles on innerside of keels; upper lemma subentire to shortly denticulate, teeth0.1–0.4 mm; awn 10–15 mm; palea absent. Anthers 3, 2.4–3.8mm. Pedicelled spikelet narrowly lanceolate, 4–5 mm, staminate.Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 16, 36.Rocky mountain slopes, streamsides, roadsides. Anhui, Beijing,Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand,Vietnam; E Africa, SW Asia].Arthraxon prionodes has often been confused with A. lanceolatus(Roxburgh) Hochstetter, from the hills of S India. The latter speciesdiffers in its slightly broader, linear-lanceolate sessile glume with a flatback between the tuberculate lateral keels and obvious, raised intercarinalveins clearly visible from the glume base upward.Occasionally the sessile glume is shortly pubescent, and the nameArthraxon pilophorus is based on such a plant. The name A. lanceolatusvar. raizadae (Jain et al.) Welzen has been misapplied in China to thisvariant. It correctly applies to a low annual from peninsular India withlong (6–7 mm), velutinous sessile spikelets.3. Arthraxon epectinatus B. S. Sun & H. Peng, Guizhou Sci.9: 289. 1991.光脊荩草 guang ji jin caoArthraxon guizhouensis S. L. Chen & Y. X. Jin; A. xinanensisS. L. Chen & Y. X. Jin; A. xinanensis var. laxiflorus S.L. Chen & Y. X. Jin.Perennial with spreading branching rhizomes. Culms stiff,erect or decumbent, 30–70 cm long. Leaf sheaths glabrous ortuberculate-hispid; leaf blades lanceolate, firm, green or glaucous,3–10 cm × 4–15 mm, glabrous or sparsely hispid, basesubcordate, margins serrulate, pectinate-setose near base, apexslenderly acuminate; ligule 0.5–1.5 mm. Racemes 2–6, 3–10cm, yellowish green, lax, slightly flexuous; rachis internodesslightly shorter to equaling sessile spikelets, margins villous.Sessile spikelet 5–7 mm; lower glume linear-lanceolate, herbaceous,shallowly convex, laterally keeled, margins inflexed,glabrous, 5–7-veined between keels, veins visible along lengthof glume, keels scabrid to tuberculate in a single row, tuberclesspinescent toward apex; upper lemma awned from 0.75–1.3mm above base, apex subentire or 2-denticulate, teeth (0.1–)0.5–0.7 mm; awn 7.5–13 mm; palea 0.5–1 mm. Anthers 3, 2.4–3.5 mm. Pedicelled spikelet narrowly lanceolate, 4.5–6 mm,staminate; pedicel villous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.Grassy slopes, among rocks, roadsides; 700–2500 m. Gansu (Wenxian),Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal].This grass is easily confused with Arthraxon prionodes when thebase is absent. However, besides the key characters of the lower glume,A. epectinatus is also distinguished by some less obvious differences.The leaf blades are usually a little narrower with the cartilaginous marginserrulate (vs. smooth) between the tubercle-based bristles, the awnarises slightly higher up the back of the upper lemma, and an upper paleais present. The apex of the upper lemma is not deeply 2-toothed asreported in Chinese literature. The delicate hyaline tissue is easily splitdown the midline during dissection.Like Arthraxon prionodes, this grass has often been misidentifiedas the S Indian species A. lanceolatus (Roxburgh) Hochstetter, whichhas flatter, lower glumes with fewer, more prominent intercarinal veins,and a sub-basally awned upper lemma.4. Arthraxon castratus (Griffith) V. Narayanaswami ex. Bor,Fl. Assam 5: 376. 1940.海南荩草 hai nan jin caoAndropogon castratus Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 89. 1851;A. pilipes Backer; A. rudis Nees ex Steudel; Arthraxon hainanensisKeng & S. L. Chen; A. rudis (Nees ex Steudel) Hochstetter.Perennial. Culms straggling, decumbent, rooting from lowernodes, 60–200 cm long, culm apex pubescent. Leaf sheathsglabrous to densely papillose-hispid; leaf blades lanceolate, 3–11 cm × 7–15 mm, glabrous or sparsely appressed-hispid, basecordate, margins pectinate-setose, apex acuminate; ligule 1–2mm. Racemes 2–5, 3–7 cm, brownish green or purplish brown,raceme bases slenderly terete, pubescent; rachis internodes 1/3–4/5 length of sessile spikelets, softly pilose, hairs 0.4–1.5 mm.Sessile spikelet 4–8 mm; lower glume broadly lanceolate,leathery, weakly convex, not laterally keeled, margins flat, backasperulous, 7–9-veined, tuberculate-spinulose above middle especiallynear margins, spicules longer toward apex; upperglume longer than lower glume, broadly leathery, hyaline margins0.1–0.2 mm, spicules present along upper midline; lemmamargins ciliate; upper lemma 2-toothed, teeth ca. 0.4 mm; awn10–14 mm; palea lanceolate, 1/2 length of lemma. Anthers 3,2–3.8 mm. Pedicelled spikelet absent; pedicel subulate, 1–3mm, pilose. Fl. and fr. autumn–winter. 2n = 18, 36.Dry mountain slopes. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, SriLanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia (Queensland)].Arthraxon castratus has a distinctive, narrowly elongate, pubescentbase to each raceme, and the pubescence is carried down onto theupper part of the culm. The unusually broad, leathery upper glume alsoimparts a characteristic, broad side view to the spikelets.5. Arthraxon typicus (Buse) Koorders, Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1:110. 1911.洱源荩草 er yuan jin caoLucaea typica Buse in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 467. 1854; Arthraxonbreviaristatus Hackel; A. hispidus (Thunberg) Makinovar. robustior Welzen; A. junghuhnii (Steudel) Hochstetter; A.maopingensis S. L. Chen & Y. X. Jin; Lucaea junghuhnii Steudel.Perennial. Culms decumbent, rooting from lower nodes,60 cm or more long. Leaf sheaths glabrous or tuberculatehispid;leaf blades ovate or lanceolate, 6–10 cm × 10–23 mm,both surfaces subglabrous to hispid, base amplexicaul, marginspectinate-setose at least toward base, apex cuspidate; ligule 0.5–1 mm. Racemes 5–13, 3–8 cm, pale green or purplish, raceme

POACEAE 619bases flattened on inner face, flattened surface pubescent; rachisinternodes 1/2–4/5 length of sessile spikelets, glabrous or thinlyciliate, hairs 0.2–0.5 mm. Sessile spikelet 4–5.5 mm; lowerglume lanceolate, leathery, weakly convex, margins not inflexed,back asperulous, 7–9-veined, small spinulose tuberclesalong veins, rarely tubercles sparse; upper glume equaling orslightly longer than lower glume, narrowly leathery, hyalinemargins 0.6–0.7 mm, midline smooth; lemma margins not ciliate;upper lemma subentire or 2-toothed, teeth 0.1–0.35 mm;awn 5–11 mm; palea absent. Anthers 3, (1.5–)2–3 mm. Pedicelledspikelet absent; pedicel subulate, glabrous or thinly ciliate,up to 2 mm.Moist places; 1300–2000 m. Guangdong, Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia,N Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].Arthraxon typicus resembles A. castratus, but, besides the keycharacters, differs by its shorter awns and lack of a palea. It is alsosimilar to A. hispidus, but is a more vigorous perennial and can beclearly distinguished by the presence of 3 longer anthers. Awn length isvariable and, when short, the awn may be exserted from the spikelet byless than ca. 2 mm.6. Arthraxon junnarensis S. K. Jain & Hemadri, J. BombayNat. Hist. Soc. 68: 300. 1971.微穗荩草 wei sui jin caoArthraxon hispidus (Thunberg) Makino var. junnarensis(Jain & Hemadri) Welzen.Culms very slender, much branched, 5–30 cm tall. Leafsheaths glabrous; ligule ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blades lanceolate toovate, 0.6–3 cm × 3–12 mm, glabrous on both surfaces or laxlytuberculate-hispid, margins pectinate-ciliate below middle. Racemes2–3, 0.7–0.9 cm; rachis internodes 0.6–1.5 mm, glabrousor pilose. Sessile spikelet 1.2–2.1 mm; lower glumebroadly lanceolate, papery, convex, margins not inflexed, 7-veined above middle, veins hispidulous; upper glume glabrous,smooth; lower lemma usually absent, if present, then ca. 1 mm;awn ca. 6 mm. Anthers 2, ca. 0.5 mm. Pedicelled spikelet absent.Stream banks, damp places; ca. 1100 m. W Yunnan (Zhenkang)[W India].This is apparently a rare species, otherwise known only from thestate of Maharashtra in W India. Specimens from Yunnan have not beenseen by the authors.7. Arthraxon hispidus (Thunberg) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)26: 214. 1912.荩草 jin caoAnnual. Culms slender, sprawling, decumbent, rootingfrom lower nodes, weakly ascending up to 30 cm or more. Leafsheaths glabrous to tuberculate-hispid, margin ciliate; leaf bladesovate to narrowly ovate, 2–5 cm × 6–15 mm, glabrous or hispid,base amplexicaul, margins pectinate-setose at least aroundbase, apex sharply acute; ligule 0.5–3 mm. Racemes 2–10 ormore, 1.5–4 cm, pale green or purple; rachis internodes (1/2–)2/3–3/4 length of sessile spikelets, glabrous or sparsely todensely pilose, hairs less than 0.5 mm. Sessile spikelet 3–5 mm;lower glume lanceolate, weakly convex, margins not inflexed,6–9-veined, veins scabrid-hispidulous to spinulose; upper glumeslightly longer than lower, apex cuspidate; awn up to 11 mm,well developed and exserted from glumes, or sometimes reducedand included; palea absent. Anthers 2, 0.7–1 mm. Pedicelledspikelet usually absent; pedicel reduced to a minutestump, sometimes up to 2 mm or more at raceme apex, glabrous,sparsely ciliate, or infrequently densely pilose. Fl. and fr.Sep–Nov. 2n = 10, 18, 36.Streamsides, damp meadows, among crops, other moist places;100–2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi,Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Nepal,New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia (Far East), Sri Lanka,Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan; Africa, SW Asia (Caucasus, Oman),Australia].Arthraxon hispidus is an extremely polymorphic, polyploid species,to which many names have been applied, both at specific and infraspecificrank. It is now a widespread weed, occurring in many warmtemperateand tropical parts of the world.Arthraxon hispidus is based on a gathering from Japan with rathersmall (ca. 3.5 mm), spinulose spikelets and glabrous raceme internodesand pedicel stumps. Arthraxon micans is based on a gathering from NEIndia with slightly longer (ca. 4.2 mm), merely scabrid spikelets anddensely pilose internodes and pedicels. These two entities are oftenmaintained as separate species. While populations at the margins of thedistribution of this widespread taxon are often fairly uniform, over themain part of its distribution in SE Asia and China there is every possiblecombination of characters. It has proved impossible to recognize morethan one species in China.The awn is usually well developed and clearly exserted, but thereis continuous variation through more shortly awned forms to those withthe awn included within the glumes, thereby making the spikelets appearawnless. The name Arthraxon hispidus var. cryptatherus has beenapplied in China to apparently awnless forms, but in fact the type of thespecies name, from Japan, has included awns. Arthraxon langsdorffii isbased on a Japanese specimen with well-exserted awns.Pubescence of the rachis internodes and pedicels, spikelet length,and degree of development of spinules on the lower glume are also veryvariable and without clear discontinuities. Spikelet length given hereapplies to specimens seen from China. Elsewhere, spikelets may be aslong as ca. 8 mm. Infrequently, lanceolate pedicelled spikelets up to 3.5mm are present at the raceme apex, including on the type of Arthraxonmicans. Such specimens are easily distinguished from A. lancifolius bytheir flatter, broader, spinulose sessile spikelets.1a. Leaf blades glabrous or puberulous onabaxial surface; tubercle-based bristlespresent on lower 1/3 of leaf marginsonly ........................................................... 7a. var. hispidus1b. Leaf blades thinly hispid on both surfaces;tubercle-based bristles present onmargins for most of length frombase .................................................. 7b. var. centrasiaticus7a. Arthraxon hispidus var. hispidus荩草 ( 原变种 ) jin cao (yuan bian zhong)Phalaris hispida Thunberg, Syst. Veg., ed 14, 104. 1784;Alectoridia quartiniana A. Richard; Andropogon micans (Nees)Steudel; Arthraxon ciliaris P. Beauvois; A. ciliaris var. cryp-

620POACEAEtatherus Hackel; A. ciliaris var. hookeri Hackel; A. cryptatherus(Hackel) Koidzumi; A. cuspidatus Hochstetter ex A. Richardvar. micans (Nees) Hackel; A. hispidus Humboldt & Bonplandex Willdenow subsp. langsdorffii (Thunberg) Tzvelev; A. hispidusvar. cryptatherus (Hackel) Honda; A. hispidus var. muticus(Honda) Ohwi; A. hookeri (Hackel) Henrard; A. langsdorffii(Trinius) Hochstetter ex Roshevitz; A. micans (Nees) Hochstetter;A. okamotoi Ohwi; A. pauciflorus Honda; A. pauciflorusvar. muticus Honda; A. quartinianus (A. Richard) Nash; Batratherummicans Nees; Digitaria hispida (Thunberg) Sprengel;Lasiolytrum hispidum (Thunberg) Steudel; Pleuroplitis langsdorffiiTrinius; P. langsdorffii var. chinensis Regel.Leaf blades ovate, glabrous or abaxial surface occasionallypuberulous, lower 1/3 of margins pectinate with tubercle-basedbristle; awn variable, well developed or reduced. Fl. and fr.Sep–Nov.Streamsides, damp meadows, among crops, other moist places;100–2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi,Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Nepal,New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia (Far East), Sri Lanka,Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan; Africa, SW Asia (Caucasus, Oman),Australia].7b. Arthraxon hispidus var. centrasiaticus (Grisebach) Honda,Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 278. 1925.中亚荩草 zhong ya jin caoPleuroplitis centrasiatica Grisebach in Ledebour, Fl. Ross.4: 477. 1853; Arthraxon centrasiaticus (Grisebach) Gamajuova;A. ciliaris P. Beauvois var. centrasiaticus (Grisebach) Hackel;A. hispidus (Thunberg) Makino subsp. centrasiaticus (Grisebach)Tzvelev; Pleuroplitis langsdorffii Trinius var. centrasiatica(Grisebach) Regel.Leaf blades lanceolate, 1–3 cm, sparsely hispid on bothsurfaces, margins pectinate with tubercle-based bristles for mostof length from base; awn well developed, long exserted. Fl. andfr. Aug–Sep.Moist places. C, E, and N China [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,Uzbekistan; C and SW Asia].This is a primarily C Asian variant, now adventive elsewhere.8. Arthraxon multinervis S. L. Chen & Y. X. Jin, Bull. Bot.Res., Harbin 13: 102. 1993 [“multinervus”].多脉荩草 duo mai jin caoAnnual. Culms robust, decumbent at base, 30–60 cm tall.Leaf sheaths densely hispid with tubercle-based hairs, margindensely ciliate; leaf blades narrowly ovate, 4–7 cm × 12–18mm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cordate, margins pectinatespinose,apex slenderly acuminate. Racemes 2–7, 3–4 cm; rachisinternodes 2/3–3/4 length of sessile spikelets, pilose. Sessilespikelet 4–4.5 mm; lower glume lanceolate, weakly convex,margins not inflexed, 9–11-veined, veins scabrid or tuberculatehairy,apex acuminate; upper glume shorter than lower, apexacuminate; awn 1.5–4 mm, included or rarely slightly exserted;palea absent. Anthers 2, ca. 0.8 mm. Pedicelled spikelet absent,pedicel ca. 0.4 mm. Fl. and fr. Oct–Dec.● Mountain slopes; 1200 m. Guizhou.This is a rather robust segregate from the polymorphic species Arthraxonhispidus.9. Arthraxon submuticus (Nees ex Steudel) Hochstetter, Flora39: 188. 1856.无芒荩草 wu mang jin caoAndropogon submuticus Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac.1: 382. 1854; Arthraxon ciliaris P. Beauvois subsp. submuticus(Nees ex Steudel) Hackel; Batratherum submuticum(Nees ex Steudel) W. Watson.Annual, loosely tufted. Culms decumbent, moderatelybranched, 10–30 cm tall. Leaf sheaths shorter than internodes,densely tuberculate-hispid to glabrous, margin tuberculate-ciliate;leaf blades ovate, 2–6 cm × 5–20 mm, hispid with scatterdhairs or glabrous, base amplexicaul, margins densely pectinatesetose,apex sharply acuminate; ligule ca. 2 mm. Racemes 3–10, 2–4(–8) cm, pale green or purplish; rachis internodes ca. 3/4length of sessile spikelets, glabrous. Sessile spikelet 2.8–4.2mm; lower glume narrowly elliptic, herbaceous, convex, marginsnot inflexed, 6–8-veined, veins strongly scabrid, apex subacute;upper glume subequal to lower glume, scabrid alongkeel, apex acute; upper lemma lanceolate, acute; awn rudimentary,shorter than lemma, not exserted; palea present, small.Anthers 3, 1.5–2 mm. Pedicelled spikelet absent; pedicel up to2 mm at raceme apex, glabrous.River banks, moist places; 1600–2100 m. Yunnan [NW India, Nepal].This species is similar to awnless forms of Arthraxon hispidus, buthas a slightly plumper sessile spikelet with a broader apex, as well asthree longer anthers.10. Arthraxon nudus (Nees ex Steudel) Hochstetter, Flora 39:188. 1856.光轴荩草 guang zhou jin caoAndropogon nudus Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1:383. 1854; Arthraxon ciliaris P. Beauvois subsp. nudus (Neesex Steudel) Hackel; A. hispidus (Thunberg) Makino var. nudus(Nees ex Steudel) Ohwi.Annual. Culms rather stiff, decumbent, ascending to 50cm. Leaf sheaths glabrous or tuberculate-hispid; leaf bladesnarrowly ovate, 2–8 cm × 5–20 mm, glabrous on both surfaces,base amplexicaul, margins scabrid or pectinate-setose at base,apex sharply acuminate to caudate; ligule 2–3 mm. Racemesvery slender, 3–9, often rebranched and hence up to 20, 2–8 cm,suberect when young, stiffly divergent at maturity; rachis internodes4/5 as long to equaling spikelets, glabrous. Sessile spikelet3–4.5 mm; lower glume linear-lanceolate, leathery, stronglyconvex, margins not inflexed, back minutely granular, obscurely6–7-veined below middle, veins scabrid above middle, apexacute; upper glume with acute apex; awn 5.7–9 mm. Anthers 3,0.4–1 mm. Pedicelled spikelet absent; pedicel 1–2 mm, glabrous.Swamps, shady places, roadsides; 1200–1300 m. Yunnan [India,Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand; SW Asia (Oman)].When anthers are absent, Arthraxon nudus is best distinguishedfrom A. hispidus by its very slender racemes of narrow spikelets spaced

POACEAE 621almost their own distance apart. The racemes finally spread divaricatelyas they disarticulate.11. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trinius) Hochstetter, Flora 39: 188.1856.小叶荩草 xiao ye jin caoAndropogon lancifolius Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 271. 1833; Arthraxonmicrophyllus (Trinius) Hochstetter var. lancifolius (Trinius)Hackel; A. mollis (Nees) Duthie; A. schimperi (Hochstetter exA. Richard) Hochstetter; Batratherum lancifolium (Trinius) W.Watson; B. molle Nees; Lucaea schimperi (Hochstetter ex A.Richard) Steudel; Pleuroplitis lancifolia (Trinius) Regel; Psilopogonschimperi Hochstetter ex A. Richard.Annual, delicate. Culms loosely tufted, very slender, decumbent,much branched, up to 30 cm long, glabrous or pubescent.Leaf sheaths loose, margin ciliate; leaf blades ellipticto narrowly ovate, thin, flaccid, 0.5–4 cm × 2–9 mm, puberulentto densely pubescent, often with scattered tubercle-based hairs,base cordate, basal margins pectinate-setose, apex setaceouslyacuminate; ligule 0.7–1.5 mm. Racemes 2–9, 1–2.5 cm; rachisinternodes 1/2 length of sessile spikelets, margins silky ciliate,hairs increasing to 1.5–2.5 mm at apex. Sessile spikelet 2–3.3mm; lower glume linear, strongly convex, margins not inflexed,veins indistinct in lower part, scaberulous toward apex, apexfinely 2-toothed; upper glume extended into 0.5–1.5 mm apicalmucro; awn 4–8 mm; palea absent. Anthers 2, 0.5–0.7 mm.Pedicelled spikelet usually present at least at raceme apex, lanceolate,1.5–2.5 mm, sterile, usually composed of 2 emptyglumes. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov. 2n = 18, 36.Damp rocky places on mountain slopes. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan[Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan,Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; E Africa, SW Asia (S Arabia)].Young inflorescences should be examined for pedicelled spikelets,as these may be present only at the tips of the racemes and soondisarticulate.12. Arthraxon microphyllus (Trinius) Hochstetter, Flora 39:188. 1856.小荩草 xiao jin caoAndropogon microphyllus Trinius, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 275. 1833; A. lancifoliusTrinius var. microphyllus (Trinius) Kuntze; A. sikkimensis Bor;Pleuroplitis microphylla (Trinius) Regel.Ephemeral, delicate. Culms solitary or loosely tufted, veryslender, 10–25 cm tall, glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous to hispid;leaf blades lanceolate to ovate, 0.5–1.5 cm × ca. 5 mm,tuberculate-hispid on both surfaces, base rounded, marginstuberculate-setose, apex acuminate; ligule 1.5–2 mm. Racemes1–3, 1–2.5 cm; rachis internodes 2/3 length of sessile spikelets,margins ciliate, hairs increasing to 1–1.3 mm at apex. Sessilespikelet 3–4 mm; lower glume elliptic or lanceolate, shallowlyconvex or almost flat, margins not inflexed, strongly 6- or 7-veined with deep grooves between, veins smooth except belowapex, apex emarginate; upper glume with acute apex; awn 8–10.5 mm; palea absent. Anthers 2, 0.6–0.8 mm. Pedicelledspikelet present throughout, linear, 2–3.5 mm, male or sterileand reduced to 2 empty glumes. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov. 2n = 18.Dry mountain slopes; 2000–3000 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India,Nepal, N Thailand].209. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2: 331. 1829.裂稃草属 lie fu cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Leaf blades linear or oblong-linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a solitary slender fragile raceme,racemes axillary, supported by a spatheole; rachis internodes and pedicels filiform to clavate, glabrous to ciliate or villous, apexcupular with scarious lobed rim; spikelets of a pair dissimilar. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed or squeezed between internodeand pedicel; callus obconical, obtuse, shortly bearded, inserted into internode apex; lower glume papery to leathery, convex, linear tolanceolate, flanks inflexed, often 2-keeled, usually wingless, intercarinal veins several, sometimes faint; upper glume boat-shaped,cuspidate to mucronate; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma hyaline, deeply 2-lobed, awned from sinus; awngeniculate, column glabrous. Stamens 3. Caryopsis linear. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, usually smaller than sessile, sometimesmuch reduced.About 60 species: throughout the tropics and subtropics; four species in China.Schizachyrium is closely related to Andropogon, differing mainly by its single racemes. The convex lemma of the sessile spikelet and scarious,cupular internode apex are additional features characteristic of Schizachyrium.1a. Perennial; leaf blades 5–50 cm.2a. Racemes 3–9 cm; sessile spikelet linear, 5–8 mm ............................................................................................. 1. S. sanguineum2b. Racemes 1–4 cm; sessile spikelet lanceolate-oblong, 3.6–6 mm ............................................................................ 2. S. delavayi1b. Annual; leaf blades 1.5–8 cm.3a. Sessile spikelet 2.5–4 mm; leaf blades (1–)2–7 mm wide, apex obtuse ............................................................. 3. S. brevifolium3b. Sessile spikelet 6–7 mm; leaf blades 1–2 mm wide, apex subacute ........................................................................... 4. S. fragile

622POACEAE1. Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retzius) Alston in Trimen,Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 334. 1931.红裂稃草 hong lie fu caoRottboellia sanguinea Retzius, Observ. Bot. 3: 25. 1783;Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth; A. sanguineus (Retzius)Merrill; Schizachyrium hirtiflorum Nees.Perennial, tussocky, whole plant often reddish brown.Culms erect, hard, 50–120 cm tall, 2–4 mm in diam., simple orbranched, glabrous. Leaf sheaths keeled, glabrous; leaf bladeslinear, flat, 5–20 × 0.1–0.5 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid, apexacute; ligule ca. 1 mm. Raceme very slender, erect, distant, 3–9cm, dark purplish red, finally long exserted from spatheole; rachisinternodes and pedicels linear-clavate, equaling or slightlyshorter than sessile spikelet, glabrous or white-ciliate. Sessilespikelet 5–8 mm; lower glume linear, leathery, convex with inflexedmargins, keeled from below middle to apex, back scabrid,veins obscure, keels very narrowly winged toward apex,apex 2-toothed; upper lemma 2-lobed to near base; awn 1–2cm. Pedicelled spikelet lanceolate, reduced to 1 or 2 glumes,2.8–4 mm, lower glume with awn up to 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Dec.Dry hillsides; near sea level to 3600 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India,Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam;Africa, America, Australia].This grass is widely distributed in tropical and warmer, subtropicalparts of the world.2. Schizachyrium delavayi (Hackel) Bor, Indian Forest Rec.,Bot. 1: 95. 1938.旱茅 han maoAndropogon delavayi Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle,Monogr. Phan. 6: 404. 1889; A. bootanensis J. D. Hooker;Eremopogon delavayi (Hackel) A. Camus; Schizachyriumbootanense (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus.Perennial from a knotty rootstock. Culms loosely tufted,erect, wiry, 40–150 cm tall, upper internodes keeled, hirsutealong keel, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous or thinlyhirsute near mouth; leaf blades linear, 20–50 × 0.2–0.5 mm,glabrous or abaxial surface hirsute, apex finely acuminate;ligule truncate, 0.5–1 mm, margin ciliolate. Raceme 1–4 cm,purplish; spatheole narrow, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; rachisinternodes and pedicels filiform, ca. 2/3 length of sessilespikelet, white-ciliate. Sessile spikelet 3.6–6 mm; callus obtuse,ca. 0.5 mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate-oblong, leathery,glossy, back convex to almost flat, minutely asperulous, 5-veined, flanks keeled and narrowly winged above middle,wings ciliolate, apex erose; upper lemma 2-lobed in upper 1/4–1/3; awn 0.6–1 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, 4–5.3mm, elliptic-oblong, papery, flat, back 3-veined, marginskeeled and ciliolate above middle, apex acute. Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov.Dry mountainsides, dry open forests; 1200–3400 m. Guangxi,Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Naga Hills,Sikkim), N Myanmar, Nepal].This grass has been placed in Eremopogon (a synonym of Dichanthium),but differs from that genus in its keeled lower glume andthe absence of homogamous spikelet pairs.3. Schizachyrium brevifolium (Swartz) Nees ex Buse in Miquel,Pl. Jungh. 3: 359. 1854.裂稃草 lie fu caoAndropogon brevifolius Swartz, Prodr. 26. 1788; Polliniabrevifolia (Swartz) Sprengel.Annual. Culms delicate, erect or trailing, 10–70 cm long,copiously branched, glabrous. Leaves cauline; leaf sheathskeeled, glabrous; leaf blades yellowish green becoming reddishbrown, oblong-linear, flat or folded, 1.5–4 × (0.1–)0.2–0.7 cm,glabrous, base subrounded, apex obtuse; ligule 0.5–0.8 mm, lacerate.Raceme slender, 1–2 cm, enclosed at base by spatheole,borne along most of culm length, usually several flexuous pedunclesarising from each leaf axil; rachis internodes andpedicels inflated upward, ca. 3/4 length of sessile spikelet, glabrousto villous. Sessile spikelet 2.5–4 mm; lower glume linearlanceolate,subleathery, back flat, glabrous to thinly pilose,indistinctly 4–5-veined, flanks keeled toward apex, keels wingless,apex minutely 2-toothed; upper lemma 2-lobed to nearbase; awn 0.7–1 cm. Pedicelled spikelet reduced to 1 or 2glumes, up to 0.5 mm, lower glume with 3–5 mm awn. Fl. andfr. Jul–Dec.Open grassy banks, field margins, weedy places, sometimes gregarious;below 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan,Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang,Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos,Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa,America, SW Asia (Oman)].This is a slender, weedy annual, occurring widely in warm parts ofthe world. The whole plant turns reddish brown at maturity. The delicate,branching habit, with very obtuse leaf blades, is distinctive.4. Schizachyrium fragile (R. Brown) A. Camus, Ann. Soc.Linn. Lyon, n.s., 70: 87. 1924.斜须裂稃草 xie xu lie fu caoAndropogon fragilis R. Brown, Prodr. 202. 1810; A.brevifolius Swartz var. fragilis (R. Brown) Hackel; A. fragilisvar. sinensis Rendle; A. obliquiberbis Hackel; Schizachyriumfragile var. sinense (Rendle) Jansen; S. obliquiberbe (Hackel)A. Camus; Eulalia simplex Hosokawa.Annual. Culms tufted, wiry, erect or geniculate, 15–60 cmtall, sparingly branched, glabrous. Leaves mainly basal; leafsheaths lightly keeled, glabrous or a few hairs at mouth; leafblades linear, usually folded, 4–8 × 0.1–0.2 cm, glabrous, apexacute or subacute; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm. Raceme 4–8 cm, enclosedat base by spatheole; rachis internodes and pedicelscolumnar, broadened distally, slightly shorter than sessile spikelet,a dense band of white ca. 3 mm hairs from lower part of onemargin slanting obliquely across upper part of internode, thentransversely across apex to top of other margin, pedicel oftensimilarly obliquely bearded. Sessile spikelet 6–7 mm; lowerglume linear-lanceolate, 2-keeled throughout, subleathery andwhite-villous below middle, membranous and glabrous above,keels winged for most of length but broadest on membranous

POACEAE 623part, apex narrow, keels minutely extended; upper lemma 2-lobed to near base; awn 1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet reducedto 1 or 2 glumes, 1.5–3.5 mm, ciliate on both margins, lowerglume with ca. 3 mm awn. Fl. and fr. Aug–Dec.Hillsides; below 1000 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan [Indonesia; Australia, Pacific Islands].This species is similar to Schizachyrium exile (Hochstetter) Pilger,from India and Africa, which is another slender annual with reddishracemes and conspicuous, contrasting, white hairs. However, S. exilehas rachis internodes villous on the back and glabrous near the apex,and the lower glume of the sessile spikelet is wingless. The dense beardcurling across the rachis internode from one side to the other in S.fragile is curious and quite distinctive.210. ANDROPOGON Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1045. 1753.须芒草属 xu mang cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual or perennial. Leaf blades linear, not aromatic; ligule scarious or reduced to a line of hairs. Inflorescence simple or compound;racemes fragile, usually paired, occasionally digitate or single, terminal on the culm or axillary and gathered into a spathatecompound panicle; spikelets of a pair dissimilar; raceme bases not deflexed, without homogamous spikelets (present in A. munroi);rachis internodes filiform to linear or clavate, sometimes inflated, ciliate on margins. Sessile spikelet usually dorsally compressed;callus short, obtuse, shortly bearded, inserted into internode apex; lower glume membranous to leathery, 2-keeled, lanceolate, flat toconcave with lateral keels, these sometimes narrowly winged, with or without intercarinal veins, or linear with dorsal keels and adeep veinless median groove; upper glume awned or awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma hyaline, 2-lobed, awned from sinus; awn geniculate, column glabrous or puberulous. Stamens 1–3. Pedicelled spikelet variable, large to muchreduced, male or barren. x = 10.About 100 species: tropical and warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, especially Africa and America; two species in China.1a. Upper glume awned; pedicelled spikelet 2-awned ....................................................................................................... 1. A. chinensis1b. Upper glume awnless; pedicelled spikelet awnless ......................................................................................................... 2. A. munroi1. Andropogon chinensis (Nees) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 12:101. 1917.华须芒草 hua xu mang caoHomoeatherum chinense Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot.,ed. 2., 448. 1836; Andropogon apricus Trinius var. chinensis(Nees) Hackel; A. ascinodis C. B. Clarke.Perennial. Culms tufted, 40–100 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrousor pilose; leaf blades linear, flat or involute when dry, 8–25 × 0.2–0.3 cm, both surfaces pilose or abaxial surface glabrous;ligule 1–2.5 mm. Inflorescence a scanty spathate compoundpanicle; spatheoles linear; racemes paired, 1.5–3(–5) cm,exserted from spatheole; peduncle puberulous; rachis internodesand pedicels cuneate, margins ciliate with 1–3 mm hairs,tips cupular, obliquely toothed. Sessile spikelet linear, ca. 5mm; lower glume deeply concave between dorsal keels, glabrous,apex acute or 2-toothed; upper glume awned, awn 6–10mm; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 2–3 cm. Anthers ca. 3 mm.Pedicelled spikelet oblong-lanceolate, 3.5–4.5 mm, 2-awned;awn of lower glume 4–10 mm, awn of upper glume muchshorter. Fl. and fr. Aug–Dec.Open grassy hillsides; below 800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia (Yemen)].2. Andropogon munroi C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25:87. 1889.西藏须芒草 xi zang xu mang caoAndropogon gyirongensis L. Liu; A. hookeri Munro exHackel; A. tristis Nees ex Hackel; A. yunnanensis Hackel; Cymbopogonhookeri (Munro ex Hackel) Stapf ex Bor; C. tibeticusBor.Perennial from tough rootstock, rhizomatous; basal sheathscrowded, pale yellow, papery, strongly keeled. Culms tufted,30–100 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades narrowlylinear, flat or folded, tough, 15–25 × 0.2–0.4 cm, scaberulous,often with scattered long tubercle-based hairs especially onadaxial surface, midrib white, apex finely acuminate; ligule1.5–4 mm. Inflorescence a sparse spathate panicle, spathateclusters few, often purplish; spatheoles very slender, terete, 2.5–4 cm; racemes paired or frequently branching, then subdigitatealong a short axis, 2–4 cm, finally reflexing, lowest spikelet pairhomogamous; peduncle glabrous or pilose; rachis internodesand pedicels slender, ciliate, tips cupular, irregularly toothed.Sessile spikelet narrowly oblong, 4.5–6.5 mm; lower glumeleathery, deeply to shallowly concave, keels rounded belowmiddle, sharp and scabrid above, glabrous or puberulous ingroove, veinless or 1-veined above groove, apex 2-toothed;upper glume awnless; upper lemma 2-lobed, lobes filiform;awn 1–1.6 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 4.5–6 mm, awnless. Fl. andfr. Jun–Nov.Mountainsides, dry open places in scrub; 2000–4500 m. Sichuan,S Xizang, Yunnan (Yongsheng, Ninglang) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal,Pakistan].This species lies on the boundary between Andropogon and Cymbopogonand is sometimes placed in the latter genus on account of itsreflexing racemes and homogamous spikelets. However, the slender,unequal raceme bases and frequently subdigitate, longer racemes aretypical of Andropogon. As far as is known, the leaf blades do not containaromatic oils. The yellowish, strongly keeled basal sheaths are characteristicof this species.Robust specimens, often with several racemes per spathe, a hairypeduncle, and shallowly grooved sessile spikelets, have been separatedas Andropogon tristis. However, there are many intermediates, whichmake a division into two species impracticable.

624POACEAE211. CYMBOPOGON Sprengel, Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 14. 1815.香茅属 xiang mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, rarely annual. Culms often tall, robust. Leaf blades aromatic, filiform to broadly linear; ligule scarious. Inflorescencea dense spathate compound panicle, each ultimate spatheole subtending a pair of short racemes on a short peduncle; spatheoles boatshaped;each raceme borne on a short, flattened raceme base, often deflexed at maturity, lower raceme with one basal pair of homogamousspikelets below the fertile pairs; rachis internodes and pedicels linear, white-ciliate on margins, sometimes pedicel of homogamouspair swollen and fused to adjacent internode. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus obtuse, shortly bearded, insertedinto internode apex; lower glume papery, flat or concave, sometimes grooved or wrinkled, 2-keeled, keels lateral, often wingedabove middle, with or without intercarinal veins; upper glume boat-shaped, awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upperlemma narrowly oblong, usually 2-lobed to near middle, lobes slender, ciliate, awned from sinus, occasionally subentire and awnless;awn geniculate, sometimes weakly, short, glabrous. Pedicelled spikelet male or sterile, narrowly lanceolate, awnless. x = 10, 20, 40,60.About 70 species: tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, and Australia, predominantly in Asia; introduced in tropical America; 24 species(seven endemic, up to five introduced) in China.Cymbopogon, with its inserted callus but frequently deflexed raceme bases, provides a link between Andropogon and Hyparrhenia, although itsaromatic leaves distinguish it from both these genera. Many of the species are both variable and intergrading, based on inconstant characters, leadingto much taxonomic difficulty. Specimens showing intermediate or extreme characteristics are common.Several species are cultivated commercially for the aromatic oils that are distilled from their leaves. The oils are often lemon scented and areused as perfume. Some species are also used medicinally and in cooking. Oil of citronella is used as an insect repellant.1a. Rachis internodes and pedicels villous on margins and back with long silky hairs surrounding and obscuringspikelets ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1. C. jwarancusa1b. Rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate on margins, back glabrous or pubescent, hairs shorter than spikelets.2a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet flat with a slitlike median groove below middle (appearing as a line orkeel on inside).3a. Pedicel of homogamous spikelet pair linear to slightly cuneate, not fused to adjacent rachisinternode ..................................................................................................................................................... 2. C. mekongensis3b. Pedicel of homogamous spikelet pair swollen, barrel-shaped, fused to adjacent rachis internode at base.4a. Culms up to 1 m; leaf blades 0.5–1 cm wide, base rounded ............................................................... 3. C. annamensis4b. Culms up to 3 m; leaf blades 1–3 cm wide, base cordate, often amplexicaul ............................................. 4. C. martini2b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet almost flat to deeply concave, the depression uniformly rounded.5a. Homogamous spikelet pair reduced or absent; pedicelled spikelet small, reduced to barren glumes.6a. Racemes not deflexing at maturity; spatheoles narrowly lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm ............................. 5. C. liangshanensis6b. Racemes deflexing at maturity; spatheoles linear, 1.2–1.5 cm ..................................................................... 6. C. minor5b. Homogamous spikelet pair well developed; pedicelled spikelet well developed, often staminate.7a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with keels rounded in lower half, wingless or almost so.8a. Raceme bases slender, unequal; racemes often more than 2 per spatheole ..... 2. Andropogon munroi (see p. 623)8b. Raceme bases flat, subequal; racemes always paired.9a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet deeply concave, depression with a prominent swelling atbase ................................................................................................................................................. 7. C. gidarba9b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet shallowly concave to almost flat, without a swelling atbase ........................................................................................................................................... 8. C. pospischilii7b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with keels sharp throughout, narrowly to broadly winged.10a. Sessile spikelet awnless or with short awn included within spikelet; cultivated plants.11a. Sessile spikelet 5–6 mm; lower glume linear-lanceolate, ca. 0.7 mm wide ............................ 9. C. citratus11b. Sessile spikelet 3–5 mm; lower glume elliptic-oblong, 1–1.2 mm wide.12a. Inflorescence densely congested; leaf blades tough, scabrid, drooping for 1/3 of theirlength .............................................................................................................................. 10. C. nardus12b. Inflorescence lax, branches spreading; leaf blades softer, smooth, drooping for2/3 of their length ................................................................................................... 11. C. winterianus10b. Sessile spikelet with exserted geniculate awn; wild plants (C. flexuosus also cultivated).13a. Culms slender to moderately robust, up to 1.5 m tall, 2–5 mm in diam.; spathate panicle1–3-times branched.14a. Sessile spikelet (6–)7–8 mm; leaf blades filiform, 1.5–3 mm wide .............................. 12. C. distans14b. Sessile spikelet 3.5–6.3 mm; leaf blades linear, 2–7 mm wide.15a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet 5–7-veined between keels, obviouslytransversely wrinkled ......................................................................................... 13. C. nervosus

POACEAE 62515b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet 2–5-veined between keels; smooth or slightlywrinkled.16a. Old basal leaf sheaths curling, reddish brown or orange inside; racemes1–2 cm.17a. Racemes 1–1.5 cm; sessile spikelet narrowly lanceolate-oblong,3.5–4.5 mm, wings on keels 0.15–0.25 mm; awn 7–10 mm ............. 14. C. tortilis17b. Racemes 1.5–2 cm; sessile spikelet narrowly obovate, 4.5–6 mm,wings on keels 0.25–0.45 mm wide; awn 10–12 mm .................... 15. C. goeringii16b. Old basal leaf sheaths neither noticeably curling nor reddish inside;racemes 1.7–3 cm.18a. Racemes 2–3 cm; sessile spikelet ca. 6 × 1.3 mm ................... 16. C. tungmaiensis18b. Racemes 1.7–2 cm; sessile spikelet ca. 5 × 1 mm ............................ 17. C. fibrosus13b. Culms robust, up to 3 m tall, 5–10 mm in diam.; spathate panicle repeatedly branched.19a. Sessile spikelet 5–9 mm (if less than 5.5 mm, lower glume clearly concave).20a. Sessile spikelet 5–6 mm; lower glume clearly concave in lower 2/3, notwrinkled; wings on keels 0.15–0.35 mm ........................................................... 18. C. pendulus20b. Sessile spikelet 5.5–9 mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave, transverselywrinkled; wings on keels 0.3–0.5 mm.21a. Compound panicle very large, open, drooping; racemes 3–4 cm,yellow-green; sessile spikelet 7–9 mm ............................................... 19. C. xichangensis21b. Compound panicle narrow, erect, subdense; racemes 2–2.5 cm,purple; sessile spikelet 5.5–7 mm ........................................................ 20. C. traninhensis19b. Sessile spikelet 3.5–5.5 mm.22a. Racemes 1–1.3 cm; sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm; lower glume 0–2-veinedbetween keels; awn 6–8 mm ....................................................................... 21. C. microstachys22b. Racemes 1–2.5 cm; sessile spikelet 4–5 mm; lower glume 3–7-veinedbetween keels; awn 8–12 mm.23a. Panicle effuse, grayish green, branches with raceme clusters long, lax,drooping; lower glume of sessile spikelet obscurely 3-veined betweenkeels, narrowly winged (wings 0.1 mm or less) ....................................... 22. C. flexuosus23b. Panicle not effuse, often purplish, branches with raceme clusters dense,erect; lower glume of sessile spikelet distinctly 5(–7)-veined betweenkeels, winged (wings more than 0.1 mm).24a. Leaf blades 0.7–1 cm wide; leaf sheath auricles up to 0.6 mm .... 23. C. khasianus24b. Leaf blades ca. 1.6 cm wide; leaf sheath auricles ca. 10 mm ............ 24. C. auritus1. Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schultes, Mant. 2: 458.1824.辣薄荷草 la bo he caoPerennial, shortly rhizomatous; old basal sheaths papery,ribbonlike, often spirally curling. Culms densely tufted, moderatelyrobust to wiry, 0.2–1.5 cm tall, lower internodes short,crowded. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous, congested and overlappingat base; leaf blades glaucous, involute or flat, 20–50 ×0.1–0.5 cm, glabrous, apex filiform; ligule 0.5–4 mm. Spathatecompound panicle narrow, 10–40 cm; spatheoles in densewoolly clusters, straw-colored or becoming purplish, 1–2 cm;racemes 1–1.8(–2.2) cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ca. 2mm, densely white-villous, hairs as long as spikelets; pedicel ofhomogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly lanceolate,4.5–5.5 mm; lower glume thin, concave, glabrous, sharply2-keeled, keels scabrid upward, not winged, 0(–3)-veinedbetween keels; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn almost straight, columnand limb weakly differentiated, 0.5–1 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 5–6 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar–May and Jul–Aug. 2n = 20.Mountain slopes, dry valleys. SW Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Yuanmou)[Afghanistan, Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Pakistan; SW Asia (Iran,Iraq, Oman)].1a. Culms up to 150 cm tall; ligule0.5–1 mm ......................................... 1a. subsp. jwarancusa1b. Culms 20–40 cm tall; ligule(1–)2–4 mm ............................................ 1b. subsp. olivieri1a. Cymbopogon jwarancusa subsp. jwarancusa辣薄荷草 ( 原亚种 ) la bo he cao (yuan ya zhong)Andropogon jwarancusa Jones, Asiat. Res. 4: 109. 1795.Culms up to 150 cm tall; old basal leaf sheaths often spirallycurling; ligule 0.5–1 mm.Grassy slopes, dry valleys; below 1400 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan (Yuanmou) [Afghanistan, Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Pakistan;SW Asia (Iran)].This subspecies is used medicinally.1b. Cymbopogon jwarancusa subsp. olivieri (Boissier) Soenarko,Reinwardtia 9: 307. 1977.西亚香茅 xi ya xiang maoAndropogon olivieri Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 5:76. 1844; A. ariani Edgeworth; Cymbopogon ariani (Edgeworth)Aitchison; C. ladakhensis B. K. Gupta.

626POACEAECulms 20–40 cm tall; old basal sheaths only infrequentlycurling; ligule (1–)2–4 mm.Mountain slopes, dry valleys; 2900–3500 m. W Xizang, Yunnan(Yuanmou) [Afghanistan, NW India, Pakistan; SW Asia (Iran, Iraq,Oman)].This taxon is somewhat smaller than subsp. jwarancusa, and itsdistribution extends further westward from Pakistan. The basal parts arerequired for a positive identification. It has been confused in the pastwith Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Linnaeus) Sprengel, from Africa andArabia, which has a swollen lowermost pedicel fused to the adjacentinternode.2. Cymbopogon mekongensis A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl.Hist. Nat. 26: 563. 1920.青香茅 qing xiang maoPerennial. Culms densely tufted, wiry, 30–80 cm tall. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear, glaucous, 10–25 × 0.2–0.6cm, glabrous, base narrowly rounded, apex filiform; ligule 0.7–3 mm. Spathate compound panicle narrow, 10–30 cm, spathesdensely clustered; spatheoles reddish brown, 1.4–2 cm; racemesreddish brown, 0.7–1.4 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ca.1.5 mm, ciliate on margins; pedicel of homogamous pair linearto columnar, not or only very slightly swollen, not fused to internode.Sessile spikelet oblanceolate, 3–4.3 mm; lower glumeflat, deeply grooved below middle (appearing as a line or keelon inside), keels broadly winged above middle, veinless or obscurely2-veined between keels; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed;awn 1.1–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.Roadsides, hill slopes. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].Cymbopogon mekongensis is very close to C. caesius (Nees exHooker & Arnott) Stapf, which occurs down the eastern side of Africathrough Arabia to Pakistan and in S India and Sri Lanka. Cymbopogoncaesius differs by the markedly swollen, barrel-shaped pedicel of thehomogamous spikelet pair, which is fused to the swollen adjacent internode.It also tends to have greenish yellow rather than reddish inflorescences.3. Cymbopogon annamensis (A. Camus) A. Camus, Bull. Mus.Natl. Hist. Nat. 26: 563. 1920.圆基香茅 yuan ji xiang maoCymbopogon martini (Roxburgh) Will. Watson var. annamensisA. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 25: 670. 1919; C.bassacensis A. Camus.Perennial. Culms tufted, wiry, up to 1 m tall. Leaf sheathsglabrous; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, glaucous, 10–30 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous, margin scabrid, base rounded, apexfiliform; ligule 0.5–1.5 mm. Spathate panicle narrow, lax, 6–20cm; spatheoles reddish brown, 2–2.5 cm; racemes reddishbrown to purplish, 1.5–2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicelswhite-ciliate on margins; pedicel of homogamous pair swollen,barrel-shaped or broadly columnar, shiny, fused to internode atbase. Sessile spikelet oblanceolate, 3.6–4.5 mm; lower glumeflat, deeply grooved below middle (appearing as a line or keelon inside), keels winged above middle, veinless or obscurely 2-veined between keels; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed; awn ca. 1.6cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3.5–4 mm.Open forests, forest margins. Yunnan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].This species is taken here in a broad sense to include all slender,narrow-leaved specimens from S China and Indochina with a flat,grooved, winged sessile spikelet and a swollen lowermost pedicel. Thedifferences from Cymbopogon caesius (Nees ex Hooker & Arnott)Stapf, from E Africa to India, are very slight. Cymbopogon caesiustends to have a longer ligule, to 4 mm, and paler inflorescences. Likewise,C. annamensis hardly differs from C. mekongensis, except in theswollen lowermost pedicel.4. Cymbopogon martini (Roxburgh) Will. Watson in E. T.Atkinson, Himalayan Districts N.W. Prov. India, 392. 1882.鲁沙香茅 lu sha xiang maoAndropogon martini Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 280. 1820; A.schoenanthus Linnaeus var. martini (Roxburgh) J. D. Hooker.Perennial from a short woody rootstock. Culms tufted, upto 3 m tall, lower nodes often swollen, mealy. Leaf sheaths glabrous;leaf blades lanceolate, usually glaucous below, dark greenabove, up to 50 × 2–3 cm, glabrous, base cordate, often amplexicaul,apex filiform; ligule 2–4 mm. Spathate panicle narrow,dense, erect, 20–30 cm; spatheoles green becoming reddish, 2–4 cm; racemes 1.5–2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliateon margins, back sometimes pubescent; pedicel of homogamouspair swollen, barrel-shaped, shiny, fused to internode atbase. Sessile spikelet oblong, 3.5–4.5 mm; lower glume flat,deeply grooved below middle (appearing as a line or keel oninside), keels winged above middle, veinless or 2-veined betweenkeels; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1.4–1.8 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 3.5–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 20, 40.Grassy slopes; ca. 1000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [native to India].This grass is native to India, but is cultivated elsewhere in thetropics for its oils. Two forms can be distinguished in the field, eachwith a different oil content, but the habit differences are not evident inherbarium material. The cultivar ‘Motia’ yields palmerosa oil and‘Sofia’ yields ginger-grass oil.The name “Cymbopogon lanceifolium L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 194. 1997) was not validly published because no Latindescription was provided. It appears to be based on a specimen of C.martini with a rather lax panicle.5. Cymbopogon liangshanensis L. Liu ex S. M. Phillips & H.Peng, Novon 15: 471. 2005.凉山香茅 liang shan xiang maoPerennial. Culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, 50–110cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear, glaucous, 20–30 × 0.3–0.5 cm, slightly scaberulous, glabrous, lower bladesnarrowed almost to midrib toward base; ligule 1.5–2.5 mm.Spathate panicle open, 30–40 cm, branches slender, laxly ascending;spatheoles narrowly lanceolate, greenish brown, 2–2.5cm; racemes green, 1.5–1.8 cm, raceme bases linear, not deflexing;homogamous pair reduced, vestigial or often absent; rachisinternodes and pedicels slenderly linear, margins ciliate with ca.0.5 mm hairs increasing to 1.5 mm at apex, apices expanded,

POACEAE 627cupular, scarious, toothed. Sessile spikelet narrowly elliptic-oblong,3.7–4 mm; lower glume shallowly concave below middle,sharply keeled, keels scabrid, wingless, 2–4-veined betweenkeels above middle; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1.3–1.5 cm.Pedicelled spikelet narrow, 2–3 mm, reduced to the glumes,lower glume enclosing a much smaller upper glume. Fl. and fr.Jul–Sep.● Mountain slopes. SW Sichuan.This species resembles Andropogon in its non-deflexing racemesand the lack of an obvious homogamous spikelet pair, although this isusually present as a vestige. It is not known whether the leaves are aromatic.The enlarged, toothed, cupular tips to the raceme bases, racemeinternodes, and pedicels are a distinctive character of this species.6. Cymbopogon minor B. S. Sun & R. Zhang ex S. M. Phillips& H. Peng, Novon 15: 473. 2005.细小香茅 xi xiao xiang maoPerennial. Culms tufted, wiry, 60–70 cm tall. Leaf sheathsglabrous; leaf blades narrowly linear, pale green, ca. 20 × 0.1–0.2 cm, smooth, glabrous, narrowed toward base; ligule 1.3–2mm. Spathate panicle moderately dense, up to 30 cm; spatheoleslinear, reddish, 1.2–1.5 cm; racemes green, deflexed atmaturity, homogamous pair reduced to 1 short narrow spikelet;rachis internodes and pedicels slenderly linear, margins ciliatewith ca. 0.7 mm hairs increasing to 2–3 mm at apex, internodeapex expanded, cupular, scarious, toothed. Sessile spikelet narrowlyoblong, 3.8–4 mm; lower glume herbaceous, shallowlyconcave below middle, a short tuft of callus hairs in base ofconcavity, lightly keeled below middle, sharply keeled above,keels scabrid, wingless, 2–4-veined between keels above middle;upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1.2–1.3 cm. Pedicelled spikeletnarrow, 0.5–2.5 mm, reduced to the empty lower glume. Fr.Oct.● Roadsides in grasslands; ca. 900 m. NE Yunnan.This species is known only from the type. It shares with Cymbopogonliangshanensis the unusual character, not otherwise seen inChinese species, of reduced homogamous and pedicelled spikelets.7. Cymbopogon gidarba (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Steudel) A.Camus var. burmanicus Bor, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 52:157. 1954.缅甸浅囊香茅 mian dian qian nang xiang maoPerennial. Culms tufted, slender, 50–100 cm tall. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear, flat or folded, 18–30 × 0.2–0.5 cm, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial surface scabrid-puberulous,sometimes with long scattered hairs, base straight, apexfinely acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm. Spathate panicle sparselybranched, very lax, 15–30 cm; spatheoles linear, tightly convolute,2–3 cm; peduncle exserted up to 1.5 cm from nearspatheole apex; racemes pinkish gray, ca. 2 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels stoutly cuneate, margins shortly but denselyciliate or woolly, back pubescent or subglabrous; pedicel ofhomogamous pair and lowest internode swollen. Sessile spikeletnarrowly lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm; lower glume deeply concavein lower 2/3, channel puberulous with a prominent swellingat base, keels rounded alongside channel, sharp and scabridabove, wingless, 2–3-veined between keels; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1–1.3 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 4–5 mm.Grassy hillsides; 1000–2200 m. Yunnan (Kaiyang) [Myanmar].In Myanmar this grass occurs on calcareous clay soils.Cymbopogon gidarba var. gidarba occurs on uplands in India. Ithas a narrower, more contracted compound panicle and shorter, 2–2.5mm, narrowly elliptic spatheoles, with the peduncle not or only veryshortly exserted from near the middle of the spatheole. The spikelets arealso slightly smaller, with the sessile spikelet 3.2–4 mm.8. Cymbopogon pospischilii (K. Schumann) C. E. Hubbard,Kew Bull. [4] 1949: 175. 1949.喜马拉雅香茅 xi ma la ya xiang maoAndropogon pospischilii K. Schumann, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.24: 328. 1897; A. nardus var. stracheyi J. D. Hooker; Cymbopogonstracheyi (J. D. Hooker) Raizada & S. K. Jain.Perennial. Culms densely tufted, wiry, erect or geniculate,60–100 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades narrow,folded or involute, glaucous, 15–30 × 0.2–0.3 cm, glabrous,scabrid, apex filiform; ligule ca. 1–2 mm. Spathate panicleopen, 15–25 cm, raceme pairs few; spatheoles 2–3 cm; racemes1.5–2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate on margins,glabrous on back; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen,oblong, free from adjacent internode. Sessile spikelet narrowlylanceolate-oblong, 4.5–6 mm; lower glume papery, concave oralmost flat below middle, keels rounded below middle, sharpand scabrid above, wingless or almost so, 3–5-veined betweenkeels above middle; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1.4–1.8 cm.Pedicelled spikelet 4.5–6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Dec. 2n = 20, 40.Mountain slopes, mixed forests, valleys; 1600–3000 m. Xizang,Yunnan [NW India, Nepal, Pakistan; Africa, SW Asia (S Arabia)].9. Cymbopogon citratus (Candolle) Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform.Kew 1906: 357. 1906.香茅 xiang maoAndropogon citratus Candolle, Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 78.1813.Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms tufted, robust, up to2 m tall, ca. 4 mm in diam., farinose below nodes. Leaf sheathsglabrous, greenish inside; leaf blades glaucous, 30–90 × 0.5–2cm, both surfaces scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex longacuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. Spathate compound panicle large,lax, up to 50 cm, drooping, branches slender; spatheoles reddishor yellowish brown, 1.5–2 cm; racemes 1.5–2 cm; rachisinternodes and pedicels 2.5–4 mm, loosely villous on margins;pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate,5–6 × ca. 0.7 mm; lower glume flat or slightlyconcave toward base, sharply 2-keeled, keels wingless, scabrid,veinless between keels; upper lemma narrow, entire and awnless,or slightly 2-lobed with ca. 0.2 mm mucro. Pedicelledspikelet 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer. 2n = 40.Commonly cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei,Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [origin unknown; cultivated in tropicalAsia and elsewhere].This species (Lemon Grass), known only from cultivation, is

628POACEAEgrown on a large scale in parts of tropical Asia and South America forthe lemon-scented oil extracted from its leaves. The oil is used for bothmedicinal and culinary purposes. Flowers are seldom produced.10. Cymbopogon nardus (Linnaeus) Rendle in Hiern, Cat. Afr.Pl. 2: 155. 1899.亚香茅 ya xiang maoAndropogon nardus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1046. 1753.Perennial from a stout rootstock. Culms tufted, robust, upto 2.5 m tall, 1–2 cm in diam. Leaf sheaths reddish purple atbase, smooth, glabrous; leaf blades dark green or dark brownwhen dry, drooping for 1/3 of their length, 30–100 × 1–2 cm,glabrous, abaxial surface scabrid, adaxial surface smooth, basenarrow, apex long acuminate; ligule 2–3 mm. Spathate paniclelarge, narrow, congested, interrupted, 60–90 cm; spatheoles reddishbrown, 1.2–2.5 cm; racemes 1–1.5 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels ciliate on margins; pedicel of homogamous pairnot swollen. Sessile spikelet oblong-lanceolate, 3–4.5 × 1–1.2mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave, reddish brown orpurplish upward, sharply 2-keeled, keels narrowly winged,obscurely 0–3-veined between keels; upper lemma linear, entireor slightly 2-lobed, mucronate or very shortly awned. Pedicelledspikelet 3.5–7 mm. Fl. and fr. Nov–Apr. 2n = 40.Commonly cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan[native to S India and Sri Lanka; introduced elsewhere as a cropplant].This species yields citronella oil.11. Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor, Oesterr. Bot. Z.112: 185. 1965.枫茅 feng maoPerennial from a shallowly rooted rhizome. Culms tufted,robust, up to 2 m or more tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous, reddishinside; leaf blades relatively thin, drooping for 2/3 of theirlength, 40–80(–100) × 1–1.5(–2.5) cm, abaxial surface glaucous,adaxial surface light green, margins scabrid, base narrow,apex long acuminate; ligule 2–3 mm. Spathate compound paniclelarge, lax, up to 50 cm, much branched, main axis zig-zag,finally nodding; spatheoles reddish brown, 1.2–2.5 cm; racemes1.5–2.5 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels softly ciliate on margins;pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikeletelliptic-lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm; lower glume flat or slightlyconcave, sharply 2-keeled, keels narrowly winged, 3-veined betweenkeels; upper lemma very shortly 2-lobed, awn short orabsent, not exserted from spikelet. Pedicelled spikelet 3.5–5mm. 2n = 20, 40.Commonly cultivated. Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [originunknown; cultivated mainly in Indonesia].This species, known only from cultivation, produces citronella oilof a higher quality than that from Cymbopogon nardus.12. Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steudel) Will. Watson in E.T. Atkinson, Himalayan Districts N.W. Prov. India, 392. 1882.芸香草 yun xiang caoAndropogon distans Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1:387. 1854; A. nardus Linnaeus var. distans (Nees ex Steudel)Hackel.Perennial, shortly rhizomatous with age; basal sheathsclosely overlapping in tight bundles, not curling. Culms denselytufted, erect or ascending, tinged purple, 50–100 cm tall, nodesglabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades narrowly linear tofiliform, flexuous, 10–50 × 0.15–0.3 cm, glaucous, glabrous,margins scabrid; ligule 2–3 mm. Spathate compound paniclenarrow, open, 15–30 cm, usually simple, rarely with second tierof branching, raceme pairs few; spatheoles gray-green, 2–3.5cm; racemes 2–3.5 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels 2–3 mm,margins densely ciliate with white soft hairs up to 3 mm; pedicelof homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate,(6–)7–8 × 0.8–1.2 mm; lower glume flat or shallowlyconcave in lower part with 1–2 transverse wrinkles, sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels wingless or narrowly winged, wings0.15–0.25 mm, 2–4-veined between keels in upper part, apexlong acuminate, 2-toothed; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1.5–2cm. Pedicelled spikelet 5–9 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 20,40.Mountain slopes, valleys, open grassy places; 2000–3500 m. SGansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [NW India, Nepal,Pakistan].Aromatic oils are extracted from this species for medicinal andindustrial purposes.13. Cymbopogon nervosus B. S. Sun, J. Yunnan Univ. 21: 95.1999.多脉香茅 duo mai xiang maoPerennial, shortly rhizomatous; basal sheaths papery, palebrown, slightly curling. Culms tufted, 50–120 cm tall, 2–3 mmin diam., nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf bladeslinear, 10–20 × 0.4–0.7 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid, baserounded, apex acuminate to a setaceous point; ligule 1–3 mm.Spathate compound panicle narrow, lax, 20–30 cm, 1–3 tiers ofbranching; spatheoles green or tinged purple, 3–3.5 cm; racemesgreenish or dark purple, 2.5–3.3 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels ca. 3.5 mm, margins ciliate; pedicel of homogamouspair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly obovate,5.8–6.5 × 1.5–1.7 mm; lower glume flat or shallowly concavein lower part, transversely wrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout,keels winged above middle, wings 0.25–0.4 mm, 5–7-veined between keels; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn ca. 1.5 cm.Pedicelled spikelet 6–6.3 mm. Fl. Aug.● Mountain slopes; ca. 2500 m. Yunnan.There is very little besides the lack of red coloration in the basalsheaths and a more wrinkled sessile spikelet to distinguish this taxonfrom Cymbopogon goeringii. It occurs at higher elevations.14. Cymbopogon tortilis (J. Presl) A. Camus, Rev. Bot. Appl.Agric. Colon. 5: 206. 1925.扭鞘香茅 niu qiao xiang maoAnthistiria tortilis J. Presl in C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1:347. 1830; Andropogon hamatulus Hooker & Arnott; A. nardusLinnaeus subsp. hamatulus (Hooker & Arnott) Hackel;Cymbopogon hamatulus (Hooker & Arnott) A. Camus; C. jinshaensisR. Zhang & C. H. Li; C. nardus (Linnaeus) Rendlesubsp. hamatulus (Hooker & Arnott) Rendle.

POACEAE 629Perennial from a short rootstock; basal sheaths reddishbrown inside, lax, curling when dry. Culms tufted, slender, 50–150 cm tall, 2–4 mm in diam., nodes glabrous or pubescent, oftenfarinose. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous, leaf blades linear,25–60 × 0.2–0.7 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid, base graduallynarrowed, apex finely acuminate; ligule 2–3(–6) mm. Spathatecompound panicle narrow or somewhat spreading, 20–35 cm,2–3 tiers of branching; spatheoles reddish brown, 1.2–1.5 cm;racemes 1–1.5 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels 1.5–2 mm,margins ciliate; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessilespikelet narrowly lanceolate-oblong, 3.5–4.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm;lower glume flat, smooth or slightly wrinkled, sharply 2-keeledthroughout, keels narrowly winged above middle, wings 0.15–0.25 mm wide, (2–)3(–5)-veined between keels; upper lemma2-lobed; awn 0.7–1 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3–3.5 mm. Fl. andfr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 20.Grassy places on light dry soils; below 600 m. S Anhui, Fujian,Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Philippines,Vietnam].15. Cymbopogon goeringii (Steudel) A. Camus, Rev. Bot. Appl.Agric. Colon. 1: 286. 1921.橘草 ju caoAndropogon goeringii Steudel, Flora 29: 22. 1846; A. nardusLinnaeus var. goeringii (Steudel) Hackel; Cymbopogon goeringiivar. hongkongensis Soenarko; C. nardus (Linnaeus)Rendle var. goeringii (Steudel) Rendle; C. tortilis (J. Presl)A. Camus subsp. goeringii (Steudel) Koyama; C. tortilis var.goeringii (Steudel) Handel-Mazzetti.Perennial; basal sheaths orange inside, lax, curling whendry. Culms tufted, slender, 50–100 cm tall, 1–2.5 mm in diam.,nodes glabrous or puberulous, often farinose. Leaf sheathssmooth, glabrous; leaf blades linear, 15–40 × 0.3–0.5 cm, glabrous,margins scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex finelyacuminate; ligule 1–3(–4.5) mm. Spathate compound paniclenarrow, 15–30 cm, 2 tiers of branching; spatheoles 1.5–2.2 cm;racemes often purplish, (1.3–)1.5–2 cm, rachis internodes andpedicels 2–3.5 mm, margins ciliate; pedicel of homogamouspair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly obovate, 4.5–6 ×1.2–1.7 mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave toward base,smooth or slightly wrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout, keelsbroadly winged above middle, wings 0.25–0.45 mm wide, (1–)3–5-veined between keels; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn (0.8–)1–2 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 4–6.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n =20.Grassy slopes, roadsides; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou,Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong,Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, S Korea].Cymbopogon goeringii and C. tortilis form an intergrading complex,and the former species is sometimes treated at infraspecific rankunder the latter. Cymbopogon goeringii tends to have a slightly morenorthern distribution and can usually be distinguished by its longer racemesof larger, often purplish spikelets.A local variant in Hong Kong has racemes, spikelets, and awns atthe lower end of the size range, perhaps due to introgression from Cymbopogontortilis, but has the obovate lower glume and broadly wingedkeels of C. goeringii. It has been distinguished as var. hongkongensis,but scarcely merits separate status.The name “Cymbopogon eugenolatus L. Liu” (Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 10(2): 206. 1997) has been applied to another variant withintermediate measurements, but was not validly published because noLatin description was provided. The specimen on which it was basedhas not been seen.16. Cymbopogon tungmaiensis L. Liu, Fl. Xizang. 5: 331.1987.通麦香茅 tong mai xiang maoPerennial. Culms densely tufted, erect, 1–1.5 m tall, 2–7mm in diam., nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf bladesnarrowly linear, 20–40 × 0.2–0.3(–0.6) cm, adaxial surface scabrid,abaxial surface scabrid, puberulous at narrow base; ligule1–2 mm. Spathate compound panicle 20–50 cm, simple or withsecond tier of branching; spatheoles 2–5 cm; racemes 2–3 cm,base swollen. Sessile spikelet elliptic, ca. 6 × 1.3 mm; lowerglume concave along midline, keels winged above middle,wings 0.2–0.5 mm wide, margins scabrid, 2–4-veined betweenkeels; upper lemma awned; awn ca. 1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikeletca. 0.6 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.● Valleys; 2000–2500 m. SW Sichuan, Xizang (Tungmai), NWYunnan.This species is known only from the type, which has not beenseen.17. Cymbopogon fibrosus B. S. Sun, J. Yunnan Univ. 21: 95.1999.纤鞘香茅 xian qiao xiang maoPerennial; old basal sheaths fibrous. Culms tufted, 0.5–1 mtall, 3–4 mm in diam., nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous;leaf blades narrowly linear, flat or folded, 50–70 × 0.3–0.5 cm,scabrid, base narrowed to midrib, apex filiform; ligule 2–3 mm.Spathate compound panicle ca. 30 cm, slightly dense, 2–3 tiersof branching; spatheoles 2.5–2.8 cm; racemes green, 1.7–2 cm;rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate along margins with 0.5–1.5 mm hairs; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessilespikelet oblong-lanceolate, 4.8–5.3 × 1–1.1 mm; lower glumeconcave in lower half, smooth or slightly transversely wrinkled,sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels winged above middle, wings0.15–0.2 mm wide, 2–3-veined between keels; upper lemmaawned; awn ca. 10 mm. Pedicelled spikelet 4.7–5 mm. Fl. Oct.● Mountain slopes. SW Sichuan, SE Yunnan.18. Cymbopogon pendulus (Nees ex Steudel) Will. Watson inE. T. Atkinson, Himalayan Districts N.W. Prov. India, 392.1882.垂序香茅 chui xu xiang maoAndropogon pendulus Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac.1: 388. 1854.Perennial from short rhizome. Culms tufted, robust, up to3 m tall, 8–12 mm in diam., nodes glabrous. Leaf sheathsglabrous, auricles to 3 mm at mouth; leaf blades linear, glaucous,up to 100 × 0.7–1.5 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid, basegradually narrowed, apex filiform; ligule ca. 2 mm. Spathatecompound panicle rather lax, decompound, yellowish tingedpale red, up to 1 m, branches drooping, clusters of racemes

630POACEAEdense; spatheoles pale reddish brown, 2–3 cm; racemes 1.5–2.2cm; rachis internodes and pedicels densely ciliate; pedicel ofhomogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly oblong,5–6 × 1–1.4 mm; lower glume concave in lower 2/3, notwrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels narrowly wingedabove middle, wings 0.15–0.35 mm, obscurely 2–4-veined betweenkeels toward apex, midvein often absent; upper lemmaawned; awn 1–1.7 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 5–6 mm.Stream banks. Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal].This species has a lemon scent. Outside China it occurs on dry,grassy hillsides below 2000 m. It intergrades with Cymbopogon flexuosusand C. khasianus, but can usually be recognized by the relativelylong, narrow, channeled lower glume of the sessile spikelet.19. Cymbopogon xichangensis R. S. Zhang & B. S. Sun, J. Pl.Res. Environm. 2(2): 40. Fig. 2. 1993.西昌香茅 xi chang xiang maoPerennial. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2.5 m tall, 3–5 mmin diam., nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf bladeslinear, up to 60 × 0.5–1.2 cm; ligule ca. 1.5 mm. Spathate compoundpanicle very large, open, 80–180 cm, branches lax,drooping, spathes not densely clustered; spatheoles reddish atmaturity; racemes 3–4 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliateon margins; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessilespikelet elliptic, 7–9 mm; lower glume flat, sharply 2-keeledthroughout, keels broadly winged above middle, 2–5-veinedbetween keels; upper lemma awned; awn ca. 1.2 cm. Pedicelledspikelet linear-lanceolate. Fl. and fr. Sep.● Grasslands; ca. 2000 m. Sichuan (Xichang).20. Cymbopogon traninhensis (A. Camus) Soenarko,Reinwardtia 9: 347. 1977.横香茅 heng xiang maoCymbopogon confertiflorus (Steudel) Stapf var. traninhensisA. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 26: 565. 1920; C.khasianus (Munro ex Hackel) Stapf ex Bor var. nagensis Bor.Perennial. Culms tufted, 1.5–2 cm tall, ca. 5 mm in diam.,nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pubescentat base above node; leaf blades linear, up to 75 × 1–1.3 cm,abaxial surface bearded at sheath junction, otherwise glabrous,margins scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex finely acuminate;ligule 3–6 mm. Spathate compound panicle narrow, erector slightly spreading, usually purplish, ca. 50 cm or more,branched several times, spathes in lax clusters; spatheoles 1–2cm; racemes 2–2.5 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate onmargins; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikeletnarrowly obovate, 5.5–7 × 1–1.5 mm; lower glume flat orshallowly concave below middle, frequently pubescent in depression,often transversely wrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout,keels winged above middle, wings 0.3–0.5 mm wide, 2–5-veined between keels; upper lemma awned; awn 1–2 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 5–5.5 mm.Dry rocky or grassy hill slopes. Yunnan [NE India, Laos, Myanmar,N Thailand].This species is very close to Cymbopogon khasianus, with theerect, purplish compound panicle typical of that species, but has slightlylonger, more broadly winged spikelets.21. Cymbopogon microstachys (J. D. Hooker) Soenarko, Reinwardtia9: 364. 1977.细穗香茅 xi sui xiang maoAndropogon nardus Linnaeus var. microstachys J. D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 207. 1896 [“1897”]; Cymbopogonflexuosus (Nees ex Steudel) Will. Watson var. microstachys (J.D. Hooker) Bor.Perennial from a stout rootstock. Culms fairly slender torobust, 1.5–2 m tall, up to 1 cm in diam., nodes glabrous. Leafsheaths glabrous, shortly auriculate; leaf blades linear, glaucous,40–75 × 1–1.2 cm, glabrous, scabrid, base narrowed nearlyto midrib on lower blades, apex finely acuminate; ligule 5–6mm. Spathate compound panicle narrow or somewhat spreading,decompound, yellowish green or tinged purplish, up to 60cm or more, branches lax, raceme pairs not densely clustered;spatheoles narrowly elliptic, 1–1.5 cm; racemes 1–1.3 cm; rachisinternodes and pedicels pilose on margins; pedicel of homogamouspair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly lanceolateoblong,3.5–4 × ca. 0.8 mm; lower glume flat or shallowlyconcave below middle, frequently slightly transversely wrinkled,sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels scarcely winged, wingsnot more than 0.1 mm wide, obscurely 1–3-veined betweenkeels or veinless; upper lemma awned; awn 0.6–0.8 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 3–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 30.Rocky hill slopes, forest margins; ca. 1200 m. S Yunnan [India,Myanmar, Thailand].This species is part of the complex centered around Cymbopogonkhasianus and is distinguished mainly by its small racemes and spikeletparts.22. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steudel) Will. Watson inE. T. Atkinson, Himalayan Districts N.W. Prov. India, 392.1882.曲序香茅 qu xu xiang maoAndropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac.1: 388. 1854; A. nardus Linnaeus var. flexuosus (Nees exSteudel) Hackel.Perennial from a short stout rhizome. Culms robust, up to3 m tall, 1–2 cm in diam., nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leafsheaths glabrous, auricles often present; leaf blades linear, up to100 × 1.5 cm, scabrid, abaxial surface tomentose at sheath junction,adaxial surface pilose at base, otherwise glabrous, basegradually narrowed, apex filiform; ligule 2–5 mm. Spathatecompound panicle very large, lax, decompound, grayish green,up to 60 cm or more, nodes bearded, branches numerous,drooping; spatheoles 1–2 cm; racemes 1–1.7 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels ciliate on margins; pedicel of homogamouspair not usually swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly elliptic-oblong,4–4.5 × 0.8–1 mm; lower glume flat or shallowly concave,usually slightly transversely wrinkled, sharply 2-keeledthroughout, keels narrowly winged, wings 0.1 mm wide or less,obscurely 3-veined between keels; upper lemma awned; awn0.8–1 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3.5–4 mm. Fl. and fr. summer toautumn. 2n = 20, 40.Grassy slopes; below 1000 m. SW Yunnan [probably native to In-

POACEAE 631dia; naturalized in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thailand].This grass is cultivated in tropical regions for “oil of lemon grass.”It is thought to be native to India, but is now widely naturalized inIndonesia and elsewhere. It is usually easily recognizable by its verylarge compound panicle of drooping branches, with numerous short,deflexed racemes of small, narrowly winged spikelets. In Bhutan andNE India the branches are looser with more widely spaced raceme pairsthan usual, approaching Cymbopogon pendulus in habit. This form hasbeen recognized as C. flexuosus var. sikkimensis Bor.23. Cymbopogon khasianus (Munro ex Hackel) Stapf ex Bor,Indian Forest Rec., Bot. 1: 92. 1938.卡西香茅 ka xi xiang maoAndropogon nardus Linnaeus var. khasianus Munro exHackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 603.1889.Perennial from a stout rootstock. Culms fairly slender torobust, up to 2 m tall, 3–6 mm in diam., nodes purple, glabrous,or puberulous to tomentose with creamy hairs. Leaf sheaths glabrousor basal part above node pubescent, auricles to 6 mm atmouth; leaf blades linear, slightly glaucous or sometimes purplish,40–60 × 0.7–1 cm, abaxial surface usually tomentose atsheath junction, otherwise glabrous, base gradually narrowed,apex filiform; ligule 1.5–4 mm. Spathate compound panicle narrow,erect, decompound, often purplish, ca. 50 cm or more,much branched, spathate compound clusters dense; spatheoles1.2–2 cm; racemes 1.2–1.5(–2) cm; rachis internodes and pedicelsciliate on margins, hairs ca. 1.5 mm; pedicel of homogamouspair not swollen. Sessile spikelet elliptic-oblong, 4–5 × 0.9–1.2 mm; lower glume flat or shallowly concave below middle,occasionally puberulous in depression, often transversely wrinkled,sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels winged above middle,wings 0.1–0.3 mm wide, (2–)5(–7)-veined between keels; upperlemma awned; awn 0.8–1.1 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3–5 mm. Fl.and fr. Sep–Nov. 2n = 60.Hill slopes, forest margins; 800–2000 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Bhutan,India, Myanmar, N Thailand].This is a variable species intergrading with several related species,including Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. microstachys, and C. pendulus.Cymbopogon khasianus can be recognized by its erect, often purplishcompound panicle and sessile spikelets with a wrinkled, winged, several-veinedlower glume. The wing width and number of veins can varyeven within the same panicle.24. Cymbopogon auritus B. S. Sun, J. Yunnan Univ. 21: 95.1999.长耳香茅 chang er xiang maoPerennial. Culms robust, ca. 1.2 m tall, ca. 6 mm in diam.,nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous, auriculate, auriclesbroadly lanceolate, ca. 10 mm; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, papery,ca. 50 × 1.6 cm, smooth, glabrous, abaxial surface glaucous,pubescent at sheath junction, adaxial surface green, basegradually narrowed, apex finely acuminate; ligule 6–7 mm.Spathate compound panicle ca. 50 cm, open, branches elongate,erect or drooping, spathes not clustered; spatheoles light reddish,1.8–2 cm; racemes yellow-green, 1.3–1.8 cm; rachis internodesand pedicels ca. 3 mm, ciliate on margins; pedicel ofhomogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly elliptic,ca. 5 × 1.3 mm; lower glume shallowly concave below middle,transversely wrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout, keelswinged above middle, wings 0.15–0.3 mm wide, 4–6-veinedbetween keels; upper lemma awned; awn 0.9–1 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 4–4.5 mm. Fl. Jun.● Grassy slopes; ca. 1000 m. W Yunnan.This taxon is closely related to Cymbopogon khasianus, but hasbroader leaf blades and longer sheath auricles.212. HYPARRHENIA Andersson ex Fournier, Mexic. Pl. 2: 51, 67. 1886.苞茅属 bao mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, infrequently annual. Culms usually tufted, often tall and robust. Leaf blades not aromatic, linear, midvein distinct,apex acuminate; ligule scarious. Inflorescence a compound spathate panicle, each ultimate spatheole subtending a peduncle bearing apair of short racemes; spatheoles linear to ovate, often brightly colored; peduncle shorter or longer than spatheole, often bearded;raceme pairs 2- to many-awned, often reflexed at maturity. Each raceme of a pair supported on a short stalk (“raceme base”) arisingfrom the peduncle apex (termed “upper” and “lower” raceme base), these subequal or the upper longer, terete or flattened. Racemeswith 0–2 pairs of homogamous spikelets below the fertile pairs, these resembling the pedicelled spikelets; pedicels and internodesslender. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed or subterete; callus obtuse to pungent, bearded, its apex exposed; lower glume lanceolateto linear, leathery, convex, glabrous to villous, flanks rounded, incurving, keeled only near apex; upper glume boat-shaped, 3-veined, awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipiform, 2-toothed, awned between the teeth; awn geniculatewith hairy column. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, narrowly lanceolate, slightly longer than the sessile, acute to aristulate.Sixty-four species: mainly in Africa, a few species extending to other tropical regions; five species in China.As a genus Hyparrhenia is easy to recognize, with its short, paired racemes grouped in a spathate panicle, exposed callus tip below the sessilespikelet, and hairy awns. Identification of the species depends on a careful inspection of the details of the pairs of racemes (“raceme pairs”). Homogamousspikelets are pairs of male or barren spikelets, generally resembling the pedicelled spikelets, often found at the base of one or both racemes.Their number and position are relatively stable within a species and provide a useful aid to identification.1a. Racemes not reflexed at maturity; raceme bases terete, slender, clearly unequal.2a. Awns 2(–4) per raceme pair; spikelets white-hairy ............................................................................................ 1. H. filipendula2b. Awns 6–13 per raceme pair; spikelets brown or golden-hairy ........................................................................ 2. H. yunnanensis

632POACEAE1b. Racemes reflexed at maturity; raceme bases subequal or unequal.3a. Raceme with narrow, oblong, purple 1–3 mm scale at base; 1 homogamous spikelet pair at base of lowerraceme only ............................................................................................................................................................. 3. H. newtonii3b. Raceme without linear scale at base.4a. Spatheoles linear, 4–7 cm; 1 homogamous spikelet pair at base of each raceme ............................................ 4. H. griffithii4b. Spatheoles lanceolate, 2–4.5 cm; 2 homogamous spikelet pairs at base of each raceme ............................. 5. H. diplandra1. Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochstetter) Stapf var. pilosa(Hochstetter) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 324. 1919.毛穗苞茅 mao sui bao maoAndropogon filipendulus Hochstetter var. pilosus Hochstetter,Flora 29: 115. 1846.Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, slender, 1–2 m tall, branching.Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades tough, 15–40 × 0.3–0.6cm, glabrous, margins scabrid; ligule ca. 2 mm. Spathatepanicle with many slender spatheoles in crowded fascicles fromeach spathe; spatheoles very narrowly linear, 4–6 × 0.1–0.3 cm,becoming reddish; peduncle filiform, flexuously exserted nearspatheole tip, glabrous or thinly white bearded. Racemes 2(–4)-awned per pair, awns often twisted together, not reflexed atmaturity; raceme bases very unequal, glabrous, the upper filiform,5–8 mm; 1 pair of homogamous spikelets at base of lowerraceme, 2 pairs at base of upper raceme. Sessile spikeletoblong-lanceolate, 5–6 mm; callus pungent, 2–3 mm, whitebearded; lower glume linear-oblong, pubescent to villouswith white hairs; awn 3–5 cm, the column hirsute with brown0.7–1.2 mm hairs. Pedicelled spikelet 5–6.5 mm, tipped with a1–5 mm bristle. Fl. and fr. Jul–Dec.Hill slopes, grassy places, thickets; 900–1600 m. Yunnan [Indonesia,New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka; Africa, Australia].Hyparrhenia filipendula may be recognized by the combination ofa slender, delicate habit, 2-awned raceme pairs, an elongate, filiform upperraceme base bearing 2 homogamous spikelet pairs, a pungent callus,and a hirsute awn.Hyparrhenia filipendula var. filipendula is distinguished by theglabrous lower glume of the sessile spikelet. In Africa both varieties arecommon and may grow together, but in Asia nearly all specimens belongto var. pilosa.2. Hyparrhenia yunnanensis B. S. Sun, J. Yunnan Univ. 21:95. 1999.泰国苞茅 tai guo bao maoHyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf var. siamensis Clayton.Perennial. Culms erect, slender to robust, 1–3 m tall. Leafsheaths glabrous; leaf blades 30–60 × 0.2–0.8 cm, glabrous,margins scabrid; ligule subrounded, ca. 2 mm. Spathate paniclevariable, lax or contracted; spatheoles linear-lanceolate, 3–5 ×0.3–0.5 cm, finally reddish and rolled; peduncle shorter or longerthan spatheole, usually flexuously exserted at least on panicleperiphery, glabrous or white bearded. Racemes 6–7-awned perpair, rufous, not reflexed at maturity; raceme bases unequal,terete, glabrous, upper 3–5 mm; 1 pair of homogamous spikeletsat base of lower raceme, 1–2 pairs at base of upper raceme.Sessile spikelet 4–5 mm; callus narrowly cuneate, 1–1.2 mm,densely white or golden bearded; lower glume oblong-lanceolate,brownish, glossy, typically with scanty stiff rufous hairs,but sometimes glabrous or pubescent; awn 2–3 cm, the columnpubescent with stiff brown hairs. Pedicelled spikelet 3–5 mm,acute.Hill slopes; 800–1200 m. Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].This taxon is a uniform, local segregate from the gene pool of theextremely variable, African species Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. Hyparrheniarufa s.s. has been introduced to warm parts of America andelsewhere as a pasture grass and is recorded from Yunnan. It has 7–14awns per raceme pair, a shorter (0.2–0.8 mm) callus, and a slightlyshorter sessile spikelet.Hyparrhenia yunnanensis can be distinguished from the otherspecies in China (except H. griffithii) by its long, slender upper racemebase, which may sometimes be partially connate with the shorter lowerraceme base. The brown color of the spikelet hairs is also distinctive,although it may sometimes be rather pale.3. Hyparrhenia newtonii (Hackel) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop.Africa 9: 363. 1919.苞茅 bao maoAndropogon newtonii Hackel, Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 137.1885; A. lecomtei Franchet; Hyparrhenia lecomtei (Franchet)Stapf.Perennial. Culms tufted, erect or geniculate at base, 50–200 cm tall, glabrous or pilose just below nodes. Basal leafsheaths tomentose or glabrous; leaf blades 20–60 × 0.2–0.6 cm,pilose on both surfaces or adaxial surface glabrous, marginsscabrid; ligule reddish brown, truncate, 0.5–2 mm. Spathatepanicle narrow, 30–40 cm; spatheoles narrowly lanceolate, 2–4cm, reddish brown; peduncle slightly shorter than spatheole,setose with yellow or creamy hairs. Racemes 2–4-awned perpair, purple, reflexed at maturity; raceme bases unequal, stifflysetose, upper 1.5–3 mm, prolonged into a 1–3 mm, lanceolate,purple appendage below the lowest spikelet pair; 1 pair ofhomogamous spikelets at base of lower raceme only. Sessilespikelet 4–6 mm, purplish; callus 1.5–2 mm, acute to pungent,bearded; lower glume narrowly oblong, glabrous; awn 2–4 cm,column with short brown hairs. Pedicelled spikelet 5–10 mm,tipped with a 1–5 mm bristle.Hill slopes; 600–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi [Indonesia, Thailand,Vietnam; Africa, Madagascar].This species has a distinctively colored panicle, with purple spikeletsand yellowish hairs. Asian material identified as Hyparrhenia bracteata(Willdenow) Stapf belongs here. True H. bracteata is restricted toAfrica.4. Hyparrhenia griffithii Bor, Indian Forest Rec., Bot. 1: 92.1938.大穗苞茅 da sui bao maoPerennial. Culms erect, 1–2 m tall. Leaf sheaths pilosealong margin and mouth, becoming glabrescent; leaf blades up

POACEAE 633to 40 × 0.4–0.8 cm, white pilose near base on adaxial surface;ligule ca. 3 mm. Spathate panicle lax, narrow; spatheoles linear,4–7 cm, inrolled, brown; peduncle 2/3 as long to slightly longerthan spatheole, flexuous, white setose. Racemes 5–10-awnedper pair, white hairy, loose, reflexed at maturity; raceme basesunequal, terete, glabrous, the upper filiform, 3.5–8 mm; 1 pairof homogamous spikelets at base of both lower and upperraceme of pair. Sessile spikelet 6–7 mm; callus pungent, 1.5–2mm, white bearded; lower glume lanceolate, brownish to darkviolet, white hirsute; awn 4–6 cm, the column pubescent withbrown 0.4–0.6 mm hairs. Pedicelled spikelet 6–8 mm, villous,tipped with a 1–4 mm bristle.Usually in forest understory; ca. 700 m. SW Yunnan (Gengma)[NE India, N Myanmar; Africa].This species resembles Hyparrhenia filipendula in its white-hairyracemes, long, slender upper raceme base, and long awns. It can be distinguishedby the sparser panicle, strongly reflexing racemes at maturity,and the greater number of awns per raceme pair.5. Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hackel) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop.Africa 9: 368. 1919.短梗苞茅 duan geng bao maoAndropogon diplandrus Hackel, Flora 68: 123. 1855;Cymbopogon eberhardtii A. Camus; Hyparrhenia eberhardtii(A. Camus) Hitchcock.Perennial. Culms tufted, coarse, 1–2 m tall, sometimesglaucous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades 30–60 × 0.3–0.6cm, glabrous or hirsute at base, margins scabrid; ligule reddishbrown, ca. 2 mm. Spathate panicle loose, narrow; spatheolesnarrowly lanceolate, 3–5 cm, brownish red; peduncle scarcelyexserted from spatheole, glabrous or shortly bearded. Racemes4–8-awned per pair, reflexed at maturity; raceme bases subequal,flattened, short, broadly oblong, glabrous on outer face,upper 1.5–3 mm; usually 2 pairs of homogamous spikelets atbase of both lower and upper raceme of pair; homogamousspikelets scabrid-pectinate on upper keels. Sessile spikelet 6–8mm; callus 1–1.5 mm, sharply acute, white bearded; lowerglume lanceolate, glabrous or pilose; awn 2.5–4.5 cm, columnwith white or brown 0.2–0.5 mm hairs. Pedicelled spikelet 6–7.5 mm, acute or tipped with a mucro up to 1.5 mm. Fl. and fr.Aug–Nov.Hill slopes, thickets; 100–200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,Yunnan [Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa].This species can be recognized by its short, flat raceme bases andthe pectinately margined homogamous spikelets, which form an involucreat the base of the raceme pair.213. THEMEDA Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 178. 1775.菅属 jian shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnthistiria Linnaeus f.Perennial or annual, often coarse. Culms tufted. Leaf sheaths keeled; leaf blades linear; ligule short, membranous or papery.Inflorescence a leafy compound panicle composed of short racemes; each raceme on a short peduncle subtended by a sheathingspatheole, loosely arranged or gathered into fan-shaped spathate fascicles. Raceme comprising 2 pairs of large sessile homogamousspikelets at base forming an involucre, with 1–2(–5) fertile pairs above and a terminal triad, these usually deciduous, rarely racemeshed as a whole; internodes and pedicels linear. Sessile spikelet subterete or dorsally compressed; callus mostly acute to pungent,sometimes obtuse, bearded; lower glume usually leathery, margins rounded, incurving, keeled only near apex, obtuse; upper glumeawnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipitiform, entire, passing into a geniculate awn with pubescentcolumn, occasionally awnless. Pedicelled spikelet mostly larger than sessile, narrowly lanceolate, resembling homogamous; callusslender, pedicel-like; true pedicel reduced. x = 10.Twenty-seven species: tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, mainly in Asia; 13 species (four endemic) in China.The number of spikelets in a raceme refers to the total of homogamous, sessile, and pedicelled spikelets. Hence racemes with seven spikelets(division 1a of the key) have only one fertile sessile spikelet and one awn. Racemes with more than one awn have more than seven spikelets.Most species of this genus are used for forage when young.1a. Raceme with 7 spikelets; homogamous spikelets all at same level; racemes congested in dense fascicles.2a. Homogamous spikelets 7–14 mm ............................................................................................................................ 1. T. triandra2b. Homogamous spikelets 4–6 mm.3a. Involucral spikelets densely hairy with soft hairs; awn poorly developed, ca. 4 mm ......................................... 2. T. minor3b. Involucral spikelets conspicuously setose with a few long bristles from large tubercles; awn well developed,3–4.5 cm.4a. Fascicles of racemes from upper leaf axils; sessile spikelet pubescent toward apex .......................... 3. T. quadrivalvis4b. Fascicles of racemes from all leaf axils; sessile spikelet pubescent throughout ........................................... 4. T. helferi1b. Raceme with (7 or)9–17 spikelets; homogamous spikelets at slightly different levels; racemes loosely arranged.5a. Homogamous spikelets pubescent, thinly hispid or glabrous.6a. Culms slender, 20–60 cm; racemes few ............................................................................................................. 5. T. hookeri6b. Culms robust, 1–3.5 m; racemes numerous.7a. Sessile spikelet awnless or with awn less than 1 cm .................................................................................... 7. T. villosa

634POACEAE7b. Sessile spikelet with 2–8 cm awn.8a. Culms and leaves hirsute ..................................................................................................................... 8. T. trichiata8b. Culms and leaves glabrous ................................................................................................................... 9. T. caudata5b. Homogamous spikelets setose with tubercle-based bristles.9a. Sessile spikelet awnless or with awn less than 1 cm.10a. Homogamous spikelets 0.5–0.8 cm; culms slender ............................................................................... 6. T. anathera10b. Homogamous spikelets 1–4 cm; culms robust .................................................................................. 10. T. intermedia9b. Sessile spikelet awned.11a. Raceme with 13–17 spikelets; homogamous spikelets 2.5–4 cm .............................................................. 11. T. unica11b. Raceme with 7–9 spikelets; homogamous spikelets 1–1.5 cm.12a. Glumes of homogamous and pedicelled spikelets with golden hairs; lower glume ofsessile spikelet convex ............................................................................................................ 12. T. arundinacea12b. Glumes of homogamous and pedicelled spikelets with long soft white hairs; lowerglume of sessile spikelet with shallow median groove .......................................................... 13. T. yunnanensis1. Themeda triandra Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 178. 1775.黄背草 huang bei caoAnthistiria japonica Willdenow; Themeda barbinodis B.S. Sun & S. Wang; T. japonica (Willdenow) Tanaka; T. triandravar. japonica (Willdenow) Makino.Perennial from a knotty rootstock. Culms tussocky, yellowish,usually farinose near nodes, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheathsusually hispid with tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades 10–50 ×0.4–0.8 cm, glabrous or pilose, finely acuminate; ligule 1–2mm, truncate, ciliate. Compound panicle lax, open, withspaced, often nodding spathate fascicles; spathes and spatheolesnarrowly lanceolate, glabrous or thinly to densely tuberculatehispid,innermost 2–3.5 cm. Raceme composed of a triad of 1sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets above the involucre of 2 homogamouspairs. Homogamous spikelets all sessile, arising atsame level, staminate, both glumes present, 7–14 mm, oblonglanceolatewith lateral scarious wings, glabrous or hispid withtubercle-based hairs. Sessile spikelet 5–7 mm; callus 1.5–3 mm,pungent, brown bearded; lower glume dorsally rounded, darkbrown, glossy, hispidulous in upper 1/3, smooth below; awn3.7–7 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 7–12 mm, male or barren. Fl. andfr. Jun–Dec. 2n = 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80.Dry mountain slopes, roadsides, forest margins; 100–3000 m.Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia].This is a highly polymorphic, predominantly apomictic specieswith a wide range of chromosome numbers.The name Themeda arguens (Linnaeus) Hackel has been misappliedto this species in Yunnan. True T. arguens is not yet known fromChina. It occurs from Thailand and Vietnam to Australia, and can bedistinguished by its reddish culms, very large, spathate fascicles withawns 7–9 cm, and longer callus 3–4 mm. It also differs from T. triandraby its glabrous leaf sheaths, blunter leaf blades, and homogamous spikeletsconsisting only of the lower glume.2. Themeda minor L. Liu, Fl. Xizang. 5: 343. 1987.小菅草 xiao jian caoPerennial, with short scaly rhizomes. Culms slender, stiff,30–50 cm, many-noded, branching. Leaf sheaths softly piloseon margins; leaf blades 3–8 × 0.1–0.2 cm, pilose with tuberclebasedhairs, densely long-pilose at narrowed base, margins scabrid;ligule ca. 1 mm, ciliate. Compound panicle narrow, erect,spathate fascicles arising singly on 1.5–2 cm branches fromupper leaf axils; spathes ca. 1.5 cm. Raceme composed of a triadof 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets above the involucre of2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets 4–5 mm, denselyhirsute with whitish, tubercle-based soft hairs. Sessile spikeletca. 4 mm; callus bearded; lower glume dorsally compressed,pallid, puberulous, acute; awn poorly developed, ca. 4 mm.Pedicelled spikelet ca. 5 mm, staminate, densely white-hirsute,hairs ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.● Mountain slopes, under rather open thickets; ca. 2000 m. SEXizang (Zayü).3. Themeda quadrivalvis (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.793. 1891.中华菅 zhong hua jianAndropogon quadrivalvis Linnaeus in Murray, Syst. Veg.,ed. 13, 758. 1774; Themeda chinensis (A. Camus) S. L. Chen &T. D. Zhuang; T. ciliata (Linnaeus f.) Hackel subsp. chinensisA. Camus; T. echinata Keng; T. yuanmounensis S. L. Chen &T. D. Zhuang.Annual. Culms moderately robust, erect or geniculate atbase, ca. 1 m tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous or with tubercle-basedbristles at mouth; leaf blades flat or folded, up to 30 × 0.3–0.9cm, glabrous, abruptly acute to acuminate; ligule ca. 3 mm.Compound panicle large, dense; spathes and spatheoles lanceolate-caudate,glabrous, innermost 1.3–1.7 cm. Raceme composedof a triad of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets above theinvolucre of 2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets allsessile, arising at same level, barren, both glumes present, 4.5–6mm, lanceolate, stiffly setose in upper half with 3–4 mm,tubercle-based bristles. Sessile spikelet 4–4.5 mm; callus 0.8–1mm, subacute, brown bearded; lower glume dorsally rounded,dark brown at maturity, pubescent, often thinly or glabrous onlower back; awn 3.5–4 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 4–6 mm, barren.Fl. and fr. Jun–Dec.Dry hill slopes; 400–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam;Australia].This species has dense fascicles of racemes similar to those ofThemeda triandra, but with smaller spikelet parts and conspicuously

POACEAE 635setose homogamous spikelets with long, patent bristles from very largetubercles. It can also generally be separated by its annual habit.4. Themeda helferi Munro ex Hackel in A. Candolle & C.Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 665. 1889.无茎菅 wu jing jianThemeda acaulis B. S. Sun & S. Wang; T. ciliata (Linnaeusf.) Hackel subsp. helferi (Munro ex Hackel) A. Camus; T.quadrivalvis (Linnaeus) Kuntze var. helferi (Munro ex Hackel)Bor.Annual. Culms very slender, solitary or in small loosetufts, up to 30 cm tall. Leaf sheaths shorter than internodes, glabrous;leaf blades flat or folded, 5–10 × 0.2–0.4 cm, a fewtubercle-based bristles on lower margins, otherwise glabrous,acute; ligule ca. 1 mm, truncate, ciliolate. Spathate fasciclesarising from all leaf axils from base to apex of culm, fasciclescongregated on slender 1–3-noded branches; spathes and spatheolesnarrowly lanceolate-caudate, glabrous, innermost ca. 2cm. Raceme composed of a triad of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelledspikelets above the involucre of 2 homogamous pairs. Homogamousspikelets all sessile, arising at same level, male withboth glumes present, 4–5 mm, narrowly lanceolate, stiffly setosein upper half with ca. 3 mm, tubercle-based bristles, upperkeels scabrid. Sessile spikelet ca. 4 mm; callus 0.5–1 mm,obtuse, brown bearded; lower glume dorsally slightly flattened,pubescent throughout; awn 3.5–4.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 5–6mm, barren.Stream banks; ca. 600 m. Yunnan (Longling, Zhenkang) [Myanmar(Tenasserim)].This slender, annual species is remarkable in that fascicles ofracemes are borne all the way down to the base of the plant, so that thewhole culm in effect forms the compound inflorescence. It appears to berare and fairly localized in its distribution.5. Themeda hookeri (Grisebach) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl.Hist. Nat. 26: 425. 1920.西南菅草 xi nan jian caoAnthistiria hookeri Grisebach, Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss.Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 91. 1868.Perennial, with slender rhizomes. Culms very slender, decumbentat base, 20–60 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leafblades 3–13 × 0.2–0.5 cm, scabrid, glabrous or thinly hispidwith long, fine, tubercle-based hairs, apex filiform; ligule ca.0.5 mm, ciliolate. Compound panicle sparse, composed of singleracemes arising from upper leaf axils, usually subtendedonly by a spatheole without accompanying spathes; spatheoleslinear, 3–6 cm, glabrous; peduncle glabrous. Raceme composedof 1–2 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad above the involucre of2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets arising at differentlevels, staminate, 12–18 mm, lanceolate with narrow lateralwings, glabrous or thinly hispid. Sessile spikelet 4.5–5.5 mm;callus ca. 1.5 mm, narrowly cuneate; lower glume pallid, dorsallycompressed, shortly pubescent especially near apex orsubglabrous; awn 2.5–4 cm, weakly geniculate. Pedicelled spikelet10–11 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov.Mountain slopes, rocky places, in the open or in shade; 1100–3400 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India (Sikkim), Nepal].This slender, upland species is recognizable by its few racemes,which usually arise singly from the upper leaf axils instead of beinggathered into spathate clusters.6. Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steudel) Hackel in A. Candolle& C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 669. 1889.瘤菅 liu jianAnthistiria anathera Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1:402. 1854; Androscepia anathera (Nees ex Steudel) Andersson;A. anathera var. glabrescens Andersson; A. anathera var. hirsutaAndersson; Themeda anathera var. glabrescens (Andersson)Hackel; T. anathera var. hirsuta (Andersson) Hackel.Perennial, with rhizomes. Culms densely tufted, slender,erect or ascending, 30–120 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous orloosely hairy; leaf blades narrow, 4–20 × 0.2–0.4 cm, scabrid,setose with scattered, long, tubercle-based hairs, apex filiform;ligule ca. 2 mm, margin ciliate. Compound panicle loose, open,branches ascending, bearing up to 5 small spathate racemes;spatheoles linear, 1–2 cm, glabrous; peduncle glabrous. Racemecomposed of 1–3 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad above theinvolucre of 2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets arisingat different levels, male or barren, 5–8 mm, lanceolate,sparsely to densely setose with tubercle-based bristles or sometimesglabrous. Sessile spikelet 5–7 mm; callus ca. 1 mm, obtuse;lower glume firmly herbaceous to subleathery, lightly dorsallycompressed, puberulous or subglabrous to tuberculatehairy;upper lemma narrowly lanceolate, awnless (rarely withreduced ca. 1 cm awn). Pedicelled spikelet 6–8 mm. Fl. and fr.Aug–Oct.Mountain slopes, usually in forests; 1500–3000 m. Xizang [Afghanistan,N India, Nepal, Pakistan].This is a slender, Himalayan species similar to Themeda hookeri,but with a more western distribution. It has a more densely tufted habitthan T. hookeri and can easily be distinguished by its more numerous,awnless, usually setose racemes of smaller spikelets.7. Themeda villosa (Poiret) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 364. 1922.菅 jianAnthistiria villosa Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 1: 396. 1812[“1810”]; A. gigantea Cavanilles subsp. villosa (Poiret) J. D.Hooker; A. mutica Steudel; Pseudanthistiria emeinica S. L.Chen & T. D. Zhuang; Themeda gigantea (Cavanilles) Hackelsubsp. villosa (Poiret) Hackel; T. gigantea var. villosa (Poiret)Hackel.Perennial. Culms tufted, stout, 2–3.5 m tall, 1–2 cm indiam. Leaf sheaths glabrous, basal sheaths strongly compressed;leaf blades ca. 100 × 0.7–1.5 cm, scabrid, graduallynarrowed to the thick white midrib toward base, acuminate;ligule ca. 1 mm, ciliate. Compound panicle up to 1 m withmany drooping branches, branches bearing several spathes,each spathe subtending a further spathe and usually a singlespatheole with raceme; spatheoles 2–3.5 cm, minutely hispidulous;peduncle pilose at apex. Raceme composed of (1–)2spikelet pairs and a terminal triad above the involucre of 2homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets arising at slightly

636POACEAEdifferent levels, male or barren, 10–15 mm, narrowly lanceolate,wingless, shortly pubescent. Sessile spikelet 7–8 mm;callus 1–2 mm, acute; lower glume oblong-lanceolate, dorsallycompressed with shallow central groove, densely brown strigose;upper lemma lanceolate, midvein produced into mucro orpoorly developed short awn. Pedicelled spikelet 10–15 mm. Fl.and fr. Aug–Jan.Hill slopes, forest margins, disturbed moist grassy places; 300–2500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan,NE India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka (introduced),Thailand].This is a giant grass with stout culms and a large, spathate paniclelacking prominent, geniculate awns. The name Pseudanthistiria emeinicais based on a few anomalous specimens from Sichuan (Emei Shan)in which one or both of the homogamous spikelet pairs have been replacedby a normal spikelet pair.8. Themeda trichiata S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang, Bull. Bot.Res., Harbin 9(2): 58. 1989.毛菅 mao jianPerennial. Culms tufted, stout, ca. 1.5 m tall, 0.7 mm ormore in diam., loosely hirsute especially below nodes. Leafsheaths glabrous or hirsute along margins, hirsute on back nearblade; leaf blades 40–80 × 0.4–0.6 cm, abaxial surface hirsute,contracted at base, acuminate; ligule ca. 1.5 mm, margin lacerate.Compound panicle open, branches pilose, spathes hirsuteat least on margins, each subtending a further spathe andup to 3 spatheoles with racemes; spatholes 2.5–3 cm, glabrous;peduncle villous at apex. Raceme composed of 1 spikelet pairand a terminal triad above the involucre of 2 homogamouspairs. Homogamous spikelets arising at slightly different levels,one pair subsessile, barren, the other pair staminate, 12–15 mm,narrowly lanceolate, minutely puberulous. Sessile spikelet dorsallycompressed, 7–7.5 mm; callus ca. 2 mm, acute; lowerglume oblong-lanceolate, slightly flattened, densely brown strigose;upper lemma stipitiform; awn 2–4.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet12–15 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Dec.● Dry mountain slopes. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan.This species is very close to Themeda caudata, but has hairs onthe leaves and culms, and shorter, more slender awns.9. Themeda caudata (Nees) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 364. 1922.苞子草 bao zi caoAnthistiria caudata Nees in Hooker & Arnott, Bot. BeecheyVoy. 245. 1838; A. gigantea Cavanilles subsp. caudata(Nees) J. D. Hooker; Themeda gigantea (Cavanilles) Hackelsubsp. caudata (Nees) Hackel.Perennial. Culms tufted, robust, 1–3 m tall, 0.5–1 cm indiam. Leaf sheaths glabrous, basal sheaths strongly compressed;leaf blades 20–80 × 0.5–1 cm, scabrid, midvein distinct,narrowed to subrounded at base, acuminate; ligule subrounded,ca. 1 mm, ciliate. Compound panicle large, muchbranched, branches bearing several spathes, each spathe subtendinga further spathe and up to 3 spatheoles with racemes;spatheoles 2.5–5 cm, minutely scaberulous-puberulous; pedunclepilose at apex. Raceme composed of 1(–2) spikelet pairsand a terminal triad above the involucre of 2 homogamouspairs. Homogamous spikelets arising at slightly different levels,12–15 mm, linear-lanceolate, wingless, minutely scaberulouspuberulous.Sessile spikelet 6–7.5 mm; callus 2–3 mm, acuminate;lower glume dorsally compressed, oblong-lanceolate,densely golden strigose; upper lemma stipitiform; awn 4–8 cm.Pedicelled spikelet 12–15 mm, male or barren. Fl. and fr. Jul–Dec.Dry hillsides, forest margins; 400–2500 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang,Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].The name “Themeda gigantea var. caudata (Nees) Keng” (Fl. Ill.Pl. Prim. Sin. Gram. 845. 1959) belongs here, but was not validly publishedbecause no Latin description was provided.10. Themeda intermedia (Hackel) Bor, Indian Forest Rec.,Bot. 1: 96. 1938.居中菅 ju zhong jianThemeda gigantea (Cavanilles) Hackel subsp. intermediaHackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 675.1889.Perennial. Culms tufted, stout, 1.5–5 m tall, 0.8–1.5 cm indiam. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades up to 100 × 0.6–1.5cm, narrowed toward base, scabrid, acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm.Compound panicle large with many drooping branches, eachbranch bearing several spathes subtending 1–3 spatheoles;spatheoles 2–3 cm, glabrous; peduncle villous at apex. Racemecomposed of 0–2 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad above theinvolucre of 2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikeletsarising at slightly different levels, male or barren, 11–14 mm,narrowly oblong-lanceolate, hirsute with long, golden or pallidtubercle-based hairs, acuminate. Sessile spikelet ca. 7 mm; callus1.5–2 mm, narrowly cuneate; lower glume oblong-lanceolate,dorsally compressed, densely strigose with brown hairs;upper lemma lanceolate, awn absent or less than 1 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 10.5–14 mm.Light forest shade; ca. 700 m. SW Yunnan (Gengma) [Bhutan, NIndia, Myanmar].This is probably just an awnless, small-spiculate form from theThemeda arundinacea gene pool or a product of introgression from T.villosa.11. Themeda unica S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang, Bull. Bot.Res., Harbin 9(2): 56. 1989.浙皖菅 zhe wan jianPerennial. Culms erect or geniculate at base, 1–2.5 m tall,4–10 mm in diam., farinaceous near nodes when young. Leafsheaths loosely hispid with tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades 30–60 × 0.4–1 cm, glabrous or adaxial surface with tubercle-basedsetae near base; ligule 2–7 mm. Compound panicle elongate, 3–4-noded, 1–3 solitary spathate racemes arising directly fromnodes; spatheoles 4–9 cm, glabrous; peduncle 4–7 cm, glabrous.Raceme composed of 3–5 spikelet pairs and a terminaltriad above the involucre of 2 homogamous pairs. Homogam-

POACEAE 637ous spikelets arising at slightly different levels, staminate, 25–40 cm, lanceolate, margins with stiff white tubercle-based hairs,acuminate. Sessile spikelet 7–10 mm; callus ca. 2.5 mm, acute;lower glume elliptic-oblong, densely strigose with brown hairs,awn 2–4 cm. Pedicelled spikelet ca. 20 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.● Hill slopes, roadsides; 200–1000 m. Anhui, Zhejiang.12. Themeda arundinacea (Roxburgh) A. Camus in Lecomte,Fl. Indo-Chine 17: 363. 1922.韦菅 wei jianAnthistiria arundinacea Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 256. 1820;A. subsericans Nees ex Steudel; Cymbopogon arundinaceus(Roxburgh) Schultes; Themeda gigantea (Cavanilles) Hackelsubsp. arundinacea (Roxburgh) Hackel; T. gigantea var. subsericans(Nees ex Steudel) Hackel; T. subsericans (Nees exSteudel) Ridley.Perennial. Culms tufted, reedlike, stout, up to 6 m tall, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades 50–100 × 1–1.5 cm, scabrid, gradually narrowed to the thick white midribtoward base, acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm. Compound paniclelarge with many drooping branches, each branch bearing spathessubtending 2–3 spatheoles; spatheoles 2–3.5 cm, glabrous;peduncle pubescent at apex. Raceme composed of 0–2 spikeletpairs and a terminal triad above the involucre of 2 homogamouspairs. Homogamous spikelets arising at slightly different levels,male or barren, 12–20 mm, linear-lanceolate, densely hispidwith long, golden, tubercle-based hairs, finely acuminate. Sessilespikelet 7–9.5 mm; callus 2–3.5 mm, narrowly cuneate;lower glume oblong-lanceolate, densely strigose with golden orbrown hairs, hairs usually deciduous; awn 4–9 cm. Pedicelledspikelet 13–20 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep–Apr.Mountain slopes, valley grasslands; 700–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, N India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].Themeda arundinacea belongs to a group of giant Themeda specieswith stout, solid, reedlike culms and large, drooping panicles, alsoincluding T. caudata, T. intermedia, T. trichiata, and T. villosa. Mostwere treated in old literature at infraspecific rank under T. gigantea(Cavanilles) Hackel, which name is now applied only to a form endemicin the Philippines with awnless racemes of small, hairy spikelets.The species of this complex probably intergrade, and variation is notwell understood.Smaller forms of Themeda arundinacea with culms to 3 m tall,shorter spikelets, and shorter, weaker awns (3–4.5 cm) are sometimesseparated as T. subsericans.13. Themeda yunnanensis S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang, Bull.Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 58. 1989.云南菅 yun nan jianPerennial. Culms slender, erect, up to 1 m tall. Leaf sheathsglabrous; leaf blades 15–30 × 0.3–0.5 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid,acuminate; ligule lacerate. Compound panicle loose, eachbranch bearing a few spathes subtending 1 or more spatheoles;spatheoles 3–6 cm, glabrous; peduncles glabrous. Raceme composedof 1 spikelet pair and a terminal triad above the involucreof 2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets arising at differentlevels, staminate, ca. 15 mm, lanceolate, villous withwhite long soft tubercle-based hairs, acuminate. Sessile spikeletca. 7 mm, pallid; callus ca. 2.5 mm, narrowly cuneate; lowerglume subleathery, densely pubescent with yellowish whitesoft hairs, back with shallow median groove; awn 3–6 cm. Pedicelledspikelet ca. 15 mm, villous. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov.● Dry mountain slopes; 600–1900 m. Yunnan.Themeda yunnanensis resembles the Indian species T. mooneyiBor in its slender habit and softly white-hairy homogamous spikelets,but the latter species has glabrous sessile spikelets (except for shortprickles at the apex) and glabrous pedicelled spikelets.214. HETEROPOGON Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 533. 1807.黄茅属 huang mao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Culms tufted. Leaf sheaths usually keeled; leaf blades linear; ligule membranous, sometimes with ciliatefringe. Inflorescence of solitary racemes, these terminal or axillary and loosely aggregated into a spathate panicle; peduncle includedto long-exserted. Racemes linear, dense, spikelets imbricate, 1 to several pairs of homogamous spikelets at base of raceme belowfertile pairs, fragile between fertile pairs; internodes and pedicels reduced to short oblique stumps obscured by hairs from backside ofsessile spikelet callus. Homogamous spikelets herbaceous, flat, lanceolate-oblong. Sessile spikelet subterete; callus long, pungent,bearded; lower glume leathery, obtuse; upper glume awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipitiform,entire, passing into a stout geniculate awn with hairy column. Pedicelled spikelet larger than sessile, resembling homogamousspikelets, awnless; callus slender, pedicel-like; true pedicel reduced to a stump.Six species: throughout the tropics and subtropics; three species in China.1a. Annual; leaf sheaths with rows of glands along veins ......................................................................................... 1. H. melanocarpus1b. Perennial; leaf sheaths without glands.2a. Culms up to 1 m tall; raceme 3–7 cm (excluding awns); 3–10(–12) pairs of homogamous spikelets ................ 2. H. contortus2b. Culms 1–3 m tall; raceme 8–15 cm (excluding awns); 12–15 pairs of homogamous spikelets ............................ 3. H. triticeus1. Heteropogon melanocarpus (Elliott) Bentham, J. Linn.Soc., Bot. 19: 71. 1881.黑果黄茅 hei guo huang maoAndropogon melanocarpus Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina1: 146. 1816 [“1821”]; A. polystictus Steudel; Cymbopogonmelanocarpus (Elliott) Sprengel; Heteropogon acuminatus Tri-

638POACEAEnius; H. polystictus (Steudel) Hochstetter; H. roylei Nees exSteudel.Annual. Culms robust, erect, usually solitary, 0.5–2 cmtall, supported by stilt roots. Leaf sheaths spotted with rows ofglands along veins, long soft hairs at mouth; leaf blades flat,10–40 × 0.5–1 cm, pilose, apex acuminate; ligule lacerate. Inflorescenceof racemes gathered into a copious spathate panicle;spatheoles linear-lanceolate, glandular; peduncle ca. 1/2 spatheolelength, scarcely exserted. Racemes 2–4 cm (excluding awns),3–8-awned, 1–3 pairs of green homogamous spikelets belowthe awned fertile pairs. Sessile spikelet 6–8 mm, blackishbrown; callus 3–4.5 mm, sharply pungent, brown bearded; lowerglume narrowly oblong, densely pilose with soft brown hairs;awn 6–9 cm, stout, column blackish when mature, hirtellous.Pedicelled spikelet 15–25 mm, lower glume light green, oblong-lanceolate,laterally asymmetrically winged, glabrous, pittedwith glands and transversely pucked along midvein, lanceolate-caudate.Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov.Mountain slopes; 1000–1500 m. Yunnan [India; Africa, tropicaland subtropical America, SW Asia].This species is immediately recognizable by the large, caudatepedicelled spikelets with a conspicuous, median, glandular band.2. Heteropogon contortus (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois ex Roemer& Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2: 836. 1817.黄茅 huang maoAndropogon contortus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1045. 1753;Heteropogon fertilis B. S. Sun & S. Wang.Perennial. Culms slender, tufted, usually geniculate at base,20–100 cm tall. Leaf sheaths keeled; leaf blades flat or folded,10–20 × 0.3–0.6 cm, scabrid or adaxial surface pilose at base,apex obtuse or shortly acute to apiculate; ligule ciliate alongmargin. Inflorescence terminal or racemes gathered into ascanty panicle; spatheoles linear, tightly rolled around peduncle;peduncles mostly long-exserted. Racemes 3–7 cm (excludingawns), narrowly cylindrical, 7–12-awned, (1–)3–10(–12)pairs of flat green homogamous spikelets below the awned fertilepairs. Sessile spikelet 5–7 mm, dark brown; callus 2–3mm, fiercely pungent, brown bearded; lower glume linear becomingcylindrical at maturity, sometimes hispidulous betweenveins; awn 6–10 cm, dark brown, column white-hirtellous, tipsof successive awns often twisting together. Pedicelled spikelet6–11 mm, lower glume oblong-lanceolate, greenish, laterallyasymmetrically winged, glabrous or sparsely to densely piloseor tuberculate-hispid or white setose. Fl. and fr. Apr–Dec. 2n =20, 40, 44, 50, 60, 80.Dry hillsides, roadsides, grassy places, in the open or light shade;400–4500 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan,Zhejiang [tropics and subtropics of the world, extending to Mediterraneanand other warm-temperate areas].The narrowly cylindrical racemes of overlapping, green spikeletswith stout, brown, intertwining awns emerging from the upper part arevery characteristic of this species. It is a very widespread and extremelypolymorphic species, varying in habit, hairiness of the spikelets, andalso physiologically in response to differing rainfall regimes. It is apomicticand includes a range of chromosome numbers. The name Heteropogonfertilis has been applied to an atypical, stunted specimen lackinghomogamous spikelet pairs at the base of the raceme. It was describedfrom Yunnan, but similar forms with only a single homogamous spikeletpair are known from Hong Kong and elsewhere.This species provides good forage when young, but the needlesharpspikelet calluses can cause damage to livestock when mature. Theleaves and stems are utilized in papermaking.3. Heteropogon triticeus (R. Brown) Stapf ex Craib, Bull.Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 432. 1912.麦黄茅 mai huang maoAndropogon triticeus R. Brown, Prodr. 201. 1810; A.ischyranthus Steudel; A. lianatherus Steudel; A. segaenensisSteudel; Heteropogon ischyranthus (Steudel) Miquel; H. lianatherus(Steudel) Miquel; Sorghum triticeum (R. Brown) Kuntze.Perennial from a tough rootstock. Culms stout, erect, hard,1–3 m tall. Leaf sheaths keeled and flabellate at plant base,glabrous to hispidulous; leaf blades flat, stiff, 30–60 × 0.4–0.8cm, glabrous to hirsute, apex acuminate; ligule very short,truncate, lacerate. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, sometimeswith a few axillary racemes below it. Racemes 8–15 cm (excludingawns), 5–11-awned, 12–15 pairs of flat green homogamousspikelets below awned fertile pairs. Sessile spikelet 6–10mm, dark brown at maturity; callus ca. 6 mm, pungent, denselybrown bearded; lower glume linear-oblong, brown puberulousor pubescent, deeply grooved on either side of midvein; awn 9–16 cm, brown, column shortly pubescent. Pedicelled spikelet15–20 mm, lower glume oblong-lanceolate, green, laterallyasymmetrically winged, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Oct–Mar.Mountain slopes. Hainan [S India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].This is a tall, robust grass with racemes of large, overlappinghomogamous and pedicelled spikelets with very long awns emergingfrom the upper part.215. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA (Hackel) J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 219. 1896 [“1897”].假铁秆草属 jia tie gan cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAndropogon sect. Pseudanthistiria Hackel in A. Candolle & C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 400. 1889.Annuals. Culms slender, usually decumbent at base or trailing. Leaf sheaths shorter than internodes; leaf blades linear to lanceolate;ligule membranous, short, truncate. Inflorescence a leafy compound panicle, composed of several axillary fascicles of shortracemes, each individual raceme subtended by a sheathing spatheole, fascicle supported by a spathe at apex of a flexuous peduncle.

POACEAE 639Racemes fragile, comprising 1–3 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets, without homogamousspikelet pairs at base; internodes and pedicels linear, short. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus small, obtuse; lower glumepapery to cartilaginous, dorsally subconvex to concave, margins rounded and inrolled, apex truncate; upper glume awnless; lowerlemma reduced or absent; upper lemma stipitiform, entire, passing into a geniculate glabrous awn. Pedicelled spikelet larger than sessile,acute; callus narrowly oblong.Three species: India to Thailand; one species (probably introduced) in China.1. Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxburgh) J. D. Hooker, Fl.Brit. India 7: 219. 1896 [“1897”].假铁秆草 jia tie gan caoAnthistiria heteroclita Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 253. 1820;Andropogon heteroclitus (Roxburgh) Nees; Hypogynium heteroclitum(Roxburgh) Roberty; Pseudanthistiria hispida J. D.Hooker; Sorghum heteroclitum (Roxburgh) Kuntze.Culms slender, geniculate at base, 30–50 cm tall. Leafsheaths glabrous or hispid near margins; leaf blades linear, 8–15× 0.3–0.5 cm, veins distinct, hispid with tuberculate-based hairson both surfaces, base subrounded, apex acuminate. Compoundpanicle 10–30 cm; spatheoles lanceolate, 7–12 mm, setose nearmargins, the hairs arising from conspicuous, sometimes darkcoloredtubercles, apex finely acuminate. Racemes with 1–2spikelet pairs and a terminal triad. Sessile spikelet linear-oblong,3–4.5 mm; lower glume firmly membranous, shallowlyconvex, scaberulous or puberulous toward apex varying to appressed-pubescentthroughout; upper lemma longer than glumes;awn 2–3 cm, column pubescent. Pedicelled spikelet lanceolate,4.5–5.5 mm, lower glume loosely setose with tuberculate-basedhairs near apex. Fl. and fr. Sep–Dec.Open hillsides, disturbed places. Hong Kong [India].This species has apparently been collected only once in China, byHance in Hong Kong in 1862, and was probably a chance introduction.216. PHACELURUS Grisebach, Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 423. 1846.束尾草属 shu wei cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsThyrsia Stapf.Perennial. Culms often robust. Leaf blades linear or rarely terete; ligule membranous. Inflorescence terminal, racemes usuallysubdigitate, rarely spread along an elongate axis or solitary. Racemes ± flattened, bearing paired spikelets, horizontally articulated,often rather tardily disarticulating; rachis internodes inflated to clavate, glabrous, base truncate, sometimes with a central peg. Sessilespikelet flat, convex or concave across back; lower glume lanceolate to ovate, membranous to leathery, smooth, marginally 2-keeledor rounded; upper glume boat-shaped; lower floret male or barren, with or without palea; upper floret bisexual, with entire awnlesslemma. Pedicelled spikelet resembling sessile but usually smaller and slightly laterally compressed; pedicel free, resembling adjacentrachis internode.Ten species: Old World tropics, extending northward to SE Europe; three species (one endemic) in China.Phacelurus resembles Ischaemum in its stout rachis internodes and pedicels and in its male lower floret, and the two genera are probably closelyrelated. Phacelurus differs mainly by the absence of awns.1a. Racemes borne on a long central axis; lower glume of sessile spikelet narrowly winged ................................................... 1. P. zea1b. Racemes subdigitate; lower glume of sessile spikelet wingless.2a. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate, concave, 8–10 mm; pedicelled spikelet well developed; pedicel cuneate,widened upward; leaves usually glabrous ............................................................................................................... 2. P. latifolius2b. Sessile spikelet ovate-oblong, flat, 6–7 mm; pedicelled spikelet usually reduced; pedicel narrowly oblong,straight; leaves often tuberculate-hispid ........................................................................................................... 3. P. trichophyllus1. Phacelurus zea (C. B. Clarke) Clayton, Kew Bull. 33: 177.1978.黍束尾草 shu shu wei caoRottboellia zea C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 86.1889; R. thyrsoidea Hackel; Thyrsia thyrsoidea (Hackel) A.Camus; Thyrsia zea (C. B. Clarke) Stapf.Perennial, forming large clumps. Culms stout, up to 2 m ormore tall, ca. 10 mm in diam., simple or rarely branched, nodesbearded. Leaf sheaths keeled, glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate,rather stiff, tough, 30–60 × 1–2 cm, hairy near ligule onadaxial surface, margins ciliate near base; ligule 1–2 mm, marginciliate. Inflorescence a large ovate-oblong panicle, 25–40cm, with many racemes arranged in whorls. Lower racemespedunculate, up to 10 cm; rachis internodes broadly cuneate,angled, ribbed, finely scaberulous. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm;lower glume ovate, papery, flat on back, marginally 2-keeled,keels narrowly winged, wings scabrid-hispidulous, apex obtuse;upper glume lanceolate, acute; lower floret sterile, palea absent;upper floret with palea as long as lemma, 2 styles arisingseparately from ovary apex, not elongate. Pedicelled spikeletsimilar to sessile but slightly smaller; pedicel resembling internodebut shorter. Fl. and fr. autumn.Grassy hill slopes; 300–1000 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Bhutan, India,Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].Rottboellia zea (February 1889) has priority over R. thyrsoidea

640POACEAE(April 1889), as was acknowledged by Hackel (in A. Candolle & C.Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 690. 1889).This species is anomalous in the genus because of its elongate inflorescenceof many whorled racemes.2. Phacelurus latifolius (Steudel) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.4: 59. 1935.束尾草 shu wei caoRottboellia latifolia Steudel, Flora 29: 21. 1846; Phacelurusangustifolius (Debeaux) Nakai; P. latifolius var. angustifolius(Debeaux) Kitagawa; P. latifolius var. monostachys Kengex S. L. Chen; Rottboellia latifolia var. angustifolia Debeaux.Perennial, robust, with spreading, stout, scaly rhizomes.Culms tufted at nodes of rhizomes, erect, 1–2 m tall, 3–10 mmin diam., many-noded. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous, usuallylonger than internodes and overlapping; leaf blades linear-lanceolate,tough, 10–40 × 1.5–3 cm, glabrous or sparsely appressed-pilose,base rounded, margins scaberulous, apex attenuate;ligule rounded, 0.5–3 mm. Inflorescence of (1–)3–10racemes, digitate or shortly racemose. Racemes up to 20 cm,stiffly suberect, often white-powdery; rachis internodes stoutlyoblong-cuneate, sharply 3-angled, equaling or slightly shorterthan pedicels. Sessile spikelet 8–10 mm, as long as internode;callus glabrous; lower glume linear-lanceolate, leathery, backconcave, margins keeled, keels scabrid; upper glume spinuloseon keel toward apex; lower floret staminate, palea present;upper lemma and palea subequal, styles connate, elongate, continuedinto a long feathery stigma 2-branched toward its apex.Pedicelled spikelet well developed, slightly laterally compressed,weakly curved; pedicel resembling internode. Fl. andfr. autumn.Coastal salt marshes, river banks, irrigation channels on salinesoils, forming colonies; below 1400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Hebei, Jiangsu,Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].3. Phacelurus trichophyllus S. L. Zhong, J. S. W. Agric. Coll.1982(4): 78. 1982.毛叶束尾草 mao ye shu wei caoPhacelurus latifolius (Steudel) Ohwi var. trichophyllus (S.L. Zhong) B. S. Sun & Z. H. Hu; Rhytachne anisonodis B. S.Sun; R. lijiangensis B. S. Sun.Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms erect, 1–2 m tall, 3–4 mm in diam., many-noded, branching in upper part. Leafsheaths hispid with short, tubercle-based hairs or glabrous, usuallylonger than internodes; leaf blades lanceolate, papery, 10–20 × 1–2.5 cm, sparsely hispid with short, scattered, tuberclebasedhairs, base rounded, margins serrulate, apex acuminate;ligule 0.5–1 mm. Inflorescence of 1–6 subdigitate racemes. Racemesup to 15 cm or more, stiffly suberect, spikelets normallypaired, occasionally triads of 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled present;rachis internodes columnar, laterally sharply keeled, backrounded or obtusely keeled, lowest internode elongate, muchexceeding sessile spikelet, successive internodes shorter. Sessilespikelet 6–7 mm; callus shortly pilose; lower glume lanceolateto ovate, leathery, back flat or slightly convex, obscurely ribbed,margins incurved, ciliolate, keeled and scabrid below apex;upper glume scabrid on keel toward apex; lower floret staminate,palea present; upper lemma and palea subequal, 2 stylesarising separately from ovary apex, not elongate. Pedicelledspikelet variable, resembling sessile spikelet but slightly smalleror much reduced; pedicel stoutly oblong, straight. Fl. and fr.Aug–Oct.● Ditches, moist meadows, river bank thickets, on damp sandysoils; 1100–2000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.This grass occurs at generally higher altitudes than Phaceluruslatifolius. The pedicelled spikelet varies from well developed to muchreduced, even in adjacent spikelet pairs on the same raceme.Two specimens with solitary racemes have been described as newspecies in Rhytachne. That genus is not known in Asia and can usuallybe distinguished from Phacelurus by a much more delicate habit,cylindrical racemes, and a frequently foliaceous pedicel. The occasionaloccurrence of spikelet triads in this species is reminiscent of Mnesithea.However, it is excluded from that genus by its well-developed malelower floret, and also from Rottboellia by its free pedicel.217. HEMARTHRIA R. Brown, Prodr. 207. 1810.牛鞭草属 niu bian cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, rarely annual. Culms usually prostrate and rooting at lower nodes. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule narrow, membranous,margin ciliate. Inflorescence composed of single axillary racemes; racemes solitary or in groups in upper leaf axils, dorsiventral,articulation line usually oblique but racemes tough, not or very tardily disarticulating; rachis internodes thickened, oblong-angular,adnate to adjacent pedicel. Sessile spikelet appressed to hollow in rachis, dorsally compressed (terete in H. sibirica); callus obtuse tocuneate, rarely truncate; lower glume narrowly elliptic, rigidly herbaceous to leathery, smooth, marginally 2-keeled, indistinctlywinged above, obtuse to caudate or rarely 2-cleft; upper glume sometimes adnate to internode, mucronate or awned; lower floret barren,without palea; upper floret bisexual, with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikelet similar to sessile, but base truncate and lackingcallus; pedicel similar to adnate rachis internode, junction marked by a line. x = 9, 10.Fourteen species: tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World; introduced in America; six species (one endemic) in China.This is a genus of aquatic or semi-aquatic grasses concentrated in SE Asia. At first sight it is difficult to distinguish the sessile and pedicelledspikelets because they look very similar and, since the pedicel is fused to the rachis internode, both spikelets are in effect sessile. However, the sessilespikelet of a pair can be distinguished by its basal callus, which normally has an oblique articulation line beneath it. The strongly bilateral racemeshave all the sessile spikelets on one side and all the pedicelled spikelets on the other.

POACEAE 6411a. Sessile spikelets 8–15 mm ........................................................................................................................................... 1. H. longiflora1b. Sessile spikelets less than 8 mm.2a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet evenly narrowed to acuminate apex; upper glume of pedicelled spikelet caudatearistate.3a. Leaf blades 3–8 mm wide; lower glume of sessile spikelet leathery; lower glume of pedicelled spikeletdistally smooth along margins ......................................................................................................................... 2. H. vaginata3b. Leaf blades 1–2 mm wide; lower glume of sessile spikelet papery; lower glume of pedicelled spikeletdistally scabrid along margins ........................................................................................................................... 3. H. humilis2b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with rounded apex, usually with subapical constriction; upper glume ofpedicelled spikelet acute to acuminate.4a. Racemes subterete; articulations of rachis transverse; callus short, truncate .................................................... 4. H. sibirica4b. Racemes dorso-ventrally compressed; articulations of rachis oblique; callus triangular.5a. Sessile spikelet 3–5 mm; lower glume margins distally smooth; leaf blades rounded at base ............. 5. H. compressa5b. Sessile spikelet 5–7 mm; lower glume margins distally scabrid; leaf blades subcordate at base ............ 6. H. altissima1. Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus in Lecomte,Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 380. 1922.长花牛鞭草 chang hua niu bian caoRottboellia longiflora J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 154.1896 [“1897”]; R. longiflora var. tonkinensis (A. Camus) A.Camus; R. tonkinensis A. Camus.Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, erect from decumbent base,30–80 cm tall, 2–4 mm in diam., glabrous, spongy, nodes usuallypubescent. Leaf sheaths loose, sub-compressed, indistinctlykeeled; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 6–15 × 0.5–0.8 cm, slightlyflaccid, glabrous, base subcordate; ligule 0.8–2 mm. Racemessolitary or fascicled, 10–15 cm, stout, articulation lineoblique, disarticulating tardily. Sessile spikelet twice as long asadjacent internode, 8–15 mm; callus triangular, 0.1–0.6 mm;lower glume lanceolate, back flat, margins scabrid, apex acuminate-caudateto awnlike; upper glume not adnate to rachis, 10–12 mm, acuminate-caudate; lower floret 3–7 mm; upper floretca. 4 mm, palea very short. Pedicelled spikelet 8–20 mm, lowerglume caudate-aristate, upper glume narrowly acuminate. Fl.and fr. Jul–Oct.Ponds, ditches, other wet places; below 1000 m. Hainan, Yunnan[Bangladesh, NE India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].2. Hemarthria vaginata Buse in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 3: 14. Feb1854 [preprint]; 3: 354. Aug 1854.具鞘牛鞭草 ju qiao niu bian caoHemarthria protensa Nees ex Steudel; Manisuris protensa(Nees ex Steudel) Hitchcock; Rottboellia protensa (Nees exSteudel) Hackel; R. vaginata (Buse) Backer.Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, stout, ascending or sometimesdecumbent and rooting from lower nodes, 20–80 cm tall,nodes conspicuous, dark, glabrous or pilose. Leaf sheaths ratherloose, compressed, keeled, longer than internodes; leaf bladeslinear, 1–20 × 0.3–0.8 cm, soft, glabrous, base subcordate; ligule0.5–2 mm. Racemes solitary or fascicled, 6–18 cm, articulationline oblique, not disarticulating. Sessile spikelet somewhatlonger than adjacent internode, 6–11 mm; callus acute,1.5–4 mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate, leathery, flat onback, smooth, evenly tapering to an acuminate, usually minutelyemarginate apex; upper glume adnate to rachis, 5–7 mm,acuminate-aristate; lower floret 3–5 mm; upper floret ca. 3 mm,palea linear, ca. 2 mm; anthers 1.2–1.3 mm. Pedicelled spikelet7–12 mm, lower glume smooth on upper edges, long-acuminate,upper glume caudate-aristate. Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 54.Field margins, open wet places; below 500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, NE India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal,Thailand, Vietnam].3. Hemarthria humilis Keng, Sunyatsenia 1: 128. 1933.小牛鞭草 xiao niu bian caoPerennial. Culms tufted, slender, erect or geniculately ascendingbut not rooting from lower nodes, 14–18 cm tall, nodesinconspicuous, glabrous. Leaf sheaths loose, compressed,keeled, longer than internodes; leaf blades narrowly linear, 1–6× 0.1–0.2 cm, glabrous; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Racemes solitaryor several per node, 5–10 cm, articulation line oblique, notdisarticulating. Sessile spikelet longer than adjacent internode,or lower ones shorter, 3–7.5 mm; callus obscure; lower glumelanceolate, papery, flat on back, smooth, evenly tapering to anacuminate or shortly caudate, sometimes minutely emarginateapex; upper glume adnate to rachis, 4–7.5 mm, long acuminate;lower floret 2–3 mm; upper floret 1.7–2.8 mm; anthers 0.7–0.8mm. Pedicelled spikelet 7–12 mm, lower glume scabrid onupper edges, long-acuminate, upper glume caudate-aristate. Fl.May.● Open marshes. Guangdong.This species is known only from the type gathering. It has beenincluded in Hemarthria vaginata, but H. humilis is a more slender plantand, besides the key characters, also differs in its inconspicuous culmnodes, shorter lemmas, and shorter anthers.4. Hemarthria sibirica (Gandoger) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci.Mus. 18: 1. 1947.牛鞭草 niu bian caoRottboellia sibirica Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66:302. 1920 [“1919”]; Hemarthria compressa (Linnaeus f.) R.Brown var. japonica (Hackel) Y. N. Lee; H. japonica (Hackel)Roshevitz; Rottboellia compressa Linnaeus f. var. japonicaHackel; R. japonica (Hackel) Honda.Perennial, with long creeping rhizomes. Culms usuallysolitary at rhizome nodes, erect, 1(–1.5) m tall, ca. 3 mm indiam., branched mainly above middle, nodes conspicuous, dark,

642POACEAEglabrous. Leaf sheaths loose, compressed, lightly keeled, shorterto longer than internodes; leaf blades linear, 15–30(–40) ×0.4–0.8 cm, rather stiff, glabrous, narrowed or subcordate atbase, apex acuminate; ligule 0.5–1.5 mm. Racemes solitary orfascicled, subterete, 6–10 cm, fairly stout, articulation line horizontal,disarticulating at maturity. Sessile spikelet slightly longerthan adjacent internode, 5–8 mm; callus truncate, 0.4–0.8mm; lower glume narrowly lanceolate, leathery, flat to subconvexon back, subapically slightly constricted, obtuse to emarginate;upper glume adnate to rachis, 4–7 mm, acute; lower floret3.4–5.2 mm; upper floret 3.4–4.3 mm. Pedicelled spikelet 5.3–9.4 mm, both glumes slenderly acuminate. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.2n = 18.Damp places, sandy beaches. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang[Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Russia (E Siberia)].This is the only species in China with terete racemes, a transversearticulation line, and a truncate callus beneath the sessile spikelet. Theracemes disarticulate at maturity more readily than those of the otherspecies. In spikelet characters it is similar to Hemarthria altissima.5. Hemarthria compressa (Linnaeus f.) R. Brown, Prodr. 207.1810.扁穗牛鞭草 bian sui niu bian caoRottboellia compressa Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 114. 1782[“1781”]; Hemarthria coromandelina Steudel, nom. illeg. superfl.;H. glabra (Roxburgh) Blatter & McCann; H. laxa Nees exSteudel; Manisuris compressa (Linnaeus f.) Kuntze; Rottboelliaglabra Roxburgh.Perennial. Culms decumbent to long-stoloniferous, rootingat lower nodes, up to 1 m or more, much branched from base,nodes conspicuous, dark, glabrous. Leaf sheaths loose, compressed,keeled, glabrous or hairy along mouth, often shorterthan internodes; leaf blades linear, 2–15 × 0.2–0.5 cm, baserounded, apex subacute; ligule 0.3–1 mm. Racemes solitary orfew per node, lightly compressed, 2–10 cm, articulation lineoblique, tardily disarticulating. Sessile spikelet slightly longerthan adjacent internode, 3–5 mm; callus broadly triangular, 0.5–1 mm; lower glume narrowly oblong, leathery, flat or subconvexon back, abruptly constricted into obtuse or emarginateapex; upper glume adnate to rachis, equaling lower glume, thin,acute; lower floret 2.4–3.3 mm; upper floret 2–3.2 mm, paleasmall, rarely absent. Pedicelled spikelet 2.4–5 mm, lower glumenarrowly obtuse, upper glume acuminate-caudate. Fl. and fr.Jul–Sep. 2n = 18, 27, 36.Marshes, wet places, coasts; below 2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Japan, Laos, Malaysia,Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; SWAsia (Iraq)].Hemarthria compressa is not completely distinct from H. altissima,but is generally a more slender plant with smaller spikelets.6. Hemarthria altissima (Poiret) Stapf & C. E. Hubbard, Bull.Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 109. 1934.大牛鞭草 da niu bian caoRottboellia altissima Poiret, Voy. Barbarie 2: 105. 1789;Hemarthria compressa (Linnaeus f.) R. Brown var. altissima(Poiret) Maire; H. compressa var. fasciculata (Hackel) Keng;Rottboellia compressa Linnaeus f. var. fasciculata Hackel; R.fasciculata Lamarck, nom. illeg. superfl.Perennial, or sometimes annual. Culms loosely tufted todecumbent or stoloniferous, rooting at lower nodes, ascendingup to 1.6 m tall, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths loose, compressed,keeled, usually shorter than internodes, glabrous exceptnear mouth; leaf blades linear, 5–25 × 0.3–0.6 cm, acute; liguleca. 0.3 mm. Racemes solitary or several per node, 5–10 cm,semicylindrical, articulation line oblique, tardily disarticulating.Sessile spikelet longer than adjacent internode, 5–7 mm; callustriangular, 0.8–2 mm; lower glume elliptic-oblong, leathery, flaton back, often with subapical constriction, apex obtuse to emarginate;upper glume papery, adnate to rachis, 4–7 mm, apexobtuse to acute; lower floret 3.5–5.2 mm; upper floret 3.2–4.6mm. Pedicelled spikelet narrowly lanceolate, lower glume acute,upper glume acuminate. 2n = 20, 36.In or near water, damp places; 700–1900 m. Anhui, Beijing, Guizhou,Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India,Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Mediterraneanregion; introduced in America and New Zealand].Hemarthria altissima occurs naturally mainly from the Mediterraneanregion through Africa, but there are scattered records from Asiaand it is now widely naturalized in warm parts of America.Coelorachis Brongniart.218. MNESITHEA Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 153. 1829.毛俭草属 mao jian cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, rarely annual. Culms robust, tufted, often branched. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule short, membranous. Inflorescenceof racemes, these usually axillary and aggregated into a spathate compound panicle, rarely terminal. Racemes cylindrical or flattened,fragile, horizontally articulated; rachis internodes clavate to pyriform, base truncate with central peg, spikelets paired, one sessile, theother pedicelled or occasionally in triplets of 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled. Sessile spikelet closely appressed or sunk in hollow in rachis,usually longer than adjacent internode; lower glume papery to leathery, ± flat, smooth or sculptured, marginally 2-keeled, keelswinged at least at apex; lower floret barren, with or without a small palea; upper floret with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikeletvarying from well developed to rudimentary or absent; pedicel oblong, clavate or leaflike, free or partially or fully adnate to rachisinternode. x = 9.About 30 species: throughout the tropics; four species in China.

POACEAE 643Mnesithea has been defined in the past by the presence of 2 sessile spikelets separated by a pedicel at each rachis node, but this character is nowknown to be variable. Furthermore, paired sessile spikelets also occur sporadically in the racemes of species that normally have single sessile spikelets.Coelorachis has traditionally been separated on the basis of a free pedicel and presence of a pedicelled spikelet, but both these characters areuntenable. The pedicel in Mnesithea khasiana is often almost completely fused to the rachis joint and may occasionally be fused in other species too.The pedicelled spikelet varies across the genus from well developed to a minute vestige, and its absence in traditional Mnesithea is just the final step.The definition of the genera around Mnesithea, and how many species should be included within it, are still open to doubt and may change withfuture research.1a. Racemes borne singly, terminal or from the upper leaf axils; sessile spikelets sometimes paired.2a. Leaves and culms densely pubescent; sessile spikelet ornamented; base of rachis joint ciliate ........................ 1. M. mollicoma2b. Leaves and culms glabrous; sessile spikelet smooth (rarely pitted); base of rachis joint glabrous ........................... 2. M. laevis1b. Racemes several to many from the upper leaf axils; sessile spikelets always single.3a. Pedicel free from rachis internode; racemes few, laxly spreading from leaf axils ................................................... 3. M. striata3b. Pedicel adnate to rachis internode except toward apex; racemes many in crowded fascicles from leaf axils .... 4. M. khasiana1. Mnesithea mollicoma (Hance) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl.Hist. Nat. 25: 57. 1919.毛俭草 mao jian caoRottboellia mollicoma Hance, J. Bot. 9: 134. 1871; Coelorachismollicoma (Hance) Bor; Mnesithea pubescens Ridley.Perennial. Culms erect, 60–85 cm, softly pilose. Leafsheaths densely pilose or with caducous tubercle-based hairs;leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 10–60 × 0.5–2 cm, tapering tobase and apex, softly pubescent; ligule 1–2 mm, glabrous orciliolate. Racemes solitary in the upper leaf axils, cylindrical,ca. 12 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, sessile spikelets paired at each nodeand separated by a pedicel, or occasionally only one sessilespikelet present; rachis internodes strongly clavate, marked withdark lines between the veins on narrow lower portion, baseshortly bearded. Sessile spikelet 3–4 mm; lower glume obliquelyovate, with 6–8, prominent, riblike veins separated by deepslits, slits interrupted by tubercle-based hairs along their length,margins narrowly winged toward apex; upper glume keeledtoward apex, keel winged; lower floret reduced; upper lemmaand palea subequal. Pedicel free, linear, flattened, pilose, bearinga vestigial 0.5–1 mm spikelet. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.Grassy hill slopes; 100–500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [Indonesia,Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].Mnesithea mollicoma is the only grass in China to have racemesusually with 2 sessile spikelets separated by a pedicel at each rachisnode, although sometimes plants occur with some or all raceme segmentsbearing only 1 sessile spikelet. The species is also well markedby its softly hairy vegetative parts and ornamented sessile spikelet.2. Mnesithea laevis (Retzius) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 154.1829.假蛇尾草 jia she wei caoPerennial. Culms tufted, erect, slender, 15–70 cm tall, usuallyunbranched. Leaf sheaths glabrous, often keeled; leafblades linear, 8–25 × 0.1–0.4 cm, glabrous, apex abruptly acute;ligule 0.5–1 mm, glabrous. Racemes solitary, either terminal oralso axillary, cylindrical, 5–10 cm × ca. 1.5 mm, sessile spikeletspaired at each joint and separated by a pedicel, or triadspresent only at raceme base, or whole raceme with single sessilespikelets; rachis internodes clavate, 3.5–4 mm. Sessile spikelet3–5 mm; lower glume oblong, smooth, or slightly sunkenbetween lower part of veins, or ribbed throughout, rarely pitted,margins not winged, apex obtuse; upper glume boat-shaped,membranous, equal to lower glume; lower lemma slightly shorterthan glumes, palea absent; upper lemma ca. 2.5 mm. Pedicelledspikelet minute or absent; pedicel linear, adnate to rachisinternode, when paired sessile spikelets present the pedicelbetween them often adnate only at apex.Meadows, grassy hill slopes; 100–1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, SriLanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific Islands (Polynesia)].No specimens are known from China with paired sessile spikelets.There is some geographic division between forms that regularly haveonly a single sessile spikelet on each raceme segment and those with apair. Forms from India to W Indonesia usually have paired sessile spikelets,whereas those from east of this area have single sessile spikelets.However, specimens from the west occasionally have few or no pairedspikelets and are then indistinguishable from the eastern form. There isalso much variation in the degree of fusion of the pedicel with the rachisinternode.1a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet smooth ...... 2a. var. laevis1b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet pittedbetween veins ............................................... 2b. var. chenii2a. Mnesithea laevis var. laevis假蛇尾草 ( 原变种 ) jia she wei cao (yuan bian zhong)Rottboellia laevis Retzius, Observ. Bot. 3: 11. 1783;Heteropholis cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Clayton; Mnesithealaevis var. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) de Koning & Sosef; Ophiuroscochinchinensis (Loureiro) Merrill; O. laevis (Retzius)Bentham; O. monostachyus J. Presl & C. Presl; Phleum cochinchinenseLoureiro; Thaumastochloa cochinchinensis (Loureiro)C. E. Hubbard.Culms 20–70 cm tall. Sessile spikelet 3–4 mm; lowerglume ± smooth. Fl. and fr. autumn.Grassy hill slopes, field margins; 100–1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific Islands (Polynesia)].2b. Mnesithea laevis var. chenii (Hsu) de Koning & Sosef,Blumea 31: 286. 1986.縳颖假蛇尾草 zhuan ying jia she wei cao

644POACEAEThaumastochloa chenii Hsu, Taiwania 16: 216. 1971; Heteropholiscochinchinensis var. chenii (Hsu) de Koning & Sosef;Ophiuros shimadanus Ohwi & Odashima; Thaumastochloashimadana (Ohwi & Odashima) Ohwi & Odashima.Culms 15–30 cm tall. Sessile spikelet 3.5–5 mm; lowerglume sunken and pitted between ribs. Fl. and fr. autumn.● By the sea. S Taiwan.This is a local variant with pitted sessile spikelets. Traces of pitsalso occur on some specimens of the species from Hong Kong.3. Mnesithea striata (Nees ex Steudel) de Koning & Sosef,Blumea 31: 292. 1986.空轴茅 kong zhou maoPerennial, coarse. Culms robust, 1.5–3 m tall, glabrous ordensely pilose. Leaf sheaths glabrous or tuberculate-hispid,upper sheaths spathiform; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 30–60(–120) × 1–3(–5) cm, glabrous to densely pilose, marginsstiffly ciliate, apex acuminate; ligule 2–3 mm, glabrous or ciliolate.Inflorescence large, loose and spreading, 2–3-noded spathatebranches bearing the racemes arising from the upper leafaxils; racemes cylindrical, long pedunculate; rachis internodesstrongly clavate, striate, glabrous. Sessile spikelet 4–4.2 mm;lower glume narrowly ovate, slightly asymmetrical, with 5–7deep slits interrupted by tubercles especially in lower part, orsometimes smooth, contracted to an acute winged apex; upperglume keeled; lower floret usually barren, lemma ca. 4 mm, paleaslightly shorter; upper floret as long as lower lemma. Pedicelledspikelet reduced or rudimentary, ca. 1.5 mm; pedicelflattened, narrowly oblong with 2 submarginal green veins,glabrous, free. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.Hillside grasslands, thickets, forest margins; below 1300 m. SYunnan [India, Myanmar, Thailand].1a. Culms and leaf blades glabrous ................... 3a. var. striata1b. Culms and leaf blades pilose ................ 3b. var. pubescens3a. Mnesithea striata var. striata空轴茅 ( 原变种 ) kong zhou mao (yuan bian zhong)Rottboellia striata Nees ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1:361. 1854; Coelorachis striata (Nees ex Steudel) A. Camus.Culms and peduncles glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous exceptfor ciliate margins, leaf blades glabrous.Grassy hill slopes; 600–900 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Thailand].3b. Mnesithea striata var. pubescens (Hackel) S. M. Phillips& S. L. Chen, Novon 15: 470. 2005.毛秆空轴茅 mao gan kong zhou maoRottboellia striata var. pubescens Hackel in A. Candolle& C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 302. 1889; Coelorachis striatavar. pubescens (Hackel) Bor.Culms and peduncles pubescent above. Leaf sheaths withtubercle-based hairs; leaf blades densely pubescent.Open forests, grassy hill slopes; 600–1200 m. SW Yunnan [NEIndia].4. Mnesithea khasiana (Hackel) de Koning & Sosef, Blumea31: 291. 1986.密穗空轴茅 mi sui kong zhou maoRottboellia striata Nees ex Steudel subsp. khasiana Hackelin A. Candolle & C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 302. 1889;Coelorachis khasiana (Hackel) Stapf ex Bor.Perennial, coarse. Culms robust, 2–3 m tall, glabrous,much branched upward. Leaf sheaths glabrous, upper sheathswith very reduced blade; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, 40–100(–130) × 2–3(–4) cm, glabrous or scattered tuberculatepiloseon upper surface, apex setaceously acuminate; ligule 2–3mm, glabrous. Inflorescence large, composed of fascicles ofmany racemes on spathate branches from the upper leaf axils;racemes cylindrical, long pedunculate; rachis internodes clavate,glabrous. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm; lower glume lanceolate-oblong,smooth or with 2–5 shallow tuberculate grooves,contracted to an apiculate, broadly winged apex; upper glumeca. 3.5 mm, keeled; lower floret barren, lemma ca. 3 mm; upperfloret lemma ca. 3 mm, palea shorter. Pedicelled spikelet variable,usually more than 2 mm, sometimes as long as and resemblingsessile spikelet; pedicel flattened, oblong with 2 submarginalgreen veins, glabrous, adnate to adjacent rachis internodeexcept toward apex. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.Open woodlands, damp places; 900–1300 m. SW Yunnan [NE India,Myanmar].219. ROTTBOELLIA Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 114. 1782 [“1781”], nom. cons.,not Rottboelia Scopoli (1777), nom. rej.筒轴茅属 tong zhou mao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual. Culms robust. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence of single axillary racemes; racemes cylindrical,fragile, transversely articulated; rachis internodes stout, flattened or semi-cylindrical, deeply cupped at apex, truncate at basewith a prominent central peg broadened into a flared elaiosome. Sessile spikelet sunk within rachis; lower glume ovate-oblong,leathery, shallowly convex, marginally 2-keeled, apex obtuse or acute, narrowly winged; upper glume boat-shaped; lower floretstaminate, palea present; upper floret with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikelet tightly erect, as long as or shorter than sessilespikelet, herbaceous; pedicel broad, of similar texture to, and partly or wholly adnate to adjacent rachis internode.Five species: Old World tropics; introduced in the Caribbean region; two species (one endemic) in China.

POACEAE 6451a. Sessile spikelet ovate, 5–6 mm, pallid; lower glume of sessile spikelet scaberulous on back; leaf sheathshispid ................................................................................................................................................................... 1. R. cochinchinensis1b. Sessile spikelet oblong-lanceolate, 7–10 mm, dull green; lower glume of sessile spikelet smooth on back;leaf sheaths ± glabrous ................................................................................................................................................ 2. R. laevispica1. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Clayton, Kew Bull.35: 817. 1981.筒轴茅 tong zhou maoStegosia cochinchinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 51.1790; Rottboellia exaltata Linnaeus f. (1781), not (Linnaeus)Linnaeus f. (1779).Coarse annual. Culms stout, 1–3 m tall, 5–10 mm indiam., supported below by stilt roots, branched in upper part.Leaf sheaths tuberculate-hispid with stiff irritant hairs or sometimesglabrescent; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 20–50 × 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or adaxial surface hispidulous, very scabridalong margins, midrib broad, white, apex acuminate; ligule aciliate membrane, ca. 1 mm. Racemes yellow and green, 6–15 ×0.25–0.4 cm, stiff, terminating in a green tail of reducedspikelets; rachis internodes 4–6 mm, rounded on back, slightlylonger than adjacent pedicel. Sessile spikelet pale yellow, 5–6mm; lower glume ovate, minutely scaberulous on back, keeledonly toward entire or very minutely 2–3-toothed apex; lowerlemma as long as upper lemma. Pedicelled spikelet green, variable,3–5 mm, narrowly ovate, herbaceous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.Sunny or moderately shady localities, roadsides, hill thickets, drycultivated fields, grasslands; below 1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [throughoutthe Old World tropics; introduced to the Caribbean].2. Rottboellia laevispica Keng, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 157.1931.光穗筒轴茅 guang sui tong zhou maoMnesithea laevispica (Keng) de Koning & Sosef.Annual. Culms slender, up to 1 m tall, 3–5 mm in diam.,usually geniculate at base and rooting at lower nodes. Leafsheaths smooth or papillate; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, flaccid,15–40 × 0.8–1.6 cm, glabrous, midrib white, margins scabrid,apex acuminate; ligule a ciliate membrane, 0.5–1 mm. Racemesdull greenish brown, up to 20 × 0.3–0.5 cm, terminatingin a tail of reduced spikelets; rachis internodes 9–10 mm,rounded on back, equaling or slightly longer than sessilespikelet and adjacent pedicel. Sessile spikelet dull green, 7–10mm; lower glume oblong-lanceolate, smooth on back, keelsscaberulous above middle and narrowly winged at apex; lowerlemma as long as upper lemma. Pedicelled spikelet usuallyreduced to two 1–3.5 mm glumes. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.● Shaded forests on mountain slopes. Anhui, Jiangsu.220. EREMOCHLOA Buse in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 357. 1854.蜈蚣草属 wu gong cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial, tufted, stoloniferous or rhizomatous. Leaves mostly basal, leaf blades linear, flat or folded; ligule short, membranous.Inflorescence a single terminal raceme; raceme strongly flattened, spikelets overlapping along one side, disarticulating very tardily;rachis internodes narrowly clavate, nodes ciliate (in China), base truncate, sometimes with a low central peg. Sessile spikelet longerthan rachis internode; lower glume elliptic-ovate to oblong, papery to leathery, 5–9-veined, marginally 2-keeled, keels pectinatelyspiny, often winged at apex; upper glume 3-veined, keeled along midvein, otherwise almost flat, often narrowly winged on lowerkeel; lower floret staminate, palea present; upper floret bisexual, upper lemma entire, awnless. Pedicelled spikelet absent or representedby a small bristle; pedicel free from and longer than adjacent internode, subulate to narrowly ovoid or leaflike.Eleven species: India to SE Asia and Australia; five species in China.This genus is easily recognizable by its distinctive inflorescence. The solitary, terminal, 1-sided raceme of closely overlapping spikelets does notbreak up readily into segments, and most species have spikelets with conspicuous, long spines along their margins.1a. Plant with elongate stolons or rhizomes; lower glume broadly winged at apex.2a. Keels with very short inconspicuous spines ...................................................................................................... 1. E. ophiuroides2b. Keels with long conspicuous spines ....................................................................................................................... 2. E. muricata1b. Plant tufted; lower glume narrowly winged or wingless.3a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet usually wingless, often pubescent on back ........................................................... 3. E. ciliaris3b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet narrowly winged toward apex, glabrous on back.4a. Longest spines of lower glume shorter than glume width, usually ca. 1 mm; nodes of rachis obviouslyhairy; leaf blades hairy on basal margins, apex subacute ............................................................................. 4. E. bimaculata4b. Longest spines of lower glume equaling or longer than glume width, 1.5–2.5 mm; nodes of rachisminutely hairy; leaf blades glabrous, apex cuspidate ...................................................................................... 5. E. zeylanica1. Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hackel in A. Candolle &C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 261. 1889.假俭草 jia jian caoIschaemum ophiuroides Munro, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4:363. 1860; Eremochloa ophiuroides var. longifolia Hayata.Perennial, stoloniferous, mat-forming. Culms decumbent,

646POACEAErooting and branching, flowering shoots 15–30 cm tall. Leafsheaths keeled, overlapping at base, hairy at mouth; leaf bladesflat, (1–)3–10 × 0.2–0.4 cm, usually glabrous, apex obtuse; ligule0.2–5 mm, margin ciliate. Raceme erect or slightly curved,4–6 cm; rachis internodes narrowly oblong-clavate, glabrous,ca. 2.5 mm. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm; lower glume oblong, ±leathery, shiny, glabrous, 5–7-veined, marginal spines very inconspicuous,short along incurving lower keels or reduced toknobs, apex acute but appearing broadly truncate because offlanking membranous wings. Pedicelled spikelet vestigial or absent;pedicel ± leaflike, ellipsoid-subulate. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.2n = 18.Moist meadows, hillsides, especially on clay soils; 200–1200 m.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].This species is occasionally used as a lawn grass in warm regions,especially in the SE United States (Centipede Grass).2. Eremochloa muricata (Retzius) Hackel in A. Candolle & C.Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 262. 1889.瘤糙假俭草 liu cao jia jian caoAegilops muricata Retzius, Observ. Bot. 2: 27. 1781; Eremochloatruncata W. C. Wu.Perennial with slender spreading rhizomes. Culms decumbent,branching, up to 70 cm tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leafblades flat or folded, 2–20 × 0.2–0.7 cm, glabrous or pilose,margins sometimes setose at base, apex acute or cuspidate;ligule 0.1–1 mm, margin ciliolate. Raceme straight or almostso, 5–12 cm; rachis internodes oblong-clavate, glabrous, 2.5–4mm. Sessile spikelet 4.5–5 mm; lower glume ovate or ovate-oblong,glabrous, 5–7-veined, marginal spines straight, often flattenedtoward base, longest 1–1.5 mm, shorter than glume width,apex acute, flanked by large, fanlike wings. Pedicelled spikeletabsent; pedicel ± leaflike, obliquely obovoid.Damp places. Guangdong (Guangzhou) [S India, Myanmar, SriLanka, Thailand; N Australia].3. Eremochloa ciliaris (Linnaeus) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl. 5): 331. 1906.蜈蚣草 wu gong caoNardus ciliaris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 53. 1753; Eremochloaleersioides (Munro) Hackel; Ischaemum leersioides Munro.Perennial, densely tufted. Culms erect, slender, 20–60 cmtall, usually pubescent. Leaves crowded at base of culm, overlapping;leaf sheaths keeled, glabrous or pubescent; leaf bladesfolded, 3–15 × 0.1–0.4 cm, glabrous or pubescent, apex acute;ligule 0.5–1 mm. Raceme falcately curved, 2–5 cm; rachis internodesnarrowly oblong, slightly expanded upward, puberulousto thinly hirsute, 1.8–2.5 mm. Sessile spikelet 3.5–4 mm;lower glume oblong-ovate, firmly papery, pubescent on back orsubglabrous, 7-veined, marginal spines longer than glumewidth, longest 1.5–5 mm, apex abruptly acute, usually wingless.Pedicelled spikelet absent; pedicel narrowly ellipsoid, ending inshort point. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.Dry grassy hillsides, meadows on sandy soils, roadsides; 300–2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan[Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea,Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia (N Queensland)].4. Eremochloa bimaculata Hackel in A. Candolle & C.Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 265. 1889.西南马陆草 xi nan ma lu caoPerennial, compactly tufted from a tough rootstock. Culmserect, slender, unbranched, 30–60 cm tall, glabrous. Leavescrowded at base of culm, overlapping; leaf sheaths keeled, glabrousexcept margins near blade; leaf blades flat or folded, 3–10 × 0.2–0.3 cm, glabrous except for basal margins, abruptlynarrowed to subacute apex; ligule ca. 1 mm. Raceme gentlycurved, 3–6 cm; rachis internodes oblong-clavate, glabrous,2.2–2.6 mm; nodes obviously hairy, hairs ca. 0.2 mm. Sessilespikelet 4–4.6 mm; lower glume ovate-oblong, papery, shiny,glabrous, 6–7-veined, marginal spines shorter than glumewidth, longest 1–1.5 mm, apex acute, flanked by narrow wings.Pedicelled spikelet vestigial; pedicel narrowly leaflike, tippedby a short spine.Grassy hill slopes, thickets; 1000–1800 m. W Guizhou, Hubei,Sichuan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam;Australia].Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hackel var. longispicula W. C.Wu (S. W. China J. Agric. Sci. 6(2): 36. 1985), described from Guangdong(Guangzhou), may belong here. The type has not been seen.5. Eremochloa zeylanica (Hackel ex Trimen) Hackel in A.Candolle & C. Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 6: 263. 1889.马陆草 ma lu caoIschaemum zeylanicum Hackel ex Trimen, Syst. Cat. Pl.Ceylon 107. 1885.Perennial, tufted. Culms erect, slender, branching, 20–60cm tall. Leaves mostly basal, slightly overlapping; leaf sheathsglabrous, keeled; leaf blades flat or folded, (1–)3–10 × 0.1–0.5cm, glabrous, apex rounded, cuspidate; ligule 0.3–0.6 mm, ciliolateor glabrous. Raceme erect or curved, 3–6 cm; rachis internodesclavate, 2–3 mm; nodes minutely hairy, hairs ca. 0.1 mm.Sessile spikelet 4–5 mm; lower glume elliptic-ovate, papery,glabrous, inconspicuously veined, marginal spines terete, equalingor much longer than glume width, 1.5–2.5 mm, apex acute,flanked by narrow wings. Pedicelled spikelet a very smallrudiment; pedicel subulate.Herbage of hill slopes; 800–1500 m. W Guangxi, SE Yunnan [SriLanka].A few specimens from China have the long spikelet spines of thisspecies, which is otherwise known only from Sri Lanka.221. HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 776. 1891.球穗草属 qiu sui cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. Phillips

POACEAE 647Annual. Leaf blades flat, linear or linear-lanceolate; ligule a short ciliate membrane. Inflorescence of single axillary racemes aggregatedinto a spathate compound panicle, peduncle enclosed within spatheole; racemes flattened, dorsiventral, bearing pairedspikelets, fragile, obliquely articulated; rachis internodes stoutly oblong, adnate to adjacent pedicel, together forming a cavity, baseobliquely truncate with central peg. Sessile spikelet much broader than internode; lower glume brittle, hemispherical, rugose, pittedto honeycombed, wingless, narrowed into a stipelike base; upper glume shorter and narrower, sunk into cavity of rachis; lower floretbarren, without a palea; upper floret with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikelet readily disarticulating, narrowly ovate, herbaceous,smooth, narrowly winged; pedicel oblong, adnate to adjacent rachis internode, junction with internode marked by a line. x = 7.Two species: one pantropical, the other confined to Asia; two species in China.This genus is readily recognizable by its unique, globose, reticulately wrinkled sessile spikelets. The caryopsis is unusual, as the embryo extendsalong its whole length. It is placed in Mnesithea by some authors, but differs from that genus also by its annual habit and different basic chromosomenumber.1a. Sessile spikelets 1–1.5 mm, shallowly pitted, ribs between pits broad, rounded; racemes to 1.5 cm ...................... 1. H. granularis1b. Sessile spikelets 2–2.5 mm, deeply honeycombed, ribs between pits narrow, sharp; racemes more than 2 cm ......... 2. H. porifera1. Hackelochloa granularis (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.Pl. 2: 776. 1891.球穗草 qiu sui caoCenchrus granularis Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 575. 1771;Manisuris granularis (Linnaeus) Linnaeus f.; Mnesithea granularis(Linnaeus) de Koning & Sosef; Rottboellia granularis(Linnaeus) Roberty.Annual. Culms tufted, erect, up to 60 cm tall, branchedfrom base. Leaf sheaths loose, slightly inflated, keeled; leafblades linear-lanceolate, 5–20 × 0.4–1 cm, coarsely hispid, basesubamplexicaul, apex subacute; ligule ca. 1 mm. Racemes 0.7–1.5(–2) cm; peduncle often pubescent; rachis internodes 1–1.5(–2) mm. Sessile spikelet 1–1.5 mm, usually cream-coloredat maturity; lower glume hemispherical, coarsely reticulate-rugose,pits shallow and separated by broad rounded ribs, thewhole surface finely granular; upper glume hyaline below,thickening upward toward the crested apex; lower lemma hyaline;upper lemma hyaline, ca. 1.1 mm, upper palea as long.Pedicelled spikelet 1.5–2.5 mm, glumes with prominent greenveins and whitish wings. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 14.Arable land, open grassy places; 100–1000 m. Anhui, Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,Zhejiang [throughout the tropics].2. Hackelochloa porifera (Hackel) D. Rhind, Grasses Burma,77. 1945.穿孔球穗草 chuan kong qiu sui caoManisuris porifera Hackel, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 48. 1891.Annual. Culms erect, 0.6–1.5 m tall, sparsely branched,often stilt-rooted. Leaf sheaths with rather rigid tubercle-basedhairs; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 5–25 × 0.5–1.5 cm, tuberculate-hispidon both surfaces; ligule 1–2 mm. Racemes 2–3 cm;peduncle glabrous or sparingly puberulent; rachis internodes ca.2 mm. Sessile spikelets 2–2.5 mm, brown at maturity; lowerglume obovate, ridged or honeycombed, upper part deeply honeycombedwith sharp, narrow ribs, smooth and slightly narrowedtoward base; upper glume papery. Pedicelled spikelet 3 mm ormore, glumes winged. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.Disturbed places; 100–800 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Vietnam].222. OPHIUROS C. F. Gaertner, Suppl. Carp. 3. 1805.蛇尾草属 she wei cao shuSun Bixing ( 孙必兴 Sun Bi-sin); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual or perennial. Culms robust. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence of many single racemes aggregatedinto a spathate compound panicle; racemes cylindrical, fragile, transversely or slightly obliquely articulated, spikelets bornealternately on opposite sides of rachis; rachis internodes stout, semi-cylindrical, base with central peg, apex hollow. Sessile spikeletsunk into hollow in rachis; lower glume oblong, leathery, broadly convex, smooth, areolate or latticelike; marginally 2-keeled, withor without narrow wings toward apex; lower floret male with a palea; upper floret hyaline with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelledspikelet absent; pedicel linear, adnate to adjacent internode, sometimes barely distinguishable from it.Four species: NE tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Australia; one species in China.1. Ophiuros exaltatus (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:780. 1891.蛇尾草 she wei caoAegilops exaltata Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 575. 1771;Mnesithea exaltata (Linnaeus) Skeels; Ophiuros corymbosus(Linnaeus f.) Gaertner; Rottboellia corymbosa Linnaeus f.Perennial. Culms often bulbously swollen at base, erect,1–2 m tall, 4–6 mm in diam., simple or branched. Leaf sheathswith tubercle-based hairs or glabrous, margins densely ciliatewith rather rigid tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades broadly linear,30–60 × 0.5–2.5 cm, midrib broad and white, margins pectinate,base rounded or subcordate, apex long-acuminate; ligule1–2 mm, glabrous. Racemes often fastigiately clustered, slender,0.5–1.5 cm, base enclosed by a spatheole; rachis very fragile,internodes ca. 3 mm, obliquely articulated. Sessile spikelet2–3 mm; lower glume ovate-oblong, smooth or areolate onback, sometimes also tuberculate, wingless, apex subacute; up-

648POACEAEper glume equal to lower glume, boat-shaped. Pedicelled spikeletcompletely absent; pedicel obscure, free at extreme apex. Fl.and fr. Jun–Oct.Grassy hillsides; below 900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,Yunnan [India, Laos, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].223. COIX Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753.薏苡属 yi yi shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual or perennial. Culms robust, erect or decumbent, sometimes floating, usually solid. Leaves cauline; leaf blades large,usually broad, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescences many, fascicled in the upper leaf axils, each subtended by a globose orelongated, bony or sometimes softer modified involucral spatheole (“utricle”); each inflorescence comprising 2 racemes, a femalesessile raceme enclosed within the utricle, and a pedunculate male raceme subtended by a prophyll and exserted from the apical poreof the utricle. Female raceme of 1 sessile fertile spikelet accompanied by 2 free stout pedicels, sometimes bearing vestigial spikelets.Female spikelet: lower glume broad, infolding spikelet, membranous with cartilaginous beak; upper glume narrower, keeled; lowerfloret reduced to a broad hyaline lemma; upper floret with hyaline lemma and palea; lodicules absent; stigmas 2, elongate, exsertedfrom utricle. Male raceme deciduous at maturity, composed of imbricate spikelets borne in pairs or triads, 1(–2) sessile and 1 pedicelled,pedicelled spikelet often reduced in triads. Male spikelets: glumes subequal, herbaceous; lower glume flat on back, marginskeeled, keels winged upward, wings with obvious branching veins; upper glume boat-shaped; both florets staminate, lemma and paleahyaline. Caryopsis orbicular, ventrally furrowed, enclosed in utricle.Four species: tropical Asia; two species in China.1a. Annual, culms tufted; leaf blades 1.5–7 cm wide, acute; male spikelets mostly paired (except terminaltriad) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1. C. lacryma-jobi1b. Perennial, culms often decumbent and rooting at base; leaf blades 0.3–2.5 cm wide, slenderly acuminate; malespikelets in triads ........................................................................................................................................................... 2. C. aquatica1. Coix lacryma-jobi Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753.薏苡 yi yiAnnual. Culms erect, robust, 1–3 m tall, more than 10-noded, branched. Leaves cauline; leaf sheaths shorter than internodes,glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, usually glabrous,10–40 × 1.5–7 cm, midvein stout, base subrounded or cordate,margins scabrous, apex acute; ligule 0.6–1.2 mm. Male raceme1.5–4 cm, spikelets in pairs with terminal triad; utricle ovoid tocylindrical, usually bony, shiny, 7–11 × 6–10 mm, white, bluishor gray-brown, sometimes with apical beak. Male spikelets oblong-ovate,6–9 mm; glumes many-veined, lower glumewinged on keels, wings 0.4–0.8 mm wide, wing marginciliolate; anthers 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Dec. 2n = 20.Streams, marshy valleys, moist fields, by houses, often cultivated.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].This species is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropicalregions of the world (Job’s Tears). There are many variants, of whichthe following are the most distinct.1a. Utricle cylindrical or bottle-shaped,much longer than broad ....................... 1b. var. stenocarpa1b. Utricle spherical to ovoid.2a. Utricle soft, striate ........................... 1d. var. ma-yuen2b. Utricle bony, polished.3a. Utricle ovoid, 7–11 mmlong ................................... 1a. var. lacryma-jobi3b. Utricle globose, 4–5 mmin diam. ................................. 1c. var. puellarum1a. Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi薏苡 ( 原变种 ) yi yi (yuan bian zhong)Coix arundinacea Lamarck; C. lacryma Linnaeus, nom.illeg. superfl.; C. lacryma-jobi var. maxima Makino; Lithagrostislacryma-jobi (Linnaeus) Gaertner.Utricle beadlike, ovoid, bony, glossy, not beaked, 7–11 ×6–10 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.Streams, marshy valleys, moist fields, by houses. Anhui, Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi,Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang[India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, SriLanka, Thailand, Vietnam].This is widely cultivated in tropical regions for the hard, beadlikeutricles. There are many races with utricles in different shapes andcolors, used for necklaces and other decorative purposes.1b. Coix lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa (Oliver) Stapf in J. D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 100. 1896 [“1897”].窄果薏苡 zhai guo yi yiCoix lacryma var. stenocarpa Oliver, Hooker’s Icon. Pl.18: t. 1764. 1888; C. lacryma-jobi var. tubulosa K. Schumann& Lauterbach; C. stenocarpa (Oliver) Balansa; C. tubulosaHackel.Utricle narrowly cylindrical, bony, glossy, white, bluish orbrown, 7–15 × 2–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Oct–Dec.Cultivated. Yunnan [NE India, Indonesia, Myanmar, New Guinea,Philippines, Vietnam].This variety is grown in gardens for the ornamental, elongate utricles,which are used for beads.

POACEAE 6491c. Coix lacryma-jobi var. puellarum (Balansa) A. Camus inLecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 7(5): 220. 1922.小珠薏苡 xiao zhu yi yiCoix puellarum Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 77. 1890.Utricle globose, very hard, bony, white or bluish, 4–5 mmin diam., not beaked.Moist valley forests; ca. 1400 m. Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan [NE India,Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].This is a form distinguished by its small, globose utricles.1d. Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Romanet du Caillaud)Stapf in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 7: 100. 1896 [“1897”].薏米 yi miCoix ma-yuen Romanet du Caillaud, Bull. Soc. Natl.Acclim. France, Sér. 2, 8: 442. 1881; Coix chinensis Todaro exBalansa; C. chinensis var. formosana (Ohwi) L. Liu; C. lacryma-jobisubsp. ma-yuen (Romanet du Caillaud) T. Koyama; C.lacryma-jobi var. formosana Ohwi; C. lacryma-jobi var. frumentaceaMakino.Utricle thin, longitudinally striate, pale or dark brown,elliptical to subglobose, constricted to an apical beak, 8–12 × 4–9 mm, brittle and easily broken. Caryopsis white or yellow, oblong,5–8 × 4–6 mm, rich in starch. Fl. and fr. Jul–Dec.Roadsides, valleys, often cultivated; below 2000 m. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India,Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].This form with softer utricles is used as a food grain and formedicine. It also provides good forage.2. Coix aquatica Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., 3: 571. 1832.水生薏苡 shui sheng yi yiCoix gigantea Roxburgh (1832), not Koenig (1788); C. giganteasubsp. aquatica (Roxburgh) Bhattacharya; C. giganteavar. aquatica (Roxburgh) Watt; C. lingulata Hackel.Perennial, aquatic. Culms creeping and rooting from nodesat base, sometimes floating, up to 30 m long, ca. 1 cm in diam.,flowering stems up to 2 m tall, more than 10-noded. Leafsheaths smooth, glabrous or upper sheaths tuberculate-hispid;leaf blades narrowly to broadly linear, up to 100 × (0.3–)1–2.5cm, hispid with tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces or almostglabrous, midvein stout, base rounded, margins scabrous, apexslenderly acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm, margin ciliate. Male raceme2.5–7 cm, drooping, spikelets mostly in triads, closelyimbricate; utricle ovoid, longer than broad, bony, shiny, 10–14× 5–7 mm, white or pale brown, sometimes with a mediantransverse line, apex occasionally extended into a green blade.Male spikelets broadly elliptic, 8–12 mm; glumes many-veined,lower glume winged on keels, wing (0.4–)0.7–1.2(–1.5) mmwide, margin ciliolate; anthers 4–5.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.2n = 10, 20, 40.Lakes, streams, marshy borders, open water; 500–1800 m. Guangdong,Guangxi, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Myanmar,Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].All forms of the variable, perennial, aquatic Coix are includedhere in a single species. Some forms with a supposedly non-creepinghabit have been separated as C. gigantea Roxburgh (1832), but thisname is a later homonym of C. gigantea Koenig (1788), a differentgrass now placed in Chionachne. It is, in any case, very uncertain whetherthis difference in habit, which is usually impossible to determine inherbarium specimens often lacking the basal parts, is real or simply aresponse to the environment.This species covers a range of chromosome levels. A form withvery narrow leaf blades is the basis of Coix lingulata. Similar narrowleavedspecimens have been shown to have a chromosome number of2n = 10. The utricle apex is sometimes extended into a leaflike, greenblade. The occurrence of this feature is sporadic, and it can vary from aminute vestige to a blade ca. 3 cm or more long, even on the same plant.The leaf blades are often spotted with tubercles, which appear to beglandular and carry a short bristle-hair. These tubercle-hairs vary fromdense to very sparse. The male spikelets are tightly packed into a conelikeraceme, and are on average broader with broader marginal wingsthan in C. lacryma-jobi, but there is much variation.224. CHIONACHNE R. Brown in J. J. Bennett & R. Brown, Pl. Jav. Rar. 15, 18. 1838.Sclerachne R. Brown.葫芦草属 hu lu cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial or annual. Leaf blades linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescences axillary, of single racemes, each usually supportedby a spatheole, often gathered into a spathate compound panicle; racemes bearing pairs of unisexual awnless spikelets, female andmale spikelets separated into different zones, female pairs below male pairs, axis fragile between female pairs. Rachis internode andpedicel fused along one margin; callus truncate with central knob. Female zone: sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; lower glumeleathery to bony, enveloping spikelet, body smooth or transversely constricted, flanks usually winged above; lower floret sterile, paleausually absent; upper floret pistillate, palea present; pedicelled spikelet reduced to vestigial. Male zone: spikelet pair similar, bothor only sessile staminate; lower glume herbaceous, elliptic-oblong.Nine species: India and Sri Lanka through SE Asia to the Philippines and Australia; one species in China.1. Chionachne massiei Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 78. 1890[“massii”].葫芦草 hu lu caoPolytoca massiei (Balansa) Schenck ex Henrard [“massii”].Annual. Culms loosely tufted, up to 50 cm tall, muchbranched, nodes bearded. Leaf sheaths papery, keeled, loose,

650POACEAEslightly inflated, sparsely hairy; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate,flat or folded, thin, ca. 9–30 × 0.8–1.4 cm, glabrous or sparselyhairy with tubercle-based hairs, margins smooth or scaberulous,apex acuminate; ligule 0.5–1.5 mm. Racemes in spathate clustersof 2–4, each 2–8 cm; peduncles funnel-shaped with deepcupular apex straight across rim. Female sessile spikelets 1–3,7–10 mm; lower glume hard, rounded, with 2 conspicuoustransverse constrictions, lower margins abutting internode,abruptly contracted above into keeled, broadly winged beak;pedicelled spikelet rudimentary, comprising only a 1.5–4 mmlower glume. Male spikelet pairs 1–2 on short internodes, encircledby uppermost female spikelet; male sessile and pedicelledspikelets 2.5–5 mm.Meadows. Hainan [Laos, Thailand, N Vietnam].This species is very similar to Chionachne punctata (R. Brown)Jannink (Sclerachne punctata R. Brown), from Indonesia, and the twohave been confused. Chionachne punctata is a taller plant with longerleaf blades and also differs in having peduncles with an oblique, apicalrim and an asperulous sessile lower glume with more broadly overlappingmargins.225. POLYTOCA R. Brown in J. J. Bennett & R. Brown, Pl. Jav. Rar. 20. 1838.多裔草属 duo yi cao shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsPerennial. Leaf blades broadly linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, racemes subdigitate or axillaryracemes sometimes solitary, spathate; racemes bearing pairs of unisexual awnless spikelets, female and male spikelets separated intodifferent zones, axis fragile, especially in female zone; lateral racemes of digitate cluster entirely staminate, terminal raceme and solitaryaxillary racemes mixed, usually sterile spikelet pairs at base, then a zone with female sessile and sterile pedicelled spikelets, distallyboth spikelets of a pair staminate, uppermost spikelet pairs sterile. Rachis internode and pedicel fused along one margin, flat,ciliate; callus truncate with central knob. Female zone: spikelet pair dissimilar; sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; lower glumeleathery, enveloping whole spikelet, glume body oblong, flanks rounded, abruptly contracted into keeled winged apical beak; lowerfloret sterile, reduced to a lemma; upper floret pistillate, palea present, stigma single, elongate; pedicelled spikelet much longer thansessile, sterile, comprising only a herbaceous, many-veined lower glume. Male zone: spikelet pair similar, both staminate; lowerglume lanceolate, papery, winged above middle; both florets male with paleas.One species: NE India to Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines, including S China.1. Polytoca digitata (Linnaeus f.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club.4: 641. 1917.多裔草 duo yi caoApluda digitata Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 434. 1782[“1781”]; Coix heteroclita Roxburgh; Polytoca bracteata R.Brown; P. heteroclita (Roxburgh) Koorders.Perennial from short stout rhizome. Culms erect, up to 3 mtall, 4–8 mm in diam., branched, 6–10-noded, nodes denselybearded with upwardly pointing hairs. Leaf sheaths glabrous orsetose with tubercle-based hairs; leaf blades cauline, up to 80 ×1–4 cm, abaxial surface glaucous, glabrous or setulose, marginsserrate, apex acuminate; ligule 2–5 mm. Racemes 2–4, 4–12226. ZEA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753.cm. Female zone: sessile spikelet 8–11 mm; lower glume shortlyhairy on back, longer hair tufts laterally at base of beak, beakca. 3 mm, wings ca. 1 mm wide; lodicules absent; pedicelledspikelet 15–20 mm, asymmetrical, broadly winged on one side.Male zone: spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 8–10 mm; lower glumesymmetrically winged on margins above middle, wing 0.5–1mm wide. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.Hill slopes, grasslands, roadsides. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,Yunnan [Cambodia, NE India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, NewGuinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].The zonation of the mixed-sex racemes is obvious, with the tough,yellowish female spikelets, which often have the long stigmas exserted,located below the more slender, green male portion.玉蜀黍属 yu shu shu shuChen Shouliang ( 陈守良 ); Sylvia M. PhillipsAnnual. Culms robust, often tall with stilt roots, solid. Leaf blades large, broadly linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescencesterminal and axillary, spikelets unisexual, separated into male and female inflorescences, not disarticulating at maturity, spikelets of apair alike. Female inflorescence axillary, enclosed in enveloping foliaceous sheaths; spikelets all sessile in many longitudinal rows,partially sunk in the thickened, almost woody axis, glumes and lemmas chaffy, awnless, lower floret sterile; styles single, very long,silky, pendulous from inflorescence apex. Male inflorescence terminal, of many digitate or paniculate racemes; one spikelet of a pairsubsessile, the other on a slender pedicel, papery, awnless, both florets staminate. Mature caryopses plump, much larger than spikeletscales, very variable in shape and color. x = 5.Five species: four wild species in Central America; one species cultivated in all warm parts of the world, including China.1. Zea mays Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753.玉蜀黍 yu shu shuCulms erect, 1–4 m tall. Leaf sheaths with transverse veinlets;leaf blades 50–90 × 3–12 cm, glabrous or with tuberclebasedhairs, margins scabrid, midvein stout; ligule ca. 2 mm.Female inflorescence a cylindrical “cob,” with 16–30 rows ofspikelets; glumes equal, veinless, margins ciliate; florets hya-

POACEAE 651line. Male inflorescence a “tassel” of many digitate racemes;spikelets 9–14 mm, unequally pedicellate, one pedicel 1–2 mm,the other 2–4 mm; glumes subequal, membranous, lower ca.10-veined, margins ciliate, upper 7-veined; lower lemma andpalea hyaline, subequal; upper lemma smaller than lower. Anthersorange, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n = 20,40, 80.Widely cultivated in China [originating in America; widely cultivatedelsewhere].This plant (maize, corn) was first domesticated in Central Americaabout 7000 years ago and is now the third most important crop in theworld. The many cultivars are grown for cereal or forage, and it is alsoan important source of oil, syrup, and alcohol.

28. Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?