Minor Latin poets; with introductions and English translations

MINOR LATIN POE^^WITH INTRODUCTIONS ANDENGLISH TRANSLATIONS BYJ. WIGHT DUFFEMERITUS PROFESSOR OK CLASSICS, ARMSTRO.Vc; COLLEGE (iNTHE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM), XEWCASTLE-UPON-TYSE,FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMYANDARNOLD M.DUFFASSISTANT LECTURER IX CLASSICS, UKIVERSITT COLLEGEor WALES, ABERYSTWYTHLONDONWILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDCAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTSHARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESSMCMXXXIV

Pnnted in Great Britain

CONTENTSPreface ......PAGEixPuBLiLius Syrus— Sententiae :TextIntroduction314" Elegiae in Maecenatem " : IntroductionText115120Grattius— Cynegetica :'Text .Introduction143150Calpurnius Siculus— Bucolica :Text" IvAUS Pisonis ": IntroductionTextIntroduction209218289294EiNSiEDELN Eclogues : IntroductionText" Precatio Terrae " AND *' Precatio OmniumHerbarum " : IntroductionText ." Aetna " : IntroductionText .Florus : IntroductionText .319324339342351358423426V

CONTENTSPAOK439Hadriax : Introduction ....Text 444/ Nemesianus— Bucolica ami Cynegetica :Introduction . . . . .451Text 456Two Fragments ox Bird-Catching :Introduction . . . .512Text 512Reposianus, Modestinus, " CupiDO Amans,"Pentadius : Introduction . . . 519TextTiberianus : IntroductionText 558Servasius : Introduction 573524.... 555....Text 576" Dicta Catonis " : Introduction to Disticha . 585viText 592Introduction to Monosticha . . . 622Text 624Introduction to Lines from Columbanus . 628Text 630Introduction to Lines on the Muses . 634Text .634Introduction to Epitaph on Vitalis . 636Text 636

CONTENTS" Phoenix " : Introduction .Text ....AviAXUS Fabulae : IntroductionText ....RuTiLius Namatiaxus— De RedituIntroductionText ....Index ....SuoPACK64365066968075376-4831

PREFACETo select for inclusion in a single volume of the LoebLibrary a series of works representing the minor poetryof Rome has been a task of much interest but of nolittle difficulty. The mere choice of poets and poemscould hardly be thought easy by anyone acquainted"svith the massive volumes issued in turn by Burmansenior and his nephew, the Poetae Latini Minores bythe former (1731) and the Anthologia Latum by thelatter (1759—1773). But a more serious difficultyconfronted the editors ; for, in spite of the labours ofscholars since the days of Scaliger and Pithou on theminor poems collected from various sources, thetext of many of them continues to present troublesomeand sometimes irremediable critces. This isnotably true of Aetna and of Grattius ; but even forthe majority of the poems there cannot be said to be atextus receptus to be taken over for translation withoutmore ado. Consequently the editors have hadin most cases to decide upon their own text and tosupply a fuller apparatus criticus than is needful forauthors \\'ith a text better established. Certainly,the texts given by Baehrens in his Poetae LatiniMinores could not be adopted wholesale ; for hisscripsi is usually ominous of alterations so arbitraryas to amount to a rewriting of the Latin.At the same time, a great debt is due to Baehrensin his five volumes and to those who before him,like the Burmans and Wernsdorf. or after him, like

—PREFACE\'ollmer, have devoted scholarly study to the poetaeLatini minores. Two excellent- reminders of thelabours of the past in this field can be found inBurman's own elaborate account of his predecessorsin the Epistola Dedicatoria prefixed to his Anthologia,and in the businesslike sketch which Baehrens'Praefatio contains. The editors' main obligationsin connection with many problems of authorship anddate may be gauged from the bibliographies prefixedto the various authors.In making this selection it had to be borne in mindthat considerable portions of Baehrens' work hadbeen already included in earlier Loeb volumese.g. the Appendix Vergiliana (apart from Aetna) andthe poems ascribed to Petronius. Also, the Consolatioad Liviam and the Nux, both of which some scholarspronounce to be by Ovid, were translated in theLoeb volume containing The Art of Love. Otherparts such as the Aratea of Germanicus were consideredbut rejected, inasmuch as an English translationof a Latin translation from the Greek wouldappear to be a scarcely suitable illustration of thegenuine minor poetry of Rome. It was felt appropriate,besides accepting a few short poems fromBuecheler and Riese, to add one considerable authorexcluded by Baehrens as dramatic, the mime-writerPublilius Syrus. He is the earliest of those hererepresented, so that the range in time runs from thedays of Caesar's dictatorship up to the early part ofthe fifth century a.d., when Rutilius had realised,and can still make readers realise, the destructivepowers of the Goths as levelled against Italy andRome in their invasions. This anthology, therefore,may be regarded as one of minor imperial poetry

—PREFACEextending over four and a half centuries. Thearrangement is broadly chronological, though somepoems, like the Aetna, remain of unsettled date andauthorship.While, then, the range in time is considerable, acorrespondingly wide variety of theme lends interestto the poems. There is the didactic elementalways typical of Roman genius — pervading not onlythe crisp moral saws of Publilius Syrus and theDicta Catonis, but also the inquiry into volcanic actionby the author of Aetna and the expositions of huntingcraftby Grattius and by Nemesianus ; there is polishedeulogy in the Laus Pisonis, and eulogy coupledwith a plaintive note in the elegies on Maecenas ;there is a lyric ring in such shorter pieces as those onroses ascribed to Florus. A taste for the descriptionof nature colours the Phoenix and some of the briefpoems by Tiberianus, while a pleasant play of fancyanimates the work of Reposianus, Modestinus andPentadius and the vignette by an unknown writeron Cupid in Love. Religious paganism appears intwo Precationes and in the fourth poem of Tiberianus.Pastoral poetry under Virgil's influence is representedby Calpurnius Siculus, by the Einsiedeln Ecloguesand by Nemesianus, the fable by Avianus, and autobiographicexperiences on a coastal voyage by theelegiacs of Rutilius Namatianus. Although Rutiliusis legitimately reckoned the last of the pagan classicpoets and bears an obvious grudge against Judaismand Christianity alike, it should be noted, as symptomaticof the fourth century, that already among hispredecessors traces of Christian thought and feelingtinge the sayings of the so-called " Cato " and theallegorical teaching of the Phoenix on immortality.

PREFACEThe English versions composed by the editors forthis volume are mostly in prose ; but verse translationshave been wTitten for the poems of Florusand Hadrian, for two of Tiberianus and one ofPentadius. Cato's Disticha have been rendered intoheroic couplets and the Monosticha into the Englishiambic pentameter, while continuous blank versehas been employed for the pieces on the actorVitalis and the two on the nine Muses, as well as forthe Cupid Asleep of Modestinus. A lyric measure hasbeen used for the lines by Servasius on The Workof Time. Some of the poems have not, so far as theeditors are aware, ever before been translated intoEnglish.The comparative unfamiliarity of certain of thecontents in the miscellany ought to exercise theappeal of novelty. While Aetna fortunately engagedthe interest of both H. A. J. Munro and RobinsonEllis, while the latter also did excellent service to thetext of Avianus' Fables, and while there are competenteditions in English of Publilius Syrus, Cal-^purnius Siculus and Rutilius Namatianus, there areyet left openings for scholarly work on the minorpoetry of Rome. It possesses at least the merit ofbeing unhackneyed : and the hope may be expressedthat the present collection will direct closer attentiontowards the interesting problems involved.Both editors are deeply grateful for the valuablehelp in copying and typing rendered by Mrs. WightDuff.xuJuly, 1934. J. W. D.A. M. D.

PUBLILIUSSYRUSVOL.

INTRODUCTIONTO PUBLILIUSSYRUSTo the Caesarian age belonged two prominentwriters of mimes with both of whom the greatJuhus came into contact—Decimus Laberius (105-43 B.C.) and Pubhlius Syrus. PubHHus reached Rome,we are told by the elder Pliny ,^ in the same ship asManilius, the astronomical poet, and StaberiusEros, the grammarian. As a dramatic performancethe mime * had imported from the Greek cities ofSouthern Italy a tradition of ridiculing social life intones of outspoken mockery ; it represented ortravestied domestic scandals with ribald lan£Cuao;eand coarse gestures. At times it made excursionsinto mythological subjects: at times it threw outallusions which bore or seemed to bear audaciouslyon politics. Audiences who were tiring of moreregular comedy found its free-and-easy licence vastlyamusing, though Cicero's critical taste made it hardfor him to sit through a performance of pieces byLaberius and Publilius.*^" Plin. y.H. XXXV. 58 (199). The correct form of his name,instead of the erroneous " Publius," was established byWoelfflin. Phil. 22 (1865), 439.* See Hermann Reich, Der Mimus, ein litterarentwickelungsgeschichtlicherVersuch, Berlin, 1903. For brief account, J.Wight Duff, Lit. Hist, of Rome, 1909, pp. 222-23; Klotz,Gesch. der rdm. Lit., 1930, p. 77.' Ad Fam. XII. 18. 2.

INTRODUCTIONThere came a day in 45 b.c. when Caesar forcedthe veteran knight Laberius—he was then sixty—toplay in one of his own mimes as a competitor againstthe alien Publilius, who had thro^^^l do\\Ti a dramaticchallenge to all comers. The dictator, while heawarded the prize to the foreigner, restored to theRoman, with ostentatious condescension, the ringwhich outwardly confirmed the equestrian ranksullied by his appearance on the stage. This eclipseof Laberius marked for Publilius an opportunitywhich he knew how to use. Some fresh invention,some originality in treatment capable of catching thepopular favour, may be conjectured as the reasonwhy the elder Pliny calls him " the founder of themimic stage." Of Syrian origin, he had come toRome as a slave, most likely from Antioch.*^ Hiswit secured his manumission, and the gift of understandingRoman psychology was a factor in hisdramatic success. And yet, in contrast ^\'ith fortyfourknown titles of plays by his vanquished rivalLaberius, only two of Publilius' — titles have comedown to us in uncertain form " The Pruners,"Putatores (or, it has even been suggested, Potatores," The Tipplers "), and one conjecturally amended toMurmidon} Perhaps his improvisations were tooprecariously entrusted to actors' copies to guaranteeliterary immortality ; and, in any case, though piecesof his were still staged under Nero, the mimegradually lost its vogue in favour of pantomime.The didactic element in him, however, was destinedto survive. The elder Seneca praises him for" Plin. N.H. loc. cit. Publilium -flochium {Antiochium,0. Jahn, Phil. 26, 11) mimicae scenae conditorem.>>Nonius, 2, p. 133; Priscian, Gramm. Lat. (Keil), 2, 532, 25.

TO PL'BLILIUSSYRUSputting some thoughts better than any dramatist,Greek or Roman ; Petronius gives a specimen of hisstyle in a passage sixteen lines long, and in thesecond century Gellius recognises the neatness andquotability of his moral maxims, of which he citesfourteen examples, all but one to be found in our extantcollections." Roman educators soon saw practicaladvantage in excerpting from his mimes, for use inschool, -wise saws and modern instances, the inheritedexperience of human conduct brought up to date inpithy Latin. Similar anthologies had already beenmade from Menander in Greek and very possiblyfrom Ennius in Latin. Such a text-book had been**'âvailable for generations before Jerome as a schoolboylearned the line " aegre reprendas quod sinasconsuescere." But if the earliest collection of themaxims in the first century a.d. was purely Publilian,it is now hard to decide how much proverbial philosophyhas been foisted into later collections by freeparaphrase of genuine verses and by insertion ofthoughts from Seneca (or Pseudo-Seneca) and others.It is equally hard to decide how much has beenspoiled or lost by such misreading and distortion ofgenuine verses (iambic senarii or trochaic septenarii)as led copyists to mistake them for prose. There is,however, good authority for the acceptance of over700 lines as genuine survivals of what was once aconsiderably larger selection.It will be appreciated thatPublilius' lines, originally• Sen. Control'. VII. 3. 8; Petron. Sat. 55; Gell. X.A.xvii. 14.* Phaedrus, III. Epil. 3.3-35.' Hieron. Epist. 107, 8 (I. 679, Vallarsi): cited again Epist.128, 4: see F. A. Wright, Select Letters of St. Jerome (LoebCI. Lib.), pp. 356, 478.5

INTRODUCTIONspoken by different dramatic characters, could notconstitute a uniform ethical standard. In contrast,therefore, with generous sentiments we meet suchself-regarding maxims as " It mayn't be right, butif it pays think it so " (quamyis non rectum quodiuyat rectum putes), or the pernicious morality of" The end justifies the means " (honesta turpitudoest pro causa bona). As in the proyerbs of all nations,there are contradictory ways of looking at the samething: while "Deliberation teaches wisdom" (deliberandodiscitur sapientia), it is also true that" Deliberation often loses a good chance " (deliberandosaepe perit occasio) ; for the sagacity of theages has always to reckon with both the impetuousand the oyer-cautious.Further, if not necessarily either moral or consistent,proyerbs are not necessarily profound. Soif a few aphorisms dare to be paradoxical, some arethe sheerest of platitudes. But, though shallowsayings take us nowhere, the reader meets withpleasure eyen familiar thoughts in Latin guise like" Honour among thieyes " (etiam in peccato rectepraestatur fides); " Least said, soonest mended " orQui s'excuse s' accuse (male factum interpretando faciasacrius) ;" No man is a hero to his yalet " (inferiorrescit quicquidpeccat superior) ; and " Touch wood !(irritare est cafamitatem cum te felicem yoces).A few remarks on the manuscript collections areneeded to indicate how the text is composed." To* Cf. Schanz-Hosius, Gesch. der rom. Lit. ed. 4, 1927, pp.261-62; W. Meyer, Die Sammlnngen der Spruchverse desPublilius Syrus, Leipzig, 1877, and the introd. to his editionof the Sententiae, Leipzig, 1880. Friedrich (ed. 1880) testifiesto Woelfflin's full discussion of Publilian MSS. in the Prolegomenato his edition of 1869, II. pp. 15-23.6"

f;TO PUBLILIIS SYRUSthe so-called " Seneca Collection," of which the bestmanuscripts go back to the ninth or tenth century,and are classed under 2 in the Sigla, belong 265 versesarranged in sequence by their initials from A to N.Of these, 159 are preserved in that collection alone.By the ninth century the latter half of the versesayingsfrom O to V had disappeared, and the collectionwas filled up with 149 prose sententiae from theso-called Senecan work De Morihus. The title thenimposed on the collection was Senecae senteniiae orSenecae proverbia : and in some manuscripts theseproverbs, wherein Publilius lay embedded butunnamed, were combined with works of Augustine.This is true of the codex Dunelmensis, brought earlyin the fourteenth century to Durham, which has beeninspected during the preparation of the presentvolume, and is described in a subsequent note. Inthe tenth century the latter half of the verse-sayingshad reappeared : and the IT collection, now representedby lines A to I, in the Palatino-\'aticanus(formerly Heidelbergensis), supplied 325 additionalverses. It was when 11 still contained the second halfof the sayings that a scribe in the eleventh centurycombined the texts of a 11 and a 2 manuscript into^, inserting any new verses from 11 after the prosesentences under each alphabetical letter, so that hismanuscript, F, the Frisingensis, is the most completecorpus of Publilian sententiae extant. To the 265 versesententiae of 2 it added 384, making a total of 649.Gretser's Ingolstadt edition of 1600, four years beforeCJruter, made use of the Frisingensis. The ZiirichCollection, Z, contains 132 sayings, including 50 notfound elsewhere : it is represented by Turicensis C.78 (tenth century), giving a set of sententiae C to V

,INTRODUCTIONand Monacensis 6369 (eleventh century), giving a setof senteniiae A to D. The Verona excerpts, O (fourteenthcentury), entitled Flores moralium aidoritatumgive 60 verses (16 of them new), indicating their Publilianorigin under the incorrect names of " Publius,"" Publius Syrus " or " Publius mimus."EDITIONS(A full list is given in Bickford-Smith's bibliography.)D. Erasmus. Disticha moralia titulo Cato?iis . . .Mimi Puhliani {cum scholiis Erasmi), . . .London. 1514.Jos. Scaliger. P. Syri Senieiit. et Dion. CatonisDisticha graece redd. Levden. 1598.J. Gretser. Ingolstadt. 1600.J. Gruter. Senecae et Syri Mimi forsan etiam aliorumsi?igulares Senteniiae centum aliquot versihus excodd. Pall, et Frisi?ig. auctae (Ed. i. 1604).Leyden. 1708. [Contains 771 iambics and81 " trochaici quasi."]R. Bentley : at end of his edition of Terence andPhaedrus. Cambridge. 1726. [238 iambicsand 27 trochaics.]J. Konrad Orelli. Publii Syri Mimi et aliorum Senteniiae. . . Leipzig. 1822. [791 iambics and83 trochaics, Mith Scaliger 's Greek verserenderings.]Supplemenium editionis Lipsiensis . . . Leipzig.1824.J. Kaspar Orelli (with Phaedri fahulae novae).8Puhlii Syri Codd. Basil, et Turic. antiquissimi.Zurich. 1832. [216 verses from the Basiliensis,and others from the Turicensis.]

TO PUBLILIUS SYRUSO. Kibheck. P. PuhliUus Lockius (sic) Syrus inComicorum Latinorum Reliquiae. Leipzig. 1855.[857 sententiae, includiiiij 269 " minus probatae "and 43 from the I'urice/isis.]E. Woelfflin. FuhUlii Syri Sententiae. Leipzig. 1869.[693 verses, including 40 from the Turicensis.Woelfflin rejected many spurious verses.]A. Spengel. Publilii Si/ri Sententiae. Berlin. 1874.[721, including 71 from Zurich and MunichMSS., some in prose.]W. Meyer. Publilii Syri Seiitentiae. Leipzig. 1880.[733 lines.]O. Friedrich. Publilii Syri Mimi Sententiae. Berlin.1880. [761 lines besides others under the headingsof " Caecilii Balbi Sententiae," " Pseudo-Seneca," •* Proverbia " and 390 "Sententiaefalso inter Publilianas receptae."]R. A. H. Bickford-Smith. Publilii Syri Sententiae.London. 1895. [722 lines.]SIGLAO = Collectio Veronensis : codex Capituli Veron.168 (155) : a. 1329.2 = Collectio Senecae.P == pa et P^P^' : Paris. 2676 : saec. x-xi.Pb : Paris. 7641 : saec. x.R = Rheinaugiensis 95 : saec. x.B = Basiliensis A.N. iv. 11 (K. III. 34): saec. x.A = Vindobonensis 969 : saec. x.F et V :cf. infra.C = Paris. 8049 : saec. xiv.S = Monac. 484 chart. : saec. xv.

::INTRODUCTIONZ = Monac. 23474 : saec. xiv.Dun. =^ Dunelmensis B II. 20 : saec. xiv.Inc. = editiones ante editionem Erasmi (a. 1514)impressae.n = Collectio Palatina.H = Palatino-^âtic. 239 (olim Heidelbergensis)saec. x-xi. (A-I).^ = CollectioFrisingensis.F = Monac. 6292 (olim Frisingensis) :saec. xi.V = Vindobon. 299 : saec. xii. (circ. cxx. versus).xj/ =Monac. 17210 : saec. xiii.Dresd. = Dresdensis J. 44 : saec. xiii (contulit M.Manitius, Hermes xli, 1906, pp. 294-99).Bart : = Giunta ad librum Bartholomaei da SanConcordio " Ammaestramenti degli Antichi."TT = Vatic. Regin. 1896 : saec. xiii.a = Albertani Brixiensis libri.K = Monac. 7977 : saec. xiii.o- = Monac. 17210: saec. xiii.par. = Paris. 8027 : saec. xiv.Z = Collectio Turicensis.M = Monac. 6369 : saec. xi. (A-D).T = Turic. C. 78 : saec. x. {C-\^.O = Caecilii Balbi quae vocatur collectio maior(f)minor.A Note on the DunelmensisThe Durham manuscript, examined in preparingthe text of this work, may be briefly described as anexample of the 2 group. This codex of the Se?iientiaeforms, under the significant misnomer of" Proverbia Senec(a)e," part of a folio volume oflO

TO PUBLILIUS SYRUS212 double-columned vellum sheets, of which themain contents are tractates, genuine or doubtful,bearing the name of Augustine. Immediately precedingthe " Proverbia " there is a page given to" Sententiae quorumdam philosophorum " and overtwo pages to excerpts from Cicero's De Divinatione.In a note near the end of the volume it is describedas " liber Sti. Cuthberti de Dunelm. ex procurationeffis Robti. de Graystan." Robert de Graystan was" electus " as bishop of Durham in 1333, but was notadmitted to the episcopate. The manuscript cannotbe said to possess independent value with regard toPublilius. Though written in well-formed letterswith decorated initials, it has not a few imperfectionsapart from unscannable lines and its mixture of proseand verse. Within the first 30 lines there occurblunders like the haplography of aut (6), a deo fordeo (22), actus sn du for aetas cinaedum (24), andcrinem for crimen (29). Of its total of over 450sententiae, the letters A to N have 313 sayings whichare mainly verse (though of the 45 under N aboutfour-fifths are prose). For the remainder, O to V,beginning " Omne peccatum actio est," material isdrawn entirely in prose from a work of uncertainauthorship, De Morihus. After the V sente?itiae therefollows a moral poem of about 120 hexameters by aChristian poet, beginningQuisquis vult vere Domino per cuncta placere,Hunc fugiens mundum totum cor vertat ad ilium.The text of Publilius is in this volume largely basedon Meyer's valuable edition of 1880: the mainalterations are noted. Lines accepted by Meyer atII

liNTRODUCTION TO PUBLILIUS SYRUSthe close of each letter-section under the formula" Publilii esse videtur " are given in brackets: also1. 145, which, though not in any manuscript ofPublilius, is entitled to the same heading, becauseit is quoted by Gellius and Macrobius.For the significance of the Greek letters on theleft of the Latin text, readers are referred to thetable of Sigla and to the remarks on the manuscriptcollections earlier in the Introduction. Meyer'sobelus (f) has been retained only where the textprinted remains unsatisfactory in respect of metreor meaning.12

MINOR LATIN POETSEAlienum est omne quicquid optando evenit.Ab alio exspectes alteri quod feceris.Animus vereri qui scit, scit tuto ingredi.Auxilia humilia firma consensus facit.6 Amor animi arbitrio sumitur, non ponitur.Aut amat aut odit mulier :nihil est tertium.Ad tristem partem strenua est suspicio.Ames parentem si aequus est : si aliter, feras.Adspicere oportet quicquid possis perdere.10 Amici vitia si feras, facias tua.Alienum aes homini ingenuo acerba est servitus.Absentem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat.Amans iratus multa mentitur sibi.3 tuto m 2 in B et P^ : tuta PRAFVS :si B 7n 1 in rasiira, C :1° sic M :codd. : facias Kibbeck.14tutus C Incun.nisi ceteri. facis plerique

PUBLILIUSSYRUS^^'HAT comes by wishing is never truly ours."As you treat a neighbour, expect another to treat you.Courage that can fear can take the road with safety.United feeling makes strength out of humble aids.Love starts but isnot dropped at will.Woman either loves or hates :there is no third thing.Suspicion is ever active on the gloomy side.''Love your parent, if he is just :if not, bear with him.You ought to watch whatever you can lose.Tolerateown.a friend's faults, and you make them yourFor the freeborn, debt is bitter slavery.Wrangling with a drunk man isoff the scene.hurting one who isThe lover inanger tells himself many a lie." Quoted by Seneca, Epist. viii. 9.* A long exegetical account is given in Gruter's notaeposlumae (1708 ed.). There is no need to change with Friedrichto attritam in partem.15

:MINOR LATIN POETSAvarus ipse miseriae causa est suae.15 Amans quid cupiat scit, quid sapiat non videt.Amans quod suspicatur vigilans somniat.Ad calamitatem quilibet rumor valet.Amor extorqueri non pote, elabi potest.Ab amante lacrimis redimas iracundiam.20 Aperte mala cum est mulier, tum demum est bona.Avarum facile capias ubi non sis item.Amare et sapere vix deo conceditur.Avarus nisi cum moritur nihil recte facit.Aetas cinaedum celat,aetas indicat.25 Avarus damno potius quam sapiens dolet.Avaro quid mali optes nisi: " vivat diu !Animo dolenti nihil oportet credere.Aliena nobis, nostra plus aliis placent.Amare iuveni fructus est, crimen seni.^^ sic Spengel, Meyer : potest . . . potest pier. codd. : pote. . . pote V. elabi HC : sed elabi PRAFVSZ : sed labi B.2^ item Bothe : idem codd.^^ deo H Erasmus : adeo ceteri.^* aetas Pilhoeus : aestate Pt- P* corr. BRA : aestatem P^:astute FVCS : astus Woelfflin cinae dum A : cinedum Bcenae dum P^ : crines dum FVCS : caelat PÂ : actus sa dul6"

PUBLILIUS SYRUSThe miser is himself tlic cause of his misery.A lover knows his desire : his wisdom is out of sight.Even when awake, the lover has dreams of hissuspicions.To accredit disaster any tale has power.I.ove can't be wrested from one, but may slip away.Tears may buy off a lover's wrath.A woman is good at last, when she's openly bad.The miser may be your easy prey, when you're not amiser too.Wisdom with love is scarcely granted to a god.The one right thing a miser does is to die.Time conceals and time reveals the reprobate.It's the miser, not the wise man, M'hom a loss pains.What ill could you wish a miser save long life ?One must not trust at all a mind in pain.We fancy the lot of others ;others fancy ours more.Love is the young man's enjoyment, the old man'sreproach.Dunelm. etas te celat, etas te iudicat Dresd. astute dumcelatur aetas so indicat Erasmus : astu crimen celatur,aetas indicat Zivinger cit. apud Gruterum : astus cinaeduincelat, aestus indicat Friedrich.nisi ut pier. codd.26 sic M H :VOL. I. C17

MINOR LATIN POETS30 Anus cum ludit morti delicias facit.Amoris vulnus idem sanat qui facit.Ad paenitendum properat, cito qui iudicat.Aleator quanto in arte est,tanto est nequior.Amor otiosae causa est soUicitudinis.n Avidum esse oportet neminem, minime senem.36 Animo virum pudicae, non oculo eligunt.Amantis ius iurandum poenam non habet.Amans ita ut fax agitando ardescit magis.Amor ut lacrima ab oculo oritur in pectus cadit.40 Animo imperabit sapiens, stultus serviet.Amicum an nomen habeas aperit calamitas.Amori finem tempus, non animus, facit.Z Audendo virtus crescit, tardando timor.Auxilium profligatis contumelia est.45 AfFatim aequa cui fortuna est interitura longeeffugit.3* otioso C Inc.^^ oculis H Meyer : ab oculis FVaK :ab oculo Woelfflinamoris lacrima ab oculis in p.c. Spengel : amor ut lacrimaoboritur oculis, oculis in pectus cadit Friedrich.i8

PUBLILIUS SYRUSThe old woman in skittish mood is Death's darhng toy.The one who causes also cures the wound of love.Hasty judgement means speedy repentance.The cleverer the gamester, the greater his knavery.Love causes worry in the leisure hour.None should be greedy, least of allthe old.Modest women choose a man by mind, not eye.A lover's oath involves no penalty.A lover is like a torch—blazes the more he's moved.Love, like a tear, rises in the eye and falls on thebreast.The sage will rule his feelings, the fool will be theirslave.Misfortune reveals whether you have a friend or onlyone in name.'Tis time, not the mind, that puts an end to love.Courage grows by daring, fear by delay.Help wounds the pride of those whose cause islost.The man whose luck is fair enough gives ruin a wideberth.*^ sic Wight Duff: Affatim inqua fortuna longo non habetinteritiun M : affatim si cui fortuna Christ : affatim si quoifortunast Ribbeck : affatim aequa si fortuna Meyer.c219

MINOR LATIN POETSAvaro acerba poena natura est sua.Avaro non est vita sed mors longior.Alienam qui orat causam se culpat reum.Adsidua ei sunt tormenta qui se ipsum timet.60 Animo imperato ne tibi animus imperet.Animo ventrique imperare debet qui frugi essevult.O Aegre reprendas quod sinas consuescere.Amico firmo nihil emi melius potest.(j)(Amicis ita prodesto ne noceas tibi.)55 (Avarus animus nuUo satiatur lucre.)S(Amici mores noveris non oderis.)Bis fiet gratum quod opus est si ultro ofFeras.Bonarum rerum consuetudo pessima est.Beneficium dare qui nescit iniuste petit.60 Bonum est fugienda adspicere in alieno male.Beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere.*8 sic Meiser : Alienam qui suscipit causam semet criminatesse rerum M.20

'IIPUBLILIUS SYRUSFor the miser his own nature is bitter punishment.The miser has no lifesave death delayed.The pleader of another's cause arraigns himself.He who dreads himself has torment without end.• Rule your feelings lest your feelings rule you.He who would be discreet must rule hismind andappetite.Reproof comes illfor a habit you countenance."There's nothing better in the market than a staunchfriend.Benefit friends without hurt toyourself.No gain satisfies a greedy mind.'^Study but do not hate a friend's character.Twice welcome the needed gift if offered unasked.Constant acquaintance with prosperity isa curse.He who can't do a good turn has no right to askone.In another's misfortune it is good to observe what toavoid.To accept a benefit is to sell one's freedom." St. Jerome records his reading this maxim when atschool : Epist. 107, 8 {legi quondam in scholis puer : aegrc,etc.). He quotes it also in Epist. 128, 4 : see Introduction.* Quoted by Seneca, Epist. xciv. 43.21

MINOR LATIN POETSBona nemini hora est ut non alicui sit mala.Bis emori est alteriusarbitrio mori.Beneficia plura recipit qui scit reddere.65 Bis peccas cum peccanti obsequium commodas.Bonus animus laesus gravius multo irascitur.Bona mors est homini vitae quae exstinguit mala.Beneficium dando accepit qui digno dedit.Blanditia non imperio fit dulcis venus.70 Bonus animus numquam erranti obsequium commodat.Beneficium qui dedisse se dicit petit.Benivoli coniunctio animi maxima est cognatio.Beneficium saepe dare docere est reddere.Bonitatis verba imitari maior malitia est.76 Bona opinio hominum tutior pecunia est.22

PUBLILIUS SYIIUSNobody has a good time without its being bad forsomeone.To die at another's bidding isto die a double death.He receives more benefits who knows how to returnthem.35 You sin doubly when you humour a sinner.^When a good disposition is wounded, it is much moreseriously incensed.Good for man is death when it ends life's miseries.The giver of a gift deserved gets benefit by giving.Coaxing, not ordering, makes love sweet.70 Good judgement never humours one who is going%\Tong.Claiming to have done a good turn isasking for one.The alliance of a well-wisher's mind is truest kinship.To confer repeated kindness is tuition in repayment.Aping the words of goodness isthe greater wickedness.75 There is more safety in men's good opinion than inmoney." It is difficult to grasp the meaning of some of thesayings, as the original dramatic context is unknown. Thedouble sin here maj* imply a sin twice as bad : cf. theexpression his emori, 63, and the sentiment in 10.

MINOR LATIN POETSBonuin quod est supprimitur, numquam exstinguitur.Bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria.Benignus etiam causam dandi cogitat.Bis interimitur qui suis armis perit.80 Bene dormit qui non sentit quam male dormiat.Bonorum crimen est officiosus miser.Bona quae veniunt nisisustineantur opprimunt.Bona fama in tenebris proprium splendorem tenet.Bene cogitata si excidunt non occidunt.85 ^Bene perdit nummos iudici cum dat nocens.Bona imperante animo bono est pecunia.Bonum ad virum cito moritur iracundia.Brevissima esto memoria iracundiae.^2 sic Gruter : b.q. eminent nisi sustineantur obprimuntBuecheler: n. s. cadunt ut opprimant pier. codd.®^ sic Bickford-Smith : bona imperante animo est pecuniaS : bono PRA : in parente anima nonnulli codd. : bona imperantebono animo est pecunia Meyer in not.24

PUBLILIUS SYRUSA good thing may be trampled on but never annihilated.Twice is he conqueror who in the hour of conquestconquers himself.Generosity seeks to invent even a cause for giving.Doubly destroyed is he who perishes by his own arms.He sleeps well who feels not how illhe sleeps.The dutiful man reduced to misery isthe good.a reproach toProsperity must be sensibly sustained or ityou.crushesA good name keeps its own brightness in dark days.Good ideas may fail but are not lost.5 When the culprit bribes the judge, he loses coin tosome purpose.When the mind issues good orders, money is ablessing.With the good man anger isquick to die.Let the harbouring of angry thoughts be of thebriefest.^® sic Gritter in notis postumis {om. Dunelmensis) : brevemens BRP*'AP-» corr. : breviens P* : brevis mens S : breveamans FV. est ipsa FYS.25

MINOR LATIN POETSBona turpitude est quae periclum vindicat.90 Bona comparat praesidia misericordia.Beneficium dignis ubi des omnes obliges.nBrevis ipsa vita est sed malis fit longior.Beneficia donari aut mali aut stulti putant.Bene perdis gaudium ubi dolor pariter perit.95 Bene vixit is qui potuit cum voluit mori.fBene audire alterum patrimonium est.Boni est viri etiam in morte nullum fallere.ZDBona causa nullum iudicem verebitur.Bonus vir nemo est nisi qui bonus est omnibus.,Consueta vitia ferimus, nova reprendimus.101 Crudelis est in re adversa obiurgatio.Cavendi nulla est dimittenda occasio.Cui semper dederis ubi neges rapere imperes.*^ sic FVH : bene vulgo audire GriUer : bene e patre audireFriedrich.^°" nova Bentley, Meyer : inconsueta Z : non ceteri codd.,Woelfflin, Spengel, Friedrich.26

PUBLILIUS SYRUSl\nil is fair if it punishes the menace of a foe.90 Pity provides good defences.Whenever you benefit the deserving, you put theworld in your debt.Life, short itself, grows longer for itsills.They are either rogues or fools who think benefitsare merely gifts.You are content to miss joy when pain isalso lost.95 Well has he lived who has been able to die Avhen hewilled.To have a good name isa second patrimony.It isthe mark of a good man to disappoint no oneeven in his death."A good case will fear no judge.No one is a good man unless he is good to all.100 We tolerate the usual vices but blame new ones.Rebuke is cruel in adversity.No opportunity for caution should be letslip.By perpetual giving you would invite robbery whenyou say " no."life." i.e. his manner of dying must equal the standard of his27

MINOR LATIN POETSCrudelem medicum intemperans aeger facit.105 Cuius mortem amici exspectant vitam cives oderunt.Cum inimico nemo in gratiam tuto redit,Citius venit periclum cum contemnitur.Casta ad virum matrona parendo imperat.Cito ignominia fit superbi gloria.110 Consilio melius vincas quam iracundia.Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia.Cotidie damnatur qui semper timet.Cum vitia prosunt, peccat qui recte facit.Contumeliam nee fortis pote nee ingenuus pati.115 Conscientia animi nuUas invenit linguae preces.Comes facundus in via pro vehiculo est.Cito improborum laeta ad perniciem cadunt.Contemni (sapienti) gravius est quam stulto percuti.Cotidie est deterior posterior dies.RB :11^ nullas PA : nuUus nullius FVC : nimias Friedrich.^^® sapienti addidit Gruter in noiis : contemni est * graviusquam stultitiae percuti Meyer.28

PUBLILIUS SYRUSThe intemperate patient makes the doctor cruel.05 He for whose death his friends are waiting lives alife his fellows hate.No one issafe to be reconciled to a foe.Danger comes more quickly when under-estimated.The chaste matron of her husband's home rulesthrough obedience.The boast of arrogance soon turns to shame.110 Policy is a better means of conquest than anger.Endurance is the cure for any pain.The man in constant fear is every day condemnedWhen vices pay, the doer of the right is at fault.Insult is what neither bravery nor free birth canbrook.115 A good conscience invents no glib entreaties."A chatty road-mate is as good as a carriage.The joys of rascals soon collapse in ruin.Contempt hurts the wise man more than a scourgedoes the fool.Daily the following day is worse {i.e. for promptaction)." Friedrich takes conscientia as " a bad conscience " andreads nitnias.29

MINOR LATIN POETS120 Crimen relinquit vitae qui mortem appetit.n Cogas amantem irasci aniare si velis.Contra imprudentem stulta est nimia ingenuitas.Crudelis est non fortis qui infantem necat.Consilium inveniunt multi sed docti explicant.125 Cave quicquam incipias quod paeniteat postea.Cui omnes bene dicunt possidet populi bona.Cui nolis saepe irasci irascaris semel.Crudelis lacrimis pascitur non frangitur.Caeci sunt oculi cum animus alias res agit.130 Caret periclo qui etiam cum est tutus, cavet.Cum ames non sapias aut cum sapias non ames.Cicatrix conscientiae pro vulnere est.Cunctis potest accidere quod cuivis potest.30^22imprudentem codd. : impudentem Gruter, Meyer.^24 consiliis iunionim multi se docti explicant FV : alii alia.

PUBLILIUS SYRUS) Eagerness for death bequeaths an indictment of life.Force a lover to anger if you wish him to love.To counter ignorance, too much breadth of mind isfatuous.Barbarous, not brave, is he M'ho kills a child.Many can hit on a plan, but the experienced findthe way out.) Beware of starting what you may later regret.The man of whom all speak M'ell earns the people'sfavours.Lose your temper once for all with the man withwhom you don't want to lose it often.Cruelty isfed, not broken, by tears.The eyes are blind when the mind is otherwiseoccupied.I He's free from danger who even in safety takesprecaution.Love means you can't be wise :can't be in love.\\'isdom means youThe scar of conscience isas bad as a wound.What can happen to any can happen to all.^^ Cunctis . . . cuivis FV : ciiivis . . . cuiquam cit.apud Senecam, de Tranq. xi. 8 : cf. Consol. ad Marciam ix. 5.31

MINOR LATIN POETSCave amicum credas nisi siquern probaveris.135 Contra felicem vix deus vires habet.ZCum das avaro praemium ut noceat rogas.Cum se ipse \-incit sapiens minime vincitur.Contra hostem aut fortem oportet esse autsupplicem,Cito culpam effugias siincurrisse paenitet.140 Cum periclo inferior quaerit quod superior occulit.Consilium in dubiis remedium prudentis est.ICum .inimico ignoscis amicos gratis compluresaequiris.Contubernia sunt lacrimarum ubi misericors miserumadspicit.Crebro ignoscendo faeies de stulto improbum.145 (Cui plus licet quam par est plus vult quam licet.)"9 sic Orelli : culpa effugiri T : potest MT : si T : cidpampenitet incurrisse MT : cito culpam effugere pote quernculpae paenitet Meyer.^*^ sic Meyer : in adversis medicinae remedium MT.32^^2 alii alia.

PUBLILIUS SYRUSMind y

MINOR LATIN POETSEDiscipulus est prioris posterior dies.Daninare est obiui'gare cuni auxilio est opus.Dill apparandiim est bellum ut tineas celerius.Dixeris male dicta cuncta cum ingratum hominemdixeris.150 De inimico non loquaris male sed cogites.Deliberare utilia mora tutissima est.Dolor decrescit ubi quo crescat non habet.Didicere flerefeminae in mendacium.Discordia fit carior concordia.155 Deliberandum est saepe : statuendum est semel.Difficilem habere oportet aurem ad crimina.Dum est vita grata, mortis conditio optima est.Damnum appellandum est cum mala fama lucrum.Ducis in consilio posita est virtus militum.160 Dies quod donat timeas : cito raptum venit.F :^^^ quicquid PBRA : diu quicquid CSZ : saepe quicquidsaepe Woelfjlin : diu del. st. est semel Bothe : del. estdecies Friedrich,34

PUBLILIUS SYRUSNext day is \)u\n] uf the day before.When there's need of help, reproach is to makethings worse.War needs long preparation tosooner.make you win theCall a man ungrateful and you have no words ofabuse left.) Devise evil against your enemy, but speak none ofhim.To think out useful plans is the safest delay.Pain lessens when it has no means of growth.Woman has learned the use of tears to deceive.Harmony isthe sweeter for a quarrel.5 Think things out often : decide once.One should not lend a ready ear to accusations.When life is pleasant, the state of death is best."Ill-famed gain should be called loss.Soldiers' valour hangs on their general's strategy.) Fear what a day gives : soon it comes to rob." The sententia means that the best time for death iswhile {dum temporal) life is pleasant : i.e. before sorrowscome, one miglit die, in Tacitus' words, felix opportunitatemortis. Joseph Scaliger's translation of the line is evr}/j.(povaii'atpfcts QavcLTOu KaX-i].d235

MINOR LATIN POETSnDiniissum quod nescitur non amittitur.Deliberando discitur sapientia.Deliberando saepe perit occasio.Duplex fitbonitas simul accessit celeritas.165 Damnati lingua vocem habet, vim non habet.Dolor animi gra\4or est quam corporis.Dulce etiam fugias fieriquod amarum potest.Difficile est dolori convenire cum patientia.Deos ridere credo cum felix vovet.ZDurum est negare superior ciun supplicat.171 Dissolvitur lex cima fit iudex misericors.Dominari ex parte est cum superior supplicat.Decima hora amicos plures quam prima invenit.LEtiam innocentes cogit mentiri dolor.175 Etiam in peccato recte praestatur fides.166 nimio axld. Bathe : quam corporis dolor GriUer, Orelli.1*8 difficilius cum dolore convenit sapientiae Friedrich.16* fovot H : vocet F : infeUx vovet Meyer in notis : deose credere credit cum felix vovet Friedrich.36

PUBLILIUS SYRUS'i'hc loss that is not known is no loss.Delibcr

MINOR LATIN POETSEtiam celeritas in desiderio mora est.Ex vitio alterius sapiens emendat suum.Et deest et superest miseris cogitatio.Etiam oblivisci quid sis interdum expedit.180 Ex hominum questu facta Fortuna est dea.EfFugere cupiditatem regnum est vincere.Exsul ubi ei nusquam domus est sine sepulcro estmortuus.Etiam qui faciunt oderunt iniuriam.Eripere telum non dare irato decet.185 Exsilium patitur patriae qui se denegat.Etiam capillus unus habet umbram suam.Eheu quam miserum est fieri metuendo senem !Etiam hosti est aequus qui habet in consilio fidem.Excelsis multo facilius casus nocet.nExtrema semper de ante factis iudicant.191 Ex lite multa gratia fit formosior.Etiam bonis malum saepe est adsuescere.38

PUBLILIUS SYIIUSDesire findseven (jiiiekness slow.From ca neighbour's fault a, wise man eorreets his own.The MTctched have too little and too much of thought.Sometimes 'tis fitting even to forget what you are.The grumbling of men made Fortune a goddess.To shun desire is to conquer a kingdom.The exile with no home anywhere is a corpse withouta grave.Even those who do an injustice hate it.Anger is rightly robbed of a weapon, not given one.55 He suffers exile who denies himself to his country.Even one hair has a shadow of its o\\'n.Alas, hoM' wretched to be aged by fearHe who has confidence in his policy is fair even to anenemy.The exalted are much more readily hurt by misfortune.90 The end always passes judgement on what haspreceded.After much strife reconciliation becomes morebeautiful.It is often bad to grow used even to good things.39

MINOR LATIN POETSZ I Est utique profunda ignorantia nescire quod pecces.194 Etiam sine lege poena est conscientia.Errat datum qui sibiquod extortum est putat.S Fidem qui perdit quo rem servat relicuam ?Fortuna cum blanditur captatum venit.Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas.Formosa facies muta commendatio est.200 Frustra rogatur qui misereri non potest.Fortuna unde aliquid fregit cassumst

PUBLILIUS SYRUSIt issurely the depth of ignorance not to know yourfault.Even without a law conscience works as punishment.5 It is a mistake to think one is given what has beenextorted.With credit lost, what means are there of savingwhat remains ?When Fortune flatters, she comes to ensnare.It iseasier to strike luck than to keep it.A handsome appearance is an unspoken testimonial.\'ain isthe appeal to him who cannot pity.That from which Fortune breaks offsomething, 'tisvain to repair.It'scheating to take what you could not restore.Fortune turns her spoiled darling into a fool.A man o>mis guilt by avoiding trial.5 Successful >\dckedness means good folk's disaster.What can't be changed you should bear, not blame.The future struggles not to let itself be mastered.Patience too often wounded turns to frenzy.Lose credit and one can lose no more."Cf. l'J6.41

MINOR LATIN POETS210 Facilitas animi ad partem stultitiae rapit.Fides in animum unde abiit

PUBLILIUS SYRUSComplaisance is a rapid road in the direct ion of folly.Honour scarce ever revisits the mind ithas quitted.None ever loses honour save him who has itnot.Fortune isnot content ^\^th hurting anyone once.'Tis thunder and lightning when anger dwells withpower.5 It is no good asking for youth again when age isreached.The ill-grounded curse is an ill-intentioned lie."To control woman's nature isto abandon the hopeof a quiet life.Endure what's hard so as to stand the test of the easy.Luck is likeglass—^just when it glitters, it smashes.Bear what hurts so as to stand the test of success.Luck takes the step that no one sees.Luck avails a man more than policy.Frugality iswretchedness ^vith a good name.The master is valet when he fears those he orders." " Frigida omnino sententia " is Orelli's criticism. " Sententianimiura quantum languet," Ribbeck.43

MINOR LATIN POETS225 Facile invenies qui bene faciant cum qui feceruntcoles.Frenos imponit linguae conscientia.Felicitatem in dubiis virtus impetrat.EFalsum etiam est verum quod constituit superior.Grave praeiudicium est quod iudicium non habet.230 Gravissima est probi hominis iracundia.Gravis animi poena est quern post facti paenitet.Gravis animus dubiam non habet sententiam.Gravius malum omne est quod sub adspectu latet.Gravius nocet quodcumque inexpertum accidit.235 Gravis est inimicus is qui latet in pectore.Gravissimum est imperium consuetudinis.Grave crimen, etiam leviter cum est dictum, nocet.ZGrave est quod laetus dederis tristem recipere.

PUBLILIUS SYRUSYou'll easily find folk to do kindnesses by cultivatingthose who have done them.Conscience sets a bridle on the tongue.V'alour secures success in hazards.Even false becomes true when a superior so decides.Where there is no judgement, there is grave prejudging.«Most potent isthe anger of an upright man.Heavy the penalty on the mind which afterwardsregrets a deed.The steadfast mind admits no halting opinion.It is always a more serious evil that lurks out of sight.A novel disaster always works the graver mischief.The foe that lurks in the heart is one to be reckonedwith.Most tyrannous is the sway of custom,A serious charge, even lightly made, does harm.'Tis hard getting back in sadness what you gave injoy.He who is unashamed of his offence doubles his sin." E.g. hanging without trial might be called the worstprejudice."45

MINOR LATIN POETSSHeu quam difficilis gloriae custodia est241 Homo extra corpus est suum cum irascitui*.Heu quam est timendus qui mori tutum putat!Homo qui in homine calamitoso est misericorsmeminit sui.Honesta turpitudo est pro causa bona.245 Habet in adversis auxilia qui in secundis commodat.Heu quam miserum est ab eo laedi de quo non possisqueriHominem experiri multa paupertas iubet.Heu dolor quam miser est qui in tormento vocemnon habet!Heu quam multa paenitenda incurrunt vivendo diu250 Heu quam miserum est discere servire j" ubi sisdoctus dominariHabet suum venenum blanda oratio.Homo totiens moritur quotiens amittit sues.Homo semper aliud, Fortuna aliud cogitat.Honestus rumor alterum est patrimonium.255 Homo ne sit sine dolore fortunam invenit.46

'PUBLILIUS SYRUSAlas, liow hartl tlic maintenance of fame !A man when angry isoutside himself.Ah, how formidable is he who thinks it safe to die !Pity for a stricken fellow-man isto remember one'sown lot.Foul is fair when the cause is good.Aid lent in weal brings aid in woe.Ah, how ghastly is a hurt from one of Avhom youdaren't complainPoverty orders many an experiment.How pitiful the pain that has no voice amidtorture !Ah, how many regrets does length of lifeincur!Ah, how wretched to learn to be a servant when youhave been trained to be masterThe wheedling speech contains itsspecial poison.One dies as often as one loses loved ones.Man's plans and Fortune's are ever at variance.An honourable reputation isa second patrimony."Man meets with fortune that pain may dog him still.*" C/. the sentiment in 96.* Nisard's rendering is " L'homme serait sans douleurs'il ne trouvait la fortune."47

MINOR LATIN POETSHoneste servit qui succumbit tempori.Homo vitae commodatus non donatus est.Heredis fletus sub persona risus est.Heredem ferre utiliusest quam quaerere.260 Habent locum maledicti crebrae nuptiae.nHoneste pareas improbo ut parcas probo.Humanitatis optima est certatio.Honos honestum decorat, inhonestum notat.Heu, conscientia animi gravis est servitus265 Hominem etiam frugi flectit saepe oceasio.Homini turn deest consilium cum multa invenit.ZHumilis nee alte cadere nee graviter potest.Honestum laedis cum pro indigno intervenis.S Inferior rescit quicquid peccat superior.270 Inimicum ulcisci vitam accipere est alteram.2^* haec (c in rasura) F : heu quam Gruter : heu Wodfflin,Meyer.269 rescit PA : nestit R : orrescit B : horrescit FCSZ :reus est Ribbeck.48

•FrequentPUBLILIUS SYRUSTo yield to the need of the time is honourableservice.Man isonly lent to life, not given.Beneath the mask an heir's weeping is a smile.It's of more use to tolerate an heir than seek oneout.re-marriage gives room for the evil tongue.To spare the good you may fairly spare the bad.The finest rivalry is in humanity.Honour adorns the honourable ;itbrands.the dishonourableAh, conscience doth make bondsmen of us alliOpportunity often sways even an honest man.When you discover many openings, you are gravelledfor a plan.The humble can fall neither far nor heavily.You hurt the honourable by intervening for theunworthy.Any fault in a superior is found out by his inferior.'') Revenge on an enemy is to get a new lease of life." The usual form is resciscere, but for the simple verbrescire see Gell. X. A. ii. 19. 2. «VOL. I. E49

MINOR LATIN POETSInvitum cum retineas,exire incites.Ingenuitatem laedas cum indignum roges.In nullum avarus bonus est, in se pessimus.Inopi beneficium bis dat qui dat celeriter.275 Inopiae desunt multa, avaritiae omnia.Instructa inopia est in divitiis cupiditas.Invitat culpam qui peccatum praeterit.lucundum nihil est nisi quod reficit varietas.Ingenuitas non recipit contumeliam.280 Irritare est calamitatem cum te felicem voces.Impune pecces in eum qui peccat prior.Ingratus unus omnibus miseris nocet.In miseria vita etiam contumelia est.Ita amicum habeas, posse ut facile fieri huncinimicum putes.285 Invidiam ferre aut fortis aut felix potest.In amore semper mendax iracundia est..SO

PUBLILIUS SYRUSHold back a man against his will, and you might aswell urge him to go.An appeal to the unworthy ismind.an insult to the nobleThe miser treats none well—himself the worst.To do a kindness to the needy at once is to givetwice.Beggary much, but greed ) lacks lacks everything.In riches greed isbut poverty well furnished.He who passes over a sin invites WTong-doing.There's nothing pleasant save what variety freshens.The noble mind does not take an insult.) To call yourself •• happy " is to provoke disaster.You may safely offend against him who offends first.One ungrateful person does harm to all the unfortunate.In misery even life is an insult.Treat a friend ^^'ithout forgetting that he may easilybecome a foe.5 It's either the brave man or the lucky that can standunpopularity.in love anger isalways untruthful.E 2

MINOR LATIN POETSInvidia tacite sed inimice irascitur.Iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu.Iniuriarum remedium est oblmo.290 Iracundiam qui vincit hostem superat maximum,lactum tacendo crimen facias acrius.In malis sperare bene nisi innocens nemo solet.In iudicando criminosa est celeritas.Inimicum quamvis humilem docti est metuere.295 In calamitoso risus etiam iniuria est.ludex damnatur cum nocens absolvitur.Ignoscere hominum est nisi pudet cui ignoscitur.In rebus dubiis plurimi est audacia.Illonocens se damnat quo peccat die.300 Ita crede amico ne sit inimico locus.Iratusetiam facinus consilium putat.2*^ iactum in te tacendo acumen crimen facias acriu3(Irochairus) Friedrich.sic HBCF : vindicando PRAS.^*^ nisi codd. : ubi Incun., Meyer.52

IPUBLILIUS SYRUSSilent but unfriendly is the anger of envy.Avoid an angry man for a little, but an enemy forlong.For \\Tongs the cure lies in forgetfulness."Who quells his \^Tath o'ercomes the mightiest foe.You aggravate a charge thrown at you, if you meetitwith silence.None but the guiltless can nurse bright hopes in woe.In judgement rapidity iscriminal.Experience dreads an enemy however humble.5 When a man is ruined, even a laugh is a wrong.Acquittal of the guilty damns the judge. 'Ît is for men to pardon, unless the pardoned puts oneto the blush.In a tight corner boldness counts for most.The culprit condemns himself on the day of hisoffence.So trust a friend as to give no room for an enemy.The angry man takes (hostile) intention as an actualdeed." Quoted by Seneca, Epist. xciv. 28.* This line, chosen as the motto for The Edinburgh Review,founded 1802, marked its tendency to severity in criticism.k53

MINOR LATIN POETSInvidia id loquitur quod videt non quod subest.nIniuriam aures facilius quam oculi ferunt.lacet omnis virtus fama nisilate patet.305 Ignis calorem suum etiam in ferro tenet.In venere semper certat dolor et gaudium.In amore forma plus valet quam auctoritas.Ingrata sunt beneficia quibus comes est metus.Imprudens peccat quem peccati paenitet.310 Inertia indicatur cum fugitur labor.Iratus cum ad se rediit sibi turn irascitur.In amore saepe causa damni quaeritur.lucunda macula est ex inimici sanguine.In venere semper dulcis est dementia.315 In misero facile fit potens iniuria.Interdum habet stultitiae partem facilitas.306 certant ifi Spengd.54

PUBLILIUS SYRUSEnvy speaks of wliat she sees, not of what is beneaththe surface.The ear tolerates a wTong more readily than the eye.Every virtue is depressed unless it gains widerecognition.5 Eire keeps its own heat even in steel.In love, pain isever at war with joy.In love, beauty counts for more than advice does.Unwelcome are the favours whose attendant is fear.He who regrets his offence offends without foresight.Work shunned isan index of laziness.It is on returning to his senses that the angry man isangry with himself.In love, an opportunity for suffering loss is oftensought.'Ît's a pleasant stain that comes from an enemy'sblood.To lose your wits in love is always sweet.6 Over the wretched unfairness easily gets power.Compliance issometimes half folly." Possibly of a lover's lavish expenditure on a lady-lovewhich may eventually be a serious loss to him ; but it probablymeans that lovers are so foolish that they are continuallydevising something which really does them harm.55

MINOR LATIN POETSInertia est laboris excusatio.Iniuriam facilius facias quam feras.Iratus nihil non criminis loquitur loco.320 Incertus animus dimidium est sapientiae.In turpi re peccare bis delinquere est.Ingenuus animus non fert vocis verbera.Iniuriam ipse facias ubi non vindices.Is minimum eget mortalis qui minimum cupit.325 Inimici ad animum nullae conveniunt preces.Inimico exstincto exitium lacrimae non habent.Ibi semper est victoria ubi concordia est.Iter est quacumque dat prior vestigium.Ibi pote valere populus ubi leges valent.ZInsanae vocis numquam libertas tacet.331 Improbe Neptunum accusat qui iterum naufragiumfacit.2 Loco ignominiae est apud indignum dignitas.^2° remedium codd. : dimidium Bofhe : incertis animisr. e. sapientia Meyer in appar. crit.^24minimo Seneca, Epist. cviii. 11.326 oxitum H : exitium {antiquo sensu nsurpaium) cetericodd.330 I invectibe T : insanae Friedrich : invectae Bickford-Smith.56

PUBLILIUS SYRUSExcusing oneself from work islaziness.A %\Tong is easier done than stood.An angry man has nothing but accusations to utter.The hesitant mind is the half of wisdom.*Ân offence in base circumstances isa double fault.A noble mind brooks not the lashes of the tongue.You yourself do wTong when you do not punish.The man with least desires is least in want.5 No entreaties are fitted to reach an unfriendly mind.When an enemy isdestroyed, tears have no outlet.A'ictory isever there where union of hearts is.^The road runs wheresoever a predecessor leaves hisfootprint.Where laws prevail, there can the people prevail.The outspokenness of wild invective is never hushed.It is an outrage in a man twice shipwTCcked to blamethe God of Sea.To stand high ^^^th the unworthy is tantamount toshame." Cf. 162.* The saying means that victory in a conflict lies with thethoroughly united side.57

MINOR LATIN POETSLaus nova nisioritur, etiam vetus amittitur.Laeso doloris remedium inimici est dolor.335 Levis est Fortuna : cito reposcit quod dedit.Lex universa est quae iubet nasci et mori.Lucrum sine damno alterius fieri non potest.Lasci\ia et laus numquam habent concordiam.Legem nocens veretur, Fortunam innoeens.340 Libido, non indicium est, quod levitas sapit.Libido cunctos etiam sub vultu domat.n Longum est quodcumque flagita\-it cupiditas.T Lapsus ubi semel sis, sit tua culpa, si iterumcecideris.Lex videt iratum, iratus legem non videt.345 Legem solet obliîscier iracundia.Locis remotis qui latet lex est sibi.Late ignis lucere, ut nihil urat, non potest.3*^ cunctos codd. : cinctos (= strenuos) Salmasius.3*2 sic Friedrich :f longum est quod flagitat cup. FH,Meyer : longinquum est omne quod cup. fl. Gruter.^*^ oblivisci codd. : obIi\ascier Gruter.58**' alii alia.

IFlippancy'sPUBLILIUS SYRUSUnless fresh praise is won, even the old is lost.The injured man's cure for pain is his enemy's pain.Fickle is Fortune : she soon demands back what shegave.'Tis a universal law that ordains birth and death.Gain cannot be made without another's loss.Wantonness and honour are never in harmony.The guilty fear the law, the guiltless Fortune.taste is caprice, not judgement.The wanton will subdues all under its very glance."Tedious the taleof greed's demands.When you've slipped once, be it your fault if you fallagain.The law sees the angry man, the angry man doesn'tsee the law.> Anger usually forgets the law.He who lurks in remote places is a law unto himself.Fire cannot throw its light afar without burninganything." Gruter explains " earn esse vim libidinis ut hominessup

MINOR LATIN POETSLicentiam des linguae cum verum petas.ZLucrum est dolorem posse damno exstinguere.S Malignos fieri maxime ingrati docent.361 Multis minatur qui uni facit iniuriam.Mora omnis odio est sed facit sapientiam.Mala causa est quae requirit misericordiam.Mori est felicisantequam mortem invoces.355 Miserum est tacere cogi quod cupias loqui.Miserrima est fortuna quae inimico caret.Malus est vocandus qui sua est causa bonus.Malus bonum ubi se simulat tunc est pessimus.Metus cum venit, rarum habet somnus locum.360 Mori necesse est, sed non quotiens volueris.Male geritur quicquid geritur fortunae fide.6o

PUBLILIUS SYRUSYou must p:ivelicence to the tongue when you a-^kfor the trutli.It is gain to be able to extinguish pain at the costof a loss.It is especially the ungrateful who teach folk tobecome niggardly.A wrong done to one means a threat to many.All delay is hateful, but it makes wisdom.It'sa poor case that seeks pity.Lucky to die before having to invoke death.It's ^^Tetched to be forced to conceal what you'dliketo reveal.It'sa very poor fortune that has no enemy.He must be called bad who isinterest.good only in his ownWhen the villain pretends to be good, he ismostvillain.When fear has come, sleep has scanty place.You needs must die, but not as often as you havewished.*^The business that trusts to luck isa bad business." Cf. "Cowards die many times before their death: Thevaliant never taste of death but once " {Jul, Caes. ii. 2).6i

MINOR LATIN POETSMortuo qui mittit munus, nil dat illi,adimit sibi.Minus est quam servus dominus qui servos timet.Magis fidus heres nascitur quam scribitur.365 Malo in consilio feminae vincunt \iros.Mala est voluntas ad alienam adsuescere.Maximo periclo custoditur quod multis placet.Mala est medicina, ubi aliquid naturae perit.Malae naturae numquam doetore indigent.yMisereri scire sine periclo est vivere.371 Male vivunt qui se semper victuros putant.Male dictum interpretando facias acrius.Male secum agit aeger medicum qui heredem facit.Minus decipitur cui negatur celeriter.375 Mutat se bonitas irritata iniuria.Mulier cum sola cogitat male cogitat.Male facere qui vult numquam non causam invenit.366 ad alienum consuescere codd. : adsuescere Erasmtisalienam ads. Meyer {in apparatu).3^0 misereri R Dresd. : miseri PA :62miseriam FS Inc.

PUBLILIUS SYRUSA gift sent to a dead man is nothing to him, butmeans less for oneself.A master who fears his slaves islower than a slave.One can trust the heir by birth more than the heirby will.«In an illdesign woman beats man.'Tis poor will-power to get used to another's beckand call.What many like isvery perilous to guard.It's a bad cure when a bit of nature is lost.Bad natures never lack an instructor.To know how to pity is to live \\'ithout danger.^Theirs is a bad life who think they are to live for ever.Explain an ill saying and you make it worse.The patient who makes an heir of his doctor treatshimself badly.There is less mistake when one says " no " at once.Kindness alters when provoked by wrong.A woman when she thinks alone thinks ill.The intention to injure can always find a reason." Cj. 259.* The Dresdensis alono shares with R the likeliest reading.63

MINOR LATIN POETSMalivolus semper sua natura vescitur.Multos timere debet quern multi timent.3S0TMale imperando summum imperiuni amittitur.Mulier quae multis nubit multis non placet.Malivolus animus abditos dentes habet.Medicina calamitatis est aequanimitas.Muliebris laerima condimentum est malitiae.385 Metum respicere non solet quicquid iuvat.Malo etiam parcas, si una periturus bonus.Magnum secum affertcrimen indignatio.Malus etsi obesse non potest tamen cogitat.Mage valet qui nescit quod calamitas valet.390 Mora cogitationis diligentia est.Multa ignoscendo fit potens potentior.Multis placere quae cupit culpam cupit.Minimum eripit Fortuna cum minimum dedit.Meretrix est instrumentum contumeliae.64^^* I magis F, Meyer : mage Gruter, J. C. Orelli, Woel393 cum F : cui a, Bentley, Meyer.

PUBLILIUS SYRUSThe spiteful man ever battens on his own nature.Many must he fear whom many fear."By bad ruling the most exalted rule is lost.The woman who marries many is disliked by many.The spiteful mind has hidden teeth.The medicine for disaster is equanimity.A woman's tear is the sauce of mischief.It's pleasure's way to take but small account of fear.You may spare even the bad, if the good is to perishalong with him,Îndignation brings with her some serious charge.A \illain, even though he cannot do a hurt, yet thinksof it.He has the more power who knows not the power ofcalamity.\ Slowdeliberation is but carefulness.By forgiving much, power grows more powerful.She who would fain please many would fain be frail.Fortune robs least when she has given least.A harlot isan instrument of shame." Cf. Laberius' Necesse ed muUos timeat quern mulli timent.For Laberius see Introduction." Cf. 261..VOL. I. F65

MINOR LATIN POETS395 Malus bonum ad se numquani consilium refert.Manifesta causa secum habet sententiam.Multorum calamitate vir moritur bonus.Metus improbos compescit non dementia.Muneribus est, non lacrimis, meretrix misericors.400 Metuendum est semper, esse ciun tutus velis.Mors infanti felix, iuveni acerba, nimis sera est seni.Malam rem cum velis honestare improbes.Malum est consilium quod mutari non potest.Malitia unius cito fit male dictum omnium.405 Mortem ubi contemnas viceris omnes metus.Misera est voluptas ubi pericli memoria est.Male vincit

PUBLILIUS SYRUS) The villain never lays a good plan before his mind.A clear case brings the right verdict with it.The affliction of many isdeatli for the good man.Fear, not clemency, restrains the wicked.Not tears but gifts can touch a courtesan.You must always fear when you would be safe.Death is luck for childhood, bitter for youth, too latefor age.In wishing to give fair colour to a bad case, youcondemn it.It's an ill plan that can't be changed.The malice of one soon becomes the curse of all.Despise death and you've conquered every fear.It's but sorry pleasure when danger is remembered.He's a poor victor who regrets his victory.A merciful citizen is the solace of his country.To make her onset worse, malice pretends to be good.The evil mind thinks worse evil in secret.What you cannot change, you should bear as it comes.You may make many attempts before finding a goodman.Lf267

MINOR LATIN POETSMiserrimum est arbitrio alterius vivere.Mansueta tutiora sunt sed serviimt.415 Mala mors necessitatis contunielia est.Minus saepe pecees si scias quid nescias.Malus quicumque in poena est praesidium est bonis.ZOMala est inopia ex copia quae nascitur.Monere non punire stultitiam decet.420 Multo turpius daninatur cui in delicto ignoscitur.(j)(Malum ne alienum feceris tuum gaudium.)2 Nihil agere semper infelici est optimum.Nihil peccant oculi, sianimus oculis imperat.Nihil proprium ducas quicquid mutari potest.425 Non cito ruina obteritur qui rimam timet.*^^ quod F :quid Gruter, Meyer.^2° sic 0, Meyer: cuius delictum {vel delicto) agnoscitur (f>:cui delictum ignoscitur Friedrich, Bickford-Smith.*'" perit ruina a Meyer : ruina perit CS : r. peritur P^ : r.perituir PaRAF : r. opteritur Woelfjlin : rimam P^ : ruinamTFCSZ Dunelm,68

IIPUBLILIUS SYRUSThe height of misery is life at another's will.The tame way is safer, but it's the way ofslaves.5 A dishonourable death is fate's insolence.You'd go ^^Tong lessoften if you knew your ignorance.Any evil-doer under punishment isthe good.a protection toIt's an ill want that springs from plenty.Advice, not punishment, is what fits folly.) He who is pardoned in his vvrong-doing is far moreshamefully condemned.'^Make not another's misfortune your joy.For the unlucky it's always best to do nothing.The eyes commit no v\Tong, if the mind controls theejês.Think nothing your own that can change.5 It's long before the downfall overwhelms him whofears a crack.° i.e. a man who has such a bad character that no onepays attention to his misdeed is, in fact, wholly out of court.To treat his misdeed so lightly shows what is thought of theoffender.69

MINOR LATIN POETSNullus est tarn tutus quaestus quam quod habeasparcere.Nescias quid optes aut quid fugias :ita ludit dies.Numquam periclum sine periclo vincitur.Nulla tarn bona est fortuna de qua nihil possis queri.430 Nusquam melius morimur homines quam ubi libenterviximus.TNegandi causa avaro numquam deficit.Naturam abscondit cum improbus recte facit.Non turpis est cicatrix quam virtus parit.Numquam ubi diu fuit ignis defecit vapor.435 Necesse est minima maximorum esse initia.Non corrigit, sed laedit, qui invitum regit.Nimia concedendo interdum fit stultitia .Nihil magis amat cupiditas quam quod non licet.*26 tantus codd. : tarn tutus Woelfflin : parcere Ingolsl. :carcere R : arcere PFC Dunelm. : carere A Ijic.*'' stultior supplevit Meyer.70

PPUBLILIUS SYRUSThere's no gain so safe as saving what you've got.You never can tell what to Mish for or what to avoidsuch is the day's jest.A risk is never mastered save by risk.There's no luck socomplaint about it.good but you could make someNowhere do we men die better than where we havelived to our liking.The miser never lacks a reason for saying "no.""When a rascal does right, he is concealing hischaracter.Never ugly isthe scar which bravery begets.Where there has been firelack of smoke.for long, there's never a5 Very big things must have very small beginnings.He who controls the unwilling hurts rather thancorrects.By excessive yielding, follyfoolishstill.sometimes grows moreGreed likes nothing better than what is not allowed." This is the last of the verses in 2, the rest of whosesententiae are in prose.71

MINOR LATIN POETSNisi vindices delicta, improbitatem adiuves.440 Nulli facilius qiiam malo invenies parem.Nihil non acerbuni prius quam maturum fuit.Nocere posse et nolle laus amplissima est.Non \incitiirj sed \dncit, qui cedit suis.Necessitas dat legem, non ipsa accipit.445 Nescio quid agitat, cum bonum imitatur malus.Nulla hominum maior poena est quam infelicitas.Non no\dt virtus calamitati cedere.Necessitas ab homine quae vult impetrat.Necessitati quodlibet telum utileest.450 Nocere casus non solet constantiae.Non pote non sapere qui se stultum intellegit.Necessitas egentem mendacem facit.Non facile solus serves quod multis placet.Necessitas quod poscit nisi des eripit.455 Nocens precatur, innocens irascitur.72

PUBLILIUS SYRUSIf you didn't punish offences, you'd help roguery.) It's the bad man whose hke you'll find most easily.Everything ripe was once sour.Power to harm without the will is the most amplefame.He who yields to his own people is conqueror, notconquered.Necessity prescribes law: she does not bow to itherself.When ) the rogue copies good folk, he has somethingin mind.Man meets no worse punishment than misfortune.Bravery knows no yielding to calamity.Necessity wins what she wants from man.Necessity finds any weapon ser\-iceable.) Misfortune seldom hurts steadfastness.He must have wit who understands he isa fool.Necessity makes beggars liars.Single-handed, you'd find it hard to keep what manywant.Necessity snatches what she asks, unless you give it.5 Guilt entreats where innocence feels indignant.73

MINOR LATIN POETSNee vita nee fortuna hominibus perpes est.Non semper aurem facileni habet felicitas.Numquam non miser est qui quod timeat cogitat.Ni qui scit facere insidias nescit metuere.460 Negat sibi ipse qui quod difficile est petit.Nimium altercando Veritasamittitur.Nullo in loco male audit misericordia.Necessitas quod celat frustra quaeritur.Necessitas quam pertinax regnum tenet465 Nemo immature moritur qui moritur miser.Nocentem qui defendit sibi crimen parit.Nihil non aut lenit aut domat diuturnitas.Nihil turpe ducas pro salutis remedio.Noli contemnere ea quae summos sublevant.470 Nihil aliud scit necessitas quam vincere.Nemo timendo ad summum pervenit locum.*^^ sic Gruter : propria est hominibus Spengel, Meyerperpetua est F a.74

PUBLILIUS SYRUSNeither life nor luck is Lasting " for num.Success has not always the ready car.Misery never quits him whose thoughts run onsomething to dread.Everyone fails to fear an ambush except him whocan set one.He " " ) who begs for what is difficult says no tohimself.In excessive wrangling truth gets lost.Pity gets a bad name nowhere.What necessity hides issought for in vain.How firm the hold of Necessity upon her throne) None dies untimely who dies in misery.The champion of the guilty begets a charge againsthimself.There's naught that time does not either soothe orquell.To cure bad health, think nothing unclean.Do not despise the steps which raise to greatness.) Necessity knows naught else but \ictory.Fear never brought one to the top." perpes is a Plautine as well as a late Latin wordperpetem pro perpetuo dizerunt poetae, Fest. 217, Miill.75

MINOR LATIN POETSNisi per te sapias, frustra sapientem audias.Necessitati sapiens nihilumquam negat.Non facile de innocente crimen fingitur.475 Nimium boni est in morte cum nihil est mali.Ni gradus servetur, nuUi tutus est summus locus.Nihil est miserius quam ubi pudet quod feceris.Nee mortem efFugere quisquam nee amorem potest.Necessitatem ferre non flereaddecet.i80Nusquam faciUus culpa quam in turba latet.ZTNon leve beneficium praestat qui breviter negat.(Non est beatus esse se qui non putat.)Omnis voluptas quemcumque arrisit nocet.Officium benivoli animi finem non habet.485 O vita misero longa, felici brevisObiurgari in calamitate gravius est quam calamitas.76^s**numquam F if/ : nusquam Woelfflin.''^^ sic F : qu(a)ecunque ijj.^^* officium F : obsequium a 0, Meyer.^^^ sic citat. apnd Senecam, Contr. vii. 18.

'DeathIPUBLILIUS SYRUSWithout mother-wit of your own, it's no goodHstening to the wise.A wise man never refuses anything to necessity.A charge isnot easily framed against the guiltless.is too much a boon when it has no bane.Unless one's step be guarded, the summit is safe fornone."There's nothing more wTctched than being ashamedof what you've done.There's no one can escape either death or love.'Tisfitting to bear and not bemoan necessity.) Crime is nowhere more easily hidden than in acrowd.To say " no " at once is to confer no slight kindness.He's not happy who does not think himself so.All pleasure harms whomso itcharms.The services of a benevolent mind have no end.5 O life, long for woe but brief for joyTo be scolded in misfortune is harder than misfortune'sself." i.e. a slip in the highest positions is ruin.* The Latin comes from Sen. J^p. ix. 21.77

MINOR LATIN POETSO dulce tormentum ubi reprimitur gaudiumOmnes aequo animo parent ubi digni imperant.Occidi est pulchrum, ignominiose ubi servias.490 O taciturn tormentum animi conscientia!Optime positum est beneficium

PPUBLILIUS SYRUS'Tis sweet torture when joy is held in.W hen worth holds sway, allcheerfully obey.It is noble to be slain, when your servitude isshameful.O conscience, silent torture of the mind!A benefit isbest bestowed when the recipient has agood memory.The bride's complaisance soon brings loathing for aharlot.The favourable moment ishard to recover.O worst of dangers that lurks unseen !Sinners in secret are always quicker to sin.Opportunity is slow to offer, easy to miss.The eyes start love secretly :intimacy perfects it.An upright freedman is a son without the tie ofblood.The wish to help without the power means sharingmisery."Cravens see even dangers which do not exist.Modesty isborn, not taught." Meyer punctuates " nee potest aeque, est miser."79

MINOR LATIN POETSPlus est quani poena sinere miserum vivere.Pudorem alienum qui eripit perdit suum.Patientia aninii occultas divitias habet.505 Peiora multo cogitat mutus dolor.Pecunia

IPPUBLILIUS SYRUSIt is more than punisliment to let one live inmisery.Who steals another's modesty loses his own.Patience of mind has secret wealth.Dumb grief thinks of much worse to come.Money alone isthe ruling principle of the world.Modesty, once dismissed, never returns to favour.Only want sets a limit to waste.Punishment with creeping pace comes on theoffender in the moment of his haste.'Tis more than punishment to yield to WTong.The pain that kills pain acts as medicine.The man who unites patience and courage secureshis own happiness.In peace one must forecast the sinews of war.The parent enraged is most cruel to himself.A gift is lost, not presented, unless there be recollectionof it.In overlooking even a good man's offences, you wouldimpair the laws.^^® t probe delicta cum legas deteras codd., Meyer : probiIngol. : cum tegas Spengel : cum neglegas ( ? neglegas),leges teras Woel/fiin.8lVOL.

MINOR LATIN POETSPars benefici est quod petitur si belle neges.Properare in iudicando est crimen quaerere.Populi est mancipium quisquis patriae est utilis.520 Per quae sis tutus ilia semper cogites.Perfugere ad inferiorem se ipsum est tradere.Peccatum amici veluti tuum recte putes.Potens misericors publica est felicitas.Praesens est semper absens qui se ulciscitur.525 Perfacile quod vota imperant felix facit.Poenam moratur improbus, non praeterit.Perdidisse ad assem mallem quam accepisse turpiter.Paucorum est intellegere quid donet deus.Perenne coniugium animus, non corpus, facit.530 Pereundi scire tempus adsidue est mori.^2' ad assem add. Friedrich : honeste Woelfflin : om. codd.^28 -jdetF, Meyer : celet Rihheck : dicat Buecheler : donetdies Woelfflin : doceat dies Meiser.82

kPUBLILIUS SYRUSA nice refusal of a request-is half a kindness done.Haste in judgement isto look for guilt.Whoever is useful to his country is the nation'sslave.Always bethink yourself of means of safety.To take refuge \\ith an inferior isself-betrayal.You would do right to consider your friend's fault asif itwere your ovm.Mercy in power is good fortune for a people.He who a\enfjes himself thouo-h absent is everpresent."It's very easy fur the lucky man to do what his^\ishes command.The \-illain delays his punishment—he does notescape it.I'd rather lose to the last farthing than get dishonourably.It is granted to few to comprehend what God gives.Mind, not body, makes lasting wedlock.To know the hour of doom iscontinual death." K.g. a t3nrant through a system of espionage might becalled ubiquitous: rf. the "eyes and ears" of the Persianking, Xen. Cyrop. viii. 2, 9-10 (rt? S' dAAo? iSwdaOr] ex^povga-neôvras ttoWwv fir]vu)V oSovTi-ncopeladai coj Flepacuv fiaaiXevg ;)G 283

MINOR LATIN POETSPotenti irasci sibi periclum est quaerere.Peccare pauci nolunt, nuUi nesciunt.Paucorum improbitas est multorum calamitas.Pro dominis peccare etiam virtutis loco est.535 Patiendo multa venient quae nequeas pati.Paratae lacrimae insidias non fletum indicant.Peccatum extenuat qui celeriter corrigit.Pudorem habere servitus quodammodo est.Potest uti adversis numquam felicitas.540 Prudentis vultus etiam sermonis loco est.Probo beneficium qui dat ex parte accipit.Pudor si quern non flectit, non frangit timor.Poena allevatur ubi relaxatur dolor.Plures tegit Fortuna quam tutos facit.545 Post calamitatem memoria alia est calamitas.Probo bona fama maxima est hereditas.84533 est multonim Buecheler : universis est F.539 sic Bickjord-Smith : potest ultus in F.

IPUBLILIUS SYRUSTo be angry with the powerful is seeking danger foroneself.Yqw are unwilling to sin—none but know the way.The wickedness of a few iswidespread calamity.To do wTong for one's master even passes for merit.Sufferance will bring much you could not suffer.The ready tear means treachery, not grief.The quick corrector wêakens sin.To feel qualms is in a measm-e slavery.The lucky man never knows how to deal withadversity.The wise man's looks are as good as a discourse.The giver of a benefit to the good is in part thereceiver.If honour sways one not, fear cannot quell.The punishment is lightened when the pain slackens.Fortune shields more people than she makes safe.After misfortune, remembrance is misfortune renewed.For the upright a good name isthe greatest inheritance.8s

MINOR LATIN POETSPericla qui audet ante vincit quam accipit.ZPerpetuo vincit qui utitur dementia.Plures amicos niensa quam mens concipit.OPrudentis est irascier sero et semel.551 Per quem sis clarus illi quod sis imputes.Poenae sat est qui laesit cum supplex venit.TQuamvis non rectum quod iuvat rectum putes.Quisquis nocere didicit meminit cum potest.555 Qui metuit calamitatem rarius accipit.Quam miserum est mortem cupere nee posse emoriQui pro innocente dicit satisest eloquens.Qui cum dolet blanditur post tempus sapit.Quod tinieas citius quam quod speres evenit.560 Quod vult cupiditas cogitat, non quod decet.^^" sic Friedrich : irasci et sero et semel : nee sero etsemel Halm, Meyer.86

IItIPUBLILIUS SYRUSThe bold detVat danger before meeting it.He isfor ever victor who employs clemency.One's tabledoes.receives more friends than one's heartis ^^•isdom to lose one's temper late and then oncefor all.To the man who made you famous give the credit ofwhat you are.'Tis penalty enough when the offender comes onhis knees.Think right what helps, though right it may not be.Power to harm once learned is remembered when thechance comes.5 He who dreads disaster rarely meets it.How '^^Tetched to long for death yet fail to dieThe pleader for innocence iseloquent enough.If a man takes to coaxing when he feels the smart, itis \\'isdom learned too late.The dreaded thing happens sooner than you mightexpect.Greed contemplates what it wishes, not what befits.^2* quicquid Meyer.^^^ contumeliam raro Spengel, Meyer.87

MINOR LATIN POETSQuicquid conaris,quo pervenias cogites.Qui bene dissimulat citius inimico nocet.Quod semper est paratum non semper iuvat.Quodcumque celes ipse tibi fiastimor.565 Qui ius iurandum servat quovis pervenit.Quod aetas vitium posuit aetas auferet.Quemcumque quaerit calamitas facile invenit.Quod periit quaeri pote, reprendi non potest.Quam miserum officium est quod successum nonhabet!570 Quam miser est cui est ingrata misericordiaQuam miserum est cogi opprimere quem salvum velis !Quem fama semel oppressit vix restituitur.Quod vix contingit ut voluptatem paritQuam miserum est id quod pauci habent amittere^" vix . . . vix Gruter : vi . . . vix Woelfflin : quidvis. . . ut {vdut sententia ex Epicureorum disciplina profecta)Friedrich,88

IPUBLILIUS SYRUS111 your every endeavour contemplate your goal.An apt dissembler sooner hurts hisfoe.What isalways at hand does not always help.Your guarded secret means you grow a terror toyourself.He who observes his oath reaches any goal.The fault which time has set up time \\'ill take away.Disaster easily finds whomsoever it seeks.What is destroyed can be looked for but neverrecovered.How sorry the service that has no successHow wretched he to whom pity is against thegrainHow wretched tobe forced to crush him you fainwould save !It is hard restoring him whom ill report has oncecrushed.What pleasure is produced by what is won \vlthdifficultyHow pitiable it is to lose what few possess89

MINOR LATIN POETS575 Qui in vero dubitat male agit cum deliberat.Qui timet amicum, amicus ut timeat, docet.Quicquid vindicandum est, {omnis) optima estoccasio.Quam miserum auxilium est ubi nocet quod sustinetQui pote consilium fugere sapere idem potest.580 Qui ulcisci dubitat improbos plures facit.Qui obesse cum potest non vult prodest

PUBLILIUS SYRUS5 He Avho hesitates in the case of truth acts ill whenhe deliberates."Who fears a friend teaches a friend to fear.When aught has to be punished, every opportunityisbest.A sorry help when support hurtsThe man who can shun advice may yet be wise.*3 A hesitating avenger makes rascals increase.He who will not hurt when he may is your benefactor.Whatever you may grant to the good, you givepartly to yourself.It'ssilly to be sparing, if you don't know for whomyou're saving.She who isnone.over fain to be thought pretty, refuses5 The debtor loves not his creditor's threshold.If one can transfer affection, one can put it aside.To pardon one offence isto prompt more offenders." i.e. he who hesitates when facts are plain commits acrime by his very deliberation.* i.e. there is advice which it is wise not to take. This ispithier than the truism involved in the change to capcre.91

MINOR LATIN POETSQuod improbis eripitur doiiatur probis.Qui sibi non vivit aliis merito est mortuus.590 Quicquid fit cum virtute fit cum gloria.Qui exspectat ut rogetur officium levat.Qui timet amicum vim non novit nominis.Qui

PUBLILIUS SYRUSWhat is snatched from the bad is a gift to the o;ood.He who does not live a busy Hfe of his own is asgood as dead for others.*Â deed of valour isa deed of fame.He who waits to be asked lessens his service.He who fears a friend doesn't know the meaning ofthe word.He who cannot conceal a vicious act does not commitItHe who fears everv ambush falls into none.What a rascal he isanotherwho throws his own guilt uponThe skilled servant holds part of his master's power.The self-praiser soon finds a mocker." The man who cannot attend to his own afifairs withcompetence is no good to others. Sihi vivere is not here " tolive only for oneself" : it does not, as OreUi takes it, implya miser who spends neither on himself nor on others.Friedrich aptly ilhistrates the sense from Sen. Ep. Iv. 4—5,where the phrase is used of one who rises above slothfulretirement or an animal-like existence of self-indulgence to astrenuous and full life in which through serving others hewill serve his highest self (cf. ibid, non continuo sibi vivit, quinemini).* *A criminal is usually inspired with the hope of eludingdetection : so a character in a mime might be imaginedto say, " He who can't get away with it, doesn't do it." Thetext is, however, uncertain (see appar. crit.).^ Cf. sentiment in 400.93

MINOR LATIN POETSQuam miserum est bene quod feceris factum queriQuam est felix vita quae sine odiis transiit600 Quicquid futurum est summum ab imo nascitur.Quam miserum est ubi consilium casu vincitur!Quicquid fortuna exornat cito contemnitur.Quicquid plus quam necesse est possideas premit.Qui pote nocere timetur cum etiam non adest.605 Quem bono tenere non potueris, contineas malo.Quod senior loquitur omnes consilium putant.Quam miserum est, ubi te captant, qui defenderentQuod quisque amat laudando commendat sibi.Quem diligas etiam "fqueri de ipso malum est.610 Qui venit ut noceat semper meditatus venit.Quis miserum sciret, verba nisi haberet dolor ?Quam miserum est cum se renovat consumptummalum94

IWhateverPUBLILIUS SYRUSA sorry thing to complain of a good deed you'vedoneHow happy the life which has passed without strifeis to be top springs from the bottom.A pity when chance beats designWhatever fortune bedizens issoon despised.Any possession beyond the needful overburdens you.He who can hurt is dreaded even when not upon thescene.Him you have failed to control'by fairmeans, youmust restrain by foul.What a senior says all take for advice.Pity it is when your supposed defenders take youprisonerEveryone commends his hobby to himself bypraising it.It's ill complaining even about the very friend youlove.Who comes to injure always comes with mind madeup.Who would know the wTetched, if pain had no words ?What a pity when an outworn evil isrenewed!95

MINOR LATIN POETSQuanto serius peccatur tanto incipitur turpius.Quam miser est qui excusare sibi se non potest615 Quo caveas, cum animus aliud verba aliud petunt ?Qui invitus servit, fit miser, servit tamen.Quod est timendum decipit si neglegas.Quid tibi pecunia opus est, si uti non potes ?Quod fugere credas saepe solet occurrere.620 Quamvis acerbus qui monet nulli nocet.Z Qui numerosis studet amicis is etiam inimicos ferat.fQui semet accusat ab alio non potest criminari.Qui dormientem necat absentem ulciscitur.Quod est venturum sapiens ut praesens cavet.^^5 cavetis F : caveas Bothe, Woelfflin, Spengel, Meyercavet Ls Orelli.*2^ sic Haupt. : qui numerosis s. a. et inimicos necesse estferat T : q. studet multis a. multos i. f. Mejjer.*22 qui se ipse accusat, accusari non potest Ribbeck : alii alia.96

PUBLILIUS SYRUSThe later the sin in coming, the more disgraceful itsstart.How wretched the man who cannot make his excusesto himself!How take precautions when heart seeks one thingand words another ?The un\\illing slave grows wretched, but is still aslave.The object of your fear tricks you, if you overlook it.Why do you need money, if you can't use it ?What you suppose to be in flight is often wont toface you.The warning voice, however sharp, hurts none.He who is devoted to numerous friends shouldlikewise put up with foes.He who accuses himself cannot be accused byanother."The slayer of a sleeping man is taking vengeance onthe absent.The wise man guards against what isitwere present.to come, as if" criminari is deponent in classical Latin.VOL. I.97

MINOR LATIN POETSOQuern diligas, ni recte moneas, oderis.626 (Quod vult habet qui velle quod satis est potest.)TRatione non vi vineenda adulescentia est.Rei nulli prodest mora nisiiracundiae.Reus innocens fortunam non testem timet.630 Rarum esse oportet quod diu carum velis.Rapere est aceipere quod non possis reddere.Regnat non regitur qui nihil nisi quod vult facit.Rivalitatem non amat victoria.Ruborem amico excutere amicum est perdere.635 Rex esse nolim ut esse crudelis velim.Res quanto est maior tanto est insidiosior.Roganti melius quam imperanti pareas.Respicere nihilconsuevit iracundia.Rapere est, non petere, quicquid invito auferas.640 Remedium frustra est contra fulmen quaerere.^*° remedium fraus F : remigium frustra Gruter in notupoi postumis. flumen F : fulmen Bentley.98

PUBLILIUS SYRUSYou will hate the man you love, unless you admonishhim aright.He who can wish for m hat isenough has his wish.''Youth must be mastered not by force but by reason.Anger isthe one thing benefited by delay.The innocent man on trialwitness.fears fortune, but not aRare must be that which you would long hold dear.It is robbery to take what you could never return.He isa king and no subject who does only what helikes.Victory loves not rivalry.Wring a blush from a friend and you lose him.I'd fain have no kingly power with its promptingsto cruelty.The bigger the affair,the greater the snare.A request is better to comply with than an order.Anger's way is to regard nothing.It's no request, it's robbery, to take from theunwilling.It'sno good to seek an antidote for a thunderbolt." The Latin is from Sen. Ep. eviii. 11.IH 299

MINOR LATIN POETSZRogare officium servitusquodanunodo est.Reddit non perdit cui quod alienum est perit.Tf Semper iratus plus se posse putat quam possit.Spes est salutisubi hominem obiurgat pudor.645 Suadere primum dein corrigere benivoli est.Sapiens contra omnes arma fert cum cogitat.Sanctissimum est meminisse cui te debeas.Stulti timent fortunam, sapientes ferunt.Sensus, non aetas, invenit sapientiam.650 Semper beatam se putat benignitas.Sapiens locum dat requiescendi iniuriae.Solet esse in dubiis pro consilio temeritas.Semper consilium tunc deest cum opus est maxime.Sapiens quod petitur, ubi tacet, breviter negat.655 Semper plus metuit animus ignotum malum.^*2 sic Haupt : qui quod alienum erat persolvit T.^" se posse plus iratus quam possit putat Pithoeus : fortassetrochaicus semper iratus plus sese posse quam possit putatA. M. Duff.100

PUBLILIUS SYRUSTo ask a favour isslavery of a sort.To lose what is not your own is not to lose but togive back.Anger always thinks it has power beyond its power.When shame rebukes a man, there's hope for hissoul's health.It's the well-wisher's way to advise before he corrects.The sage bears arms against the world when hethinks.'Tis most just to remember to whom you owe yourself.Fools fear fortune, wise men bear it.Wisdom isfound by sense, not years.Bounty holds herself ever rich.The wise man gives an injury room to settle down.In a hazard venturesomeness replaces deliberation.Counsel isever lacking when most needed.It's a curt refusal when the wise man meets a requestwith silence.The mind always fears the unknown evil more.*5^ sic Spengel :f sapiens semper quiescendi dat locuminiuriae F, Meyer : saepe ignoscendo das iniuriae locumGruter : semper quiescens des iniuriae locum Meyer iji not.®^* sic F : cum . . . si . . . graviter 0, Meyer.101

MINOR LATIN POETSSecunda in paupertate fortuna est fides.Si nihil velis timere, metuas omnia.Siunmissum imperium non tenet vires suas.Secundus est a matre nutricis dolor.660 Sibi supplieium ipse dat quem admissi paenitet.Suum sequitur lumen semper innocentia.Stultum est ulcisci velle alium poena sua.Sibi primum auxilium eripere est leges tollere.Suis qui nescit parcere inimicis favet.665 Sine dolore est vulnus quod ferendum est cum victoria.Semper metuendo sapiens evitat malum.Stultum est queri de adversis, ubi culpa est tua.Solet hora quod multi anni abstulerunt reddere.Spina etiam grata est ex qua spectatur rosa.102

PUBLILIUS SVRUSIn poverty faith is fortune renewed."If you want to fear nothing, you should dread all.Diminished power keeps not its strength.The nurse's pangs are second to the mother's.He who repents his deed inflicts punishment onhimself.Innocence ever follows her own light.It's folly to want vengeance on another by punishingoneself.To destroy the laws is to rob oneself of one's firstsupport.He who cannot spare his own folk befriends liisfoes.It'sa painless wound that the victor must bear.By constant fear the wise man escapes harm.Sillyto grumble about misfortune when the fault'syour own.An hour often restores w hat many years have takenaway.Pleasant even the thorn which yields a rose to view." i.e. if a man reduced to poverty retains a faith in bettertimes to come, that is in some degree a restoration offortune.

MINOR LATIN POETS670 Stultum est vicinum velle ulcisci incendio.Stultum facit Fortuna quern vult perdere.Spes inopem, res avarum, mors miserum levat.Se damnat iudex innocentem qui opprimit.Sibi ipsa improbitas cogit fieri iniuriam.675 Satis est beatus qui potest cum vult mori.Solet sequi laus, cum viam fecit labor.Socius fitculpae qui nocentem sublevat.Suspicio sibi ipsa rivales parit.Semper metuendum quicquid irasci potest.680 Seditio civium hostium est occasio.Salutis causa bene fit homini iniuria.Stultitia est insectari quem di diligunt.Sat magna usura est pro beneficio memoria.Sero in periclis est consilium quaerere.ZSua servat qui salva esse vult communia.686 Satis est superare inimicum, nimium est perdere.Suspiciosus omnium damnat fidem.I04

PUBLILIUS SYRUS70 It's silly to want vengeance on a neighbour by firingthe house.Fortune makes a fool of him whom she would ruin."Hope eases the beggar, wealth the miser, death thewretched.A judge who crushes the guiltless is self-condemned.Villainy compels injury to be done to itself.75 Happy enough he who can die when he willsPraise ever follows when toil has made the way.To help the guilty isto share his crime.Suspicion doth breed rivals for herself.What can show anger must ever be dreaded.80 Discord mid citizens is the foeman's chance.Injury may well be done a man for safety's sake.'Tis folly to upbraid the favourite of heaven.'Tis high enough interest for a benefit to remember it.'Tis too late in perils to search for advice.85 He who wishes safety for the common property isthe guardian of his own.It i-ênough to beat a foe, too much to ruin him.The suspicious man condemns the good faith of all." A more familiar form of this idea is quern luppiter viillperdere dementat prius.105

MINOR LATIN POETSSuspicio probatis tacita iniuria est.Superari a superiore pars est gloriae.690 Supplicem honiinem oppriniere virtus non est sedcrudelitas.Sat est disertus e quo loquitur Veritas.4:^ Thesaurum in sepulcro ponit qui senem heredemfacit.Taciturnitas stulto homini pro sapientia est.Tarn deest avaro quod habet quam quod non habet.ZTarde sed graviter sapiens (mens) irascitur.696 Tuti sunt omnes unus ubi defenditur.OTemptando cuncta caeci quoque tuto ambulant.Tarn de se iudex iudicat quam de reo.'FUbi fata peccant, hominum consilia excidunt.700 Voluptas e difficili data dulcissima est.Ubi omnis vitae metus est, mors est optima.Unus deus poenam afFert, multi cogitant.^^^ de quo T : pro quo : e quo Casp. Orelli in not.^*5 alii alia : mens Bickford-Smith.'"2 u. deus poenam affert quam m. cogitant F : dies{delevit quam) Gruter : citant Buecheler : irrogant Meyer :coquunt Friedrich.io6

PLBLILILS SYRUSSuspicion isan unspoken \NTong to tested worth.To be bested by a better means a share in the glory.'90 To crush the suppliant is not valour but barbarity.Eloquent enough is he who h

MINOR LATIN POETSUbi peccat aetas maior, male discit minor.Ubi nihiltimetur, quod timeatm- nascitur.705 Ubi sis cum tuis et absis. patriam non desideres.Verum est quod pro salute fit mendacium.Ubicumque pudor est, semper ibi sancta est fides.Utilius ferrum est in sulco quam orichalcum estinproelio.Ubi innocens formidat damnat iudicem.710 Voluntas impudicum non corpus facit.Virtuti melius quam fortunae creditur.Verbum omne refert inquam partem intellegas.Virum bonum natura non ordo facit.Ubi coepit ditem pauper imitari, perit.715 Veterem ferendo iniuriam invites novam.Virtutis spolia cum videt, gaudet labor.Virtutis vultus partem habet victoriae.Mrtute quod non possis blanditia auferas.Utrumque casum adspicere debet qui imperat.''^âbsLS patria Meyer : patriam desideres F : non aid.Orelli.'°8 om. Meyer : Utilius est vero in sulco quam gravisgalea in proelio Par. 8027 servat solus : vera est Wodfjlin :fernim est alii : quam orichalcum Friedrich.io8

PUBLILIUS SYllUSWhen seniorsblunder, juniors learn but ill.When nothing isfeared, something arises to fear.0") When far away with your own folk, you would notmiss your ftitherland.Falsehood for safety's sake is true.Where scruples are, there faith isever revered.Steel in the furrow is more useful than yellow copperin battle.Innocence in terror condemns the judge.riOThe will, not the body, makes impurity.It's better trusting to valour than to luck.For any word it matters how you understand it.Nature, not rank, makes the gentleman.When the poor man starts to ape the rich, he's lost.'15 Tolerate an old wrong and you may invite a new^ one.The sight of valour's spoil makes the delight of toil.'*Bravery's countenance has a share in the victory.Coaxing may win what the stout heart could not.A ruler should look at both the sides of chance." Labor is personified: hard-wrought soldiers, after thefight, look with joy on the spoil which proves their victoriousbravery.109

MINOR LATIN POETS720 \'oluptas tacita metus est mage quam gaudium.Viri boni est nescire facere iniuriam.Vultu an natura sapiens sis,multum interest.Virtuti amorem nemo honeste denegat.ZUbi libertas cecidit, audet libere nemo loqui.725 Vita otiosa regnum est et curae minus.Ubi omnes peccant, spes querelae tollitur.Ut plures corrigantur, frite pauci eliduntur.Virtutis omnis impedimentum est timor.Ubi iudicat qui accusat, visnon lex valet.730 Ubi emas aliena, caveas ne vendas tua.OUbi peccatum cito corrigitur, fama solet ignoscere.Ubi innocens damnatur, pars patriae exsulat.Vincere est honestum, opprimere acerbum, pulchrumignoscere.^(Velox consilium sequitur paenitentia.)'20 magis F, Spengel, Meyer : mage metus Gruter.''^ sic T : rite unus perit Casp. Orelli in not. : ut pluressanes recte paucos amputes Friedrich.no

PL15LIL1LSSYRLS20 Dumb pleiisure is rather fear than joy.Goodness means inabihty to do a wrong.It makes a wide difference whether you were bornwise or only look it.From virtue no man honourably Avithholds hislove.Where freedom has fallen,none dare freely speak.25 The life of ease is a kingdom without the worry.Where all go WTong, the hope of remonstrance isremoved.A few are justly destroyed that more may be reformed.All virtue finds an obstacle in fear.When the accuser is judge, force, not law, has power.50 In buying others' goods, see you don't have to sellyour own.When an offence is soon corrected, scandal commonlyoverlooks it.When the innocent is found guilty, part of his nativeland isexiled.It is honourable to conquer, bitter to crush, handsometoforgive.Repentance follows on a hasty plan.''° sic Meyer in apparatu : invenies necesse est tua T.Ill

ELEGIAE INMAECENATEMVOL. I.

INTRODUCTIONTO THE ELEGIESThese two elegies are transmitted as a single continuouspoem in manuscripts of the minor " Virgilian"works {Culex, Dirae, Copa, Moretum). The ascriptionto Virgil is chronologically impossible ; for Maecenasdied in 8 b.c, eleven years after \'irgil. Scaligerfirst separated the longer poem from the thirty-fourlines which give the " Dying Words of Maecenas,"and he propounded the guess (once considered attractive)that both elegies, as well as the Consolatio adLiviam. might be the work of Albinovanus Pedo.To some extent modern opinion inclines to accept asgenuine the claim of the author (Eleg. I. 1-2 '.cf. II.3-4) to have already written the consolatory lamentaddressed to Livia on the death of Drusus/' Therepetition of the phrases Caesaris illiai opus andilia rapit iuvenes ^ as well as the noteworthy parallelismbetween two other passages strengthens the case,

INTRODUCTIONperiod. Haupt's endeavour to regard the firstelegy as a defence of Maecenas against a charge oftimicae solutae in Seneca's 114th letter has been successfullyrebutted by Skutsch : " Seneca's lettercontains other censures which the poet could nothave left unanswered, if he had ever seen them. Inthis elaborate letter on decadence, and in particularon speech as a mirror of morals, emphasis is laid uponMaecenas' undisciplined style as a parallel to thedishabille which he notoriously affected. There areno convincing allusions to prove that the poemfollowed the letter, and we should not expect a replyto it to ignore the instances adduced.^The contents and tone of the poems give theimpression that the author stood close to the factsintroduced.^ This direct contact with reality, whichappears to underlie the allusions to Maecenas' warservice,to his cura urhis and intellectual interests," P. W. Bealencydopddie, IV. 1901 : art. on ' Consolatio adLiviam.'* Th. Birt, like Haupt, considers the Elegiae post-Senecan,and holds that the passage about the beryl (I. 19-20) refers tothe wide difference between Maecenas' style and the commonlevel of expression {Ad hist, hexam. latini symb., Bonn, 1876,p. 66).^ Prof. R. S. Radford in The Cuhx and Ovid, Philologus, 1930,86, 1, defends the 0\adian authorship of both Consolatio andthe Elegiae. Dealing with The Order of Ovid's Works {Trans.Amer. Philol. Assoc, 1923) he assigns the former to 9 B.C., thelatter to 8 B.C. In E. Wagner's De Martiale Poetarum Augusteaeaetatis imitatore, Regimonti (=Konigsberg), 1880, similaritiesof phraseology' between Elegy I and Martial were undulystressed as suggestive of a difference in style between Elegy Iand Elegy II. A few years earlier M. Hertz in Analecta adcarm. Horat. historiam, Breslau, 1876, had discovered echoesof Horace in I, but none in II. This sort of internal " evidence "amounts to very little.Ii6

ITO THK KlA'XilVSmakes a pleasant contrast to the occasional declamatory or mythological passages. There is somethingagreeably personal in the tenderness of the farewellto Terentia (II. 7-10) and in the poet's confessionthat, though he had not himself belonged to Maecenas'intimate circle, Lollius had put him in a positionto compose this memorial poem (I. 10). TheLollius here meant had been consul in 20 B.C., anddied in 1 B.C.EDITIONSTh. Gorallus (Clericus). C Pedonis AlbinovaniElegiac III. Amsterdam, 1703 (assigning bothelegies and the Consolatio ad Liviam to Albinovanus).P. Burman. Anthologia Veterum Latinonnn Epigrammatumet Poematum (ascribing the Elegiaeto an " incertus auctor "), I. pp. 251-287.Amsterdam, 1759.C. Wernsdorf. Poetae Latiyii Minores, III. p. 155sqq. Altenburg, 1782.J. Plumtre. The Elegies of C. Pedo Albi)iovanvs ivithan English version (heroic couplets). Kidderminster,1807.J. H. F. Meineke. Drei dem C. Pedo Albinovaiiuszugeschriehene Elegien . . . mit einer metrischenUebersetzung. Quedlinburg, 1819.H. Meyer. Anthologia vet. Lat. epigram, et poematum(based on Burman), Nos. 109 and 110. Leipzig,1835.O. Ribbeck. Appendix Fergiliana, pp. 193-204.Leipzig, 1868.E. Baehrens. Poetae Latini Minores, I. pp. 122-136.Leipzig, 1879.117

INTRODUCTIONF. Biicheler, and A. Riese. Anthologia Latina, I. 2,ed. 2. Leipzig, 1906.R. Ellis. Appendix Vergiliajia. Oxford, 1907.J. Middendorf. Elegiae in Maecenatem (text andnotes). Marburg, 1912.F. ^'ollmer. Poetae Latini Minores, I. pp. 143-155.Leipzig, 1927.Relevant WorksE. Hubner. In Hermes. 13 (1878), p. 239.E. Wagner. De Martiale poetanim Augiisteae aetaiisimitatore (pp. 42-46 on points of style in Elegiaeand Consolatio).F. Skutsch. P. W. Realencyclopddie, l\. col. 944sqq. 1901.F. Lillge. De Elegiis in Maecen. quaestiones, diss.Breslau, 1901.B. Axelson. In Eranos, xxviii. (1930), 1 sqq. (Contentionthat the Elegiae and the Consolatio adLiviam belong to a date not earlier than that ofStatius and Martial.)R. B. Steele. The Nux, Maecenas, and Consolatio adLiviam. Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A., 1933.(One of the contentions here is that similaritiesof diction in the works of Seneca to the Consolatioand to the Maecenas poems fix their publicationwithin or later than the reign of Nero.)SIGLAO = archetype of all the codices.S = Scaliger's lost manuscript whose readings arepreserved in his " Virgilii Appendix. ..."pp. 52&-541. Leyden, 1573.ii8

fTO TIIK ELEGIESF z= codex Fit'chtianus, now Mellicensis, 11th cent.(contains lines 1-25).B = codex Bruxellensis 10676, 12th cent.P = codex Parisiniis hit. 16236, 10th cent, (containslines 1-43).Z = a lost codex represented bv three 15th centuryMSS.H Helmstadiensis 332.A = Arundelianus, Brit. Miis. 133.R = Rehdigeranus, Breslau Public Library.M = Monacenses (manuscripts in Munich), includingm = Mon. lat. 305, llth-12th cent,n = Mon. lat. 18059, 11th cent.V = \'ossianus lat. oct. 81 (Leyden), 15th cent.g zrr any correction by Italian scholars in the laterMSS. or early editions.Considerable departures have been made fromVollmer's text in readings and in punctuation.119

ELEGIAE INMAECENATEMIDefleram iuvenis tristi modo carmine fata,sunt etiam merito carmina danda seni.ut iuvenis deflendus enim tarn candidus et tarnlongius annoso vivere dignus avo.irreligata ratis, numquam defessa carina,it, redit in vastos semper onusta lacus :ilia rapit iuvenes prima florente iuventa,non oblita tamen sed f repetitque senes.nee mihi, Maecenas, tecum fuit usus amici,Lollius hoc ergo conciliavit opus ;foedus erat vobis nam propter Caesaris armaCaesaris et similem propter in arma fidem.regis eras, Etrusce, genus ; tu Caesaris almidextera, Romanae tu vigil urbis eras,omnia cum posses tanto tam carus amico,te sensit nemo posse nocere tamen.120*»et n (= codd.), Vollmer : it ed. Ascens. 1507.11 fidus n : foedus Heinsius.13 almi n : alti Heinsius.

ITWO ELEGIESON MAECENASIMy saddened muse of late had mourned a youngman's " death : now to one ripe in years also let songsbe duly offered. As youth is mourned, so must wemourn for one so white-souled, so worthy to livebeyond the span of an age-laden grandsire. Thebarque that knows no fastening, the never-weariedkeel, goes and returns for ever with its load acrossthe vasty pools : it carries off the young in the firstbloom of their youth, yet unforgetful claims the oldas well. At one time, my Maecenas, I lackedconverse with thee as a friend : my present task, then,'twas Lollius'' won for me. For between you twowas a bond because of your war-service for Caesarand your equal loyalty to Caesar's service. Thouwert of royal race, O Tuscan-born, thou wert theright hand of bounteous Caesar, thou wert theguardian of the Roman city. All-powêrful thoughthou wert in such favour with so exalted a friend,yet no man ever felt thou hadst the power to hurt." i.e. Drusus, who died in 9 B.C., the year before Maecenas'death.* M. Lollius, consul 20 B.C., died 1 B.C. Gorallus andMeineke take opus of gaining Maecenas' friendship for theauthor. Opus, however, seems odd in this connexion, andhere Wemsdorf 's view is followed that the opus is the presentelegy.121

MINOR LATIN POETSPallade cum docta Phoebus donaverat artes :tu decus et laudes huius et huius eras,vincit vulgares veluti beryllus harenas,litore in extremo quas simul unda movet.quod discinctus eras, animo quoque, carpitur unumdiluitur nimia simplicitate tua.sic illi vixere, quibus fuit aurea Virgo,quae bene praecinctos postmodo pulsa fugit.livide, quid tandem tunicae nocuere solutaeaut tibi ventosi quid nocuere sinus ?num minus urbis erat custos et Caesaris opses ?num tibi non tutas fecit in urbe vias ?nocte sub obscura quis te spoliavit amantem,quis tetigit ferro, durior ipse, latus ?mains erat potuisse tamen nee velle triumphos,maior res magnis abstinuisse fuit.19 sic Birt : vincit vulgares vincit FBPHMV, Vollmer : vicitvulgares vicit AR : sicut volgares vincit Riese, Middendorf.beritus FBPH m ; berithus AR : peritus n V : berillus A Id.1517 : Berytus Ellis.22 diluvii hoc n (ac V) : diluis hoc Oudendorp, Baehrens,Vollmer : diluitur AM. 1517, Riese." obses (op- B) n : hospes A^.122

TWO ELEGIES OX MAECENASApollo with learned Minerva had conferred theirart^ on thee : thou wert the ornament and gloryof both—even as the beryl " surpasses the commonsands which the wave tosses about along with it on theshore's edge. That thou wert luxurious in mind as indress is the one slander urged against thee : it is dispelledby thine exceeding plainness of life. So did they''live among whom dwelt the golden Maid who soonfled into exile from the bustle of mankind. Backbiter,say what harm his loosened tunic did you, ordress through which the air could play r Was hea whit less guardian of the citv. and less a hostagefor our absent emperor ? Did he make the streetsof Rome unsafe for you ? 'Neath the murk of nightwho could rob you in an amour, or who in excess ofheartlessness drive steel into your side ? Greater itwas to have had the power, yet not to wish for triumphs :a greater thing it was to refrain from mighty deeds.' With an allusion to Maecenas' fondness for jewels. Amongterms applied to Maecenas in a jocular letter from Augustuswere Cibriorum smaragde . . . berylle Pursennae (Macrob.Saturn. II. iv. 12). The beryl (p-qpvXXos) is a transparent gem,usually sea-green, and, though now found in many parts of theOld World and the New, was mainly known to the ancients ascoming from India (Plin. X.H. XXXVII. 5, 20, India eosgignit raro alibi repertos, a passage which tempts one to takeextreme in litore as " on a distant shore " : cf. extremos equos,56). Pliny rightly associates it with the emerald. Since onespecies was the aquamarine, some knowledge of this may haveprompted the reference to the sea-shore in 20. It is difficult,however, to imagine that this product of granitic rocks canhave been often washed up among the sands of the sea, thoughGk>rallu.s quotes Greek hexameters from Dionysius Periegetes,of which one interpretation supports the view.* Astraea, or Justice, sojourned among men in the GoldenAge, but wa^ driven from earth by the growth of depravity.123

MINOR LATIN POETSmaluit iimbrosam quercum lymphasque cadentespaucaque pomosi iugera certa soliPieridas Phoebumque colens in moUibus hortissederat argutas garrulus inter avis.marmorea Aonii vincent monumenta libellivivitur ingenio, cetera mortis erunt.quid faceret ? defunctus erat comes integer, idemmiles et Augusti fortis et usque pius :ilium piscosi viderunt saxa Peloriignibus hostilis reddere ligna ratis ;pulvere in Emathio fortem videre Philippi ;quam nunc ille tener, tarn gravis hostis erat.cum freta Niliacae texerunt lata carinae,fortis erat circa, fortis et ante ducem,militis Eoi fugientis terga secutus,territus ad Nili dum fugit ille caput,pax erat : haec illos laxarunt otia cultus :omnia victores Marte sedente decent.Actius ipse lyram plectro percussit eburno,postquam victrices conticuere tubae.^3 njTnphas n : lymphas Wernsdorf. cadentes BPcanentes ZMV.^' marmora m(a)eonii ARMV : marraora minei SPH : marmoreaAonii I'el marmora Smyrnaei ScaUger.** tarn . . . tam B, Vollmer.*5 l(a)eta BZ, Vollmer : lata MV, Ellis.124

TWO ELEGIES ON MAECENASHe chose rather the shady oak, the falhng waters,the few sure acres of fruit-bearing soil. Honouringthe Muses and Apollo in luxurious gardens, he reclinedbabbling verse among the tuneful birds.Aonian writings " will eclipse marble monumentsgenius means life, all else will belong to death.What was he to do ? He had filled his part as blamelesscomrade, yea, as Augustus' warrior, gallant anddevoted throughout. The rocks of Pelorus aboundingin fish saw him give the enemy's craft for fuel to theflames ^ : Philippi ^ saw his bravery amid Emathiandust : as tender of heart as he is to-day, so dreada foe was he then. When (Antony's) Egyptianships covered the waters wide, Maecenas showedbravery around and bravery in front of his leader,^following in the wake of the fugitive Oriental warrior,while he flees panic-stricken to the mouth of theNile. Peace came : its leisure brought a slackeningof those ways : when the Wâr-god sits idle, everythingbeseems the conquerors.The very god of Actium ^ smote the lyre with ivoryquill after the bugles of victory were hushed. He" i.e. poetic : "Aonian " is an epithet of the Muses.* The reference is to the fighting against Sextus Pompeiusin Sicilian waters, 38-35 B.C.* Philippi, on the borders of Thrace, is here called" Emathian " {i.e. Macedonian). The allusion is to the defeatof Brutus and Cassius b\' Octavian Caesar and Antony, 42 B.C.•* i.e. at Actium in 31 B.C. Most authorities accept thetestimony of Dio, li. 3. 5, that Maecenas was in Rome whenActium was fought. See E. Groag, art. "" Maecenas," P. W.Realend. XIV. i. col. 210, and Gardthausen, Augustus undseine Zeit, I. i. p. 365. This Elegia is the one ancient sourcewhich suggests the contrary view.' Apollo. In the games instituted at Actium by Augustusin honour of his victory, musical performances were included.125

MINOR LATIN POETShie modo miles erat, ne posset femina Romamdotalem stupri turpis habere suihie tela in profugos—tantum eurvaverat areummisit ad extremes exorientis equosBaeche, coloratos postquam devieimus Indos,potasti galea dulee iuvante merum,et tibi seeuro tunieae fluxere solutae,te piito purpm-eas tunc habuisse duas.sum memor et eerte memini sie dueere thyrsosbraechia purpurea candidiora nive,et tibi thyrsus erat gemmis ornatus et auro,serpentes hederae vix habuere loeum ;argentata tuos etiam sandalia talosvinxerunt eerte nee, puto, Bacehe negas.mollius es solito meeum turn multa loeutuset tibi eonsulto verba fuere nova,impiger Alcide, multo defunete labor e,sie memorant curas te posuisse tuas,sie te eum tenera laetum lusisse puellaoblitum Nemeae, iamque, Erymanthe, tui.®^ thyrsos n : tigres Burman, Vollmer.^2 Bacchea RMV" : braechia Aid. 1517. purpurea H : hyperboreaVollmer.^^ talaria n, Vollmer : sandalia V.'^multum BHM, Vollmer : laetum Ascens. 1507.126

ipTWO ELEGIKS OX MAECENASwas of late a warrior to prevent a woman" from havingRome as a marriage-oift for her foul lewdness : he spedhis arrows after the runaways—st) mighty the bow hehad bent—far as the furthest steeds of the rising sun.O Bacchus,'' after we subdued the dark-skinnedOrientals, thou didst drink sweet wine with thyhelmet's aid, — and in thy care-free hour loose flowedthy tunics 'twas the time, I fancy, when thou didstwear two * of brilliant colour. My memory works,and certes I remember that thus arms whiter thanthe gleaming snow led the Bacchic wands, and thywand was adorned with gems and gold—the trailingivy scarce had room thereon ; silvern surely were theslippers which bound thy feet : this I trow, Bacchus,thou dost not deny. Softer e'en than thy wont wasmuch that thou saidst then in converse with me : 'twasof set design that thy words were new to the ear.O Hercules unwearied, after mighty toil performed,'twas even so, they relate, thou didst lay aside thy cares,and even so didst hold joyous sport with tender damsel,forgetful of Nemea, forgetful now of Erymanthus.**" Apollo is fancied to have fought for Octavian againstCleopatra of Egypt and her lover Antony.' Vollmer takes 11. 57-68 as a " dithyramb " addressedby Apollo to Bacchus. Antony's historic posing as Bacchusgives point to the passage.' To wear two was a sign of luxury.^ Hercules' twelve labours included the slaying of theXemean lion and of the Erymanthian boar. An oracle havingordered Hercules to undergo for penance a period of menialservice, he placed himself under the charge of Omphale,princess of Lydia, and found favour with her by spinning anddressing like a woman, while she donned his lion's skin. Thetale of the strong hero relaxing into effeminacy is adducedhere as an apology for Maecenas' luxury after he had accomplishedgreat tasks.127

MINOR LATIN POETSultra numquid erat ? torsisti pollice fusos,lenisti morsu levia fila paruin.percussit crebros te propter Lydia nodos,te propter dura stamina rupta manu.Lydia te tunicas iussit lasciva fluentisinter lanificas ducere saepe suas.clava torosa tua pariter cum pelle iacebat,quam pede suspenso percutiebat Amor,quis fore credebat, premeret cum iam impiger infanshydros ingentes vix capiente manu,cumve renascentem meteret velociter Hydram,frangeret immanes vel Diomedis equos,vel tribus adversis communem fratribus alvomet sex adversas solus in arma manus ?fudit Aloidas postquam dominator Olympi,dicitur in nitidum percubuisse diem,atque aquilam misisse suam, quae quaereret, ecquiposset amaturo digna referre lovi,valle sub Idaea dum te, formose sacerdos,invenit et presso molliter ungue rapit.sic est : victor amet, victor potiatur in umbra,victor odorata dormiat inque rosavictus aret victusque metat ; metus imperet illi,membra nee in strata sternere discat humo.tempora dispensant usus et tempora cultus,haec homines, pecudes, haec moderantur avis,lux est ; taurus arat : nox est ; requiescit arator,liberat et merito fervida colla bovi.*^ terretH: tereret ^-i W. 1517 : meteret Struchtmeyer, Vollmer.8* ecquid BAR, Vollmer : et quid HM : et qui V : ecquis: ecqui Baehrens, Ellis,^" signa n : digna Heinsius : vina exld. var.*^ sacerdos H : iacentem Heinsius : fortasse satelles Ellis,128

TWO ELEGIES OX MAECENASCould au^ht exceed this ?—twirlin

MINOR LATIN POETSconglaciantur aquae ; scopulis se condit hirundo :verberat egelidos garrula vere lacus.Caesar amicus erat :poterat vixisse solute,cum iam Caesar idem quod cupiebat erat.indulsit merito : non est temerarius ille :vicimus :Augusto iudice dignus erat.Argo saxa pavens postquam Scylleia legitCyaneosque metus, iam religanda ratis,viscera dissecti mutaverat arietis agnoAeetis sucis omniperita suis :his te, Maecenas, iuvenescere posse decebat,haec utinam nobis Colchidos herba foretredditur arboribus florens revirentibus aetasergo non homini quod fuit ante redit ?vivacesque magis cervos decet esse paventissi quorum in torva cornua fronte rigent ?vivere cornices multos dicuntur in annos :cur nos angusta condicione sumus ?pascitur Aurorae Tithonus nectare coniunxatque ita iam tremulo nulla senecta nocet1"' Scilleia BHA : Scylleia R. legit n : Seyllaea relegit Salmasius.109 disiecti BARV : direeti SH^ : dissecti Vat. 3269. agniagno Aid. 1517.n :130

TWO ELEGIES OF MAECENASdone its work. The streams are frozen—then theswallow shelters 'mid the crags : in spring loudtwitterincTshe skims the jrenial meres.The Emperor was Maecenas' friend: so he wasfree to live a life of ease when the Emperor wasnow all he longed to be. He granted indulgenceto Maecenas' merits : nor is Maecenas reckless : wehave won our victory'': 'twas the judgement ofAugustus that counted him deserving.''After the*-'Argo had skirted in affright the reefs of Scylla andthe peril of the Clashing Rocks, when the barque hadnow to be moored, the daughter'^ of Aeetes, all-skilledin her magic juices, had changed into a lamb thebody of the ram she had cut up. 'Twas right,Maecenas, that by such means thou shouldst havepower to grow young again : would that we had theherb of the Colchian (sorceress)Trees reclothed in green have the bloom of theirlife restored : and to man then does not that whichwas his before come again ? Is it meet that the timiddeer with stiff horns on their wild foreheads shouldhave longer life ? Crows, 'tis said, live for many ayear : why do we men exist on narrow terms ?Tithonus, as Aurora's consort, feeds on nectar, andso, though he be palsied now, no length of age canwork him harm. That thy life, Maecenas, mightAs Anton}' has been overthrown, easy-going relaxationis no longer a danger.* i.e. to indulge in a more luxurious life after Antony'sdefeat.' Tfie Argo would not naturally pass by Scylla andCharybdis on the outward vojâge to Colchis.^ Medea, princess of Colchis, famous for her powers insorcery.K 2

MINOR LATIN POETSut tibi vita foret semper medicamine sacro,te vellem Aurorae complaeuisse virum.illius aptus eras croceo recubare ciibiliet, modo puniceum rore lavante torum,illius aptus eras rosea,s adiungere bigas, ]tu dare purpurea lora regenda manu,tu mulcere iubam, cum iam torsisset habenasprocedente die, respicientis equi.quaesivere chori iuvenum sic Hesperon ilium,quem nexum medio solvit in igne Venus, 1quern nunc in fuscis placida sub nocte nitentemLuciferum contra currere cernis equis.hie tibi Corycium, casias hie donat olentis,hie et palmiferis balsama missa iugis.nunc pretium candoris habes, nunc redditus umbriste sumus obliti decubuisse senem. 1ter Pylium flevere sui, ter Nestora canum,dicebantque tamen non satis esse senem^2® chori SBHAM : thori V. iuvenem n : iuvenum Scaliger.^^^ infusci BM : infusi Z : in fluscis corr. in fuscis V : infusaVollmer. placida H : placide Baehrens : placidus Volbner." i.e. caused Hesperos to set; in myth, Hesperos was a fairyouth elevated by Venus into the " Evening-star," which wasby the ancients correctly identified with Phosphoros (Lucifer),132

TWO KLK(;iRS OX MAECENASlast fi)r ever in virtue of a holy drug, I could wishthou hadst found favour with Aurora as husband.Worthy wert thou to recline on her saffron bed, and,as the morning-dew was just moistening the purplecouch, worthy wert thou to yoke the two steeds to herrosy car, worthy to give the reins for guidance by thebright-hued hand, worthy to stroke the mane of thehorse as it looked back (on its nightly course), now thatAurora had turned the reins at the advance of day.In such a way did the bands of his youthfulcomrades feel the loss of Hesperos, whom \ênusattached to herself and released in the midst of hisfiery course ^ : thou canst see him now as Lucifergleaming in the dark 'neath the stilly night andcharioting his steeds on an opposite course.^ Heit is that presents to thee the Corycian saffron-flower,he presents the aromatic cinnamon, he too thebalsams sent from palm-growing hills.Now hast thou, Maecenas, the guerdon of sincerity,now that thou art given to the shadeswe have forgotten that thou didst die an old man.''His people mourned the King of Pylos, Nestor,hoary after three generations of life ; and yet theysaid he had not fully reached old age. Thou wouldstthe " Morning-star." Actually it is the planet Venus. Theallusion is to the fact that, after a cycle of brilliancy, theplanet's apparent height above the horizon at sunset graduallydiminishes and it sinks into invisibility.* Lucifer, particularly associated with the East, appropriatelyoffers, in honour of Maecenas, fragrant Oriental plants,crocus from Corycus in Cilicia (Pli-n. X.H. XXI. G. 17), casiafrom Arabia Felix {ih. XII. IS, 41), and balsam from Judaea(Joseph. Ant. Jud. XIV. 4 (7)).' i.e. we do not realise that you were old when you died,because in life you ahvays seemed young, and in our thoughtsyou still retain the charm of perpetual youth.^33

MINOR LATIN POETSNestoris annosi vicisses saecula, si medispensata tibi stamina n-ente forent.nunc ego, quod possum :" Tellus, levis ossa teneto,pendula librato pondus et ipsa tuom.semper serta tibi dabimus, tibi semper odores,non umquami sitiens, florida semper eris."IISic est Maecenas fato veniente locutus,frigidus et iam iam cum moriturus erat" mene," inquit, " iuvenis primaevi, luppiter, anteangustam Drusi non cecidisse diem Ipectore maturo fuerat puer, integer aevoet magnum magni Caesaris illud opus,discidio vellemque prius " —non omnia dixitinciditque pudor quae prope dixit amor,1^° nempe H : nente AM. 1517.* augustam AR, Vollmer : angustam BHMV, Heinsius. brutin : Drusi Franciiis et I.F. Gronovius. Mem Xi, Vollmer: diemHeinsius.

I TWO ELEGIF.S OX MAECENAShave surjiasscd the generations of long-lived Nestor,if 1 had been spinner to assign thee the threads ofdestiny. But as things are, all that I can, I pray :" O Goddess Earth, light be thy touch on his boneso'erhanging keep thine own weight as in a balancesuspended : so shall we ever give thee wreaths,and ever fragrances : never shalt thou feel thirst,but ever be decked with flowers."II[Scaliger was the first to distinguish this as aseparate poem : in the MSS. it runs on after Elegia Iwithout break.]Thus spoke Maecenas at the coming of fate,chill on the very brink of death. " Why," said he," did I not sink in death, O Jupiter, before youngDrusus' narrow day of life ? He had shown himselfa youth of ripe judgement, a stalwart for his yearsthe mighty achievement of mighty Caesar's training."Would that before our civil strife ."*. . The resthe never spoke : scruples cut short what affectionnearly said — yet was he clearly understood : dying,'^39." Caesaris illud opus is used similarly, Consol. ad Liviam,* Maecenas recalls the hostilities between Octavian Caesarand Mark Antony.« ManiJestuJi erat moriens might be taken, with Scaliger,as a Graecism, 5f;Xos -fiv a-rrodi'TJaKwy, " it was clear he wasdying."

sed manifestus erat :MINOR LATIN POETSmoriens quaerebat amataeconiugis ample xus oscula verba manus." sed tamen hoc satis est : vixi te, Caesar, amicoet morior " dixit, " dum moriorque, satis.mollibus ex oculis aliquis tibi procidet umor,cum dicar subita voce fuisse tibi.hoc mihi contingat :iaceam tellm*e sub aequa.nee tamen hoc ultra te doluisse velim.sed meminisse velim : vivamsermonibus illic ;semper ero, semper si meminisse voles,et decet et certe vivam tibi semper amorenee tibi qui moritur desinit esse tuus.ipse ego quicquid ero cineres interque favillas,tunc quoque non potero non memor esse tui.exemplum vixi te propter moUe beati,unus Maecenas teque ego propter eram.arbiter ipse fui ; volui, quod contigit esse ;pectus eram vere pectoris ipse tui.vive diu, mi care senex, pete sidera seroest opus hoc terris, te quoque velle decet.et tibi succrescant iuvenes bis Caesare digniet tradant porro Caesaris usque genus.^^ potuisse n, : doluisse Heinsius.-^ beate H : beati Sahnasius.2* unus n : unctus Maehly.^^ voluit, q.c. esse, pectus eram VoUmer: voluit fl : voluiAid. 1517.136

I'nVO ELEGIES OX MAIX I'.XAShe sought for his beloved wife's enibraees, her kisses,words and hands :" Yet after all this is enouu:h," he said, " I havelived and I die in thy friendship, Caesar ; and, as I die,it is enouirh. From thy kindly eyes some drop willfall, when thou art told the sudden news that I amgone. This be my lot, to lie 'neath the impartialearth : nor yet would I have thee longer grieve forthis. But I would wish for remembrance : there inthy talk would I live ; for I shall always exist, ifthou wilt always remember me. 'Tis fitting so,and I shall surely live for thee in affection everthy dying friend ceases not to be thine own. Myself,whatever I shall be among the ashes and the embers,e'en then I shall not be able to forget Caesar. 'Tisthanks to thee I have lived the luxurious pattern ofbliss, thanks to thee that I was the one Maecenas ofthe day. I was my own controller : I willed to bewhat fell to my lot : ^ I was truly the heart of thineo\\Ti heart.Long mayest thou live, old friend I love so well;late mayest thou pass to heaven : the earth hath needof this : this should be thy will too. May the youths'doubly worthy of Caesar grow up to thy supportand thenceforward hand on to the future the house" A.s captain of his fate, Maecenas did not aim at risingabove his equestrian rank.* Gains and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa by Julia, wereadopted by Augustus in 17 B.C. as " Caesares." " Doubly "is variously explained : it may refer to their paternity byblood and by adoption ; or to their personal qualitiesadded to adoption; or, as Gorallus thought, simply to thefact that they were two. Lucius died a.u. 2, and GaiusA.D. 4.137

MINOR LATIN POETSsit secura tibi quam primuni Livia coniunx,explcat amissi munera rupta gener.cum deus intereris divis insigiiis avitis,te \ênus in patrio coUocet ipsa sinu."^^ sit secura tibi H : set tibi secure V : sed tibi sit curaeEllis.3^ cum n :turn Wernsdorf : tu Baehrens. in terris CI : intersisRihbeck : intereris Volhner : cur deus in terris ? Ellis.3* patrio n : proprio Ribbeck, Riese, Baehrens. ipsa BHM :alma AR.138

TWO ELEGIES ON MAECENASof Caesar. Right soon may thine Empress Liviabe free from anxiety : let a son-in-hiw fulfil thebroken duties of him who is lost.'' When thouhast taken thy place, a god distinguished amonga line of deities, let Venus' own hand set thee in thepaternal bosom."''" Tiberius is the gre/ier : Agri-pâ,, the gener amissus. In 11B.C. Augustus had forced Tiberius to divorce VipsaniaAgrippina and marry his daughter Julia, the widow ofAgrippa. This marriage, it is hoped in the couplet 31-32,will both assure Livia of descendants through her own sonTiberius and, at the same time, strengthen dynastic prospectsby adding to the number of Augustus' grandchildren, nowthat Agrippa is dead.* i.e. the bosom of Julius Caesar, Augustus' adoptivefather. The reference to ^'enus is appropriate, as the Juliangens claimed descent from her (Suet. Jul. 6).139

iGRATTIUS

INTRODUCTION|,TO GRATTIUSThe period of Grattius is fixed as Augustan by oneof Ovid's pentameters, Ep. ex Ponio, IV. 16. 34," aptaque venanti Grattius arma daret." This is aspecific reference to Grattius' twenty-third line,whether the reading there be venanti or venandi,and it places him in a list of Ovid's contemporariesbefore a.d. 8. It is possible, though not certain,that his work was known to Manilius : otherwise,antiquity is silent about him. If it were as certainthat he borrowed from the Aeneid as it is that heborrowed from the Georgics, then his work could beplaced between the limits 19 b.c. and a.d. 8. Histitle to the epithet Faliscus, reported to have been ina manuscript now vanished, is not admitted by all.Nostris Faliscis of 1. 40 does not necessarily implythat he was a native of Falerii : " any Italian or evenSicilian might have used the phrase ; and indeedthere is a possibility that he was connected withSicily ; for he mentions (435-36) that he had frequentlyseen ailing dogs dipped in the bituminouspools of Sicily. Sihis nostris of 137, though takenby Curcio to mean " our Roman woods," may notimply more than " our western woods " in contrast" Among recent writers Volhuer and P. J. Enk are convincedthat he was Faliscan.143

INTRODUCTION'v\ith the East which Grattius had jast mentioned.There is more of the Roman note in the allusion to thesimple board of ancient heroes of Rome (321); butit must always be remembered how, from Enniusonwards, Latin authors born far from the capitalitself tended to speak and \\Tite as Romans. If,then, we cannot add the descriptive FaUsciis to hisname, it is left *' Grattius "" ^^^thout cognomen orpraenomen.If Grattius ever ^^Tote lyric poetry,'' it is long sincelost. His sole surviving work is his Cynegetica, ofwhich we have one book of about 540 hexametersmutilated towards its end. Here, like several other\^Titers of antiquity, he treats of the chase and especiallyof the rearing and training of dogs for huntingpurposes. The sources of his material are not easyto trace. ^ Some authorities affirm, while othersdeny, his debt to the Cynegeticus of Xenophon (orpseudo-Xenophon) and to Plutarch. It seems atleast likely that some Greek author of the Alexandrianperiod lay behind his list of dogs, in which theAsiatic breeds come before the European, with the" Celtae "'^ sandwiched between " Medi " and" Geloni " (155-57). The Latin influence which ismost noticeable upon Grattius is that of Virgil,especially his Georgics.The debt of subsequent wTiters to Grattiuswas of the slightest ; largely for the reason that a° The spelling Gratius in Ovid is less correct. BuechelerEh. Mus. 35 (1880), p. 407 :cf. C.I.L. vi. 19-117 sqq.* This hypothesis is bricfiy discussed by Enk, prohg. pp.2—3" Enk, op. cit. pp. 31-32.^ Can his Greek original have meant " Galatian " insteadof " Gaulish " ? Radermacher, Rh. Mus. 60 (1905), p. 249.144

TO GRAITIUSdidactic poem on so restricted a subject had littlechance of a great vogue. Even upon Nemesianus,who handled the same theme in the third century,his influence has been doubted. But while Schanz,Curcio and others hold that Grattius was unknown toNemesianus, Enk has made out a good case to supportthe belief that the earlier author was consulted bvthe later."Grattius' method of treatment is, after his proem(1-23), to treat first (24-149) of the huntsman'sequipment in the means of catching and killinggame, and secondly (150-541) of his companions inthe chase, dogs and horses, Avith a brief sub-sectionon the dress to be worn by hunters. The longestportion is that devoted to dogs (150-496) and itthus justifies the title of the poem; but, besideshandling their breeds and breeding, their points anddiseases, it is, on the whole fortunately, broken byepisodes. These episodes, although in them rhetoriccontends with poetry, are enlivening additionsor insertions. They are four, and concern a renownedhunter Hagnon (213-62) ; the miserable effects ofluxury on human beings (310-25), somewhat quaintlyappended to the prescription of plain fare for dogsa grotto in Sicily (430-66) ; and a sacrifice to Diana(480-96). The earlier part on nets, devices forfrightening game, on snares, springes, spears andarrows, is also diversified with episodes, namely, aeulogy of the chase (61-74) and of the ingenioushunter Dercylus (95-110). Many readers will welcomethese digressions as pleasant side-paths ; forit is not everyone to whom the methods of theancient hunter can make appeal. At the same timeVOL. I." Mnemos. 1917, pp. 53-GS.L145

INTRODUCTIONthe subject has decidedly antiquarian interest,and it is only fair to remember that great scholarsof the past, including Julius Caesar, Scaliger andNicolaus Heinsius, awarded high praise to Grattius'elegance.His well-turned hexameters show that he was anapt student of \ irgil ; and his alliteration may indicateadmiration for still older poets of Rome. Thereis also an independent turn in him which shows itselfin his employment of words in unusual senses, e.g.nodus, 32, of a mesh ; vellera, 77, of feathers ; verutus,110, of a weapon's teeth; caesaries, 273, of a dog'shau' ;populari, 376, of spoiling ; dulcedo, 408, of scratching.There are several a-n-a^ dp-qixira in his poemplagium, 24 ; cannabius, 47 ( ? cannahinus, ^ôllmer) ;praedexter, 68 ; apprensat, 239 ;perpensare, 299delecta from delicio, 303 (if that be the reading andnot dilecta or even de lade) ; nardifer, 314 ; offectus,406 ; termiteus, 447.EDITIONSG. Logus (de Logau) : Editio princeps (with Ovid'sHalieutica, Nemesianus and Calpurnius). Venice,1534.J. Ulitius (van Miet) : In Venatio Novantiqua.Leyden, 1645, 1655.Thos. Johnson : Gratii Falisci Cynegeticon (cum poematioNemesiani). London, 1699.R. Bruce and S. Havercamp : In Poetae latini reivenaiicae scriptores et bncolici a?itiqui (cum notisBarthii, Ulitii, Johnsonii). [Elaborate commentaryat end.] Leyden, 1728.P. Burman : In Poetae latini minores I. Leyden, 1731.146

TO GRA7TIUSC. A. Kuttner : Grat'u Cifnegeticon et NemesianiCyneg. (cum notis selectis Titii, Barthii, Ulitii,Johnsonii et Biirmanni integris). Mitaviae(= Mitau), 1775.J. C. Wernsdorf: In Poetae latiiii miiiores I. Altenburg,1780.R. Stern : Gratii et Nemesiani carmiiia veiiatica . . .Halle, 1832.M. Haupt : Ovidii Halieidica, Gratii et NemesianiCynegeiica. [Important as a critical edition.]Leipzig, 1838.E. Baehrens : In Poetae latini minores I. Leipzig,1879.G. Curcio : In Poeti latini minori I. Acireale, 1902.J. P. Postgate : In Corpus poeianim latinorum II.London, 1905.F. VoUmer: In Poetae latini minores II. 1. Leipzig,1911.P. J. Enk :Gratti Cynegeticon quae supersunt (cumproleg., not. crit., comm. exeget.). [A learnededition sho^v1ng genuine appreciation ofGrattius.] Zutphen, 1918.TRANSLATIONGrati Falisci Cynegeticon, or a poem on huntingby Gratius the Faliscian, Englished and illustratedby Chris. Wase, w. commendatory poemby Edmund Waller. London, 1654.RELEVANT WORKSTh. Birt : Ad historiam hexametri latini symhola,diss. Bonn, 1876.147

IXTRODUCTION TO GRATTIUSFr. Buecheler : Coniectanea in Rhein. Mus. 35 (1880),p. 407 [defends spelling " Grattius "].Robinson Ellis : Ad G?'attii Cyneg. in Philolog. 52(1894).H. Schenkl : Zur Kritik laid Ueherlief. des Grattius u.a?idere?i lateinischeii Dichter?i, Teubner [= Fleck.Jahrb. Suppl. xxiv. 1898 pp. 387-480).L. Radermacher : Interpretationes latinae in Rhein.Mus. 60 (1905), pp. 246-49.G. Pierleoni : Fu poeta Grattius? in Riv. Jil. 1906,pp. 580-97. [A depreciatory criticism onGrattius' style, answered by P. J. Enk in theProlegomena to his edition.]F. \ôllmer : art. Grattius in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencifcl.J. Herter: Grattianum in Rhein. Mus. (N. F. 78),1929, pp. 361-70.A. J. Butler : Sport in Classic Times. London, 1930.[A fuller list is given in P. J. Enk's edn., 1918.]SIGLAA = codex Vindobonensis lat. 277 : saec. ix.B = ex A descriptus : " Parisinus lat. 8071 : saec. ix.Sann.^ emendationes factae a Giacomo Sannazaroin apographis quae extant in codice Mndob.lat. 277 fol. 74-83 et in codice Vindob. lat.3261 fol. 43-72.Ald.^ editio princeps, anno 1534 a Georgio deLogau curata." L. Traube, in Berlin, philol. Wochenschriff, 1896, p. 1050.As a copy of A, B does not give independent evidence. Itcontains lines 1-159.148

GRATTI CYNEGETICONDona cano divom, laetas venantibus artis,auspicio, Diana, tuo.prius omnis in armisspes fuit et nuda silvas virtute movebantinconsulti homines \dtaque erat error in omni.post alia propiore via meliusque profectite sociam, Ratio, rebus sumpsere gerendis.hinc omne auxilium vitae rectusque reluxitordo et contiguas didicere ex artibus artisproserere, hinc demens cecidit violentia retro,sed primum auspicium deus artibus altaque circafirmamenta dedit ;turn partis quisque secutusexegere suas tetigitque industria finem.2 inermis Barth {in not. " forte legend.") : in armis A.

IGRATTIUSTHE CHASE•"Under thine auspices, Diana, do I chant the driftsof the gods " —the skill that has made the huntersglad.Erstwhile their sole hope lay in their weapons ^ : menuntrained stirred the woods with prowess unaided byskill : mistakes beset life everywhere. Afterwards,by another and a more fitting way,*^ with betterschooling they took thee, Reason, to aid their enterprises.From Reason came all their help in life : thetrue order of things shone forth : men learned out ofarts to produce kindi'ed arts : from Reason came theundoing of mad violence. But 'twas a divinity whogave the first favouring impulse to the arts, puttingaround them their deep-set props : then did everyman work out the portions of his choice, and industry" Like Xenophon or the pseudo-Xenophon, Cyn. ad init.10 fj.'kv frprifua deiy k T.A.. , Grattius claims a diviiie origin forhunting.* Good sense is got without taking armis from armi," members," as Vollmer does with Barth, Burman and others.A. E. Housman, CI. Rev. U (1900), 465-66, and P. J. Enk, inhis edn. 1918, take armis from arma." Xuda virtute :rf. 153 nudo marte contrasted with exarte.^ i.e. by training they attained to a more convenient andsuitable method (via) than the old haphazard hunting. Forsense of propior cf. Cic. ad Alt. XIV. xix., }ios alium port tunpropiorem huic aetati videbamus.15'

MINOR LATIN POETStu trepidam bello vitam, Diana, ferino,qua primam quaerebat opem, dignata repertisprotegere auxiliisorbemque hac solvere noxa.adscivere tuo coniites sub nomine divaecentum : omnes nemiorum, umentes de fontibusomnesNaides, et Latii (satyi'i)Faunus

GRA'ITIUSattained its fro:i\. Tlie life that was imperilled hywarfare against wild beasts, where most it neededhelp, thou, Diana, didst deign to shield with aids ofthy discovery, and to free the world from harm sogreat. Under thy name the goddesses joined tothem a hundred comrades : " all the nymphs of thegroves, all the Naiads dripping from the springs,and Latium's satyrs and the Faun-god came in support; Pan, too, the youth of the Arcadian mount,and the Idaean Mother, Cybele, who tames thelions, and Silvanus rejoicing in the wilding bough.I by these guardians ordained—and not withoutsong—to defend our human lot against a thousandbeasts, with song too will furnish weapons and pursuethe arts of the chase.The beginning of hunting equipment consists innets and the ropes of the snare.'^ First of all, expertsprescribe that the rope along the edge of thenet be twined, at the start, of thin thread and then'^fourfold strands be drawn tight to form the twist ;" Herter, Rhein. Mus., 78 (1929), p. 366, takes centum withdivae.* With lines 24-60, 75-94, on hunting-nets, cf. Xen. Cyn. ii.3-8 ; Arrian, Cyn. 1 ; Pollux, Onomast. V. 26-32; Oppian, Cyn.1. 150-51 ; Xemes. Cyn. 299 sqq. The Latin rete {d.KTuov) meansnet in general, or specifically a large "haj^"; plaga {^voZiov)means a net placed in the known run or track of the gamecassis [iipKiis) means a funnel-shaped net resembling, accordingto Pollux, a KeKpvcpaXos {reikuluui)—Avhich may be appliedeither to a network cap for the hair or to the bag-shapedreticule, pouch or belly of a hunting-net."^Li tabus, the rope along the edge of the net, correspondsto the Tovo? in Xen. Cyn. x. 2, Pollux V. 27. Grattius useslimhi, the plural, for the fila linea out of which the litnhus ismade {Limbns yrandis et capitalis linea ilia est cvi minoreslitnhi quadrangulo sinuamine circurnstringuntur, Barth).153

MINOR LATIN POETSilia operum patiens, ilia usus linea longi.tunc ipsum e medio cassem quo nascitur oreper senos circum usque sinus laqueabis, ut omniconcipiat tergo, si quisquam est plurimus, hostem.at bis vicenos spatium praetendere passusrete velim plenisque decern consurgere nodisingrati maiora sinus impendia sument.optima Cinyphiae, ne quid cunctere, paludeslina dabunt ; bonus Aeolia de valle Sibyllaefetus et aprico Tuscorum stuppea campomessis contiguum sorbens de flumine rorem,qua cultor Latii per opaca silentia Thybrislabitur inque sinus magno venit ore marinos,at contra nostris imbellia lina FaliscisHispanique alio spectantur Saetabes usu.vix operata suo sacra ad Bubastia linovelatur sonipes aestivi turba Canopiipse in materia damnosus candor inertiostendit longe fraudem atque exterruit hostis.at pauper rigid custos Alabandius horticannabi tutela, sed illistu licet Haemonios includas retibus ursos.tantum ne subeat vitiorum pessimus umor» Ingrati is predicative :" Thankless {i.e. profitless) wilbe the nets that demand greater expense."154

IIGRATTIUSthat makes a length to stand its work; that willserve many a day. The snare itself, at the centralmouth which it has when being made, you mustentangle all round with six pouches so that in thewhole cavity it may catch the savage quarry, howeverbig he is. But I should have the whole netextend forty paces in length and rise ten full meshesin height from the ground. Nets likely to cost moreoutlay are unremunerative."The Cinyphian marshes,^ doubt it not, \vi\\ yieldexcellent thread-material ; there is fine produce fromthe Aeolian valley ^ of the Sibyl, and there is theflax harvest on the sunny Tuscan meadow drinkingin the neighbouring moisture from the river, whereTiber that fertilises Latium glides through the shadysilences and meets with mighty mouth the gulfsof the sea. But on the other hand om- Falerianshave flax-crops unfit for conflict, and (those of)the Spanish Saetabes are tested by a differentuse.*^ The dancing crowds of sultry Canopus ^ arescarcely veiled by their transparent native linen whensacrificing in the ritual at Bubastis : its very whiteness,ruinous in a material useless for nets, revealsthe deceit afar off and frightens away the beasts.Yet the poor guardian of a well-watered estate atAlabanda/ can rear a growth of hemp, right fittingequipment for this task of ours. Burdensome isthe care needed, but you may entrap within suchtoils the bears of Thessaly. Only, first take painsthat no moisture, worst of plagues, steal thereon:* In North Africa between the two Syrtcs.*At Cumae on the Bay of Naples.** i.e. are unsuitable for nets.' In Egypt. In Caria, Asia Minor.55

MINOR LATIN POETSante cave :non est umentibus usus in armis,nulla fides,ergo seu pressa fluniina valleinter opus crassaeque malum fecere paludessive improvisus caelo perfuderit imber,ilia vel ad flatus Helices oppande serenaevel caligineo laxanda reponite fumo.idcirco et primas linorum tangere messesante vetant quam maturis accenderit annumignibus et claro Plias se prompserit ortu.imbiberint :tanto respondet longior usus.magmmi opus et tangi, nisi cura vincitur, impar.nonne vides veterum quos prodit fabula rerumsemideos—illi aggeribus temptare superbiscaeli iter et matres ausi

GRATTIUSin damp e(jiiipment there is no use, no dependence.Therefore, whether streams in a narrow valley andsluggish swamps have Avrought harm amid thehunter's task, or unforeseen rain from heaven shallhave drenched the nets, either unfold them to facethe northern breezes of serene Helice" or set themin murky smoke to slacken. For such reasons tooit is forbidden to touch the first crops of flax beforethe Pleiad '' has kindled the year with ripening firesand appeared in its brilliant rising. If nets drinkin breeze or smoke,'' their longer service answersaccordingly.The chase is a mighty task, unfit to be handled,save it is mastered by pains.'^ Do you not seethe demigods whom old mythic lore records (theydared on proud-piled mountains to essay the wayto heaven ^ and assault the mothers of the gods)—at what mighty cost they hunted the woodlandswithout the boon of my teaching ? Venus,baffled, still weeps and long wiW weep AdonisAncaeus/ fell, arms in hand (yet was he right skilfuland imposing with the double axe). The god himself,he of Tiryns, who civilised a barbarous world," Ursa Major.* Summer began with the rising of the constellation of theSeven Pleiades (Lat. Vergiliae), and winter with their setting.' i.e. si Una imbiberint flatus velfumum :cf. 55-56.'^Lines 61-74 are by some editors transposed to followeither 23 or 24.Unsatisfying attempts have been made to read irefreta and'explain it as applicable either to the giants traversing theocean of the sky in their attack on heaven or even to theArgonauts crossing the sea, which is Curcio's strange suggestion.^ A son of Neptune and an Argonaut, who, like Adonis,was killed by a boar.

MINOR LATIN POETSquern mare, quern tellus, quern praeceps ianua Ditisomnia temptantem, qua laus erat obvia, passa est,hinc decus et famae primum impetravit honorem.exige, siqua meis respondet ab artibus, ergo,gratia quae vires fallat collata ferinas.sunt quibus immundo decerptae vulture plumaeinstrumentum operis fuit et non parva facultas.tantum inter nivei iungantur vellera cygni,et satis armorum est.haec clara luce coruscantterribiles species, at vulture dirus ab atroturbat odor silvas meliusque alterna valet res.sed quam clara tuis et pinguis pluma sub armis,tam mollis tactu et non sit creberrima nexu,ne reprensa suis properantem linea pennisimplicet atque ipso mendosa coarguat usu.hie magis in cervos valuit metus ;ast ubi lentaeinterdum Libyco fucantur sandyce pennaelinteaque expositis lucent anconibus arma,rarum siqua metus eludet belua falsos.nam fuit et laqueis aliquis curracibus usus'1 ohvia Sann.: obula A. passiA, VoUmer: ipassa. est Haupf

IGRATTIUSto whom sea «ind earth and the sheer gateway ofPhito yielded as he essayed all things where glory'spath lay open, even he (Hercules) won from the chasethe chiefest ornament and honour of his fame.Consider, then, what benefit, derived from the artsI treat, can trick the strong beasts when matchedagainst them.Some hunters have found in plumes plucked fromthe filthy vulture a handy means of working and noslight help. Only, at intervals along the line theremust be added the down of the snow-white swan,and that is implement enough : the white feathersglitter in clear sunlight, formidable appearances forgame,^' whereas the dread stench from the blackvulture disturbs the forest-creatures ; and the contrastof colour works the better effect. But, while theplumage hanging from your device has its brightgleam or heavy scent, let it be at the same time softto handle and not very closely entwined, so that thecord when pulled in will not entangle you with itsfeathers in your hurry and by its faultiness convictyou in the very using. This device of terror has moreuse against stags ; but when the pliant feathers aresometimes dyed with African vermilion and theflaxen cord gleams from its projecting forks,'' it israre for any beast to escape the counterfeit terrors.Yes, and there is also some use in " running "" The linea pinnis distincta intended to drive game intosnares was called a "formido" {of. metus, 85); Sen. Dial. iv.11.5; PAêrfm 46-48 ; Virg. 6'. III. 372; Lucan IV. 437-38.* The ancon {ayi

MINOR LATIN POETScervino iussere magis contexere nervofraus teget insidias habitu mentita ferino.quid qui dentatas iligno robore clausitvenator pedicas ? quam dissimulantibus armissaepe habet imprudens alieni lucra laboriso felix; tantis quern primum industria rebusprodidit auctorem I deus ille an proxima divosmens fuit, in caecas aciem quae magna tenebrasegit et ignarum perfudit lumine vulgus ?die age Pierio, fas est, Diana, ministro.Arcadimii stat fama senem, quem Maenalus auctoret Lacedaemoniae primum vidistis Amyclaeper non adsuetas metantem retia vallesDercylon. haut illo quisquam se iustior egit,haut fuit in terris divom observantior alterergo ilium primis nemorum dea finxit in arvisauctoremque operi digna{ta) inseribere magnoiussit adire suas et pandere gentibus artes.illeetiam valido primus venabula denteinduit et proni moderatus vulneris iramomne moris excepit onus ;tum stricta verutis^'^âuctor A : altor Turnebus, Postgate.^"^ haud Sann. : aut A.^°*hau fuit Baekrens : au fuit A : aut (t dehta) fuit Paris.8071.1 60

GiLvrriusnooses " it is rcconiincndcd to compose these ofdeer's leather preferably : the deceit will cloak thesnare through falsely suggesting a creature of thewild.'' What of the hunter who to his toothedspringe adds an oaken stake ? How often, thanks tothese tricksome devices, does one unexpectedly reapthe fruit of another's toil !'^Fortunate the man whose industry made him firstinventor of arts so great ! Was he a god or was thatmind close kin to the gods which mightily sped itsclear gaze into blind darkness and flooded the uninstructedcrowd with light ? Come speak, Diana,for 'tis heaven's will, unto a servant of the Mases.The story stands secure that it was an old Arcadianwhom you, Maenalus, his witness, and you, LacedaemonianAmyclae, first saw laying out hunting-netsin unaccustomed vales—Dercylos his name. Neverdid man bear himself more justly than he : on earththere was no other more regardful of the gods. Hethen it was whom the goddess fashioned in primevalfields,'^ and deigning to inscribe him as author of amighty work, she enjoined him to go and unfold herown arts to the nations. He was the first also to dresshunting-spears with a strong tooth, and, controllingthe angry onslaught of a forward thrust, to receiveall the (boar's) weight on projecting spear-guards.^" Enk, pp. 36-38, has a full note on different interpretationsof laquei curraces.* i.e. the cervinus iiermis wiU have the smell of the cervus." An animal partly lamed or dragging with it the roburwould be easily caught.^ Arcadia.' The term morae is applied to projecting metal alae ororfce.s- fixed behind the spear-head so as to hinder the spearfrom going too deeply into the beast.VOL. I. Mi6i

MINOR LATIN POETSdentibus et geniina subiere hastilia furcaet quidam totis clauserunt ensibus

.UA'ITlUSLater, there succeeded to them ^veapons furnishedwith spit-Hke teeth and twofold fork, and somegave their spear-ends a rinc^ of sharp points toprevent the thick steel remaining inactive in thewounded quarry.'' You are to shun the allurementsof fleeting novelty : in this same field of hunting theydo harm by a small or excessive size of spear. Butslippery fashion goes its wandering round, and allmen are in liaste to discard usages which have beentried. What if I choose to speak of the enormousMacedonian pikes ? How long are the shafts and howsmall the teeth which furnish their spikes ! Or, onthe other hand, how does nimble Lucania overloadwith a huge point thin rods stripped of their tenderbark ! All weapons have been the better fashionedby healthy moderation. Wherefore for javelinstoo we weigh thoroughly their manageable handling,lest their wounding power speed lightly or theweapon's force fall short. Diana herself armed her'ô\\-n comrades with bow and Lycian quiver : abandonye not the weapons of the goddess : once on a daygreat work was WTOught by swift arrows.Now, moreover, learn the whole range of choice forstrong spears. The cornel tree grows abundantlyin the Thracian valleys of the Hebrus ; there are*^shady myrtles along the shores of Venus ; there areyew trees and pines and the broom-plants ofAltinum,'^ and the lopped bough more likely to help" The sharp points would make the wound worse.* Vulnus is used of the weapon which wounds in Virg. Aen.IX. 74.5, X. 140; Sil. Ital. I. 397; Val. Flacc. III. 197. lllisc, vulneri i.e. iacido.' i.e. in CVprus."*On the Adriatic shore, not far from Vemce.163

MINOR LATIN POETSet niagis incomptos opera iuturus agrestistermes.ab Eois descendit virga Sabaeismater odorati multum pulcherrima turis :ilia suos usus intractatiimque deeorem(sic nenioruRi iussere deae) na.talibus hausitarbitriis ;at enim multo sunt ficta laborecetera quae silvis errant hastilia nostrisnumquam sponte sua procerus ad aera termesexiit inque ipsa cm-vantur stirpe genestae.ergo age luxuriam primo fetusque nocentisdetrahe :frondosas gravat indulgentia silvas.post ubi proceris generosa(m) stirpibus arborse dederit teretisque ferent ad sidera \irgae,stringe notas circum et gemmantis exige versus.his, si quis \-itium nociturus sufficit umor,ulceribus fluet et venas durabit inertis.in quinos sublata pedes hastilia plenacaede manu, dum pomiferis advertitur annusfrondibus et tepidos autumnus continet imbres.sed cur exiguis tantos in partibus orbeslustramus ? prima ilia canum, non ulla per artiscura prior, sive indomitos vehementior hostisnudo marte premas seu bellum ex arte ministres.J^^^ in comptos A : in contos Johnson, opera A : superatStern. lutores A : lotaster Johnson : iuturus Sudhaus.agstis (-st- ex -rt- corr.) A : agrestis Sann.^^^ avertitur Volbner : advertitur A.164

(iUATTlUSwith its service the uncouth country-folk. From theArabians in the East comes the branch that is farthe fairest mother of fragrant frankincense : it drawsfrom the hiws of its birth (so have the goddesses ofthe groves ordained) its own uses and its naturalshapeHness ; but it is only with much toil that the otherstems widely grown in our western woods are fashionedinto spear-shafts. Never did bough of its own accordrise tall into the air ; and the broom curves even inits lower stem. Come, then, strip off at once theexcessive growth and harmful branches : indulgenceoverloads trees with leaves. Later, when the treeproves its goodliness in its tall stems and the shapelybranches tend starwards, cut round the places wheresuckers start and remove the rows of sproutingbranches. If any sap of an injurious sort causesharm, it will flow out of these wounds and so hardenthe weak veins. When the shafts have risen toa height of five feet, cut them with full grasp,while the year approaches the season of fruitladenleafage and autumn holds back the warmshowers.But why do we traverse these wide rounds amidstsmall details ? The"foremost care is that of dogs ;no other care comes before that throughout the wholesystem of hunting, whether you energeticallypursue the untamed quarry with bare force or useskill to manage the conflict. Dogs belong to a" On dogs generally see Xen. Cyn. iii-iv, vii ; Aristotle, Hist.An. 574a 16 sqq. and passim; Arr. Cyn. 2 sqq.; Poll. Onom.V. .37 sqq.; Geoponica (lOth cent.) xix. 1 sqq.; Virg. G. III.404 sqq. ; Varro, Ji.R. II. 9 ; Piin. X.H. VIII. 142 sqq. ; Colum.B.R. VII. 12-13; Xernes. Cyn. 103 sqq.; Oppian, Cyn. I. 308-588; Claud. Stil. III. 298-301.165

MINOR LATIN POETSmille canuni patriae ductique ab origine moresquoique sua. magna indocilis dat proelia Medusmagnaqiie diversos extollit gloria Celt as.arma negant contra martemque odere Geloni,sed natura sagax :Perses in utroque paratus.sunt qui Seras alant, genus intractabilis iraeat contra faciles magnique Lycaones armis.sed non Hyrcano satis est vehementia gentistanta suae : petiere ultro fera semina siMs ;dat Venus accessus et blando foedere iungit.tunc et mansuetis tuto ferus errat adulterin stabulis ultroque gravem succedere tigrinausa cards maiore tulit de sanguine fetum.sed praeceps \-irtus :ipsa venabitur aulaille tibi et pecudum multo cum sanguine crescet.pasce tamen : quaecumque domi sibi crimina fecit,excutiet silva magnus pugnator adepta.at fugit adversos idem quos repperit hostisUmber :quanta fides utinam et sollertia naris,tanta foret virtus et tantum vellet in armisquid, fret a si Morinum dubio refluentia pont

(iRA'mUSthousand hinds " and they each have characteristicsderived from their origin. The Median dog, thouirhundiscipHned, is a great fighter, and great gloryexalts the fiir-distant Celtic dogs. Those of theGeloni,^ on the other hand, shirk a combat and dislikefighting, but they have wise instincts : thePersian is quick in both respects/ Some rearChinese'^ dogs, a breed of unmanageable ferocity;but the Lycaonians, on the other hand, are easytemperedand big in limb. The Hyrcanian dog,however, is not content with all the energy belongingto his stock : the females of their own M'ill seek unionswith wild beasts in the woods : \'ênus grants themmeetings and joins them in the alliance of love.Then the savage paramour wanders safely amid thepens of tame cattle, and the bitch, freely daring toapproach the formidable tiger, produces offspring ofnobler blood. The whelp, however, has headlongcourage : you will find him a-hunting in the very yardand growing at the expense of much of the cattle'sblood. Still you should rear him: whatever enormitieshe has placed to his charge at home, he willobliterate them as a mighty combatant on gainingthe forest. But that same Umbrian dog which hastracked wild beasts flees from facing them. Wouldthat with his fidelity and shrewdness in scent hecould have corresponding courage and correspondingwill-power in the conflict ! What if you visit thestraits of the Morini, tide-swept by a wayward sea,and choose to penetrate even among the Britons ? ^Brilatmin mittit Veloces nostrique orbis venntibus aptos : Claud.Stil. III. 301, mngnaqiLe taurorum fracturae colla Britaiinac.The Morini were northern Gauls whose chief town Gesoriacumbecame Bononia (i3oulognc).167

MINOR LATIN POETSo quanta est merces et quantum impendia suprasinon ad speciem mentiturosque decorespronus es (haec una est catulis iactura Britannis),at magnum cum venit opus promendaque virtuset vocat extreme praeceps discrimine Mavorsnon tunc egregios tantum admirere Mol

GRATTIUSO how great your reward, how great your gainbeyond any outlays ! If you are not bent on looksand deceptive graces (this is the one defect of theBritish whelps), at any rate when serious Avork hascome, when bravery must be shown, and the impetuousWar-god calls in the utmost hazard, then you couldnot admire the renoA\Tied Molossians" so much.With these last * cunning Athamania compares herbreeds ; as also do Azorus, Pherae and the furtiveAcarnanian : just as the men of Acarnania stealsecretly into battle, so does the bitch surprise herfoes without a sound. But any bitch of Aetolianpedigree rouses ^vith her yelps the boars which shedoes not yet see—a mischievous service, whetherit is that fear makes these savage sounds break outor excessive eagerness speeds on uselessly. Andyet you must not despise that breed as useless in allthe accomplishments of the chase : they are marvellouslyquick, marvellously efficient in scent ; besides,there is no toil to which they yield defeated. Consequently,:— I shall cross the advantages of differentbreeds one day an Umbrian mother will give to'^the unskilled Gallic pups a smart disposition" Molossian dogs are frequently mentioned in ancientliterature: e.g. An&to^h.. Thesm. 4:\Q', Poll. V. 37; 0pp. C'yn.I. 375; Plaut. Capt. 86; Luer. V. 1063; Virg. G. III. 405;Hor. Epod. vi. 5 ; Sat. II. vi. 114 : Luean IV. 440 ; Sen. Phaedra,33; Stat. Theh. III. 203, Silv. II. vi. 19; Ach. I. 747; Mart.XII. i. 1; Claud. Stil. II. 215, III. 293; Xem. Cyn. 107.* It seems appropriate to take his of Molossian dogs ratherthan of British, as the proper names refer to neighboui'ingdistricts of Epirus, Thessaly, Aetolia and Acarnania. Athamaniais a district in Epirus near the Pindus range.Cf. the qualities suggested in 171-73, and 156. " Galhc "•in 194 may mean " Galatian" :see Introduction.169

MINOR LATIN POETSsensum agilem, traxere animos de patre GelonaeHyrcano et vanae tantum Calydonia linguaeexibit vitium patre emendata Molosso.scilicet ex omiii florem virtute capessuntet sequitur natura favens. at te leve si quatagit opus pavidosque iuvat compellere dorcasaut versuta sequi leporis vestigia parvi,Petronios (haec fama) canes volucresque Sycambroset pictam macula Vertraham delige flavaocior affectu mentis pennaque cucurrit,sed premit inventas, non inventura latentisilia feras, quae Petroniis bene gloria constat.quod si maturo pressantes gaudia lusudissimulare feras tacitique accedere possent,illisomne decus, quod nunc, metagontes, habetis,constaret :silva sed virtus irrita damno est.at vestrum non vile genus, non patria.vulgo1^^ tantum A : natum Stern.2^2 cani Ilaupt : cana A : Petroniost haec fama cani VoUmer.203 vertraham sic A :cf. Mart. XIV. cc. falsa A : flavavel fulva Johnson.21° ante silva primus distinxit Baehrens.170

(iUATTlUS})U})pics of a Gelonian mother have drawn spiritfrom a Hyrcanian sire ; " and Calydonia,'' good onlyat pointless barking, will lose the defect when improvedby a sire from Molossis. In truth, the offspringcull the best from all the excellence of theparents, and kindly nature attends them. Butif in any wise a light sort of hunting captivates you,if your taste is to hunt the timid antelope or to followthe intricate tracks of the smaller hare, then you

'MINOR LATIN POETSSparta suos et Creta suos promittit alumnossed primum celsa lorum cervice ferentem,Glympice, te silvisegit Boeotius Hagnon,Hagnon Astylides, Hagnon. quern plurima semper 1gratia per nostros unum testabitur usus.hie trepidas artis et vix no\itate sedentesvidit qua propior peteret via nee sibi turbamcontraxit comitem nee vasa tenentia longe :unus praesidium atque operi spes magna petitoadsumptus metagon lustrat per nota ferarumpascua, per fontes, per quas trivere latebras.primae lucis opus :turn signa vapore ferinointemerata legens si qua est qua fallitur eiusturba loci, maiore secat spatia extera gyroiatque hie egressu iam tum sine fraude repertoincubuit, spatiis qualis permissa LechaeisThessalium quadriga decus, quam gloria patrumexcitat et primae spes ambitiosa coronae.sed ne qua ex nimio redeat iactura favore,S2^2 Sparta suos A : Sparte vos Baehrens : Sparte quosH. Schenkl.2^^ peteret viam A : patuit via Aid. : ferret via Baehrens.172

GRATTIUSclaimSparta," by common report, and Crete'' alike'^you iis their own nurslino:s. But, Glympic hound,you were the first to wear leash on high-poised neckand he that followed you in the forest was the BoeotianHagnon, Hagnon son of Astylos, Hagnon, to whom ourabundant gratitude shall bear witness as pre-eminentin our practice of the chase. He saw where theeasier road lay to a calling as yet nervously timorousand owing to its newness scarce established : hebrought together no band of followers or implementsin long array : his single metagon was taken as hisguard, as the high promise of the longed-for spoilit roams across the fields which are the hauntsof beasts, over the wells and through the lurkingplacesfrequented by them. 'Tis the work of earlydawn : then, while the dog is picking out the trailas yet unspoiled by another animal's scent, if thereis any confusion of tracks in that place whereby heis thrown off, he runs an outside course in a widercircle and, at last discovering beyond mistake thefootprints coming out, pounces on the track like thefourfold team, the pride of Thessaly, which is launchedforth on the Corinthianrace-com'se, stirred by ancestralglory and by hopes covetous of the first prize. Butlest loss be the outcome of excessive zeal, the dog's" For Spartan or Lacedaemonian dogs cf. Soph. Aj. 8;Xen. Cyn. ui. 1; 0pp. Cyn. I. 372; Pollux, V. 37; Virg. G.III. 405; Hor. Ejiod. vi. 5; Ov. Met. III. 208, 223; Sen.Phaedra, 35; Luean, IV. 441 ; Claud. Stil. III. 300 {tenuesqueLacaenae) ; Xemes. Cyn. 107, etc.* For Cretan dogs cf. Xen. Cyn. x. 1; Poll. V. 37; 0pp.Cyn. I. 373; Ov. J/e/. III. 208, 223 ; Sen. Phaedra, Si; Claud.Stil. III. 300 {hirsutae Cressae), etc.' The reference is to a locality on the Ai'givc and Laconianborder.173

MINOR LATIN POETSlex dicta officiis :neu voce lacesseret hostemneve levem praedam aut propioris pignora lucriamplexus primos nequiquam efFunderet actusiam vero impensum melior fortuna laboremcum sequitur iuxtaque domus quaesita ferarum, 21et sciat occultos et sigiiis arguat hostesaut eiFecta levi testatur gaudia caudaaut ipsa infodiens uncis vestigia plantismandit humum celsisve apprensat naribus auras.et tamen, ut ne prima faventem pignora fallant, 24circum omnem aspretis medius qua clauditur orbits)ferre pedem accessusque abitusque notare ferarumadmonet et, si forte loco spes prima fefellit,rusum opus incubuit spatiis ;at, prospera si res,intacto repetet prima ad vestigia gyro. 24ergo ubi plena suo rediit victoria fine,in partem praedae veniat comes et sua noritpraemia :sic operi iuvet inservisse benigne.hoc ingens meritum, haec ultima palma tropae,Hagnon magne, tibi divom concessa favore 2a233 offenderet A, Vollmer : efEunderet Johnson, vulgo.236& sciat A : ut sciat Sann.2*"faventem (= studiosum, cf. v. 230).2*1 orbis Sann. : orbi A : orbem Baehrens.174

GRArrii's(lilt it's are regulated", he must not asscail his foe withbarking ; " he must not seize on some trivial prey oron signs of a nearer catch and so blindly lose thefruit of his first activities. When, however, betterfi)rtunc already attends the outlay of toil, and thesought-for lair of the wild beasts is near, he mustboth know his enemies are hidden and prove thisby signs : either he shows his new-won pleasure bylightly wagging the tail, or, digging in his own footprintswith the nails of his paws, he gnaws the soiland sniffs the air with nostrils raised high. Andyet to prevent the first signs from misleading thedog in his keenness, the hunter bids him run allabout the inner space encircled by rough groundand nose the paths by which the beasts come and go ;then, if it happens that the first expectation hasfailed him in the place, ^ he turns again to his task inwide coursings ; but, if the scent was right, he willmake for the first trail again as the quarry has notcrossed the circle. Therefore, when full success hasarrived with its proper issue, the dog must come ascomrade to share the prey and must recognise hisown reward : thus let it be a delight to have givenungrudging service to the work.Such was the mighty benefit, such the surpassingprize of triumph granted to thee, great Hagnon, byfavour of the gods : so shalt thou live for ever, as long" Cf. Lucan, Phars. IV. 441, nee crediiur ulli Silva caninisi qui presso vestigia rostro Colligit et praeda nescit latrarereperta, and Pliny's description of the silent tracking of game,y.H. \lll. 147, quam silens et occulta sed quani significansdemonMratio est cauda primum deinde rostro.* i.e. if the animal has already escaped and is no longerlying hidden there.

MINOR LATIN POETSergo semper eris, dum carniina dimique manebuntsilvarum dotes atque arma Diania terris.hie et semiferam thoimi de sanguine prolemfinxit.non alio maior sub pectore virtus,sive in lora voces seu nudi ad pignora martis.thoes commissos (clarissima fama) leoneset subiere astu et parvis domuere lacertisnam genus exiguum et pudeat, quam informe. faterivulpina species :tamen huic exacta voluntas,at non est alius quern tanta ad munia fetus 26exercere velis, aut te tua culpa refelletinter opus, quo sera cadit prudentia damno.iunge pares ergo et maiorum pignore signafeturam prodantque tibi metagonta parentes,qui genuere sua pecus hoc immane iuventa. 26et primum expertos animi, quae gratia prima est,in venerem iungam.tum sortis cura secunda,ne renuat species aut quern detractet honorem.sint celsi vultus, sint hirtae frontibus aures,OS magnum et patulis agitatos naribus ignes 27'Spirent, adstricti succingant ilia ventres,Cauda bre\-is longumque latus discretaque collo2.'2=5 lora Ellis : ora A.2^2 quom Gronov : quo A.2^5 tenuere A : genuere Gesner.268 aut quern Baehrens : atque A :qua Barth.176aut quae Aid. : aut

GRATTIUSas my soiifjs shall last, as long as the woods keeptheir treasures and Diana's weapons abide on earth.'Twas he too who developed a species with a wildstrain from the blood of tlie t/ioes.^ Beneath noother breast is there hi(]^her courasê, whether youcall them to the leash or to the test of open conflict.The tkoes (their reputation is famous) can steal'^craftily on lions pitted against them and overcomethem with their short legs ; for it is a small-sizedbreed, and one may scruple to o\m"i how ugly : ithas a fox-like look : still its resolution is perfect.But there is no other breed which you could wish totrain for tasks so important ; or else your own mistakev,i\\ find you out in the hunt when loss of gamemakes late-learned wisdom vain.'^Now then couple well-matched mates and markthe offspring with the pledge of their pedigree,letting the parents who produce this wonderfulprogeny in the vigour of their youth yield you afine metag07i. First I shall mate dogs tried in courage,the foremost quality : the next care in the apportionmentis that outv.ard appearance shall not beliedescent or lower any of its merits. They shouldhave the face high, they should have shaggy ears bytheir foreheads, the mouth big, and they shouldbreathe fiery blasts from wide nostrils ; a neat bellyshould gird their flanks below; tail should be shortand sides long, hair parted on the neck, and that" The eojis of Oppian, Cyneg. III. 336-38, are jackalssprung from a union of wolves with leopards. The du:s ofAristotle is perhaps rather a civet than a jackal. Pliny,X.H. Vm. 123, mentions ihoes as a kind of wolf.* e.g. in the public games at Rome.* For the mating of dogs, with 263 sqq. cf. Xcmesianus,Cy7i. 1U3 ^qq.; Oppian, Cyn. I. 376 sqq.VOL I. N177

MINOR LATIN POETScaesaries neu pexa iiiniis neu frigoris iliaimpatiens ; validis turn surga,t pectus ab armis,quod niagnos capiat motus magnisque supersit.efFuge qui lata pandit vestigia plantamollis in officio,siccis ego dura lacertiscrura velim et solidos haec in certamina calces.sed frustra longus properat labor, abdita si nonaltas in latebras unique inclusa marito

neitlier too shasrgy nor yet unable to stand cold;and then from strong limbs " must rise a breastcapable of drawing deep breaths, and with strengthleft for more. Avoid the dog that spreads his stepswith a broad foot : he is weak in hunting-duty. Ishould want hardy legs with firm muscles and Isliould want solid feet for such struggles.But zealous and prolonged trouble is all in vain unlessthe bitch is shut up in some deep retreat and secludedfor a single male : otherwise she cannot at the time ofcoupling maintain unspoilt the pedigree of a finesire or the pitch of past distinction won. The firstunions, the first pleasure is sv.eetest : such frenzyhas uncontrolled nature given to love. If the attendanthas kept her shut up and the pregnant bitch hasno unions with other dogs, ^ give her rest and remither usual tasks : she is barely sufficient for her ownburden. Then later I shall suggest, to prevent anunruly litter of whelps from wearing their motherout, that you examine them by their points and thereuponpick out the inferior ones. They will themselvesgive indications. The puppy that one day will notfail your pride in him ^ '^ is scarcely yet firm in histender limbs, and already his vigour, impatient ofequality with the rest, has raised him above themhe aims at sovereignty beneath his mother's belly,keeps her teats wholly to himself, his back unen-" The shoulder-blades should be broad, as in Oppian, Cyn.1.409, evpees ^fxovKa.Tai :cf. Xen. Cyn. iv, 1; Pollux, V. 58;Arr. Cyn. 5. 9; Colum. B.R. VII. xii. 4.* Vollmer's inclusion of the si tenuit clause in the precedingsentence, with hiuic . . . furorem as a parenthesis, is unaatisfacton^'.''Cf.Or. . .high tasks to which you may call him."

MINOR LATIN POETSdum tepida indulget terris dementia mundiverum ubi Caurino perstrinxit frigore vesper,ira iacet turbaque jDotens operitur inerti.illius et manibus vires sit cura futurasperpensare : leves deducet pondere fratres :nee me pignoribus, nee te mea carmina fallent.protinus et cultus alios et debita fetaeblandimenta feres cm'aque sequere merentemilia perinde suos, ut erit f dilecta, minoresad longam praestabit opem.turn denique, fetucum desunt, operis fregitque industria matres,transeat in catulos omnis tutela relictos.lacte novam pubem facilique tuebere maza,nee luxus alios avidaeque impendia vitaenoscant :nee miruni :haec magno redit indulgentia damno.huma,nos non est magis altera sensustollit ni ratio et vitiis adeuntibus obstat.haec ilia est Pharios quae fregit noxia reges,dum servata cavis potant Mareotica gemmis2^' ire plac& A : ira iacet Ulitius : irreptat Badermacher.288 et Heinsius : e A.299 leuis A.2°2de lacte Sann., Vollmer : delacta A : dilecta Stern : suosaturat de lacte Johnson 1699 eel. : delecta {particip. a delicere)Heinsius.30^-5 fetu A : fetus cum desunt operi Ellis, operis Ulitius :operi A.3^^ ni Graevius : se A.i8o

(JUAITIUScumbered and impressed by the others so lonîf asthe nrcnial warmth of the heavens"is kind to earth ;but when evening has shrivelled him with northwesternchilliness, his bad temper flags and thisstrong pup lets himself be snugly covered by thesluggish crowd (of the rest). It must be your carethoroughly to weigh his promised strength in yourhands : he will humble his light brothers with hisweight.'^ In these signs my poems v.iW misleadneither myself nor you.As soon as she has produced young, you are tooffer the mother different treatment and the comfortsdue to her, and to attend her carefully as shedeserves. Exactly as she is kindly treated, shewill maintain her little ones until a long serviceof nurture has been rendered.^ Then finally, whenthe mothers fail their offspring and their assiduityin the task of suckling has shattered them, letall your concern pass over to the deserted whelps.You must sustain the young brood with milk and asimple pap : they must not know other luxuries andthe outlays of a gluttonous life : such indulgencecomes home at mighty cost. Nor is this surprisingno other life eats more into the senses of mankind,unless reason banishes it and bars the way againstthe approach of vices. Such was the fault that ruinedEgyptian kings, as they drank old Mareotic winesin goblets of precious stone, reaping the perfimies" i.e. during the sunny day.* Cf. Livy IX. 34: ... ad scrvorum niinlsterium deduxisti(= brought down, degraded). The reference is not to exactweighing in a trutina or balance.The text is uncertain ; but the sense required is that thegreater the caro lavished on the mother, the longer she willbe able to give milk to her pups.i8i

MINOR LATIN POETSnardiferumque metunt Gangen vitiisque ministrant.sic et Achaemenio cecidisti, Lydia, Cyro 31atqui dives eras

GUA'niUSof nard-beariiio- Ganges and ministering to vice.By this sin fell you too, Lydia, beneath PersianCyrus ; and yet you were rich and golden in the veinsof your river." In good truth, so that nothing mightbe left to crown the possession of wealth, how muchand how often, O Greece, did you too ftill short ofancestral honour by gathering together the artswhich luxury fashioned and by madly following thefaults of other nations ! But of what sort, howsimple, was the table of our Camilli Î What was^your dress, Serranus, after all yom- triumphs !These were the men who, in accord ^îth the bearingand character of ancient virtue, set o'er theworld Rome as its head ; and by them was virtueexalted to heaven, and so she reached highesthonours.In truth, taught by great precedent you will beable to provide for small details, finding the rightsystem and the limits which should govern them.Therefore rule is imposed on the whelps in the shapeof a single keeper : he must control their food andpunishments, their service and rest : the youngpack that is to master the woods must look to him.It is no trumpery charge : whosoever has suchpower dedicated to him should be a youth pickedby you from young folk of merit, at once prudent" The river Pactolus was famous for its golden sands.Postgate's Padolique aurea venis suggests that fluminis wasa gloss on the original reading.* The plural alludes rhetorically to M, Furius Camillus, theconqueror of Veil, who saved Rome after the Allian disaster :for his poverty cf. Hor. Od. I. xii. 42 sqq.« C. Atilius Regulus Serranus was consul in 257 and in 250B.C. He was summoned from farm-work to imdertake amilitary command, Val. Max. IV. iv. 5; Virg. Aen. VI. 845.183

MINOR LATIN POETSutrimique et prudens et sumptis inipiger armis.quod nisi et accessus et agendi tempora bellinoverit et socios tutabitur hoste minores, 33aut cedent aut ilia tamen \'ictoria damno est.ergo in opus vigila | factusque ades omnibus arixiis :arma acuere viam ;tegat imas fascia surasis \dtulina, suis et tergore fulvoi

(iiiArnusand, when he grasps his weapon^, unflacîi:in,

MINOR LATIN POETSest aliud, quod praestet opus, placabile numen.nee longe auxilium, licet alti vulneris oraeabstiterint atroque cadant cum sanguine fibraeinde rape ex ipso qui vulnus fecerit hostevirosam eluviem lacerique per ulceris ora3csparge manu, venas dum sucus comprimat acermortis enim patuere viae, tum pm'a monebocircum labra sequi tenuique includere filo.at si pernicies angusto pascitur ore,contra pande viam fallentisque argue causas 3(morborum : in vitio facilis med

GRAITIUSbe entreated who can guarantee the work of healing.Nor is aid far distant, though the lips of a deepwound have parted and the fibres are dripping withdark blood: thereupon seize from the very enemythat has dealt the wound some of his fetid urine,sprinkling it with the hand over the mouth of thetorn wound, till the acid juice compresses the veins :for the avenues of death lie open. Then my advicewill be to go round the lips till they are clean andsew them fast Mith a slender thread. But if deadlydanger battens in a narrow wound, contrariwise,widen the outlet and expose the treacheroas causesof corruption : the remedy is easy in a newly-foundmischief; but the beasts which are infected theysoothe ^\'ith strokes of the hands (that is enough),or seal the sore around with an ointment of blackpitch : if, however, there is merely a trivial hurt in aslight wound, the dog has the natural remedy ofefficacious saliva. ^^ It is a serious plague, too deepfor the treatments mentioned, when hidden causeshave sped the malady through all the bodies of thepack and the damage is only discovered in its finalconsummation. Then has pestilence been let loose,and by contagion deaths have come upon the packat large, and the great host alike perishes beneathan infection that falls on all : neither is there indulgencegranted for any strength or service, nor isthere hope of escape in answer to prayer. Butwhether it be that Proserpina has brought deathforth from Stygian darkness, satisfying her wrathfor some offence entrusted to the Furies to avenge,whether the infection is from on high and etherbreathes with contagious vapours, or whether earth" i.e. he licks the wound.187

MINOR LATIN POETSpestiferis, seu terra suos populatur honores,fontem averte mali. trans altas ducere callesadmoneo latumque fuga superabitis amnem.hoc primum efFugium leti :tunc ficta valebantauxilia et nostra quidam redit usus ab arte,sed varii motus nee in omnibus una potestasdisce vices et quae tutela est proxima tempta.plurima per catulos rabies invictaque tardispraecipitat letale malum :sit tutius ergoantire auxiliis et prinaas vincere causas.namque subit, nodis qua lingua tenacibus haeret,(vermiculum dixere) mala atque incondita pestis.ille ubi salsa siti praecepit viscera longa,aestivos vibrans accensis febribus ignes,moliturque fugas et sedem spernit amaram.scilicet hoc motu stimulisque potentibus actiin fui'ias vertere canes,ergo insita ferroiam teneris elementa mali causasque recidunt.nee longa in facto medicina est ulcere : purumsparge salem et tenui permulce vulnus olivoante relata suas quam nox bene compleat umbras,ecce aderit factique oblitus vulneris ultroblanditur mensis cereremque efflagitat ore.3'^ seu terra suos Sayin. : si litaeras vos A.3^* praecipitat Pithou : precipiat A. sit tutius Sarin., quiet securius coniecit : sicutius A : sic tutius AM.2^8 longae A : longa Sann. : longe Volhner, Curcio.amatam Ulitius.i88^*° amara A :

GRArnusis devastating her own fair products," remove thesource of the evil. I warn you to lead the dogs overthe high mountain-paths : you are to cross thebroad river in your flight. This is your first escapefrom destruction : thereafter the aids we have devisedwill avail and some service is secured from our lore.But varied are the onsets of disease, nor is therethe same force in all of them : learn their phasesand make trial of the medicine which is most available.Rabies, prevalent among young dogs and uncontrollablefor those who delay treatment, launches adeadly evil : it must be safer then to forestall itNnth remedies and overcome its first causes. Forthe mischievous and barbarous plague—it has beendescribed as a tiny worm—steals in where the tongueis rooted to its firm ligaments. When the wormhas seized on the inwards briny with prolongedthirst, darting its sweltering fires with feversaflame, it works its escape and spurns its bitter^quarters. Impelled, it is plain, by its activity andpotent goads, dogs turn frantic. So, when theyare quite young, it is usual to cut out with the knifethe deep-seated elements and causes of disease.Prolonged treatment is not needed for the wound somade : sprinkle clean salt and soothe the affectedpart with a little olive-oil : before returning nightcan well complete her shadows, look, the dog willbe on the scene, and, forgetting the wound made,is actually fawning at table and pleading for bread '^with his mouth." i.e. with the result that they rot and cause disease.* With the meaning of ainaram compare salsa in 388.' The goddess' name is put by metonymy for bread :cf.Nemes. Cyn. 154, cererem cum lade ministra : so for com,Virg. G. I. 297; Cic. N.D. II. 23. GO ; Aetna, 10.189

MINOR LATIN POETSquid, priscas artes inventaque simplicis aevisi referam ? non ilia metus solacia falsi, ^tarn loiigam traxere fidera.collaribus ergosunt qui lucifugae cristas inducere maelisiussere aut sacris conserta monilia conchiset vivum lapidem et circa Melite{n/sia nectuntcuralia et magicis adiutas cantibus herbas. 4ac sic ofFectus oculique venena malignivicit tutela pax impetrata deorum.at sideformi lacerum dulcedine corpuspersequitur scabies, longi \-ia pessima letiin primo accessu tristis niedicina, sed una•^pernicies redimenda anima, quae prima sequacisparsa malo est, ne dira trahant contagia vulgus.quodsi dat spatiurn clemens et promonet ortumorbus, disce vias et qua sinit artibus exi.tunc et odorato medicata bitumina vino 4^"^ deformis los. Wa^sius, Volhner : deformi A, Postgate.*i^promonet A : praemonet Titius.*^^ vino Johnson : \dro A. cf. v. 476 et Veget. mulom. 2. 135. 5." The omission of a punctuation mark after falsi wouldimply in Grattius an Epicurean disdain for primitive superstition: "those consolations of a groundless fear did notcontinue to command such a lasting belief." According to190

GRArriusWhat need to record primitive devices and theinventions of an unsophisticated a during the day and feeding at night.* Among prophylactic amulets the conchae were sacred toVenus. Pliny, y.H. XXXII, 2-

MINOR LATIN POETSHippoiiiasque pices neclectaeque unguen amurcaemiscuit et suinmam complectitur ignis in unam.inde lavant aegros :laxatusque rigor,ast ira coercita morbiquae te ne cura timentemdifFerat, et pluvias et Cauri frigora vitent4^due magis, ut nudis incumbunt vallibus aestus,a vento clarique faces ad solis, ut omneexsudent vitium subeatque latentibus ultroquae facta est niedicina vadis.nee non tamen iliumspumosi catulos mergentem litoris aestu 4-2respicit et facilis Paean adiuvit in artes.o rerum prudens quantani Experientia vulgomateriem largita boni, si vincere curentdesidiain et gratos agitando prendere finisest in Trinacria specus ingens rupe cavique 42introsum reditus, circum atrae moenia silvaealta premunt ruptique ambustis faucibus anines^^^ Hipponiasque primus agnovit Haupt : iponiasque A :impone atque pices, vel impositasque pices vel denique fracesHeinsius. neclectaeque Haupt : nee liceat qu§ A : immundaequeAid.^^^ ast A : est Aid. : atque Barth.^^^ ne cura timentem Sann. : nee urat in mentem A.*2^ duo H. Schenkl : sic A : stent Postgate.*2^ paean adiuvit Sann. : paeana divint A.192

GRATTIUSdoses of bitumen, mixed with fragrant wine, andportions of Briittian" pitch and ointment from theunregarded dregs of oHve-oil. Therewith tlieybathe the aihng dogs : then the anger of the maladyis curbed and its severity relaxed. Let not this treatment,for all your anxiety, distract you (from furtherprecautions) : the dogs must avoid both rains and thechills ofthe north-west wind : rather, when sultry heatshang over the bare valleys, take them (to heights)away from the wind to meet the rays of the brightsun, so that they may sweat out all the infection andmoreover that the healing which has been effectedmay steal into their hidden veins.'^ Besides theHealing-God, kindly disposed to om- sldll, fails notto regard favourably and to aid him who dips^his whelps in the tide of the foaming beach.O Experience, foreseeing in affairs, how muchmaterial benefit hast thou lavished on the massof men, if they make it their care to overcomesloth and by vigorous action to get a grip of fairideals IThere is in Sicily a grotto enormous in its rockymass—with hollow windings which return uponthemselves ; high ramparts of black woodland encloseit around and streams bursting from volcanic jaws» Iwrrun'iov is Vibo Valentla on the \ia. Popilia in thetenitory of the Bruttii. Curcio thmks that Hippo in Xumidiais meant.* Vadis is also explained as (1) pores (Enk), (2) intestines(Radermacher). Vollmer imagines a contrast betweenlatent ibus vadis, meaning ex aquis recondUis, and the open seaof the next sentence.'The Latin of ilium mcrgentem in the sense of ilium quimergit is questionable; but c/. ille . . . defecturus, 291.Vôllmer proposes tentatively illic or ullum.VOL. I.O193

MINOR LATIN POETSVulcano eondicta domus. quam supter euntistagna sedent venis oleoque madentia vivo.hue defecta mala vidi pecuaria tabe 43saepe trahi victosque malo graviore magistros.'•'te primum, \ûlcane, loci, pacemque precamiir,incola sancte, tuam : da fessis ultima rebusauxilia et, meriti si nulla est noxia tanti,tot miserare animas liceatque attingere fontis, 44sancte, tuos " ter quisque vocant, ter pinguia libanttura foco, struitur ramis felicibus ara.hie (dictu mirum atque alias ignobile monstrum)adversis specibus ruptoque e peetore montisvenit ovans Austris et multo flumine flammae 44emieat ipse :manu ramum pallente sacerdostermiteum quatiens " procul hine extorribus ireedico praesente deo, praesentibus aris,quis scelus aut manibus sumptum aut in peetoremotum est "inelamat : ceeidere animi et trepidantia membra. 45o quisquis misero fas umquam in suppliee fregit,quis pretio fratrum meliorisque ausus amieisollicitare caput patriosve lacessere divos,ilium agat infandae comes hue audacia culpaediseet commissa quantum deus ultor in ira 45pone sequens valeat. sed eui bona peetore mens est*^^ supter Sarin. : super A.^^^ fessis Sann. : fissis A.*3^ meriti Sa7in. : mentis A.^^^ miserare A : -rere Aid.**^ vocant ter Sann. : vocanter A." ira commissa (a curious condensation recalling commissapiaciila, Virg. Aen. VI. 509) is here taken v. ith Wernsdorf to194

GRATTIUS\'iilcan's acknowledged haunt. As one passesbeneatli, the pools lie motionless oozing in veins ofnatural bituminous oil. I have often seen dogsdragged hither fordone from mischievous wasting,and their custodians overcome by still heaviersuffering. " Thee first, O Vulcan, and thy peace,holy dweller in this place, do we entreat : grantfinal aid to our wearied fortunes, and, if no guiltis here deserving penalty so great, pity these manylives and suffer them, holy one, to attain to thyfountains " —thrice does each one call, thrice theyoffer rich incense on the fire, and the altar is piledwith fruitful branches. Hereat (wondrous to telland a portent elsewhere unknown) from the confrontingcaves and the mountain's riven breast therehas come, exultant in southern gales and dartingforth 'mid a full flood of flame, the God himself:his priest, waving in pallid hand the olive branch,proclaims aloud: " In the presence of the God, inthe presence of the altars, I ordain that all go outof the land far from here, who have put their handsto crime or contemplated it in their heart " : forthwithdroop their spirits and their nervous limbs.Oh ! whoso has ever impaired heaven's law in thecase of a wretched suppliant, whoso for a price hasdared to aim at the life of brothers or of faithfulfriend or to outrage ancestral gods—if such a manbe impelled hither by audacity, the comrade ofunutterable sin, he will learn how mighty is thepower of the God who followeth after as the avengerin >\Tath for crime committed." But he whose mindmean ira quae commissis scderibus provocata est. The senseis different in 374, Furiis commissam . . . iram, unless 455can imply " in wrath assigned to him to vent."o 2

MINOR LATIN POETSobsequitur

''GRATTIUSis good at heart and is reverent to the God, has hisaltar-gift gently caressed by the Fire-god, who himself,when the flame has reached the sacrifices offeredin his honom-, retreats from the holy ritual and againconceals himself in his cave. For such a one 'tisright to attain relief and Vulcan's kindliness. Letthere be no delay : if the malady has gnawedright into the fibres, bathe with the remediesspecified " and soothe the suffering bodies : so willyou expel the tyrannous disease. The God lendssupport, and natm-e herself nourishes her ownskilful remedy.* What plague is sharper than**robur "'^ or what path nearer to death ? But stillfor it there comes here assistance more active thanthe powerful anger of the ailment.Yet if a lost opportunity baffles first aid., then youmust attack the furious pestilence where prospects arelikeliest : sudden disturbance calls for sudden relief.The nostrils must be cut slightly with the steel, as wellas the two muscles of the shoulders, and blood is to bedrawn off from both ears : from the blood comes thecorruption, from the blood the violence of the insatiateplague. Forthwith you will comfort the weariedbody with palliatives, and you must sprinkle on thewounds the sediment of oil-dregs and Massic wineoutpoured from its ancient cask—Bacchus expelslight cares from the heart : Bacchus also is healingfor the fury of disease.Why mention coughs, why the afflictions of a" e.g. the oil from the bituminous lake of 4.34.lu the form of tire and bitumen.^ The disease has the symptoms of tetanus according tovetermarv writers: V'egetius, Mulomedicina 2, 88; Chiron,315; Pelagonius, ed. Ihm, 294.197

MINOR LATIN POETSaut incurvatae si qua est tutela podagrae ?mille tenent pestes curaque potentia maior.mitte age (non opibus tanta est fiducia nostris), 4mitte, anime :ex alto ducendiun numen Olympo,supplicibus

GRAniL'Sslujigîsh lethartry or any prophylactic there is forgout that twists the Hmbs ? A thousand plagueshold their victims, and their power transcends ourcare. Come, dismiss such cares (our confidence isnot so great in our own resources)—dismiss them,my mind: the deity must be summoned from highOlympus and the protection of the gods invokedby suppliant ritual. For that reason we constructcross-road shrines in groves of soaring trees " andset our sharp-pointed torches hard by the woodlandprecinct of Diana, and the whelps are decked withthe wonted wreath, and at the centre of the crossroadsin the grove the hunters fling down among theflowers the very weapons which now keep holidayin the festal peace of the sacred rites. Then thewine-cask and cakes steaming on a green-wood traylead the procession, with a young goat thrusting hornsforth from tender brow, and fruit even now clinoînijto the branches, after the fashion of a lustral ritualat which all the youth both purify themselves inhonom' of the Goddess and render sacrifice for thebounty of the year. Therefore, when her grace iswon, the Goddess answers generously in those''directions where you sue for help : whether yom*greater anxiety is to master the forest or to eludethe plagues and threats of destiny, the Maidenis your mighty affiance and protection.It remains to define by their characteristics thehorses which Diana's equipment can accept as useful.^Not every breed has the courage needed for my' Dianae arnm = the chase. For horses in general seeXen. Cyn. 1 ; Pollux, Onom. I. 188 sqq.; Virg. C/. III. 72 sqq.;Varro R. R. II. 7; Columella, VI. 20-29; Plin. X.fl. VIII.154; Xemes. Cyn. 240 sqq.; Oppian, Cyn. I. 158-307.199

MINOR LATIN POETSest vitium ex animo, sunt quos imbellia fallantcorpora, praeveniens quondam est incommoda virtus,consule, Penei qualis perfunditur amne 5(Thessalus aut patriae quern conspexere Mycenaeglaucum? nempe ingens, nempe ardua fundet inaurascrura, quis Eleas potior lustravit harenas ?ne tamen hoc attingat opus : iactantior illi 5(virtus quam silvas durumque lacessere martem.nee saevos miratur equos terrena Syenescilicet, et Parthis inter sua niollia ruramansit honor ;veniat Caudini saxa TaburniGarganumve trucem aut Ligurinas desuper Alpes : 5ante opus excussis cadet unguibus.et tamen illiest animus fingetque meas se iussus in artessed iuxta vitium posuit deus.at tibi contraCallaecis lustratur (e)quis scruposa P}T{ene),non tamen Hispano martem temptare mînistro) 5ausim :

GRATTIUSprofession. Some show deficiency on the store ofspirit ; some have feeble bodies to play them ftilseat times excessive mettle is unsuitable. Bethinkyou—what sort of Thessalian horse bathes in Peneus'stream, or what is the grey sort on which its nativeMycenae fixes its gaze ? Assuredly it is huge,assuredly it will throw its legs high in air. Whatbetter steed ever traversed the race-course in Elis ? ^'Yet let it not touch our hunting-work : its vigour istoo impetuous for an attack on the hard fighting of theforests. Doubtless Syene'^ on the level plain ha^ horsesto admire which are not Mild, and those of Parthiahave kept their reputation in their own flat countryif such a horse comes to the crags of Taburnus near*^the Caudine Forks or to rugged Garganus or overthe Ligurian Alps, he will collapse before his taskwith hoofs battered.^ And yet he has spirit andwill mould himself to my methods if ordered : butheaven alongside of merit imposes defects. On theother hand, you find the horses of the Callaeci ^ cantraverse the jagged Pyrenees. I should not, however,venture to try the conflict with a Spanish steed toserve me : amid sharp stones they scarce yield theirstubborn mouths to the steel; but all Nasamonia^controls her horses with light switches. The boldand hard-toiling Numidian folk free theirs even" i.e. at the Olympic games.* Syene (Assouan) in Upper Egypt below the FirstCataract.*Taburnus was in Samnium : Garganus in Apulia.^ i.e. owing to the stony nature of the ground.' The Callaeci were a people of Hispania Tarraconensis.f The Nasamonian tribe dwelt in the eastern part of theSyrtis Major in N. Africa.20I

MINOR LATIN POETSaudax et patiens operum gaut tenuis dorso curvatur spina ?per illoscantatus Graiis Acragas victaeque fragosumNebroden liquere ferae :o quantus in armisille meis quoius dociles pecuaria fetussufficient ! quis Chaonios contendere contra iausit, vix merita quos signat Achaia palma?spadices vix Pellaei valuere Cerauniat tibi devotae magnum pecuaria Cyrrhae,Phoebe, decus meruere, levis seu iungere currususus, seu nostras agere in sacraria tensas.^1' g

from halters :GRAITIUSthe horse will show his vigour careeringin a hundred race-courses and will work off histemper in the contest. Nor does his keep costmuch : whatsoever of its own the ban-en earth orthe small rivulet doth yield, is enough to supporthim. So too maintenance is easy for horses of theBisaltae near the Strymon " : oh, that they couldcareer along the highlands of Aetna, the sportwhich Sicilians make their own ! What then,though their necks are ugly or though they have athin spine cur\ing along their back? Thanks tosuch steeds Acragas was praised in song by theGreeks,'' thanks to such, the vanquished creaturesof the ^^'ild quitted craggy Nebrodes.*^ Oh. howstalwart^^^ll he be in hunting whose herds shallyield colts that can be trained I Who could darepit against them the horses of Epirus, which aredistinguished by Greece with honour scarce deserved ?The chestnut-brown horses of Macedonian Ceraunus''have scanty worth as hunters : but the herds ofCyrrha,' sacred to thee, O Apollo, have won highhonour, whether the need be to yoke light vehiclesor pull our (image-laden) cars in procession tohorses could be trained to win glory in the games of Greece(cantatus Graiis Acragas, 527).* Pindar, Olymp. iii. 2, K\€iva.f 'AKpayavra (= Agrigentumin Sicily, now Girgenti). Olympian Odes ii. and iii. celebratevictories won by Theron of Acragas in chariot -racing ; Pyth.vi. and Lsthm. ii. similar victories by Xenocrates of Acragas,* A Sicilian mountain. Fragosum indicates the serviceabiUtyof Sicilian horses as hunters on rocky ground.**The fact that Pella was in Macedonia and the Ceraunianrange in Epirus does not justify the epithet Pellaci; but, asEnk says, " poeta parum curat geographiam."' Cyrrha or Cirrha, a seaport in Phocis, near Parnassus onwhich was the Delphic oracle of Apollo.203

JMINOR LATIN POETSvenanti melius pugnat color :optima nigr

GRATTIUSthe shrines. For the hunter the horse's colour is abetter ally (than its origin). His legs had best beblack : let brown steeds be chosen . . . and thosewhose backs resemble spent embers. Oh, how muchdo the mares of Italy (such is heaven's will) excelin their foals ; how much have we outstripped theworld in every practice of life ; and how activethe young breed which brightens our meadows ! . .."" A portion of the poem is lost — presumably of no greatextent, as restat of 497 suggests that the author was drawingto a conclusion.205

CALPURNIUSSICULUS

INTRODUCTIONTO CALPURXIUS SICULUSThe group of poems consisting of the pastorals byT. Calpurnius Siculus and by Nemesianus, the LausFisojiis and two short Einsiedehi eclogues " presenta bundle of interconnected and, though baffling,still not uninteresting problems. Certain questionsarise at once. On separating the eclogues of Calpurniusfrom those of Nemesianus, to what datesshould one assign their authors? Why did "CalpurniusSiculus " bear these two names? Had he arelationship with C. Calpurnius Piso, the conspiratorof A.D.the Laus Pisonis was addressed ? ^ If so, didCalpurnius Siculus WTite that panegyric in praise ofPiso as his patron, and can " Meliboeus," thepatron in two Calpurnian eclogues, have been thesame Calpurnius Piso ? If he was not, was heSeneca, or someone else ? Again, can the Einsiedelneclogues have emanated from the samehand as the Calpurnian eclogues or the Laus Pisonis,or are they products of a school of Neronian poetsinfluenced by a transient passion for pastoral themes,65, to whom, according to most authorities," For these other poems see pp. 289-315, pp. :i 19-335, andpp. 451-515 in this volume.* See Introduction to the Panegyric on Piso, p. 289.VOL. I.P209

INTRODUCTION TO-'to which school M. Hubaux has ascribed CataleptojiIX bequeathed to us in the Appendix Jergiliana ?To most of these and to several related questions,the most contradictory ansvrers have been given,which cannot here be more than lightly touchedupon. Since Haupt in his classic essay of 1854,De carminihus hucoUcis Calpumii et Nemesiani, divided,ôn principles of style, the eleven eclogues which hadoften passed together under the name of CalpurniusSiculus into seven by him and the remaining four byNemesianus, there has been no serious doubt aboutthe gap in date between the two sets. Indeed,attention to certain suhscriptiones and headings inthe manuscripts (including a tell-tale blunder inRiccarcUanus 363, Titi Calphurnii hucolictim carmen adNemesianum Karthaginiensem '^) ought to have led toan earlier separation of the poems by all editors.In any case, it is now generally agreed that CalpurniusSiculus belongs to the Neronian age and the" In Les themes bucoliques dans la poesie latine, Brussels,1930.^ For a resume of the different h^ôtheses, see Groag, " C.Calpurnius Piso," P. W. Reahncyd.lll. (1899); Skutsch, " T.Calpurnius Siculus," ibid. ; Schanz, Gesch. der rom. Literatur,II. 2 ; Clementina Chiavola, Delia vita . . . di Tito CalpurnioSiculo, 1921.*Haupt -was the first to make clear the Xeronian date ofCalpurnius' seven eclogues; but the Aldine edition of 1534prints the two sets separately—in fact Nemesiani Bucolicaprecede Calpumii Siculi Bucolica.^ This confusion, which quite impossibly makes Xemesianuscontemporary with Calpurnius, may be due either toa misreading of a double manuscript title, giving the namesof both poets at the beginning of the eclogues, or to acorruption of words separating the two collections finisbucolicorum Calphurnii Aurelii Nemesiani poetae Carthaginiensisegloga prima.

CALPURNIUS SICULUSeclogues of Nemesianiis to the author of the Ci/negeticain the third century a.d. Features of styleand of metre, like the preservation of length in final-0 and a paucity of elision, clearly distinguish theverse of Calpurnius from that of Nemesianus,''imitator of Calpurnius Siculus though he was. Someof the decisive points in favour of the Neronian datefor Calpurnius consist in such allusions as those tothe comet of 54 a.d. (i. 77-83), to the wooden amphitheatreof 57 A.D. (vii. 23-24) and to the youngprince of golden promise, handsome, eloquent,divine.^ who can be identified with no one so aptlyas with Nero at the outset of his reign.About the poet's name there is no means of determiningwhether it argues a relationship with theC. Calpurnius Piso to whom it is usually thought thatthe Laus Pisonis was addressed. One hypothesissuggests that he might have been a son of one ofPiso's freedmen. Certainty is equally unattainableas to the meaning of the epithet "Siculus": itmay indicate Sicilian origin in the geographical sense,but it may just as well record the literary debt ofthe eclogues to Theocritus. " Meliboeus," the patronin Calpurnius Siculus' first and fourth eclogues, isdrawn as an actual personage in a position enablinghim to recommend the author's verses to the emperor,and skilled in poetry and weather-lore.Sarpe's contention that this fits Seneca as thewriter of tragedies and of the Naturales Quaestionesremains, on the whole, more plausible than thetheory once maintained by Haupt and Schenkl,that the patron is the versatile Calpurnius Piso him-" Birt, Ad historiam hexametri lalini symbola, Bonn, 1877, 63.^ See i. 42-45, S4-88; iv. 84-87, 1.37; vii. 6, 83-84.p2211

INTRODUCTION TOself. On the foundation of this latter theory wasbuilt the guess that the Lmis Pisonis was the workof Calpurnius Siculus. But there is no consensus ofopinion about the identification of " Meliboeus."While some have supposed him to represent Senecaor Calpurnius Piso, others have seen in him Columella" or M. \'alerius Messala Corvinus,^ consulwith Nero in 58 a.d. : others still have dismissed allsuch identifications as sheer caprice. There is nomore certainty about the two Einsiedeln eclogues.As the conjecture that they were composed by Piso îs countered with equal readiness to believe thatCalpurnius WTote them,^ discretion will acknowledgethat there is not enough e\'idence to prove morethan that they belong to the same literary environmentas the Calpurnian poems.The arrangement of the eclogues of Calpurniusdoes not follow the chronological order of composition.The four more strictly rural poems precededin time the three which may be called " courtly " invirtue of their praises of the emperor (i, iv, vii)some, indeed, may have been written before Nerosucceeded to the purple. There is much to be saidfor Haupt's suggested order of writing, namely,that the earliest and least finished is iii, the quarrelwith Phyllis, which Scaliger considered an unamusingpiece of clo^vTlishness ; next, vi, a singing-matchbroken off by the umpire owing to the competitors'loss of temper—a weakish imitation of Theocritus ivand V and of Virgil's third eclogue ; ii, somewhat" Chytil, Der Eklogendichter T. Calp. Siculus, Znaim, 1894.''Hubaux, op. cit." Groag, " Calp. Piso " in P. W. Rmhncycl.**Hubaux, op. cit.

CALPUllNIUS SICULUSafter the manner of \'irgirs seventh eeloffue, theanioebean praises of the pretty Crocale by two rivals,a herd and a gardener; and v, the aged Micon'sexpert advice to a young rustic on the managementof flocks, based on Georgics III. 295-456. Thethree " courtly " poems, i, iv, vii, were \vi-itten afterthese four and placed at the beginning, middle andend of the collection. In eclogue i, roughly modelledon Virgil's " Messianic " eclogue, the tuneful shepherdsare imagined to discover a prophecy by Faunusheralding a renewal of the Golden Age under a new" Prince Charming," and they hope their poetrymay reach the imperial ears through the good officesof their patron Meliboeus : in iv, the longest of theseven, hopes are expressed that the poetic eulogieson the emperor will be recommended to his majestyby Meliboeus, and it is indicated that some successhad been already gained through his patronagefinally, in vii Corydon, newly back to the countryfrom Rome, relates to Lycotas his impressions ofthe amphitheatre and of the handsome emperor.Another feature of the arrangement may be noted.Eclogues ii, iv, vi are amoebean in form, and aresandwiched between eclogues which are not versedialoguesin structure. In thought and manner,though there are, as we have seen, contemporaryallusions, the pervasive influence is that of Virgil,and in a less degree that of Theocritus. The stylealso owes something to Ovid. Without being in theleast deeply poetic, and in spite of the artificialityinherent in pastorals, the eclogues of Calpurniusbreathe a rural atmosphere which makes thempleasant to read. Historically, they pass on theVirgilian tradition to Nemesianus.213

INTRODUCTION TOEDITIONS(The Eclogues of Calpurnius with thoseof Neniesianus.)C. Schweynheiiii and A. Pannartz : (with SihusItahcus) eleven Eclogae under name of C.Calpurnius. Rome, 1471.A. Ugoletus. Calpurnii Siculi et Nemesiani hucolica.Parma, circ. 1490. [For this edition AngelusUgoletus used the codex of Thadeus Ugoletus :see infra under A in "Sigla."]G. Logus. In edn. containing Poetae ires egregii.Aldus, Venice, 1534.P. Burman. Poet. Lat. Minores I. Leyden, 1731.J. C. Wernsdorf in Poet. Lat. Mifiores, \ôl. II. Altenburg,1780. [Wernsdorf gives an introductoryessay and account of earlier editions.]C. D. Beck. Recogn. annot. et gloss, instr. Leipzig,1803.C. E. Glaeser. Calp. et Nemes. . . . recensuit.Gottingen, 1842. [Glaeser's edn. made anadvance in preferring the Codex Neapolitanusto the MSS. of the second group.]E. Baehrens. In Poet. Lat. Mi?wres III. Leipzig,1881.H. Schenkl. Calp. et Xemes. bucol. rec. Leipzig,1885.. Re-edited in J. P. Postgate's Corp. Poet. Lat.,Vol. II. London, 1905.C. H. Keene. The Eclogues of Calpurnius Siculusand M. Aur. Olyrup. Nemesianus (introd., comment.).London, 1887.214

CALPURNIUS SKL LUSC. Giarratano. Calpumii et Scnteaiani liucoUca.Naples, 1910.. Calpnrtiii et Xemesia/ii Bucolica. (Paraxiacd.) Turin, 1021.ENGLISH TRANSLATIONE. J. L. Scott. The Eclogues of Calpiirnius (theseven in octosyll. verse). London, 1890.RELEVANT WORKSG. Sarpe. Quaestiones philologicae. Rostock, 1819.[Argues that " Meliboeus " = Seneca.]M. Haupt. De Carminihus hiicoUcis Calpurnii etXemesiani. Berlin, 1854. [Argues that " Meliboeus" = Calpurnius Piso.]E. Chytil. Der Eklogefulickter T. Calpurnius Siculusinid seine Jorhilder. Znaini, 1894. [Identifies" Meliboeus " with Columella.]E. Skutsch. Art. Calpurnius Siculus. P. \V. RealencycLcol. 1401 sqq. 1899.G. Ferrara. Calpuriiio Siculo e il Panegirico a CalpurnioPisone. Pavia, 1905.Clementina Chiavola. Delia vita e deW opera di TitoCalpurnio Siculo. Ragusa, 1921.J. Wight Duff. A Literarij History of Rome in theSilver Age, pp. 330-338. London, 1927.J. Hubaux. Les themes bucoliques dans la poesielatine. Brussels, 1930.E. Cesareo. La poesia di Calpurnio Siculo. Palermo,1931.215

INTRODUCTION TOSIGLAUsed by H. Schexkl ix Postgate's C. P. L.The Best Group ofMSS.N = Neapolitanus 380. end of 14th cent, or beginningof I5th.G = Gaddianus 90, 12 in Laurentian Library,Florence : 15th cent. [Akin to N, but some-A = Nicolaus Angelius' readings from theIXFERIOR MSS.V = " vulgaris notae libri," of I5th or I6th cent, andinterpolated. [Schenkl divides them into twoclasses :V = the slightly betterw = the worst.Giarratano dislikes Schenkl's subdivision intou and ic]what inferior.]now lostMS. brought by Thadeus Ugoletus from Ger-they were entered in the year 1492 onmany :the margin of codex Riccardianus 363 atFlorence.H = Readings in codex Harleianus 2578, 16th cent.,apparently from a manuscript of Boccaccio'sor the manuscript of Ugoletus." Baehrens, the first collator of G, inclined to overvalue itSchenkl, on the other hand, perhaps ovo'valued N. Giarratanopleads for a fair estimate of the merits of G, even if N ison the whole the better manuscript.2l6

CALPLRXIUS SICULUSAx Intervening CiroupP = Parisinus 8049, 12th cent. ; only reaches Ed.IV. 12.Exc. Par. = Extracts from Calpurnius and Nemesianusin two Jiorilegia, liber Parisinus7647, 12th cent., and liber Parisinus17903, 13th cent.[The texts of H. Schenkl and of Giarratanohave been taken into account in determiningthe readings adopted.]217

CALPURNIUSSICULUSCoRYDOX :OrxytusC. Nondum solis equos declinis mitigat aestas,quamvis et madidis incumbant prela racemiset spument rauco ferventia musta susurro.cernis ut ecce pater quas tradidit, Ornyte, vaccaemolle sub hirsuta latus explicuere genista ? 5nos quoque vicinis cur non succedimus umbris ?torrida cur solo defendimus ora galero ?O. hoc potius, frater Corydon, nemus, antra petamusista patris Fauni. graciles ubi pinea densetsilva comas rapidoque caput levat obvia soli, 10bullantes ubi fagus aquas radice sub ipsaprotegit et ramis errantibus implicat umbras.C. quo me cumque vocas, sequor, Ornyte ; nam meaLeuce,dum negat amplexus nocturnaque gaudia nobis,per\-ia cornigeri fecit sacraria Fauni. 15prome igitur calamos et si qua recondita servas.nee tibi defuerit mea fistula, quam mihi nupermatura docilis compegit harundine Ladon.2i8^ declinis NA : declivis GV : declivus P.

CALPURNIUSSICULUSECLOGUE ICoRYDON :OrnytusNot yet doth the waning summer tame the sun'shorses, although the wine-presses are squeezing thejuicy clusters and a hoarse whisper comes from thefoaming must as it ferments. Look, Ornytus, doyou see how comfortably the cattle our father trustedus to watch have lain do\Mi to rest in the shaggybroom ?Why do not we also make for the neighbouringshade r Why only a cap to protect oursunburnt faces rRather let us seek this grove, brother Corydon,the grottoes over there, the haunt of Father Faunus,where the pine forest thickly spreads its delicatefoliage and rears its head to meet the sun's fiercerays, where the beech shields the waters that bubble'neath its very roots, and with its stravina; boua:hscasts a tangled shade.Whithersoever you call me, Ornytus, I follow. Forby refusing my embraces and denying me nightlypleasures, my Leuce has left it lawful for me toenter the shrine of horned Faunus. Produce yourreed-pipes then and any song you keep stored foruse. My pipe, you will find, will not fail you—thepipe that Ladon's skill fashioned for me lately outof a ripely seasoned reed.219

MINOR LATIN POETSO. et iani captatae pariter successinius umbrae,sed quaenam sacra descripta est pagina fago,quam modo nescio quis properanti falce notavit ?aspicis ut virides etiam nunc littera rimasservet et arenti nondum se laxet hiatu ?C. Ornyte, fer propius tua lumina : tu potes altocortice descriptos citius percurrere versusnam tibi longa satis pater internodia largusprocerumque dedit mater non invida corpus.O. non pastor, non haec trivial! more viator,sed deus ipse canit : nihil armentale resultat,nee montana sacros distinguunt iubila versus.C. mira refers ; sed rumpe moras oculoque sequaciquamprimum nobis divinum perlege carmen.O. " qui iuga, qui silvas tueor, satus aethere Faunus,haec populis ventura cano : iuvat arbore sacralaeta patefactis incidere carmina fatis.vos o praecipue nemorum gaudete coloni,vos populi gaudete mei : licet omne vagetursecuro custode pecus nocturnaque pastorclaudere fraxinea nolit praesepia cratenon tamen insidias praedator ovilibus ullasaiferet aut laxis abiget iumenta capistris.aurea secura cum pace renascitur aetaset redit ad terras tandem squalore situquealma Themis posito iuvenemque beata sequuntur25 codice GA.^^ fatis Ulitius : fagis codd." Themis, the Greek goddess of justice, was driven fromearth by man's deterioration after the fabled Golden Age.Poets also called her " Astraea." Squalore situque conveysan image of the Goddess in her broken-hearted banishment,squalore suggesting mourning (as in Cicero often)

'peoplesCALPURNIUS SICULUS\.Now we have both come beneath the shade wesought. But what legend is this inscribed upon thehallowed beech, which someone of late has scoredwith hasty knife ? Do you notice how the lettersstill preserve the fresh greenness of their cuttingand do not as yet gape with sapless slit ?. Ornytus, look closer. You can more quickly scanthe lines inscribed on the bark high up. You havelength enough of limb by the bounty of your father,and tall stature ungrudgingly transmitted by yourmother.These be no wayside by shepherd ». verses in style orby traveller: 'tis a very god who sings. No ringhere of cattle-stall ; nor do alpine yodellings makerefrains for the sacred lay.. You tell of miracles ! Away with dallying ; and atonce with eager eye read me through the inspiredpoem.t. '' I, Faunus of celestial birth, guardian of hill andforest, foretell to the nations that these things shallcome. Upon the sacred tree I please to carve thejoyous lay in which destiny is revealed. Rejoiceabove all, ye denizens of the woods; rejoice, yewho are mine ! All the herd may stray andyet no care trouble its guardian : the shepherd mayneglect to close the pens at night with wattles ofash-wôod — yet no robber shall bring his crafty plotupon the fold, or loosing the halters drive the bullocksoff. Amid untroubled peace, the Golden Age springsto a second birth ; at last kindly Themis," throwingoff the gathered dust of her mourning, returns to theearth ; blissful ages attend the youthful prince whoand situ the dust that has gathered round her in her motionlessgrief. Now the poet pictures her springing to life again.221

MINOR LATIN POETSsaecula, maternis causani qui vicit lulls. 45duni populos deus ipse reget, dabit impia \actaspost tergum Bellona manus spoliataque telisin sua vesanos torquebit viscera morsuset, modo quae toto civilia distulit orbe,secum bella geret : nuUos iam Roma Philippos 50deflebit, nullos ducet captiva triumphosomnia Tartareo subigentur carcere bellaimmergentque caput tenebris lucemque timebunt.Candida pax aderit ;nee solum Candida vultu,qualis saepe fuit quae libera Marte professo, 55quae domito procul hoste tamen grassantibusarmispublica difFudit tacito discordia ferro :omne procul vitium simulatae cedere pacisiussit et insanos dementia contudit enses.nulla catenati feralis pompa senatuscarnificum lassabit opus, nee carcere plenoinfelix raros numerabit Curia patres.plena quies aderit, quae stricti nescia ferrialtera Saturni referet Latialia regna,altera regna Numae, qui primus ovantia caede 65agmina, Romuleis et adhuc ardentia castrisGO45 vicit XP: vIcit G: lusit V. iiUis XGPV: inulnLs A.^5 quae codd. : ceu Baehrens,5^ iubila Oodofr. Hermann : vulnera Leo : fulmina H.Schenkl in not. : publica codd. {quo servato confodit t.praecordia f. Maehly).

CALPIRNIUS SICULUSpleaded a successful case for tlu- luli of the mothertown (of Troy).'' Wliile he, a very Ciod, shall rulethe nations, the unholy War-(ioddess shall yield andhave her vanquished hands bound behind her back,and, stripped of weapons, turn her furious teeth intoher own entrails ; upon herself shall she wage thecivil wars which of late she spread o'er all the worldno battles like Philippi shall Rome lament henceforth: no triumph o'er her captive self shall shecelebrate. All wars shall be quelled in Tartareandurance : they shall plunge the head in darkness,and dread the light. Fair peace shall come, fairnot in visage alone—such as she often was when,though free from open war, and with distant foesubdued, she yet 'mid the riot of arms spread*•national strife with secret '' steel. Clemency hascommanded every vice that wears the disguise ofpeace to betake itself afar : she has broken everymaddened sword-blade. Xo more sliall the funerealprocession of a fettered senate weary the headsmanat his task ; no more will crowded prison leave onlya senator here and there for the unhappy Curia tocount. Peace '^ in her fullness shall come ; knowingnot the drawn sword, she shall renew once more thereign of Saturn in Latium, once more the reign ofNuma who first taught the tasks of peace to armiesthat rejoiced in slaughter and still drew fromRomulus' camp their fiery spirit—Numa who first'^The reference is to an early oration by Xero on behalf ofthe inhabitants of Ilium (Suet. NerOy 7; Tac. Ann. xii. 58).^This is best taken as a reference to the Roman invasion ofBritain in Claudius' reign.•If publicn is right, discordia must be plural of discordiion,a rare neuter form.^ There were many arbitrary executions ordered by Claudius.223

MINOR LATIN POETSpacis opus docuit iussitque silentibus armisinter sacra tubas, non inter bella, sonare.iam nee adumbrati faciem mercatus honorisnee vacuos tacitus fasces et inane tribunal 70accipiet consul ;sed legibus omne reductisius aderit moremque fori vultumque prioremreddet, et afflictum melior deus auferet aevum.exultet quaecumque notum gens ima iacentemerectumve colit boream, quaecumque vel ortu 75vel patet occasu mediove sub aethere fervit.cernitis ut puro nox iam vicesima caelofulgeat et placida radiantem luce cometemproferat ? ut liquidum niteat sine vulnere plenus ?numquid utrumque polum, sicut solet, ignecruento 80spargit et ardenti scintillat sanguine lampas ?at quondam non talis erat, cum Caesare raptoindixit miseris fatalia civibus arma.scilicet ipse deus Romanae pondera molisfortibus excipiet sic inconcussa lacertis, 85ut neque translati sonitu fragor intonet orbisnee prius ex meritis defunctos Roma penatescenseat, occasus nisi cum respexerit ortus."'® tepet Postgate : patet codd. fervit GP : servit NV.'^ niteat Ulitius : mutat XG : mittat P : nutet Vnonnulli: nictet Barth.^^ prius a XG : pfios = patrios Diets apiid Levy,Gnomon^ 1928, pp. 594 sqq." The comet of lines 77 sqq. is taken to be the comet ofA.D. 54 which was believed to have heralded the death of224

CALPLllXIUS SICULUSluislied the clash of arms and bade the trumpet-ôimd 'mid lioly rites instead of war. No more-hall the consul purchase the form of a shadowydignity or, silenced, receive worthless fasces and"'. aninsrless judgement-seat. Nay, laws shall bet ored ; right will come in fullest force ; a kinderiiud will renew the former tradition and look of theForum and displace the age of oppression. Let allthe peoples rejoice, whether they dwell furthestdown in the low south or in the uplifted north,whether they face the east or west or burn beneaththe central zone. Do ye mark how^ already for atwentieth time the night is agleam in an uncloudedsky, displaying a comet radiant in tranquil light ?and how brightly, with no presage of bloodshed,twinkles its undiminished lustre ? Is it with anytrace of blood-hued flame that, as is a comet's way,it besprinkles either pole ? does its torch flash withgory fire ? But aforetime it was not such, when, atCaesar's taking off, it pronounced upon lucklesscitizens the destined wars.** Assuredly a very godshall take in his strong arms the burden of themassive Roman state so unshaken, that the worldwill pass to a new ruler without the crash of reverberatingthunder, and tjiat Rome will not regardthe dead as deified in accord with merit ere thedawn of one reign can look back on the setting ofthe last."^Claudius, Suet. Claud. 4(3. Similarh',' Virgil, Georg. I. 487 sqq.,described the celestial portents accompanying the assassinationof Julius Caesar." The words seem obscurely to imply a succession to imperialpower without disturbance or interregnum. By one of hisearly acts, Xero proclaimed divine honours for his predecessor,Claudius.VOL. I.O225

MINOR LATIN POETSC. Ornyte, iam dudum velut ipso numine plenumme quatit et mixtus subit inter gaudia terror. 90sed bona facundi veneremur numina Fauni.O. carmina, quae nobis deus obtulit ipse canenda,dicamus teretique sonum modulemin* avenaforsitan augustas feret haec Meliboeus ad aures.IIIdas : Astacus : ThyrsisIntactam Crocalen puer Astacus et puer Idas,Idas lanigeri dominus gregis, Astacus horti,dilexere diu. formosus uterque nee imparvoce sonans. hi cum terras gravis ureret aestas,ad gelidos fontes et easdem forte sub umbras 5conveniunt dulcique simul contendere cantupignoribusque parant : placet, hie ne velleraseptem,ille sui \ictus ne messem vindicet hortiet magnum certamen erat sub iudice Thyrsi,adfuit omne genus pecudum, genus omne ferarumet quodcumque vagis altum ferit aera pennis. 11convenit umbrosa quicumque sub ilice lentaspascit oves, Faunusque pater Satyrique bicornesadfuerunt sicco Dryades pede. Naides udo,®^ plenum XGP : plenus V.II. ^ Crotalem X.^ ulmos PV : umbras NG.' hie ne Baehrens : hie ut codd.^^ quaecumque codd. : quodcumque Ulitius. altumcodd. : avium Barth.226

ICALPURNIUS SICULUSOrnytus, Umv^ has my very heinii;, full of the ijod'sown spirit, been thrilled with awe : min

MINOR LATIN POETSet tenuere suos properantia flumina cursus 15desistiint tremulis incurrere frondibus Eurialtaque per totos fecere silentia montes :omnia cessabant, neglectaque pascua taiiricalcabant, illis etiam certantibus ausa estdaedala nectareos apis intermittere flores. 20iamque sub annosa medius consederat umbraThyrsis et " o pueri me iudice pignora " dixit" irrita sint moneo : satis hoc mercedis habeto,si laudem victor, si fert opprobria victus.et nunc alternos magis ut distinguere cantus 25possitis, ter quisque manus iactate micantes."nee mora :decernunt digitis, prior incipit Idas.I. me Silvanus amat, dociles mihi donat avenaset mea frondenti circumdat tempora taeda.ille etiam parvo dixit mihi non leve carmen : 30" iam levis obliqua crescit tibi fistula canna."A. at mihi Flora comas pallenti gramine pingitet matura mihi Pomona sub arbore ludit." accipe " dixerunt Nymphae " puer, accipefontesiam potes irriguos nutrire canalibus hortos." 35I. me docet ipsa Pales cultum gregis, ut niger albaeterga maritus ovis nascenti mutet in agna,23 habete Kempfer, Baehrens.31 crescat NGP : crescit V, Keene : crescet Maehly.32 et APV : at NG. pallenti 7)e Rooy : parienti codd.pingit XGP : cingit Ha apt.33matura mihi codd. et mihi matura Pomona sub arboreplaudit Haupt : alii alia.228

CALPURNIUS SICULUShastening torrents stayed their courses. Eastwindsceased their rush upon the quivering leavesand so made deep silence over all the hills ; everythingstood idle ; bulls trampled the pasture, Mhichthey heeded not ; during that contest even thecraftsman bee ventured to leave unvisited thenectar-yielding flowers. Now under the shade of anaged tree had Thyrsis taken his seat between themand said, " Lads, if I am to be judge, I urge thatthe stakes count for nothing. Let sufficient recompensebe won herefrom, if the victor take the gloryand the vanquished the reproach. Now, the betterto mark off your alternate songs, raise in suddenmovement each your hands three times." " Theyobey at once. The finger-trial decides, and Idasbegins first.I am loved of Silvanus—he gives me reeds to obeymy will—he wreathes my temples with leaves ofpine. To me while yet a boy he uttered thisprophecy of no slender import: " Already upon thesloping reed there grows a slender pipe for thee."But my locks doth Flora adorn Avith pale-greengrasses, and for me Pomona in her ripeness sportsbeneath the tree. " Take, boy," said the nymphs,**take for yourself these fountains. Now with thechannels you can feed your well-watered orchard."Pales herself teaches me the breeding of a flock,how a black ram mated with a white ewe producesa changed colour in the fleece of the lamb born to" In the Itahan game of mora, the two players raiseeach callingsimultaneously any number of fingers they like,out a number, v»-hi(h •wins if it gives the correct sum of thefingers raised by both. Here the winner is the one whomakes the best score out of three rounds.229

MINOR LATIN POETSquae neque diversi speciem servare parentispossit et ambiguo testetur utrumque colore.A. non minus arte mea mutabilis induit arbos 40ignotas frondes et non gentilia poma :ars mea nunc malo pira temperat et modo cogitinsita praecoquibus subrepere persica prunis.I. me teneras salices iuvat aut oleastra putareet gregibus portare novis, ut carpere frondes 45condiscant primoque recidere gramina morsu,ne depulsa vagas quaerat fetura parentes,A. at mihi cum fulvis radicibus arida telluspangitur, irriguo perfunditur area fonteet satiatur aqua, sucos ne forte priores 50languida mutata quaerant plantaria terra.I. o si quis Crocalen deus afferat I hunc ego terris,hunc ego sideribus solum regnare fateborsecernamque nemus dicamque " ; sub arbore numenhac erit ; ite procul—sacer est locus—ite profani."A. urimur in Crocalen : si quis mea vota deorum 56audiat, huic soli, virides qua gemmeus undasfons agit et tremulo percurrit lilia rivo,inter pampineas ponetur faginus ulmos.I. ne contemne casas et pastoralia tecta : 60rusticus est, fateor, sed non et barbarus Idas,saepe vaporato mihi cespite palpitat agnus,saepe cadit festis devota Parilibus agna.^^ genitalia i-ulgo : gentilia iv.*" vagos codd. : vagas ScaUger.*8 at XG : et PV. fulvis codd. : vulsis {vel furvis)Burman. arida NGA : altera PV." panditur V.5* decernamque XGPH : dicam naraqiie V : discernamqueGlaeser : secernamque Grunov.^^ hoc erit codd. : hac erit Ulitius : incolit Giarratano." parilibus P : paliribus NG : palilibus V.230

C'ALPURNIUS SK'ULUSit. insoinucli that tlio lamb cannot preserve thea])pearance of the sire so different from its dam,and yet testifies to both by varied colour.V. No less transformable by my cunning, the tree putson a dress of alien leaves and fruits of a diverse>pecies. My cunning now crosses pears with applesand anon constrains engrafted peaches to supplantthe early plums.. It is my joy to lop branches from tender willow orwild olive and carry them to the young flocks, thatthey may learn to nibble the leaves and crop theherbage with early bite, lest the lambs thoughweaned may follow their straying dams.^. But I, when I plant tawny roots in the parchedground, drench the flower-bed with a welling floodand give it water in plenty lest haply the slipsdroop with the change of soil and feel the need oftheir former moisture.[. Oh, if some god bring me Crocale here, him will Iacknowledge sole ruler of earth and stars. Untohim will I hallow a grove and say, " Beneath thistree a divinity shall dwell. Begone, ye uninitiated,begone ftir hence, 'tis holy ground."\. I burn with love for Crocal(*: if any of the godshear my prayer, to him alone shall be dedicated abeechen bowl among the vine-clad elms, where thesparkling brook speeds its waters, where it flowsamong the lilies with its rippling stream.[. Scorn not the cottage and a shepherd's homestead.Idas is a rustic, I allow ; but he is not a savage too.Oft on the altar of smoking peat writhes the lamboffered by me, oft in death falls the ewe-lambdevoted at the festival of Pales.231

MINOR LATIN POETSA. nos quoque pomiferi laribus consuevimus hortimittere primitias et fingere liba Priapo, 65rorantesque favos damus et liquentia mellanee fore grata minus, quam si caper imbuat aras.I. roille sub uberibus balantes pascimus agnas,totque Tarentinae praestant mihi vellera matresper totum niveus premitur mihi caseus annum : 70si venias, Crocale, totus tibi serviet hornus.A. qui numerare velit quam multa sub arbore nostrapoma legam, tenues citius numerabit harenas.semper holusaestasmetimus, nee bruma nee impeditsi venias, Crocale, totus tibi serviet hortus. 75I. quamvis siccus ager languentes excoquat herbas,sume tamen calathos nutanti lacte coactos :vellera tunc dabimus, cum primum tempusapricumsurget et a tepidis fiet tonsura Kalendis.A. at nos, quos etiam praetorrida munerat aestas, 80mille renidenti dabimus tibi cortice Chias,castaneasque nuces totidem, cum sole Decembrimaturis nucibus virides rumpentur echinni.^5 figere NGPA : fundere V : fingere edd. ant.^' sunt NGP : fore vel fere V.'^ annus vulgo : hornus cod. Titii., edd. ant.« Flora, Pomona and Priapus are the " Lares " of thegarden.232

CALPURNIUS SICULUS1 too have been wont to offer first-fruits to tlie iôds ^who protect my apple-orchard and to mould forPriapus cakes of sacrifice. Dripping combs of tricklinghoney I present—nor think they shall be lessacceptable to heaven than a goat's blood stainingthe altar.A thousand lambs I feed which bleat beneath their•mother's teats ; as many Tarentine ewes yield metheir fleeces.'' Throuiihout the year I press thesnow-white cheese : if you come, Crocale, the wholeproduce of this year will be at your command.He mIio would count what multitude of apples Igather under my trees will sooner count fine sand.Ever am I plucking the green fruits of the earthneither midwinter nor summer stays me. If youcome, Crocale, the whole garden will be at yourcommand.Although the parched field is withering the droopinggrass, yet accept from me pails of quivering curdledmilk. Fleeces will I give in the early days ofspring sunshine so soon as sheep-shearing startswith the temperate kalends.-But I who receive gifts even from the scorchingsummer vdW give you a thousand Chian figs ofglistening skin, and as many chestnuts, when theDecember sun ripens the nuts and their green husksburst.Sheep from the district of Tarentum in South Italy were'famed for the good quality of their wool : Varro, R.R., II.ii. 18; Columella, R.B., VII, ii. .3; iv. 3: cf. Horace's referenceto the valuable fleeces of sheep pasturing near theneighbouring river, the Galaesus, Od. II. vi. 10.' The moderately warm weather in the months betweenthe spring equinox and midsummer is recommended forshearing by Varro, R.R. II. xi. G.

MINOR LATIN POETSI. num, precor. inforaiis videor tibi: num gravisannis?decipiorque miser, quotiens moUissima tango 85ora nianu primique sequor vestigia florisnescius et gracili digitos lanugine fallo ?A. fontibiis in liquidis quotiens me conspicor, ipseadmiror totiens. etenim sic flore iuventaeinduimur vultus, ut in arbore saepe notavi 90cerea sub tenui lucere cydonia lana.I. carmina poscit amor, nee fistula cedit amori.sed fugit ecce dies revocatque crepuscula vesper,hinc tu, Daphni, greges, illinc agat Alphesiboeus.A. iam resonant frondes, iam cantibus obstrepitarbosi procul, o Doryla, plenumque reclude canalem, 96et sine iam dudum sitientes irriget hortos.vix ea finierant, senior cum talia Thyrsis" este pares et ob hoc Concordes vivite ; nam voset decor et cantus et amor sociavit et aetas." 100IIIloLLAS :LycidasNumquid in hac, Lycida, vidisti forte iuvencamvalle meam ? solet ista tuis occurrere tauris,et iam paene duas, dum quaeritur, eximit horasnee tamen apparet. duris ego perdita ruscis^^ hie procul P. o GV : y N : et P : i Hmipl. primumquecodd. : plenumque Haupt, H. Schenkl : rivumqueBathrens : pronumque C. Schenkl. canalem PV : canalecanali Baehrens.NG :234

CALPURNIUS SICULUS. Tell mc, pray, you do not think nic imconicly, dovou ? not laden with years ? Is it my ill fortune tol)e deceived whenever my hand touches my tendercheeks and when unconsciously I trace the marksof my first bloom and beguile my fingers with theslender down ?v. Whenever I see my image in the clear stream Iwonder at myself. For my visage clothes itselfwith the bloom of youth in like manner as I haveoft remarked wax-like quinces glistening under thedelicate down upon their tree.. Love calls for song : nor is the pipe unequal to thecall of love ; but lo ! the day departs and eveningbrings the gloaming back. On this side, Daphnis,drive the flocks—on that let Alphesiboeus drivethem home.v.. Now are the leaves a-rustling; now the forestdrowns our song. Go yonder, Dorylas, go ; andopen full the channel. Let it water the gardenplotswhich have thirsted so long.Scarce had they finished so, when Thyrsis full ofyears gave judgement thus: "Be equal: livetherefore in amity ; for beauty and song, love andyouth, have made you comrades both."ECLOGUE IIIloLLAS :LycidasHave you chanced, Lycidas, to see a heifer of minein this vale ? She is wont to go to meet your bulls.By now the search for her has wasted nearly twohours ; and in spite of all she is not to be seen.For long have my legs been hurt by the rough235

MINOR LATIN POETSiam dudum nuUus dubitavi crura rubetis 5scindere, nee qiiiequam post tantiim sanguinisegi.L. non satis attendi : nee enim vaeat. uror, lolla,uror, et immodice : Lveidan ingrata reliquitPhyllis amatque novum post tot mea muneraMopsiun.I. mobilior ventis o feniina ! sic tua Phyllis 10quae sibi, nam memini, si quando solus abesses,mella etiam sine te iurabat amara videri.L. altius ista querar, si forte vacabis, lolla.has pete nunc salices et laevas flecte sub ulmos.nam cum prata calent, illic requiescere noster 15taurus amat gelidaque iacet spatiosus in umbraet matutinas revocat palearibus herbas.I. non equidem, Lycida, quamvis contemptus, abibo.Tityre, quas dixit, salices pete solus et illinc,si tamen invenies, deprensam verbere multo 20hue age ; sed fractum referas hastile memento,nunc age die, Lycida : quae noxam magna tulereiurgia ? quis vestro deus intervenit amori ?L. Phyllide contentus sola (tu testis, lolla)Callirhoen sprevi, quamvis cum dote rogaret 25en, sibi cum Mopso calamos intexere ceraincipit et puero comitata sub ilice cantat.^ nullus Heinsius : nullis codd.^^ quavis NG : quamvis PV. contemptus P : contentusNGV nonnulli."2 vos tarn PV :nos tam G : noxam Baehrens.° Palearia, strictly the dewlap or skin hanging fromthe neck of oxen, is loosely used here for mouth andthroat.236

CALPl RNIUS SICULUSl)n>om and yt*l 1 liavc nowise sin-unk from lettingtlic bramble thickets scratch them: and after sonuich loss of blood I have effected nothing.I ])nid not enoii«]^h heed; for I have not the time.1 burn, I burn with love, lollas—beyond all measure.Phyllis has left her Lycidas ungratefully, and afterall my presents has found a new lover in Mopsus.O woman more inconstant than the wind ! Is itthus with your Phyllis, who, I remember, when youalone were absent, would swear that without youhoney itself seemed bitter ?These troubles I will tell more fully, when youchance to have leisure, lollas. Search now thesewillows, and turn beneath the elms on the left.For there, when 'tis hot in the meadows, my bullloves to rest, as he reclines his great bulk in thecool shade, and in his mouth chews the cud afterhis morning's grazing."No, Lycidas, I will not go away, though thusmocked by you. Tityrus,'' by yourself make forthose willows he spoke of, and if indeed you findthe heifer, catch her and drive her thence withmany a blow here ; but remember to bring backyour broken crook. Come now, Lycidas, tell me.What great quarrel has brought the mischief ?Whatgod has come to sunder the love of you two ?Content with only Phyllis (you are my witness,lollas), I spurned Callirhoe although she asked mylove with a dowry to offer. Then, lo ! Phyllis beginsto take Mopsus' aid in joining reeds with wax andshe sings beneath the oak attended by the youth.* lollas bids his attendant search for the missing heifer,while he stays behind to hear about Lycidas' quarrel -with hissweetheart. Similarly in Theocr. Idyll. Til. 1 sqq. it is Tityrusw lio has to work while his master indulges in love and song.237

MINOR LATIN POETShaec ego cum vidi, fateor, sic intimus arsi,ut nihil ulterius tulerim. nam protinus ambasdiduxi tmiicas et pectora nuda cecidi. 30Alcippen irata petit dixitque :" relicto,improbe, te, Lycida, Mopsum tua Phyllis amabit."nunc penes Alcippen manet ; ac ne forte negetur,a I vereor ; nee tam nobis ego Phyllida reddiexopto quam cum Mopso iurgetur anhelo. 35a te coeperunt tua iurgia ;victas tende manus :vel cum prima nocet.tu prior illidecet indulgere puellae,si quid mandare iuvabit,sedulus iratae contingam nuntius aures.iam dudum meditor, quo Phyllida carmine placem.forsitan audito poterit mitescere cantu ;41et solet ilia meas ad sidera ferre Camenas.die age ; nam cerasi tua cortice verba notaboet decisa feram rutilanti carmina libro." has tibi, Phylli, preces iam pallidus, hos tibicantudat Lycidas, quos nocte miser modulatur acerba, 46dum flet et excluso disperdit lumina somno.non sic destricta marcescit turdus oliva,non lepus, extremas legulus cum sustulit uvas,ut Lycidas domina sine Phyllide tabidus erro. 50te sine, vae misero, mihi lilia nigra videntur30 deduxi V.33 negetur XGP : vagetur V.3^ cum G : quod XPHV.*' excluso NGP : excusso V. disperdit NGPH : dispergitV : distergit Scaliger.238

CALPURXIUS SICULUS\\ lien I saw this, I own, such fh-e I felt within thatI could endure no more : at once I tore open bothher vests and beat her naked breast. In fury shewent to Alcippe, saying as she went, " SpitefulLycidas, your Phyllis will abandon you and giveher love to Mopsus." And now in Alcippe 's houseshe stays : and oh, I fear that entry will be refusedme. But more than I desire to have Phyllis restoredto me, do I pant" to see her quarrel with Mopsus.It was with you that your quarrel began. You mustbe the first to stretch out to her your hands insurrender. It is fitting to show indulgence to a girl,even when she is the aggressor. If you please tosend any word to her, I as your messenger will takecare to win your angry mistress' ear.Long have I been pondering with what song I amto pacify Phyllis. Mayhap, when she hears my lay,she can be softened : and it is her way to laud mypoetry to the stars.Come, speak—for I will carve your words upon thebark of the cherry-tree and then cut away the lineson the red rind and take them to her." These prayers, Phyllis, your Lycidas, now wan withgrief, despatches to you, this song which in miseryhe plays through the painful night, weeping thewhile and by banishment of sleep doing despite tohis eyes. No thrush grows thin so much when theolive-tree is stripped, nor hare when the gleaner hasgathered the last grapes, as I, Lycidas, have pineda-wandering without Phyllis for my queen. Withoutyou (poor wretch that I am!), lilies seem black to" anhelo might be an adjective — " the wheezy Mopsus " :exopto would then govern first an infinitive {reddi) andsecondly a subjunctive {iurgetur).239

MINOR LATIN POETSnee sapiunt fontes et aeescunt vina bibenti.at si tu venias, et Candida lilia fientet sapient fontes et dulcia vina bibentur.ille ego sum Lycidas, quo te cantante solebas 55dicere felicem, cui dulcia saepe dedistioscula nee medios dubitasti rumpere cantusatque inter calamos errantia labra petisti.a dolor ! et post haec placuit tibi torrida Mopsivox et carmen iners et acerbae stridor avenae ? 60quern sequeris? quern, Phylli, fugis ? formosiorillodicor, et hoc ipsimi mihi tu iurare solebas.sum quoque divitior : certaverit ille tot haedospascere quot nostri numerantur vespere tauri.quid tibi quae nosti referam ? scis, optima Phylli,quam numerosa meis siccetur bucula mulctris G6et quam multa suos suspendat ad ubera natos.sed mihi nee gracilis sine te fiscella salictotexitur et nullo tremuere coagula lacte.quod si dura times etiam nunc verbera, Phylli, 70tradimus ecce manus : licet illae vimine torto,si libet, et lenta post tergum vite domentur,ut mala nocturni religavit bracchia MopsiTityrus et furem medio suspendit ovili. 74accipe, ne dubites, meruit manus utraque poenas.his tamen, his isdem manibus tibi saepe palumbes,saepe etiam leporem decepta matre paventemmisimus in gremium ;per me tibi lilia primacontigerunt primaeque rosae : vixdum beneflorem"^ gracili edd. ant."^ scilicet codd. : si libct Burman : sou licet //. Schenhl:sic licet Giarralano.'5 dubita PV.240

CALPLRNIUS SICl LISmc, fountains lose their taste and wine as I drinkturns sour. But if you come, lilies will grow whiteagain, fountains taste aright and wine be sweet todrink. I am that Lycidas at whose singing youused to declare your joy, to whom you gave many atender kiss, whose strains half-sung you did nothesitate to interrupt by seeking my lips as theystrayed o'er the reed-pipe. O sorrow! and, afterthat, have you been pleased by the harsh voice ofMopsus, his lifeless song and the shriek of hisstrident pipe ? Whom do you follow ? and whom,Phvllis, do vou avoid ? I am called more comelythan he, and that is but what you were wont to sayto me on oath. Besides, I am richer ; let him viein pasturing as many kids as there are bulls of minecounted at even-tide. Why should I rehearse toyou what you know? You are aware, darlingPhyllis, how many heifers are milked over mypails, and how many have calves clinging to theirteats. But when you are gone, I can weave noslender basket-work out of willow-withes : no milkquivers in its curdled form. But if even now,Phyllis, you are afraid of cruel blows, see, I surrendermy hands : let them, if you choose, be boundwith twisted osier and the tough vine-twig behindmy back, as Tityrus once bound the knavish armsof your night-prowler Mopsus, and strung the thiefup inside his sheepfold. Take them, be not slow;both hands have earned their punishment. Yetwith these, yes, these same hands, have I many atime put turtle-doves or a frightened hare into yourlap, after snaring their mother ; through me it wasyour luck to get the earliest lilies and the earliestroses ; scarce had the bee well partaken of theVOL. I.R241

MINOR LATIN POETSdegustarat apis, tu cingebare coronis. 80aurea sed forsan mendax tibi munera iactat,qui metere occidua ferales nocte lupinosdicitur et cocto pensare legumine panemqui sibi tunc felix. tunc fortunatus habetur,\'ilia cuni subigit manualibus hordea saxis. 85quod si turpis amor precibus, quod abominor, istisobstiterit. laqueum miseri nectemus ab iliailice, quae nostros primum violavit amores.hi tamen ante mala figentur in arbore versus*credere, pastores, levibus nolite puellis ; 90Phyllida Mopsus habet, Lycidan habet ultimarerum.' "nunc age, si quicquam miseris succurris, lolla,perfer et exora modulate Phyllida cantu.ipse procul stabo vel acuta carice tectusvel propius latitans vicina sepe sub horti. 95ibimus : et veniet, nisi me praesagia fallunt.nam bonus a ! dextrum fecit mihi Tityrus omen,qui redit inventa non irritus ecce iuvenca.^" degustabat codd. : degustarat Heinsius.®" a dextrum Baehrens : a dextro GPV plerique : adextra HV nonnulli.42

CALPURNIIS SICULISflo^vor wlu-n you were crowned with cliaj)!!!^. Hutperhaps he may lyin

namMINOR LATIN POETSIVMeliboeus : Corydox : AmyntasM. Quid tacitus, Corydon, vultuque subinde minaciquidve sub hac platano, quam garrulus adstrepitumor,insueta statione sedes ? iuvat algida forsanripa levatque diem vicini spiritus aninis ?C. carmina iani dudum, non quae neniorale resultent, 5volvimus, o Meliboee ; sed haec, quibus aureapossintsaecula cantari, quibus et deus ipse canatur,qui populos urbesque regit pacemque togatam.M. dulce quidem resonas. nee te diversus Apollodespicit, o iuvenis, sed magnae nuniina Romae 10non ita cantari debent, ut ovile Menalcae.C. quicquid id est, silvestre licet videatur acutisauribus et nostro tantum memorabile pagonunc mea rusticitas, si non valet arte politacarminis, at certe valeat pietate probari. 15rupe sub hac eadem. quam proxima pinusobumbrat,haec eadem nobis frater meditatur Amyntas,quem vicina meis natalibus admovet aetas.M. iam puerum calamos et odorae vincula ceraeiungere non cohibes, levibus quem saepe cicutis 20ludere conantem vetuisti fronte paterna ?dicentem, Corydon, te non semel ista notavi3 insueta XGH : inseta P : infesta cod. Vat. Urb. 353.huraida cod^. : algida Baehrens : herbida H. Schenkl.^ urbemque V.^2 in hoc versa desinit P.^* nunc XG, Exc. Par. : dumC. Schenkl.244V :Baehrens : non

CALPLRNIUS SK LLUS'ECLOGUE IVMeliboeus : Corydox : Amyntasvl.Corydon, why sit you silent with a visage that bodessomething ever and anon? Why sit you in anunwonted place, beneath this plane-tree at whoseroots brawl the prattling waters ? Maybe you likethe watery bank, where the breeze from the neighbouringstream assuages the heat of day ?'.lor long, Meliboeus, have I been pondering verses,\ rrses of no woodland ring but fit to celebrate theuolden age, to praise even that very god who issovereign over nations and cities and toga-clad peace.rl. Sweet of sound are your lays and 'tis not with colddisdain that Apollo looks upon you, young Corydonbut the divinities of mighty Rome are not to beextolled in the same style as the sheepfold ofMenalcas.'.Whate'er my song, though it seem boorish to acritic's ears and worthy of record only in my o\vtivillage, yet, as things are, my awkwardness, even iflacking in poetry's polish and skill, must surely winapproval for its loyalty. Beneath this same rockshaded by the nearest pine-tree, kindred strains tomine are composed by my brother Amyntas, whoseneighbouring years bring his time of birth nearto mine.i. Ah! do you not now stop the lad from joining hisIreeds in bonds of fragrant wax, as with a father-likefrown you often checked him when he tried to playon slender hemlock-stems ? Not once alone, Corydon,have I remarked you giving advice like this" Cf. I. 42 sqq.I 245

MINOR LATIN POETS" frange, puer, calamos et inanes desere Musasi, potius glandes rubicundaque collige corna,due ad mulctra greges et lae venale per urbemnon tacitus porta,quo tutere famem ?quid enim tibi fistula reddet,certe mea carmina nemopraeter ab his scopulis ventosa remurmurat echo."C. haec ego, confiteor, dixi, MeUboee, sed ohmnon eadem nobis sunt tempora, non deus idem,spes magis arridet :certe ne fraga rubosquecolligerem viridique famem solarer hibisco,tu facis et tua nos alit indulgentia farretu nostras miseratus opes docilemque iuventamhiberna prohibes ieiunia solvere fago.ecce nihil querulum per te, Meliboee, sonamus;per te secura saturi recubamus in umbraet fruimur silvis Amaryllidos, ultima nuper,litora terrarum. nisi tu, Meliboee, fuisses,ultima visuri trucibusque obnoxia Maurispascua Geryonis, liquidis ubi cursibus ingensdicitur occiduas impellere Baetis harenas.scilicet extremo nunc vilis in orbe iacerem,a dolor Iet pecudes inter conductus Iberasirrita septena modularer sibila cannanee quisquam nostras inter dumeta Camenasrespiceret ; non ipse daret mihi forsitan aurem,ipse deus vacuam, longeque sonantia vota362).24639-40 vocabula litora et ultima traiecit Havpt (opusc. I.

CALPURNIUS SICULUSBoy, break your })ipes, forsake tlie l)e^«rarlyMuses. Go, gather aeorns instead and red eorneleherries; lead lierds to the milking-pails ; loudjin\()ur ery through the city carry your milk for sale.What will the pipe bring you to ward off famine ?Of a truth, no one repeats my lay save the windspedecho from yonder crags."I. This, I confess, I did say, Meliboeus ; but it waslong ago ; our times are not the same now, our godis changed.** Hope wears a more radiant smilein sooth, it is your doing that I no more gatherstrawberries and brambles, or assuage hunger withgreen mallow. Your kindness feeds us with grain.You, in pity for our means and quick-taught youth,stop us from dispelling hunger-pangs with beechnutsin winter. Lo I 'tis thanks to you, Meliboeus,that no complaint passes our lips : thanks to youwe recline well-fed in care-free shade, and enjoythe woodland of Amaryllis.^ But for thee, Meliboeus,we should of late have looked upon the furthest, yea,the furthest shores of earth, Geryon's meadowsexposed to the Moor's fury, where mighty Baetis,*^they say, with flowing currents strikes upon thewestern sands. Doubtless should I now lie an outcastat the world's end, oh. woe I and, but an hireling,among Iberian flocks should be playing onsevenfold pipe my unavailing scrannel tunes : no onewould give a glance at my muses among the thornbushes: he himself, our divine sovereign himself, mayhapwould never lend a leisured ear to me, nor hear," i.e. an emperor has come to the throne, who favourspoetry with his patronage.* The reference is to Virgil's formosam resonare docesAmaryllida .«ilvas. Eel. i. 5.

MINOR LATIN POETSscilicet extremo non exaudiret in orbe.sed nisi forte tuas melior sonus advocat aureset nostris aliena magis tibi carmina rident,vis, hodierna tua subigatur pagina lima ?nam tibi non tantum venturos dicere nimbosagricolis qualemque ferat sol am'eus ortumattribuere dei, sed dulcia caraiina saepeconcinis, et modo te Baccheis Musa corymbismunerat et lauro modo pulcher obumbrat Apollo,quod si tu faveas trepido mihi, forsitan illosexperiar calamos, here q-os mihi doctus lollasdonavit dixitque :conciliat :" truces haec fistula taurosnostroque sonat dulcissima Fauno.Tityrus hanc habuit, cecinit qui primus in istismontibus Hyblaea modulabile carmen avena."M. magna petis, Corydon, si Tityrus esse laboras.ille fuit vates sacer et qui posset avenapraesonuisse chelyn, blandae cui saepe canentiallusere ferae, cui substitit advena quercus.quern modo cantantem rutilo spargebat acanthoXais et implicitos comebat pectine crines.^^ dicere ventos X : discere veiitos GH : dicere nimbosX^ : noscere nimbos V plerique.^^ modulabile carmen V : carmen mulamine (modulabile7n^) X : carmen modukAît G : carmen modulatus//. Schenld." For theories identifying Meliboeus see Introduction-It has been pointed out there that some take this passageas a reference to Seneca.^ The reference is to tragedy (the ivy being sacred toBacchus) and to lyric poetry (the laurel being sacred toApollo).248

( ALPrUNUS SKILLSill sooth, the distant sound of my prayers at earth'sfurthest ends. But if perehance no sweeter melodyIattract your ear, if the songs of others fail to charmyou more than mine, will you let the paê I composeto-day be corrected by your critical file r For notonly have the gods given to you to tell husbandmenof coming rain-storms and of the kind of sunrise aiôlden sunset offers, but you are often the singer ofsweet poetr}'," and now the Muse rewards you withBacchic ivy-clusters, now fair Apollo shades yourbrow with laurel.^ But if you would show fjivourJto my nervous attempts, perhaps I might make trialof those reeds which skilful loUas ^ presented to meyesterday with the words, " This pipe wins oversavage bulls, and makes sweetest melody to our ownFaunus. It once was owned by Tityrus, who amongthese hills of yours was the first to sing his tunefullay on the Hyblaean pipe." Î. You aim high, Corydon, if you strive to be Tityrus.He was a bard inspired, one who could on the reedpipeoutplay the lyre. Often, while he sang, beastsof the wild fawned in frolic near, and the oak cameclose and halted there : did he but sing, a Naiadwould adorn him with red acanthus and dress with acomb his tangled locks.'lolla-s, according to Wernsdorf, stands for a scholar or poetwho had prompted the writing of the Eclogues. Some havesuggested one of Calpurnius' teachers, or even Theocrituswhich conflicts with the idea that Tit^-rus is Virgil. Cesareowisely refuses to identify lollas. La Poesia di Calp. Sic, p. 174."Âncient authority regarded the Tityrus of Virgil'sEclogues as representing the poet himself. The allusion inUyblaea is to the pastoral poetn,' of the Sicilian Theocritus,which Virgil imitated: Virg. Ed. X. 51, carmina pastoriaSiculi moiiuldbor a vena.249

MINOR LATIN POETSC. est—fateor, Meliboee,—deus : sed nee mihiPhoebusforsitan abnuerit ; tu tantum eommodus audiscimus enim, quam te non asperiietur Apollo.M. incipe, nam faveo ; sed prospice, ne tibi fortetinnula tani fragili respiret fistula buxo,quam resonare solet, si quando laudat Alexin,hos potius, magis hos calamos sectare : canalesexprime qui dio;nas cecinerunt consule silvas.venit en et frater Amyntasincipe, ne dubita.cantibus iste tuis alterno succinet ore.ducite, nee mora sit, vicibusque reducite carmentuque prior, Corydon, tu proximus ibis, Amynta.C. ab love principium, si quis canit aethera, sumat,si quis Atlantiaci pondus molitur Olympiat mihi, qui nostras praesenti numine terrasperpetuamque regit iuvenili robore pacem,laetus et augusto felix arrideat ore.A. me quoque facundo comitatus Apolline Caesarrespiciat, montes neu dedignetur adire,quos et Phoebus amat, quos luppiter ipse tueturin quibus Augustos visuraque saepe triumphoslaurus fructificat vicinaque nascitur arbos.'® hos potius V : hospicius NG. magnos calamos Leo :magis hos calamos NG : calamos magis hos V : magishos calamo Baehren^s.'^ exprime Leo : et preme NG : prome vel pro me V:per me A, Wernsdorf: primi Bursian.®° dicite codd. {fortasse rede, cf. F. 81 audiat aut dicat) :ducite Barth.®- canit V : canat N {corr. m^) G.®" visuraque NG : visurus V : visurae Barth." Virg. Ed. IV. 3, si canimtis silvas, silvae sint consuledignae. The contrast is between the amatory poetry ofVirgil's second eclogue entitled "Alexis," and the loftiertone of the fourth entitled " Pollio " after the consul of250

CALPl KMUS SICULUS•4 He is, I own, a poet divine, Meliboeus, but mayhapPhoebus will not say me nay either : do youbut favourably hear me ; for we know how farApollo is from sliiihtinir you.I. Beirin, my favour is with you; but take heed lest}u reliance your tinklingr pipe breathe from boxwooda> frail as is its usual sound whene'er the praiseof Alexis is the theme. Rather these reeds, thesefar more you must pursue : press the pipes whichsang of woods worthy a consul." Begin ; have nodoubt. See, your brother x\myntas comes too. Inalternate refrain his voice will answer your verses.Draw out your lay : dally not : in tunis resume thesong. You first. Condon, and you will come next,Amyntas.. From Jove let every bard begin, ^ whoso sings ofthe sky, whoso essays to describe the Olympianburden which Atlas bears. For myself, may Iwin a glad propitious smile from the imperial lipsof him whose incarnate godhead rules our landsand whose youthful prowess rules the eternal peace... On me too may Caesar, with eloquent Apollofor comrade, look with favour : nor let him disdainto approach my hills which even Phoebus loves,which Jove himself protects : where blooms thelaurel, destined to see many an imperial triumph,where rises too the laurel's companion-tree.*^40 B.C. and prophesying a golden age of peace. Here inCalpurnius the praises of Xero as " Caesar " correspond tothe higher theme of the " PoUio."**A quotation from Virg. Eel. III. 60, which is in turn anecho of Theocr. XVII. 1.' The oak, sacred to Jupiter, especially at the oracle ofDodona. With the laurel of victory there may be associatedin the poet's mind the oak garland given for saving acitizen's life in battle.k

MINOR LATIN POETSC. ipse polos etiam qui temperat igne geluque,luppiter ipse parens, cui tu iam proximus ipse,Caesar, abes, posito paulisper fulmine saepeCresia rura petit viridique reclinis in antrocarniina Dictaeis audit Curetica silvis.A. adspicis, ut virides audito Caesare silvaeconticeant ? memini, quanivis urgente procellasic nemus immotis subito requiescere ramis,et dixi ": deus hinc, certe deus expulit euros." 1nee mora ; Parrhasiae sonuerunt sibila cannae.C. adspicis, ut teneros subitus vigor excitet agnos ?utque superfuso magis ubera lacte graventuret nuper tonsis exundent vellera fetis ?hoc ego iam, memini, semel hac in valle notaviet venisse Palen pecoris dixisse magistros.A. scilicet omnis eum tellus, gens omnis adorat,diligiturque deis, quern sic taciturna verenturarbuta, cuius iners audito nomine tellusincaluit floremque dedit ; cui silva vocatodensat odore comas, stupefacta regerminat arbos.C. illius ut primum senserunt numina terrae,coepit et uberior sulcis fallentibus olimluxuriare seges tandemque legumina plenisvix resonant siliquis : nee praefocata malignum ]messis habet lolium nee inertibus albet avenis.*^ ad finem versus ipse V : esse NG : ecce Leo.**habes NGV : abes H : ades Burman : aves IfOrville .ovas Baehrens.i"! Parrhasiae i/eiWtSiwtS : pharsalieN": farsalie G : phar-solverunt codd.saliae AV plerique. sonuerunt AH :plerique." Baehrens' allotment of stanzas is followed here.Giarratano gives 92-96 to Corydon and thinks thatAmyntas' corresponding stanza has dropped out here : healso postulates transpositions later in the poem. H. Schenklgives 87-96 to Amyntas so that he inverts Baehrens'252

kCALPURNIUS SICULUSCaesar, now stand next, doth oft lay down hisJEven he, controller of the licaNcns in heat aiulcold, our father .hqiiter himself, to whom you yourself,thunderbolt awhile to visit Cretan meads, and, insome verdant grot reclining, 'mid Dicte's forestslistens to Curetic lays."Do you see how the green woods are hushed atthe sound of Caesar's name ? I remember how,despite the swoop of a storm, the grove, even asnow, sank sudden into peace with boughs at rest.And I said, " A god, surely a god has driven theeast winds hence." Forthwith the Parrhasian '^reeds let their notes go free.Do you see how a sudden vigour thrills the tenderlambs, how the ewe's teats are more heavily ladenwith abundant milk, how, just after shearing, thefleeces of the dams grow in luxuriant waves ? Thisonce ere now, I mind me, I noted in this valley,and how the shepherds said, " Pales has come."Yes, and him doth all the earth and every nationadore. He is beloved of the gods ; as you see, thearbutus-tree pays him silent homage ; at the soundof his name the sluggish earth has warmed to lifeand yielded flowers : invoke him, and in his honourthe wood spreads thick its perfumed foliage, and thespellbound tree breaks into bud again.As soon as the earth felt his divine influence, cropsbegan to come in richer abundance, where furrowserstwhile disappointed hope ; at length the beansscarce rattle in their well-filled pods : no harvestis choked with the spread of the barren tare, orwhitens with unproductive oats.allotment of stanzas from 97 to 121 : he marks a missingstanza by Amyntas after verse 121.* Panhasia, in Arcadia, was one of Pan's haunts.

MINOR LATIN POETSA. iam neque damnatos metuit iactare ligonesfossor et invento, si fors dedit. utitur auronee timet, ut nuper, dum iugera versat arator,ne sonet ofFenso contraria vomere massa, 120iamque palam presso magis et magis instataratro.C. ille dat. ut primas Cereri dare cultor aristaspossit et intacto Bromiimi perfundere vino,ut nudus ruptas saliat calcator in uvasutque bono plaudat paganica turba magistro, 125qui facit egregios ad pervia compita ludos.A. ille meis pacem dat montibus : ecce per ilium,seu cantare iuvat seu ter pede lenta feriregramina, nullus obest : licet et cantare choreiset cantus \1ridante licet mihi condere libro, 130turbida nee calamos iam surdant classica nostros.C. numine Caesareo securior ipse LycaeusPan recolit silvas et amoena Faunus in umbrasecurus recubat placidoque in fonte lavaturNais et humanum non calcatura cruorem 135per iuga siccato velox pede currit Oreas.124 saliat A v : psal(l)at XGzr.129gramina edd. antiq. : carmina codd.1^2Lycaeas Heinsius.1^* placitoque Heinsius : placido quin Haupt." Wernsdorf takes damnatos as "wretched," "miserable,"because involving toil ("pro infelicibus, laboriosis,ut invisam [sr. fo.ssori] terram, Hor. Od. III. xviii. 15-16 ").Cf. "hateful nights," damnalae nodes, Propert. V. xi. 15.But a more likely sense is "criminal," "condemned," asa transferred epithet: i.e. the spade is now innocent)>ecause, even if it unearths treasure, this no longer bringsa prosecution on the digger.254

'spadeCALPrilNirS SICULUSJ No more does the ditjêr dread to ply the criininal" what treasure-trove of ôld chance offershim he puts to use. Nor, as of late, does theplouijhman, while turning up his acres, fear thatan ingot may ring against the impact of his ploughsharenow openly he pushes on more and more; ''with plough deep-driven.. By his favour the cultivator can give to Ceres

MINOR LATIN POETSA. di. precor, hunc iuvenem, quern vos (neque fallor)ab ipsoaethere misistis, post longa reducite vitaetempora vel potius mortale resolvite pensumet date perpetuo caelestia fila metallo : 140sit deus et nolit pensare palatia caeloC. tu quoque mutata seu luppiter ipse figura,Caesar, ades seu quis superum sub imagine falsamortalique lates (es enim deus) : hunc, precor,orbem,hos, precor, aeternus populos rege ! sit tibi caeli 145vilis amor coeptamque, pater, ne desere pacem IM. rustica credebam nemorales carmina vobisconcessisse deos et obesis auribus aptaverum, quae paribus modo concinuistis avenis,tarn liquidum, tarn dulce cadunt, ut non egomalim,quod Paeligna solent examina lambere nectar. 151C. o mihi quae tereti decurrunt carmina versutunc, Meliboee, sonent si quando montibus istisdicar habere Larem, si quando nostra viderepascua contingat ! velHt nam saepius aurem 155invida paupertas et dicit : " oviha cura !at tu, si qua tamen non aspernanda putabis,fer, Mehboee, deo mea carmina : nam tibi fas est^*- tu quoque mutata codd. : tu commutata Ilaupt : tumodo mutata Baehrens.^^* etenim NG : es enim Glaeser.^^^ canunt codd. : cadunt Burman.^^^ solent XGAH : sonant V : legunt edd. antiq.^^2 o mihi HV : olim NG. quae teriti G : quam teneroquae tereti Glaeser [post hunc versnm H. SchenklV :lacunam statuil).^^^ contingat NG : contigerit V, Baehrens.256

, ThouIspan'^TheCALPLRNIUS SICULUSO ye gods, I pray you, recall only after a longof life this youth, whom ye, I knt)w it well,have sent us from heaven itself: or rather untwinehis allotted skein of mortality and grant himcelestial threads of the metal of eternity. Lethim be a god and yet loath to exchange his palacefor the sky."too,^ Caesar, whether thou art Jupiterhimself on earth in altered guise, or one other of thepowers above concealed under an assumed mortalsemblance (for thou art very God)—rule, I praythee, this world, rule its peoples for ever I Letlove of heaven count as nought with thee : abandonnot, O Sire, the peace thou hast begun I.. I used to think they were but rustic lays which thesylvan deities bestowed on you—lays fit for cloddishears ; but what you have even now sung on w'ellmatchedpipes has so clear, so sweet a fall that Iwould not liefer sip the nectarous honey whichPelignian swarms are wont to sip.Ôh ! the songs of mine which run in humble versewould then, my Meliboeus, resound, if ever onthese hills I were called the owner of a homestead,if ever I had the fortune to see pastures of my own.Too often does malicious poverty pluck my ear andsay, " The sheepfold is your task." But you,Meliboeus, if in spite of all you think that any of mypoems are not to be disdained, then take them tothe Emperor-God. For you have the right to visit" i.e. let him remain a divine emperor in his residence onthe Palatine Hill.''quoque is justified, as the last stanza is addressed to allthe gods and this one to Caesar, i.e. Xero.allusion is to Ovid, who was born at Sulmo in thedistrict of the Peligni.VOL. I.S

MINOR LATIN POETSsacra Palatini penetralia visere Phoebi.turn mihi talis eris, qualis qui dulce sonantem 160Tityron e sihis dominam deduxit in urbemostenditque deos et " spreto " dixit " ovili,Tityre, rura prius, sed post cantabimus arma."A. respiciat nostros utinam fortuna laborespulchrior et meritae faveat deus ipse iuventae ! 165nos tamen interea tenerimi mactabimus haedumet pariter subitae peragemus fercula cenae.M. nunc ad flumen oves deducite : iam fremit aestas,iam sol contractas pedibus magis admovet umbras.VMiCONForte Micon senior Canthusque, Miconis alumnus,torrentem patula vitabant ilice solem,cum iuveni senior praecepta daturus alumnotalia verba refert tremulis titubantia labris" quas errare vides inter dumeta capellas 5canaque lascivo concidere gramina morsu,Canthe puer, quos ecce greges a monte remotos^^^ deos cald. : deis Heinsius.^^^ fremit NV : premit Heinsius : furit Maehly. acstusUlilius.V. ^ canaque V : vanaque NG. gramina GV, C'iarratano: germina NH {corr. m^), Baehrens, II. ScJienkl.258

[187.IheI'. C'ALPUUNIUS SKULrS'the holy inner shrine of the Palatine Phoebus."Then you shall be to me such as he was whobrought Tityrus ^ of tuneful song from the woods tothe queen of cities, showed him the divine powers,and said, " We will scorn the sheepfold, Tityrus,and sing first the countryside but, later, theweapons of war.".. Oh, that a fairer fortune would look upon mylabours and that the God in person would showfavour to deserving youth ! Yet meanwhile wewill slay a tender kid and prepare withal the coursesof a hasty meal.I. Take forthwith the sheep to the river. Now 'tisthe raging heat of summer: now the sun curtailsthe shadows and brings them closer to our feet.*'ECLOGUE VMiCONIt fell out that the aged Micon and Canthus,Micon's foster-son, were seeking shelter from theblazing sun beneath a spreading holm-oak, whento give counsel to his fosterling the old man \vithshaky lips uttered these faltering wôrds" The she-goats you see straying among thethickets and cropping with playful bite the dewglisteninggrass, the flocks, Canthus, my boy, whichlo ! you see have left the mountain-side and are" The emperor was already associated with Apollo in verseThe palace was near the famous library of Apollo on thePalatine.* Tityrus means Virgil : under the patronage of Maecenasturned from tlie Eclogues {e silvis, 101) to the (,'eorgics{rura, 163) and, later, to the Aeneid (arma, 163).' I.e. it is the noontide of a summer day.s2

MINOR LATIN POETSceriiis in aprico decerpere gramina campo,hos tibi do senior iuveni pater :ipse tuendosaccipe. iam certe potes insudare labori, 10iani pro nie gnavam potes exercere iuventam.adspicis lit nobis aetas iam niille querellasafFerat et baculuin premat inclinata senectus ?sed qua lege regas et amantes lustra capellaset melius pratis errantes mollibus agnas, 15percipe.vere novo, cum iam tinnire volucresincipient nidosque reversa lutabit hirundo,protinus hiberno pecus omne movebis ovili,tunc etenim melior vernanti germine silvapullat et aestivas reparabilis incohat umbras, 20tunc florent saltus widisque renascitur annus,tunc Venus et calidi scintillat fervor amorislascivumque pecus salientes accipit hircos.sed non ante greges in pascua mitte reclusos,quam fuerit placata Pales, tum cespite vivo 25pone focum geniumque loci Faunumque Laresquesalso farre voca ;imbuat :tepidos tunc hostia cultroshac etiam, dum vivit, ovilia lustra,nee mora, tunc campos ovibus, dumeta capellisorto sole dabis. simul hunc transcendere montem 30coeperit ac primae spatium tepefecerit horae.at si forte vaces, dum matutina relaxat21 silvae codd. : tiliae Maehly : saltus Baehrens : segetesC. et H. Schenkl.32 relaxet G.260

CALPIIRNIUS SICULl'Sbrowsing on the herbage in the sunny meadow,these I, your aged sire, make over to you, whileyou are yet young. Take them into your owncliarge : nowtruly can you sweat o'er the task,now in my stead you can ply your active youth.Do you see how the years now bring me a thousandplaints, and how the stoop of age leans on the staff?But learn the rules for your control over the she-goatswhich love the copses and over the lambs whichstray to better purpose in the grassy meadows.In the fresh spring-time when birds will bealready starting to twitter and the returned swallowdaubing its nest with mud, you are forthwith toshift the whole flock from its winter fold. Forricher then sprouts the wood with fresh-growingbuds, and, as it revives, makes the beginning ofsummer shade. Then the glades are in blossomand the green year is born again. Then is \ênus'time, when sparkles the warm glow of love and thewanton herd welcomes the leaping he-goats. Butdo not turn loose the flocks and send them into themeadows till Pales has been propitiated. Thenbuild an altar of fresh sods and with salted mealinvoke the genius of the place and Faunus and theLares. Then let a victim stain the knives warmwith blood : with it too, while it yet lives, purifythe sheepfold." Thereafter, you will, without delay,let the sheep roam the meadows and the goatsthe thickets, when the sun has risen, as soon ashe has begun to surmount the hill here and haswarmed the course of the matin hour. But if youchance to have leisure, while the sun melts the frosts" A lustration-ritual could be carried out by solemnlyleading round the victim before it was sacrificed.261

MINOR LATIN POETSfrigora sol, timiidis spiuiiantia mulctra papillisimplebit quod mane fluet ; rursusque premeturmane quod occiduae mulsura redegerit horae. 35parce tamen fetis :ne sint compendia tanti,destruat ut niveos venalis caseus agnosnam tibi praecipuo fetura coletur amore.te quoque non pudeat, cum serus ovilia vises,si qua iacebit o\-is partu resoluta recenti, 40banc umeris portare tuis natosque tepentiferre sinu tremulos et nondum stare paratos.nee tu longinquas procul a praesepibus berbasnee nimis amotae sectabere pabula silvae,dum peragit vernum Io\'is inconstantia tempus. 45veris enim dubitanda fides : modo fronte serenablandius arrisit, modo cum caligine nimbosintulit et miseras torrentibus abstulit agnas.at cum longa dies sitientes afFeret aestusnee fuerit variante deo mutabile caelum, 50iam sih^s committe greges, iam longius herbasquaere ; sed ante diem pecus exeat : umida dulcesefficit aura cibos, quotiens fugientibus eurisfrigida nocturno tanguntur pascua roreet matutinae lucent in gramine guttae. 55at simul argutae nemus increpuere cicadae,-2 spument tibi V plerique : spumantia Barfh.3^ implebis codd. : implebit Haupt : in tenebris Housmnn.^* coletur NG : colatur V, Baehrens.*^ patenti V plerique : parenti NG : tepenti 1B.W.*• sitientes GV nonnuUi : sitientibus V nonnulli.262

CALPUUNIUS SICULUSof (lawn, [\\v nioniing flow of milk will fill tiur pailsa-frothiu'j^ from the swelling dugs ; and again theyield of milking at the evening hour will be pressedfor cheese in the morning. Yet spare the younglings: let not thrift be of such moment that cheesefor the market ruins the snow-white lambs." Forthe young you will tend with supreme regard.And, when at night you visit the sheepfold, if anyewe lies enfeebled by recent lambing, be not ashamedto carry her on your own shoulders and to bear inyour warm bosom the quivering lambs that cannotyet stand. You must not seek out grazing-groundfar distant from your stalls, nor the food yieldedby too remote a wood while the fickleness of thesky is carrying the spring season to its close. To bedistrusted is the faith of spring : one hour she smilescoaxingly unclouded of brow ; the next she bringsrain-clouds with fog and bears away the lucklesslambs in raging streams.But when long days bring the thirsty summerheats, when the weather is no longer changeableunder an inconstant sky, then trust your flocks tothe woodland, then seek for pasture at a greaterdistance : yet see that the herd goes out eredaylight. The moist air sweetens their food, whenever,as the east winds fall, the chill meadows aretouched with night-dew and in the morning sparklingdrops are on the grass. But as soon as the chirpingtree-crickets shrill through the grove, drive your" i.e. your anxiety to sell must not divert to cheese-makingthe milk which the Iambs need." tinguuntur V nonnulli.263

MINOR LATIN POETSad fontem compelle greges ;nee protiniis herbaset eampos permitte sequi. sed protegat illosinterea veteres quae porrigit aeseulus umbras,verum ubi declini iam nona tepescere sole 60incipiet seraeque t videbitur hora merendae,rursus pasce greges et opacos desere lucos.nee prius aestivo pecus includatur ovili,quam leîbus nidis somnos captare volueriscogitet et treniulo queribunda fritinniat ore. 65cum iam tempus erit maturas demere lanas,sucida iam tereti constringere vellera iunco,hircorumque iubas et olentes caedere barbas,ante tamen secerne pecus gregibusque notatisconsimiles include comis, ne longa minutis, 70moUia ne duris coeant, ne Candida fuscis.sed tibi cum vacuas posito velamine costasdenudavit ovis, circumspice, ne sit acutafoi-pice laesa cutis, tacitum ne pustula virustexerit occulto sub vulnere : quae nisi ferro 75rumpitur, a I miserum fragili rubigine corpusarrodet sanies et putria contrahet ossa.providus (hoc moneo) viventia sulphura tecumet scillae caput et virosa bitumina portes,vulneribus laturus opem ; nee Brutia desit 80pix tibi : tu liquido picis unguine terga memento,58 sed G : sine V.declini Hcinsius. nona*° declivi V : declivis XG :codd. : sera Baehrens : rura . . . incipient Maehly.^^ incipiet serique v.h. premendi NG : incipiet seraequev.h. merendae V : incipit atque seri v.h. premendi Baehrens.^^ tremulo tremebundo fruniat ore XG : tinniat oretremulo queribunda {vel gemibunda) fritinniat oreAH :G'laeser : tremuli tremelûnda coagula lactis X (cf. III. 69).*^ maturas NGA : maternas V.'^ forfice V. pusula X : pustula GV.8^ pix tibi : tu Baehrens : pia tibi NG : dura tibi X^V.264

CALPURNius sicrLrsHocks to the waters, and do not allow them to ranfjeover grass and open fields without a respite ; " butfor an interval let them be protected by the oaki which spreads its ancient shade. When, however,'neath a westering sun, the ninth hour alreadybegins to mark a cooling of heat, when it seems tobe time for a late luncheon, set your flocks grazingagain and quit the shady groves. Do not pen yourherd in the summer sheepfold until the birds intheir fragile ne^t^ think of wooing sleep and twittertheir plaints with tremulous note.When the time is already come to shear the fullgrownwool, the time to bind the greasy fleeceswith swathes of rushes and cut the neck-tufts andrank beards of the he-goats, yet first separate theherd ; brand your flocks and pen together the sheepof similar wool, lest long go with short, smooth withrough, or white with dark. But when you find asheep has bare sides after losing the covering fleece,take heed lest the skin has been hurt by the sharpshears and lest an inflamed sore has covered asecret poison beneath the unnoticed wound ; unlessthe sore is opened with the steel, alas I the corruptedblood will eat away the wretched bodv^ by reasonof the tender ulcer and will shrivel the bones into acrumbling mass. Here is my counsel ; have theforesight to take with you native sulphur and thehead of a sea-leek and strong-smelling bitumen, sothat you may bring relief to such wounds. Benot without Bruttian pitch ; if the back is torn,forget not to smear it with the liquid ointment" protinus is here taken in a time sense, leading up tointerea {cf. Juv. III. 140 protinus ad cen-sum, de moribusultima fiet quaestio) : locally, it might mean "far and \ride."265

MINOR LATIN POETSsi sint rasa, Unas, vivi quoque pondera melleargenti coquito lentumque bitumen aheno,inipressurus ovi tua nomina ; nam tibi litesauferet ingentes lectus possessor in armo. 85nmic etiam, dum siccus ager, dum fervida tellus,dum rimosa palus et multo torrida limoaestuat et fragiles nimium sol pulverat herbas,lurida conveniet succendere galbana septiset tua cervino lustrare mapalia fumo. 90obfuit ille malis odor anguibus : ipse videbisserpentum cecidisse minas : non stringere dentesuUa potest uncos, sed inani debilis oremarcet et obtuso iacet exarmata veneno.nunc age vicinae circumspice tempora brumae 95qua ratione geras.aperit cum vinea sepeset portat lectas securus circitor uvas,incipe falce nemus vivasque recidere frondes.nunc opus est teneras summatim stringere virgas,nunc hiemi servare comas, dum permanet umor, 100dum viret et tremulas non excutit Africus umbras,has tibi conveniet tepidis fenilibus olimpromere, cum pecudes extremus clauserit annus,hac tibi nitendum est, labor hie in tempore noster,gnavaque sedulitas redit et pastoria virtus. 105ne pigeat ramos siccis miscere recentes^2 rasa V : rara NG : scabra vel cruda H. Schenkl.durae NG : vivi (sc. argenti) V nonnulli : vini HVnonnulli. massae NG : melle vel moUe V : durae . . .malthae ardenti Giarratano.®^ argenti NGV plerique (ardenti G in marg.) : arrhenici//. Schenkl : chalcanthi Haupt, Bnehrens.*i obfuit codd. : obvius Burman : obficit Maehly.*' circitor NG : vinitor V.^°* hoc ... hie NG : hac . . . hinc Glaeser : hac . . .hie H. Schenkl : hue . . . hue Baehrens.266

I itsi burningCALPURNIUS SICULUSstrc}) too a heavy mass of quicksilver in hoiuy and>ti

MINOR LATIN POETSet sucos adhibere novos, ne torrida nimbisinstet hiemps nimioque gelu nmbusque coactisincursare vetet nemus et constringere frondes ;tu tamen aut leves hederas aut molle salictum 110valle premes media, sitis est pensanda tuorum,Canthe, gregum widante cibo : nihil aridus illis,ingenti positus quamvis strue, prosit acervus,virgea si desint liquido turgentia sucoet quibus est aliquid plenae vitale medullae. 115praecipue gelidum stipula cum fronde caducaSterne solum, ne forte rigor penetrabile corpusurat et interno vastet pecuaria morbo.plura quidem meminisse velim, nam plurasupersunt.sed iam sera dies cadit et iam sole fugato 120frigidus aestivas impellit Noctifer horas."VIAsTYLUs : Lycidas : MxasyllusA. Serus ades, Lycida : modo Nyctilus et puerAlconcertavere sub his alterno carmine ramisiudice me. sed non sine pignore. Nyctilus haedos^"^ ne torrida l^GVplerique : licet horrida Martellius :dum torr. Haupl : cum torr. Giarratano.^^^ incurvare velit NG : incursare vetet Haupt.^^- cante G : chante N.268

ICALPLRNUS SKULL'Siting winter swoop u})on you with its rain-clouds.and by excessive frost and drifts of snow prevent youfrom raiding the forest and from making bundlesof leaves ; but ** in the heart of the valley you willprune the smooth ivy or pliant willow-copse.^With fresh green fodder, Canthus, you must allaythe thirst of your flocks. No withered heap, stackedin however luige a pile, would avail them, if youlacked fodder of sprouts which are swollen with juicysap and have some life-giving substance of fullestpith. Above all strew the chill ground with stubbleas well as fallen leaves lest frost nip the sensitivebody and waste the herds with deep-set disease.Fain would I recall more precepts ; for moreremain. But now the late day fcills ; and, now thatthe sun is put to flight, the chill Night-Bringer

iuncta matre dedit ;MINOR LATIN POETScatulum dedit ille leaenaeiuravitque genus, sed sustulit omnia victor.L. Nyctilon ut cantu rudis exsuperaverit Alcon,Astyle, credibile est, si vincat acanthida cornix,vocalem superet si dirus aedona bubo.A. non potiar Petale, qua nunc ego maceror una,si magis aut docili calamorum Nyctilus arteaut cantu magis est quam vultu proximus illi.L. iam non decipior : te iudice pallidus altervenit et hirsuta spinosior hystrice barbamcandidus alter erat levique decentior ovoet ridens oculis crinemque simillimus auro,qui posset dici, si non cantaret, Apollo.A. o Lycida, si quis tibi carminis usus inesset,tu quoque laudatum nosses Alcona probare.L. vis igitur, quoniam nee nobis, improbe, par es,ipse tuos iudex calamos committere nostris ?vis conferre manum ?veniat licet arbiter Alcon.A. vincere tu quemquam ? vel te certamine quisquamdignetur, qui vix stillantes, aride, vocesrumpis et expellis male singultantia verba ?L. fingas plura licet : nee enim potes, improbe, vera270Laconem vel Lacaenae IJeinsius.^* Petale editio Ascensiana et vulgo : Crocale GV.^^ posses codd. : nosses Ilaupt.22 vinces NG : vincere V : vincen Claeser, Baehrens.

. That. May. No. OICALPURNIUS SICULUSôat-kids along with their mother; Aleon pledgeda whelp from a lioness mother, atfirming its breedon oath." But he won and carried off all.untrained Alcon can have beaten Nyctilusin song is only believable, Astylus, if the crow canexcel the goldfinch or the eerie owl surpass thetuneful nightingale.I never win Petale, for whom alone I pine,if Nyctilus can rank next him in trained skill uponthe pipes or in song any more than in looks,longer am I deceived. When you wereumpire, Nyctilus came pale, his beard pricklierthan the bristly porcupine. But his rival was fair,sleeker than a smooth egg, with laughter in hiseyes and the very gleam of gold in his hair, worthythe name " Apollo," if only he did not sing.Lycidas, if you'd any practice in song, you toowould know how to applaud x\lcon and award himthe palm.Well then, since you're not on a level even withme, you rascal, will you yourself, umpire thoughyou've been, match your reed-pipes against mine ?Will you join strife ? Alcon, if you like, may comeas arljiter.Can i/OM beat anyone ? or would anyone deign tocompete with you ? —scarce can your dry throatjerk out its dribbling notes and squirt words forthin miserable gasps.More lies you may tell; and yet, you rascal, you" It was a cross similar to the semifera proles of GrattiusCyneg. 253. Pollux V. 38 mentions the Hyrcanian breedfrom dogs and lions (Ta? Se 'Tp/cava? eV kwcov koX Xeovrojv,Koi KXrjdrjvai AeoiTo/iiyeij). Alcon has offered a sort of swornwarranty of its pedigree.271

MINOR LATIN POETSexprobrare mihi, sicut tibi multa Lycotas. 26sed quid opus vana consumere tempora lite ?ecce venit Mnasyllus :erit (nisi forte recusas)arbiter inflatis non credulus, improbe, verbis.A. malueram, fateor, vel praedamnatus abire 30quam tibi certanti partem committere vocis.ne tamen hoc impune feras :en adspicis ilium,Candida qui medius cubat inter lilia, cervum ?quamvis hunc Petale mea diligat, accipe victor,scit frenos et ferre iugum sequiturque vocantem 35credulus et mensae non improba porrigit ora.adspicis, ut fruticat late caput utque sub ipsiscomibus et tereti pendent redimicula collo ?adspicis, ut niveo frons irretita capistrolucet et a dorso, quae totam circuit alvum, 40alternat vitreas lateralis cingula buUas ?cornua subtiles ramosaque tempora mollesimplicuere rosae rutiloque monilia torqueextrema cervice natant, ubi pendulus apridens sedet et nivea distinguit pectora luna. 45hunc, sicutque vides, pignus, Mnasylle, paciscorpendere, dum sciat hie se non sine pignore vinci.L. terreri, Mnasylle, suo me munere creditadspice, quam timeam ! genusequarumest, ut scitis,^° praedamnatus NA : predam nactus V.*- subtiles cwld. : summa vides F. Leo : sutilibus mollesraraosa coroUis Heinsius.**natant NH : natent G : notant V : nitent Ulitius.272

CALPURNIUS SICULUScan't bring true reproaches against me like allthat Lycotas brings against you. But what needto waste our time in fruitless wrangling ? See,here comes Mnasyllus.He will be (unless mayhapyou shirk the challenge) an umpire undeceived,you rascal, by boastful words.I own I had preferred to depart, even thoughcondemned beforehand, rather than match a biti»f my voice against your rivalry. Still, that youmay not go unpunished for all this—look, do you-ce yonder stag that reclines in the heart of thewhite lilies ? Though my own Petale is fond of him,take him if you win. He is trained to bear reinsand yoke and follows a call with trustfulness ; 'tisno glutton mouth he shoots out for his food. Doyou see how his head branches wide with antlers,and how the necklet hangs beneath his very hornsand shapely neck r Do you see how his foreheadgleams, enmeshed with sno\\T frontlet, and howfrom his back the side girth, circling his whole belly,has amulets of glass on this side and on that ? Rosestwine neatly round his horns and softly round hisbranching temples ; and a collaret with red-goldchain dangles from beneath the neck, where a boar'spendent tusk is set, showing up his breast withsnow-white crescent. This stag, just as you seehim, is the stake whose forfeiture I risk, Mnasyllus,to secure that this fellow may know he is not worstedin a stakeless conflict.He thinks, Mnasyllus, that his wager frightensYou know I haveme. Look how alarmed I am !**^sicumque vides G : sicutque Baehrens, Giarratano :hunc ego qualeracumque vides in valle V.*' perdere NH : prodere G : pendere N^V.273VOL. I.T

MINOR LATIN POETSnon vulgare mihi ;quarum de sanguine ponam 50velocem Petason, qui gramina matre relictanunc primum teneris libavit dentibus : illiterga sedent, micat acre caput, sine pondere cervix,pes levis, adductum latus, excelsissima frons est,et tornata brevi substringitur ungula cornu, 55ungula, qua viridi sic exsultavit in arvo,tangeret ut fragiles, sed non curvaret, aristas :hunc dare, si vincar, silvestria numina iuro.M. et vacat et vestros cantus audire iuvabit.iudice me sane contendite, si libet : istic 60protinus ecce torum fecere sub ilice Musae.A. sed, ne vicini nobis sonus obstrepat anmis,gramina linquamus ripamque volubilis undae.namque sub exeso raucum mihi pumice lymphaerespondent et obest arguti glarea rivi, 65L. si placet, antra magis vicinaque saxa petamus,saxa, quibus viridis stillanti vellere muscusdependet scopulisque cavum sinuantibus arcumimminet exesa veluti testudine concha.M. venimus et tacito sonitum mutavimus antro : 70seu residere libet, dabit ecce sedilia tophus,ponere seu cubitum, melior viret herba tapetis.nunc mihi seposita reddantur carmina litenam vicibus teneros malim cantetis amoresAstyle, tu Petalen, Lycida, tu Phyllida lauda. 755

1 CALPURNIUS1 crags'

MINOR LATIN POETSL. tu modo nos illis (iam nunc, Mnasylle, precamur)auribus accipias, quibus hunc et Acanthida nuperdiceris in silva iudex audisse Thalea.A. non equideni possum, cum provocet iste, tacere.rumpor enim, Mnasylle : nihil nisi iurgia quaerit. 80audiat aut dicat, quoniam cupit ; hoc mihi certedulce satis fuerit, Lycidam spectare trementem,dum te teste palam sua crimina pallidus audit.L. me, puto, vicinus Stimicon, me proximus Aegonhos inter frutices tacite risere volentem 85oscula cum tenero simulare virilia Mopso.A. fortior o utinam nondum Mnasyllus adessetefficerem, ne te quisquam tibi turpior esset.M. quid furitis, quo vos insania tendere iussit?si vicibus certare placet—sed non ego vobis 90arbiter :hoc alius possit discernere iudexet venit ecce Micon, venit et vicinus lollaslitibus hi vestris poterunt imponere finem.*" ranasille X: raascille G: merito V,8=»te teste GH : te stante NV.^^ mutare Maehly : misccre Baehrens : sociare C.Schenkl.^" sed G :sum Baehrens : sic Barth." Acanthis has been guessed to be either an ordinaryshepherdess or a dangerous witch, like her namesake in276

CALPURNIUS SICULUSL,. 1 pray you, Mnasyllus, do you l)ut hear us thisVL-ry hour with that same ear witli which, 'tis said,you heard and judged Astylus and Acanthis of hitein the Thalean wood."A. I cannot keep quiet when that fellow provokesme. I am ready to burst, Mnasyllus ; he is onlyseeking a quarrel. Let him listen or recite, sinceô he desires. 'Twill be joy enough for me towatch Lycidas quaking, when, blenched, he hearsin your presence his evil deeds made public.L. It was at me, I suppose, friend Stimicon and at meneighbour Aegon had their secret laugh in the--hrubbery here for wanting to ape the kisses of aurown man with young Mopsus,A. Mnasyllus is stronger than I am. Oh, I wish hewere still off the scene! then I'd take good carethat you (Lycidas) never saw an uglier face thanyour own IM. Why do you storm at each other? To whatbounds has your madness urged you to go ? If youwant to compete in turn But no, I'll not be yourumpire: someone else may be the judge to settlethis ! Look, here come both Mycon and neighbourlollas :they will be able to put a close to your strife.Propertius, IV. v. 63. Thale{i)a may imply either " "Sicilianfrom association with the nymph of that name in Sicilymentioned by Macrobius, Sat. V. xix, or simply "bucolic,"since Thalia was muse of pastoral poetry as well as ofcomedy (rf. Virg. Eel, VI. 1-2, where Servius gives Thahaas the proper Latin form). Some think it = Latin virens,connecting it with the root of âAAetv and daXXos, a youngbranch. Another view is to take Thalea as a nominative,i.e. *'a true bucolic muse when you acted as judge," "aThalea come to judgement." Whatever the obscurity ofallusion, however, it is certain that Astylus is annoyed, andwould assault Lycidas but for the presence of Mnasyllus.277

MINOR LATIN POETSVIILyCOTAS :CORYDONL. Lentus ab urbe venis, Corj^don ; vicesima certenox fuit, ut nostrae cupiunt te cernere silvae,ut tua maerentes exspectant iubila tauri.C. o piger, o duro non mollior axe, Lycota,qui veteres fagos nova quam spectacula mavis 5cernere, quae patula iuvenis deus edit harena.L. mirabar, quae tanta foret tibi causa morandi,cur tua cessaret taciturnis fistula silviset solus Stimicon caneret pallente coryniboquein sine te maesti tenero donavimus haedo. 10nam, dum lentus abes, lustravit ovilia Thyrsis,iussit et arguta iuvenes certare cicuta.G. sit licet invictus Stimicon et praemia divesauferat, accepto nee solum gaudeat haedo,verum tota ferat quae lustrat ovilia Thyrsis 15non tamen aequabit mea gaudia ; nee mihi, si quisomnia Lucanae donet pecuaria silvae,grata magis fuerint quam quae spectavimus urbe.L. die age die, Corydon, nee nostras invidus auresdespice : non aliter certe mihi dulce loquere 20quam cantare soles, quotiens ad sacra vocaturaut fecunda Pales aut pastoralis Apollo.2 fuit codd. : ruit Heinshis : subit Baehrens.1' scilicet codd. plerique : sit licet Vnonnulli.^^ spectavimus AH : spettamus in G : spectamus in NV.2" despice codd. : decipe Baehrens." The emperor Xero.''The Palilia {Parilia) or festival of Pales (cf. 22 infra,II. 63, V. 25) was celebrated by shepherds in April and wasaccompanied by musical competitions.278

'=CALPURNIUS SICULUSECLOGUE VIILycotas :Cory DONYou are slow, Corydon, in coming ])ack fromRome. For twenty nights past, of a truth, haveour woods longed to see you, and the saddened bullswaited for your yodellings.you slow-coach, no more unbending than atough axle, Lycotas, you prefer to see old beechtreesrather than the new sights exhibited by ouryouthful god ® in the spacious arena.1 wondered what could be reason enough foryour delay, why your pipe was idle in the silentwoods, and why Stimicon, decked in pale ivy, sangalone : to him, for want of you, we have sadlyawarded a tender kid. For while you tarried fromhome, Thyrsis purified the sheepfolds and badethe youths compete on shrill-toned reed.^Let Stimicon be unconquered and win prizesto enrich him,—let him not only rejoice in the kidhe has received, but let him carry off the wholeof the folds which Thyrsis purifies, still he will notequal my joys, nor yet, if someone gave me all theherds of Lucanian forests, would they delight memore than what I have seen in Rome.Tell me, come, tell me, Corydon, Be not sogrudging as to disdain my ears. Truly, I shall findyour words as sweet as your songs are wont to bewhenever men to sacred rites invoke Pales the fertileor Apollo of the herds.The Apollo of Euripides' Alcestis had been compelled totend the flocks of King Admetus in Thessaly.279

MINOR LATIX POETSC. vidimus in caelum trabibus spectacula textissurgere, Tarpeium prope despectantia culmenemensique gradus et clivos lene iacentes 25venimus ad sedes, ubi pulla sordida vesteinter femineas spectabat turba cathedras.nam quaecumque patent sub aperto libera caelo,aut eques aut nivei loca densavere tribuni.qualiter haec patulum concedit vallis in orbem 30et sinuata latus resupinis undique silvisinter continuos curvatur concava montes :sic ibi planitiem curvae sinus ambit harenaeet geminis medium se molibus alligat ovum,quid tibi nunc referam, quae vix suffecimus ipsi 35sic undique fulgorper partes spectare suas ?percussit. stabam defixus et ore patenticunctaque mirabar necdum bona singula noram,cum mihi iam senior, lateri qui forte sinistroiunctus erat, " quid te stupefactum, rustice," dixit" ad tantas miraris opes, qui nescius auri 41sordida tecta, casas et sola mapalia nosti ?en ego iam tremulus iam vertice canus et istafactus in urbe senex stupeo tamen omnia : certevilia sunt nobis, quaecumque prioribus annis 45vidimus, et sordet quicquid spectavimus olim."tr.25 immensosque codd. : emensique Schrader.« iam NG : tarn V. tremulus et NGV : tr. tam AH :iam Friesemann." This is best taken as describing the wooden amphitheatreconstructed by Nero in a.d. 57 (.Suet. Nero, 12 ; Tac.Ann. xiii. 31).^ For the allotment of seats at Roman spectacula see Suet.Aug. 44. Keene's edition of Calpurnius has an appendix onthe amphitheatre in relation to this eclogue.'^The first amphitheatre determined the oval shape, as it280

I aw• 1 lyCALPrUNIUS SICULUSa theatre that rose skyward on interwovenIn nu'^ and almost looked doAvn on the summit ofthr C'ajntoline." Passing up the steps and slopesot uentle incline, we came to the seats, where indingy garments the baser sort viewed the show closeto the women's benches. For the uncovered parts,exposed beneath the open sky, were thronged byknights or white-robed tribunes.'' Just as thevalley here expands into a wide circuit, and, windingat the side, with sloping forest background allaround, stretches its concave curve amid the unbrokenchain of hills, so there the sweep of. theamphitheatre encircles the level ground, and theoval in the middle is bound by twin piles of building,''Why should I now relate to you things which I myselfcould scarcely see in their several details ? Sodazzling was the glitter everywhere. Rooted to thespot, I stood with mouth agape and marvelled atall, nor yet had I grasped every single attraction,when a mian advanced in years, next me as it chancedI'll my left, said to me: "Why wonder, country-( 'Miîn, that you are spellbound in face of such111 lunificence ? you are a stranger to gold andknow the cottages and huts which are yourliiiinble homes. Look, even I, now palsied with;i-(', now hoary-headed, grown old in the citytin re, nevertheless am amazed at it all, Certes,we rate all cheap we saw in former years, andshabby every show we one day watched."was made by C. Scribonius Curio (Plin. X.H. xxxvi. 15 (24),117) of two wooden theatres revolving on pivots to face eachother, and each greater than a semicircle. Pliny pictures theimperial Roman people whirled round by this inventionthrough the air and cheering at the risk they ran (loc. cit.281

MINOR LATIN POETSbalteus en gemmis, en illita porticus aurocertatim radiant ; nee non, ubi finis harenaeproxinia marmoreo praebet spectacula muro,stemitur adiunctis ebur admirabile trunciset coit in rotulum, tereti qui lubricus axeimpositos subita vertigine falleret unguesexcuteretque feras. auro quoque torta refulgentretia, quae totis in harenam dentibus exstant,dentibus aequatis ; et erat (mihi crede, Lycota, 55si qua fides) nostro dens longior omnis aratro.ordirio quid referam ?vidi genus omne ferarum,hie niveos lepores et non sine cornibus apros,hie raram silvis etiam, quibus editur, alcen.vidimus et tauros, quibus aut cer\-ice levata 60deformis seapulis torus eminet aut quibus hirtaeiactantur per colla iubae, quibus aspera mentobarba iacet tremulisque rigent palearia setis.nee solum nobis silvestria cernere monstracontigit : aequoreos ego cum certantibus ursis 65spectavi vitulos et equorum nomine dictum,sed deforme pecus, quod in illo nascitur amnequi sata riparum vernantibus irrigat undis.a ! trepidi, quotiens sola discedentis harenae*^ vernantibus XGA : venientibus V.^^ sol discedentis N (nos supra sol m^) : sodiscendentisG : nos descendentis V : sola discedentis Haupt : sediscindentis Baehrens : alii alia.5C

CALPURNIUS SICULUSLook, the partition-belt begemmed and the gildedarcade vie in brilliancy; and withal just where theend of the arena presents the seats closest to themarble wall," wondrous ivory is inlaid on connectedbeams and unites into a cylinder which, glidingsmoothly on well-shaped axle, could by a suddenturn balk any claws set upon it and shake off thebeasts.^ Bright too is the gleam from the nets ofgold wire which project into the arena hung onsolid tusks, tusks of equal size; and (believe me,Lycotas, if you have any trust in me) every tuskwas longer than our plough. Why narrate eachsight in order ? Beasts of every kind I saw ; hereI saw snow-white hares and horned boars, here Isaw the elk, rare even in the forests which produceit. Bulls too I saw, either those of heightened nape,with an unsightly hump rising •from the shoulderblades,or those with shaggy mane tossed across theneck, with rugged beard covering the ^h,'^^ "'^n^quivering bristles upon their st^^^^^^ ^ ^* ^P^^^^was it my lot only to se^sea calves also I bfs for letting beasts rise from underthemand the na are well illustrated by the excavationsof horses itneatrum Flavium (the "Colosseum").i.i'.autv of an artificiallv contrived garden in thespring-ly^^g contrasts with the savage beasts; and thebanks. ors are refreshed by jets of saffron water.kccTb T.-nth explains demiltere as " inserere aut intro porrigere."., jaetaphor may be from planting.28s

MINOR LATIN POETSvidimus inverti, ruptaque voragine terrae 70emersisse feras ; et in isdem saepe cavernisaurea cum subito creverunt arbuta nimbo.L. o felix Corydon, quern non tremebunda senectusimpedit I o felix, quod in haec tibi saecula primesindulgente deo demittere contigit annos 75nunc, tibi si propius venerandum cernere numenfors dedit et praesens vultumque habitumquenotasti,die age die, Corydon, quae sit mihi foniia deorum.C. o utinam nobis non rustica vestis inessetvidissem propius mea numina ! sed mihi sordes 80pullaque paupertas et adunco fibula morsuobfuerunt. utcumque tamen conspeximus ipsumlongius ; ac, nisi me visus decepit, in unonee soliitfi YJiltus et Apollinis esse putavi.contigit : aequoreos ^t> : tjspectavi vitulos et equorum noi.. fulvo Baehrens.sed deforme pecus, quod in illo nasci., ., ... 'Âtqui sata riparum vernantibus irrigat unrfiBurman,a !G :trepidi, quotiens sola discedentis harena*.Bur-^8 vernantibus NGA : venientibus V. ,o.^* sol discedentis N (nos supra sol m^) : sodiscenden^nos descendentis V : sola discedentis Haupt : bdiscindentis Baehrens : alii alia." i.e. the podium (ttoSiov), a projecting parapet or balconyjustabove the arena for the emperor or other distinguishedspectators. The balteus was a praecinclio, a wall runninground the amphitheatre at intervals dividing the tiers ofseats into stories.282

"^BarthCALPl UN I us SICULUSaitua part asunder and its soil upturned and beasts'^plunge out from the chasm cleft in the earth ; yetoften from those same rifts the golden arbutessprang amid a sudden fountain spray (of saffron).Ô lucky Corydon, unhampered by palsied eld;lucky in that by the grace of heaven it was your lotto set ^ your early years in this age I Now if fortunehas vouchsafed to you close sight of our worshipfulEmperor-god, if there and then you marked hiscountenance and mien, tell me, come, tell me,Corydon, what I may deem to be the features of thegods.O would that I had not been clad in peasant garbElse should I have gained a nearer sight of my deity :but humble dress and dingy poverty and broochwith but a crooked clasp prevented me ; still, in away, I looked upon his very self some distance off,and, unless my sight played me a trick, I thoughtin that one face the looks of Mars and of Apollowere combined." Such arrangements for letting beasts rise from imdergroundin the arena are well illustrated by the excavationsat the Amphitheatrum Flavium (the "Colosseum").* The beauty of an artificially contrived garden in theamphitheatre contrasts with the savage beasts; and thespectators are refreshed by jets of saffron water,explains demittere as " inserere aut intro porrigere."The metaphor may be from planting.28s

LAUSPISONIS

IINTRODUCTIONTO LAUS PISOXISThe Paiiegyric on Piso, by a young poet who pleadspoverty but covets literary fame in preference towealth, is addressed to one Calpurnius Piso, who iseulogised as eloquent in the law-courts, in the senateand in private declamation ; as generous, musical,athletic, and an adept in the chess-like game oflatrnncuU. Such qualities agree ^\^th the descriptionin Tacitus {An7i. XV. 48) of that Gaius CalpurniusPiso who was the ill-fated figure-head of the abortiveplot in A.D. 65 against Nero : they also agree withthe scholiimi on Juvenal's Piso bonus (V. 109), whichmentions this particular Piso's power of drawingcrowds to see him play the Indus latrunculorum. Theidentification with the noble conspirator is plausible,though we can prove neither that Piso bonus was theconspirator nor that Piso the conspirator had beenconsul, as the person addressed in Laus Pisonis, 70,clearly had been. This latter point decided Hubaux{Les Themes Bucoliques, p. 185) to see in the personaddressed Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul with Neroin A.D. 57.The authorship is still more doubtful. In the nowmissing Lorsch manuscript the poem was erroneouslyassigned to Virgil. Certain similarities to Lucan'sstyle indicate identity rather of period than ofauthorship, though the old ascription to Lucan hasVOL. I.U289

INTRODUCTION TOfound modern support (B. L, Ullman, C.P. XXIV,1929, 109 sqq.). The names of Ovid, Saleius Bassusand Statius have been advocated, of whom the firstlived too early and the others too late to vrrite theLaiis Piso7iis. Resemblances in style and in carefulmetrical technique led Haupt (opusc. I. 391) to arguethat the work was by the pastoral poet CalpurniusSiculus. Haupt himself lost confidence in hishypothesis ; and it has been opposed by G. Ferrarain Calpur?uo Siculo e il pa?iegirico a Calpurnio Pisone,Pa via, 1905.EDITIONSEditio Princeps in J. Sichard's edn. of Ovid. Vol.II. pp. 546-549. Basel, 1527.Hadrianus Junius. Lucani poema ad CalpuriiiumPisonem ex lihro Catalecton in AnimadiersorumLibri Sex. Basel, 1556.[Junius used a Codex Atrebatensis of whichwe lack subsequent record, unless Ullman isright in identifying it with the Arras Florilegium; see i?ifra under Sigla " a."]Jos. Scaliger. Lucani ad Calpurn. Pisonem Paneguricumin Virgilii Maronis Appejidix. Lyon,1573.[Scaliger's text follows that of Junius, andagrees with the Paris MSS. more than withthe editio princeps.^J. C. Wernsdorf. Poet. Lat. Min. W .pp. 236-282.Saleii Bassi ad Calpurnium Pisonem poeniation,Lucano vulgo adscriptum. Altenburg, 1785.J. Held. Incerti Auctoris ad Calp. Pisonem carmen.Breslau, 1831.290

LAUS PISONISC. Beck. Statu ad Pisonem pocmation. Aiisbacli,1835.C. F. \\'ebcr. Incerti auctoris carmen panegyricum inCalpurn. Pisonem (appar. crit. and prolegomena).Marburg, 1859.E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min. I. pp. 221-236, IncertiLaus Pisonis. Leipzig, 1879.Gladys Martin. Laus Pisonis (thesis), Cornell Univ.U.S.A., 1917.[Introduction, text, notes.]B. L. Ullman. The Text Tradition and Authorshipof the Laus Pisonis in Class. Philol. XXI\\((1929) pp. 109-132.[As the Florilegia are the only existing MSS.of the Laus, Ullman prints a restoration oftheir archetype.]RELEVANT WORKSK. Unger. P. Papinii Statii ad Calp. Pisonem Pocmation,M. Jahns Jahrb. 1836, p. 261.Haupt. De Carminihus Bucolicis Calpurnii etXemesiani, Berlin, 1854, and Opusc. i. p. 391.Leipzig, 1875.E. W'celfflin. Zu dem carmen panegyricum in Calp.Pisonem, in Philologus XML (1861) pp. 340-344.J. Maehly. Zur Literatur des Pajiegyricus inPisonem, Fleckeis. Jahrb. 1862, p. 286.G. Ferrara. Calpurjiio Siculo e il panegirico a CalpurnioPison e. Pa via, 1905.F. Skutsch. T. Calpurnius Siculus, in P. W\ Healencycl.III. 1404.C. Chiavola. Delia vita e dell' opera di Tito CalpurnioSiculo, pp. 24-36. Ragusa, 1921.u2291

INTRODUCTION TO LAUS PISONISJ. Hubaux. Les Themes Bucoliques dans la poesielatine, esp. pp. 184-185. Bruxelles, 1930.SIGLAS = readings in J. Sichard's edition of Ovid, Vol. II.pp. 546 sqq., Basel, 1527, representing a lostmanuscript of the Laus Pisonis in the monasteryat Lorsch {ex hihUotheca Laurissana^.Two MSS. of Florilegia containing, along withexcerpts from other authors, excerpts amountingto almost 200 lines of the Laus (the gaps representover 60 lines) :p = Parisinus-Thuaneus 7647, 12th-13th century,n = Parisinus-Nostradamensis 17903, 13th century.P == Consensus of p and n.B. L. UUman, op. cit., adds evidence from threeother kindred Florilegia :a ^=ône at Arras which he believes may be Junius'Atrebatensis.e ^= one in the Escorial, Q. I. 14.b = one in Berlin (Diez. B. 60 f. 29) containing afew lines and probably descended from e.[Ullman thinks the common ancestor-manuscriptof e, p, a was " a sister or cousin of n : thus thetestimony of n is worth as much as that of theother three manuscripts together."]The main variants from Baehrens' text are noted.292

LAUSPISONISUxDE prills coepti surgat mihi carminis ordoquosve canam titiilos, dubius feror.nobilitas veterisque citant sublimia Calpinomina, Romanas inter fulgentia gentes ;hinc tua, Piso,hinc tua me virtus rapit et miranda per omnesvita modos : quae, si desset tibi forte creatonobilitas, eadem pro nobilitate fuisset.nam quid imaginibus, quid avitis fulta triumphisatria, quid pleni numeroso consule fastiprofuerint, cui vita labat ?perit omnis in illogentis honos, cuius laus est in origine sola,at tu, qui tantis animum natalibus aequas,et partem tituli, non summam, ponis in illis,ipse canendus eris : nam quid memorare necesse est,ut domus a Calpo nomen Calpurnia ducatclaraque Pisonis tulerit cognomina prima,humida callosa cum " pinseret " hordea dextra?nee si cuncta velim breviter decurrere possimet prius aethereae moles circumvaga flammaeannua bissenis revocabit mensibus astra,29412 at tu S : felix P.1' furaida Scaliger : horrida MaeJdy.

PANEGYRIC ON PISOUncertain are my feelings where first should startthe order of the poem which I have undertaken, orwhat titles of honour I should chant. On the onehand, Piso, comes the summons of your noble rankwith the exalted names of ancient Calpus,'' resplendentamong the clans of Rome : on the other, Iam thrilled by your own merit, your life in everyphase inspiring admiration—such a life as wouldhave been equal to nobility, if nobility had perchancenot been yours at birth. For what shall hallsstrengthened by images and triumphs ancestral.^ whatshall archives filled \\ith many a consulate, profit theman of unstable life ? In him whose only merit isbirth, the whole honour of a family is lost. But you,gifted with a mind to match your high descent inwhich you set a part but not the whole of your renown,you will yourself be a fit theme for song. \Miat needto record how the Calpurnian house derives itsfrom Calpus and won its first famous surname of Pisofor pounding (pi{?i)seret) the moist barley with hardskinnedhand ? I could not, if I would, rehearsethe whole in brief; the circling mass of heavenlyflame will in a twelvemonth recall '^ its yearly con-name" Through the Calpi the gens Calpurnia claimed descentfrom Xuma PompiHus. The Pisones of Hor. A. P. 292 aretermed '"PompiUus sanguis."*>fuUa suggests the columns to which triumphal ornamentswere attached.^ The sun.

MINOR LATIN POETSquam mihi priscorum titulos operosaque bellacontigerit memorare. manus sed bellica patrumarmorumque labor veteres decuere Quirites,atque illos cecinere sui per carmina vates.nos quoque pacata Pisonem laude nitentemexaequamus a\-is. nee enim, si bella quierunt,occidit et virtus : licet exercere togataemunia militiae, licet et sine sanguinis haustumitia legitimo sub iudice bella movere.hinc quoque servati contingit gloria civis,altaque Wctrices intexunt limina palmae.quin age maiorum, iuvenis facunde, tuorumscande super titulos et avitae laudis honores,armorumque decus praecede forensibus actis.sic etiam magno iam tunc Cicerone vigentelaurea facundis cesserunt arma togatis.sed quae Pisonum claros visura triumphosolim turba vias impleverat agmine denso,ardua nunc eadem stipat fora, cum tua maestosdefensura reos vocem facundia mittit.22 sic S : memorare manus. sed bellica fama Baehrens.23 docuere 8 : decuere correxit vir doctus saec. X VI.2' occidit et S: non periit P: fortasse interiit in archetypo]Vight Duff.35 vigente Wernsdorf: iuventae S: iubente Weber, Baehrens.296

PANEGYRIC ON PISOstellations ere it could be mine to record thetitles and toilsome wars of the men of olden days.But the warlike hand of their fathers and annedemprise well beseemed the citizens of yore, mIiowere sung by bards of their o"\\ti times in theirlays.**We too can praise as his grandsires' peer a Pisobrilliant in the glories of peace. For, if wars havesunk to rest, courage is not dead also : there isfreedom to fulfil the tasks of campaigning in thegown—freedom, ^\'ith no blood drawn, to conductmild M'arfare before the judge ordained by law.Hence too comes the distinction of saving a fellowcitizen: and so victorious palms em\Teathe the loftyportals.^ Come now, eloquent youth, o'er-climb thetitles of your forbears and the honours of ancestralfame ; outstep by forensic exploits the renoA\Ti ofarms. So too in great Cicero's day of vigour thelaurelled arms gave way to eloquence bego^Tied.^The crowd which once in close array thronged thestreets to see the illustrious triumphs of the Pisosnow packs the laborious law-courts, when youroratory utters its accents to set unhappy defendants" This, it should be observed, indicates belief in the existenceof heroic lays in ancient Rome : c/. Cic. Tvsc. Disp.IV. ii. ; Brutus xix. 75; Varro apud Noniuin Marcellum, 76 ;Val. Maximiis, IT. i. 10. For Niebuhr's ballad-theory seeJ. Wight Duff, Lit. Hist, of Rome to Golden Age, pp. 72-73.^ i.e. the advocate can save a life in the law-court, as thesoldier can on the battlefield. Successful pleadings werehonoured by setting up palm-branches at the pleader'shouse-door: cf. Juv. VII. 118 .scnlarum gloria palma e ; Mart.VII. xxviii. 6 excolat et geminas plurima palma fores.'Ân intentional echo of Cicero's own alliterative line,cedant arma togae, concednt laurca Inudi, De Off. I. xxii. 77 :cf. Philipp. II. viii. 20.297

MINOR LATIN POETSseu trepidos ad iura decern citat hasta virorumet firmare iubet centeno iudice causas,seu capitale nefas operosa diluis arte,laudibus ipsa tuis resonant fora.diini rapis unaiudicis affectum possessaque pectora temptas,victus sponte sua sequitur quocumque vocastiflet siflere iubes, gaudet gaudere coactuset te dante capit iudex, quam non habet, iram,sic auriga solet ferventia Thessalus oramobilibus frenis in aperto flectere campo,qui modo non solum rapido permittit habenasquadrupedi, sed calce citat, modo succutit alteflexibiles rictus et nunc cervice rotataincipit effuses in gyrum carpere cursus.quis non attonitus iudex tua respicit ora ?quis regit ipse suam, nisi per tua pondera,mentem ?nam tu, sive libet pariter cum grandine nimbosdensaque vibrata iaculari fulmina lingua,seu iuvat adstrictas in nodum cogere voceset dare subtili vivacia verba catenae,vim Laertiadae, brevitatem vincis Atridaedulcia seu mavis liquidoque fluentia cursuverba nee incluso sed aperto pingere flore,** dura Piso : nam S : dum rapis una Baehren^.*^ tentas S: ducis P {fortasse ex versu 138 translalum)frenas Maehly.^^ rabido Baekrens : rapido PS.^2 succutit alte {sive acre) Baehrens : succutit arce P : omS : succedit a : subripit a^.2Q8

1PANEGYRICOX PISOWhether the spear of the decemviri summonstire.the panic-stricken to trial and ordains the estabhshmentof cases before the centumviri,** or whetherwith busy skill you refute a capital charge, thevery courts resound with your praises. As youcarry along with you a judge's feelings, assailinghis captured heart, vanquished he follows of hisovm accord wherever you call—weeps if you say"weep," rejoices if so compelled; and you are thegiver from whom a judge gets an anger not hisown. So the Thessalian rider is wont on the openplain to guide his horse's steaming mouth withmobile bit. now spurring his rapid steed and notmerely giving him rein, now jerking high the openjaws in his control, and now starting to wheel thehorse's neck round and pull its wild rush into a circle.What judge fails to watch your lips in wonderment.^\^ ho orders his own mind save by your weightyarguments? For whether it be rain along withhail and repeated thunder-bolts that you choose tohurl with whirling tongue, or whether you pleaseto condense compact expressions in a period andlend enduring words to the graceful texture of yourspeech, you surpass Ulysses' force and Menelaus'brevity ; or whether with no concealed but withopen flowers of speech you prefer to embellish sweetwords as they floM' on their clear course, the famous" Decemviri and centumviri took cognisance of civil lawsuits.The spear, as a symbol of magisterial power, was set in theground to mark the holding of a centumviral court :cf.Mart. VII. Ixiii. 7 centum gravis hasta virorum ; Stat. Silv.IV. iv. 43 cenieni moderatrix iudicis hasta. Suet. Aug. 3Gshows that decemviri (stlitihus iudicandis) were required fromAugustus' time to call together the " Court of One Hundred "{at centumviralem hnstam . . . decemviri cogerent).299

MINOR LATIN POETSinclita Nestorei cedit tibi gratia mellis.nee te, Piso, tamen populo sub iudiee solaniirantur fora ;sed numerosa laude senatusexeipit et meritas reddit tibi euria voces.quis digne referat, qualis tibi luce sub iliagloria contigerit, qua tu, reticente senatu,cum tua bissenos numeraret purpura fasces,Caesareum grato cecinisti pectore numen ?quodsi iam validae mihi robur mentis inessetet solidus primos impleret spiritus annos,auderem voces per carmina nostra referre,Piso, tuas : sed fessa labat mihi pondere cervixet tremefacta cadunt succiso poplite membra,sic nee olorinos audet Pandionis alesparva referre sonos nee, si velit improba, possitsic et aedonia superantur voce cicadae,stridula cum rapido faciunt convicia soli.quare age, Calliope, posita gravitate forensi,limina Pisonis mecum pete :plura supersuntquae laudare velis inventa penatibus ipsis.hue etiam tota concurrit ab urbe iuventusauditura virum, si quando iudiee fessoturbida prolatis tacuerunt iurgia rebus.^* retinente S : reticente vulgo : recinente Unger, Baehrens." CJ. Hom. II. I. 249 rov /col a-Kh yXdoaaris /xeXiTos yXvKiwuê€u avB-f). For the eloquence of Ulysses and Menelaus cf. II.III. 221-223 and 213-215.* The passage 68-83 {quis . . . ipsis) is omitted here by Pi.e. p + n ; but 77-80 {sic nee . . . soli) are added at theclose of the poem.300

PANEGYRIC ON PISOcharm of Nestor's honied eloquence " yields place toyou. 'Tis not only courts before a citizen jury thatadmire you, Piso : the senate welcomes you withmanifold praise, and its assembly renders you wellearnedplaudits. Who ^ niay worthily recount theglory that befell you beneath the light of that dayon which, when your purple counted its twelvefasces,^ before a hushed senate you sang fromgrateful heart the praise of the imperial divinity ?Yet, if the strength of powerful intellect were nowwithin me, and my early years were filled with solidforce, then should I dare to recount your eloquence,Piso, in lays of mine ; but my neck sways wearilybeneath the load : hamstrung, my limbs drop palsied.Even so Pandion's little bird '' dares not record theswan's notes, nor, had it the wanton will, would ithave the power; even so the nightingale's songexcels the grasshoppers a-chirping their noisy abuseat the scorching sun.Wherefore come. Calliope,*^ passing over his forensicdignity, with me approach Piso's doors : there is stillmore abundance of what is found in his very home totempt your praise. Hither also repair youths fromall over Rome to listen to the man, whenever judgesare weary, and in vacation/ confused wrangles are*When he entered on his consulate, Piso delivered a complimentaryaddress to the emperor. Pliny's Panegyricusillustrates this kind of oration.^ Pandion's daughter, Philomela, was changed into anightingale, or, in some accounts, a SAvalloAV, as here.' The Muse particularly of heroic narrative poetry. For asummary of the provinces of the nine Muses see the linesin this volume, pp. 434-^35 and pp. 034-635.f Cases are said to be prolatae when there is a iustitiumor cessation of legal business, particularly at times of harvestand vintage.301

PANEGYRIC ON PISOhushed. For then his sport seems to be with light-weapons," as he pHes his true accomphshments afterlawsuits are settled.^ Moreover, Greek culture flowsforth readily from Roman lips, and Athens meets aweighty rival in his accents. Witness, eloquent Naplesthat founded her walls under Acidalian auspices andrepeats the skill of Euboea.^ What lustre, ye godsabove, what lustre shines on the fair language of hislips ! Here words sparkling in compact splendourhave filled out his choice passages ; here, deckedout with tropes there flies to the hearer from thefreed lathe a swift epigram. Great merit '^ trulyit was, even if it had been the only one, now todelight the venerable senate with his style, nowto clear the innocent, anon to lay the burden uponthe guilty : yet more appealing still is a countenancefull of serene dignity, while his look dazzleswith the stamp of eminence. The mien he wears issuch as we can call neither sad nor flippant, butseemly in a joyous seriousness. The fair honour ofinborn nobility stands fast in him, and lineamentsworthy of his birth. Thereto is joined true loyalty,frankness full of modesty, and a nature unstained bymalicious envy—his mind itself is richer than the goldhe owns.Which of your clients, eloquent youth, approachesyour threshold in poverty who is not welcomed andenriched by a generous indulgence with the aid ofan unexpected income ? And, what may well bemore precious than any gift, you esteem him as**Cf. the sense of excusso (rudenti) in 229. The lathe,metaphorically, is made to turn out the epiiirani which fliesto the audience; (rf. Kor. A. P. -iAl male tor natos . . .versus).The tomus is "shaken free" of its epigram, as the ship inV'irg. Aen. VI. 353 is excussa magisiro.

MINOR LATIN POETSdiligis ex aequo, nee te fortuna colentumnatalesve movent :probitas spectatur in illis.nulla superboruna patiuntur dicta iocorum, 1.nullius subitos afFert iniuria risus :unus amicitiae summos tenor ambit et imos.rara domus tenuem non aspernatur amiciunraraque non humilem calcat fastosa clientemilli casta licet mens et sine crimine constet1'vita, tamen probitas cum paupertate iacebitet lateri nullus comitem circumdare quaerit,quern dat purus amor, sed quem tulit impia mercesnee quisquam vero pretium largitur amico,quem regat ex aequo vicibusque regatur ab illo, 1;sed miserum parva stipe focilat, ut pudibundosexercere sales inter convi\da possit.ista procul labes, procul haec fortuna refugit,Piso, tuam, venerande, domum : tu mitis et acriasperitate carens positoque per omnia fastuinter ut aequales unus numeraris amicos,obsequiumque doces et amorem quaeris amando.cuncta domus varia cultorum persona t arte,cuncta movet studium ;nee enim tibi dura clientumturba rudisve placet, misero quae freta labore 1-nil nisi summoto novit praecedere vulgo120 illi n: ilia peab: illic S. licet et S contra metrinn:licet domus P {ez interpolatione) : licet, licet et Baehrens : illiccasta licet mens p mgo. m. rec. {quod transiit in editt.).12® focilat S : om. in lacuna P : munerat aliquot edd.1^" focilat, " revives," " cherishes," the reading of S, does notagree in quantity with the usual /dct/a^ or foe illat.

PANEGYRIC ON PISOan equal : neither the fortune nor the pedigree ofclients influence you : uprightness is the test inthem. They do not wince under any witticisms ofoverbearing jests: no man's grievance furnishesmaterial for sudden laughter. A uniform tenor offriendship encompasses highest and lowest. Rarethe house that does not scorn a needy friend ; rarethe house that does not trample contemptuously ona humble dependant. Though his mind be clean andhis life unimpeachable, still his probity will rank aslow as his poverty ; and no patron seeks to have athis side a retainer got by pure affection but one whomcursed gain has brought him : no one confers largesson a true friend in order to guide him on an equalfooting and in turn be guided by him, but one hires ^the wretched man for a trumpery wage to have thepower of practising shameful witticisms at the festalboard.* Far has such a disgrace, far has a plight ofthis sort fled, worshipful Piso, from your house. Inyour gentleness and freedom from sharp asperity,laying aside pride everywhere, you are reckonedas but one among your friendly peers : you teachobedience, as you court love by loving. The wholehouse rings with the varied accomplishments of itsfrequenters : zeal is the motive force everywherefor you find no satisfaction in a clumsy uneducatedband of clients, whose forte lies in trivial services andwhose one ability is to walk before a patron when thecommon herd are cleared away. No, it is a wide* Juvenal, writing at the beginning of the second centuryA.D., draws parallel pictures of the relations between patronand client: e.g. with 115-116 and 118-119 cf. Juv. III.152-153, nil habet infelix paupcrtas durius in se quam quodridicules homines facit, and with 122-124 cf. X. 46 defossa inloculos quos sportula fecit arnicas.VOL. I.X

MINOR LATIN POETSsed virtus niimerosa iuvat. tu pronus in omnepectora ducis opus, seu te graviora vocaruntseu leviora iuvant. nee enim faeundia semperadducta cum fronte placet : nee semper in armisbellica turba manet, nee tota classicus horrornocte dieque gemit. nee semper Gnosius arcumdestinat, exempto sed laxat comua nervo,et galea miles caput et latus ense resolvit.ipsa vices natura subit variataque cursusordinat. inversis et frondibus explicat annum.non semper fluidis adopertus nubibus aetheraurea terrificis obcaecat sidera nimbiscessat hiemps, madidos et siccat vere capillos ;ver fugit aestates ; aestatum terga lacessitpomifer autumnus, nivibus cessurus et undis.ignea quin etiam supenmi pater amia reconditet Ganymedeae repetens convivia mensaepocula sumit ea, qua gessit fulmina, dextra.temporibus servire decet : qui tempora certisponderibus pensavit, eum si bella vocabunt,miles erit ; si pax, positis toga vestiet armis.hunc fora pacatum, bellantem castra decebunt.felix ilia dies totumque canenda per aevum,quae tibi, vitales cum primum traderet auras, ]contulit innumeras intra tua pectora dotes.mira subest gravitas inter fora, mirus omissapauli'-per gravitate lepos.si carmina forte^** frondibus S : front ibiis Beck, Baekrens.15^ nubibus S : nimbis P : nebulis Wernsdorf: nivihym Earth.15' vestiet p n^ : gestiet S n^ (secundum Ulbnanum vestietn, non ex gestiet corr., ut Baehrens dicit).306

PANEGYRIC OX PISOrange " of good iiiialitic"^ that })leases you. YourOAvn keenness leads the mind to every sort of work,wliether the call has come from graver pursuits, orlighter pursuits are to your fancy ; for the eloquenceof the serious brow does not charm at every seasonnot for ever does the warlike band remain underarms : nor does the trumpet's alarum blare all nightand day : not for ever does the Cretan aim his bow,but, freeing its string, he relaxes its horns : and thesoldier unbinds helmet from head and sword fromflank. Nature herself undergoes alternations, invaried form ordering her courses, unfolding the yearwith the change of the leaf. Not for ever doesether, shrouded in streaming clouds, darken thegolden stars with dreadful rains. Winter flags andin the springtime dries his dripping locks. Springflees before the summer-heats : on summer's heelspresses fruit-bearing autumn, destined to yield tosnow and flood. Yea, the Sire of the Gods storesaway his fiery weapons, and, seeking again thebanquet at the table served by Ganymede, he graspsthe goblet in the right hand wherewith he wieldedthe thunderbolt. 'Tis meet to obey the seasonswhoso has weighed the seasons * with sure weights,he, if war calls him, will be a soldier ; if peace, hewill lay down his arms and his dress will be the gown.Him the law-court in peace, the camp in war willbefit. Happy that day, for all time worthy of song,which, so soon as it gave you the breath of life, conferredon you countless gifts within your breast.A wondrous dignity upholds you in court ; a wondrouswit, when for the moment dignity is dropped. If" Cf. 66 numerosa laude.^ Here tempoia is used in the sense of " the fit times."x2

MINOR LATIN POETSnectere ludenti iuvit fluitantia versu,Aonium facilis deducit pagina carmensive chelyn digitis et eburno verbere pulsas,dulcis Apollinea sequitur testudine cantus,et te credibile est Phoebo didicisse magistro.ne pudeat pepulisse lyram, cum pace serenapublica securis exultent otia terris,ne pudeat :Phoebea chelys sic creditur illispulsari manibus, quibus et contenditur arcussic movisse fides saevus narratur Achilles,quamvis mille rates Priameius ureret heroset gravis obstreperet modulatis bucina nervîsillo dulce melos Nereius extudit heros"pollice, terribilis quo Pelias ibat in hostem.amia tuis etiam si forte rotare lacertisinque gradum clausis libuit consistere miembriset vitare simul, simul et captare petentem,mobilitate pedum celeres super orbibus orbesplectis et obliquis fugientem cursibus urgeset nunc vivaci scrutaris pectora dextra,nunc latus adversum necppino percutis ictu.nee tibi mobilitas minor est, si forte volantemaut geminare pilam iuvat aut revocare cadentemet non sperato fugientem reddere gestu.haeret in haec populus spectacula, totaque ludosI'l nee S : ne Baehrens. si S : sic Baehrens.1'' ibat in hostem P8 : iverat liasta Schrader, Baehrens.308

•ÊxcursusPANEGYRIC ON PISOmayhap it is your pleasure to twine in sportiveverse the unpremeditated hiy, then an easy pagedraws out the Aonian soncr-, or. if you smite the lyrewith finirer and ivory quill, sweet comes the strainon a harp w(n-thy of Apollo : well may we believe youlearned under Phoebus' tuition. Blush not to strikethe lyre : mid peace serene let national tranquillityrejoice in a care-free world : blush not : so, 'tisbelieved, Apollo's strings are played by the handswhich also stretch the bow. Even so fierce Achillesis related to have touched the lyre, albeit the heroson of Priam (Hector) burned a thousand ships, andthe war-trumpet clashed harshly with the welltunedstrings. The hero sprung from Nereus ° beatout sweet melody with the thumb 'neath which themenacing spear from Pelion ^ sped against the foe.If moreover you have chosen mayhap to whirlweapons from the shoulder and take your stand, limbstaut in fixed position, and at the same moment bothavoid and hit your adversary, then with nimblenessof foot you swiftly interlace circle upon circle ; withslant^\'ise rush you press on your retreating opponentnow your vigorous right hand lunges at his breast, nowyour unexpected thrust strikes his exposed flank.No less is your nimbleness, if mayhap it is yourpleasure to return the flying ball or recover 'ît Mhenfalling to the ground, and by a surprising movementget it within bounds again in its flight. To watchsuch play the populace remains stockstill, and the" Achilles, son of Thetis, and grandson of Xereus.''Pelias, sc. hasta : the spear of Achilles -was so calledbecause its shaft came from Pelion. The phrase Pelias hastaoccurs in Ovid, Her. iii. 126, and in Pentadius, De Fortuna,29-30.X in Wemsdorf's Poet. Lat. Min., iv. pp. 398-404, deals with lusus pilae at Rome.

MINOR LATIN POETSturba repente siios iani sudabunda relinquit.te si forte iuvat stiidioruni pondere fessuninon languere tanien liisusque movere per artem,callidiore modo tabula variatur apertacalculus et vitreo peraguntur niilite bella,ut niveus nigros, nunc et niger alliget albos.sed tibi quis non terga dedit ? quis te duce cessitcalculus ? aut quis non periturus perdidit hostem ?mille modis acies tua dimicat : ille petentem,dum fugit, ipse rapit : longo venit ille recessu,qui stetit in speculis : hie se committere rixae*audet et in praedam venientem decipit hostemancipites subit ille moras similisque ligatoobligat ipse duos ; hie ad maiora movetur,ut citus ecfracta prorumpat in agmina mandraclausaque deiecto populetur moenia vallo.interea sectis quamvis acerrima surgant 1proelia militibus, plena tamen ipse phalangeaut etiam pauco spoliata milite vincis,et tibi captiva resonat manus utraque turba.sed prius emenso Titan versetur Olympo,quam mea tot laudes decurrere carmina possint.felix et longa iuvenis dignissime vita203 Q^ fracta S : effracta doclus quidam : ecfracta Bachrens.204 fortasse quassaque Maehly.^^' etiam S : tantum Baehrens.203 versetur PS : mersetur Wernsdorf : vergetur Baehrens.'" Excursus XI, ibid., pp. 404^19, deals with the Induslatrunculorum, a game with a resemblance to chess or draughts.^ i.e. instead of advancing, this "soldier" lets himself bestopped and then, when he looks penned in, suddenly breaksout. Another explanation is that one counter " undergoesa double attack " {mora technically meaning " check "), t.e.is in danger from two opposing pieces, but by a furthermove endangers two enemies.310

PANEGYRIC OX PISOwhole crowd, sweatino; with exertion, suddenlyabandons its own iianies. If mayha]) you please,when weary with the wei^^ht of studies, to he neverthelessnot inactiV'C but to play _i»-anies of skill, thenon the open board " in more eunnins; fashion a piece i';moved into different positions and the contest is wagedto a finish with glass soldiers, so that white checksthe black pieces, and black checks white. But whatplayer has not retreated before you ? What piece islost when you are its player ? Or what piece beforecapture has not reduced the enemy ? In a thousandways your army fights : one piece, as it retreats, itselfcaptures its pursuer : a reserve piece, standing onthe alert, comes from its distant retreat—this onedares to join the fray and cheats the enemy comingfor his spoil. Another piece submits to risky delays ''and, seemingly checked, itself checks two morethis one moves towards higher results, so that, quicklyplayed and breaking the opponent's defensive line,''it may burst out on his forces and, when the rampartis down, devastate the enclosed city.'^ Meanwhile,however fierce rises the conflict among the men intheir divided ranks, still you win with your phalanxintact or deprived of only a few men, and both yourhands rattle with the crowd of pieces you havetaken.But the Sun-God would complete his circuit aftermeasuring the heavens, ere my lays could traverseso many merits. Fortunate youth, most worthy of' Mandra, a herd of cattle, was taken by Scaliger for theequites of the Indus lair luiculor urn. There is evidence that,as a piece, the latro had higher value than tlie mandra. Inthe sense of "enclosure," mandra may mean the line of lessvaluable pieces (like " panns ").**The ir6\is of a similar CTreek game.3"

MINOR LATIN POETSeximiumque tuae gentis decus, accipe nostricertus et hoc veri complectere pignus amoris.quod si digna tua minus est mea pagina laude,at voluisse sat est : animum, non carmina, iacto. 2]tu modo laetus ades : forsan meliora canemuset \-ires dabit ipse favor, dabit ipsa feracemspes aninium : dignare tuos aperire Penates,hoc solum petimus. nee enim me divitis auriimperiosa fames et habendi saeva libido2fimpulerunt, sed laudis amor, iuvat, optime, tecumdegere cumque tuis virtutibus omne per aevumcarminibus certare meis : sublimior ibo,si famae mihi pandis iter, si detrahis umbram.abdita quid prodest generosi vena metalli,2isi cultore caret ? quid inerti condita portu,si ductoris eget, ratis efficit, omnia quamvisarmamenta gerat teretique fluentia malopossit ab excusso dimittere vela rudenti ?ipse per Ausonias Aeneia carmina gentes 22qui sonat, ingenti qui nomine pulsat OlympumMaeoniumque senem Romano provocat ore,forsitan illius nemoris latuisset in imibraquod canit, et sterili tantum cantasset avenaignotus populis, si Maecenate careret. 23qui tamen haut uni patefecit limina vatinee sua \ ergilio permisit numina soliMaecenas tragico quatientem pulpita gestu^^"numina S : nomina P : carmina Lachmann : somniaBaehrens." Cf. Ennius' Musae quae pedibus magnum pulsatis Olympum: or the idea may be that Virgil's fame rises and" strikes " the heavens.* L. Varius Rufus, who with Plotius Tucca edited theA eneid, was an epic and elegiac as well as a tragic author :312

PANEGYRIC OX PISOlong life, distinguished ornament of your clan,assured of my loyalty, accept and welcome thispledge of true affection. Yet, if my page f;ills shortof your renown, the intent is enough. I vaunt myaspiration, not my poetr\ . Do you but lend yourjoyful presence : perchance I shall sing better laysand your very favour will give strength, the veryhope A\'ill give a fertile spirit : deign to throw openyour home : this is my sole request. For it is noimperious hunger for rich gold, no savage lust ofpossession that has prompted me, but love ofpraise. I fain, noble sir, would dwell with you, andthrough all my life hold rivalry in my songs withyour excellences : more lofty will be my way, if youare now opening for me the path of fame, if youare removing the shadow (of obscurity). Whatprofits the hidden vein of precious metal, if itlack the miner? What can a vessel do, buried insome sluggish haven, if it lack captain, though itcarry all its tackle, and could loosen its flappingsails on the shapen mast from the slackened rope ?The very bard who through Italian peoples makeshis poem on Aeneas resound, the bard who in hismighty renown treads ^ Olympus and in Romanaccents challenges the old man Maeonian, perchancehis poem might have lurked obscure in the shadowof the grove, and he might have but sung on afruitless reed unknown to the nations, if he had lackeda Maecenas. Yet it was not to one bard only that heopened his doors, nor did he entrust his (imperial)divinities to ^'irgil alone : Maecenas raised to fameVarius,* who shook the stage with tragic mienHor. Od. I. vi. 1 and Porphyrion nd loc. ; Sat. I. x. 44; A.P.65; Quintilian X. i. 98; Mart. VIII. xviii. 7; Tac. Dial. xii. 6.

'.MINOR LATIN POETSerexit Varium. Maecenas alta tonantisemit et populis ostendit nomina Graiis.camiiiia Romanis etiam resonantia chordis,Ausoniamque chelyn gracilis patefecit Horati.o decus, in totum nierito venerabilis aevum,Pierii tutela chori, quo praeside tutinon umquam vates inopi timuere senectae.quod si quis nostris precibus locus, et mea votasi mentem subiere tuam, memorabilis olimtu mihi Maecenas tereti cantabere versu.possumus aeternae nomen committere famae,si tamen hoc ulli de se promittere fas estet deus ultor abest ; superest animosa voluntasipsaque nescio quid mens excellentius audet.tu nanti protende manum : tu, Piso, latentemexsere. nos huniilis domus, at sincera, parentumet tenuis fortuna sua caligine celat.;possumus impositis caput exonerare tenebriset lucem spectare novam, si quid modo laetusadnuis et nostris subscribis, candide, votis.est mihi, crede, meis animus constantior annis,quamvis nunc iuvenile decus mihi pingere malascoeperit et nondum vicesima venerit aestas.^*^ nomina Graiis S : Troica Macri Baehrens." A divine power hostile to pride is suggested, but notnamed; cf. Sen. H.F. 385, sequitur superhos ultor a tergodeus; Ovid, Met. XIV. 750, quam iam deus ultor agebat. Theidea resembles that of Nemesis, and it is noteworthy thatOvid, Met. XIV. 693-694 mentions the del ultores and,independently, the " mindful wrath" of Nemesis.314

PANEGYRIC OX PISOMaecenas drew out tlie grand style of the tliunderintjpoet and revealed famous names to the peoples ofGreece. Likewise he made known to fame songsresonant on Roman strings and the Italian lyre ofgraceful Horace. Hail! ornament of the age,worshipful deservedly for all time, protection of thePierian choir, beneath whose guardianship never didpoet fear for an old age of beggary.But if there is any room for entreaties of mine, ifmy prayers have readied your heart, then you, Piso,shall one day be chanted in polished verse, to beenshrined in memory as my Maecenas. I can consigna name to everlasting renown, if after all 'tis rio-htfor any man to promise this of himself, and if theavenging god is absent :*' there is abundance of spiritedwill, and the mind itself ventures on something ofsurpassing quality. Do you stretch out your hand toa swimmer : ^ do you, Piso, bring to the light one whois obscure. The home of my sires, humble but true,along with its slender fortune hides me in its owndarkness. I can clear my head of its enshroudingburden, I can behold fresh light, if you, my fairsouledfriend, do but cheerfully approve and supportmy aspirations. I have, trust me, a spirit firmer thanmy years, though youth's comeliness has just begunto shade my cheeks and my twentieth simimer is notyet at hand.^ The appeal of this young poet contrasts with Johnson'sfamous sarcasm ": Is not a patron, my lord, one who lookswith unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and,when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help ?" o^D

EINSIEDELNECLOGUES

iINTRODUCTIONTO EINSIEDELN ECLOGUESThe Einsiedeln pastorals, so called after the tenthcenturymanuscript at Einsiedeln from Avhich H.Ilagen first published them in 1869, have alreadybeen touched upon in connexion with CalpurniusSiculus. These two incomplete poems date almostcertainly from the early years of Nero's reign(a.d. 51-68). In the hrst, the emperor is an Apolloand a Jupiter and the inspired author of a poem onthe taking of Troy. In the second, one of theshepherds is convinced that M'ith the emperor'saccession the Golden Age has returned. This poem,the earlier and the more artistic of the two, in itsopening ''quid tacitus, Mi/stes?" either echoes oris echoed by the opening of Calpurnius Siculus'fourth eclogue, " quid tacitus, Corydon " On the'^ground of the laudata chelys of i. 17, it has beenargued that the author's muse was already popularat court and that it might have been worth whilefor Calpurnius Siculus, a humbler person and a juniorpoet, to pay him the compliment of imitation.'^ Theargument proceeds to identify the author of the Einsiedelnpoems with the eminent Calpurnius Piso on theground that, if Calpurnius Siculus 'patron" Meliboeus "" This is Groag's theory, P. W. Reakncyd. III. 1379 : it iscontradicted by Skutsch, P. W. Realencycl. V. 2115.

INTRODUCTION TOwas really Piso," then it is appropriate that he, asthe speaker at Eclogue iv. 1, should appear to quote" quid tac'dus? " from himself. Besides, in spite ofPiso's later complicity in the conspiracy against Nero,he had been at one time on intimate terms with theemperor,^ and might well have indulged in pastoralpanegyrics upon him. This implies that the Einsiedelnpoems preceded the Calpurnian eclogues. Butif the gaudete ruinae and laudaie rogos of Einsied. i.40-41 could be taken to indicate composition afterthe fire of Rome in a.d. 64, then it is hard to picturePiso so praising Nero on the verge of his plot againsthim. However this may be, the eulogies upon Neroare in the manner of court literature during theopening years of his reign, as is evident from thetone of Seneca's praises in his Apocolocyntosis andDe Clemeritia. Much learned speculation has beenspent on the pieces. It has generally been feltneedless to assert (as Hagen, Buecheler and Birthave done) two separate authors for them ; and,while Lucan, as well as Piso, has been put forwardas the -wTiter, the balance of opinion tends to agreethat there is not enough evidence on which to dogmatise.Ferrara ^ thinks it possible that the twopieces are by Calpurnius Siculus. There are, it istrue, resemblances between the Einsiedeln pairand his eclogues ; but the verj^ fact that the adulationof Nero in the first piece and the restoration of the

EINSIEDELN ECLOGUESGolden Age in the second are themes in common\vith the fom-th and first Calpurnian ecloguesniihtates rather against than for identity of authorship.At least, it is arguable that a writer withaspirations after originality would not go on harpingon the same string. In one way, indeed, there is adeparture from pastoral usage, which normallyconfines speakers to complete hexameters : thesecond poem has this amount of individuality instructure, that the interlocutors sometimes startspeaking in the middle of a line (ii. 1 ; 4 ; 5 and 6).EDITIONSH. Hagen, in PhiM. 28 (1869), pp. 338 sqq. (thefirst publication of the text).A. Riese, in Anthol. Latina, Nos. 725 and 726.E. Baehrens, in P.L.M. Ill, 60-64.C. Giarratano, with Bucolica of Calpurnius andNemesianus (Paravia ed.). Turin, 1924.RELEVANT WORKSR. Peiper. Praefationis in Senecae tragoedias suppkm.Breslau, 1870. (First established the Neroniandate.)F. Buecheler. Rh. Mus. 26 (1871), 235.O. Ribbeck. Kh. Mus. 26 (1871), 406, 491.Th. Birt. Ad historiam hexametri latini synihola, p. 64.[Argues, like Hagen and Buecheler, that the twopoems are by different authors.] Bonn, 1876.E. Groag, in P. W. Realencyd. III. (1899) col. 1379.[Considers Calpurnius Piso the author.]321

INTRODUCTION, EIXSIEDELN ECLOGUESF. Skutsch, in P. W. Realencycl V. (1905) col. 2115.[Considers Groag's conjecture unfounded.]A. Maciejczyk. De carminum Einsidlensium temporeet auctore. Diss. GreifsMald, 1907.S. Loesch, Die Einsiedler Gedichie : eine litterarhistorischeUntersiichimg (w. text and a facsimile).Diss. Tubingen, 1909. [These last two writersargue for Lucan's authorship.]J. Hubaux. Les themes bucoliques dans la poesielat'me, Bruxelles, 1930, pp. 228 sqq.For a fuller list see Schanz, Gesch. d. rbm. Lit.SIGLUME == Codex Einsiedlensis 266 : saec. x.Baehrens' transpositions of linesnor all of his emendations.are not followed,322

Y 2

INCERTI CARMINA BUCOLICS: notam . . . albam E.Thamvra : Ladas : MidaTh. Te, formose Mida, iam dudum nostra requiruntiurgia : da vacuam pueris certantibus aurem.Mi. haud moror ; et casti nemoris secreta voluptasinvitat calamos : imponite lusibus artem.Th. praemia si cessant, artis fiducia muta est.La. sed nostram durare fidem duo pignora cogentvel caper ille, nota frontem qui pingitur alba,vel levis haec et mobilibus circumdata bullisfistula, silvicolae munus memorabile Fauni.Th. sive caprum mavis vel Fauni ponere munus,elige utrum perdas ; sed erit, puto, certius omenfistula damnato iam nunc pro pignore dempta.Thamira E: Thamyra Hagen: cf. Thamyras, 21.^ et casti Baehrens {cf. Tac. Germ. 40 castum nemus) : et cusuE : et lusu Hagen : excusum Gundermann.^ nulla Hagen, Ribbeck.' nota . . . alba Hagennobilibus E, corr. Hagen.^* munus venerabile Baehrens : munus et memorabile E.^^ set Baehrens : et E.1^ dempta Baehrens : empta est E.324

EINSIEDELN ECLOGUES[The personages are Thamyras and Ladas ascontending shepherds, and Midas as umpire.]Th. Long have our contests called for you, my handsomeMidas ; lend a leisured ear to competingswains.Mi. I am ready : the sequestered charm of theholy wood is an invitation to pipings : lay skillupon your minstrelsy.Th. If prizes are lacking, the confidence of skill isdumb.La. Xay, two stakes will make our confidence endureeither yonder he-goat, whose forehead is deckedwith the white mark, or this light pipe setround with moveable knobs,*^ the memorablegift of Faunus, denizen of the woods.Th. Whether you prefer to stake the he-goat orFaunus' gift, choose which of the two you are tolose ; but the surer omen, I fancy, will be thepipe which, instead of being a stake, is as goodas taken away from the rejected competitor.° The bullae might control the musical notes by closing oropening the perforations ; but they might merely be decorative.Hubaux [Les thenifs bucoliques, p. 230) thinks of " unafliite ornee de verroteries."

MINOR LATIN POETSLa. quid iuvat insanis lucem consumere verbis ?iudicis e gremio victoris gloria surgat.Th.praeda mea est, quia Caesareas me dicere laudesmens iubet : huie semper debetur palma labori.La. et mi sidereo cor movit Cynthius orelaudatamque chelyn iussit variare canendo.Mi. pergite, io pueri, promissum reddere carmensic vos cantantes deus adiuvet ! incipe, Lada,tu prior ; altemus Thamyras imponet honorem.La. maxime divorum caelique aeterna potestas,seu tibi, Phoebe, placet temptare loquentia filaet citharae modulis primordia iungere mundicarmine uti virgo furit et canit ore coacto,fas mihi sit vidisse deos, fas prodere mundum :seu caeli mens ilia fuit seu solis imago,dignus utroque

IEINSIEDELN ECLOGUESLa. What avails it to waste the (layli

MINOR LATIN POETSintonuitque manu. talis diWna potestasquae genuit mundum septemque intexuit orisartificis zonas et totas miscet amore.talis Phoebus erat, cum laetus caede draconisdocta repercusso generav-it carmina plectrocaelestes ulli si sunt, hac voce loquunturTh.venerat ad modulos doctarum turba sororum. . . .hue hue, Pierides, volucri concedite saltuhie Heliconis opes florent, hie vester Apollo esttu quoque Troia sacros cineres ad sidera tolleatque Agamemnoniis opus hoc ostende Mycenis !iam tanti cecidisse fuit ! gaudete, ruinae,et laudate rogos : vester vos tollit alumnus !(^venerat en et Maeonides, cui} plurima barba2° orbis Hagen : oris E.3^ totas Baehrens : toto E : totum Fiese.^5 versum qui est 35 in E post 41 traiecit Baehrens. sororumHagen : sonarum E.^^ hie versus totus et 43 ex maiore parte desunt in E.^êxplevit Baehrens ut supra." Apollo's power, from a Stoic stand-point, was totiiis parsmagna lovis (Lucan, V. 95). The artifez, or contriver of themundus, is the STj/xiowpyJj of Platonic philosophy. Accordingto Plutarch, Thales and Pythagoras divided the heavensinto five zones, Pythagoras dividing the earth into fivecorresponding zones {De Placitis Philosophoriim, 2, 12 and 3,14). The 8toio Poseidonius gave Parmenides as originatorof the division into five zones (Strabo, Geog. II. ii. 2).Poseidonius himself recognized seven zones (Strabo, II. ii. 3[C. 95]), and his influence acts directly or indirectly on thispassage.328

EINSIEDELN ECLOGUESsped thunder with his liand. Such was thedivine power which lias begotten the W(jrldand has inwoven with the seven borders theartificer's zones ° and blends them all with love.*Such was Phoebus, when, rejoicing in theslaughter of the dragon,*^ he produced learnedminstrelsy to the beat of the plectrum : ifthere are any dwellers in heaven, they speakwith voice like this. The band of the learnedsisterhood had come to the sounds of themusic. . . .Th. Hither, hither, ye Pierian Muses, approach inthe fleet dance ! Here flourishes the wealthof Helicon ; here is your own Apollo ! Youtoo, O Troy, raise your hallowed ashes to thestars,** and display this work to Agamemnon'sMycenae ! Now has it proved of such value tohave fallen ! Rejoice, ye ruins ;praise yourfuneral pyres : 'tis your nurseling that raisesyou again ! . . .

MINOR LATIN POETSalbaque caesaries pleno radiabat honore.ergo ut divinis implevit vocibus aures,Candida flaventi discinxit tempora vittaCaesareimique caput merito velavit amictu.baud procul Iliaco quondam non segnior orestabat et ipsa suas delebat Mantua cartas.IIGlyceraxus :MystesGl. Quid tacitus, Mystes ? Mi/, curae mea gaudiaturbantcura dapes sequitur, magis inter pocula surgit,et gravis anxietas laetis incunibere gaudet.Gl. non satis accipio. Mi/, nee me iuvat omnia fari.GL forsitan imposuit pecori lupus ? Mi/, baud timethostesturba canum vigilans. Gl. vigiles quoque somnusadumbrat.Ml/, altius est, Glycerane, aliquid, non quod patet:erras.Gl. atquin turbari sine ventis non solet aequor.Ml/, quod minime reris, satias mea gaudia vexat.*^ implentur . . . aurae Baehrens : implevit aures E.*^'discinxit Hagen : distinxit E.*' velavit Peiper : celabit E.II. ' nou quod patet Baehrens : non non pat E.

EINSIEDELN ECLOGUESwhose) full beard and white hair shone inundimmed honour. So when lie filled thepoet's ears with accents divine, he undid thegolden circlet from his fair brow and veiled theemperor's head with its deserved attire. Hardby stood Mantua,** erstwhile as forceful as thelips which sang of Ilion ; but now with her ownhands she began to tear her writings to shreds.[The poem is incomplete. Probably Thamyras'verses are unfinished and certainly the judgementof Midas is lacking.]IIA Dialogue between Glyceranus and Mystes.Gl. Why silent, Mystes? My. Worries disturbmy joys : worry pursues my meals : it riseseven more amid my cups : a load of anxietyenjoys burdening my happy hours.Gl. I don't quite take you, Mt/. Well, I don't liketo tell the whole.Gl. Mayhap a wolf has tricked your cattle ? Mi/.My watchful band of dogs fears not enemies.Gl. Sleep can o'ershadow even the watchful.Mtf. 'Tis something deeper, Glyceranus—no opentrouble : you are wrong.Gl. Yet the sea is not usually disturbed withoutwinds.Ml/. You may not think it, but 'tis satiety thatplagues my joys.* Virgil's birthplace, now eclipsed by Nero's ministrelsy !This gross sycophancy contrasts with tlie reverential homageshown towards Virgil both in Calp. Sic. iv. 62-63 and in LousPisonis 230 sgg. It suggests different authorship.

MINOR LATIN POETSGl. deliciae somnusque solent adamare querellas.My. ergo si causas curarum scire laborasGl. quae spargit ramos, tremula nos vestiet umbraulmus, et en tenero corpus summittere pratolierba iubet : tu die, quae sit tibi causa tacendi.Ml/, cernis ut attrito difFusus cespite pagusannua vota ferat sollennesque inchoet aras ?spirant templa mero, resonant cava tympanapalmis,Maenalides teneras ducunt per sacra choreas,tibia laeta canit, pendet sacer hircus ab ulmoet iani nudatis cervicibus exuit exta.ergo num dubio pugnant discrimine natiet negat huic aevo stolidum pecus aurea regna ?Saturni rediere dies Astraeaque virgotutaque in antiquos redierunt saecula mores,condit secura totas spe messor aristas,languescit senio Bacchus, pecus errat in herba,nee gladio metimus nee clausis oppida murisbella tacenda parant ; nullo iam noxia partufemina quaecumque est hostem parit. arvaiuventus^5 cespite pagus Baehrens : cortice fagus E.^^ inchoet Baehrens : imbuet E : imbuat Hagen : induatPeiper.21 nunc Baehrens : num E.2* tutaque Baehrens : totaque E." Maenalus in Arcadia was especially associated with Pan.^ i.e. the present generation has no handicap in the struggleof life : there is no conflict between man and nature, becausethe Golden Age has returned.' The very cattle must own that the blessings of theGolden Age belong to the present era.

EINSIEDELN ECLOGUESPleasure and drowsihead are commonly inlove with complaints.Well then, if vou are intent on knowing- thereasons for my pangsGL There is an elm-tree with outspread brancheswhich will cover us with its quivering shade,and, look ! the green-sward bids us lie downon the soft meadow : i/oii must tell what is yourreason for silence.3fy. Do you see how the villagers, outspread o'erthe well-worn turf, offer their yearly vows andbegin the regular altar-worship ? Templesreek of wine ; the hollow drums resound to thehands ; the Maenalids ^ lead the youthfulring-dances amid the holy rites ;joyful soundsthe pipe ; from the elm hangs the he-goatdoomed to sacrifice, and with neck alreadystripped lays his vitals bare. Surely then theoffspring of to-day fight with no doubtful.f*hazard ^ Surely the blockish herd denies notto these times the realms of gold ? The days'^'ôf Saturn have returned with Justice the Maid :the age has returned in safety to the olden ways.With hope unruffled does the harvester garnerall his corn-ears ; the Wine-god betrays thelanguor of old age ; the herd wanders on thelea ; we reap with no sword, nor do towns infast-closed walls prepare unutterable warthere is not any woman who, dangerous in hermotherhood, gives birth to an enemy. ^ Unarmed'^Line 23 imitates Virg. Ed. iv. G, iam red it et Virgo,redeunl Saturtiia regrui.' No foeman can be born, as war is at an end.333

MINOR LATIN POETSnuda fodit tardoque piier domifactus aratromiratur patriis pendentem sedibus ensem.est procul a nobis infelix gloria SuUaetrinaque tempestas, moriens cum Roma supremasdesperavit

EINSIEDELN ECLOGUESour youth can dig the fields, and tlie boy,trained to the slow-moving plough, marvels atthe sword hanging in the abode of his fathers.Ear from us is the luckless " glory of Sulla andthe threefold crisis ^ when dying Rome despairedof her final resources and sold her martial arms.Now doth earth untilled yield fresh producefrom the rich soil, now are the wild wavesno longer angry with the unmenaced shiptigers gnaw their curbs, lionsendure the cruelyoke : be gracious, chaste Lucina : thine ownApollo now is King.'"[The poem thus relates the shepherd's gaudiabut not the curae of verse 1.]" Sulla was traditionally regarded as felix.**The allusion seems to be to (1) the first capture of Romeby a Roman army when Sulla took the city in 88 B.C.; (2)Marius' reign of terror in 87 when slaves from the ergastulawere armed {Mnrtia vendidit arma), and (3) the occupationof Rome by Sulla in 82.' This last line is taken from Virgil, Ed. iv. 10, Lucina,goddess of childbirth, is here not Juno, but Diana, who asthe Moon-goddess is sister to the Sun-god Apollo. He is thedeity of the tenth Sibylline era which Virgil in Eel. iv.identifies with the Golden Age.335

PRECATIO TERRAEANDPRECATIO OMNIUM HERBARUMVOL. I.

INTRODUCTIONTO PRECATIO TERRAEAND PRECATIO OMNIUM HERBARUMBoth these prayers afford interesting glimpses intofeatures of ancient religion much older than thepoems themselves. It is characteristic of the worshipof the Earth-Goddess that they should exhibit arecognition of her as the source of life and energyand nourishment, an anticipation of a final refuge inher at death," and a confidence in her power to givehelp and healing. The divinity of the Earth-Motherwas believed to be communicated to the dead, whowere by inhumation absorbed into her. The wordsof the first Precatio find a full parallel in the epitaphmortua heic ego sum et sum cinis, is cinis terrast :sein est terra dea, ego sum dea, mortua non sum.^The return of the body to Mother Earth was a naturalnotion for a primitive agricultural folk, since much ofthe religious ritual of such peoples must be connectedwith the land. Earth had to be propitiatedthat she might grant increase to crops and cattle* With 11. 12-14 of the first Precatio, cf. mater genuitmaterque recepit in Buecheler, Carmitia hit. epigrnphica. No.809 : cj. also the traditional sepulchral inscription ît tibiterra levis, and the spirit of the prayer to Tellus which endsthe ttrst elegy on Maecenas (141 sqq., p. 134 supra)." Buecheler, op. cit.. No. 1532 cf. 974.:z2339

INTRODUCTION TO PRECATIO TERRAEand at funerals the pig was sacrificed to the Corn-Goddess to secure her favour in receiving the dead.It is, then, inteUigible that the Di Manes and TellusMater should sometimes be coupled ; e.g. Deciusin his devoiio (Li\T VIII. ix. 8) named them together.So Romans came to look on the tomb as an eternalhome " where the spirit of the dead should abide, stilla member of the old clan, still in some kind ofcommunion with the living through the offering ofsacrifice and food.An excellent plastic illustration of the PrecatioTerrae may be found in the allegorical relief of TellusMater, from the walls of the Ara Pacis Augustaedecreed by the Senate to the emperor Augustus in13 B.C. It is symbolic of peace and plenty, andcharacteristically representative of the fusion ofEastern with Western elements in Graeco-Roman art.Baehrens, indeed, would ascribe both the Precationes tothe same period as the Ara Pacis (Miscell. Crit., Groningen,1878, pp. 107-1 13). Under the name ofAntoniusMusa we have a treatise " de herba betonica " in aLeyden MS. (Leidensis), a Breslau MS. (Vratislaviensis),and two Florentine MSS. (Laurentiani).These four also contain the two Precationes in senarii.The Precatio Omnium Herharum is in one MS. (Laur.11th cent.) ascribed to Musa: on this ground Baehrensconcludes that both poems are by him. If thiswere convincing, it would settle their date asAugustan ; but the argument is weak, and there arefeatures in the poems suggestive of a later period.Maiestas tua, for instance, in lines 25 and 32 of the" Buecheler, op. cit., No. 69 suae gnatae, sibeique, uxoribanc constituit domum aeternam ubei omnes pariter aevomdegerent :cf. 1488.

AND PRIICATIOOMNIUM HKRBARUMfirst piece, has a post-Auûstaii ring ; and it is noteworthythat the word tnaiestas comes three times in thePrecafio Omnium Ilerharum.SIGLA(following Baehrens, P.L.M. I. pp. 137-138)A = codex Leidensis (M.L.V.Q. 9), saec. VI.B = codex Vratislaviensis (cod. bibl. univers. III.F. 19), saec. XI.C = codex Laurentianus (plut. Ixxiii. 41), saec. XIineunte.D = codex Laurentianus (plut. Ixxiii. 16), saec. XIII.341

PRECATIO TERRAEDea sancta Tellus, rerum naturae parens,quae cuncta generas et regeneras indidem,quod sola praestas gentibus vitalia,caeli ac maris diva arbitra rerumque omnium,per quam silet natura et somnos concipit,itemque lucem reparas et noctem fugastu Ditis umbras tegis et immensum chaosventosque et imbres tempestatesque attineset, cum libet, dimittis et misces fretafugasque soles et procellas concitas,itemque, cum vis, hilarem promittis diem,tu alimenta vitae tribuis perpetua fide,et, cum recesserit anima, in tete refugimusita, quicquid tribuis, in te cuncta recidunt.merito vocaris Magna tu Mater deum,pietate quia \icisti divom numinatuque ilia vera es gentium et divom parens,sine qua nil maturatur nee nasci potesttu es Magna tuque divom regina es, dea.te, diva, adoro tuumque ego numen invoco,facilisque praestes hoc mihi quod te rogoreferamque grates, diva, tibi merita fide,exaudi

iALITANY TO EARTHGoddess revered, O Earth, of all nature Mother,engendering all things and re-engendering themfrom the same womb, because thou only dost supplyeachspecies with living force, thou divine controllerof sky and sea and of all things, through thee isnature hushed and lays hold on sleep, and thou like-M-ise renewest the day and dost banish night. Thoucoverest Pluto's shades and chaos immeasurablewinds, rains and tempests thou dost detain, and, atthy will, let loose, and so convulse the sea, banishingsunshine, stirring gales to fury, and likewise, whenthou wilt, thou speedest forth the joyous day. Thoudost bestow life's nourishment with never-failingfaithfulness, and, when our breath has gone, in theewe find our refuge : so, whatsoe'er thou bestowest, allfalls back to thee. Deservedly art thou calledMighty Mother of Gods, since in duteous servicethou hast surpassed the divinities of heaven, and thouart that true parent of living species and of gods,without which nothing is ripened or can be born. Thouart the Mighty Being and thou art queen of divinities,Goddess. Thee, divine one, I adore and thygodhead I invoke : graciously vouchsafe me thiswhich I ask of thee : and with due fealty, Goddess,1 will repay thee thanks. Give ear to me, I pray,and favour my undertakings : this which I seek of343

MINOR LATIN POETShoc quod peto a te, diva, mihi praesta volens.herbas, quascumque general maiestas tua,salutis causa tribuis cunctis gentibushanc (nunc) mihi permittas medicinam tuam.veniat medicina cuni tuis \irtutibusquidque ex his fecero, habeat eventum bonum,cuique easdem dedero quique easdem a me acceperint,sanos eos praestes. denique nunc, diva, hoc mihimaiestas praestet , quod te supplex rogo.PREGATIO OMNIUM HERBARUMNunc vos potentes omnes herbas deprecor.exoro maiestatem vestram, quas parenstellus generavit et cunctis dono deditmedicinam sanitatis in vos contuHtmaiestatemque, ut omni generi îdentidem)humano sitis auxihum utiHssimum.hoc supplex exposco

TA PRAYER TO ALL H1:RBSthee, (ioddess, vouchsafe to me \villingly. All herbssoever which thy majesty " engendereth, for health'ssake thou bestowest upon every race : entrust to menow this healing virtue of thine : let healing come withthy powers: Mhate'er I do in consonance therewith,let it have favourable issue : to Avhomso I give thosesame powers or whoso shall receive the same fromDie, all such do thou make whole. Finally now, OGoddess, let thy majesty vouchsafe to me what Iask of thee in prayer.A PRAYER TO ALL HERBSWith all you potent herbs do I now intercedeand to your majesty make my appeal : ye wereengendered by Mother Earth, and given for a giftto all. On you she has conferred the healing whichmakes whole, on you high excellence, so that to allmankind you may be time and again an aid mostserviceable. This in suppliant wise I implore andentreat : hither, hither swiftly come with all yourpotency, forasmuch as the very one who gave youbirth has granted me leave to gather you : he alsoto whom the healing art is entrusted has shown hisfavour.^ As far as your potency now extends, vouchsafesound healing for health's sake. Bestow on me,I pray, favour by your potency, that in all things,whatsoever I do according to your will, or for what-" maiestas tua (in lines 25 and .32) sounds post-Augustanmaipstas had already become a title of respect for an emperorin Phaedrus II. 5. 23. Cf. in the following poem, maiestatPtnVf.stram addressed to the herbae in line 2 :cf. lines 5 and 18and Juvenal's tcmplorum qnoque maiestas praesentior, XI. Ill,for a " mystic presence" in temples.**i.e. Paean, Apollo as deity of healing.345

MINOR LATIN POETScuive homini dedero, habeatis eventus bonoset efFectuni celerrmiimi. ut semper iiiihiliceat favente maiestate vestra voscoUigere,ponamque vobis fruges et grates agamper nomen Matris, quae vos iussit nascier.-^ maiestatis codd. : Matris Baehrens. nasci codd. : nascierRiese.346

A PRAYER TO ALL HERBSsoever man 1 prescribe, ye may have favourableissues and most speedy result. That I may ever beallowed, with the favour of your majesty, to gatheryou . . . and I shall set forth the produce of thefields for you and return thanks through the nameof the Mother who ordained your birth.347

AETNA

INTRODUCTIONTO AETNAThe poem on Aetna has many claims on theattention of readers. It was placed among theminor works of Virgil by manuscript tradition,though this assignation, which came to be disputedby the time of Donatus, finds few scholars to supportit now. But whatever its authorship and its date,"Aet?ia was written by an author who must win respectby reason of his earnest enthusiasm for the study ofnature. He is in quest of a vera causa to explainvolcanic action, and in his concentration of purpose,coupled \v'ith his disdain for mythology, there rings,notwithstanding his errors, a note half-suggestive ofscientific modernity. If he despises mythology asno true explanation (though, like Lucretius, acceptingit as an ornament), the author also -despises sightseerswho gad about the world to the neglect of thewonders of nature near their homes. His is a call toobserve: "study the colossal work of nature theartist " (artijicis naturae ingens opus adspice, 601).Basing his observations and theories upon Aetnaspecially—because Vesuvius was mistakenly consideredextinct (431-432)—he argues that the controllingmotive force behind eruptions is air operatingin the vacua with which the earth is honeycombed,* See J. Wight Duff, A Literary Hintory of Rome in the SilverAge , 1927, pp. 338-339.351

INTRODUCTION TOand that the volcanic fire gets a nutritive material inthe lava-stone {lapis molaris).There are digressions from which the poem gainsin attractiveness. One passage (224-273) utters astirring proclamation of the majesty of physicalresearch in contrast ^-ith mankind's ignoble cares.Again, towards the conclusion, the poet turns fromtheorising about physical phenomena to an episode(604-64:6) which centres in the human quality ofheroic devotion sho^^^l by two brothers who rescuetheir parents from a sea of fire during an appallingeruption.The difficulty of the poem itself is partly textual,partly stylistic—the former becomes evident in theapparatus criticus; the latter, in great measure,arises from a striving after brevity, a tendency tooverload words and phrases, a fondness for metaphorand for personification, and perhaps an occasionaladoption of expressions from the sermo pleheius ofRome." These points resemble characteristics ofthe *' Silver " Latinity of the early empire. Theterseness, too, in mythological references, wheredetails are taken for granted as well known, suggestssome degree of lateness in period,^ and is consistentwith Buecheler's verdict that the poem must be laterthan Ovid and Manilius and with Munro's testimonyregarding its versification. But it must have beencomposed before a.d. 63, as the terrible earthquakewhich devastated the towns close to Vesuvius in thatyear could not have been overlooked by a didacticpoet who had the volcanic zone of Campania under" See J. M. Stowasser, Zur Latinitdl des Aetna in Zeitschrijtfur d. oesterr. Gymn., 51 (1900), p. 385.35^" E. Bickel, Rhein. Mus. Ixxix. 3 (1930).

AETNAconsideration and dismissed it as inaetive (431-432).Similarities to expressions in Seneca's NatnralesQuaestiones of a.d. 65 do not prove the contention thatAetna came after that work ; for both authors maywell have used a common source. A summer visitto the volcano may have turned the poet to studyPosidonian theories" : conirruity of subject must havedirected him to read Lucretius and Manilius, whilein the use of the hexameter he had before him asmodels both \ irgil and Ovid.There is no clear way of deciding the authorship.Seneca's letter to his friend Lucilius Junior {Epist.Ixxix. 4r-7), once widely accepted as proof thatLucilius composed the work, implies nothing beyonda prediction that Lucilius was to insert a passageabout Aetna in a projected poem on Sicily.EDITIONSJ. B. Ascensius. Firgilii Opera. Paris, 1507.Jos. Scaliger. In Firgilii Appendix. Leyden, 1573.J. Le Clerc (Gorallus). Aetna c. notis et interpret.Amsterdam, 1703, 1715.J. C. Wernsdorf. Lncilii Jiuiioris Aetna in PoetaeLatini Minores. Altenburg, 1780-1799.F. Jacob. Lncilii Junioris Aetna (Latin notes ; translationin German hexameters). Leipzig, 1826." e.g. on rrvevfia (= .spiritus) as a volcanic agent : cf. Aetna,2l:i, 344. Poseidonius) r. 1.30-50 B.C.), born at Apamea inSyria, was a traveller of encyclopaedic knowledge, whoseworks are now lost. Apart from eminent services to eclecticStoicism, he devoted much attention to physical science. Agreat authority on earthquakes and volcanoes, he is constantlyquoted by Strabo (r. B.f. (53-25 a.d.) in his (Uography (seeindex to Loeb ed., vol. viii). Seneca in the Nut. Quaest. oftencites him and his pupil Asclepiodotus. For a full account ofhis influence on Aetna see Sudhaus' ed. pp. 59-81.VOL. I.A AZS2>

INTRODUCTION TOH. A. J. Munro. Aetna revised emended andexplained. Cambridge, 1867.E. Baehrens. In Poetae Latini Mijiores, \o\. II.Leipzig, 1880.S. Sudhaus. Aetna erklart (German prose trans.).Leipzig, 1898.Robinson Ellis. Aetna with textual and exegeticalOxford,commentary (English prose translation).1901.Aetna (" ineerti auctoris carmen") : in Postgate'sCorpus Poetarum Latinorum, \ôl. II. London,1905.J. Vessereau. Aetna avec traduction et commentaire.Paris, 1905.M. L. De Gubernatis. Aetna carmen VergiUo adscriptum(recens. et interpret.). Turin, 1911 :also an edition in Paravia series.F. Vollmer. In Poetae Latini Minores, Vol. I, ed. 2.Leipzig, 1927.E. Schwartz. Berlin, 1933. (With a limited apparatus,which claims for the editor some emendationsmade earlier by others : e.g. Ellis' varie, 184Baehren's' moles, frustra, 489 ; Vessereau 'siunctas, 509.)RELEVANT WORKSA. De Rooy. Co?iiecturae in MartiaUs lihr. xiv. etSeveri Aetnam. Utrecht, 17G4.F. C. Matthiae. In Neue Bibliothek der schbnen Wissenschaften,59 (collation of Gyraldinian variants).1797.M. Haupt. In Opuscula. Leipzig, 1875-76. (Histext oi Aetna at end of his edition of Virgil.)354

AETNAJ. Maehly. Beitrage cur Kritik des LehrgedichtsAetna. Basel, 1862.B. Kruczkiewicz. Poema de Aetna I'erîlio esseotrihuendum. Cracow, 1883.P. U. Wagler. De Aetna poeniate quaestiones critic.ae.Berlin, 1884. (With index verhorum.)R. Unger. Aetna (suggested readings). Journal ofPhilology, xvii. 34, pp. 152-154. Cambridge,1888.L. Alzinger. Studia in AeUiam collata. Leipzig, 1896.J. Franke. Res meirica Aetnae carminis. Diss.Marburg, 1898.R. Hildebrandt. Beitrage zur Erkldrung des GedichtesAetna. Leipzig, 1900.S. Sudhaus. Zur Uehej'Ueferung des Gedichtes Aetna in/?A.iVL/5.1x. pp. 574-583. Frankfurt-a-M. 1905.E. Herr. De Aetnae carminis sermone et de temporequo scriptum sit. Marburg, 1911.E. Bickel. Apollon und Dodona (ein Beitrag zurDatierung, etc.) in Rheinisches Museum, Ixxix. 3.Frankfurt-a-M. 1930.SIGLAC = Cantabrigiensis : in Cambridge UniversityLibrary, Kk. v. 34, 10th century (consideredby Ellis the best codex). See note at end ofthis introduction.S = fragmentum Stabulense, now in Paris, 17177,10th or 11th century. (Besides about 260fairly complete lines, it has about 86 more in atruncated form.)Z =3 a lost archetype whose text is represented(see Vollmer's stemma codicum) by threerelated MSS. of the 15th century : viz.AA 2355

INTRODUCTION TOH = Helmstadiensis 332,A = Arundelianus 133, in BritishMuseum,R = Rehdigeranus, 125 in the cityLibrary, Breslau.V = Vatieanus 3272 (Unes 1-4:34: feeun dins aethnd)^15th century.Exc. = florilegia of excerpts, 11th to 13th cent.(Two are in Paris. 7647 and 17903. and one in theEscorial, Q. 1. 14.)G = readings of a lost codex used by LiHusGyraldus (Giglio Giraldi) in the 16th centuryand represented by N. Heinsius' collation forlines 138-287, and'by a copy of lines 272-287surviving in codex Laurentianus 33. 9. [Thevalue of the recorded Gyraldinian readingsfor those 150 lines has been estimated differentlyby critics. Some are attractive, butit is difficult to see how others, though plausibleon the surface, could ever have been corruptedinto what C gives. Schwartz " hasrecently suggested that alterations and errorsin G may be due not to a late humanist, butto a Carolingian " corrector."]codd. = general consensus of MSS.A text of Aet?ia, in view of the unsatisfactoryevidence of the manuscripts, must be eclectic.Some passages are frankly matter for despair, andare incurable by the licence of emendation, or ratherrewriting, in which Baehrens allowed himself toindulge. But there are other passages where" ed. 1933, p. 8.

AETNARobinson Kllis' scholarshij), inucnuity, and palacographicalknowUdiio enabled him to make eonjecturcsof a hiiih descree of pro))ability. Many ofthese are here adopted.The corrupt state of the tradition has necessitatedMhat may appear to be a considerable apparatuscriticus, but it does not profess to be exhaustive.Note ox CThe text in C is neatly, though often inaccurately,written on vellum as part of a miscellaneous volumewhich begins with a patristic comment on the storyof the prodigal son and contains extracts fromAusonius among others, with the Cidex immediatelypreceding the " Aetkna " at the end. These poemsare both ascribed to \"irgil in the manuscript. Besidesthe handwriting, several points suggest itsinsular or Saxon origin. It has many corruptions,such as unintelligent division of words (e.g. 66, iiifertedivis; 114 indusis oUdum), dittographies (e.g. 240cura aestatae peril, cura aestas), haplographies (e.g.599 etiam ilia manus for et iam mille manus), and otherblunders like 107 crehrer : 472 repit for recipit ; 566ignobilis for sic nohilis ; 595 camilli for capilli. But inspite of defects, its date and its preservation of manysound readings constitute it a most valuable contributionto the text. All the readings reported asfrom C in the apparatus criticus have been speciallyverified for the purpose of this edition.357

AETNAAetna mihi ruptique cavis fornacibus igneset quae tarn fortes volvant incendia causae,quid fremat imperium, quid raucos torqueat aestus,carmen erit. dexter venias mihi carminis auctorseu te Cynthos habet seu Delo est gratior Hylaseu tibi Dodone potior, tecumque faventesin nova Pierio properent a fonte sororesvota :per insolitum Phoebo duce tutius itur.aurea securi quis nescit saecula regis ?cum domitis nemo cererem iactaret in arvisventurisque malas prohiberet fructibus herbas,annua sed saturae complerent horrea messes,ipse suo flueret Bacchus pede mellaque lentispenderent foliis et pinguis Pallas olivaesecretos amnes ageret : turn gratia ruris :non cessit cuiquam melius sua tempora nosse.5 ilia SAR om. H : ila C : Hyla Munro.* dodona CSH'A : do bona H^ : do dodona R : Dodone^W. 1517, Vollmer : Laidonis Munro, Ellis.1" Iactaret CS.^* pingui rodd. : pinguis H-.^^ cum V: turn celeri cfxld. : securos omnis aleret cumgratia ruris Baehrens : secretos amnis ageret cum gratiaruris Vollmer.358

AETNAAetxa shall be my poetic theme and the fires thatbreak from her hollow furnaces. My poem shall tellwhat those mighty causes are which roll conflagrations on their way, what it is that chafes at governance,or whirls the clamorous heat-currents. Comewith favour to be my inspirer in song, whetherCynthos " be thy dwelling-place, or Hyla ^ pleasethee more than Delos, or Dodona^ be thy favourite :and with thee let the sister-Muses hasten from thePierian spring to forward my new emprise. On anunwonted track 'tis safer going if Apollo guide.Who knows not of the Golden Age of the care-freeKing '^ ? when no man subdued fields to his will orsowed grain in them or fended harmful weeds fromthe crops which were to come ; when plenteousharvests filled the barns to last the year; when,with no tread but his own, Bacchus ran into wine ;when honies dripped from clinging leaves, and Pallasmade flow her own especial streams of rich olive-oilthen had the country graciousness. To none was ite'er vouchsafed to know more joyously his own times.*"" Cynlhos, the rocky hill-shrine of Apollo on Delos.Hyla or Hyle, forest-land in Cypru.s, is rightly inferredfrom Lycophron's epithet for Apollo ^TAcittjj.« E. B\Qke\, Rhein. Mm. Ixxix. 3 (1930), Apollo'sdefendsassociation -with Dodona, traditionally the oracle of Zeus.^ Saturn.359

MINOR LATIN POETSultima quis tacuit iiivenum certamina, Colchos?quis non Argolico deflevit Pergamon igniimpositam et tristi natorum funere matremaversumve diem sparsumve in semine dentem ?quis non periurae doluit mendacia puppis,desertam vacuo Minoida litore questus ?quicquid in antiquum iactata est fabula carmen.fortius ignotas molimur pectore curas,qui tanto motus operi, vis quanta perennisexplicet in denso flammas et trudat ab imoingenti sonitu moles et proxima quaequeignibus irriguis urat—mens carminis haec est.principio ne quem capiat fallacia vatum,sedes esse dei tumidisque e faucibus ignemVulcani ruere et clausis resonare cavernisfestinantis opus,non est tam sordida diviscura, neque extremas ius est demittere in artessidera :subducto regnant sublimia caeloilia, neque artificum curant tractare laborem.^® matrem HÂR : mentem CSH^ : mensam Schwartz.2° semine cald. : semina Scaliger.2- qui tanto C8H^ : quis tantos HÂR. operi CS : operitH: reperit AR. vis quanta Ellis. qu(a)e CSH : quis A:quamvis R. tanta codd. : causa Aid. 1517.360

AETNAWho has not told '^ of the Colchians—melhiy ofwarriors on farthest soil ? Who but has uttered adiru:e for Pergamos set on her blazing Argive pyreand the mother mourning the poignant slaying of hersons, or the day that turned its course in horror, orthe dragon's tooth sown mid the sprinkling of seed ?Who has not lamented the lying signal of the shipthat kept not troth, or chanted the plaint of Minos'daughter forlorn on a deserted shore ?— yes, everyform in which legend has been thrown into ancientsong.More gallantly I set my spirit toiling on a taskuntried ; what are the forces for this mighty working,how great the energy which releases in dense arraythe eternal flames, thrusts masses of rock from thelowest depth with gigantic noise and burns everythingnear in rills of fire—this is the burden of my lay.First, let none be deceived by the fictions poetstell—that Aetna is the home of a god, that the firegushing from her swollen jaws is Vulcan's fire, andthat the echo in that cavernous prison comes fromhis restless work. No task so paltry have the gods.To meanest crafts one may not rightly lower thestars ; their sway is royal, aloft in a remote heaventhey reck not to handle the toil of artisans.* The mythological topics here briefly dismissed as hackneyedsubjects of poetry are, in the order of mention, Jason'sArgonautic expedition to Colchis ; the burning of Troy by theGreeks ; Hecuba's loss of her sons ; the retreat of the Sun-Godfrom the " banquet of Thyestes " on human flesh ; the crop ofwarriors which sprang from the dragon's teeth sown byCadmus ; the fatal failiu-e of Theseus to keep his compact yrithhis father to hoist sails of good omen in the event of a successfulreturn to Athens; and Theseus' desertion in Xaxos of KingMinos' daughter, Ariadne, who had enabled him to thread thelabyrinth in Crete.

MINOR LATIN POETSdiscrepat a prima facies haec altera vatumillis Cyclopas memorant fornacibus usos,cum super incudem numerosa in verbera forteshorrendum magno quaterent sub pondere fulmenarmarentque lovem : turpe est sine pignore carmen.proxima vivaces Aetnaei verticis ignesimpia soUicitat Phlegraeis fabula castris.temptavere (nefas) olim detrudere mundosidera captivique lovis transferre gigantesimperium et victo leges imponere caelo.his natura sua est alvo tenus, ima per orbessquameus intortos sinuat vestigia serpens,construitur magnis ad proelia montibus aggerPelion Ossa gravat, summus premit Ossan Olympus :iam coacervatas nituntur scandere moles,impius et miles metuentia comminus astraprovocat, infestus cunctos ad proelia divosprovocat, admotis per inertia sidera signis.luppiter e caelo metuit dextramque coruscamarmatus flamma removet caligine mundum.incursant vasto primum clamore Gigantes,his magno tonat ore Pater, geminantque faventesundique discordi sonitum simul agmine venti.39 flumen CSRi : fulmen HÂR.^^ creat codd. : ciet De Gubernalis {Paravia ed.) : gravatJacob : onerat Baehrens : terit Aid. 1517.infestus C8 : infensus AR : inde Iris . . . convocatBaehren~s (an illustration of his arbitrary changes).53 admotisque tertia C : admotis ad territa sidera signisIlaujd : admotisque terit iam sidera signis Sudhaus : admotisper inertia Ellis.^* e caelo codd. : et caelo Bormans, Sudhaus, Vollmer.^^ discordes comitum codd. : discordi sonitum Jacob, Ellis.362

AETNAThere is this second form of poetic error, diiferentfrom the first. Aetna's furnaces, it is declared, arethose the Cyclopes used, when, employing theirstrength in rhythmic strokes upon the anvil, theyforged the dread thunderbolt beneath their heavyhanuners and so gave Jupiter his panoply—a gracelesstale with ne'er a pledge of truth.Next, there is a sacrilegious legend which molestswith Phlegra's " warfare the ever-living fires ofAetna's summiit. In olden time the giants essayedimpiously to thrust down the stars from thefirmament, then capturing Jove to place hissovereignty elsewhere and impose their laws onvanquished heaven. These monsters have man'snature down to the belly ; below 'tis a scaly serpentthat forms the tortuous windings of their steps.Great mountains are built into a pile for waging thebattle. Ossa weighs down Pelion ; Olympus, topmostof the three, lies heavy on Ossa. Now theystrive to climb the mountain-masses heaped in onethe sacrilegious host challenges to close fight thealarmed stars—challenges in hostile array all the godsto battle : the standards advance through constellationsparalysed. From heaven Jupiter shrinks inalarm ; weaponing his glittering right hand withflame, he withdraws the firmament in gloom. Withmighty outcry the Giants begin their onset; hereatthunders the deep voice of the Sire, and therewithalfrom every quarter the supporting winds with theirdiscordant host redouble the noise. Thick burst the" It was fabled that the Earth-born brood of the Giants, intlieir rebellion against the gods, sought to scale heaven bypiling Mount Ossa on Pelion and then Olympus on Ossa. Theywere discomfited by Jupiter's lightnings on the Phlegraeanplain in Macedonia.

MINOR LATIN POETSdensa per attonitas riimpuntur flumina nubes,atque in bellanduni quae cuique potentia divumin commune venit : iam patri dextera Pallaset Mars laevus erat : iam cetera turba deorum :stant utrimque decus. validos tum luppiter ignesincrepat et iacto proturbat fulmine montes.illinc devictae verterunt terga ruinaeinfestae divis acies, atque impius hostispraeceps cum castris agitur Materque iacentisimpellens \dctos. tum pax est reddita mundo,tum Liber cessata venit per sidera : caelumdefensique decus mundi nunc redditur astris.gurgite Trinacrio morientem luppiter Aetnaobruit Enceladon, vasto qui pondere mentisaestuat et petulans exspirat faucibus ignem.haec est mendosae vulgata licentia famae.vatibus ingenium est : hinc audit nobile cannen.plurima pars scaenae rerum est fallacia : vatessub terris nigros viderunt carmine manesatque inter cineres Ditis pallentia regna :mentiti vates Stygias undasque canesque.hi Tityon poena stravere in iugera foedumsollicitant illi te circum, Tantale, cenasoUicitantque siti ; Minos, tuaque, Aeace, in umbris^^ flumina CS : fulmina Z, 3Iunro, Ellis.^2 s(a)evus CSHA«3 stant CSHiA :: scaevus R : laevus Bormans.stat H^R. utrimque CS : utrumque Z.deus CZ : de . . S : tuens Baehrens, Vessereau : verens Ellis :stant ut cuique decus Unger.^* victo CSH^ : vinctos H^ : victor AR : ia^to ed. Ascens.1507.^^ infert(a)e S : infest(a)e Z : infert edivis (sic) C.^* tum liber codd. : tunc imber Vollm^r. cessat CSc(a)essa HÂ : cressa H^ : celsa R : tum nimbo cessantenitet Baehrens : Liber cessata Ellis, Vessereati : cessatlenit per sidera caelum De Gubernatis (Paravia ed.).364

IAETNArrents throuiih the a>-t

MINOR LATIN POETSiura canunt, idemque rotant Ixionis orbemquicquid et interius ; falsi sibi conscia terra est.nee tu, terra, satis : speculantur numina divomnee metuunt oculos alieno adniittere caelo.norunt bella deiim, norunt abscondita nobisconiugia et falsa quotiens sub imagine peceettaurus in Europen, in Ledam candidus alesluppiter, ut Danaae pretiosus fluxerit imberdebita carminibus libertas ista ; sed omnisin vero mihi cura : canam quo fervida motuaestuet Aetna novosque rapax sibi congerat ignes.quacumque immensus se terrae porrigit orbisextremique maris curvis incingitur undis,non totum ex solido est : ducit namque omnishiatum,secta est omnis humus, penitusque cavata latebrisexiles suspensa vias agit ; utque animantiper tota errantes percurrunt corpora venaead vitam sanguis omnis qua commeat eidem,terra voraginibus conceptas digerit auras,scilicet aut olim diviso corpore mundiin maria ac terras et sidera, sors data caeloprima, secuta maris, deseditque infima tellussed tortis rimosa cavis ; et qualis acervusexsilit imparibus iactis ex tempore saxis,^* quicquid interius codd. : in terris Baehrens. sibiconscia OS : consortia Z. terrent codd. : texent De Gubernatis(Paravia ed.) : terra est Aid. 1517: quidquid et infernist,falsi consortia adhaerent Ellis.*^ peccent codd. : peceet Schrader.*^ non totum et solido desiint namque omnis hiatu CS :solidum . . . hiatus R: non totum ex solido est, ducit namqueomnis hiatum tJllis : non totum et solido densum est Vollmer :solidum et densum Cercke.^"° idem codd. : eidem Ellis.366

AETNABVeacus, in the world of sliades : they also set Ixion'swheel revolving—and whatsoe'er is deeper hid;earth is conscious of the fiilsehood. Nor yet do you,O earth, suffice them : they spy on the divine powers :they are not afraid to let their eyes peer into aheaven where they have no portion. They know thewars of gods, their unions hidden from us, all the sinsof Jove in deceitful guise, as a bull to trick Europa, awhite swan for Leda, a streaming shower of preciousore for Danae. Such freedom must be accorded topoetry ; but with truth alone is my concern. I willsing the movement that makes fervent Aetna boiland greedily gather its own stores of fire renewed.Wherever the earth's vast sphere extends, girtwith the curving waves of farthest ocean, it is not solidall in all. Everywhere the ground has its long lineof fissure, everywhere is cleft and, hollowed deeplywith secret holes, hangs above narrow passageswhich it makes.

MINOR LATIN POETSlit crebro introrsus spatio vacuata f charybdispendeat in sese, simili quoque terra figurain tenuis laxata vias, non omnis in artumnee stipata coit : sive illi causa vetusta est,nee nata est facies, sed liber spiritus intratet fugiens niolitur iter, seu lynipha perenniedit humum limo furtimque obstantia mollitaut etiam inclusi solidum vicere vapores,atque igni quaesita via est ; sive omnia certispugnavere locis ; non est hie causa dolendidum stet opus causae, quis enim non credit inanesesse sinus penitus, tantos emergere fontescum videt ac totiens imo se mergere hiatu ?non ille ex tenui quocumque agat : apta necesse estconfluvia errantes arcessant undique venaset trahat ex pleno quod fortem contrahat amnem.flumina quin etiam latis currentia rivisoccasus habuere suos : aut ilia vorago^"' vacat actaCS : vacuata Aid. 1517 : voiceiaeta Buecheler(cf. Lucret. vi. 1005, multusque vacefit). charibdis C : cariniscorr. in charims S : carambos V.^'^^ simili codd. : similis Ellis. futur(a)e codd. : futura estVollmer : figura Aid. 1517 : figurae Ellis.Ivmpha Z. perenni codd. : perennis112 nvmpha CS :Ellis.videre codd. : exedere Aid. 1517 : vicere Sevin : rupereJacob : fudere Munro : solvere Birt.11**dolendi codd. : docendi Aid. 1517 : docenda Chricus :docendi, dum stet opus, causas Munro.11' credit CS : credat Aid. 1517. (In 118-122 textualdifficulties have possibly been increased by the loss of a lineafter 119 : Munro and Ellis mark a lacuna.)11* torrens Z : torres (n superscribed) C : totiens Haupt.uno codd. : imo V, Haupt.12"non Z : nam CS. vocemque codd. : vacuoque Scaliger :quocumque Sudhaus : nam mille ex tenui vocuoque (sic)agitata Munro : non ille ex tenui violens veget ; arta Ellis.368

AETNAthrown at random, so as to form a chary])dis " liollowcdwitli frequent interstices within and hanging uponitself, even so in like configuration the earth, too,loosened into tiny channels, does not all unite compactlyor into narrow compass. Or maybe the causeof it is indeed ancient, though the formation is notcoeval with its origin, but some air enters uncheckedand works a road as it escapes ; or water has eatenaway the ground with the mud it perpetually makesand stealthily softens what blocks its course. Oragain hot vapours cribbed and confined have overcomesolidity and fire has sought a path for itself:or all these forces may have striven in their assignedplaces. No cause is here for mourning our ignorance,so long as the working of the true cause standsassured. Who does not believe that there are gulfsof emptiness in earth's recesses, when he sees springsso mighty emerge and so often plunge again in thedepth of a chasm ? That chasm could not speed itfrom any slender source : fit confluents must needssummon from everywhere their wandering ducts andthe chasm draw from a full source the making of amighty river. Moreover, rivers running with broadcurrents have found their own places of sinking.Either an abyss has snatched them headlong down" No editor has found a satisfactory reading here. What iswanted is a feminine noun agreeing with vacuata and meaninga loosely compacted heap with hollows in it : charybdis, "' awhirlpool," does not express this. Clericus invented corymbis(fern.) for this passage from Kopvfx&os, " a peak " or " cluster,"and Gronov suggested corymbas {Kopv/xffds, " a string runninground a net ").flu via S : confluit AR : confluvia"^ cum fluvio C : cumH^ and modern editors.^22 et trahat C8H : extrahat AR : ut trahat Munro.VOL. I.B B

MINOR LATIN POETSderepta in praeceps fatali condidit ore,aut occulta fluunt, tectis adoperta cavernis,atque inopinatos referunt procul edita cursus.quod ni diversos eniittat terra canales,hospitiuni fluvio det seniita, nulla profectofontibus et rivis constet via, pigraque tellusconferta in solidum segni sub pondere cesset.quod si praecipiti conduntur flumina terra,condita si redeunt, si quaedam incondita surgunt,baud miruni clausis etiani si libera ventisspiramenta latent, certis tibi pignora rebusatque oculis haesura tuis dabit ordine tellus.immensos plerunique sinus et iugera pessumintercepta licet densaeque abscondita noctiprospectare : procul chaos ac sine fine ruinae.cernis et in silvis spatiosa cubilia retroantraque demersas penitus fodisse latebras ?incomperta via est operum ; tantum effluit intra . . .argumenta dabunt ignoti vera profundi,tu modo subtiles animo duce percipe curasoccultique fidem manifestis abstrahe rebus,nam quo liberior quoque est animosior ignis^28 si codd. : ni Jacob : nisi Volhner.^29 fluvium CS : fluminum Z : fiuviorum Aid. 1517 :fluviis Birt : fluvio Baehrens. aut CSHA :haud Chricus :et det Baehrens : det Ellis.^^1 conserta codd. : conferta Aid. 1517.^^^ si qua etiam CSR : si quae etiam V : et iam Scaliger : siquaedam Murtro.1^^ densaqne . . . nocte G.139Vollmer punctuates after procul.1*" spatioque codd. : spatiosa Aid. 1517.^*^demissa pedibus CZ : dimiss apedibus (^jc) S : demersaspenitus G."2 Munro and Ellis mark a lacima after this line, operumCSZ : aer Jacob, effluit intra CSZ : effugit ultra G.

AETNAand buried them in its fateful jaws, or tliey flowunseen, o'er-arched by closed caverns, then, comingto light far away, renew their unexpected course.If earth did not let out channels in different places,if some path did not give welcome to a river, truly noroad would be assured for springs and streams, andsluggish earth, packed in a dense mass, would berendered idle by its unmoving weight. But if riversare buried in a sheer abyss of earth, if some whichare buried come back to light and others withoutsuch burial rise from earth, no wonder is it that confinedwinds have liberating vents which are concealed.Proofs of this through facts indisputable,proofs which hold the eye, the earth will give you indue order. Oftentimes you may look out on vastcavities and tracts of land cut off ruinously andplunged into thick darkness ; 'tis far-flung chaosand unending debris. Moreover, do you see how^ inforests there are lairs and caves of widely recedingspace which have dug far down their deep-sunkcoverts ? Undiscovered is the route of such working :only within there is an outflow. . .." These (caves)will furnish true proofs of a depth unknown to us.Let but your mind guide you to a grasp of cunningresearch: from things manifest gather faith in theunseen. For as fire is always more unfettered and" Some part of the argument about the hidden forces of airis lost. The reasoning seems to be that, though the process ofworking is unascertained, yet anyone entering such cavernswill be conscious of the efflux of air.^** occultamque codd. : occultique Baehrens.bb2371

MINOR LATIN POETSsemper in inclusis nee ventis segnior ira est,sub terra penitusque novent hoc plura necesse est,vincla magis solvant, magis hoc obstantia pellant.nee tanien in rigidos exit contenta canales 15vis animae flammaeve : ruit qua proxinia ceduntobliquumque secat qua visa tenerrima caula est.hinc terrae tremor, hinc motus, ubi densus hiantesspiritus exagitat venas cessantiaque urget.quod si spissa foret, solido si staret in omni,lonulla daret miranda sui spectacula tellus,pigraque et in pondus conferta immobilis esset.sed sunmiis si forte putas concrescere causistantum opus et sunimis alimentum viribus, oraqua patula in promptu cernis vastosque recessus, 16falleris et nondum tibi lumine certa liquet res.namque illuc quodcumque vacans hiat impetus omnis :at sese introitu solvunt adituque patenticonversae languent vires animosque remittunt.AR :1*8 movent CSH : movet novent Ellis.151 verrit CS ruit G.: causa est CSHi .causa {om. est) AR : massa estMunro : caula est C'krkus : crusta est Haupf : secant quaecausa tenerrima caussa est G (faulty enough to justify Ellis'remark "the fondest admirer of Gyr. will not claim muchfor it here.")158 subitis G : summis CSZ : concrescere G : concredereCS : concedere Ellis.15^ et subitis G : et summis CSZ : adsumptis Ellis : exsubitis alimenti incursibus Unger. oris CSZ : ora ? G, Munro.qu(a)e CSZ : qua Ellis, patula G : valida CSZ.vastosque G : validosque CSAR : validosaque H.1^1 falleris et G : fallere sed CSZ. certo tibi lumine resest G : tibi lumine certaque retro CSZ : tibi lumine certaliquet res Ellis.1" illis G :G :G :illic H2 : illuc CSRi : illud AR. quaecumquequodcunque CSARH^ : quocumque Ri. vacant hiatibusvacat hiat impetus CS : vagantur hiatibus Baehrens :vacans hiat, impetus Ellis.372

AETNAinore furious in coiitined spaces, and as the rage oftlu> winds is no less vehement tliere, so to this extent,uiulerground and in earth's dej^tlis, must fn-e and windcause greater changes, all the more loose theirbonds, all the more drive off what blocks their course.Yet 'tis not into unyielding channels that the pent-upforce of air or flame escapes. It hurtles on onlywhere the nearest barriers give way, and cuts itscourse sideways just where the enclosure seems mostfrail. Hence comes the trembling, the quaking ofearth, when compressed air stirs the pores till theygape and drives sluggish matter before it. But ifearth had no openings, if its frame were entirelysolid, it would give the eye no marvellous visions ofits inner self; inert and packed into a weighty mass,it would remain immovable. But if perhaps youthink that this mighty action is a growth fromcauses at the surface and its nourishment a growthfrom surface strength" at the point where youperceive before you outstretched clefts and vastchasms—if so, you are wi'ong : the case is not yetclear to you, established in its true light. For allthe onslaught of the winds makes for any openvacuum, but at their entry their forces slackenaltered by the spacious access to the chasm, theyturn feeble and relax their spirit. For when the" Ellis' reading concedere means ''is a yiekling to forces atthe surface." Conjecturing adsumptis in the next line, hetakes alimentum as gen. plur. ; the meaning then would be :when a powerful addition of materials feeding the flame has'*been received." In either case, provided (tummi.s of 158 isright, the author is opposing the theory that eruptions can becaused by agencies near the surface.^^^ et CSZ : set Ellis : at Vessereau.^'^*conceptae G : conversae CSZ : conruptae Baehrens.373

MINOR LATIN POETSquippe iibi quod teneat ventos acuatque morantesin vacuo desit cessant, tantumque profundiexplicat errantes et in ipso limine tardant.angustis opus est turbare in faucibus illos.fervet opus densaque premit premiturque ruinanunc Euri Boreaeque Notus, nunc huius uterque.hinc venti rabies, hinc saevo quassat hiatufundamenta soli : trepidant urbesque caducaeinde, neque est aliud.. si fas est credere, mundoventuram antiqui faciem veracius omen.haec primo cum sit species naturaque terrae,introrsus cessante solo trahit undique venasAetna : sui manifesta fides et proxima vero est.non illic duce me occultas scrutabere causas,occurrent oculis ipsae cogentque fateri.plurima namque patent illi miracula monti.hinc vasti tcrrent aditus merguntque profundo,corrigit hinc artus penitus quos exigit ultra,hinc spissae rupes obstant discordiaque ingens.inter opus nectunt varie mediumque coercentpars igni domitae, pars ignes ferre coactae,165 qui teneat G : contineat CZ : quod teneat Haupt.ventosa qua quaeque CS : ventos aquasque ( ? qua quasque)G : ventos acuatque Munro.166 defit G : desint CSHA : desinit R : desit Ellis.168 turbanti G : turbant in CSH : turbare R, Ellis, illosCSZ: illoG.I'l quassa meatu Wernsdorf, Maehhj : quassa boatu linger.i'5 immo G : primo CZ : imo Matthias.176-177 Punctuation varies according as stop is placedafter venas, Aetna or sui.1^8 caulas Baehrens. i^" spiracula Baehrens.1^2 porrigit G : corrigit CZ. artus GCZ : artos Maehly.exacstuat G : quos exigit CS.1*^ spissae CZ : scissae G.varios HÂR : varie Ellis,3741** aliae G : varies CH^ :

AETNAvacuum contaitis nothinti; to stop the winds or spurthem in their delay, they Hag; all the great abyssdeploys them drifting to and fro, and on the verythreshold they lose their speed. It must needs bein narrow gullies that the winds work their havoc.Hot glows the work ": now the South Wind pressesor is pressed on by the thick swoop of the East Windand the North : now, again, both these winds by acurrent from the South. Hence the wind's furyhence it can shatter the foundations of the groundwith cruel cleavage.For that reason do cities totterin panic, and, if such belief be not impious, there isno truer presage that the universe will return to itsprimeval appearance.Âs this from the beginning has been the characterand nature of the earth, everywhere Aetna runschannels into its interior, while the surface-soil remainsinert : Aetna is the plain and truest proof ofits own nature. There, with my guidance, you willnot have to search for hidden causes : they will ofthemselves leap into your vision and force acknowledgement; for that mountain has countless marvelsapparent to every eye. On this side are vast openingswhich terrify and plunge in an abyss, on anotherside the mountain rearranges its limbs projectedtoo far. Elsewhere thick crags bar the path, andenormous is the confusion. They make a chequeredweaving of their work and hem it round—somerocks quite subdued by fire, others compelled to" The phrase ferret opus occurs twice in Virgil : Georg. IV.169 ; Aen. I. 436. Cf. other Virgilian echoes such as manifestafides. 111, Aen. II. 309: III. 375; volvuntnr ab imo, 200 andvolvunlur in imo, Aen. VI. 5S1." i.e. chaos: antiqui sc. mundi.375

MINOR LATIN POETS[ut niaior species et ne succurrat inanis].haec illi sedes tantarumque area rerum est,[haec operis visenda sacri faciesque domusque].nunc opus artificem incendi causamque reposcitnon illam parvi aut tenuis discriniinis ; ignesniille sub exiguo ponent tibi tempore veram.res oculique decent ; res ipsae credere cogunt.quin etiani tactu nioneant, contingere tutosi liceat ;prohibent flammae, custodiaque ignisilli operum est arcens aditus. divinaque rerum 1(cura sine arbitrio, eadem procul omnia cernes.iiec tamen est dubium penitus quid torqueatx\etnam,aut quis mirandus tantae faber imperet arti.pellitur exustae glomeranter nimbus harenae,flagrantes properant moles, volvuntur ab imo 2(fundamenta, fragor tota nunc rumpitur Aetna,nunc fusca pallent incendia mixta ruina.ipse procul magnos miratur luppiter ignes,neve sepulta novi surgant in bella Gigantes,neu Ditem regni pudeat neu Tartara caelo 2(vertat, in occulto tacitus tremit ; omniaque extracongeries operit saxorum et putris harenae.^^^ aetne C : aethne S : ethnae R. The line is repeatedafter 195 in CSZ.187-188 This is the order in G : CSZ omit ISS.^'•^ -parxi aut tenuis discriminis ignes CSZ ( ingens Ellis) :parvo aut tenui discrimine signis G (signes Heinsius).^*^ponent tibi Z : ibi S : ponentibus C. vera CSZ :veram Munro. exiguum venient tibi pignora tempus G.^^2 oculique docent CZ : oculos ducent G. cogunt CSAR :cogent GH^^*^ moneant AV: moneatCS : moneam G (V), Mvnro, Ellis.^'^ operum C : operi G.^®' torqueat CSZ : torreat G.

AETNAt luliire fires yet [to make its look more imposingand its mental picture no unreal one]. Such is.Vrtna's scat, the field of phenomena so miglity:[such the enticing form and home of its hallowedactivity].Now my task demands who is the maker and whatthe cause of the conflagration—no cause that ofslight or trivial import. A thousand fires in a momentof time will set before you the true cause. Factsand your eyes instruct you : facts unaided compelbelief. Nay, they would instruct you by touch, wereit safe to touch. But flames forbid it; Aetna'sactivity has the protection of fire which preventsapproach, and the divine control over all is withoutwitness ; all such things you will descry from adistance. But there is no doubt what racks Aetnawithin or who is the marvellous artificer that directshandiwork so great. A cloud of burnt sand is drivenin a whirl ; swiftly rush the flaming masses ; from thedepth foundations are upheaved. Now bursts acrash from Aetna everywhere : now the flames showghastly pale as they mingle with the dark downpour.Afar off even Jupiter marvels at the mighty fires andtrembles speechless in his secret haunt, lest a freshbrood of Giants be rising to renew long-buried war orlest Pluto be growing ashamed of his kingdom andbe changing hell for heaven ; while outside all iscovered with heap on heap of rock and crumbling189 exutae CZ : exhaustae G : exustae ed. Ascens. 1507.glomeratur CHAV : glomerantur SR : glomeratim G : glomeranterEllis.20Stantum premit CSZ : tremit G : tacitus treinitBachrens, Ellis.377

MINOR LATIN POETSquae nee sponte sua veniunt nee corporis uUissustentata cadunt robusti viribus : omnesexagitant venti turbas et vortice saevoin densuni collecta rotant volvuntque profundo.hac causa exspectata ruunt incendia montis.spiritus inflatis nomen, languentibus aer.nam prope nequicquam per se est violentia : semperingenium velox igni motusque perennis,verum opus auxilium est ut pellat corpora : nullusimpetus est ipsi ;qua spiritus imperat, audithie princeps magnoque sub hoc duce mihtat ignis,nunc, quoniam in promptu est operis naturasohque,unde ipsi venti ? quae res incendia pascit ?cum subito cohibentur, inest quae causa silenti ?subsequar. immensus labor est, sed fertiHs idem,digna laborantis respondent praemia curis.non oculis solum pecudum miranda tuerimore, nee effusos in humum grave pascere corpus,nosse fidem rerum dubiasque exquirere causas,ingenium sacrare caputque attollere caelo,scire quot et quae sint magno natalia mundoprincipia (occasus metuunt an saecula pergunt208 veniunt G : faciunt CSZ.211 collecta G : coniecia CSZ.212 expectata CSZ : expectanda G. ruunt CZ : teruntG. montis Z : mortis C (Ellis cites montis ifi error, Proleg.Ixxviii).2^3 inflat iis Maehly. momen Scaliger.21* par est CZ : pars est G : per se est Wagler.217 audit CSHR2 : audis ARi: audet G.221 cum CSZ : cur G. cohibetur inest CSZ : cohibent inersG : cohibent vires Heinsius. silenti CSZ : silendi G.223 laborantis Exc, CSZ : laboratis G.22' sic G : sacra per ingentem capitique attollere caelumCSZ.378

AETNAsand. They come not so of their own accord : unsupportedby the strenj^th of any powerful body theyfiill. It is the winds which arouse all these forces ofhavoc : the rocks which they have massed thicklytogether they whirl in eddying storm and roll fromthe abyss. For this reason the rush of fire from themountain is no surprise. Winds when swollen arecalled " spirit," but " air " when sunk to rest." Theviolence of flame unaided is almost ineffectual ; true,fire has always a natural velocity and perpetualmotion, but some ally is needed for the propulsionof bodies. In itself it has no motive energy : wherespirit is commander, it obeys. Spirit is emperorfire serves in the army of this great captain.^Now, since the character of Aetna's activity andof the soil is manifest, whence come the winds themselves? What feeds the conflagration ? When theyare suddenly arrested, what is the inherent cause ofthe hush? I shall follow up the inquiry. Infiniteis the toil, yet fruitful too. Just rewards match theworker's task. Not cattle-like to gaze on the world'smarvels merely with the eye, not to lie outstretchedupon the ground feeding a weight of flesh, but tograsp the proof of things and search into doubtfulcauses, to hallow genius, to raise the head to the sky,to know the number and character of natal elementsin the mighty universe (do they dread extinction or

MINOR LATIN POETSet firma aeterno religata est machina vinclo ?)solis scire nioduni et quanto minor orbita lunae est(haec brevior cursu ut bis senos pervolet orbes,anniius ille meet) : quae certo sidera currantordine quaeve suo derrent incondita gyroscire vices etiam signorum et tradita iura[sex cum nocte rapi, totidem cum luce referri],nubila cur Phatne caelo denuntiet imbres,quo rubeat Phoebe, quo frater palleat igni,tempora cur varient anni (ver, prima iuventa,cur aestate perit ? cur aestas ipsa senescitautumnoque obrepit hiemps et in orbe recurrit ?)axem scire Helices et tristem nosse cometen,Lucifer unde micet quave Hesperus, unde Bootes,Saturni quae stella tenax, quae Martia pugnax,quo rapiant nautae, quo sidere lintea tendantscire vias maris et caeli praediscere cursus ;quo volet Orion, quo Sirius incubet index,et quaecumque iacent tanto miracula mundonon disiecta pati, nee acervo condita rerum,sed manifesta notis certa disponere sedesingula, divina est animi ac iucunda voluptas.232 pervolet Exc, CSZ : pervolat G. Ellis inserts ut.233movet GHR : monet CSA : meet Exc.23* suos servent G : suo errant CSZ : suo derrent Ellis.motus G : cura CSAR : gyris Haupt : gyro Schroder : guro( ? circo) Ellis.236 omitted in all MSS. except G.237 caelo terris Exc, CSZ : Panope caelo G : Phatne caelo3Iatthiae.245 tendant Exc, CSAR : pandant G.247 volet Exc, CSZ: vocet G. setius CS : secius H:serus AR : Sirius Aid. 1517, incubet Exc, CSAR : excubet G.2*^ digesta Exc, CSZ : disiecta Ellis : congesta G.380« i.e. six zodiacal signs rise by day, six by night.

MINOR LATIN POETSsed prior haec honiinis cura est cognoscere terramet quae tot miranda tiilit natura notare.haec nobis niagis affinis eaelestibus astris.nam quae mortali spes quaeve amentia maior 2in lovis errantem regno perquirere velle,tantum opus ante pedes transire et perdere segnem.torquemur miseri in parvis premimurque labore :scrutamur rimas et vertimus omne profundum.quaeritur argenti semen, nunc aurea vena. 2torquentur flamma terrae ferroque domantur,dum sese pretio redimant ; verumque professaeturn demum vilesque tacent inopesque relictae.noctes atque dies festinant arva coloniCalient rure manus, glebarum expendimus usum. 2fertilis haec segetique feracior, altera viti.haec platanis humus, haec herbis dignissima tellus,haec dura et melior pecori silvisque fidelis.aridiora tenent oleae, sucosior ulmisgrata : leves cruciant animos et corpora causae 2horrea uti saturent, tumeant et dolia musto.252 hominis Z (? S) : dominis C : omni G.253 et qu(a)e nunc C8H : et quae tot Pitho-v : quaeque ineaG.25* magna CSZ : magis G.255 mortalis spes est quaeve CSH: mortali cuiquam est G.256 velle CSZ : divos G.258 premimurque Exc, CSZ : terimurque G.263 viles taceant CSZ : tum demum humilesque iacent{unmetrical) G: vilesque iacent Maehly : vilesque tacentWight Duff.2*5 expendimus usum G : expellimur usu Exc, CSZexpendimur usu Schwartz.2«' platanis Exc, CSZ : plantis G.382

Yet this isAETNAman's more primary task—to know theartli and mark all the many wonders nature hasyielded there. This is for us a task more akin than thestars of heaven. For what kind of hope is it for mortalman, what madness could be greater—that he shouldwish to wander and explore in Jove's domain and yetpass by the mighty fabric before his feet and lose itin his negligence ? We torture ourselves wretchedlyover little things : we let toil weigh us down :wepeer into crannies and upturn every depth. Thequest is now for a germ of silver, now for a vein ofgold. Parts of the earth are tortured with flameand tamed with iron till they ransom themselvesat a price " ; and, when they have owned theirsecret, they are silenced and abandoned to con-'^tempt and beggary. Day and night farmers hastenon the cultivation of their fields : hands grow hardwith rural toil ; we ponder the use of different soils.One is fertile and is more fruitful for corn, anotherfor the vine ; this is the soil for plane-trees, this theworthiest of grass crops ; this other is hard and betterfor grazing and trusty to a tree-plantation. Thedrier parts are held by the olive ; elms like a soil moremoist. Trivial motives torture men's minds andbodies—to have their barns overflowing, their winecasksswelling with must, and their haylofts rising* In man's quest for gold and silver, regions of earth are" put to the torture " by the processes of mining and smeltinguntil they buy themselves off by the ore they have yielded{sese pretio redimant).* i.e. the rest is silence after the truth {i.e. where theirhidden treasures lie) has been extorted from them : tacentgives a better contrast than iacetU.2" dura et Exc. : dure G : diviti CSZ.3^3

MINOR LATIN POETSplenaqiie desecto surgant faenilia camposic avidi semper, qua visum est carius, itis.implendus sibi quisque bonis est artibus :illaesunt animi fruges, haec rerum maxima merces :scire quid occulto terrae natura coercet,nullum fallere opus, non mutum cernere sacrosAetnaei montis fremitus animosque furentes,non subito pallere sono, non credere subtercaelestes migrasse minas aut Tartara rumpi,nosse quid impediat ventos, quid nutriat illos,unde repente quies et muto foedere pax sitcur crescant animi, penitus seu forte cavernaeintroitusque ipsi servent, seu terra minutisrara foraminibus tenues in se abstrahat auras(plenius hoc etiam rigido quia vertice surgensillinc infestis atque hinc obnoxia ventis,undique diversas admittere cogitur auras,et coniuratis addit concordia \ires) ;sive introrsus agunt nubes et nubilus Auster,seu fortes flexere caput tergoque feruntur,praecipiti deiecta sono premit unda fugatquetorpentes auras pulsataque corpora denset.2"^ avidi GCS : avidis Matthiae. qua visum est CSZ : quovisest G. ipsis G : istis CSZ : itis Ellis : sic avidi semperquaestus : est carius istis Unger.multos CS : multo Z : mutos Scaliger : multum Gmutum Haupt : motum Postgate."1 impediat CSZ : intendat G. illos C : ignes GHîgnis AR.2^2 multo codd. : muto Oudin (who also suggested inulto)iuncto Mencken, Vollmer : nullo Unger,283 concrescant GCSZ : cur crescant Scaliger, Pithou. forteCSZ : porta G.28* servent GCZ : fervent S : sorbent Sudhaus.tenues G : neve CSZ : nivis in sese Ellis.surgens G : surgit CSZ.384

AETNAhigher, charged with the full reapings of the field.So do ye tread the path of greed where sight revealsaught more precious.Everyone should imbue himself with noble accomplishments.They are the mind's harvest, thegreatest guerdon in the world—to know whatnature encloses in earth's hidden depth, to give nofalse report of her work, not to gaze speechless ontlu' mystic growls and frenzied rages of the Aetnaeanmount, not to blench at the sudden din. not to believethat the WTath of the gods has passed undergroundto a new home, or that hell is breaking its bounds;to learn what hinders winds, what nurtures them,whence their sudden calm and the silent covenant oftheir truce, why their furies increase, whether itchance that caverns deep down or the very inletsconserve them or that the earth, porous by reasonof its minute openings, draws off into itself thindraughts of air (and this in fuller measure becauseAetna, rising with its stiff peak, is exposed on thisside and on that to hostile winds and of necessityadmits gales all round from different quarters andtheir concert brings more strength to their league),or whether they are driven inwards by clouds andthe cloud-laden South Wind, or M'hether they havegallantly encircled the summit and sweep on behind ;then the water from the clouds, streaming down withheadlong noise, presses on the sluggish air-currents,drives them before it, and with its buffeting condenses^^^ forte co(kL : fortes Ellis."^2una CSZ : iraa Birt : unda Scaliger, Pithou.2*3 torrentes codd. : torpentes De Rooy, Munro, Ellis.VOL. I.C C385

MINOR LATIN POETSnam veluti sonat ora diu Tritone canoropellit opus collectus aquae victusque nioverispiritus et longas emugit bucina voces ;carmineque irriguo magnis cortina theatrisimparibus numerosa modis canit arte regentis,quae tenuem impellens animani subremigat undabaud aliter summota furens torrentibus aurapugnat in angusto et magnum commurmurat Aetna.credendum est etiam ventorum exsistere causassub terra similis harum quas cernimus extraut, cum densa premant inter se corpora, turbamelisa in vacuimi fugiant et proxima secummomine torta trahant tutaque in sede resistant.quod si forte mihi quaedam discordia tecum est,2^* ora diu H : ore diu AR : ora due C : hora duci Munro :hora deo Maehly : hora deis Ahinger : hora die Hanpt :sonituro horam Schwartz : uma ciens Tritona canorum ElHs.tritone CH : tritona AR : canoro Z : canoro C.^^* cremant CSZ : premunt Oronov : premant Baehrens.^"^ nomina CSZ : momine Gronov : agmina Sudhaus. totaCSZ : torta Jacob." The two similes illustrate from mechanical examples thetheory of the action of water and air in Aetna. In the firstexample, the readings suggested give a choice among a varietyof contrivances. If ora is read, the Siren-like horn might be onthe sea-shore, or on the Tiber-bank during one of JuliusCaesar's naumachiae, or at Lake Fucinus when the emperorClaudius exliibited a naval spectacle in a.d. 53 (Suet. Claud.xxi). If duci were a certain correction and if it were then clearthat only Claudius was meant, the passage would assist (assome have tried to make it assist) in dating the poem. Thereading hjra implies a hydraulic time-machine for announcingthe hour to gods or men {deo?, deis?, duci?). Ellis' uma ismeant to denote a hydraulic vessel fitted to work the" Triton." The second comparison is concerned with a386

AETNAtheir element'^. For just as the shore echoesfor long the tuneful Triton-liorn—the machinery'*is set in motion by a volume of water and the airwhich is perforce moved thereby, and then thetrumpet bellows forth its prolonged blare; just asin some vast theatre a water-organ, whose musicalmodes harmonise through tlieir unequal pipes,sounds its water-worked nmsic thanks to the organist'sskill, which starts a small draught of air whilecausing a rowing movement in the water below êven so the wind, dislodged by the rushing streams,raves and struggles in its narrow space and Aetnamurmurs loudly with the blast.Besides, we must believe that beneath the earththere arise causes of winds like those we see aboveground ; so that, whenever closely massed particles})i( ss against each other, they are forced out into alite space and escape the crush, and by their motive( iirrgy whirl and drag what is nearest along in theircMurse, halting only when a safe position is reached.But perhaps you may be at variance with me inli\ >iraulic organ of a sort kno-rni in Rome from Cicero's time(f'i-

MINOR LATIN POETSprincipiis aliis credas consurgere ventosnon dubium rupes aliquas penitusque cavernasproruere ingenti sonitu. casuqiie propinquas 3difFugere impellique animas : hinc crescere ventos :aut lunore etiam nebulas effundere largo,ut campis agrisque solent quos alluit amnis.vallibus exoriens caligat nubiliis aerflumina parva ferunt auras, vis proxinia vento est : 3eminus adspirat fortes et verberat umor.atque haec in vacuo si tanta potentia rorum est,hoc plura efficiant infra clusique necesse est.his agitur causis extra penitusque : coactuexagitant ventos : pugnant in faucibus : arte 2pugnantis suffocat iter, velut unda profundoterque quaterque exhausta graves ubi perbibit Euros,ingeminant fluctus et primos ultimus urgethaud secus, adstrictus certamine, tangitur ictuspiritus involvensque suo sibi pondere virescdensa per ardentes exercet corpora venas,et, quacumque iter est, properat transitque morantem,donee confluvio veluti siponibus actusexsilit atque furens tota vomit igneus Aetna.^1° provehere CSH : proruere AM. 1517.312 effundere CSZ : se effundere Baehren-s.31*^ fortis CSZ : fontis V. ^^^ rerum CZ : rorum Jacob.21^ coactus C : coactu Ellis.32G ardentes CSZ : artantes Jacob, vires CZ : venas Aid.1517 : fauces Svdhaus : gyros f^llis." 307-329. The reasoning takes the form of an answer to apossible objector who suggests that there may be causes forwinds in Aetna other than those already set forth (283-306).The argument is that you must allow that rock-falls undergroundgenerate air-currents; and, just as river vapours invalley's emit air (more perceptiblj- in hot climates, Munro saj^shere ; c/. also Lucret. VL 476 sqq.), so the effect of moisture (c/.388

AETNAyitiir l)eliet' that winds rise from other causes.'' It isiiiuloubted (I claim) tliat there are rocks and cavernstar below which fall forward with enormous crash,and that their fall disperses and sets in motion aircurrentshard by : hence the gathering of winds.Again, fogs with their ample vapour pour out air,as they commonly do in plains and fields watered bya river. Rising from valleys the air makes a sombrecloud: rivulets bring gusts whose force is like theforce of winds. Moisture from a distance breatheson the air-currents and Avhips them into strength.And, if a free space lets moisture have such power,its effects must be greater in proportion when withinconfined limits underground. These are the causesabove and below ground which are at work. Bycompression they rouse the winds ; they strive innarrow gorges ; in that close strife their channelstrangles them. As when a wave, drawn up againand again from the deep, has drunk full of the EastWind's violence, the billows redouble their numberand the first are pushed on by the last, in that sameway the (volcanic) wind feels the impact of thestruggle which compresses it, wraps its own strengthwithin its heavy mass and impels its close-packedparticles through fiery passages. Wherever a pathis found, it speeds on, ignoring any wind that wouldstay its course, until, driven by the confluent airstream,as by so many forcing-pumps,'' it leaps forthand all over Aetna discharges itself in blasts ofangry fire.the clouds of 290-293) within confined caverns undergroundmust be far more potent. Two analogies are cited—waves understrong gales and the siphon forcing water on burning houses.* Sipo {sipho, sifo — alcpuv) was the tube of a tire-engineused to pump up water.

MINOR LATIN POETSquod si forte putas isdem decurrere ventosfaucibus atque isdem piilsos remeare, notandasres oculis locus ipse dabit cogetque negare.quamvis caeruleo siccus love fulgeat aether,purpureoque rubens surgat iubar aureus ostro,Iillinc obscura semper caligine nubes !pigraque defuso circum stupet umida vultu,prospectans sublimis opus vastosque receptus.non illam videt Aetna nee ullo intercipit aestuobsequitur quacumque iubet levis aura, reditque.placantes etiam caelestia numina turesummo cerne iugo, vel qua liberrimius Aetnaeintrospectus hiat, tantarum semina reruni,sinihil irritet flammas stupeatque profundum.Ihuicne igitur credis torrens ut spiritus illequi rupes terram.que rotat, qui fulminat ignes, ;cum rexit vires et praeceps flexit habenas,praesertim ipsa suo declinia pondere, numquam3*^ (a)cthnae AR : aethna C : etna H (? ablative).^*2 inj^.rospectus CSZ : introspectus Schroder.3** huinc C : huicne Ellis : hinc Scaliger, Baehrens.^^^ notat CSZ : rotat Jacob.^" declivia CZ : declinia Ellis. All lines after 346 aremissing in S." 330-358. This passage aims at disprovmg the idea thatthe wind which in an eruption issues from the crater has beenconstantly entering the mountain by the same avenue. Twoarguments refute the notion : (1) the cloud which hangsinvariably over the summit would be displaced by any wind

AETNABut if Haply you ima

MINOR LATIN POETScorpora diripiat, validoque absolverit arcu ?quod si fallor, adest species : tantusque ruinisimpetus attentos oculoruni transfugit ictus, 3.nee levis adstantes igitur ferit aura movetquesparsa liquore manus sacros ubi ventilat ignesverberat ora tamen pulsataque corpora nostrisincursant : adeo in tenui vini causa repellit.non cinerem stipulamve levem, non arida sorbet 3(gramina, non tenues placidissimus excit apludassurgit odoratis sublimis fumus ab aris :tanta quies illi est et pax innoxia rapti.sive peregrinis igitur propriisve potentesconiurant aniniae causis, ille impetus ignes 36et montis partes atra subvectat harena,vastaque concursu trepidantia saxa fragoresardentesque simul flammas ac fulmina rumpunt.CZ :^*8 diripiant CHA : diripiat R : deripiat Ciericus. absolveretabsolverit Scaliger. arcu CZ : aestu vel actu Wernsdorf.251nee levitas tantos CZ^: nee levis astantes Ellis {in note)."^*fJlIis marks a lacuna after this line.^'"^humus excita praedas C : exit humus apredas H :exit humor f apndas AR : placidissimus excit apludas Ellis.35' adoratis CAR : odoratus H : odoratis Scaliger." The passage is difficult. Taking nt with Birt and Sudhausas " how," we may paraphrase it " : noting the calm onAetna's summit, }"ou can miderstand how the spiritus, sopowerful when roused, fails to displace any part of the crater(arcu) when quiescent." [Sudhaus renders " von dem Felsrandedes Kraters," but arcu, if the right reading, may meanan arched cavern and not the crater-curve.] Ellis propoundsa different \Tlew, suggesting that huicne credis ut numquamdiripiat may mean " Can 30U believe, on the showing of this,the impossibility of the spiritus, when in a milder form, tearingdown masses of rock "?392* Cf. ventilat ignem, Juv, III. 263 : ventilel aurum 1. 28."Cf. Virg. G. IV. 6, in tenui labor. The connexion of

AETNAweight they have a natural tendency to fall rStill, if I am wrong, appearance supports nie : andsuch a great downward coursing rush eludes theeager glance of the eye. And so neither are theywho stand near the crater struck and moved by thelight wind, when the purified hand of the priestbrandishes the sacred torches ^ ; yet it strikes theirfaces, and bodies set in motion invade our bodiesin so slight an instance there is a cause whichrepels force.'' The air in its complete calm ^ drawsup no cinder or light stubble, stirs no parched grassor thin bits of chaff. Straight on high rises thesmoke from the incense-perfumed ^ altars : so profoundis that sleep of the air, a peace guiltless of ravin.Whether then it is through extraneous or internalcauses that the winds make their puissant alliance,that volcanic rush carries up amid black sand streamsof tire and pieces of the mountain : huge rocks shiveras they clash and burst into explosions together withblazing flames and lightning flashes ; as when foreststhought is not easy to follow. It has just been claimed thateven powerful volcanic agencies may elude notice (349-350);and the parallel is cited of the air-current made by the priest inhis lustration striking the worshippers' faces without theirbeing aware of the impact. Corpora — " atoms " : nostris —" our human bodies," which suffer the impact of atoms of airimconsciously. The extremely condensed adeo in tenui vimcausa repdlit is Uterall}- m '•so slight an instance a cause repelsforce," i.e. keeps it from being felt. The " slight instance " isthe priestly sprinkling of water and his waving the lustralfire :" force " may be said to be " repelled," if it is not allowedfree play, and the worshippers are apparently unconscious ofits operation. Tiie proper explanation of causa is obscure,and Ellis may be right in suspecting a lacuna after repdlit.^ i.e. on Aetna's summit between eruptions.* adoratis, " venerated," the reading of C, makes quite goodsense.393

IMINOR LATIN POETShaud aliter quam cum prono iaciiere sub Austroaut Aquilone fremunt silvae, dant bracchia nodoiniplicitae ac serpunt iunctis incendia ramis.nee te deeipiant stolidi mendaeia vulgi,exhaustos eessare sinus, dare tenipora rursusut rapiant \-ires repetantque in proelia victi.pelle nefas animi mendacemque exue famamnon est divinis tarn sordida rebus egestasnee parvas mendieat opes nee eorrogat auras,praesto sunt operae. ventorum examina, semper:eausa latet quae rumpat iter cogatque morari.saepe premit fauces magnis exstructa minis ;congeries clauditque vias luctamine ab imo,et spisso veluti tecto sub pondere praestathaud similes, teneros cursu, cum frigida montidesidia est tutoque licet discedere, ventos.post, ubi conticuere, mora velocius urgentpellunt oppositi moles ac vincula rumpunt.quicquid in obliquum est, frangunt iter : acrior ictuimpetus exoritur ; magnis operata rapinisflamma micat, latosque ruens exundat in agrossic cessata diu referunt spectacula venti.nunc superant quaecumque regant incendia silvae,quae flammas alimenta vocent, quid nutriat Aetnam.incendi poterunt illis vernacula causismateria appositumque igni genus utile terrae.3"" animi CZ : animo Aid. 1517.^"' et scisso C : et spisso Jacob. pr(a)estat CZ : i:)ressatBaehren-s.3'^ hand similis teneros cursu CV : haud simili streperehos cursu Munro : aut simili tenet occursu Ellis.^*" conticuere CAR : convaluere mora, velocius Morel.-^5 si CZ : sic Maehly." Silvae, *' materials " = Greek vXr] in the sense of ** mass,"" stufiF." The plural here is noticeable.394

AETNAhave fallen beneath the swoop of the South wind orwhen they moan under a Northern £rale, they intertwinetheir arms in a knot and with the union of thebranches the fire creeps on. Do not let yourselfbe deceived by the blockish rabble's fiilsehood thatthe activity of the mountain recesses flags throughloss of power, that mere time lets them capture theirforces again and after subjection fetch them backinto battle. Banish the disgraceful thought andspurn lying rumour. Such squalid poverty tits notthings divine nor begs for mean supplies nor solicitsdoles of air. Ever at hand arc workers, the swarmingband of the winds : there is an unseen cause enoughto interrupt the free passage and compel a stoppage.Often a pile heaped up with huge fallen boulderschokes the gullies : it bars the ways against thestruggle below, and beneath its weight, under amassive roof as it were, shows the winds unlike theirformer selves, gentle in their current, while themountain is in cold inaction and the onlooker maystill depart in safety. Later, after their silent spell,they press on the swifter for the delay : they dislodgethe masses of rock which they face : they bursttheir bonds. Whatever slants across their path,they break a way through : their fury rises fiercerfor each impact. Flame glitters with widespreadhavoc for its work, and in its rush wells far across thecountry-side : so after long quiescence the windsrenew their brave displays.Now there remain to be discussed all the materials "which govern the conflagration, what fuels summonthe flames, what is Aetna's food. There is nativematerial capable of being kindled by these causes ;also a serviceable sort of earth which fire finds395

MINOR LATIN POETSuritur adsidue calidus nunc sulphuris umor,nunc spissus crebro praebetur alumine sucus.pingue bitumen adest et quicquid comminus acrisirritat flammas : illius corporis Aetna est.atque banc materiam penitus discurrere, fontesinfectae crispantur aquae radice sub ipsa.pars oculis manifesta iacet, quae robore dura estac lapis : in pingui fervent incendia suco.quin etiam varie quaedam sine nomine saxatoto monte liquent : illis custodia flammaeicvera tenaxque data est. sed maxima causa molaris 4illius incendi lapis est : is vindicat Aetnam.quern si forte manu teneas ac robore cernas,nee fervere putes, ignem nee spargere posse.sed, simul ac ferro quaeras. respondet et ictuscintillat dolor, hunc multis circum inice flammis 4et patere extorquere animos atque exue robur.fundetur ferro citius ; nam mobilis illiet metuens natura mali est, ubi cogitur igni.sed simul atque hausit flammas, non tutior haustiulla domus, servans aciem duransque tenaci 4saepta fide : tanta est illi patientia victo ;^^^ eripiantur CH : eripiant AR : excipiantur Vollmer :crispantur Ellis : testantur Maehly : evincant tibi Morel insupphm. novae editionis.*"^ est si C : est sic R : est ; is Munro.^^^ coritur C : cogitur V, Munro,*^^ tutum CZ : tanta Scaliger : bruta Ellis." The accus. and infin. construction materiam discurreredepends on a verb implied in crispantur.* Springs of water at the foot of Aetna with a sulphurous orbituminous taste testify to the presence of inflammable substancesin the mountain. The author proceeds (398-425) toargue that stones which liquefy, especially the lava-stone(lapis molaris) point to the same conclusion. Though a chief

AETNAproper to its use. At one time the hot liquid ofsulphur burns continuously ; at another a Huidpresents itself thickened with copious alum ; oilybitumen is at hand and everything that by closeencounter provokes flames to violence. Of suchsubstance is Aetna composed. And to show that '^ thisfuel is scattered deep Mithin the mountain, we findsprings of tainted water rippling at its very base.''Some of this fuel lies obvious to the sight ; in itssolid part it is hard—a stone ; but it contains an oilyjuice in which burns fire. Moreover, in divers placesall over the mountain there are rocks of no specificname which liquefy. To them has been given a trueand steadfast guardianship of flame. But the paramountsource of that volcanic fire is the lava-stone.It above all claims Aetna for its own. If perchanceyou held it in your hand and tested it by its firmness,you would not think it could burn or discharge fire,but no sooner do you question it with iron than itreplies, and sparks attest its pain beneath the blow.Throw it into the midst of a strong fire, and let itwrest away its proud temper : so strip it of itsstrength. It Avill fuse quicker than iron, for itsnature is subject to change and afraid of hurt underpressure from fire. But once it has absorbed theflames, there is no safer home for what is absorbedpreserving its edge, it hardens with steadfast fidelitywhat it confines. Such is its endurance after beingcause of volcanic conflagration, the lava-stone externally doesnot look inflammable ; if struck, however, with an iron bar, itgives off sparks, and in a powerful furnace is more quicklyfusible than iron. Its great characteristic is its stubbornretention of fire : this marks it off from other substances which,once burnt out, cannot be rekindled.397

MINOR LATIN POETSvix umquani redit in vires atque evomit igneni.totus enini denso stipatus robore carboper tenues adniissa vias incendia nutritcunetanterque eadem et pigre concepta remittit.nee tamen hoc uno quod montis plurinia pars est,vincit et incendi causam tenet ille : profectomiranda est lapidis vivax animosaque virtus,cetera materies quaecumque est fertilis igni,ut semel accensa est, moritur nee restat in iliaquod repetas : tantuni cinis et sine seniine terra est.hie semel atque iterum patiens ac mille perhaustisignibus instaurat vires, nee desinit antequam levis excocto defecit robore pumexin cinerem putresque iacet dilapsus harenas.cerne locis etiam :similes adsiste cavernas.illic materiae nascentis copia maior.sed genus hoc lapidis (certissima signa coloris)quod nullas adiunxit opes, elanguit ignis.dicitur insidiis flagrasse Aenaria quondamnunc exstincta super, testisque Neapolin interet Cumas locus ex multis iam frigidus annis,quamvis aeternum pingui scatet ubere sulphur.*^^ cardo C : tardans AR : tarde H : carbo Ellis.^^^ lapidum CZ : lapidis De JRooy.*-' iacet Z : iacit C. delapsus CZ : dilapsus Scaliger.*2^ et languit CH : elanguit Jacob.*^^ pinguescat et CH : pingui scatet Ellis." There is an apparent inconsistency between 1. 412 and thestatements of 418 and 422 sqq. The partial burning ofsuccessive eruptions (422-42.3) is to be contrasted with a completeburning out of the lava-stone (411^12 and 424-425) ; or398

'! 1 rachery,AETNAoverpowered. Rarely does it ever c;o haek to itsold streiiii'th and beleh out fire." 'riiroiiii'hout it is acarbonised bloek paeked with a density of strengthnarrow arc the channels through which it receivesand feeds its fires ; slowly and unwillingly it releasesthem when collected. Yet not for this sole reasonthat lava forms the greatest part of the mountaindoes it remain triumphant and control the cause ofvolcanic fire. In truth the thing to marvel at is thevitality and pluck of the stone. Kvery other sub-"^stance productive of fire dies after it has beenlighted: nothing remains therein to be recoveredmerely ashes and earth with not a seed of flame.Init this lava-stone, submissive time and again, afterabsorbing a thousand fires, renews its strength andfails not till its heart is burnt out, and, now a light})umice-stone, has collapsed into cinders scattering acrinnbling sand in its fall..ludge likewise by special places ; take your standl)v similar volcanic hollows. These have a largerstore of natural fuel. But because this species ofstone—colour attests this most surely—has nowherecontributed its resources, the fire has died away.Acnaria,^ we are told, once blazed out in suddenthough to-day its summit is quenched.Another witness is the region^ between Neapolisand Cumae, now cooled for many a year, thoughsulphur wells forth unceasingly in rich abundance.iit may be that 412 implies only an immediate return to formerstrength.* Monte Epomco (Latin Epopeus), the chief mountain ofIschia (Latin Aenaria) has been noted for sudden outbreaks." locus = Solfatara. Its character in antiquitv is describedby Lucretius (vi. 747-8), Strabo 246 (== V. 4. 6^ ad fin.) andPetronius, Satyr. 120, line 67 sqq.399

MINOR LATIN POETSin mercem legitur, tanto est fecundius Aetna.insula, cui nomen facies dedit ipsa rotunda, 4sulphure non solum nee obesa bitumine terra estet lapis adiutat generandis ignibus aptus,sed raro fumat qui vix si accenditur ardet,in breve niortales flanimas quod copia nutrit.insula durat et a Vulcani nomine sacra,-1pars tamen incendi maior refrixit et altoiactatas recipit classes portuque tuetur.quae restat minor et dives satis ubere terra est,sed non Aetnaeo vires quae conferat illi.atque haec ipsa tamen iam quondam exstincta fuisset,ni furtim aggereret Siculi vicinia montis 4materiam silvamque suam, pressove canalihue illuc ageret ventos et pasceret ignes.sed melius res ipsa notis spectataque verisoccurrit signis nee temptat fallere testem. 4nam circa latera atque imis radicibus Aetnaecandentes efflant lapides disiectaque saxaintereunt venis, manifesto ut credere possispabula et ardendi causam lapidem esse molarem,cuius defectus ieiunos coUigit ignes. 4ille ubi collegit flammas iacit et simul ictu4*" durata CZ : durat adhuc Scaliger : durat et a Vollmer.*** Aetnaei codd. : Aetnaeo Ellis, illi CZ : igni Haupt.

AETNAIt is gathered for merchandise, so much more plentifulis it here than on Aetna. The isle whose namecomes from its own round shape " is land that waxesfat not merely in sulphur and bitumen ; a stone * isfound besides, fitted to beget fire, which aids eruption.But it rarely gives out smoke ; if kindled, itburns with difficulty ; for the supply feeds but for alittle the short-lived flames. There survives too theisland sanctified by Vulcan's name.*' Most of itsfire, however, has grown cold, and now the islewelcomes sea-tossed fleets and shelters them in itshaven. What remains is the smaller portion—soilfairly rich in the abundance of its fuel, but not suchas could match its power with that of Aetna's greatsupply. And yet this very island would long agohave been extinct had not its neighbour, the Sicilianmountain, always been secretly providing it with itsown fuel and material, or through some sunkenchannel been driving the winds this way and that tofeed the flames.But better than any signs and tested by realproofs, true fact encounters us : it seeks not to deceivethe watcher, Round the '^ sides and at thelowest base of Aetna rocks fume with white heatand scattered boulders cool down in their pores,enabling you to believe the evidence that the lavastoneis food and cause of the burning ^: its failuregathers only starveling fires. When it has gatheredflames, it discharges them and in the moment ofCJ. Plin. X.H. xxxvi. 137, molarem quidam pyriten vacant :*Grattius, Cyti. 404, vivum lapidem. The lapis molaris isappropriately called pyrites, " firestone " {irvpir-ns) or viruslapis, " the live stone," in virtue of its characteristic conservationof fire : rf. note on 395.VOL. I.D D401

esMINOR LATIN POETSmateriani accendit cogitque liquescere secuni.haud equideni niirum < in) facie quani cernimus extra ;si lenitur opus, res stat : niagis uritur illicsollicitatque magis vicina incendia saximi 4certaque venturae praemittit pignora flammae.nam siniul atque niovet vires turbamque minatur,diffugit extemploque solum trahit : f ictaqueramis t- • • •et grave sub terra murmur demonstrat et ignes.tum pavidum fugere et saeris concedere rebus 4par rere : e tuto speculaberis omnia collis.nam subito effervent onerosa incendia raptis,accensae subeunt moles truncaeque ruinaeprovolvunt atque atra rotant examina harenae.illinc incertae facies hominumque figurae : 4pars lapidum domita, stanti pars robora pugnaenee recipit flammas : hinc indefessus anhelatatque aperit se hostis, decrescit spiritus illinchaud aliter quam cum laeto devicta tropaeoprona iacet campis acies et castra sub ipsa. 4tum si quis lapidum summo pertabuit igni,asperior sopito et quaedam sordida faex est,qualem purgato cernes desidere ferro :verum ubi paulatim exsiluit sublata caducisAR :*^^ in Vollmer : om. CZ. facie que {sic) C : scats quodscaterest Ellis.*^^ -.restat codd. stat Wight Duff.*^- minatus C : minatur Ulitius.*^^ exemploque C : extemploque Z. ictaque ramis CZactaque rima Clericus : undique rimans Vessereau.*^^ parere CHR : par rere A. e Scaliger : et CZ. collis CZcolli ed. Asrens. 1507.*^^ atque atra axld. : adque astra Ellis, sonant codd.rotant Wigfd Duff: volant De Rooy.*'^ stanti C : stantis Munro.402

AETNAimpact kindles other fuel, foreiiiu- it to melt in acommon blaze. No marvel is there in the appearancepresented outside : if the action is abating, theupheaval is at a standstill. The more potent fire isin the crater : there the lava tempts more winninglyall inflammable bodies within reach and sends sureforewarnings of the conflagration to come. For assoon as it stirs its forces, and threatens havoc, itflies in different directions, dragging at once the soilwith it : smitten in its branches ..." while theeruption is announced by a deep rumbling undergroundaccompanied with fire. Then shall you thinkfit to flee in panic and yield place to the divine event.From the safety of a hill you will be able to observeall. For on a sudden the conflagration blazes out,loaded with its spoils ; masses of burning matteradvance ; mutilated lumps of falling rock roll forthand whirl dark shoals of sand. They present vagueshapes in human likeness—some of the stonessuggest the defeated warrior, some a gallant hostarmed for a standing fight, unassailed by the flameson one side pants the enemy unwearied and deployshis forces, on another the breath of fury Avanes, evenas when an army, vanquished in the victor's joyoustriumph, lies prostrate on the field right to the gatesof the camp. Then any stone that a surface fire hasliquefied becomes, when the fire is quenched, morerugged—a sort of dirty slag like what you will seedrop from iron when smelted. But when a heap has"^There may be a lacuna after minatur (462) as Muiirothought, and there must be a lacuna after ictaque ramis (463),if that is the right reading.*'- hinc defensus C : hine indefessus Ellis.*" sopita es CH^: s. est HÂR : sopito Maehly.DD 2403

'.MINOR LATIN POETScongeries saxis, angusto vertice surgunt; 4sic veluti in fornace lapis torretur et omnisexustus penitus venis subit altiiis umoramissis opibus levis et sine pondere puinexexcutitur : liquor ille magis fervere magisquefluminis in speciem mitis procedere tandem 4incipit et pronis demittit collibus undas.illae paulatim bis sena in milia pergunt.quippe nihil revocat, certis nihil ignibus obstat,nulla tenet (frustra) moles, simul omnia pugnant.nunc silvae rupesque natant, hie terra solumque.ipse adiutat opes facilesque sibi induit amnis.quod si forte cavis cunctatus vallibus haesit,utpote inaequales volvens perpascitur agrosingeminat fluctus et stantibus increpat undis,sicut cum rapidum curvo mare f cernulat aestu,ac primum tenues f undas agit, ulteriores . . .progrediens late difFunditur et t succernens , . .flumina consistunt ripis ac frigore durant,paulatimque ignes coeunt ac flammea messisexuitur facies. tum prima ut quaeque rigescit ieffumat moles atque ipso pondere tractavolvitur ingenti strepitu ;praecepsque sonanticum solido inflixa est, pulsatos dissipat ignes,*86 primis Z : prunis C : pronis Munro.*88 Curtis CH : certis Wernsdorf.*8' frustra moles CHA : moles, frustras. obvia p. Baehrens.**"notant CAR : natant Baehrem. haec tela codd. :nunc terra Haupt : hie terra Elli^ : perhaps hinc . . . hinc.*^^ ipsa codd. : ipse Scaliger, Ellis.*^* ingeminant CZ : ingeminat ed. Ven. 1475.495 curvo CA : turbo Vollmer. cemulus codd. : cernimusMunro : cernulat Jacob, Ellis.**^ imas C : simas H : undas Baehrens : simans Ellis :rimas Morel : tenuis sinuans agit unda priores Jacob.404^

AETNAgradually sprun|Li up raised from fallen rock^, tb.eymount in a narrow-pointed pyramid: i/ust as a stoneis ealcincd in a furnace and its moisture all burnt outin-îde and through the pores it steams on high, sothe lava-stone loses its substance and is turned out alight })umice of inconsiderable weight : the lavaliquidbegins to boil hotter and at last to advancemore in the fashion of a gentle stream, as it lets itswaves course down the slopes of the hills. By stagesthe waves advance some twice six miles. Nay,nothing can recall them : nothing checks — thesedetermined fires : no mass can hold them 'tis vain :all is war together. Now woodland and crag, hereagain earth and soil are in the flood. The lava-riveritself aids their supplies and adjusts the compliantmaterial to its own course. But if perhaps in somedeep valley it lags and stops, its rolling volumebrowses leisurely over the fields uneven as they are.Then it redoubles its billows and chides the laggardwaves ; as when a violent sea plunges headforemostwith curving swell ; and first it urges on its feeblewaves, others beyond . . . advancing, it spreads farand wide, and choosing (what to envelop). . . . Thelava-streams come to a standstill inside their marginsand harden as they cool ; slowly the fires shrink andthe appearance of a weaving harvest of flame is lost.Each mass in turn, as it stiffens, emits fumes, and,dragged by its very weight, rolls on with enormousdin ; whenever it has crashed pell-mell into some solidsubstance which resounds with the impact, it spreadsabroad the fires of the concussion and shines with**^ succernens CZ : succrescunt Jncoh : sua certis Schwartz.^^^ inflexa CZ : inflixa Scaliger.405

MINOR LATIN POETSet qua disclusa est candenti robore fulget.emicat exameii pUgis, 3rdentia saxa(scintillas procul ecce vides. procul ecc'e ruentes)incoliuiii fervore cadunt : verum impetus ignesSimaethi quondam ut ripas traiecerit amnis,vix iunctas quisquam fixo dimoverit illas.vicenos persaepe dies iacet obruta moles,sed frustra certis disponere singula causistemptamus, si firma manet tibi fabula mendax,materiam ut credas aliam fluere igne, favillaeflumina proprietate simul concrescere, sivecommixtum lento flagrare bitumtine sulphur,nam posse exusto cretam quoque robore fundiet figulos huic esse fidem, dein frigoris usuduritiem revocare suam et constringere venas.sed signum commune leve est atque irrita causaquae trepidat : certo verum tibi pignore constat,nam velut arguti natura est aeris, et ignicum domitum est constans eademque et robore salvo,utraque ut possis aeris cognoscere partembaud aliter lapis ille tenet seu forte madenteseffluit in flammas sive est securus ab illis^"^ esse . . . esse CZ : . ecce Scaliger. fides C :fide Z : vides Haupt :ecce . .este pedes Ellis.507 verum CZ : fert Baehrens. ignes codd. : ingens Baehrens,Ellis : igni est Vessereau.^^^ iunctis codd. : uncis Ellis : iunctas Vessereau.^^® post . . . fundit CZ : posse . .exustam CHA : exusto Sudhaus.. fundi Wernsdorf.^2^ ignis CZ : igni Scaliger.^22 constat CZ : constans Haupt.^23ultraqueCH : utramqueAR : utraque il/wnro. portamCZ : partem Cltricus.406

AETNAwhite-glowing core wherever it has been opened out.A host of sparks flash forth at every blow : the glowingrocks (look, you see the flashes in the distancelook, raining down in the distance !) fall with undiminishedheat. Yet, though the rush has beenknown to throw its fires across the banks of the riverSimaethus, " hardly will anyone part those banks whenonce united by the hard-set lava. Very often fortwenty days on end a mass of rock lies buried. Butin vain I try to marshal each effect with its determined cause, if a lying fable remains unshaken in yourmind, leading you to believe that it is a different substancewhich liquefies in fire, that the lava-streamsharden in virtue of their cindery property, or thatwhat burns is a mixture of sulphur and glutinousbitumen. For clay also, they assert, can fuse whenits inner material is burnt out, and potters are atestimony to this : then by the process of cooling itrecovers its hardness and tightens its pores. Butthis analogous indication is unimportant—an ineffectualreason given on hasty grounds. An unfailingtoken makes the truth evident to you. For as theessence of gleaming copper, both when fused withfire and when its solidity is unimpaired, remainsconstant and ever the same, so that in either state youmay distinguish the copper portion, in no otherway the lava-stone, whether dissolved into liquidflames or kept safe from them, retains and preserves" The Simaethus or Symaethus in Eastern Sicily drains aconsiderable part of the island. The impetuosity of the lavaflood,carrying it over the bed of the river, is contrasted withthe rigid immobility which marks it when solidified (507-olO)-The hard masses are describetl as lying immovable for twentydajs together, blocking the river. D'Orville preferred to readpedes " buried twenty feet in the ground."407

MINOR LATIN POETSconservatque notas nee vultum perdidit ignis.quin etiam externa t immotus color ipse refellit,non odor aut levitas : putris magis ille magisque,una operis facies eadem perque omnia terra est.nee tanien infitior lapides ardescere certos, 53(]interius furere accensos : haec propria virtus.quin ipsis quaedam Siculi cognomina saxisimposuere t rhytas et iam ipso nomine signantfusilis esse notae : numquam tamen ilia liquescunt,quamvis materies foveat sucosior intus, 535ni penitus venae fuerint commissa molari.quod si quis lapidis miratur fusile robur,cogitet obscuri verissima dicta libelli,Heraclite, tui : nihil insuperabile ab igni,omnia quo rerum natura semina iacta. 54(sed nimium hoc mirum ? densissima corpora saepeet solido vicina tamen compescimus igni.non animos aeris flammis succumbere cernis ?lentitiem plumbi non exuit ? ipsaque ferrimateries praedura tamen subvertitur igni. 545spissaque suspensis fornacibus aurea saxaexsudant pretium : et quaedam fortasse profundo^2^ quin etiam co(/cZ. : quia s-peciem. Ellis, extemam niultiscodd. : externa immotus A. M. Duff.^^^ propala CZ : propria ed. Ven. 1475.^^^ fridicas C : frichas AR :chytas or rhytas Scaliger :FpiiSas (= frydas) Ellis (in notes).539 gigni CZ : ab igni Scaliger.^^^ quae codd. : cui Jacob : quo Scaliger.^^^ lenitiem C : lentitiem A : lenticiem HR." The editorial externa immotus meets the diflficulty of findinga noun to agree with extemam (either substituted in the textfor etiam, or understood like materiam or naturam). Externarefellit = " refutes the idea of alien substances," though theobject of refellere is usuall}^ a person or such a Avord as verbum408

AETNAits characteristics, and fire has not ruined its look.Moreover, the very constancy of its colour, not itssmell or lightness, disproves any foreign elements."The stone crumbles more and more, but its mode ofworking has the same look and the earth therein isunchanged throughout. I do not, however, denythat specific stones take fire and when kindled burnfiercely within. It is a quality proper to them.The Sicilians have given those very stones a name,rhytae, and by the title itself record that they are ofX fusible character.^ Yet although these stones have1 somewhat juicy substance to preserve heat within,they never liquefy unless they have been broughtdeeply into touch with the pores of the lava-stone.}jut if anyone wonders that the core of stone can befused, let him ponder those truest of sayings in thymysterious book, O Heraclitus,'^ " naught is unconquerableby fire, in which all the seeds of the universeare sown." But is this too great a marvel ? Bodiesof thickest grain and wêll-nigh solid we neverthelessoften subdue by fire. Do you not see how copper'ssturdy spirit yields to flame ? Does not fire strip awaythe toughness of lead? Even iron's substance, hardthough it be, is yet undone by fire. Massive nuggetsof gold sw-eat out their rich ore in vaulted furnacesand mayhap there lie in the depths of earth undisormetidacium. Immotus color leads up to utia operis fadeseadem in 529; and the awkward multis disappears. Formetrical parallel see 479.^ Scaliger based his suggestion of rhytas on (>vt6s (ê?v)" flowing," " fluid," hence applicable to fusible substances.^ Hcraclitus of Ephesus, one of the early Ionian philosophers,held that heat is the inherent principle of existence and thateverything is in a perpetual flux. By the obscurity of hiswritings on physics he earned the name of " the dark "{(TK0TClv6s).409

MINOR LATIN POETSincomperta iacent similique obnoxia sorti.nee locus ingenio est : oculi te iudice vincent.nam lapis ille riget, praeclususque ignibus obstat,si parvis torrere velis caeloque patenti.candenti pressoque agedum fornace coercenee sufFerre potest nee saevum durat in hostem.vineitur et solvit vires captusque liquescit.quae maiora putas artem tormenta movereposse manu ? quae tanta putas incendia nostrissustentare opibus quantis fornaeibus Aetnauritur, areano numquam non fertilis igni ?sed non qui nostro fervet nioderatior usused eaelo propior, vel quali luppiter ipsearmatus flamma est. his \dribus additur ingensspiritus, adstrietis elisus faucibus : ut cumfabriles operae rudibus contendere massisfestinant, ignes quatiunt follesque trementesexanimant, pressoque instigant agmine ventum.haec operis forma est, sic nobilis uritur Aetna :terra foraminibus vires trahit, urget in artumspiritus, incendi via fit per maxima saxa.magnifieas laudes operosaque visere templadivitiis hominum aut arces memorare vetustastraducti maria et taetris per proxima fatiscurrimus, atque avidi veteris mendacia famae4105^îngenium CZ : ingenio ed. Ven. 1475.'"'^âutem C : aiurem AR : artem Ellis.°^^ ac sacro C : a saero AR : areano Ellis.^^5 examinant CZ : exanimant H^.^^* fama codd. : forma Wolf.5G8 vivit codd. : via fit Baehrens.^'^ sacras C : areas Ellis : artes vel arces Vesseremi.

AETNAcovered minerals subject to similar ordinance. Noplace this for inuenuity : be you the judiie and youreyes will triuin])h. The lava-stone is rigid ; its surfacebarrier resists all hre, if you seek to burn it with smallfires and in the open air. Well then, confine it in .anarrow white-hot furnace—it cannot endure or standfirm against that fierce foe. It is vanquished : itrelaxes its strength ; in it*^ captor's grip it melts.Now, what greater engines^ think you, can skill applywith the hand, or M'hat fires can it support with ourhuman resources to compare with the mighty furnaceswith which Aetna burns, ever the mother ofsecret fire } Yet her fire is not of the limited heatwithin our ow'n experience, but more akin to that ofheaven or the kind of flame with which Jupiter himselfis armed. With these mighty forces is alliedthe gigantic volcanic spirit forced out of straitenedjaws, as when mechanics hasten to pit their strengthagainst masses of natural iron, they stir the fires and,expelling the wind from panting bellows, rouse thecurrent in close array. Such is the manner of itsworking : so goes far-famed Aetna's bm-ning. Theearth draws in forces through her perforationsvolcanic spirit compresses these into narrow space,and the path of conflagration lies through themightiest rocks.Over the paths of the sea, through all that borderson ghastly ways of death, we hasten to visit thestately glories of man's achievement and templeselaborate with human wealth or to rehearse the storyof antique citadels. Keenly we unearth the false-^"^ traducti CHA : tracti R. maria De Rooy : materia CZ.terris CZ : terras De Rooy : taetris Scaliger.411

MINOR LATIN POETSeruimus cunctasque libet percurrere gentes.nunc iuvat Ogygiis circumdata moenia Thebiscernere : quae fratres, ille impiger, ille canorus. .condere, felicesque alieno intersumus aevo.invitata piis nunc carmine saxa lyraque,nunc geniina ex uno fumantia sacra vap'oremiramur septemque duces raptumque profundo.detmet Eurotas illic et Sparta Lycurgiet sacer in helium numer^s, sua turba, trecenti.nunc hie Cecropiae variis spectantur Athenaecarminihus gaudentque soH victrice Minerva,excidit hie reduci quondam tibi, perfide Theseu,Candida soUicito praemittere vela parentitu quoque Athenarum carmen, iam nobile sidus,Erigone ; sedes vestra est : Philomela canorisevocat in silvis et tu, soror, hospita tectis^««_tam CZ : iam Aid. 1534.587-8 Erigone edens questus P. canorus en volat in sHvai^/a^ss:^ngonae es, dequesta senem : P. canoris plorat Itvrsilvis Elhs. evocat CZ : eiulat Jacob : en vocat 3Iunromj-thobgical allusions in f lines 574-579 are to themiraculous buildmg of Thebes ^hen the stones obeyed the caUAmphion and^nrlf" 1 I'Z' \ ^r*^f^ Zethus; the neverendmghatred of Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of OedipusshoMTi in the separation of even the flames on their altar:seventhechampions who marched from Argos upon Thebes; thegulf in the earth which swaUowed Amphiaraus^^*^^'f..ff 'f 'rr^'^^^T^'t'^^^^ caUed^^.i, not because thevfortified Thebes, but because they avenged on Dirce her maltreatmentof their mother Antiope. To furnish ThebeswaUswithand towers Zethus brought up the stones with his strongarms, and Amphion fitted them together by the music of h§law fver°*^' "" ^"^ ^^^ "''^'" ^^ ^^''''^^ ^""^ Lycurgus her legendary412

! oliveAETNAfloods told by ancient legend ^ and we like to speedour course through every nation. Now 'tis our joyto see the walls which gird Ogygian Thebes, thewalls reared by the brothers, the active one (Zethus)and the tuneful one (Amphion) . . . and so for a[lappy hour we live in a bygone age. We marvelnow at the stones charmed into place by duteous5ons,^ with song and lyre, now at the sacrificial reeksundered as it rose from a single altar-steam, now atthe seven chiefs and him whom the chasm snatchediway. There the Eurotas and the Sparta of Lycurgus 'îrrest us and the troop consecrated to war, the ThreeHundred, the band true to themselves.'^ Hereagain in manifold poetry is Cecropian Athens shownto us and her joy that Slinerva won her soil.'' Hereonce upon a day, faithless Theseus, your promiseescaped your mind, to hoist, as you were nearinghome, the white sail for an advance signal to youranxious father./ You too, Erigone, were an Athenianlay, henceforth a star of renown ; Athens is the homeof you and yours.fi' Philomela's call fills the groveswith song and you, her sister (Procne), find a guest's

MINOR LATIN POETSacciperis, solis Tereus ferus exsulat agris.miramur Troiae cineres et flebile victisPergamon exstinctosque suo Phrygas Hectoreparvumconspicimus magni tumulum ducis : hie et Achillesimpiger et vietus niagni iacet Hectoris ultor.quin etiam Graiae fixos tenuere tabellaesignave ; nunc Paphiae rorantes arte capilli,,sub truce nunc parvi ludentes Colchide nati,nunc tristes circa subiectae altaria cervaevelatusque pater, nunc gloria viva Myroniset iam niille nianus operum turbaeque morantur.haec visenda putas terrae dubiusque marisque :artificis naturae ingens opus aspice :nullatu tanta humanae plebis spectacula cernes,praecipueque vigil fervens ubi Sirius ardet.Insequitur miranda tamen sua fabula montem^^^paflaeCZ: Paphiae J W. 1517. parte CZ: a.Tte Scaligerpatre Haupt : matre Baehrens, Ellis.^8» turb(a)eque CHA : tabulaeque Ellis.*"2 cum CZ : tu Cltricus. humanis codd. : humanaeEllis. Ph(o)ebus CZ : rebus Aid. 1534 : plebis Ellis (" ezplebeis quod est in Rehd. GO ")." Procne, wife of the Thracian King Tereus, avenged hisviolation of her sister Philomela bj^ slaying their son Itys orItylus and serving his flesh to Tereus as food. Legend changedPhilomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow.* suo Hectore sc. exstincto. Either (1) instrumental ablat.," through their Hector," he being by his death the cause oftheir destruction or (2) ablat. absolute, " their Hector havingbeen destroyed " : see Munro's note (which cites Cic. Pro Mil.47, iacent suis testibus, " they are prostrated by the evidence oftheir own witnesses,") and Th. Maguire's discussion. Journal ofPhilology, III. (1871), pp. 232 sqq.'^The picture meant is the Venus Anadyomene by Apelles.414

jAETNArvelcome in the home, while eriiel Ttreus lives an^xile in the deserted fields." We wonder at Troyn allies and her eitadel bewept by the vanquished,he Phryirians' doom owing- to the fall of Hector.*>Ve behold the humble burial-mound of a mightyeader : and here lie vanquished alike untiring\chilles and (Paris) the avenger of heroic Hector.Vioreover, Greek paintings or sculptures have held•Mitranced. Now the Paphian's tresses drippingirt shows them),^ now the little boys playing atII feet of the pitiless Colchian,*^ a sad group with ajiilier veiled around the altar of the substitutedjiiiid.' now the life-like glory of Myron's art/ yea aMioiisand examples of handiwork and crowds ofmasterpieces make us pause.These attractions you think you must visit—waverngbetween land and sea. But look upon the colossalvork of the artist nature. You ^^^ll behold no sightso great belonging to the human rabble —(this youvill find) especially if you keep watch when the Dogtaris blazing in his heat. Yet there is a wônderfultory of its own which attends the mountain : it is[he traditional treatment of the tresses survives to somextent in Botticelli's " Xascita di \'enere."**The Medea of Timomachus (3rd cent. B.C.), a celebrated3icture in which the painter represented the mother dehberatngwhether she should kill her children to revenge herself onFason.^ The masterpiece of Timanthes (about 400 B.C.) in which hepainted the sacrifice of Iphigenia, expressing woe on the facespf the bystanders, but veiling the face of the grief-strickenfather, Agamemnon. The cerva, according to one form of thelegend, was at the last moment miraculously substituted forihe victim.f The bronze cow bv Mvron, a greatly admired work (Cic.Verr. IV. Ix. 135).

MINOR LATIN POETSnee minus ille pio quam sonti est nobilis igni.nam quondam ruptis excanduit Aetna cavernis,et velut eversis penitus fornacibus ingensevecta in longum lapidis fervoribus unda,baud aUter quam cum saevo love fulgurat aetheret nitidum obscura caelum caligine torquet.ardebant agris segetes et mollia cultuiugera cum dominis ; silvae collesque rubebant.vixdum castra putant hostem movisse, tremebantet iam finitimae portas evaserat urbis.tum vero, ut cuique est animus viresque rapinae,tutari conantur opes : gemit ille sub auro,coUigit ille arma et stulta cervice reponit,defectum raptis ilium sua carmina tardant,hie velox minimo properat sub pondere pauper,et quod cuique fuit cari fugit ipse sub illo.sed non incolumis dominum sua praeda secuta estcunctantes vorat ignis et undique torret avaros,consequitur fugisse ratos et praemia captisconcremat : ac nullis parsura incendia pascuntvel solis parsura piis. namque optima proles^"^ quamquam sors nobilis ignis CZ : quamn. ignist Baehrens : quam sonti n. ignist Maehly.quo sons,^^' ignes CZ : ingens Scaliger.lapidis CH : rapidis AR."" c(a)elum CZ : telum Postgate.^11 mil{l)ia CZ : mollia Scaliger : mitia Heinsius.^12 urebant C : virebant Z : ruebant Wagler : rubebantMunro, Ellis.®^^ nimio CZ : minimo Auratus, Pithou.623 ratis CZ : ratos Aid. 1517.62* concrepat CZ : concremat Auratus, Pithou.dees CH : piis Aid. 1517." The eruption was historic. Aelian, quoted in Stobaeus'Florilegium, 79, 38, p. 456 (Gaisford), places it in Olympiad416

AETNAno less famous for a fire of goodness tlian for one ofguilt. Once Aetna burst open its caverns andglowed white-hot" : as though its deep-pent furnaceswere shattered, a vast wave of fire gushed forth afarupborne by the heat of the lava-stone, just as whenthe ether lightens under the fury of Jupiter andplagues the bright sky with murky gloom. Corncropsin the fields and acres soft-waving undercultivation were ablaze \\ith their lords. Forestsand hills gleamed red. Scarce yet can they believethe foe has struck camp yet they were quaking and;he had already passed the gates of the neighbouringcity. Then every man strives to save his goods withsuch courage and strength as avails him to snatchat them. One groans beneath a burden of goldanother collects his arms and piles them again abouthis foolish neck; another, faint under what he hasseized, has his flight hindered by his poems Î Herethe poverty-stricken man hastens nimbly beneaththe lightest of loads : everyone makes for safety withwhat he held dear upon his shoulders. But his spoildid not follow each owner safe to the end : firedevours them as they linger : it envelops the greedyones in flame. They think they have escaped, butthe fire catches them : it consumes its prisoners'booty : and the conflagration feeds itself, set onsparing none or only the dutiful. Two noble sons,81 (= 456-453 B.C.). He gives the names of the Catanaeanyouths who saved their parents from the flames as Philonomosand Kallias :cf. n. on 029 infra.* 616-618. The satire at the expense of those who try tosave their goods at the risk of life culminates in the glance at apoet struggling under a load of his own works. There is alsoa satiric undertone in the picture of tourists (569-600), who arecurious sightseers rather than students of nature.VOL. I.E E417

MINOR LATIN POETSAmphinomus fraterque pari sub munere fortescum iani vicinis streperent incendia tectis,adspiciunt pigrumque patrem matremque senectaeheu ! defessos posuisse in limine membra.parcite, avara manus, dulces attollere praedasillis divitiae solae materque paterquebanc rapient praedam. mediumque exire per ignemipso dante fidem properant. o maxima rerumet merito pietas homini tutissima virtus !erubuere pios iuvenes attingere flammaeet quacumque ferunt illivestigia cedunt.felix ilia dies, ilia est innoxia terra.dextra saeva tenent laevaque incendia :ferturille per obliquos ignes fraterque triumphans,tutus uterque pio sub pondere sufficit :iliaet circa geminos avidus sibi temperat ignis.incolumes abeunt tandem et sua numina secumsalva ferunt, illos mirantur carmina vatum,illos seposuit claro sub nomine Ditis,nee sanctos iuvenes attingunt sordida fatasecurae cessere domus et iura piorum.^2^ Amphion CH : AmphinomusAR. fontis CH :fortis(nom. plur.) A.^2^ senemque CZ : senecta Scaliger : sedentem Barthsenentem Baehrejis : sequentem Ellis.^^" manduces corr. in manducens C : manus dites Aid. 1517 :manus dulces Ellis.^^2 rapies C : raperest 3Iunro : rapient Ellis.«38 dextera CZ. tenet CH : tenent AR. fervent HR ;ferunt corr. in fervent C : fertur Buecheler.^^®fratremque CZ : fraterque ed. Ascens. 1507.418^*" sufficit codd. : substitit Baehrens.**''sed curae C : securae Miinro, Ellis, Vessereau.

AETNAAmphinomus and liis brother, gallantly facinfj anequal task, when tire now roared in homes hard by,saw how their lame father and their mother had sunkdown (alas !) in the weariness of aije upon the threshold.**Forbear, ye avaricious throng, to lift thespoils ye love ! For ihem a mother and a father arethe only wealth : this is the spoil they will snatchfrom the burning. They hasten to escape throughthe heart of the fire, which grants safe-conductunasked. O sense of loving duty^ greatest of allgoods, justly deemed the surest salvation for manamong the virtues ! The flames held it shame to.touch those duteous youths and retired wherever theyiturned their steps. Blessed is that day : guiltlesslis that land. Cruel burnings reign to right and left,Flames slant aside as Amphinomus rushes amongjthem and \Wth him his brother in triumph : bothIhold out safely under the burden which affection laid:on them. There—round the couple—the greedy firejrestrains itself. Unhurt they go free at last, takingKvith them their gods in safety. To them the laysof bards do homage : to them under an illustriousname has Ditis ^ allotted a place apart. No meanIdestiny touches the sacred youths : their lot is adwelling free from care, and the rightful rewards ofthe faithful." Claudian, Carmina Minora, XVII (L), has an elegiacpoem on the statues of the two brothers, Amphinomus andAnapius at Catina now Catania. For allusions to their pietascf. Strabo, vi. 2. 3 (C. 269), who calls the second brotherAnapias: Sen. Benef. III. 37. 2; Martial, VII. 24. 5; Sil.Ital. XIV. 197. Hyginus, Fab. 254, gives them differentnames. Their heads appear on both Sicilian and Romancoins, p.g. Head, Hist. -\ um. 117; Brit. Mas. Cat.^ Ditis (more commonly Dis in the nominative) is Pluto,god of the under-world.EE 2419

FLORUS

INTRODUCTIONTO FLORUSThere is considerable plausibility in the argumentswhich have been advanced in favour ofregarding three aj^parently different Flori. namelythe historian, the rhetor and the poet as one andthe same person. The acceptance of these argumentscommits us to taking the correct name tohave been P. Annius I'lorus, as the rhetor wascalled, and to explaining as confusions the " JuliusFlorus " or " Annaeus Florus " found in the MSS.of the historian. We no longer possess the rhetor's**dialogue discussing the problem whether Mrgil wasmore an orator than a poet {Fergilins orator anpoeia), but from a Brussels manuscript containingan introduction to the lost theme important factsabout the author's life are recoverable.^ He wasborn in Africa about 74 a.d. While at Rome in hisyounger days under Domitian he entered for theCapitoline competition in poetry, but owing tojealousy was denied the wreath of victory. Thisinjustice so rankled in his heart that he left Romefor distant wanderings which ended with his settlementat Tarraco in Spain. One day in Trajan'sOne MS. has " L. Annei Flori."^ F. Ritschl, Bheiri. Mus. 1. 3U2: (). Jahn, Flori epitome,Leipzig, 1852, p. xli ; edn. by K. Halm, Leipzig, 1854,p. 106; cdn. by 0. Rossbach,' Leipzig, 1S96, p. 183. SeeJ. Wight DufE, A Lit. Hist, of Home in Silver Age, p. 644.423

INTRODUCTION TOreign a friend twitted him \\dth his long absencefrom the capital, telling him that his poems hadwon appreciation there. By Hadrian's time he wasonce more in Rome, enjoying the Emperor's regardin virtue of his literary abilities and possibly becauseof some common links with Spain also. The intimacywas so close that it emboldened Florus to addressHadrian in a few extant trochaic lines of persiflageupon his craze for travel Ego nolo Caesar esse—towhich we have the imperial repartee Ego Jiolo Florusesse.^ Happily there is more poetry in his hexametersupon spring-roses and in some at least of histrochaic tetrameters. This is the quality which haslent support to the conjecture hazarded by certainscholars, that Florus was the author of one of themost romantic poems in Latin, the PervigiliumVeneris. Certainly that poem would have beensignally appropriate during the principate of Hadrian,who resuscitated the cult of Venus on a scale ofgreat magnificence.^ We cannot, however, be surethat the Pervigilium Veneris belongs to the secondcentury : and a rival hypothesis claims it for thefourth century, laying stress upon its resemblance tothe manner of Tiberianus.În the codex Salmasianus of the Latin Anthologia(Parisinus, 10318) twenty-six trochaic tetrametersappear under the superscription Flori de qualitatevitae. The codex Thuaneus (Parisinus 8071) has,instead of Flori, Floridi, a corruption due to a mistakein the succeeding word. Five hexameters inthe codex Salmasianus also bear the heading Flori.° Spartianus, Hadrian, xvi.^ See Introduction, p. ,344, to Loeb edition of Catullus,Tibullus and Pervigilium Veneris.'^Sec Introduction to Tiberianus, infra.424

FLORUSTEXTS OF FLORUS' VERSEP. Burman. Anthol Lat. Lib. IL No. 97; IILNos. 288-29L Amsterdam, 1759.[Burman ascribes 97, Ego nolo . . ., to"Julius Florus " ; 288, quales . . ., 289,Aid hoc. risit . . ., and 290, Ilortus erat . . ., toan unknown author; and 291, J'enerunt aliquaiidorosae . . ., to '* Florus." Baehrens andBuecheler follow these ascriptions.]J. C. Wernsdorf. Poetae Latini Mifwres. III. pp. 483-488. Altenburg, 1782.L. Mueller. RutiUus Xa)jmtia7i7is, etc., p. 26 sqq.Leipzig, 1870.E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min., IV. pp. 279, 346 sqq.Leipzig, 1882.F. Buecheler and A. Riese. Anthologia Latina, I. i.pp. 119-121, and pp. 200-202. Leipzig, 1894.RELE\'ANT WORKSO. Mueller. De P. Aimio Poeta et de Pervig. Ven.diss. Berlin, 1855.F. Eyssenhardt. Hadrian und Florus. Berlin, 1882.G. Costa. Floro e Adriano, Bollettino di Jilol. 13(1907), p. 252.425

FLORUSEgo nolo Caesar esse,ambulare per BritannosScythicas pati pruinas.II-IX.De QuALITATE ^ÎTAEBacche, vitium repertor, plenus adsis vitibus,effluas dulcem liquorem, comparandum nectari,conditumque fac vetustum, ne malignis venulisasperum ducat saporem, versus usum in alterum.IIIllMulier intra pectus omnis celat virus pcstilensdulce de labris loquuntur, corde vivunt noxio.II. De Qualitate Vitae codd. : Vitium L. Mueller.II. 1 vitium codd. : vini tu L. Mueller." The numbering I-XIII follows L. Mueller's edition :No. XIV is taken from Baehrens.^ The Latin is given by Spartianus, Hadrian xvi : alsoHadrian's retort (see p. 444).may be assumed that Florus' third line is lost.426As the latter is in four lines, it

FLORUSi«I've no mind to be a Caesar,Strolling round amono; the Britons,Victim of the Scythian hoar-frosts.ÎI-IX. The Quality of Life ÎIBacchus, of the vine revealer, let thy fullness aidthe vineSend the dulcet juice aflowing which no nectar canoutshine.Grant it ever-mellowing storage lest in veins inimicalIt produce a smack of roughness turned to vinegarwithal.IllEvery woman in her bosom hides a poisonous pestilence:Though the lips speak ne'er so sweetly, yet the heartcontrives offence.*The MS. heading for the 26 verses in II-IX is soinappropriate that Luoian Mueller by emending vitae intovitium suggested that it meant "On the Nature of Vines"and -svas appUcable only to poem II.427

MINOR LATIN POETSIVSic Apollo, deinde Liber sic videtur igniferambo sunt flammis creati prosatique ex ignibusambo de donis calorem, vite et radio, conferuntnoctis hie rumpit tenebras, hie tenebras pectoris.Quando ponebam novellas arbores mali et piri,cortici simunae notavi nomen ardoris mei.nulla fit exinde finis vel quies cupidiniscrescit arbor, gliscit ardor :animus implet litteras.VIQui mali sunt non fuere matris ex alvo mali,sed malos faciunt malorum falsa contubernia.VIISperne mores transmarinos, mille habent offucia.cive Romano per orbem nemo vivit rectiusquippe malim unum Catonem quam trecentosSocratas.V.3 fit codd. : fit iam L. Mueller : facta Baehrens." Cf. Juvenal II. 83, nemo repentefuit turpissimus, " no onebecame an absolute villain in a moment," and St. Paul'squotation from Menander, I. Cor. xv. 33 (pdeipovaiu fjOr] xpv

FLORUSIVSo Apollo and then Bacchus are firc-bring:crs, IopineBoth the gods are flame-created; in their ])irth thefires take part.Both confer their heat for guerdon, by the sunbeamor the vineOne dispels the long night's darkness, one the darknessof the heart.When my young pear-trees Iapple-trees,planted, when I plantedOn the bark the name I graved of the sweetheartwho is mine.Never henceforth will my passion find an end or findits ease.As the tree grows, so my zeal glows : love-dreamsthrough each letter shine.VIRascals have not been so always—rascals from theirmother's wombBut false comradeship with rascals brings one to arascal's doom."VIIShun the morals brought across seas; they've athousand trickeries.None in all the world lives straighter than a citizenof Rome.Why, I prize one Cato more than fifteen score likeSocrates.429

MINOR LATIN POETSVIIITarn malum est habere nummos, non habere quammalum esttain malum est audere semper quam malum estsemper pudortam malum est tacere multum quam malum estmultum loquitam malum est foris amica quam malum est uxordomi;nemo non haec vera dicit, nemo non contra facit.IXConsules fmnt quotannis et novi proconsulessolus aut rex aut poeta non quotannis nascitur.XDe RosisVenerunt aliquando rosae. per veris amoeniingenium una dies ostendit spicula florum,altera pyramidas nodo maiore tumentes,tertia iam calathos, totum lux quarta peregitfloris opus, pereunt hodie nisi mane leguntur.XIDe RosisA, quales ego mane rosas procedere vidinascebantur adhuc neque erat par omnibus aetas.prima papillatos ducebat tecta corymbos,altera puniceos apices umbone levabat,tertia iam totum calathi patefecerat orbem,430

FLORUSVIIITis as bad possessing money as to live in penuryJust as bad perpetual daring as perpetual modesty;Just as bad is too mueh silence as too much loquacity ;Just as bad the girl you visit as the wife at homecan be.None can say that this is falsehood : none but doesthe contrary.IXEvery year we get fresh consuls, every year proconsulstooOnly patrons, only poets, are not born each yearanew.Roses are here at last :Roses ix SpRixcTniEthanks to the moodOf lovely Spring, one day shows barbs of bloom ;A second, pyramids more largely swolnA third reveals the cup : four days fulfilTheir task of flowering. This day seals their doomUnless the mornino; brine's a gatherer.XIRosesWhat roses have I seen come with the mornScarce born they were, yet not alike in ageOne showed the breast-like buds that hid the flower,One shot its purple crest from swelling heart,A third had ojn-ned full its rounded cup,431

MINOR LATIN POETSquarta simul nituit niidati germine floris.dum levat una caput dumque explicat altera nodum,sic, dum virgineus pudor exsinuatur amictu,ne pereant lege mane rosas : cito virgo senescit.XIIDe RosaAut hoc risit Amor aut hoc de pectine traxitpurpureis Aurora comis aut sentibus haesitCypris et hie spinis insedit sanguis acutis.XIIIDe RosisHortus erat Veneris, roseis circumdatus herbis,gratus ager dominae, quern qui vidisset amaret.dum puer hie passim properat decerpere floreset velare comas, spina libavit acutamarmoreos digitos : mox ut dolor attigit artussanguineamque manum, tinxit sua lumina gutta.pervenit ad matrem frendens defertque querellas" unde rosae, mater, coeperunt esse nocentes ?unde tui flores pugnare latentibus armis ?bella gerunt mecum. floris color et cruor unumest! "432

VLORUSA fourth was bright witli well-grown naked bloom,Oiu' rears its head, while one untwines its eoilSi>. while their maiden virtue's ehastely garbed,At dawn pull roses fresh : maids soon grow old.XIIThe Rose1 he rose was Cupid's smile, or from her combDawn drew it forth—Dawn of the lustrous hair,Or haply Venus was by briars caughtAnd on the sharp thorns this her blood remained.XIIIVenus' Rose-Gardex\'(nus a garden had, rose-bushes roundIt- lady's darling plot; once seen, beloved.Htr boy, in random haste to cull the bloomsAnd crown his tresses, pricked with pointed thornHis marble fingers. Soon, as pain stabbed limbsAnd blood-stained hand, the tear-drop bathed hiseye.In rage he seeks his mother with his plaints :" Whence comes it, mother, that the roses hurt ?Whence fight thy flowers with hidden arms? TheywarOn me : the flower's hue is"the same as blood !VOL. I.F F433

xMIXOR LATIN POETSXIVDe MusisClio saecla retro niemorat sermone soluto.Euterpae geminis loquitur cava tibia ventis.voce Thalia clueiis soccis dea comica gaudet.Melpomene reboans tragicis fervescit iambis.aurea Terpsichorae totam lyra personat aethram.fila premens digitis Erato modulamina fingit.flectitur in faciles variosque Polymnia motus.Uranie numeris scrutatur sidera mundi.Calliope doctis dat laurea serta poetis." Ascribed to Floras, Baehrens, P.L.M. IV. p. 279. Cf. theverses which have come down under the name of Cato, P.L.M,III. p. 243.The Muses in Hesiod {Theog. 36-103, 915-918) are the ninedaughters of Zeus and ^Mnemosyne, born in Pieria. Sometimesrepresented as linked together in a dance, they formedan allegory of the connexion among the liberal arts. For434

''MotFLORUSXIVThe Nine Muses °( lio records past ages in her prose.1 uterpe's hollow reed makes double sound.\ Oice-famed Thalia revcllin«i- loves the sock.Melpomene's notes in tragic iambs seethe.Terpsichore's golden lyre thrills all the sky.Strings touched by Erato sweet love-songs make.Pnlymnia's odes suit swift and varying moods.''I rania scans the stars of heaven in verse.Calliope crowns epic bards with bays.if functions and varying symbols in literature and art seeiusen" in Roscher's Ausfuhrliches Lexikon der gr. unci/. Mythologie and " Musai " in P. W. Realencyclopiidie.us is here taken of the mind. But it is possible totake it of bodily movement (" P. sways her body in easy andin varied movements"); for a province assigned at a lateperiod to Polymnia was that of pantomime.F F 2435

HADRIAN

INTRODUCTIONTO HADRIANP. Aelius Hadriaxus, who was born in a.d. 76,reigned as Trajan's successor from 117 till his deathin A.D. 138. His contradictory traits of character,summarised by Spartianus ^ in his Vita, indicated arestlessness of temperament which was reflected inthe physical restlessness of the perpetually travellingEmperor. He took genuine interest in army organisation,in agricultural prospects, in building schemes,and (as sho\\Ti during his visit to Britain, where Po?isAelii ^ commemorated his name) in the establishmentof frontier-lines. Prose and verse attractedhis dilettante tastes : in Latin he felt a preferencefor archaic writers—for Ennius rather than Virgil,for Cato rather than Cicero, and for Coelius Antipaterrather than Sallust : towards Hellenic thoughtand literature he was so much drawn that his courtierssecretly nicknamed him " Graeculus." Inscriptionshave preserved fragments of his military addi-esses,and at one time collections of his speeches were inexistence. His autobiographic books, which whetherfrom modesty or another motive he caused to bepublished under the names of his literary freedmen,became the direct or indirect ^ source of much in"^Hadr. xiv. ^ at Xewcastle-upon-Tyne.« J, Durr, Die Reisen d. Kaisers Hadrian, 1881 ; and J.Plew, Quellenuntersuchungen zur Gesch. d. Kaisers H., 890.439

INTRODUCTION TOthe life by Spartianus. A lost miscellany of hisappeared under the forbidding title of Catachannae,ând he dabbled in both Greek and Latin poetry:most things by starts and nothing long, he was anepitome of contemporaiy cultm'e. Possessed of anexcellent memory, readiness in speech, and considerablehumour, he loved to engage in discussionswith the professors of the day. Sometimes he deferredto them, sometimes browbeat them ;yetthough he was a tormenting catechiser, he conferredgenerous benefactions upon teachers. Moreover,he established a library at his spacious villa whoseruins still impress the tourist under the slopes ofTivoli : he had another library at Antium, and athird at his famous academy in Rome, the Athenaeum.The mediocrity of most of the surviving verseascribed to him reconciles us to the rejection of theuncertain pieces. When the poet Florus took therisk of chaffing his imperial majesty on his maniafor travelling {ego nolo Caesar esse ),^ he incurrednothing worse than the retort in the quatrain beginningEgo nolo Florus esse. Spartianus ^ is ourauthority for the simple lines of death-bed farewell* Spartianus, Hadrian xvi, mentions this lost work as beingin the manner of Antimachus, Catac{h)annas (in different MSS.catacannos, catacrianos, catacaymos), libros ohscurissimos Antiniachumimitando scripsit : perhaps Hadrian aped the learningof the Greek epic poet until he became obscure. Catachanna,in Fronto (ed. Xaber, p. 35 and p. 155) was applied to a fruittreeinoculated with alien buds (resembling the extraordinarilyengraftedtree of Pliny N.H. XVII. 120) and to a style blendedof elements from Gato and Seneca. Unger, Jahrb. Phil.119 (1879), p. 493, connectedit with KaraxTj/'r?, "derision", andit is therefore defined in Thesaurus Ling. Lat. Ill col. 586, as" res risu digna."* '^Spartianus, Hadr. xvi. Ibid. xxv.440

HADRIANto his soul, \vhere ijenuint' feeling, echoed in tenderdiminutives, has bequeatlied an immortal challengeto translators in many languages." The lines purportingto have been inscribed on the grave of theEmperor's favourite hunting-steed Borysthenes havebeen suspected. That an inscription was written isclear from Dio Cassius.'' It is true that he does notsay whether it was in Latin or Greek ; but, on thewhole, it seems fair to accept the testimony ofPithoeus that he found the Latin lines in an ancientmanuscript.EDITIONSP. Burman. A?ithologia Veterum Lat. Epigram, etPoem. Vol. I. Lib. II, Nos. 96, 98; Vol. II.Lib. IV, No. 399. Amsterdam, 1759-73.L. Mueller. In a section De Poetis Saeculi UrbisConditae X which is appended to his edition ofNamatianus. Leipzig, 1870. [L. Mueller acceptsas genuine only " ego nolo Florus esse. . .," " animula vagula ..." and the verse" lascivus versu, mente pudicus eras," ten linesin all.]E. Baehrens. P.L.M. Vol. IV. pp. Ill sqq. Leipzig,1882. [Baehrens prints five poems ascribedto Hadrian, of which only that on Borystheneshas been included in the present edition.]F. Buecheler and A. Riese. Anthologia Latina, I. i.pp. 306-7, Leipzig, 1894. I. ii. p. 132, Leipzig,1906. [The " Hadrianic " poems in the aboveTranslations . . . ojDying Hadrian^s Address to his Soul,collected by D. Johnston, Bath, 1876." Ixix. 10.441

INTRODUCTION TO HADRIANcollection are identical with three in Baehrensas their authenticity is questionable, they arenot included in the present edition.]RELEVANT WORKSF. Gregorovius. Der Kaiser Hadrian, ed. 2. Stuttgart,1884 (Eng. tr., London, 1898).J. Diirr. Die Reisen des Kaisers Hadrian. Vienna,1881.S. Dehner. Hadriani Reliquiae, particula I. Diss.Bonn, 1883. (For adlocutiones to the army.)J. Plew. QuellenuntersiLchungen zur Geschichte desKaisers Hadrian (pp. 11-53 on the Vita bySpartianus). Strassburg, 1890.W. Weber. Untersuchungen zur Gesch. d. K. Hadrian.Leipzig, 1907.B. Henderson. Lifo and Principate of Hadriani.London, 1923 (" Literary Activities," pp. 240sqq.).J. Wight DufF. A Literary Hist, of Rome in theSilver Age. London, 1927. (Sketch of Literaturein the reign of Hadrian, pp. 628-649.)442

HADRIANIEgo nolo Florus esse,ambulare per tabernas,latitare per popinas,culices pati rotundos.IILascivus versu, mente pudicus eras.IllAnimula vagula blandula,hospcs comesque corporis,quae nunc abibis in loca,pallidula, rigida, nudula,nee ut soles dabis iocos ?444" Spartianus, Hadr. xvi : see Flonis' lines, p. 426,

HADRIANIRetort to Florus °I've no mind to be a FlorusStrolling round among the drink-shops,Skulking round among the cook-shops,Victim of fat-gorged mosquitoes.IIOx APoet-friendYour lines were wanton but your heart was clean.ÎllHadrian's Dying Farewell to hisSoulDear fleeting sweeting, little soul,My body's comrade and its guest,What region now must be thy goal.Poor little wan, numb, naked soul,Unable, as of old, to jest ?^ Apuleius, Apolog. xi, cites the Latin as from Hadrian's ownpen to honour the torab of his friend Voconius.445

MINOR LATIN POETSIVBorysthenes Alanus,Caesareus veredus,per aequor et paludeset tumulos Etruscosvolare qui solebat,Pannonicos nee ullusapros eum insequentemdente aper albicantiausus fuit noceresparsit ab ore caudamvel extimam saliva,ut solet evenire.sed integer iuventainviolatus artusdie sua peremptushie situs est in agro.IV. * et ruscos Masdeus : et ocres Baehrens.^~ii Pannonicos in apros (nee ullus insequentem dente aperalbicanti ausus fuit notare) sparsit ab ore caldam vel extimamsalivam Baehrens : Pannonicos nee ullus f apros insequentemcod. : apros eum insequentem Scriverius.^"~iicaudam cod. : caldam Casaubon. extimam salivamcod. : extima saliva Scriverius. Hos versus transposuit Riese.446

HADRIANIVOn' his Favourite Huxtixg-horseBorysthenes the Alan "Was mighty Caesar's steed :O'er marshland and o'er level,O'er Tuscan hill'?, with speedHe used to fly, and neverCould any ru'^hing boarAmid Pannonian boar-huntMake bold his flank to gore ''With sharp tusk whitely gleamingThe foam from off his lips,As oft may chance, would sprinkleHis tail e'en to the tips.But he in youthful vigour,His limbs unsapped by toil,On his own day extinguished,Here lies beneath the soil." Alanus, belonging to the 'AAavoi, warlike Scythians onthe Tanais and Palus Maeotis.* twcere governing the accusative is one of the suspiciouspoints in these lines. Baehrens emends to notare.447

NEMESIANUSVOL. I.G Q

IINTRODUCTIONTO NEMESIANUSTowards the end of the third century a.d., M.AureHus Olympius Nemesianus wrote bucohc anddidactic poetry. He has already been mentionedin the introductions to Calpurnius Siculus and Grattiii-.His four eclogues for long passed underC aljnirnius' name, and of his hexameter poem onin.' chase 325 verses have survived. He belongedto Carthage, as his designation Carthaginiensis inM>S. implies; and, when he says of the Spanish[)le gens ampla iacet trans ardua Calpes culmina/. 251-252), his attitude is that of an Africanlor. It is recorded ° that he won fame in poeticMitests and in several kinds of literature. A lovefor the open air fitted him to attempt pastoralpottry, and it is in keeping with this that at theoutset of his didactic poem he should echo theall Host conventional renunciation of mythology tol)r found in Virgil, Martial and Juvenal, and should(li-dain it as something hackneyed, preferring to' ruam the glades, the green tracts and open])lains." ^ But he contemplates a more epic taskwhen, in addressing Numerianus and Carinus, theliiother emperors who were the sons of Carus, heannounces his intention ^ to compose a narrative oftlhir triumphant exploits. Of the two, Numerianus" Vopiscus, Carus, Numericnius et Carinus, xi." Cyn. 48^9. « Cyn. 63-78.G G 2451

INTRODLXTIOX TOwas at least a good speaker and had himself enteredthe field of poetry. The Cynegetica may be assignedto the period which elapsed between the death ofCarus in 283 a.d. and that of Numerianus in 284and, if we decide that in Cyyiegetica 58-62 Nemesianusis referring to his eclogues as lighter perforaiancesthan his ambitious literary voyage into didacticpoetry, then we may date his pastorals as earlier.The four pastoral poems, traditionally coupledwith the seven by Calpurnius, are now by generalconsent separated from them. In the first, Tityrusdeclines on the ground of age Timetas' invitation toshow his poetic skill, but instead prevails on him torepeat a song inscribed by Timetas on the bark ofa tree. This takes the form of a eulogy on thedead Meliboeus, who is introduced as a sort ofanalogue to the Meliboeus honoured by Calpurniusas his patron. But the real cue is taken from thepraises of Daphnis in Virgil's fifth eclogue. Nemesianus'second eclogue, in which two shepherd ladscomplain that their sweetheart Donace is shut upat home by her parents, has drawn elements fromCalpurnius' second and third poems. Nemesianus'third eclogue introduces Pan surprised by threerustics, who, after trying his pipe in vain, are entertainedby Pan's own minstrelsy in praise of Bacchus.This eclogue is modelled on Virgil's sixth, whereSilenus, caught asleep, had to pay the forfeit of asong. In the last eclogue, attractive for its glimpsesof country scenes, Lycidas and Mopsus deplore thepains of unreturned affection. This is the onepastoral in which Nemesianus employs the prettilyrecurrent burden or refrain of the Theocriteantradition which Virgil followed in his Pharmaceutria452

NKMESIANUS! eighth eclogue. Here, then, the \ irgilian inHu-( lice acts directly on him ; for the refrain is not oneof C'alpurnius' devices.In the incomplete Cynegetica of 325 hexameterstlu- tirst 102 lines are introductory: the remainderhandles needful preliminaries to the chase ratherthan the chase itself— first hunting-dogs, their rearing,feeding, training, diseases and breeds ; thenhorses, their qualities, breeds and maintenancefinally implements such as nets and snares. It willbe noted that the order here is not the same as inGrattius.** Though Grattius was more expert inhunting than the Carthaginian poet was, it may befelt to be an advantage for Nemesianus that heenters less into details, and, if not so concentratedon imparting instruction as Grattius was, for thisvery reason has more chance of giving pleasure to areader.The diction and the metre of Nemesianus benefitundoubtedly in standard from the conscious imitationof Virgil as a model. Among the more noticeablemetrical points, some of them due to his lateperiod, are the shortened -o in devotio {Cyn. 83)and exerceto {Cyn. 187),^ the single occurrence ofhiatus catuli hue {Cyn. 143) and the close of a hexameterin fervida zonae {Cyn. 147). Elision is notoverdone : some 52 elisions (very many of them in-que or atqiie) occur in the 325 lines of the Cynegetica.'^" It has been pointed out in the Introduction to Grattiusthat according to some he did, according to others he did not,influence Xeraesianus."Cf. such shortenings in Nemesianus' eclogues as exspeclo(ii. 2(5), coniungo (iii. 14), mulrf-ndo (i. 53), hudaridd (ii. 80).

INTRODUCTION TOThere are in it a few rare words such as inoccidims(105) and cihatus (160) ; but in the main the dictionis classical. And, in respect of both language andmetre, broadly similar features characterise thepastoral and the didactic poetry of Nemesianus.EDITIONSEcloguesFor the chief editions and relative literature seethe works given under Calpurnius Siculus, pp. 214:-215.E. Baehrens' text: P.L.M. III. pp. 176-190.H. Schenkl's text is given in Postgate's Corp. Poet.Lai., 1905, II. pp. 565-568.CynegeticaFor editions, which usually combine Nemesianuswdth Grattius, see the list given under Grattius,pp. 146-147.E. Baehrens' text: P.L.M. III. pp. 190-202.J. P. Postgate's text is given in Corp. Poet. Led., II.1905, pp. 569-571.D. Martin. Cynegetica of Nemesianus (with comment.).Cornell Univ., U.S.A., 1917.RELEVANT WORKSM. Fiegl. Des Grattius Falishns Cynegetica : seineVorgd?iger u. seine Nachfolger. [Holds thatNemesianus borrowed from Grattius: P. J. Enk454in his ed. of Grattius and in Mnemos. 45 (1917)

NKMESIANUSsii|)j)oils this: so docs V. Miillcr in Mncinos.1(3 (1918). G. Curcio in his cd. of Ciiattiusopposes the view.]1*. Monceaux. Les Africnins : Etude sur la iiltcrulurelat'inc d'Afriquc. Paris, 1894.SIGLAI'or the Eclogues see the Sigla for Cal})urnius>iculiis, pp. 216^217.For the Cynegetica :A - Parisinus 7561, saec. x.n = Parisinus 4839, saec. x.]This codex, disfigured by many worthlessreadings, was collated by Baehrens out of respectfor its age : it is ignored by Postgate inC.P.L. and its readings are not recorded in thisedition.C (Baehrens) = a (Postgate) Vindobonensis 3261,saec. xvi.This codex contains Nemesianus afterOvid'sHalieutica and before Grattius' Cynegeiica. a-denotes that it was written by Sannazarius, asshown by H. Schenkl, Supplement})and der Jahrbiichcrfilrklass. Philol. xxiv, 1898, pp. 387-480.455

NEMESIANI CARMINATim.Tit.ECLOGAE ITiMETAS :TiTYRUSDum fiscella tibi fluviali, Tityre, iuncotexitur et raucis imniunia rura cicadis,incipe, si quod habes gracili sub harundine carmencompositum. nam te calamos inflare labelloPan docuit versuque bonus tibi favit Apollo,incipe, dum salices haedi, dum gramina vaccaedetondent, viridique greges permittere campodum ros et primi suadet dementia solis.hos annos canamque comam, vicine Timeta,tu iuvenis carusque deis in carmina cogis ? 1diximus et calamis versus cantavimus olim,dum secura hilares aetas ludebat amores.nunc album caput et veneres tepuere sub annis,iam mea ruricolae dependet fistula Fauno.te nunc rura sonant ; nuper nam carmine victor 1risisti calamos et dissona flamina Mopsi^^ et calamis versus V nonnulli : et calamis et versu NGA :et calamis et versum aptavimus Baehrens.|" The hybrid alternative title " Epiphunus " {iirl andfunus) refers to the obituary lament on Meliboeus.

NEMESIANUSECLOGUE ITiMETAS :TiTYRUS ^While, Tityrus, you are weaving a basket withriver rushes, and while the country-side is freefrom the harsh-toned grasshoppers,^ strike up,if you've got any song set to the slenderreed-pipe. Pan has taught your lips to blowthe reeds and a kind Apollo has given you thegrace of verse. Strike up, while the kids cropthe willoMs and the cows the grass, while thedew and the mildness of the morning sun urgeyou to let your flocks into the green meadowland.Neighbour Timetas, do you constrain these yearsof mine and hoary hair to sing, you a youngman beloved of the gods ? Time was when Ifound words ; time was when I sang verses tothe reeds, so long as my care-free youth utteredthe merry lays of love. Now my head is whiteand passion has cooled beneath the years.Already hangs my pipe devoted to the countryhauntingFaunus. With your fame the countrynow resounds. Victor in song of late, when Iwas judge, you mocked the pipes of Mopsus''It is morning and the cicalas are not yet noisy.457

Tim.iudice me.MINOR LATIN POETSmecuin senior Meliboeus utrumqueaudierat laudesque tuas sublime ferebatquem nunc emeritae permensum tempora vitaesecreti pars orbis habet mundusque piorum.quare age, si qua tibi Meliboei gratia vivit,dicat honoratos praedulcis tibia manes.et parere decet iussis et grata iubentur.namque fuit dignus senior, quem carmine Phoebus,Pan calamis, fidibus Linus aut Oeagrius Orpheusconcinerent totque acta \ix\ laudesque sonarent.sed quia tu nostrae laudem deposcis avenae,accipe quae super haec cerasus, quam cernisad amnem,continet, inciso servans mea carmina libro.Tit. die age ; sed nobis ne vento garrula pinus Iobstrepat, has ulmos potius fagosque petamus.Tim. hie cantare libet ; virides nam subicit herbasmollis ager lateque tacet nemus omne :'quietiadspice ut ecce procul decerpant gramina tauri.omniparens aether et rerum causa, liquores,corporis et genetrix tellus, vitalis et aer,iIaccipite hos cantus atque haec nostro Meliboeo /mittite, si sentire datur post fata quietis.:nam si sublimes animae caelestia templasidereasque colunt sedes mundoque fruuntur, 4tu nostros adverte modos, quos ipse benigno^' hos cantus N : hos calamos V, Baehrens.458

NEMESIANUSaiul his discordant blasts. With nic I lie ajL!;(dMcliboeus had heard you both, and he extolledyour merits on high. He has fulfilled thespan of life's campaign, and dwells now in apart of that secluded sphere, the heaven ofthe blest. Wherefore, come, if you have aliving gratitude to Meliboeus, let the dulcetstrains of your flute tell of his glorified spirit.Tim. 'Tis right to obey your commands, and yourcommands are pleasing. The old man deservedthat the poetry of Phoebus, the reedsof Pan, and the lyre of Linus or of Orpheus,son of Oeagrus. should join inhis praises andshould extol all the glorious deeds of the hero.But since you ask but the praise my pipe cangive, hear now what the cherry-tree you seebeside the river keeps upon this theme ; itpreserves my lay in the carving on its bark.Tit. Come, speak : but lest the pine, made garrulousby the wind, trouble us with its noise,let us seek rather these elms and beeches.Tim. Here 'tis my pleasure to sing : for underneathus the soft fields spread their carpeting ofgreen sward, and fi\r and wide all the grove isstill. Look ! see in the distance how the bullsare (jpietly browsing in the grass.Ether, parent of all ; water, primal cause ofthings ; and earth, mother of body ; and lifegivingair ! accept ye these strains ; waft thesewords to our loved Meliboeus, if those at restare permitted to have feeling after death.For if souls sublime dwell in the celestialprecincts and the starry abodes, if the heavensare their lot, do thou, Meliboeus, give ear to459

MINOR LATIN POETSpectore fovisti, quos tu, Meliboee, probasti.longa tibi cunctisque diu spectata senectusfelicesque anni nostrique noiissimus aevicirculus innocuae clauserunt tempora vitae.nee minus hine nobis gemitus lacrimaequefuerequam si florentes mors invida carperet annos ;nee tenuit tales communis causa querellas." heu, Meliboee, iaces mortali frigore segnislege hominum, caelo dignus canente senectaconcilioque deum.pectus erat.plenum tibi ponderis aequitu ruricolum discernere litesadsueras, varias patiens mulcendo querellas.sub te iuris amor, sub te reverentia iustifloruit, ambiguos signavit terminus agros.blanda tibi vultu gravitas et mite serenafronte supercilium, sed pectus mitius ore.tu calamos aptare labris et iungere cerahortatus duras docuisti fallere curasnee segnem passus nobis marcere iu^ntamsaepe dabas meritae non vilia praemia Musae.^^ pelleret V : carperet NGA : velleret Glaeser : tolleretIleinsius : perderet Burman.*^ mortali NG : letali V, Baehrens.^° canente codd. : callente Baehrens.53 patiens codd. : paeans Maehly, Baehrens, H. Schenkl,Giarra'ano : sapiens Burman.ruris N^GV : iuris N^, Martellius. iusti V, N {in margine): iuris G {corr. ex ruris), N {corr. ex viris).460

NEMESIANUSmy lays, wliicli your own kind heart clu-risliedand your judgement approved. An advancedold age, long esteemed by all, and happy yearsand the final cycle in our human span closedthe period of your life ^^hich injured none.Neither did this make our tears and lamentationsless sore than if churlish death hadplucked the years of your prime : nor didthe common cause " check dirges such asthese: "Ah, Meliboeus, in that chill whichawaits all men you lie strengthless, obeyingthe law of all flesh, worthy though you are ofheaven in your hoary age and worthy of thecouncil of the gods. Your heart was full offirmness fairly balanced. With patient earand soothing word for diverse plaints, youwere wont to judge the disputes of the peasants.Under your guidance flourished a love of lawand a respect for justice ; disputed land wasmarked with a boundary line. You had acourteous dignity in your countenance andkindly brow with an unruffled forehead ; butstill kindlier than your face was your heart.You urged me to adapt the reed-pipe to mylips and to fashion it with wax, and so taughtme to beguile oppressive cares. You wouldnot suffer my youth to languish in idlenessguerdons of no mean price you often gave tomy Muse if she quitted herself well. Often" i.e. that all men are mortal :cf. Hamlet I. ii" Thou know'st 'tis common ; all that lives must die,Passing through nature to eternity ";Temiyson, hi Mernoriam, vi" Loss is common to the raceAnd common is the commonplace."461

MINOR LATIN POETSsaepe etiam senior, ne nos cantare pigeret,laetus Phoebea dixisti carmen avena.felix o Meliboee, vale ! tibi frondis odoraemunera dat lauros carpens ruralis Apollo (;dant Fauni, quod quisque valet, de vite racemos,de messi culmos omnique ex arbore fruges ;dat grandaeva Pales spumantia cymbia lacte.mella ferunt Nymphae, pictas dat Flora coronasmanibus hie supremus honos. dant carminaMusae,carmina dant Musae, nos et modulamur avena :silvestris te nunc platanus, Meliboee, susurrat,te pinus ; reboat te quicquid carminis Echorespondet silvae ; te nostra armenta loquuntur.namque prius siccis phocae pascentur in arvishirsutusque freto vivet leo, dulcia mellasudabunt taxi, confusis legibus annimessem tristis hiemps, aestas tractabit olivam,ante dabit flores autumnus, ver dabit uvas,quam taceat, Meliboee, tuas mea fistulalaudes." 8(Tit. perge, puer, coeptumque tibi ne deserecarmen,nam sic dulce sonas, ut te placatus Apolloprovehat et felix dominam perducat in urbem.iamque hie in silvis praesens tibi fama benignumstravit iter, rumpens livoris nubila pennis. 8|^^ messi Maehly : messe XGA : campo V : messo Burrtian.73-74 reboant , . . silvae {nam. pJur.) Baehrens.'* armenta codd. : arbusta Hawpt, Baehrens.'^ hirsutusque V wonnuZZi : vestitusque NG V^Zenywe : insuetusqueHeinsius : villosusque C. Schenkl.'^ tractabit GV : tractavit N : iactabit Burman : praestabitHavpt, Baehrens.462

NEMESIANUStoo, lest singing might irk us, you sang joyfullydespite your years to a flute inspired byPhoebus. Farewell, blessed Meliboeus ; Apolloof the country-side plucks the laurel and offersyou gifts of fragrant foliage. The Fauns offer,each according to his power, grape-clustersfrom the vine, harvest-stalks from the field,and fruits from every tree. Time-honouredPales offers bowls foaming with milk ; theNymphs bring honey ; Flora offers chapletsof varied hue. Such is the last tribute to thedeparted. Songs the Muses oiler : the Musesoffer song : and we play your praises on theflute. Your name, Meliboeus, is in the whisperof the forest plane-tree and the pine : everytuneful answer that echo makes to the woodlandresounds your name. 'Tis you our herdshave upon their lips. For first will seals browsein the dry meadow, the shaggy lion live in thesea, and yew-trees drip sweet honey ; first willthe year confound its laws and winter's gloomcontrol the harvest and summer the olivecrop; autumn will yield blossoms, spring willyield grapes, ere your praises, Meliboeus, areliushed upon my flute."Forward, my boy, leave not off the music youhave begun. Your melody is so sweet that afavourable Apollo bears you onward and isyour auspicious guide into the queen of cities.'*For propitious fame has here in the woodsmade smooth a kindly path for you, herpinions piercing the clouds of malice." i.e. the imperial capital, Rome :cf. II. 84.463

MINOR LATIN POETSsed iam sol demittit equos de culmine mundi,fluniineos suadens gregibus praebere liquores.IIIdas :AlconFormosam Donacen puer Idas et puer Alconardebant rudibusque annis incensus uterquein Donaces venereni furiosa niente ruebant.banc, cum vicini flores in vallibus horticarperet et molli gremium compleret acantho,invasere simul venerisque imbutus uterqueturn primum dulci carpebant gaudia furto.hinc amor et pueris iam non puerilia vota :quis anni ter quinquef hiemes et cura iuventae.sed postquam Donacen duri clausere parentes,quod non tam tenui filo de voce sonaret^soUicitumque foret pinguis sonus, improba cervixsufFususque rubor crebro venaeque tumentes,tum vero ardentes flammati pectoris aestuscarminibus dulcique parant relevare querellaambo aevo cantuque pares nee dispare forma,ambo genas leves, intonsi crinibus ambo.atque haec sub platano maesti solatia casusalternant, Idas calamis et versibus Alcon.callibus G. Hermann.^ venerisque H V nonnulli : venerique V nonnulli : venerisNG. imbutus codd. : immitis ed. Aid. 1534.* anni codd. : actae Heinsius : aevi Ilartel. hiemes et curaiuventae codd. phrigue : hiemes et cruda iuventa Hauptet mens et cura iuventae Summers : increscit cura iavencaeBaehrens : alii alia.1® haec sub Glaeser : hie sub XG : hi sub AH, Baehrens :sub hac V : hinc sub H. Schenkl.464

XEMRSIANUSBut now tlie sun is driving his steeds downfrom the arch of heaven and prompting us togive our flocks the river waters.ECLOGUE IIIdas :AlcoxYoung Idas and young Alcon had a burning passionfor the fjiir Donace : both, ablaze in theirinexperienced years, rushed with frenzied spirit intotheir love for Donace. Her they assailed together,when she was gathering flowers in the neighbouringgarden vales and filling her lap with soft acanthus.Then first initiated, they both snatched the joys ofVenus by a sweet robbery. Hence came love,*^ andthe boys felt longings beyond their boyish age.Their years were only fifteen winters, yet they hadthe pangs of early manhood. But after her sternparents had imprisoned Donace, because her voicehad lost its fine music, and its thickened sound causedanxious thought, because her neck grew coarse,and spreading blushes came and went and her veinsshowed larger, ^ then truly the youths made readyto relieve the burning heat of a love-enflamed heartwith the sweet plaint of their minstrelsy—both ofthem equal in age and song, of well-matched comeliness,both smooth in cheek, both of unshorn locks.And beneath a plane-tree— Idas on the flute followedby Alcon in his verse—they poured out this solacefor their sad plight." Cf. Grattius, Cyneget. 283-284.* The reasons given are traditional signs of lost maidenhood.VOL. I.H H465

MINOR LATIN POETS7. " quae colitis silvas, Dryades, quaeque antra,Napaeae,et quae marmoreo pede, Naiades, uda secatislitora purpureosque alitis per gramina flores :dicite, quo Donacen prato, qua forte sub umbrainveniam, roseis stringentem lilia palmis?nam mihi iam trini perierunt ordine soles,ex quo consueto Donacen exspecto sub antro.interea, tamquam nostri solamen amorishoc foret aut nostros posset medicare furores,nulla meae trinis tetigerunt gramina vaccaeluciferis, nullo libarunt amne liquores ;siccaque fetarum lambentes ubera matrumstant vituli et teneris mugitibus aera complent.ipse ego nee iunco molli nee vimine lentoperfeci calathos cogendi lactis in usus.quid tibi, quae nosti, referam ?scis mille iuvencasesse mihi, nosti numquam mea mulctra vacare.ille ego sum, Donace, cui dulcia saepe dedistioscula nee medios dubitasti rumpere cantusatque inter calamos errantia labra petisti.heu, heu ! nulla meae tangit te cura salutis ?pallidior buxo violaeque simillimus erro.omnes ecce cibos et nostri pocula Bacchihorreo nee placido memini concedere somno.te sine, vae misero, mihi lilia fusca videntur^2 aera NH V jplerique : ethera G :Bnehrens.** fusca NGA :nigra V, Baehrens.aethera Ulitius,466" Line 35 closely follows Calpurnius, Ed. III. 65.* Lines 37-39 are copied from Calpurnius, Ed. III. 55 sqq^

Id (IS.NEMKSIAXUS" Ye Dryads who haunt the woodland, Napaeannymphs who haunt the caves, and Naiadswhose marble-white feet cleave the waterystrands, who nourish the gleaming flowersathwart the sward, say, in what meadow orhaply 'neath what shade shall I find Donacepulling lilies with her rosy hands ? Three succeedingdays are now lost to me, while I havebeen awaiting Donace in the grotto that wasour tryst. Meanwhile, as if this were consolationfor my love or could heal my passion,my cows for three morns have touched nograss, nor sipped the waters from any stream.Calves stand licking the dry udders of theirnew-delivered mothers and fill the air withtheir tender lowing. And for myself, neitherof soft sedge nor of pliant osier have I madebaskets for the purposes of curdling milk. Whyshould I relate to you what you know ? You'âre aware I have a thousand heifers ;youknow my milk-pails are never empty. I amhe to whom, Donace, you gave many a tenderkiss, whose strains half-sung you did not hesitateto interrupt by seeking my lips, as theystrayed o'er the reed-pipe.'' xAlack, alack, areyou touched by no thought for my health ?Paler than the box-tree and most like untothe (white) \iolet I stray. See, I shrink fromall food and from the goblets of our lovedBacchus, nor do I mind me to yield myselfto gentle sleep. Ah, without you,*^ to myunhappy sight lilies are grey and roses paleCf. 44-4S witli the pass.irê whifh it imitates, Calp. Erl.ni. 51-54.HH 2467

MINOR LATIN POETSpallentesque rosae nee diilce rubens hyacinthus,nullos nee myrtus nee laurus spirat odores.at si tu venias, et Candida lilia fientpurpureaeque rosae, et diilce rubens hyacinthus;tunc niihi cuin niyrto laurus spirabit odores.nam dum Pallas amat turgentes unguine bacas,dum Bacchus vites, Deo sata, poma Priapus,pascua laeta Pales, Idas te diligit unam."haec Idas calamis.versu, Phoebe, refer :tu, quae responderit Alconsunt curae carmina Phoebo.A. " o montana Pales, o pastoralis Apollo,et nemorum Silvane potens, et nostra Dione,quae iuga celsa tenes Erycis, cui cura iugalesconcubitus hominum totis conectere saeclis :quid merui ? cur me Donace formosa reliquit ?munera namque dedi, noster quae non dedit Idas,vocalem longos quae ducit aedona cantusquae licet interdum, contexto vimine clausaecum parvae patuere fores, ceu libera ferrinorit et agrestes inter volitare volucres,scit rursus remeare domum tectumque subire,viminis et caveam totis praeponere silvis.praeterea tenerum leporem geminasque palumbesnuper, quae potui, silvarmn praemia misi.*^ et dulce rubens V nonnulli : sed sine hiatu tunc dulcerubens V alii : dulce atque rubens Baehrens.unguine X^GA : sanguine X^V.^^ vites V : uvas XG. Deo Glaeser : deus codd.^* curae Haupt : aurea codd.®- clausae Haupt : clausa codd. : caveae Maehly.468^* norit Wernsdorf : novit codd.

NKMESIANUSand the hyacinth has no sweet bhish, nor domyrtle or hiurel breathe any fragrance ; butif you come, lilies will grow white once more,the roses be red, and the hyacinth regain itssweet blush ; then for me wiW laurel withmyrtle breathe fragrance forth. For whilePallas loves the olive-berries that swell withfatness, while Bacchus loves the vines, Deo "her crops. Priapus his fruits and Pales thejoyous pastures, Idas loves you alone,"So Idas on the pipes. O Phoebus, recount what\lcon answered in verse. Over poetry Phoebuspresides.A. " O Pales, lady of the hills, Apollo of the pastureland,Silvanus, lord of the groves, and my Dione *whose citadel is the lofty ridge of Eryx, whoseprovince it is throughout the aeons to rivetthe love-unions of mankind ; what fate have Imerited ? Why has fair Donace deserted me ?I gave her gifts, such as our friend Idas neveriâve—a tuneful nightingale that trills its songshour after hour : and, although sometimes, whenthe little cage-doors—barred with woven osierare opened, it can fly forth as if free and wingits way among the birds of the field, yet itknows how to return home again and enter itsabode and prefer the cage of osier to all thewoods that are. Besides, of late I sent her whatspoils of the forest I could, a young hare and a" Deo is Atjw, Demeter, the corn-goddess.* Dione, strictl}- mother of Venus, is here identified withVenus, whose temple on Mount Eryx in X.W. Sicily gave herthe epithet of "' P.rycina."469

dicor, et hoc ipsum mihi tu iurare solebas,|MINOR LATIN POETSet post haec, Donace, nostros contemnis amores?forsitan indignmn duels, quod rusticus Alconte peream, qui mane boves in pascua duco.di peeorum pavere greges, formosus Apollo,Pan doctus, Fauni vates et pulcher Adonis,quin etiam fontis speculo me mane notavi,nondum purpureos Phoebus cum tolleret ortusnee tremulum liquidis lumen splenderet in undisquod vidi. nulla tegimur lanugine malas ;pascimus et crinem ; nostro formosior Idapurpureas laudando genas et lactea coUaatque hilares oculos et formam puberis aevi.nee sumus indocti calamis : cantamus avena,qua divi cecinere prius, qua dulce locutusTityrus e silvis dominam pervenit in urbem.nos quoque te propter, Donace, cantabimururbi,si modo coniferas inter viburnacupressosatque inter pinus corylum frondescere fas est."sic pueri Donacen toto sub sole canebant,frigidus e sihds donee descendere suasitHesperus et stabulis pastos inducere tauros.88 descendere N : discedere G : descendere vel discedere V :decedere Baehrens.470

NEMESIANUS])air of wood-pigeons. And after this, Donaee,(In you despise my passion? Perhaps you thinkit shame that the clownish Alcon should pinewith love for you, I who lead oxen to their morningpasturage. Gods have fed herds of cattle,beauteous Apollo, skilled Pan, prophetic Fauns,and fair Adonis. Nay, I have remarked myselfin a fountain's mirror of a morning, beforePhoebus raised aloft the splendour of his uprising,and when no quivering light shone in theclear waters. As far as I saw, no down coversmy cheeks ; I let my hair grow ; men call memore handsome than our Idas, and this indeed youwere wont to say to me on oath,*^ while praising ^the radiance of my cheeks, the milky whiteness ofmy neck, the laughter in my eyes and the comelinessof my manhood. Nor am I "without skillon the reed-pipe. I sing on a flute whereongods have sung ere now, whereon Tityrus madesweet music and so advanced from the woodlandto the imperial city.'' Me too on your account,Donaee, the city will celebrate, if only thecypress with its cones be allowed to burst intoleaf amonsr the osiers or the hazel amono: thepines."So the boys sang of Donaee throughout the dayuntil chilly evening bade them come down from thewoods and lead the full-fed bulls to their stalls." Lino 79 is repeated from Calp. ITT. 62.**With laudando (80) cf. Xeraes, Ed. I. 53, mulcendo.

MINOR LATIN POETSIIIBacchusNyctilus atque Micon nee non et pulcher Amyntastorrentem patula vitabant ilice soleni,cum Pan venatu fessus recubare sub ulmocoeperat et somno laxatus sumere viresquern super ex tereti pendebat fistula ramo.banc pueri, tamquam praedem pro carmine possentsumere fasque esset calamos tractare deorum,invadunt furto ; sed nee resonare canoremfistula quem suerat nee vult contexere carmen,sed pro carminibus male dissona sibila reddit,cum Pan excussus sonitu stridentis avenaeiamque videns " pueri, si carmina poscitis " inquit," ipse canam : nulli fas est inflare cicutas,quas ego Maenaliis cera coniungo sub antris.iamque ortus, Lenaee, tuos et semina vitisordine detexam : debemus carmina Baccho."haec fatus coepit calamis sic montivagus Pan" te cano, qui gravidis hederata fronte corymbisvitea serta plicas quique udo palmite tigresducis odoratis perfusus colla capillis,vera lovis proles : nam cum post sidera caelisola lovem Semele vidit lovis ora professum,hunc pater omnipotens, venturi providus aevi,* laxatas G : lassatas N V plerique : lassatus V nonnulli :laxatus Hoeufft.® praedem Titius : praedam codd.^^ cum NG : turn V.21 iam tunc codd. : nam tunc Burman : nam cum Baehrens." Bacchus is the subject of Pan's song : some editors prefer" Pan " as the title.472

NEMESIANUSECLOGUE IIIBacchus "Nvctilus and Mycon and likewise fair Amyntaswere shunning the scorching heat of the sun beneatha spreading ilex, when Pan, fatigued in the chase,set himself to recline under an elm and gain strengthby sleep's recreation. From a rounded bough abovehim hung his pipe. This the boys seized by stealth,as though they could take it to be a surety for asong, as though 'twere right to handle the reedpipesof gods. But neither would the pipe soundits wonted music, nor would it weave its song, butinstead of songs it rendered vilely discordant"^Creeches, till Pan was awakened by the din of the^trident pipe, and, now seeing them, said, "Boys,if songs ye call for, I myself will sing. No manmay blow upon the hemlock stalks which I fashionwith wax within Maenalian caves. ^ And now, OGod of the winepress, I will unfold in order due the^tory of thy birth and the seeds of the vine. Songi- our debt to Bacchus."With these words, Pan the mountain-ranger beganthus upon the reeds: "Thee I sing, who plaitestvine-wreaths with berried clusters hanging heavyon thine ivy-circled brow, who leadest tigers withjuice-soaked vine-branch, thy perfumed hair flowingo'er thy neck, true offspring of Jove. For whenSemele alone, save the stars of heaven, saw Jovewearing Jove's own countenance, this child did theAlmighty Father, careful for future ages, carry till''The Arcadian mountain-range of Maenalus was sacred toPan.473

MINOR LATIN POETSpertiilit ct iusto produxit tempore partus.hiinc Xymphae Faunique senes Satyrique procaces,nosque etiam Nysae Wridi nutrimus in antro.quin et Silenus parvum veteranus alumnumaut greniio fovet aut resupinis sustinet ulnis,evocat aut risum digito naotuve quietemallicit aut tremulis quassat crepitacula palmis.cui deus arridens horrentes pectore setasvellicat aut digitis aures adstringit acutasapplauditve manu mutilum caput aut breve mentumet simas tenero collidit pollice nares.interea pueri florescit pube iuventusflavaque mature tumuerunt tempora cornu.turn primum laetas extendit pampinus uvasmirantur Satyri frondes et poma Lyaei.tum deus 'o Satyri, matures carpite fetus 'dixit 'et ignotos primi calcate racemos.'vix haec ediderat, decerpunt vitibus uvaset portant calathis celerique elidere plantaconcava saxa super properant : vindemia fervetcollibus in sum^mis, crebro pede rumpitur uvanudaque purpureo sparguntur pectora musto.tum Satyri, laseiva cohors, sibi pocula quisqueobvia corripiunt : quae fors dedit, arripit usus.cantharon hie retinet, cornu bibit alter adunco,-" veteranus 0. Schubert : veneratus codd.3 7 extendit G : ostendit XVH.*° primi NG : pueri V : proni Baehrens.*^ rubraque NG : arripit NG : hoc capit V : occupat Ulitius, Baehrens.—\udaque V nonnvlli : nudaque V reliqui." The story of Semele's perishing amid the lightnings ofJupiter's tremendous epiphany and of the preservation of her;child, Bacchus, in Jupiter's thigh till he reached the due hourof birth is alluded to in Nemes. Cyneg. 16 sqq.474

NEMESIANUSit< full time and bring forth at the due hour ofbirth.'* This child the Nymphs, the aged Faunsand wanton Satyrs, and I as well, did nurture inthe green cave of Nysa.*' Nay, the veteran Silenus,nursling in his bosom, or holdstoo, fondles his littlehim in his cradling arms, or wakes a smile with hisfinger, or woos repose by rocking him, or shakesrattles in tremulous hands. Smiling on him, theui'd plucks out thehairs which bristle on his breast,ir with the fingers pulls his peaked ears, or pats^\ith the hand his crop-horned"^ head or his shortchin, and with tender thumb pinches his snub nose.Meanwhile the boy's youth blooms with the comingof manhood, and his yellow temples have swollenwith full-grown horns. Then first the tendril outsj^readsthe gladsome grapes. Satyrs are amazedat the leaves and fruitage of Lyaeus. Then saidthe god, 'Pluck the ripe produce, ye Satyrs, be firstto tread the bunches whose full power ye know not.'Scarce had he uttered these words, when theysnatched the grapes from the vines, carried them inbaskets and hastened to crush them on hollowedstones with nimble foot. On the hill-tops the vintagegoes on apace, grapes are burst by frequent tread,and naked breasts are besprinkled with piu-ple must.Then the wanton troop of Satyrs snatched the goblets,each that which comes his way. What chanceoffers, their need seizes. One keeps hold of atankard ; another drinks from a curved horn ; one* Xysa, the fabled birthplace of Bacchus, was by someafcounts placed in Arabia Felix, by others in India.* " crop-homed " (r/. '' crop-eared ") is meant to suggest thestumpy or cropped horns with wliich Silenus was represented.Wemsdorf, following Heinsius, took mutilum as " bald " : cj.turpepecus mutilum, Ovid, A.A. III. 249.475

MINOR LATIN POETSconcavat ille manus palmasque in pocula vertit,pronus at ille lacu bibit et crepitantibus hauritmusta labris ; alius vocalia cymbala mergitatque alius latices pressis resupinus ab uvisexcipit ; at potus (saliens liquor ore resultat)evomit, inque umeros et pectora defluit umor.omnia ludus habet cantusque chorique licenteset venerem iam vina movent : raptantur amantesconcubitu Satyri fugientes iungere Nymphasiamiamque elapsas hie crine, hie veste retentat.turn primum roseo Silenus cymbia mustoplena senex avide non aequis viribus hausit.ex illo venas inflatus nectare dulcihesternoque gravis semper ridetur laccho.quin etiam deus ille, deus love prosatus ipso,et plantis uvas premit et de vitibus hastasintegit et lynci praebet cratera bibenti."haec Pan Maenalia pueros in valle docebat,sparsas donee oves campo conducere in unumnox iubet, uberibus suadens siccare fluoremlactis et in niveas adstrictum cogere glebas.^2 hunc versum post 53 collocant codices plerique.^3 at potus codd. pUrique : aes potum Baehrens : at pollsed. Aid. 1534. saliensque liquore G, Baehrens: rediens liquorore Maehly.^* evomit NGH : spumeus V : ebibit Baehrens, qui huncversum cum 52 coniungit.^3 prosatus ipso V multi : natus ab ipso V pauci, Baehrens.^5 integit NG : ingerit V.476

ni:mksianlshollows his hands and makes a cup of his jjahns ;another, stooping forward, drinks of the wine-vatand with smacking lips drains the new wine ; anotherdips therein his sonorous cymbals, and yet another,lying on his back, catches the juice from the squeezedgrapes, but when drunk (as the welling liquid leapsback from his mouth) he vomits it out, and theliquor flows over shoulders and breasts. Everywheresport reigns, and song and wanton dances.And now love is stirred by the wine ; amorous satyrsare seized with desire to unite in intercourse withthe fleeing nymphs, whom, all but escaped, onecaptor holds back by the hair, another by the dress.Then first did old Silenus greedily quaff bowls fullof rosy must, his strength not equal to the carousal.And ever since that time he rouses mirth, his veins-woUen with the sweet nectar and himself heavywith yesterday's lacchus." And indeed that godri nowned, the god sprung from very Jove, pressesthe grape-clusters with his feet, enwreaths the spearlikethyrsi from the vine-wands, and proffers a mixingbowl to a lynx that drinks thereof."So Pan taught the boys in the Maenalian vale,until night bade them drive together the sheepscattered o'er the plain, urging them to drain theudders of their milk-flow and curdle and thicken itinto snow-white clots of cheese." i.e. his debauch on the gifts of the Wine-god.477

xMINOR LATIN POETSLycidas :IVMopsusPopulea Lycidas nee non et Mopsus in umbra,pastores, calamis ae versu doctus uterquenee triîale sonans, proprios eantabat amores.nam Mopso Meroe, Lyeidae erinitus lollasignis erat ;parilisque furor de dispare sexueogebat trepidos totis diseurrere silvis.hos puer ae Meroe multum lusere furentes,dum modo eondictas vitant in vallibus ulmos,nunc fagos placitas fugiunt promissaque falluntantra nee est animus solitos alludere fontes.cum tandem fessi, quos dirus adederat ignis,sic sua desertis nudarunt vulnera silvisinque \-icem dulces cantu luxere querellas.M. immitis Meroe rapidisque fugacior Euris,cur nostros calamos, cur pastoralia vitascarmina ? quemve fugis ? quae me tibi gloriavicto ?quid vultu mentem premis ac spem fronteSerenas ?tandem, dura, nega : possum non velle negantem.cantet, amat quod quisque : levant et carminacuras.^° ad ludere MaeJily, Baehrens.11 durus XGA : lusus vel luxus V : dimsH. Schenki :torridus Baehrens. ederat XG V plerique, Baehrens : adederatV nonnulli.1^ dixere vulgo : duxere V plerique : luxere Glaeser :mulsere Maehly.1^ non codd. : iamBaehrens : namC. Schenki.478**An alternative title is " Eros."* From Virg. Aen. TV. 477, spent frnnte serenat.

NEMKSIAXUSECLOGUE IVLycidas : Mopsus °The shepherds, Lycidas and Mopsus too, both ofthem skilled on the reed-pipes and in verse, weresinging each of his own love in the poplar shade,littering no common strain. For Mopsus the flamewas Meroe, for Lycidas 'twas lollas of the flowinglocks ; and a like frenzy for a darling of different sexdrove them wandering restlessly through all thegroves. The youth and Meroe sorely mocked theseshepherds in their desperate passion ; now they wouldshun the valley-elms which had been made a trystingplace; anon they would avoid the beeches where theyfixed to meet, fail to be at the promised cave, orliave no mind to sport by the wonted springs ;untilat length in weariness, consumed by the dread fireof love, Mopsus and Lycidas thus laid bare theirwounds to the solitary groves, and by turns wailedforth in song their sweet complaints.^[. Pitiless Meroe, more elusive than the rushingI'.ast wind, why do you avoid my pipes, why myshepherd songs ? Or whom do you shun r Whatglory does my conquest bring to you ? Whyconceal your mind under your looks, why showfair hope on your brow? ^ At last, O heartlessmaid, refuse me ; I may cease to want her whorefuses me.Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs. "^rhe device of a refrain follows the examples in Theocritus,Lli/IL I. and II. and Virgil, Eclog. VIII. It is effectively usedin the trochaics of the Fervigiliinn Veneris: 'eras amet quiniunquatn amavit (jniquf (imdvil cra.^ amet.^479

MINOR LATIN POETSL. respice me tandem, puer o crudelis lolla.non hoc semper eris : perdunt et gramina flores,perdit spina rosas nee semper lilia candentnee longum tenet uva comas nee populus mnbras :donum forma breve est nee se quod commodetannis.cantetj amat quod quisque :levant et carminacuras.M. cerva marem sequitur, taurum formosa iuvenca,et Venerem sensere lupae, sensere leaenaeet genus aerimn volucres et squamea turbaet montes silvaeque, suos habet arbor amorestu tamen una fugis, miserum tu prodis amantem.cantet, amat quod quisque : levant et carminacuras.L. omnia tempus alit, tempus rapit : usus in arto est.ver erat, et vitulos vidi sub matribus istos,qui nunc pro nivea coiere in cornua vacca.et tibi iam tumidae nares et fortia colla,iam tibi bis denis numerantur messibus anni.cantet, amat quod quisque :levant et carminacuras.M. hue, Meroe formosa, veni : vocat aestus inumbram.iam pecudes subiere nemus, iam nulla canorogutture cantat avis, torto non squamea tractusignat humum serpens : solus cano. me sonatomnissilva, nee aestivis cantu concedo cicadis.480^° prodis XG : perdis V.

NEMESIANUSTurn your gaze on me at last, lollas, cruel boy.You will not be ever thus. Herbs lose theirbloom, thorns lose their roses, nor are liliesalways white ; the vine keeps not its leaf forlong nor the poplar its shady foliage. Beauty isa short-lived gift nor one that lends itself to age.Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.. The doe follows the buck, the comely heifer thebull, wolves have felt the stirring of love, lionesseshave felt it, and the tribes of the air, the birds,and the throng of scaled creatures, and mountainsand woods—and trees have their ownloves. You alone flee from love ;you betrayyour hapless lover.Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.Time nurtures all things, time snatches themaway ; enjoyment lies within narrow bounds.'Twas spring, and I saw beneath their mothersyonder calves, w^hich now have met in hornedbattle for the snow-white cow. For you, alreadyyour nostrils swell, already your neck growsstrong, already you count your years by twentyharvests.Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.hither, fair Meroe ; the heat calls us tothe shade. Now the herds have found cover inthe wood ; now there is no bird that sings fromtuneful throat; the scaly serpent marks notthe ground with its sinuous trail. Alone I sing,. Comeall the wood resounds with my strain, nor do Iyield in song to the summer cicalas.VOL. I. I I481

MINOR LATIN POETScantetj amat quod quisque :curas.levant et carminaL. tu quoque, saeve puer, niveum ne perde coloremsole sub hoc ; solet hie lucentes urere malas.hie age pampinea mecum requlesce sub umbrahie tibi lene fluens fons murmurat, hie et ab ulmispurpureae fetis dependent vitibus uvae.cantet, amat quod quisque :levant et carminacuras.M. qui tulerit Meroes fastidia lenta superbae,Sithonias feret ille nives Libyaeque calorem,Nerinas potabit aquas taxique nocentisnon metuet sucos, Sardoriun gramiina vincetet iuga Marmaricos coget sua ferre leones.cantet, amat quod quisque :curas.levant et carminaL. quisquis amat pueros, ferro praecordia duret,nil properet discatque diu patienter amareprudentesque animos teneris non spernat in annis,perferat et fastus.sic olim gaudia sumet,si modo sollicitos aliquis deus audit amantes.cantet, amat quod quisque :levant et carminacuras.M. quid prodest, quod me pagani mater Amyntae^•^hie V plerique, Leo, Giarratano : hac G, Baehrens.*' virens NG, H. Schenkl : fluens V plerique." Sithonias means "Thracian"; Sardoa gramina, bitterherbs from Sardinia; Marmaricos, belonging to the north ofAfrica between Egypt and the Syrtes.

NEMESIANUSLet each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs,. You too, cruel youth, destroy not your snowwhitecolour under this sun ; it is wont to scorchfair cheeks. Come, rest here with me beneaththe shadow of the vine. Here you have themurmur of a gently running spring, here too onthe supporting elms hang purple clusters fromthe fruitful vines.Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.M. The man who can endure proud Meroe's unresponsivedisdain will endure Sithonian snowsand Libyan heat, will drink sea-water, and beunafraid of the hurtful yew-tree's sap; he willdefy Sardinian herbs and will constrain Marmariclions to bear his yoke."Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.L. Whoe'er loves boys, let him harden his heartwith steel. Let him be in no haste, but learnfor long to love with patience. Let him notscorn prudence in tender years. Let him evenendure disdain. So one day he will find joy, ifso be that some god hearkens to troubled lovers.Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.M. What boots it ^ that the mother of Amyntas* Lines 62-72 draw upon the magical ideas in the Pharmaceutriaeof Theocritus, Idyll. II, and its adaptation by Virgil,Eel. VIII. 64-109. From Virgil come the odd numbers, filletsof wool, frankincense, burning of laurel, ashes thrown in astream, the many-coloured threads, herbs of virtue, andcharms to affect the moon or a snake or corn-crops.ii2483

MINOR LATIN POETSter vittis, ter fronde sacra, ter ture vaporo,incendens vivo crepitantes sulphure lauros, (lustravit cineresque aversa efFudit in amnem, (cuni sic in Meroen totis miser ignibus urar ?cantet, amat quod quisque : levant et carminacuras.haec eadem nobis quoque versicoloria filaet niille ignotas Mycale circumtulit herbascantavit, quo luna tumet, quo rumpitur anguis,quo currunt scopuli, migrant sata, vellitur arbos.plus tamen ecce mens, plus est formosus loUas.cantet, amat quod quisque : levant et carminacuras.Venandi cano mille vias ;CYNEGETICAhilaresque laboresdiscursusque citos, securi proelia ruris,pandimus. Aonio iam nunc mihi pectus ab oestroaestuat : ingentes Helicon iubet ire per agros,Castaliusque mihi nova pocula fontis alumnoingerit et late campos metatus apertosimponitque iugum vati retinetque corymbisimplicitum ducitque per avia, qua sola numquam^* versus qui sunt in codicibus 64 et 65 transposuit Hauptius.^* quoque XGA : quae V.Cyn.^ alumnus Ulitius, Baehrens." The notion, imitating Virgil. Eel. VIII. 82 (fragilesincende bitumine lauros), is that the laurels are kindled withdivine fire, bitumen being reckoned a product of lightning.484

NEMESIANUSfrom our village jîirificd mc thrice with chaplets,thrice with sacred leaves, thrice with reekingincense, while she burnt crackling laurel ^ withlive sulphur, and, turning her face away, castthe ashes into the river? what boots it whenmy unhappy heart burns thus for Meroe in allthe fires of love ?Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.L. Round me also this self-same dame, Mycale,carried threads of varied colour and a thousandstrange herbs. She uttered the spell whichmakes the moon grow large, the snake to burst,rocks to run, crops to change their field, andtrees to be uprooted : yet more, lo ! still morebeautiful is my lollas.''Let each sing of what he loves : song toorelieves love's pangs.THE CHASEThe thousand phases of the chase I sing ; its merrytasks do we reveal, its quick dashes to and fro—thebattles of the quiet country-side. Already my heart'îs tide-swept by the frenzy the Muses send : Heliconbids me fare through widespread lands, and theGod of Castaly presses on me, his foster-child, freshdraughts from the fount of inspiration : and, afterfar roaming in the open plains, sets his yoke uponthe bard, holding him entangled with ivy-cluster,and guides him o'er wilds remote, where never* i.e. despite all incantations, Tollas retains a beauty wliichexerts an irresi.stible power over Lycidas.* Aonia = Bocotia, associated with the Muses throughMount Helicon.4S5

trita rotis.et parere deo :MINOR LATIN POETSiuvat aurato procedere curruvirides en ire per herbasiniperat : intacto premimus vestigia musco ;et, quamvis cursus ostendat tramite notoobvia Calliope faciles, insistere pratocomplacitum, rudibus qua luceat orbita sulcis.nam quis non Nioben numeroso funere maestamquis non Semelen ignemque iugalemiam cecinit ?letalemque simul novit de paelicis astu ?quis magno recreata tacet cunabula Baccho,ut pater omnipotens maternos reddere mensesdignatus iusti complerit tempora partus ?sunt qui sacrilego rorantes sanguine thyrsos(nota nimis) dixisse velint, qui \dncula DircesPisaei

NEMESIANUSwheel marked ground." 'Tis joy to advance ingilded car and obey the God : lo, 'tis his behest tot^fare across the green sward : we print our steps onvirgin moss ; and. though CalHope meet us pointingto easy runs along some well-known path, it is ourdear resolve to set foot upon a mead where the tracklies clear mid furrows hitherto untried.For ere now who has not sung of Niobe saddenedby death upon death of her children ? Who doesnot knoM- of Semele and of the fire that was at oncebridal and doom for her—as the outcome of herrival's ^ craft ? Who fails to record the cradlingrenewed for mighty Bacchus—how the AlmightySire deigned to restore his mother's months andfulfilled the time of regular pregnancy.'" Poetsthere are whose taste is to tell the hackneyed talesof Bacchic wands dripping with unholy blood,'' orDirce's bonds and the terms imposed j*^for the wooingat Pisa,/ and Danaus' bloody behest, and the mercilessbrides who, fresh from plighted troth, changedsweet joys to funeral torches.!' No poet fails to tellof Biblis' criminal passion ; ^' we know of M}Trha's^ i.e. of Pentheus, King of Thebes, torn to pieces by hismother and other Bacchanalian devotees.* Dirce was tied to a savage bull by Amphion and Zethnsout of revenge for her part in the maltreatment of their mother,Antiope :cf. Aetna, bll.f To escape prophesied death at the hands of a son-in-law,Oenomaus, King of Elis and Pisa, proclaimed that he wouldgive his daughter, Hippodamia, in marriage only to the suitorwho should win a chariot-race against his supernaturalsteeds.» The fifty Danaides, with the exception of Hypermestra,carried out the command of their father, Danaus, to kill theirbridegrooms on their marriage-night.* i.e. for her brother Caunus.487

MINOR LATIN POETSconubia et saevo \-iolatum crimine patremnovimus, utque Arabum fugiens cum carperet arvaivit in arboreas frondes animamque virentem.sunt qui squamosi referant fera sibila Cadmistellatumque oculis custodem virginis lusHerculeosque velint semper numerare laboresmiratumque rudes se toUere Terea pinnaspost epulas, Philomela, tuas ; sunt ardua mundiqui male temptantem curru Phaethonta loquanturexstinctasque canant emisso fulmine flammasfumantemque Padum, Cycnum plumamque senilemet flentes semper germani funere silvas.Tantalidum casus et sparsas sanguine mensascondentemque caput visis Titana Mycenishorrendasque vices generis dixere priores.Colchidos iratae sacris imbuta venenismunera non canimus pulchraeque incendia Glauces,non crinem Nisi, non saevae pocula Circes,2' foedo vel scaevo Ulitius.^° quis qua osi A.^2 fort, memorare Postgate.^^ se tollere ad aera {sive aethera) Baehrens : s&oller&acereaA: sustoUere Burman: rudi s. t. T. pinna Heinsius.*^ incendia Pithoeus : ingentia AC." Myrrha (or Zmyrna), daughter of King Cinyras, wasmetamorphosed into a fragrant tree.* Juno, jealous of Jupiter's love for lo, consigned her to theguardianship of Argus of the hundred eyes, afterwards transformedinto a peacock.' Procne and Philomela punished Tereus for his luifaithfulnessb}^ serving to him as food Itys, his son by Procne. WhenProcne was changed into a swallow and Philomela into anightingale, Tereus became a hoopoe to pursue them : cf.Aetna, 589.•^The fiery ruin which overtook Phaethon in the Sun-God'schariot was lamented by Cycnus, who was changed into a488

NEMESIANUSimpious amour, of her father defiled with eruelcrime, and how, traversinc^ in her fiii^ht tlie fieldsof Araby, she passed into the greenwood life of theleafy trees." There are some who relate the fiercehissinc: of Cadmus turned to a scaly serpent, andMaiden Id's gaoler starred with eyes,^ or who arefain for ever to recount the labours of Hercules, orTereus' wonderment that after your banquet, Philomela,^he could raise wings as yet untried ; there areothers whose theme is Phaethon's ill-starred attemptupon the heights of the universe in the Sun's chariot,and whose song is of flames quenched in the thunderboltlaunched forth, and of the river Padus reeking,of -Cycnus and the plumage of his old age, of the(poplar-)trees for ever weeping by reason of abrother's death. Bards ere now have *^ told of themisfortunes of the Tantalids, the blood-besprinkledtables, the Titan Sun hiding his face at the sight ofMycenae and the dread vicissitudes of a race.*^ Wedo not sing of gifts imbued with the accursed poisonof the angry Colchian dame / and of the burning offair Glauce ; not of Nisus' lock ;'Jnot of cruel Circe'sswan, and by his sisters, the Heliades, who were changed intopoplars.* Blood-guilt was transmitted through Pelops, son ofTantalus, and through his sons Atreus and Thyestes toAgamemnon and his son Orestes. Atreus, King of Mycenae,avenged himself for the seduction of his wife on his brother byslaying his two sons and setting their flesh before theirfather. From this " banquet of Thyestes " the Sun hid hisface in horror :cf. Aetna, 20.f The sorceress Medea from Colchis, infuriated by Jason'sdesertion of her for Glauce, sent to her bridal gifts whichconsumed her with fire.' On the purple lock of Nisus, King of Megara, the safety ofhis kingdom depended. His betrayal by his daughter is toldin Ciris {Appendix Vergiliana).489

MINOR LATIN POETSnee nocturna pie curantem busta sororemhaec iam magnorum praecepit copia vatiim,onmis et antiqui vulgata est fabula saecli.nos saltiis viridesque plagas eamposque patentesserutamur totisque citi discurrimus arviset varias cupimus facili cane sumere praedasnos timidos lepores, imbelles figere dammasaudacesque lupos, vulpem captare dolosamgaudemus ; nos flumineas errare per umbrasmalumus et placidis ichneiimona quaerere ripisinter harundineas segetes faelemque minacemarboris in trunco longis praefigere telisimplicitumqiie sinu spinosi corporis eremferre domum ; talique placet dare lintea curae,durn non magna ratis, vicinis sueta moverilitoribus tutosque sinus percurrere remis,nunc primum dat vela notis portusque fideleslinquit et Adriacas audet temptare procellas.mox vestros meliore lyra memorare triumphosaccingar, divi fortissima pignora Cari,atque canam nostrum geminis sub finibus orbislitus et edomitas fraterno numine gentes,quae Rhenum Tigrimque bibunt Ararisque remotima^^ cursu (= cursui) Baehrens : curae AC : cymbaeHeinsius.^^ gemini Heinsius." Circe's potions and spells transformed men into beasts.* Antigone buried her brother PoljTiices in defiance of theedict of Creon.c eres {— ericius, ericinus or erinaceus) corresponds to theGreek exivos.^ This passage dates the Cynegetica. For the EmperorCams and his sons, Carinus and Numerianus, see Gibbon,490

NEMESIANUScups ; nor yet of the '^ sister ^ whose conscience contriveda (brother's) burial by night : in all this erenow a band of mighty bards has forestalled us, andall the fabling of an ancient age is commonplace.We search the glades, the green tracts, the openplains, s^\'iftly coursing here and there o'er all thefields, eager to catch varied quarries with docilehound. We enjoy transfixing the nervous hare, theunresisting doe, the daring wolf or capturing thecrafty fox ; our heart's desire is to rove along theriver-side shades, hunting the ichneumon on the quietbanks among the crops of bulrushes, with the longweapon to pierce in front the threatening polecat on'â tree-trunk and bring home the hedgehog entwinedin the convolution of its prickly body : forsuch a task it is our resolve to set sail, while ourlittle barque, wont to coast by the neighbouringshore and run across safe bays with the oar, now firstspreads its canvas to southern Minds, and, leavingthe trusty havens, dares to try the Adriatic storms.Hereafter I will gird myself with fitter lyre torecord your triumphs, you gallant sons of deifiedCarus,*^ and will sing of our sea-board beneath thetwin boundaries of our world,^ and of the subjugation,by the brothers' divine power, of nations thatdrink from Rhine or Tigris or from the distantsource of the Arar or look upon the wells ofThey succeeded their father on hisDecline and Fall, ch. xii.death in a.d. 283. In 284 Carinus celebrated elaborate gamesat Rome in the name of himself and Xumerian; but thebrothers never saw each other after their father died. Xumerian'sdeath in 284 during his return journey with his army fromPersia prevented him from enjoying the triumph decreed tothe young emj)erors at Rome.* Fines are the limits set by Ocean on East and West.491

MINOR LATIN POETSprincipium Nilique vident in origine fontemnee taceam, primum quae nuper bella sub Arctofelici, Carine, manu confeceris, ipsopaene prior genitore deo, utque intima fraterPersidos et veteres Babylonos ceperit arces,ultus Romulei violata cacumina regniinibellemque fugam referam clausasque pharetrasParthoruni laxosque arcus et spicula nulla.haec vobis nostrae libabunt carmina Musae,cum primum vultus sacros, bona numina terrae,contigerit vidisse mihi : iam gaudia votatemporis impatiens sensus spretorque morarumpraesumit videorque mihi iam cernere fratrumaugustos habitus, Romam clarumque senatumet fidos ad bella duces et milite multoagmina, quis fortes animat devotio mentesaurea purpureo longe radiantia velosigna micant sinuatque truces levis aura dracones.tu modo, quae saltus placidos silvasque pererras,Latonae, Phoebe, magnum decus, heia age suetossume habitus arcumque manu pictamque pharetramsuspende ex umeris ; sint aurea tela, sagittae ;Candida puniceis aptentur crura cothurnis ;^^ vident Johnson : bibunt AC.^^ primum AC : prima Baehrens.

NEMESIAXUSthe Nile at their birth ; nor let me fail to tell whatcampaigns you first ended, Carinas, beneath theNorthern Bear with ** victorious hand, well-nigh outstrippingeven your divine father, and how yourbrother '' seized on Persia's very heart and thetime-honoured citadels of Babylon, in vengeancefor outrages done to the high dignity of the realmsof Romulus' race/ I shall record also the Parthians'feeble flight, their unopened quivers, unbent bowsand unavailing arrows.Such strains shall my Muses consecrate to youboth, as soon as it is my fortune to see your blestfaces, kindly divinities of this earth. Already myfeelings, intolerant of slow time and disdainful ofdelay, anticipate the joys of my aspiration, and Ifancy I already discern the majestic mien of thebrothers, and therewith Rome, the illustrious senate,the generals trusted for warfare, and the marchinglines of many soldiers, their brave souls stirred withdevotion. The golden standards gleam radiant afarwith their purple drapery, and a light breeze wavesthe folds of the ferocious dragons.Ônly do thou, Diana, Latona's great glory, w'hodost roam the peaceful glade and woodland, comequickly, assume thy wonted guise, bow in hand, andhang the coloured quiver from thy shoulder ;goldenbe the weapons, thine arrows ; and let thy gleamingfeet be fitted with purple buskins ; let thy cloaktorious arms to Ctesiphon. Numcrian's subsequent retreatsurprised the Persians.'^The reference is to violations of the Eastern frontiers of theEmpire. Cacumina regni is taken, with ^^'e^nsdorf, to meanJastigium et maitstatem imperii Romani.''They were military emblems from Trajan's time.493

MINOR LATIN POETSsit chlamys aurato multum subtegmine lusacorrugesque sinus gemmatis balteus artetnexibus ; implicitos cohibe diademate crines.tecum Naiades faciles viridique iuventapubentes Dryades Nymphaeque, unde amnibus umor,adsint, et docilis decantet Oreadas Echo,due age, diva, tuum frondosa per avia vatemte sequimur, tu pande domos et lustra ferarum.hue igitur mecum, quisquis percussus amorevenandi damnas htes pavidosque tumultuscivilesque fugis strepitus belUque fragoresnee praedas avido seetaris gurgite ponti.principio tibi cura canuna non segnis ab annoincipiat primo, cum lanus, temporis auctor,pandit inocciduum bis senis mensibus aevum.ehge tunc cursu facilem facilemque recursu,seu Lacedaemonio natam seu rure Molosso,non humili de gente canem. sit cruribus altis,sit rigidis, multamque trahat sub pectore latocostarum sub fine decenter prona carinam, ]quae sensim rursus sicca se colhgat alvo,renibus ampla satis vaUdis diductaque coxas,cuique nimis molles fluitent in cursibus aures.huic parilem submitte marem, sic omnia magnum,dum superant vires, dum laeto flore iuventas 1^^ decantet Oreadas vulgo : d leant oreades A : decantetoreades C.*^ domos C : dolos A.^^ hue Ulitius : hinc AC.^"° avidos AC : pavidos vel rabidos Ulitius : rabidosBaehretis : rapidos Postgate." Lines 91-93 are discussed in a special excursus by Wemsdorf.With lusa rf. Virg. G. II. 464, illusasque auro vestes,"garments fancifully embroidered with gold."494

NEMESIANUSbe richly tricked with golden thread,'^ and a beltwith jewelled fastenings tighten the wrinkled tunicfolds: restrain thine entwined tresses with a band.In thy train let genial Naiads come and Dryadsripening in fresh youth and Nymphs who give thestreams their water, and let the apt pupil Echorepeat the accents of thine Oreads.^ Goddess, arise,lead thy poet through the untrodden boscage : theewe follow ; do thou disclose the wild beasts' homesand lairs. Come hither then with me, whosoever,smitten with the love of the chase, dost condemnlawsuits and panic-stricken turmoil, or dost shun thedin in cities and the clash of war, or pursuest no spoilson the greedy surge of the deep.At the outset your diligent care of your dogs "must start from the beginning of the year, whenJanus, author of the march of time, opens for eachtwelve months the never-ceasing round. At thatseason you must choose a bitch obedient to speedforward, obedient to come to heel, native to eitherthe Spartan or the Molossian country-side, and of'^good pedigree.^ She must stand high on straightlegs ; with a comely slope let her carry, under abroad breast, where the ribs end, a width of keelthat gradually again contracts in a lean belly : shemust be big enough with strong loins, spread at thehips, and with the silkiest of ears floating in air asshe runs. Give her a male to match, everywheresimilarly well-sized, while strength holds sway, while^ i.e. the surroundings should reverberate to the voices ofthe attendant mountain-nymphs.'Ôn dogs generally see note on Grattius, Cyneg. lol." Cf. Grattius, Cyneg. 181, 197, 211-212.' On the matmg of dogs cj. Grattius, Cyneg., esp. 2G3-284.495

MINOR LATIN POETScorporis et venis primaevis sanguis abundat.namque graves morbi subeunt segnisque senectus,invalidamque dabunt non firaio robore prolem.sed diversa magis feturae convenit aetastu bis vicenis plenum iam mensibus acremin venereni permitte marem ; sit femina, binosquae tulerit soles, haec optima cura iugandis.mox cum se bina formarit lampade Phoebeex quo passa marem genitalia viscera turgent,fecundos aperit partus matura gravedo, 1continuo largaque vides strepere omnia prole.sed, quamvis avidus, primos contemnere partusmalueris ; mox non omnes nutrire minores.nam tibi si placitum populosos pascere fetus,iam macie tenues sucique videbis inanes 1pugnantesque diu, quisnam prior ubera lambat,distrahere invalidam lassato viscere matrem.sin vero haec cura est, melior ne forte neceturabdaturve domo, catulosque probare voluntas,quis nondum gressus stabiles neque lumina passa 1luciferum videre iubar, quae prodidit ususpercipe et intrepidus spectatis annue dictis.pondere nam catuli poteris perpendere virescorporibus

NEMESIANUSbodily youth is in its joyous flower and bloodabounds in the veins of early life. For burdensomediseases creep on and sluggish age, and theywill produce unhealthy offspring without steadfaststrength. But for breeding a difference of age inthe parents is more suitable : you should releasethe male, keen for mating, when he has alreadycompleted forty months : and let the female betwo full years old." Such is the best arrangementin their coupling. Presently when Phoebe hascompleted the round of two full moons since thebirth-giving womb fertilised by the male began toswell, the pregnancy in its due time reveals thefruitful offspring, and straightway you see all roundan abundant noisy litter. Yet, however desirous ofdogs, you must make up your mind to put no valueon the first set born ; and of the next set you mustnot rear all the young ones. For if you decide tofeed a crowd of whelps, you will find them thin withleanness and beggared of strength, and, by theirlong tussle to be first to suck, harassing a motherweakened with teat outworn. But if this is youranxiety, to keep the better sort from being killedor thrown out of the house, if it is your intention totest the puppies before even their steps are steadyor their eyes have felt and seen the light-bearing''sunbeam, then grasp what experience has handedon, and assent fearlessly to well-tried words. Youwill be able to examine the strength of a puppy byits weight and by the heaviness of each body knowin advance which will be light in running.*^ Furthermore,you should get a series of flames made in a' 138-139: the parallel in Grattius, Cijn. 298-299, is one ofthe points suggesting that Nemesianus had read Grattius.497

MINOR LATIN POETScircuitu signet^que) habilem vapor igneus orbem,impune ut medio possis consistere circo :hue omnes eatuli, hue indiscreta feraturturba : dabit mater partus examen, honestosiudieio natos servans trepidoque perielo. 1nam postquam eonelusa videt sua germiina flammis,continuo saltu transeendens fervida zonaevincla, rapit rictu primum portatque cubih,mox ahum, mox deinde aUum. sic conseia mater ,segregat egregiam subolem virtutis amore.:.;l|hos igitur genetrice simul iam vere serenomolU pasce sero (passim nam lactis abundanstempus adest, albent plenis et oviUa mulctris),interdumque eibo cererem cum lacte ministra,fortibus ut sucis teneras complere medullas .1possint et vahdas iam tunc promittere vires.;•-sed postquam Phoebus candentem fervidus axem.

NEMESIANUSwide circuit with the smoke of the fire to mark a convenientround space, so that you may stand unharmedin the middle of the circle : to this all the puppies,to this the whole crowd as yet unseparated must bebrought : the mother will provide the test of herprogeny, saving the valuable young ones by herselection and from their alarming peril. For whenshe sees her offspring shut in by flames, at once witha leap she clears the blazing boundaries of the firezone,snatches the first in her jaws and carries it tothe kennel ; next another, next another in turnso does the intelligent mother distinguish her noblerprogeny by her love of merit. These then alongwith their mother, now^ that it is clear spring, youare to feed on soft whey (for everywhere the seasonthat abounds in milk has come, and sheepfolds arewhite with brimming milk-pails) : at times, too, addto their food bread with milk," so that they may beable to fill their young marrows with powerful juicesand even at that time give promise of vigorousstrength.But after the burning Sun-God has reached theglowing height of heaven, entering on his slow pathsand on the sign of the lingering Crab,^ then it willbe useful to lessen their regular fattening food andretain the more delicate nourishment ,'' so that theweight of heavy bulk may not overstrain their limbs ;for that is when they have the connecting joints ofthe body slack, and plant on the ground unstablefeet and swimming legs : then too their mouths arefurnished with snowy teeth. But you should notimperceptible lengthening and shortening of the days beforeand after the solstice."î.e. the molle serum of 1. 152.KK 2499

MINOR LATIN POETSsed neque conclusos teneas neque vincula coUoimpatiens circunidederis noceasque futuriscursibus imprudens.catulis nam saepe remotisaut vexare trabes, laceras aut mandere valvasmens erit, et teneros torquent conatibus artusobtunduntve novos arroso robore dentesaut teneros duris impingunt postibus unguesmox cum iam validis insistere cruribus aetaspassa, quater binos volvens ab origine menses,illaesis catulos spectaverit undique membris,tunc rursus miscere sero Cerealia donaconveniet fortemque dari de frugibus escam.libera tunc primum consuescant colla ligariConcordes et ferre gradus clausique teneri.iam cum bis denos Phoebe reparaverit ortus,incipe non longo catulos producere cursu,sed parvae vallis spatio septove novali.his leporem praemitte manu, non viribus acquisnee cursus virtute parem, sed tarda trahentemmembra, queant iam nunc faciles ut sumere praedas.nee semel indulge catulis moderamina cursus,sed donee validos etiam praevertere suescantexerceto diu venandi munere, cogensdiscere et emeritae laudem virtutis amare.nee non consuetae norint hortamina vocis,seu cursus revocent, iubeant seu tendere cursus.quin etiam docti victam contingere praedamexanimare velint tantum, non carpere sumptam.sic tibi veloces catulos reparare memento5001^8 mandere Heinsius : pandere AC.^^' munera Ulitius : munere AC. sic inierpunxit Postgate.

NEMESIANUSkeep them shut up. nor impatiently put chains ontheir neck, and from want of foresight hurt theirfuture running powers. For often young dogs,when kept separate, will take to worrying thetiinber-fittings, or to gnawing the doors till they aretorn, and in the attemjit they twist their tenderlimbs or blunt their young teeth by chewing at thewood or drive their tender nails into the tough doorposts.Later, when time, revolving eight monthsfrom their birth, now lets them stand on steady legsand sees the whelps everywhere with limbs unharmed,then it will be suitable again to mix thegifts of Ceres with their whey and have them givenstrengthening food from the produce of the fields.Only then must they be trained to have their freenecks in leash, to run in harmony or be kept onchain. When Phoebe has now renewed twentymonthly risings, start to bring out the young dogson a course not over-long but within the space ofa small valley or enclosed fallow. Out of your handlet slip for them a hare, not of equal strength northeir match in speed of running, but slow in movingits limbs, so that they may at once capture an easyprey. Not once only must you grant the whelpsthese limited runs, but until they are trained to outstripstrong hare^, exercise them long in the task ofthe chase, forcing them to learn and love the praisedue to deserving merit. Likewise they must recognisethe urgent words of a well-known voice, whethercalling them in or telling them to run full-speed.Besides, when they have been taught to seize thevanquished prey, they must be content to kill, notmangle, what they have caught. By such methodssee that you recruit your swift dogs every season,=;oi

MINOR LATIN POETSsemper et in parvos iterum protendere curas.nam tristes morbi, scabies et sordida venissaepe venit multamque canes discrimine nullodant stragem : tii sollicitos impende laboreset sortire gregem sufFecta prole quotannis.quin acidos Bacchi latices Tritonide olivaadmiscere decet catulosque canesque maritasunguere profuerit tepidoque ostendere soli,auribus et tineas candenti pellere cultro.est etiam canibus rabies, letale periclum.quod sen caelesti corrupto sidere manat,cum segnes radios tristi iaculatur ab aethraPhoebus et attonito pallens caput exserit orbeseu magis, ignicomi candentia terga Leoniscum quatit, hoc canibus blandis inviscerat aestus,exhalat seu terra sinu, seu noxius aercausa mali, seu cum gelidus non sufficit umortorrida per venas concrescunt semina flammaequicquid id est, imas agitat sub corde medullasinque feros rictus nigro spumante venenoprosilit, insanos cogens infigere morsus.disce igitur potus medicos curamque salubrem.tunc virosa tibi sumes multumque domabiscastorea, attritu silicis lentescere cogens ;ex ebore hue trito puh^s sectove feratur,admiscensque diu facies concrescere utrumquemox lactis liquidos sensim superadde fluores,oliva vulgo. Tritonide . . . Postgate qui cum.199 olivo AC :Housmano olivo ut interpretamentum eiecit. :,2°' sed Baehrejis : seu AC.**The reference is to the heat of the sun on entering the signof Leo.502

iNEMESIANUSand again direct your anxious thoughts towards theyoung ones. For they liavc melanclioly ailments,and the filthy mange often comes on their veins,and the dogs cause widespread mortality withoutdistinction : you must yourself expend anxiousefforts on them and every year fill up your pack bysupplying progeny. Besides, the right thing is toblend tart draughts of wine with Minerva's olivefruit,and it will do good to anoint the whelps andthe mother dogs, expose them to the warm sun, andexpel worms from their ears with the glitteringknife.Dogs also get rabies, a deadly peril. Whether itemanates from taint in a heavenly body when theSun-God shoots but languid rays from a saddenedsky, raising a pallid face in a world dismayed ; orwhether, rather, in striking the glowing back of thefire-tressed Lion," he drives deep into our friendlydogs his feverish heats, whether earth breathes forthcontagion from its bosom, or harmful air is the causeof the evil, or whether, when cool water runs short,the torrid germs of fire grow strong throughout theveins—whatever it is, it stirs the inmost marrowbeneath the heart, and with black venomous foamdarts forth into ferocious snarls, compelling the dogto imprint its bites in madness. Learn, therefore,the curative potions and the treatment that bringshealth. In such cases you will take the fetid druggot from the beaver and work it well, forcing it togrow viscous %\'ith the friction of a flint : to thisshould be added powder from pounded or choppedivory, and by a long process of blending you will getboth to harden together : next put in gradually theliquid flow of milk besides, to enable you to pour5^3

MINOR LATIN POETSlitnon cunctantes haustus infundere cornuinserto possis Furiasque repellere tristesatque iterum blandas canibus componere mentes.sed non Spartanos tantum tantumve Molossospascendum catulos : divisa Britannia mittit 2veloces nostrique orbis venatibus aptos.nee tibi Pannonicae stirpis temnatur origo,nee quorum proles de sanguine manat Hibero.quin etiam siccae Libyes in finibus acresgignuntur catuli, quorum non spreveris usum. 2quin et Tuscorum non est externa voluptassaepe canum. sit forma illis licet obsita \-illodissimilesque habeant catulis velocibus artus,baud tamen iniucunda dabunt tibi munera praedae,namque et odorato noscunt vestigia prato2'atque etiam leporum secreta cubilia monstrant.horum animos moresque simul naresque sagacesmox referam ; nunc omnis adhuc narranda supellexvenandi cultusque mihi dicendus equorum.cornipedes igitur lectos det Graecia nobis 2Cappadocumque notas referat generosa propagoy armata et palmas superet grex omnis avorum.224-230 pQgi ]^22 in codicibus.231 extrema AC : externa ^Yight Duff.2*2iarmata et palmas nuper grex AC : fortasse superetPostgate: "locus vexatissimus totius poematii" Wernsdorf,jqui proponit harmataque ( = ap/xara) et palmas numeret :jarmenti et palmas numeret Gronov : Martius et palmassuperans Burman." For British dogs see Grattius, 174 sqq. and note there:divisa Britannia is an allusion to Virg. Ed. I. 66, penitus totodivisos orbe Britannos.

NEMESIANUSin throu,i]:h an inserted horn doses %vhieh do not stickin the throat, and so banish the mehincholy I'uries,and settle the dogs' minds once more to friendHness.But it is not only Spartan whelps or only Molossianwhich you must rear : sundered Britain sendsus a swift sort, adapted to hunting-tasks in ourworld.^ You should not disdain the pedigree ofthe Pannonian breed, nor those \^hose progenysprings from Spanish blood. Moreover, keen whelpsare produced within the confines of dry Libya, andtheir service you must not despise. Besides, Tuscandogs often give a satisfaction not foreign to us.**Even allowing that their shape is covered withshaggy hair and that they have limbs unlike quickfootedwhelps, still they will give you an agreeablereturn in game : for they recognise the tracks onthe meadow, though full of scents, and actuallypoint to where a hare lies hid. Their mettle andtheir habits as well, and their discerning sense ofsmell I shall record presently ; '^ for the moment thewhole equipment of the chase ^ has to be explained,and I must deal with the attention due to horses.So then let Greece send us choice horny-hoofedcoursers, and let a high-mettled breed recall thetraits of the Cappadocians, and let the whole studbe soundly equipped and surpass the victoriousracing-palms of their ancestors. Theirs is surface* Burman gives the choice between summa and minima asequivalents to extrema. Xon .the only Italian dogs in the passage.' This shoAvs the incomplete state in which Xemesianus hasbeen transmitted; for these subjects are not treated in hisextant work.•*The supellex venandi corresponds to Grattius' arma, i.e.nets, traps, hunting-spears, caps and so forth.5^5

MINOR LATIN POETSillis ampla satis levi sunt aequora dorsoimniodicumque latus parvaeque ingentibus alvi,ardua frons auresque agiles capitisque decorialtus honos oculique vago splendore micantes ;plurima se validos cervix resupinat in armos ;funiant imientes calida de nare vapores,nee pes officium standi tenet, ungula terramcrebra ferit vi^ftusque artus animosa fatigat.quin etiam gens ampla iacet trans ardua Calpesculmina, cornipedum late fecunda proborum.namque valent longos pratis intendere cursus,nee minor est illis Graio quam in corpore formanee non terribiles spirabile flumen anheliprovolvunt flatus et lumina vivida torquenthinnitusque cient tremuli frenisque repugnant,nee segnes mulcent aures, nee crure quiescunt.sit tibi praeterea sonipes, Maurusia tellusquem mittit (modo sit gentili sanguine firmus)quemque coloratus Mazax deserta per arvapavit et adsiduos docuit tolerare labores.nee pigeat, quod turpe caput, deformis et alvusest ollis quodque infrenes, quod liber uterque,quodque iubis pronos cervix deverberet armos.nam flecti facilis lascivaque colla secutusparet in obsequium lentae moderamine virgaeverbera sunt praecepta fugae, sunt verbera freni.2*5 decori Baehrens : decoris A : capitique decoro C." One of the fabled Pillars of Hercules, in Hispania Baetica,now the Rock of Gibraltar. Nemesianus, wTiting from thestandpoint of an African, thinks of all Spain {gens ampla) asbeyond Calpe.506

NEMESIANUSwide enough on their smooth back, an enormousextent of side, and neat belly for their huge size, aforehead uplifted, quick ears, high pride of comelyhead, and eyes sparkling with restless gleam ; anample neck falls back on powerful shoulders ; moistbreath steams from hot nostrils, and, while the footdoes not maintain its duty to stand still, the hoofrepeatedly strikes the earth and the horse's spiritedmettle tires its limbs. Moreover, beyond the soaringpeaks of Calpe " lies a vast country, productive farand \\'ide of fine coursers. For they have thestrength to make long runs across the prairies,^ andtheir beauty is no less than that in a Grecian bodypanting they roll forth terrifying snorts, a flood ofbreath ; they shoot out spirited glances ; all a-quiverthey raise whinnyings and fight against the bridle,never giving their ears smooth rest nor their legsrepose. Besides, you may select the courser sentby Mauretania (if he be a stout descendant of goodstock), or the horse which the dusky Mazax tribesman^ has reared in desert fields and taught to undergoceaseless toil. No need to repine at their uglyhead and ill-shapen bellv, or at their lack of bridles,or because both breeds have the temper of freedom,or because the neck lashes the sloping shoulderswith its mane. For he is an easy horse to guide,and, following the turn of an unconfined neck, compliesobediently under the control of a limber switch :its strokes are the orders for speed, its strokes are^ The commendation of Spanish horses is supported byMartial I. xlix. 21-25 :cf. XIV. excix. But, according toOppian, Cytieg. I. 284—286, the Iberian horses, although fleet{dooi), were found wanting in staying power {5p6fMov iv TravpoiaiviKcyXO/J-ivoi (TrabioKTU')." Belonging to the Numidian tribe of Mazaees in Africa.

MINOR LATIN POETSquill et promissi spatiosa per aequora campicursibiis acquirunt commoto sanguine virespaulatimque avidos comites post terga relinquunt.haud secus, efFusis Nerei per caerula ventis,cum se Threicius Boreas superextulit antrostridentique sono vastas exterruit undas,omnia turbato cesserunt flamina ponto :ipse super fluctus spumanti murmure fervensconspicuum pelago caput eminet : omnis euntemNereidimi mirata suo stupet aequore turba.horum tarda venit longi fiducia cursus,his etiam emerito vigor est iuvenalis in aevo.nam quaecumque suis virtus bene floruit annis,non prius est animo quam corpore passa ruinam.pasce igitur sub vere novo farragine mollicornipedes venamque feri veteresque laboreseffluere adspecta nigri cmn labe cruoris.mox laetae redeunt in pectora fortia vireset nitidos artus distento robore formantmox sanguis venis melior calet, ire viarumlonga volunt latumque fuga consumere campum.inde ubi pubentes calamos duraverit aestaslactentesque urens herbas siccaverit omnemmessibus umorem culmisque aptarit aristas,hordea tum paleasque leves praebere mementopulvere quin etiam puras secernere fruges2®^ permissi Keinsius.2'^ pater fluctus {id est Neptunus) Baehrens : super fluctusAC. marmore Heinsius.2*- passa vulgo : posse AC."^2 culmisque armarit Burman : culmusque Baehrens, Postgate:508aptarit Wight Duff.

NEMESIANUSas bridles too. Nay, once launched across thespacious levels of the plain, with blood stirred, thesteeds win fresh strength in the race, leaving bydegrees their eager comrades behind. Even so,on the outburst of the winds across the blue watersof Nereus, when Thracian Boreas has uprisen o'erhis cavern and with shrill howling dismayed thedreary waves, all the blasts on the troubled deepgive way to him : himself" aglow mid foamingdin. above the billows he o'ertops them in masterymanifest upon the sea : the whole band of theNereids is mazed in wonderment as he passes overtheir watery domain.These horses are slow to attain confidence inprolonged running; also, theirs is youthful vigoureven in age that has served its time. For no qualitywhich has bloomed full at its due period sufferscollapse in spirit ere physical powers fail. In thefresh spring-time, then, feed the coursers on softmash, and, lancing a vein, watch old-standing ailmentsflow out with the ooze of the tainted blood.Soon strength returns joyously to their gallanthearts, moulding the sleek limbs with strengthdiffused : soon a better blood runs warm in theirveins, and they wish for long stretches of road, andto make the broad plain vanish in their career.Next, when summer has hardened the ripeningstalks and, scorching the juicy blades, has driedall the moisture for harvest and joined corn-earsto stems, then be sure to furnish barley and lightchaff: moreover, there must be care to winnowthe produce free from dust, and to run the hands" Boreas.

MINOR LATIN POETScura sit atque toros manibus percurrere equorimijgaudeat ut plausu sonipes laetumque relaxetcorpus et altores rapiat per viscera sucos.id curent famuli comitumque animosa iuventus.nee non et casses idem venatibus aptosatque plagas longoque meantia retia tractuaddiscant raris semper contexere nodiset servare modum maculis linoque tenaci.linea quin etiam, magnos circumdare saltusquae possit volucresque metu concludere praedas,digerat innexas non una ex alite pinnas.namque ursos magnosque sues cervosque fugaceset vulpes acresque lupos ceu fulgura caeliterrificant linique vetant transcendere septum,has igitur vario semper fucare venenocurabis niveisque alios miscere coloresalternosque metus subtegmine tendere longo.dat tibi pinnarum terrentia milia vultur,dat Libye, magnarum avium fecunda creatrix,dantque grues cycnique senes et candidus anser,dant quae fluminibus crassisque paludibus errantpellitosque pedes stagnanti gurgite tingunt.hinc mage puniceas native munere sumesnamque illic sine fine greges florentibus alisinvenies avium suavique rubescere lutoet sparsos passim tergo vernare colores.his ita dispositis hiemis sub tempus aquosaeincipe veloces catulos immittere pratis,incipe cornipedes latos agitare per agros." Of. Grattius, Cynegeficon, 75-88 (the "formido").* e.g. the ostrich.* i.e. aquatic fowl.510

*NEMESIANUSover the horses' muscles, so that the courser mayenjoy being patted and relax his body in pleasureand quickly pass the nourishing juices throughouthis frame. This must be the task of the servantsand brave young attendants.Besides they too must learn always to weave withknots far enough apart the hollow nets fit for thechase, and the toils set on tracks, and the netswhich run in a long stretch ; they must learn topreserve the right size for the openings betweenthe knots and for the binding cord. Moreover, theline which can enclose great glades and by reasonof terror shut in winged game as prey must carryhere and there, ent^^'ined on it, feathers of differentbirds. ^ For the colours, like lightning-flashes,frighten bears, big boars, timid stags, foxes andfierce wolves, and bar them from surmounting theboundary of the cord. These then you will alwaysbe careful to diversify with various hues, mixing othercolours with the whites, and thus stretching allalong the line one terror after another. In feathersyou draw a thousand means of fright from thevulture, from Africa, fertile mother of great-sizedbirds,'' from cranes and aged swans and the whitegoose, from fowl that haunt rivers and thick marshesand dip webbed feet in standing pools. Of these ^you will rather take birds \\ith red plumage bynature's gift; for among the former you will findendless flocks of birds with bright-hued wings, theircolours reddening ^^^th pleasant orange tint andgleaming everywhere in flecks upon the back. Withsuch arrangements made towards the season of rainy^vinter, begin to send your swift dogs across themeadows ; begin to urge your horses over the broad5"

MINOR LATIN POETSvenemur dum mane novum, dimi mollia pratanocturnis calcata feris vestigia servant.T^VOFRAGMENTS ON BIRD-CATCHINGASCRIBED TO NEMESIANUSIntroductionGybertus Longolius (de Longueil, 1507-1543), ina Dialogus de avibus printed at Cologne in 1544, isthe authority for ascribing the two following fragmentsto Nemesianus. He records that they weresurreptitiously copied by a young friend of his,Hieronymus Boragineus of Liibeck, from a poemDe Aucupio by Nemesianus " in bibliotheca porcorum{sic) Salvatoris Bononiensis." This account is notVERSUS DE AUCUPIO. . . et tetracem, Romae quem nunc vocitare taracencoeperunt. avium est multo stultissima ; namquecum pedicas necti sibi contemplaverit adstans,immemor ipse sui tamen in dispendia currit.tu vero adductos laquei cum senseris orbesappropera et praedam pennis crepitantibus aufer.nam celer oppressi fallacia vincula colliexcutit et rauca subsannat voce magistri" a black grouse. The bird is identified with the urogallusby LongoHus. Pliny's form is tetras.

NEMESIANUSfields. Let us go hunting: while the morning isyoung, while the soft meads retain the tracks imprintedby the wild beasts of the night.free from suspicion, any more than certain points inthe Latinity and prosody of the lines. Contemplaveritin 1. 3 may be an archaistic return to the active formof the verb as used in early Latin ; but the metricalquantity of notae which Longolius read in 1. 13 andof gulae in the last line of all is unclassical, and thefrequent elision of a long vowel (11. 5, 6, 14 and27) i*^ noticeable. Teuffel considers the lines a lateproduction, though they are usually printed alongwith the Cynegetica.E. Baehrens' text, P.LM. III. pp. 203-204.J. P. Postgate's text, C.P.L. II. p. 572.FRAGMENTS ON BIRD-CATCHINGI. . . andthe tetrax,^ which they have now begunto call tarax at Rome. It is far the silliest of birds ;for although it has perched and has watched thesnare laid for it, yet reckless of self it darts upon itsown hurt. You, however, on finding the circles ofthe noose drawn tight, must hasten up and carryoff your prey with its whirring wings. For it isquick to shake off the treacherous bonds of the neckwhen caught, deriding with hoarse cry the hunter's''* Suhsannarc, a late Latin verb, used by Tertullian, and inthe Vulgate.LL

MINOR LATIN POETSconsilium et laeta fruitur iam pace solutus.hie prope | Peltinum radices Apennininidificat. patulis qua se sol obicit agris,persimilis cineri collum, maculosaque tergainficiunt pullae cacabantis imagine guttae.Tarpeiae est custos arcis non corpore maiornee qui te volucres docuit, Palamede, figuras.saepe ego nutantem sub iniquo pondere \adimazonomi puerum, portat cum prandia, circoquae consul praetorve novus construxit ovanti.cum nemus omne suo viridi spoliatur honore,fultus equi niveis silvas pete protinus altasexuviis : praeda est facilis et amoena scolopax.corpore non Paphiis avibus maiore videbis.ilia sub aggeribus primis, qua proluit umor,pascitur, exiguos sectans obsonia vermes,at non ilia oculis, quibus est obtusior, etsisint nimium grandes, sed acutis narlbus instat:impresso in terram rostri mucrone sequacesvermiculos trahit et \dli dat praemia gulae.II1° Pelt(u)inum Buecheler : Pentinum Longolius : PontinumUlitius. in radicibus Burman : et radices Haupt : ad radicesBaehrens.12dorsum Longolius : collum Gesner.13 notae Longolius : guttae Ulitius.1' mazonomi Gesner : mazonoim Longolius. circo Burman: cirro Longolius.21 facilis praeda est et amoena Riese.28 atque gulae d. pr. vili Wernsdorf." The geese of the Capitol saved it from surprise by theGauls, in 390 B.C., Livy, V. xlvii.

NEMESIANUSdesign and now in freedom delighting in the joy ofpeace. Near Peltinum by the foot of the Apenninerange it builds its nest where the sun presents himselfto the outspread lands : at the neck it is verylike ashes in colour, and its spotted back is markedwith dark flecks in the fashion of a partridge. Theguardian of the Tarpeian citadel " is no larger insize, nor the bird that taught you, Palamedes, winglikeletters.* Often have I seen a slave swayingbeneath the unfair weight of a huge dish of suchdainties,^ as he carries the collation which a consulor a new praetor has furnished for the circus at afete.IIWhen the woodland everywhere is despoiled ofits green honours, make straight for the deep forest,mounted on the snow-white housing of your steed.The snipe is an easy and an agreeable prey. Youwill find it no larger in body than ^'enus' doves. Itfeeds close to the edge of embankments, by thewash of the water, hunting tiny worms, its favouritefare. But its pursuit thereof is rather with keenscentednose than with the eyes, in which its senseis rather dull, too big for the body though they be.With the point of the beak driven into the ground itdrags out the little worms which needs must follow,therewith rewarding an appetite cheap to satisfy.*^**Palamedes was said to have invented some of the Greekletters (T, 0, H, *, X) by observing the flight of cranes :cf.Martial, IX. xiii. 7, XIII. Ixxv. ; Ausonius, Idyll, xii. (Technopaegnionde Uteris mfnuisyllabis) 25; Pliny N.H. VII. 192.

REPOSIANUSAND SOME CON'TEMPORARIES

INTRODUCTIONTO REPOSIANUS, MODESTINUS, " CUPIDOAMANS" AND PENTADIUSThe codex Salmasianus ° —a title which recordsthe previous ownership of Claude de Saumaise—isthe chief authority for the surviving poems by threeauthors of the third century here selected from it—Reposianus, Modestinus and Pentadius, with theadditional piece Cupido Amans by an unknown hand.The codex represents, though imperfectly, theextensive and varied Anthologia Latina compiled frompoets of different periods, originally in twenty-fourbooks, at Carthage in the time of the Vandal kingsabout A.D. 532. Owing to the disappearance of thefirst eleven quaternions, half-a-dozen books at thebeginning are lost except in so far as the missingcontents are represented by codex Leid. Voss.Q. 86 [" V "], by codex Paris. 8071 (or Thuaneus," T "), both of the ninth century, and by otherMSS.^ The 182 hexameters by Reposianus on theliaison between Mars and Venus depend solely onthe codex Salmasianus ; for Modestinus we havethe additional authority of T ; and for Pentadiuswe have V as well as S and T.Reposianus' theme is the discovery of the intrigue•Ît is also the manuscript for Florus' pooms, see p. 424." See Baehrens' prolegomena P.L.M. IV. pp. 3-54 ; Buechelerand Riese, Anth. Lat. I. i, praefatio, pp. xii. sqq.

INTRODUCTION TObetween the Goddess of Love and the God of Warby the injured husband, as first related in EuropeanHterature by Homer. Odyssey \TII. 266-366. TheRoman poet exhibits a turn for description, especiallyin depicting the flowery grove where the lovers meetbut there is in him a certain poverty of style—certain want of variety in language, in thought andin structure. Manifestly he overdoes the use ofTheforie {e.g. 68, 83, 87, 95, 114, 121, 126, 156, 166).The archaism mage of line 9 is an artificiality whichhe shares with Nemesianus {Cyneg. 317), with SulpiciusLupercus Servasius and other late poets.most noticeable metrical points are his use of iuo(93) as a monosyllable and gratiosa (126) as a trisyllable.A few turns of phrase suggest the Lucretianpicture of Mars in ^ênus' lap (Lucret. I. 31-40)but Reposianus shows signs of independence intreating his sensuous theme. Thus, he alters thescene of the amour from the traditional house of theFire-God, Vulcan, to a forest, which gives the cue forhis introduction of some beauties in external nature(33-50). Further, the chains fastened upon theoffending lovers are not, according to earlier formsof the fable, prepared as a trap in anticipation oftheir continued guilt, but fashioned at Vulcan'sforge after Phoebus has informed him of Venus'infidelity.The three longer pieces by Pentadius, On Forhme,0?i the Coming of Spring and On Xarcissns, have" echoic " lines : the rest are short epigrams.Among these the quatrain 0?i Woman s Love, beginningCrede ratem veniis, may be a tetrastichon combininga pair of independent elegiac distichs. It hasbeen ascribed to a variety of authors besides Pen-520

REPOSIAXUStadius—to Marcus Cicero, to his brother, to Petronius,to Aiisonius, and to Porphyrius, the panegyrist ofConstantine. The epigram has been claimed forQiiintus Cicero " as a vigorous expression of a thoughtwhich might have been in his mind after his divorce{Ad Att. XIV. 13. 3). But it cannot be argued thateither the situation or the reflection was by anymeans peculiar to him.EDITIONSBcposiaiuis : P. Burman. Anthol. Lot. Lib. I. No. 72Amsterdam, 1759.J. C. Wernsdorf. Pod. Lat. Min. IV. pp. 319 sqqAltenburg, 1785.E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min. IV. pp. 348 sqqLeipzig, 1882.F. Buecheler and A. Riese. A?iik. Lat. I. iNo. 253. Leipzig, 1894.Modesi'uius : P. Burman. Anthol. Lat. Lib. I. No. 31E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min. IV. p. 360.F. Buecheler and A. Riese. Aiith. Lat. I. iNo. 273, p. 217.Pejiiadius : P. Burman. Anthol. Lat. Lib. I. Nos.139, 141, 165; III. No. 105; V. No. 69.J. C. Wernsdorf. Poet. Lat. Min. III. pp. 262-80, pp. 405-407.E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min. l\ .pp. 343-5,358-9.F. Buecheler and A. Riese. Anth. Lat. I. i.Nos. 234-5, 265-8." Jas. Stinchcorab, " The Literary Interests of a RomanMagnate," Class. Weekly, Oct. 3, 1932.

INTRODUCTION TO REPOSIANUSSIGLAS = codex Salmasianus sive Parisinus 10318 : saec.vii.T = codex Thuaneus sive Parisinus 8071 : saec. ix.exeunte.V = codex Vossianus L.Q. 86 : medio saec. ix.522

REPOSIANUSDe Concubitu Martis et \'exerisDisciTE secures non umquam credere amores.ipsa Venus, cui flanima potens, cui niilitat ardor,quae tuto posset custode Cupidine aniare,quae docet et fraudes et amorurn furta tuetur,nee sibi securas valuit praebere latebras.improbe dure puer, crudelis crimine matris,pompam ducis, Amor, nullo satiate triumphoquid conversa lovis laetaris fulmina semper ?ut mage flammantes possis laudare sagittas,iunge, puer, teretes Veneris Martisque catenas :gestet amans Mavors titulos et vincula portetcaptivus, quem bella timent I utque ipse veharis,iam roseis fera colla iugis submittit amatorpost vulnus, post bella potens Gradivus anhelatin castris modo tiro tuis, semperque timenduste timet et sequitur qua ducunt vincla marita.ite, precor, Musae :imis ducta trahunt suspiria crebra medullisdum Mars, dum blanda Cythere" conversa, either throv\'n back by the power of love orexchanged for the disguises which Jove used in his amours.* mage, an artificial archaism, as in Sulpicius LupercusServasius, II. {De Cupiditate) 16, and in the Dicta Catonis,Praef. II. 2, Distich. II. 6; IV. 42.'Ân ancient form of Mars : his surname Gradivus (14) markshim as god of the march (gradus).'^Cythere {cf. 172), a late Latin collateral form of Cytherea(153), refers to the birth of Venus from the sea at the island524

REPOSIANUSThe Intrigue ofMars with VenusLearn ye the creed that amours are never freefrom care. \'enus herself of the potent flame, \ênusof the blazmg campaign, who might indulge lovewith Cupid as her safe warden, instructress in deceits,protectress of the stealth of love, did not avail tofurnish herself with a secure lurking-place. Harshtyrant Boy, cruel in a mother's fault, O Love, youlead your victorious procession, never sated with anytriumph ! Why do you always rejoice that Jove'sthunderbolts have been reversed ? " That you maythe better ^ praise your flaming arrows, draw tight,Boy, the well-woven chains of \ enus and of Mars :let NLavors ^ in love wear the label of a slave, let himwhom wars do dread be a prisoner bearing bondsTo let you ride triumphant, the lover yields his savageneck to a rosy yoke. After wounds dealt and battlesfought, powerful Gradivus pants as a new-enlistedrecruit in your camp ; he that should ever be fearedfears you, following where wedlock's bonds do lead.Pray, come, ye Muses: while Mars, while alluringCythere ^ draw fast-following sighs from the depthof Cythera. Cypris (35, 79, 141, 14G) recalls her cult in Cyprus,and Faphie, Reposianus' favourite epithet for Venus (23, 50,61, 64, 80, 105, 109, 13(3, 139, 178), alludes to her temple atPaphos in Cyprus. Reposianus shares the epithets Cythere,Cypris and Paphie with Ausonius (4th cent, a.d.), thoughPaphie is used by Martial.

MINOR LATIN POETSdumque intermixti captatur spiritus oris,carmine doctiloquo ^ ulcani vincla parate,quae Martem nectant Veneris nee bracchia laedantinter delicias roseo prope livida serto.namque ferunt Paphien, Vulcani et Martis amorem,inter adulterium nee iusti iura maritiindice sub Phoebo captam gessisse catenas,ilia manu duros nexus tulit, ilia maritiferrea vincla sui. quae vis fuit ista doloris ?an fortem faciebat amor ? quid, saeve, laboras ?cur nodos Veneri Cyclopia flamma paravit ?de roseis conecte manus, Vulcane, catenisnee tu deinde liges, sed blandus vincla Cupido,ne palmas duro nodus cum vulnere laedat.lucus erat Marti gratus, post vulnera Adonispictus amore deae ; si Phoebi lumina desint,tutus adulterio, dignus quem Cypris amaret,quem Byblos coleret, dignus quem Gratia servet.22 divitias S : delicias Burman. prope S : modo Baehrens.2^ manus S : manu Schrader : Venus Baehrens.^2 comodus S : nodus cum Baehrens, alii alia.^* pictus S : dictus vel lectus vel dignus Wernsdorf : huiusBaehrens :laetus Biese {in not.).« i.e. arms so delicate that rose-leaves might almost makethem black and blue.* Addressed to Vulcan as the injured husband of Venus.* i.e. to fashion iron chains.^ After the death of her beloved Adonis from a woundinflicted by a boar in the forest, Venus might be imagined todislike all woods. The passage implies that she made anexception in the case of the grove where she met her lover Mars,and so it is "decorated," " lit up " by the beautiful presenceof the enamoured goddess, pictus may be right, thoughamore is less directly instrumental than the concrete ablativesin Lucr. V. 1395-1396, anni tempora pingehant viridantesfloribus herbas; Sen. 3Ied, 310, stellisque quibus pingitur526

REPOSIANUSof their bciiifr, and while they woo the breath ofintermingled kisses, do ye with dulcet strain makeready Vulcan's bonds to twine round Mars and yetdo no hurt to \'enus' arms that mid their dallianceare half-discoloured with the pressure of even agarland of roses.The tale is told that the Paphian goddess, darlingof \'ulcan and of Mars, amid her adulterous intercourseand rights usurped by one not her lawfulhusband, was 'neath the revealing Sun-god caught,and wore the chains. She bore on her hand thecruel coils, she bore the iron bonds of her own husband.What was that violence in your resentment ? *Did love make strength r ^ Why toil, O ruthless one ?Why did the flame of the Giants' forge prepareentanglements for \'enus ? Rather, Vulcan, makethe linking for the hands from chains of rosesAnd then you must not tie the bonds, but coaxingCupid must, lest the knotting hurt the palms andinflict harsh pain.There was a grove dear to Mars, adorned ^ by thegoddess' love after Adonis' death-wound; if onlysunlight were lacking, safe for unlawful passion, meetfor the Cyprian's affection, meet for worship fromByblos,^ meet for the regard of one of the Graces./aether; Pentadius, De Adventu Veris, line 11, florihu-f innumerispingit sola flatus Eoi :cf. Lucr. II. 374-5, conchanimgenus . . . videmus pingere telluris gremium. The metaphoricaluse seems a not unnatural extension from the ideaof pingunt in 38, or in sir mea. flavfntem pingnnt vineta(inrumnam (of vineyards throwing their green reflection onthe yellow Garonne), Auson. Mosella 160, or in quis te naturaepinzit color? ib. 110.' This Phoenician coast-to^\Ti was the chief seat of the worshipof Adonis :cf. 66 and Bybliadc'^, 90.f Cf. line 51. The singular is used in Ovid. Met. VI. 429.

MINOR LATIN POETSvilia non illo surgebant gramina lucopingunt purpureos candentia lilia floresornat terra nemus : nunc lotos niitis inumbrat,nunc laurus, nunc myrtus. habent sua muneraraminamque hie per frondes redolentia mala relucent.hie rosa cum violis, hie omnis gratia odorum,hie inter violas coma mollis laeta hyaeinthidignus amore locus, cui tot sint munera rerum.non tamen in lueis aurum, non purpura fulgetflos leetus, flos vincla tori, substramina floresdeliciis Veneris dives Natura laborat.texerat hie liquidos fontes non vilis harundo,sed qua saeva puer componat tela Cupido.hunc solum Paphie puto lucum fecit amorihie Martem exspectare solet. quid Gratia cessat,quid Charites ? cur, saeve puer, non lilia nectis ?tu lectum consterne rosis, tu serta paratoet roseis crinem nodis subnecte decenter.haec modo purpureum decerpens pollice florem,cum delibato suspiria ducat odore.ast tibi blanda manus (flores) sub pectore condattunc ne purpurei laedat te spina roseti,destrictis teneras foliis constringe papillas !sic decet in \ eneris luco gaudere puellasut tamen illaesos Paphiae servetis amores,^^ locos vitis S : lotos mitis Burinan.*" rami Baehrens, Riese : lauri vulgo.^^ lilia pendent S : mala relucent Baehrens.^- licia vulgo.^^ diligatum . . . odorem S : delibat eum .Baehrens : delibato . . . odore Klappius.. . odorem**There are no purple coverlets.5^8

REPOSIANUSNo common herha

MINOR LATIN POETSvincula sic mixtis caute constringite ramis,ne diffusa ferat per frondes liimina Titan,his igitur lucis Paphie, dum proelia Mavorshorrida, dum populos diro terrore fatigat,ludebat teneris Bybli permixta puellis.nunc varies cantu divom referebat amoresinque modum vocis nunc motus forte decentescorpore laeta dabat, nunc miscens | denique plantas,nunc alterna movens suspense pollice crura,molliter inflexo subnitens poplite sidit.saepe comam pulchro collectam flore ligabatornans ambrosios divino pectine crines.dum ludos sic blanda Venus, dum gaudia miscetet dum flet, quod sera venit sibi grata voluptas,et dum suspense solatia quaerit amoriecce furens post bella deus, post proelia victorvictus amore venit. cur gestas ferrea tela ?ne metuat Cypris, comptum decet ire rosetis.a, quotiens Paphie vultum mentita furentislumine converse serum incusavit amantemverbera saepe dolens minitata est dulcia sertoaut, ut forte magis succenso Marte placeret,amovit teneris suspendens oscula labrisnee totum effundens medio blanditur amore.decidit aut posita est devictis lancea palmiset, dum forte cadit, myrto retinente pependit.ensem toUe, puer, galeam tu, Gratia, solve ;^2 mentita S : minitata Higtius.^* atmovet S : admovit wlgo : amovit Wakkerus.°-An imitation of Virg. Georg. IV. 347.

REPOSIANUScarefully knit together bonds of branches intertwinedto keep the Sun-crod from shedding a floodof light through the foliage. In these woodlands,then, the Paphian used to sport amid a bevy oftender damsels from Byblos, while Mavors pliedsavage warfare, while he wearied the nations withdread alarm. Now she would rehearse in song thechequered amours of the gods " and to the vocalmeasure now joyously, as it befell, made seemlymovements with her body ; now in turn plyingintricate steps, now on light fantastic toe movingalternate feet, she sinks down resting upon gracefullybended haunch. Oft she would bind her hairclose-drawn with pretty blooms, ordering ambrosialtresses with comb divine.While thus sweet ^'enus engages in various sportsand joys, and turns to tears for that her darlingpleasure cometh late, and seeks some solace for herlove deferred, behold in frenzy after warfare comesthe god, after his battles the vanquisher vanquishedby love. Why dost thou wear weapons of steel?Iêst Cypris feel alarm, 'tis seemly to come withroses garlanded. Ah, how often did the Paphian'slook feign anger as her averted eye reproached herlover's tardiness ! Oft, piqued, did she threatensweet lashes from festoons of flowers, or, mayhapthe more to please when Mars was afire withpassion, withheld those kisses which she poised ontender lips, alluring in the midst of love by checkinglove's full flood.Down fell his lance or with love-vamjuished handswas laid aside, and, as it happened to fall, hungon a myrtle-bough which caught it. Take, Boy, hissword : let one of the Graces unlace his helmet : yeU M 2

MINOR LATIN POETSsolvite, Bybliades, praeduri pectora Martishaec laxet nodos, haec ferrea vincula temptetloricaeque moras, vos scuta et tela tenete.nunc violas tractare decet. laetare, Cupido,terribilem divum tuo solo numine victumpro talis flores, pro scuto myrtea serta,et rosa forte loco est gladii, quern iure tremescuntiverat ad lectum Mavors et pondere durofloribus incumbens totum turbarat honoreni.ibat pulchra Venus vix presso pollice cauta,florea ne teneras violarent spicula plantas,et nunc innectens, ne rumpant oscula, crinem, 1nunc vestes fluitare sinens, vix lassa retentat,cum nee tota latet nee totum nudat* amorem.ille inter flores furtivo lumine tectusspectat hians Venerem totoque ardore tremescit.incubuit lectis Paphie. proh sancte Cupido, 1quam blandas voces, quae tunc ibi murmura funduntoscula permixtis quae tunc fixere labellisquam bene consertis haeserunt artubus artusstringebat Paphiae Mavors tunc pectore dextramet collo innexam ne laedant pondera laevam, 1lilia cum roseis supponit Candida sertis.saepe levi cruris tactu commovit amantemin flammas, quas diva fovet. iam languida fessosforte quies Martis tandem compresserat artusnon tamen omnis amor, non omnis pectore cessit ]flamma dei : trahit in medio suspiria somno^* iura S : iure Riese : bella Baehrens.^°^ sinu S : sinens Oudendorp. laxa S : lassa Baehrens.^"^ tectus S : tectam Baehren-s.^"*motoque Baehrens.° Cf. Lucret. I, 36, of Mars in Venus' lap, pascit amore avidosinhians in te, dea, vistt^.

REPOSIANUSdamsels of Byblos, unlace the breast of stalwartMars^—let one slacken the knots, one try the ironbands which i>iiard his breastplate, you others keepthe shield and weapons. 'Tis the fitting moment tohandle violets. Rejoice, O Cupid, that the aweinspiringgod is conquered by your divinity aloneinstead of weapons there be flowers, instead of shieldthe myrtle wreaths ; the rose, it so befalls, takes theplace of the sword at which men have cause totremble !Mavors had come to the couch and resting his hardweight upon the flowers disordered all their gracefulness.Fair Venus came scarce leaving footprint inher caution lest the prickly flowers should mar hertender feet, and, now entwining her tresses lest kissesmight ruflle them, now letting her robes flow loose,can scarce confine them in her languor : she is notwholly hid nor wholly bares her charms. He in hiscovering of flowers with stealthy eye gazes agape at\"enus, quivering in the full flame of passion.'* ThePaphian goddess sank upon the couch. Ah ! Cupidthe august, how coaxing the words, what the murmursthey then did utter there ! What kisses didthey then imprint upon commingled lips ! How welldid limb clasp limb in close embrace ! Then Mavorsdrew his right hand from the Paphian 's breast andlest his weight should hurt the left arm twined aroundher neck, sets white lilies and rose-wreaths underneath.Oft the leg's light touch stirred the loverinto flames by the goddess fanned. At last, itbefell, the languor of repose had mastered theweary limbs of Mars ;yet did not all love's rapture,yet did not all the flame, quit the god's breastamidst his slumber he heaves sighs and from the533

MINOR LATIN POETSet venerem totis pulmonibus ardor anhelat.ipsa Venus tunc tunc calidis succensa venenisuritur ardescens, nee somnia parta quieta.o species quam blanda ! o quam bene presserat art us 1nudos forte sopor ! niveis sufFulta lacertiscolla nitent : pectus gemino quasi sidere fulget.non omnis resupina iacet, sed corpore flexomolliter et laterum qua se confinia iungunt.Martem respiciens deponit lumina somno, 1sed gratiosa, decens. pro lucis forte CupidoMartis tela gerit : quae postquam singula neris qui nunc produntur amoreslumine, Phoebe, tuo ! stant capti iudice tantoMars Amor et Paphie, ramisque inserta tremescuntlumina, nee crimen possunt te teste negare.viderat effusis Gradivum Phoebus habenisin gremio Paphiae spirantem incendia amoris.o rerum male tuta fides ! o gaudia et ipsisvix secura deis I quis non, cum Cypris amaret,120 sic Baehrens : o quam blanda quies S, Riese.122 turget S : fulget Baehrens.1-*quo . . . iungant Baehrens.1-' regens S: gerit Riese. tela; rigens Baehrens. lustratBurman, Baehrens-, om.S: vidit vulgo: sumpsit i?/e.se.1^2 sic Burman : iam mediis Maehly : dimidiis Riese.calidum spatium . . . horis Baehrens, Riese.13^ ramis cum Baehrens." The manuscript reading 5»am blanda quies seems an overboldcontradiction of the preceding line.534

OREPOSIANUSdepths of his Uinfi!:s hot passion still pants love.Venus herself then, even then, enkindled withglowing poison, is afire and burns : she wins norestful dreams. How winning the sight !^ Howfit the slumber that has o'ercome the naked limbs !A fair neck rests on snowy arms : the breast seemslit up by a pair of stars. Not wholly on her backis she reclined, but with a gentle bend of the bodywhere side meets side. Looking at Mars, she dropsher eyes in sleep, charming as ever, comely.^ Infront of the grove meanwhile Cupid is handlingMars' weapons : and after scanning them one by one,breastplate, shield, sword, plumes of the threateninghelmet, he binds them each with flowers ; then teststhe spear's weight, marvelling that his own arrowshave been allowed such power.Already had Phoebus taken possession of the midworldwith his rays, already in the heat of his proudcourse had he balanced the hours of day and wasrestraining his flaming steeds. Ah ! envious daylightprivy to the deed ! What love-intrigues ofVenus are now betrayed, O Phoebus, by thy sunshine! With a judge so mighty there stand asprisoners Mars and Love and Paphos' queen; shedthrough the branches, sunbeams quiver ; they cannotdisown their guilt confronted by thy testimony.From his chariot in full career Phoebus had espiedGradivus breathing love's fires in the Paphian goddess'lap. O ill-placed confidence ! joys evenfor the very gods scarce free from care ! Who butwould hope, when Cypris was in love, that loving* Baehrens marks a lacuna here because of the abrupttransition.535

MINOR LATIN POETSpraeside sub tanto tutum speraret amare ?criminis exempluni si iam de nuniine habemus,quid speret niortalis amor r quae vota ferenda ?quod numen poscat, quo sit securus, adulter ?Cypris amat, nee tuta tamen ! compressit habenasPhoebus et ad lucos tantummodo lumina vertitet sic pauca refert " : nunc spargis tela, Cupido ;nunc nunc, diva \ enus, nati devicta sagittisdas mihi solanien ; sub te securus amavifabula, non crimen, nostri dicentur amores."haec ait et dictis N'ûlcanum instigat amaris" die ubi sit Cytherea decens, secure maritete exspectat lacrimans, tibi castum servat amorem ?vel si forte tuae ^ eneris fera crimina nescis,quaere simul Martem, cui tu modo tela parasti."dixit et infuso radiabat lumine lucuminque fidem sceleris totos demiserat ignes.haeserat Ignipotens stupefactus crimine tanto.iam quasi torpescens (vix sufficit ira dolori)ore fremit maestoque modo gemit ultima pulsansilia et indignans suspiria pressa fatigat.antra furens Aetnaea petit, vix iusserat, omnesincubuere manus, multum dolor addidit arti.quam cito cuncta gerunt ars numen flamma maritusira dolor ! nam vix causam tunc forte iubendo^*2 amorem vulgo.^*^ sparge tela 8 : spargis Hiese : sparge o Baehrens.^^^ da S : das Oitdendorp. securus S : si lusus Baehrens." Apollo mischievously argues that Venus' example hasshow^l him that conscience need not trouble a lover : so his ownamours will be handed down as entertaining stories, not moraloffences.536

REPOSIAXUSshould be safe 'neath overseer so mighty ? If nowwe take our pattern of wrongdoing from deity, whatmay a mortal's love expect ? What prayers must beoftered ? What deity should a paramour entreat foran easy mind? Cypris is in love, yet not in safety.Phoebus held tight his reins and towards the groveturned but his eyes, uttering these brief words" Now dost thou shower thy darts. O Cupid; now,now, divine \ enus, quite vanquished by thy son'sarrows, thou givest me solace ; 'neath thy power Ihave learned to love care-free. My amours will berecounted for a fable, not a crime." '^So speaking he stirs up Vulcan with bitter words :" Say, heedless husband, where is the comely Ladyof Cvthera ! Does she await thee in tears, preservinglier chaste love for thee ? Or, if mayhap thouknowest not the wild offences of thy ^ enus, searchat the same time for Mars, whom of late thou didstprovide with weapons." As he spoke, he lit up thegrove with a flood of light, sending straightway hisfull fires down in proof of guilt. The Lord of Firewas at a loss, stunned by so great a crime : now halfbenumbed(anger scarce meets his pain) he growlsaloud, and groaning in melancholy wise convulseshis sides to their very depth and wrathfully heavessigh on sigh unceasing.* In his frenzy he makes forthe cavern-forge of Aetna. Scarce were his ordersgiven, when all hands fell to work—much did resentmentadd to skill. How quickly is all accomplishedby skill, deity, flame, husband, anger, pain ! Scarcein the moment of his ordering had he explained the* Cf. phrases like Virg. Aen. IX. 415, longis singidtibus iliapulsat; \lll. 94, noctemqite diemque fatigant ; Sil. Ital. XII.496, curasque ita corde fatigat.537

MINOR LATIN POETSdixerat, et vindex coniunx iani vincla ferebat.pervenit ad lucos, non ipsi visus Amori,non Chariti : totas arti mandaverat iras.vincula tunc manibus suspense molliter ictu ]illigat et teneris conectit bracchia palmis.excutitur somno Mavors et pulchra Cythere,posset Gradivus validos disrunipere nexus,sed retinebat amor, Veneris ne bracchia laedat.tunc tu sub galea, tunc inter tela latebas, ]saeve Cupido, timens.stat Mavors lumine torvoatque indignatur, quod sit deprensus adulter.at Paphie conversa dolet non crimina factised quae sit vindicta sibi tiun singula volvenscogitat et poenam sentit, si Phoebus amaret. ]iamque dolos properans decorabat cornua tauri,Passiphaae crimen mixtique cupidinis iram.MODESTINUSForte iacebat Amor victus puer alite somnomyrti inter frutices pallentis roris in herba.1'^ stans S : stat Burman : flat Baehrens.^^° sancit Baehrens. ^^^ reparans Baehrens.182 PasBif^ S." i.e. for the full satisfaction of his anger he depended on theskill at the forge with which the avenging chains were made.* Reposianus departs from the traditional story according towhich the lovers were entrapped in a snare previously contrivedby the Fire-god: see Odyss. viii. 276 sqq.-, Ovid. Met. IV.llQsqq.: Ars. Am. 11. 511 sqq.; Statius, 6'i7y. I. ii. 59-60. Healso substitutes a grove for the Fire-god's house as the sceneof the amour.538

MODESTINUSreason before the avenging husband was alreadybringing the chains. He reaches the grove, unseenby Love himself, unseen by any Grace : to his arthe had entrusted all his rage.'^ Then with lightsoft touch he bound the chains upon the sleepers'hands, linking their arms with gentle movement.''Mars shakes himself free of sleep : so too the fairCytherean. Gradivus well might burst asunder thestrong bonds, but love restrained him lest he hurt\ enus' arms. Then did you lurk hidden 'neathMars' helmet, then did you lurk among his weapons,cruel Cupid, in cowardice. Mavors stands sullenof look, chafmg because he is an adulterer caught.But the Paphian feels no grief that her guilty deedhas turned awry : instead, she thinks of what revengeis hers, revolving point by point, and feels itwere fit penalty if Phoebus fell in love : and now,hastening forward her guile, she set to ornamentthe horns of the bull which would mean Pasiphae'sguilt and the wrath involved in blended lust.*^MODESTINUSCupid AsleepYouxG Love lay once with winged sleep o'ercomeMid myrtle shrubs where pale dew soaked the grass.* The fable ran that Venus took revenge on Phoebus throughhis offspring. Pasiphae, daughter of the Sun-god, and wife ofMinos, king of Crete, was the victim of Venus, who caused herto become enamoured of the bull :cf. Virg. Aen. VI. 25,PasipJuie mixtumque genus prolesque biformis (in reference tothe Minotaur).Here, as occasionally elsewhere, cupido (= "desire") ismasculine: there is no need to personify it as "Cupid," norto adopt the suggestion in Burman of mixtaeque libidinis.539

MINOR LATIN POETSImnc procul emissae tenebrosa Ditis ab aulacircueunt animae, saeva face quas cruciarat." ecce meus venator "! ait " hunc " Phaedra" "ligemus !crudelis " crinem " elamabat Scylla " "metanius !Colchis et orba Procne " "numerosa caede necemus !Didon et Canace " saevo gladio perimaniusMyrrha " meis ramis," Euhadneque " igne crememus!"" hunc " Arethusa inquit Byblisque " in fonte"necemus !ast Amor evigilans dixit " mea pinna, volemus."AUCTOR INCERTUSCupiDO AmaxsQuis me fervor agit ? nova sunt suspiria menti.anne aliquis deus est nostro vehementior arcu ?quern mihi germanum fato fraudante creavitdiva parens ? satis an mea spicula fusa per orbernvexavere polum laesusque in tempore mundusinvenit poenam ? sed si mea vulnera novi,Cupido Amans : ^ fato S : furto Wakkerns : partu Baehrens.° The ten victims of unhappy love are represented as makingallusions to their OAvn misfortunes. Thus Phaedra seems tosee a second Hippolytus, eager for the chase ; Scylla remembersthe lock she treacherously clipped from her father's head;Dido and Canace recall their death by a sword; Myrrha hertransformation into a tree; Euhadne or Evadne her suicideon a blazing i^yve ; Byblis and Arethusa their metamorphosisinto a fountain.540

*-"ANONYxMOUSKound him came ghosts, from Pluto's gloomy hallSet free, ghosts whom his cruel brand had scorched,"Look! 'tis my hunter!" Phaedra said: "bring"bonds IBut ruthless Scylla cried " Let's shear his hair! "The Colchian dame ^ and Procne sore-bereavedSaid " We must make him die full many a death !Dido and Canace urged death by steelNay. by my branches I" Myrrha claimed. " Let'sburnHim in the fire! " Euhadne thought his due.Byblis and Arethusa Mished him dro-'.vned.But Love awoke and said " My wings, let's fly!ANONYiMOUSCupid ixLoveWhat is the glow of passion that impels me ?Sighs be new for me to think of. Can it be thatsome god has mightier force than Cupid's bow ? Towhom by some trick of fate has my goddess mothergiven birth to be a brother for me ? Have mydarts, shot through the globe, harassed the heavensenough, and an injured world at the fit moment discovereda penalty ? Nay, if I know wounds of my''Medea.*This poem by an unknown author was first printed byBurman, Anth. Lot. I. Lib. I, No. 30 immediately beforeModestinus' poem (. . ." ex Divionensi codice priniiproducimus et Salmasianis schedis "). It is here included as acompanion picture to " Cupid Asleep." See Buecheler-Riese,Anth. Lat. I. i. No. 240, p. 107; Baehrens, P.L.M. IV.pp. 345-346.• 541

MINOR LATIN POETShie mens est ignis : meus est, qui parcere nescit.in furias ignesque trahor ! licet orbe superno,luppiter, et salsis undis, Neptune, tegaris,abdita poenarum te cingant Tartara, Pluton,impositum rumpemus onus ! volitabo per axemmundigerum caelique plagas pontique procellasumbriferumque Chaos ;pateant adamantina regna,torva venenatis cedat Bellona flagelHs Ipoenam mundus amet : stupeat vis maior ! anhelatin se saevus Amor fraudemque in vuhiere quaerit IPENTADIUSDe FortunaRes eadeni adsidue niomento volvitur unoatque redit dispar res eadem adsidue.vindice facta manu Progne pia dicta sorori,impia sed nato vindice facta manu.carmine visa suo Colchis fuit ulta maritum,sed scelerata fuit carmine visa suo.coniugis Eurydice precibus remeabat ad auras,rursus abit vitio coniugis Eurydice.^ ex altis S : et salsis Wakkenis : exiiltes JRiese.1° poenarum vulgo : terrarum Maehly : Taenarium Baehrens.te cingant Oudendorp : est ingum {sic) S.^^ vix S: vis schedae: mox Baehrens : stupeat, vincatur,anhelet JRiese.^® vulnera Baehrens.Pentadius : ^' * functa L. Muelhr, Baehrens : facta codd.^' * visa codd. : fisa Baehrens : nisa Biese.542

PENTADIUSdealing, this is my own fire—that fire of mine whichknows not how to spare. Into a frenzy of fires am Idragged ! Although thou. () Jupiter, be concealedin the sphere above, and thou. O Neptune, in thesalt-sea waves, although the hidden Hell of punishmentencircle thee, Pluto, we will burst the burdenlaid on us ! I will fly across the axis that supports theworld, through fhn tracts of the sky and the tempestsof ocean, and through shadowy Chaos : let adamantinerealms ope wide, let the War-Goddess, sullenmid her envenomed whips, retreat! Let the worldlove its punishment ! Let mightier force standmazed I—So pants fell Cupid inly and, though himselfwounded," aims at guile.PENTADIUSIOn Changing FortuneThe same thing constantly rolls on with uniformmovement, and unlike its old self returns the samething constantly. By her avenging hand,'' legendsays, Progne proved loyal to her sister but proveddisloyal to her son by her avenging hand. Throughher incantation the Colchian (Medea) was seen tchave revenged herself on her husband, but she wasseen to be guilt-stained through her incantation.Her consort's entreaties all but won Eurydice's returnto upper air : again is Eurydice lost through the fault" Cupid forgets his own wound in his desire to do mischief.* Progne or Procne : cf. Xemes. Cyneg. 3.3. She avenged onher husband King Tereus his outrage on her sister Philomela byslayingItys her own son by Tereus :cf. Nem. Cyn. 33-34.543

MINOR LATIN POETSsanguine poma rubent Thisbae nece tincta repenteCandida quae fuerant. sanguine poma rubent.Daedalus arte sua fugit Minoia regna,aniisit natuni Daedalus arte sua.niunere Palladio laeti qua nocte fuere,hac periere Phryges munere Palladio.nate quod alter ades caelo, sunt gaudia Ledae ;sed maeret mater, nate quod alter abes.hostia et ipse fuit diri Busiridis hospesBusirisque aris hostia et ipse fuit.Theseus Hippolyto vitam per vota rogavit,optavit mortem Theseus Hippolyto.stipite fatifero iuste quae fratribus usa est,mater saeva fuit stipite fatifero.sola relicta toris flevisti in litore. Gnosislaetaris caelo sola relicta toris.aurea lana fuit, Phrixum quae per mare vexitHelle qua lapsa est, aurea lana fuit.^ tristi nece codd. : Tliysbaeo tincta Heinsius : Thisbaenece L. MuelUr.1'. ^^ saepe codd. : et ipse Heinsius : sacra Baehrens.23 litore codd. : in litore vulgo : litora {coniungendum cumsola) Baehrens." Heinsius saw that the reference was to the tr3^sting-placeof Pyramus and Thisbe, and altered the tristi of the manuscripts.L. Mueller's Thisbae saves nece.^ Castor and Pollux, Leda's twins, were granted an alternateimmortality ; when changed into the constellation Gemini, onehad to be above the horizon, the other below. This is the oneinstance among these Latin " echoic " verses in which theopening of a couplet is not exactly repeated at the close. Herethere is the slight change of ades to abes.^ The Egyptian king who sacrificed strangers was in turnimmolated by Hercules.544

PENTADIUSof her consort. Red with blood is the fruit suddenlystainedby Thisbe's death ^: the fruit which once waswhite is red with bltmd. By his skill (in flying)Daedalus escaped from the realms of Crete : his son(Icarus) was lost to Daedalus by his skill. Minerva'sgift ruined the Trojans oji that same night in whichthey were gladdened by Minerva's gift (of thewooden horse). O son, because thou, the one twin,art present in the sky, Leda feels joy ; but hermaternal heart is sore, O son, because thou, theother twin, art not present.^ A victim of dreadBusiris ^ was the stranger his very self, and Busirisat the altar his very self was a victim. For HippolytusTheseus sought long life in his prayers ; yetTheseus' (final) prayer was death for Hippolytus.**A fatal brand Althaea used justly for avenging herbrothers, and a cruel mother she proved herself withthat same fatal brand. ^ Left alone on thy couch, OCretan lady, thou didst weep upon the strand ; thounow rejoicest in the sky because thou wast left aloneon thy couch./ The Golden Fleece it was which borePhrixus o'er the sea : that from which (his sister)Ilelle fell was the Golden Fleece.i^ The Tantalid'î.e. after the false charge brought against Hippolytus byPhaedra,' Althaea avenged her brothers, whom her son Meleager hadslain, by burning the brand on which his life depended {impieiatepia e.

MINOR LATIN POETSTantalis est numero natorum facta superba,natoriim afflicta | Tantalis est numero.Pelias hasta fuit, vulnus grave quae dedit hostihoc quae sanavit, Pelias hasta fuit.per mare iacta ratis pleno subit ostia velo,in portu mersa est per mare iacta ratis.lux cito summa datur natusque exstinguitur infansatque animae eximiae lux cito summa datur.sunt mala laetitiae diversa lege creata,iuncta autem adsidue sunt mala laetitiae.IIDe Advextu VerisSentio, fugit hiemps ; Zephyrisque animantibus orbemiam tepet Eurus aquis : sentio, fugit hiemps.parturit omnis ager, persentit terra calores,germinibusque novis parturit omnis ager.laeta virecta tument, folio sese induit arbor :vallibus apricis laeta virecta tument.iam Philomela gemit modulis, Ityn impia materoblatum mensis iam Philomela gemit.monte tumultus aquae properat per levia saxa,et late resonat monte tumultus aquae,floribus innumeris pingit sola flatus Eoi,27-28 afflicta codd. {contra metrum) : fortasse infelix WightDuff. Metri causa coniecit Oudendorp T. e numero , . . afflictaest T. e numero.^2 versa codd. : mersa Heinsius.^^ prima codd. (corruptum) : primae Oudendorp : pretiumHeinsius: fortasse eximiae A. M. Duff.^^ e lege creandi Baehrens.^^ autem Riese : etiam Baehrens.

PENTADIUS(Niobe) grew proud over the number of her children :m the number of her children grief crushed theTantalid. Achilles' spear" it was which dealt theenemy a heavy blow : what also cured the wound wasAchilles' spear. The sea-tost barque enters theriver-mouth under full sail : but in harbour sinks thesea-tost barque. Soon is the final day assigned andthe new-born child cut olF: likewise to illustriouslife soon is the final day assigned. Evils and joyare made on a different pattern : yet are theyconstantly linked—evils and joy.IIOn the Arrival of SprixgWinter, I feel, has fled ; and while Zephyrs quickenthe world, Eurus is already genial on the waterswinter, I feel, has fled. Every field is in travail:earth feels thrills of warmth throughout : with thenew buds every field is in travail. Green copses swelljoyously : the tree robes herself with leaves : insunlit dales green copses swell joyously. Now dothPhilomel lament in tuneful notes ; now, for thatItys was served at the board,'' doth the impiousmother Philomel lament. From the hill the tumultuousstream speeds among the smooth-worn stonesfar and wide resounds from the hill the tumultuousstream. With flowers beyond all count the breathof the Orient wind decks the ground ; and vales like" See note on Laus Pisonis, 177.^ i.e. as food to Tereus. Philomela here takes the place ofProcne :cf. De Fort una, 3-4.N N 2547

•=MINOR LATIN POETSTempeaque exhalant floribus innumeris.per cava saxa sonat pecudum mugitibus Echo,voxque repulsa iugis per cava saxa sonat.vitea miista tunient vicinas iuiicta per ulmosfronde maritata vitea musta tument.nota tigilla Unit iani garrula iuce chelidondum recolit nidos, nota tigilla Unit,sub platano viridi iucundat sonmus in umbra,sertaque texuntur sub platano viridi.tunc quoque dulce mori, tunc fila recurrite fusisinter et amplexus tunc quoque dulce mori.IllNarcissusCui pater amnis erat, fontes puer ille colebat,laudabatque undas, cui pater amnis erat.se puer ipse videt, patrem dum quaerit in amne,perspicuoque lacu se puer ipse videt.quod Dryas igne calet, puer hunc irridet amorem ;nee putat esse decus, quod Dryas igne calet.stat stupet haeret amat rogat innuit adspicit ardetblanditur queritur stat stupet haeret amat.quodque amat, ipse facit vultu prece lumine fletu ;oscula dat fonti, quodque amat ipse facit.1* visque T : usque V : bisque S : voxque corr. Salmasius,Baehrens.^^ iucunda codd. : iucundat Meyer." musta, usually of new wine, here by metonymy means theclusters containing the promise of wine.* i.e. in the spring season restore the by-gone days of youth.The River-god Cephisus was the father of Narcissus, whofell in love with his own reflection in water. The story isbeautifully told bv Ovid, Mel. III. 346-510.548

PENTADIUSTempe are fragrant with flowers beyond all count.Mid hollow rocks resounds Echo to the lowing herdthe note reverberated by the heights mid hollowrocks resounds. Wine-filled clusters

MINOR LATIN POETSIVNarcissusHie est ille. suis nimium qui credidit undis,Narcissus vero dignus amore puer.cernis ab irriguo repetentem gramine ripas,ut per quas periit cernere possit aquas.VChrysocomeChrysocome gladium fugiens stringente maritotexit adulterium iudice casta reo.VIDe FemixaCrede ratem ventis, animum ne crede puellisnamque est feminea tutior unda fide,femina nulla bona est, vel, si bona contigit una,nescio quo fato est res mala facta bona.IV. ^ undis codd. : umbris Baehrens.* crescere codd. : cemere Baehrens {in not.).° The Anthologia Latina contains also two elegiac coupletson Narcissus (Baehrens, F.L.M. IV. p. 305 and p. 340); buttheir authorship is uncertain. The Tumulus Ilectoris givento Pentadius in Cabaret-Dupaty's Poetae Minores is byBaehrens assigned to Pompilianus {P.L.M. IV. p. 149), whilethe Tumulus Acidis is of uncertain authorship {P.L.M. \.p. 404).

PENTADIUSIVNarcissus "This is he who trusted overmuch in the poolswhich were his kin—the youth Narcissus, worthyof no counterfeit love. You behold him makingagain from the moist meadow for the river-banks inhope of beholding the waters which wrought hisdoom.^VGoldilocksChrysocome escaping from the sword as herhusband drew it (to punish her) veiled her adulteryby being found innocent when the culprit acted asjudge. '^VIOx Woman's Love**Trust to the winds thy barque, but to a girlNever thy heart's affections ; for the swirlOf ocean wave is less to be eschewedThan woman's faith. No woman can be good,Or if a good one comes, then freakish fateGood out of ill has managed to create.^ crescere would imply his perennial growtii as a flower aftermetamorphosis.'^Convinced of her infidelity, her husband had been withinan ace of killing her; but in court the judge pronounced hernot guilty—he had been her partner in the offence !^ Variouslj' ascribed to the Ciceros, to Ausonius and otherpoets besides Pentadius. See Introduction.

TIBERIANUS

INTRODUCTIONTO TIBERIANUSFrom Jerome's Chronicle (ad aim. 2352) we learnthat Tiberianus, " vir disertus," was a governor inGaul as " praefectus praetorio " in a.d, 335. Possiblyhe is the same as the Tiberianus Mhom we find holdingofficial positions in Africa and Spain slightly earlierin the fourth century. His poetry is represented by afew surviving poems and quotations. The feeling forthe beauty of nature pervading the twenty trochaictetrameters * in his Amnis ihat gives some countenanceto Baehrens' suggestion that he composed themetrically similar Pervigilium Jêiieris ;^ and thealmost entire avoidance of quadrisyllabic endings inthat poem bears, it has been argued, a resemblanceto the manner of Tiberianus.*^ His authorship of thetwenty-eight hexameters on the pernicious influenceof gold is attested by Servius' citation of its thirdline on Aeneid VL 136. The twelve hendecasyllabics" Tiberianus apparently uses greater metrical licence thanis found in the Fervigiliutn Veneris. He allows an anapaestin the fifth foot, if either Baehrens' violnrum sub spiritu orGarrod's violarum suspiritu is accepted in line 7, and a spondeein the fifth foot, if the MS. readings are correct in lines 6and 14.* See Introduction to Florus for the contention that thePervigilium is much earlier: cf. also Introduction to the poemin Loeb ed. of Catullus, TibuUus and Perrig. Ven.'^See Appendix to J. A. Fort's ed. of Pervig. Ven., Oxford,1922.555

INTRODUCTION TOon a bird may be somewhat less confidently ascribedto him. Based on different manuscript authority isthe poem purporting to be translated from Greekinto Latin " a quodam Tiberiano," and in its invocationof the Supreme Being blending Orphic,Pythagorean and Platonic elements. There are,besides, a few fragments referred explicitly toTiberianus by Servius and Fulgentius.ÊDITIONSM. Haupt. Ovidii Halieutica, etc. Leipzig, 1838.[Haupt first printed poem No. iv " Omnipotens. . . "] Ê. Baehrens. Unedirte lateinische Gedichte, p. 27 sqq.Leipzig, 1877.Poet. Lat. Minores, III. pp. 263-269. Leipzig,1881.F. Buecheler and A. Paese. Anthologia Latina, I. ii.Nos. 490, 7196, 809-810.The text here given is in the main that of Baehrens,with the chief departures indicated.SIGLUM forPoems I-III.H = codex Harleianus 3685 : saec. xv. (Containingalso various medieval verses.)" These scraps are given by Baehrens, P.L.M. III. 269, andare included in this edition.* See also L. Quicherat, Bihlioth. de Vecole des chartes, IV.p. 267 sq.55^

TIBERIANUSSIGLA forPoem IV.R — Regincnsis 215 : sacc. ix. (Collated by Baehrens.)P = Parisinus 2772 : saec. x-xi. (Collated byQuicherat and by Riese.)S = Parisinus 17160: saec. xii. (Collated by Baelirens.)V = ^'i^doboncnsis 143 : saec. xiii. (Used by Haiipt.)557

TIBERIANUSAmnis ibat inter arva valle fusus frigida,luce ridens calculorum, flore pictus herbido.caerulas superne laurus et virecta myrtealeniter motabat aura blandiente sibilo.subter autem molle gramen flore adulto creveratet croco solum rubebat et lucebat liliis,et nemus fragrabat omne violarum spiritu.inter ista dona veris genimeasque gratiasomnium regina odorum vel colorum Luciferauriflora praeminebat, flamma Diones, rosa.roscidum nemus rigebat inter uda graminafonte crebro murmurabant hinc et inde rivuli,antra muscus et virentes intus vinxerant,qua fluenta labibunda guttis ibant lucidis.® turn croco Baehrens : et croco H.' violarum spiritu H {contra metrum) : sub addidit Baehrens :spiritu violarii Fort.^^ sic Garrod {Oxford Book of Latin Verse) : auro florepraeminebat forma dionis H : aureo flore emiiiebat curaCypridis Baehrens.^^ hederae addidit Mackail : myrtus Baehrens : om. H.1* qua Ziehen : quae H, Baehrens, qui hunc versum ante 13transposuit. guttis ibant lucidis H : gurgite i. lucido Fort.558

TIBERIANUSIThrough the fields; there went a river ; down theairy glen it wound,Smiling mid its radiant pebbles, decked with floweryplants around.Dark-hued laurels waved above it close by myrtlegreeneries,Gently swaying to the whispers and caresses of thebreeze.Underneath grew" velvet greensward with a wealthof bloom for dower,And the ground, agleam with lilies, coloured 'neaththe saffron-flower.While the grove was full of fragrance and of breathfrom violets.Mid such guerdons of the spring-time, mid itsjewelled coronets.Shone the queen of all the perfumes, Star that loveliestcolours shows.Golden flame of fair Dione, passing every flower—therose.Dewsprent trees rose firmlv upright with the lushgrass at their feetHere, as yonder, streamlets murmured tumbling fromeach well-spring fleet.Grottoes had an inner binding made of moss andivy green,WTiere soft-flowing runlets glided with their drops ofcrystal sheen.559

'^MINOR LATIN POETShas per umbras omnis ales plus canora quam putescantibus vernis strepebat et susurris dulcibushie loquentis murmur amnis concinebat frondibuS;quis melos vocalis aurae musa Zephyri moverat.sic euntem per vireeta pulchra odora et musicaales amnis aura lucus flos et umbra iuverat.IIAurum, quod nigri manes, quod turbida versantflumina, quod duris extorsit poena metallisaurum, quo pretio reserantur limina Ditis,quo Stygii regina poli Proserpina gaudetaurum, quod penetrat thalamos rumpitque pudorem,qua ductus saepe illecebra micat impius ensis Iin crremium Danaes non auro fluxit adultermentitus pretio faciem fulvoque veneno ?non Polydorum hospes saevo necat incitus auro ?altrix infelix, sub quo custode periclicommendas natum ? cui regia pignora credis ?fit tutor pueri, fit custos sanguinis aurumimmitis nidos coluber custodiet anteet catulos fetae poterunt servare leaenae.sic etiam ut Troiam popularet Dorica pubes,aurum causa fuitpretium dignissima merces :infami probro palmam convendit adulter." Jupiter : cj. Sulpicius Lupercus Servasius, II. 7-8 {DeCupiditale).^ Polydorus, son of Priam, was murdered by Polymnestor,King of Thrace, for the gold which Priam had sent withPolydorus :cf. Virgil, Aeneid III. 41-57, esp. auri sacra fames.Paris gave his j udgement in favour of Venus for the promiseof Helen's love, and his award of the golden apple to her thusled to the Trojan war.560

TIBERIANUSThrouc:h those shades eacli bird, more tuneful thanbelief could entertain,Warbled loud her chant of spring-tide, warbled lowher sweet refrain.Here the prattling river's murmur to the leaves madeharmc^ny.As the Ze})hyr's airy music stirred them into melody.To a wanderer through the coppice, fair and filledwith song and scent,Bird and river, breeze and woodland, flower and shadebrought ravishment.IIO Gold, whirled onward by dark hell and muddyrivers, wrested by the convict from cruel minesgold, the bribe unbarring Pluto's doors, and thedelight of Proserpine, queen of the Stygian world!gold which invades the marriage-bower and shatters,chastity, and at whose enticement the unholy swordoften flashes from scabbard drawn ! Was it not inDanae's lap there came thegolden stream that toadulterer" who masked his appearance in his bribeof yellow poison? Was not barbarous gold themotive when Polydorus ^ was slain by his host ?Unhappy nurse, under what guardian against dangerdost thou entrust a son ? To whom dost thou commitchildren of royal line ? Gold becomes protectorof the boy, gold the guardian of the blood ! Soonerwill ruthless serpent guard nestlings, and lionessesbe ready to save the whelps of a newly delivereddam. So too for Troy's destruction by the youngmanhood of Greece the reason lay in gold ... abribe the worthiest recompense. At the price ofinfamous scandal the paramour sold his award.o o561

MINOR LATIX POETSdenique cernamus, quos auruni servit in usus.auro emitur facinus, pudor almus venditur auro,turn patria atque parens, leges pietasque fidesqueomne nefas auro tegitur, fas proditur auro.porro hoc Pactolus, porro fluat et niger Hernius ?aurunij res gladii, furor aniens, ardor avarus,te celent semper vada turbida, te luta nigra,te tellus mersum premat infera, te sibi nasciTartareus cupiat Phlegethon Stygiaeque paludes !inter liventes pereat tibi fulvor harenas,neo post ad superos redeat faex aurea purosIllAles, dum madida gravata nubeudos tardius explicat volatus,decepta in medio repente nisucapta est pondere depremente plumae :cassato solito vigore pennae,quae vitam dederant, dedere letum ;sic, quis ardua nunc tenebat alis,isdem protinus incidit ruinae.quid sublimia circuisse prodest ?qui celsi steterant, iacent sub imisexemplum capiant, nimis petendoqui ventis tumidi volant secundis.III. 1 madida g. pennis H : madidis g. p. Garrod : madida g.nube Baehrens.' ac Baehrens.^ sublima circuisse H : sublima requisiisse Baehrens.^^ sub ictu Baehrens.^- variis t. tonant H : ventis t. volant RoMe.562

TIBKRIANUSLet us then see for what uses gold doth serve. Itis the buying-priee of erime, it is the sale-jirice ofkind modesty, uf fatherland and parent, of laws andpietv and faith : all guilt is hidden by gold, by goldall righteousness betrayed. With it must Pactolusstill flow on. and likewise the dark Hermus-stream ?"O gold, thou murderous thing, thou frenzied madnessand passionate greed, let muddy shallows and astream's dark silt conceal thee evermore : let earthbelow whelm and bury thee, let Tartarean Phlegethonand the Stygian pools covet thy birth for themselves !Perish thy yellow gleam among the sombre sandsNever hereafter let the o-olden dreg's return to eleanhandedmen of the world aboveIllA bird with drenching rain o'erweighted.Hindered by wet, her flight abated.And sudden, mid her efforts foiled.Was caught as 'neath her load she toiled.When her old strength of wing grew nought,What once brouoht life now ruin broughtSo pinions used for soaring highStraight dashed her on the ground to die.What boots it round the heavens to fly ?Who stood exalted, lowest lie !Learn this, who aim beyond the scaleAnd haughtily ride the favouring gale." The golden sands of the Lydian river Hermus and itstributarj', the Pactolus, were renowned in antiquity.563

MINOR LATIN POETSIVOmnipotens, amiosa poll quern siispicit aetas,queni sub niillenis semper virtutibus unumnee numero quisquam poterit pensare nee aevo,nunc esto affatus, si quo te nomine dignum est,quo sacer ignoto gaudes, quom maxima tellusintremit et sistunt rapidos vaga sidera cursus.tu solus, tu multus item, tu primus et idempostremus mediusque simul mundique superstes.nam sine fine tui labentia tempora finis,altus ab aeterno spectas fera turbine certorerum fata rapi vitasque involvier aevoatque iterum reduces supera in convexa referri,scilicet ut mundo redeat quod partubus haustusperdiderit refluumque iterum per tempora fiat,tu (siquidem fas est in temet tendere sensumet speciem temptare sacram, qua sidera cingisimmensus longamque simul complecteris aethram)fulmineis forsan rapida sub imagine membrisflammifluum quoddam iubar es, quo cuncta coruscansipse vides nostrumque premis solemque diemque.tu genus omne deum, tu rerum causa vigorque,tu natura omnis, deus innumerabilis unus,tu sexu plenus toto, tibi nascitur olim* mundique superstes RS : mundoque superstansBaehrens.^" altus et Baehrens. spectans codd., Baehrens : spectasRiese.^^ austrum R : abstrum P : abstui S : astra V : haustumQuicherat : haustus Baehrens.1^ fulgentis . . . Phoebi Baehrens.^^ choruscas S : coruscant R : coruscas P, Baehrenscoruscans Riese.2" ipse vides codd. : ipseque das Baehrens.564

TIBERIANUSIVAlmighty Beins:. to wliom heaven's aije, ancientof years, showeth reverence, whom for ever Oneamid a thousand attributes, no man shall e'er havepower to apprai«;e in number or in time, now bethou addressed if under any name it is fittinfj toaddress thee ;yet even in name unknown thouhast thy hallowed joy, when mia:htiest earth shudderethand wandering constellations stay theirrapid courses. Thou art alone, yet in thyself many,thou art first and likewise last, and midway intime A\'ithal, outliving the world. For without endfor thyself, thou bringest the gliding seasons to anend. On high from everlasting thou beholdest thecruel destinies of the world awhirl in their predestinedcycle, living souls in the coils of time, andagain on their return restored to the vault above,doubtless so that there may come back to the worldwhat it has lost, exhausted by birth-^, and that thismay again flow through the seasons of time. Thou (ifindeed it is allowed towards thee to direct the sensesand essav to grasp the hallowed beauty wherewith inthine immeasurable power thou dost invest the starsand dost embrace withal the far-stretched upper air)in some quick guise mayhap with lightning limbs artlike a flame-flo\\-ing radiance wherewith thou dostcause to flash all the world beneath thine own eyesand speedest onward the sunlight of our day. Thouart the whole kindred of the gods, thou art the causeand energy of things, thou art all nature, one godbeyond reckoning, thou art full of the whole of sex,for thee cometh to birth upon a day here a god, here" CJ. Virg. Aen. VI. 2-41, supcra ad conveza fcrebai.565

MINOR LATIN POETShie deus hie mundus, domus haec hominumquedeumque,lucens, augusto stellatus flore iuventae.quern (precor, adspires), qua sit ratione creatus,quo genitus factusve modo, da nosse volentida, Pater, augustas ut possim noseere causas,mundanas olim moles quo foedere rerumsustuleris animamque levi quo maximus olimtexueris numero, quo congrege dissimilique,quidque id sit vegetum, quod per cita corpora vivit.Fragmexta1. Servius ad Verg. Aen. VI. 532:Tiberianus etiam inducit epistolam ventoallatam ab antipodibus, quae habet : " superinferis salutem."2. Fulgentius, Mythologiarum I. 26 :. . . unde Tiberianus : " Pegasus hinnienstransvolat aethram."3. Fulgentius, yiythologiarum III. 7 :nam et Tiberianus in Prometheo ait, decssingula sua homini tribuisse.4. Fulgentius, VergiUana Continentia, p. 154 :. . . memores Platonis sententiae, cuius hereditatemDiogenes Cynicus invadens nihil ibi plusaurea lingua invenit, ut Tiberianus in libro deSocrate memorat.2* hie deus hie mundus codd. : hie cunctus m. Baehrens.domus hie codd. : d. haee Riese : d. una Baehr&ns,566

TIBERIANUSa world—this home of men and gods—hicent, starredwith the majestic bloom of youth. Touching thisworld (vouchsafe thy ftivour, I pray), grant to awilling mind the knowledge of the principles on whichit was created, the manner of its origin and making.Grant, O Sire, that I may have power to learn causesmajestic, by what alliance of things thou '^ didst ofold upraise the world's masses of matter, and of whatlight texture, intimate yet dissimilar, thou didst ofold in thy might weave the soul, and what thatvigorous element is which in quick-moving bodiesconstitutes life.Fragments1. Tiberianus also introduces a letter brought bythe wind from the antipodes, with the words " Thoseabove greet those beneath."2. Hence Tiberianus says : " Pegasus neighingflies across the upper air."3. For Tiberianus too says in the Prometheus thatthe gods have assigned to a man his individual traits.4. (We used " golden " of brilliant eloquence),recalling the utterance of Plato on whose inheritanceDiogenes the Cynic encroached and found therenothing more than a golden tongue, as Tiberianusrecords in his book on Socrates." Or " law of nature."567

MINOR LATIN POETS5. Fulgentius, Expositio sermonum aniiquorum, p. 183:sudum dicitur sereniim. Tiberianus : " Aureossubducit ignes sudus ora Lucifer."[6. Servius ad Verg. Aen. VIII. 96ostendit adeo perspicuam fiiisse naturamfluminis ut in eo apparerent imagines nemorum,quas Troianae naves secabant. Tiberianus :" natura sic est fluminis,ut obvias imaginesreceptet in lucem suam."]6^ Tiberianus Baehrens :Terentianus vidgo.568

TIBERIANUS5. The word suduin means serene : e.g. Tiberianus :Lucifer, serene to look on. draws away liis goldenfires."[6. He shows that so transparent was the natureof the river that in it appeared clear reflections ofthe woods across which the Trojan vessels cut theirway. as Tiberianus says :" Such is the nature of the streamThat images which meet it seemClear-mirrored in its own bright gleam."] '^" The ascription of this to Tiberianus depends on Baelirens'suggestion that Terentianus in Servius' text is a blunder forTiberianus.569

SULPICIUS LUPERCUSSERVASIUS JUNIOR

IXTRODUCTIOXTO SERVASIUSThe codex Leidensis Vossianus of Ausonius containstwo poems ascribed to Siilpicius I>upercus SerbastusJunior. Schryver (Scriverius) altered " Serbastus "to " Sebastus," which Baehrens retains; Wernsdorfprinted " Servastus," and Riese proposed " Servasius."From this schoohnan author, whose veryname is imperfectly known, there are thus preservedthree Sapphic stanzas on the transitoriness of everythingin nature and a longer elegiac complaint on theruinous result which the prevalence of moneygettingproduces upon rhetorical studies. Thearchaisms maê and fiuicUer (II. 16 and 18), artificiallyintroduced into these laboured verses of the fourthcentury, contribute to the effect of unreality.EDITIONSP. Barman. Anthol. Lat. Lib. III. No. 97 {De Jêtustate).Amsterdam, 1759.J. C. Wernsdorf. Poet. Lat. Mhi. III. p. 235 andp. 408. Altenburg, 1782.E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min. IV. Nos. 118-119(pp. 107-109). Leipzig, 1882.F. Buecheler and A. Riese. Anthol. Latina I. ii. Nos.648-649. Leipzig, 1906.(The main departures from Baeln-ens' text areindicated.)573

INTRODUCTION TO SERVASIUSSIGLUME (Baehrens' siglum) = codex nobilissimus Ausonii,Leidensis Vossianus 111 : saec. viii-ix.(In West-Gothic writing it contains, after its textof Ausonius, other poems including the two ascribedto Sulpicius Lupercus " Serbastus.")574

SULPICIUS LUPERCUSSERVASIUS JUNIORDe \'etustateOmxe quod Natiira parens creavit,quanilibet firnium videas, labascittempore ac longo fragile et caducumsolvitur usu.amnis insueta solet ire valle,mutat et rectos via certa cursus,rupta cum cedit male pertinaciripa fluento.decidens scabrum cavat unda tofum,ferreus vomis tenuatur agris,splendet attrito digitos honoransanulus auro.IIDe CupiditateHeu misera in nimios hominum petulantia censuscaecus inutilium quo ruit ardor opum,auri dira fames et non expleta libido576feral i pretio vendat ut omne nefas !

SULPICIUS LUPERCUSSERVASIUS JUNIORThe Work of TimeAll that Nature ever bore,Firm to look at, time makes hoar.Frail and fleeting more and more,Its strength in service losing.Streams fresh valley-routes pursue.Ancient courses change to new,When their banks are broken throughBy floods' persistent oozing.Cascades make rough tufa yieldPloughs wear thinner in the fieldRings that jewelled fingers wieldShow gold rubbed bright by using.IIIGreedAlas for the wretched craving after excessive incomes! What is the end on which the blind passionfor useless wealth rushes, so that the cursed hungerfor gold and greed unsatisfied may barter anyenormity for a recompense fraught with destruction ?p p577

MINOR LATIN POETSsic latebras Eriphyla viri patefecit, ubi aurumaccepit, turpis materiam sceleris ;sic quondam Acrisiae in gremium per claustra puellaecorruptore auro fluxit adulterium.o quam mendose votum insaturabile habendiimbuit infami pectora nostra malo !quamlibet immenso dives vigil incubet auro,aestuat augendae dira cupido rei.heu mala paupertas numquam locupletis avaridum struere immodice quod tenet optat, eget.quis metus hie legum quaeve est reverentia veri,crescenti nummo si mage cura subest ?cognatorum animas promptum est patrumque cruoremfundier : afFectus vincit avara fames,divitis est, semper fragiles male quaerere gazas :nulla huic in lucro cura pudoris erit.istud templorum damno excidioque requirithoc caelo iubeas ut petat : inde petet.mirum ni pulchras artes Romana iuventusdiscat et egregio sudet in eloquio,ut post iurisonae famosa stipendia linguaebarbaricae ingeniis anteferantur opes,at qui sunt, quos propter honestum rumpere foedusaudeat illicite pallida avaritia r^® crescenti nummo vulgo : crescentis nummi Baehrens.^^ fratrumque cod., Baehrens : patrumque vulgo.21 exitioque vulgo.25 iurgisonae clamosa impendia Heinsius.2' atqui vulgo.° Amphiaraus, for whom it meant death to take part in theTheban War, was betrayed by his wife for a golden necklace :c/. Hor. Od. III. xvi. 11-13 : Statins, Theb. VI. 187-213.

SULPICIUS LUPRRCUS SERVASIUS JUNIORTims it was that iM-iphyla betrayed her Imshand's

MINOR LATIN POETSRomani sermonis egent, ridendaque verbafrangit ad horrificos turbida lingua sonos.sed tamen ex cultu appetitur spes grata nepotum ?saltern istud nostri forsan honoris habent ?ambusti torris species, exesaque saecloamblant ut priscis corpora de tumulisperplexi crines, frons improba, tempora pressa,exstantes malae deficiente gena,simataeque iacent pando sinuamine nares,territat os nudum caesaque labra tument.defossum in ventrem propulso pondere tergumfrangitur et vacuo crure tument genua,decolor in malis species, hoc turpius illud,quod cutis obscure pallet in invidiam.-^ egens vulgo.2^ ultu cod. : vultu Scaliger : cultu Oudendorp.^* amblant nt Baehrens : abtantur cod.: a,hduntnT vulgo:aptantur Vinetus.^^ caesaque cod. : scissaque vel fissaque Heinsms : crassaqueWernsdorf.^^ discolor cod. : corr. Heinsius. in manibus cod. : inmails Baehrens.580

SULPICIUS LUPERCUS SERVASIUS JUNIORhonourable compact ? They are befjo:ared of Latinstyle, and their confused jargon minces ridiculouswords to an accompaniment of shocking sounds. Yetdoes their dress prompt the younger generation toindulge pleasing hopes (of legacies) ? " Have theymavhap such a share at least of our Roman dignity ?No, theirs is the appearance of a burnt-out firebrand: they walk like skeletons gnawed by timefrom ancient graves ! Their hair is tangled, foreheadimpudent, temples thin, jaws protruding whiletheir cheeks are sunken, and their flattened nostrilsrest on a tip-tilted curve : the toothless mouth is aterror and the chapped lips are swollen. Forced downby the impetus of weight, back sinks to belly ; andthe knees swell on a shrunken leg. Sallow is thelook of their jaws, and it is an uglier feature that theskin wears a mysterious pallor suggestive of envy." i.e. Can it be said for the misers that they dress well andin accordance with their wealth ?581

DICTA CATONIS

INTRODUCTIONTO DICTA CATONISIn the educational training: of the Middle Ages,when Donatus supplied the rudiments, an early andsafe reading-book ^vas the compendium of practicalethics which passed under the name of " Cato."Here was a work with much of the unimpeachablebut hackneyed morality of the copy-book headline,and a useful repertory of material for adorning theletters of a young student desirous of creating agood impression when he ^\Tote home. It is significantthat Chaucer accounts for the foolish marriageof the carpenter in the Miller s Tale by remarkingthat " he knew not Catoun, for his wit was rude."This vade ineaun of proverbial wisdom has. however,bequeathed an extraordinary number of enigmasits title and the meaning of the title, the date ofdifferent strata in our collections, the proportionborne by what we now possess to the larger corpusof Dicta Catonis once in existence, the relation of thesingle lines to the couplets, the disentanglement ofpagan elements from Christian additions or alterations,and the textual criticism of what has beenhanded down to us, all constitute problems ofconsiderable difficulty.Inscriptional evidence proves that about the endof the second century a.d. some of the proverbs585

INTRODUCTION TOwere well enough known to be quoted." It is likelythat an unknown author gave to his collection ofwise saws the title of Cato, as an echo of the moralinstruction addressed generations earlier by Catothe Censor to his son. The name " Dionysius,"sometimes added, rests upon a doubtful testimonyby Scaliger to the effect that it existed in a manuscriptbelonging to Bosius. If " Dionysius " has tobe considered at all, it may be explained, on Haupt'stheory,^ as due to a contamination of Cato's namewith that of Dionysius, whose Periegesis, translatedby Priscian, might have immediately preceded Catoin Bosius' manuscript.By the fourth century we have evidence that theDisticha enjoyed an extensive vogue, and the Irishmonk Columbanus at the turn of the sixth centuryhad access to a large body of moral verses whenceto draw part of the collection of separate hexametersto which he added many lines from Christian sources.But wide use did not guarantee the preservation ofthe text. Some disticha became less popular forschool-work than others ; extracts, excisions andtranspositions were made ; and couplets were, byintention or chance, reduced to single lines {inonosticha)amidst the confusion into which the collectionhad fallen by the eighth century. It is, then,not an unreasonable supposition that a re-editing ofthe Catonian corpus took place in the Carolingianera ; and it is possible that the brief verses prefixedto Books II, III and IV of the Disticha date fromthat period. Our present collection opens with a« Distich. II. 3 is used in C.LL. VI. 11252.* M. Haupt, Opusc. I. 376. Cf. Boas, Phil. Woch. 1930,649 sqq.s86

DICTA CATONISprose preface ostensibly directing? its precepts to ason {fli karissime) in what we might call a Cato-likemanner, and between this preface and the Distichaare 57 brief prose senientiae, some only two wordslong. About these opinion is sharply divided. Ithas been, on the one hand, argued that some ofthem may be the oldest part of the sayings, thatsome may even go back to Cato the Censor himself,and that some at least were expanded later intodisticha ; on the other hand, it has been argued thatmay have constituted a sum-these breves sentetitioemary introduction based, as excerpts, upon a oncemuch fuller collection of verse sayings.Despite the excisions and alterations to whichChristian re-editing subjected the inferior ethics ofthe original collection, there have survived evidenttraces not merely of antiquity {e.g. in the prosesentences foro par(c)e or ad praetorium siato), but ofpagan principles in the religious thought or thepractical ad\ice. Thus, in the Disticha the polytheistican di sint of II. 2 must be the original text, andis combined with monotheism (ruitte arcana dei) inone manuscript only : II. 12, on divination, andIV, 38, on sacrifice, may be called pre-Christian,while IV. 14, on cleansing by a victim's blood, maypossibly be directed against the doctrine of theatonement. Occasionally the ring is that of worldlycunning, I, 26, or selfishness in I, 11 and in thesecond line of III. 12. A wife's tears. III. 20,or her comiplaints about her husband's favouriteslave, I, 8, must not, readers are enjoined, be too« Skutsch, in P.W. Rmlencyd. V., on "Dicta Catonis,"maintains the priority of the prose sentences in opposition toBischoff.587

INTRODUCTION TOmuch regarded. But, taken all in all, it is a soundif homely morality that is preached—respect forthe lessons of books and of life, diligence in work,loyalty to friends, avoidance of quarrels, bravery inmisfortune, temperance in prosperity, and—asStoicism had taught—consideration for slaves.In the maxims can be discerned the human experienceof many generations, some of it going back toGreek originals and some of it touched with aliterary reminiscence of Horace or Ovid. On thewhole, the language is simple and clear, as befitsproverbial wisdom, so that an archaism like mage{Praef. II. 2 ; Distich. II. 6 ; IV. 42) or a compoundlike officiperdi (IV. 42) stands out as somethingunusual. The closing distich emphasises the brevityaimed at in the couplets. Yet the very condensationled to a monotony of clause-structure and ofexpression ; and this monotony is not redeemed byany great metrical variety in the hexameters. Theprevailing merit, however, remains of a neat intelligibilitywhich suited both teacher and taughtand this ensured for the collection its long career asan educational manual. " Catho " was one of thebooks printed during the early years of Caxton'swork at Westminster. The distichs were paraphrasedby Caxton's contemporary, Benedict Burgh,who expanded each couplet into the Chaucerianseven-lined stanza or rhyme-royal. Both text andparaphrase are extant in many fifteenth-centuryMSS., e.g. the Harleian 4733, and the volume, handsomelyillustrated with coloured miniatures, w^hich isnow Peniarth MS. 481 in the National Library ofWales, Aberystwyth. The educational vogue ofthese disticha moralia is exemplified by their use

DICTA CATONISdurintj the eiiT^htecnth century in Scotland as anadjunct to Uuddinian's Rudiments of the LatinTongue : they were, for example, included amongthe Prima Morum et Pietatis Praecepta, printed as aschoolbook at Kdinburtjh in 1784.EDITIONSD. Erasmus. Disticka moralia titulo Catonis . . .mimi Publiani . . . cum scholiis Erasmi. (?) London,1514.M. Corderius. Catonis Disiicha Lat. et Gall, interpret.Oliva, 1561.P. Pithou. Catonis Disiicha. Paris, 1577.M. Corderius. Disticha moralia 7wmine Catonisinscripta c. Gall, interpretatione . . . et GraecaPlanudae interpretatioiie. Paris. 1585.Jos. Scaliger. P. Syri sentent. et Dion. Catonis distichagraece redd. Leyden, 1598.P. Scriverius. Dionysii Catonis Disticha. Amsterdam,1G35 and 1636.M. Z. Boxhorn. Catonis Disticha. Amsterdam, 1646.O. Arntzen. Utrecht 1735; Amst. 1754 (with thedissertations of Boxhorn, Cannegieter, andWithof).F. Hauthal. Berlin, 1869.E. Baehrens. Poet. Lat. Min. III. pp. 205-246.Leipzig, 1881.G. Nemethy. Ed. 2. Budapest, 1895.RELEVANT WORKSF. Zarncke. Der Deutsche Cato. Leipzig, 1852.H. J. Mueller. Symbolae ad emendandos scriptoresLatinos. II. Quaestiones Cato?iianae. Berlin, 1876.589

INTRODUCTION TOJ. Nehabs. Der altengUsche Cato. Berlin, 1879.M. O. Goldberg. Die Catonischen Distichen wdhrenddes Mittelalters in eriglischen und franzosischenLiteratur. Leipzig, 1883.E. Bischoff. Proleg. zu Dionysius Cato. Diss. Erlangen,1890.F. Skutsch. Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl. V. (1905)s.v. " Dicta Catonis."E. Steehert. De Catonis quae dicuntur disiichis.Greifswald, 1912.M. Boas. Der Codex Bosii der Dicta Catonis inEhein. Mus. 67 (1912), pp. 67-93.For a list of translations into other languages seeM. Schanz, Gesch. der rom. Lit., ed. 3, 1922, pp. 38-39 : to which may be added The Distichs of Catotranslated into couplets, -vvith introductory sketchby Wayland J. Chase, Madison, U.S.A., 1922.SIGLA FOR DISTICHA(As in Baehrens, P.L.M. III. 206-211.)A = codex biblioth. capit. Veronensis 163 : saec.ix.(Imperfect and in confused order, thoughpreserving many good readings. °)B = codex Matritensis 14, 22 : saec. ix. (Containsdisticha up to I. 27, 1.)saec. ix.C = codex Turicensis 78 :D = codex scholae medicinalis Montepessulanae 306 :saec. ix.•*On this, the oldest codex, see K. Schenkl, Zeitschr. furosterr. Gymn. 24 (1873), p. 485; C. Cipolla, Biv. di filol. 8(1880).

DICTA CATONISK = codex \'ossianus L.(^. SC) : saec. ix.'*V = codex Ambrosianus C 74 : saec. x. [The lastfour are from a common original, CD and KFshowing close agreement.]f = codiees inferiores, including Reginenses andParisini.[The codex Matritensis is regarded by M. Boas,along with Paris. 8093 saec. ix and Aâticanus Reg.2078 saec. x, as representing a Spanish-Gallictradition of the vulgate collection, in contrast to a" Xeben-vulgata " and " Vor-vulgata " representedby Paris. 9347, Monacensis 19413 saec. xi, VaticanusBarber. 8, 41 saec. xiii-xiv. See references at closeof the Sigla given for the Monosiicha.']The main departures from Baehrens' text areindicated in the apparatus criticus." See H. J. Mueller, op. cit., pp. 17 sqq.591

CATOI. COLLECTIO DISTICHORUM VULGARISPrologusCum animadverterem quam plurimos graviterin via morum errare, succurrendum opinioni eorumet consulendum famae existimavi, maxime utgloriose viverent et honorem contingerent. nuncte, fili karissime, docebo quo pacto morem animitui componas. igitur praecepta mea ita legito,ut intellegas. legere enim et non intellegereneglegere est.Deo supplica.Parentes ama.Cognatos cole.Datum serva.Foro parce.Cum bonis ambula.Antequam voceris, ne accesseris.Mundus esto.Saluta libenter.Maiori concede.Incp dicta marci catonis ad filium suum A : Marci Catonisad filium salutem litt. mai. rubr. B : Incipiunt libri Catonisphilosophi litt. mai. D : tit. om. C : totum prologum om. EF.Prologus ^ : graviter in via morum BC s omnes : gravitatemurum A.Sententiolae : pare B ? nonnulli : paraCD r nonnulli.^ parce A :

CATOI. THE COMMON COLLECTION OFDISTICHSPrologueAs I noticed the very great number of those whogo seriously astray in the path of conduct, I decidedthat I should come to the aid of their belief andtake thought for their reputation, so that they mightlive with the utmost glory and attain honour. NowI will teach you, dearest son, how to fashion asystem for your mind. Therefore, so read my preceptsas to understand; for to read and not tounderstand is to give them the go-by .°Pray to God.Love your parents.Respect your kindred.Guard what is given you.Avoid the market-place.^Walk in good company.Don't approach, until you're invited.Be tidy.Salute willingly.Yield to your senior.° On the manuscript authority for the order of thesesententiolae see Baehrens, P.L.M. III. pp. 206 and 214-215.* This seems to anticipate Bacon's warning against idolafori, misconceptions due to the careless notions of the Crowd.QQ593

594Magistratum metue.Verecundiam serva.Rem tuam custodi.Diligentiani adhibe.Familiam cura.Mutuum da.Cui des videto.Convivare raro.Quod satis est dormi.Coniugem ama.lusiurandum serva.Vino tempera.Pugna pro patria.MINOR LATIN POETSNihil temere credideris.Meretrieem fuge.Libros lege.Quae legeris memento.Liberos erudi.Blandus esto.Irascere ob rem {gravem).Neminem riseris.In iudicio adesto.Ad praetorium stato.Consultus esto.Virtute utere.Trocho lude.Aleam fuge.Litteras disce.22 te tempera r pauci.

CATOHonour a magistrate.Preserve your modesty.(iuard your own projêrty.Practise diligenee.Take trouble for your household.Be willing to lend.Consider to whom you should give.Let your banquets be few.Sleep as much as suffices.Love your wife.Keep an oath.Be moderate with wine.Fight for your country.Believe nothing rashly.Shun a harlot.Read books.Remember what you read.Instruct your children.Be kind.Be angry for a serious cause.Mock no one.Support a friend in the law-court.Maintain your standing at the praetor's residence."Be conversant with the law.Practise virtue.Play with the hoop.Eschew dice.Study literature." The praetorium may be the official residence of a provincialgovernor, or the headquarters in a camp, or sometimes agreat private mansion {e.g., Juvenal I. 75). The advice heroapparently is " keep in with the powers that be" or *' keepin with your patron." Erasmus took praetorium of a lawcourt,explaining " multa enim discuntur in agendis causis."qq2595

MINOR LATIN POETSBono benefacito.Tute consule.Maledicus ne esto.Existimationem retine.Aequum iudica.Nihil mentire.Iracundiam rege.Parentem patientia vince.Minorem ne contempseris.Nihil arbitrio virium feceris.Patere legem quam ipse tuleris.Benefici accepti esto memor.Pauca in convivio loquere.Miserum noli irridere.Minime iudica.Alienum noli concupiseere.Illud aggredere quod iustum est.Libenter amorem ferto.Liberalibus stude.CATONIS DISTICHALIBER I1. Si deus est animus, nobis ut carmina dicunt,hie tibi praecipue sit pura mente colendus.2. Plus vigila semper neu somno deditus estonam diuturna quies vitiis alimenta ministrat.3. Virtutem primam esse puto, compescere linguamproximus ille deo est qui scit ratione tacere.4. Sperne repugnando tibi tu contrarius esseconveniet nulli qui secum dissidet ipse.596*° tute corruptum videtur : fortasse tuta consule A. M. Dujf.2. 1 neu A : nee BCDEF : ne r.

CATODo good to a good man.Give safe adviee.Do not be abusive.Hold fast to your reputation.Judge fairly.Tell no lie.Control your anger.Overcome your parent with patience.Do not despise a younger man.Do nothing with the caprice of might.Accept the law which you yourself made.Bear in mind a benefit received.Say little at a banquet.Do not deride the wretched.Judge not at all.Do not covet what is another's.Undertake what is fair.Show affection gladly.Put zeal into noble pursuits.THE DISTICHSOF CATOBOOK I1. If God be spirit, as bards represent,He must be worshipped with a clean intent.2. Watch always more : sleep must not thee entice :Prolonged inaction serves up food for vice.3. To rule the tongue I reckon virtue's heightHe's nearest God who can be dumb aright.4. Avoid the clash of inconsistency :Who fights with self, with no one will agree.597

MINOR LATIN POETS5. Si vitam inspicias hominum, si denique mores,cum culpant alios : nemo sine crimine vivit.6. Quae nocitura tenes, quamvis sint cara, relinqueutilitas opibus praeponi tempore debet.7. Clemens et constans, ut res expostulat, esto :temporibus mores sapiens sine crimine mutat.8. Nil temere uxori de servis crede querentisemper enim mulier quem coniunx diligit odit.9. Cum moneas aliquem nee se velit ille moneri,si tibi sit carus, noli desistere coeptis.10. Contra verbosos noli contendere verbis :sermo datur cunctis, animi sapientia paucis.11. Dilige sic alios, ut sis tibi carus amicussic bonus esto bonis, ne te mala damna sequantur.12. Rumores fuge neu studeas novus auctor haberi;nam nuUi tacuisse nocet, nocet esse locutum.13. Spem tibi poUiciti certam promittere nolirara fides ideo est, quia multi multa loquuntur.14. Cum te aliquis laudat, index tuus esse memento ;plus aliis de te quam tu tibi credere noli.15. Officium alterius multis narrare mementoat quaecumque aliis benefeceris ipse, sileto.16. Multorum cum facta senex et dicta reprendis,fac tibi succurrant iuvenis quae feccris ipse.17. Ne cures, si quis tacito sermone loquaturconscius ipse sibi de se putat omnia dici.18. Cum fueris felix, quae sunt adversa cavetonon eodem cursu respondent ultima primis.^2 1 neu studeas Baehrens : ne studeas A : ne (nee D)incipias ceteri omnes.13. 1 polliciti A : promissi BCDE : promissam F {et sicCE m. 2 corr.).

CATO5. Test but the life aiul ways of tlK-m who l)hinieTheir fellows; all, you'll fnid, have faults thesame.6. Gear that may harm forgo, however dear:Wealth yields to usefulness in time of fear.7. Be mild or firm as eircumstanees claim :A sage may change his outlook free from blame.8. A wife's complaints about the slaves mistrustHer husband's favourite wakens her disgust.9. In warninjj one who fain would not attend,Drop not the endeavour, should he be yourfriend.10. To fight the wordy you must words eschewSpeech is bestowed on all, sound sense on few.1 1 Love other men ;yet be your own true friend :Do good to good men so no loss attend.12. Shun tattling, and the newest thing to saySeek not : closed lips hurt no one—speakingmay.13. Think not hopes built on promises are sureMuch said by many seldom proves secure.14. When someone praises you, be judge aloneTrust not men's judgement of you, but yourown.15. Let others' kindness frankly be revealed;Your own good turns to others keep concealed.16. When you, grown old, blame what folk do orsay,Think what you did in your own youthful day.17. Reck not of what the whispering lip letsfallSelf-conscious men think they're the talk of all.18. In happy hours beware the hapless lot:What the start promises, the end is not.599

MINOR LATIN POETS19. Cum dubia et fragilis nobis sit vita tributa,in morte alterius spem tu tibi ponere noli.20. Exiguum niunus cum dat tibi pauper amicus,accipito laetus, plane et laudare memento.21. Infantem nudum cum te natura crearit,paupertatis onus patienter ferre memento.22. Ne timeas illam quae vitae est ultima finisqui mortem metuit, quod vivit, perdit id ipsum.23. Si tibi pro meritis nemo succurrit amicus,incusare deos noli, sed te ipse coerce.24. Ne tibi quid desit, quod quaesisti, utere parceutque, quod est, serves, semper tibi desseputato.25. Quod dare non possis, verbis promittere noli,ne sis ventosus, dum vir bonus esse videris.26. Qui simulat verbis nee corde est fidus amicus,tu quoque fac simules : sic ars deluditur arte.27. Noli homines blando nimium sermone probarefistula dulce canit, volucrem dum decipit auceps.28. Cum tibi sint nati nee opes, tunc artibus illosinstrue, quo possint inopem defendere vitam.29. Quod vile est, carum, quod carum, vile putato :sic tu nee cupidus nee avarus nosceris uUi.30. Quae culpare soles ea tu ne feceris ipse :turpe est doctori, cum culpa redarguat ipsum.31. Quod iustum est petito vel quod videatur honestumnam stultum petere est quod possit iure negari.32. Ignotum tibi tu noli praeponere notiscoo;nita iudicio constant, incognita casu.6oo

^2'^ notis noli praeponere amicis Baehrens.6oiCATOOur life is but a frail uncertain breath :Rest not thy hopes, then, on another's death.When your poor friend îves of his poverty,Accept well pleased and thank him hand^ômely.A naked babe since nature fashioned thee,With patience bear the load of poverty.Fear not lest life's concluding]: l«'ip be niirh :He makes his life no life who dreads to die.If no friend helps you as your deeds demand.Tax not the gods but hold yourself in hand.Save up your gains lest you go short some day :To keep possessions, fancy they're away.Utter no promise that you cant redeem.Lest you inconstant prove, while kind you seem.The glib dissembler, faithless friend at heart,See that you copy : so art baffles art.Approve not men who wheedling nothings say :Fowlers pipe sweetly to delude their prey.Since sons you have—not wealth—such traininggiveTheir minds that they, though poor, unharmedmay live.Hold dear the cheap, and cheaply hold thedearSo none can say you hunt or hoard your gear.Do not yourself what you are wont to blame :When sin convicts the preacher's self, 'tis shame.Ask what is right or fair to human eye :Fools ask what others rightly may deny.Do not the unknown o'er the known advance :Known things on judgement hang, unknown onchance.

MINOR LATIN POETS33. Cum dubia in certis versetur vita periclis,pro lucro tibi pone diem quicumque sequetur.34. Vincere cum possis, interdum cede sodali,obsequio quoniam dulces retinentur amici.35. Ne dubita, cum magna petes, impendere parvahis etenim presses contingit gloria raro.36. Litem inferre cave, cum quo tibi gratia iunctaest:ira odium generat, concordia nutrit amorem.37. Servorum culpa cum te dolor urguet in iram,ipse tibi moderare, tuis ut parcere possis.38. Quern superare potes interdum vince ferendomaxima enim est hominum semper patientiavirtus.39. Conserva potius, quae sunt iam parta, labore :cum labor in damno est, crescit mortalis egestas.40. Dapsilis interdum notis et largus amiciscum fueris, dando semper tibi proximus esto.LIBER IITelluris si forte velis cognoscere cultus,Vêrgilium legito ;quodsi mage nosse laborasherbarum vires, Macer haec tibi carmina dicit^^•^ presses contingit gloria raro Baehrens : rebus coniungitgratia caros codd. omnes, sine sensu.*"• ^ largus edd. vett. : carus codd. ^ cum s" nonnulli : dumCDEF s- nonnuUi. dando Par. 2112 m. 1, Begin. 2078 inras. : felix codd. ceteri, quod ortum videtur ex I. 18, I.6o2

CATO33. Since our frail life through dangers sure mustrun,Count every day that comes as something won.34. Yield to your mate some points you well mightscoreCompliance keeps your friends attached themore.35. In mighty aims small cost you must not spare ;For those whom triHes cramp high fame is rare.36. Beware of strife with one close linked to thee :Anger breeds hate, love feeds on harmonv.37. If, stung by slaves' misdeeds, you've angry grown,Control yourself and so hurt not your own.38. Sometimes put up with him you might beatdownOf human virtues patience is the crown.39. What you have won conserve at cost of pains :Want must increase, when labour brings nogains.40. Though sometimes on your friends you lavishgear,In giving always to yourself keep near."BOOK IIIf perchance you fain would acquaint yourselfwith farming, read Virgil ; but if your strugglerather is to know the virtue of herbs, this is thepoetry that Macer ^ offers you ; if you long to know" The self-regarding morality of this distich advises thegenerous man never to depart too far from his own interest.* The didactic poet Aemilius Macer of Verona (d. 16 b.c.)wrote a work De Ilerbis (Ovid, Trisl. lY. x. 43-44).603

MINOR LATIN POETSsi Romana cupis et Punica noscere bella,Lucanum quaeres, qui Martis proelia dixit;si quid amare libet vel discere amare legendo,Nasonem petito ; sin autem cura tibi haec est,ut sapiens vivas, audi quae discere possis,per quae semotum vitiis deducitur aevumergo ades et quae sit sapientia disce legendo.1. Si potes, ignotis etiam prodesse memento:utilius regno est meritis acquirere amicos.2. An di sint caelumque regant, ne quaere docericum sis mortalis, quae sunt mortalia cura.3. Linque metum leti ; nam stultum est temporein omni,dum mortem metuas, amittere gaudia vitae.4. Iratus de re incerta contendere noliimpedit ira animum, ne possis cernere verum.5. Fac sumptum propere, cum res desiderat ipsa;dandum etenim est aliquid, dum tempus postulataut res.6. Quod nimium est fugito, parvo gaudere memento :tuta mage est puppis modico quae fluminefertur.7. Quod pudeat, socios prudens celare memento,ne plures culpent id quod tibi displicet uni.* romam veils et p. cognuscere {sic) A : civica pro punicaScriverius.2, 1 codd. omnes habent : mitte arc(h)ana dei caelumqueinquirere quid sit, nisi quod C unus ante versum 2 inseritan dii sint caelum qui (i ex corr.) regant nequ^re {sic)doceri ; ho,ec altera versus forma genuina iudicanda est, cumprior ilia colorem christianum prae seferat.604

CATOof Roman and Punic" warfare, you \\\\\ svvk Lucan,who has recounted the combats of Mars; if yourfiincy is to have a love-affair or by reading learn howto love, make for Ovid. But if your serious aim is alife of wisdom, hear what you may learn of thingsthat ensure a course of life divorced from vice.then and, as you read, learn what wisdom is.Come1. To help even strangers, if you can, take painsA crown counts less than friends whom kindnessgains.2. Ask not if Gods exist or are Heaven's kings :As thou art mortal, think of mortal things.3. Cease fearing death : 'tis folly day by day,For fear of death, to cast life's joys away.4. Temper in fighting rival claims eschewTemper bars minds from seeing what is true.5. Make haste to spend when so the case desiresFor something must be given, as need requires.6. Pleased with small store, take care to avoid theextremeSafer the craft that sails a moderate stream.7. What makes you blush 'fore friends decline toown,Lest many blame what you dislike alone.''" If Punica be the right reading, did an erroneous superscriptionon a manuscript of Lucan mislead the author of theselines? {Cf. H. Blass, Rhein. Mus. xxxi. p, 134.) Or has averse referring to a poet other than Lucan, e.g. SiUus ItaUcus,dropped out of the text ? Lucan's Pfuirsalia narrated thecivil war between Caesar and Pompey; Sihus' Punica thestruggle of Rome against Hannibal." One of the many prudential maxims : to confess openly asecret fault may invite ill-natured comment about what isreally your own concern.605

MINOR LATIN POETS8. Nolo putes pravos homines peccata lucraritemporibus peccata latent, et tempore parent.9. Corporis exigui vires contemnere noliconsilio pollet cui vim natura negavit.10. Cui scieris non esse parem, pro tempore cede :victorem a victo superari saepe videmus.1 1 Adversum notum noli contendere verbis :lisverbis minimis interdum maxima crescit.12. Quid deus intendat, noli perquirere sortequid statuat de te, sine te deliberat ille.13. Invidiam nimio cultu vitare mementoquae si non laedit, tamen hanc sufTerre molestumest.14. Esto animo forti, cum sis damnatus iniquenemo diu gaudet qui iudice vincit iniquo.15. Litis praeteritae noli maledicta referre :post inimicitias iram meminisse malorum est.16. Nee te coUaudes nee te culpaveris ipsehoc faciunt stulti, quos gloria vexat inanis.17. Utere quaesitis modice : cum sumptus abundat,labitur exiguo quod partum est tempore longo.18. Insipiens esto, cum tempus postulat aut resstultitiam simulare loco, prudentia summa est.19. Luxuriam fugito, simul et vitare mementocrimen avaritiae ; nam sunt contraria famae.20. Nolito quaedam referenti credere saepe :exigua est tribuenda fides, qui multa loquuntur.^' 2 tempore si Baehrens : temporibus codd. omnes,^*. ^ ferto Baehrens : esto codd.^^' ^ ipsum A, Baehrens : aut res ceteri codd. ^ ioco Baeh-prudentia summarens : loco codd. cum tempore laus est A :est ceteri codd.6o6

CATC)8. Think not that wicked men fmd wronodoinjrgainAt times the wrung lies hid— in time 'tis plain.9. Strength housed in little frame do not disdainIn counsel men of slight physique may reign.10. When you're outmatched, to meet the case,retreat °:Oft-times the vanquished will the victor beat.11. In wordy war do not engage thy friend;For trivial words in mighty strife may end.12. What God intendeth seek not to divine :His plans for thee require no aid of thine.13. Proud pomp will rouse men's jealousy, besure :Though it mayn't hurt, it's irksome to endure.14. When judged unfairly, your own courage trustNone long has joy who wins through judgeunjust.15. The quarrel past, its bitter words ignore :'Tis ill to think of wrath, when strife is o'er.16. Praise not yourself, nor to yourself take blame :Fools do so, plagued by love of empty fame.^17. Make temperate use of gains : when all is cost,What took long time to get is quickly lost.18. Play the fool's part, if time or need adviseTo act the fool at times is truly wise.19. Flee luxury, avoiding all the sameThe charge of avarice : both blot a name.20. Trust not those who for ever news relate :Slight faith is due to tongues that glibly prate." Cf. the French reculer pour ynieiix sauter.* The second line refers more obviously to the first part ofthe preceding line, but insincere self-depreciation may be theform of vanity known as " fishing for compliments."607

xMINOR LATIN POETS21. Quae potus peccas ignoscere tu tibi nolinam crimen vini nullum est, sed culpa bibentis.22. Consilium arcanum tacito committe sodali,corporis auxilium medico committe fideli.23. Successu indignos noli tu ferre moleste :indulget Fortuna malis, ut vincere possit.24. Prospice qui veniant casus hos esse ferendos :nam levius laedit, quicquid praevidimus ante.25. Rebus in adversis animum submittere nolispem retine ; spes una hominem nee morterelinquit.26. Rem tibi quam nosces aptam dimittere nolifronte capillata, post est Occasio calva.27. Quod sequitur specta quodque imminet antevidetoilium imitare deum, partem qui spectat utramque.28. Fortius ut valeas, interdum parcior estopauca voluptati debentur, plura saluti.29. Judicium populi numquam contempseris unusne nulli placeas, dum vis contemnere multos.30. Sit tibi praecipue, quod primum est, cura salutis ;tempora nee culpes, cum sis tibi causa doloris.31. Somnia ne cures; nam mens humana quodoptat,dum vigilans sperat, per somnum cernit idipsum.26. 1 noris Baehrens : noscis CDEF r plerique : nosces s"pauci : scieris A.^"' 2 sit codd. : sis s" pauci.31, 2 vigilat codd. omties : vigilans edd. vet. verum Baehrens :sperat codd. ornnes.6o8

C'ATO21. Your faults in drink should not your ])ardon\\'inThe wine is guiltless : 'tis the drinker's sin.22. Trust secret plans to friend who guards hisspeech,And bodily treatment to a faithful leech.23. Chafe not against men's undeserved successTo bring it low Luck smiles on wickedness.24. Ills, as they come, prepare to undergo :What we've foreseen deals us a lighter blow.25. Let not your courage droop in darkest hours :Hope on ; for hope alone at death is ours.*^26. Do not let slip the thing that suits your mindChance wears a forelock, but is bald behind.27. Observe the past and what impends foresee,Like Janus, facing both ways equally.28. For growth in strength, at times eat food inmeasureYou owe more to your health than to yourpleasure.29. Ne'er stand alone to flout the general view :If you flout many, none may care for you.30. Your health, the chief thing, guard with mightand mainDon't blame the season for your self-causedpain.31. Reck not of dreams; in things which menpursue,Sleep sees the hopes of waking hours cometrue.° This is probably an instance where Christian thought hascoloured the Disticha " : hope alone does not desert man—noteven in death."609

MINOR LATIN POETSLIBER IIIHoc quicumque volet carmen cognoscere lector,cuin praecepta ferat quae sunt gratissima vitae,commoda multa feret ;sin autem spreverit illud,non me scriptorem, sed se fastidiet ipse.1. Instrue praeceptis animum, ne discere cessanam sine doctrina vita est quasi mortis imago.2. Cum recte vivas, ne cures verba malorumarbitrii non est nostri quid quisque loquatur.3. Productus testis, salvo tamen ante pudore,quantumcumque potes, celato crimen amici.4. Sermones blandos blaesosque cavere mementosimplicitas veri forma est, laus ficta loquentis.5. Segnitiem fugito, quae vitae ignavia ferturnam cum animus languet, consumit inertiacorpus.6. Interpone tuis interdum gaudia curls,ut possis animo quemvis sufFen-e laborem.7. Alterius dictum aut factum ne carpseris umquam,exemplo simili ne te derideat alter.8. Quod tibi sors dederit tabulis suprema notato,augendo serva, ne sis quem fama loquatm*.9. Ciuii tibi divitiae superant in fine senectae,munificus facito vivas, non parous, amicis.10. Utile consilium dominus ne despice servisi prodest, sensum nuUius tempseris umquam.11. Rebus et in censu si non est quod fuit ante,fac vivas contentus eo quod tempora praebent.Ill prologum ita habet A : ceteri codices interponuntdistichon primum inter versum 2 et versum 3 prologi.*. ' forma Barth : fama codd. omnes : norma Scriverius.laus f . loquentis A : fraus f. loquendi CDEF s'.6io

CATOBOOK IIIAny reader who decides to study this poem willreap many advantages, as it offers maxims mostacceptable for life ; but if he spurn it, he will showdisdain not for me, its author, but for himself.1. Fail not to learn : equip your mind with rulesCount as but death the life that never schools.2. Mind not ill tongues, if you live straight of soulA neighbour's words are not in our control.3. If called to witness, hide as best you canA friend's misdeeds, but be an honest man.4. Beware of softly whispered flatteries :Frankness is mark of truth, flattery of lies.5. Shun slackness, which means idling all yourdaysWith lazy minds sloth on the body preys.6. Sandwich occasional joys amidst your careThat you with spirit any task may bear.7. Another's word or act ne'er criticise,Lest others mock at you in selfsame wise.8. A heritage bequeathed to you by willKeep and increase : so save your good namestill.9. If you've abundant wealth, as old age ends.Be generous, not close-fisted, with your friends.10. Sound counsel from your slave do not despise :Spurn no man's view at all, if it is wise.11. If goods and income are not what they were.Live satisfied with what the times confer.®. 2 auge servando vel augendo cura iie segnem Withof.RR 26ii

MINOR LATIN POETS12. Uxorem fuge ne ducas sub nomine dotis,nee retinere velis, si coeperit esse molesta.13. Multorum disce exemplo, quae facta sequaris,quae fugias : vita est nobis aliena magistra.14. Quod potes id temptato, operis ne ponderepressussuccumbat labor et frustra temptata relinquas.15. Quod factum scis non recte, nolito silere,ne videare malos imitari velle tacendo.16. ludicis auxilium sub iniqua lite rogato :ipsae etiam leges cupiunt ut iure regantur.17. Quod merito pateris patienter ferre memento,cumque reus tibi sis, ipsum te iudice damna.18. Multa legas facito, perlectis neglege multanam miranda canunt, sed non credenda poetae.19. Inter convivas fac sis sermone modestus,ne dicare loquax, cum vis urbanus haberi.20. Coniugis iratae noli tu verba timere ;nam lacrimis struit insidias, cum femina plorat.21. Utere quaesitis, sed ne videaris abuti:qui sua consumunt, cum dest, aliena sequuntur.22. Fac tibi proponas mortem non esse timendamquae bona si non est, finis tamen ilia malorumest.23. Uxoris linguam, si frugi est, ferre mementonamque malum est non velle pati nee possetacere.24. Aequa diligito caros pietate parentes,nee matrem ofFendas, dum vis bonus esse parenti.6l2^*. 2 inceptata Baehrens : temptata s nonnulli.15, 2 velle tnritare Baehrens.^^' 2 rogentur (i.e. adeantur) Baehrens : regantur E w.l.^8' ^ facito turn lectis Baehrens : factorum lectis CD.23. 2 tacere codd. : carere Withof.

CATODo not for dowry's sake espouse a wife,Nor wish to keep her. if she causes strife.From men's behaviour learn what to pursueOr shun. The life of others gives the cue.Try what you can, lest by hard task foredoneYou fail and drop what you've in vain begun.Do not conceal ill deeds within your ken,Lest silence look like aping wicked men.If sued unfairly, ask the judge for aid :The very laws would fain be justly swayed.What you deserve to bear, with patience bearAnd, when you're judge of self, you must notspare.Read much, but, having read, with much dispense;Bards' themes are wonders, but revolt the sense.Upon your talk, at dinners, set a bit,Lest you're dubbed " rattle," when you'd fainbe " wit."Fear not the words your angry wife may sayA weeping woman plots but to waylay.Use your estate, yet shun extravaganceWant follows waste and begs for maintenance.Be this thy motto — " I do not dread death "Death, if no boon, our troubles finisheth.A thrifty wife may talk and talk : endure :Lost patience and loud brawling are no cure.Love both your parents, one as much as otherTo please your father never wound your mother.613

xMINOR LATIN POETSLIBER IVSemotam a curis si vis producere vitamnee vitiis haerere animi, quae moribus obsunt,haec praecepta tibi saepe esse legenda memento :invenies, quo te possis mutare, magistrum.1. Despice divitias, si vis animo esse beatusquas qui suspiciunt, mendicant semper avari.2. Commoda Naturae nullo tibi tempore derunt,si contentus eo fueris quod postulat usus.3. Cum sis incautus nee rem ratione gubernes,noli Fortunam, quae non est, dicere caecam.4. Dilige fte ornari, sed parce dilige formam,quam nemo sanctus nee honestus captat habere.5. Cum fueris locuples, corpus curare memento :aeger dives habet nummos, se non habet ipsum.6. Verbera cum tuleris discens aliquando magistri,fer patris imperium, cum verbis exit in iram.7. Res age quae prosunt ; rursus vitare memento,in quis error inest nee spes est certa laboris.8. Quod donare potes gratis concede rogantinam recte fecisse bonis in parte lucrorum est.9. Quod tibi suspectum est confestim discute quidsit;namque solent, primo quae sunt neglecta,nocere.10. Cum te detineat veneris damnosa libido,indulgere gulae noli, quae ventris amica est.*> ^ olens nardum Baehrens : denarium codd. : te ornariCannegieter. defuge odorem Baehrens : dilige formam codd.2 quem codd. (quod non congruit cum formam): quam vulgo.habere codd. :614ab aere Scaliger.

CATOBOOK IVIf you would lead a long life divorced from anxieties,and not cling to faults in the mind which harmcharacter, then remember that you must often readthese rules. You will find a teacher through whomyou will be able to transform yourself.1. Scorn wealth, if you would have a mind carefreed:Its votaries are but beggars in their greed.2. Ne'er will you lack supplies from Nature's hands,If you're content with that which need demands.3. Reckless, haphazard steersman of your lot,Do not call Fortune blind : blind she is not.4. Love neatness : sho^^^ness love not amain,Which good and honest folk seek not to gain.5. Yourself, when you grow rich, treat well ; forpelfThe invalid o^^'ns, but does not own himself.6. At school you sometimes bear the teacher's cane :So 'gainst a father's angry words don't strain."7. Do what is helpful ; but from things recoilWhere hazard leaves dim hope to honest toil.8. Give gratis what you can upon requestBefriending friends may be as gain assessed.9. Test quickly what it is that you suspectMen end by suffering from what they neglect.10. When on some ruinous amour forced to spend.Indulge not gluttony, the belly's friend.^" verbera and verbis make an excellent contrast in theLatin.* i.e. love in itself is ruinous enough ; but expensive feastsgiven in honour of a sweetheart may prove ruinous to healthand purse.6iS

MINOR LATIN POETS11. Cum tibi praeponas animalia bruta timore,unum hominem scito tibi praecipiie esse timendum.12. Cum tibi praevalidae fuerint in corpore vires,fac sapias :sic tu poteris vir fortis haberi.13. Auxilium a notis petito, si forte laboresnee quisquam melior medicus quam fidus amicus.14. Cum sis ipse nocens, moritur cur victima pro te ?stultitia est morte alterius sperare salutem.15. Cum tibi vel socium vel fidum quaeris amicum,non tibi fortuna est hominis sed vita petenda.16. Utere quaesitis opibus, fuge nomen avari:quid tibi divitiae, si semper pauper abundes ?17. Si famam servare cupis, dum vivis, honestam,fac fugias animo quae sunt mala gaudia vitae.18. Cum sapias animo, noli ridere senectam;nam quoicumque seni puerilis sensus inhaeret.19. Disce aliquid; nam cum subito Fortuna recessit,ars remanet vitamque hominis non deseritumquam.20. Prospicito tecum tacitus quid quisque loquatursermo hominum mores et celat et indicat idem.21. Exerce studio quamvis perceperis artemut cura ingenium, sic et manus adiuvat usum.22. Multum venturi ne cures tempora fatinon metuit mortem qui scit contemnere vitam.23. Disce sed a doctis, indoctos ipse docetopropaganda etenim est rerum doctrina bonarum.codd.II' ^ bruta Arntzen : cuncta codd. timore D : timere ceteri16, 2 divitias DF, Baehrens : divitiae C.18. 2 cuicumque seni edd. vet. : quocumque sene codd. : quicumquesenet Scaliger. pueri bis Withof. inhaeret Baehrens :in illo est codd.6i6

CATO1 ] . When fear of brute beasts harasses y

MINOR LATIN POETS24. Hoc bibe quo possis si tu vis vivere sanus :moibi causa mali minima est quaecumquevoluptas.25. Laudaris quodcumque palam, quodcumque probaris,hoc vide ne rursus levitatis crimine damnes.26. Tranquillis rebus semper diversa timeto,rursus in adversis melius sperare memento.27. Discere ne cessa : cura sapientia crescit,rara datur longo prudentia temporis usu.28. Parce laudato ; nam quem tu saepe probaris,una dies, qualis fuerit, ostendit, amicus.29. Non pudeat, quae nescieris, te velle doceriscire aliquid laus est, culpa est nil discere velle.30. Cum venere et baccho lis est et iuncta voluptasquod lautum est animo complectere, sed fugelites.31. Demissos animo et tacitos vitare memento:quod flumen placidum est, forsan latet altius unda.32. Dum fortuna tibi est rerum discrimine prava,alterius specta cui sit discrimine peior.33. Quod potes id tempta ; nam litus carpere remisutilius multo est quam velum tendere in altum.34. Contra hominem iustum prave contendere nolisemper enim deus iniustas ulciscitur iras.35. Ereptis opibus noli maerere dolendo,sed gaude potius, tibi si contingat habere.36. Est iactura gravis quaesitum amittere damnosed tibi cum valeat corpus, superesse putato.2^. 1 hoc adhibe vitae quo possis v. s. Baehrens. ^ mali estnimia est Baehrens.22, 1 tibist rerum Baehrens : rerum tibi sit A : tua rerum tibiceteri codd. discrimine prava Baehrens : discrimine peior A :displicet ipsi ceteri codd.6i8

CATOIf you'd live healthy, drink in temperatemeasurediseases spring from trivial pleasure.Oft illWhat you've approved and lauded openly,Shun the reproach of damning flightily.When all is calm, dread ever fortune's changeThen, in bad times, your hope towards good mustrange.Fail not to learn ; for wisdom grows by pains :Mere long-drawn waiting rarely prudence gains.Praise sparingly ; for him you oft commendOne day reveals how far he has been friend.Blush not to wish, where ignorant, to be taughtKnowledge wins praise : drones wish to studynaught.With love and wine are strife and pleasure knitTake to your heart the joy :the strife omit.Gloomy and silent men take care to shunStill waters haply all too deep may run.When fortune at a crisis serves thee ill.Look at that other who is served worse still.Try only what you can : 'tis wiser farTo row inshore than sail beyond the bar.Strive not unfairly 'gainst an upright man :On wrath unjustified God sets a ban.When robbed of wealth, in anguish sorrow notRather rejoice in what falls to thy lot.To part with what toil won the loss is soreYet think, if health be thine, thou hast fullstore.33. 2 utiliu3 multo est A : tutius est multo s.3*^. 1 quaesitum a. damno A : quae sunt a. dam(p)ni3 cetericodd.619

MINOR LATIN POETS37. Tempora longa tibi noli promittere vitaequocumque incedis, sequitur Mors corporisumbra.38. Ture deum placa, vitulum sine crescat aratrone credas gaudere deum, cum caede litatur.39. Cede locum laesus Fortunae. cede potentilaedere qui poterit prodesse aliquando.40. Cum quid peccaris, castiga te ipse subindevulnera dum sanas, dolor est medicina doloris.41. Damnaris numquam post longum tempus amicum:mutavit mores, sed pignora prima memento.42. Gratior officiis, quo sis mage carior, esto,ne nomen subeas quod dicunt officiperdi.43. Suspectus cave sis, ne sis miser omnibus horisnam timidis et suspectis aptissima mors est.44. Cum servos fueris proprios mercatus in ususet famulos dicas, homines tamen esse memento.45. Quam primum rapienda tibi est occasio prona,ne rursus quaeras iam quae neglexeris ante.46. Morte repentina noli gaudere malorumfelices obeunt quorum sine crimine vita est.47. Cum coniunx tibi sit, ne res et fama laboret,vitandum ducas inimicum nomen amici.48. Cum tibi contigerit studio cognoscere multa,fac discas multa a vita te scire doceri.49. Miraris versus nudis me scribere verbis ?hoc brevitas fecit, sensu uno iungere binos.*^- ^ prona Baehrens : prima codd. ^ iam quae Baehrens :quae iam codd.*^. 2 multa a vita Baehrens : multa vita codd. te scireBaehrens : nescire codd. doceri EF : docere C.*'. 2 sensu uno iungere Baehrens : sensu (-sum m. 2 corr.)coniungere A : sensus coniungere ceteri codd.620

CATO37. Thyself to promise years of life forbear ;Death, like thy shadow, dogs thee everywhere.38. Spare calves to plough : heaven's grace ^^^thincense gainThink not God loves the blood of victims slain.39. When stricken, yield to Fortune, yield to power:Who once could hurt may help in happier hour.40. For faults committed, oft yourself arraign :In treating wounds, the cure for pain is pain.•il.Never condemn your friend of many a yearIf changed his ways, think how he once was dear.42. Show gratitude to bind affection's tie :Lest " ingrate " be the name you justify.43. Earn not suspicion lest you live in grief:Suspected cravens find in death relief.44. When you've bought slaves to serve your ownsweet will.Though servants called, they're men, remember,still.45. The lucky chance you must secure with speed.Lest you go seeking what you failed to heed.46. Joy not when knaves come by a sudden endTheir death is blest whose life you can commend.47. Having a w-ife, wouldst save thy gear and fame ?Beware the friend who is but friend in name.48. Great knowledge you have gained from books,you ownYet note that life has lessons to be known.49. You wonder that I write in these bare lines ?Terseness the couplet in one thought combines.*" An apology for the unadorned language of the distichs :the aim at brevity has prevented expansion, the object beingto clinch one general thought in a couplet (or, if sensusconiungere hinos be read, "to combine two allied thoughts").621

MINOR LATIN POETSII.CODICUM TURICENSIS ETVERONENSIS APPENDIX1. Laetandum est vita, nullius morte dolendum;cur etenim doleas a quo dolor ipse recessit.2. Quod scieris opus esse tibi, dimittere nolioblatum auxilium stultum est dimittere cuiquam.3. Perde semel, socium ingratum quom noverisesse;saepe dato, quom te scieris bene ponere dona.4. Dissimula laesus, si non datur ultio praesens :qui celare potest odium pote laedere quern vult.5. Qui prodesse potest non est fugiendus amicus,si laesit verbo : bonitas sine crimine nil est.6. Contra hominem astutum noli versutus haberinon captare malos stultum est, sed velle cluere.7. Dat legem Natura tibi, non accipit ipsa.8. Quod tacitum esse velis verbosis dicere noli.9. Fortunae donis parvum tribuisse mementonon opibus bona fama datur, sed moribus ipsis.^. 2 nihil est A : an nulla est ? Baehrens in not.^. 2 velle cluere Baehrens : velle nocere A sine sensu.SIGLA FOR MONOSTICHA(As used by Baehrens in constituting his text.)[For the contribution of single lines from eachmanuscript, see P.L.M. III. pp. 212-213.]A Vaticano-Palatinus 239 : saec. x.B Vaticano-Reginensis 711 :C = Vaticano-Reginensis 300:622saec. xi.saec. xi.

CATOII. APPENDIX OF ADDITIONAL LINESFROM ZURICH AND VERONA MSS. (= C and A)1. Find joy in life ;grieve for the death of none.Why grieve for him from whom all grief hasgone?2. Never let slip the thing you know you needThey're fools who fail the proffered aid to heed.3. Your friend, ungrateful proved, dismiss ^^-ithhasteGive often, when you know your gifts wellplaced.4. Conceal your wrong, if vengeance must be slow :Who hides his hate can injure any foe.5. Your useful friend, though by his words annoyed.Drop not ; there is no goodness unalloyed.6. To outwit craft, court not for guile a name :Trap rogues you may, but not therefrom seekfame.7. On you falls Nature's law, not on herself.8. Don't tell a chatterbox what you'd keep quiet.9. As slight in worth the gifts of Fortune view :To character, not wealth, renown is due.D Parisinus 8069 :E = Voravensis 111 :saec. xi.saec. xii.F = Marbodi codex S. Gatian. Turonensis 161.[For the Cambridge MS. in Gonville and CaiusCollege, saec. ix, see H. Schenkl, Wien. Sitzungsher.143 (1901). For further views on the MSS. seeM. Boas, Mnemos. 43 (1915), 44 (1916); Philol 74N.F. 28 (1917); Rhein. Mus. T2 (1917).]623

III.MINOR LATIN POETSCOLLECTIO MONOSTICHORUMUtilibus monitis prudens accommodet aurem.Non laeta extollant animum, non tristia frangant.Dispar vivendi ratio est, mors omnibus una.Grande aliquid caveas timido committere cordi.Numquam sanantur deformis vulnera famae.Naufragium rerum est mulier male fida marito.Tu si animo regeris, rex es ; si corpore, servus.Proximus esto bonis, si non potes optimus esse.Nullus tarn parous, quin prodigus ex alieno.Audit quod non vult, qui pergit dicere quod vult.Non placet ille mihi, quisquis placuit sibi multum.Nulli servitium si defers, liber haberis.Vel bona contemni docet usus vel mala ferri.Ex igne ut fumus, sic fama ex crimine surgit.Paulisper laxatus amor decedere coepit.Splendor opum sordes vitae non abluit umquam.Improbus officium scit poscere, reddere nescit.Irridens miserum dubium sciat omne futurum.Mortis imago iuvat somnus, mors ipsa timetur.Quanto maior eris, tanto moderatior esto.Alta cadunt odiis, parva extoUuntur amore.Criminis indultu secura audacia crescit.Quemlibet ignavum facit indignatio fortem.Divitiae trepidant, paupertas libera res est.Haut homo culpandus, quando est in crimine casus.Fac quod te par sit, non alter quod mereatur.Dissimilis cunctis vox vultus vita voluntas.Ipsum se cruciat, te vindicat invidus in se.Semper pauperies quaestum praedivitis auget.Magno perficitur discrimine res memoranda.Terra omnis patria est, qua nascimur et tumulamur." i.e. the very fact of envying a man is in itself {in se) itestimony to his merit.624

CATOIII.COLLECTION OF SINGLE LINESLet prudence to sound warnings lend an ear.Gladness must not transport, nor sorrow break.Life's way will vary : death is one for all.Trust not a faint heart with some high emprise.The wounds of base repute are never cured.oThe wife who tricks her husband wrecks the home.King art thou, ruled by mind ; by body, slave.If short of best, then emulate the good.No thrift but will be free with others' gear.Say all you like ;you'll hear what you mislike. 10Who much hath pleased himself doth not please mc.To none subservient, you are reckoned free.Life's rule is—spurn your goods and face your ills.As fire gives smoke, a charge gives rise to talk.Love gradually relaxed begins to go. 15Wealth's glitter never washed a foul life clean.Rascals can ask a service, but not give.Mockers at woe should know the future's hid.Death's copy, sleep, delights : death's self affrights.The greater you are, be all the more restrained. 20Hate ruins high things, love exalts the small.Give rein to guilt, and daring grows secure.Wrath forces any coward to be brave.Where wealth brings panic, poverty is free.Man's not to blame when fortune is arraigned. 25Act as befits you, not as men deserve.In voice, look, life and will all are unlike.Self-racking Envy clears you in herself."The rich man's gain aye grows by poverty.Great crises foster deeds enshrined in thought. 30All the Earth's our home ; there we are born andburied.s s625

MINOR LATIN POETSAspera perpessu fiunt iucunda relatu.Acrius appetimus nova quam iam parta tenemus.Labitur ex animo benefactum, iniuria durat.:Tolle mali testes : levius mala nostra feremus.Saepe labor siccat lacrimas et gaudia fundit.Tristibus afficiar gravius, si laeta recorder.Quid cautus caveas aliena exempla docebunt.Condit fercla fames, plenis insuavia cuncta.Doctrina est fructus dulcis radicis amarae.Cimi accusas alium, propriam priiis inspice vitam.Qui vinci sese patitur pro tempore, ^-incit.Dum speras, servis, cum sint data praemia sensis.Nemo ita despectus, quin possit laedere laesus.lUe nocet gravius quem non contemnere possis.Quod metuis cumulas, si velas crimine crimen.Consilii regimen virtuti corporis adde.Cum vitia alterius satis acri lumine cernasnee tua prospicias, fis verso crimine caecus.SufFragium laudis quod fert malus, hoc bonus edit.Si piget admissi, committere parce pigenda.Quod nocet interdum, si prodest, ferre mementodulcis enim labor est, cum fructu ferre laborem.[Laetandum est vita, nuUius morte dolendumcur etenim doleas, a quo dolor ipse recessit ?]Spes facit illecebras visuque libido movetur.Non facit ipse aeger quod sanus suaserit aegro.Ipsos absentes inimicos laedere noli.Ulcus proserpit quod stulta silentia celant." solus habet A. cum data sint A. sensis Baehrens :saevis A :servis Mai." Cf. Tennyson's " For a sorrow's crown of sorrow isremembering happier things " and Dante's " nessun maggiordolore che ricordarsi del tempo felice nella miseria."^ i.e. you are a slave if you cherish extravagant hopes,because your thoughts have no freedom from the imaginary626

CATOThings hard to bear grow pleasant to relate.Keener our zest for the new than our grasp on the old.A good turn slips the mind, a wrong endures.No witness near—we'll easier bear our ills. 35Work often dries the tear and spreads delight.Memory of joys will aggravate my woes.*Caution and care you'll learn from others' case.Hunger is sauce : no dishes please the gorged.'Learning is pleasant fruit from bitter root. 40Ere you accuse, your own life first inspect.Who at fit moment yields is conqueror.Your hopes enslave you ; for your thoughts are bribed.^None so despised as cannot hurt when hurt.*^The man you could not slight can harm you more.^ 45Cloak crime with crime and you increase your fear.To bodily courage add the sway of thought.When ^^•ith sharp eye another's faults you mind,Not seeing yours, you're blamed in turn as blind.Praise voted to the bad disgusts the good. 50If irked by what you've done, don't do what irks.Harm sometimes must be borne, if found to suitFor sweet the toil of bearing toil \\'ith fruit.[Find joy in life ;grieve for the death of none.Why grieve for him from whom all grief has gone ?] ^ 55Hope makes allurements : lust is stirred by sight.What you prescribe when well, you drop when sick.Don't hurt e'en enemies behind their backs.Sores spread in stealth by foolish silence hid.advantages you are counting on and allotting to yourselfas if already won.'î.e. the veriest craven will retaliate :" even a worm willturn."•*The thought is not very deep : the man with no chinksin his armour is one to be reckoned with.« In D : also in Appendix from Zurich and Verona MSS.supra.ss 2627

MINOR LATIN POETSNemo reum laciet qui vult dici sibi verum.Vincere velle tuos satis est victoria turpis.Nonnumquam vultu tegitur mens taetra sereno.Quisque miser casu alterius solatia sumit.Vera libens dicas, quamquam sint aspera dictu.^'ir constans quicquid coepit complere laborat.Iniustus, qui sola putat proba quae facit ipse.Omne manu factum consumit longa vetustas.Haut multum tempus mentis simulata manebunt.Quicquid inoptatum cadit, hoc homo corrigat arte.Durum etiam facilem facit adsuetudo laborem.Robur confirmat labor, at longa otia solvunt.Ut niteat virtus, absit rubigo quietis.Sat dulcis labor est, cum fructu ferre laborem.Magni magna parant, modici breviora laborant.Ne crede amissum, quicquid reparare licebit.Non pecces tunc cum peccare impune licebit.Tristis adest messis, si cessat laeta voluptas.Absentum causas contra maledicta tuere.^^ haut multum E :CF :haud ullum CF. mentis E : vanitasbonitas Riese : gravitas vel virtus Buecheler.IV.LINES FROM COLUMBANUSWhich may be regarded asCatonian(a.d.Under the name of the Irish monk Columbanus543-615) there has come down a carmen monostichonin 207 verses constituting a set of rules forlife (praecepta vivendi). While many are of Christianorigin, Baehrens selects about a quarter ofthese as being Catonian in source ; and Manitiusthinks considerably more might be claimed underthis head." Baehrens bases his text on Canisius in628

CATONone hini arraigns who wants truth said to him. 6()'Tis a poor win to seek to beat your own.Cahn looks do sometimes cloak a loathsome mind.Another's woe consoles all wretched folk.Speak the truth freely, though the truth be hard.The steadfast strive to end a task begun. 65Unfair the man who approves his own acts only.Long lapse of time consumes all handiwork.'The mind's pretences will not long endure.Let man by skill make good unwelcome chance.Hard work grows easy to the practised hand. 70Iông leisure saps the strength which work upbuilds.That worth may shine, let rest be free from rust.Sweet task it is to face a task and win."The great aim high ;plain folk ply humbler tasks.Whate'er may be recovered think not lost. 75Sin not in the hour when you may safely sin.Sad reaping comes, if joyful pleasure wanes.Champion the absent 'gainst backbiting tongues." CJ. line 53 supra.his Thesaurus (Amsterdam, 1725),^ who used a codexFrisingensis. It gives the ascription to Columbanus— incipit Uhelliis cuiusdam sapientis et ut fertur heatiColumba?ii. In the word sapientis may be detectedan echo of " Cato the Philosopher." 'Ôther manuscriptsare the codices Sa?igallefises, Lugdioiensis 190,and Parisifius 8092.« Gesch. der latein. Lit. des Mittelalters, I. (1911), pp. 181sqq. : cf. E. Diimmler, Poet. lot. aevi Karolini, I. 275-281.* First ed. Ingolstad, 1601.' The Disticha are entitled in the Parisinus 2659, saee. ix.liber (quartus) Catonis pkilosophi. The Montepessulanus haslibri Catonis philosophi.629

MINOR LATIN POETSIV.EX COLUMBANO QUAE VIDENTURCATONIS ESSECorporis exsuperat vires prudentia mentis.Ne tua paeniteat caveas victoria temet.Vir bonus esse nequit nisi qui siet omnibus aequus.Non tu quaeso iocis laedas nee carmine quemquam. ^Sit servus mentis venter, sit serva libido. £Eripe, si valeas, non suggere tela furenti. 1Saepe nocet puero miratio blanda magistri.Cum sapiente loquens perpaucis utere verbis.Egregios faciet mentis constantia mores.Felix, qui causam loquitur prudentis in aurem.Tantum verba valent, quantum mens sentiat ilia.Non erit antiquo novus anteferendus amicus.Moribus egregiis facias tibi nomen honestum.Cui prodest socius qui non prodesse probatur ?Res se vera quidem semper declarat honeste.Actibus aut verbis noli tu adsuescere pravis.Praemeditata animo levius sufferre valebis.Quae subito adveniunt multo graviora videntur.Felix, alterius cui sunt documenta flagella.Praemia non capiet, ingrato qui bona praestat.Omnis paulatim leto nos applicat hora.Ante diem mortis nullus laudabilis exstat.Doctor erit magnus, factis qui quod docet implet.Quod tibi vis fieri, hoc alii praestare memento.Quod tibi non optes, alii ne feceris ulli.Corripe prudentem : reddetur gratia verbis.Plus tua quam alterius damnabis crimina iudex.630« CJ. Publilius Syrus, line 2.

CATOIV.LINES FROM COLUMBANUSPresumably of Catoxian originForesight of mind surpasses bodily strength.Take care your victory bring you no regrets.He can't be good who is not fair to all.Wound no one, pray, with either jest or verse.'Let appetite and lust be slaves of mind. 5Seize, if you can, a madman's arms : lend none.A teacher's flattering wonder harms a boy.Talking wath sages, use but scanty words.Firmness of mind will make fine character.Blest he who states his case to wisdom's ear, 10As the heart feels, so much the worth of words.New friends must not be set before the old.By noble traits make yours an honoured name.Who gains by friend who stands no test of use ?Truth ever honourably declares herself. 15Do not grow used to evil acts or words.You'll bear more lightly what the mind fore-knew.Far heavier seem the strokes which sudden fall.Blest he who from another's scourging learns.Goods given to ingrates will bring no reward. 20Each hour slow moving steers us nearer death.Praiseworthy none stands out till day of death.Great teacher he who as he teaches acts.As you'd be treated, see you treat another.'*What you'd not like yourself, don't do to any. 25Reprove the wise : your words will bring youthanks.Thy faults, when judge, condemn more thananother's.631

MINOR LATIN POETSSis bonus idque bonis, laesus nee laede noeentera.Vir prudens animo est melior quam fortis in armis.Di\itias animo iniustas attendere noli.Semper avarus amat mendacia furta rapinas.Invidiae maculat famam mala pestis honestam.Nil sine consilio facias :sic facta probantur.Instanter facias, sors quae tibi tradat agenda.Improperes numquam, dederis munuscula si qua.Omnia pertractet primum mens verba loquelae.Sic novus atque novum vinum veterascat amicus.Alma dies noctem sequitur somnosque labores.Tempora dum variant, animus sit semper honestus.Corripe peccantem, noli at dimittere, amicum.Observat sapiens sibi tempus in ore loquendiinsipiens loquitur spretum sine tempore verbum.lam magnum reddis modico tu munus amico,si ipsum ut amicus amas :amor est pretiosior auro.Dives erit semper, dure qui operatur in agro.Otia qui sequitur, veniet huic semper egestas.Omnibus est opibus melior vir mente fidelis.Qui bona sectatur prima bene surgit in hora.Multorum profert sapientis lingua salutem.Hostili in bello dominatur dextera fortis.Lingua ligata tibi multos acquirit amicos.Diligit hie natum, virga qui corripit ilium.*^ forte Baehrens : in ore cod. Fris.^^ hostili Baehrens : hostibus cod. Fris.^1 ligata tibi Baehrens : placata sibi cod. Fris.632

Treat well the good :CATOthough harmed, harm not thebad.Men sage in mind excel the brave in arms.To unfair money-getting give no heed. 30Greed ever loves lies, theft and robbery.Fair fame is soiled by envy's cursed plague.Do naught uncounselled : so are deeds approved.What chance hands you to do, do earnestly.Never upbraid for any gifts you give. 35Thought, words and language first must handle all."Let time mature new friends just like new wineKind day comes after night, toil after sleep.Times change : let honour always rule the mind.Reprove, but don't let go. your erring friend. 40Wise men respect the hour for utterance ;Fools out of season utter worthless trash.To a humble friend you give a handsome giftIn friendly love : love counts for more than gold.Rich he'll be ever who toils hard afield. 45The quest of ease will in its trail bring want.The man of trusty mind excels all wealth.Who aims at gear is smart to rise at dawn.The sage's tongue reveals the health of many.''In fighting foes, the strong right hand is lord. 50A tongue fast bound procures you many a friend/He loves his son who chides him with the rod.*^**i.e. reflection and discussion should precede action.* i.e. gives advice which, if acted on, will secure the generalwelfare.'i.e. silence may be golden in avoiding oflFence to others.^ This may be influenced by the Scriptures : e.g. Prov. xiii.24 "He that spareth his rod hateth his son; but he thatloveth him chasteneth him betimes."633

MINOR LATIN POETSLINES ON THE MUSESThe lines on the Muses were well kno^m in theMiddle Ages, and, according to Baehrens, may wellbe the work of the composer of the Disticha. Theyare found in the follo^ving, among other, MSS. :A Turicensis 78 : saec. ix.B = Caroliruhensis 36 f. : saec. ix-x.CATONIS DE MUSIS VERSUSClio gesta canens transactis tempora reddit.dulciloquis calamos Euterpe flatibus urguet.comica lascivo gaudet sermone Thalia.Melpomene tragico proclamat maesta boatu.Terpsichore affectus citharis movet impetrat auget.plectra gerens Erato saltat pede carmine vultu. j:signat cuncta manu loquiturque Polymnia gestu.Urania

'^CATOC = \'ossianus L.Q. 33 : saec. x.D = Cantabrigiensis, CoUegii S. Trinit. O. 4. 11:saec. x-xi.E = Parisinus 7930 :saec. xi.The title in A is simply Xomina Musarum ; buttwo MSS. ascribe the lines to Cato, viz. B VersusCatonis de Duisis vel jiominihus philorum (sic) andC hicipiunt versus Catonis philosophi de novem musis.LINES ON THE MUSES-To recreate the past is Clio's themeEuterpe plies the pipes ^^^th tuneful breathThalia's joy is playful comedy :Melpomene utters woe with tragic cryTei-psichore's lute moves, wins and swells the heart:Lyric the song, dance, smile of Erato :Polymnia's hand marks all—she speaks in act: Ûrania scans the sky and moving stars :Calliope records heroic lays.Apollo's varied thought each Muse inspires :°So Phoebus, mid them throned, combines theircharms.Inventa " and cites the parallel lines from the AnthologiaGraeca." Polymnia or Polyhymnia was traditionally the Museof sacred song, but varied provinces were at different periodsassigned to her—rhetoric and even agriculture and geometry.A wall-painting from Herculaneum associated her with /jlvBovs(fabulas). It was a late development to assign pantomimusto her patronage, and the line refers to the expression ofeverything by gesture.Apollo, as their patron, was known as Musagetes.635

MINOR LATIN POETSEPITAPH ON VITALIS THE MIME-ACTORThis poem is subjoined to the Disiicka Catonis inthe following manuscriptsA Turicensis 78 :B Reginensis 2078 :C = Parisinus 2772 :D Reginensis 1414 :E = Parisinus 8319 :saec. ix.saec. ix-x.saec. x-xi.saec. xi.saec. xi.A gives no title : D gives Epitaphiujn Vitalis MimiFilii Catonis, which Baehrens accepts : BC giveEPITAPHIUM VITALISCATONIS]MIMI [FILIIQuid tibi, Mors, faciam, quae nulli parcere nosti ?nescis laetitiam, nescis amare iocos.his ego praevalui toto notissimus orbi,hinc mihi larga domus, hinc mihi census erat.gaudebam semper, quid enim, si gaudia desint,hie vagus ac fallax utile mundus habet ?me viso rabidi subito cecidere furoresridebat summus me veniente dolor,non licuit quemquam curis mordacibus urinee rerum incerta mobilitate trahi.vincebat cunctos praesentia nostra timoreset mecum felix quaelibet hora fuit.motibus ac dictis, tragica quoque veste placebamexhilarans variis tristia corda modis.fingebam vultus, habitus ac verba loquentum,ut plures uno crederes ore loqui.^ amara coni. Burman.• curis mordacibus uri Baehrens : mordacibus urere curiscodd. (ordac. B. curris B, C m. 1).636

CATOEpitajium Jilii Cat{h)onis ; and E EpitaphiU Vitalismimi. Burman, Aiith. Lat., Lib. IV. No. 20, andMeyer, Atith. vet. Lat., 1173, have the poem underthe heading J'italis mimi. Its late period is shownin the shortening of the final syllable in jiescis \. 2and crederes 1. 16. The German monk Ermenrichof the ninth century, writing to Grimald, citesnescis as a trochee " in epitaphio Catonis Censorinidicentis " (where dice?itis, it may be guessed, isan attempt to include the lines as among DictaCatonis).EPITAPH ON VITALIS THE MIME-ACTORHow shall I treat thee, Death, who sparest none?Thou knowst not mirth, knowst not the love of fun :Yet all the world in these my merit knewHence came my mansion, hence my revenue.I always wore a smile : if smiles be lost.What boots a world in wayward trickery tossed ?At sight of me wild frenzy met relief:My entrance changed to laughter poignant grief.None felt the canker of anxietyNor worried mid this world's uncertainty.O'er every fear my presence won success :An hour with me was ever happiness.In tragic role my word and act could please.Cheering in myriad ways hearts ill at easeThrough change in look, mien, voice I so could runThat many seemed to use the lips of one." veste Buecheler : verba codd. : voce PitJioeus.^' angebam CD. loquentu E corr. : loquentur codd.^® crederis codd., nisi quod in A e supra i m. 1 est positum.

MINOR LATIN POETSipse etiam, quern nostra oculis geminabat imago,horruit in vultus se magis isse meos.o quotiens imitata meos per femina gestusvidit et erubuit totaque muta fuitergo quot in nostro vivebant corpore formae,tot mecum raptas abstulit atra dies,quo vos iam tristi turbatus deprecor ore,qui titulum legitis cum pietate meum" o quam laetus eras, Vitalis " dicite maesti," "sint tibi di tali, sint tibi fata modo !^' meos per femina Baehrens : meo = se = femine A :meoses semina BCD : meo se femina E. gestus Baehrens : gestu codd.2" muta Baehrens : mata CD : mota E : nata B : comptaA interpolate.^^ vivebant Goetz : videbantur codd. (videantur E) : ridebantHauthal.638

CATOThe man whose double on the stage I seemedShrank, as my looks his very own he deemed.How oft a woman whom my gestures playedSaw herself, blushed, and held her peace dismayed !So parts which I made live by mimicryDark death hath hurried to the grave with me.*^To you who with compassion read this stoneI utter my request in saddened toneSay sadly ": Glad, Vitalis, did you live :"Such gladness may the Gods and fates thee give !" abstulit aim dies (22) is from Virg. Aeri. VI. 429.^^ raptas Pithoeiis : raptor codd. (rapitor E).^* titulum Burman, Schroder : tumulum codd.** di tali Baehrens : vitalis codd., nisi qvod vitalis m. 1 indii tales corr. A. fata Heinsius : laeta codd. e glossa.639

PHOENIX

INTRODUCTIONTO PHOENIXIt is not surprising that poets and historians,Latin as well as Greek, should have felt the magnetismof legends concerning the phoenix, a strangeEastern bird of brilliantly varied plumage, reappearingin loneliness at long cyclic intervals after anaromatic and musical death, which was at once amysterious loss and a mysterious renewal of life.Even in its pagan forms—for it varied considerablyin detail—the story had undeniable attraction.^The earliest reference traceable is one in Hesiod ^to the bird's longevity. Herodotus' contact withEgypt impelled him to mention the story of its reemergenceat Heliopolis every 500 years—a cyclicperiod doubled and even further increased by other" See W. H. Roscher Ausjuhrliclies Lexicon der griech. u.rom. Mythologie, 1902-1909, III. 2. col. 3450-3472 for anaccount of the Phoenix {ô7viO in literature and in both paganand Christian art, e.g. on coins as a symbol of eternity andrejuvenation. Here it must suffice to select some representativereferences : Herod. II. 73; Ovid.-lw. II. vi. 54, Met. XV.392-407 ; Stat. Silv. II. iv. 36 ; Sen. Epist. xlii. 1 ; Plinv, S.H.X. 3-5; Tac. Ann. VI. 28; Aur. Vict. De Caesaribus 4;Claudian, De Cons. Stil. II. 414-420, Carm. min. xxvii (xliv).* Fragm. 163 (222), 3-4, ed. GoettUng, 1878 = Loeb ed.of Hesiod, etc., p. 74, aurap 6 olvi.$ ivvâ fiev KopaKas sc.YT]pdaK€Tai, " the phoenix Uves nine times longer than theraven." The idea is echoed in the " reparabilis ales" ofAusonius, Bk. VII. Edog. v. 5-6 (Loeb ed.).TT 2643

INTRODUCTION TOauthorities. Ovid fitted the description of the nestinto the last book of his Metamorphoses', and at asubsequent date Statius conceived the fancy of astill happier phoenix untouched by the lethargy ofage. The rarity of the fabulous bird struck Senecaas a good analogy to the infrequent occurrence of aperfect Stoic sage. Pliny in his Natural Historytouches with considerable minuteness upon thebird's nest of spices, its habits, and the groA\i;h ofits offspring ; while the news that it had been seenin Egypt in the year a.d. 34 draws from Tacitus anaccount of its periodic death and the transport ofthe father's body by the new phoenix to the altarof the Sun. Towards the end of the classical periodwe note the continued attraction of the theme forClaudian, not only in an elaborate simile of half adozen lines in his De Consulatu Stilichonis, but alsoin the 110 hexameters which he almost certainlymodelled upon our extant elegiac Phoenix. This ismost commonly ascribed to Lactantius, the pupil ofArnobius in oratory, who was professor of rhetoricat Nicomedia early in the fourth century and wholater in the West became the instructor of PrinceCrispus by the invitation of Constantine. As hisconversion from paganism did not divorce him fromancient culture, Lactantius attained distinctionamong early Christian authors for the beauty andeloquence of his Latin style.But no more surprising than the semi-romanticpagan appeal of the phoenix fable is the fact thatChristian writers should have found an addedsymbolic fascination in such features as its Orientalparadise and its resurrection to life through death.Prima facie, then, there seems little to startle one644

PHOENIXin the ascription to Lactantius ; but, in fact, theauthorship of the Phoenix has Ion": been under discussion.It is easy to discover in the poem bothpagan and Christian constituents. Baehrens indeedargues tliat the pagan element is enough to invahdatethe traditional ascription (supported by certainMSS.

INTRODUCTION TOhad not before him the same poem as we have, buta lost one by Lactantius. On Jerome's authoritywe know that Lactantius wrote a ohoLnopiKov fromAfrica to Nicomedia, presumably when he went onDiocletian's invitation to teach rhetoric in thatcity; and it is Baehrens' suggestion that into thisnarrative of his own journey eastwards he mighthave appropriately worked an account of the fabledOriental bird, using our extant poem (according toBaehrens, by a pagan) but adding Christian colour.The hypothesis next assumes that after the supposeddisappearance of Lactantius' poem monkishcopyists made an incorrect ascription of the survivingpoem to the " Christian Cicero," being misled bythe outward resemblances in it to Christian ideas andby the knowledge that a Phoenix had actually beencomposed by Lactantius. It will be noted that themonks, if this guess be true, did not find the paganismof the poem so much of a stumbling-block asBaehrens and Pichon have done. But the majorityof critics, including Ebert, Manitius, Riese, Birt andDechent, have been satisfied with a less elaboratetheory and have accepted our poem as Lactantius'authentic work.For English readers the Phoenix possesses specialhistorical and literary interest as the basis ofan early Anglo-Saxon Phoenix in alliterative accentualverse. Its author, whether the NorthumbrianCynewulf or not—for here too there is adispute—undoubtedly modelled the earlier portionof his poem upon the extant Latin poem. Hereagain, as in the original, we meet the earthly paradise,partly a plain, partly " a fair forest wherefruits fall not " (wuduholt wijnlic,waestmas ne dreosa'b).646

PHOENIXHere too, familiar as in the ancient source, are thebird's unrivalled notes of song, its flight to theSyrian palm-tree in the fullness of a thousand years,the building of its nest, its own admirable beauty,its strange death and birth to fresh life. But theadaptation is free. The English borrower omitsas he wishes. Phaethon and Deucalion vanish.Phoebus' car becomes " God's candle." Even thetexture of the Anglo-Saxon proem on the far Easternland where the marvellous bird dwells is interwovenwith Biblical thought. Such expansion is still morenoticeable in the later part, where a transition ismade from the mystery of the phoenix's sex andbirth to analogies with the life of the elect; and,when the ways of the phoenix are treated as symbolicof the Christian life, the English poem departsentirely from the Latin original.EDITIONSApart from editions of Lactantius (e.g. ed. prijiceps,Rome, 1468; M. Thomasius, Antwerp, 1570;Gallaeus, Leyden, 1660):Gryphiander. Jena, 1618.Burman. In his Claudimi. Amsterdam, 1760.Wernsdorf. In P.L.M. III. Altenburg, 1782.A. Martini. Liineburg, 1825.H. Leyser. Quedlinburg, 1839.A. Riese. In AnthoL Lot. 1863; ed. 2. Leipzig,1906.L. Jeep. In his Claudian, vol. ii. Leipzig,1879.E. Baehrens. In P.L.M. III. Leipzig, 1881.647

INTRODUCTION TORELEVANT WORKSA. Ebert. In Allgeme'nie Gesckickie der Lit. desMittelalters im Ahendlande. Leipzig, 1874, ed. 2,1889.G. Goetz. In Acta Societ. philol. Lips. V. p. 319 sqq.H. Klapp. In Progr. gymn. Wandsbeckiani. 1875.A. Riese. Ueber den Phoenix des Lactaniius, Rk.Mus. xxxi. 1876.H. Dechent. Ueber die Echtkeit des Phoenix vonLactaniius, Rh. Mus. xxxv. 1880, pp. 39-55.M. Manitius. In Geschichte der christl.-latein. Poesie.Stuttgart, 1891.O. Ribbeck. In Geschichte der r'om. Dichtu7ig, III.p. 364. Stuttgart, 1892.S. Brandt. Zum Phoenix des Lactaniius, Rh. Mus,xlvii. 1892.A. Knappitsch. De Lactaniii Ave Phoenice. Graz,1896.R. Pichon. Lactance : J^tude sur le mouvement philosophiqueet religieux sous le regne de Constaniin..Paris, 1901.C. Pascal. Sul carme de ave Phoenice. Naples, 1904./ carmi De Phoenice in Leiteraiura latinamedievale : Nuovi Saggi. Catania, 1909.C. Landi. De Ave Phoenice : il carme e il suo autorein Aiti e memorie di Padova, 31, 1914-1915.SIGLA648(As in Baehrens' P.L.M. III. pp. 247-249.)A = Parisinus 13048 : saec. viii, scriptura langobardicaexaratus inter Venantii Fortunatipoemata, fol. 47^-48^ versus 1-110, sine tituloexhibens.

PHOENIXB = codex bibliothecae capitularis \''eronensis 163:saec. ix, continens Claudianiim maxime cuiuspost " Phoenicem " legitur nostrum carmen,fol. 14'*-19^, cum hac inscriptione iiefn Lacta(n)tiide eadem ave.C = Vossianus L.Q. 33 : saec. x : fol. 73^-75^,versus Lactantii de ave Pkoenice habet.O = consensus codicum melioris notae vel communisarchetypus.CODICES IXTERPOLATID = codex Cantabrigiensis [Bibl. Univers. Gg. 5.35]saec. xi, qui inter multa poemata Christianafol. 168=^-170^, habet " Phoenicem " praemissotitulo : Incipit libellus de fenice, paradisi utferiiir hahitatrice. Quidam ferunt Lactantiumhunc scripsisse lihellum.E = Bodleianus F. 2. U: saec. xii, fol. 126M28b,sine inscriptione libellum continens.9 = pauca quae correctiora leguntur in codicibussaeculo xiv maximeque xv scriptis.[For the large number of late and inferior manuscriptssee A. Martini's edition, 1825.]\649

DE AVE PHOENICEEst locus in primo felix oriente remotus,qua patet aeterni maxima porta poli,nee tamen aestivos hiemisve propinquus ad ortus,sed qua Sol verno fundit ab axe diem,illic planities tractus diflfundit apertos,nee tumulus crescit nee cava vallis hiat,sed nostros montes, quorum iuga celsa putantur,per bis sex ulnas imminet ille locus.hie Solis nemus est et consitus arbore multalucus perpetuae frondis honore virens.cum Phaethonteis flagrasset ab ignibus axis,ille locus flammis inviolatus eratet cum diluvium mersisset fluctibus orbemDeucalioneas exsuperavit aquas,non hue exsangues Morbi, non aegra Senectusnee Mors crudelis nee Metus asper adestnee Scelus infandum nee opum vesana Cupidoaut Ira aut ardens caedis amore FurorLuctus acerbus abest et Egestas obsita panniset Curae insomnes et violenta Fames,non ibi tempestas nee vis furit horrida ventinee gelido terram rore pruina tegit16 adest AB : adit CDE.1^ aut metus (c/. v. 16) : aut Mars edd. vet. : Venus Oudendorp: Pavor Goetz : Letum Biese : hue meat Birt : aut IraBaehrens.650

PHOENIXThere is a fiir-off land, blest amid the first streaksof dawn, where standeth open tlie mightiest portalof the everlasting sky, yet not beside the risings ofthe summer or the winter Sun, but where he shedsdaylight from the heavens in spring. There a plainspreads out its open levels; no knoll swells there,no hollow valley gapes, yet that region o'ertopsby twice six ells our mountains whose ridges arereckoned high. Here is the grove of the Sun, awoodland planted with many a tree and green withthe honours of eternal foliage. When the sky wentablaze from the fires of Phaethon's car, that regionwas inviolate from the flames ; " it rose above thewaters on which Deucalion sailed, when the flood hadwhelmed the world in its waves. ^ Hither no bloodlessDiseases come, no sickly Eld, nor cruel Death nordesperate Fear nor nameless Crime nor maddenedLust for wealth or Wrath or Frenzy afire with the loveof murder ; bitter Grief is absent and Beggary besetwith rags and sleepless Cares and violent Hunger. '^No tempest raveth there nor savage force of windnor does the hoar-frost shroud the ground in chilly" For Phaethon's disastrous driving of the car of his fatherApollo see Ovid, Met. II. 1-332.* Deucalion's ark saved him and Pyrrha during the primevaldeluge.' The personifications are largely based on Virg. Aen. VI.274 .sy?.651

MINOR LATIN POETSnulla super campos tendit sua vellera nubesnee cadit ex alto turbidus umor aquae,sed fons in medio, quern vivum nomine dicunt,perspicuus, lenis, dulcibus uber aquisqui semel erumpens per singula tempora mensumduodeciens undis irrigat omne nemus.hie genus arboreum procero stipite surgensnon lapsura solo mitia poma gerit.hoc nemus, hos lucos avis incolit unica Phoenix,unica, si vivit morte refecta sua.paret et obsequitur Phoebo memoranda satelleshoc Natura parens munus habere dedit.lutea cum primum surgens Aurora rubescit,cum primum rosea sidera luce fugat,ter quater ilia pias immergit corpus in undas,ter quater e vivo gurgite libat aquam.tollitur ac summo considit in arboris altaevertice, quae totum despicit una nemus,et conversa novos Phoebi nascentis ad ortusexspectat radios et iubar exoriens.atque ubi Sol pepulit fulgentis limina portaeet primi emicuit luminis aura levis,incipit ilia sacri modulamina fundere cantuset mira lucem voce ciere novam,quam nee aedoniae voces nee tibia possitmusica Cirrheis adsimulare modis ;65225 sed O : est Baehrens.32 sed : si (= siquidem) Baehrens.33memoranda : veneranda Baehrens.*' voces : fauces Baehrens.

PHOENIXdamp. Above the plains no cloud stretches itsfleece, nor falleth from on high the stormy moistureof rain. But there is a well in the midst, the wellof life they call it, crystal-clear, gently-flo^\'ing, richin its sweet waters : bursting forth once for eachseveral month in its season, it drenches all the grovetwelve times with its flood. Here is a kind of treethat rising with stately stem bears mellow fruitswhich will not fall to the ground.In this grove, in these woods, dwells the peerlessbird," the Phoenix, peerless, since she lives renewedby her own death. An acolyte worthy of record,*she yields obedience and homage to Phoebus : suchthe duty that parent Nature assigned to her for observance.Soon as saffron Aurora reddens at her rising,soon as she routs the stars with rosy light, thriceand again that bird plunges her body into the kindlywaves, thrice and again sips water from the livingflood. Soaring she settles on the topmost height ofa lofty tree which alone commands the whole of thegrove, and, turning towards the fresh rising ofPhoebus at his birth, awaits the emergence of hisradiant beam. And when the Sun has struck thethreshold of the gleaming portal and the light shaftof his first radiance has flashed out, she begins topour forth notes of hallowed minstrelsy and to summonthe new day in a marvellous key which neithertune of nightingale nor musical pipe could rival in /" " alone of its kind," " unparalleled " :cf. Ovid Am. II.vi. 54, et vivax phoeniz, tmica semper avis.^ In most accounts the phoenix appears as a male bird{pater, etc.). Contrast, however, Ovid's unica avis {I.e.)with Claudian's Titanius ales {Carm. Min. xxvii.7) and hisidem (masc.) in De Cons. Stil. II. 415. AureUus Victor, DeCaesaribus 4, has quam volucrem in reference to the phoenix.653

MINOR LATIN POETSsed neque olor moriens imitari posse puteturnee Cylleneae fila canora lyrae.postquam Phoebus equos in aperta effudit Olympij.âtque orbem totum protulit usque means,ilia ter alarum repetito verbere plauditigniferumque caput ter venerata silet.atque eadem celeres etiam discriminat horasinnarrabilibus nocte dieque sonis,antistes luci nemorumque verenda sacerdoset sola arcanis conscia, Phoebe, tuis.quae postquam vitae iam mille peregerit annosac sibi reddiderint tempora longa gravem,ut reparet lapsum spatiis vergentibus aevum,adsuetum nemoris dulce cubile fugitcumque renascendi studio loca sancta reliquit,tunc petit hunc orbem, Mors ubi regna tenet,derigit in Syriam celeres longaeva volatus,Phoenicen nomen cui dedit ipsa vetus,securosque petit deserta per avia lucos,hie ubi per saltus silva remota latet.tum legit aerio sublimem vertice palmam,quae Graium Phoenix ex ave nomen habet,in quam nulla nocens animans prorepere possit,lubricus aut serpens aut avis ulla rapax.*' sed : et Baehrens.*" ac si A : ac se BCDE : et sic Barth : ac sibi Hoevfft.®^ dirigit : derigit Baehrens.^® vetus DE : vaetus A : vetustas BC : Venus Heinsius,** sic ubi post DE : hie ubi per edd. vet.'°Graium A : gratum ceferi.^^ prorepere A : proripere B : prorumpere ceteri."^From Cirrha near Parnassus.^ An allusion to Mercury's early association with MountCyUene in Arcadia.654

PHOENIXCirrhean " modes ; nay, let not the dying swan be /thought capable of imitating it, nor yet the tunefulstrings of Cyllcnean ^ lyre.After Phoebus has given his steeds the rein intothe open heavens and in ever onward course broughtforth his full round orb,^ then that bird with thricerepeated beat of the wing yields her applause, andafter three obeisances to the fire-bearing princeholds her peace. She it is also who marks oif theswift hours by day and night in sounds which maynot be described, priestess of the grove and aweinspiringministrant of the woods, the only confidantof thy mysteries, Phoebus. When she has alreadyfulfilled a thousand years of life ^ and long lapse oftime has made it burdensome to her, she flees fromher sweet and wonted nest in the grove, so that inthe closing span she may restore her bygone existence,and when in passion for re-birth she has lefther sacred haunts, then she seeks thisjvyoi'ld whereDeath holds sovereignty. Despite her length ofyears she directs her swift flight into Syria, to whichshe herself of old gave the name of" Phoenice," andseeks through desert wilds the care-free groves, herewhere the sequestered woodland lurks among theglades. Then she chooses a palm-tree towering withairy crest which bears its Greek name " Phoenix "from the bird : against it no hurtful living creaturecould steal forth, or slippery serpent, or any bird of' Possibly " revealed the whole wide world " (c/. Virg. Aen.IV. 118).* Tac. Ann. VI. 28 gives 500 years as the usually acceptedlength of the Phoenix-cycle, but he mentions also 1461 years{i.e. the " magnus annus " = 365 j x 4). Martial V. vii. 2 givesdecern snecula, and Pliny 1000 years, a round figure adopted byClaudian and Ausonius.65S

MINOR LATIN POETSturn ventos claudit pendentibus Aeolus antris,ne violent flabris aera purpureum,neu concreta Noto nubes per inania caelisubmoveat radios solis et obsit avi.construit inde sibi seu nidum sive sepulcrumnam perit ut vivat, se tamen ipsa creat.colligit huic sucos et odores divite silva,quos legit Assyrius, quos opulentus Arabs,quos aut Pygmeae gentes aut India carpitaut moUi generat terra Sabaea sinu.cinnamon hie am*amque procul spirantis amomicongerit et mixto balsama cum folio,non casiae mitis nee olentis vimen acanthinee turis lacrimae guttaque pinguis abest.his addit teneras nardi pubentis aristaset sociat murrae vim, Panachaea, tuae.protinus instructo corpus mutabile nidovitalique toro membra vieta locat.ore dehinc sucos membris circumque supraqueinicit exsequiis immoritura suis.tunc inter varios animam commendat odores,depositi tanti nee timet ilia fidem.'^ hinc : hue Riese : hviic Baehrens.®* panacea r Wernsdorf.^° quieta CDE : quiete AB : vieta Heinsius.°-Cf. Claudian, Carm. Min. xxvii. 44, bustumque sibipartumque futurum.^ The Pygmies were considered legendary dwarfs of Egypt orEthiopia : the allusions are to both African and Asiatic spices." terra Sabaea ~ Arabia Felix, whose chief town Saba wasfamed for its myrrh and frankincense.**Cf. Ovid, Met, XV. 398, Tuirdi lenis aristas.656

PHOENIXprey. Then Aeolus imprisons the winds in overarchinggrottoes, lest their blasts harass the brightgleamingair, or the cloud-wrack from the Southbanish the sunrays throughout the empty tracts ofheaven and do harm to the bird. Thereafter shebuilds herself a cradle or sepulchre " —which youwill—for she dies to live and yet begets herself.She gathers for it from the rich forest juicy scentedherbs such as the Assyrian gathers or the wealthyArabian, such as either the Pygmaean races orIndia ^ '^culls or the Sabaean land produces in itssoft bosom. Here she heaps together cinnamon andeffluence of the aromatic shrub that sends its breathafar and balsam with its blended leaf. Nor is therelacking a slip of mild casia or fragrant acanthus orthe rich dropping tears of frankincense. Theretoshe adds the tender ears ^ of downy spikenard,joining as its ally the potency of thy myrrh, Panachaea.^Forthwith in the nest she has furnishedshe sets her body that awaits its change—^^^theredlimbs on a life-gi\-ing couch : thereafter with herbeak she casts the scents on her limbs, around themand above, being appointed to die in her own funeral./Then she commends her soul ^ amid the variedfragrances without a fear for the trustworthiness of* The usual form is Panchaia, a fabled island east of Arabia,famous for precious stones and myrrh. Cf. Virg. Georg. II.139 : Plin. X.H. X. 4.f This paradoxical idea is introduced by the preceding lineswhich picture the bird as laying out her own body, and, bythrowing perfumes on herself, performing a ritual usuallyassigned to mourners : immoritura is echoed in 95, corpusgenitali morte peremptum.9 One of the Christian notes in the poem : cf. 64, huncorbem mors uhi regna tenet. With 94 cf. 2 Timothy I. 12,657u u

MINOR LATIN POETSinterea corpus genitali morte perempturaaestuat et flammam parturit ipse calor,aetherioque procul de lumine concipit ignemflagrat et ambustum solvitur in cineres.quos velut in massam cineres umore coactosconflat ;et efFectum seminis instar habet.hinc animal primum sine membris fertur oriri,sed fertur vermi lacteus esse color :creverit immensum subito cum tempore certoseque ovi teretis colligit in speciem,inde reformatur quali fuit ante figuraet Phoenix ruptis puUulat exuviis :ac velut agrestes, cum filo ad saxa tenentur,mutari tineae papilione solent.non illi cibus est nostro consuetus in orbenee cuiquam implumem pascere cura subestambrosios libat caelesti nectare rores,stellifero tenues qui cecidere polo,hos legit, his alitur mediis in odoribus ales,donee maturam proferat effigiem.ast ubi primaeva coepit florere iuventa,evolat ad patrias iam reditura domus.ante tamen, proprio quicquid de corpore restat,ossaque vel cineres exuviasque suas,^^ in more ABC : in morte D, Wernsdorf : in monte E :umore Ritschl, Baehrens : alii alia.^"3 it tener in densum duratus Baehrens : alii alia.107-108 pQî iQ2 ponit Baehrens.^°8 pinnae AB : pennae ceteri : tineae Didacus Cotiarruviasepiscopus Segobiensis, teste Thomasio : cf. Ovid, Met.XV. 372-4.1"^ concessus : consuetus Baehrens.^^° in verbis cura subest desinit codex A.658

PHOENIXa deposit so great. Meanwhile her body, by birthgivingdeath destroyed, is aglow, the very heat producingflame and catching fire from the ethereallight afar : it blazes and when burned dissolves intoashes. These ashes she welds together, as if theywere concentrated by moisture in a mass, possessingin the result what takes the place of seed." Therefrom,'tis said, rises a living creature first of all^^^thout limbs, but this Morm is said to have amilky colour : when suddenly at the appointed hourit has grown enormously, gathering into what lookslike a rounded egg, from it she is remoulded insuch shape as she had before, bursting her shell andspringing to life a Phoenix ; 'tis even so that larvaein the country fastened by their threads ^ to stonesare wont to change into a butterfly. Hers is nofood familiar in this world of ours : 'tis no one'scharge to feed the bird as yet unfledged : she sipsambrosial dews of heavenly nectar fallen in a fineshower from the star-bearing sky. Such is herculling, such her sustenance, encompassed by fragrantspices until she bring her appearance to maturity.But when she begins to bloom in the spring-time ofher youth, she flits forth already bent on a returnto her ancestral abodes. Yet ere she goes, she takesall that remains of what was her own body—bonesor ashes and the shell that was hers—and stores it' The simile from metallurgy seems violent as applied to asubstance endowed with the seeds of life. With umore coactoscf. Virg. G. IV. 172-173 ^tridentia tingv.nt aera lacu, of dippingmetal in the blacksmith's watertank.* The passage, like Ovid, Met. XV. 372^, has silkworms inview. Thomasius thought mxa should be taxa, presumablyin the sense of yew branches, an invention of which Wernsdorfdoes not approve.uu 2

MINOR LATIN POETSunguine balsameo murraque et ture solutocondit et in formam conglobat ore pio. ]quam pedibus gestans contendit Solis ad urbeminque ara residens ponit in aede sacra,mirandam sese praestat praebetque videntitantus avi decor est, tantus abundat honor,principio color est qualis sub sidere caelimitia quern corio punica grana teguntqualis inest foliis, quae fert agreste papaver,cum pandit vestes Flora rubente polo,hoc mneri pectusque decens velamine fulget,hoc caput, hoc cervix summaque terga nitentcaudaque porrigitur fulvo distincta metallo,in cuius maculis purpura mixta rubetalarum pennas lux pingit discolor. Irispingere ceu nubes desuper acta soletalbicat insignis mixto viridante smaragdoet puro cornu gemmea cuspis hiat^^^ ortus (e versu 41) : urbem ed. Gryphiandri 1618.123 vehentes B : vehentis E : videnti vulgo : verendamBaehre'iis.124 ubi B : ibi CDE : avi Heinsius.125-6 principio : puniceus Heinsius : purpureus Burman :praecipuus Baehrens : qualis sub sidere caeli qualis subcortiee laevi Heinsius. qu(a)e croceo BE ::qui croceo CD :quern croceum Heinsiits : quae corio Goetz. legunt : teguntHeinsius : quali sunt, sidere Cancri mitia quae corio, Punica,grana tegunt Baehrens.128 flore : Flora vulgo. caelo BC : polo B m. 2 : florerubente novo Baehrens."1 fulvo BC : flavo DE. distenta BC : distincta DE : cf.vers. 141.66o

»PHOENIXin balsam oil, myrrh, and frankincense set free,**rounding it into ball-shape with loving beak. Bearingthis in her talons she speeds to the City of theSun,^ and perching on the altar sets it in the hallowedtemple. Marvellous is her appearance and the showshe makes to the onlooker : such comeliness has thebird, so ample a glory. To begin with, her colouris like the colour which beneath the sunshine of thesky ripe pomegranates cover under their rind "^like the colour in the petals of the wild poppy whenFlora displays her garb at the blush of dawn. Insuch a dress gleam her shoulders and comely breasteven so glitter head and neck and surface of theback, while the tail spreads out variegated with ametallic yellow, amid whose spots reddens a purpleblend. The wing-feathers are picked out by a contrastedsheen, as 'tis the heaven-sent rainbow's wayto illuminate the clouds. The beak is of a finewhite with a dash of emerald green, glittering jewellikein its clear horn as it opens. You would take" i.e. dissolved from the form of roundish tears of gum resin.* The usual form of the legend, as in Ovid, Mela and Tacitus,gives Heliopolis as the destination, i.e. a westward instead ofthe eastward flight suggested by solis ad ortus of the MSS.Pliny, S.H. X. 4, has in Solis urhem.' Thetext of 125-126 is difficult. Wernsdorf reads j>rn?cipjocdor est, qualis sub cortice laevi (= levi), mitia quern croceumpunica grana legunt. Baehrens' text is given in the apparatuscriticus. The editors do not consider either reading satisfactory.For qualis followed by the relative cf. Liv. VIII. 39,acies qualis quae esse in^tructissima potest : Calp. Sic. iv. 160,talis erit qualis qui . . .^22 harum inter pennas insigneque desuper iris DEclanim Wernsdorf: alarum Bitschl. lux pingit discolor, IrisBaehrens.1'* aura : alta s acta Heinaius, : Baehrens. 66i

MINOR LATIN POETSingentes oculos credas geminos hyacinthos,quorum de medio lucida flanmia micataptata est toto capiti radiata coronaPhoebei referens verticis alta decus ;crura tegunt squamae fulvo distincta metallo,ast ungues roseo tingit honore color,effigies inter pavonis mixta figuramcernitur et pictam Phasidis inter avem.magnitiem terris Arabum quae gignitur alesvix aequare potest, seu fera seu sit avis,non tamen est tarda, ut volucres quae corporemagnoincessus pigros per grave pondus habent,sed levis ac velox, regali plena decore :talis in adspectu se tenet usque hominum.hue venit Aegyptus tanti ad miracula visuset raram volucrem turba salutat ovans.protinus exsculpunt sacrato in marmore formamet titulo signant remque diemque novo,contrahit in coetum sese genus omne volantum,nee praedae memor est ulla nee ulla metus.alituum stipata choro volat ilia per altumturbaque prosequitur munere laeta pio.sed postquam puri pervenit ad aetheris auras,mox redit ; ilia suis conditur inde locis.a fortunatae sortis finisque volucrem,cui de se nasci praestitit ipse deus !^*'aequataq ; : aptatur Oudendorp : aptata est Ritschlarquata est Baehrens. noto BD : notho C : nota Etoto Wernsdorf : croceo Klapp : summo vel nitido Ritschlrutilo Baehrens.^*^ ad B : at C : a, Is. Vossius : sat Baehrens. filisquevolucTum BC : fatique volucrem edd. vet. : finisque volucrem75. Vossius.662

PHOENIXfor twin sapphires those great eyes from betweenwhicli shoots a bright flame. All over the head isfitted a crown of rays, in lofty likeness to the gloryof the Sun-god's head. Scales cover the legs, whichare variegated with a metallic yellow, but the tintwhich colours the claws is a wonderful rose. Tothe eye it has a blended semblance between thepeacock's appearance and the rich-hued bird fromPhasis." Its size ^ the winged thing that springsfrom the Arabs' lands is scarce able to match,whether wild animal it be or bird.^ Yet 'tis notslow like large-sized birds which are of sluggishmovement by reason of their heavy weight, but 'tislight and swift, filled with a royal grace : such is itsbearing ever to the eyes of men. Egypt drawsnigh to greet the marvel of so great a sight and thecrowd joyfully hails the peerless bird. Straightwaythey grave its form on hallowed marble and with afresh title mark both the event and the day.'^ Everyibreed of fowl unites in the assemblage : no birdhas thoughts of prey nor yet of fear. Attended bya chorus of winged creatures, she flits through thehigh air, and the band escorts her, gladdened bytheir pious task. But when the company has reachedthe breezes of ether unalloyed, it presently returns :she then ensconces herself in her true haunts. Ah,bird of happy lot and happy end to whom God'sown vn\\ has granted birth from herself I Female or" The pheasant.* niagnitiem is unparalleled.' cUes is a reference to the ostrich or strouthiocamdos,which was so called from its camel-like neck, and which mightbe considered either land animal or bird.•î.e. in their joy over the periodic return of the Phoenix.663

MINOR LATIN POETSfemina vel mas haec, seu neutrum, seu sit utrumque,felix quae veneris foedera nulla colitmors illi venus est, sola est in morte voluptas : 1

PHOENIXmale she is, which you will—whether neither or /both, a happy bird, she regards not any unions oflove : to her, death is love ; and her sole pleasurelies in death : to win her birth, it is her appetitefirst to die. Herself she is her own offspring, hero^\^l sire and her own heir, herself her own nurse,her own nurseling evermore—herself indeed, yet*not the same ; because she is both herself and notherself, gaining eternal life by the boon of death.665

AVIANUS

INTRODUCTIONTO THE FABLES OF AVIANUSIn most of the extant MSS. the name of the authorof these forty-two fables is given (in the genitive)Aviani. Two of our principal MSS. (A and RarvL),however, have Avieni. If one may judge frominscriptions, Avianius was a commoner name thanAvianus. Between Avienus and Avienius there isnot enough material on which to form a judgement.Since, however, there is no trace of theending ~ii in any of our MSS., we may venture tolimit ourselves to the question of Avianus as againstAvienus.The suggestion has been made that the writer ofthe fables was identical with Rufius Festus Avienus,author of wôrks entitled Aratea and Descripiio OrbisTerrae. Chronology agrees, it is true ; but there aretwo grave objections: the fables and the Aratea arepoles asunder in style ; and the author of the Arateais designated in full in the MSS. Ruji Festl Avieni,while the prevailing description of the fabulist issimply Aviani. A more possible suggestion is thatour fabulist was the Avienus who took part in thesymposium described in the Saturnalia which wasA\Titten early in the fifth century by MacrobiusTheodosius. The theory appears more likely, if weagree that ad Theodosium in the title of the dedi-669

INTRODUCTION TOcatory letter means Macrobius Theodosius ^ andneither of the emperors named Theodosius, althoughtwo MSS. {Rawl. and Reg.) have imperatorem inapposition to Theodosium. Other arguments aregiven by Ellis (Proleg. p. xiv) in favour of thisparticular Avienus ; but nothing in the way of proofis forthcoming, and the prevalence of " Aviani "in the MSS. militates against it. It seems, then,best to conclude that the fables are the work of anunknown Avianus, who wrote about a.d. 400 in thelifetime of Macrobius and dedicated his work to him.Cannegieter and Lachmann, denying that theTheodosius of the preface was either of the emperorsor Macrobius, argued that Avianus lived in themiddle of the second century a.d. Cannegieterbased his theory partly on the fact that the prefaceomits Julius Titianus (a fabulist of about a.d. 200mentioned by Ausonius) from the list of Avianus'predecessors. Therefore, he held, Avianus musthave preceded Titianus. This argument from silenceis demolished by Wernsdorf 's reply that Avianus' listof fabulists does not profess to be exhaustive. ButCannegieter (like Lachmann in the following century)argued from Avianus' style also. The first impressionis that of general metrical correctness marred bysome glaring licences and of a Latinity, partlyAugustan, partly Silver, combined with a number ofviolent departures from classical usage. Therefore,according to Cannegieter and Lachmann, the original

'^THE FABLES OF AVIANUSAvianus lived in the second century and wrote inclassical Latin and in correct metre, while schoolmasters,rhetoricians, interpolators and copyists areresponsible for the depravations.Since Lachmann's day, however, the date ofBabrius" the fabulist, whom Avianus mentions andupon whom (as we shall see) he models a great partof his work, has been established by Otto Crusius.*Babrius, we now know, wrote under Severus Alexander(222-235 A.D.) ; and so Avianus must belongto a subsequent age. Moreover, arguments fromstyle really support the view that Avianus flourishedabout 400 A.D. Many couplets, it may be conceded,particularly in the '* promythia " and ' epimythia,"employed to introduce or conclude some fables, aswe now have them, are quite late additions ; otherscan be plausibly emended into classical Latin.Still, there remain some violations of prosody,^ bothdefying emendation and occurring in coupletswhich cannot be dismissed as interpolations withoutdestroying the sense of the fable ; while much of thelate Latin (see Ellis, Proleg. xxx sqq.) is embedded inthe core of a fable, and must therefore come from theoriginal Avianus. These violations of prosody andthis late Latin prevent us from putting the period ofAvianus earlier than the later part of the fourthcentury." Valerius Babrius composed two books of fables in Greekscazons. The dedication of one of his books is to the son ofSeverus Alexander. We have in all 137 fables along withfragments. There is in the Bodleian a Greek prose paraphraseof many of his fables, including some no longer extant inBabrius : see W. G. Rutherford, Babrius, London 1883.* De Babrii Aetate, Leipz. Stud. 11. 238.Cf. remarks on metre later in Introduction.671

INTRODUCTION TOAvianus in his preface or dedicatory letter makesno claim to be original. He claims that he hasput into elegiac verse 42 fables from the Aesopiccollection—a collection from Avhich Socrates andHorace had draAvn °-to illustrate moral maxims andwhich Phaedrus ^ and Babrius had abridged in theirLatin and Greek iambics respectively. It is strangethat Avianus should mention Phaedrus and Babriustogether in such a way as to suggest he was no moreindebted to one than to the other. The truth is thathe owes practically nothing to Phaedrus and nearlyeverj^thing to Babrius. Avianus 2, 5, 9, 34, 37 arerespectively more or less similar in subject-matterto Phaedrus II. vi, I. xi, V. ii, IV. xxiv, III. vii. Infable 37 Avianus is as near to Phaedrus as he is toBabrius and (though a lion has taken the place of awolf) Phaedrian influence may be admitted; theother four Avianus could have composed -withoutreading Phaedrus. Fables 2, 9, 34 are much closerto Babrius than to Phaedrus, and 5, which is not inour Babrius, is closer to the Aesopic prose version.As for single lines, apart from Av. xi. 10 and xxxi. 12(which perhaps are echoes of Phaedrus I. v. 1 andIV. vi. 13) there is scarcely a trace of indebtednessto the first-century fabulist. The case is verydifferent in regard to Babrius.*^ With a few exceptionsthe 42 fables can be traced to a Babrian sourceeitherto the scazons of Babrius or to the Greek prose" Cf. notes on the dedicatory letter.* Phaedrus, of Thracian origin, composed his five books inLatin iambic senarii. His first two books were written underTiberius (14-37 a.d.) ; see J. Wight Duff, Lit. Hist, of Rome inSilver Age, ^^. 133-154.' The Greek text of the extant Babrian versions is givenin Ellis' commentary.672

THE FABLES OlAVIANUSparaphrase now in the Bodleian. Probably, if ourBabrius were conriplete, we should be able to accountfor all Avianus' fabidae. In most cases Avianus'version is longer than that of Babrius. Avianusexpands his Babrian material, sometimes to make analteration in the story (e.g. 32, 35, 36), but more oftento elaborate the descriptive element with poeticaldiction which contains frequent echoes of Virgil orOvid. Thus a strained, even grotesque, artificialitydisplaces the simple directness of Babrius. For aforcible instance, one may examine fable 7, which isbased on Babrius lO-i. Here Avianus takes four lines(3-6) to paraphrase XdOprj klW eSaKve, virtuallyrepeats in lines 9 and 10 the preceding couplet, andintroduces the Virgilian crepitantia aera, perhaps as atardy recognition of â\K(.v(Ta

INTRODUCTION TOas in pependit onus (ix. 8), rumpere vocem (xiv. 11,XXV. 13), surgeiites demoror austros (xvi. 15), generisfiducia vestri (xxiv. 11);'^ or they may be still morepositively mock-heroic as in circumstetit horror of theass in the lion's skin (v. 9) and lacrimis obortis of aweeping fish (xx. 5).^Mingled v/ith this poetical language of a pre-Avianian age we have frequent instances of adegenerate Latin. These have been collected andtabulated by Ellis {Proleg. xxxvi sqq.). The use ofniinius for magnus, of tanti for tot, and of datur fordicitur, are among the most noticeable as far as singlewords are concerned. Indirect statement is sometimesintroduced by quod or expressed by the subjunctivewithout a conjunction. Que and atqueaccording to the manuscripts (though emendationis generally possible) may be used illogically toconnect participles wîth finite verbs ; and thegerundive once or twice does the work of a futureparticiple passive.To the prosody of Avianus a reference has alreadybeen made. In general, he gives us correct Ovidianelegiacs. Occasionally, according to the traditionaltext, at the end of the first half of a pentameter,hiatus is admitted or a short syllable takes the placeof a long one (Ellis xxiv-xxv). In most of thesecases the text can be easily emended and Avianushimself absolved from a metrical fault. Some otherviolations of classical prosody (veils iii. 6 ; nolam vii. 8 ;dispdr xi. 5 ; heres xxxv. 14) cannot be explainedaway ; they come from Avianus' own hand and attest« Cf. Ovid, Her. ix. 98, Rem. Am. 18, Fasti II. 760; Virg.Aen. II. 129, etc. ; III. 481 ; I. 132.* Cf. Virg. Aen. II. 559; XI. 41.674

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSthe decline of metrical strictness at the end of thefourth century.There is no trace of Christian influence in the Fables.Pagan gods and sacrifices are introduced after a pre-Christian fashion in 4, 8, 14, 22, 23, 32, 36 and 42.The popularity of Avianus in the schools of theMiddle Ages is attested by accretions, paraphrases,scholia and quotations. As rhetorical exercises,promythia or epimythia were composed at thebeginning or end of many fables to point the moral.A few of these came to be included in the text.Some epimythia (those contained in the earliestMSS.), it is likely, come from Avianus himself;but the four promythia (to fables 5, 7, 8, 34) areprobably the work of a rhetorician, although, beingcontained in the tenth century MSS., they are ofan early date. A number of undoubtedly spuriousepimythia (found only in later MSS.) are omittedin most editions. Froehner prints them separatelyin his edition of 1862. Paraphrases were oftenmade of Avianus. One collection entitled ApologiAviani^ is attached to two of the later Paris MSS.Here the paraphrast usually turns the first half orinto prose and ends by copyingmore of each fablethe last few lines of Avianus' own version, so thatoccasionally his Mork is useful for determining thetext. Alexander Neckam (1157-1217) composedverse paraphrases, perhaps of the whole of Avianus,entitling his work Novus Avianus. His versions ofthe first six fables are contained in a St. GermainMS. of the thirteenth century. ** Scholia of varying* Published by Froehner in his ed. of Avianus 1862.^ Published by Edclestand du Meril {Poesies Inediles, 260-267) and afterwards by Froehner, op. cit.X X 2675

INTRODUCTION TOextent and value are included in nearly all MSS. ofAvianus, indicating the assiduity wdth which he wasstudied. He is extensively quoted or alluded to bymedieval grammarians and anthologists j*^ and thefables were to be found in many libraries of theMiddle Ages.ÊDITIONSH. Cannegieter. Amsterdam, 1731.J. A. Nodell. Amsterdam, 1787.K. Lachmann. Berlin, 1845.W. Froehner. Leipzig, 1862.E. Baehrens. In Poetae Latijii Minores, Vol. V.Leipzig. 1883.R. Ellis. Oxford, 1887.L. Hervieux. In Fabulistes latins^ iii. Paris, 1894.RELEVANT WORKST. Wopkens. Observationes Criticae. Amsterdam,1736, VII. ii, pp. 197-253.J. H. Withof. Encae?iia Critica. 1741.J. C. Wernsdorf. In P. L. M., V. 2, pp. 663 sqq.K. Lachmann. De aetate Fl. Aviani. Berlin, 1845 =Kl. Schriften, II. 51.E. Baehrens, Miscell. Critica. Groningen, 1878.K. Schenkl. Ztsckr.f. bsterr. Gymn. xvi. 397.O. Unrein. De Aviani aetate. Jena, 1885.Draheim. De Aviani elegis, J.f. Philologie, cxliii. 509.J. E. B. Mayor. Class. Rev. I. (1887), 188 sqq." Manitius, Gesch. der lat. Lit. des Mittelalters, Index, s.v,Avianus; Philologus LI (1892), 533 sqq.* G. Becker, Catalogi Bibliothecarum Antiqui, 306.676

THE FABLES OF AVIAXUSF. Heidenhain. Zu de?i Apologi Aviarii. Progr.Strassbiir^, 1894.Jenkinson. Fables of Avianus, The xicademy, XLV.(1894), 129.O. Crusius. De Bahri'i Aeiate, Leipz. Stud., II. 238.Avian und die sogenannten Apologi Avia7ii,Philologns LIV. (1895), 474-488.s.v. Avianus in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclop.A = Paris. 8093 :P = Paris. 13206 :SIGLA(following Ellis in the main)saec. ix.saec. ix.C = Paris. 5570: saec. ix (Froehner), x (Ellis),xi (Baehr.).O = Oxon. Auct. F. 2. 14 : saec. xi.Rawl. = Oxon. B. N. Rawl. Ill : saec. xi-xii.X = Oxon. Auct. F. 5. 6 : circ. 1300.G = Cantab. Trinity, Gale 0. 3. 5 : saec. xii.Pet^. = Cantab. Peterhouse, 4 (fabulis i-xxii dereptis): saec. xiii-xiv.Pei^. = Cantab. Peterhouse, 25 (continens Avianumet Maximianum) :saec. xiii-xiv.B = Londin. Brit. Mus. Harl. 4967 : saec. xiii.b = Londin. Brit. Mus. 21, 213 (saepe interpolatus): saec. xiii.b 2 = Londin. Brit. Mus. A. xxxi (xvii-xxi omissis) :circ. 1300.b 3 = Londin. Brit. Mus. 10090 (interpolatus).T = Trevirensis. 1464 (continens Avianum etPrudentium) : saec. x.V = Lugdun. Batav. Vossianus L.Q. 86 : saec. ix.677

INTRODUCTION TO FABLES OF AVIANUSW = Lugdun. Batav. Vossianus L.O. 15 : saec. xi.Ashh. \j= B in Baehrens' ed.] = Ashburnhamensis(Libri 1813) : saec. xi-xii.Reg. = Reginensis. 1424 : saec. xi.L = Laurentianus, Ixviii 24 : saec. xi.S = Fragmentum Sangallense. 1396 : saec. xi.K = Fragmentum Karoliruhense (ab Froehneroadhibitum) :saec. ix.Cab. = readings reported by Cabeljau from a" codex vetustissimus " and reprinted by Cannegieterin D'Orville's Miscellanea Nova, 1734.Paraphr. = readings of the paraphrast, author ofthe apologi Aviani.Of the MSS. Baehrens collated the Leyden manuscriptsV and W, the Treves one, T, the Florence one,L, and the Ashburnhamensis (his B). G was collatedfor Baehrens by H. A. J. Munro. Baehrens citesthe readings of the Paris MSS. P, A, C and of theCarlsruhe fragment, K, from Froehner's edition.Ellis based his text largely on a personal examinationof the three Paris codices, those at Oxford, and thosein the British Museum, besides T and S. The mostimportant MSS. are C, Rawl.. G. B (in Ellis' sigla,i.e. Harl. 4967), T and ^^678

FABULAE AVIANIEPISTULA EIUSDEM AD THEODOSIUMDubitanti mihi, Theodosi optime, quoinam litterarumtitmlo nostri nominis memoriam mandaremus,fabularum textus occurrit, quod in his urbane conceptafalsitas deceat et non incumbat necessitas veritatis.nam quis tecum de oratione, quis de poemateloqueretur, cum in utroque litterarum genere etAtticos Graeca eruditione superes et LatinitateRomanes ? huius ergo materiae ducem nobis Aesopumnoveris, qui response Delphici Apollinis monitusridicula orsus est, ut legenda fii*maret. verum has pro 1exemplo fabulas et Socrates divinis operibus indiditet poemati suo Flaccus aptavit, quod in se sub iocorumcommunium specie vitae argumenta contineant.Titulus : Incipiunt fabulae Aviani poetae : epistolaeiusdem ad Theodosium C : ad imperatorem TheodosiumReg. : ad Teodosium imperatorem Bawl.* falsitas codd. : salsitas Baehrens. veritatis codd. :severitatis Lachmann.^° legenda codd. : sequenda Lachmann." i.e. probably Macrobius Theodosius, author of theSaturnalia : see Introduction. The tone of the dedicationsuits a literary addressee.* The historical " Aisopos " was a slave in Samos, 6th cent.B.C., who used beast-stories to convey moral lessons. Latergenerations freely ascribed to him a mass of fables, and thesupposed Aesopic fables were collected about 300 B.C. by68o

THE FABLESOF AVIANUSDEDICATORY LETTER TO THEODOSIUS «I WAS in doubt, most excellent Theodosius, towhat class of literature I should entrust the memoryof my name, when the narration of fables occurred tomy mind; because in these, fiction, if gracefullyconceived, is not out of place, and one is notoppressed by the necessity of adhering to the truth.Who could speak in your company on oratory oron poetry ? In both these divisions of literatureyou outstrip the Athenians in Greek learning aswell as the Romans in mastery of Latin. Mypioneer in this subject, you must know, is Aesop,*who on the advice of the Delphic Apollo starteddroll stories in order to establish moral maxims.Such fables by way of example have been introducedby Socrates ^ into his inspired works and fittedby Horace ^ into his poetry, because under the guiseof j ests ofgeneral application they contain illustrationsDemetrius of Phaleron. The authority for Avianus' statementthat Aesop was advised by the Delphic oracle is unknown.' The reference is to Plato's dialogues {Socraticis sermanibus,Hor. Od. III. xxi. 9-10) which represent much of Socrates'teaching. In Plato's Phaedo, 60-61, Socrates says a dreamled him to turn Aesopic fables into verse. Avianus hererefers to apologues in fable style : e.g. of Grasshoppers,Phaedr. 259; of Plenty and Poverty, Symp. 203; of Prometheusand Epimetheus, Protng. 320-321.^ e.g. the Town Mouse and the Country ^Mouse in Sat. II. vi.68

MINOR LATIN POETSquas Graecis iambis Babrius repetens in duo voluminacoartavit. Phaedrus etiam partem aliquam quinquein libellos resolvit. de his ego ad quadraginta et duasin unum redactas fabulas dedi, quas rudi Latinitatecompositas elegis sum explicare conatus. habes ergoopus Jquo animum oblectes, ingenium exerceas,sollicitudinem leves totumque vivendi ordinem cautusagnoscas. loqui vero arbores, feras cum hominibusgemere, verbis certare volucres, animalia riderefecimus, ut pro singulorum necessitatibus vel abipsis ammis sententia proferatur.

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSof life. They were taken up by Babrius" in Greekcholianibies and abridged into two volumes. Aconsiderable portion also was expanded by Phaedrus ''to a length of five books. I have compressed fortytwoof these into one book for publication—writingin unembellished Latin and attempting to set themforth in elegiacs. You have, therefore, a work todelight the mind, to exercise the brain, to relieveanxiety—one that will give you a wary knowledgeof the whole course of life. I have made trees talk,*^beasts growl in conversation ^\ith men, birds engagein wordy disputes, and animals laugh, so that to meetthe needs of each individual a maxim may be profferedeven by inanimate things. Farewell.The Nurse and her ChildOnce upon a time when her little boy was crying, apeasant-woman had sworn that if he were not quiethe would be given as a tit-bit '^ for a ravenous wolf.A credulous wolf overheard these words and waitedon guard close in front of the cottage doors, cherishinghopes in vain. For the child let a deep sleep comeover his weary limbs, and besides deprived thehungry robber thereby of his expectation. The wolfpraef. 9 i\d\€i Se ttctptj /col to v\\a ttjs irevKris. In Avianus,pine and bramble argue xLx, and a reed speaks xvi. Hisother remarks in this sentence are illustrated by the following: tigress challenges hunter xvii ; lion and hunter disputexxiv; crane and peacock quarrel xv; fox laughs vi; antlaughs xxxiv; and among '" inanimate things" a jar speaksxi ; a statue xxiii and a trumpet xxxix."^quod foret esca replaces the classical accus. and infin.CJ. XXV. 16.683

MINOR LATIN POETShunc ubi silvarum repetentem lustra suarumieiunum coniunx sensit adesse lupa," cur " inquit " nullam referens de more rapinamlanguida consumptis sic trahis ora genis? "" ne mireris " ait " deceptum fraude malignavix miserum vacua delituisse fuganam quae praeda, rogas, quae spes contingere posset,"iurgia nutricis cum mihi verba darent ?haec sibi dicta putet seque hac sciat arte notari,femineam quisquis credidit esse fidem.IIDe Testudine et AquilaPennatis avibus quondam testudo locuta est,si quis earn volucrum constituisset humi,protinus e Rubris conchas proferret harenis,quis pretium nitido cortice baca daretindignum, sibimet tardo quod sedula gressunil ageret toto proficeretque die.ast ubi promissis aquilam fallacibus implet,experta est similem perfida lingua fidem ;et male mercatis dum quaerit sidera pennis,occidit infelix alitis ungue fero.II, 2 voluerem VKm^ : volucrum Am^ cum ceteris codd.« perficeretque ACOTW Ash. : proficeretque Pet.- G Bawl.B b b2 Cab.^° occidit plerique codd. : excidit Baehrens.« verba darent in the classical sense of tricking. Contrastix. 20; xxiv. 10; xxxvii, 2; xxxviii. 6, where the sense issimply that of speaking.684

* Late Latin for se prolaturam esse conchas.68sTHE FABLES OF AVIANUSrepaired to the lair in his native woods, and his mate,seeing him arrive famished, said, " Why don't youbring back the usual prey ? Why are your cheekswasted and your jaws so drawn and emaciated? ""A mean trick took me in," he said; "so don'tbe surprised that I have been hard put to it toskulk pitifully away—with no spoil. WTiat kill, doyou ask, could come my May ? what prospect couldthere be, when a scolding nurse befooled me " ? **Let anyone who believes in a woman's sincerityreflect that to him these words are spoken and thatit is he whom this lesson censures.IIThe Tortoise and the EagleOnce a tortoise said to the feathered birds that ifone of the swift fliers could carry her away and sether safe on the ground ^ she would at once from thesands of the Erythraean Sea produce shells on'^which their bright-crusted pearl conferred a value.She felt it an outrage that, despite her diligence, herslow pace prevented her doing anything or makingany progress the whole day. She loaded an eaglewith false promises, but her untruthful tongue founda broken troth to match her own. While soaringaloft on the wings whose aid she had bought so ill,the MTretched tortoise met her death by the bird's* Line 2 presents difficulties. It has earn for se ;quisimplying the rare masc. gender for volucrum ; and constituissetinvolving a latent idea. The alternative volucrem means thatthe tortoise asked to be made a bird : this is accepted byBaehrens, who reads ibi for humi.

MINOR LATIN POETSturn quoque sublimis, cum iam moreretur, in aurasingemuit votis haec licuisse suis ;nam dedit exosae post haec documenta quietinon sine supremo magna labore peti.sic quicumque nova sublatus laude tumescit,dat merito poenas, dum meliora cupit.IllDe Cancro et Matre EiusCurva retro cedens dum fert vestigia cancer,hispida saxosis terga relisit aquis.hunc genetrix facili cupiens procedere gressutalibus alloquiis emonuisse datur**ne tibi transverso placeant haec devia, nate,rursus in obliquos neu velis ire pedes,sed nisu contenta ferens vestigia rectoinnocuos proso tramite siste gradus."cui natus " faciam, si me praecesseris " inquit,'•rectaque monstrantem certior ipse sequar.nam stultum nimis est, cum tu pravissima temptes,alterius censor si vitiosa notes."686^2 licuisse plerique codd. : libuisse Cannegieter.III. ^ procedere CT : praecedere plerique codd.* praemonuLsse codd. : emonuisse Ellis.^2 ut codd. : si Ellis {servans metrum).

THE FABLES OF AVIANUScruel talons. Then it was that, raised on high,'^ inthe hour of death, she filled the breezes with hermoaning plaint that such had been the answer toher prayers. For she gave surly sloth a warning forthe future that great achievement is only reached bythe utmost toil.So anyone elated and puffed up with new-foundglory pays a just penalty in hankering after what istoo high for him.IllThe Crab and itsMotherWhile a crab was walking backwards and tracingits crooked way, it banged its scaly back in the rockypools. Its mother, eager to go forward with stepunhindered, is said to have delivered a warning toit in such words as these: " Don't go zigzag andchoose these crooked ways, my child, and don't seekto move backwards and slantwise on your feet.Step out vigorously with straightforward effort andplant your footsteps safely in the onward path."" I will do so," the young crab replied, " if you goahead of me ; and, if you show me the correct road,I will follow the more surely. For it is exceedinglyfoolish of you, when you are attempting the mostcrooked of courses yourself, to set up as censor andcriticise the faults of another."" suUimis is emphatic :cf. the appHcation iii 15-16.sublimes, the variant in several MSiS., goes with auras," breezes of heaven."687

MINOR LATIN POETSIVDe Vento et SoleImmitis Boreas placidusque ad sidera Phoebusiurgia cum magno conseruere love,quis prior inceptum peragat : mediumque per aequorcarpebat solitum forte viator iter,convenit banc potius Uti praefigere causam,pallia nudato decutienda viro.protinus impulsus ventis circum tonat aetheret gelidus nimias depluit imber aquas :ille magis lateri duplicem circumdat amictum,turbida submotos quod trahit aura sinus.sed tenues radios paulatim increscere Phoebusiusserat, ut nimio surgeret igne iubar,donee lassa volens requiescere membra viatordeposita fessus veste sederet humi.tunc victor docuit praesentia numina Titan,nullum praemissis vincere posse minis.De Asino Pelle Leonis Ixduto[Metiri se quemque decet propriisque iuvarilaudibus, alterius nee bona ferre sibi,ne detracta gravem faciant miracula risum,coeperit in solitis cum remanere malis.]IV. ^ sidera codd. : cetera Lachmann : ludiera Baehrens.^ aequor C/n^ : orbem cett. codd.V. * solitis Pet.^ b : solis plerique codd,688

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSIVThe Wind and the SuxSavage Boreas and gentle Phoebus joined strifein the presence of the stars with great Jupiter, todecide which should first achieve his task ; and overthe midst of the plain it happened a traveller wasplying his wonted way. They agree to prefacetheir dispute with this case for trial—to get theman stripped by tearing off his cloak." Straightwaywith the onset of the wind the sky thundersaround, and the chill rain-storm pours down torrentsof water. The traveller folds his cloak double anddraws it round his sides all the more, because thetempestuous blast pushes the folds aside and tugs atthem. But Phoebus had bidden his penetrating raysgrow stronger little by little, so that his splendourmight emerge in excessive heat,—until the traveller,anxious to rest his weary limbs, threw down hiscloak and sat on the ground exhausted. Then in histriumph the Titan taught the assembled gods ^that no one can win victory by an advance guard ofthreats.The Donkey inVthe Lion's Skin[Everyone should take his true measure and becontent with his own merits, and not claim for himselfhis neighbour's goods, lest the stripping of the finerylead to painful ridicule as soon as he is left in possessionof his usual defects.]" nudato is proleptic. * i.e. the stars and Jupiter.Y Y689

MINOR LATIN POETSExuvias asinus Gaetuli forte leonisrepperit et spoliis induit ora novis.aptavitque suis incongrua tegmina membriset miserum tanto pressit honore caput,ast ubi terribilis mimo circumstetit horrorpigraque praesumptus venit in ossa vigor,mitibus ille feris communia pabula calcansturbabat pavidas per sua rura boves.rusticus hunc magna postquam deprendit ab aure,correptum vinclis verberibusque domatet simul abstracto denudans corpora tergoincrepat his miseriun vocibus ille pecus :** forsitan ignotos imitato murmure fallasat mihi, qui quondam, semper asellus eris."VIDe Raxa et VulpeEdita gurgitibus limoque immersa profundoet luteis tantum semper arnica vadis,ad superos coUes herbosaque prata recurrensmulcebat miseras turgida rana feras,callida quod posset gravibus succurrere morbiset vitam ingenio continuare suo ;nee se Paeonio iactat cessisse magistro,quamvis perpetuos curet in orbe deos.5 getuli phrique codd. : defimcti PV," mimo Cannegieter : animo phrique codd. : animu Ashb.VI. ^ limoque W Xevelet : olimque cett. codd.' P(a)eonio phrique codd. : Paeoni Lachmann.690

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSIt happened that a donkey discovered a Gaetuhanlion's skin and clothed his face with the new-foundspoil. To his own limbs he fitted the ill-assortedcovering and burdened his wretched head with trappingsso majestic. But when the grim appearance,awe-inspiring in its mimicry," enveloped him, andthe courage he had assumed in advance entered hissluggish bones, then, trampling the pasture whichhe shared with the tame animals, he drove the scaredcattle in confusion over their fields. The farmer,after catching him by his long ear, hustled him off andsubdued him by tying him up and thrashing him ;and as he stripped the stolen skin off his body hescolded the poor beast ^^-ith these words : " Perhapsyour mimic roar may cheat strangers. To me youwill always be a donkey as before."VIThe Frog and the FoxSprung from pools, immersed in depths of mud, theconstant friend of naught but miry shallows, a distendedfrog, revisiting the hills above and the grassymeadows, sought to comfort the afflicted beasts withthe assurance that her leech-craft could relieve theirsore diseases and her genius could prolong their lives.Her boast was that she had never been surpassed bythe Paeonian master,^ though he attended the ever-" ynimo goes with terribilis as an ablative. The readinganimu tempts one to suggest mimum ": when the awfulappearance enveloped this farcical actor" {i.e. the ass). Forthe diction cf. Virg. Aen. II. 559, mn . . . circmnstetit horror.* Paeon was the Master Healer :cf. Rut. Namat. I. 75Paeoniam artem.YY 2691

MINOR LATIN POETStunc vulpes pecudum ridens astuta quietem,verborum vacuam prodidit esse fidem" haec dabit aegrotis "inquit" medicamina membris,pallida caeruleus cui notat ora color? "VIIDe Caxe qui noluit Latrare[Haud facile est pravis innatiun mentibus ut severberibus dignas suppliciove putent.]Forte canis quondam nullis latratibus horrensnee patulis primum rictibus ora trahens,mollia sed pavidae submittens verbera caudae,concitus audaci vulnera dente dabat.hunc dominus, ne quern probitas simulata lateret,iusserat in rabido gutture ferre nolam.faucibus innexis crepitantia subligat aera,quae facili motu signa cavenda darent.haec tamen ille sibi credebat praemia ferri,et similem turbam despiciebat ovans.tunc insultantem senior de plebe superbumaggreditur tali singula voce monens :" infelix, quae tanta rapit dementia sensum,munera pro meritis si cupis ista dari ?^° vacuam codd. : vanam Cannegieter.VII. 2 muneribus codd. : verberibus Withof : vulneribusFroehner in not.^ nolam plerique molam Vm^W : notam Cab.^*codd. :singula voce codd. : monens plerique codd. : sibila vocemovens Lachmann : voce severa monens Baehrens : cingulavoce moves ? Ellis.692

THE FABI.ESOF AVIAXUSlasting gods in turn. Then a cunning vixen, laughingat the acquiescence of the cattle, disclosed thefutility of giving credence to words ": Is physic,"she asked, " going to be prescribed for diseased limbsby this frog, whose pale face is sicklied o'er with alivid hue? "VIIThe Dog that would not Bark[Not readily is it the nature of evil dispositionsto believe themselves deserving of stripes andpunishment.]It happened once there was a dog with no gruffbark, that did not open its mouth in a wide gape as afirst sign of mischief, but put its soft-wagging tailin fear beneath it, and then would fly into a fury andsnap recklessly with its teeth. To prevent anyonebeing taken unawares by its pretended good character,its master had made it wear a bell " round its savagethroat. He fastened its neck and tied the tinklingbrass underneath to give signals of warning by itsready motion. The dog, however, believed this wasworn by it as a reward, and triumphantly began to lookdown on the crowd of dogs like itself. Then an olderdog of humble rank accosted the swaggerer in itsexaltation, giving each word of advice ^ after thefollowing strain: " Wretch, Avhat is this monstrousmadness that steals away your senses, if indeed youwill have it that those rewards are given you for your" jwlam elsewhere has a long o.' Ellis' reading is attractive, '" tali cingula voce moves? "" what, so loud in shaking your collar? " 693

MINOR LATIN POETSnon hoc virtutis decus ostentatur in aere,nequitiae testem sed geris hide sonum.'VIIIDe Camelo et Iove[Contentum proprhs sapientem vivere rebusnee cupere aiterius fabula nostra monet,indignata cito ne stet Fortuna recursuatque eadem minuat quae dedit ante rota.]Corporis immensi fertur pecus isse per auraset magnum precibus solhcitasse lovemturpe nimis cunctis irridendumque videri,insignes geminis cornibus ire boves,et solum nulla munitum parte camelumobieetum cunctis expositumque feris.luppiter irridens postquam sperata negavit,insuper et magnae sustulit auris onus." vive minor merito, cui sors non sufficit " inquit," et tua perpetuum, livide, damna geme."IXDe Duobus Sociiset UrsaMontibus ignotis curvisque in vallibus artumcum socio quidam suscipiebat iter,VIII. ^ det . . . recursum Baehrens {ex recursu in W).^ auras plerique codd. : aras b : arva Pet.^ : Afros Withof,694

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSdeserts ? This is not an ornament of merit displayedin a brass setting : no, by wearing it you carry asound as witness of your bad character."vniJupiter and the Camel[Our fable counsels a man if he be wise to livecontented with his own property and not to covetwhat belongs to another, lest Fortune be angry andrun quickly back to a standstill, and the same wheelthat once bestowed favours end in lessening them.]The story goes that an animal of vast bulk wentthrough the air and besought high Jove withentreaties, saying that everyone thought it a monstrousscandal and theme for ridicule that oxenshould strut about in the glory of a pair of horns,while the camel alone should be undefended in everyquarter, at the mercy of all the animal world and opento their attacks. Jupiter, mocking the camel, afterrefusing the expected boon, went further and relievedit of the weight of its large ears, saying, " Livebeneath your deserts, as you are not satisfied withyour lot; bewail your loss for ever, you jealouscreature."IXThe two Companions and the BearA man was once journeying along a narrow roadwith a companion among unknown hills and in'^ adridens vel arridens plerique codd. : irridens B Rawl.Pet.^ : at ridens Cannegieter.695

MINOR LATIN POETSsecurus, cum quodque malum Fortuna tulisset,robore collato posset uterque pati.dumque per inceptum vario sermone feruntur,in mediam praeceps convenit ursa viam.horum alter facili comprendens robora cursuin viridi trepidum fronde pependit onusille trahens nullo iacuit vestigia gressu,exaniniem fingens, sponte relisus humi.continue praedam cupiens fera saeva cucurritet miserum curvis unguibus ante levatverum ubi concreto riguerunt membra timore(nam solitus mentis liquerat ossa calor),tunc olidum credens, quamvis ieiuna, cadaverdeserit et lustris conditur ursa suis.sed cum securi paulatim in verba redissent,liberior iusto, qui fuit ante fugax :" die, sodes, quidnam trepido tibi rettulit ursa ?nam secreta diu multaque verba dedit."" magna quidem monuit, tamen haec quoque maximaiussit,quae misero semper sunt facienda mihi'ne facile alterius repetas consortia,' dixit,'rursus ab insana ne capiare fera.' "X. De Calvo EquiteCalvus eques capiti solitus religasse capillosatque alias nudo vertice ferre comas,IX. ^ quodcumque plerique codd. : cum quodque Baehrens.^ inceptum plerique codd. : incertum T : inseptum Ellis.^ convenit codd. : en venit Canneg. : convolat Baehrens.X. ^ religasse PVW Ashb. Bawl. : religare plerique codd.696

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSuiiuliiiii; valleys. lie felt safe because, whateveradversity Fortune might bring, both would be ableto unite their strength and face it. While withvaried conversation they were pursuing the journeythey had started, a she-bear came headlong tomeet them in the middle of the way. One of thetravellers with an easy run grasped an oak branchand suspended his panic-stricken weight amongthe green foliage. The other, without advancinghis course a single step, feigned death, and laydo^\Tl, throwing himself intentionally on the ground.At once, eager for the spoil, the savage beastran up and, to start with, lifted the poor man inher crooked claws. But when icy fear stiffened hislimbs (for the usual vital warmth had left his bones),then the bear, thinking him a rank corpse, abandonedhim in spite of her hunger and vanished into her ownhaunts. But after they recovered their nerve andgradually resumed their talk, the man who beforehad run away grew now over-merry and said, " Tellme, please, what was it the bear told you when youwere trembling there ? She spoke much with youin a long private talk." " Yes, she gave me importantadvice, but laid also this command especially on me,'and I. poor wretch, must always carry it out. Bechary of returning to partnership with another,'she said, ' lest a rabid beast get hold of you a secondtime.' "XThe Bald HorsemanA bald horseman, accustomed to fasten hair tohis head and wear strange locks on his bare crown,697

MINOR LATIN POETSad Campum nitidis venit conspectus in armiset facilem frenis flectere coepit equum.huius ab adverse Boreae spiramina praeflantridiculum populo conspiciente caputnam mox deiecto nituit frons nuda galero,discolor apposita quae fuit ante coma,ille sagax, tantis quod risus milibus esset,distulit admota calliditate iocum," quid mirum " referens " positos fugisse capillos,quern prius aequaevae deseruere comae ? "XIDe Duabus OllisEripiens geminas ripis cedentibus ollasinsanis pariter flumen agebat aquis.sed diversa duas ars et natura creavitaere prior fusa est, altera ficta luto.dispar erat fragili et solidae concordia motus,incertumque vagus amnis habebat iter,ne tamen allisam confringeret, aerea testaiurabat solidam longius ire viam.° praeflant Ellis : perfl == ant Ashb. : praestant cett. codd.^ apposita codd. ab posita Baehrens.XI. *:facta CX b^ Pet.^ Beg. : ficta pkrique codd.* vagans B, Ellis : vagus cett. codd.' elisam codd. : allisam Barth, Baehrens : illisam Schenkl.* solitam codd. : solidam Ellis : sociam Xerelet. longiuscodd. : comminus Canyieg. : urgebat coctam, comminusBaehrens.698

THE FABLES OF AVIANUS"came to the Campus conspicuous in shining armourand began mana'uvrinc; his nimble horse with thebridle. The blasts of the North wind driving againsthim blew upon the front of his head and made it afigure of fun in the sight of the people. For soon hiswig flew ofl' and his uncovered forehead shonebrightly, which just before had another hue whilethe false hair was fixed on. As the horsemansaw that he was the laughing-stock of so manythousands, he shrewdly brought cunning to his aidand turned away the jest from himself. " Why besurprised," he remarked, " that my assumed locks"have gone, when my natural hair deserted me first ?XIThe two JarsTwo jars were once swept away by a river owing toa collapse of its banks and were being carried downtogether in the wild current. Different craftsmanshipand material had created the two ; the first was offused bronze, the other of moulded clay. Thebrittle and the solid jar kept up an uneven harmonyof progress,^ while the meandering river took its waywardcourse. The bronze jar, however, swore to pursueits metallic route at a distance from the other lest itshould strike against it and smash it to pieces. The" i.e. the Campus Martins, the ancient open exercisegroundof Rome :cf. Hor. Sat. I. vi. 126 fugio CampionInsumque trigonem.* dispdr: cf. xxiii. 8, and impdr, xviii. 10. The oxymorondispar concordia means that in general the pots kept together,but irregularly so. Each in turn might drop behind andafterwards catch up.699

iliaMINOR LATIN POETStimens ne quid levibus graviora nocerent,et quia nulla brevi est cum meliore fides," quamvis securam verbis me feceris " inquit," non timor ex animo decutiendus eritnam me sive tibi seu te mihi conferat unda,semper ero ambobus subdita sola malis."XIIDe Rustico et ThesauroRustieus impresso molitus vomere terramthesaurum sulcis prosiluisse videt.mox indigna animo properante reliquit aratra,gramina compellens ad meliora boves.continuo supplex Telluri construit aras,quae sibi depositas sponte dedisset opes,hunc Fortuna novis gaudentem provida rebusadmonet, indignam se quoque ture dolens" nunc inventa meis non prodis munera templisatque alios mavis participare decs ;sed cum surrepto fueris tristissimus auro,me primam lacrimis sollicitabis inops."XIIIDe Hirco et TauroImmensum taurus fugeret cum forte leonemtutaque desertis quaereret antra viis,^* subruta sola modis Lachmann.XII. * semina plerique codd. : gramina Canneg. : fortassevimina vel stramina Ellis.700

THE FABLES OlAMANUSclay jar, through fear tliat it might be an instance ofthe hght damaged by the heavy, and because weaknesshas no confidence in deaUngs with the stronger,said, " Though you reHeve me of anxiety as far asyour promises go, still I cannot shake my mind clearof fear. For whether the water brings me up againstyou or you against me, I shall always be the solevictim of either disaster."XIIThe Peasant and the TreasureOn breaking up the earth by the impact of hisplough a peasant noticed a treasure-hoard leap intoview from the furrows. Presently with quickenedheart he abandoned the plough, now disesteemed,and drove his oxen to better pastures. At once withvows he raised altars in honour of Earth, since sheunasked had given him the wealth entrusted to her.As he rejoiced in his new estate, Fortune with an eyeto the future gave him a warning ; for she was piquedthat he did not think her also deserving of incense." For the moment you neglect to hand over yourtreasure-trove to any temple of mine, and prefer toshare it with other gods ; but when the gold is stolenand you are in the depths of grief, I shall be the firstwhom you will tearfully entreat in your beggary."XIIIThe Goat and the BullIt happened once that a bull was running awayfrom a mighty lion, seeking by lonely paths for some701

MINOR LATIN POETSspeluncam reperit, quam tunc hirsutus habebatCinyphii ductor qui gregis esse solet.ast ubi submissa meditantem irrurapere fronteobvius obliquo terruit ore caper,tristis abit longaque fugax de valle locutus(nam timor expulsum iurgia ferre vetat)" non te demissis saetosum, putide, barbis,ilium, qui super est consequiturque, tremonam si discedat, nosces, stultissime, quantumdiscrepet a tauri viribus hircus olens."XIVDe Simialuppiter in toto quondam quaesiverat orbe,munera natorum quis meliora daret.certatim ad regem currit genus omne ferarum,permixtumque homini cogitur ire pecus ;sed nee squamigeri desunt ad iurgia piscesvel quicquid volucrum purior aura vehit.inter quos trepidae ducebant pignora matres,iudicio tanti discutienda dei.tunc brevis informem traheret cum simia natum,ipsum etiam in risum compulit ire lovem.XIII. 3 repetit C Rawl.m}.^ post plerique codd. : ast BX Pet.^ b^.^ longaque plerique codd. : longeque Canneg. : longumqueEllis. vaUe (vale P) codd. : calle Lachmann.XIV. * homini codd. : cicur Baehrens.' inter quos codd. : in tergo Baehrens.702

THE FABLES OF AVIANUScavern, when he discovered a cave which wassafethen occupied by a shaggy goat accustomed to leadthe Cinyphian herd." Thereu})on, when the goatmet him and with sidelong look frightened him outof his intention to lower his head and burst in, hewent off mournfully and in his flight sent a replyfrom the far reaches of the valley (fear forbade himto quarrel over his rebuff). " It's not you I trembleat, you stinking creature, with your bristly hair andtrailing beard ; it's that lion—which is still to comeand which follows in my track. If he abandons thechase, you'll learn, you arrant fool, the differencebetween a bull in his strength and a smelly goat,"XIVThe MonkeyJupiter had once inquired through the wholeworld which animal it was that could present the giftof the finest offspring. In eager rivalry therehastened to the king every sort of creature of thewild, and every beast that has dealings with man wasconstrained to come. Nor did the scale-covered fishfail to contest their claim, or any bird borne on theclearer air. Among this gathering nervous mothersled up their progeny to be inspected at the judgement-seatof the powerful god. Just then, as adwarfish monkey pulled forward her ugly offspring,she forced even Jove himself to laugh. But for all her" The epithet refers to the lonj^-haired goats bred in theMauritanian territory washed by the Cinyps.

MINOR LATIN POETShanc tamen ante alios rupit turpissima vocem,dum generis crimen sic abolere cupit" luppiter hoc norit, maneat victoria si querniudicio superest omnibus iste meo."XVDe Grue et PavoneThreiciam volucrem fertur lunonius alescommuni sociam conteruisse cibonamque inter varias fuerat discordia formas,magnaque de facili iurgia lite trahuntquod sibi multimodo fulgerent membra decore,caeruleam facerent livida terga gruem ;et simul erectae circumdans tegmina caudaesparserat arcatum sursus in astra iubar.ilia licet nullo pennarum certet honore,his tamen insultans vocibus usa datur" quamvis innumerus plumas variaverit ordo,mersus humi semper florida terga gerisast ego deformi sublimis in aera pennaproxima sideribus numinibusque feror."^^ haec BX Bawl. : hec A-shb. : hanc cett. codd.XV. 2 contenuisse P : continuisse vel continuasse cett. codd.conripuisse Froehner : commonuisse vel detinuisse vel conteruisseEllis.' agmina Ellis.® arcanum codd. : arcatum Barth. rursus codd. : sursusLachmann,704

THE FABLES OF AVIANLSugliness the monkey flung out these words beforeothers could speak, anxious by so doing to remove thereproach upon her race: " Let Jupiter determinewhether victory is in store for anyone ; to mj> mindthe little monkey before you beats the lot."XVThe Crane and the PeacockThe story goes that Juno's bird disparaged theThracian fowl,^ when she shared their joint feedingground.For a quarrel had arisen involving theirdifferent kinds of beauty and they were protractinga long argument on a case easy to settle. The peacockcontended that the parts of his body gleamed inmanifold loveliness, but that a dingy back gave thecrane a dun colour, and at the word he arrayed abouthim the canopy of his uplifted tail and shot an arc oflight upwards to the sky. The crane, though unableto rival the other in any glory of plumage, is neverthelesssaid to have used these words in mockery" Countless may be the array of colours variegatingyour plumage, yet you, the wearer of that gaudytail, are for ever kept close to earth. But I soaraloft into the air on my wing for all its ugliness,and am wafted nigh to the stars and heavenlypowers."* i.e. the crane :cf. Ovid, A. A. iii. 182, Thrticiamve gruevi ;Virg. Aen. X. 265, Strymoniae grues.705

MINOR LATIN POETSXVIDe Quercu et HaruxdineMontibus e summis radicitus eruta quercusdecidit insani turbine victa Noti,quam tumidis subter decurrens alveus undissuscipit et fluvio praecipitante rapit.verum ubi diversis impellitur ardua ripis,in fragiles calamos grande residit onus,tunc sic exiguo conectens caespite ramosnairatur liquidis quod stet harundo vadis :se quoque tarn vasto necdum consistere trunco,ast illam tenui cortice ferre minas.stridula mox blando respondens canna susurroseque magis tutam debilitate docet." tu rabidos " inquit " ventos saevasque procellasdespicis et totis viribus acta ruis.ast ego surgentes paulatim demoror Austroset quamvis levibus provida cedo Notisin tua praeruptus se effundit robora nimbus,motibus aura meis ludificata perit."haec nos dicta monent magnis obsistere frustra,paulatimque truces exsuperare minas.XVI. ^ necdum phrique codd. : rectum C Beg. : rectamEllis, consistere plerique codd. : non sistere Ellis. j1^ offendit codd. praeter X : se effundit Lachnann.1" frusta b : lustra B : rebus b^ : frustra celt. codd. : fluxaEllis.706

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXVIThe Oak and the ReedAn oak was torn up by its roots, a victim of the madSouth Wind's whirhng force, and fell down from themountain heiirhts. A river-channel, flowing belowin high spate, took it and bore it off in the headlongcurrent. But after the tall trunk had been thrustfrom bank to bank, its mighty bulk came to restamong slender reeds. Then it marvelled that a reed,fastening its stalks in but a tiny tuft, should standfirm in the flo^ving water; it marvelled that, for allits massive trunk, even it could not yet" standunmoved, while the reed with its slender rind enduredthe menaces of nature.^ Presently the creakingreed, answering with meek whisper, declared thatits weakness increased its safety. "You," it said," scorn the ravening winds and cruel tempests, andfall beneath the onset of their full strength. I keepin dalliance the gradually rising Auster and, withan eye to the future, let myself be swayed by Notus,however light his breath. Against your sti'ength therain-storm hurls itself sheer; but, baffled by mymotion, the breeze sinks into nothing."This teaches us that it is in vain we resist themighty and that it is by slow degrees that wesurmount the fury of their menaces." necdum. The years in which the truncus had grown tarnvastus had not vet made it strons enough to resist the storm.Cf. J. E. B. MaVor, C. R. I. (1887) p. 191.''miratur (8) is first followed by quod stel to express indirectstatement, then by two accus. and iufin. clauses (9-10).zz 2707

MINOR LATIN POETSxvnDe ^'ENATORE ET TiGRIDEVenator iaculis haud irrita vulnera torquensturbabat trepidas per sua lustra feras.turn pavidis audax cupiens succurrere tigrisverbere conunoto iussit adesse minax.ille tamen solito contorquens tela lacerto" nunc tibi, qualis earn, nuntius iste refert."et simul emissum transegit vulnere ferrum,praestrinxitque citos hasta cruenta pedes.moUiter at fixum traheret cum saucia telum,a trepida fertur vulpe retenta diu,nempe quis ille foret, qui talia vulnera ferret,aut ubinam iaculum delituisset agens.ilia gemens fractoque loqui vix murmure coepit(nam solitas voces ira dolorque rapit)" nulla quidem medio convenit in aggere formaquaeque oculis olim sit repetenda meis,sed cruor et validis in nos directa lacertisostendunt aliquem tela fuisse virum."XVIIIDe Quattuor IuvencisET LeoneQuattuor immensis quondam per prata iuvencisfertur amicitiae tanta fuisse fides,XVII. 2 pavidas BGOX Raul. Ashb. Pet.^ : rapidas L:rabidas cett. codd. : trepidas Lachmann.minax Froehner.plerique :* eram plerique codd. earn Tfn^, Froehner.^^:dum quis plerioite codd. : quis deus Baehrens : nempequis Ellis.708

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXVIIThe Hunter and the TigressA huntsman who dealt effective wounds with thejavelins he discharged used to drive the wild animalsin terrified confusion through their coverts. Thena bold tigress, eager to succour the panic-strickenbeasts, lashing with her tail in threatening wise,bade him come up against her. But he hurled asusual his missile from his shoulder, saying, " That isthe messenger which in this hour tells you myprowess as 1 go my way " ; and at that moment theweapon which he discharged pierced and woundedher, and the blood-stained shaft grazed her swift feet.When the wounded tigress was gently drawing forththe tight-fixed weapon, she is said to have been keptin converse a long time by a fox asking in dismay,who was the man that could deal such wounds orwhere had he hid himself to shoot his javelin. Thetigress with moans and broken growls found speechwith difficulty ; for rage and pain robbed her of herusual utterance; " No shape that my sight couldafterwards recall confronted me in the middle of theroad,'' but the blood and the weapon aimed at me by apowerful arm show that it was some man of might."xvniThe Four Oxen and the LionOnce among four huge oxen in the meadows thereexisted, as the story goes, so trusty a bond of affection," .Servius on Virg. Aen. V. 273, viae deprensits in aggere,explains agger est media viae eminentia coaggeratis lapidibusstrata :cf. Rut. Namat. I. 39 Aurelius agger = Via Aurelia.709

MINOR LATIN POETSut simul emissos nullus divelleret error,rursus et e pastu turba rediret amans.hos quoque collatis inter se cornibus ingensdicitur in silvis pertimuisse leo,dum metus oblatam prohibet temptare rapinamet coniuratos horret adire boves ;et quamvis audax factisque immanior esset,tantoriun solus viribus impar erat.protinus aggreditur pravis insistere verbis,collisum. cupiens dissociare pecus.sic postquam dictis animos disiunxit acerbis,invasit miserum diripuitque gregem.tunc quidam ex illis " vitam servare quietamqui cupit, e nostra discere morte potestneve cito admotas verbis fallacibus auresimpleat aut veterem deserat ante fidem."XIXDe AbIETE AC DUMISHorrentes dumos abies pulcherrima risit,cum facerent formae iurgia magna suae,indignum referens cum istis certamen haberi,quos meritis nullus consociaret honor :" nam mihi deductum surgens in nubila corpusverticis erectas tollit in astra comas,puppibus et patulis media cum sede locamur,in me suspensos explicat aura sinusat tibi deformem quod dant spineta figuram,despectum cuncti praeteriere viri."XVIII. * ovans WBX b Pet.^ : amans cett. codd.^ sed codd. : et vulgo,invasit BX Pet.^ : invadit cett. codd.XIX. 3 cunctis codd. : cum istis Baehrens :* quos GTOX Beg. Bawl. : quod cett. codd.dumis Ellis.710

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSthat on beincr sent from their stalls together nostraying would sunder them, and then again the groupwould return from pasture still friends. Now, beforethese oxen, with their horns united in line, a mightylionin the forest is said to have quailed, so long asfear forbade him to make trial of the quarry facinghim, and he shrank from approaching the alliedcattle ; and, though courageous and more savagein his deeds, he was no match by himself for thestrength of such powerful beasts. Thereupon hebegan to urge evil counsels, anxious to divide theherd by making them quarrel. So after he had sowndisunion AA-ith embittering words, he rushed upon thepoor herd and tore them limb from limb. Then oneof them said, " Anyone who wants to preserve anuntroubled life may learn from our death. Let himnot be in a hurry to suffer a ready ear to be filled withguile, or to desert over soon an ancient loyalty."XIXThe Pine and the Bramble BushA very lovely pine made mockery of a pricklybramble bush in a serious dispute touching theirclaims to beauty. The pine said it was unfair itshould have to contend with such as no title broughtby merit into its own class. " For my tapering trunkrises towards the clouds, and rears stanvard the loftyfoliage of my tree-top ; and when I am placed on theship's open deck in the centre, the sails unfurled bythe ^^'ind hang upon me. But you—everyone passesyou by with scorn, because your growth of thornsgives you an ugly appearance." The bramble711

ille refert :MINOR LATIN POETS" nunc laeta quidem bona sola fateriset nostris frueris imperiosa malissed cum pulchra minax succidet membra securis,"quam velles spinas tunc habuisse meas IXXDe Piscatore et PiscePiscator solitus praedam suspendere saetaexigui piscis vile trahebat onus.sed postquam superas captum perduxit ad aurasatque a\ido fixum vulnus ab ore tulit," parce, precor " supplex lacrimis ita dixit obortis" nam quanta ex nostro corpore dona feres ?nunc me saxosis genetrix fecunda sub antrisfudit et in propriis ludere iussit aquis.tolle minas, tenerumque tuis sine crescere mensis :haec tibi me rursum litoris ora dabitprotinus immensi depastus caerula pontiillepinguior ad calamum sponte recurro tuum."nefas captum referens absolvere piscem,difficiles queritur casibus esse vices" nam miserum est " inquit " praesentem amittere712praedam,stultius et rursum vota futura sequi."XX. ^ damna codd. : dona Lachmann.^* casibus codd. : cassibus Froehner, Baehrens, Ellis.

ejoins :THE FABLES OF AVIANUS" True, now you rejoice and all you professis fair, and in your domineering way you take pleasurein my defects. But in that day when the threateningaxe shall hew your fine limbs, how you would thenwish that you had possessed my thorns! "XXThe Angler and the FishA fisherman who used to catch his prey hangingon a horsehair line was drawing in a tiny fish oftrumpery weight. But after he had brought hiscatch up into the air and the fish had been piercedwith a wound ^ through its hungry mouth, in entreatyamid starting tears it said, " Have mercy, I pray you ;for how much gain will you derive from my flesh ?Just now has a fertile mother spawned me 'neath therocky caves, and bidden me disport myself in ourown waters. Banish your fell designs ; I am younglet me grow up for your table.will give me to you again.This bank of the shoreIn a little time, when Ihave fed on the blue waters of the boundless deep,I shall willingly return the fatter to your rod." Thefisherman, declaring it a crime to let go a fish oncecaught, complained that hazards are beset with turnsincalculable: " It is a pity," he said, " to lose thespoil in hand, and a worse folly to start afresh inpursuit of future hopes."« vulnus ferre here means to endure a wound : contrastXVII. 11, where it means to deal a wound.

MINOR LATIN POETSXXIDe Alite et MessioneParvula progeniem terrae mandaverat ales,qua stabat viridi caespite flava seges.rusticus banc fragili cupiens decerpere cubnovicinam supplex forte petebat opem.sed vox implumes turbavit credita nidos,suasit et e laribus continuare fugam.cautior hos remeans prohibet discedere mater :" nam quid ab externis proficietur? " ait.ille iterum caris operam mandavit amicis ;at genetrix rursum tutior inde manet.sed postquam curvas dominum comprendere falces,frugibus et veram sensit adesse manum," nunc " ait, " o miseri, dilecta relinquite rura,cum spem de propriis viribus ille petit."XXIIDe Cupido et Invidoluppiter ambiguas hominum praediscere mentesad terras Phoebum misit ab arce poli.tunc duo diversis poscebant numina votis ;namque alter cupidus, invidus alter erat.XXI. ^ credula plerique codd. : sedula b : credita Withof :acredula {in casu vocativo) Ellis.^ suaserat e X : suaserat et cett. codd. : suasit et e Ellis.XXII. * invidus codd. {contra metrum) : lividus WitTiof." Babrius makes the bird a lark. Gellius, N. A. ii. 29,who paraphrases the fable from Ennius' trochaic septenarii,

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXIThe Bird and the Reaping of the CornA tiny little bird had entrusted her young '^to theground where with its root-stem green stood theyellow corn-crop. It so happened that a farmerwanting to cut the corn from its fragile stalk beggedand prayed for a neighbour's help. Now these words,which the unfledged nestlings believed, struck panicinto them and counselled instant flight from theirhome. Their mother was more wary ; on her returnshe told them not to go away, saying, " What good willcome from outsiders? " The farmer once more entrustedthe task to his dear friends ; but the motheragain stayed where she was, all the safer for thatreason. But when she perceived that the owner wasgripping the curved sickle and that his true hand wasnear the crops, she said, " Now% my poor dears,abandon the fields you love so well, now that he seeksthe fulfilment of his hopes from his own powers."XXIIThe Greedy Man and the Jealous ManJupiter sent Phoebus to the earth from the citadelof the sky to discover in advance the doubtful heartsof mankind. Just then two men were beseechingthe gods to satisfy different desires, for one had acovetous and the other a jealous nature. The Sundescribesit as cassita, " helmeted " or " crested." Ellis'acredula strictl}^ means a nightingale. While the Ennianmoral is explicitly " Do not expect friends to do what youcan do yourself," it is noticeable that Avianus gives noepimythion.

MINOR LATIN POETShis sese medium Titan scrutatus utrumqueobtulit et precibus cum peteretur, ait" praestant di facilis ;quae namque rogaverit unus,protinus haec alter congeminata feret."sed cui longa iecur nequeat satiare cupido,distulit admotas in nova damna preces,spem sibi confidens alieno crescere votoseque ratus solum munera ferre duo.ille ubi captantem socium sua praemia vidit,supplicium proprii corporis optat ovansnam petit exstinctus sic lumine degeret uno,alter ut hoc duplicans vivat utroque carens.turn sortem sapiens humanam risit Apollo,invidiaeque malum rettulit ipse lovi,quae, dum proventis aliorum gaudet iniquis,laetior infelix et sua damna cupit.XXIIIDe Venditore et Bacchoquaeque rogaverit plerique codd. : quae:\ênditor insignem referens de marmore Bacchumexpositum pretio fecerat esse deum.nobilis hunc quidam funesta in sede sepulcrimercari cupiens compositurus eratvst peteretur cett. ^ confiteretur X : cum peteretur Ellis :luppiter aecus Lachmann.'praestabit C Reg. praestandi cett. codd. : praestandistBaehrens ::praestant di Ellis, facilis codd. nam quae speraveritVW : namnamque rogaverit Ellis.^^ ut plerique codd. : sic Ellis.° Ellis' conjecture and interpretation have been followed,though facilis is a rare form for the nom. plur. (See Neue,Formenlehre d. lat. Sprache, II. 1875, pp. 34 sqq.)716

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSGod, scrutinising both, presented himself as amediator between them, and when entreated withprayers said, " The gods being kind grant fulfilment °;for what one of you asks, that shall the other forthwithreceive, doubled. But the one, whose far-"reaching desires could not satisfy his heart, put offaddressing his prayer—with a surprising loss as thesequel.^ He was sure the desires of the other wouldincrease his own prospects, calculating that in hissingle person he was thus winning two boons. Theother, when he saw his companion grasping at hisown prizes, gleefully prayed for a punishment to beinflicted on his own body. For he asked that hemight lose one eye for the rest of his life in order thatthe other, doubling this misfortune, might live deprivedof both. Then Apollo, learning the truth,smiled at human lot, and v.ith his own lips reported toJupiter the curse of jealousy, which, as it rejoices inother people's untoward fortunes, is unlucky enoughthe more gladly to desire its own harm also.xxniThe Salesman and his Statue of Bacchus'Â trading craftsman who had fashioned a fineBacchus in marble had put up the god for sale.nobleman who wanted to buy it intended to place itin the funereal resting-place containing his tomb.* i.e. the loss of both his eyes, described later.The fable is so full of difficulties that Ellis questions itsauthenticity. The use of the participles in lines 1 and 4marks the deterioration of syntax; expositum fecerat essecannot be called good Latin; and the obscurity of lines 7-9led Baehrens to rewrite them with more than usual infelicity.A717

MINOR LATIN POETSalter adoratis ut ferret numina templis,redderet et sacro debita vota loco." nunc " ait *' ambiguum facies de mercibus omen,cum spes in pretium munera dispar agit,et me defunctis seu malis tradere divis,sive decus busti seu velis esse deum ;subdita namque tibi est magni reverentia sacriatque eadem retines funera nostra manu."convenit hoc illis, quibus est peniiissa potestas,an prodesse magis seu nocuisse velint.XXIVDe Venatore et LeoneCertamen longa protractum lite gerebantvenator quondam nobilis atque leo.hi cum perpetuum cuperent in iurgia finem,edita continue forte sepulcra vident.illic docta manus flectentem colla leonemfecerat in gremio procubuisse viri." scilicet affirmas pictura teste superbumte fieri? exstinctam nam docet esse feram."ille graves oculos ad inania signa retorquensinfremit et rabido pectore verba deditXXIII. 8 et me licet addere vivis Baehrens.^^ faLtipleriquecodd. : facti AGO m.pr. b Pet.^: sati P: sacriEllis : fani Baehrens.^* prodesse X : praestare plerique codd.XXIV. * contigue Baehrens {in not.) : continue codd.fronte Ellis : forte codd.718' affirmans plerique codd. : affirmas Ellis.* se codd. : te Ellis.

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSAnother wished to present " the god in the templewhere he worshipped and in the hallowed precinctsto fulfil a vow that was owing. " Now," said thestatue, " you will make a puzzling forecast aboutyour wares, when two far different prospects set aprice upon your work,^ and you will be in doubtwhether you prefer to consign me to the dead or tothe gods, whether you wish me to adorn a tomb orto be a deity. To your arbitrament is submitted thereverence of a great religious act ; in your hand alsoyou hold my death-Marrant." ^This is applicable to those who have it in theirpower to do a good or a bad turn according as theywish.^^XXIVThe Hunter and the LionA huntsman of renown and a lion were onceengaged in a contest protracted by long dispute.As they desired to put an end once for all to theirquarrel, they saw on the instant, it so happened, alofty tombstone. Thereon a cunning hand hadrepresented a lion bowing its neck in submission andprostrate in a man's embrace. " Can you reallyassert that the evidence of that work of art makesyou proud? Why, it shows the death of the beast."The lion, turning downcast eyes to the unreal figures,growled and in fierceness of heart broke into speech :" ut ferret depends on mercari ciipiit supplied from mercaricupiens.* viunera seems more suitably translated as " result of youremployment " than as " gift."•=i.e. to make of me a sepulchral ornament.•* I.e. the salesman had the option of benefiting or injuringthe statue.719

MINOR LATIN POETS" irrita te generis subiit fiducia vestri,artificis testem si cupis esse manum.quod si nostra novum caperet sollertia sensum,sculperet ut docili pollice saxa leo,tunc hominem adspiceres oppressum murmuremagno,conderet ut rabidis ultima fata genis."XXVDe Puero et FureFlens puer extremam putei consedit ad undam,vana supervacuis rictibus ora trahens.callidus hunc laerimis postquam fur vidit obortis,quaenam tristitiae sit modo causa rogat.ille sibi abrupti fingens discrimina funishac auri queritur desiluisse cadum.nee mora, sollicitam traxit manus improba vestemexutus putei protinus ima petit,parvulus exiguo circumdans pallia collosentibus immersus delituisse datur.sed post fallaci suscepta pericula vototristis ut amissa veste resedit humi,dicitur his sollers vocem rupisse querelliset gemitu summos sollicitasse deos" perdita, quisquis erit, post haec bene pallia credat,qui putat in liquidis quod latet urna vadis."expressum marmore Lachmann.^^XXV. * atque plerique codd. : ac C Beg. : hac Froehner.^® natat vd natet codd. : latet Wight Duff.**latet implies that the thief ought not to have been foolenough to be cheated by the boy's story about letting a goldenpitcher drop into the well : he had not paused (wee mora, 7)720

THE FABLES OF AX'IANUS" \'ain is the confidence in your human birth thathas entered into you, if you desire to have for a witnessan artist's hand. If oio' ingenuity admitted ofan extra sense, allowing a lion to engrave stones withskilful touch, then you would behold how the man,overwhelmed by a loud roar, closed his final destinyin ravening jaws."XXVThe Boy and the ThiefA boy sat down in tears at the edge of the waterof a well, deceitfully opening wide his mouth ingroundless blubbering. A smart thief, on seeing himAvith tears starting from his eyes, asked what was thecause of his distress now. The boy pretended hisrope had parted in two ; thereby, he sobbed, hisgolden pitcher had fallen down the well. At oncethe rascal's hand dragged off his hampering garment,and, when stripped, he made straight for the bottomof the well. The youngster, so the story has it, putthe cloak round his own little neck, plunged into thebrambles and was lost to sight. But when, afterencountering danger on a deceptive hope, he hadseated himself again on the ground, miserable overthe loss of his cloak, the shrewd knave (so the storygoes) gave utterance to these laments and mademoaning supplication to the high gods: "Henceforthlet anyone, whoever he be, who thinks a jarlies hid in clear water," reckon that he has richlydeserved to lose his cloak."to see if the gold was visible in the water, Natet or natatimplies that anyone who expected a jar to be floating at thebottom of a well would be served right by losing his cloak.3 A721

MINOR LATIN POETSXXVIDe Capella et LeoneViderat excelsa pascentem rujDe capellam,comminus esuriens cum leo ferret iter,et prior " heus " inquit " praeruptis ardua saxislinque nee hirsutis pascua quaere iugis ;sed C}i:isi croceum per prata virentia floreniet glaucas salices et tliyma grata pete."ilia gemens " desiste, precor, fallaciter " inquit" securam placidis instimulare dolis.vera licet moneas, maiora pericula toUas,tu tamen his dictis non facis esse fidemnam quamvis rectis constet sententia verbis,suspectam banc rabidus consiliator habet."XXVIIDe Cornice et UrnaIngentem sitiens cornix adspexerat urnam,quae minimam fundo continuisset aquam.banc enisa diu planis efFundere campis,scilicet ut nimiam pelleret inde sitim,postquam nulla viam virtus dedit, admovet omnesindignata nova calliditate dolos ;nam brevis immersis accrescens sponte lapillispotandi facilem praebuit unda viam.XXVI. 8 instimulare h^ et paraphr. : insimulare pleriquecodd. : insLauare Cab.^2 rabidus Ashb. : gravidus cetl. codd. : pravus Baehrens.habes b^, Lachmann, Ellis : habet cett. codd.722

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXVIThe Lion and the GoatA hungry lion while passing near by had spied a shegoatgrazing on a rocky height. He opened conversationwith " Ho, there ! leave these steeps with theirprecipitous crags and don't look for pasture onprickly ridges. No, you should go through the greenmeadows in quest of the yellow lucerne-flower and*'pale green willow and sweet thyme." Pleasestop," said the goat with a groan, " your lyingattemptsto rouse me from my security with yourgentle wiles. Though your advice has truth in it,though you suppress the greater dangers, yet you donot make me trust what you say. For however correctyour words be and however sound their meaning,yet a famished counsellor has his meaning undersuspicion."xxvnThe Crow and the JarA thirsty crow had spied a huge jar containing avery little water at the bottom. Long did the crowstrive to spill this water on the level plain, to banish,of course, thereby her excessive thirst; but, whenno valiant effort could provide a way, she lost hertemper and M-ith fresh cunning applied all hercrafty devices. She threw pebbles in, and the lowlevel of water rose naturally and so supplied aneasy way of drinking.3a2723

MINOR LATIN POETSviribus haec docuit quam sit prudentia maior,qua coeptum cornix explicuisset opus.XXVIIIDe Rustico et IuvencoVincla recusanti dedignantique iuvencoaspera mordaci subdere colla iugorusticus obliqua succidens cornua falcecredidit insanum defremuisse pecus,cautus et immenso cervicem innectit aratro(namque erat hie cornu promptior atque pede),scilicet ut longus prohiberet verbera temoneve ictus faciles ungula saeva daret.sed postquam irato detractans vincula colloinuneritam vacua calce fatigat humum,continuo eversam pedibus dispergit harenam,quam j in domini Boreas ora sequentis agat.tunc hie informi squalentes pulvere crinesdiscutiens imo pectore victus ait" nimirum exemplum naturae derat iniquae,qua fieri posset quis ratione nocens."XXVII. ^'^ volucris phrique codd. : comix Ellis {servansmetrum).XXVIII. ^ bos quom Baehrens : postquam codd.^" vacuo (masc.) nonnidli codd., Ellis.^2 quam ferus in domini ora phrique codd. : q. in d. auraferens ora Lachmann : q. feriens Boreas ora Withof : q. in d.Boreas ora Baehrens in not. agat ACPT b : agit celt. codd.^^ sic codd. : hie Lachmann.^* cum codd. : quis Baehrens.724

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSThis fable has proved the superiority of foresightover stout efforts, as by it the crow accompHshedthe task she had undertaken.xxvniThe Farmer and hisOxThere once was an ox that chafedat ropes andshirked submitting its rebelUous neck to the grip ofthe yoke. The farmer cut its horns with a knifeused slantwise and thought the frenzied animal hadabated its rage. Carefully he fastened its neck tothe weighty plough (for it was over-ready with hornand hoof), doubtless so that the long pole mightobstruct any butting and that its cruel hoof might findit difficult to kick. But when the animal, its neckangrily struggling against the straps, worried theinoffensive earth with impotent hoof, its feet at oncechurned up the sand broadcast for the North windto blow into its master's face as he followed. Thenthe farmer, while he shook his locks begrimedviith unsightly dust, said, in deep discomfiture ofheart, " Truly, I needed an instance of a vicioustemper to show how anyone could contrive to domischief." "" This new instance proved how a low nature, in spite ofall precautions, could work harm.725

MINOR LATIN POETSXXIXDe Viatore et SatyroHorrida congestis cum staret bruma pruiniscunctaque durato stringeret arva gelu,haesit in adversa nimborum mole viatorperdita nam prohibet semita ferre gradum.hunc nemorum custos fertur miseratus in antroexceptum Satyrus continuisse suo.quern simul adspiciens ruris miratur alumnus^'imque homini tantam protinus esse pavetnam gelidos artus vitae ut revocaret in usum,afflatas calido solverat ore manus.sed cum depulso coepisset frigore laetushospitis eximia sedulitate frui,namque illi agrestem cupiens ostendere vitamsilvarum referens optima quaeque dabat,obtulit et calido plemrni cratera Lyaeo,laxet ut infusus frigida membra tepor.ille ubi ferventem labris contingere testamhorruit, algenti rursus ab ore reflat.obstipuit duplici monstro perterritus hospeset pulsum silvis longius ire iubet**nolo " ait " ut nostris umquam successerit antris,tarn diversa duo qui simul ora ferat."XXIX. 8 protinus codd. : pectoris Lachmann : providusFroehner.^° foverat Lachmann : solverat plerique codd.^^ sed cum codd. : donee Baehrens.^^ sufflat vel suflat codd. : reflat Schenkl.726

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXIXThe Traveller and the Satyr\Mien mid-winter stood bristling with thick frostand bound every field in hardened ice, a travellercame to a halt in a heavy barrier of mist ; for thelosing of his path prevented his advance. They sayone of the guardians of the woodland, a Satyr, feltpity and gave him welcome and shelter in his cave.This nurseling of the country" looked upon himwondering the while, and straightway was afearedtosee a mortal possess power so great. For, to bringback his chilled limbs to the tasks of life, the travellerhad blo^vn into his hands and thawed them with hiswarm breath. But it was different when he hadbanished the cold and had delightedly begun to enjoyhis host's generous attentions ; since, anxious to showhim how they lived in the country, the Satyr keptbringing out and serving all the best that the woodlandyielded; he set before him also a bowl full ofwarm wine so that its pervasive heat might loosenthe chilliness of his limbs. The traveller, fearing totouch the glowing cup ^vith his lips, blew this timewith a cooling breath. His host was alarmed andastounded at the double miracle, and driving himfrom the woods bade him begone still further off." I desire no one," he said, " ever to approach mycave who owns at the same moment two such differentsorts of mouth."" The Satyr is called ruris alumnus as one of the ape-likeand goat-footed demigods of the forest : c/. Ovid Met. I.192-3 sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina Xyttiphae,Faunique Satyrique et monticolae Silvani; ib. VI. 392-3ruricdae, silvarum numina, Fauni et Satyr i fratres.727

MINOR LATIN POETSXXXDe Sue et IlliusDomixoVastantem segetes et pinguia culta ruentemliquerat abscisa rusticus aure suem,ut memor accept! referens monumenta dolorisulterius teneris parceret ille satis,rursus in exsculpti deprensus crimine campiperdidit indultae perfidus auris onus,nee mora, praedictae segeti caput intulit horrenspoena sed insignem congeminata facit.tunc domini captum mensis dedit ille superbis,in varias epulas plurima frusta secans.sed cum consumpti dominus cor quaereret apri,impatiens fertur quod rapuisse cocus,rusticus hoc iustam verbo compescuit iram,affirmans stultum non habuisse suemnam cur membrorum demens in damna redisset,atque uno totiens posset ab hoste capi ?haec illos descripta monent, qui saepius ausinumquam peccatis abstinuere manus.XXX. ° exculpti G :except! cett. codd. : exeerpti Guiet.' praedictae phrique codd. : praedator Lachmann : praevetitaeBaehrens.^ quod Bawl., Pet.^ : sed cett. codd. indignum codd.:indictum Cab. : insigrnem Lachmann.728

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXXThe Pig and itsOwnerA pig was ruining a farmer's corn and tramplinghis fertile fields ; so he cut its ear off and let it go,hoping that, carrying home a reminder of the painsuffered, it would remember in future and keep offthe tender crops. It was caught again in the crime ofgrubbing up the soil, and for its thieving lost the earit had—the one previously spared. Immediatelyafterwards it thrust its mutilated ° head into theaforementioned corn ; but the twice-repeated punishmentmade it a marked trespasser.^ This time thefarmer, having captured it, gave it for its owner'ssumptuous banquet, cutting a great number of slicesfor the various dishes. But when they had beeneating the boar and the owner asked for its heart,which the ravenous cook is said to have purloined,then the farmer soothed his reasonable anger withthese words, remarking that the pig was stupid andnever had a heart "^—for why had it been mad enoughto return j ust to lose parts of its body ? why let itselfbe caught so many times by the same enemy ?This sketch is a warning to those who have venturedtoo often and never kept their hands offiniquity." Horrens is glossed in the Treves MS. as truncatum.* If indignum of the MSS. is kept, the sense is tliat the twoprevious punishments made this new trespass bj- the pig anoutrage. Nothing, therefore, but death could meet the case.The cor was considered the seat of understanding.'729

MINOR LATIN POETSXXXIDe Mure et BoveIngentem fertur mus quondam parvus oberransausus ab exiguo laedere dente bovem.verum ubi mordaci confecit vulnera rostro,tutus in anfractus conditur inde suos.ille licet vasta torvum cervice minetur,non tamen iratus quern petat esse videt.tunc indignantem mus hoc sermone fatigansdistulit hostiles calliditate minas :" non quia magna tibi tribuerunt membra parentes,viribus elFectum constituere tuis.disce tamen bre\dbus quae sit fiducia rostris,ut faciat quicquid parvula turba cupit."XXXIIDe Aratore et BobusHaerentem luteo sub gurgite rusticus axemliquerat et nexos ad iuga tarda boves,frustra depositis confidens numina votisferre suis rebus, cum resideret, opem.cui rector summis Tirynthius infit ab astris(nam vocat hunc supplex in sua vota deum) :XXXI. ' iusto codd. : mus^^ monstris plerique codd. : membris B :hoc Withof: lusor Ellis.rostris Froehner.^2 ut W Beg., Pet.^ : et plerique codd. faciat plerique codd.facias Pet.^, B m. sec, paraphr.XXXII. 2 depositLS plerique codd. : dispositis PX Rawl. b^.arsit.73°" For ab cf. Ovid. 2Iet. viii. 513, invitis correptus ab ignibus

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXXIThe Mouse and the OxThey tell how once upon a time a little mouseon its wanderings ventured with ^ its tiny teethto attack a mighty ox. When its nibbling mouthfinished biting, it thereupon hid safely in its windinghole. Though the ox made sullen threats withhis Imge neck, yet for all his anger he could notsee that there lived an enemy for him to attack.Then the mouse dispersed ^ the foe's threats with itscleverness, bantering the enraged ox with thesewords: "Because your parents transmitted stronglimbs to you, it does not follow that they addedefficiency to your strength. Learn, however, theself-reliance that our tiny mouths possess, and learnhow our pigmy band does whatever it wants."XXXIIThe Ploughman and his Oxen*Â peasant had left his cart sticking in a muddy pooland his oxen fastened to a yoke that would not move.He trusted in vain that thanks to the vows he lodgedthe gods would assist his fortunes though he sat idlehimself. From the starry heights he was addressedby the Lord of Tiryns ^ (for he was one of the godswhom his entreaties invoked to further his prayers).' Cf. X. 10.' This represents De aratore et bobus, Emvl. Other titlesare De rustico et axe, 0, and De pigro Tyrint{h)ium fnistraorante, C.**Hercules.

MINOR LATIN POETS" perge laborantes stimulis agitare iuvencos,et manibus pigras disce iuvare rotas.tunc quoque congressum maioraque viribus ausumfas superos animis conciliare tuis.disce tamen pigris non flecti numina votispraesentesque adhibe, cum facis ipse, deos."XXXIIIDe Ansere Ova Aurea PariexteAnser erat cuidam pretioso germine feta,ovaque quae nidis aurea saepe daret.fixerat banc volucri legem Natura superbae,ne liceat pariter munera ferre duo.sed dominus, cupidum sperans vanescere votum,non tulit exosas in sua lucra moras,grande ratus pretium volucris de morte referre,quae tam continue munere dives erat.postquam nuda minax egit per viscera ferrumet vacuam solitis fetibus esse videt,ingemuit tantae deceptus crimine fraudisnam poenam meritis rettulit inde suis.sic qui cuncta deos uno male tempore poscunt,iustius his etiam vota diurna negant.7321" animis codd. : athlis Baehrens.XXXIII. ^ cupidus , . . augescere Wopkens.

THE FABLES OlAMANUS" Go on and drive your bullocks with the goadthrough their difficulties, and learn to aid with yourhands the sluggish wheels. After you have come togrips and used your strength for greater efforts, thenit is allowable also to win the gods over to yourwishes. Learn, however, that the deities are notswayed by indolent vows : bring the gods to your helpby acting yourself."XXXIIIThe Goose that laid the Golden EggsA man owned a goose teeming with precious offspring,one that often laid golden eggs in its nest.Nature had ordained this rule for the noble bird, thatit should not lay more than one egg at the sametime. But the owner, anticipating the disappearanceof his greedy expectations," could not brook delays,hateful M'hen his profits were considered ;^ he thoughtto win a handsome prize by killing the bird, rich as itwas in such unfailing bounty. When he plunged hisdread knife into its open ^ breast, and found the birdempty of the usual eggs, he groaned aloud, trickedby the iniquity of so gross a fraud ; for thereupon heascribed the punishment to his own deserts.So to those wicked enough to ask the gods foreverything at once, they refuse the more justly eventhe prayers of a single day." The golden harvest, he feared, was too good to last.^ He wished more than one golden egg at a time."^nuda = nudata. Ellis explains as " stript of feathers "to make the opening with more dexterity.733

MINOR LATIN POETSXXXIVDe Formica et Cicada[Quisquis torpentem passus transisse iuventamnee timuit \dtae providus ante mala,confectus senio, postquam gravis adfuit aetas,heu frustra alterius saepe rogabit opem.]Solibus ereptos hiemi formica laboresdistulit et bre\'ibus condidit ante cavis.verum ubi candentes suscepit terra pruinasarvaque sub rigido delituere gelu,pigra nimis tantos non aequans corpore nimbosin laribus propriis umida grana legit,discolor banc precibus supplex alimenta rogabat,quae quondam querulo ruperat arva sono :se quoque, maturas cum tunderet area messes,'^-eantibus aestivos explicuisse dies,parvula tunc ridens sic est affata cicadam(nam vitam pariter continuare solent)" mi quoniam summo substantia parta labore est,frigoribus mediis otia longa traho ;at tibi saltandi nunc ultima tempora restant,cantibus est quoniam vita peracta prior."XXXIV. ^ pigranimis KTV :tanto (= tarn parvo) T JRawL, Pet.^ :pigra nimis phrique codd.tantos GCw^.^^ decolor At/i^KPT : discolor A?^^ Ashb.734

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXXIVThe Ant and the Grasshopper[The man that has allowed his youth to go by inidleness and has not taken anxious precautionsagainst the ills of life—that man, foredone with years,will in the presence of burdensome old age often askin vain, alas, for a neighbour's help.]An ant reserved for the ^^•inter the fruits of toilsnatched during sunny hours and stored thembetimes in her tiny hole. But when earth assumedits white robe of hoar frost and fields lay hid beneathunyielding ice, then, quite idle and unfit bodily to facethe rain-storms, she picked out the moistened grainin her own abode. A grasshopper in her varied hues,who before had cleft the fields with plaintive note,amid prayers and supplications begged the ant forfood. For her part, she said, when the threshingfloorwas bruising the ripened harvest, she hadworked out the summer days in song. Then ^vith alaugh the tiny ant thus addressed the grasshopper(for their wont is to prolong their life equally) "" Since my subsistence has been secured by dint ofhardest toil, I draw out long days of ease in themidst of the frost. But you now have your last daysleft for dancing, since your past life was spent insong." ^" i.e. continue their life from year to year, as neither diesin the -winter.* The ant's ironic gibe is that, as the grasshopper has beenan inveterate singer, she can conclude her days in dancingwith her song as an accompaniment.735

MINOR LATIN POETSXXXVDe Simiae GemellisFama est quod geminum profundens simia partumdividat in varias pignora nata vicesnamque unum caro genetrix educit amore,alteriusque odiis exsaturata tumet.coeperit ut fetam gravior terrere tumultus,dissimili natos condicione rapitdilectum manibus vel pectore gestat amico,contemptum dorso suscipiente levat.sed cum lassatis nequeat consistere plantis,oppositum fugiens sponte remittit onus,alter at hirsuto circumdans bracchia collohaeret et invita cum genetrice fugit.mox quoque dilecti succedit in oscula fratris,servatus vetulis unicus heres avis.sic multos neglecta iuvant, atque ordine versospes humiles rursus in meliora refert.XXXVIDe \îtuloet BovePulcher et intacta vitulus cervice resultansscindentem adsidue viderat arva bovem." non pudet heus " inquit " longaevo vincula colloferre nee haec positis otia nosse iugis ?cum mihi subiectas pateat discursus in herbaset nemorum liceat rursus opaca sequi."XXXV. 11 ad P : 1® fortasse rursus spes humiles Ellis.XXXVI. * haec positis Ellis : expositis codd.736et Pet.^ : ab celt. codd. : at vulgo.

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSXXXVThe Monkey's TwinsThe story goes that a monkey gave birth to twinoffspring and assigned her children each to a differentdestiny. One the mother reared in fond affection,and she rankled with superabundant hatred for theother. When a perilous attack began to alarm themother she hurried her young apes off, meting outunequal treatment. The favourite she carried in herpaws or her tender bosom ; the despised one she liftedup and carried on her back. But when she could notstand upright on her wearied feet, in mid-flight shegladly let go the one that burdened her in front.But the other, throwing his arms round his mother'shairy neck, clung to her and shared her escapeagainst her will. Besides, he soon succeeded to thecaresses his favoured brother had enjoyed, andsurvived to be sole heir to his ancient lineage.Thus do many come to like what once they slighted ;and hope, changing the order of things, carries thelowly back into happier fortune.XXXVIThe Calf and the OxA fine calf, skipping to and fro and never yoked asyet, had seen an ox busily ploughing the fields." You there," he said, " are you not ashamed tohave your aged neck fastened, unable to throw offthe yoke and know the leisure that is mine ? For Iam free to range at will over the low-lying pasture,and then again I can make for the shade of the3b737

MINOR LATIN POETSat senior, nuUam verbis compulsus in iram,vertebat solitam vomere fessus humum,donee deposit© per prata liceret aratromolliter herboso procubuisse toro.mox vitulum sacris innexum respicit arisadniotum cultro comminus ire popae." banc tibi " testis ait " dedit indulgentia mortem,expertem nostri quae facit esse iugi.proderit ergo graves quamvis perferre labores,otia quam tenerum mox peritura pati."est hominum sors ista, magis felicibus ut morssit cita, cum miseris vita diurna negat.XXXVIIDe Cane et LeonePinguior exhausto canis occurrisse leonifertur et insertis verba dedisse iocis." nonne vides duplici tendantur ut ilia tergoluxurietque toris nobile pectus? " ait." proximus humanis ducor post otia mensis,communem capiens largius ore cibum."^^ sertis Cannegieter.^3 testis CK Beg. : tristis cett. codd.^* miseris B m. pr. : miseros cett. codd. negat B b^ m. sec:regat cett. codd. : necat Ellis.* The epimythion 17-18 is perhaps spurious, as it partlycontradicts lines 15-16, which may be taken to point the moraland which advocate endurance.* verba dare has not necessarily in late Latin the classicalsense of gulling :cf. ix. 20, xxxviii. 6 : contrast i. 14.738

THE FABLES OF AVTANUSgrove." But the old ox, not at all an^jered by thewords, went on wearily turning the soil as usual withthe share, till he was allowed to drop the plough andto lie at his ease on a grassy bed in the meadows.Soon afterwards he saw the calf brought by a leadingstringto the sacrificial altar and coming close to theknife of the priest's attendant. As he witnessedthis he said, " Such is the death given you by theforbearance that leaves you free from my yoke. Sothen it will be better to endure toil however burdensomethan to experience when young an ease that issoon to be lost."This is the lot of mortals ; death comes swift tothe happier ones, while the daily life of the unfortunaterefuses them death.XXXVIIThe Dog and the LionA well-fed dog is said to have met an exhaustedlion and to have addressed ^ him with taunts in hiswords: "Don't you see," he said, "how my flanksdilate under my back's double ridge ^ and my finebreast has handsome muscles ?When resting-timehas come, I am brought close up to the tables wheremen eat, my mouth getting in ample measure thefare my master shares with me." " But what is that*Heinsius explained duplici tergo as lato tergo, like Virgil'sduplex agitiir per lumhos spina, G. III. 87 (of a horse), whereServius interprets " aut revera duplex aut lata." Thedepression along the back of a horse in good condition givesthe appearance of a double spine. Ellis suggests that tergois used of the ridge or projecting surface of the skin coveringthe dog's flanks, which is called " double " from inequalitiesproduced by outstanding muscle or fat.3b2739

MINOR LATIN POETS" sed quod crassa malum circumdat guttura ferrum ?" ne custodita fas sit abire domo.at tu magna diu moribundus lustra pererras,donee se silvis obvia praeda ferat,perge igitur nostris tua subdere colla catenis,dum liceat faciles promeruisse dapes."protinus ille gravem gemuit collectus in iramatque ferox animi nobile murmur agit." vade " ait " et meritis nodum cervicibus infer,compensentque tuam vincula dura famem ;at mea cum vacuis libertas redditur antris,quamvis ieiunus quae libet arva peto.has illis epulas potius laudare memento,qui libertatem postposuere gulae."XXXVIIIDe Pisce et PhycideDulcibus e stagnis fluvio torrente coactusaequoreas praeceps piscis obibat aquas,illic squamigerum despectans improbus agmeneximium sese nobilitate refert.non tulit expulsum patrio sub gurgite phycisverbaque cum salibus asperiora dedit" vana laboratis aufer mendacia dictis,quaeque refutari te quoque teste queant.XXX\TI. '"^hos versus post 10 coUocavit Cannegieter, post12 Schenkl et Baehreyis, post 14 Barth.' quo Cannegieter : quod codd.^3 gemitu codd. : gemuit Baehrens." coinpescant BX Pet. K Pet.XXXVIII. ^ phycis Cannegieter : phoecis CK :GLOT Bau-l. Pet.^740phocas

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSvillainous bit of iron round your brawny throat? "" That's to prevent my leaving the house I have beenguardinjj. But you for a long time wander throughthe wilds dying of hunger, until your victim meetsyou in the jungle. Proceed, therefore, to bow yourneck to the chains I wear, till you can earn an easywonfeast." At once the lion with a growl workedhimself into a violent rage and in haughty spirituttered a lordly roar. " Begone," he said, " setbonds on your neck as it deserves, and may thegalling chains take the place of hunger in your case ;but when I am restored still free to my solitary den,famished though I be, I make for any field I please.Mind you commend such junketing more especiallyto those who have sacrificed independence forgluttony."XXXVIIIThe Fish axd the LampreyDriven by the rush of a river out of its fresh pools,a fish darted headlong to the waters of the sea.There it arrogantly looked down on the ranks ofscaly fish and averred that its high birth gave itdistinction. A lamprey in its ancestral depths couldnot endure the emigre, and spoke " to it sharply insatiric vein. " Away with empty falsehoods fromyour affected language ! away with what can bedisproved even on your own evidence ! For I will" CJ. note on verba dedisse, xxxvii. 2.* salibua codd. fere omnes contra metrum : sociis G : salsisLachmann: ? sannis £'//is : probrisasperiorareZsalibusliberioraWithof.741

MINOR LATIN POETSnam quis eat potior populo spectante probabo,si pariter captos umida lina trahant.tunc me nobilior magno mercabitm- emptor,te simul aere brevi debile vulgus emet."XXXIXDe Milite Arma C remanteVoverat attritus quondam per proelia milesomnia suppositis ignibus arma dare,vel quae victori moriens sibi turba dedissetvel quicquid profugo posset ab hoste capi.interea votis fors adfuit, et memor armacoeperat accenso singula ferre rogo.tunc lituus rauco deflectens murmure culpamimmeritum flammis se docet isse pyrae." nulla tuos " inquit " petierunt tela lacertos,viribus affirmes quae tamen acta meissed tantum ventis et cantibus arma coegi,hoc quoque submisso (testor et astra) sono."ille resultantem flammis crepitantibus addens" nunc te maior " ait " poena dolorque rapit* erit codd. : eat Baehrens.XXXIX. ^ esse prius codd. : piis Canneg. : cibum Withof:in flammis se d. esse pyrae Froehner : isse pyrae Ellis.^2 resultantem cod.d. : reluctantem ed. vetus.1* dolorque plerique codd. : eolorque B : calorque Ellis.742

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSprove to you who passes for better in the eyes of thepeople, should a drippins; net catch and land us bothat the same time. In that case a purchaser of highrank will pay a lot for me, while the feeble rabble willgive but a brass farthing for you."IXXXIXThe Soldier who Burned the WeaponsOnce upon a time a soldier worn out in the warshad vowed to light a fire and devote to it all his arms,both those yielded to him in his hour of victory bynumbers of dying combatants and aught that couldbe taken from the foe in flight. Time passed andchance favoured his hopes ; so, mindful of his vow,he kindled a pyre and began bringing his weaponsto it one by one. At that moment a trumpet with aharsh blare, deprecating all guilt, declared that it wentinnocent to the flaming pyre. " Never," it said, •' wereyour brawny arms struck by missiles M'hich you could,by way of plea, assert were hurled by strength ofmine. No, I only mustered the weapons of war withwind and note, and that only (the stars be my witness)in a sound subdued." The soldier added thetrumpet to the crackling flames and made it bounce,saying, ' ' Now a severer punishment " and pain hurries'" " A severer punishment " (Ellis saj^s " an extra severity) befalls the trumpet ; for, whereas theof punishment'weapons only suffer the burning, it suffers first the violenceof being thrown against the weapons and is then destroyedby fire. This supports resultantem rather than relactaniem,which otherwise is a good suggestion.743

MINOR LATIN POETSnam licet ipse nihil possis temptare nee ausis,saevior hoc, alios quod facis esse malos."XLDe Pardo et VulpeDistinctus maculis et pulchro pectore pardusinter consimiles ibat in ora ferassed quia nulla graves variarent terga leones,protinus his miserum credidit esse genus,cetera sordenti damnans animalia vultusolus in exemplum nobilitatis erat.hunc arguta novo gaudentem vulpis amictucorripit et vanas approbat esse notas**vade " ait " et pictae nimium confide iuventae,dum mihi consilium pulchrius esse queat,miremurque magis quos munera mentis adornant,quam qui corporeis enituere bonis."XLIDe Imbre et TestaImpulsus ventis et pressa nube coactusruperat hibernis se gravis imber aquiscumque per effusas stagnaret turbine terras,expositum campis fictile pressit opusmobile namque lutum tepidus prius instruit aer,discat ut admoto rectius igne coqui.XL. 2 inira CK : in ira A m. pr. : mira P : iiiire GLTRawl., Reg. : in arva A m. sec. V m. sec. BX Petrenses : in oraEllis :744abnuit ire Lachmann.

you off.THE FABLES OF AVIANUSFor, thougli you cannot yourself attack atall or venture on anythinir, you are a more cruel foein that you make others dangerous."XLThe Leopard axd the FoxA fine-breasted leopard in his dappled glory wentto parade himself among the beasts which were hiscompeers. But because the surly lions had no variedhues upon their back, he straightway formed thebelief that theirs was a sorry tribe. Condemning allthe other animals as mean-looking, he took himselffor the one pattern of noble breed. As he wasrejoicing in the garb of youth, a wily vixen chid himand showed the uselessness of his markings. " Go,"said she, "keep your excessive confidence in yourgorgeous youthfulness, so long as I can surpass you infine counsel, and so long as we can admire thoseadorned by gifts of intellect more than those whoshine in bodily charms."XLIThe Shower axd the JarImpelled by the winds, a heavy rain-storm hadgathered with the pressure of cloud upon cloud andburst in wintry torrents. And as its whirling delugemade a lake over the widespread lands, it struck somepotter's work set outside in the fields ; for warm airshapes the plastic clay beforehand, to train it forbeing baked more perfectly when fire is applied.745

MINOR LATIN POETStunc nimbus fragilis perquirit nomina testae.immemor ilia sui " Amphora dicor " ait" nunc me docta manus rapiente volumina gyromolliter obliquum iussit habere latus."" hactenus hac " inquit " liceat constare figuranam te subiectam diluet imber aquis."et simul accepto violentius amne fatiscenspronior in tenues victa cucurrit aquas,infelix, quae magna sibi cognomina sumensausa pharetratis nubibus ista loquihaec poterunt miseros posthac exempla monere,subdita nobilibus ne sua fata gemant.XLIIDe Lupo et HaedoForte lupum melior cursu deluserat haedus,proxima vicinis dum petit arva casisinde fugam recto tendens in moenia cursuinter lanigeros adstitit ille greges.impiger hunc raptor mediamque secutus in urbemtemptat compositis sollicitare dolis :" nonne vides " inquit, " cunctis ut victima templisimmitem regemens morte cruentet humum ?quod nisi securo valeas te reddere campo,ei mihi, vlttata tu quoque fronte cades."XLI. * nunc codd. : nam edd.^^ pharetratis codd. : foret tantis Cab., Baehrens : foretatris Wopkens : fortasse erat iratis Ellis.^^ ne B : ut cett. codd." i.e. conceitedly elated by its beauty as described in 9-10,it forgets what a frail thing it is.746

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSThen the rain-cloud asked the name of the brittlejar, which, forgetting itself," said, " My name isAmphora. As you see me now, a craftsman's hand,by means of the wheel's swift revolutions, hasordained the gentle slope of my side." " Till now,but no more," said the other, " think yourself permittedto bear this shape, for rain is about to whelmyou in its waters and wash you away." And thereupon,taking in the wild rush of the flood, and crackingopen, the jar yielded and dashed headlong intothe flowing waters. Ill-fated one, to take a proudname to itself and venture to speak thus to cloudswhich have their quivers in readiness !This example will serve in future to warn thewretched not to lament their destiny when it is underthe control of the great.XLIIThe Wolf and the KidIt happened that a kid, while making for the fieldswhich lay nearest to some neighbouring huts, hadbaflfled a wolf by faster running. Then, directinghis flight straight for the city walls, he came to a haltamong flocks of wool-clad sheep. The beast of preywas unwearied and, pursuing the kid into the heartof the town, tried to lure him with studied wiles." Do you not see," he said, " how in all the templesa victim amid repeated groans stains the pitilessground with its life-blood r ^ But if you are not ableto return to the safety of the meadow, ah me, youtoo will die with the sacrificial fillet round your brow."* The fable, Ellis points out, belongs to a time whensacrifices in heathen temples might still take place :cf. thepagan atmosphere of XXIII and XXXVÎ (see also Introd.).747

MINOR LATIN POETSille refert :" modo quam metuis, precor, exue curaniet tecum viles, improbe, tolle minasnam sat erit sacrum divis fudisse cruoremquam rabido fauces exsaturare lupo."sic quotiens duplici subeuntur tristia casu,expedit insignem promeruisse necem.XLII. ^^ sat erit plerique codd. : satius Withof.748

THE FABLES OF AVIANUSThe kid replied, " Just drop, I pray you, the anxietywhich is your dread, and take yourself off and yourtrumpery threats too, you rogue. I shall be contentto pour out my blood in a sacrifice to the gods ratherthan gorge the throat of a ravenous wolf."So every time we face disaster of twofold hazard,it is the noble death which it is expedient to achieve.•49

RUTILIUSNAMATIANUS

INTRODUCTIONTO RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSThe last of the classical Latin poets, ClaudiusRutilius Namatianus, or (as is quite possibly thecorrect order for his name) Rutilius Claudius Namatianus,belonged to a Gallo-Roman family ^ and wasbom late in the fourth century, most likely atToulouse. His father, almost certainly the Lachaniusof his poem, and more or less plausibly identifiedwith different official Claudii of the period, passedthrough a distinguished public career and had beenhonoured with a statue at Pisa, a visit to which isdescribed with filial pride. ^ Rutilius held highappointments under the emperor Honorius, whoreigned a.d. 395-423. We must, however, bewareof being misled by distinctions spuriously thrustupon him in the title of the Bologna edition ; hewas not a vir coiisularis , though he was a vir clarissimus; he had been neither a trihiinus militum nor apraefectus praetorii, but he had attained to theinfluential positions of magisier officiorum ^ andpraefectus urbisJ^ It can be shown that he held theformer office in a.d. 412 and that he immediatelyT. 20 "

INTRODUCTION TOpreceded his friend Albinus ° as prefect of the cityfor part of the year a.d. 414.Educated on the lines of the ancient learning,Rutilius, as his poem indicates, was a man of literaryknowledgeand taste, an adherent of paganism, andinfluenced by Stoic philosophy. The times inwhich he lived had brought devastation again andagain into Italy at the hands of northern barbarians.In A.D. 410, six years before he undertook the journeyback to his native Gaul which makes the subject ofhis poem De Reditu Suo,^ Rome had witnessed in athree days' sack the culmination of the third siegeof the city by Alaric, King of the Visigoths.That same year men had seen the burial of theGothic chief under the diverted waters of the Busento ;and in 412 Ataulf, the successor of Alaric, hadwithdrawn his Goths from Italy into Gaul, whencehe had been forced across the Pyrenees into Spainto meet his death by assassination in 415. Soonafterwards, under their King Walia, the Visigothsconcluded peace with Rome ; but years of mercilessravage had left in Italy and Gaul scenes of depressingdesolation which are reflected in our author's realisticallusions. The misery of it all touched him closely'âs he was planning his route in 416 from the onedevastated country to the other, and so he decidedto coast northwards from the mouth of the Tiberrather than face the dangerous roads and brokenbridges of Italy. The motive for his journey hasbeen questioned : it is at least more likely that he« I. 466-474.* A slightly more satisfactory title than the alternativeItinerarium.• I. 21, 39^2.754

RUTILIUSNAMATIANUSmay have wished to inspect some property of his ownin Gaul than that his paganism had somehow losthim favour in Rome."It was autumn when he started from the city, andin the extant portion of the poem we can read anentertaining elegiac journal for two months fromSeptember 22nd to November 21st, a.d. 416/^ whenhis second book breaks off at the 68th line after thearrival at Luna. This was something more elaborateas a travel-poem than Horace's journey to Brundusiumor Ovid's sketch of his voyage in the Tristiaor Statius' send-off to his patron bound for Egypt. "^We may guess that the composition of the poemfollowed not long after the time of the journeybut our knowledge of the author and of his fortunesstops short with the interruption of his work. Onlyhalf-a-dozen lines before the end, as we now have it,the author had contemplated the continuance of hisnarrative. Is the conclusion lost or was it neverwritten ?A brief summary will enable us to follow him onhis voyage so far as his poetic record runs. A longexordium (1-164) is largely a rhetorical eulogy on" H. Schenkl, Rh. Mus. 66 (1911), pp. 393 sqq., argues thatRutilius' attacks on Christian monks do not prove his pagancreed, and it is true that some Christians have censuredmonasticism severely. But this is not the whole case.Rutilius' tone elsewhere seems inconsistent with Christianbelief. Labriolle quite reasonably distinguishes it from thatof a professing Christian like Ausonius, Rev. des etudes latines,6 (1928), pp. 'SO sqq.* Carcopino, Rev. des etudes lat., 6, 180 sqq., 1928, arguesfor 16th Oct. 417 as the date of the departure from Rome.Both Helm and Prechac agree in their editions."Hor. Sal. I. v (partlv suggested by Lucilius' Iter Siculum);Ovid, Trist. I. x; Stsit.'Sih. III. ii.3c2755

INTRODUCTION TOthe majestic greatness of Rome and her gift ofunifying nations. After the start from the city(165) Rutihus was weather-bound for fifteen daysat Ostia in the harbour of Claudius and Trajan.When his sailors had once found a fair \vind, thecoasting and mainly daylight voyage began, and,as related in Book I, lasted six days (or, accordingto Vessereau, seven). The first day (217-276)brings them to Centumcellae, where they spendthe night. On the second day (277-312) they sailat dawn, pass off the mouth of the Munio and thepinewoods of Graviscae, sighting Cosa before puttinginto Portus Herculis at nightfall. On the thu-d day(313-348), sailing still earlier, before sunrise, theycoast along Monte Argentario, pass the island ofIgilium (recently a refuge for fugitives from theGoths), touch, without staying, at the Umbro mouth,and are forced, when overtaken by night, to bivouacashore. The fourth day (349-428) finds themcompelled to take to oars in the morning : and aftersighting Ilva (Elba), whose mines suggest to thepoet the praises of iron, they land in a state offatigue before midday at Faleria, where they chanceupon an Osiris fete in progress. Their most unpleasantexperiences with an extortionate landlord,a Jew, lead to an outburst against Judaism. Subsequentrowing brings them to Populonia, where theyare rejoiced to get news from Rome. With thefifth day (429-510) we have the distant view ofCorsica chronicled, and when Capraria rises in sight,the opportunity is seized for an onslaught on themonasticism of its inhabitants. The travellerslater reach Volaterrana Vada. A visit is paid tothe villa of a good friend, Albinus, and the processes756

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSof the neighbouring salt-pans are described. Thewelcome meeting with Victoriniis, a friend fromToulouse, compensates for the delay caused by agale. During the early part of the sixth day(511-540) they find themselves off the dangerousrocks of Gorgon island, the home of a hermit whomRutilius regards as one of a group of misguidedfanatics, more bewitched, he thinks, than thevictims of Circe's enchantments. They next arriveat the villa Triturrita, built on an artificial causewaynear a harbour protected by a curious barrier ofseaM'eed. Here, in spite of the inducement toproceed with the voyage in fair weather, an interruptionis made, as Rutilius cannot resist the temptationto visit his friend Protadius in the neighbouringtown : so Protadius' merits, Pisa itself and the statueerected there to his own father are in turn touchedupon. This voluntary delay (541-614) is followedby a compulsory one (615-644) ; for on coming backto Triturrita, the travellers being storm-stayed haveto occupy their time in a boar-hunt : and for themoment horn and song appear to be echoed in oneof Rutilius' couplets.^ A long stay is made in thisdistrict. Book I ending in a description of violentand continued storm.Book II in its 68 lines narrates only the voyagefrom Portus Pisanus to Luna, but it also contains adescription of Italy, a furious invective against thedead general Stilicho, and an account of the marblequarries in the Luna district." Vessereau makes this the seventh day, as he estimatesthat the distance from Popu Ionia to Vada and the visit toAlbinus would need more than a single day. The sixthday may therefore have been spent at the villa ; bnt the poemdoes not clearly indicate this. * 629-630.757

INTRODUCTION TOHis poem, in some ways the better for thosedigressions which make it more than a journal oftravel, exhibits Rutilius as a man with an eye for thescenery of the Italian coast, interested in the affairsof the places touched at during his voyage northwards,and stirred by warm affection for friends" noless than by frankly expressed dislike for Jews, Christianmonks and Stilicho. It is pleasant to note his joyat meeting friends and his regret at parting : it isan equally human trait that he is a good hater.His tender Stoic melancholy, coloured rather thanseared by the memory of Rome's recent captureby the Goths, does not prevent him from cherishingan optimistic confidence in her recovery, even as inlong-past history she had recovered after the Alliaand Cannae. And so in his encomium upon theimperial city, sincere enough in feeling and yet inphrasing more rhetorical than poetic, Rutilius hasuttered the swan-song of Rome.Nor is it a song unworthy of the classical tradition.His Latin has a prevailing lucidity which befits histheme ; and, despite the influence of Virgil andOvid, his work, thanks to concentration upon hisown experiences, which are narrated in a vivid andrealistic style, bears a definitely individual mark.But it is rare for this individual note of his to showitself in mere linguistic usage such as decessis (ifthat be the true reading at I. 313) or the archaisticpropudiosa (I. 388). As to metre, it is true thatamphitheatrum is not a Virgilian ending for a hexameter,nor sollicitudinibus an Ovidian ending for apentameter.^ It is true also that Rutilius is too free" See notes on the translation.* There are some sixteen exceptions in Rutilius to thedissyllabic close of a pentameter.758

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSin his employment of spondees. There is, further,little enjamhement between hexameter and pentameter,so that his lines tend to be monotonouslyself-contained.** Yet, on the whole his versificationmust be called graceful,'' and at times his elegiaccouplets gain greatly in strength by a kind of Propertianforce which Rutilius succeeds in conferringupon the pentameter,EDITIONSJ. B. Pius. Editio princeps. Bologna, 1520.Onuphrius Panvinius. In his Reipiihlicae RomafiaeCommentarii. Venice, 1558.J. Castalio. Rome, 1582.C. Barth. Frankfort, 1623.Th. J. Almeloveen (c. not. variorum). Amsterdam,1687.P. Burman. P. L. M. II. pp. 1-184. Leyden,1731.C. T. Damm. Brandenburg, 1760.J. C. Wernsdorf. P. L. M. V. i. pp. 1-202. Altenburg,1788.A. W. Zumpt. Berlin, 1840.L. Mueller. Leipzig, 1870.Itasius Lemniacus (A. v. Reumont). Berlin, 1872.E. Baehrens. P. L. M. V. pp. 3-30. Leipzig,1883." Usually hexameter and pentameter constitute a unity,as in I. 65-66, or the second line takes up and completes thefirst, as in 1. 91-92, 331-332. Only occasionally does asentence run into more than one distich, as in I. 403-408,519-522.* The elisions are 61 in 712 lines. There are no elisionsof a long vowel before a short, nor of a monosyllable, nor atthe caesura, nor in the second half of a pentameter.759

INTRODUCTION TOJ. Vessereau (text, French prose transln. and essays).Paris, 1904.C. H. Keene (Eng. verse transln. by G. F. Savage-Armstrong). London, 1907.G. Heidrich (introd. and crit. appar.). Vienna,1911.V. Ussani. Florence. 1921.R. Helm. Heidelberg, 1933.J. Vessereau and F. Prechac (texte etabli et traduit).Paris, 1933.RELEVANT WORKSE. Gibbon. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(esp. chaps. xx\dii-xxxi for historical background).T. Hodgkin. Italy and her Invaders, Vol. I. Oxford,1880-1899.Fr. Mueller. De Rutilio Namatiano stoico, progr.Soltquellae (= Saltwedel), 1882.H. Schiller. Geschichte der rom. Kaizerzeit, II.Gotha, 1887.P. Monceaux. Les Africains : etude sur la litter.latine d'Afrique. Paris, 1894.C. Hosius. Die Textgeschichte des Rutilius, Rh. Mus.51 (1896), pp. 197-210.P. Rasi. In CI. Rut. Namatiani lihros adnotationesmetricae. Turin, 1897.S. Dill. Roman Society in the last Century of the Wn.Empire. London, 1905.R. Pichon. Les derniers ecrivains profanes (ch. v," un grand fonctionnaire gallo-romain : le poeteRut. Nam."). Paris, 1906.H. Schenkl. Ein spdtrbmischer Dichter u. sein Clawhenshekenntnis, Rh. Mus. 66 (1911), pp. 393-416.760

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSP. de Labriolle. Rid. Nam. et les moines in Rev. desetudes latines.W. pp. 30-41. Paris, 1928.J. Carcopino. A propos du pohue de Rut. Nam. inRev. des etudes latines, VI. pp. 180-200. Paris,1928.M. L. W. Laistner. Thought and Letters in JVn.Europe, a.d. 500-900 (opening chapter on" Empire and its Invaders "). London, 1931.E. S. Duckett. Latin Writers of the Fifth Century.New York, 1931.SIGLAV = Codex Vindobonensis 277 (olim 387), qui, postmembranas vetustas Ovidii Halleutica et GrattiiCynegetica continentes, foliis 84^-93^ saeculi xvinostrum carmen habet,=[•f.the symbol accompanying some of the marginalcorrections in the Vienna MS. : it has beenvariously interpreted as fortasse (L. Mueller,Baehrens),^/ia^ (Hosius), or fuit (Purser).]B = editio princeps, Bononiae anno 1520 emissa.R = Codex Romanus : saec. xvi, Romae anno 1891repertus.On these three sources of the text, two MSS.and the editio princeps, a few notes are desirable.Baehrens in his edition of 1883 based his text uponthe Vienna manuscript (now denoted by V, the collationof which by Huemer was called c by Baehrens)and upon Mau's collation of the editio princepspublished by Battista Pio at Bologna in 1520 (heredenoted by B but in Baehrens by b). SinceBaehrens' time a second manuscript, denoted by R,has become available : it was discovered in the library761

INTRODUCTION TOof the Duke of Sermoneta at Rome in 1891. V andR, both written in the sixteenth century, are indirectlyand independently derived from an archetypefound at Bobbio in 1494 or 1493. This archetypemay be conjectured to have been written inLombardic characters in the eighth or ninth century ;but it has been lost since its removal from Bobbioin 1706. In 1495 Inghiramius, surnamed Phaedrusof Volaterra, afterwards librarian at the Vatican,made a copy of it at Bobbio and took it to Rome before1506. About that time the poet Sannazaro hadbrought with him from France to Italy the newlydiscoveredHalieutica of Ovid and Cynegetica ofGrattius and of Nemesianus ; and in his enthusiasmfor new works he either acquired or transcribedPhaedrus' copy of the manuscript. According toBaehrens and to Vessereau, V is Sannazaro's copy,though, according to Hosius, the descent of V istraceable back through Sannazaro and then throughPhaedrus to the codex Bobiensis. The ViennaMS. is on paper, of the sixteenth century, bound upat the end of a volume immediately after Ovid'sHalieutica, also on paper and preceded by sevenolder manuscripts on vellum of smaller dimensionsthan the paper MSS. Among these vellum MSS.certain lines of Eucheria and another copy of theHalieutica, -svith Sidonius Apollinaris and Grattius,with the actual poems whichhave been identifiedSannazaro brought from France.The editio princeps published by Battista Pioat Bologna in 1520 has a value for determining thetext, as it represents Phaedrus' copy according toHosius, and thus offers a testimony earlier thanSannazaro's copy and its derivative V.762

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSR is dated by ^'essereau a quarter of a centuryafter V, i.e. in 1530, as he holds \^ to be Sannazaro'scopy. Hosius, who collated R in R/i. Mus. (1896),vol. li, inferred that it was written within 30 or 40years of the discovery of Rutilius' poem in 1493.°The corruptions shared by V and R prove theircommon descent, but R cannot have come fromPhaedrus' copy (represented in the editio princepsB), because R sometimes preserves the true readingin contrast with V and B. On the other hand, aconsensus of V and R virtually establishes a readingin the lost codex Bobiensis of the eighth century." The comparative value of V and R is hard to estimate.Keene points out that while R has the advantage in I. 178tenet, 211 curae, 235 largo, 265 lymphas, 461 algam, 552utranique, V has the superiority in I. 22 viiseranda, 232 Inui,317 ternis, 573 Elide, II. 62 propositum. R certainly has seriousdisfigurements due to one or other of its three hands.Recently L. Bartoli (Athenaeum ix. 3, 1931), writing on the twocodices, has awarded the palm to the Vienna manuscript.763

RUTILIUSNAMATIANUSDE REDITU SUOLIBER PRIMUSVelocem potius reditum mirabere, lector,tarn cito Romuleis posse carere bonis,quid longum toto Romam venerantibus aevo ?nil umquam longum est quod sine fine placet,o quantum et quotiens possum numerare beatosnasci felici qui meruere solo !qui Romanorum procerum generosa propagoingenitum cumulant urbis honore decussemina virtutum demissa et tradita caelonon potuere aliis dignius esse locis.feiices etiam qui proxima munera primissortiti Latias obtinuere domos !religiosa patet peregrinae Curia laudi,nee putat externos quos decet esse suosordinis imperio collegarumque fruunturet partem Genii quern venerantur habent^ quater Heinsius, Muellerj Baehrens." Potius supports the view that the opening of the poemis lost.* The poet is to praise Rome at length (3-164). He claimsthat nothing .can be tedious in the eulogy of a city whichevery age has held in honour—the urbs aeterna calls foreternal veneration.764

RUTILIUSNAMATIANUSA VOYAGE HOME TO GAULBOOK IRather ° Mill you marvel, reader, that my quickreturn journey (to Gaul) can so soon renounce theblessings of the city of Romulus. \Yhat is too longfor men who spend all time in venerating Rome ? ^Nothing is ever too long that never fails toplease. How greatly and how often can I countthose blest who have deserved birth in that happysoil! Those highborn scions of Roman nobilitycrown their honourable birth M'ith the lustre of theCapital ! On no other land could the seeds of \drtueshave been more worthily let fall by heaven's assignment.Happy they too who, \vinning meeds nextto the first, have enjoyed Latin homes!" TheSenate-house, though fenced with awe, yet standsopen to foreign merit, nor deems those strangerswho are fittingly its own. They share the powerof their colleagues in the senatorial order, and possesspart of the sacred Genius ^ which they revere, even' i.e. though not born in Rome, like those in 5-6.^ The Genius is the indwelling spirit of the Roman People,shared by such provincials as were admitted into the senate.Their union is compared with the heavenly council underthe presidency of the supreme god (Jupiter is not named).

MINOR LATIN POETSquale per aetherios mundani verticis axesconcilium summi credimus esse dei.at mea dilectis fortuna revellitur oris,indigenamque suum Gallica rura vocant.ilia quidem longis nimium deformia bellis,sed quam grata minus, tam miseranda magis.securos levius crimen contemnere cives :privatam repetunt publica damna fidem.praesentes lacrimas tectis debemus avitis :prodest admonitus saepe dolore labor. >-avornecfas ulterius longas nescire ruinasquas mora suspensae multiplicavit opisiam tempus laceris post saeva incendia fundisvel pastorales aedificare casas.ipsi quin etiam fontes si mittere vocemipsaque si possent arbuta nostra loqui,cessantem iustis poterant urgere quereliset desideriis addere vela meis.iam iam laxatis carae complexibus urbisvincimur et serum vix toleramus iter.electum pelagus, quoniam terrena viarumplana madent fluviis, cautibus alta rigent.postquam Tuscus ager postquamque Aurelius agger,perpessus Geticas ense vel igne manus,non silvas domibus, non flumina ponte coercet,766incerto satius credere vela mari.1' aetherias . . . arces Baehrens.22 veneranda R : miseranda VB.3* verba vir doctus apud Wernsdorf : accepit Baehrens.^'vetabant Baehrens.

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSas from ethereal pole to pole of the celestial vaultwe believe there abideth the council of the DeitySupreme.But 'tis my fortune that is plucked back from thewell-loved land ; the fields of Gaul summon hometheir native." Disfigured they are by wars immeasurablylong, yet the less their charm, the morethey earn pity. 'Tis a lighter crime to neglect ourcountrymen when at their ease : our commonlosses call for each man's loyalty. Our presenceand our tears are what we owe to the ancestralhome ; service which grief has prompted ofttimeshelps. 'Tis sin further to overlook the tedious taleof disasters which the delay of halting aid has multiplied: now is the time after cruel fires on ravagedfarms to rebuild, if it be but shepherds' huts. Nay,if only the very springs could utter words, if only ourvery trees ^ could speak, they well might spur mylaggard pace with just complaints and give sails to myyearning wishes. Now that the dear city slackensher embrace, my homeland wins, and I can scarcefeel patient with a journey deferred so late.I have chosen the sea, since roads by land, if onthe level, are flooded by rivers ; if on higher ground,are beset with rocks. Since Tuscany and since theAurelian highway,^ after suffering the outrages ofGoths with fire or sword, can no longer controlforest with homestead or river with bridge, it isbetter to entrust my sails to the wayward sea." Rutilius feels the call of his ravaged estates in Gaul : seeIntroduction.* nrbuta is not used here in the restricted sense of arbutus.The Via Aurelia was the road by the coast of Etruria tothe Italian Riviera, Cf. sense of agger in medio in aggere,Avianus, xvii. 15.767

MINOR LATIN POETScrebra relinquendis infigimus oscula portis :inviti superant limina sacra pedes,oramus veniam lacrimis et laude litamus,in quantum fletus currere verba sinit" exaudi, regina tui pulcherrima mundi,inter sidereos Roma recepta polos,exaudi, genetrix liominum genetrixque deorum,non procul a caelo per tua templa sumus :te canimus semperque, sinent dum fata, canemussospes nemo potest immemor esse tui.obruerint citius scelerata oblivia solem,quam tuus ex nostro corde recedat honos.nam solis radiis aequalia munera tendis,qua circumfusus fluctuat Oceanus.volvitur ipse tibi, qui continet omnia, Phoebuseque tuis ortps in tua condit equos.te non flammigeris Libye tarda vit harenis,non armata suo reppulit Ursa gelu :quantum vitalis natura tetendit in axes,tantum virtuti pervia terra tuae.fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam :profuit iniustis te dominante capi.dumque offers victis proprii consortia iuris,urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat." auctores generis Venerem Martemque fatemur,Aeneadum matrem Romulidumque patrem :^2 sospes VRB : hospes Cuperus, Baehrens.^^ ortus VB : ortas R : ortos Castalio.^^ iniustis VB : inustis R : invitis Juretus, Damm, Mueller,Baehrens : invictis Castalio : infestis Schroder." Baehrens' alteration to nutrix is purely arbitrary, evenin the light of altricem in 146.768

RUTILILS NAxMATIANUSRepeated kisses I imprint on the gates I have toleave :un>\'illingly my feet cross the honoured threshold.In tears I beseech pardon (for my departure)and offer a sacrifice of praise, so far as weeping allowsthe words to run :**Listen, O fairest queen of thy world, Rome,welcomed amid the starry skies, listen, thou mother "of men and mother of gods, thanks to thy templeswe are not far from heaven : thee do we chant, andshall, while destiny allows, for ever chant. Nonecan be safe if forgetful of thee. Sooner shall guiltyoblivion whelm the sun than the honour due to theequit my heart; for thy benefits extend as far as thesun's rays, where the circling Ocean-flood boundsthe world. For thee the very Sun-God who holdethall together ^ doth revolve : his steeds that rise inthy domains he puts in thy domains to rest. TheeAfrica hath not stayed with scorching sands, norhath the Bear, armed with its native cold, repulsedthee. As far as living nature hath stretched towardsthe poles, so far hath earth opened a path for thyvalour. For nations far apart thou hast made asingle fatherland ; under thy dominion captivity hath^meant profit even for those who knew not justice :and by offering to the vanquished a share in thineown justice, thou hast made a city of what waserstwhile a world." As authors of our race we acknowledge Venusand Mars—mother of the sons of Aeneas, father of* Cf. EinsieA. Ed. I. 29-31 and note 6, p. 329 supra.* iniustis has its point in relation to iuris, 1. 65.3d769

MINOR LATIN POETSmitigat armatas victrix dementia vires,convenit in mores nomen utrumque tuos :hinc tibi certandi bona parcendique voluptas :quos timuit superat, quos superavit amat.inventrix oleae colitur vinique repertoret qui primus humo pressit aratra puer ;aras Paeoniam meruit medicina per artem,factus et Alcides nobilitate deus :tu quoque, legiferis mundum complexa triumphis,foedere communi vivere cuncta facis.te, dea, te celebrat Romanus ubique recessuspacificoque gerit libera colla iugo.omnia perpetuo quae servant sidera motu,nullum viderunt pulchrius imperium.quid simile Assyriis conectere contigit armis ?Medi finitimos condomuere suosmagni Parthorum reges Macetumque tyrannimutua per varias iura dedere vices,nee tibi nascenti plures animaeque manusque,sed plus consilii iudiciique fuit.iustis bellorum causis nee pace superbanobilis ad summas gloria venit opes,quod regnas minus est quam quod regnare mererisexcedis factis grandia fata tuis.~^numen Barth, Baehrens.'* fretus VRB (m marg. factus • f • V) : factus multi editorescretus Canneg. : fertur Baehrens : fretus it Barth.*^ perpetuos . . . motus VRB : corr. Baehrens.^* condomuere Mueller : cum domuere VRB." i.e. of the two divinities Venus and Mars.* The three alluded to are Athene (Minerva), Bacchus, andTriptolemus.770

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSthe scions of Romulus : clemency in victory tempersarmed strength : both names " befit thy characterhence thy noble pleasure in war and in mercyit vanquishes the dreaded foe and cherishes thevanquished. The goddess who found the olivetreeis worshipped, the deity too who discoveredwine, and the youth who first drove the ploughsharein the soil ^ : the healing art through the skill ofthe god Paeon won ^ altars : Hercules by his renownwas made divine : thou, too, who hast embracedthe world in triumphs fraught with law,dost make all things live under a common covenant.Thee, O goddess, thee every nook of the Romandominion celebrates, beneath a peaceful yoke holdingnecks unenslaved. The stars, which watch allthings in their unceasing motion, never looked on afairer empire. What like unto thy power did itfall to Assyrian arms to link in one r The Persiansonly subdued neighbours of their own. The mightyParthian kings and Macedonian monarchs ^ imposedlaws on each other through varying changes.It was not that at thy birth thou hadst more soulsand hands : but more prudence and more judgementwere thine. By wars for justifiable cause and bypeace imposed without arrogance thy renownedglory reached highest wealth. That thou reignestis less than that thou deservest to reign : thy deedssurpass thine exalted destiny. To review thy high' Paeoniam : the Greek adjective is iraiwvios. Rutiliusis not, however, unclassical here; for Ingram {Hermathenaix. 407) illustrates the use of Paeonius in Virgil, Ovid, andother poets :cf. Avianus vi. 7, Paeonio magistro.^ The Seleucid kings of Syria, who succeeded to part of theempire won by Alexander of Macedon, and whose wars withParthia brought sometimes victory, sometimes defeat.3d 2771

MINOR LATIN POETSpercensere labor densis decora alta tropaeisut si quis stellas pernumerare velitconfunduntque vagos delubra micantia visus :ipsos crediderim sic habitare deos.quid loquar aerio pendentes fornice rivos,qua vix imbriferas tolleret Iris aquas ?hos potius dicas crevisse in sidera raontes ;tale giganteum Graecia laudet opus. ]intercepta tuis conduntur flumina muris ;consumunt totos celsa lavacra lacus.nee minus et propriis celebrantur roscida venistotaque nativo moenia fonte sonant,frigidus aestivas hinc temperat halitus auras, ]innocuamque levat purior unda sitim.nempe tibi subitus calidarum gurges aquarumrupit Tarpeias hoste premente vias.si foret aeternus, casum fortasse putaremauxilio fluxit, qui rediturus erat. ]quid loquar inclusas inter laquearia silvas,vernula qua vario carmine ludit avis ?vere tuo numquam mulceri desinit annusdeliciasque tuas victa tuetur hiemps.^® credideris hie Burman. ^"^ externus R.1^^ inter VRB : subter Baehrens.^^2 quae VR : qua Ca-stalio. ludat VRB : ludit Panv. :laudat Baehrens." The aqueducts of Rome, massive enough to be called"Cyclopean" {giganteum opus, 100), like the masonry atTiryns or of the Lion Gateway at Mycenae. In the time ofFrontinus, who was curator aquarum a.d. 97-106, there werenine aqueducts; later, this number was increased.* The hyperbole means that hardly any rainbow in the skycould reach the same height as the span of the arches of theaqueducts. Burman suggested that quo might be clearerthan qua.772

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUShonours amid crowded trophies were a task likeendeavouring to reckon up the stars. The gUtterin^temples dazzle the wandering eyes : I could wellbelieve such are the dwelling-places of the very gods.What shall I say of streams suspended on airyarches," where scarce the Rainbow-Goddess couldraise her showery waters ? ^ You might rather callthem mountains grown up to the sky : such astructure Greece would praise, as giant-wrought.Rivers diverted are *" lost sight of within thy walls :the lofty baths consume whole lakes.'^ No less arethy dewy meads filled also with their own rivulets,and all thy walls are a-babble with springs from thesoil.Hence a breath of coolness tempers the summerair, and the crystal well relieves a harmless thirst.Nay, once a sudden torrent of waters seething hotbroke forth, when thine enemy ^ trod the roads bythe Capitol : had it lasted for ever, mayhap I haddeemed this mere chance ; but it was to save theethat it flowed ; for it came only to vanish. Whyspeak of woods enclosed amid thy panelled palaces,^where native birds sport with varied song ? In thespring that is thine never does the year fail in itsmildness : baffled winter respects thy charms.< e.g. water from the Anio supplied the aqueducts calledAnio Veins and Anio Xovus.^ celsa refers to the imposing loftiness of the public baths;locus to such lakes as Alsietinus, Sabatinus (Lago di Bracciano)and Sublacensis (near Subiaco), from which water was broughtinto Rome by aqueducts and stored in large cisterns.'Legend had it that when Titus Tatius and his Sabinesreached the gate of Janus under the Capitol, the god sent outboiling water from the earth and discomfited the enemy.f The reference is to gardens enclosed within colonnadeswhich had panelled ceilings.773

MINOR LATIN POETS" erige crinales lauros.seniuraque sacrati ]verticis in virides, Roma, refinge comas,aurea turrigero radient diademata cono,perpetuosque ignes aureus umbo vomatabscondat tristem deleta iniuria casumcontemptus solidet vulnera clausa dolor. 1adversis soUenne tuis sperare secundaexemplo caeli ditia damna subis.astrorum flammae renovant occasibus ortuslunam fmiri cernis, ut incipiat.victoris Brenni non distulit Allia poenam ; 1Samnis servitio foedera saeva luitpost multas Pyrrhum clades superata fugastiflevit successus Hannibal ipse suosquae mergi nequeunt nisu maiore resurguntexsiliuntque imis altius acta vadis ;1utque novas vires fax inclinata resumit.clarior ex humili sorte superna petis.porrige victuras Romana in saecula leges,solaque fatales non vereare colos,quamvis sedecies denis et mille peractis 1annus praeterea iam tibi nonus eat.quae restant nullis obnoxia tempora metis,dum stabunt terrae, dum polus astra feretillud te reparat quod cetera regna resolvitordo renascendi est crescere posse malis. 1^^^ recinge VRB, Vessereau : refinge Heinsius etfere omnes.13^maestis Baehrens." Cf. Lucan I. 185-190, where Roma, wearing a muralcrown, appears to Caesar at the Rubicon, turrigero canoseffundens vertice crines.* Four examples of recovery are cited : (1) the defeat ofRome at the Allia in 390 B.C. was soon avenged by the deathof Brennus, the Gallic leader; (2) the subjection of theSamnites compensated for the severe terms imposed by them774

'RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS" Raise, O Rome, the triumphal laurels whichwreathe thy locks, and refashion the hoary eld of thyhallowed head to tresses fresh and fair, (iolden letthe diadem flash on thy tower-crowned helmet" ; letthe golden buckler belch forth perpetual hres ! Letforgetfulness of thy wrongs bury the sadness of misfortune; let pain disregarded close and heal thywounds. Amidst failure it is thy way to hope forprosperity : after the pattern of the heavens lossesundergone enrich thee. For flaming stars set onlyto renew their rising ; thou seest the moon wane towax afresh. The Allia did not hinder Brennus'penalty ; the Samnite paid for a cruel treaty byslavery ; after many disasters, though defeated,thou didst put Pyrrhus to flight ; Hannibal himselfwas the mourner of his own successes.'^ Thingswhich cannot be sunk rise again with greater energy,sped higher in their rebound from lowest depthsand, as the torch held downward regains freshstrength, so from lowly fortune thou dost soar moreradiant aloft. Spread forth the laws that are to lastthroughout the ages of Rome : alone thou needstnot dread the distaffs of the Fates, though with athousand years and sixteen decades o'erpast, thouhast besides a ninth year in its course.*^ The span^j-. KUJl,which doth remain is subject to no bounds, so longas earth shall stand firm and heaven uphold thestars ! That same thing builds thee up which wrecksall other realms : the law of thy new birth is thepower to thrive upon thine ills.on the Romans at the Caudine Forks, 321 B.C.; (3) KingPyrrhus' successes in his invasion changed to disaster atBeneventum, 275 B.C. ; (4) Hannibal's victories in the SecondPunic War ended in defeat.

'^MINOR LATIN POETS" ergo age, sacrilegae tandem cadat hostia gentis :submittant trepidi perfida colla Getae.ditia pacatae dent vectigalia terrae :impleat augustos barbara praeda sinus,aeternum tibi Rhenus aret, tibi Nilus inundet,altricemque suani fertilis orbis alat.quin et fecundas tibi conferat Africa messes,sole suo dives, sed magis imbre tuo.interea et Latiis consurgant horrea sulcis,pinguiaque Hesperio nectare prela fluant. 15(ipse triumphali redimitus harundine ThybrisRomuleis famulas usibus aptet aquas ;atque opulenta tibi placidis commercia ripisdevehat hinc ruris, subvehat inde maris.14i" pande, precor, gemino placatum Castore pontum; 15itemperet aequoream dux Cytherea viam,si non displicui, regerem cum iura Quirini,si colui sanctos consuluique patres ;nam quod nulla meum strinxerunt crimina ferrum,non sit praefecti gloria, sed populi. 16

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS" Come, then, let an impious raec fall in sacrificeat last: let the Goths in panic abase their forswornnecks. Let lands reduced to peace pay richtribute and barbarian booty fill thy majestic lap.Evermore let the Rhineland plough for thee, forthee the Nile o'erflow ; and let a teeming world givenurture to its nurse. Yea, let Africa proffer to theeher fertile harvests, rich in her own sun, but richerfor thy showers. ° Meanwhile may granaries tooarise to house the furrow-crops of Latium, and withthe nectar of the West may sleek wine-presses flow.Let Tiber's self, garlanded with triumphal reed,apply his waters to serve the needs of Romulus'race, and 'twixt his peaceful banks bear for theedown-stream the wealthy cargoes of the fieldsand up-stream those of the sea.^" Outstretch, I pray, the level main lulled to rest'neath Castor and his twin brother ^ ; be our Ladyof Cythera the guide to smooth jay watery path,if I found favour when I administered Quirinus' laws,îf to the venerable senators I showed respect andfrom them asked advice; for that ne'er a crimeunsheathed my magisterial sword must be thepeople's, not the prefect's, boast. '^ Whether 'tisgranted to lay my life to rest in ancestral soil orwhether thou shalt one day be restored to my eyes,blest shall my life be, lucky beyond all aspiration,if thou deign always to remember me."Castor et gemelle Castoris. There was a temple of Castor andPollux at Ostia, and one of Venus on the island at the Tibermouth;hence the allusion to Cytherea.''Rutilius had been praefeclus urbis in a.d. 414; cf. I. 423-428; 467-468.' The absence of capital punishment during Rutilius'prefecture was a credit to the Roman people.777

MINOR LATIN POETShis dictis iter arripimus : comitantur amici Ldicere non possunt lumina sicca '• vale."iamque aliis Romani redeuntibus haeret euntiRufius, Albini gloria viva patris ;qui \"olusi antique derivat stemmate nomenet reges Rutulos teste Marone refert. 1huius facundae conimissa palatia linguae :primaevus meruit principis ore loqui.rexerat ante puer populos pro consule Poenos ;aequalis Tyriis terror amorque fuit.sedula promisit summos instantia fasces : 1si fas est meritis fidere, consul erit.invitum tristis tandem remeare coegicorpore divisos mens tamen una tenet.tum demum ad naves gradior, qua fronte bicornidividuus Tiberis dexteriora secat. 1laevus inaccessis nuvius vitatur harenis ;hospitis Aeneae gloria sola manet.non possum sicca dicere luce vale nonnulU editores.^^^^^^ imitantia V : imitatio RB {sic etiam in marg. V, sedexpunctum) : instantia Mueller.^'* ter et {in marg. tenet•f •) V : secat V : petit R.tenet R.° Ceionius Rufius Volusianus belonged to an official familyof ancient pedigree. He had been proconsul of Africa withhis headquarters at Carthage (I. 173), and as a youthfulimperial quaestor had performed the duty of reading before thesenate communications from the Emperor (I. 171). Rutiliusexpresses his delight over the news of his friend's appointmentto the city prefecture (I. 415-428).* Rufius Albinus, prefect of the city in a.d. 390, should bedistinguished from the Albinus of I. 466.

RUTILIUS NAMATIAXUSWith these words we take the road: our friendsattend. Eyes cannot tearless say " good-bye."And now while others wend their way back to Rome,Rufius," the living glory of his fjither Albinus,^clings close to me on my way. He draws his namefrom the ancient pedigree of \'olusus, citing Rutihanprinces on the witness of \'irgil.'^ To his power ofeloquence was entrusted the imperial palace : inyouth he was the fitting spokesman of the emperor.Still earlier, a mere stripling, he had governed aspro-consul the Carthaginian peoples and among theTyrian folk inspired dread and love alike. Hiszealous energy gave promise of highest office : if itis permitted to trust desert, a consul he will be. Inthe end I sadly forced him to go back reluctant : yet,though in body severed, one mind keeps us linked.Then at length I proceed to the ships,'^ where withtwy-horned brow the branching Tiber cleaves hisway to the right.'' The channel onjthe left is avoidedfor its unapproachable sands : its one remainingboast is to have welcomed Aeneas.-^ And now theThe family claimed descent from the Volusus addressed'bj' Turnus, prince of the Rutuli, in Aeneid XI. 463.^ There ^vere several boats {cymbae I. 219) used by Rutilius'company on their coasting voyage northwards :cf. I. 559,puppibus ergo ytieis.' About eighteen miles from Rome and some miles fromthe sea the Tiber branches so as to form the Isola Sacra (c/.Aeneid VIII. 727, Bhenusgue bicornis, referring to the twomouths of the Rhine : the " horn " idea is associated with thebull-like force of rivers in flood). At the mouth of the leftbranch was Ostia, the ancient port of Rome, which in timebecame blocked up with silt and sand. On the right branchharbour-works were undertaken bj' the Emperor Claudiusand improved by Trajan.^ For Aeneas' landing see Aeneid VII. 29 sqq.779

MINOR LATIN POETSet iam nocturnis spatium laxaverat horisPhoebus Chelariim pallidiore polo,cunctamiir temptare salum portuque sedemus, 1nee piget oppositis otia ferre moris,occidua infido dum saevit gurgite Pliasdumque procellosi temporis ira calet.respectare iuvat vicinam saepius urbemet montes visu deficiente sequi, 1quaque duces oculi grata regione fruuntur,dum se, quod cupiunt, cernere posse putant.nee locus ille mihi cognoscitur indice fumo,qui dominas arces et caput orbis habet(quamquam signa levis fumi commendat Homerus, 1dilecto quotiens surgit in astra solo) ;sed caeli plaga candidior tractusque serenussignat septenis

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSvSun in the paler sky of the Seorpion's Claws hadlengthened the space of the night-watches.'' Wehesitate to make trial of the sea ; we tarry in the haven,unreluctant to endure idleness amid the delays whichbar our voyage, so long as the setting Pleiad stormsupon the treacherous main, and the anger of thesqually season is hot.* It is a joy to look back manya time at the city still near, and with scarce availingsight to trace its hills, and look where the guidingeyes ^ feast on that dear scene, fancying they can seewhat they desire to see. Nor is yonder place, whichholds the imperial citadels and the Morld's capital,recognised by me in virtue of the smoke which marksit out (and yet 'tis the signs of light smoke whichHomer '^ praises whensoever it rises starward froma well-loved land) ; nay rather a fairer tract of skyand a serene expanse marks the clear summits ofthe Seven Hills. There 'tis lasting sunshine : thevery daylight which Rome makes for herself seemspurer than all else. Time and again our spellboundears ring with the noise of the Circus games ;â blaze of cheers proclaims the crowded theatrefamiliar shouts are sent back by the echoing air,whether it is that they really reach us or thataffection fancies so.* licadit, 188, is kept in the sense of " subsides," it involvestaking dum as '' while " in 187 and as " until " in 188 (unlesscadit can here mean ''descends " or " swoops " upon the sea).Calet is accepted from L. Mueller.* CJ. ocuUqne daces rem credere cogunt, Aetna 189. He canjust make out the hills of Rome, and part of the city he cansee in imagination only, his eyes directing him to where itshould be.Cf. Odyss. I. 57-59; X. 29-30.'^' The Ludi Roinani began in Rutilius' time on 8ept. 21and 30 fit into the autumnal setting of his voyage.781

MINOR LATIN POETSexplorata fides pelagi ter quinque diebus,dum melior lunae se daret aura novae,turn discessurus studiis urbique remittoPalladium, generis spemque decusque mei.facundus iuvenis Gallorum nuper ab arvismissus Romani discere iura Fori. 2]ille meae secum dulcissima vincula curae,filius affectu, stirpe propinquus, habetcuius Aremoricas pater Exuperantius orasnunc postliminium pacis amare docetleges restituit libertatemque reducit 21et servos famulis non sinit esse suis.solvimus Aurorae dubio, quo tempore primumagnosci patitur redditus arva color,progredimur parvis per litora proxima cymbis,quorum perfugio crebra pateret humus. 22aestivos penetrent oneraria carbasa fluctus :tutior autumnus mobilitate fugae.Alsia praelegitur tellus, Pyrgique receduntnunc villae grandes, oppida parva prius.iam Caeretanos demonstrat navita fines : 22aevo deposuit nomen Agylla vetus.stringimus

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS'rhrice five days we watched the trust to he pUicedin the sea, until a new moon's more favourable breezeshould present itself. Then on the eve of goingI send back to his studies and the city Palladius,the hope and honour of my race." That eloquentyouth had been sent of late from the lands of theGauls to learn the laws of the Roman courts.Myson in affection and kinsman by blood, he holds thefondest ties of my regard. Even now his fatherExuperantius trains the Armoric sea-board to lovethe recovery of peace ; he re-establishes the laws,brings freedom back and suffers not the inhabitantsto be their servants' slaves.În the half-dawn we weigh anchor, at the hour ofday when colour is first restored and lets the fieldsgrow visible. In little boats we make way along thenearest shores, so that a beach might always lieopen as refuge for them. Let cargo-ships 'neathcanvas plough through the summer waves : saferis autumn if we have quickness to escape. TheAlsian land is skirted, and Pyrgi fades into thedistance '^—to-day large country-houses, in earlierdays small towns. Now the sailor points out thebounds of Caere : the ancient Agylla has lost itsname through time.'' Next we coast by Castrum,shattered both by wave and time : an age-worngateway marks the half-ruined place. O'er itfrom Gaul to study la\r in Rome. His father, Exuperantius,had restored order to the Armorican regions in Gaul, whichhad followed the example of revolt from the empire set byBritain in a.d. 407.*•The reference is most probably to a servile insurrectionwhich Exuperantius checked.' Alsium, now Palo, was an ancient Etrurian town. Pyrgi,now Santa Severa, was a seaport for Caere.•*Caere, now Cervetri, had Agylla as its Greek name.783

MINOR LATIN POETSpraesidet, exigui formatus imagine saxi,qui pastorali cornua fronte gerit 2multa licet prisciim nomen deleverit aetas,hoc Inui castrum fama fuisse putat,seu Pan Tyrrhenis mutavit Maenala silvissive sinus patrios incola Faunus initdum renovat largo mortalia semina fetu, 2fingitur in venerem pro-iOor esse deus.ad Centumcellas forti defleximus Austro :tranquilla puppes in statione sedent.molibus aequoreum concluditur amphitheatrum,angustosque aditus insula facta tegit 2attollit geminas turres bifidoque meatufaucibus artatis pandit utrunique latus.nee posuisse satis laxo navalia portu ;ne vaga vel tutas ventilet aura rates,interior medias sinus invitatus in aedes 2instabilem fixis aera nescit aquis ;qualis in Euboicis captiva natatibus undasustinet alterno bracchia lenta sinu.nosse iuvat tauri dictas de nomine thermasnee mora difficilis milibus ire tribus. 2229-230 distichon post 232 posuit Damm.232 Inui VB : lani R.235 dumve novat Baehrens. longo V : largo RB. seminasaecula Mueller.^^^ difficilis VRB : distantis {sc. thermas) Baehrens.VRB :* Rutilius confuses Castrum Novum in Etruria withCastrum Inui in Latium :cf. Aen. VI. 775. Init in 234 isan attempt to explain the name Inuus, here identified withthe Greek Pan or the Latin Faunus.**For dum causal, assigning a reason, cf. Plant. Trin. 1149-50 dum vereor sermonem interrumpere, solus sto; and Cic. Ad Att.784

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSstands guard, fasliioiud as a little statue in stone,the figure of one with horns upon his shepherd'sbrow : although long years have blotted out theearliest name, legend considers this was once*' Castrum Inui," whether '^ it be that Pan exchangedMaenalus for Tuscan woods or that Faunuscomes in to haunt his native dells : since '' he reneweththe offspring of mankind \\'ith plenteousbirths, the god is represented over-prone to venery.To Centumcellae *^ we changed our tack before astrong South wind : our ships find mooring in the calmroadstead. An amphitheatre of water is thereenclosed by piers, and an artificial island shelters thenarrow entrances ; it rears twin towers and extendsin both directions so as to leave a double approachwith narrow channels. Nor was it enough to constructdocks of wide harbourage ; to keep thevagrant breeze from rocking the craft even when safein port, an inner basin has been coaxed into the verymidst of the buildings, and so, with its surface atrest, it knows naught of the wayward wind, like thewater imprisoned in Cumae's baths ^ which buoysup the unhurried arms plied by the swimmer inalternate sweep.We pay a pleasant visit to the hot springs namedafter a bull : '^ the distance of three miles seems noI. xvi. 2 qui {sc. Horteîsius) dum veritus est . . . nan viditillud. . . . Rutilius I. 443 may also be a parallel.' Now Civita Vecchia. The port was constructed underTrajan : see the description in Plin. Ep. VI. xxxi. 15-17.^ Cumae, on the bay of Naples, was partly settled byEuboeans :cf. Virg. Aen. VI. 2 : Euboicis Cumarum allabituroris.' Aquae or Thermae Taurianae, three miles N. of CivitaVecchia.3e785

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUStroublesome delay. There the wells are not spoiledby a brackish flavour, nor is the water coloured andhot with fuming sulphur : the pure smell and delicatetaste make the bather hesitate for what purposethe waters should better be used." If the legenddeserves credit, it was a bull that first revealedthese hot baths by tracking out the source, when,tossing aloft the sods, as is a bull's way to preludea fight, he grazed his downbent horns upon a hardtree-stump : or else a god, counterfeiting an ox-likeshape and visage, would not permit the gift of thewarm soil to lurk unseen ; like the god who, benton snatching stolen joys from his theft of Agenor'sdaughter, bore across the seas the terror-strickenmaid.'' Not Greeks alone must have the glory ofmarvels which o'ertop belief I The fount of Helicon'^has for its begetter an animal : let us believe thatthrough like origin these waters were dra^n forth,as the steed's hoof dug out the Muses' well. Theland also, blazoned in Messalla's poetry,*^ has theseoutlets to vie with the Pierian grots : and his sweetlines, affixed to the hallowed portals, capture theeye of him who enters, and makes him linger as heleaves. This is the man who traces his descentfrom the first consul, if we go back as far as hisancestors the Publicolae : he too with his nod assacred to the Muses, was fabled to have been produced by astroke of the hoof of the winged horse Pegasus.**Valerius Messalla, praetorian prefect in a.d. 396, is oftenmentioned in the Code of Theodosius. He claimed descentfrom Valerius Publicola, who became colleague to JuniusBrutus on the retirement of Tarquinius Collatinus; so that" primo de consule," 271, is not literally accurate. Symmachus(VII. 81-92) addresses letters to him, and SidoniusApollinaris admired his intellectual qualities [Carm. 9, 302).7873e2

MINOR LATIN POETShie et praefecti nutu praetoria rexit.sed menti et linguae gloria maior inest.hie doeuit qualem poscat facundia sedem 211ut bonus esse velit, quisque disertus erit.roscida punieeo fulsere crepuscula eaelopandimus obliquo lintea flexa sinu.paulisper litus fugimus Munione vadosum :suspeeto trepidant ostia parva salo.inde Graviscarum fastigia rara videmus,quas premit aestivae saepe paludis odorsed nemorosa viret densis vieinia lucis,pineaque extremis fluctuat umbra fretis.cernimus antiquas nullo custode ruinaset desolatae moenia foeda Cosae.ridieulam cladis pudet inter seria causampromere, sed risum dissimulare piget.dicuntur eives quondam migrare coactimuribus infestos deseruisse Lares I 29

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSprefect held praetorian control. Yet greater glorydwells in his mind and tongue. He has shown whatkind of dwelling-place eloquence demands : eachman's power in oratory will depend on his desire tobe good."The half-light of dewy morn gleamed from apurple sky ; we spread our sails bent in curvesslantwise ; and for a time give a wide berth to theshore which the Munio ^ blocks with shoals : thenarrow river-mouth heaves restlessly with treacheroussurf. Thereafter we sight the scattered housetopsof Graviscae,*^ plagued often with a marshy smell insummer-time ; and yet the wooded neighbourhoodis green with close-grown groves, and pine-treeshadows wave o'er the margin of the sea. Then wedescry, all unguarded now, desolate Cosa's ancientruins and unsightly walls. ^' 'Tis with a qualm thatI adduce mid serious things the comic reason for itsdownfall ; but I am loath to suppress a laugh. Thestory runs that once upon a time the townsfolk wereforced to migrate and left their homes behindbecause rats infested them! I'd sooner believe inlosses suffered by the Pygmies' infantry ^ and incranes leagued solemnly to fight their wars. Notfar from here we make the port which the nameof Hercules distinguishes : a softer breeze followsXow the Mignone.^*Graviscae, the port of Tarquinii, being in the Maremma,had unhealthy air. Like its pine-groves, this small placehas disappeared.•*Cosa is now Ansedonia : its harbour was the PortusHerculis, now Porto Ercole.' The first mention of Milton's " small infantry warred onby cranes " is in Homer, Iliad III. 3-6.789

MINOR LATIN POETSinter castrorum vestigia sermo retexit29iSardoam Lepido praecipitante fugam ;litore namque Cosae cognatos depulit hostesvirtutem Catuli Roma secuta ducis.ille tamen Lepidus peior civilibus armisqui gessit sociis impia bella tribus, 30

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSdeclining day. Amid the traces of his camp ourconversation weaves aijain the tale of Lepidus inheadlonii: flight to Sardinia ;^ for 'twas from Cosa'sshore that Rome, following the lead of valiantCatulus, drove off the foes of her own blood. Yetwas that Lepidus more a villain, who mid civil strife,in a confederacy of three, waged impious warfare ;whose reinforcements—to the city's dread—crushedthe freedom recovered in battle at Mutina. Athird of the name ventured to contrive a plot againstthe peace and met a fate that fits luckless defendants.A fourth, aiming at a stealthy inroad onimperial power, paid the penalty of foul adultery.To-day also—but of the Lepidi of our day famewill draw up a better indictment : let posterity bethe judge to brand the ill-omened stock. Am I tobelieve that definite characters descend from namesor rather that definite names are given to characters ?However that be, it is a strange routine in thechronicles of Latium that misfortune has so oftenrecurred through the sword of the Lepidi.^The shades of night as yet are undispelled whenwe entrust ourselves to the sea. Born of the neighbouringhill-crest, a breeze befriends us. Mountbetween Mark Antony and the Senate, joined forces withAntony after the battle of ^lutina in 44 B.C. The allusion in1. 300 is to his membership of the triumvirate with Antonyand Octavian. (3) The triumvir's son plotted in 30 b.c.to murder Octavian, but was arrested and sent to Octavian,then in the East, where he was put to death. (4) M. AemiliusLepidus was the second husband of Drusilla, Caligula's sister.He conspired against his imperial brother-in-law, and hadillicit relations with Agrippina and Li villa, two other sistersof the emperor. He was executed in .\.d. 39.^ Lepidum : genit. plur. rather than adjectivally withmalum.791

MINOR LATIN POETStenditur in medias mons Argentarius undasancipitique iugo caerula curva premittransversos colles bis ternis milibus artatcirciiitu ponti ter duodena patetqualis per geminos fluctus Ephyreius Isthmoslonias bimari litore findit aquas.vix circumvehimur sparsae dispendia rupis,nee sinuosa gravi cura labore caretmutantur totiens vario spiramina flexu :quae modo profuerant vela repente nocent.eminus Igilii silvosa cacuniina miror,quam fraudare nefas laudis honore suae,haec proprios nuper tutata est insula saltus,sive loci ingenio seu domini genio,gurgite cum modico victricibus obstitit armistamquani longinquo dissociata marihaec multos lacera suscepit ab urbe fugatos,hie fessis posito certa timore salus.plurima terreno populaverat aequora bellocontra naturam classe timendus eques :21' temis VB : denis R.222 cura VRB : terra Almeloveen, Baekrens." Monte Argentario, a rugged peninsular promontory over20 miles in circuit, has two peaks {ancipiti iugo)—the southernone above Porto Ercole, and the northern one above Porto S.Stefano.* The promontory of Monte Argentario is likened to theisthmus of Corinth (= Ephyre, frequentlj^ in the poets fromHomer onwards). In strict accuracy, the Ionian sea hes onone side only of the isthmus, the Aegean being on the otherside.

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSArgentarius juts out amidst the waves and with twofoldridge" contines the bhie waters of its bays,shortening the road across the hills to twice threemiles, while its extent round by sea is three timestwelve, even as the Corinthian isthmus betwixt twinfloods cleaves the Ionian deep with shores which twoseas wash.^ We just succeed in doubling that longround of scattered crags, nor are the helmsman'sanxious detours without heavy toil—so often puffsof wind change with each varying tack : the sailswhich helped a moment since are suddenly a drag.Far off I marvel at Igilium's forest heights '^ : 'tweresinful to cheat the island ^ of the homage which itsfame deserves. Of late this isle defended its ownglades, whether by natural position or by theemperor's supernatural powers,^ when, thoughsevered only by a moderate channel, it bade defianceto triumphant arms as if isolated by the far-dividingsea. It welcomed many refugees from mangledRome : here might the weary drop their fear andfind sure safety. A cavalry, which against nature'slaw spelt terror on shipboard, had harried many asea M'ith warfare suited to the land./ It is a miraclewhen Alaric advanced to his first siege of Rome or in thefollowing years. It offered refuge to fugitives from Romewhen the city was sacked by Alaric in a.d. 410 (see 1. 331)." quam : sc. insulam, though its name Igilium is neuter.• The alternatives (emphasized by a play on words) arethat the island may have been protected either by the ingenium(= natura) loci or by the indwelling Genius of Honorius, whichis viewed as a presiding Fortuna guarding the island againstattack.^ The Gothic cavalrj- was reinforced by that of the Hunsunder Alaric's brother-in-law Ataulf. They sailed from islandto island on marauding expeditions.793

MINOR LATIN POETSunum mira fides vario discrimine portum 3tam prope Ronianis, tarn prociil esse Getis.tangimus Umbronem ; non est ignobile flumen,quod tuto trepidas excipit ore ratestam facilis pronis semper patet alveus undis,in pontum quotiens saeva procella ruit. 3hie ego tranquillae volui succedere ripaesed nautas avidos longius ire sequor.sic festinantem ventusque diesque reliquitnee proferre pedem nee revocare licet,litorea noctis requiem metamur harena : 3dat vespertinos myrtea silva focos :parvula subiectis facimus tentoria remis :transversus subito culmine contus erat.lux aderat : tonsis progressi stare videmur,sed cursum prorae terra relicta probat. 3occurrit Chalybum memorabilis Ilva metallis,qua nihil uberius Norica glaeba tulitnon Biturix largo potior strictura camino,nee quae Sardonico caespite massa fluit.plus confert populis ferri fecunda creatrix 3quam Tartessiaci glarea fulva Tagi.3^^ pronis om. R.^^^ festinantem VRB : festinantes Schrader, Baehrens.352 qua nihil , . . gleba V : qua mihi . . . terra R." i.e. at the time of the sack of Rome and of the Gothicsea-raids.* metari is the regular verb for laying out a camp." Lit. " mines of the Chalybes." The XdXvfies of Pontuswere renowned for their working of steel {xd\v\p).^ Noricum, between the Danube and the Alps, correspondedto a great part of Styria and Carinthia and included thedistrict round Salzburg. Its steel was famed : cf. Hor. Od.I. xvi. 9-10, Xoricus ensis.794

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS'^than it Xorican ''to believe that a 'îIl

MINOR LATIN POETSmateries vitiis aurum letale parandis :auri caecus amor ducit in omne nefas :aurea legitimas expiignant munera taedas,virgineosque sinus aureus imber emitauro victa fides munitas decipit urbes :auri flagitiis ambitus ipse furit.at contra ferro squalentia rura colunturferro vivendi prima reperta via estsaecula semideum, ferrati nescia Martis,ferro crudeles sustinuere feras :humanis manibus non sufficit usus inermis,si non sint aliae ferrea tela manus.his mecum pigri solabar taedia venti,dum resonat variis vile eeleuma modis. 2lassatum cohibet vicina Faleria cursum,quamquam vix medium Phoebus haberet iter,et tum forte hilares per compita rustica pagimulcebant sacris pectora fessa iocis :illo quippe die tandem revocatus Osiris 3excitat in fruges germina laeta novas,egressi villam petimus lucoque vagamur :stagna placent septo deliciosa vado.^" fatale Burnian : ferale Baehrens.371 laxatum CastaUo : lassantem Baehrens.3 '3 fagi VRB : pagi CastaUo.377 lucoque vagamur V : lutoque vagamus (con/m metrum)R : petimusque luthoque vagamur B : ludoque vacamusWernsdorf." The allusion in 1. 360 is to the myth of Danae and in 1. 361to the bribery employed by Philip of Macedon to capture cities,the attack on gold by Tiberianus, pp. 560-563 supra.79C'

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSsubstance that makes vice : blind lust of gold leadsinto every crime : golden gifts carry by storm thetroth of wedded brides : a golden shower can buy'^the maid's embraces : loyalty sapped by goldbetrays the well-wallcd town : by scandalous misuseof gold ambition itself pursues its wild career.But not so iron : it is with iron that neglected fieldsare tilled ; by iron was the first way of living found.Races of demigods, mIio knew not iron-harnessedMars, by iron faced the charge of savage beasts.For human hands their unarmed use is not enough,if iron weapons lent not other hands. Such thoughtsof mine beguiled the weariness of a laggard wind,and all the time in varied notes the boatswain'strumpery refrain rang out.The neighbouring Faleria ^ checks our wearycourse, though Phoebus scarce had reached his midcareer. That day it happened merry village-bandsalong the country cross-roads soothed their jadedhearts A\'ith festal observances ; it was in truth theday when, after long time restored, Osiris wakesthe happy seeds to yield fresh produce.'" Landing,we seek lodging,*^ and stroll within a wood ; we likethe ponds which charm with their shallow enclosed* It is noAv Falese, or Porto di Faliesi.' The worship of Osiris, introduced from Egypt in republicantimes, passed through vicissitudes of favour and disfavour,but spread widely through the Roman Empire. A vegetationdeityand patron of agriculture, Osiris was also a suffering heroand became god of the dead. The priests of his sister-wifeIsis mourned his death or joyfully celebrated his periodicresuscitation. Here he gives a fertilizing stimulus toautumnal sowings.**Villain here seems to mean an "inn": cf. villkus orvilicus as "innkeeper," I. 623.797

MINOR LATIN POETSludere lascivos intra vivaria piscesgurgitis inclusi laxior unda sinit.sed male pensavit requiem stationis amoenaehospite conductor durior Antiphate!namque loci querulus curam ludaeus agebat,humanis animal dissociale cibis :vexatos frutices, pulsatas imputat algas,damnaque libatae grandia clamat aquae,reddimus obscaenae convicia debita gentiquae genitale caput propudiosa metitradix stultitiae, cui frigida sabbata cordi,sed cor frigidius religione sua.3'septima quaeque dies turpi damnata veterno,tamquam lassati mollis imago dei.cetera mendacis deliramenta catastaenee puerum in somnis credere posse reor.atque utinam numquam ludaea subacta fuisset3'Pompeii bellis imperiisque Titilatius excisae pestis contagia serpunt,victoresque suos natio victa premit.adversus surgit Boreas ; sed nos quoque remissurgere certamus, dum tegit astra dies. 4proxima securum reserat Populonia litus,qua naturalem ducit in arva sinum.3^9 inter VRB : intra Schrader.3^2 dirior Drakenborch : crudior Mueller.^9* pueros omnes VB : puer ones R : pueros parvos velteneros coniec. Baehrens : pueros et anus Keene in not.puerum in somnis A. M. Duff.^^^ ludea capta R.396 imperioque B, Baehrens." The savage king of the Laestrj^gones devoured one ofUlysses' men and sank all his ships except that on whichUlysses sailed {Odyss. X. 114-132).798

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSbasin. The spacious waters of the imprisoned floodpermit the playful fish to sport inside these preserves.But we were made to pay dear for therepose of this delightful haltinij-place by a lesseewho was harsher than Antiphates as host "I For acrabbed Jew was in chartre of the spot—a creaturethat quarrels with sound human food.'' He chargesin our bill for damaging his bushes and hitting the seaweed,and bawls about his enormous loss in waterwe had sipped. We pay the abuse due to the filthyrace that infamously practises circumcision : a rootof silliness they are : chill Sabbaths are after theirown heart, yet their heart is chillier than their creed.Each seventh day is condemned to ignoble sloth,as 'twere an effeminate picture of a god fatigued.*^The other wild ravings from their lying bazaarmethinks not even a child in his sleep could believe.And would that Judaea had never been subdued byPompey's wars and Titus' military power. The'înfection of this plague, though excised, still creepsabroad the more : and 'tis their own conquerorsthat a conquered race keeps down.Âgainst us rises a North wind ; but we too strivewith oars to rise, while daylight shrouds the stars.Close at hand Populonia opens up her safe coast,where she draws her natural bay well inland. No* The taboo of the pig as unclean was unintelligible toRomans, whose cuisine included fifty different ways ofserving swine's flesh.

MINOR LATIN POETSnon iilic positas extoUit in aethera molesluniine nocturne conspicienda Pharos ;sed speculani validae rupis sortita vetustas,4Cqua fluctus doniitos arduus urget apex,castellum geminos hominum fundavit in usus,praesidium terris indiciumque fretis.agnosci nequeunt aevi monumenta prioris :grandia consumpsit moenia tempus edax. 41sola manent interceptis vestigia muris :ruderibus latis tecta sepulta iacent.non indignemur mortalia corpora solvicernimus exemplis oppida posse mori.laetior hie nostras crebrescit fama per aures : 41.consiliiun Romam paene redire fuit.hie praefecturam sacrae cognoscimus urbisdelatam meritis, dulcis amice, tuis.optarem verum complecti carmine nomen,sed quosdam refugit regula dura pedes.cognomen versu f

RLTILirS XA.MATIANUSPharos/' con«;pic'U(>us with iiiiihtly liuht, has piersbuilt there which rise into the sky; but men longago, finding a mighty eiitf to serve as a look-outwhere the towering hill-crest overhangs the conqueredwaves, laid the foundations of a castle fortwin services to man—a defence on land and signalpostfor sea. The memorials of an earlier agecannot be recognised : devouring time has wastedits mighty battlements away. Traces only remainnow that the walls are lost : under a wide stretchof rubble lie the buried homes. Let us not chafethat human frames dissolve : from precedents wediscern that towns can die.^Here a joyful piece of news spreads as we listen:it was almost my decision to go back to Rome. Heredo we learn that the prefecture of the Sacred Cityhas been bestowed upon your merits, beloved friend.I'd fain include your true name hi my poem: butthe strict law of metre avoids certain feet.*^ Yourcognomen will come in a line,'^ dearest Rufius : bythat name but recently my page has sung yourpraise.^ Let a day of festivity, such as years agohonoured my own home with garlands on the door,now show respect to hopes fulfilled : / let greenquorum vita hrevior esse debet, cum uno loco tot oppidum cadaveraiacent ?' Rufius' full name, Ceionius Rufius Volusianus, is inadmissiblein elegiacs.^ The vexed line, 421, whether Veneri is read as dative ofVenus or as vocative of Venerius, offers no sure foundationfor the addition of Venerius to the name of Rufius. TakingVeneri as vocative, some editors have thought Rutiliusdedicated his poem to " Venerius " Rufius.' Supra, linos 167-178.f Rufius' elevation brings back to Rutilius' mind his ownprefecture : cf. I. 157-160.8oi

MINOR LATIN POETSexornent virides conimunia gaudia rami 42provecta est animae portio magna meae.sic mihi, sic potius, placeat geminata potestas :per quem malueram, rursus honore fruor.currere curamus veils xA.quilone reverso,cmn primum roseo fulsit Eous equo. 43incipit obscures ostendere Corsica montes,nubiferumque caput concolor umbra levatsic dubitanda solet gracili vanescere cornudefessisque oculis luna reperta latet.haec ponti brevitas auxit mendacia famae : 43armentale ferunt quippe natasse pecus,tempore Cyrnaeas quo primum venit in orasforte secuta vagum femina Corsa bovem.processu pelagi iam se Capraria tollitsqualet lucifugis insula plena viris. 44'ipsi se monachos Graio cognomine dicunt,quod soli nuUo vivere teste volunt.munera Fortunae metuunt, dum damna verenturquisquam sponte miser, ne miser esse queat ?quaenam perversl rabies tam stulta cerebri, 44.dum mala formides, nee bona posse pati ?" Cj. 1. 493, nostrae pars maxima mentis, and Hor. Od. I.ill. 8, animae dimidium meae.* dubitanda = to be puzzled over, an object of uncertaintycf. Virg. Aen. VI. 454, aut videt aut vidisse putat per nuhilalit nam."^Cyrnos (Kvpuoi), or Corsica, lies about 55 miles off themainland. Itasius Lemniacus denies that it could be seen8o2

RUTILIUS XAMATIANUSboughs be the decoration for the joy we share : agreat part of mine own hfe " has been advancedto high pUice. Thus, aye thus to nic let tliis renewalof office bring pleasure : once again I enjoy dignitythrough the one for whom I wished it more.When the North wind veered, we took pains torun with sails before the breeze, as soon as theMorning-star gleamed on his rosy steed. Corsicabegins to show her dim mountains, and, matchedin colour, the mass of shadow makes the cloudcappedcrest look higher still : so 'tis the moon'sway with slender horn to fade leaving us puzzled,''and e'en though found she yet lies hid for strainingeyes. The short sea-passage here has given supportto a lying legend ; for folk say a herd of cattle swamacross at the time when first it happened that awoman called Corsa in quest of a stray ox reachedthe shores of Cyrnos.*Âs we advance at sea, Capraria now rears itselfan ill-kept isle full of men who shun the light. Theirown name ^ for themselves is a Greek one, " monachoi" (monks), because they wish to dwell alonewith none to see. They fear Fortune's boons, asthey dread her outrages : would anyone, to escapemisery, live of his own choice in misery ? What sillyfanaticism of a distorted brain is it to be unable toendure even ^ blessings because of your terror offrom Populonia. The stor}- ran that a herdswoman noticedan ox used to swim the sea and return fatter. This suggestedthat there was a fertile island not far away.**Cognomen is the equivalent of nomen in several Virgilianpassages ; Aen. III. 163; VIII. 48. It is loosely used, supraI. 421.394.' Xec has the force of ne . . . quidem, as in nee puerum, I.3f 2803

MINOR LATIN POETSsive suas repetunt factorum ergastula poenas,tristia seu nigro viscera felle tument,sic nimiae bilis morbum adsignavit HomerusBellerophonteis sollicitudinibusnam iuveni ofFenso saevi post tela dolorisdicitur humanum displicuisse genus.in Volaterranum, vero Vada nomine, tractumingressus dubii tramitis alta lego :despectat prorae custos clavumque sequentemdirigit et puppim voce monente regit,incertas gemina discriminat arbore faucesillisdefixasque offert limes uterque sudes :proceras mos est adnectere laurosconspicuas ramis et fruticante coma,ut praebente algam densi symplegade limiservet inoifensas semita clara notas.illic me rapidus consistere Corus adegit,qualis silvarum frangere lustra solet.vix tuti domibus saevos toleravimus imbres :Albini patuit proxima villa mei.*^^ •fatorum {in marg. factorum f •) V.*5® derigit Baehrens.*^* limus Baehrens.*îalgam RB : viam V, Baehrens : ulvam Kalinka,Prechac.*®3 rabidus Mueller, Baehrens.

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSills ? Whether they are like ])risoiiers " who deinaTidthe appropriate penalties for their deeds, or whethertheir melancholy hearts are swollen with black bile,it was even so that Homer assigned the ailment ofexcessive bile as cause of Bellerophon's troubledsoul ; * for it was after the wounds of a cruel sorrowthat men say the stricken youth conceived his loathingfor human kind.Enterinij on the reijion of \'olaterra, appropriatelycalled " The Shallows," '^ I thread my way throuohthe deep part of the treacherous channel. At thebow the look-out watches the water beneath andjrives directions to the helm behind, ifuiding the sternwith warning shouts. A boundary on each sidemarks the puzzling narrows by a pair of trees, andpresents a line of piles hammered in there : tothese it is the custom to fix tall laurels easy to seebecause of their branches and bushy foliage, sothat, although the shifting bank '^ of thick mud showsits mass of sea -weed, a clear passage may keep theguiding-signs unstruck. There I was driven tomake a halt by a tearing North-wester of the sortthat is wont to shatter the depths of the woods.Scarce safe beneath a roof did wc endure thepitiless rains : the neighbouring country-seat of myown Albinus was placed at my disposal. Tor my* Homer in reality does not explain Bellerophon's misanthropyas clue to black bile {u(\ayxo?îa), though hedescribes him as " eating out his heart " (ov dv/xbv KardScov11. VI. 202). The true reason for his grief was the loss ofhis three children.' The name is preserved in Torre di Vada.^ The shifting mud-bank is compared with the fabledSyraplegades of the Euxine, the floating rocks which usedto clash together and rebound.805

MINOR LATIN POETSnamque meus, quern Roma meo subiunxit honori,per quem iura meae continuata togae.non exspectatos pensavit laudibus annosvitae flore puer, sed gravitate senex. 4mutua germanos iunxit reverentia mores,et favor alternis crevit amicitiis.praetulit ille meas, cum vincere posset, habenasat decessoris maior amore fuit.subiectas villae vacat adspectare salinas ; 4namque hoc censetur nomine salsa palus,qua mare terrenis declive canalibus intratmultifidosque lacus parvula fossa rigat.ast ubi flagrantes admovit Sirius ignes,cum pallent herbae, cum sitit omnis ager, 4tum cataractarum claustris excluditur aequor,ut fixos latices torrida duret humus,concipiunt acrem nativa coagula Phoebum,et gravis aestivo crusta calore coithaud ahter quam cum glacie riget horridus Hister 4grandiaque adstricto flumine plaustra vehit.rimetur solitus naturae expendere causasinque pari dispar fomite quaerat opus :vincta fluenta gelu concepto sole liquescunt,et rursus liquidae sole gelantur aquae. 4^'âmores Baehrens.*^' solitas natura VRB : solitus naturae Castalio : solitusnaturam Baehrens.^8" conspecto VRB et vulgo : concepto Baehrens {cf. 483)." Albinus succeeded Rutilius as Prefect of the city inA.D. 414.* i.e. Albinus had been appointed to high office at asingularly early age; but, if he fell short of the usual numberof years, he made up for this by his merits.8o6

RUTILIUS NAMATIANLSown he was; whom Rome linked to me as successorin office," in whc^se person my civil jurisdictionwas continued. His merit outweighed years whichhad not been waited for ^: a lad in the bloom ofyouth, he had the worth of age. Mutual respectjoined our kindred characters, and regard grew fromthe friendship of one for the other. He preferredthat I should hold the reins of power, although hemight have surpassed me : yet his affection for hispredecessor has made him a greater man.We find time to inspect the salt-pans lying nearthe mansion : it is on this score that value is setupon the salt marsh, where the sea-water, runningdown through channels in the land, makes entry,and a little trench floods the many-parted ponds.But after the Dog-star has advanced his blazing fires,Avhen grass turns pale, w^hen all the land is athirst,then the sea is shut out by the barrier-sluices, sothat the parched ground may solidify the imprisonedwaters. The natural incrustations catch the penetratingsun, and in the summer heat the heavy crustof salt cakes, just as when the wild Danube stiffenswith ice and carries huge wains upon its frostboundstream. Let him who is given to weighnatural causes examine and investigate the different'êffect worked in the same material : frost-boundstreams melt on catching the sun, and on the otherhand liquid waters can be hardened ^ in the sun."^fomcs " touchwood " is here " matter," " material," orelement " ; and virtually " cause " in relation to opus ="working," " effect." {Cf. note on opus in Aetna, 337, suprap. 391.)**by i.e. evaporation salt can be secured from brine.Compare Lucretius' lines on the baking and the thawing actionof heat, VI. 962-969.807

MINOR LATIN POETSo, quam saepe malis generatur origo bonorumtempestas dulcem fecit amara moram ;Victorinus enim, nostrae pars maxima mentis,congressu explevit mutua vota suo.errantem Tuscis considere compulit agris 4et colere externos capta Tolosa Lares,nee tantum duris nituit sapientia rebuspectore non alio prosperiora tulit.conscius Oceanus virtutum, conscia Thuleet quaecumque ferox arva Britannus arat,qua praefectorum vicibus frenata potestasperpetuum magni faenus amoris habet.extremum pars ilia quidem discedit in orbem,sed tamquam media rector in urbe fuit.plus palmae est illos inter voluisse placere,inter quos minor est displicuisse pudor.illustris nuper sacrae Comes additus aulaecontempsit summos ruris amore gradus.hunc ego complexus ventorum adversa fefelli,dum videor patriae iam mihi parte frui.lutea protulerat sudos Aurora iugalesantemnas tendi litoris aura iubet.tî^'2 laus {vel spes) Baehrens. gentLs Barman.5°^ discessit VRB : discedit Baehrens.^"^medio . . . orbe VRB : media . . . urbe 2Iueller,Baehrens." Like Shakespeare's " There is some soul of goodness inthings evil " {King Henry V. Act IV. Sc. i. 1. 4).* Victorinus, a Gaul like Rutilius (1. 510), had lost his homein Toulouse owing to its capture by Ataulf, King of the8o8

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSHow oftthe fount of blcssinijs sprinirs from ills I'*The hateful weather jirodueed an enjoyable delay ;for \'ietorinus,^ more than half mv soul, by meeting?me fulfilled our mutual hopes. The capture ofTolosa had forced him, a wanderer in the lands ofEtruria, to settle there and dwell in a foreiijn home.It was not only amid distress that his wisdom shone :with heart unaltered he could face prosperity.Well did the Ocean know his merits, well did theFar North know them, and all the lands the untamedBriton ploughs, where his self-restrained authorityas a Prefect's deputy '^ has earned him the lastinginterest paid by strong regard. That region isparted from us far as earth's most distant bound,but he was its ruler as it might have been in the heartof Rome. A greater prize it is to have aimed atpopularity with those among whom it is less discreditto be unpopular. Though attached of lateto our revered Court as Right Honourable Count,'^yet in his passion for country-life he disdained thehighest grades of advancement. Embracing him Imocked the contrary winds, while I enjoyed already,methought, a part of my own native land.Saffron Aurora had brought forward her fairweatherteam : the breeze offshore tells us to haulVisigoths, in a.d. 41.3 (I. 496). He had been Vicarius for thePraetorian Prefect of Gaul and as such had exercised authorityin Britain. Though he held the distinction oi Comes lUustris,he preferred countrj'-life in Etruria to attendance at court.

MINOR LATIN POETSinconcussa vehit tranquillus aplustria flatusmollia secure vela rudente tremunt.adsurgit ponti medio circumflua Gorgon 51inter Pisanum Cyrnaicumque latus.aversor scopulos, damni monumenta recentis ;perditus hie vivo funere civis erat.noster enim nuper iuvenis maioribus amplis,nee censu inferior coniugiove minor, 52impulsus furiis homines terrasque reliquitet turpem latebram credulus exsul adit,infelix putat illuvie caelestia pasciseque premit laesis saevior ipse deis.num, rogo, deterior Circaeis secta venenis? 52tunc mutabantur corpora, nunc animi.inde Triturritam petimus :sic villa vocatur,quae iacet expulsis insula paene fretis.namque manu iunctis procedit in aequora saxis,quique domum posuit condidit ante solum. 53'contiguum stupui portum, quem fama frequentatPisarum emporio divitiisque maris,mira loci facies : pelago pulsantur apertoinque omnes ventos litora nuda patentnon uUus tegitur per bracchia tuta recessus, 53Aeolias possit qui prohibere minas ;^^^ conditus Baehrens.^-2 agit VRB :adit Bunnan : amat Wernsdorf.^-^ num VB : nuc {sic) R : non Barth.^-^ latet VRB : iacet Heinsius: -paktetBurTnan: latere A'ee/ielate Jluelkr, Baehrens.532 pulsatur VRB : pulsantur Barth, Baehrens." This island, now Gorgona, lies about 22 miles S.W. ofLeghorn. It was long occupied by monks.* Homer, Odijss. X. 135^05.8io

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSthe sail-yards up. Tlie o:entle breath of the windcarries tlie stern-flttinc^s on without vibrationsoftly flap the sails on rigging free from any strain.There rises in the midst of the sea the wave-girtGorgon " with Pisa and Corsica on either side. Ishun the cliffs, which are memorials of recentdisaster ; here a fellow-countryman met his doom ina living death. For lately one of our youths of highdescent, with wealth to match, and marriageallianceequal to his birth, was impelled by madnessto forsake mankind and the world, and made hisway, a superstitious exile, to a dishonourable hidingplace.Fancying, poor wretch, that the divine canbe nurtured in unwashen tilth, he was himself to hisown body a crueller tyrant than the offended deities.Surely, I ask, this sect is not less poAverful than thedrugs of Circe ? ^ In her days men's bodies weretransformed, now 'tis their minds.From there we make for Triturrita : ^ that is thename of a residence, a peninsula lying in the washof bafiled waves. For it juts out into the sea onstones which man's hand has put together, and hewho built the house had first to make sure buildingground. I was astonished at the haven close by,which by report is thronged wath Pisa's merchandiseand sea-borne wealth. The place has a marvellousappearance. Its shores are buffeted by the opensea and lie exposed to all the winds : here there arenot sheltering piers to protect any inner harbourbasincapable of defying the threats of Aeolus.'^*The Villa Triturrita i.s conjccturally placed with theneighbouring Portus Pisanus (f. ,").'J1, \l. 12) between Leghornand the mouth of the Arno, but the coast has been greatlyaltered owing to alluvial deposits."^CJ. Virg. Aen. I. 50-91, the Cavern of the Winds.Sli

MINOR LATIN POETSsed procera suo praetexitur alga profundomolliter offensae non nocitura rati,et tamen insanas cedendo interligat undasnee sinit ex alto grande volumen agi. 540tempora navigii clarus reparaverat Eurus ;sed niihi Protadium visere cura fuitquern qui forte velit certis cognoscere signis,virtutis specimen corde videre putetnee magis efficiet siniilem pictura colore 545quam quae de meritis mixta figura venit.adspicienda procul certo prudentia vultu,formaque iustitiae suspicienda micat.sit fortasse minus, si laudet Gallia civem :testis Roma sui praesulis esse potest. 550substituit patriis mediocres Umbria sedes :virtus fortunam fecit utramque parem.mens invicta viri pro magnis parva tuetur,pro parvds animo magna fuere suo.exiguus regum victores caespes habebat, 555et Cincinnatos iugera pauca dabant.haec etiam nobis non inferiora ferunturvomere Serrani Fabriciique foco.^•^^caedendo V, Baekrens : cedendo B : credendo . . .unda R. interrigat VRB : interligat Castalio : internicatBaehrens.^** speciem VRB : specimen Castalio. vidente VRB :vigente petat Baehrens : petat VB : putat R : videre putetHeinsiiis.5»2 utraque V : utictque R,555 rectores VRB : victores Baehrens." Protadius corresponded with Symmachus, from whoseletters we learn that he came from Treves (r/. 549-551). A8l2

RUTIT.IUSNAMATIANUSBut. friiiging; its own deep-water domain, the tallsea-weed is like to do no damage to a ship thatstrikes it without shoek ; and yet in giving way itentangles the furious waves and lets no huge rollersurge in from the deep.A clear South-east wind had brought again themoment for sailing ; but I was eager to pay a visitto Protadius : " whoever perchance may wish torecognise him by sure signs should think in hisheart that he is looking upon a model of goodnessno painting will ever give a truer portrait of him incolour than will the image that comes from hisblended excellences. His prudence marked bysteady look is evident even to a distant eye ; theexpression of fair-mindedness shines out, commandingrespect. This tribute might perhaps be lessenedwere it merely that Gaul was praising a fellowcountryman; but Rome can bear witness to herformer prefect. Umbria ^ replaced his ancestralhome with but a humble abode : his virtue tookeither lot as equal. The man's unvanquished mindregards small things as great ; for to his spirit greatthings once had been but small. A petty farm usedto contain the conquerors of kings, and a few acresyielded men like Cincinnatus.^ Such contentmentin our view is deemed to fall not short of Serranus'plough and Fabricius' hearth.^'learned ofticial, he was the son of an eminent rhetoricianpraised by Ausonius for his lectures in Constantinople, Romeand Bordeaux,**Either Protadius had some property in Umbria proper,or •'Umbria " here includes the part of Etruria round Pisa.•^For the story see Val. Max. 1V\ iv. 7.•*Rutilius here echoes Virg. Aen. \'l. .S44.813

MINOR LATIN POETSpuppibus ergo meis fida in statione locatisipse vehor Pisas qua solet ire pedes.praebet equos, ofFert etiam carpenta tribunus,ex commilitio carus et ipse niihi,officiis regerem cum regia tecta magisterarmigerasque pii principis excubias.Alpheae veterem contemplor originis urbem, 565quam cingunt geminis Arnus et Ausur aquisconum pyramidis coeuntia flumina ducuntintratur modico frons patefacta solo ;sed proprium retinet communi in gurgite nomen,o6Cet pontum solus scilicet Arnus adit. 570ante diu quam Troiugenas fortuna PenatesLaurentinorum regibus insereret,Elide deductas suscepit Etruria Pisas,nominis indicio testificata genus,hie oblata mihi sancti genitoris imago, 575Pisani proprio quam posuere foro.laudibus amissi cogor lacrimare parentis :fluxerunt madidis gaudia maesta genis.namque pater quondam Tyrrhenis praefuit arvis,fascibus et senis credita iura dedit. 580559 fida VB : tuta R.5-3 Elide VB : Aulide R." The other route would have been by sea to the mouth ofthe Arno and then up the river,^ The tribune had served in the Scholares or Imperial Guard,who were under the control of Rutilius when MagisterOfficiorum at the palace.•^Pisa was reputed to have been founded from the Pisain Elis, near the river Alpheus {cf. 573-574).814

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSSo then 1 moor iiiv ships in the safe anchorage,and myself drive to Pisa by the road the wayfarerôes afoot.'* I get horses and the ofter of carriagestoo from a tril)une personally endeared to me throughformer comradeship.^ when as Master of HouseholdDuties I was controller of the palace and of the piousemperor's armed guard. I scan the ancient city ofAlphean origin/" which the Arno and the Ausur girdwith their twin waters; at their junction the riversform the cone of a pyramid : the opening frontbut 'tisoffers access on a narrow tongue of land ;'^the Arno that retains its own name in the unitedstream, and in truth the Arno alone arrives at thesea. Long time ere fortune could enrol the houseof Trojan birth among Laurentum's royal line,*"Etruria welcomed Pisa as a colony from Elis,witnessing its origin by the evidence of its name.Here was shown to me the statue of my reveredfather,/ erected by the Pisans in their market-place.The honour done to my lost parent made me weep :tears of a saddened joy wet my cheeks with theirflow. For my father once Avas governor of the landof Tuscany and administered the jurisdiction assignedto the six fasces.^ After he had passed**Those coming up-stream would face the apex of thetriangle formed by the union of the two rivers, and by thistongue of land those going inland would enter on the opening" frons," the narrow strip gradually expanding into a broadfront.* The claim implies that Pisa was founded before Aeneasarrived in Italy.f The name of Rutilius' father was Lachanius, I. 595.' The arva are identical with the proviy\cia of I. 597. Sixfasces were the insignia of the office of Consularis Tusciaeel Umbriae. A consul in Rome had twelve fasces : rf. LausPisonisj 70 {supra, p. 300).815

MINOR LATIN POETSnarrabat, niemini, niultos eniensus honoresTuscorum regimen plus placuisse sibinam neque opum curam, quamvis sit magna, sacrarumnee ius quaestm-ae grata fuisse magis ;ipsam, si fas est, postponere praefecturam5^pronior in Tuscos non dubitabat amor,nee fallebatur, tarn carus et ipse probatis :aeternas grates mutua cm'a canitconstantemque sibi pariter mitemque fuisseinsinuant natis qui meminere senes.5tipsum me gradibus non degenerasse parentisgaudent, et duplici sedulitate fovent.haec eadem, cum Flaminiae regionibus irem,splendoris patrii saepe reperta fides :famam Lachanii veneratur numinis instar 5£inter terrigenas Lydia tota suos.grata bonis priscos retinet provincia moresdignaque rectores semper habere bonos,qualis nunc Decius, Lucilli nobile pignus,per Coryti populos arva beata regit.6Cnee mirum, magni si redditus indole natifelix tarn simili posteritate pater." Rutilius' father had been Count of the Sacred Largesses,Quaestor, and City Prefect.* The praefedura here is that of the Cit}^ Prefect, not ofthe Praetorian Prefect. Rutilius is apologetic {si fas est)over the idea of preferring any dignity to the prefecture ofthe august city of Rome.'^Canit here implies laudatory lines on the base of the statuerather than actual song.'^The regions in mind were Umbrian and Tuscan districtslying not far ofE the line of the great northern road fromRome.* Lydia here means Etruria, which according to one ancientaccount was settled from Lydia in Asia Minor.8l6

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUStliroiigh many ortices," he used to tell, I ean recall,that his £fovernorship of Tuseaiiy had been more toliis liking- than any : for neither the management ofthe Sacred Largesses, important though it he, northe authority of a quaestor had brought him morepleasure. His affection, inclining more towardsthe Tuscans, did not hesitate to give an inferiorplace, if piety lets it be said, even to his prefecturein Rome.^ Nor was he mistaken, being an equalfavourite with those whom he esteemed : theirmutual regard inscribes in verse undying gratitude, 'ând old men who can remember him make knownto their sons how firm of purpose he was and at thesame time how kindly. They are glad that I myselfhave not fallen off from my parent's honours, andeagerly give me a warm welcome for his sake andfor my own. Often as I traversed the lands nearthe Flaminian Way ^ I have found the same proof ofmy father's renown ; the whole of Lydia ^ worshipsLachanius'/ fame like some divinity among thenatives of her soil. A favourite with the good, thisprovince keeps its old-world ways and deservesalways to have good governors, like Decius, thenoble offspring of Lucillus,^ who among the peoplesof Corytus rules o'er these happy lands. Small''wonder it is that the sire, reproduced in the characterof his great son, feels blest in a descendant so like^ The fact that the name Lachanius does not occur elsewhereis not enough to justify Burman's substitution of Laecanius.^ Rutilius is our sole source of information about Decius,who was Consularis Ttisciae et Umbriae in a.d. 41(5, and abouthis father, whose satiric powers are compared to those ofJuvenal and Turnus.* Corytus or Corythus (now Cortona) is here used for Etruria,as being one of its ancient towns.3g817

MINOR LATIN POETShuius vulnificis satira ludente Camenisnee Turnus potior nee luvenalis erit.restituit vetereni censoria lima pudoreni 6(dumque nialos earpit, praecipit esse bonos.non olim sacri iustissimus arbiter auricircimisistentes reppulit Harpyias ?Harpyias, quarum diseerpitur unguibus orbis,quae pede glutineo quod tetigere trahunt, 61quae luscum faciunt Argum, quae Lyncea caecum,inter custodes publica furta volantsed non Lucillum Briareia praeda fefellit,totque simul manibus restitit una manus.iamque Triturritam Pisaea ex urbe reversus 61aptabam nitido pendula vela Noto,cum subitis tectus nimbis insorduit aethersparserunt radios nubila rupta vagos.substitimus. quis enim sub tempestate malignainsanituris audeat ire fretis ? 62otia vicinis terimus navalia silvis,sectandisque iuvat membra movere feris.instrumenta parat venandi villicus hospesatque olidum doctas nosse cubile canes,funditur insidiis et rara fraude plagarum 62terribilisque cadit fulmine dentis aper,603 livente Baehrens.®^2 custodes VRB (custodum •£• in marg. V). volantVRB :vorant Baehrens." Huius applies to LuciUus, not to his son. Tumus, thougha satirist, succeeded in surviving under Domitian {vet. schoLon Juvenal I. 20; Martial XI, x, contulit ad saturas ingentiapectora Turnus). Juvenal belonged to the next generation.Two lines of Tumus (one unintelligible) are given in Morel,Fragrn. Poet. Lat. p. 134.8l8

llUTILirSXA MAT! ANUShimself. His satire, sportive in its mordant poetry,neither Turniis nor Juvenal " shall surpass. Thecensorious file lias restored old-fashioned modestyin attacking: the bad, it teaches to he eood. Did notthat most upriaht dispenser of the Sacred I.argessrepel in his day the Harpies who gathered round it ? ^—Harpies, whose claws rend asunder the world, theirsticky talons dragging off whatever they touchcreatures M'ho make Argus one-eyed and Lynceus*blind ; public thieves,^ they flit among theguardians ; but their hundred-handed pillaging didnot escape Lucillus. whose single hand checkmatedall their hands together.And now returning from Pisa's city to Triturrita,I was setting the hanging sails to a clear Southernwind, when the skv turned foul under a suddenpall of rain-clouds ; the cloven rack scattered itsvagrant lightnings. We stopped ; who 'neath aspiteful storm would dare to go on seas whichthreatened madness ? The respite from our voyagewe spend in the neighbouring forests, delightedto exercise our limbs in the pursuit of game. Ourinnkeeper supplies the implements for the chase,and hounds trained to discover a strongly scentedlair. By means of an ambush and the snare of widemeshednets a boar, though terrifying in the flashof his tusks, is overthrown and falls—such a one as* i.e. as Comes Sacrarum Largitionuni, Lucillus balked thegreedy " Harpies " in their designs upon public money.' Their pccidations are so smart that Argus of the hundredeyes would seem to have only one eye to watch them with,while the keen-eyed Lynceus would seem to be blind.^ publica furta, abstract for concrete, means the plunderingHarpies : custodes means the Catnites Sacrarum Largitionum.3g 2819

MINOR LATIN POETSqueni Meleagrei vereantiir adire lacerti,qui laxet nodos Amphitryoniadae.turn responsuros persultat bucina colles,fitque reportando carmine praeda levis.interea niadidis non desinit Africus aliscontinuos picea nube negare dies,iam matutinis Hyades occasibus udaeiam latet hiberno conditus imbre Lepus,exiguum radiis sed magnis fluctibus astrum,quo madidam nullus navita linquit hunium ;namque procelloso subiungitur Oarioniaestiferumque Canem roscida praeda fugit.vidimus excitis pontum flavescere harenisatque eructato vertice rura tegiqualiter Oceanus mediis infunditur agris,destituenda vago cum premit arva salo,sive alio refluus nostro colliditur orbesive corusca suis sidera pascit aquis.*^° reportando V : reportanda RB : reportanti Casta! io :reportantum Heinsius, Baehrens.^^'^diem Baehrens.^*^ alto Baehrens.820

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSMclcaiTor" of the strong shoulders might dreadto approaeh, such a one as would slacken the jointsof Hercules. Then mid the echoino- hills leap thenotes of the bugle-horn, and singing makes the bootylightin carrying back.Meanwhile the South-west wind on drij^ping wingsfails not by means of pitch-black clouds to deny usday after day. 'Tis now the season ^ when thewatery Hyades are at their morning setting, andnow the Hare is buried and hidden by the winter'srain—a constellation of scanty beams but cause ofmighty waves : no sailor puts out from the landwhich it has soaked ; for it is closely linked to stormy-Orion, and the dew-drenched prey flees from theheat-fraught Dog-star. We saw the sea yellowingwith the disturbance of the sands and pasturescovered with the scum it has belched forth, even asthe Ocean pours into the midst of fields, when undererrant brine it whelms the lands from which it mustebb ; whether the truth be that back-flowing from'ânother world it dashes against this world of ours,or that with its own waters it feeds the twinkling;stars." ileleager, son of Oeneus and Althaea (see II. 53), tookpart in the famous Calydonian boar-hunt.^ A wet and stormy period of tlie j-ear coincides with thesetting of the Hyades in morninc; twilight (late November)and with the setting of the Hare (early November). TheHare is near the left foot of Orion, and flees as a " dewdrenchedprey " (638) before the burning Dogs-tar, 8irius.

MINOR LATIN POETSLIBER SECUNDUSNondum longus erat nee multa volumina passus,iure suo poterat longior esse liber :taedia continuo tiniui incessura labori,simiere ne lector iuge paveret opus,saepe cibis affert serus fastidia finis,gratior est modicis haustibus unda sitiintervalla viae fessis praestare videturqui notat inscriptus milia crebra lapis,partimur trepidum per opuscula bina ruborem,quern satius fuerat sustinuisse semel.tandem nimbosa maris obsidione solutisPisano portu contigit alta sequi.arridet placidum radiis crispantibus aequor,et sulcata levi murmurat unda sono.incipiunt Appennini devexa videri,qua fremit aerio monte repulsa Thetis.Italiam rerum dominam qui cingere visuet totam pariter cernere mente velit,inveniet quernae similem procedere frondi,artatam laterum conveniente sinu.^ timuit cessura VR (censura Mueller : sessura i.e.haesura Baehrens in not.) : timui incessura Purser, Keene." i.e. the parchment had not been rolled to a great extentround its stick.^ One long book might prove too wearisome : hence theauthor thinks it advisable to begin a second book. The tonesuggests that Book II either was actually or was intendedto be much longer than it now is.822

RUTILIIS NAMATIANUSBOOK 11My book liad not yet grown too long nor undergonemany windings of its scroll ; '^ in its own rightit might have been longer : but I feared wearinesswould come upon continuous toil—feared lest myreader should shrink from handling an undividedwork.'' Ofttimes the late-delayed end of a feastbrings distaste for viands : water in moderatedraughts is the more welcome to thirst : the stonethat by its lettering marks the many miles seems toaftbrd the tired wayfarer some breaks upon the road.'^Between two booklets I divide my nervous modestywhich it had been better to have faced once only.Freed at last from the stormy blockade of the sea,we had the fortune to make for the deep from Pisa'sharbour. Calm smiles the surface of the watersas the sunbeams glitter : the furrowed wave whisperswith gentle plash. The Apennine slopes heave insight where Thetis ^ chafes at her repulse by a windsweptpromontory.He who would embrace in his view Italy, the queenof the world, and form at once a mental picture ofthe whole land, will find that she extends in shapelike an oak leaf,*^^ contracted by the convergingindentation of her sides. In length the distance' i.e. the blushing diffidence of a modest author is spreadover two books instead of one. He ought, he feels, to haveboldly met his qualms of modesty and concentrated on asingle book : he now has to meet them over again.^ Thetis, as a sea-goddess, is a metonymy for the sea.Beyond Pisa spurs of the Apennines run out into a loftyheadland.Cf. Plin. X.H. III. 43, referring to Italy as folio mazitne'qutrno adsimilata.823

MINOR LATIN POETSmilia per longum deciens centena teruntura Ligurum terris ad freta Sicaniae ;in iatum variis damnosa anfractibus intratTyrrheni rabies Hadriacique sali.qua tamen est iuncti maris angustissima tellus, 25triginta et centum milia sola patet.diversas medius mons obliquatur in undas,Iqua fert atque refert Phoebus uterque diemurget Dalmaticos eoo vertice fluctuscaerulaque occiduis frangit Etrusca iugis. 30si factum certa mundum ratione fatemurconsiliumque dei machina tanta fuit,excubiis Latiis praetexuit Appenninumclaustraque montanis vix adeunda viis.invidiam timuit Natura parumque putavit 35Arctois Alpes opposuisse minis,sicut vallavit multis vitalia membrisnee semel inclusit quae pretiosa tulitiam turn multiplici meruit munimine cingisollicitosque habuit Roma futura deos. 40quo magis est facinus diri Stilichonis acerbum,proditor arcani quod fuit imperii.^* feris Schroder : suis Baehrens : viis VRB.*-quod VRB : qui vulgo." A Roman mile was 143 j-ards less than an English mile,so that 1000 Roman miles are approximate!}' equal to 918English miles. This estimate of Italy's length is virtuallythat of Pliny, loc. cit. (1020 miles). But the length in a straightline from the Simplon to Cape Lucca is about 700 miles.Rutilius, as the phrase milia teruntur shows (c/. ierere viam),is calculating, like Pliny, by the roads usually travelled.* In Calabria, which is, however, merely the " toe " of Italy,the peninsula is only about 20 miles wide ; but Rutilius follows824

RUTILIUS NAMAIIANUSby road is one of a thousand miles ° from the Ligurianterritories to the Sicilian straits : on her breadth thedestructive fury of the Tuscan and of the Adriaticmain makes entry in varied winding curves ; but wherethe land is narrowest between the neiijriibouring seasit stretches merely one hundred and thirty miles. '^The central mountain-chain slopes towards the sunderedbillows where the rising and the setting Sungodbrings and withdraws the day : its eastern peaksbeset the Dalmatian waves, and its western spurscleave the blue Tuscan waters. If we acknowledgethat the world was made on a definite plan and ifthis great fabric was a god's design, then as a protectivefringe for our Latin outposts he wove theApennines, barriers scarce approachable by mountainpaths. Nature feared men's jealousy (of Italy)and thought it scant defence to put the Alps inNorthern invaders' way, just as she has fenced withmany limbs our vital parts and placed more thanone covering around the precious works she hasproduced. Even then the Rome that was to bedeserved her encirclement of manifold bulwarksand had gods who thought anxiously for her.Wherefore more bitter is the crime of cursedStilicho in that he was betrayer of the Empire's

MINOR LATIN POETSRomano generi dum nititur esse superstes,crudelis summis miscuit ima furordumque timet quicquid se fecerat ipse timeri,immisit Latiae barbara tela necivisceribus nudis armatum condidit hostem,illatae f cladis liberiore dolo.ipsa satellitibus pellitis Roma patebatet captiva prius quam caperetur erat.nee tantum Geticis grassatus proditor armis :ante Sibyllinae fata cremavit opis.odimus Althaeam consumpti funere torris ;Nisaeum crinem flere putatur avis,at Stilicho aeterni fatalia pignora regniet plenas voluit praecipitare colos.omnia Tartarei cessent tormenta Neronis ;consumat Stygias tristior umbra faces,hie immortalem, mortalem perculit ille ;hie mundi matrem perculit, ille suam.*^ illato Baehrens : Iliacae cladis deteriore d. /. S. Reid." By letting Alaric enter Italy (II. 46), Stilicho had revealedthe ' ' secret " that the barbarians could invade the empire withimmunity.* The motive suggested for Stilicho's treachery is that heintended, by the ruin of the Roman race, to further his owninterests : he counted on outliving the devastation of Italy.^ The implication is that, though he had made himselffeared through his influence with the Goths, he is now afraidof them.^ The phrasing is difficult. If accepted, it seems to meanthat it was safer for Stilicho to employ against Italy a secretpact with the Goths than a military invasion. But if theablat. of comparison usually supphed with liberiore is dispensedwith, the sense might be " with the over-bold fraudof ruin inflicted."^ Ovid and Claudian apply " pellitus " to the Goths.826

secret."RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSAs he strove to live longer than the Romanrace,^ his cruel frenzy turned the ^vorld upside down,and, while fearing that wherein he had made himselfformidable,'^ he let loose the arms of the barbariansto the death of Latium : he plunged an armed foein the naked vitals of the land, his craft being freerfrom risk than that of openly inflicted disaster.'Êven Rome lay exposed to his skin-clad menials ^captive ere she could be captured. Nor was itonly through Gothic arms that the traitor made hisattack : ere this he burned the ftiteful bookswhich brought the Sibyl's aid./ We hate Althaeafor the death which came of the brand she gaveto the flames ;^ birds, so the fancy runs, weep forNisus' lock.'' But it was Stilicho's will to hurl toruin the eternal empire's fate-fraught pledgesand distaffs still charged with destinies. Let everytorment of Nero in Tartarus now halt ; let an evenmore miserable ghost consume the Stygian torches.*Stilicho's victim was immortal, Nero's was mortal;the one destroyed the world's mother, the other his^ Rutilius is the sole authority for the allegation thatStilicho burned the Sibylline books which the Romans consultedin times of crisis. Their destruction thus precededthe fall of Rome by only a few years." Althaea caused the death of her son Meleager by burningthe magical firebrand on which his life depended : cf. note onPentadius I. {Dc Fortuna) 21-22, supra p. 545.* Sc^dla caused the death of her father Xisus by deprivinghim of the purple lock on which his life depended : see theCiris in the Appendix Vergiliana : cf. crinem Nisi, Nemes.Cyn. 44.* i.e. Stilicho should suffer under the torches of the Furieseven more horrible punishment than that inflicted upon thematricide Nero in Tartarus.827

MINOR LATIN POETSsed deverticulo fuimus fortasse loquaces :carmine propositum iam repetamus iter,advehimur celeri candentia moenia lapsu :nominis est auctor Sole corusca soror.indigenis superat ridentia lilia saxis,et levi radiat picta nitore silex.dives marmoribus tellus, quae luce colorisprovocat Intactas luxuriosa nives.^2 propositum V : preposito R : proposito B.828

RUTILIUS NAMATIANUSBut in this digression we have perhaps beengarrulous : let us now resume in verse the voyagewe had set ourselves. On swiftly gliding coursewe bear towards white glittering walls : the sisterwho draws her radiance from the Sun is the bestowerof the city's name." In the colour of its nativerocks it surpasses smiling lilies, and the stone flashesbedecked in polished radiance. Rich in marble, it isa land which, revelling in its white light, challengesthe virgin snows." With this alhision to the town of Luna and the briefglance at its marble quarries, the poem, as we have it, endsabruptly.829

INDEXOF PROPER NOUNS AND ADJECTIVESThe numbers refer to pages of the iMtin text: adj. = adjective.Acantliis,276Acaman, 168Achaemenius, 182Achaia, 202Achilles, 308, 414Acidalius (adj.), 3(i2Acragas, 202Acrisius (adj.), 578Actius(= ApoUo), 124Adonis, 156, 470, 526Adriacus (adj.), 490 : see also" Ha

INDEXArgus, 818Amus, 814Assyrius (aJj.), 656, 770Astacus, 226Astraâ, 332Astvlides, 172Astylus, 270, 274Athamania. 168Athenae, 412Atlantiacus, (adj.), 250At rides (= Menelaus), 298Attici, 680Augustus, 124, 130(adj.), 250Aurelius (adj.), 766Aurora, 130, 132, 432, 652, 782, 808Ausonius (adj.), 312, 314Auster, 194, 384, 394, 706, 781Ausur, 814Azorus, 168Babrius, 682BabTlon, 492Bacoheus (adj.). 248Bacchus (God of Wine) 126, 332, 358,426, 466, 468, 472, 486, 502 : seealso " Bromius," "lacchus,"" Lenaeus," "Liber," " Lvaeus "(= wine), 618(statue of), 716Baetis, 246BeUerophonteus (adj.), 804BeUona, 222, 542Biblis : see " Byblis "Bisaltes (sc. equus), 202Biturix (adj.), 794Boeotius (adj.), 172Bootes, 380Boreas, 374, 508, 68S, 698, 724, 79SBorysthenes, 446Brennus, 774Briareius (adj.), 818Britanni, 166, 426Britannia, 504Britannus (sing, noun), 808(adj.), 168Bromius (= Bacchus), 254Brut(t)ius (adj.), 264Bubastius (adj.), 154Busiris, 544Bybliades, 532Bvblis vel Biblis, 486, 540Byblos, 526, 530832BCCadmus, 488Caeretanus (adj.), 782Caesar (= Augustus), 120, 122, 130.134, 136(= Hadrian), 426(= Julius), 224(= Xero), 250, 252, 256Caesareus (adj.), 254, 300, 326, 330,446, 790CaUaecus (adj.), 200Calliope, 300, 434, 486, 634CaUirhoe, 236Calpe, 506Calpurnius (adj.), 294Calpus, 294Calrdonia, 170Camenae, 238, 246, 818Camilli, 182Campus (sc. Martius), 698Canace, 540Cancer, 498Canis (= Dog-star), 820Canopus, 154Canthus, 258, 268Cappadox (adj.), 504Capraria, 802Carinus, 492Carus, 490Castalius (= Apollo), 484Castor, 776Castrum, 782Cato, 428Catulus, 790Caudinus (adj.), 200Caurinus (adj.), 180Caurus vel Corns, 192, 804Cecropius (adj.), 302, 412Celtae (sc. canes), 166Centumcellae, 784Ceraimus, 202Cerealis (adj.), 500Ceres (as Com-Goddess), 25(=: food), 188, 498Chalybes, 794Chaonius (adj.)? 202Chaos, 542Charis, pliir. Charites, 528, 538Chelae, 780Chius (adj.), 232Chrysocome, 550Cicero, 296Cincinnati, 812Cinyphius (adj.), 154, 702Circaeus (adj.), 810

INDEXCirce, 488Circciises, 780C'irrha vd Cyrrba, 202Cirrhaeus (adj.), 652dementia (iiersonitied), 222Clio, 434, 1)34Cnosis vel (Inosis (= Ariadne), 544Cole hi, 360Colchis (= Medea) 130, 414, 488, 540,542Conies, 808Corsa, 802Corsica, 802Corns, 804 : see " Caurus "Corvcius (adj.), 132Corvdon, 218, 244, 248, 250, 278, 284Corrtus, 816Cosa, 788, 790Cresius (adj.), 252Creta, 172Crocale, 226, 230, 232Cuniae, 398Cupido (= Cupid), 524, 52C, 528, 532,534, 538, 538 : see also " Amor "(= Desire sc. opitm), 650Curac (personified), 650Cnreticus (adj.), 252Curia, 222, 764Cyaneus (adj.), 130Cyclopes, 362Cyclopius (adj.), 526Cycnus, 488Cylleneus (adj.), 654Cynicus, 566Cynthius (= Apollo), 326Cynthos, 358Cypris(= Venus), 432, 526, 530, 534,536Cymaeus (adj.), 802Cymaicus (adj.), 810CVrrha vel Cirrha, 202Cyrus, 182Cythere (= Venus), 524, 538Cytherea (= Venus), 530^ 776Daedalus, 544Dalniaticus (adj.), 824Danae, 366, 560Danaus, 486Daphnis, 234December, 232Decius, 816Delos, 358Delphicus (adj.), 680Deo (= Deniotor), 468Dercylos, 160Deucalioneus (adj.), 650Diana, 150, 152, 16(i, 162, 198Dianius (frtf;.), 176Dictaeus (adj.), 252Didon(= Dido), 540Diogenes, 566Diomedes, 128Dione, 468, 558Dirce, 486Dis (= Pluto), 158, 342, 364, 376, 540,560 : see " Pluton "Ditis(= Dis), 418Dodone, 358Donace, 464, 466, 468, 470Doricus (adj.), 560Dorylas, 234Drusus, 134Drvades, 226, 466, 494Dryas, 548EEcho, 462, 494, 548Egestas (personified), 650Eleus (adj.), 200Elis,814Emathius (adj.), 124Encelados, 364Eous (sc. ventus), 546(adj.), 124, 164(= morning-star), 802Ephyreius (adj.), 792Erato, 434, 634Erigone, 412Eriphyla, 578Erymanthus, 126Eryx, 468Etruria, 814Etruscus (arfj.), 120, 446, 824: seeaUo "Tuscus," " Tvrrlienus "Euboicus (adj.), 302, 784Euhadne vel Evadne, 540Europa vel Europe, 366Eurotas, 412Eurus, 228, 374, 388, 478, 546 812Eurydice, 542Euterpe, 434, 634Erperientia (personified), 102Exuperantios, 782Fabricii, 812Faleria, 796MINOR LATIN POETS3h^32>

INDEXFalisci, 154Fames (personified), 650Fatum, 184T&wiiQplur.), 470, 474Faunus, 152, 218, 220, 226, 248, 254,260, 324, 456, 784Flaccus (= Horace), 680Flaminia {sc. via), 816Flora, 228, 462, 660Floras, 444Fortuna (as Goddess), 38, 40, 42, 46,58, 64, 84, 94, 104, 608, 614, 616,620, 622, 694, 696, 700, 802as " luck,' ' passimForam, 224, 592, 782Furiae, 186, 504Furor (personified), 650Gaetulus (adj.), 690Galli, 782(sc. canes), 168Gallia, 812Galiicus (adj.), 766Ganges, 182Ganymedeus (adj.), 306Garganus, 200Gelonus (adj.), 166, 170Tienius (sc. Komae), 764Gerron, 246Getae, 776, 794Opticus (adj.), 766, 826Gigantes, 362, 376Glauce, 488Glyceranus, 330Glympicus (adj.), 172Gnosis : see " Gnosis 'Gnosius vel Cnosius (adj.), 306Gorgon, 810Gradivus, 524, 534, 538Graecia, 182, 302, 504, 772Graecus (adj.), 680, 682Graii, 202, 786Grains (adj), 314, 414, 506, 654, 802Gratia, 526, 528, 530Graviscae, 788HHadriacus vel Adriacus (adj.), 490,824Haemonius (adj.), 154Hagnon, 172, 174Hannibal, 774Harpyiae, 818Hebras, 162Hector, 414Helice, 156, 380Helicon, 328, 484, 786Helle, 544Heraclitus, 408Hercules, 788Herculeus (adj.), 488Hermus, 562Hesperius (a

•(theINDEXluvenalis, 818Ixion, 300Kalcndae, 232Laoedaemonius (adj.), It'.o, i'.nLachanius, 81GLailas, 320I^tdon. 218Lacrtiades, 298I>ar, 250Lares, 200. 788, 8')8Latialis (adj.), 222I^tinitas, 080, 082I.Atium, 154Latius iadj.\ 152, 704, 770, 790, 824,820Latoua, 492Laurent ini, 814Lechaeus {adj.), 172Leda, 360, 544Leiiaeus(= Bacchus), 472Leo, 502Lepidi, 790liepidus, 790Lepus, 820Leuce, 218Liber (= Bacchus), 190, 364, 428Libya vel Libye, 482, 504, 510, 708Lifiycus (adj.), 158Lisriires, 824Liizuriiius (adj.), 200Linus, 458Livia, 138LoUius, 120Lucauia, 102Lucanus (adj.), 278poet), 604Lucifer, 132, 380, 558, 568Lucillus, 816, 818Lucina, 334Luctus (personified), 650Lyaeus (= Bacchus), 474—I— (= wine), 720Lycaeus (adj.), 254Lvcaones (sc. canes). 160Lvcidas, 234, 230, 238, 240, 242, 268,"270, 274, 276, 478Lycius (adj.), 162Lycotas, 272, 278, 282Lycurgus, 412Lvdia (in Asia Minor), 182-1— (= Etruria), 816Lydia (= Omphale), 128Lynceus, 818MMaccr, 602Macetes (Macedonians), 102, 770Maecenas, 12(i, 13

INDEXMusa (= music or poetry), 560Musae, 246, 274, 434, 460, 462, 492,524, 634, 786Mutinensis (adj.), 790Mrcale, 484Mycenae, 200, 328, 488Myron, 414Mvrrha, 486, 540Mystes, 330NXaiades, 466, 494Naides, 152, 226Xais (si7ig.), 248, 254Napaeae (nymphs of the dell), 466Narcissus, 550Xasamonia, 200Xaso(= Ovid), 604Natura (personified), 528, 576, 614,622, 652, 732, 824Xeapolis, 302, 398Xebrodes, 202Xecessitas (as goddess), 72, 74, 76Xemea, 126Xeptunus, 56, 542Xereides, 508Xerelus (adj.), 308Xereus, 508Xerinus (adj.), 482Xero, 826Xestor, 132, 134Xestoreus (adj.), 300Xiliacus (adj.), 124XUus, 124, 492, 776Xiobe, 486Nisaeus (adj.), 826Xisus, 488Xoctifer (= Hesperus), 268Xoricus (adj.), 794Xotus, 374, 656, 706, 818Xuma, 222Xumidae, 200Xyctilus, 268, 270, 472Xymphae, 228, 462, 474, 476, 494Xysa, 474Oarion, 820 : see " Orion 'Occasio (personified), 78, 608Oceanus, 768, 808, 820Oeagrius (adj.), 458Ogygius (adj.), 412Olympus, 128, 198, 250, 310, 312, 362,654Orcus, 184836Oreas, plur. Oreades, 254, 494Orion, 380 : see " Oarion "Orpheus, 458Osiris, 796Ossa, 362Pactolus, 562Padus, 488Paean, 192Paelignus (adj.), 256Paeonius (adj.), 690, 770Palamedes, 514Palatinus (adj.), 258Pales, 228, 252, 260, 278, 462, 468Palladius. 782(adj.), 544PaUas, 122, 358, 364, 468Pan, 254, 456, 458, 470, 472, 476, 784Panachaea, 656Pandion, 300Pannonicus (adj.), 446, 504Paphia vel Paphie (= Venus), 414, 526528, 530, 532, 534, 538Paphius (adj.), 514Parilia ^= Palilia), 230Parrhasius (adj.), 252Part hi, 492, 770Parthus (adj.), 200Pas(s)iphae, 538Pater (= Jupiter), 362, 472, 486( = unnamed supreme Being), 564Pax (personified), 222Pegasus, 566Pelias(/em. adj.), 308, 546Pelion, 362Pellaeus (adj.), 202Peloras, 124Peltinum, 514Penates, 224, 312, 800, 814Peneus, 200Pergamos (citadel of Troy), 360, 414Perses (sc. canis), 166Persis (= Persia), 492Petale, 270, 272, 274Petasos, 274Petronius (adj.), 170Phaedra, 540Phaedrus, 682Phaethon, 488Phaethonteus (adj.), 650Pharius (adj.), 180Pharos, 800Phasis, 662Phatne, 380

INDEXPherae, 168Pbilippi, lL'4, 22'JI'hilomela, 412, 4S8, 546I'hkgethou, 5(j2Pblegraeus {adj.), 3G2Phoebe, 380, 492, 496, 500Phoebeus (adj.), 308, 462, 662Pboebus, 122, 124, 202, 250, 258(= Nero), 308, 326, 328, 358, 458,468, 470, 498, 502, 526, 534, 536,538, 634, 652, 654, 688, 714, 768,780, 796, 806, 824 : see also " Actios,'" Apollo," '• e'astalius," " Cyntbiiis,"" Sol," " Titan"Phoenice, 654Pboenii, 652, 654, 658Phrixus, 544Phrrges, 414, 544PhvUis, 23G, 238, 240, 242, 274Pierides, 124, 328Pierius (adj.), 160, 314, 358, 786Pisae, 810, 814Pisaeus (adj.), 486 (of Pisa in Elis);818, 822 (of Pisae in Italv)Pisani, 814Pisanus (adj.), 810, 822Piso, 294, 296, 300, 304, 314Pisones, 296Plato, 5^6Plias, 156, 780Plutou, 542 : see also •• Dis "Poenus (adj.), 778Polydorus, 560Polynmia, 434, 634Pomona, 228Ponipeius, 798Popolonia, 798Priameius (adj.), 308Priapus, 232, 468Procne vel Progue, 540, 542Prometheus, 566ProserpLiia, 186, 560Protadius, 812Publicolae, 786Punicus (adj.), 604Pvgmaeus (adj.), 656, 7SSPylius (adj.), 132Pvrene, 2u

INDEXSulla, 334Sycambri (sc. canes), 1 70Syene, 200Syria, 654Tabumus, 200Tagus, 794Tantalidae, 488Tantalis(= Xiobe), 546Tantalus, 364Tarentinus(a

Printed in Great Britain byRichard Clay & Sons, Limited,bungay, suffolk.

THE LOEB CLASSICALLIBRARYVOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHEDLatin AuthorsAPULEIUS. THE GOLDEN ASS (METAMORPHOSES).W. Adlington (1566). Revised by S. Gaselee. (5//! /fu/>.)AULUS GELLIUS. J. C. Rolfe. 3 Vols.AUSONIUS. H. G. Evelyn White. 2 Vols.BEDE. J. E. King. 2 Vols.BOETHIUS: TRACTS and DE CONSOLATIONEPHILOSOPHIAE. Rev. H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand.(2nd /vip.)CAESAR: CIVIL WARS. A. G. Peskett. {srd /m/>.)CAESAR: GALLIC WAR. H. J. Edwards. (6//1 Imp.)CATO and VARRO: DE RE RUSTICA. H. B. Ash andW. D. Hooper.CATULLUS. F. W. Cornish ; TIBULLUS. J. B. Postdate ;AND PERVIGILIUM VENERIS. J.W. Mackail. {g/hImp.)CICERO: DE FINIBUS. H. Rackham. {ira Imp. revised.)CICERO: DE NATURA DEORUM and ACADEMICA.H. Rackham.CICERO : DE OFFICIIS. Walter Miller, {^^d Imp.)CICERO: DE SENECTUTE, DE AMICITIA, DEDIVINATIONE. W. A. Falconer, (^rd Imp.)CICERO : DE REPUBLICA and DE LEGIBUS. ClintonW. Keyes.CICERO: LETTERS TO ATTICUS. E. O. Winstedt.3 Vols. (Vol. I. dfth Imp.yoX. II. 3;v/ Imp. and III. 2nd Imp.CICERO: LETTERS TO HIS FRIENDS. W. GlynnWilliams. 3 Vols.

CICERO: PHILIPPICS. W. C. A. Ker.CICKRO: PRO ARCHIA, POST REUITUM, DE DOMO,DE HARUSPICUM RESPONSIS, PRO PLANCIO.N. H. Watts.CICERO: PRO QUINCTIO, PRO ROSCIO AMERINO,PRO ROSCIO COMOEDO, CONTRA RULLUM. J. H.Freese.CICERO : TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS. J. E. King.CICERO : PRO CAECINA, PRO LEGE MANILIA, PROCLUENTIO, PRO RABIRIO. H. Grose Hodge.CICERO: PRO MILONE, IN PISONEiM, PRO SCAURO,PRO FONTEIO, PRO RABIRIO POSTUMO, PROMARCELLO, PRO LIGARIO, PRO REGE DEIOTARO.N. H. Watts.CICERO : VERRINE ORATIONS. L. H. G. Greenwood.2 Vols. Vol. I.CLAUDIAN. M. Platnauer. 2 Vols.FLORUS: E. S. Forster, and CORNELIUS NEPOSJ.C. Rolfe.FRONTINUS : STRATAGEMS and AQUEDUCTS. C. E.Bennett and M. B. McElwain.FRONTO : CORRESPONDENCE. C. R. Haines. 2 Vols.HORACE: ODES and EPODES. C. E. Bennett. (loMImp. revised.)HORACE: SATIRES, EPISTLES, ARS POETICA.H. R. Fairclough. {yd hyip. revised.)JEROME : SELECTED LETTERS. F. A. Wright.JUVENAL AND PERSIUS. G G. Ramsay, (s^h Imp.)LIVY. B. O. Foster. 13 Vols. Vols. I.-V. (Vol. I. 2WImp. revised.)LUCAN. J.D. Duff.LUCRETIUS. W. H. D. Rouse, {yd Imp. revised.)MARTIAL. W. C. A. Ker. 2 Vols, {yd Imp. revised.)MINOR LATIN POETS : from Publilius Syrus toRuTiLius Namatianus, including Grattius, Cal-PURNius SicuLUs, Nemesianus, Avianus, and otherswith "Aetna" and the "Phoenix."J.Wight Duff andArnold M. Duff.OVID: THE ART OF LOVE and OTHER POEMS.J.H. Mozley.OVID : FASTI. Sir James G. Frazer.OVID: HEROIDES and AMORES. Gram Showerman.(Zrdlmp.)

OVID: METAMORPHOSES. F.J.Miller. 2Vols. {^thlmp.)OVID: TRISTIA and EX PONTO. A. L. Wheeler.I'ETRONIUS. M. Ileseltine; SENECA: APOCOLO-CVNTOSIS VV. H. D. Rouse. {5M Imp. revised.)PLAUTUS. Paul Nixon. 5 Vols. Vols. I. -IV. (Vols.I.-III. -i^rdlmp.)PLINY: LETTERS. Melmoth's Translation revised byW. M. L. Hutchinson. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 4M /////., Vol. II.ird Imp. )PROPERTIUS. H. E. Hutler. ^th Imp.)QUINTILIAN. H. E. Butler. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 2nd Imp.)ST. AUGUSTINE, CONFESSIONS OF. W. Watts (1631).2 Vols. (Vol. I. 4M Imp., Vol. II. T,rd Imp.)ST. AUGUSTINE, SELECT LETTERS. J. H. Baxter.SALLUST. J. Rolfe. {2Hd Imp. revised.)SCRIPTORES HISTORIAE AUGUSTAE. D. Magie.3 Vols. (Vol. I. 2nd Imp. revised.)SENECA: APOCOLOCVNTOSIS. Cf. PETRONIUS.SENECA: EPISTULAE MORALES. R. M. Gummere.3 Vols. (Vol. I. yd Imp., Vol. II. 2nd Imp. revised.)SENECA: MORAL ESSAYS. J. W. Basore. 3 Vols.Vols. I. and II.SENECA: TRAGEDIES. F.J.Miller. 2 Vols. {2nd Imp.revised.)SILIUS ITALICUS. J. D. Duff. 2 Vols.STATIUS. J. H. Mozley. 2 Vols.SUETONIUS. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (4//^ Imp. revised.)TACITUS: DIALOGUS. Sir Wm. Peterson and AGRI-COLA and GERMANIA. Maurice Hutton. (4M /////.)TACITUS: HISTORIES and ANNALS. C. H. Mooreand J. Jackson. 3 Vols. Vols. I. and II. (Histories andAnnals I-III.)TERENCE. John Sargeaunt. 2 Vols, [s^h Imp.)TERTULLIAN : APOLOGIA and DE SPECTACULIS.T. R. Glover. MINUCIUS FELIX. G. H. Rendall.VALERIUS FLACCUS. J.II. Mozley.VELLEIUS PATERCULUS and RES GESTAE. F. W\Shipley.VIRGIL. H. R. Fairclough. 2 Vols. (VoL L iiih Imp.Vol. II. gth Imp. revised.)VITRUVIUS: DE ARCHITECTURA. F. Granger.2 Vols.3

Greek AuthorsACHILLES TATIUS. S. Gaselee.AENEAS TACTICUS: ASCLEPIODOTUS and ONA-SANDER.The Illinois Greek Club.AESCHINES. CD. Adams.AESCHYLUS. H. Weir Smyth. 2 Vols. (Vol. L 3rd Imp.,Vol. II. 2nd Imp.)APOLLODORUS. Sir James G. Frazer. 2 Vols.APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. R. C. Seaton. Wh Imp.)THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS. Kirsopp Lake. 2 Vols.(Vol. I. 5M Imp., Vol. II. 4//^ Imp.)APPIAN'S ROMAN HISTORY. Horace White. 4 Vols.(Vol. I. yd Imp., Vols. II., III. and IV. 2nd Imp.)ARATUS. Cf. CALLIMACIIUS.ARISTOPHANES. Benjamin Bickley Rogers. 3 Vols.(2,rd Imp. ) Verse trans.ARISTOTLE: "ART" OF RHETORIC. J.H. Freese.ARISTOTLE : METAPHYSICS.H. Tredennick. 2 Vols.Vol. I.ETHICS. H. Rackham.{2nd Ifup. revised.)PHYSICS. Rev. P. Wicksteed and F. M.Cornford. 2 Vols.POETICS and L0NGI¥US. W. HamiltonARISTOTLE : NICOMACHEANARISTOTLE :ARISTOTLE :Fyfe; DEMETRIUS ON STYLE. W. Rhys Roberts.{2nd If?ip. revised.)ARISTOTLE : POLITICS. H. Rackham.ARRIAN: HISTORY OF ALEXANDER and INDICA.Rev. E. Iliffe Robson. 2 Vols.ATHENAEUS: DEIPNOSOPIIISTAE. C B. Gulick. 7Vols. Vols. I-V.CALLIMACIIUS and LYCOPHRON. A. W. Mair;ARATUS. G. R. Mair.CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. Rev. G. W. Butterworth.COLLUTHUS. Cf. OPPIAN.DAPHNIS and CHLOE. Thornley's Translation revised byr. M. Edmonds; and PARTHENIUS. S. Gaselee. {2nd'Ifup.)DEMOSTHENES: DE CORONA and DE FALSALEGATIONE. C a. Vince and J. H. Vince.DEMOSTHENES : OLYNTHIACS, PHILIPPICS andMINOR ORATIONS: I-XVII and XX. J.H. Vince.DIO CASSIUS: ROMAN HISTORY. E. Gary. 9 Vols.(Vol. II. 2nd Imp.)DIO CHRYSOSTOM. J.W. Cohoon. 4 Vols. Vol. I.DIODORUS SICULUS. C H. Oldfather. In 10 Volumes.Vol. I.

DIOGENES LAEKTIUS. K. D. Hicks. 2 Vols. (Vol. I.2«.i Im^.EPICTETUS. W. A. Oldfather. 2 Vols.EURIPIDES. A. S. Way. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 5M Imp.,Vol. II. 5M /////., Vol. IV. 4//i /w/., Vol. III. 3/7/ Imp.)Verse trans.EUSEHIlfS: ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORV. KirsoppLake and J. E. L. Oulton. 2 Vols.GALEN: ON THE NATURAL FACULTIES. A. J.Brock. {2nd Imp.THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY. V^. R. Paton. 5 Vols.(Vol. I. T^rd Imp., Vols. II. and III. 2nd Imp.)GREEK ELEGY AND IAMBUS with the ANACRE-ONTEA, J. M. Edmonds. 2 Vols.THE GREEK BUCOLIC POETS (THEOCRITUS,BION, MOSCHUS). J.M.Edmonds, {^th Imp. revised.)HERODES. Cf. THEOPHRASTUS: CHARACTERS.HERODOTUS. A. D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. yd Imt^.,Vols. 1 1. -IV. 2nd Imp.)HESIOD AND THE HOMERIC HYMNS. H. G. EvelynWhite. (4//4 Imp. )HIPPOCRATES AND THE FRAGMENTS OF IIERA-CLEITUS. W'. II. S. Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols.HOMER: ILIAD. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols, yd Imp.HOMER: ODYSSEY. A.T.Murray. 2 Vols, {îh Imp.)ISAEUS. E. W. Forster.ISOCRATES. George Norlin. 3 Vols. Vols. I. and II.JOSEPHUS: H. St. J.Thackeray. 8 Vols. Vols. L-V.JULIAN. Wilmer Cave Wright. 3 Vols. (Vol. I. 2nd Imp\LUCIAN. A. M. Harmon. 8 Vols. Vols. I. -IV. (Vols. I.and II. yd Imp.)LYCOPHRON. Cf. CALLIMACHUS.LYRA GRAECA.J.M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I.yd Imp.. \'ol. 11. 2nd Ed. revised and enlarsêd.)LYSIAS. W. R. M. Lamb.MARCUS AURELIUS. C. R. Haines, {yd Imp. revised.)MENANDER. F. G. Allinson. (2nd Imp. revised.)OPPIAN, COLLUTHUS, TRYPHIODORUS.A. W. Mair.PAPYRI (SELECTIONS). A. S. Hunt and C. C. Edgar.4 Vols. Vols. I. and II.PARTHENIUS. Cf. DAPHNIS and CHLOE.PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE.W. H. SJones. 5 Vols, and Companion Vol. Vols. I., II. and III.(Vol. I. 2nd Imp.)5

PHILO. F. H. Colson and Rev. G. 11. Whitakcr. 9 Vols.Vols. I.-V.PHILOSTRATUS : THE LIFE OF APOLLONIUS OFTYANA. F. C. Conybeare. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. ^ni Imp.,Vol. II. 2nd Imp.)PHILOSTRATUS. IMAGINES; CALLISTRATUS.DESCRIPTIONS. A. Fairbanks.PHILOSTRATUS and EUNAPIUS: LIVES OF THESOPHISTS. Wilmer Cave WrightPINDAR. Sir J. E. Sandys, {îh Imp. revised.)PLATO: CHARMIDES, ALCIBIADES, HIPPARCHUS,THE LOVERS, THEAGES, MINOS and EPINOMIS.W. R. ^L Lamb.PLATO: CRATYLUS, PARMENIDES, GREATER HIP-PIAS, LESSER HIPPIAS. H. N. Fowler.PLATO : EUTHYPHRO, APOLOGY, CRITO, PHAEDO,PHAEDRUS. H. N. Fowler. (7M Imp.)PLATO: LACHES, PROTAGORAS, MENO, EUTHY-DEM US.W. R. M. Lamb.PLATO : LAWS. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols.PLATO: LYSIS, SYMPOSIUM, GORGIAS. W. R. M.Lamb. {2nd Imp. revised.)PLATO: REPUBLIC. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols.PLATO: STATESMAN, PHILEBUS. H. N. Fowler;ION. W. R. M. Lamb.THEAETETUS and SOPHIST. H. N. Fowler.{27id Imp.)TIMAEUS, CRITIAS, CLITOPHO, MENEXE-PLATO :PLATO :NUS, EPISTULAE. Rev. R. G. Bury.PLUTARCH: MORALI A. F. C. Babbitt. 14 Vols. Vols.I. -III.PLUTARCH: THE PARALLEL LIVES. B. Perrin. iiVols. (Vols. I., IL, III. and VIL 2nd Imp.)POLYBIUS. W. R. Baton. 6 Vols.PROCOPIUS: HISTORY OF THE WARS. H. B.Dewing. 7 Vols. Vols. I.-V. (Vol. I. 2;/^/ /;;//.)QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS. A. S. Way. Verse trans.ST. BASIL : LETTERS. R. J. Deferrari. 4 Vols.ST. JOHN DAMASCENE: BARLAAM AND lOASAPH.Rev. G. R. Woodward and Harold Maltingly.SEXTUS EMPIRICUS. Rev. R. G. Bury. In 3 Vols.Vol. I.6

SOPHOCLES. K. Storr. 2 Vuls. (Vol. I. 6//4 Imp., Vol]II. \th Imp.) \'erse trans.STRABO: GEOGRAPHY. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols.(\'ol. I. 2nd Imf'.)TIIEOPHRASTUS: CHARACTERS. J. M. Edmonds;H ERODES, etc A. D. Knox.THEOPHRASTUS: ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS. SirArthur Hort, Bart. 2 Vols.THUCYDIDES. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vols. L, II. andIII. 2nd Imp. revised,)TRVPIIIODORUS. Cf. OPPIAX.XENOPIION: CYROPAEDIA. Walter Miller. 2 Vol^2nd Imp.(XENOPHON: HELLENICA, ANABASIS, APOLOGYAND SYMPOSIUM. C. L. Brownson and O. J.Todd3 Vols. {2nd Imp.)XENOPHON : MEMORABILIA and OECONOMICUS.E. C. Marchant.XENOPHON: SCRIPTA MINORA. E. C. Marchant.IN PREPARATIONGreek AuthorsARISTOTLE, ATHENIAN CONSTITUTION and EUDE-MIAN ETHICS. H. Rackham.ARISTOTLE, DE ANIMA, etc. W. S. Hett.ARISTOTLE, ECONOMICS. W. G. Armstrong.ARISTOTLE, ON HISTORY, MOTION AND PRO-GRESSION OF ANIMALS. E. S. Forster and A. Peck.ARISTOTLE, ORGANON. H. P. Cooke and H. Tredennick.DEMOSTHENES, MEIDIAS, ANDROTION, ARISTO-CRATES, TIMOCRATES. J.H. Vince.DEMOSTHENES, PRIVATE ORATIONS. A. T. Murrav.DIONVSIUS OF HALICARNASSUS, ROMAN ANl'l-QurriES.GREEK MATHEMATICAL WORKS. J.Thomas.MINOR ATTIC ORATORS (ANTIPHON, ANDOCIDES,DEMADES, DINARCHUS, HYPEREIDES). K. Maidment.NONNUS. VV. II. D. Rouse.7

LfttinAuthorsAMMIANUS MARCELLINUS. J. C. Rolfe.S. AUGUSTINE, CITY OF GOD. J. 11. Baxter.CELSUS.W. G. Spencer.CICERO, AD HERENNIUM.H. Caplan.CICERO, IN CATILINAM, PRO FLACCO,MURENA, PRO SULLA. B. L. Ullman.PROXICERO, DE ORATORE. Charles Stuttaford and W. E.Sutton.CICERO, ORATOR, BRUTUS.H. M. Hubbell.CICERO, PRO SESTIO, IN VATINIUM, PRO CAELIODE PKOVINCIIS CONSULARIBUS, PRO BALBO.'J. H. Freese.COLUMELLA DE RE RUSTICA.H. B. Ash.ENNIUS, LUCILIUS and other specimens of Old Latin.E. H. Warmington.PLINY, NATURAL HISTORY. W. H. S. Jones.PRUDENTIUS. J. H. Baxter and C. J. Fordyce.SIDONIUS, LETTERS & POEMS. E. V. Arnold andW. B. Anderson.VARRO DE LINGUA LATINA. R. G. Kent.DESCRIPTIVE PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATION.... WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDLondonCambridge, Mass. - - - HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRE55'n.n

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVECARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKETUNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

Minor Latin poets; with introductions and English translations

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?