Presentation of flora, life forms and chorology of rural range plants in the North East Azarbaijan province, Iran

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) 

Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 520-539, 2014 

http://www.innspub.net 

RESEARCH PAPER 

OPEN ACCESS 

Presentation of flora, life forms and chorology of rural range 

plants in the North East Azarbaijan province, Iran 

Mojtaba Akhavan Armaki 1* , Bagher Khaleghi 2 

1 

Young Researchers and Elite club, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran 

2 

Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran 

Article published on October 27, 2014 

Key words: Floristic composition, Rangeland, North East Azarbaijan, Iran. 

Abstract 

Floristic studies are fundamental for the applied sciences such as rangeland management and conservation. 

Unique ecological and climatic conditions in the North East Azarbaijan Province (NAP) make it a remarkable 

habitat for the floristic studies. Plant species were collected from 50 field sites, representing major habitats of 

winter and rural rangelands. Surveys were conducted during active growth periods in 2012 and 2013. Plant 

species were identified and their chorology and life form determined through laboratory examinations and by 

using reference books. Floristic surveys resulted in identification of 534 plant species, belonged to 315 genus and 

68 families. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae were respectively the most abundant plant families. Among the 

life forms, Hemicryptophytes, Therophytes, Chamaephytes, Phanerophytes and Geophytes included 45, 32, 9, 7 

and 7% of the total species, respectively. Irano-Turanian was the most dominant (65%) Chorotypes. The 

dominance of Hemicryptophytes and Therophytes, as well as vast distribution of Chamaephytes, can be referred 

to the simultaneous effects of climate fluctuations and livestock grazing on the flora of winter and rural 

rangelands in NAP. 

* Corresponding Author: Mojtaba Akhavan Armaki mtakhavan@ut.ac.ir 

520 | Armaki and Khaleghi


Introduction 

Iran is known as one of the most appealing places for 

studying plant diversity, as 22% of its 8000 plant 

species are endemic (Asri, 000). Identifying flora of 

each region is fundamental for accomplishing other 

pure and applied researches in biology. Especially in 

the North East Azarbaijan (NAP), unique ecological 

and climatic conditions make it a remarkable habitat 

for the floristic studies. Winter and rural rangelands 

comprise a large fraction of NAP area. People in this 

region are highly dependent on rangelands; they use 

range plants as sources for food, medicine, livestock 

production etc. Therefore, identifying floristic list of 

rural and winter rangelands of NAP is beneficial for 

protecting the endangered plants, and for planning a 

sustainable use of forage, ornamental and medicinal 

plants. Several reference books (e.g. Rechinger 1967- 

2010; Boissier 1867-1888; Assadi et al., 2001-2010) 

provide valuable information on the native and exotic 

plants of NAP. However, they are mainly adopted 

from the large-scale studies and do not provide 

detailed information on the flora of this region. On 

the other hand several studies have been conducted 

on the flora of NAP (e.g. Shaad and Sanjari 2011; 

Aydani 2004; Sobhani et al., 2007) but they only 

represent information on the flora small areas 

(usually less than 10000 hectares). Akhani (2009) 

have studied flora of Golestan National Park, in which 

small parts of Germeh and Maneh-o-Samalghan 

counties were also included. Other researchers have 

studied geographic distribution of plant species for 

only one family or one genus in Azarbaijan Provinces, 

e.g. Compositae (Sobhani and Rajamand, 2007), 

(Cupressaceae Sadeghalnejat 2007), and genus of 

Bromus L. (Memariani and Joharchi, 2007). 

Accordingly, a lack of comprehensive information on 

the flora rural and winter rangelands of NAP was the 

most important reason behind this research. The 

main aim was to do a survey the flora and to identify 

the major plant phenotype and chorotypes of the 

winter and rural rangelands in NAP. Result of this 

study can also be used for the applied researches such 

as rangeland management and conservation. 

Materials and methods 

Study Area 

North East Azarbaijan Province is located between 

45° 36´ to 26° 39´ northern latitude and 5° 45´ to 22° 

48´ eastern longitude. It is located in the northwest of 

Iran, and comprised of six counties i.e. Kaleybar, 

Khoda afarin, Ahar, Varzaqan, Jolfa and Marand (Fig. 

1). Rangelands contain 55.82% of NAP area, which is 

about 1.72 million hectares, from which 1.31 million 

hectares are used as winter and rural rangelands 

(Jankju et al., 2009). 

Fig. 1. North East Azarbaijan province in the 

northwest of Iran. 

Research Methods 

Main bioclimatic region in NAP is Irano-Turanian that 

is distinguished by hot and dry summers, wet and cold 

winters. The region is also influenced by cold and dry 

winds from Siberia (north) and wet and mild climate 

from the Caspian Sea (west). 

Therefore the flora of NAP are affected by sever climate 

fluctuations, because of interaction between the three 

major climatic regimes. Average yearly rainfall varies 

from the lowest (


Information provided by the local experts was also 

implemented. A new site was selected, where the 

environmental conditions or land use history varied. 

Accordingly, 50 rangeland sites were selected from 

which 30 were located in rural and 20 in winter 

rangelands. 

Geographic distribution of rural rangeland sites were: 4 

in Marand, 9 in Kaleybar, 7 in Khoda afarin, 5 in 

Varzaqan and 2 in Jolfa. Sites of winter rangelands 

were scattered as 9 in Marand, 8 in Ahar, 2 in 

Varzaqan, and one in Kaleybar. Soil textures of most 

sites were silty loam, but in some places it was clayloam 

or silty- clay-loam, pH was about 7-8, soil fertility 

was low to medium; nitrogen was highly limited 

whereas potassium was high nearly in all sites (Jankju 

et al., 2009). 

species respectively contained 11, 10, 6, and 5 percent 

of all plant species. Less than 3% of total plant species 

were belonged to the other Chorotypes like 

cosmopolitans and Subcomopolitans (Fig. 2). 

Plant classification, based on Raunkiaer’s life forms 

revealed Hemicryptophytes as the most abundant 

(45% of total) species. Therophytes, Chamaephytes, 

Phanerophytes and Geophytes, only contained 32, 9, 

7 and 7 percents of total plant species, respectively 

(Fig. 3). Among the 68 plant families found in the 

NAP, Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae were the 

most abundant. These families respectively contained 

70 (13%), 61 (11%) and 50 (9%) species (Fig. 4). 

Plant species were identified by using some reference 

books (Akhani 2009; Assadi et al., 2001-2010; Davis 

2007; Komarov et al., 1963-1974; Rechinger 1967- 

2010; Townsend et al., 2006; Tutin et al., 1964-1980); 

also by botanical identification in the Botanical 

Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 

Plant chorotypes were also determined for each plant 

species, by using several reference books (Akhani 

2009; Assadi et al., 2001-2010; Davis 2007; Komarov 

et al., 1963-1974; Rechinger 1967-2010; Townsend et 

al., 2006; Tutin et al., 1964-1980; Zohary et al., 1980). 

Plant phenotypes were determined according to the 

Raunkiaer’s life form specifications (Asri 2000). Plant 

chorotypes were identified based on Zohary (2004). 

Fig. 2. Plant chorotypes and their relative percentage 

in flora of winter and rural rangelands in Northern 

Azarbaijan province. 

Result and discussion 

Floristic surveys on the winter and rural rangelands 

of Northern AzarbaiJan Province (NAP) resulted in 

identification of 534 plant species, belonged to 315 

genera, 68 families. Family name, Chorotype and 

Phenotype of each plant species are compared in the 

appendix. About 65% of the total plant species in NAP 

were belonged to the Irano-Turanian Chorotype, 

whereas Irano-Turanian-Mediterranean, Irano- 

Turanian-Mediterranean- Euro- Siberian, Irano- 

Turanian-Euro-Siberian and Pluriregional plant 

Fig. 3. Plant life forms and their relative contribution 

(percent) in flora of winter and rural rangelands in 

Northern Azarbaijan Province. 



Fig. 4. Proportional contribution of plant families in 

flora of winter and rural rangelands in Northern 

Azarbaijan Province; Others: families less than 2% 

abundance. 

Nevertheless, there were some shrubs e.g. Juniperus 

excelsa, Berberis integrrima, Cotoneaster spp., 

Crataegus spp., which are typical flora of Armeno- 

Iranian Phytochorion (Zohary 2004). Armeno- 

Iranian Phytochorion is one of Irano- Turanian’s 

subdivisions. The presence of plants from other 

Phytochorions, are mainly due to interaction between 

three climate conditions; i.e. Mediterranean, Caspian 

Seas and Euro-Siberian. Hemicryptophytes and 

Therophytes were the most abundant life from in 

NAP. Several other studies in Azarbaijan Province 

have also reported higher abundance of Therophytes 

and Hemicryptophytes. Amiri et al. (2008) studied 

floristic of Tiregan in Hezar Masjed Mts. Memariani 

et al., (2009) also studied floristic of Fereizi in 

Chenaran, and both found higher abundance of 

Hemicryptophytes as compared to other life forms. In 

studies conducted at other parts of Iran, also higher 

fractions of Therophytes and Hemicryptophytes have 

been reported for the rangeland flora. In Genu at 

Hormozgan Nadjafi et al., (2006) and Garmsar at 

Semnan (Iranbakhsh et al., 2008) Therophytes were 

the most abundant life forms. In Fereizi at 

Azarbaijan, Therophytes and Hemicryptophytes were 

commonly the most abundant life forms (Memariani 

et al., 2009); in Khabr National Park and Rouchoun 

wildlife refuge (Irannezhad Parizi et al., 2010) and in 

Meimand (Vakili Shahrbabaki et al., 2011) both in 

Kerman, and in Kalat highlands of Gonabad in 

Khorasan Razavi (Vaseghi et al., 2009) 

Hemicryptophytes were the most abundant plant life 

forms. Higher frequency of Therophytes and 

Hemicryptophytes in NAP can be related to their high 

adaptation to the Mediterranean climate conditions 

(Zohary 2004). The active growth periods of these life 

forms are concurrent with the rainy season in late 

winter and early spring (Tavili et al., 2009). During 

most of the summer and all winter times, 

Hemicryptophytes loose their aboveground parts 

while Therophytes remain as seed. Therefore, these 

plants avoid summer drought and winter cold stresses 

(Barbour et al., 1987). Chamaephytes are also 

Xerophytes plant and are geographically distributed 

within the whole NAP region. On the other hand, the 

mesic Phanerophytes and Geophyte species were less 

abundant in the rural and winter rangelands of NAP; 

mainly found in the northern slope aspects or at the 

bank of seasonal water streams. In addition to the 

climate, intense grazing pressure can also be a 

determinant factor for the relative abundance and 

geographic distribution of different life forms 

(Heithschmidt and Stuth, 1991). Nearly the whole 

area of NAP is dominated by different species of 

Artemisia L., which contain lots of aromatic materials 

and essential oils (Cumming and Reid, 2008). 

Furthermore, thorny shrubs (e.g. Astragalus spp., 

Acantholimon spp., and Acanthophyllum spp.), 

poisonous plants (for instance Euphorbia spp and 

Peganum harmala) spiny forbs (e.g. Circium spp., and 

Cousinia spp.) and annual plants (such as 

Eremopyron spp. Aegilops spp. and Bromus 

tectorum) dominate vast areas of winter and rural 

rangelands in NAP. Aromatic and poisonous 

materials, and spins, or short life cycles are also plant 

adaptations to livestock grazing (Grime, 2007). In 

conclusion, winter and rural rangelands of NAP 

confer a relatively rich floristic composition, which is 

a result of plant responses to Mediterranean climate 

as well as intense livestock grazing. A combination of 

climate and land use impact has led to dominance of 

Hemicryptophytes and Therophytes, as well as vast 

distribution of Chamaephytes in the winter and rural 

rangelands of NAP. Climate has significant effect on 

the flora of all habitats in the NAP, whereas human 

impact is only significant on flora of rural rangeland. 



Appendix. Checklist of vascular plant taxa in winter and rural rangelands in North East Azarbaijan province, 

Iran. 

life form chorotype Scientific name of plant species in its family 

Aceraceae 

Ph. IT Acer monspessulanum L. subsp. turcomanicum 

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 

Th. IT, M Ammi majus L. 

Th. IT Bunium cylindricum (Boiss. & Hohen.) Drude 

G. IT Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. 

H. Pl Conium maculatum L. 

H. IT, ES, M Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. 

H. IT Ferula gumosa Boiss. 

H. IT Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. 

H. IT, M Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. 

H. IT Prangos latiloba Korov. 

G. IT Elaeosticta allioides (Regel & Schmalh.) Kljuyk. & al. 

Th. IT, M Scandix stellata Banks & Soland. 

Th. IT, ES, M Torilis heterophylla Guss. 

Th. PL Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. 

H. IT Zosimia absinthifolia (Vent.) Link. 

Asclepiadaceae 

H. IT Vincetoxicum pumilum Decne. 

Asteraceae (Compositae) 

H. IT, ES Achillea biebersteinii Afan 

H. IT, ES Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch 

G. IT Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. subsp. australe 

H. IT, ES Arctium lappa L. 

Ch. IT, M Artemisia absinthium L. 

Th. IT, M Artemisia annua L. 

Ch. IT Artemisia deserti Krasch. 

Ch. IT Artemisia kopetdaghensis Krasch., M. Pop. & Lincz. Ex Poljak. 

H IT, ES, M Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit 

Ch. IT Artemisia sieberi Besser 

Ch. IT Artemisia turanica Krasch. 

Th. IT, ES Callicephalus nitens (M. B. ex Willd.) C. A. Mey. 

Th. IT, ES Carduus lanatus L. subsp. turkestanicus (M. Pop.) 

Th. IT, M Carduus pycnocephalus L. 

Th. IT, M Carduus transcaspicus Gandog. 

Th. IT Carthamus oxyacantha M. B. 

H. IT Centaurea balsamita Lam. 

Th. IT Centaurea depressa M. B. 

H. IT, ES Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. 

H. IT Centaurea solstitialis L. 

G. IT Cephalorrhynchus kossinskyi (Krasch.) Kirp. 




Th. IT Chardinia orientalis (L.) O. Kuntze 

H. IT, ES, M Chondrilla juncea L. 

H. IT, ES, M Cichorium intybus L. 

H. Pl Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. incanum 

H. IT Cirsium bornmulleri Sint. ex. Bornm. 

Th. IT, M Cnicus benedictus L. 

H. IT Codonocephalum peacockianum Aitch. & Hemsl. 

H. IT Cousinia arida C. Winkl. 

H. IT Cousinia congesta Bunge 

H. IT Cousinia decipiens Boiss. & Buhse 

H. IT Cousinia komarowii (O. Kuntze) C. Winkl. 

H. IT Cousinia lasiandra Bunge 

H. IT Cousinia microcarpa Boiss. 

H. IT Cousinia turcomanica C. Winkl. 

Th. IT Crepis turcomanica Krasch. 

H. IT Gundelia tournefortii L. 

H. IT Helichrysum graveolens (M. B.) Sweet 

H. IT Helichrysum oocephalum Boiss. 

H. IT, ES Heteropappus altaicus (Willd.) Novopokr 

G. IT, ES, M Inula oculus-christi L. 

G. IT, ES, M Inula salicina L. 

G. ES Inula thapsoides (M. B. ex Willd.) Spreng. 

G. IT Jurinea monocephala Aitch. & Hemsl. 

Th. IT, SS Koelpinia linearis Pall. 

H. IT, ES, M Lactuca serriola L. 

H. IT Lactuca undulata Ledeb. 

H. IT Launaea acanthodes (Boiss.) O. Kuntze 

H. IT, ES Leontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Boiss. ex Ball. 

H. IT Nikitinia leptoclada (Bornm. & Sint.) Iljin 

H. IT Onopordon heteracanthum C. A. Mey. 

H. IT Onopordon leptolepis DC. 

H. IT Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. 

H. IT Picris strigosa M. B. 

H. IT, ES, M Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. 

H. IT Pulicaria gnapholodes (Vent.) Boiss. 

H. IT Scariola orientalis (Boiss.) Sojak 

G. IT Scorzonera leptophylla (DC.) Krasch. & Lipsch. 

Th. IT, M Senecio paulsenii O. Hoffm. 

H. IT Serratula latifolia Boiss. 

H. IT, M Sonchus asper (L.) Hill 

H. Pl Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. 

H. IT Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz-Bip. 

H. IT Taraxacum syriacum Boiss. 




H. IT Tragopogon graminifolius DC. 

Th. IT Tripleurospermum disciforme (C. A. Mey.) Schultz-Bip. 

G. IT, ES, M Tussilago farfara L. 

Th. IT, M Xanthium spinosum L. 

Th. IT, M Xanthium strumarium L. 

Berberidaceae 

Ph. IT Berberis integerrima Bunge 

Boraginaceae 

H. IT, SS Anchusa italica Retz. 

H. IT Anchusa ovata Lehm. 

Th. IT Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Karl 

Th. IT Arnebia linearifolia DC. 

Th. Pl Asperugo procumbens L. 

Th. IT Buglossoides tenuifolia (L. f.) Johnston. 

Th. IT Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Soland.) Brand. 

H. IT, M Echium italicum L. 

H. IT Heliotropium europaeum L. 

H. IT Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. & Mey. 

Th. IT Heterocaryum subsessile Vatke 

Th. IT Lappula barbata (M. B.) Gurke 

Th. IT Lappula ceratophora (M. Pop.) M. Pop. 

Th. IT Lappula microcarpa (Ledeb.) Gurke 

Th. IT Lappula sinaica (DC.) Ascherson ex Schweinf. 

Th. IT Nonnea caspica (Willd.) G. Don. 

Th. IT Nonnea lutea (Desr.) Reichenb. 

H. IT Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. 

H. IT Onosma longilobum Bge. 

H. IT Paracaryum intermedium (Fresen.) Lipsky 

H. IT Paracaryum turcomanicum Bornm. et Sint.! ex Bornm. 

Th. IT Rindera lanata (Lam.) Bunge 

Th. IT Rochelia disperma (L. f.) C. Koch 

H. IT Solenanthus circinnatus Ledeb. 

H. IT, M Solenanthus stamineus (Desf.) Wettst. 

H. IT Trichodesma incaium (Bge.) A. DC. 

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) 

Th. IT Aethionema carneum (Banks & Soland.) B. Fedtsch. 

H. IT, ES, M Alliaria petiolata (M. B.) Cavara & Grande 

Th. IT Alyssum dasycarpum Steph. ex Willd. 

Th. IT Alyssum inflatum Nyarady 

Th. IT Alyssum linifolium Steph. ex Willd. 

Th. IT, M Alyssum minus (L.) Rothm. 

Th. IT Alyssum szowitsianum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

H. IT, ES, M Arabis nova Vill. 




H. IT Brassica elongata Ehrh. 

Th. IT Camelina rumelica Velen. subsp. rumelica 

Th. Cos Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus 

G. IT, M Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. 

Th. IT, SS Clypeola aspera (Grauer) Turrill 

Th. IT Clypeola dichotoma Boiss. 

Th. IT Conringia orientalis (L.) Andrz. 

Th. IT Conringia perfoliata (C. A. Mey.) Busch 

H. IT Crambe kotschyana Boiss. 

Th. IT, ES, M Descurainia Sophia (L.) Schur 

Th. IT Eruca sativa Lam. 

H. IT Erysimum aitchisonii O. E. Schulz 

H. IT Erysimum ischnostylum Freyn & Sint. 

Th. IT, M Euclidium syriacum (L.) R. Br. 

Th. IT, M Euclidium tenuissimum (Pall.) B. Fedtsch. 

H. IT Fibigia suffruticosa (Vent.) Sweet 

Th. IT, M Goldbachia laevigata (M. B.) DC. 

H. IT Graellsia integrifolia (Rech. f.) Rech. f. 

H. IT, ES, M Isatis leuconeura Boiss. & Buhse 

H. IT Lepidium latifolium L. 

H. IT Leptaleum filifolium (Willd.) DC. 

Th. IT Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br. 

Th. IT Malcolmia strigosa Boiss. 

Th. IT Matthiola chenopodifolia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Th. IT Matthiola farinosa Bge. ex Boiss. 

H. IT Peltaria turkmena Lipsky 

Th. IT, ES, M Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. 

Th. IT, ES, M Sisymbrium altissimum L. 

Th. IT Thlaspi kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen. 

Th. IT, ES, M Thlaspi perfoliatum L. 

Caesalpinaceae 

Ph. IT, M Cercis griffithii Boiss. 

Campanulaceae 

H. IT, ES Campanula glomerata L. 

Capparidaceae 

Ph. IT, SS, M Capparis spinosa L. 

H. IT Cleome heratensis Bunge & Boiss. 

H. IT Cleome Khorasanica Bunge & Bien. ex Boiss. 

Caprifoliaceae 

Ph. IT, ES Lonicera floribunda Boiss. & Buhse 

Ph. IT, M Lonicera nummularifolia Jaub. & Spach 

H. IT, M Sambucus ebulus L. 

Caryophyllaceae 




Ch. IT Acanthophyllum bracteatum Boiss. 

Ch. IT Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boiss. 

Ch. IT Acanthophyllum microcephalum Boiss. 

H. IT Buffonia oliveriana Ser. 

H. IT Buffonia sintenisii Freyn 

H. IT Dianthus crinitus Sm. subsp. turcomanicus (Schischk.) Rech. f. 

H. IT Dianthus orientalis Adams subsp. stenocalyx (Boiss.) Rech. f. 

Ch. IT Gypsophila aretioides Boiss. 

H. IT Gypsophila bicolor (Freyn & Sint.) Grossh. 

Th. IT Holosteum glutinosum (M. B.) Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

H. IT Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm. 

Ch. IT Saponaria bodeana Boiss. 

H. IT Silene bupleuroides L. 

H. IT, ES Silene conoidea L. 

H. IT, M Vaccaria oxyodonta Boiss. 

Chenopodiaceae 

Th. IT Anabasis aphylla L. 

Ch. IT Atriplex canescens James 

Th. IT Atriplex flabellum Bge 

Th. IT Atriplex moneta Bge. 

Th. IT Atriplex tatarica L. 

Ch. IT Atriplex verrucifera M. B. 

Th. IT Ceratocarpus arenarius L. 

Th. IT Chenopodium album L. 

Th. IT, M Chenopodium botrys L. 

Th. IT Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) Asch. 

Th. IT Gamanthus gamocarpus (Moq.) Bge. 

Th. IT Halimocnemis pilifera Moq. 

Ch. IT Halocnemum strobilaceum M. B. 

Ch. IT Halothamnus subaphyllus (C. A. Mey.) Botsch. 

Ch. IT Holostachys caspica (Pall.) C. A. Mey. 

H. IT Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. 

Th. IT Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. 

Ch. IT Krascheninnikowia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. 

H. IT Noaea mucronata (Forsk.) Asch. et Schweinf. 

Ch. IT Salsola arbusculiformis Drob. 

Ch. IT Salsola aucheri (Moq.) Bge. 

Ch. IT Salsola dendroides Pall. 

Th. IT Salsola gossypina Bge. 

Th. IT Salsola kali L. 

Th. IT Salsola nitraria Pall. 

Ch. IT Salsola orientalis S. G. Gmel. 

Th. IT Salsola sclerantha C. A. Mey. 




Th. IT Seidlitzia florida (M. B.) Boiss. 

Th. IT, M Seidlitzia rosmarinus (Ehrh.) Bge. 

Th. IT Spinacia oleracea L. 

Th. IT Spinacia turkestanica Iljin 

Th. IT Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. 

Th. IT Suaeda microphylla Pall. 

Th. IT Suaeda microsperma (C. A. Mey.) Fenzl 

Cistaceae 

Ch. IT, ES, M Fumana procumbens (Dun.) Gren. & Godron 

Th. IT, SS, M Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Miller 

Convolvulaceae 

G. Sco Convolvulus arvensis L. 

H. IT Convolvulus commutatus Boiss. 

H. IT, M Convolvulus dorycnium L. 

H. H. Convolvulus fruticosus Pall. 

H. H. Convolvulus pseudocantabrica Schrenk 

Crassulaceae 

H. IT Rosularia paniculata (Regel & Schmalh.) Berger 

Cuscutaceae 

Th. IT Cuscuta approximata Babingt 

Th. IT Cuscuta monogyna Vahl 

Cupressaceae 

Ph. IT Juniperus excelsa M. B. 

Cyperaceae 

G. IT, M Carex physodes M. B. 

G. IT, M Cyperus longus L. 

Dipsacaceae 

H. IT Cephalaria kotschyi Boiss. & Hohen. 

H. IT Cephalaria microcephala Boiss. 

H. IT Dipsacus laciniatus L. 

H. ES Dipsacus strigosus Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes 

Th. IT Scabiosa olivieri Coult. 

Th. IT Scabiosa rotata M. B. 

Elaeagnaceae 

Ph. IT Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

Ephedraceae 

Ph. IT, ES, M Ephedra major Host 

Euphorbiaceae 

Th. IT Chrozophora hierosolymitana Spreng. 

H. IT Euphorbia aucheri Boiss. 

Th. IT Euphorbia bungei Boiss. 

Th. IT Euphorbia falcata L. 

Th. IT Euphorbia inderiensis Less. ex Kar. & Kir. 




Th. IT Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Fumariaceae 

Th. IT, ES, M Fumaria asepala Boiss. 

Th. IT Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley 

Th. IT Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. 

Fabaceae 

H. IT Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse 

H. IT Astragalus ankylotus Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Th. IT Astragalus bakaliensis Bunge 

H. IT Astragalus brevidens Freyn & Sint. 

H. IT Astragalus bassineri Boiss. & Haussk. ex Boiss. 

Th. IT Astragalus campylorrhynchus Fisch. & Mey. 

H. IT Astragalus cercidophacos Podlech & Maassoumi 

H. IT Astragalus chrysostachys Boiss. 

H. IT Astragalus citrinus Bge. subsp. citrinus 

H. IT Astragalus curvipes Trautv. 

H. IT Astragalus hermannii Freitag & Podl. 

H. IT Astragalus khoshjailensis Sirj. & Rech. f. 

H. IT Astragalus kopetdaghi Boriss. var. orientikoptdghensis 

H. IT Astragalus siversianus Pall. 

Th. IT Astragalus maymanensis Podl. 

H. IT Astragalus mazandranus Bge. 

H. IT Astragalus pseudoszovitsii Sirj. & Rech. f. 

Th. IT Astragalus raddei N. Basil. 

H. IT Astragalus rawlinsianus Aitch. & Baker 

Ch. IT Astragalus siliquosus Boiss. subsp. siliquosus 

H. IT Astragalus squarosus Bunge 

Ph. IT, ES Astragalus suluklensis Freyn & Sint. 

Ph. IT Colutea buhsei (Boiss.) Shap. 

H. IT, ES Colutea porphyrogramma Rech. f. 

G. IT, ES, M Coronilla varia L. subsp. varia 

H. IT Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

H. IT Hedysarum kopetdaghi Boriss. 

H. IT Hedysarum wrightianum Aitch. & Baker 

Th. IT, M Lathyrus cicera L. 

Th IT, ES, M Lathyrus sativus L. 

H. Pl Lotus corniculatus L. 

H. Pl Medicago lupulina L. 

H. IT, ES, M Medicago sativa L. 

H. IT, ES, M Melilotus albus Desr. 

H. IT, ES, M Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. 

H. IT Meristotropis xanthioides Vassilez. 

Th. IT Onobrychis aucheri Boiss. 




Ch. IT Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv. 

H. IT Onobrychis sintenisii Bornm. 

Ch. IT Ononis spinosa L. 

Ch. IT Prosopis farcta (Banks & Soland.) Macbr. 

H. IT Sophora alopecuroides L. 

H. IT Sophora pachycarpa C. A. Mey. 

H. IT, ES, M Trifolium pratense L. 

H. IT, ES, M Trifolium repens L. 

Th. IT Vicia monantha Retz. 

Th. IT, ES, M Vicia sativa L. 

Th. IT Vicia subvillosa (Ledeb.) Boiss. 

H. Th. Vicia variabilis Freyn & Sint. 

Th. IT, ES, M Vicia villosa Roth 

Gentianaceae 

Th. IT, ES, M Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce 

Geraniaceae 

G. IT Biebersteinia multifida DC. 

Th. IT, ES, M Erodium cicutarium (L.) L Her. 

Th. IT, ES, M Geranium rotundifolium L. 

Hypericaceae 

H. IT, M Hypericum perforatum L. 

H. IT Hypericum scabrum L. 

Iridaceae 

G. IT Iris fosterana Aitch. & Baker 

G. IT Iris kopetdagensis (Vved.) Mathew & Wendelbo 

G. IT Iris songarica Schrenk 

Juglandaceae 

Ph. IT, ES, M Juglans regia L. 

Juncaceae 

G. Pl Juncus fontanesii Gay 

Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 

H. IT, ES Ajuga comata Stapf 

Ch. IT Dracocephalum subcapitatum (O. Kuntze) 

Lipsky 

H. IT Eremostachys boissieriana Regel 

H. IT Eremostachys labiosiformis (M. Pop.) Knorring 

Ch. IT Hymenocrater calycinus (Boiss.) Benth. 

H. IT Hymenocrater elegans Bge. 

Ch. IT Lagochilus aucheri Boiss. 

Ch IT Lagochilus cabulicus Benth. 

Th. IT, M Lallemantia iberica (Stev.) Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

H. IT, M Marrubium anisodon C. Koch 

H. Pl Marrubium vulgare L. 




H. IT Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson 

H. IT, ES, M Nepeta cataria L. 

H. IT Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. 

Th. IT Nepeta saccharata Bunge 

Ch. IT Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. 

H. IT Phlomis cancellata Bunge 

H. IT Phlomis herba-venti L. 

H. IT Salvia atropatana Bge. 

H. IT Salvia ceratophylla L. 

H. IT Salvia chloroleuca Rech. f. & Aell. 

H. IT, M Salvia sclarea L. 

H. IT, M Salvia virgata Jacq. 

Ch. IT Scutellaria litwinowii Bornm. & Sint. ex Bornm. 

Ch. IT Scutellaria pinnatifida A. Hamilt. 

H. IT, ES Stachys byzanthina C. Koch 

G. IT Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl 

H. IT Stachys pubesces Ten. 

H. IT Stachys setifera C. A. Mey. 

Ch. IT Stachys subaphylla Rech. f. 

Ch. IT Stachys trinervis Aitch. & Hem 

H. IT Stachys turcomanica Trautv. 

H. IT, ES, M Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

H. IT, M Teucrium polium L. 

Ch. IT Thymus transcaspicus Klokov 

Ch. IT Thymus trautvetteri Klokov & Desj.-Shost 

Ch. IT Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. 

Th. IT Ziziphora tenuir L. 

Linaceae 

Th. IT, M Linum glaucum Boiss. & Nöe 

Th. - Linum sp. 

Liliaceae 

G. IT Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef. 

G. IT Eremurus olgae Regel 

G. IT Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker 

G. IT Fritillaria gibbosa Boiss. 

G. IT, ES, M Muscari neglectum Guss. 

G. IT Tulipa montana Lindl. 

Lythraceae 

H. IT Lythrum hyssopifolium L. 

H. Pl Lythrum salicaria L. 

Malvaceae 

H. IT, M Althaea cannabina L. 

Th. IT, M Althaea hirsuta L. 




H. IT Althaea officinalis L. 

Th. IT Hibiscus trionum L. 

H. IT, ES, M Malva neglecta Wallr. 

H. IT Malva sylvestris L. 

Moraceae 

Ph. IT, M Ficus carica L. 

Ph. IT, M Ficus rupestris (Hausskn. ex Boiss.) Azizian 

Oleaceae 

Ph. IT, ES, M Jasminum fruticans L. 

Onagraceae 

G. Pl Epilobium hirsutum L. 

G. Pl Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn. 

Oxalidaceae 

H. Pl Oxalis corniculata L. 

Papaveraceae 

Th. IT, M Glaucium paucilobum Freyn 

Th. IT, M Hypecoum pendulum L. 

Th. IT Papaver dubium L. 

Th. IT Roemeria refracta DC. 

Plantaginaceae 

H. IT, M Plantago lanceolata L. 

H. Sco Plantago major L. 

Platanaceae 

Ph. IT, M Platanus orientalis L. 

Plumbaginaceae 

Ch. IT Acantholimon avenaceum Bunge 

Ch. IT Acantholimon erinaceum (Jaub. & Spach) Lincz. 

Ch. IT Acantholimon pterostegium Bunge 

H. IT Limonium gmelini (Willd.) O. Kuntze 

H. IT Limonium reniforme (Girard) Lincz. 

H. IT, ES, M Plumbago europaea L. 

Podophyllaceae 

G. IT Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Boiss. 

G. IT Leontice leontopetalum L. 

Primulaceae 

Th. Pl Anagallis arvensis L. var. coerulea L. 

Ch. IT Dionysia tapetodes Bge. 

Poaceae (Gramineae) 

Th. IT Aegilops tauschii Cosson 

Th. IT Aegilops triuncialis L. 

H. IT Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl. 

H. IT Agropyron intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. 

H. IT Agropyron pectiniforme Roemer & Schultes 




H. IT Agropyron podperae Nab. 

H. IT Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richter 

H. IT Agrostis olympica (Boiss.) Bor 

H. IT Agrostis stolonifera L. 

H. IT, M Alopecurus apiatus Ovcz. 

H. IT Arrhenatherum kotschyi Boiss. 

Th. Pl Avena eriantha Durieu 

Th. Pl Avena fatua L. 

Th. IT Boissiera squarrosa (Banks & Soland.) Nevski 

H. Pl Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng 

H. Pl Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. 

Th. IT Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Th. IT Bromus danthoniae Trin. 

H. IT Bromus kopetdaghensis Drobov 

Th. IT, ES, M Bromus scoparius L. 

Th. IT, ES, M Bromus sterilis L. 

Th. IT, SS, M Bromus tectorum L. 

H. IT Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth 

H. IT Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall. f.) 

Koel. 

G. IT Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

H. IT Dactylis glomerata L. 

Th. IT, M Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 

Th. IT, M Echinaria capitala (L.) Desf 

Th. IT Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. 

H. IT Elymus baldschuanicus Roshev. 

Th. IT Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski 

Th. IT Eremopyrum distans (C. Koch) Nevski 

H. IT, ES Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

H. IT, ES Festuca ovina L. 

H. IT, ES Festuca sulcata (Hack.) Beck 

H. IT, M Hordeum bulbosum L. 

H. IT, ES, M Hordeum violaceum Boiss. et Huet 

H. IT Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss. 

Th. IT, ES, M Lolium rigidum Guadin 

H. IT, ES, M Melica ciliata L. 

H. IT Melica persica Kunth 

Th. IT Nardurus subulatus (Banks & Soland.) Bor 

H. IT, SS Pennisetum orientale L. C. Rich. 

Th. IT, M Phalaris minor Retz. 

H. IT Phleum paniculatum Hudson 

H. IT, ES, M Phleum pratense L. 

G. IT, ES, M, SS Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 




H. IT, ES, M Poa bulbosa L. 

Th. Pl Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. 

Th. Pl Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 

Th. Pl Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 

G. Pl Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

H. IT Stipa barbata Desf. 

H. IT Stipa caucasica Schmalh. 

H. IT Stipa hohenakeriana Trin. & Rupr 

H. IT Stipa parviflora Desf. 

H. IT Stipa pennata L. 

H. IT Stipagrostis pulmosa (L.) Munro ex. T. Anders 

Th. IT Taeniatherum crinitum (Schreb.) Nevski 

Polygonaceae 

Ch. IT Atraphaxis spinosa L. 

H. IT, M Polygonum hydropiper L. 

H. IT Polygonum hyrcanicum Rech. f. 

H. IT Polygonum patulum M. B. 

Ch. IT Pteropyrum aucheri Jaub. & Spach 

H. IT, M Rumex thjanschanicus Los. 

IT IT Ranunculaceae 

Th. IT Adonis flammea Jacq. 

Th. IT Anemone biflora DC. 

Th. IT Clematis orientalis L. 

Th. IT Consolida regulosa (Boiss.) Schrod. 

Th. IT Delphinium turkmenum Lipsky 

Th. IT Nigella nigellastrum (L.) Willk 

Th. IT, ES, M Ranunculus arvensis L. 

G. IT Ranunculus brutius Ten. 

G. IT Ranunculus cicutarius Schlect. 

H. IT Thalictrum sultanabadense Stapf 

Resedaceae 

H. IT Reseda aucheri Boiss. 

H. IT, ES, M Reseda lutea L. 

H. IT, ES, M Reseda luteola L. 

Rhamnaceae 

Ph. IT, ES, M Paliurus spina-christi Miller 

IT IT Rosaceae 

H. IT, ES, M Agrimonia eupatoria L. 

Ph. IT Amygdalus scoparia Spach 

Ph. IT Cerasus microcarpa (Mey.) Boiss. 

Ph. IT Cerasus pseudoprostrata Pojark. 

Ph. IT, ES Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Ph. IT Cotoneaster ovata Pojark. 




Ph. IT Crataegus assadii Khatamsaz 

Ph. IT Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark. 

Ph. IT Crataegus turkestanica Pojark. 

H. IT Geum kokanicum Regel & Schmalh. ex Regel 

H. IT, ES Geum urbanum L. 

H. IT, ES Potentilla inclinata Vill. 

H. IT, ES Potentilla nuda Boiss. 

H. IT, ES Potentilla recta L. 

H. IT, ES Potentilla reptans L. 

Ph. IT, ES Prunus divaricata Ledeb. 

Ph. IT Rosa baggeriana Schrenk 

Ph. IT, ES, M Rosa canina L. 

Ph. IT Rosa hemisphaerica J. Herrmann 

Ph. IT Rosa iberica Stev. 

Ch. IT Rosa persica Mich. ex Juss. 

Ph. IT Rubus sanctus Shreb. 

H. IT, ES, M Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. muricata 

(Spach) Briq. 

IT IT Rubiaceae 

Th. IT, ES, M Asperula arvensis L. 

Ch. IT Asperula glomerata (M. B.) Griseb. 

H. IT, M Callipeltis cucullaria (L.) Stev. 

H. IT Crucianella chlorostachys Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

H. IT Crucianella gilanica Trin. 

Th. IT Gaillonia Bruguierii A. Rich 

Th. IT, M Galium humifusum M. B. 

Th. IT, M Galium setaceum Lam. 

Th. IT Galium tinctorium L. 

H. Pl Galium verum L. subsp. verum 

Ch. IT Rubia florida Boiss. 

Rutaceae 

H. IT Haplophyllum perforatum (M. B.) Kar. & Kir. 

Salicaceae 

Ph. IT Salix alba L. 

Santalaceae 

G. IT Thesium kotschyanum Boiss. 

IT IT Scrophulariaceae 

H. IT Leptorhabdos parviflora (Benth.) Benth. 

H. IT, ES Linaria lineolata Boiss. 

H. IT, ES Linaria pyramidata (Lam.) Spreng. 

H. IT Scrophularia striata Boiss. 

H. IT, ES Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. 

H. IT Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 




H. IT Veronica Khorasanica Czernjak. 

Simaroubaceae 

Ph. IT Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

Solanaceae 

H. IT Hyoscyamus squarrosus Griff. 

Ph. IT Lycium ruthenicum Murray 

Th. Cos Solanum nigrum L. 

Th. IT Solanum olgae Pojark. 

Tamaricaceae 

Th. - Tamarix sp. 

Th. IT Reaumuria alternifolia (Labill.) Brihen 

Thymelaeaceae 

H. IT Dendrostellera lessertii (Wikstr.) Van Tigeh 

H. IT Stelleropsis antoninae Pobedimova 

Th. IT, ES, M Thymelaea passerina (L.) Cosson & Germ. 

Ulmaceae 

Ph. ES, M Celtis caucasica Willd. 

Urticaceae 

Ch. IT, ES, M Parietaria judaica L. 

H. Sco Urtica dioica L. 

Valerianaceae 

G. IT Valeriana ficariifolia Boiss. 

H. IT Valeriana sisymbiifolia Vahl 

Th. IT, M Valerianella cymbicarpa C. A. Mey. 

Th. IT Valerianella oxyrrhyncha Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

H. IT Valerianella szowitsiana Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Verbenaceae 

H. IT Verbena officinalis L. 

Ph. IT Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn.) Hand-Mzt. 

Violaceae 

Th. IT Viola occulta Lehmann 

Th. IT Viola odorata L. 

Vitaceae 

Ph. IT Vitis vinifera L. 

Zygophyllaceae 

H. IT, SS, M Peganum harmala L. 

Th. IT, M Tribulus terrestris L. 

Ph. IT Zygophyllum fabago L. 

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Presentation of flora, life forms and chorology of rural range plants in the North East Azarbaijan province, Iran

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