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NTI LTHE ITALIAII I}IOITTIILY ISEYIETI'JIT]NB93tEwrope and uhe [Jwuued Sroresby Dr. Atberto Pire[,[,iNfysciicdsmr mndnvr duw t fuw ahi s vv1,, o Q uo 6 f oby Pro f " Frartco B" Aq.'eror diSoCIomdro's Part, un the Warby Giio varlwl SchiicrqroMaluan Ed,wc@60rs wu EanCIy Doysby Prof . Emi,Liio QoggiioWhy Neg[ect, DanteTChorm't of .Lake Qardo ReguanDoes Depre.ssiiott Affect, ArtTThe Bahance of Trsde Be6qp eevrnualy and the [Jnfted SroeesThe nm\tmn Tawra'wg Ctwbs5 OnlrTs

tsOOK SERVICE DEPARTN,{ENTATLANTICA offers the ltalian books listecl below at a greatoi saving75vo is on currentallorved prices.to e\ery paid .'xo Ansubscriber. .t uig"-i".'.p".irs.."*t.iATLANTICA will also obtain for its readers any book--published in this country at _the publisher's price, less a

AI-I-ANTIC.\, ILrNE, 1931 241TeleBltone:Hanoaer 2'2900Cable Addresses:Casselco-l{ew YorkStruppyl-New YorltCASSEL, STRUPP & co,Members New York Stock ExchangeMembers New York Curb BxchangeFifty-Two Wall StreetNew YorkMadison Ave" & 41st St.St. Nicholas Ave. & lglst St.Hotel Samuels,New York City Jamestown, N" Y.PRIVATE WIRES TO CANADAIBOOKS ABROADA Quarterly Publication Devoted to Commerrton Foreign Books fssued by the University ofOklahoma Press, University of Oklahomaol{ormano Okla.ROY TEMPLE HOUSEOUniversity of Oklahomao Editorttl arrr str.prised rhat anything so competent in itschosen field should be given away free to anyoneinterested in European literature. There is a S..rtaClaus.otProfessor Sinron Deptula, Lehigh University."Your review is getting better and better.tt ProfessorDomenico Vittorini,University of Pennsylvania.tt . . , Molto interessante.'o Professor AlbertoBerlolino, -Bibliotecariodella facolti di Giurisprudenzia,R. Universir6 di Siena. Italy.BOOKS ABROAD will be sent without chargeto college and public libraries and to indi.viduale who may be interested. For adver.tising rates write to Todd Downingo AdvertisingManagero BOOKS ABROAD, Universityof Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.AGENTSWAI{TEDCapable, energetic firenwanted ro solicit subscriptionsfor ATLANTICA. Excellentopporrunity. Ver.vliberal commissions"Address Circulation Manager,Atlantica,33 West 70th Street,New York Citv

Atl. nti..', ObtePvotrn,lIn his speech before the ItalianSenate on June 3rd, Foreign MinisterDino Grandi discussed someimportant matters of the duy,among them the Italo-Soviet commercialagreement, the negotiationsamong England, France and ltalyover naval disarmament, the proposedAustro-German customsunion, and the coming disarmamcntconfcrencc in 1932."Thcre is nothing ertraordinarvor exceptionai in the relations existirrehetrvetu Rome and l'fosq61,1.,"he deciared. "O',ir relationsu-ith l{ussia a.re of exactly thesar.ne nature as those that rve haveand Rr-rssia has u,-ith the otherEuropean States. This lneansmerelv that these relzttions are no1.inflr-re-nced bv the indisputable {actthat Russia" and Italt' have diametricallyopposite social and politicalconceptions."He then took up ihe misunclerstandingthat arose betrveen ltalvand France over the terms of theag'reement rvhich it seemecl thelthad come to u,itla the aid of GreatBritain, and expressecl the hopethat the beneficial effects of thosenegotiations r'r'ouid not be lost. "Isincerely hope," he concluded,"that the French Government u'i11,in answering the Italian ancl Britishnotes, c1o so in a r,^ralr r,vhichrvill permit the clifircuities to beovercome. "As f or the proposed Austro-German customs union, on u,hichSignor Grandi said the ItalianGovernment rn,ould reserve judgmenttill the whoie question hadbc,:n thoior-rghll investigated, iretl-rought it might "prepare the r,r'avfor possibilities which a.re forbiddenby treaties," thus disturbingtl-re Ccntral Errropean equilibrium.vrhich is something that Italy looltstlpon as inadmissible.Peace ca-n only be predicatedupon security, said the Italian F'oreignMinister, and this in turncan be based only on the harmoniousdevelopment of trn'o factors :The peaceful settlement of controversiesand the reduction ofarmaments, i.e., disarmarnent andarbitration.In conciusion Signor Grar-rdisaid: "I believe that lr'e have norvreached a decisive turning point inthe life of Europe. The generaldisarmament conference must giveEurope the moral stabiiity whichthe peace conference neither couldnor did give her."In recent vears \ve have beenu,orking to create a new system ofinternational relations and establishnew relations rvhich must berelations of peace. The disarma-"How Nice!"in the Nexu Yorh Ezenin! Pa.t!-Sthesment conf erence must give theserelations the gllarantee of theequilibrium of po\ver, r'vithoutin:hich we all feel that Europe u'i1lnot find het true stability and t-i1lnot emerge from her present uncertainfate."Charlie Chaplin, the u''o11d famouscomedian of the films, u-asinterviewed during his retent tripthrough Europe while on the trainen route from Vienna to Venice b1'a reporter 'of the Giornale cf ltalia.What he said in ans\ver to a questionas to r'vhat he thought aboutItaly is interesting:"It reminds me of California becauseof the variety of its coloringand the beauty of its sky. Filmfolk ought to love Italy, becausethe pioneer of the cinematographicindustry in America rvas the Italianbanker Giannini. Fifteen or).1 ')tTgnty \-ears ago that industrl'didn't exist, but he had faith incinematographl'. The other bankerssmiled skepticalll'."_*_The loliorving summary oiItaly's present economic conditionsappeared in a recent report of theFoleign Policy Association, "Reparationand the Inter-Ally Debtsin 1931, r\prt| 29, I93I," by Dr.James W. Angell.11[r. Angell, rvho is Professor ofEt:onomics at Columbia University,spent the 1,ear 1928-1929 stud).ingconditions in Germany under thear-rspices of the Council on ForeignRelitions and the Columbia Universitt-Council for Research in 'theSociai Scicnces, and is the ziuthorof "Tbc RecoverY of Germanl''""ltalr's nresent corrdition lies some-,,here betule.rr that oI France and Englancl.Although its population is aboutthat same as that of the first two countries,Ita11, is economicaily much weaker,for it is -poor in the natural resourccsnf itrdustiy, aud even in arable land'Like Germiny, Italy is therefore highll''lene::dcnt o'i foreign rru' materials anJioodstnffs. and on- Iorcign markets {orrh- salc.,f its menulacturcd productsItalr- also has large foleign debts, bothr,Lrbiic and lrivatc; anJ the ''real" tax.rurJcn ( measured on the hasis oI averasejnJir idtrai incomc), though lighrerri'in tlrat of the other thrce lea'1ingEriroocan countrics, is much hcavierrharr 'rlrrr or' the ['rtitc,] Stetc.. J trll s", ,,er.l ecunomic position js there lorc,,rrr .,i cL,rrsitlerable chronic strain' Btrtl.'p;i. great vulrrerability, . especiallyironr tlre irrtcrnational economlc polnl otvi.*'. Tielr has not bccn as hard hit hyLlre deprei.ion, at lcast to thc presentii".r., it have'Gern.rany and Englancl\\'hole.ale prices have fa11en about 20Dt:r c€flt ir the past ycar, as has exportirad.. brrt rlre iimitcd cvidencc availablei"dicates that the generai volume ofdonestic produciion Is holding up fairlyn'e11. and -is even sholving some signs olrecor-e r1'. ",\s though to bear out this summarr-.the ltalian government rnterniibond issue put 'out to refunc'r4 billion lire (about $209,000,0ft))of the countrY's debt due in November.l'as' heavilY over subscribedbr ahout 751 . accotdingt,, Financ-e Jlinister Mosconi's announcernentlast rnonth before theSenate, u,hence it evoked thunderouscheers. Once again, therefore'and conviucingly, reports currenlabroad that Itab' has been vainl'"seeking foreign 1oans, are set ai

ATLANTICA'S OBStrRVATORY243rest. especially in vier,r- of SenatorMosconi's further assertion thatthe deficit, reduced this year to rrnder$50,000,000, has been decreasingmonth by month._---I--In helping the campaign of IlProgresso and Il BolTetino, I.taliandailies in New York publishedbv Generoso Pope, to prevent undeserveclaspersions from beingcast on the good name of the Italiansin this country, either in neu.spapersor booiis, stage or screen.(a campaign which reached itsheight last month when MayotWalker ancl other prominent personalitiesspoke over the radio insupport of the moyement), Italianconsuls and consular agentsthroughout the United Siatesrvould do well to follow the exampleset by the ner,v Italian Consulat \Telv Orieans, Dr. MarioDcssaules. antl protest vigorousll.:it ail manifestations which come totheir attention of this unfair tendencvof attributing to the greatmass of Italians in the UnitedStates, those qualities of a loweriiind that are to be found in a fervin every race and nationalitr,.youCAN'TTssvBANCO DINAPOLITRUST CO"526 BroadwayNew YorkEVERY BANKTRANSACTIONTelephone : CAnal 6-3112the Atlantic wAnd because itItaly has openedTERNAL ROME-Naples,with Pompeii silent in thesun and Vesuvius trailinga lazy plume across thatturquoise sky-Florenceof the Renaissance_Ven_ice, the ltalian Riviera-Milan and the Scala. Howcan one af{ord to crossithout visiting ltaly?has so much to offer,a new tourist informationoffice in New York City to serve you in co_operation with the tourist agencies jnd steam_ship companies. Literatur-e is sent-routesand hotels suggested. flTo assure the utmoste.njoym.ent from your trip, take advantage ofthe facilities offered.by the off icial travei rep_resentatives of the Royal ltalian Government.Meantime, let us send- you interesting litera_ture on present day travel in ltaly,]Ji ff.tb,nv91qe Squibb Buitding NewITALIAN TOURIST INFORMATIONYork CityOFFICE

:l+-+ATLANTICA. JUNE, 193iWHAT OTHtrRS THIITT( OF',,ATLAI{TICA'O"'\try'e are glad to state thatfrom month to rnonth."-The,'I take this opportunity to write you my endorsement"of approval of Atlantica,the.purpo;e of whichi. to pui f"toie tfre'gmeric"an people, ind especiallrr_the rising generation of young ltalians, the advance-;";'gf- itt" fLfi"" p"opfr i" iq.#"ri"., arrcl"especially of thJ things they ar,e doing.to prornote the weli"i"-.i-gri*country.- i-hi; i; lo the daiiy newspaper articles of the crimes that are beingio**itt.a Uy the few, *fti"it are "oori"rr.t beinq featured in these nlwspapers. I most. heartily rc'commend to;t'ii;it"" f?i."a.-i"'Waie.buty ""4 that theJ promote this good cause by subscribing for and supporting.{ilantica in its endeavor to cariy out this idea."-Judge John F. McGrath, Waterburi'r Corrn.,.We find that there has been a large demand on the part of our readers for Atlantica."of New York UniversitY-Library"I frnd that ,i\tlantica is in considerable use in our general periodical reading room'"of Minnesoia LibrarY-University,'I think that you are printing just the sort of articles that are of interest to the growin-g glou-p ofItalians who ir. ;irt".uGd-i" and by all means keep up such articies as will show what Italiansffi;;;"; ln itre A"vetopment of "uitir", this large country. I must admit that you have opened the doors to meu"a- to my friends living in this neighborhood by the newsy articles"'-Congressman Peter A. Cavicchia, Newark, NI. J.,tr am highly pleased with your publication. It is informative and entertaining."A. Musmanno, State Representative,-M. Harrisburg, Pa.u"ltr/e have {ound your periodical of interest and value to our readers'"of Cincinnati Library-University"Our stuclents find Atlantica of great interest'"ol Western Ontario, London, Canada.-University.,Atlantiea is an interesting undertaking. A periodicai _whic-h attempts to in-terpret I.taly and Italiansto e*eri""l J"d Gti;;;;d a.n".icanr tJ ltatins, should perform most useful service."T. Hill, Executive Secretary,-Robert Council on Adult Education for the Foreign-Born'"ATLANTICA":ALTOESPONENTEdiITALIANITA'all'ESTEROCon entusiasmo ed ammirazione sinceri, segnaliamo.ai nostri lettori una,rivista chlPorta alto il nomea'rtaiia atiCsiero: erl,eiiiilde. llo" v'tri osEi pgriodico italiano, -edito fuori del Regno, che illustrilo*i"o."mente e rilii e uomini italiani degni-dell'attenzione e- del riconoscimento di tutti i conna-"ori ;irr;"li';ii;E.t";;;-a.i iitl"ai"i rti."ieri di origine italiana, amici e dei nemici dell'It-alia-specialmente-que.-*ti si divertonoTJ;;;;;r;t" ie caiirnnie pii "iii-i -airoci e- pit infondate sul conto degli Italiani"f"tti-i prouru*i "t " ua di us"t riressi in evidenza, perch€ interessano ogni vero ita-"*,rr.ii;;iG;;li;;oiiliano, trovano in essa trattazione e commento adeguati'your magazine has quite a circle of readers who faithfully ask for it"We have found Atlantica quite popular in our reading room'"General Library, Unir,'ersity cf Chicago-NewYork Public LibrarYATLANTICA € scritta molto opportunamente ed effrcacemente in inglese: sono i figli degl'Italiani cheaim""ti"-""o o "rr"ig"".""" if sr.na'e contributo dell'Italia al progresso mondiale, non solo nei seeoliscorsi, ma vigorosamente di pii nel presente'Riteniamo,,ATLANTICA", non solo degna di esser-paragonata-a_.qualsiasi rivista di coltura americanadi orim'ordin". p..-i" roi*i per so;tanza, na degnJaltresi di esser chiamata, fra le riviste italianeitt iitteo" straniere, "i" ia Rivista Italiana "h" per eccellenza'liroar "-RISSEG N A C O lI lI ERC IAI'E'published by the ltalian Chaw,ber of C'orttttterttof Savt Franci'rco, Cal., X:tas'' n93 t

ATT,ANTIT,AThe ltalian Monthly Re.riewFouaded in 1923CONTENTS FOR JUNE" 1931llrrnopr:, AND 'r'rrl Uxrrro Srlrrs. .Dr. Alberto Pirelli 24iMvsrrcrsu lwn fxort'rot,n"r,rsm--Grorro . . Franco B. Averardi 250SAtnxona's P.q,Rr rx 'rHE WoRLD \[/.ln . . . . . Giovanni Schiavo 252lr,rt.rqr lrnuca'r'ons rr Ecnlr AuuRrcar f)nls . Emilio Goggio 255Wny Nricllrcr Darurn? . .P. C. Del Barto 257Trrn Crranru oF 'rHE Lar

Topi., of thnBV EDWARDVl"nthccllslTHEthat country )can d.'ispose of ,SO-CALLEDlast y'ear she yturcha,sed' but 3RUSS/,4]Vytercent of her total' from Rus'MENACEstan sources./T:'IlERE is ntrtclr louse talA' Thi,s r,s fa,r fromL on tl,e suLt.icct ol' R trssiu, the menacing gtr,cture r'nd,i'catr'ngXI r.ns th,ere is, f or th'at matte'r, ort Knickerbocker Itas clrawn fortlte sublect of ltalY. We cli's' h,is Ant,err,can auih'emce. In factcrrssecl last nr'ontlr, in tltese colnnlnsthe recent trade agree-the suTt'position that Russta ison thi,s satne score the whole ofment between Ront,e attd Moscow,enrplta,sizttt'g the strictl3l oce t,s fl,unsy. XIan Lttuinoutoday tn cmy .se'nse a, traile men-comrmerct'al character of t-ltat poi,ntecl out at Geneua, onlYtreaty'.last m,ontlt,tlzat Russia is d,otngSi,nce then H. R. Knicker' less busr,ness tuith the outsi'debocker, the Rtts.sian corrêssgtond,e'ntof th,e Nen YorkEvr. It'rccd inq tlte ruo r.u:orlcl tct-iLay than in the daysnrNc Posr, writitlg ott, t'he RttssianTracle ilIenace, h'a,s giuen fairly, is bzrt an effort on theTh,e tr'itte Year Plan, uieruecltl'tat 0!r€emantt & n,elr c'lt'ar' Ttart of tlt,e Ru.ssians to recctPtttrethe worlcl trade Rlt,ssiaacter, so'meultat politi'cat. nI r'Knickerb ocker rlescri'bes ltalY enjoyerl two decades ago. Anclas an ozttytost of the Fiue Year the f ear th'at th,e Souiet can itt-,,-arJePlan-a sort of allY r,n fizts-s?a's tl,r,e aorlcl with, its gooclscrusacle f ar the ecottottttc ct)tt' to tlr,e point of causing Englanclcluest of the world'.or Am,erica real lrarnt, for tlteT trte yticture'is ena'ggeraterl, Ttresent ctt least, fai,ls to tal;eas f acts shotr;.Italy and RtLssia into accottrft the needs of theare on tl'te friend,liest of ternts tt emenclotts Russ'ian market atin spr,te of tl't'etr srtctal anrJ Itont,e tuLttclt' shoulcl keep tltepoti,tical diuergences. But this ll olsheaiks bu,s31 f or malt ufri,enclstt'tp is pttrely econontir:. d ecucl. e:.s "Italy, in, great need of raw 'tna'--1.terr'als, Iooks to Russia, u:lt'iclt' THEis rich itt, tl't'ese ntaterials.WAY OFRECOVERYRussta in tttrn looks to ltalYf or Italy's sttrYtlus of skilled f-'OllllE.\'fll'G on fhc cotttlabor.It is a natu,ral 0,t'rattge'\-/ inry r.onIrt'enre lor gerterolnt,ent.d,'isarrna'nt,ent wltich will be lteldB'ut in sgtite of t'ltis arranclenr,ent, t lte tracle of the t'tr-: rt X[i,nrster of Foreign, Affairs,r,n 1932, Si,gnor Grandi, ItalY'scountrtes is still fct'r behivr'tl says itheir trarle of Ytre-u:ar claYs. "Encess'iue 0r ?rL anL e n't sI(hea,t t,s r,tme of th'e items that rceahetr tlt'e sense of iusttce inf,gure prom'inentlY itt, n'I r. peoqtles, r'eclucing all sYstemsKnlcker b o cker''s accotLttt. W ell, of concilitttton ancl, arbitratiottItalq bouoltt f ront, Russia last to yture ideological mani'festa'year about one-/ifth t'lte am'otlnt ti,ons. Th'e generâl d'isarma'of wlt,eat, she bough,t f ront, tlt'af trt,ent conference must giue tocoutr'trtt in tl'r'e rl,ays of the Czar. E'ttroyte the moral stabtl,itYAnother ttem t's coal' Wht'le u,Jtich, the peace con'f erenceItatu is perf ecthr ready to bttY neith,er could' nor did gtuefront Rt,sotia qll the ilntltt'tl.ci,te hc t'.t '246It 'is becoming tnore and,tllore aytparent that f rom aworld, stand,point th,e presentd,epressi,on is not basicallY econontr,cor f,nanci'al but tnoral.'f'|Le '**o,r' and the yteace hauelef t Euroyte i'n such a, lnessthat mor.rlly she i's bacl,l,Y beatett,aniL'he r r,nitiattu e yttr'r cly zed .I'h,e Treaty of Versa,i,lles, ouertul't'ich. tlt,e Conttnent is di'ui'ded,has gi,uen polittcs a comPletedonr,i,nance ouer eco']r"om'ics. Ith,as bred th'e fear of anotheru0r anil encouraged, greaterartnanr,ents because of thi,sf ear. Tlze resul,t r's a 'h,oPelesssittLcttion, whtch' i's brou'ghthome to us lurth each' turn' ofeuents and' by the manY conferettcesuuhtch' seem a nLereloss of time.Treaty reu'isi'on, d,ebt cancel'lation a'nd red'uctton of arma'ntents Loont' cleaily as th'enleans to a general recouere-'Tlte neecl' ts f or a consctousnessof peace basecl euerYauhere otta sense of securitY tahicl't thepresent treaty arrangementsfaiJs to giae. It is i'n thi's respecttlr,at the [Jnitecl Statescan be of immense serai'ce. Itrls ttot as so?tle suppose bYclomestic a,ction, reli'ef rnxea'sut'es, or euen tart'ff reur,s'ion,tltat ue can o7)erco+n,e the Pres'ent deq:tressi'on, but bY th,e er'ercise of our immense Pou)erto e/f ect in EuroPe tl't,e necessarymoral reui'ual.America must take the learl',else tlre worlil, is doont'ed to astate of paralysi's, th,e outconteof t.;hicl't lxo one can f oresee.s?/MSONIN EUROPET ^\' 1/r is connPclion Secrelat YL stimson's pt'oposad, risit !otie Ettroy2ean caYtitals is botltsigtnificant ancl ytromisi'ng. Ll n-clotfutedlA he will iLiscuss uit'hth,e uariou.s h'ead,s of gouer'ntnentthe general' Pol'iticaltangle anrl, return to Washing'ton mur:h, the tuiser for cort''(Corttinued ttn fage 280)

EuPCpe .nJ thn untteJ St.tesbe D". Alb"nto Din"lliJ T is mr plivileg-

248aggressiveness given lr,t thenations of tire Old Continent isafforded by a comparison oftire division of internationaltlade between the clifferent continentalgrorps and Ure LrnitedStates, which Lirings out thefact that Hurope's share, afterthe decline notetl cluring anclimmediatell' after the war, hasgrown from 49.6% in 1926 to52.2% in 1929, and that notwithstandingtho fact that 1929was, with the exception of1920, the record-breaking 1.ear'for American foreign tracle.In 1930 foreign tracle declinedfor all countries, Jrut thesirrinkage was less marhed inthe leadirrg European countrie-qthan in the United States.illhese data shoulil certainl,vnot be ilterpreted as indicatingEnropean prosperity 2n4'\merican ilepression; thatrvoulcl be ridiculous. lllhe-1' o11-1;' point to the economic vitalityo1 the O1d O'ontinent.Some Aspects of BusinessOrganization in Europe andAmericaf I is llo easv ruattet' to cotrrflror'" -\mericart arrrl Ilttropeanindustrial systems. If anopinion is to be formed on thebasis of concrete data weshoulc'l rather speak of theBritish, German, Hungarian.Russian, etc., inclustrial s)-stems,than of the Buropean.The tlilTelence betu-een intlustrialorganization in one Ettr"opeancountrY as compareclto anothcr"is often rnuch grerrterthan Jretween one of tltosecountries and Americzr.It is safe to say that ever)'Amcrican is b,orn thrice as richas every European I nor neetlthis cause surprise. Granteclthat some European cotrntriespossess important raw inatcrialsantl fue1s, ancl that thcUnitcct States lack some rar'materials, yet, generally speaking,natural resources are moreabundant, more varied andmorc acce-qsible in the llnitedATLANTICA. JUNE, i931States than in Europe. But itis not onl,v a clnestion of naturalresource-q. Even if thenatulal resorlrces of Europerrnd the LTrritecl States wereequal, the latter woulcl still enjo1'a priviiegecl position clue tothe lesser dcrrsitS. of their popuIation.N{ONt} dilTerentiating factorsin the situation rvehar-e lilst and foremost tiregreat size ancl remarkableuniforrnity of the Americanmarket, factors whose cumulativeeffects react on the wholeorganizzrtion of production, allowingthe reduction of c0-qts.Of the size of the Amcricanmarket we neerl on11' say thatthe numl-rol of consurners isrlouLrle that of the largest Europc,anmarket.As legartls its uniformitr- rvcshali not be far florn the truthin stating that the 120 rnillioninhabitants of the llniteclStaters are more urriform irrtheir tastes than thc ferv rniliioninhal:ritants of the smallestEuropc'an countr1..'Ihe size and uniforrnitr oftire market afTord the indispen--sable conditiorrs f or enablingint-1ustr'1- to olganize on themost eflicierLt lines. This accountscluite largely for thesllccess of rnass productiorirnethocls in the llnitecl Statos.based on iarge scale output andstandarclization. Onlv whenthese trvo conclitioris are fairly-*tzrbie is it possible for massprocluction to reduce costs. Ifstanclardization is to effect asar.ing'rnen mnst be replacecl brmachiner-v,ancl this is onl,v ecunomicallyaclvantageous rvhenthe chalges entailecl b). thelarger capital investments lequiredcan be distriJruted overa largel quantit--v of goods.Serious rniscalculations resultfrom &n-y attempt to escapefrorn this closed circle. Theprevailing clepression has madeit clearer than ever that massprocluction i-s not alwavs anunmixed blessing, and it is notsurprising that many Europeanindristrial leaders havecome to the conclusion thatmass production methodsshoulcl he aclopted in Europewith rnuch greatel caution thanin America. 0n the other hanclthere can be no doubt that whenmass prochLction can be resortedto under far.'orable eonclitions,it allows expenditureon resealch. testing, and erperirnentingwhich promotehigirer qualit1- production.A combination of all the factorsabove mentioned has securedfor the Amelican people,and more especially forthe workers, the highest standarclof living that the worldlras vet krrown.iravc increasecl alW.\GES ' v so in Erirope, trut on arnuch smaller scale. Is thi"cclue to social narrow-rnindeclnessof the clirecting classes irrIlurope? I think this ean safel;.be clenied.The rvage problem is one ofproduction rather tharr of distlibutionofl wealth. Productivityis the main determiningfactor of wage levels and productivity,generally speaking,has increasecl in the UnitedStates at a much higher ratethan in Europe, also becauseof the natural antl rnarket conriitionsrnentioned above (naturalresources, large rnarketarea, mechanisation, standardization,mass production, etc.)The rate of increase has beenremarkable especiall;' of recentYears. From 1919 to 1927 thevolume of manufactures increasedin the tlnitecl Stateslry more than 3074c, while therrumber of workels declinecl by-!)c/,. This means that the yieldper worker rose l-rv nearly 50/..In compaling real wages in,\merica ancl in l)urnpe weshoulcl not forget the safeguardsafforded the Europeanu.orker by the widespread useof collective wage aEreements

EUROPE AND THE LTNITED STATES249l'"nr-:i soclal insur'ance. As ai-rr'?e lrercentage of the cost of:,'c'ial insnlirnce is paid by the':1trlrlo\-ers thev amount tcl aleal aclclitiori to wag'es, risingrl ser.eral European countr,iesi-' o\-el' i5% of the m,one.r' wzggi,r.id,Distribution Problems-f- H I'l gror-tlr irnt'l irrrlrrove-I nrent of means ol eomruunicationancl the spr:ezrc-l ofmole refined tastes cl-en amongtire less developed social clas-q-,:,r, dLre partiy to impror.ed puhiicit;'-anci aclr'ertising methotls,uzrle cleprir,'ed many categories,tf producers ancl traclers, bothiarge and small, of the pr.ivilegeclposition the,v used to occu1tr.in relation to consumers.Salesmanship, in the best sense,rf the worcl, has become an essentialfeature in the make-upof the business man, and in arricler sense the problem of clistril-rutionis one claiming the attentionof all rvho desire topromote social prosperit,v.This fundamental evolutionin lhe relations between con-,rumels and producers has beenaccompanied b"v nerv aspects irrthe competition of produccr.sas among theniselves, rnore especiallyin ihe Unitecl States.where it woultl seem for irrstancethat competition is nolonger limited to procluccrs ofsimilar goods but exists alsobetrveen proclucers of difterentkinds of goocls representing alternativeclaims for a share oftlie consumer's c1olla,r-As a rnatter of fact the rnainconclition gor.erning the marketfor: consumers' goods isthe econornic status or purchasingpo\r-er of the population.Hnl substantial ililTerencebetween European anclAmerican purchasing power,along rn'ith the different size oftlie two markets, goes a longl,'a,\' to erplain the difference-qin the deveiopment of their. r.e-:pecli\'e tli:tIilrrrtiVr, s1-stcmsantl of the studies concerningthem in Europe and in thcLrnitecl States. The progressmac'le in this fie1d by the New,as conlpareci to the 01d Contin-Dr. Alberto Pirelli\ .\thrtr: ::'Sxd'r,.,1.1.;l'i$t'ent, is truly remar.kable antlclaims our adnrirzrtion.I n'ill only point to :r factrvhich perhaps lrns counter tocurrerit opinion but to rvhichzrvailaltle dzrta clearll' point;given the purchasing power,ancl allowing for a certain timelagclue to slon'cr acl.justmerrtsto norrelt)', the European consumerdoes clesire and doesbuy the sarne comforts, conveniences,and lururics as havecreated "the new competition"rvhich, a-q I har.e zrlreadv said,is prevalent irr the tiniterlStates. This justi{ies the forecastthat methods of tlistributionn4rich have provecl theirr-alue in the far more sparsely1;opulatecl areas of Aurericashould establish tiremseh,'es inclue course throughout Europc.fn the Lrnited States the feelingof living in a countr-l,' exceptionall5.privileged in itsriatural resources, utilized Jtr. acomparatively small population,the consequent certaintrthatthere is an opportunity athand for everybody, that thereis "ahvays roorn at the top,"ancl the joy of success, havc'createcl a rvide-spread optirnism, a _-r'outhful con{idence, astrivirrg for progress, a clogma,of higJr productior] even alnousthc x.orking classes, iill ofwhich are trcmenclous arssetsin the economic trnd sor:ialfield-s.The pi'oblern of the procluctionof new r.ealth has been anrlstill is paramount in the LilileclStatcs, whereas that of tlistribution of existing rvealth appearsto be pa,ramount inBurope.Trade Developments tsetweenthe United States andEurope] \. errrrnirrins tr.a,lc r.elalionrI hetweerr Eur.opc arrd -\rncr.icawe are at once str.uch by tlrrrirlportance of the -lmerica,rrmarket for Europe. FromI910-1.1 to 1926-29 Eur.opearrexports to the {Initetl Statesincreasecl bv an annual average of nearlv 500 rnillion rlollars.We mr:rst bear in mirrd thzli,it is dilfrcult to speakof l{uropeas a Continental exporting unitfor the total is constructed orrthe basis of national trarle statistics n hich inr:lurle the ex,changes ltetn'ccn the sevcralErropean countries as well asthose betrveen them and ul'el.-seas markets. This retluces the1:rercentage ratio of Europeanexports directed to ovLrrsea,scountric.s, ernci arnong theut l.lreUnited States. Yet if we wereto exclucle from our consiclerationinter-European exports afalse impression would begiven, for each of these colrntriesis an independent rnarket.ff we bear this in mincl rveshall not ).re sur.prisecl to frndthat the European nationsplace in the tlnited States onlv(Continued on parlc 278)

M qsticism onJ I"JiviJuolir---CiottcBg Dn. Fno,",.o Bnuno Au"nooJiVtrili.g D"of"r.o" of llolion Lilnnol,." ol lhn LJni'"nritrt ol -f nulh"nr ColifoorioA RT is the mvstic mirrorA which leveals to us thei ressenTral aspecrs alrd tleprofoundest secrets of life. Ifwe stud;. the transition of ltalianart from the Middle Agesto the Renaissance, we will attainthe deepest vision of thatsarne struggle, of that rsamecontrast which rve have foltrowedthrough historical anclsocial aspects of Italian 1ife.Life has thousands of faces,develops itself along thousandsof ways which can be misleadingto our mind-but art strikesthe Kev-note, art expressesthe primarr-, essential -vearningand prol:lem of an age.The eortception which therned.ieval rnarr has of life anclof the world can be called ver'-tical in its motion and ltendenc-v:a line ieading from manto Gorl. Earth is a step, apause, hefore the colnmencementof etelnal life. Ever-\rthinghuman can onl-y becomesignificani if it is consiclerec'land acceptecl as a svmbol ofeternal r'i -*i ons. l\rfedier.al painting'is sr-nrholic, allegorical, ittends to paint the visible mere-15' as an inage of the invisible.The human figure has onh. thatamount of ph"r-sical realitv andrveight which is necessary torepresent Lref ore your e)'eswhat in it-qelf, in its essence,coulcl not ]re seen bv them.Faces, harrrl-q, garrrents, objects,imples,.. ns lather as the"souls of ail of those differentthings than as the things themselves,as tireir ideas-thoseicleal aspeets to which not onlyhuman figures but also objectscan be rarefied, reiiuced by theeyes of the sou1, as to a primarymodel which then wasengrossed and obscured by theweight of matter.Sometimes human figuresare slender and tall, Iike flamesaspiring to ascend, to detachthemselves from earth, iikes.vmbols of souls. Sornetimes,as in the paintings of Cimabue,they aru massive and monurnental,but it is not that ph.vsicalmonumentality w hi c hX{asaccio rvill create: it is apurelv spiritual monumentality"The vertical line, the tenclencvto ascend, prevails inthem. Ancl all arouncl them, weclo not find space illuminecl b,vthe sun, rve find the golclen backgrounclwhich is the symbol ofthe infinite radiance of Goc1,gansL.lling, neutralizing thevariety of the natural world.lfhat gold is not the gold of thesun, the sun who lol'es nature,who reveals nature's aspectsto us. It rather remincls me oftha1, sun of the night sung b1.the great German mvstic poet,Novalis. It is a iight clescenclingfrcm abor.e upon the nightof the l'or1cl, n-hich does notturn that night into dav, buton the contrar.v rnakes it darkerbv its .radiance. It [s asplendor: piercing througli thenight ancl descending upon theelect, upon those rvho are notthe sleeping slaves of rnatter,ir-ho are att'nke ancl can beholtlcloes not clisagree rvith thethat rnvstic sun witli the er-esof their spirit.250f tr rre turrr to nredieval ItalianI architecture and sculpture.we realize that their revelationis different from that given b.vpainting" They are less profoundlymedieval in the great,general sense of the word.They illumine a particularaspect of the ltalian Midd1eAges. They reveal that allthrough the Middle Ages theclassic, Roman inheritance,the sense of poise and fornris present, although slumbering,in the backgrounriof the Italian ;spirit, and" isripening towards it,s approachingrevival in the R,enaissance.The medier.al churches of Italrdonot escape from earth anclshrink from the sun rn'ith thepassionate impetus of the darkrnarble forests of the north.They do not entirely sacrificebroadness to height, the horizontalline to the vertical line.Aud Jet, when ' the fir'stchnrches of Brunelleschi arisebefore us we are overpowerediby the errormous change weperceive. This new churchdoes no longer aspire upu.arclswith the siient concentratiolof earlier churches; it opensitself to the light of the da1-;it does not inspire oblivion ofhuman interests ; it strikes u-qas a serene spiritual horne ofthe citizens, the l:reart of thetown, which is createcl forrnecliation ancl silence, irutvariet]' ancl freedom reigningoutside and does not condemnit. These churche,s cling faithfullr-to earth, thev expandthemselves, thev seek to em-

of being a creature of theearth, that she reposes in anew sense of her reality andher individuality. And allaround \re no ionger find them1-stic golclen background buthorizontai expansion, space.The man of tire Renaissanceconquers space with his energies(the great explorations,the discoveries of new contirentsare the expression andtlie resuit of this conquest) aslie conclters time, knowleclge ofthe ages before him with lfsnind. ,tnd these material andspiritual conquests awaken andnourish in him the proudconsciousuess of his possibilities,of his personality. Perspectir.ein painting is rlothingelse but the expressionof tiris irorizontal expan-,qion, of this conquest of space,of air, of distance, of depth,of atniosphere, of ali the surroundingrrorlcl which gives anew backgrunnd, a ne\\. realit-v,a ne\v liveliness to the hurrranfigure stantling in the centerof the painting like a king inliis kingdom: the earth below,the air arourld, the skrt above.The skr'" Ihe aboue, is there,but in hannonv, in agreement,with tLe glorious immensity ofthe x-orlcl gir.en to man. Sometiures,howe\.er, a force froma b o v e suclclenh- overpo\\rersagain the man of the RenaisyIYSTICISNiAND IIIDIVIDUALISM-GIOTTO251i,r'ace the space around just aslullr- as the space abol-e.\tr/E feel the same urge iuVV painting-the same prer-ailinghorizontal sense, whichzrnnounces the Renaissance,while the medieval vertical,:ense dies away. The newis'Lu:e r,vhich arises in thepaintings of the Renaissancei-r broader and physicall,v,rtronger than the medievaligure was. We feel the realitlof the bod"v, within thegarments. we feel that theligure stands firmly on the-sround,conscious anci proudsance. Earth and space darkenagain around him, the verticalaspiring line is reestablishedand we have a sudden outburstof mysticism in tremendouscontrast with the atmosphereof the age. \\re have then, forinstance, the supreme mysticvisions of Botticelli and sometimesless profound and lastingtransformations; the ecstasyof Benvenuto Cellini in thedungeon of Castel S. Angelo.-I-HE pairrtirrg oI tlre Trecerrrto expresses tlLe transiiionfrom the ideai of the MiddleAges to the ideal of theRertaissance. It is still transcendentand m;-stic but oftenalready reveais a ne\v power'-ful sense of human realitl-.\\re perceive in it the sunset ofone ideal and the dawn of another.At times the m5.'sticIight is still vivid, intense, attimes it begins to pale in frontof the new dan'ning light.Giotto is perhaps the most representativeartist of the Trecentobecause in liis work thesetrvo extremes, the deciiningmedieval spirit ancl the g{owingRenaissance spirit, blendin a harmonv which is quite hisown ancl rvhich is just asunique as the harmony whichI)ante attained. He is stil1 thepoet wh.o designs spirits, asD'Annunzio says in a beautifulsonnet, and -vet his figures havea concrete, breatiring vitalitvn-hich is entirely new.Lookirrg at his greatestachievemerit, at the frescoes inin the chapel of the arena atPadua, \\'e have the feeling thatGiotto's art is like a propheticclream in which the art ofl{asaccio already sets forth itsfirst lines-but vaguel1., clelicatel--v,exactlr- as in a dream.The new soul is still suspcnrled,is not 1'et incarnatecl.Tl' we ('onrpare tlre I'lorerrtirreI painler n'lro opetrs tlLe artof the Trecento, Giotto, tothe tr'lorentine painter whocloses that art, Beato Angelico,we are struck b.v the profoundclifference betr,r-een thern. BeatoAngelico is the last greatrepresentative of tr'lorentinemysticism in the Quattrocento,as Gentile Da Fabriano is thelast representative of Urn-brianmysticism, and }fatteo diGiovanni l.ill be the last greatrepresentative of Sienese mysticism.Angelico gradually assimilatedsomething of thereaiistic, technical del'el opmentof (Juattrocento art, especialh'in his Roman paintings. He,rvho had &hva;'s livecl a life ofsilence and contemplation inliis F lorentine monasterv, suddenlvfound himself in the resplendentcourt of the Pope.The life and atmosphere he saware delicatell'reffecte,l in lrisfrescoes at the \ratican. \\resucldenl-v note a new liveliness,a new sense of form and mol'ement,a new instinct for theinstantaneous expressions ofiife in that great creation. Thechapel of Nicholas V approachesAngelico to the otherpainters of the Quattrocentowhro will follorv, especiaily tohis pnpil, Benozzo Gozzoli. Butbehind this superficial aclaptationto the new atmosphere,tlie spirit of Angeiicb's art remainsthe same; to the end ofhis life he remains the risionarvfriar of San Marco.fYe thlLs har.e a very fascinatingcontrast between Giotttrancl Angelico. Giotto is nafinrallvmore meclieval, moreprirnitive, in his technique.But in his spirit he is morekeenlv sensitive and open tothe clawning spirit of theRenaissance than the friar,Reato Angelico. IIe is alreat']rvaguel-r-inspirecl bv the firstbreath of that new life. InAngelico's days that breatlihad beconie a wincl-a 1'1111which onlv tonchecl hirn liglitlrin Rome; in liis Florentinenronasten' he ilicl not feel it.

-SolonJn.', D"nt in thnW"'lJ W"nBg Gio,nonni S.hio,roJ T is rrot rrnrrsrral for lhe stu-I rlent of irrlerrrirtionai rela-I tion" lo finrl. in otherwiseauthoritative hooks on theWorld \Yar, staternents regardingItaly's ptrrticipzrtionin tire lluropean conflict N'hiclireveal on the palt of the authorsa somel-hat prernaturr,judgment.ll'or cxample, it is ofterr a-ssertet'lthat Itall-'s lo1'zrltv toher pre-war Aliies, the CentralPowers, \\ras of a clubiouschar:rcter tLncl tha t Tta lia ndiplomacv rindel Plinetti e.Lridll'ittoni, in connection with theagreernerits of 1902 withFrancc and the RacconigiAgreement of 1909 with Ru,.-sia, u'as not sincere ancl aboveboar:ci.It is a little too earl.v to czistsuch re{lections on Italian diplomacy,for thert-- are trvosicles to any story, anil so farthe Italian sicle lras not lteer-rheard. Years from now, whenthe secret diplomatic docnrnentsr'vhich the Italiar"r Gor.-ernment is altout to rnake puhlicwill lrave beeri publisherrl,one may be able to judgc rvithmore impartialit.l, :rnd 1nol.eobjectively whethet' ol not theftahans, in thcir rlealings ri'ithGerman-t' and ;\ustr.ia-Ilurrgarl',aclherecl both to the ietterand the spirit of the Trip'ie;\lliance.Much light, llorvevur, h rr,iTi. SoUuara: "La N etttralita"" ttlilttt: .)Iondodori,.1qlS. Lire ltt.A. Salandra: "L'Interi.,ettto." lliioti.Mondadori, 19.11. Lirc 3:.been shed recentll' on Italiandipiomacy fron Julv 191-l toNfa"v 1915 by- Antonio Salandra,Itai1.'s Prime ntlinister, duringthose eventfui riroirths. n-lio ha,sreeordecl all the steps that leclItalv np to tire frrteful chc-rice.*Antonio Salandra'11HtrliFl i- rrrrrclr irr Salurrl-,lra's rer.ollccliorrs u lriclrshouicl lte carefrillv rearl anclstuclietl bv studont-s of lluropeancliploinacy, espccizrllv hvthose nleD who zlt'c still inclinedto belier.e that Italv soltlher neutralitv lirst :urrl her intelr.entionon the side of the-\llies later'. l'[r'. Albcr.t Guera,r'rl,in zr review of Poincare'sJ,[etn.oirs in the Lierc York IIerukJI'ribttne "Ilooks" fol X'[av:lrd. I931. f'ol instance, -*tateclthat ltaly x'as one of thoscconntric-q wirich "rl-el'e rearir- to252rush chivali'ousiy to the reselleof the winning sirle. "f N read ing Sa la rrd lir's sccolrr iI volumc. one slroulrl also rc.t'er to his first volnrne, " LirNeutralita, 1914-1915. " if onervants to have an unbroken accountof the doings of thelttrlian tliplomats from Austlia'smemorandum to Serbiato the signing of the ill-fateclPtrct of Lonclon of April, 1915.lt is adrnittetl by students ofiriternational affairs that Italyir.as iegalll' jr:rstified in not sidingwith the Central Powers.But n'hat is not known,however, is tire fact that sincethe very early clays of theEuropean \\rar thr: trtalianGol'ernment hacl clecided never.to intervene orL tlie sicle of Gernli-tny.As a ilatter of fact, asearlv as August 1914, Italvopened negotiations with(*reat Britain for her eventualentrance on her sicle. If ltaly,nevertheless, continued hernegotiations rvith A ustria-Hungary for the cession of thefft'entino ancl if her entrance\\ras so long delayed, the reasonis to be sought onh. in the unpreparednessof the ntaiianArm,v to enter the field and irrthe justification which the Cabinetwas to present to the courltnfor the decision ot' the Governmentto get into the fray.fn his report of September30th to l(ing Victor Emmanuel,Salandra stated that the o'mol.-al conclitions of the zrr.my arenot what we woulcl clesire thatthey were." Oadorna, in his

SALANDRA'S PART IN THE WORI,D \\IAR 253"ll'.iiirir'.* 1\rol. 1, page 162);r"lt€: "It is no exaggeration-, ntate that if, upon the pro,,-anration of ollr neutralitr ,-rl -tstria hacl attackecl us, nrt:- ,'.r1r1 lrtrve found ourselr.es airr',,r'st\rithout clefense. "\[/ITH0UT .soing into delVtoil. as to"the nature ofir.e Triple Alliance ancl its er.o--;tic,n cluring its first twent.v'-rars. if l-e want to get a clear,-1*w of the historical and dipuraticreasons for Itaiy'sl,:elaration of neutrality, rvolLust not lose sight of two imri,;,r'tantfacts: first, the reasonirlv Itall and Austria chose toI'e alliesl second, the ver;. naiureof the Triple Alliance.Count Nigra's famous',tur:ds: "Italy and Austria canirr onl.r'' either enemies or.,,1iies," explains the reason for:ire Alliance. As the Marquislmperia)i, Ttalian Ambassatlorirt Lonclon, wLote to his NIinisieron August 14th, "the al,iance was useful ina*qmuch asit avoided conflicts betweenItal.v and Austria. "The nature of the Triplice..lpart from its puleh' defensivecharacter, is better rer.ealecl inthe ministerial deelarations of\{a-v, 1882, to the effect thatthe pror,'isions of the allianceeould not be regarded as clit'ectedagainst England.As far back as 1896, saysProf. Pribram, "Italy hailnotifiecl the Central Pon'ersthat she could not participatein a war in which England andI'rance shoulcl figure as thejoint adversaries of the Statesincluded in the Triple Alliallce."The fact that Ausfriaand GermanJ- refused to takecognizance of the declarationis wholly irreler.ant.The Prinetti agreements didnot conflict either with the letteror the spirit of the alliance.In makirrg them, Prinetti fol,]owecl the example of Bismarckirr the Re-insurance tleat.r- witlrRnssizr.The l'rench did uot deceivetliemselr.es as to the real r'alueof the agreenlents. -\s a rnatterof fact, Poincare told Iswolskrin1912: "Il n'est pas douteux,rlne clans ia minute decisirreI'Italie tr"ouverzr toujours lapossibilit6 cle tlonner d 1'accort'lI'interpretation clesiratrle pourelle" (Le Livre Noire, I, 361).It matters little that Poincareon Angust 7, 1914, recalled toCount Sabini, the Italian CornrnercialAttache at Paris, tiratItalv, as ono of the signatoriesof the 1902 :rgrc+ement, coulclrrot, without renouncing thatagreement, take sides rvith theenernies of France. (Poincare'sNIemoirs, \rol, III, 16).Q,-tl-tNDRA tclls us irr hisr-' first volrrnrp .(page 93) Iron'on July 29t11 San Giulianolvirecl his Amltassatlor at Ber'-lin to express to Jagow his beliefthat Russia n as rrot bluffingand that if Austria woultle-rzrggerate her demzrnds Russiau,oulcl harre entered the warand Great Britain would havesicletl with the Czar. ltaly'sprecarious geograpirical posi,tion left her no otirer rva). buta choice betrveen neutralityancl participation on the sideof the \\restern Powers. "IMewere guided in our anticipationsancl therefore in our decisionsb-v the certaint\. ofGreat Britain's intervention. "(Page 91). To that must beadded the inborn aversion ofthe ltalian people towardsAustria.The value of the Prinettiagreenrents is minimized b)'Salanclra antl brought down toits logical importance. Headds, howet'er : " The agreernentwas undeniably a sign ofour breaking awav from thealliance." (Page 112. note).As earl;' as August 27, 1914,General Cadorna had prepareda plan for ltal5"s interventionon the side of the \festernAllies (Page 173, rrote) and aserarlr'' as August 11, Italy haclmacle approaches to GreatBritain fol eventual cornpensationsin leturrr for her interr.entionagainst Austria.I\rhv then, it is asked, didItal5- ri'ait so long to eriter theI\rar and instead openecl negotiationsn ith the CentralPowers regarding the cessionof the Trentino?q,\LANIJR-\ explairrs it all irru lris seeorrd voiunre. Il reviewingthe leasons for thedeclaration of neutralitl' hesaJrs: "We consiclered, we r.ealizedthat perhaps neller again,for generations and for centurieswould we have anotheropportunity to complete theu'ork of the Risorgirnento, toreach the boundaries set b"l' naturefor the Italian people, andto secure our supremacy in outseas. Then n'e chose the dangerousbut fatal road; and prepareclourselr.es to go throughit. But rve abstained, as longas it was possible, to bind ourse-lvesbecause we could not excludethe possibility of unexpectedevents in the futurewhich could modify the decisionstaken by us. Therefore\re reserved our freeclom ofaction, yet we prepared ourselvesfol the irrterrrentiorrrvhicii we retained inevitablefor the spring of 1915." (Page17).Of unusual interest is SaIandra'streatrnent of the ne€lotiationswith Austria. n'romthe outset the Italians knervthat Austria u'ould never haveyieldecl to Italian aspirationsfor the Italian-speaking territor--vof Austria. l-urthermore,tire Italians looked askance atAustrian promises. On March10, 1915, Conrad wrote toChlumeckv : ''If r,r.e want toprevent Italv's interventionrve must offer her the Tren-

254tino. Count Tisza :also,wlro wrote to me yesterdal',is of the same opinion andhe justly remarks that, if wewin the war, we will have thepower to impose the revisionof our promises and to punishthe faithless breakers." In aletter to Burian dated Ma.r- f,Tisza wrote : " The outcome ofthe rn'-ar wiil decide also as tothe value of these concessionswhich .we are obligecl to promisewith a knife at our throat. "(Page 134).The Italian negotiations,therefore, had oniy a procrastinatingcharacter, so as togive the Italians time enonghto prepare for the conflict. 0nthat poirrt Salandra is verv erpiicit." On April 8th, whertSonnino wireil Avarna thecounter-proposals clelivered toBuriarr on the 10th, the futulewar hacl not been definiteh- rIecicletl;but we held it to be ven'probalrle. . . . \\'e did not hopethat Austria rvoulcl accept orthat German.v would compelher to accept. To be sure, wewere not free from perplexities.We cannot be blamecl,considering the magnificenthopes and the enormity' of theinevitable effort ancl of theenormous dangers involved inearr.ving it out. In those days,Sorrrino ancl I entertained adoubt : 'Suppose Austria accepts?' I recall saying, moreor less: 'ft will be necessaryfor the time being to give upentering the war, but remainarmed. I will leave the Gor.'-ernment. You will appoint meMinister Plenipotentiary atllrieste and will give me a decreewithout date, which rvillauthorize me to act as RoyalCommissioner. Then we shallsee.' (Page 120)."Salandra was blamecl bymany for dealing with two partiesat the same time. On thatpoint he says, "I could simplvreply: let that governmeni thathas never dealt with both siclesat the same time, cast the firstATLANTICA, JUNE, 1931stone, Instead I would like topoint out calmly that, inviteilby Austria to enter into theconcrete question and declareour demands, it was impossiblefor us to cleny this request, althoughwe were convinced thatthey would not be accepted. Asa matter of fact, it was necessaryto reach this ascertainment,before the n'orld ancl ourown countrY, whose great majorityotherwise would notirar.e understood or permittedthe voluntar;- and un,iustifiedassumption of such an arduoustask. Furthermore, it rvas theduty 61 the men who shoulderedsuch tremendous responsibilityto obtain in advance theflLlfilrnent, b_v other means, ofthe national aspirations as faras possible (Page 150)." Onthe other hancl, if Italy negotiatedwith both parties at thesame time, the Allies did exactl-vthe same thing as Poincar6relates in tres Trancl'tr:es,(Page 357) in their negotiationswith Bulgaria and Greece.TT-\ LY'S rregotiatiorrs witlrI tlre -\llies l lrtouglr GreatBritain, which began with aclespatch from San Giuliano tothe llarquis Imperiali, datedAugust 11, 1914 (page 152),ended with the signing of thefamous Pact of London onApril 26, 1915 Salandra refutesthe charge that theItalian demands were metb)' the Allies without seriousopposition. As to tlieAdriatic question, it is interestingto recall Sonnino's memoranclumto the three Allieclpowers in which he summed upthe situation thus : " The principalpurpose of our entranceinto the \var on the side of theEntente is the desire to freeourselves from our present intolerableposition of inferiorityin the Adriatic. Now itwoulcl not be worth our rvhileto enter a war in order to freeourselves from Austrian dominationin the Adriatic if weshoulcl fall once rnore in thesame conditions of inferiorityand of constant danger beforethe league of young and ambitiousJugoslar.' states. "Salanclra terms the Pact ofLonclon the greatest, if not thefirst, international pact of acompletely spontaneous andinclependent nature, rnade byItalv after the Risorgimento.As to the failure to includeFirune in the Italian clemands,he assumes full responsibility.The fate of tr'iume, in the originaldraft, had been left toa settlement after the war, butin the text of the agreement itwas omitted. ('I do not knowwhy, " is the on15' explanationgiven b_v Salandra. (Page 195).Likervise, Salanclra fails toerplain whv Italy should havebeen for a few dal s in the precariousancl questionable positionof being a member of theTriple Alliance and at the sametime a l.rartner in the war or1the side of the Entente, forthe Pact of Londcn n-as signedor1 April 26th, whereas theTreaty was not denounced untitXIar' 4th.But, the author does notclaim that he clicl well all tlretime ancl that he could ha-'e notclone better. He clid his best.Salandra's memoirs are undoubtedl,r'among the frankestever written by any Europeanstatesman on the origins of theWorld IVar. l-urthermore,they are indeed welcome, asthey clarif)- all the misunderstandingsthat even Italianrvriters have created aroundItaly's participation in theconflict. One thing, above all,which becomes apparent fromreading Salandra's memoirs, isthe skill of Itaiian diplomacy.Poincare, in his latest volume(Memoirs, 7975), pays tributeto it when he says, t t Once morethe Consulta is showing herselfthe cleverest and the mostsubtle of all the EuropeanChaneeries. "

It. li.n EJucc ttn,in E.nlu Amepicon D cv/8,, E-ilio CossioPro{n.ron of llo-or.o Lo.grogn, ol I'no u nitnrsilg of Tonorlo(From "Italico," the qtartcrly bttllctirt of the Amcricqtt Associqtion of Teachcrs 0! Itql;a11)lItr Italian missionarieswho were so largel;. responsiblefor the propa-:a':ion of Christianitl. among-rt native tribes ,of i\merica-,-,1 also an eminent place in--ls countr.v's earl_v histor,v of- :ucation.In 1819 Father Rosati, with-', help of his brotherI-irzalists, erecteil a rude build--:rg in the Barrens, in Perr,vI'irunt)-' \{ontana, in which he1,enec1 a school. He himself,.',:1,. rnacle its first superior andn-as put in charge of thei:,urses in logic and theologv.F-rom such humble beginningsI',-rse at. I4ary's College, whichi1 ttained much distinctioni,ulong the educational institu-:iuns of Ameriea. In 7823R,-rsati built an Academy andFlome for Indian Girls ancl en-:r'usteil its management to arroup of Sisters of Loretto.-\gain, a ferv Jears later, dur--og his tenure of ,office asBishop of St. Louis, he cooperatedwith the Jesuits of that,iitl in founding St. LouisI-nir.ersity, which stands asr-rrl€ of the great early monu-:nents to the noble cause oft,'lucation.trollowing his example, at:tre beginning of the second half, rf the last centur;', anotherJIis-rionary, Giovanni l{obi1i,tl'unded the College of Santa(-'1ara, which made such rapidprogress that it soon becameand continued to be for a longtime the principal seat of learningin California.Similarl-v, in 1887, tr'atherGiuseppe Cataldo of the JesuitOrder laicl the foundations ofnhat is nox' known as GonzagaUniversity, the largest Catholicinstitution in the North-J\rest.Among the la-vmen, too,many Italians were especiallyprominent in the field ofAmerican education. The majorit;'of these were exiles whohacl come to our shores in orderto escape political tyrannyand persecution at home. Uponreaching this country, whereeverything'was so new to them,they resorted to teaching theirown native tongue as the mostpractical means to earn a livelihood.In those days modernlanguages were not in greatYogue; very few institutions oflearning had as ;'et introducedthem in their curriculum, butto such students as were interestedin them the n'acultywoulcl recommend certain residentforeigners from n'homthey couid receive instructionat their own expense. tr'or thisreason the majority of theseItalian immigrants settled incollege towns or in the nearsurroundings, where theywould offer their services notorrly to students, but also to255universit,v professors. GeorgeTicknor tells us that in 1824ancl 1825 an Italian scholarcallecl regularly at his housefour or five times a r,veek andread to him and to a group offriends assembled there forthat purpose large portions ofthe Dirti,na Contmeclia, parts ofAriosto's Orhtndo F,urt,oso, thewhole of the Gerusalemnr,eLi,be,rata and several plays ofAlfieri. The reading4, he adds,was followed by earnest andprolitable discussions and bysubsequent inquiries. Thesemeetings helpecl to promote agreater interest in Italian atI{arvald and led to the acquisi-'tion by the college library of alarge and most valualtle Italiancollection. Thanks to Ticknor'sown efforts the BostonPublic l,,ibrary, too, enricheclitself with a large number ofItalian books.q OnJ E o[ the most rrotabler--' Italians wlro took up theirresidence in Cambridge werePietro d'Alessandro, the authorof an excellent poem onWashington, entitled MountT/ernonl Piero Maroncelli, amartS.r from SPieiberg, whocontributed to Mrs. Andreu'Norton's translation of Le MiePrigioni the "Additions" anclsome of Pellico's miscellane'ouswritings; and Antonio Gallenga,better known as Luigi Mari-

256 ATLANTICA, JUNE, i931otti. ifhis remarkable scholar, iatter enterprise succeeded interesting wide-awake )'ourlgteacher, ancl l'riter allir.ed in even bettel than htl crpectecl, r'nen in this stud.v. And I canCambricige in 1836. I{e rras at fol rnanr- \'oulrg nren ancl wo- sa}- to 1-ou tlrat iten we cameonce welcomed into its elite so- rnen, taking aclvzrntzrge of the to hear Longfellow lecture, weciet-v and became irrtimatel"r. ac- opporturiitr-, applied for in- \\:elc nlore tharr pr.eparecl forquzrinted with nianr- of its out- structiori. -\ftel rh'illing thenr liis lectures l,)- the verr.standing rn e n , palticular'ly irt thc rurlirnents of the ltrrr- tholough work u.hich BachiLongfellorv, Ticknor', Felton, guzrge, I)zr Ponte passetl to the iracl c]one in this sarne subjectPrcscott, ancl Er.erett. His literatule antl expolurded to with us. "private pupils in Italian, rvho thern the $-orks of the best ltal,l\rere very numerolls, includect ian authors frorn l)ante to Al- D ItrTR() BACHI is alsomembers of the most clistingu- fieli and l{c.tastasio. I klown as t}re author of zrnished families of Cambridge I)ru'ing the st,contI half of the ltalian Granttnar which he pre_and the nearbv to$'ns. Galleri- XIXth century, as Italian parecl especiall.v for his cla'ssesga €{aye a series of brilliant g'ratluallr. succeeded in assum- zrnd 5,hic| was successfu}lylectures in Boston ori Italian ing consiclerable irnportance as usecl as a textbook fol. marrylife, histor\', and literatlrre, and a cultru.al subject, a number of ),ears.contributed'several articles on Arnc'rican unir.ersities and col- His successor at l{ar'ardthe sarne subjects to leading leges atlurittecl it into their.cur- \r.as l,1igi Mo1ti, flre ,r,oungAmerican magazines, especial- riculum antl called upon ytrr.i- Sicilian ii,, tt n Tales of a Wa,y_ly tlre I{orth, Antericcnr Reuieu'. ous ftalian teachers to give in- sid,e In,tt, who also offeretlstruction in it. I:orig before cou1ses in Ttalial at \\rellesley,r Ftrf,ICE II-I)RXISTI, another this, hourever, Italian har_l al- Vassar, and peabocly Institute.noble patliot, settled in reaclv lreen taught in \\rilliarn Monti lectured before the Lo_Nerv York. -He noi onl-v taught ancl Ilfar-v College br. Charles rvell fnstitute o1Italian, but ,,Contempor-successfullv co- Bellini, who hacl the honor of ar)- Representative Men ofoperated with l{aroncelli an,1 being the first regular plofes- Italv, " ^contributecl a n*rnberGaribaldi in enlisting Ameri- sor of rnoclern langua.ges in of literarv articles to Americarica's sympathv on the sicle of America. He rvas appointeclin rnagazine, published an ltaliattItaly and her wars of indepen- 7779 arrd iield his position for Grcr'mmar ancl an ltalian, Read,-clence" As a result of this, the tu.entv-fclurconsecutiveiyears.'+ er, and translated into trnglishpopular books of fictiorr by After \\rilliam and tr{ar.v Col- Gtet:r:azzi,s Beatt.ice Cenci,Maro,oni, Rufini, D'Azeglio, lege the ne.rt institution of (1852), Manfreiti. (18?5), andanc'l Guerrazzi which gave ex- learning to offer regular in- Isabett,a Orsini (1881).Iiulou.pression to the wlongs and as- struction in Italian was Har- tlnited States Consul'at Palerpirationsof the Italians ob- r,ard Univelsit"v whicli, through mo, antl has left us an accounttained a large circulation Ticknor, Longfellor'r,, Lowell, of his experiences there in histhroughout the United States. Norton, ancl Grandgent, be- Aduentuies of a Consu,l AbroadOne of the finest examples came the greatest center of (1828).of Italian pioneer teachers in ltalian studies in the UniteclAmerica rvas doubtless Loren- States. Pietro Bachi, a grarlu- [ S tire work in Italian waszoDa Ponte, the famous libret- ate of the linir.ersity el Padua, I I so ablv carried on bytist of Don Gior;an"nd and Le joinecl Ticknor's Departrnent Bachi and Monti at Harvard,Nctage d,i' Fi'garo. Having been in 1825. His connections with so at Columbia College Lorbanishedfrom his beloved Yen- that universit-r. lasted for over enzo Da Ponte successfullyice in consequence of a satirical twent.lr years, and during that taught that language fromsonnet n'hich he had wrrtter time hunclreds of young merl 1826 to 1837. Moreover, as aagainst Count Pisani, he frrst \\rere successfully instructed in result of his personal initiativesought refuge in Austria and the Tuscan speech and prop- ilt&n}r Italian literary masterlatermigratecl to this country. erlv prepared for their courses pieces rvere given a place onOn his arrival in New York in in Italian literature. Mr. Hale, the shelves of the college li-1805 Da Ponte opened a little in a letter to Theodore Koch. brary and made accessible tobook store and end.eavored to said of him: "FIis work in the the stuilent body of that instiearna living partlv by selling Italian l)epartment was excel- tution.ftalian books and wares and lent. As a critic of Dante, he In 1850 Tullio \rerdi waspartl;' bv giving private les- hacl exactly the gift which a made professor of Romancesons in his native tongue. The good teacher ought to harre in (Continued, on pase 281)*Cf.. Italica..VI,2 (1unc.,.1929t. t. aa f.-.U'e nny also ilote a.t this.point. tha! by a strongc cointdence thc first tuo professors of mod.ern langttdg?.sin Canadian uniatrsilies_uc.re al.so ltalian, namely, Antott[o G_allcnqq, wh"o tought at King's College in Nova Srotia;i l[t+2, aud James Forn-iiiwho ltcld the chazr of French, ltoliun, Slanish, qnd Ctrmatr it lhe Unrucrtitl' ol Tormto lram -1853 to i866.

\)(/huN eql n.tDon tn?A Do"onin Dno:.n "f" o Dnrfn.lLitnnong $/"nk"Be D. C" Dnl BontoT F t'r,tt rvet'r' asked n'lro llr*Ifail,*,' of the Italian larr+ guaso \\-as, colrlrl vou arrswerthe tpestion'l lrrespeciii-eof, holr. ,vou rvould answerthe question, one should readDante's "I)ivine Comed.v," be-,rause) when one is about to se,iect a hook for reacling orstucly, the zrmount ancl qualitrofinfor"uration ancl pleasure'lerivtthle from the book oughtto be the chief detenninants of.ri,. or trer choice. Alt book-sihat cleserrre the name have a!-'ertain inteilc'ctual, moral, aesilietic,or literarr- \'ahte; somerrave al] these iliverse excellen-,:ies iri :t greatel or less meas-Llrc: rnalr): in this ntoclern ageiall short of several of them;ilnd \ierv feq' possess them allin an eminent clegree. If we:rr1- that in l)ante's "Divine'fhis bust o{ D:Lrtc lrv ()norio Ruotolo \vas-presentecl by the Italians o{ Nerr \olk to Gabrielcd'Annunzio on rhr sixth centenary of Danre'l tiiitt. nipriii.";;"-;i N;'Vo.k"ii.il,ersity a.d'he College of the City ot New york.Corrrecll," all these c1r:ralities areLrlendecl together in a rnost perfectrvay'n'e shall have summedup the manr' reasolls rvhy we,particularl\. ttrose of us of Italianorieirr, shoulr-l read I)ante.lVe should retlc{ the "DivineCornec'Iv, " first, hecause of it.sintrinsic wortir, bccause it is aperfect litcrarr vork, becauseit is pre-eminentl.v great, becauseit is the suprenle epic ofthe Christian ages, because itis a uniqne blenclin-q' of Cl-rristiarrthought with the richestimag'ination. \Ve should reaclit because it rvill open unto usthose vast realms of faith andbecauserer.cal them to us adorned in-qarnrents of dar,r,Iing' beautv;247it witl make us love andadmire faith and the loftl.ideais of human life which accompanythem, ancl because,Lresides the manr- other benefitsthis wolk will give us, acquaintancewith it will affordLrs a measrlre of comparison bvwhich we may rightly gaugethe yalue of other rvorks.2\ S Italians. wlrptlrer. lryplre--{ I nated ol not, we shou lrlstudy Dante because hc is oursby all sorts of titles. Shouldwe not blush to be tolcl that inour osrn country of ;\mericarnore attention has been paidto Dante bv other natiorralitiesthan br- ourselves? ^{re we to

lrr258ATLANTICA, JUNE, 1931femain dormant much longer? live, see no mol'e than the ris- pels the heart to love the goodlMe should not rest satisfied ing ;;; of their birthd'ay ! and beautifui, to applaud thewith either proojiy ;;;;;s' t{.it epitaplt, too, might be.: triumphs of virtue amid tneDante or merely admitting we "Et roie, ,il, ,r-r.u ce qtre ai- glowing splendors of paradise;have heard of him; we should uent'le-s-'r'oses, l"esytaci' d"wn u po"* that excites in us pityseek to intimately'il;;";i; nii,in",;; *rri"rrlu"inf int"tpt"- and commiseration for weakto appreciate antl ud*ir" tfris ted means : " iXphemeral flow- but repentant sinners' whomrare poet whose imaginatio-n, they live but as roses live, we are allowed to see hopefully9,rs,as has been obser""I,lElJa"ril trre'sp#e of a morning. " other expiating their offenses in Purcateas it is profound; this ar- b""d;iik; secula" oJks, tou'er g*tgr;' ; a poem that fills ustist who, in his sweet, full giant-iike above the peity Cte- *ith ftut and sets us tremblingstrain, displays p*i".t'-u.- iiris of their ornn fallen br'anch- with horror at the sight of thetery of all the varied resources .. uttJ tlte *hole wreck-strewn dreatl torments of the damnedof his rnany-sided genius; this fore.i of letters. I)ante's ((Di- in Hel1' Because it inspires inscholar who rrua ?rr.-"iu'rg".t vine comedy" is one of those us this loathing of evil, becauseknowletlge of his times, and books whose transcendent it inspires this same blessedknew best how to teach other rnorth is declared by the ver- hopeofpardonandthisloveofages in his mystic".;;;,- trri* aict of cent*ries. ,i The book atf tnat is fair and good, thisChristian moralist who pre- of widest scope ever devised book is perh-]P|, of books -allsents us such perfect ideais of by man," say- a.recent critic, outside the Bible and the fmihumanconduct and such en- "*oti ttut"o'ut" in detail' var- tation of Christ' the most salulightenedied in substance, and comple- tary from a moral stanclpoint'rvho will iropr.*. "or".ptioi.;-d"ty, os with the test in execution I a work uni- rt is always encouraging tomomentous importance of our que in the consistencS, of its know, and especially now whenfree acts and with the eternal form with its spirit-is the so much that is vile is clothedconsequenc.. of oo"""ottdoct in 'Divine Comedy'!" in the raiment of angels' thatthis life; this *ul"nf... bard,in seeking literary advantagesthis ohristian st"r"l". *hJ f T is certain that in order to in Dante we shail not wade unw1rshow o. rro*"o'oi";;;;1 I i*prorru our minds, to en- consciously into immoral.filth,rvretchedn"*."o*J.*?r;;";h" nghten our inteilects, to reason but if .we see vice we shall seemisuse of our free will; who correctly, to strengthen our it as it is-rampant, serpent-',iil point out to us i6ut ilt" wilis and confirm them in the like, horrid, crawling in loathon1;rs6..1out ,u*.Jy'io, or-,, dispositio-n to- see what is some' low, slimy places; and-ills ries in the'.ijj?-"';f ;;; ,igili good, and further- \\'e shall see VTRTUE alonereason enlightened b;, grace, -or-., ""4 il ;;dgl io develop our dre-ssed in garments of lightand who in doing this, will, in resthetic fac'1ties, to acqriire a and seated upon a throne ofhis unearthly lullaby, sing us liteta"y taste both true and glory, so queeniy. and so radionto a deep *";;;au6"u1!, ancl to improve our ant that we shall deem it an"uiii"g]ove of righteousne... rrti* .tyr", #. must read the mas- honor to bow to her dignitytruly an apostolic task, and,no terpieces. There are only a and-a delight to contemplatep#rr"-.ouroni.rtu-LL" few. There is hardlv room her bea'ty'"ltrtier one.here for embarrassment inchoice, i. e., there are not so rf1HEN why is it that soT T is no doubt on account of -""1'that we are I many Italia-ns neglectI ^;.terpieces in'*J'""10[".ti"""rrl" ]iter- at a lo,ss which to select; two Dante when the advantages inar,,, artisti", *orui-u,.a intut- or three at most in each of the reading him are so prolect*alvalues that the "Divine principal literatures of the nounced ? Not only is there nocomedy,, still lives, although it world. we may be sure that danger in reailing him but thereis the product of an age so when we have lelected. Dante is every sort of helpfulness-Dante is not only unexception-widel.v d.ifferent from ouis. A we hat'e made an aclvantageous ancl of inspiration to good' Forlittle more than six hunilred choice.)rears separates Dante from us. The "Divine Comedy" is a ably moral; he is primarilvTruth urrd buuol;: ;;;;; ;r;; .tirrl"g po.*, thai forces and alwaSrs designedlv moral'ône_old. In our cla;,s of e'olution ?*ty fac'lty of the ll'eading the "Divine Comedy"and materialism we ali more or *i"a; "p"" the imaginafibn, th9 aq- is a moral tonic' Not evenIess admit ilre s'rvi'al of the prut en.ir'. ani rational factil- every Christian poet is thusfittest. rn this vast struggle ties; a poem that awakens the free from t'rpitude; comparedforliterarylife,howman)'rnoralit"tt'rousesthewillrrithDante'bothTassoandbooks are stiiiborn, or, if the5,""d-'.tit. tlie passions, com- shakespeare are quite "yel-

WHY NEGI-ECT DANTE?' ri " poets. lt is perhaps a of rro slight historical value.:-Jr of weakness in rvriters to And incidently let us remark*:r-e to eourt the low instincts that ages 'which closecl with: :r'e reacler to keep his atten- Dante as their spokesm,an ,and:-, 11. Dante is a genius ; in him poet laureate could not, after't-r tincl evidence of a master all, be such dark ages as they:,--:r'1 that has fed abundantly are often represented.:1,.,n the substantial bread of We have claimed merit for-l::th and not upon the empty Dante as a philosopher. -We-:=k,. of error and doubt. For, might take the whole of "Purgatory"as an instance of his':t well noted, Dante's ethical:i..i:hings are not the random philosophic teachings. This.' :sions of a dilettante; they part of the "Divine Comedy"iri the expressions of deep is a treatise on Christian anthropology,dealing with intri-.;: i fir'm convictions based up-: the solid rock of natural and cate questions of the formation:rr-ealed truth.ancl growth of man's body, theorigin of the soul, its nature,-[- llIS Ln'ings us to consider its immortality-in all of whichI arrolher of the manifold:--trits of the ,,Divine the poet follows the peripateticCom- doctrine of Aristotle and St.. lI-." and that is what we Thomas, and defends it against-,ight call its dogmatic solidity.- tirnte Averroes and other assistants.is sound and safe from It will be interesting for studentsof philosophy to notice: -e standpoint of philosophical' r,i-1 theological principles, and how close the poet comes to the.l,r'r11 nearly all the more very theses which are estabiisheilin our modern anthro--eighty questions of potitical.rril ss6ir1 science. In an age polog;...-ke ours, when insidious errorreeps into nearly all forms of n ANTE had a high regardrterary art, the unimpeachable l) for plrilosophy. He' all'thocloxy of Dante should en- most read himself blind studyingit; he speaks praisingly of:rar him to us anil set him up-ri Lrrlr estimation as the high Pl,ato and Aristotle, whom he: r'iest of science among the places in the enamelled greensr -,ets, the one ]rard and doctor of Limbo; he makes Virgii personifyhurnan re,ason; Virgil,'1-!ose tuneful poem is worthy'i our most studious perusal, whom he thought enough of toir 111,1 is bound to elicit the enthu- imitate, and whom he chose as.rastic praise and admiriation his kincily guide through thei ererv candid lover of truth nether world and up the Mount,irrr-l faith. Dante gives expres- of Purgatory. Alwa,vs he gives-ion to all the accumulated to philosophy that dignit;'-ialnin€J of the }liilille Ages. which belongs to the handmaidTre "Divine Comedy" has of sacred science, l'ho shall unlockthe golden gates of thereen justly called the encvclot,er-liaof those times. Philosor,[r,tlleo]ogy, astronomv, his- It is not as philosopher butlight-flooded realm of Faith.:,rrr-. politics enter into the as theologian that Dante exce1s.As the laureate of schol-: urposition; it reflects, then,.r l the variecl and profound asticism .he sings St. Thomas,.rrowledge, the tastes, the loves St. Bonaventure, and othertlr,l lrrtretls of those impas- learned iloctors. The "Divine.,oned eenturies, so much ma- Comed.r." bears out the truth-i:necl. 11-e may note in passing of the inscription on the poet'slLat the "Divine Comed;.,,, be- tomb: "A theologian to whom:irs a faithful mirror held up no dogma was unknown. " This; efc,re the face of those ages, is poem, adorned with all its fan-259ciful embellishments, yet everfirmly grounded upon the solidrock of faith, is like one ofthose beautiful Gothic cathedrals,who se foundationsseemed rooted in the veryheart of the earth, while theirlofty spires pierce the heavensancl their thousand niches arepeopled with saints. The "DivineCorned.v" teaches all themost important beliefs concerningGod and man, virtueand its reward, heaven, purgatory,heil, good ancl evil, itspunishment, its purifioation.tf1Htr grand epic takes upI such momentous subjectsas the Trinit.r', the Incarnation,the Redemption, the primacyof Peter, the efficacy of prayer,the sacraments, the invocationof the saints, the exalted dignityof the Yirgin l{arv, andothers of this nature. As nonebut Christians could have builtthe marvelous cathedrals ofl)urope, so none but a theologiancould have r,vritten the"Divine Comedy. " In fact,the whole poem is the apotheosisof theology in the personof Beatrice, who is the heroineof the epic. To Dante no scienceappeared more ercellentthan the science of God, sacreclscience, or theologv.. Hencethe dignified station and rolehe has assigned to theology inhis masterful epic. Beatrice isfar and awav above \rirgil andthe philosophers.If the new testament and allchurch doctrine were lost, itwould not be impossible to reconstructthe entire bod.v ofClLristian doctrine, as to essentiaipoints at least, from the"Divine Comed;'." The poem,as has alread_v been said, dealswith all kinds of faiths whichrve have learned reverentll- torepeat at our mother's knee Iand the illustrious author dealswith the faiths not in the flippantstyle of certain modern,self-wise higher critics, nor inthe faint-hearted tones of the(Continued on. page 276)

,:1 : ;:i-:1i+ r::'i-.].::i!:!t,'i:i iiti.r'1:ll iMalcesineTh' Ch.Pn, of thnBq Jo.opo D"l Foono('lran.tlated. front "Ltt Grattde Mu.rtru.:::iotrc d'ItoIur" )ttE vast exterlt of thewatery mirror that isGarda, the largest of theltzrlian lakes, ancl the power ofthe .winds thzrt ,qometirnes clc,-scend upon it from the hi.ghvalleys, make tlrc tempests thatlrle:rk out on Irakt Gzrrilzl seetr]:rlmost a-" fluious a,s some orlthe higir seas; l)llt, on ttre otherhand, whert tlLe rril is cahn andthe rvaters are placicl, what euchantmernt,s'hiit brillizrncv ariclharmon5- of colors, rvhat marveloussiglits I It is one of thegreat fauits ot tbe Itzrlians thattlLey clo not visit thcsc rvontler'-ful sholes zrs often as those ofthe celebrated lakes of frombardy,a fauli which the;. are;just beginriirrg to cort'ect,rvhr:reas for a long time it haclaileadv been fretprented anclunclerstoot-1 bv foleigrrers, eslreciallvthe Gclmans, s'ho, beforethe war', liad maclc it thegoal of nlilll-v zcalous pilgrimages,antl hacl accluirecl villasancl iand ancl hotels ther:e atsnch an alarming rate as tojustifl- lcgitimate applehensionancl a celelrrzrte

.,''..:lqtiArlir:tilitilt:TorboleL"Ln C.PJ. Reqicnt,'1')' of Ital5, and of \terola,,,rith irnperial, communal Gar-,itr. 'I'here ar:ose castles ancllri\\'erS on evel')r height and in-:r'en- cit.v. Aftcr tlte rvar ltei\r-ss11\''enice and thc Visconti,\-enice rernalne(l supt'cnie. TheI 'amblian \\'ar also iracl its,-Fi-ssds. 0n Gzrrda. and foli,-rwingit, Peschieril \vas fortiriedand tr'lalcesinc' was rrclinated subtoit. l'irst Na-'I-'c'leon, then Austria, reducedalso (*arda to sen'itude; theirars of the Risorgimento re-'leemeclit for the most part,trce|lt for its northern ltoutt-,laries; but Vittorio YenertoLiolnpleted the rvork of rcdempiionand now the tricolor \\ra\restriumphantlv at Riva, and evenfurt]rer, much further, as faras the natural l:oundaries oftire Alps.267'-r'R'\ \'E l-,INU l:t'()ltl ( ia rtlaI 1o lorri causos tts to arlmireprobabl-t more than eiservherethe grancliose and variedbeantr. of the lalie. u'hichrr'idens in thc' lou'el basin. tlar'-l'ows to the nolth. and whiler onthc lh'e--qcian shore there is arralmost uninterruptetl series o1'buildings from Salo to Gargnano,on the Gartlcsana. as itdraws a\\.a)- from the boat, onlyclean anrl smiling little townsare to be seen..\rrd oll tlre ttiottttlttitrs.clothed in chestnut, oak anclbeech trees, there lises in allits imposing mass Baldo }Iountain,lending to the scene agrandiose nrajesty. Here isBardolino, celebrated f or itswines, which gives its narne tothe coast. A r.cry ancient cit-v,it still retains traces of the hari-raliarrsancl the J-i,orrrans. Itslord-c rvere the Ferrno family,rvhosc palace. of a beautifularchitecture. houseci Marial,ouisa. Anrong its rtumerousr-illas there rnerit special atterrtionthe Guellierri and the Gianfilippi,rrhere Alexander I ofItnssia arrd tr'erclinando I\r of-\aples sojournecl. 'Ihe cib' hasJ.reen moclelnizecl ; nearby th,erelises tlte uronnruent to the war'ricad, the u'olk of the sculptorI:0ro. Soon there are to ber-lemolishetl the gâtes that renderaugust the roacl at tJre headof n'hiclr is the church. Therefollorvs Garda, the ancientqueen of the lake, u.hich restscourfortabh'like a siren at thefoot of the gulf, beautiful witha serene and unforgettablebeaut-r. Here Belengar II hadimprisonecl in tire toner, witl-L

trtllt262ATLANTICA, JUNE, 1931Iione servant and a brother,Queen Adeiaide, widow of Lothaire,because she had opposedhis plan of giving her in marriageto his son Adalbert.Adelaide fled from the towerby lowering herself with a ropeand took refuge in the Castleof Canossa: Otto the Greatafterward married her. Richin history is Garda; but here,lest this become a manual oterudition, let us admire itsvague beauty and pass on.Agostino Brenzoni created themellow shelter of San Vigilio,entrusting its construction toSammicheli. The villa is worthyof its superb surroundings;surrounded by cypresses, olivetrees and myrtle plants, itseems to be indeed the hermitageof tranquillit]' and purit.v.Architectonic sculptures anddecorations of a fine humanistictaste give added beauty tothe garden. Between San Yigilioand Garda there look outon the bewitching gulf numerousvillas, among which therestand out that of the Carlotti,now of the Marchesi Canossa,where Carlo Alberto was orlcea guest, and that of the Countsof Albertini. The town ofTorri, which follows, has twonames: "marble - prodr-Lcing"and " of the beautiful women. "Whiie the propriety of the firstis indisputable because of itsyellow rnarbles of universalfame, let us leave the second,too subjective a matter, to thejudgment of the visitors. Here,at one time, existed. the " captainof the lake" l now the marbleand tourist trades flourishand assure a future for the attractivecity. -il lover of Torriis the \reronese painter AngeloDall'Oca Bianca, who sojournsthere frequently to paint onexquisite canvases the beautyof the surroundings and theenchantment of the lake. Letus leave behind us Yai, SanZemo, Castelletto, Brenzone,Ascensa, Casson-and we areat Maicesine" Erected on arock, the castle dominates it,with its high tower whose bellspealed for the memorable victoryof Venice over the Yisconti.Here G. B. Spolveriniwrote a great part of his poem"La Risiede." It contains interestingchurches and gayvillas. Up to 1918 this was thelast Italian city before tbe border,and the road ended there;but today that beautiful arter,v,the eastern Gardesana, hasbeen continued as far as Riva,where it joins the western Gardesana,which crosses the picturesquePonale.-I-ORBOLE, which comes afrter, is a charming Jittleretreat, where Goetire, on hisentrance into Italy, rested happilyand began composing his"Iphigenia"; because of itsenchanting tranquiility and thevariety and loveliness of itspanoramas, it has attractedmany illustrious guests, amongthem the King of Belgium.Beautiful also is the Settecentochurch where one may admirethe "Martyrdom of SanSebastiano," a masterpiece b-vCignaroli. But Torbole ismemorable in the annals ofhuman bravery for the transportationof the Venetian fleetfrom the Adige to Garda in thewar fought by the Yenetiansagainst Niccolo Piccinino, generalof the Visconti, in 1439.Brescia, besieged, asked forhelp, and Yenice could not approachthe lake save by way ofTorbole. Twenty-five boatsand six galleys from the mouthof the Adige were made to goup to llori; with 2000 oxenthey were hauied into the Lakeof Loppio, and then as far asthe ridge; then, tied to treesand rocks, they were loweredby pulleys into Garda. Thehazardous undertaking took15,000 ducats and 15 days'1abor;the battle that followed'was, according to some, Iost byPietro Zeno, according to others,it was won by StefanoContarini. Whichever it mayhave been, Torbole has theright to honor the names ofher citizens who thought upand led to completion the audaciousproject: Biasio de Arboribusand Nicolo Sorbolo.And here we are at Riva, theterminal city of the lake in the'Irentine ''Conca d'Oro "where, only a few kilometersdistant from the eternal sno'ws,the verdant palms and orangetrees flourish. The vesselswhich come to Riva from Desenzanoand Peschiera land inits port, where the ancient Apponaletower shows the way tonavigators, like a lighthouseerected over the buildings ofthe city. The name of the tower("Turris a Ponale") recallsthe cascade which falls througha ravine three kilometers tothe south into the lake. Thesquare, near which the vesseldocks, is the greatest of ancientRiva, and, with its gates, andwith the Palazzo Pretorio ofthe 14th century ancl the Cit-vHall, erected by the \renetiansa century later, it wears a severeaspect, like the age inwhich it rose. The neighboringPiazza Carducci, on theother hand, with its treeswbich shade it like a little park,is one of the most romanticspots in the city. In the nearbyIiocca, now an armory, thePrince of Trento used to takerefuge when his residence wasthreatened.Riva has risen, cocluettishlyand alluringly, from the ruinsof the great war I and it hasvigorously resumed its life.The old city clings to the footof the Monte Oro (GoldenMountain), which gives it apieasant summer temperature,thanks to the shade with whichit is covered. Its roads arenarrow and tortuous; the newcity, instead, is occupying theplain to the east, while extendingan outstretched limb to theold city. Riva owes its fame(Continued on Page 281)

Dces DepPessicn Afft.t A nt?D".iJ"J19, So9. thn Anti'l Cr"inribU Domir,ick Lo*oni.oHtr Italian-born Ameri-Alfredocan artistCrimi, nearl.v a score ofrrirose drawings, including figrleand portrait studies, were,r view last month at the FerrrgilGalleries, and who re-,,-urnecl not long ago frorn antrtended stay in Europe, has::orle remarkabl.t' interestingiin{-[ acute theories concerninglre relationship of present-da-rart with the current woridwiclerconomic depression.That depression has affecteclth sales of artists' handir,vork,ar.l that it has appreciably re-,lur:ed the num'ber of people artisticallS.inclined rvho can aft'orclto continue with theirlrainting, is alreacl5' wellknown.But,further thanthis, Mr. Crirnibelievesthat, beforeit will havepassecl i t scollrse, it willactually havebeen clepictedon canr-asin more\ra)s thanone, for,since clepressionis theclominanttheme in theworlcl toda-v,and since artis generallrhe1clto beeither a re-flection or an interpretation ofthe times, it follorvs that depressionrvill lear.e its tracesin the art of today.His opinions har.'e beensharpened by his recent visitto Ital-v ancl n'rance, where heremained studying and paintingfor a .Year and a half, retulningto ,\merica after thelast Christrrras holidays. "Economicdifficulties play a greaterpart in artistic (as rvell asother) endeavors in Europethan the.v do here, " said Mr.Crimi, his eager, sensitive featuresabsorbeci irr his subject." Take prizes ancl scholarshipsfor example. Though they existin both contirtents, theY arepurelv lelative, for wltile one"Sicilian Peasants"ma). amount to $10,000 in the{-nited States, in Italf it isjust as likel,v to be 10,000 lire.Yet even in this country, dealersin art supplies tell me thattheir business is falling off.Fewer people are able to affordthe 'luxury' of painting."l\l nVERTHELESS, thinks^ \ this 30-r'ear-old artist, itis to the Lfnitld States that theworld shoultl look for an artistic,as well as economic renaissance,for it is still fundamentall-1-more prosperous thanEurope, and art is born ofprosperity. "In looking backthrough history," he said,"you n'ili find that great artperiods occurrecl on15.' after thecountry hadattaineda certain dominanteconomicpositionin itsworlcl."B.\'this,of course, Idontt meanto belittle theefforts ofother countries,artisticallvspeakirrg.n'rancetoda;', f o rexample, i sthe art learlerof thervorld. S h ehas donemore than26-\

Il.r_-264an5r other nation in moderltirnes to stir up interest in artthrough artistic contributionsand controversies. Ital.v, too,is doing much, but it is not generall,vknourn outsicle of thec,ountry, for she has been handicappedby economic ilifficnlties,in spite of the Government'sactive support. Thiscould be easil.v noticecl at theIlienniai in \-enice. But Italy'sart movement, in its ou'n wa"y,is .iust as important asntt.ance ts. t tA LFREDT) (lRtNlI carrn()tA l,oast oI nnrclr l'olrrral al'teducation. Born in San tr'ratello,Province of Messirril, Sici-15, in 1901, he czr,rne here n-ithhis parents in 1910, stucl.l ilgirr the public scbools like mi1-lioris of othels. [{e lregan attendingcla,sses at the NationalAcadem--v of Design in 1916,and continued this sporaclicall-r'for eight ,vears. Since then hchas been painting entirely onhis own, with the exception ofa little modelling stud-v at theBeaux Arts. As a matter offact, most of his formal artstudy had to do with drawing,rather than painting, for hecould not accept everything theinstructors said about painting.Schools are not of much importance,any'way, he sayg Inretrospect. Whether the). a1"academic or not, they rvill notcreate an artist, and neitherwill they stunt the growth ofone who is inherentl)'an artist.This, quite naturally, leadsto the subject of critics, and,like every other artist, Crimihas his own opinion of them,and not altogether a harsh oneat that. "Several characteristicscan be found in almostevery painting, " he explained," and each critic sees antlstresses a different one, makingfor variations, differences,and, occasionally, disputes. Butthe majority are sincere intheir opinions. ft is curious,ATLANTICA. JUNE, 1931howet'et, to l-liat ertent criticshave in mincl a painter's nationalitywhen they judge hisworks. Whether it is there ornot, they insist on findingsome characteristic of thatcountry- in his painting"In Crimi's paintings, rvhichcr:itics variousl)- st-vle " ex-"Roman Fruit Vendor"trerlelv sensitive," "markecl}.r.delicate," and containing "aclear note of refinement, " heis striving after form and simplicity,subordinating his colorsto the general form.'r pERH,\PS lorr s'ould tlrinkI tlrat t,olorls, at Ieasl, arefair:lv constant, " he pointedout, "but this is rrot the case.It differs in men's minds; it ispersonal I ike handwriting.Two worils ma)r be s\2elled, thesame way, but the-v may bsutr,itten in an infinite numberof ways. "Crirni's first one-man shou.in drawing was at the BabcockGalleries in 1928. Since thenhe has been exhibiting at variousplaces, including the NationalAcademy of Design, theSesqui-Centennial in Philadelphia,ancl recentlS. the FerargilGalleries. A member of thcTiffany Foundation ancl theNew York ArchitecturalLeague, he l'a,s one of the wirinersnot long ago ofl the 'Iiffzrnyfellowship, whicli enabledhim to go to Louis fomfortTiffany's Lorlg Islarirl esta-lerand paint there dnring thesrlmmer with all expenses paid.In the meanrn'hile, to proviclerhim the wherewithal to continuehis beloved art work, hehas been doing occasionallr'ork for mural painters anddecorators. Incidentally, it isinteresting, and perhaps inclicativeof his artistic bent, tocliscover that one of Crimi'soutstanding desires is tr:r see alevival of the early Italian artof fresco painting in this countr:y.He feels that, with thetremenclous glowth in bnildingactivity now going on here, itought to har.e great possibilities.ERO-\\T0RS.FIIP is uotfor Alfredo Crimi" Hehas no favorites in art. As heerpressed it, he cannot "puthis finger on arry one artist andsay that, to him, that artist rep,resents l-ris ideal in every respect." n'or some artists mayexcel in some respects, but becommonplace in others. Hou'-ever, he " likes " the early Rerraissanceand all it .stood for.And, though he has been toldb;' man-v different persons thathis rvork seems to resemblemany different artists, he himselfhonestly believes that heis not conscious of the effect ofany particular school or painteron him or his work, thoughhe admitted this ma-v exist subconsciously.Similarly, he prefels n0 particularsubject in art to anyother. trYhile in Sicily lastyear, howeYer, he felt almostcompelled to paint landscapes(something he hail neglectedhitherto) so irresistibly didthat island appeal to him. Afterhe had been painting for ashort time in no particular wayand without &n5r particular(Continued on lage 281)

Th" E.l.nce rf Tn.Jn Ent neenIt. l, .nJ thn LJnitnJ St.te,(Tran.rloterl frortt. "Lo Riz.'ista Camtrterciale Italo-Americcrta" zueckll, bu,ll.etin. of the ItalianCh.om.ber of Cont.uterce in Netc Yorh)Hltr balance of tracle Lretweentl'o nations, inthe corrcept of goodecolomists, is fi-xecl by parity,1 exchang,e; or, to plLt it betler'.in the balancing of irnportsrr3ainst exports. In orcler tolive an idea of the status ofItalian relations witir Americaiu regalcl to this so-caliecl tracler'alance, it is enough to notetire fact tltat the average a,nrrualirnports of Italian gooclsrr.r the Ilniteil States, duringthe five I€ars inclusive fromt922 to 1926, r'ose to 987,188,-1.t{)0, while ;\merican exports toItaly during the same periodwere $173,625,000. Fr.orrr thisit might be deduced that theeeonomic relations between .[tirlvand the United States ar.euot very well balancecl, but are,lecidedly to the advantage ofthe tinited States. Hence therrecessity for Italy of basingireL rleu' policy on reciproeity,,purchasing preferentiall;' f1o-,-'ountries which in turn buyl'rorn lta15' to balance the ac-,:r-lunt.This concept, substantiallvcorrect, should not, hower.qr,be appliecl to the reckoning of-.imple commercial relations,but of the economic relationseristing betv'een the two countries.Thus, if Italy Fa)'s annuallyto the United States$86,500,000 more than she r.'-ceives-a sum which, however,was redueed in 1930 to a littlernore than 21 million dollars(Arnerican exports to ItalS'having been $100,424,000against $79,334,000 in importsof the United States from Italy),this does rrot mean thatour countr;'of origin has beenin fact pr-rt at a clisadr.'antage.Especiall-v since we shoulcl takeaccount, in the so-callecl invisiblebalance of trade, of America'scontribntion to Italy in theform of remittances, tourists'expent.litures, nraritime shippingrates,, inyestments, professionalpayments ancl manv otheritems l'hich escape the snperficizrlobsert.er.'Jlire5' 211'1'rrot rr:sources lvhich ale exactl.yconputable, if "vouwill, butcertainlt- the-v are prominentand the1. offset the contributionof the exchange of goods.Besides, American tlade withItal.1. is principalll' representedby ra\v rnaterials (cotton,rvheat, mineral oils, copper,woocl, etc.) which our countrycan obtain in needecl quantitiesancl at convenient prices particularllfrom the L-fnitedStates, wirich through massproduction is able to offer lor'verprices.rnHESE, it is known, con-I stitutc a factor of primar.*importance in the cleterminationof the prices of such commodities.Supposing, for example,that the Italian cottonindustry were able to purchaseelsewhere the "upland middling"t-vpe of cotton which265lepresents the bulk of its recluirements,where could it beobtainecl in the desired qnantitiesand at such favoraLrle pri"ces as can be obtained from theIlnitecl States, n'hich has practically a monopol5. of this com,moclity? It is clear that proximity to the market, and hencelower shipping rates, constitutesan important factor indetermining the cost of proviclingsuch a raw material.Paying more for the ra'w rnaterial,bu.ving elsewhere, wherethe necessary quantities exist,wonlcl mean increasing the costof production of the rnanufac,tured goods in question, audfor this reason it would meanbeing put in a disadvantageousposition in the competitionfor export markets. ' If Italyhad been able to find othersources of supply more advantageous, she certainlvn'ould not have waitecl for thcadvice of certain economists tomake the purchases themselves.But, if she has continued tobuy here, it is because suchclifferent sources were notavailable, or could not supplythe cluantities clesired, or couldat prices less advantageous. If,as a matter of fact, she hasbeen able to compete successfullyin the world markets withcertain manufactured goods,cotton for example, this is dueto the fact that she has beenable to obtain the raw materialat the same prices which

266America herself pays for it.It is easy, in judging hastilY,to arrive at erroneous conclusions.Asicle from the temporaryslackness of trade due tothe present crisis, it is not alwaysthe fault of the nationsif the.v do not keep turning toItaly, or in greater proportion,for their purchases. Not alwayshas Italy put herself in aposition to administer to agreater degree to that immenseconsuming market that is theIJnited States, basing ratherher trade principaily on thedemand of her emigrants, withoutpenetrating, except in a fewcases, into the American element,which instead offers immenseand more permanentpossibilities.t- 0, for example, into a\J grocery or delicatessenof the American type whichprovides supper for a greatnumber of the people of thiscountry, who provide for sucha need with a relatively modestexpenditure, and ask yourselfwhat Italy contributes tothis mass consumption. Scarcely,perhaps, a few bottles orlins of olive oil, which miglLteven be, if they are in glass, ofn'rench origin. How could weever have overlooked such adynamic source of popularconsumption, without an adequatepenetration rvith our ownfoocl products ?Spain with her olives, Portugalwith her sarclines, X'rancewith a quantitl' of articles,ATLANTICA, JUNE, r93tfrom cheeses, like Rocquefortand Camembert, to the sweetmeatsof Marseilles, Germanywith her proverbial frankfurtersand her no less popularwurst, to say nothing of herfamous trYestphalian ham, Austriawith her sweets, Switzer,land and Holland with theircheeses, Norway with her" Spiessbrod, " Turkey with herfig., Czechoslovakia with herPrague hams, California withher canned fruits, Japan withher shell fish; all the nations ofthe world, it can be said, contributervith some t;'pical articleor other to the tables of theAmerican people; but Italy tcrdate has exported her foodstuffs practically for her ownemigrants alone, or for theirdescendants when the latter,because of Americanization,have not lost their Italian dietetichabits. She has almostneYer made use of small packages,which are so indispensableto American consumption.She has never sent her salesmento srLch groceries to offerthem her goods; so, that herown alimentary pastes are todaysupplied in tins, r,vith theircontents all ready for consuniption,by great American firms,such as the Heinz Company,the I'ranco-American, etc. Shehas never cared to introducein the delicatessens even thosefoodstuffs like the antipasto,to which it woulcl suffice to applyan American name to assuresales. In short, withoutintending to criticize unduly,ancl lvithout vain recriminations,she has, iet us recognizeit frankly, neglected so far importantchannels of distribution,through wirich she mighthave created an essentiallyAmerican demand of a lastingnature for her alimentaryproducts, in spite ,of lessenedimmigration, rising tarifTs, ameticulous and sanitary regime,and other innumerableobstacles, which oppose, so tospeak, iittle by little the penetrationof our products in thiscountry.If Italy does not sell morego,ods to America, it is largelyher own fault, in that she hasnot displayed a .more aggressiveand systematic activity inpenetrating the great Americanmarket with her products;neither has she l

Tl," lQreolIt"honLJ n ivensitgfon Frpeiq nePSof PnnrqioA group of the students enjoying a trip to AssrsiT N llre field of learrring, theI Ituliurr Goverrrment couldI not lrave ereatetl a betterinstitution than it has in theRo,val Italian University forForeigners. This it didthrough its Royal Decrees Nos.680 and 579 of Nlarch 251h,1926, and February 19th, 1928.Situated in Perugia, a cheerfuland hospitable town and areal health resort, with as.eaLth of monuments and artisiictreasures belonging tothree eras-Etruscan, Romanand Medimval-it enables foreignersb1. means of courseslasting three months (July-September) in AdvancedLearning, Etruscan History,and the Language, Literatureand Art of Italy (tire latter int h r e e gracles : Elementary,Medium and Advanceil), tolearn the pleasant ltaliantongue in the most speedy andcertain Lnanner possible, andto studv and obtain a fullknowledge of age-oid Italiancullure as well as of the institutionsfoundecl by the newItalian regime.At the end of the courses certificatesof attendance are issuedand examinations are givenin the Italian language; certificatesare issued to successfulcandidates and diplomas ofability to teach Italian abroad.The magnificent 18th Centur,vPalace near the splendidEtruscan Arch, where the Universit-v ]ras its headcluarters, isartistically and elegantly appointed;its spacious halls arein perfect harmony with theBaroqne style of the Palace;the special Librar.v contains avast range of books and hasbeen still further enriched b,vthe recent clonation macle b-vSenator Count Romeo GallengaStuart of his rare ancl splendidfamilv library; reading andpubiic rooms with bars provideamusement arrd rest for students,I I\-I NCI is clreap irr Penrgia,L as the Secretariat undertakesto finc1 ver-v inexpensiveboarcling-houses and lodgings ;amusement is not lacking either,as eYer). week the Universityorganizes comfortabletrips to the historic anil artistictowns of llmbria, under theauspices of competent guides.As soon as foreign sl,udentshave been duly inscribed, thevare given a booklet of couponsfor six journevs at reducedfares on the Italian State Rail-267\v&\'Sr valicl frorn IIar- 30th toOctober i:l1st.Those who har.e attendedthese spiendid Courses for Foreignersat the Ror.al ItalianIiniversit)' (in the '\caclemicYear 1930 there were 398 studentsof 36 different nationalitiesenrollecl) carr]' awa\.rvith thern ver',v pleasant rnemoriesancl a real and profoundinclease in knor,r-ledge. This isproved b-v tJre significant andbeautiful rvords written by studentsin the Album providetll'or tlrp purpose.In 1930 {ift;--nine studentspassecl the examinations andobtained the certificate for aknowledge of Italian and thetliploma to teach the ftalianlanguage abroacl.Everl. ;r'ear foreigners of allnationalities and of everytongue are sent abroadthroughout the urorld, makingknown the name, the languageand the learning of the ('antrquamater" of Italy, which isthus increasingly appreciated,loved and respected.The Chairman of the Boardof l)irectors and the Rector ofthe Unir.ersity since the date ofits forindation has been Comm.Astorre Lupattelli.

TheIt.lronAn Interlude of RelaxationHigh in the AlpsI{Itr Italian Touring Lllub,r'hicir has now reachecl atotal of 400,000 members,and l'lich crerts a greatinfluerrce tirroughout the lengthand breadth of Itah-. wasl'oundecl in 1894, on the samelines anr-l with the same airnsas those o1l thc-- Tourins^ CluJr-qof Great Britain, France,I3elgium, ete. It is an independeritorganization. controlledb5. an aclministrative Boarclelected by the Assembl.v ofmernbers, and receives no subsidl-,either frorn the Governrnentor from commercial, industrialor ftrrancial associations.n'rom its fonntlzrtion, theprogress of the Associationhas been steaclily on the upwardtrend; from 774 membersin 1894 it increasecl to 25,915iri 1900, to 83,603 in 1910, to.162,336in 1920 and finali). to.l-00,000 in 1930. In the last 10years, therefore, the numLierof members has been morethan doubled. An interestingfeature is that about 180,000members, or more than onethird, are life members.Together with the increasein the number of members, itspatrimon--v has also increased.passing from 99,526 lire in258Ttupirqcl,tI 90U to S51.:i36 iil 1910, to-l,l!)0,7711 irr 1920, arrl tri ovcr.10 million in l9.l(,). Is far bzrckas 1915 the -\ssociatiorr constructetla inagni ficent lruiltlingu-ortln- ot lrou-.ina'tlie heaclrlLrartcr'-r of it s nllnlel'ous ilctivities.rvirich lre\'el' fzril-s toctrlL fioltlr the adnrilation anclsurprisc of lolcigl tonlistsvisitin-e' oul countr;-.'l.hc zrints of tlte 1'oulingOlul; rnal- bc-, -.unrrncr'l up uncler1wo heacling-

Exhibition of lourisln in 1911.:,nd it snpports tr perrnanerltExhibit in a building speciallr.:onstnuctecl for tJre purpose at:ire F'i,eru, CcLm,ptrtnttr"iu oflI ilam, (I\filan Fair) .But the clepartrnent in l'hich:ire Italian Touring ClLib iraslerviatetl considerabll' fronr',lie acltivities of sister-associationsand in lvhich it ha-qleached a Ina-xirnurn of irnportanc:e.is that of its pulrlications.fn the fir'st placethe methods of distribution arelemarka,bie. Owing to the highrigure reached b)' its circultttion,the cost of each copv isreclucecl to a minimum, so itis possihle to give eztch nternlrera quantitl- of publication,tr rnalls, g-uicles, )'ear J.ioolis.etc.l ot' tr commelcial vaiue i]or 4 times greater than theprice. I'or erample, in 192!)the Touring Club gave to itsrnemhers the foilon ing publications: 1) 'I'he Gnicle Bool

ill27Aof the cartographic works undertakenby the Touring Clubis the Internati,onal Atlas.This, rn'hich has been judged tobe the greatest cartographicrvork of our time, deserves, onaccount of its importance, Specialtreatment apart.But here it is enough to saythat the Atlas is the result often years' work and of the sixmillion lire devoted to its production.It consists of 170plates and 130 detailed maps,and surpasses in printed surfacearea any other atlas of itskind. The rn'eight of the volumeis about 10 Kg.; the index containson less than 220,000names.The success of the work hasbeen very great both in Italy(where 15,000 copies were soldin two ;'ears) and abroad,where it \\ras received withlively interest and enthusiasticpraise in geographic circles. Itmet with particularly highpraise at the InternationalGeographic Congress held atCambridge in 1928 and fromthe li'rench Geographical Societyin Paris, u.hich conferredthe Gallois medal on the TouringClub for this work.MONG the more importantbooks publishecl by theItalian Touring Club is theGui,d,a cl,'Italia, in ltalian, rvhichin 17 volumes describes a1i theregions of Ital-v. It may be saiclthat no other country has beendescribecl so perfectly and insuch detail. The text is accompaniedby numerous plans oftowns antl buildings and mapsof various scales. Thesetnolumes have a touristic andartistic character like the pubiicationsof Baedeker, Hachette,Muirhead, etc., but theeeonomic side is given moreprominencc. Of this collectirn,ATLANTICA, JUNE, 19314,750,000 r'olumes have alreadybeen distributed. Frequentnen' editions keep this monumentalseries up to date, andit is certainl"v the most oompleteand perfect instrumentof tourist propaganda.Htr Touring Club wishedalso to provide foreignersvisiting our country withan exact and up to date guidebook.Three eclitions havebeen prepared, the Frenc\rwhich consists of 4 volumesof the " Guides Bleus " of Hachette,Paris; the trnglish editionin 2 volumes, which formpart of the collection of X{uirheaci"Blue Guides," Lcndonland the Gennan edition, insertedin the collection of" Greiben Reisefiihrer " of theGrieben-Ver1ag, Berlin. Theactivity of the Touring Club inthe matter of Guides has alsobeen directed towards SouthAmerica, and guide books ofthe Argentine, Urugua5' andParaguay are in course ofpreparation and will be publishedcontemporarily in Italianand Spanish.In 1931 the clistribution ofthe " Guida delle Strade diGrande Comunicazione"(Guide of the Great HighRoads), a most useful manualin five volumes for motorists,rvill be completed. EverS' fpportantroacl is described withdiagrams, indications of partiai,increasing, and decreasingdistances, and the altitude,population and public servicesof the centres traversed.The most popular of thepublications of the TouringClub is without doubt t]ne GeneralYear Book, a real andpractical enc-rclopedia where,condensed in a short space, areto be founcl geographic information,statistics, and practicalinformation useful to all personsand at all times. The lastedition (1929-1930) includes1066 pages of three columnsand contains information aboutall the communes and smallerdivisi'ons of Italy. For tlieforeigner visiting Ita15. theYear Book is an indispensablehandbook of information.Last in order of time; butnot of importance, comes theseries of volumes "AttraversoI'Italia" (Across Italy), illustratingwith photographs thevarious regions of ltalv. Theyconstitute the natural complementof the Guide Books, offeringa succession of pictureschosen from the most beautifulwhich the cities, mountains andcountr;r-side of our lancl canoffer.The two l'olumes so farissued, ttPiemontet' and"Lombardia" (Part I), boundin boards and each rveighingabout 1 kg., are given free toall the members of 1930 and1931 respectively. Everv yeara new volume will be distributedand this wtill graduallvform a collection of exceptionalvalue, for l,heir libraries, of acompletel-u- illustrated Ital-v.f-I-HE activities of tlre Toiu'-I ing Club include the wlLoletourist field of action, so that itis almost indispensable f or'whoever rvishes to visit the"Bel Paese" to belong to it.The Touring Club acceptsmembers other than ltalians,and in fact the number of foreignassociates is alread5.about 10,000.Association rvith the TouringClub may constitute, to allthose who knor'' and iove Ital.vor who are interestecl in l,rerhistorv, art, or economic situation,a pleasant and lastinglink n'ith Italian life. .

AiJinq thn C"lr-bu, l-i cspit. l,Th* WonL "fthn L"J inl Auxilio'ierJ N brirrging about the successI that has attended the re-or-I ganization of the two Colum-',us l{ospitals of the Missionarv.iisters of the Sacred Heart in\en' York City, occasioned by the:ecent opening of the magnilicentl1-storv hospital building in thelou'ntown section of the city, nosrnall part has been'placed b1' theLadies' Auxiliaries of these hospitals.The Senior Ladies' Auxiliary ofihe dolvntorvn Columbus Hospital,norr comprising over 250 members,rr as established ten l ears ago, in,\pril, 1921, with an original membershipof only 13. Six years agoso many young girls had joined the-\uxiliary that it was thought advisableto have a Junior Auxiliary,n'ith functions similar to the seniororganization. It now has over 125members. And now, onlv a fewnionths ago, a Ladies' Auxiliary forthe Colurnbus Hospital Extensionuptorvn has been formed to supplementthe other two.The latter two organizations, supplementaryto the original SeniorLadies' Auxiliarv, constitute the beginningof a movement to formladies' auxiliaries for all the hospitalsof the Missionary Sisters ofthe Sacred Heart throughout theLrnited States, and having themlinked bl'having their general hea

ITh" Ein,,-'ingho- E^hibifionrcn Ant"f It" ISeveral months ago, a movementr,vas sponsored in Birmingham,by the ofhcials of the BirminghamPublic Library and MuseumAssociation. for the purposeof bringing to this city a collectionof decorative and classic objects oIart, exclusivelv of Italian origirr.:\ meeting was called of the rnost:plominent American and Itaio-American citizens of this districtand the Italian Art Exhibit Committee'was organized. The datewas definitely set by tl-re ItalianGovernment for a period of sixtr,days from September lst to October31st, 1931, inclusil'e, to enablethe different organizations and institutionsto prepare their materialf or shipment f rom lta1y. Thescope of this Exhibit is purel1,'educationai"cultural and artistic, andis fostered to promulgate a betterunderstanding of the hrrer delineationsof modern and ancient ltal1-.'fhis movement is under the HighPatronage of H. tr. Nobile Giacomode NIartino, Royal Ambassadorfor Italy to the United States, anclhas been sanctioned bv all the ItalianDiplomatic and Corrsuiar Authoritiesas r,vell as If. Ii. the l{inisterof National Education atRome. The Exhibit has also receivedthe endorsement of theBirmingham Chamber of Commerce'the Italian Charnber ofCommerce of Nelv Orleans, La.,the Royal Minister of Foreign Affairsof ltaly, the National Instituteof Exportations of Italy. theRoyal Minister of Corporations ofItaly; and also b1' organizations ofWomen's Clubs, educational institutions,religious bod.ies ancl someof the Italian societies.The personrrel of the Committeein charge is composed of J. C. Catanzano,chairman; Samuel L.Earle, vice-chairman; Joseph Maggio,Treasurer; A. R. Passavant.Secretary'; J. J. Fiore, Assistant;P. J. Lombardo, assistant; Dr. H.E. Wheeler, Curator, BirminghamXlluseum; John Greco, Rocco Leo,Frani< Rumore, Victor Torina.Paul Toscano. correspondent ofItalian Chamber of Commerce ofNew Orleans; A. Daidone. U. S.P. P. Society; G. Liberto, P. U.di S. Society; A. M. Romeo.Southern Democratic Club; A.B, A. [Q- Dorro,,onlSchilleci, Cristoforo Colombo So,cietl': l,f rs. Lillie Trippi, ReginaIilena Societ.v. The FlonoiaryPresidents consist of James M.Jones, Jr., president, City Commis,sion: I)arius A. Thomas, presideni,Birmingham Chamber of Commerce;J. W. Donnelly. chairman,Birmingham Library Board; Dr.Cav. Mario Dessaules, Royal ItalianConsul at Neu. Orleans, La.:l)r. Cav- Uff. Paul .\. Rossi, Rurrrr..Ital.v; Q \. Firpo. acting RolalItalian Vice Consul at Rirmingham.The Rirminglranr Ciranrbcr.,,iCt-rrnnrerce lras r,l ,ligatc, I itsel i t,,r-aisc part oI L]re brrtlget tu rlt.f raitlre cxpenscs tr; bt.incurred. an,ll.o. that_ pulpose is preparirrg aIrst lt l'alrons r, i .\rt rvho rr.illt1t61y, irr a financiai il'a-v, their appreciationfol the oppor-tunity ofaiding the ('r,urrnittce in bririgirrr.this Il>1[1ifi1 1-t.r". The respo"nsibilitl'nsst111ed by this Committecin the accomplishn'ient of this undertakinghas necessitated intenseresearch. much colrespondence andconsistent rl'orli in obtaining matelialof real value, and the iesultsof these eiTorts alreadf insure agreater success than anlr other siurilarentcrprisc cver aitempted irrthe annals of the Southland. Partof the material has alreadv beenshipped and is norv in the hin,ls ofthe Curator of the BirminghamMuseum; this consists of sevin oilpaintings by L. Noci and twelver'r'ater colors by DeBlaas. bothmoderns; twenty photographic enlargementsof Italian iiti-es havebeen received from the E. N. I. T.ar-rd sixt1, etchings by Fabio Mauroner,Venetian artist. will arrivc:l,i' August l5th. Just recently, arrangements\\rere completed to re_ceive a completc exhibition ofpaintirrgs {rom the Cotr t'cdero:iortcFasci,sto Professionisti Artisti of.Rome. 'lhis collection is of considerableimportance and the ItalianGovernment has cielegated acapable man to bring the materialto Bilmingham. Other material isbeing sent from the InternationalExhibition of ilfonza, the EnteNaeionale per I'Artigianato e pict'oleIn.dustrie, Rome; princessBorgese Potteries at Pratica di272Vlare. near ltorne, and variou-.Nluseums and Art Gaileries inAmerica. The material for thisExhibit will consist of booirs oiItalian history and literature, modelsand photographs of architecture,paintings, originals, copiesan

B ooks In ReviewTHE MODERN ITALIAN NO'I/EL,h_,- Domeni"co Vittorini, Ph.D. WithBibliographical Notes and Ind,er. 296fages. Philadelpltia: Uni'",ersity ofPennsylvania Press. $3.f T u-as the purposc of Dr. \'it-I torini in u'riting "The i\IodernItalian Novel" to "introduce to the-\merican public the truiy significantpart of modern and contemporaryItalian fiction." A considerableportion of this Americanpublic r,r'hich he had in mind shouldbe those r.vho have become thoroughlyAmerican. yet who are ofItalian descent. Reading this booku.ill acquaint them'with the storednptreasures of Italian literature ofthe past century, something knownto their parents, but not to themselves.Critical, sympathetic and imaginative,Dr. Vittorini's prose disp1a1'ss penetrating knowledge ofthe ideas he discusses as well asthe subject matter itself. The authoris. Assistant Prolessor ofRomance fanguages and Literatureat the University of Pennsylvania,and his masterl' of both theItalian and the English languagesis adm,irable, and of no srnall importancein a work of this kind.Going back to, and beginningluith Manzoni's "f Promessi Sposi"(The Betr,othed), which the authorlakes as the beginning of modernItalian fiction, he outlines the threesuccessive stages of literary development:"historical realism."rn'hich reacted against the preceding"court" literature; the "naturalism"of Verga and Fogazzaro,f ollowed by the estheticism ofd'Annunzio and his followers: andfinally the present-day "'intellectual"and "introspectirre" work ofPirandello, Svevo, Borghese, Panziniand others.In his conclusion, Dr. Vittorinibelieves "l\'e are .n,itnessing in present-da1,Italy a nert classicism, n'otin the sense of a return to theu'orship of the ancients, but in theliving and universal meaning of theword," and he cites men and theirworks in support of his belief. Andin his closing lvords, he pays a tributeto Pirandello: "In the productionof todal' 35 a whole, however,Luigi Pirandello still towers abovehis contemporaries, and the traitsof his introspective, intellectualand tormented art 'dominate thesignificant works of contemporaryTtalian fiction."Dr. Vittorini, born in the Abruzzi,in ltaly, studied at the Universityof Rome, rvhere he receivedhis Ph. D. in 1916. Then he came tothe United States and took a postgraduatecourse at Frinceton University,where he earned hisAmerican degree of M.A. For trvoyears he taught Romance languagesat Temple University inPhiladelphia, and in 1919 he wastransf erred to the University ofPennsylvania in the same citl',n-here he has been since.A,IADAME BOf ARY, by Gustat,eFIaTIbert. LEATES OF GRASS, b!Watt Whitman ; CON FESSION S' OilS'l:" AUGUSTINE: CANDIDE, byV oltaire ; WUTH ERING HEIGHTS,by Emi,ly Bronte. Uniztersal Library.Neu Y orb: Gros.tet €r Dunlaf . $leach.T-\ HE crj is often raised in theseI days oF overproduction in thepublishing field that time-testedmasterpieces and classics are beingneglected in favor of the horde oflight, cheap novels that sell entirelyon the sensational appeal of theirhighly colored jackets. One of thcmost effective \\'ays of combatingthis tendency on the part of thepublishers, is. of course, to put outattractive, low-priced editions ofthese cla'ssics. In the "UniversalLibnary," Grosset & Dunlap aredoing just that."Madame Bovarlt" is probabl)'the best-known work of the greatFrench novelist, Flaubert, whotook infinite pains to make hisevery sentencer even every word,as perfect as he could. The resultwas that it took him years to rn''ritea novel. The lovely, sensuouswoman in this novel does nc.rt findhappiness in rnarriage, so she seeksit elsewhere, descending, in theprocess, step by step down the ladderto vice, crime and tragedy."Leaves of Grass" is one of theepics of American literature,known abroad as well as it is here.Walt Whitman was a man at leastfifty years ahead of his time, as iswitnessed by the fact that when thebook first came out it was mosthighly praised and at the same timemost heartil)'damned. To some hell'as a lunatic; to others he w'ascomparable to Confucius and Socrates.While nei'ther side mayhave been correct, undoubtedly"Leaves of Grass" marks a literarymilestone.In the "Conf essions," St. Augustinehas recorded his desperateattempts to regain possession of his?73soul, which, after a career as profligate,idolator, and voluptuarv, hefinally achieves through his conversionto the Church, later becomingone of its outstandingFathers.People r,vho believe that this isthe "best of all possible rvorlds"and that evelything happens forthe best had better not read"Candide," in which this naiveh'optinristic philosophy is cuttingli'satirized in Voltaire's most mordant$,ay. Yet even aside from itsv"orth beneath the surface, thebook is to be recommended for itshighlv entertaining story."Wuthering Heights" is a boolithat puzzles, bewilders and amazesby its spectacle of terror and pity.The power, fire and spirit ofEmily Bronte's genius infuses thisstory ef the wiid moors of northernEngland, a story of unbriclledpassions and violent aversions,over r.vhich broods "a horror ofgreat darkness."TT/ H ERE D EXI OC RACY TRI U M P HS,by F. PauI Miceli. 263 pooes. Pu,blishedby the u11h6y, \-ei Lottdon,Conn. S3.F OR the ltalians in the UnitedI' States. the subject of this book-the triumph ,of an Italian youthover the obstacles of a new and notaltogether friendly environnrent--is all-impor,tant. But more significanteven than its subject is thefact hat it was written by a youngItalian u'ho has been 'through itail himself. I,t constitutes one ofthe very few examples of theItalian contribution to presentdayAmerican letters.Like thousands of other Italianfamilies, Antonio di Lucca's hademigrated to America, the fatherpreceding the others. In his nervhome, Antonio goes through theexperiences that have been encounteredby countless other Italianboys: knon'ledge learned of thestreets, ideals struggling to overcromeugly realities,' misunderst'andingsat home, his feeling thathe is neither compietely alrAmerican or an Italian. etc. Bulthe desire for education is strongu,ithin him, and, being a naturalll.'bright young man. he manages toprogress. The climax of his successcomes when he u'ins first prizefor an essay trn the relation ofchemistry to disease. which enableshim to start at Harvard. u'here u-eleave him ambitioush- lookinq

uffItitabout for u,avs of n-orliing his u'a1-through coliege.The bocik is largely autobiographical.N{r. Nticeli actually diclrvin the lirst prize for the essav includedin the book, and in fact, itenabled him to publish "\\'-herel)emocrac)' Tri'.rmphs." \\,-rittenri ith a rare degree of understanclingoi tlre older Italian generatiortin America, the boolt at the samctirne prt'sen1s tlrr point of rieu ofthe Italian born in America. It isa sociolog;ical clocument, r'r'orthy ofbeing leacl b1. er,er1. educatecl ltalianin America, if onh' for pass;rst'slike rhe ioliou ing :"\\'hcthel the ltaliarr imnrigrlrlhas been in America one day ort\'ventl. I'ears, he stiil regardsAmerica as a foreign country-; andit is r-rot until r,r'e come to his ofispringthat n,e find, for the firsttime, the opposite attitucle, and theseecl of American idealism deep11-rooted in the It,alian heart."The deplorable tendencr- ofson-re Italians to hide their Italianclescent and enrbrace irrdiscriminzrtelr'everr,thing that is American,is condemneci b1' the author. l'hoblar.nes it largelv on ignorance oftlre glorious heritage of the ltalians.Putting his linger unefringl-r'o11 one of the reasons for this ignorance,t1.rc author sal's, "This defrciencyis c1r-re to the great inadequacl-of the collrse of instrucliorrin the A mrrican se hoois, espcciallr-in the study of foreign histon',for the neecls of Americanlouths of rccent foreign parentage."Because the averag'e Italian-'\nerican knou.s so little of hisireritas'e, he ,.:xperiences greal- difficultr-in r-rnde rstancling hin-rself .irnd drr elol,irtg I'is possil,ilities."Tl.re vnlr-re oi the Italian as arl.\rttcrit'att u'ill l,c proporti, 'rtllc t{,tl're extent that he strives to ac1c1 touih:Itever .gotitl he hnds in Anrericathe best that his people have plorluced.ancl to give the iullest anclI'eSi cxlr|rssiil11 ir, ilre 3crrirt:1,r.-culiar to his race Not ur-rtilhe learns, throngh the str:cl_v of thehistorlr of his,people, to ttnclerstanclhis particr-rlar genius. arrd strivesfor self-cxpression. can the Italiangenius br,rcl folth and blossom ir-rall its spendor ancl glorl-in America,ancl till then An-rerica must n ailfor his grcatest contlibution toirer !"America, it might bc ac1c1ed, neednot u'ait. f or- alreaciv indicationsl,oin1 1o a rcal rrrrl permanerrt cotr .tribr:tion being marie nou, ltr- tl-reeilucatecl, seconci-generation Ita1,ATLANTICA. JUNE, 1931iarrs, standirrg on thc loundatiorraiready laid dor'vn bv their immigrantfathers. "The Italian contributiorito America" is no idlephrase.fto(;NDABOLti ELROI'E, bt 11ntteMerritnatt Peck. IlLustruted bJ, theouthor. 26j page.r. Nez.'l-orlt: I{ttrfer& Bros. $2.50./*r-\ HIS readablc travel ir,r,,k l,,r'I reaclcrs in their lcctts. ;tbunclantlyillustrated bi' the authorherseii. is rlivided into iour sections: Thi: llcditerranean ancl theGateu-aJ. tc Spain; Spain ; ThreeLittle Countries (Hollancl. Belgir-rmand Su-itzerland) ; and German\r.Thele is a1u.aJ's a f airlrconstantdemancl f or juvenilebooks, and X'Iiss Peck's style.simple arrd informal, is rvell suitedto this type of u'riting.Tr.r'o years ago the author's"Storybook E,urope" \\ras n'idel).acclaimed as a travel tlooli, ancl"Ilounciabout llrrrope " is irr i:csponseto the demand tor anotherof that type. It is regrettable thar"Roundabout E,urope" contains nuseparate chapter- or treatmerrt orIta1v.G,4LtLEO: Settt'che r ol tha Heaterts, byEmilc Nontcr. Tran.sLated and adaftcdfrorn the Iirench. b1' StDr'/ Harris.Illustrated. 298 fage.r. NazE Yorh:Robert l[. ]'[cBride E Co. $375.rn H I thertit of this irrfol'nlativr'L biogrlphv of ilit'grca1 Jtalianastronomer is his struggleagainst the fog of scientific stupidit-r-on the part of the men \\-howere Iooliecl up to as the intellectualgiants of his era. A11 hislif e Galileo had to cut his u.ar'through deadrn'-ood. had to overcorrethe lidicule or jealousr.ofhis univelsity colleagr-res, lrad tosubnrit to the censurc ancl actir.t:opposition of tl-re Chrrrclr. Er,enrvhen he gave visible prooi of histheories, as n-hen f rom Pisa'sl-eaning Tor,r er he demonstratedthat boclies oi different \veightst'all u-ii1-r the same l'eiocities. htu.as rnocketl and satirizecl. Tl're irfinitr.of nelr. stars revealed by hisiat,tu'r. tclrs('upe rr e. disrrri*sccl asan optical ill-rsion. Aircl it \vas hisinsistencc that thc surr rl.:rs thi,center of thc universe that precipitatecihis tragic triai itl- tire lnqr,risition,1he qr-rcstion oi his re -c:rntation.(lalileo \\.as one oi thc greatestIt.rlians. x11rl ll!1.,,I tlrr qrtat nrorlcrrtsof ail time. As 1)r. Robert A.l.,tillikarr. Nobel Prize rr.inner, saicli-ecentlr-: ''It is llot too n'ilrch to savthat flalilco startecl modern phr-sicalscience on the collrse lvhich hasextended unbroken thlough ourdn)- . . It is easl- to trace thcpedigree of practicallr' everr. modernindustrial or scientific der.icrback to the neu. knon-leclge u,.hiclrI.ras come from the application ofGaiileo's method, ancl, indeecl,irom his o\\jn experirnental researches."Tn rhis connccti,,rr, it is a prL,l)os1u slate that. acct-rt'dinH t{, the Ital-\'America Societr., a special committeeof Itaiian scholars has bee-,rappointed br. the Italian Governrlentto undertal

llroclamation of the German Empireat Versailles. This period islonger than that of an.v President,rf the United States.Twenty-five episodes in the lifeof the great Gerrnan and the samennmber in t1-re life of the great Italiarrare set iorth ior comparison.based on documents, memoirs, andpersonal contacts. The author, iican easiiy be seen, is ali admiler,rf both rren. and perhaps thiss,rmetimes colors his critical judgrnent,but he u'rites r,r'ith such enthusiasmand 'charm that c.rne iscornpelled to admire the result.The idea ior the compalison. accordingto the book's jacket, came:rltottt in a rrost natural fashion.The atrthor met Nlussolini rn 1923.Chancing to speali to him of Bisr.narck.he yias struck by the Italian'sl

tr._-perennial skeptic, nor in theblandly blasphemous assertivenessof the all-knowing agnosticI no, Dante is neither atrifler, nor a knave; he treatsof these sacrecl subjects withall the knowledge of a faithfulbeliever, the earnestness of aprophet, and the intensitl'- ofan apostle.\TU\\', \re cattttot pass rtn-^\ rroticetl lrere thc adlatttagesthat must accrue to usfrom the resthetic side of thisuniqne rvork. I)ante hasr-rought into a magnificentcanvas the teachings of faiths.\\rho is there that will not t-'xperierrcea ne\r detight and ajust pricle rUlon beholdingthese faiths thus embellishecl,thus immortalized in a nol-rleand grand. work of Art? Thesevenerable old faiths which wehad been accustomed to considerin the abstract onl.v andwith a certain awe, become, asit were, tlan,sfolmed into newbreathing realities, visiblebeauties that have figure anclcoLor and are instinct rvith life'\\re aclmire them more, ancl wedelig'ht in their contemPlation,and u.e iove them more' becausethey 3rs tirus brought closer tous. Irike the angels of l-raAngelico and of Giotto, t'hethree N1-rnpths of Dante ''sPurgator-v, representing thetlieological r.irtues, are materialshaclows of sPiritual realities-allthings of beautY thatdelight and uplift the soul.fTorv mor.ing is t]re elocluenceof art in tlie ornamentation ofcathetlrals ancl other Publiceclifices of old EuroPe ! Hemade his poern Personif-v art.'l'his is sureh- the one missionof art---to inspire us with loveand reverence for all great anclsaving verities bv giving themgraceful and commanclingforms, and a r.oice that speakscleallv and alwavs ancl to all.WHV NEGLECT DANTEZ(Continued' from Page 259)Sculptors harre cartred thesefaiths in marble on all thegreab architectural monunentsof the Old \\rorlcl, Painterslirnned them in the domes andupon the walls of imPosingchurches and graYe councilhalls, and Dante, the best of artists,has written them in charactersbold and ineffaceableupon the minds and. hearts ofali Christendom. Dante hasrvritten a song for all Christianit.v;let others write its laws.This, tiren, is one reason for1-ou not to neglect Dante; toascertain the faiths of religionancl philosophl the truths ofscience anil of faith hand inJrand, dressetl in the dazdtngsplendor of poetic garb, and tohear them sing in Lrarmoniousaccord to the tuneful measuresof the poet's lyre.It is certain that an1' workof art, in order to live, rnustpossess the essential ProPertiesof the beautiful. It mustplease ancl always last. Andfor this it must have varietYwith s--vmmetr,v of Parts, lucidit1.o1 ordeL, or an eas)' Perceptiblenessof its harmoniousalrangements, and, linallY,rnolal tone. A1l these qualitiesT)ante's "l)ivine Comed-v" possessesin an eminent degree,ancl henee it is a rnost Perfectwork of literar,v art. It n'asthe airn of scholasticism to establishthe hannon)- betweenf,aith and reason. Likes.ise, itrvas the purpose (and it is stillone of the clraracteristic merits)of the "I)ivine ComedY"to establish an alliance betweenfaith anrl beaut-v, betweenscirolasticism and poetr-v. It iseas--v antl intelesting to noticehow artfully the Poet ienclswings to the 'oft-Ponderousqnestions of the schools.LASET it not be saicl, then,that there is no such thingcliclactic poetry. The best276proof of the contrary is the existenceof the "I)ivine Comecly.' ' Is not beautY the sPieudorof truth? No one candoubt that the "Divine Com-€d}r'' is poetry. Read an)-page and;'ou n'ill find it aglowwith passion and I'ith imagerl'.To plove that the Poem is didactic,nothing need be addeciafter what has been hereinbeforestated.A \UTI{ER reasort rvltY weA slroulil not neglect Danleis that lie teaches the value ofimager'-v. Ail poetry cloes this."(lhilcle Harold" is a nice exposeof imagination; it has allthe exquisite fi.neness of acameo; but Dante's Pilgrimagetranscends all other effortsof creatir.e im'agination; it hasall the grandeur ancl varietY ofa splendicl rnosaic. Dante willhelp us to train our imagination,will teach us horv to con-.jure up fancies, hol' to clo'thea subject in something else besirlesthe nakedness of a simpledelinition or the indisPensableswaddlings of Philosophicclemonstratiotr. 'I'o thinkcolrectly is one thing; it is thetriumph of reason I to thinkcorrectl;- ancl beautifr-rlly is another;it is the triumPh of theallied forces of reason ancl inrag'ination.Practical people of a Practicalage, \ve are aPt to undervaluethe merits of the ornarnentationof thought ancl tocast folth our thought as correct,but as unadorned as Uremultiplication table. It is generallvaccounted the Predominantfault of your:g writers tobe too imaginative, too figurativein their stvle. This rnarbe so in other countries but nothere; ancl were it so here, antlwhere it is so, the reading ofI)ante l'ill teach the right andjuclicious use of this excellentfacult;.; for I)ante's imagina-

tion is not la f olle d,u logis,lh.eclown of his intellectual householcl,but it is alwal's clocile tothe clirection of reason.That Dante could be so highiyimaginative and )'et sodeeplv clidactic is a proof ofhis rare genius. We have seenthat in his "Divine Comedy"he portrays all kinds of faithsand that he is always soundlymorai; ihat his intellect isvigolous and his will pos'ercorrect; we further shall findthal his imagination is creative.r.\NE critic has tiris to sav of\-/ tla rr te's irrraginatiorr:" Take that picture of the lanclof terror and gloom, with itshail and snow and roaringx'irrc1s, l'ith its grim and savageltrnclscapes, its forests ofg'narled trees, its burningplains ancl valleys of desolation,tlre whole overh"ung rvithclouds of inkv blackness, rentancl macle luricl by jets of redlight or try flickering tonguesof flame ("Inferno") ; or thatseconcl picture, as beautiful asthe {irst is terrible, n'ith itssoft landscapes lying in peacefullor.eliness beneath tenderskies, s.ith its verdant vaile-vsand clelightful groves, musicall'ith the sweet singing of bird,s("Pulgator)-") ; or still againthat thircl vision so dazzlingthat it hardlv leaves a pictureon the memorY, butthe effect of which is likethat of heavenlv melodl- orWHY NEGl.trCT DANTtr?the impression that colnesupon a man standing at midnightupon the snowy summitof some Alpine mountain withhis face r-ipturned to the starsshining above him ("Paracliso")-inthese pictures as inthe countless details that go tomake them up can be seen thepower of f)ante's imagination."It is not enough to say that1'ou have heard or read aboutDante I \\re must come in personalcontact with his writtenpage. It is this personalperusal that will stir us, moveus, enlighten us, and fire uswith enthusiasrn. It rs not,holer.er, necessary to read allthe book. \\re shall find Danter'vhole in one canto, and, rvithhim, his age ancl the centuriesthat go before him.It is perhaps because of itsso finished perfection, of its sowonderful complexity, and ofits so 1oft5. mot.l tone tliat the" Divine Comed.v " has remaineclthe favorite of the intellectualelite. The poem is,moreoYer, so exquisite thatonly the trained taste can properlyappreciate it. The workhas not been popular, nor is itnow, in spite of the rvider tliffusionof knowledge in our fastage. But in matters of religious,literar,y, or otirer art, thepopular v e r d ict, especiallywhen there is question of amasterpiece, is not a reliabletest of merit. \\Iith manv the277glaring circus-poster or abright chromo far outshines theTransfiguration of Raphael;and for rr&ny the materialthings of this earth are theonll- things worth while. Buttlre force of a plea for the"Divine Comed,v" need notrest upon eas-v clemonstrationsof the poor taste of those rvholor,e not Dante.Suffice it to sa.r' that eagleslove emeralds, kings adontcrowns with pearls, while swineprefer slop and mire, and sparrows,as the clox'n man saidsome -Years agor " see theirfinish" in the event of a horselessage. Be ye eagles thatsoar higher even than Pegasuscan mount, or sparrows thatpick the dirt spurned bv theproud hoof of the fabled horseof literary highwa,vs ?r r f IIERE ansels fear toVY tread the"wise will notlush in. Stuclents of Dante, inorcler not to be clisappointecl,must have a certain preparation.Their previous studies inliterary criticisrn must have sofar perfectecl their taste, andtheir acquaintance with the history69 l)ante's epoch and x'iththe chief tenets of schalastisisrnmust har.e so far progresseclas to qualify 11tn- for admissionamong those scholars whoalone ean read or u'i1l read andappreciate Dattte.The good, as. we conceive itin Dante, is happiness for all,and for that reason the famousepic will live eternall)..IT PAYS YOU IN DOLLARS AND CENTSTO SUBSCRIBE TO ATLANTICAIf l.ou are a purchaser of books, you ma)- avail -vourself of ATLANTICA'SBOOI( SER\IICE DEPARTMENT. A liberal cliscount is allowecl on all orders, forboth Italian and Arnerican books, placetl through us. See our ack'erjtisements elsewhere.

Frr278ATLANTICA, IUN]], 19316.6 of thcir total exports (a.verzLg-c1926-1929). The significant fact is-rhat this percentage is nor'v 26.9c1;higher than in 1913 u'hen it stood at5 2V . Tlris is all rhe rrrore sttt'l'risirrgll.hen rve rentemlter tirat Iiuro-'pean re-export trade has declinerlvery consiclerably, the Uniteci State-.11s1'1' purchasing f rom t1-re originalproducing markets n'rore ihan theyfortnerlv purchased from Europeanrvarehouses anrl iree ports.The Lrnited States heads the listof f oreign customers of GreatIlritain and conres second on thclist as regalds Italy and (rr€eCe.T; L RtIPE is. irrrlrt',1, \\cll a\\aleI-- ,ri tlre lriglr l,trrclrasing Irn\\rrofthe American market; she knoursand appleciatcs the American policvof fostering and increasing the consnmingpo\\rer of the masses ; anilshe naturallr' regrets that high proter:tiveclr-rties on manv imports haveprer-ented Amcrica's f oreign purchases,rnore especialll' of lranufacturedgoocls, from increasing trran extent proportionate to the irrcreaseclpurchasing po\\.er of theAmerican people.llut if the Unitecl States affordsan outlet of prime importance forEurope, the importance o i theEuropean market for American expoltsis even more apparent. It isir-rcleed tr-r-re that the 75/o of Americanexports taken by Er-rrope at thebeginning of the century lras nowfallen to less than 50/o,but the factlemains that Europe, b1. takingnearly 47a/r: oi American exports,continues to be Arnerica's best customcr.Europe purchased nearllr 2billion clollars' worth of Americangoods in 1900 and an annual averageof over two ancl one thircl bi1-lion in the last ferv years. Fron't1910-1,1- to 1926-29 European purchasesin the United States have increasedby an annual average o{nearl,1, one billion dollars, an increaseclor"rble that of Americanpurchases in Europe during thcsame period.And nou, we colre to the mostsigni{icant fact; the United Statesare more important to Europe as asource of supplies than as an exportmarliet ; on the other hanclErrrope is more important toAmerica as an export market thanas a soLlrce of supplies. This is allEUIIOPE AND ThT_ UNITED STATES(C'otttittucd frotn fage 2'19)the more signilicant r,r,hen l'e bearin mind the nralre-up of Americanexports, and rrore especiallr- ofthose sent to liurope. Large as isIrer lr,,rrrc rrrar'lic1. -\tn.'t'ica rxl,olls10/o of her domestic proclucticn.Xloreover. the lrcrcelllegc oi hrrisheclntanltfactures (exch,rsive ofrnannfactured ioodstuffs) exportedf rom the L.l'nited States has steadilr'increased sir-rce the beginning of thecenturl', and f or sor-ne industriesthe ratio betr,r'een exports and pro-,lucrion is ttou Irigh : mot.rrc-\ r'les54rt7c, typg11'rilers 40(y't, se$,ing nlaclrines25/c, printing presses 24/o,agricultr-rral machinerr' 23/c. locomotles22'/c.Undel these conclitions. is thepresent 1evel of protection still scressential to Arrerican inrlustry ?\\,-ou1d not thc present outflou' oinrannfacturc's lre increasecl i{ a corlcspon,ling1t1fl1,\\' oi itttput'ts tt et'r'to laise ioleigrr prrlclrasirrg porr cr i-All this cloes not detract f ron-rthe impor-tance of agricr,rltr-rre in thetracie relations betrveen the tll'oContinents. I need onlv point tothe fact that tl-re United States exportecltn 1929 54.8% of their cottoncrop and 18c/o of their nheatancl that nearir' 80,7o of Americanexports of these tr'i'o stapies li'eretalien b1' the European markets.On the other hand, some Europeancountries piaced a notable percentageof their ag'ricultr-rral exports inthe United States.We are all convinced of the importanceof agricultr-rre as a factorin cletermining a rvell or ill balancerlinternational economic situation.more especiallv as betn'een Europeanrl America. One of the r,rrgentproblen'rs of the daf is that of ciisposingof existing wheat stocks atprices u'hich shall not spell ruin.The stocks are founcl pretty r,r'eileverl'u,here, inclucling the UniteclStates ancl Europe. and the priceslump is there to shou, their depressir-rginliuence, an influence allthe more notable u'hen u,e rememberthat stocks represent oniy a relativell-small percentage of totalplodr-rction.E are all a\{are of the greatdiffrculties under u,hich someof the South Eastern countries ofEurope are laboring as a result oflon'iilices anrl surplus stocks o,cer-eals. chietlv r'vheat. Their cas.o1l-ers a tvpical examplc oi a prolrlen'rcon'iparativell' sLnali as regarclsthe amounts involr,ed, r'et importantin its reactiorrs aucl clifhcr-rlt ti,solr'e.\Vhater,er the ultimatc solutiorrma-r' be it shoulcl not seriouslv aifectthe Unitecl States as the totalcelcal exports of the South Ea-sterncountries of Europe to other Er,rropeancenters only an-rount to about[):at: of the latter's irrports; Iiuropcremains the largest u,heat itnportingmar'lie't of the lr,or1cl.T -ET trs hrt'e ctrtt-i,lel otilr'1lt,l-...,',,.,t',ic 11-l rccts of rlre rlrristi,,rrof interalliecl r'var clebts.If it be logical to enquire 161: 2trt1ior horv long the Unitecl Statesr,r,ill be able to go on reinvesting thegron-ing sums due then-r from allforeign sources, it is also logical tc,rconsicler the solutions susceptiblc ofls,lircing rlte glcat inqngnita Io llturcmodest prr.rportions. \\'e havc seet.ttlrat in the years 1923-29 uet erportsof American long arrcl shortterm capital amountecl to 3,288miilions; cluring tliose same learsn'ar clebt receipts (principal andinterest) amountecl to 1.'143 mi1-lions, or- over 40/,t of the amoLlnt.I do not mean to impl-r, that u'ithc-rnttire above aurouut o f n'ar clclltreceiots the net exporls of capitaln'oulcl have bcen cut b1' ur-r aqttutamoLlnt, I only sat: that one of thedebit itenis of the balance of pa1--r-nents u''oulcl harte lreen reclttcecl antlI assume that most likelr. the reductionu,oulcl have fallen upon thenet movement of capital, since thisis the most flexible of all the items.I rlu rtot krrotV r,r'lrat;l]tp(rl'taltc(shoulcl be attached to the argun'rentthat interallied clebts represent oni,r'a small percentage oi the vah-re ofAmerican production, or of thetrade balance, or of the Americanbalance of pa1'ments, ancl that thcireffect on t1-re American ecouomicsituation is therefor-e inconsiderable.llorvever this ma1' be, thel.undoubtedlv exercise a very notableirrlluent'r on the rcononiic sittrationof Europe and more especiallv ofceriairr L,rrropean corurtries.As I have alreadl- said, I do notintend to express an opinion on the

EUROPE AND THE UNITED ST:\TES279matter here. ancl I am well a\vareoi the dilficulties ancl delicate natureof the pro'blen-r.Nou, I u-or,rlr1 be bold to sa,r' tl'ratpublic opinion in America undervaluesrepercussions oi the problemof interallied debts, n'hile perhapslir-rropean public opinion tends tomahe them responsible ior consequencesof all sorts. Hou'ever thismav be, it is certain that in Europeinterallied debts have a depressingeffect rvhich goes f ar be1'ond theamorrnts involved, entailing econo*mic as r'r'eli as ps1'chologicai reactions.Resistance to CrisesHE rvave of economic clepressionthe n,orirl over has notyet subsided : \\,e are stil1 strugglingto find a lvav out of the present abnormalsituation, ancl this makes itl,alticularl r',lifflcrrlr ior us to fortua general ar.rcl clefinite opinion on t1-relesistance oi the i arious ecortorrricsvstelrrs to,lepression.Later studies r,vill celtainll throlvsome light on this f ar-reachingproblen-r. At the present stage, andlvithin the limits of these notes, Ican only sar- that the spread of theclepression to all countries, bothrich ancl poor, agricultural ancl irrrlustrial,creditor and debtor, is afurther proof of the interdependenceu'hich binds all the markets ofthe ',r'orld into one structure, superimposingitself upon racial, politicalancl even geographical divisions.M a r k e t Interdependence,With Special Reference tothe European and AmericanMarkets.\rlerica'. t','onomic stn-rcturehas been profounclll' moclifiecl duringthe first thirty years of the presentcenturl, ancl the reactions dueto these char-rges have been felt notonly in the economic but also in thesocial field. There u'as a time rvhentlre L'nited States practicall;' exporterlonl-r' rau rnaterials and fooilstuffs,a conclition resulting in astrong sense of economic indepen-dence. At the present tin-re theUnited States import enormousquantities of rau' materials for theirindustries and f oodstuffs f or theneecls of their population; on theother I'rand, thev ale under the necessitvof irnding an outlet for theirinclustrial production, a tasl< ir-rcreasingl,vclifficuit in a n,orld inuhich national indr-rstrialization issteaclily developing. The upshot ofali this is the creation o{ an evergreater clegree of international interdepenclence,rvhich finds an eloquentexpression in tlre hgures ofthe .\rrrerican halance of pa_vments.Dealings rvith foreign countries ingoods,. services, and capital are no\venteled both on the credit and debitsicles of that balance sheet for theenorrnoris total of nearly $10.000,-000,000.The self -sufficiency of othertimes u'as not the least of the causesu-hich 1ed the Lrnitecl States to takep|acticall_\' no inl.eresl in crtslorttspolicies and in foreign politics. Butas the character of their foreigntr-ade gradually c6ntt*"6 the interestof tl.re Anierican people in allmatters affecting export narltetsancl sources of suppl1, has becomeer.er keener ancl nou, prevails, atleast in practice, over the formericleals of economic and political isolation.The vague rlislrust of grou -irg international relations i,l hichstill exists in large spheres of Americanpublic opinion vainiy triesto l,r'ithstand the gror,vth of a generalpolicv more in keeping rvith thefunctions of a great u,orld pou,erand rvith the privileges and responsibilitiesattaclred thereto. No resistancecan indeed prevent the application,in due course of time, ofthe great historic 1au' by rvhichsteacll' economic and scientilic progressinevitably leads to the growinginterdependence of the severalmarl

280ATI-ANTICA, .lI,NE, 1931strtrct'ia e act,i,ott.Th,e Unitecl States must playu, clec:i.s,iae role at tlt,e 79Jp conferencei/ that conference is toach,'ieue th,e a,ims for mh,i,ch, itrs callecl. Th,at PresidentII ctoter un,derstct,tr,cl,s th,is ,jseuidencecl by' his ,insistence onar+tt,s red,uction at tlrc recemtc ott u ett t,i oto o f th e I nt e rn ati, o nalCltanztte r of C ontnterce a,nd,nou; by th,e ,m,i;sirn of h,is Secretctryof State to th,e leudingcountries of Europe.OURBUS//V.ESSDIAGNOSTICIANSITNtL'S,\ the c-r catlteclrnv pt'0nounccntenls o{ Lnnkers, corytorati,on heacls andsytokesmett, of Wall Street improL:e,tlt,ere ,is d,anger th,at bigbusiness ntay lose its halo i,nth,is countr'.t1. As a, sample oftlt,c: type of fi,shi,ng in w'h,.i,chour moguls of inclustry are etlltageclthese days tae turn toPresid,ent J. A. Farr"ell, of theU. ^9. 9'teel CoryLorat,ion, thetrr.rrliti,onal ba,rometer ofAmet'icatt affai,rs.Adrl,ressing the Nati,onal.h' oreigrt T racle C ounci,l recently,Mr. Fctrtkll gaue seueralrersons for th,e present depressictrt,one of whtch, strikes us0s rttost oriq,inal. IIe sa'icl:" B eca,ltse 13 ,000,000 i,m,migt'nrttscante f rom abroacl ittthe clecad,e ltrececlinq the tuar,Loe shoulcl not ouerlook thepo,rt the LIni,tecl States dsplaying i,n ca,rryi,ng a larqebtr,rdett o.f Europe's u,nenlploynt,ent."Th,e naiuety of this assertionis ctpytalling. It comes i,n bad,taste from the head, of an i,ntlustr"ywh,i,ch more than ary1other ou;es 'its growth l,argeltlto labor f ;'om, abroad. It i,s truethat i.f these peopl,e had, stayeclat 'home we slt,oulcJ haue no unem,ytloyment.Tltat need,s nos,pecial proof . But it i,s alsotrue that th,ese people ilereTCPICS OF THE MONTI_1(Contirluecl from Page 216)tuith us i,n time of prosperi,tyarad, played, no small part incr eat'ing th,at ytr o syterity.T h,at tlt,e ileytress,ion h,&sgreatly l,ouered, the stock of ourbus'iness di,ognosticians. therecan be no dou,bt. But the f aultis not u;i,th the depression. It'is rath,er" with, sttclt, balclerd,ashas th,is ufl'tich bustness leaders'ltaue been uttem,ng ,in uolumessutce tlt,e dr:pressr,on began.FORMINGA BLOC--J-._f .\- I't'ut'i,lrtrc. ll,r' llelirrnl tncutl)pr.J of llta C'ily Cottncill'r,a,"-e organizeil into a bloc,to pro,mote, ostensi,bly, theytoli,ti,cal, ,interests of th,e ltolianmi,nority in th,at city. Off Ltand,,it wotLlcl seem, that tltis is an illadr-ised,tnoLte, and, on generalprinciples u:e sh,oulcl be opysosedto it from a ciuic stantly.toint.But i,n Prouid,e,nce, as elserclt,ere,there ,is a tend,encya,]llonq those i,n power to erclu,rlefrom office, or fromtions of posi,-auth,ori,ty, Amer,ica,nsof recent or,igitt,, ancl in l{eu.:Englanrl esyteci,ally, tlt,ose whoctre n,ot of yti,oneer stock. Thtsenclurages nl,easures of racialclef ense" Itt Rh,ocle Islancl i,t encoura,gecLth,e forntation of aFrench-Canadian ltl,oc anrl aCatholi,c bloc. The i,clecr, is tosecure a squ,ore deal.' ' tr- orm,,itt,c1 a t.,loc,' ' tut'i,testhe editor of the Irar-reN Ecnoof th,at \tate, "t,s not the id,ealtucty of doi,ng tlzinqs, but thereis little ideali,sm i,n poli,tics. Iti,s easy to theori,ze prettilytt',lten, one is on toyt, bu.t f or onttat th,e bottom tl,te end. f requentlyjttrti,fiecl th,e means. A blocntctu learJ to the ema,nci,pati,onol tl'te 90,000 'It,alians in th,isState u:ho h,aue too meeklyobeyed the d,ictates of t-lt,oseu;lt,ose only t:i,rtu,e LUas, cr,ppcrr,en.tly, thut th,e.y calne herefi,rst."Ol,d stock Americans nri,glttpreuent suclr, atti,tudes as theseby treating all citiaens ali,ke, inpoli,ti,cs as i,n cill oth,er f,ekls orAmerican life.--ITALIAN -,:.COLLEGEGRADUATESI f is gralilyinq to scP .soL tno)t.tl lJ0ttnry ttten And'tulnlen of ltalian blood i,n thelist of g,ratltLates mnw a,ppeari,ng'in the claily press of thi,scottntry. Wlti,le the num,berinpr"oytorti,on to popul,ation is sti,llsm,all, it t,s ,i,ncreasing f ront,t1ea,r to year, and th,,is aurlursrrell lor flte grortp.One thing ltal,i,ans in Americotxeed, anil tlta,t i,s genuineleaclershi,p tui,tlt. o soci,al, u,ietnpointuh,ich can leacl the massesof our people i,nto tlte fullnessof America,n lif e" For th,i,sleaclershi,p tae tnust l,ook to t'hettouth, cont'ing ou,t of col,legetltesecond, anil tltird, genera,-tion of ltali,an Ant,eri,cans u;h,o,buildinyt on tl't,e soli,cl, founclatiort,sof their i,mmiylrant fatlte'rs,can ail,d, tlt,eir share to tlr,econtr'ibuti,ou, of Italy toAmer',ica.T'h,e.se young men cind, rlonl,ertw'ill encounter manu obstacles,suf er a certain preiud,ice wh,i,cltu,nfortunately does enist, butcom,ytared, wi,th,**hat tlteir f ather-cu:ent througlt, th,eir Ttath isrr:latiuely sm,ooth. Th,ey h,cLuea, better t:h,a,nce of bei,ng juclgeclon their nr,erits than t'h,ei,r preeler:essnrshaae h,acl. Ant,ericamill ac:r:ept th.em rci,th greaterliberali,ty. Theq mill unclerstand,America better.If thi,s prom,i,sinu ltum,an, ntcr,-terial can unpress ,Ltporr th,eAme'r'ioan' scene the cultnral,c:lr,aracter of tlt,e great recefrom which, i,t sqtrings, giuingin th,e tneasnre i,n which i,t recer,ues,serainq unself,shly andmisely, i,t will, Itaue ju,stifiecl thehopes of th,e country toh,ose opportttniti,esit has caytitalized.

to the exceptional ciirnate ofthe regionn where neither heatnor cold, humidit"v nor wind, attaina degree such as to rendera sojourn there unpleasant.lllhe valley which opens up tothe north of Garda may be consideredas a great square, opento the south and closed on a1lother sides. To the east, one{inds Baldo and Stiva, separatedfrom the gorge of Loppiowhich descends to iess thanthree hundred meters above seaIevel; to the ll'est one sees Bocchettaand llombio, with thericlge of Tenno; and to thetraining, hc sucldenl)- realizeclthat he had actualiy reachedsomervhere with his iandscapepainting; that, in other words,he had done something newunconsciousl.v.This sensitive, eager, nervousand neyer-wbolly-inactiveyoung artist has a "philosophyof art" that is quite simple."You simPl5' work harcl, anclif .vou har.e an-r'thing in ;'ou itwill come out. You should fa1lin love with .r-61l art, make ittire most important tiring inLauguages at BLon n Linir.ersity,a post he soon relinquished,hoivever, in orcler toenter the field of meclicine, inu'hich he acquired nationalfame. About the same timeYincenzo Botta, s'ho ]rad cometo the trnited States in orderto inr-estigate the Americanpublic school s1-stem, was askedto fill the cliair of Italian inthe {Inir-ersit.-v of the Cit"v ofNew York. Botta was not onlyan exceilent teacher, but alsoan zrccomplishecl scholar ancll-riter. Among the man-l l'orksThE CHAAM CT THE LAKE GAIIDA I]EGION(Cortlitnted. from puge 262)DCEI DEPRESSICN AFFECT AQT?(Continued front. Page 264)your life, and let nothing interferervith it. " Alfreclo Crimiis not married, which relieveshis mind of many things, vet hedoes not conclernn an artist'smarrying. In fact, he sa.vs, itis often advantageous in that itprovicles a spur, a sort of combineclpraise ancl encouragement,l'ithorlt which many artistsdo not c1o their best work.Behind Crimi, of course,there is that heritage of craftsmanshipthat is so t;-pical ofhis race. Tlte Italian takes281north there is Biaina and itssteep spur, on which the ruinsof the Castei ,l'Arco standguard over the spiendid expan-qeof Garda. The characteristicsof the land formationanil configuration seem to havebeen made especially to gatherin the plain the mild air whichthe mirror of the lake warmsin the winter and refreshes inthe summer; and thus there isformed that medium climate,far frorn extremes, so favorableto those l-ho must needsbe careful of their health. Anclso it is that Riva, ever-y winter,sees its hotels filled by peopleseeking distraction or comfcrtin this little parailise. Thecity is soon visited. The beautifulchurch of the Inviolataon the Arco roacl, the miniatureart-gallery which the poet Andrea\{affei gathered for hisfriend Lutti, and a few otherattractions, is all it has to offer;but its landscape is incomparable,the surroundings, especialll-the Pona1e road, areinteresting incleecl and thewhole region is favored by Nature,who iras lavished uPon ither most wonilerful gifts.great pricle in what he cloes, especiall.vmartuall.v and professionall;-,anil he does not hesitateto show his handiwork lrnblushinglyto all ancl sundr'-v,confident as he is of its qualitY.There is something profoundin this thought, when one considersthat it ma-r'lie at the bottomof the reasons why such alarge proportion of secondgenerationItalian-Americanshave attzrined the success theYhave in the professions and inthe manual arts in Arnerica.ITALIAN TDUCATCR,T IN EAIILV AMERICAI! DAV/(Contin.ucd front Poge 256)which he publisheil, the mostnoteworthv perhaps are hisDi,scourses on tlt,e Life, Cha,rcLcterancl Policy of Cauour',hisDcr,nte s,s Philosoph,er, Patriotanrl, Poet, arid his fli,storicalA ccottnt uf II ocl r. r'n P h,rlo so'ph,yrn ltal't1,In vierv of x'hat has beensaid, it will be easiiv seen thatthe contribution made by theearl-v teachers of Italian toAmerican eclucation was inc'leedr.'er"v extensive and of theutm'ost value. Thef impartedto tJie students of Arnerica aknorvledge of one of tlre mostbeautifui languages of EuroPe;they brought rvithin their reachone of the richest ancl niost inspiringliteratures in ther'r-orld; and thev created anclfostered among the people ofthis country a keen and permanentintelest in Italian cultureand civilization, which wa-sdestinecl to exert a rernalkallleinfluence on practicalll' everl'American poet ancl prose writerfrom \\rashington In'ing toJaues Russell Lorvell atlclllarion Clan'fortl.

fh' lt. li.ns in thn t-J nrteJ St.tn,(Reader-r Are Int'iltrl to .lctLcl i.n Itens of Reat ll'orth f or I'os.sible lr.rc iir The.;e ColtLlttt.r. I:,1otouraf,h.s t.l,,itt Also El[,'elc ome )ALABAMAAccording_to the receilt census, ofthe children of foreign parents borir irrR irruingharn last year, .5,8tj7, those of1t:rlian parentage, numbering 1,418, exceedeclthose oi any other nationaiitl,.CALIFORN IAAt a recerrt rtre etir.rg of the contributirgrnenrbers of t1-re Italian School Associatiouof San Frat-rcisco, tl-re follo-*-ing new ollicers u'ere electetl: tl.reI o1,al ltalian Consul General, 1rres. ;!1. t li ll'rur, l'alrizi, horrurar..i,r...;Dirt.ct or-s: .\ tr_r . :. .A,urlr.iarro, F.' _B.rtoletti.I..ltla tiranclli, Lav. l'h'. R. lag.arrini,C, l'cschiera. J. Iiaggiu, _A,.Torrrrrra=irri. -\.'l'rrtlortr. arrrl'\1t-,.. "1.Zlrl)OlJ.The Contilentai Sirare Corpori_rtion,t,ith ofhces in Sacrarnento, Seaitie, l,os-{ngeies ar.rc1 San Francisco, recentlr,:rlrpoi:rlcrl l. L (iiarrr,nugnani ,,f Sac_ranreilto as ils \rice l,resident ancl Cleu_cral \lanegcr'. \lr. Ciamrrrugrrarri u.a.f orrnerly rl.)anager of the Sicr:anrentoo,{ice of the Italian Boncl ancl ShareCorp.Gr. tlff. ,\rnrando I,cdriiri has beenmatle a n'remlrer of the Ach.isorv Boar:d,,f lire Ilrrrk of .A.rrrerica, rlre oilrer 1uolnerrbers lreing Jantes Bacigaluiti ancll'. C. Haie. Thc Advisorv Boarci takesrlrc l'lace ui -\1. L. Ciirrlirrj, rririclrri'as forrnerlv occupied by the financialgiant, A. P. Giannini. X,{r. pecirini isa vice-president arid a menrbcr of thcBoarcl of Directors of tbe Bank of-\lttelica an'l oi thc -l'rarrsal:erica, a.rvell as President of the Corpoizrtion of-\rnerica and of the Transarrrerica ServiceCo.Rev. Oreste Trinchieri of Sar.r Franc,scohas been nracle a Chevalier of theCrown of Italy, tbe honor being extcndedto him at a baltquet given inl-ris honor.The Ilaliarr colorry nI Slockt,,rr recerrtlygave a 1,2r11111g1 irr lro:ror of Dr.-1. \'r. Craviotto otr the occasion of l.risbcir.rg nrade a Chevalier of the Crou.nof Italy.Gr. Uff. Flttorc Patrizi, publisher of"L'Italia" of San Francisco, recentlvs;,oke lrefore tire Palo Alto.ectiorr ofthe Americarr Association of Univer-5j11. \{6'1s11 on present-day Itall'.Under the auspices of tl-re F'ederatorrnf ltaiiau Socier ies. Prof. GiuseppcJ- accr. secr-etar-v of the i taliarr Chanrberof Conrrr:erce of San Frarrcisco. recentllspuke ar Frrgazi Hall orr irrternationaleconontic proltlems.CON NECTICUTRomano tlnrirerto, of Hartford, reccrrtlr-u'on thc first prize ctf $200 inthe contest helcl uncler the auspices ofthe Colnccticrrt Acacleml' of ]line Arts,n itlr hi. pairrtirrg. "Dolorhea."A Lockrvoocl scholarship in pianol,,layirgancl singing has been rvbn bv-\[ercqdes De.\. Pirta, ul Neu L]",iiorcl,l,{ass., it v,as annonnced recentlvlrr r he Yalc Sclrool u[ ]lu jic.Salvatore De f,{aio, of Nerv Haven,rvirrner of the Prix c1e Rorle prtze at\.a1e in 1930, nas recentlr. oresentccl tothe Jring and !rrecrr oI ltalv. Thcp:-izc cc;:.i.tc,1 ,,f $8000 i:r ca.lr, f re,.passage to E,uropc, free studio ilcconrnroclatiotr,rrrentbership in the GraudCer.rtral Galleries, ancl tuition uncler thebest teachers in Rome. He q,or.r theprize li1' l.ris interpretatiol of the Des-L'(lrt iron'tlre Cross. a pairrtirrg rrorrr'n the Grat'rcl Celtral Galleries. Mr.J )a f Iaiu i. 2l 1.e:rrs ulr).Anthony Arpaia, Nerv llaven attornry,was recentll' nanrecl Deputl .ludgeoi the East FIaven Court in that city.Fi,rst prize of $100 in a sci.rolasticcontest belcl in Hart{orcl by the Rotarv('lul' recr rrlll \\ a6 \\ olt b1- Xl iss PauiiueCarbone of Bulkley T{igh Sclrool.Dr. Louis I{. I)'Esopo, oi Hartford,has beer.r appointed to the medical facrrltyof Yale Unir-crsity. Dr. D'Esopou'as graduated fronr 'Irinitv Collegc in1914 ancl frorl the Yale School ofMedicine in 1928.Daniel A. Gucrriero ancl Rocco J.Sagarino, of I{:rrtforcl, have }reetr apirointeclir5r Mayor Batterson to the\\'reliare Corlnrission, begilning JuneJ 5tlr. 'lhe lorrrrcr's terrn erlrires inI)ecen.rber, 1931, ancl the larter's ilI)ecernbcr.1932.Among the fellowships recenth' anrrouncedlr-v Yale Urrivcr-irv rva, thaf,'f lticherd Frarcis \[ez-zotcro. oIPortland, Maine, for studies in ltalian.Attorney Philip Troup, recentll- appointcdCity Court Juclge in Nerv Haven,\vas givetr a banquet last moirth bvhi. friends. Represerrtalive Pictro Diana\\ as clrairrrrarr of the corlrrrittee orrarrangenrents.The Sons of Ital)' Club of Neu' Haven,u'ith an enrollntetrt of more than800 memtrers, gave a private party lastnronth at the Sons of ltal-v Hall in thatcity, arrangecl by \{r. I)'Ilrrico.The Sl-reriff of Fairfield Countr. recerrtlyappoinled Antorrio Ahriola. oiBriiigeport, as ore of his deputy sher-282ilTs. I[r Abrioia u,as a deputl. sheririn the sa.utc cour-rty 20 vears ago.The r etirer.lent of Iraul Russo. oiNerv Hav,rr, lronr thc privet. ),lrrrkir'.I'usiness leccntiy occasiu:,,,1 alt ( (liluria1irr the "Ner,r' llaven Register." \,Ir.Russo came to thrs countrv rrr 1869 atrlrvork. tl lris \\ ay throrrglr \ zrle La riSchool.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAItaly's efforts, irr the fielcl cif natior:r1social relatior.rs, to stabilize her iliclustrialarrcl agricultural procluction. l ereclescribecl recentll' b1' Olivia ]{ossett:.\gre-sti of Itonte, noted It.riiall \\'onr:1necononrist:rnc1 only \,\rLlltAn rltlegatc tothe Intcrrrational Charnber of ConiurerceCongress in \Vashington. 'llr eadclress rvas broaclcast br. the (lolrrrrbi;rBroaclcastitrg Systern.The nrerrbers of tl're Unitcrl StatesSupreruc Court have prarsed tl-re liustof tire late Chief Justice \\"i11iarn H.'I'aft nrade b-"* the notecl Italian sr:u11rtor,Ed.gardo Simone. The bust i,r tcrbe cast in bronze and placecl itr tireSulrrerne Court Buildiug tiris ntontit.Comm. Alberto Alfani recer.rtl\- qavea talk o:r "1'he Ciry (,f i:lorrr)cc ' atthe last meeting of tlre sea-son of theItal-v America Societl' of Washingtolat the Mayflou'er IJotel. Conrrtr. .\ifanir,r'as formerly 'Secretary attachecl to tl.rcItalirrr Ernbass) at \\'irshirltor].An expositiorr oi' tlre r)airrjiti(. ,,i-\liclrele Califarro. Italiarr l,ajrrt.i rr,,rrat the head of an art school in Nel-York, r.vas recer.rtly helcl at the Ol

irclLrcle Charles IIacl

284ATI.ANTICA, JUNE, 193iservatory of NIusic, recentlv took fir-qtprize in the .r'iolin class ai the Nelr-England music contest of the NationalFederation of Music Clubs in providence.The Association of Foreign LarrguageNe.wspaper Publishers wasformed recently at the Hotel Statlerat Boston by a group of foreign languagenewspaper publishers in NevvEngland. Gino Santella of the "Corrieredel Corrnecticut" was elected vicepresident,and James V. Donnaruma ofthe "Gazzetta del Massachusetts" waselccted one of the five members of theBoard of Directors. Others presentincluded Alexander Beviiacqua and P.Gus Morelli of the "Italian Echo" ofProvidence, R. I.A testimonial dinner and dance r,vastendered recently at the Ilotel Bradfordto Joseph V. Moreschi of Quincy,General President of the InternationalHod Carriers, Building and ComrnonLaborers' Union of Arnerica, i,r.ho hasbeen chosen by the American liederationof La.bor as its delegate to theBritish Trades tlnion Congress in Londonnext August. More than 600people rvere present.M ICH ICANCaesar J. Scavarda, 32-1.ear-olcl ltalian-Americanand a native of Besseurer,has been nanred Citl, yuuru". otthe citv of Flirrt. Xlr. Scavarada loinedthe State Police shortlv after the u,arand soorr becalrre a first Calrrain. In1927 he rn'as made Chief of Police inFlint. This oftice rvill stili be in hispower, inasmuch as the Cit1. ]u1"tru*.thas fu11 control of the Department ofPublic Security. Thc population ofFiint is over 100.000.The E,speria Club of Detroit held itslOth annual ball in that city on \Ia1,- 15th,the proceeds being usecl for thc needr.lreliens oI Detr'"ir.Atty. Cav. Uff. Joseph T. Schiappacasse,for the past t.lvo years a lr-rentberof the Detroit Citv Plan Commission(composecl of nine nrenrbers) hasbeen electecl unaniLnouslv Chairrrarr oilite Corrrrnissiorr.The Italian l-arv1'ers' Club of Detroitrecently tenclerecl a banquet inhonor of Ignace Capizzi, As,sistant Attornel'General arrd Cosimo \{inardo,Assistant Prosecuting Attorlle-\,, at theBook-Caclillac Hotel .r,vith over 150guests attending. Attortrel' Valenti,president of the c1ub, introduccd JudgeGadola of Flint, r.ho actecl as toastinaster.Nicola Falconc is tl.re clirector of theUniversity of lilichigau band. LeonardoFalcone, his br-other, is the director.ofthe l{ichigan State Collegeband. Recently the former held a coircertin Detroit in '"r,'hich his brotheralso joined in r'"'ith his band. Bothbrothers carne to America in i915 and:nrolled in the Departnrent of N{usicat the Llniversity of Michigan. l\icolareceived his diploma as maestro iu1927, anrl straightlva-v assumed the directionof his universitv's band. f-eonardoreceired his rlipl.rna irr 1Qf6. andin 1928 he rvas called to direct \Iichi-gan State College's band. \atives oiRoseto \-alfortore in the Pror.ince ofFoggia, the tlvo brothers studied underthe renorvned Italian band director,Donatelli.M ISSOURIScipione Guidi, forrnerlv corcertlnaster of the Netv York PhilharrnonicOrchestra, has been engaged as assistantconductor and concert master ofthe St. Louis Synrphonlr Orchestra fornext season. Mr. Guidi, u'ho is 46,ancl a native of Venice, is a graduateof the Milan Con.servatorv of Music.He had alreadl- achieved farrre in Paris,London aird other European citiesrl'hen. in 1916, he canle to this country.The ltalian-Anrcrican Civic Associationof Missouri r,vas organized recentlt'irr St. Louis .n ith the fo)loit.ing otficeri:Carlo Leudicirra. pre... Angelo tsello,vice-pres.; Andrea Arnato, trea-s.: VittorioBrunelli, sec.; and Nlariano Costa.-A,. La Marca, J. Lo Piparo, l. RealeDer.ille, Charles Bologua ancl Antlrc:rsCosta, directors.NEW JERSEYDr. Raffaele Cantiri has beer.r electeclpresider.rt of the Plainfield NIedical Societ1.i11 that cit1.. He r,vas forurerlr'hcad of the nredicirrrl clirric ai Xlrrt.lleribergI{ospital.Representative Peter A. Cavicchian ill be the guest of honor at a testimonialdinner June 21st at the ElksClrrlr in Ncwarli given lrr- the Sorrs ofTtall'. Xlr. flarrcusi-l'rrgaro. SuprerrrcTreasurer of the Orcler i"r tS.* l:,i..i..is at the head of the con-rmittee-on arraugements.Judge Anthony F. I,Iinisi of Neu.arkspoke recently before the stuclents oflrvington FIigh School on the dutiesoi I Ire _r ourrger gerreratinrr.Some ,100 persol.]s attendecl a balcluetrecentl]. given in Union Citv in holorof Antoni,c Cape)li, forrrrer Pblice Cnrrrnissioner,on the occasion of his 50thI'ear u'ith the Societa Linione e Frate11anza.Among the Italians r.ictorious at therecent prinraries held in Nerv Jersel'ivere tlre i.ll611t,*, rurruirrg f,,r a:-senrirll'nrt.rr: Filippo A. Olir-i, DarricleA. Caprio, A. Stanziale, Giacorno E.Goldier, F-rancesco Buciuo, Gior.aur-riDolce and Giorgio Pellettieri.Giuseppe Cirelli of \rineland, presiclentof the Curnberland Countv Boarclof 'l'aratiorr, rvas recenlll' alrpoirrted amember of the Republican Cotrntl-Corrrrrrittcc.F,rank Cozzoline of Nclvark rvas recentlyelectecl a tnernber of the Boardof Directors of the Social Service Bureau.He has been active in recrea,tiona.l and rvelfare u-ork irr that citr.for 18 5'ears. Last l car Mr. Cozzolinelvas elected r.ice president andsocial secretary of tl-re Italian \\relfareLeague of his citl'.At a recent meetirrg of the ItalianAmerican Republican League of Hackensack.Donrinick tr[arconi, Judge nlthe 'Ira,ffic Conrt, n'as electecl presidelir'or the currcnt year. J udge Filrmerr,_.Sarrsorre, president for tlre pasr t\\,,terms. $'as elected honorary presidentb1' acclamation.Riccardo La Guardia. brother oiCongressrnan La Cuardia of Nes.York, 'n as a ca.ndidate recentlv forL'onrnrrssiotrer in Trerrtorr.Prof. Leonarcl Covello, head of theDepartrnent of Italian at De Witt ClintonHrgh School in Neu- York, andVice President of the ltahan 'Ieachers'Associatior.r, delir.ered an address rerecentlybef ore the Dante Alighieri'sSociety in Jersey Citl' on "The Futureof the Italian Language in the UnitedStates."The Itaiian Welfare League of Ner,varkrecently held a Charity Ball at tireIilks Club to raise furds to enable itto continue its w'ork. NIr. HurnbertBerardi was chairman of the generalcomnrittee in charge of the affair,lvhich r.r'as supportecl by 18 differentorganizations.Mr, Thomas Nov'ia of Neu'ark, whorecently organized the Colorrel FrarrcisVigo Post, American Legion in thatcity, has received a letter from tl.re De-T)artment Adjutant of the Neu,- Jersel,Atrerican Legion congratulating hinron the choice of the namc, as one ofhigh historical signilicance. It ."\'i1l berecalled that AtaNrrcA was among thefirst to reveal the exploits of this ltalianl-rero of ear11' American dal's.We are glad to announce thatMr. Thomas Noviais ATLANTICA'S exclusiveagent forNewark and YicinityNEW YORK CITYThe Parents' Magazine .Medal fordistinguished service in parental education ."vas recently arvarded to AngeloPatri, .i.r'riter, lecturer and school principal,at the 10th annuai dinner of theUnited Parents' Associations of Neu'York City. X{r. Patri, in receiving thernedal, u as called "One of the countr1"sl.tdttr* educators oi chilclren andits leading educator of paretrts."A conrmittee of Italian and An'rericanpublishers and lnen of letters has beeuforrnecl to foster "a closer intellectualbond" between the trvo countries, andrvill nreet this Fa11 in Rome with thecongress of Italian pubiisl-rers to outlineplans. The group u,il1 have over100 menrbers, accorcling to Ugo Cecclrini,presirlent of the ad:rrinislrativeboard of the Italian Book Lovers' Association.Judge Nicholas A1bano ofNer'vark has been named first vice presidento{ the board, and other boardmembers include Baldo Acluilano, VincentD. Calenda, Dr. John Scavo, BasilioBasili, Joseph P. Sha."v and AugustoPiccoli.Professor Romano Guarnieri of Italvltas been invited b1' Colurrrbia lJniversitl'1o l"ro1d courses this coming yearat that institution, irrcluding one on theItalian language.

THE ITAI-IANS IN THtr UNITED STATES 285The Ita11. Anrerica Societl' u'ill orgarrize.foi 1o.ll-31. lraliarr "('orrversazioni"for thc,se among the menrbersu'l-ro speak Italian and rvho lvculd liketo hear an Italian lecture and practicethe Italian language. The lectures rvillbe held every Tucsday afternoon atthe honres of nenrbcrs.These "Conversazioni," u,hich rvillinaugurate the actilities of the Italv-\rrrerica Sociqr). tlill be started lr.v alecture by Conrrn. E.nranuele Grazzi,Ro1'a1 Italian Colrsul General in Nerr-York, on Tuesdal', November thircl.Trventy-nine other lectures u'il1 follorv.Aniong the speakers rvill be:Professor Angelo Lipari, professor ofItalian at Yale Universit)', i\4r. Ut,o..N{arroni, rvell-knolvn Italian jourr-ralist,l\{r. Cesare Sturarri, r.ho rvill also organizcItalian musicales, N{r. Beniaminocle Ritis, etc. Several ladies .n'il1 alsocontribute to this course, amoug them,-\Ir.. \'incqnzo Bcllezza, Iliss Arrrrirlaj-isciotta. Mrs. ('arla Druno Avcrardi.A special profJranl rvas arranged forthe rnontl-rly n'reeting of the Italian'leachers' Association at the Casa Italianahelcl on J'une 6th, r,vhicl-r was alsothe antrual "Circolo Da1"'.Columbia Universitl- has announceclthe follor,r'ing appoirrtnretrts to the NervYork Irost-Graduate Nledical Sc1-roo1:Salvatore di Palrrra. assistarrt professoroi gynecologl-; Charles J. Imperatori,professor oi larl-ng6l6gy; l{ichaelL)strato, professor of ncurology;-\mando Fcrraro, as5istat)t professor oIneurology; Adolph G. De Sanctis, professorof pediatrics; and Herbert \,I.Bergarnini. assistant clinical professorof traurr.ratic surgerrr.The last offering oi the season of theleatro D'Arte at the Little Theatrelast month rvas a three-act con-redv br.Dario -\iccoderrri "L'.\lba. il Ciorri", laNotte" (The Dar,r,u, the Da-v, theNight), preceded bl' a one-act comecl-r'by Felice Cavallotti, "11 cantico deicantici" (The Song of Songs). tr{r.Giuseppe Sterni, clirector of the TeatroD'Arte. also had the leading role. 'Ihisplay closed the second season of thene$' r.eLrture, 'n'hich has prescnted adozen plays since its inception on Oct.26, f%0, ar.rd *,hich, thanks to I1r.Sterni's efiorts. is on the way torvardbecoming a perntanent Italian Theatrein l-erv York Cit1,.More than 700 outstandir.rg Italiansof Nerv York gatl'rered at the HotelBiltrnore last morrth for a banquet inhoror of Comm. Gaetano Cletrtente,1he successful Ne* York builder.-\mong the speaker-s u'ere Judge J" J.Freschi. Comm. Enranuele Grazzi. ItalirrrCorr-ul Cerreral, Monsigrror CiuseppeCafuzzi, Father Pettini. Supren-reCourt Justice Salvatore Cotil1o" EdrvardCorsi. Generoso Pope and OnorioRuotolo. llhe committee in chargeoi the altair was co,mposed of FredCincotti. chairman, .\. Ilelcaldi, .\.Sors.. R. Paolslla, arrrl L. \-. Fucci.Captain t-g', \' d'Annrrnzio. presittentof Isotta-Frashchini tr4otors, Inc.,and son of the Italian poet, has beenelected president of tl-re Dayton Airplar,eEngine Company.A reception aboard the "ConteGrande" of the Llo1.'d Sabaud.o line washeld last month by tile Italian WelfareI-cague of \erv York, u,hose presidentis \,Irs. Licnello Perera. The receiptsof this and other affairs of the Leagueare used to further its rvelfare r,orkanong the ltalians oi Nelv York.The Elks Club in Brookh'n rvas tl-rescene lxst nrorrth of a barrquet helrlhonor of Nicoia jDSelr.aggi, AssistantDistrict Attornel', and Pietro Brancatoand Giuseppe Ruggieri, Deputy AttorneyGenerals. \{ichael Laura, I)eputyConmissioner of Sanitation, acted astoastmaster.Mr. Filippo Spinelli has been rnadea Chevalier of tl-re Crol'n of ltaly.Judge John J. lireschi, appointed notlong ago to the General Sessions courtbJ' Governor Roosevelt, rlras recentlvtlre recil'iert oI a ro.erlood pla,lue corilajrling the coat of arrns oI' the AlphaPhi Delta Fraternitl. in the Bronxfrorn a comnrittee of his fellot'-rnernbet'sin the fy21grr.i1t.Joseph Depinto of Brooklyn \\ias therecipient recently of one of the tlr'o\r-ail nLeclals alr.arded annually bj. theNeq' York Telepl-roue Companl. 16 i1scmp1o1-ees of the Beli system w;ho perllnlacts conspicuousll- illustratingicleals of public -service.The annuai exhibition oi the Leor-rarcloDa \rinci Art School, recentivheld in the school building at 288 E.1Oth St., shor.r-s u.hat can be accolnplishedrvl'ren public-spirited instructorsrvith vision cloperate r,ith ambitiousand rvilling students. A contnrittee offinanciers, irrdustrialists, artists andlabor rrniorr reprc:er)tati\.e. has beerrformed, and it is confidentll' lookingforrvard to strong support from thipublic. Atlantica is prorrcl of being includedamong the supporters of theSchool, and giadll' offers it all the cooperationit can.The Italian Class of tl.re Greenrvicl-rHouse recentlv presented the three-actPlaS' "ac161o Giovinezza" in Italian atthe Greenr,vicl'r tlouse Auditoriun-r. underthe patrorage of a disrirrguishcrlgroup of New York Itaiials.Dr. Paolo de Vecchi, dean of Italianphysicians in America, clied in NelvYork Cit1. la*st mot-rtl'r. A scholar.l,hilauthropist. \^ri1er aud surgcon, hervas the arrthor of "\Iodern Italian Surgery,""A Discourse on Divorce," and"Hou' Itall' \\,'on the War"; a Comnranderof the Ordcr of St. \,Iauriceand St" Lazarus. a Cavaliere of theCrown of Italy: and, rvhile in Sanl-rancisco, tbe correspondent for ser--eratr Italian pr.rblications, as well as editoroi "The Lancet," a medical publicatior-r.Born in Quattordio, near Turin, Dr.Ite Vecchi studied at the Universitv ofTurin. then tought ruith Garibaleli antllater in the Franco-Prussian War, u,inningdecorations from both the Frenchand Italian Governments. He rvascourt physician to H. R. H. PrinceAmedeo of Savol' before he came, in1880, to the Unitecl States. He settleclin San Francisco ancl was naturalizedin 1887" He practiced in that city for25 -vears belore retiring in 1905. InCalifornia he organized many charitiesfor his fello'w' countrymen, and in 1910he came to New York City, u'-here hehad lived since. He was a menber ofa great number of societies, medical,Italian, social, etc.Said the Ner.v York Times editoriallvupon the death, at 84, of this distin'-guished -"on of ItalJ-; "He is an illustration,tl'rough an exceptionally brilliantone, of the u'ealth of ski1l andlearning ancl personal distinction andcharm lvhich other countries preparefor us and coritribute to our developnrent.^{.s a scholar, philanthropist andsurgeorl, he lvould doubtless have beenaccorded first place alnong livingAnrericans of Italian birth. Yet mucl-rof the good that he dicl l'as done underthe cloak of anor.rynitl'. San Franciscoand Nelv York shoulcl give specialthar-rks to Turin for tvhat he brought tothenr."Dr. Charles V. l-aterno has beenelected president of the West Side Texpayers'League. r,l.rich represents propertyamountir.rg to 500 nillion dollars.The Iirstitute of International Educatior-irecently aruounced scholarshipsf or Francis M. De Gaetani of Ner,vYork Cit-v, for stucil, in Spanish at Madridland for X,liss E,lsa Perera of Neu'York juuior year study in lirance.The Col.lcge of PharnacS of Colun-rbiaUrriversitl. recentll' au.arded theLillian Leiterrnan prize to lliss GraceL" Cassera, and the Lehrr & Fink prizeto Natale Cecere. Of the thirteenhonor students selectcd, six rvere Italian:J. Jacaruso, N. Cecere, A. Barile,A. Tortora, T. \,Iancini ancl J. Sacco.The United Italian Social ServiceFourrdalior. a r,r clfare orgarrizatiol 1ohelp the Italian-American needy ofBrook11n, has been formed. Plans fora carnpaign to raise {unds have beenformulated, and the follou'ing oflicerselected: Justice Nathan Sr,veecl1er, honorarypres.; John Savarese, JosephD'Andrea, Charles Fasullo, tr{rs. RoseCanbino, 1\4iss Marie Frugone, vicepresidents;\rincent Rollo, sec.; and-\iclrolas H. Pirrt,'. treas.NEW YORK STATEThe 53rd anuual convention of trhe)ier,l' York State Pharmaceutical Associationis to be held June 15-19 atRichfield Springs. trfr. Nicholas S.Gesoalde of Neu. York City is itspresident. One of the features of theconvention u'iIl be an Italian nightand dance to be held on June 18th"State Serator Cosno Cilano ofRochester is one of the 11 membersof the State Unemployment Commission,in the capacity of vice-,president.llr. Cilano, '"vho is also a member ofthe Commissio'n on Prison Reform, isslated to be appointecl chairman of theSenate Codes Com,mittee.P. Fra:rcis Passarella of Astoria, L.I., is one of the fe\\' Italians to havetbeen grad,uated recently !f rom theUnited States Ililitary Academy atWest Point.Anthony Turiano of Rochester wasone of the winners in a voice contestrecently 1-reld under trhe aus,pices of theAmerican Academy of Teachers otSinging. He took second prize atnongthe tenors.Dr. Giovanni Faiella of Yonkers. anrember of the Medical Board of St.Joseph's Hospital and of the 1\{edical

286ATI-ANTICA. .[UNE, 1931ISoarcl of the Staie Hospital, has br:en:tppointed rrrenrber of the YonkersBoard of Education. Born irr NervYork ir 18811, hc was graduated froru-\ew York Universitl- ancl Beller-ue\Iedical School.James P. Fu.gassi of the CarnegieInstitute of 'fecrhlologl- in Pittsl)u1'ghu.as a r'vinner reccrtly of a Cl'rarlcs A.Cofhn Foulrdartirrn f ellolvship f or iurther.stuch.at tl.re Universitl of \\''isco11s1lt.Of the o33 larv stuilents rvho n'ei'esuicessful receltll- in passing the NervYork Statc bar cx:rminations, 37 u'ereI talians.oH roDr. B. \'-. Di Loreto of Steubelville,f ormerly Grancl Venerable of theOrder Sons of Ital1. f or Ohio. hasbeen made a Chevalier oi the Crorvrrof Itall-.PENNSYLVANIAOf the 29 Cresson scholarshilrs, eacirvaluecl at $1,200 and giviug therrholders a four nronth's art strrd)' trrpabroad, distributctl ty the PennsylvaniaAcadem]' of Fire Arts in Philaclelpl'riarecenlll-, tr','o n'cre tvotr b-r'Italians, N[onico (-. Calnr:L in parntingatid Frauk Gasparro in scufrture.Pasqualc Battaglia won bonorableruention ancl thc Presicle:rt's prize ir.rthe misceilaneous au'ards.Gelsomino S. Giuliante is a cancli-.date for the office of District Attornev,'f tht Courrtl o{ Erie., arr,l uill :'rririn tl-re plimaries ou Sept. 15th.Dr. Giuseppe I'errone, 26, ofRankin, has lleer-. appoirrted presicientof the School Boarcl of that crt-v.A banquet in honor of Cav. Fure1.Ellis, president of the Circolo Dantc-\iighieri of I'hilaclelphia, is to bc heldTyPica/ roont,conu?rlcd dtttigltt inlo asleehing roan,in the Circolo's clubhouse on June18th. Donrenico llonticello rvill bechairrnarr of tlrc cornrrriil.ee.Dr. Ferdinanclo Bartecchi of Scra:rtonis to run for the ollice of tlorolerrof that cit1. in the comilg priltaries.Upon recluest b1' Raffaele Borrelli,director of the Italian hour of StationWRAX in I'hilade1phia, Dr. NlichelePelosi s'ill speak f ron-r that stationcvery Friday at 1:15 P. ll. on the careof the teeth arrcl the hygiene of thenrouth in ge:reral.Albert D. Dello Buono of Chester.a student at Pennsylvania State College,has been namecl eclitor-in-chiefof the college hurrrorous pr-rblicatiol,the "Pelur State Froth."Filippo Bocchini of "L'Opinione" orPhiladelphia, has been elected presrdertof the ner,r,1l'-fornred Italo-Arnerican Philharmonic Orchestra ofthat cit1.. The orcl.restra lecerrtlr. l.re1c1its hrst collc(rt rrnder tlre,lirecliorr orI{aestro Guglielnro Sabatini.Lotenzo l)'Aquila, head of thc foreigndepartment of the Highlancl NationalBank of Pittsburgh, w:ls recentlyrnade honorarr- presidetrt for lile oftl're Ateletese Nlutual Aid Societv oflhat cit.v. -\lr. D .^.quila, rr ho canreI,r lhi5 crrunlr, last Jcal'r \\-as tur.tirree vears previons ntanager of theDarrli ol Ateleta irr ltaly arrrl "('orrrnrissarioPrefettizio" oi the Conrnruneof Ateleta.The second nreetir.rg reccntll. tookplace irr Pitt.l'urgh of tlrc Ien.r';,1cornrrrittce for the collection of funcl,.to equip tbe Italiarl Hall of the proposedPittsi)urgh Catheclral of Learnitrg.The chairrnan of tl.re comrnittecis \\,'illiarn P. Ortale, presicler.rt of thcBanl< of Anrerica Trust Co., of lrittsburgh.After plans bacl been outlinecl,t'he follorving rr-ere electecl vice-chairmeu:D. Arclolino, Cav. J. Fugassi,Cav. .S. Sunseri, Attl'. T. G. Sessa ;,nciC. F. Schisaro. At the lIotel Schenelev olrEojoy tbe ComJort of aReal Hone inNEW YORK'S FINESTRESIDENTIAL HOTELcllnCJOPGD\ASIIIilGIONfex ing to n /t)e. Zjd lo Zi4rD 3*1#,:::#;';f" ;'irj?j:::mentcenrers,yetyou will enioy the quietrepose o[ a counrry town ai eueninC.Such is the fortunate location of th"eGeorge Washington Flotel, a distinguishedresidential hotel.ROOM WITH BATHDAILYS(/EEKLy$2.50 to $3.00 $14 ro $i r.soTHE BEST FOOD IN NEW YORK\Iay 22, Italo-Amelican students of thatcity held a clancc to laise {uncls Ior thcItaliar Hall. Helen [.qnelzi u'as chairmanof the committee in charge of thea ffair.Under the auspices of the Sols ofItaly in Pittsburgh, Gr. Uff. Dr. 'l-orcluatoGiannini of ltall' spoke attrIernorial Hal1 on "Itah- oi Torlar"'bef ore a large audience. l'rhe weekbef ore Dr. Gianninr hacl spoken beforethe students of the Carnegie Irstituteof Technologl. on the subject"Are \\'e Progressing?"RHODE ISLANDThe Italian Club of Bror-n Universitl'recently held tl'o perf ornrance:;of :'Addio Grorrnezza," al Italian p1ar.in three acts, in Rockefcllcr tIall.'fheplay r.as clirectecl by Prof. Alfonso DeSah.io.Nicola Caponracchio o{ Provide:rcehas been narned cotrcert rrraster of thercrvly formeci Proviclel.rce Sinfoniettabl its condrrcr or, Clrarles A. \'e.f ia..\lr. Caporrracchiu ret.eivcd his rrruricaltrain ing at the f :Lurous San Pietro\,Iaie11o Acaclenry in Naples.Dr. f ito Angelole of Providerrcer'r'as recentll' give:r a i;alquet lty 12Italian associations of that citl' priortohis cleparture, last ntonth, for atrip to ita1,r'.The \{a1.or of i)roviderrce lastnronth proclair:red \{av 17 as "ltalialD"l'" in honor of ,\larchesa Isidel.{inucci, the a;:t clircctor of the SiciliaGrand Opera Co. A nrusical l)rogranrrr e: hcl,l 'or the ,'ccas;uil irt Rog.r-\\'.illians Park, at s-hich I,Iarchesatr{iuucci sang r.r-ith her chorus unclerthc direction o{ Jlaestro Arruro I)'-Orsi. director of the batrd that bearshis nanre. Aniolg t1.re speakers atthe affair n'erc Juclgc Arrtor.rio Capotostoand Prof. \r. Ii. Citrciuegr:Lna.On the occasion of his being nraciea Chevalier of the Crorn of Ita11,, Dr'.Adanro 11. Aiello of Provielence, u-a-srecentll' tcndered a l)altquet b1. thcItalo-:\merican Cluir o{ tlrat cit_v, ofl'hicl'r he is a nrenrber'.TEXASThe Italia:r \\iorueu's \\-clfareCouncil of Dallas helcl their annualclance iast nrol th at th e AclolphusHotel in that cit]'. f{rs. T. I)e Georgeis c'hairnian of tire Corncil.The National Dante Alighieri Socictl-recctttly arvalclecl t\\ro silr-ernreclals to \Irs. Arrgela Rossi Chiacloof San Arrtonio anci -lrliss lir.elvl Carr,L->ir nl Hou:t,'lt il rc(,,!ltitiorr'oI llreir'efforts tonarcl the sturlt' and snrearlc,f the Italian language l. 'lexas.WASH INCTONMrs. Fltira Niccoli of Sc:rtt1e hasl on a. lirst priz

A Mlnlaturc Anthology,,IL BAON VENTO''Novella di MassimoBontempelli1'rta t1,-tt.zitttt r['arrrti ia avctullrc:So sLl per rrrio,liVertitttetrtu rrilespecie c1i gabinetto cli c1-rin.rica, ove'tti itpl ,assionxgLi a Ielltel'c espet'icttzecol secreto proposito c1i tr-or,are 1asostanza c1i contatto tra il rnoncloiisico e il monclo spirituale. E ungiorno, cf iniltror,t.iso, n're 1a trovaitra mano, qrrella sostanza: {u,{)g'nllno 1o capisce, f invenzione piu'ntiracolosa che possa ir-r'rmaginarsi.llra una polverina, che raccolta r.relcar,o c1e1la nano nolr sepPi giuclicarese {osse calda o f redda : era impalpabilee imponderabile, pure anche aoccl.ri chinsi la mia rnano 1a per--ceiriva : era incolore e visibilissirna.JIi ciava, il telrerla a quel moc1o, unaslrecie c1i el'tbrezza: e' cia notare cheI'ebbrezz-a e' aplu-rnto la conclizioneinternreciia. e colne cli cor-rtatto, trala sensaziorre cl'una r-ealta' lisica e 1.ostato c1'aninro 1)uralnente in'racinatir.o.Tale era clLiella st,rsta11za, collrestri,ito irrtrrii. e 1'otci ricorroscere ilbrele, qrrel giorrio stesso, per caso)Iutrgo una serie di fenonreni oltrenrocloculiosi che nri si prochrsscro.t che voglio raccontare per vcclereclii ci crecle.Iti:a cl'estatc, irr Lrn lriccolo paesepier-ro c1i soie, chc sta in mezzo a rrnapianura c1'Italia.Clrirrsr 1a 1'ol r rle irr rrrr:r crrti:ra.la misi nel porta foelio. In cluestoatto nr'accor-si che non aver.o ltin'rlatraro ; ne cerciri itn'ano in trrtte 1enrie tascl're. Io non alc\ro atlci)r'acapito .c1rrali potcsscro essere ClielTetti c1e1la r-irtr-r' r1i cluella ltch-cle :irnu'raginai rapiclamente rilri.r- scrrie11'eslterienze costose per riconosccrli.lira nrezzogiorno. lIi s'imponer.ancrrlnnque due lrroltlemi di lratLlrairnanziaria' tlor,are i1 cianaro perarclare a pranzo. e c1ue11o pcr fare 1ee)l)erienze. l1 secorrdo assorltir-a i1prirno. U,*cii cli casa. ncl sole, conl:i rlia polr'ere in tasca. I-e str-adetrr'anrr \'11{,1 c. I rtrici 1,a.si r-isorrr-of I talianvano sui lastrici baltuti c1alla fiau'ur.radel cielo.Pensavo. In ltaese conoscerro clueuomini ricchi : Bartolo e Ba1c1o.Sapevo che Bartolo andava clualchevolta alla trattor-ia c1el1o Sperorreat',letrte. di crri JJal,lu era Iro1'rietario.\ri anclai. 11 paclrone norrc'era ma, o iortuna, c'era llartolo,con 1a nroglie (una grassona) e lafiglia (rrna niagretta). Stava ternrinancloc1i pranzare. J-o aiTrontaisubito :cli lei, sienor Bartoi.,lrer-Ccrca."o associarla a rna ruia impresa.Ho scoperto una poh'ere procligiosa.Non so ancofa u g|rc c'ra serti, t'teso che essa sta esattalnetlte sullimite tra 1a vita fisica e 1a rrita n'retafisica.iilla intencle f inrportanzaenonrra clella cosa. l{i occorrech'elia nri sor.nnrirristri r,enticinquenrilalire per 1e eslrerienze concin--.ive. Ci conto.In cuor mio contavo pure dipreler.ar subito cinclue lire cli c1uelleventiccluemila. per pranzare.13artol,--' :'afft'ettu' a tt'artgtrqiat'ci )t'Hc; l,i tosaltlet ltc. ( lrlasi,la irrg,,iz;rr--si, la pesca che star-a sbr-rccianclo.donne-ordino' allarnoglie -Alzatevi. gfassa e a1la figlia lnasra.E,sse s'alzarono. e lr-ri pr-rre. EaValtzn'\-ers,' ille. .\r'era Ltrt Vcsl it'_rc1i tela biarrca. e in capo un panalna.Aver,a gli occl-riali cl'oro e 1a barbabioncla. Parer.a u1r vespa nel lattc.-Siglrul IIer.irn,, -rrri ;i-lro.e-1ei non sa che io sono l)o\:er,o. Ionon pcsso sonu-nirristr-arle nemnrenor.enticinquc centesirni. I-e giuroche ne1 farle questo riliLrto il crroretlll sangL1111a.Sosto'. I-o guarrlai. XIi guarclava,oncle Llna sran timiclczza nril)rese. e abbassai 1o sgnardo,1l scorsi cl.re srrl suo ltetto, cla11asua i)arte sinistra. sotto 1a tasca cle1lazzolettct. su11a tela ltianca clel r,estitoc'era una piccola nr:rcchia ross:1.Pelrsar,o cf insister-e. f{a nri ar-r.idicl-re 1a macchiolila era fresc:r, cs'al1argar,a. Star,o al1ora l)er a\'\iertir1o.quando egli riprese :r p:rrlare :cuore n'ri sanguina-ripete'-e io -I1 uri compiaccio di spieearlc.JIa non sento pir,r'r'riente. Irn-287Literatureprovr''iso nii baieno' u1'r sosl)etto. ulrasl)cl'anza, una spiegazicne. una illutrrirrazi.,ne.forse. cer.to. arrzi certocertissinio, capivo ora C-li effetticle1la mia scoperta. L'uonro ltarlavaentro il raggio tl'azione clella n.riapolvere, la sostanza che segr-ra i1l,rurtn rli contatto e lrassaegio trail rnoncio reale e il mondo clelle ir-nnragini;ed ecco, lui parla.r'a. la miaf:o-]t.ll _ -opcrava: la rrrir polr.ereSER\/I\TA A REALIZZA}IE LE{I'I\{AGINI: le immagini cli cuifatrno uso gli uon'rini parlanclo. "Ilcuore mi sanguina," egli aveva detto,e ripetuto. E i1 clisgraziato.Io ero senza fiato. La maccl-riaaveva ccssato rl'allargalsi. l.o guar-,iai. Era |alJirlo. L,rlsi ora le sueparole.ttoil lro l)iu' (luattrini-sLavalirlicen,lo. iu atlo d'arr,lar.scne, corry66s fis6n-e sa dove li 1-ro ltuttatitutti ? In un anno di cure, di cureper rnia moglie e mia figlia.Fe' L1n cenno ciietro le spalle.Irerche' le due clonne, nioglie g-r-assae figlia lrasra, s'eran.o ritirate in unangokr, un angolo qr-rasi ltrrio c1el1asaia, e 1a' stavano, zitte.f atto f are una gralr crlraclirr-ragrante -Hoa mia moglie. e r11ra grarlcur:r ingrassante a rnia fig1ia ; e co11cluesto be1 risultato : r.nia nroglie e'urra botte e r-nia fig1ia nn'acciuga.Arrivederla. signor ]fassirno. Anciianr.o,clonne.Si volto' a loro, l1ra non c'eralropiu'. Non si mar-ar.ielio'. Brontolala:-Sarzrnno anclate a casa a l)re-1-lararmi il calTe'.Usci' ltarcollanclo, senza piu' r,o1-tarsi sconrparve. Io allibito ficcai1o sguardo in 11ue1l'angolo ltuio dellasala. C'era nna botte . Urr brividorapiclo mi scivolo' clai piecli allairorrtc. Osai lalc rlrre l,assi r.er.,,c1ue11a cosa, nri fermai, cosi' c1a lontanonri chinai rrrr poco --uardanclolaggiLr'. li ai piecli c1el1a botte c'eraLlna piccola acciug-a nriserevole,salata.Sr-ra r-r.roglic. e :sua figiia.Arretrai. Cadcli a scclcre sullaseclia clavanti al tavolino. Il camerierestava r-ietrtrzinclo clalla cucina e.; l,ilrrtn' r'i1lu irr ia,',.ia r rrre.

288trbbi la {orza di morlnorare:pezzo di forrnaggio, un bicchiere-IJnc1i vino.tr{e li porto'. Tacevo. E inbreve ogni sgomento sgombravadall'animo mio. Alla fine del formaggio,un immenso orgogliom'invase. I-o scienziato avea vintoin me l'uomo. Guardai con gioial'opera mia nell'angolo buio. Ancheil bicchiere di vino fini'.Nl'accorsi che un gatto stava annusanclol'acciuga : distolsi 1o sguardo.torna-Quandoil vostro padrone? Debbo parlargli.andato a1la vigna: tornera'verso -E' vespero.Dopo una sosta, con un sorrisoossequloso :signore deve perdonarmi sesenza -I1 volerlo ho sentito qualcheparola della sua conversazione colsignor Bartolo. Se al signore occorredanaro, mi permetta di dirleche fa male a rivolgersi a quei tipili'. Le consiglierei piuttosto ilcommendatore.che sta in fonclo allapiazza -Quello ? Come si chiama ?Si chiama .nor -Appunto. ricordo. Aspetti. Il ohnomece l'ho sr-rlla punta de11a lingua.Nlostratemi la lingua.-Bravo.-Che dice ?-Mostrate, Ero cosi' subito.imperioso, che luiubbidi'. Caccio' f uori la lingua.I,I'accostai, lessi forte:BA. -COM-\,[EN-DA-TOR BAR-Appunto ! Come lo sa ?su1la punta dellalingua. -L'avevatesignore ha voglia di scherzare.-Il11 commendatore ha fatto due otre affari grossi, e ha la cassa benfornita.del consiglio" Arrivederci.-GrazieFacevo I'atto d'alzarmi. I1 camerieremi interruppe:il signore volesse pagare ilconticino. -Se . . .Adclitava la superstite crosta delformaggio.Io ebbi un'idea grandiosa. Estraggoil portafoglio e impugnando1o,fisso con energia il cameriere.Egli aspetta. Io gli gridai:un asino.-Siete Sosto' un istante imn-robile, contemplandomicon gli occhi che glicliventavano immensi e tondi: e tostointorno a essi sorse un pelame eavanti si spinse un muso carnoso ein alto scaturirono due vaste orecchiee tutto i1 corpo s'inalzo', ingrosso'setoloso, ricadde con gli zoccoliavanti battendo i1 pavimento, cheATLAI{TICA, JUNtr, 1931risono'. Tutto scrollandosi frusto'l'aria della sala con una coda superba,e il muso proteso a me disopra al tavolino usci' in un raglioche parve un trombone. Poi dislancio mi volto' quella coda e ragliandotrotto' verso i'uscio e fu ir-ristrada. Corsi all'uscio; fuori nonc'era anima viva; l'asino solo tra lagran luce era gia' lontano e trottavaorgogliosamente nel mezzodeila stracla a coda alta sul selciatosol1oro, di tratto in tratto lanciandoun fuigido raglio fino al sole chesaettava dal centro de1 cielo su1lecase e sui sassi.Rientlai per prenclere ii cappe11o.In terra, presso il piede del tavolino,biancheggiava il tovagliolo cadutodalla zampa anteriore sinistra delloex-calnef 1ere.Compiutan'iente sicuro ormai de11amia invenzione, uscii tranquillo, eper le deserte vie meridiane raggiunsi1a piazza. Un momento ancorasentii da una via laterale echeggiarepassando un trotto e un raglio,mentre bussavo a1la porta della casadel commendator Barba. Mi glipresentai; mi.accolse, nel suo studio,con circospezione e cortesia:_s'accomodi.i.o sono unchimico. -Commendatore, . .Cercando 1e parole per continuare,guardavo intorno, D'un trattog1i domanclai :Anche 1ei si occr-rpa di chimica ?? Nemmeno per sogno.Perche'? -Ior'edo scritto, 1a sui cartoni-Perche' di que11o scaffale in {ondo:"Carburi".Si mise a ridere:.-Lei s'inganna. Io non m'occupoche di affari. In cluei cartoni tengole mie azioni della Societa' dei Caiburi,e altri documenti relativi aquesto affare.bene. Le diro' subito cheper -Sta un'impresa, che in breve miarricchira', ho bisogno di una sor-nma,piuttosto {orte, per. . .--Bastagiovane; !-n'in1s1rsppe. faccia da se'. I -Lei e'giovanidebbono fare da se'. Aiutarli e' undelitto. Io oggi dirigo cento affarigrossissimi : ebbene, ho {atto tuttoda nre. dal nulla. \essuno mi hamai aiutato. Io sono figlio de1le mieaztoni. . .S'interruppe. e con aria svagatad'un tratto s'a1zo', ando' verso 1oscaffale, e guardando ai cartonifllormorava aff ettuosmente :-Mamtla, manrma.dice "mamma mamma"a quei -Perche' cartoni ?dico "mamma mamma" aquei -Io cartoni? . . . Chi sa, qualc1.rer,olta s,ono distratto. Lei non haidea: troppi affari, ho troppi affari.La mia testa e' un rrulcano.X'I'alzai e detti un balzo indietrospaventatissimo. Infattiuntorbidopennacchio di fumo g1i sgorgo' dallatesta. Aver,o raggiunto l'uscio. Mir.oltai un momento, a tempo pervedere un nugolo di {aville e sputicli lava al soffrtto co11 ri11 rumore dipesce a friggere. Fuggii a precipizio,sbattei la porta, r-ni ritrovai sul1apiazza deserta. Raggiunsi ii limitedel paese, andai a sedermi su1 margined'un prato ove sboccava unviottolo. Alla esaltazione si mescolavaora in nre piu' cl'una venarl'inquietudine. La ntia invenzionee' enorme. NIa occorre essere prlldenii.Per essa in meno d'un'oraavevo gia' innocentemente sacrificatouna due tre cluattro cinque, sicinque persone; Bartolo dissanguato,sua n,oglie e sua figlia rese inservibili,i1 cameriere inciuchito, ilcorrnrendato r e y ul.canizzato. M edita ilunganrcrrte. (Ogni efaude inrpresaha avuto i srroi nrarriri). Elucubravo1e possibili applicazioni indrrstrialiclella nria scoperta. ll solerleclinava. JIa norr riri mossi : nona caso, pr-rr nella mia agitazione, erolenuto proprio a qrrel viottolo: dila' doveva arrii'are Baldo, il riccopadrone del1o "Sperone ardente.tornando_ a tespero dalla sua vigna.Come gli esporro' la cosa ? Versooccidente il cielo era tutto addobbatodi nuvolette a festoni, di fiocchirosei a ghirlande tra il raso azzvtrodeil'aria. E da lontano vidi spuntaresul viottol,o Baldo. Veniva apassi tranquilli, paffuto e raso, conuna curl-a pancia soave. Fumavatln avana, e s'allicinava. lo trepidavo.e tentai cli vincermi. Cercavoun bei saluto che 1o disponesse abenignita'. S'alvicinar,a. I boccitrolidi rosa dal1'a1to azzurro pio-\re\:ano riflessi amorosi sul carneofiore sbocciato de1 suo voito. Era atre passi da me: corne mi vide la suabocca si schiuse a un sorriso sereno.Io mostrai di scorgerlo soltanto incluel momento-Oh-dissi---oh signorBaldo, "quai buon vento viporta i**-*E un caro lcnto spiro' dalla lerra,un dolce zefiro su mollemente sollevatoportava lui, sopra ai prati,sopra alle siepi, sopra alle cime deglialberi. I'o alzando a mano a manola faccia guardavo: Baldo elevavasimorbido sempre piu' in alto verso iiplacido etere; sopra le ali dello ze:firotepido e lepido in panciolle sen'andava; fin che il fumo del suoa\rana si confuse tra le nuvolette, eil fiore sbocciato del suo voltosfumo' tra le rose clel cielo.

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