list of Latin and synonymous common names of - University of ...

Smurphbot 3.0: Vascular Flora Common and Latin Names for Northeastern Canada & USA 

Last Updated: September 2011 

Stephen D. Murphy, B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. 

Professor 

Dept. of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 

Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada. 

Vox: 519-888-4567 ext. 35616 Fax: 519-746-0292 

E-mail: sd2murph @ uwaterloo.ca 

http://www.evironment.uwaterloo.ca/ers/faculty/smurphy.htm 

What is this database? In 1981, I used a then-novel thing called a “computer” and started a list of plants I 

identified - no comments on my geekiness. The main claim to fame of my database is that it is one of the better 

ones that matches common names with Latin binomials. It is also free for its use . I update it sporadically but 

have done a major overhaul in 2009. 

Copyright notice. This material is copyrighted but is not intended as a commercial product. Standard ethical 

and professional practice dictates that this database is not to be claimed by other authors. It should be cited as 

a personal communication (acknowledgement) if it is used for publication in any form (this includes student 

papers). As an academic, I find plagiarism ethically reprehensible, not to mention illegal. 

Using this database. This has been updated and cross checked with the Ontario Plant List and the Flora of 

North America; the latter is incomplete, hence so is my list here. As major revisions to taxa like Aster, Solidago, 

and Poaceae and Cyperaceae continue, expect me to be slow catching up – though the latest version has gotten 

most of the families revised. This is merely a hand way to check and cross check common and Latin names (few 

comprehensive lists exist so it can get hard to understand older survey records). Astute users noted that a few 

select species were neologisms; indeed, I follow the old mapmaker’s practice of inserting some red herrings to 

catch people passing this off as their own work. In other cases I confess I had the usual mass of typos and 

transcription errors – like I said, this is a handy list and I work on it during lull times that are few and far 

between. If 100% accuracy is what you crave, send me a few thousand dollars and I’ll hire a professional editor 

 

If using this with word processor software, use the "search" or "find and replace" option to search for a 

name (common or scientific) that you need to find. If using this with a web browser, use the “find” or “find 

in page” function to search for a name (common or scientific) that you need to find. 

Latin names in rounded parentheses indicate old synonyms superseded by the current name. Asterisks 

denote species that are exotics (*) or invasives/problem weeds (**) [these are not necessarily exotics]. Ones 

that are invasive exotics are denoted as “*/**”. There is a constant debate as to what makes a plant a 

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“problem weed” or “invasive”; I define these based on my experience and not on legal grounds (e.g. the 

various Noxious Weed Acts are too often obsolete). I caution that some species marked as “exotics” (from 

my point of view) may be indigenous to nearby areas and arguably should be classified as “native” because 

of the gradual expansion of their range. I welcome constructive arguments. 

Plants are listed according to the most recent family alliance (with synonyms, common names and recent 

changes noted). Plants (by binomial) are listed in alphabetical order under each family sub-heading. I am 

going to be revising the file so the families are also grouped by order (rather than just alphabetically). 

I have not seen (personally) some of the rarer species, hybrids, and some species that are hard to identify 

(except when I have consulted herbaria accessions). I included these for completeness and also to remind 

myself that some species are restricted in their distribution. I try and make note in those cases – clearly 

there are some taxa in Cratageus, Carex, the goldenrod/aster complex that require lab work including more 

molecular approaches and certainly need expertise of the caliber of Tony Reznicek, Mike Oldham, John 

Semple, Steve Darbyshire, Dan Gregory and many others. Bear in mind that I am a field ecologist/botanist 

and not a taxonomist/systematist. I claim above average field skills (e.g. darned good in Poaceae and a lot of 

other monocots) but I am not at the level of the people named here. Like most people, I say “I don’t know” 

quite a lot and take the plants back to the lab to consult with florae. 

Most of the names of the taxa listed have been confirmed by professional systematists and taxonomists in 

various florae and journals (e.g. Flora of North America, Taxon). There will still be disagreements and 

revisions that I won’t catch up to for awhile. The revisions within Poaceae were massive, for example. 

I list some names below the rank of specific epithet (species) where these have been firmly identified. I 

prefer not to split taxa otherwise (subspecies, varieties) and especially avoid some (formae, nomae) that 

reflect phenotypic plasticity but respect taxonomists who have confirmed these (mainly ssp and var are 

relevant). I agree characteristics that tend to vary consistently are ripe for phenotypic selection and have 

evolutionary merit, but they may not be taxonomically relevant. I make exceptions when it is clear the 

modern consensus is that certain varieties (for example) are clearly different – even there I do tend to skip 

some of the varieties of Poaceae solely because they are not easy to distinguish, short of molecular 

approaches. 

Common names are ones that have been published or are ones I’ve heard used a lot. Some are well known 

and some are not. If anyone has any novel common names for plants, e-mail them to me. I will add them 

(and properly acknowledge your contribution). Some of the diminutions of common names for a given 

species may seem like overkill but it makes searching this database easier. 

I know some of the common names make little sense, are misleading, or are redundant. I just list them, I 

don’t create them. Some names simply became popular even though they are wrong. 

Common names from other languages (e.g. French) have been spelled as they appear in most florae. Some 

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of these are misspelled in modern terms because they have been historically spelled as such. Common 

names originating from aboriginal languages often are spelled phonetically and therefore crudely - I’d be 

quite willing to correct these - if anyone would like to e-mail the corrections to me. 

WARNING: A few historical common names are offensive – and I include myself as getting offended by 

some of them as a few are blatantly racist and ugly. I still kept them. Why? However offensive, historical 

common names are kept here because they may be useful in trying to identify species that are so 

designated in older documents. I despise certain common names, I do not endorse or use these names 

myself, and I did not create these names. I therefore accept no responsibility if anyone besides me is 

offended by common names and users of this file will have to do so at the risk of personal offense. That it is 

the problem of history and legacy – I’d rather explicate the stupidity and expose it rather than pretend it 

never existed. 

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Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) 

Division Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta) 

Class Lycopodiopsida 

Order Lycopodales 

Lycopodiaceae (clubmoss family, lycopod family) 

Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel (Appalachian clubmoss, Appalachian fir-moss, mountain fir- 

moss) 

Huperzia x buttersii (Abbe) Kartesz & Gandil (Lycopodium x buttersii Abbe) (Butters‟ fir-moss) (ON & NF 

in e. Canada) 

Huperzia chinensis (Christ) Czern. (Huperzia miyoshiana (Makino) Ching, Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. 

ex Schrank & Mart. ssp. chinensis (Christ) A. Löve & D. Löve, Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex 

Schrank & Mart. var. miyoshiana (Makino) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Lycopodium chinense 

Christ, Lycopodium miyoshianum Makino, Lycopodium selago L. ssp. chinense (Christ) Hultén, 

Lycopodium selago L. ssp. miyoshianum (Makino) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Lycopodium selago L. 

var. miyoshianum (Makino) Makino, Urostachys chinensis (Christ) Herter ex Nessel, Urostachys 

miyoshiana (Makino) Herter ex Nessel) (Chinese clubmoss) (native to USA & Canada despite the 

specific epithet and common name – only in ON & NF [and BC, AK, WA, OR]) 

Huperzia x josephbeitelii A. Haines (Beitel‟s fir-moss, Joseph Beitel‟s firmoss) (only in ON QC NF NS) 

Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. (Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. var. tryonii (Mohlenbr.) Mohlenbr., 

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. ssp. lucidula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve, 

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx., Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. var. tryonii Mohlenbr., Lycopodium 

reflexum Sw., non Lam., Urostachys lucidulus (Michx.) Herter ex Nessel) (ascending clubmoss, 

shining clubmoss, shining fir-moss) 

Huperzia porophila (Lloyd & Underw.) Holub (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. 

patens (P. Beauv.) Trevis., Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. porophila (Lloyd 

& Underw.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. var. porophilum (Lloyd & Underw.) 

Clute, Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw., Lycopodium selago L. ssp. patens (P. Beauv.) 

Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Lycopodium selago L. var. patens (P. Beauv.) Desv., Lycopodium selago 

L. var. porophilum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute, Urostachys lucidulus (Michx.) Herter ex Nessel var. 

porophilus (Lloyd & Underw.) Herter ex Nessel, non Lam., Urostachys porophilus (Lloyd & 

Underw.) Herter ex Nessel) (rock clubmoss, sieve clubmoss) 

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. densa Trevis. (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex 

Schrank & Mart. ssp. arctica (Grossh.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium appressum (Desv.) 

Petrovic, non (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw., Lycopodium arcticum Grossh., Lycopodium selago L. 

ssp. appressum (Desv.) Hultén, Lycopodium selago L. ssp. arcticum (Grossh.) Tolm., Lycopodium 

selago L. var. appressum Desv.) (Arctic club-moss, bog clubmoss, fir-clubmoss, 

mountain-clubmoss, northern fir-moss) 

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. selago (Lycopodium selago L., Urostachys selago 

(L.) Herter ex Nessel) (Arctic club-moss, bog clubmoss, fir-clubmoss, mountain-clubmoss, 

northern fir-moss) 

Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill (Lepidotis alopecuroides (L.) Rothm., Lycopodium alopecuroides 

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L., Lycopodium inundatum L. var. alopecuroides (L.) Tuck.) (foxtail clubmoss) (ME & NY 

southward; not yet in Canada) 

Lycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Pic. Serm. (slender clubmoss) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Lycopodiella x copelandii (Eig.) Cranfill [alopecuroides x appressa] (Lycopodium chapmanii Underw. ex 

Maxon p.p., Lycopodium x copelandii Eig., Lycopodium inundatum L. var. elongatum Chapm., 

Lycopodium inundatum L. var. robustum R.J. Eaton) (Copeland‟s clubmoss) (NY southward; not in 

Canada) 

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub (Lepidotis inundata (L.) C. Borner, Lycopodium inundatum L.) 

(bog-clubmoss, marsh club-moss, northern bog club-moss) 

Lycopodium alpinum L. (Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub, Diphasium alpinum (L.) Rothm.) (alpine 

clubmoss) (QC & NF in e. Canada) 

Lycopodium annotinum L. (Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. alpestre (Hartm.) A. Löve & D. Löve, 

Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. pungens (La Pylaie) Hultén, Lycopodium annotinum L. var. 

acrifolium Fernald, Lycopodium annotinum L. var. alpestre Hartm., Lycopodium annotinum L. var. 

pungens (La Pylaie) Desv., Lycopodium dubium Zoega) (bristly clubmoss, interrupted clubmoss, 

stiff clubmoss) 

Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodium clavatum L. var. laurentianum Victorin, Lycopodium clavatum L. 

var. subremotum Victorin, Lycopodium clavatum L. var. tristachyum Hook.) (common clubmoss, 

coral-evergreen, running clubmoss, running pine, staghorn-evergreen, wolf's-claws) 

Lycopodium complanatum L. (Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub , Diphasium anceps (Wallr.) A. 

Löve & D. Löve, Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm., Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. ssp. 

montellii Kukkonen, Diphasium wallrothii H.P. Fuchs, Lycopodium anceps Wallr., Lycopodium 

complanatum L. ssp. anceps (Wallr.) Asch., Lycopodium complanatum L. var. canadense Victorin) 

(Christmas-green, creeping Jenny, ground cedar, northern running-pine, running evergreen, 

trailing evergreen) 

Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. (Lycopodium obscurum L. var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eaton, 

Lycopodium obscurum L. var. hybridum Farw.) (false ground pine, prickly tree club-moss, roundbranched 

ground-pine, tree groundpine) 

Lycopodium digitatum Dill. ex A. Braun (Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub, Diphasium 

complanatum (L.) Rothm. ssp. flabelliforme (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium 

complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fernald, Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanch., 

Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanch. var. ambiguum Victorin (crowfoot club-moss, fan 

clubmoss, finger clubmoss, southern running-pine) 

Lycopodium x habereri House [digitatum x tristachyum] (Diphasiastrum x habereri (House) Holub, 

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. habereri (House) B. Boivin, Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh var. 

habereri (House) Victorin, Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh var. laurentianum Victorin) (Haberer‟s 

club-moss) 

Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel & Moran (Lycopodium obscurum L. var. isophyllum Hickey) 

(Hickey's tree club-moss, Pennsylvania clubmoss) 

Lycopodium x issleri (Rouy) Domin [alpinum × complanatum] (Diphasiastrum x issleri (Rouy) Holub, 

Diphasium issleri (Rouy) Holub, Lycopodium alpinum L. ssp. issleri (Rouy) Chassagne, 

Lycopodium alpinum L. var. decipiens Syme ex Druce, Lycopodium complanatum L. ssp. issleri 

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(Rouy) Domin, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. pseudoalpinum Farw.) (Issler‟s clubmoss) (ME) 

Lycopodium lagopus (Laest. ex Hartm.) Zinserl. ex Kuzen (Lycopodium clavatum L. ssp. megastachyon 

(Fernald & Bissell) Selin, Lycopodium clavatum L. ssp. monostachyon (Hook. & Grev.) Seland., 

Lycopodium clavatum L. var. brevispicatum Peck, Lycopodium clavatum L. var. integerrimum 

Spring, Lycopodium clavatum L. var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell, Lycopodium clavatum L. 

var. monostachyon Hook. & Grev.) (one-cone club-moss) 

Lycopodium obscurum L. (branch-evergreen, flat-branch, ground pine, rare clubmoss, tree-clubmoss) 

Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. Diphasiastrum sabinifolium (Willd.) Holub, Lycopodium armatum Desv., 

Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. patens Victorin, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. 

sharonense S.F. Blake, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. superfertile Victorin (cedar-like clubmoss, 

ground-fir, heath-cypress, savin-leaf club-moss, savinleaf groundpine) 

Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. (Diphasiastrum sitchense (Rupr.) Holub, Diphasium sitchense (Rupr.) A. 

Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. ssp. sitchense (Rupr.) Calder & Roy L. 

Taylor, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. sitchense (Rupr.) Fernald) (Alaskan clubmoss, Arctic 

club-moss, Sitka clubmoss, Sitkan clubmoss) 

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh (iphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub, Diphasium chamicyparissus 

(A. Braun) A. Löve & D. Löve, Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. ssp. chamicyparissus (A. 

Braun) Kukkonen, Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm., Lycopodium chamicyparissus A. 

Braun, Lycopodium complanatum L. ssp. chamicyparissus (A. Braun) Nyman, Lycopodium 

complanatum L. var. chamicyparissus (A. Braun) Döll, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. 

patentifolium Spring (blue ground-cedar, deeproot clubmoss, ground-cedar, ground-pine) 

Lycopodium x zeilleri (Rouy) Greuter & Burdet [complanatum x tristachyum] (Diphasiastrum x zeilleri 

(Rouy) Holub, Diphasium zeilleri (Rouy) Damboldt, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. elongatum 

Victorin, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. gartonis B. Boivin, Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh var. 

boreale Victorin) (Zeiller‟s club-moss) 

Order Isoetales 

Isoetaceae (quillwort family) 

Isoetes acadiensis Kott (Acadian quillwort) (NY east into the Canadian Maritimes) 

Isoetes x brittonii (engelmannii x riparia) (Britton‟s quillwort) (NY but not in Canada) 

Isoetes x dodgei Eaton (riparia x tenella) (Dodge's quillwort) 

Isoetes x eatonii Dodge (Isoetes eatonii R. Dodge var. gravesii (A.A. Eaton) Clute (pro syn.), Isoetes 

gravesii A.A. Eaton) (engelmannii x tenella) (Eaton's quillwort) 

Isoetes x echtuckeri D.F. Brunton & D.M. Britton [tenella x tuckermannii] (Echtucker‟s quillwort) 

Isoetes engelmannii Braun (Appalachian quillwort, Engelmann's quillwort) 

Isoetes x foveolata A. A. Eaton ex Dodge (engelmannii x tuckermannii) 

Isoetes x harveyi Eaton (lacustris x tuckermannii) Isoetes tuckermanii A. Braun var. harveyi (A.A. Eaton) 

Clute) (Harvey's quillwort) 

Isoetes x hickeyi Tayl. & Lub. (lacustris x tenella) (Hickey's quillwort) 

Isoetes x jeffreyi D. M. Britton & D. F. Brunt (lacustris x riparia) (Jeffrey‟s quillwort) 

Isoetes lacustris L. (Isoetes hieroglyphica Eaton) (common quillwort, lake quillwort, large-spored 

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quillwort, lesser quillwort) 

Isoetes riparia Engelm. ex A. Braun var. riparia (Isoetes canadensis (Engelm.) A.A. Eaton) (creekquill, 

creekwort, estuarine quillwort, riverbank quillwort, shore quillwort) 

Isoetes tenella Léman (Isoetes braunii Durieu, Isoetes echinospora Durieu, Isoetes echinospora Durieu 

ssp. asiatica (Makino) A. Löve, Isoetes echinospora Durieu ssp. muricata (Durieu) A. Löve & D. 

Löve, Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. asiatica Makino, Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. braunii 

(Durieu) Engelm., Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. hesperia (C.F. Reed) A. Löve, Isoetes 

echinospora Durieu var. muricata (Durieu) Engelm., Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. robusta 

Engelm., Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. savilei B. Boivin, Isoetes muricata Durieu, Isoetes 

muricata Durieu var. braunii (Durieu) C.F. Reed, Isoetes muricata Durieu var. hesperia C.F. Reed, 

Isoetes setacea Lam. p.p., Isoetes setacea Lam. ssp. muricata (Durieu) Holub (Braun‟s quillwort, 

spike-spored quillwort, spiny-spored quillwort) 

Isoetes tuckermanii A. Braun (Tuckerman's quillwort) 

Order Selaginellales 

Selaginellaceae (spikemoss family) 

Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring. (Selaginella apus Spring) (amputated spikemoss, medow spike-moss, 

stump spikemoss) (ME and southward; may be in NB) 

Selaginella densa Rydb. var. densa (Selaginella engelmannii Hieron.) (lesser spikemoss, matted 

spikemoss, Rocky Mountain spike-moss, prairie club-moss) 

Selaginella eclipes W. R. Buck (hidden spikemoss, false meadow spike-moss) 

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. (Lycopodium rupestre L) (festoon-pine, northern spikemoss, rock 

spikemoss) 

Selaginella selaginoides (L.) P. Beauv. ex Martius & Schrank. (club spikemoss, low selaginella, northern 

spike-moss, water spikemoss) 

Division Equisetophyta (Sphenophyta) 

Class Equisetopsida 

Order Equisetales 

Equisetaceae (horsetail family) 

Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetum calderi B. Boivin) (common horsetail, devil's-guts, field horsetail) 

Equisetum x ferrissii Clute (laevigatum x hyemale) (Ferriss' horsetail, Ferriss‟ scouring-rush) 

Equisetum fluviatile L. (Equisetum limosum L.) (pipes, swamp horesetail, water-horsetail, water-pipes) 

Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eaton (Equisetum affine Engelm., quisetum hyemale L. 

ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Equisetum hyemale L. var. californicum Milde, 

Equisetum hyemale L. var. pseudohyemale (Farw.) Morton, Equisetum hyemale L. var. robustum 

(A. Braun) A.A. Eaton, Equisetum praealtum Raf., Equisetum robustum A. Braun, Hippochaete 

hyemalis (L.) Bruhin, Hippochaete hyemalis (L.) Bruhin ssp. affinis (Engelm.) W.A. Weber) 

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(horsetail grass, scouring rush, smooth scouring-rush, winter scouring-rush) 

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun (Equisetum funstonii A.A. Eaton, Equisetum kansanum Schaffn., 

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun ssp. funstonii (A.A. Eaton) Hartm., Hippochaete laevigata (A. 

Braun) Farw.) (Kansas horsetail, smooth scouring-rush) 

Equisetum x litorale Kuhl ex Rupr. (arvense x fluviatile) (shore horsetail) 

Equisetum x mackaii (Newman) Brichan (hymale x variegatum) (Equisetum trachyodon (A. Braun) 

W.D.J. Koch, Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr var. jesupii A.A. Eaton) 

(Mack‟s horsetail) 

Equisetum x nelsonii (A.A. Eat.) Schaff. (variegatum x laevigatum) (Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex 

F. Weber & D. Mohr var. nelsonii A.A. Eaton) (Nelson's horsetail) 

Equisetum palustre L. (marsh horsetail, meadow horsetail, reed horsetail) 

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (meadow horsetail, thicket horsetail) 

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. (dwarf scouring rush, sedge horsetail, sedge-like equisetum) 

Equisetum sylvaticum L. (bottle-brush, wood-horsetail, woodland horsetail) 

Equisetum x trachyodon Braun (variegatum x hyemale) (striped scouring rush) 

Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (striped horsetail, variegated horsetail) 

Division Pterophyta (Pteridophyta) 

Class Filicopsida 

Order Hydropteridales 

Azollaceae (floating fern family, mosquito-fern family) (separated from Salviniaceae) 

Azolla caroliniana Willd. (Carolina azolla, eastern mosquito fern, mosquito fern, water-fern) 

Marsileaceae (marsilea fern family, water clover family) 

Marsilea quadrifolia L. (European pepperwort, marsilea fern, water clover) (* in USA; native in Canada) 

Order Ophioglossales 

Ophioglossaceae (adder's-tongue family, grape-fern family, moonwort family) 

Botrychium acuminatum W. H. Wagner (pointed moonwort, tailed grapefern) 

Botrychium ascendens W. H. Wagner (heavenly grape fern, trianglelobe moonwort, upswept moonwort) 

Botrychium boreale Milde (boreal moonwort, northern grape fern, northern moonwort) (QC in e. Canada) 

Botrychium campestre W. H. Wagner & Farrar (Iowa moowort, prairie moonwort) 

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Clute, 

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. oblongifolium (Graves) Broun, Botrychium obliquum Muhl. ex 

Willd., Botrychium obliquum Muhl. ex Willd. var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer) (angle-fern, cutleaved 

grape fern, cut-leaved moonwort, grape fern) 

Botrychium hesperium (Maxon & R. T. Clausen) W. H. Wagner & Lellinger (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. 

ssp. occidentale A. Löve & D. Löve & Kapoor, Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. 

Braun ex W.D.J. Koch ssp. hesperium Maxon & R.T. Clausen, Botrychium matricariifolium (A. 

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Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch var. hesperium (Maxon & R.T. Clausen) Broun) 

(western moonwort) 

Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) Angstr. var. angustisegmentum Pease & A.H. Moore (Botrychium 

angustisegmentum (Pease & A.H. Moore) Fernald, Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) Angstr. 

ssp. angustisegmentum (Pease & A.H. Moore) R.T. Clausen) (lance-leaved grape fern, narrow 

triangle moonwort) 

Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) Angstr. var. lanceolatum (Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) 

Angstr. ssp. typicum R.T. Clausen) (lance-leaved grape fern, narrow triangle moonwort) 

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz. (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. var. onondagense (Underw.) House, 

Botrychium onondagense Underw.) (common moonwort) 

Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch (chamomile moonwort, daisy- 

leaf moonwort, matricary grape fern) 

Botrychium minganense Victorin (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. ssp. minganense (Victorin) Calder & Roy 

L. Taylor, Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. var. minganense (Victorin) Dole) (mingan moonwort) 

Botrychium mormo W.H. Wagner (little goblin moonwort) (QC in e. Canada) 

Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. (Botrychium californicum Underw., Botrychium coulteri 

Underw., Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng., Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. 

ssp. californicum (Underw.) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. ssp. 

coulteri (Underw.) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. ssp. silaifolium (C. 

Presl) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. californicum (Underw.) 

Broun, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. coulteri (Underw.) Broun, Botrychium 

multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. intermedium (D.C. Eaton) Farw., Botrychium multifidum (S.G. 

Gmel.) Trevis. var. silaifolium (C. Presl) Broun, Botrychium silaifolium C. Presl, Botrychium 

silaifolium C. Presl var. coulteri (Underw.) Jeps.) (leathery grape-fern) 

Botrychium oneidense (Gilb.) House (Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw., 

Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw., Sceptridium oneidense 

(Gilbert) Holub) (bluntlobe grapefern, blunt-leaved grape fern, Oneida-fern, Underwood‟s 

moonwort) 

Botrychium pallidum W. H. Wagner (pale botrychium, pale moonwort) 

Botrychium pedunculosum W.H. Wagner (stalked moonwort) (QC in e. Canada) 

Botrychium pseudopinnatum W. H. Wagner (false daisyleaf moonwort, false northwestern moonwort) 

Botrychium rugulosum W. H. Wagner (Botrychium ternatum auct. non (Thunb.) Sw.) (rugulose grape 

fern, St. Lawrence grape fern, ternate grapefern) 

Botrychium simplex Hitchc. (Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. ssp. simplex, Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. 

ssp. typicum R.T. Clausen, Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. compositum (Lasch) Milde, 

Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. laxifolium (R.T. Clausen) Fernald, Botrychium simplex E. 

Hitchc. var. tenebrosum (A.A. Eaton) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium tenebrosum A.A. Eaton) 

(Hitchcock‟s grape fern, least moonwort, little grapefern, slender moonwort) 

Botrychium spathulatum W. H. Wagner (spathulate botrychium, spatulate moonwort) 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. (Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. ssp. europaeum (Angstr.) Jáv., 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. var. europaeum Angstr.) (rattlesnake fern, Virginia grape fern) 

Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. (Ophioglossum vulgatum auct. non L., Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. 

9

alaskanum (E.G. Britton) C. Chr., Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (S.F. Blake) 

Farw.) (adder's-tongue fern, northern adder‟s-tongue) 

Order Polypodiales 

Aspleniaceae (spleenwort family) (separated from Polypodiaceae) 

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. platyneuron (L.) Oakes (Acrostichum 

platyneuron L.?) (ebony-spleenwort) 

Asplenium rhizophyllum L. (Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link.) (doradille, walking fern, walkingleaf) 

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. var. cryptolepis (Fernald) Wherry (Asplenium cryptolepis Fern.) (osage 

spleenwort, wall rue spleenwort, wall-rue) 

Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & Gandhi (Phyllitis japonica Kom. ssp. 

americana (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman var. americana 

Fernald) (hart‟s-tongue, hart's-tongue fern, heart's-tongue spleenwort) 

Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey. (hairy spleenwort, maidenhair spleenwort) 

Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. trichomanes (hairy spleenwort, maidenhair spleenwort) 

Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum L. (Asplenium viride Hudson) (emerald spleenwort, green spleenwort, 

hairy green spleenwort) 

Blechnaceae (chain fern family, deer fern family) (separated from Polypodiaceae) 

Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore (Lorinseria areolata (L.) C. Presl) (netted chain fern, Nova Scotia chain 

fern) 

Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith (Anchistea virginica (L.) C. Presl) (Virginia chain fern, Virginian chain 

fern) 

Davalliaceae (sword-fern family) 

Nephrolepis exaltata L. (Boston swordfern)* 

Dennstaedtiaceae (bracken-fern family) 

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Mich.) Moore (boulder-fern, hay-scented fern) 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller (bracken, bracken-fern, 

brake, eastern bracken-fern, hairy bracken-fern, hog-brake, pasture-brake, western brackenfern) 

Dryopteridaceae (shield fern family, wood fern family) (formerly Polypodiaceae or Aspleniaceae) 

Athyrium americanum (Butters) Maxon (Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde, Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) 

Milde ssp. americanum (Butters) Lellinger, Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde var. americanum 

Butters, Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde var. gaspense Fernald, Athyrium distentifolium Tausch 

ex Opiz ssp. americanum (Butters) Hultén, Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz var. 

americanum (Butters) B. Boivin) (alpine ladyfern) (QC & NF in e. Canada) 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. angustum (Willd.) R.T. Clausen (Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. 

Presl, Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters, Athyrium angustum 

(Willd.) C. Presl var. subtripinnatum Butters, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. angustum (Willd.) 

10

G. Lawson, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw., Athyrium filix-femina 

(L.) Roth var. rubellum Gilbert) (lady-fern, northern lady-fern, subarctic ladyfern) 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. asplenioides (Michx.) Hultén (Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. 

Eaton, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw.) (asplenium ladyfern) (NY 

southward; not in Canada) 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. cyclosorum (Rupr.) C. Chr. (Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde var. 

cyclosorum (Rupr.) T. Moore, Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl var. boreale Jennings, 

Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl var. elatius (Link) Butters, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. 

californicum Butters, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. cyclosorum (Rupr.) Ledeb., Athyrium filixfemina 

(L.) Roth var. sitchense (Rupr.) Ledeb.) (lady-fern, northern lady-fern, northwestern ladyfern, 

subarctic ladyfern) 

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw.) (bulblet bladderfern, bulbet cystopteris, 

bulblet-fern) 

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (Cystopteris dickieana Sim, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. ssp. dickieana 

(Sim) Hyl., Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. angustata G. Lawson, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) 

Bernh. var. woodsioides Christ, Filix fragilis (L.) Underw.) (brittle bladderfern, fragile bladder-fern, 

fragile-fern) 

Cystopteris laurentiana (Weath.) Blasdell (Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. huteri (Hausman) Luerss., 

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. laurentiana Weath. (Canadian bladder-fern, Laurentian fragile 

fern, St. Lawrence bladderfern) 

Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Bernh. (Filix montana (Lam.) Underw.) (mountain bladderfern, mountain 

cystopteris) 

Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell (Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. protrusa Weath.) (lowland 

bladderfern) (ON in e. Canada) 

Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv. (Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. mackayi G. Lawson) (upland brittle 

bladderfern) 

Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato (Athyrium thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv., Diplazium 

acrostichoides (Sw.) Butters) (silver false spleenwort, silvery glade fern, silvery spleenwort) 

Diplazium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) M. Brown (Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng., Athyrium pycnocarpon 

(Spreng.) Tidestr.) (glade-fern, narrow-leaved spleenwort) 

Dryopteris x algonquinensis D. M. Britton (fragrans x marginalis) (Algonquin shield fern, Algonquin wood 

fern) 

Dryopteris x benedictii (Farw.) Wherry (carthusiana x clintoniana) (Benedict's shield fern, Benedict‟s 

wood fern) 

Dryopteris x bootii (Tuckerman) L. Underw. (cristata x intermedia) (Boot's shield fern) 

Dryopteris x brathaica Fraser-Jenkins & Reichstein [filix-mas x carthusiana] (Quebec fern) (QC only) 

Drypoteris x burgessii B. Boivin (clintonia x marginalis) (Burgess' shield fern, Burgess‟ wood fern) 

Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell., Dryopteris 

spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. americana (Fisch. ex Kunze) Fernald) (mountain woodfern) (QC 

easterward in e. Canada) 

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell. var. 

spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Fisch., Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt) (spinulose shield fern, 

spinulose wood fern) 

11

Dryopteris clintoniana (Eaton) Powell (Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray var. clintoniana (D.C. Eaton) 

Underw., Dryopteris x poyseri Wherry) (Clinton‟s fern, Clinton‟s wood fern, spring shield fern) 

Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray (crested shield fern, crested wood fern) 

Dryopteris x dowellii (Farw.) Wherry (clintoniana x intermedia) (Dowell's shield fern, Dowell‟s wood fern) 

Dryopteris expansa (Presl.) F-J & Jermy (Dryopteris assimilis S. Walker, Dryopteris dilatata auct. non 

(Hoffm.) A. Gray, Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray ssp. americana (Fisch.) Hultén, Dryopteris 

spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. dilatata auct. non (Hoffm.) Underw.) (larger shield fern, northern 

buckler fern, northern woodfern) 

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Athryium filix-mas (L.) Schott) (male-fern) 

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott var. remotiuscula Kom. (fragrant cliff-fern, fragrant shield-fern, fragrant 

wood-fern, sweet shieldfern) 

Dryopteris goldiana (Hook) Gray (Goldie's fern) 

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell. 

var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Morton, Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. concordiana 

(Davenport) Eastman, Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Underw.) (American shield fern, evergreen wood fern, intermediate woodfern) 

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray (evergreen wood-fern, marginal shield-fern, marginal wood fern) 

Dryopteris x mickelii J.H. Peck [goldiana x clintoniana] (Mickel‟s woodfern) (ON in e. Canada) 

Dryopteris x neo-wherryi W. Wagner (goldiana x marginalis) (Wherry's shield fern, wood fern) 

Dryopteris x pittsfordensis Slosson (carthusiana x marginalis) (Pittsforden‟s shield fern, Pittsoforden‟s 

wood fern) 

Dryopteris x slossonae Wherry ex Lellinger (cristata x marginalis) (Slosson's shield fern, Slosson‟s 

wood fern) 

Dryopteris x triploidea Wherry (carthusiana x intermedia) (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex 

Schinz & Thell. var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Morton, Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray 

var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Wherry, Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. fructuosa (Gilbert) 

Trudell) (fruitfull wood fern, sterile shield fern, sterile wood fern, triploid wood fern) 

Dryopteris x uliginosa (A. Braun ex Dowell) Druce (carthusiana x cristata) (Druce's shield fern, marsh 

wood fern) 

x Dryostichum singulare W.H. Wagn. (Dryopteris goldiana x Polystichum lonchitis) (dryostichum, false 

Goldie‟s wood fern) (Ontario only; Wagner et al 1992 discovered it around Georgian Bay) 

Gymnocarpium x achriosporum Sarvela [dryopteris x robertianum] (Quebec oakfern) (QC only) 

Gymnocarpium x brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler [disjunctum x dryopteris] (Britton‟s oakfern) 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman (Dryopteris dryopteris (L.) Britton, Dryopteris linnaeana C. Chr., 

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fée, Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson) (false shield fern, oak fern) 

Gymnocarpium x intermedium Sarvela (drypoteris x jessoense) (Sarvela's oak fern) 

Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidzumi) Koidzumi ssp. parvulum Sarvela (Asian oakfern, Nahanni oak 

fern) (native to USA & Canada, despite one of the common names) 

Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newm. (Dryopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Chr., Gymnocarpium 

dryopteris (L.) Newman var. pumilum (DC.) B. Boivin, Phegopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Braun ex 

Asch.) (limestone oak fern, limestone polypody, scented oak fern) 

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro (Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raymond, Matteuccia 

12

struthiopteris (L.) Todaro var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Morton, Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro 

var. pubescens (Terry) Clute, Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. p.p., Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) 

Hoffm. var. pensylvanica (Willd.) B. Boivin, Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl., Pteretis 

pensylvanica (Willd.) Fernald) (ostrich fern) 

Onoclea sensibilis L. (sensitive fern) 

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott var. acrostichoides (Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) 

Schott var. schweinitzii (Beck) Small) (canker-brake, Christmas fern, dagger-fern) 

Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fee (Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée ssp. purshii (Fernald) Calder & 

Roy L. Taylor, Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée var. purshii Fernald) (Braun's holly fern, prickly 

shield fern, Pursh's holly fern) 

Polystichum x hagenahii Cody [acrostichoides x lonchitis] (Hagenah's hollyfern) 

Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Polystichum mohrioides (Bory) C. Presl var. lemmonii (Underw.) 

Fernald) (northern hollyfern) 

Polystichum x potteri Barrington [acrostichoides x braunii] (Potter‟s hollyfern) (QC easteward in Canada) 

Polystichum scopulinum (D.C. Eaton) Maxon (Polystichum mohrioides (Bory) C. Presl var. scopulinum 

(D.C. Eaton) Fernald) (mountain hollyfern) (QC & NF in e. Canada) 

Woodsia x abbeae Butters (ilvensis x oregana) (Woodsia confusa T.M.C. Taylor, Woodsia oregana D.C. 

Eaton var. squammosa B. Boivin) (Abbe‟s cliff fern, abbey-fern) 

Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray (Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray var. bellii G. Lawson, Woodsia glabella R. 

Br. ex Richardson var. bellii (G. Lawson) G. Lawson) (alpine cliff fern, alpine woodsia, Arctic 

woodsia, northern woodsia) 

Woodsia glabella R. Br. (smooth cliff fern, smooth woodsia) 

Woodsia x gracilis (G. Lawson) Butters (alpina x ilvensis) (Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. var. gracilis G. 

Lawson) (slender cliff fern, slender woodsia-fern) 

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (fragrant woodsia, rusty cliff fern, rusty woodsia, sweet woodsia) 

Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. ssp. obtusa (blunt-leaved woodsia, bluntlobe cliff fern, blunt lobed 

woodsia, cliff fern, large woodsia) 

Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton ssp. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Windham (Woodsia cathcartiana B.L. Rob., 

Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton var. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Morton) (Cathcart's woodsia, Oregon 

cliff fern, Oregon woodsia) 

Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eaton ssp. laurentiana Windham Laurent's cliff fern (false Rocky Mountain cliff 

fern, Laurent‟s cliff fern, Laurentian cliff-fern) 

Woodsia x tryonis B. Boivin (glabella x ilvensis) (Boivin's woodsia, Tryon‟s cliff fern, Tryon‟s woodisa) 

Osmundaceae (flowering fern family, osmunda family, royal fern family) 

Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea (buckhorn, cinnamon fern, fiddle-heads) 

Osmunda claytoniana L. (Clayton‟s fern, interrupted fern, spring-beauty fern) 

Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray (flowering fern, royal fern) 

Polypodiaceae (polypody family, staghorn fern family) 

Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham (Appalachian polypody) 

Polypodium sibiricum Sipl. (Arctic polypody, Siberian polypody) 

13

Polypodium virginianum L. (Polypodium vulgare auct. non L. p.p., Polypodium vulgare L. var. 

virginianum (L.) Eaton) (common polypody, rock polypody fern, rock-polypody) 

Pteridaceae [Adiantaceae] (maidenhair fern family) (separated from Polypodiaceae) 

Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris (Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. aleuticum (Rupr.) Calder & Roy L. 

Taylor, Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. calderi Cody, Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. subpumilum (W.H. 

Wagner) Lellinger, Adiantum pedatum L. var. aleuticum Rupr., Adiantum pedatum L. var. 

subpumilum W.H. Wagner) (Aleutian maidenhair) (QC NF NY and many other locations) 

Adiantum pedatum L. (maidenhair fern, northern maidenhair fern) 

Aspidotis densa (Brackner.) Lelliner (Cheilanthes siliquosa Maxon, Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels, 

Onychium densum Brack., Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.) (aspidotis, cliff brake, cloak fern, 

Indian‟s dream, Indian dream fern, lace fern, lip fern) (western coast except disjuncts in QC) 

Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. (Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook.) (American parsley fern, 

American rock-brake, mountain-parsley, rock-brake) 

Cryptogramma stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. (Pteris stelleri S. G. Gmel.?) (fragile rockbrake, slender 

cliff-brake, Steller‟s rock-brake) 

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link (purple cliff-brake, purple-stemmed cliff-brake) 

Pellaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn ssp. glabella (Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link var. bushii Mack) (smooth 

cliffbrake) 

Schizeaceae (curly grass family, curly-grass family, curly-grass fern family) 

Schizaea pusilla Pursh. (curly grass, curly-grass fern) (NB NS NF NY NJ) 

Thelypteridaceae (beech-fern family, marsh fern family) (separated from Polypodiaceae) 

Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt (Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr., Lastrea phegopteris (L.) 

Bory, Phegopteris polypodioides Fée, Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson) (long beech fern, 

northern beech-fern) 

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee (Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr., Thelypteris 

hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weath.) (broad beech fern) 

Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. (Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray, Polypodium 

noveboracense L., Thelypteris thelypterioides (Michx.) Holub) (New York fern) 

Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (G. Lawson) Fernald (Dryopteris thelypteris auct. non (L.) 

Sw., Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Sw. var. haleana (Fernald) Broun & Weath., Dryopteris thelypteris 

(L.) Sw. var. pubescens (G. Lawson) A.R. Prince ex Weath., Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) 

Morton var. pubescens (G. Lawson) Pringle, Thelypteris palustris Schott var. haleana Fernald) 

(eastern marsh fern, marsh shield-fern, marsh-fern, meadow-fern, snuffbox-fern) 

Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. (Dryopteris simulata Davenport) (Dodge‟s shield-fern, 

Massaschusetts fern) 

14

Superdivision Spermatophyta 1 

Division Ginkophyta* 

Order Ginkoales* 

Ginkgoaceae (ginko family, maidenhair tree family)* 

Ginkgo biloba L. (ginko, maidenhair tree, stink tree) (ornamental)* 

Division Coniferophyta 

Order Pinales 

Araucariaceae (araucaria family) 

Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco (Araucaria excelsa Salisb., Araucaria norfolkii L.) (Norfolk Island 

pine, Norfolk pine) (ornamental)* 

Cupressaceae (cypress family) 

Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh (uniperus canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd., Juniperus 

communis L. ssp. depressa (Pursh) Franco, Juniperus depressa (Pursh) Raf.) (common juniper, 

eastern red cedar, ground juniper) 

Juniperus communis L. var. megistocarpa Fernald & H. St. John (common juniper, large fruit juniper) 

(QC, NS, NF) 

Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. (Juniperus alpina (Sm.) Gray, Juniperus communis L. ssp. 

alpina (Sm.) Celak., Juniperus communis L. ssp. nana (Willd.) Syme, Juniperus communis L. ssp. 

saxatilis (Pall.) E. Murray, Juniperus communis L. var. alpina Sm., Juniperus communis L. var. 

jackii Rehder, Juniperus communis L. var. montana Aiton, Juniperus nana Willd., Juniperus 

sibirica Burgsd.) (upland common juniper( (NS in e. Canada) 

Juniperus horizontalis Moench. (Juniperus hudsonica Forbes, Juniperus prostrata Pers., Juniperus 

repens Nutt., Juniperus virginiana L. var. prostrata (Pers.) Torr., Sabina horizontalis (Moench) 

Rydb., Sabina prostrata (Pers.) Antoine) (creeping cedar, creeping savin) 

Juniperus sabina Michx. (savin, savin juniper) (ornamental)* 

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana (Sabina virginiana (L.) Antoine) (eastern red cedar, eastern 

sabina, eastern savin, genervrier, red cedar, savin) 

Thuja occidentalis L. (arbor-vitae, eastern white cedar, northern white cedar) 

Pinaceae (pine family) 

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. balsamea (Pinus balsamea L.) (balsam fir, fir-balsam, sapin) 

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fernald (Abies x phanerolepis (Fernald) Liu) (balsam fir, 

fir-balsam, sapin) 

Larix decidua Mill. (European larch) (ornamental)* 

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. (Larix alaskensis W. Wight, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch var. 

1 You may see species in Cycadophyta (cycads) and Gnetophyta (Mormon teas/ephedras) indoors in North America 

15

alaskensis (W. Wight) Raup) (American larch, black larch, false juniper, hackmatack, tamarack) 

Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière (Larix leptolepis L. Kampf.) (Japanese larch) (ornamental)* 

Picea abies (L.) Karsten (Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link) (Norway spruce) (ornamental)* 

Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. (Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (cat spruce, 

epinette, white spruce) 

Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. mariana (black spuce, bog spruce, swamp spruce) 

Picea pungens Englem. (blue spruce, Colorado spruce) (ornamental)* 

Picea rubens Sarg. (Picea australis Small) (he-balsam, red spruce, snake-spruce, yellow spuce) 

Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw.) (banksian pine, gray pine, jack pine) 

Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine) (ornamental)* 

Pinus mugo Turra (Pinus montana Mill.) (mugho pine, mugo pine) (ornamental)* 

Pinus nigra Arnold (Austrian pine) (ornamental)* 

Pinus resinosa Ait. (Norway pine, red pine) 

Pinus rigida Mill. (pitch pine, torch pine) 

Pinus strobus L. (Strobus strobus (L.) Small) (eastern white pine, weymouth pine) 

Pinus sylvestris L. (Scotch fir, Scotch pine, Scots pine) (ornamental)* 

Pinus virginiana Mill. (Jersey pine, Jersey spruce-pine, poverty-pine, scrub pine, Virginia pine) 

(ornamental) (* in Canada) 

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock, pruche) 

Order Taxales 

Taxaceae (yew family) 

Taxus baccata L. (English yew) (ornamental)* 

Taxus canadensis Marsh. (American yew, Canada yew, if, ground hemlock) 

Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese yew) (ornamental)* 

Division Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) 

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae) 

Subclass Asteridae 

Order Asterales 

Asteraceae [Compositae] (aster family, composite family, daisy family) 

Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (bristly starbur, false bear's breech, hispid acanthospermum)* 

Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. (Melampodium humile Sw.) (low starbur) (NY only) 

Achillea alpina L. (alpine yarrow, Chinese yarrow) (native, despite the name) 

Achillea distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. (Achillea dentifera DC.) (Alps yarrow)* 

Achillea filipendulina Lam. (fernleaf yarrow, lazy yarrow, yawning yarrow) (ornamental)* 

Achillea millefolium L. (milfoil, ojidumowaunoh, squirrel's tail, wolly yarrow, yarrow)* 

Achillea pannonica Scheele (flat yarrow) (QC only) 

16

Achillea ptarmica L. (false white tansy, sneezeweed yarrow, sneezewort yarrow, white tansy) 

(ornamental)* 

Achillea sibirica Ledeb. (Siberian yarrow)* 

Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (Centaurea picris Pall. ex Willd.,Centaurea repens L.) (false knapweed, 

hardheads, Russian knapweed)* 

Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. (adenocaulon, American trailplant, slilvergreen, trailfinder, trailplant) 

Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima (Ageratum altissimum L., non Eupatorium 

altissimum L., Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var. chlorolepis Fernald, 

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var. tomentellum (B.L. Rob.) S.F. Blake, Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. 

var. villicaule (Fernald) S.F. Blake, Eupatorium urticifolium Reichard var. tomentellum B.L. Rob.) 

(white snakeroot) 

Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene (orange agoseris) (QC in Canada) 

Agoseris glauca (Pursh.) Raf. (blue goat-chicory, green goat-chicory, large-flowered agroseris, large- 

flowered false dandelion, pale agoseris) 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (annual ragweed, bitter-weed, common ragweed, hog-weed, Roman 

wormwood)** 

Ambrosia bidentata Michx. (lanceleaf ragweed) (NY southward) 

Ambrosia x helenae Rouleau [artemisiifolia x trifida] (Helen‟s ragweed) 

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Ambrosia californica Rydb., Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray, 

Ambrosia cumanensis auct. non Kunth, Ambrosia rugelii Rydb.) (cuman ragweed, false cuman 

ragweed, perennial ragweed, smaller ragweed, western ragweed) 

Ambrosia trifida L. (buffalo-weed, giant-ragweed, great ragweed, horse-cane, tall ragweed) 

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. (Anaphalis occidentalis (Greene) A. Heller, Gnaphalium 

margaritaceum L.) (basibuguk, large-flowered everlasting, pearly everlasting, western pearly 

everlasting) 

Antennaria eucosma Fern. & Wieg. (elegant pussytoes, Newfoundland pussytoes) 

Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman (Fries' pussytoes) (QC in e. Canada) 

Antennaria howellii Greene (Canadian cat‟s-foot, Canadian pussytoes, field cat‟s-foot, field pussytoes, 

Howell‟s pussytoes, smaller cat‟s-foot, smaller pussytoes) 

Antennaria microphylla Rydb. (Antennaria bracteosa Rydb., Antennaria nitida Greene, Antennaria 

parvifolia sensu Greene, non Nutt., Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. var. bracteosa (Rydb.) A. Nelson, 

Antennaria rosea Greene var. nitida (Greene) Breitung, Antennaria solstitialis Lunell) (littleleaf 

pussytoes) 

Antennaria monocephala DC. (pygmy pussytoes) (QC in e. Canada) 

Antennaria neglecta Greene. (field cat‟s-foot, field pussytoes, kaigaebughonse) 

Antennaria parlinii Fern. (Parlin‟s pussytoes, plaintain pussytoes) 

Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. (few-leaved pussytoes, ladies-tobacco, Rocky Mountain cudweed, smaller 

pussytoes) 

Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene (handsome pussytoes, shining pussytoes) 

Antennaria rosea E. Greene (red pussytoes, rose pussytoes, umbrella pussytoes) 

Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. rosea (Antennaria oxyphylla Greene) (wax pussytoes, wax rose 

pussytoes) 

17

Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. confinis (Greene) Bayer (Antennaria subviscosa Fern.) (somewhat-sticky 

pussytoes, sticky pussytoes, sticky rosy pussytoes) 

Anthemis arvensis L. (corn chamomile, field chamomile, stinkweed)* 

Anthemis cotula L. (dog-fennel, fetid chamomile, stinking chamomile, stinking mayweed)* 

Anthemis tinctoria L. (indigo-chamomile, oxeye chamomile, yellow chamomile)* 

Arctium lappa L. (great burdock)*/** 

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (common burdock, woodland burdock)*/** 

Arctium x mixtum Nyman [minus x tomentosum] (Quebec burdock) (QC & NB only)*/** 

Arctium x nothum (Ruhmer) J. Weiss (lappa x minus) (Ruhmer‟s burdock, Weiss' burdock)*/** 

Arctium tomentosum Miller (cottony burdock, steeple burdock, tomentose burdock, woolly burdock)*/** 

Arnica angustifolia M. Vahl. (Artic arnica, Arctic leopard‟s-bane, smaller arnica) 

Arnica chamissonis Less. (Chamisson‟s arnica, leafy arnica) 

Arnica cordifolia Hook. (heart arnica, heart-leaf arnica) 

Arnica frigida C.A. Mey. ex Iljin (snow arnica) (QC in e. Canada) 

Arnica lanceolata Nutt. (Arnica mollis L.) (narrow arnica, soft arnica) 

Arnica lonchophylla E. Greene (lazy arnica, white arnica, white-plumed arnica) 

Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. (Cacalia paniculata Raf., Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners, Cacalia 

pteranthes Raf., Cacalia tuberosa Nutt., Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton) (groovestem Indian 

plantain) 

Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg & Koerte (dwarf nipplewort, lamb succory) (Atlantic Canada) 

Artemisia abrotanum L. (southernwood, southern wormwood, wormwood)* 

Artemisia absinthium L. (absinthe, absinthium, abysinth, common wormwood, wormwood)* 

Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood, sweet wormwood)* 

Artemisia biennis Willd. (biennial wormwood)* 

Artemisia campestris L. (armoise, Canada wormwood, limestone wormwood, mossewidjeebik, 

sagebrush, sagewort, tall wormwood, wild wormwood) 

Artemisia dracunculus L. (dragon wormwood, tarragon, silky wormwood)* 

Artemisia frigida Willd. (pasture sage, prairie sagebrush, prairie sagewort) 

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. (dark-leaved mugwort, western mugwort, white sage) 

Artemisia pontica L. (Hungarian wormwood, Roman wormwood)* 

Artemisia stelleriana Besser. (beach wormwood, dusty miller, old woman, Steller‟s wormwood)* 

Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. (Tiles' wormwood) 

Artemisia vulgaris L. (common mugwort, mugwort)* 

Aster alpinus L. (alpine aster, Arctic aster, mountain aster) 

Aster robbynsianus Rosseau (possibly should be considered part of Symphyotrichum novi-belgii 

complex but no little formal treatment as yet beyond University of Guelph accessions and reports 

from John Riley) (Hudson Bay aster, long-leaved aster, long-leaved blue aster) 

Baccharis halimifolia L. (eastern baccharis) (NY southward) 

Balsamita major Desf. (Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baillon) (costmary, mint-geranium)* 

Bellis perennis L. (English daisy, garden daisy, Newfoundland daisy)* 

Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Braun (false coreopsis, midwestern tickseed-sunflower, tickseed-sunflower, 

western tickseed-sunflower)* 

18

Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. (Megalodonta beckii Torr.) (Beck‟s water-marigold, water marigold) 

Bidens bipinnata L. (cuckolds, Spanish needles)* 

Bidens cernua L. (nodding beggar-ticks, nodding bur-marigold, stick-tight) 

Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. (purplestem beggarticks) 

Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. (crown beggar-ticks, devil‟s beggar-ticks, southern tickseed-sunflower) 

Bidens discoidea (Torr. & A. Gray) (discoid beggar-ticks, small beggar-ticks) 

Bidens eatonii Fernald (Eaton's beggarticks) (QC & NB in Canada) 

Bidens frondosa L. (beggar-ticks, devil‟s beggar-ticks, sticktight)*/** 

Bidens heterodoxa (Fernald) Fernald & H. St. John (Bidens infirma Fernald, Bidens tripartita L. var. 

heterodoxa Fernald) (Connecticut beggarticks) (CT & disjunct in QC – QC is the only other place 

it is found and is purportedly native there) 

Bidens hyperborea Greene (estuary beggar-ticks, northern beggar-ticks, northern esturine beggar-ticks) 

Bidens pilosa L. (hairy beggar-ticks, pilose beggar-ticks)*/** 

Bidens polylepis S. F. Black (long-bracted tickseed-sunflower, Ozark tickseed-sunflower)* 

Bidens tripartita L. (Bidens connata Muhlenb. ex Willd.) (European beggar-ticks, swamp beggar-ticks, 

three-parted beggar-ticks, trifid beggar-ticks) 

Bidens vulgata E. Greene (common beggar-ticks, tall beggar-ticks) 

Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. (white doll's daisy) (NY southward) 

Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinn. (Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.) (Indian-plantain, plantain-like Indian-plantain, 

tuberous Indian-plantain) (vulnerable) 

Calendula plantaginea (Raf.) Shinn. (pot marigold) (ornamental)* 

Canadanthus modestus (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Aster major (Hook.) Porter, Aster modestus Lindley, 

Weberaster modestus (Lindl.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (giant mountain aster, great northern aster, 

modest aster, western bog aster) (note the common name “modest aster” was applied ironically by 

its originator) 

Carduus acanthoides L. (acanthus plumeless thistle, plumeless thistle, water-willow thistle)* 

Carduus crispus L. (curled thistle, welted thistle)* 

Carduus nutans L. (musk thistle, nodding thistle, noxious thistle)*/** 

Carduus x orthocephalus Wallr. (acanthoides x nutans) (large musk thistle) 

Carlina vulgaris L. (carline thistle) (NY only) 

Centaurea calcitrapa (caltrops, purple star-thistle, red star-thistle, star-thistle)* 

Centaurea cyanus L. (bachelor's-button, bluebottle, cornflower)* 

Centaurea diffusa Lam. (diffuse knapweed, tumble-knapweed)* 

Centaurea jacea L. (brown knapweed, rayed knapweed)*/** 

Centaurea macrocephala Puskin ex Willd. (larger knapweed, yellow knapweed) (ornamental)* 

Centaurea maculosa Lam. (spotted knapweed)*/** 

Centaurea x moncktonii C.E. Britton (meadow knapweed)*/** 

Centaurea montana L. (bachelor button, blue knapweed, montane knapweed, mountain-bluet, 

Newfoundland knapweed) (ornamental)* 

Centaurea nigra L. (black knapweed, hardheads, horse-knops, Spanish-buttons) (ornamental)* 

Centaurea nigrescens Willd. (Centaurea dubia Suter, Centaurea vochiensis Bernh. ex Reichb.) 

(blackish knapweed, brown knapweed, disguised knapweed, dubious knapweed, tyrol knapweed) 

19

Centaurea paniculata L. (panicled knapweed)* 

Centaurea x pratensis Thuill. (nigra x jacea) (shadow knapweed)* (not recognized in all florae) 

Centaurea x psammogena G. Gáyer [diffusa x stoebe ssp. micranthos] (sand knapweed)*/** 

Centaurea scabiosa L. (great knapweed, greater centaury, scabious knapweed)* 

Centaurea solstitialis L. (Barnaby's thistle, yellow star-thistle)* 

Centaurea stoebe L. (spotted knapweed)*/** 

Chaenactis stevioides Hook. & Arn. (Chaenactis gillespiei Stockw., Chaenactis latifolia Stockw., 

Chaenactis mexicana Stockw.) (Esteve's pincushion, Steve‟s pincushion) (NY southward) 

Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (Roman chamomile, dogfennel)* (NY southward) 

Chondrilla juncea L. (gum-succory, rush-like gum-succory, skeleton-weed)* 

Chrysanthemum arcticum L. (Arctic chrysanthemum, Arctic daisy, burdock-daisy) 

Chrysogonum virginianum L. (green and gold) (NY southward) 

Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Elliot (Maryland goldenaster) (NY southward) 

Cichorium endivia L. (cultivated endive)* (ME southward) 

Cichorium intybus L. (blue sailors, cichory, noxious succory, succory, wild succory, zhaugonaushaubo)* 

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, chadron, chardon, chardron, creeping thistle, noxious 

thistle)*/** 

Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. (field thistle) 

Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray (Drummond's thistle) 

Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur (Flodman's thistle) 

Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fern. (Hill's thistle) 

Cirsium horridulum Michx. (yellow thistle) (NY/ME southward) 

Cirsium muticum Michx. (swamp thistle) 

Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. (marsh thistle)*/** 

Cirsium pitcheri (Torr. ex Eaton) Torr. & A. Gray (Pitcher-thistle, sand thistle) (threatened) 

Cirsium scariosum Nutt. (Carduus americanus (A. Gray) Rydb.. Carduus coloradensis Rydb.. Cirsium 

acaule All. var. americanum A. Gray, Cirsium acaulescens (Rydb.) K. Schum., Cirsium 

americanum (A. Gray) K. Schum., Cirsium butleri (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium coloradense (Rydb.) 

Cockerell, Cirsium coloradense (Rydb.) Cockerell ssp. acaulescens (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium 

coloradense (Rydb.) Cockerell ssp. longissimum (A. Heller) Petr., Cirsium congdonii J.W. Moore & 

Frankton, Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A. Gray ssp. lanatum Petr., Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A. 

Gray ssp. latisquamum Petr., Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A. Gray ssp. vexans Petr., Cirsium 

drummondii Torr. & A. Gray var. acaulescens (Rydb.) J.F. Macbr., Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A. 

Gray var. oregonense Petr., Cirsium x erosum (Rydb.) K. Schum. (pro sp.), Cirsium erosum 

(Rydb.) K. Schum., Cirsium kelseyi (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium lacerum (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium 

magnificum (A. Nelson) Petr., Cirsium minganense Victorin, Cirsium oreophilum (Rydb.) K. 

Schum., Cirsium quercetorum (A. Gray) Jeps. var. citrinum Petr., Cirsium scariosum Nutt. var. 

scariosum, Cirsium scariosum Nutt. var. thorneae S.L. Welsh, Cirsium tioganum (Congd.) Petr., 

Cirsium tioganum (Congd.) Petr. var. coloradense (Rydb.) Dorn, Cirsium tioganum (Congd.) Petr. 

var. tioganum, Cnicus drummondii (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. acaulescens Rydb., Cnicus 

tioganus Congd.) (Colorado thistle, crow thistle, glory thistle, meadow thistle, rosette thistle, 

stemless thistle, Tioga thistle, vexing thistle) (west of the Rockies except a native disjunct in QC 

20

{it does exist in QC and is cited as native, but I have my doubts}) 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. (bull thistle, chenango, spear thistle)*/** 

Cnicus benedictus L. (blessed thistle, Madonna thistle, Our Lady‟s thistle, St. Mary‟s thistle)* 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cron. (Erigeron canadensis L.) (butterweed, Canada fleabane, hogweed, 

horseweed, mares' tail, vergerette) 

Conyza ramosissima Cronq. (Erigeron divaricatus Michx.) (dwarf fleabane, lawn-weed, purple 

horseweed)* 

Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet (larger coreopsis, large-flowered tickseed)* 

Coreopsis lanceolata L. (lance-leaved coreopsis, lance-leaved tickseed) 

Coreopsis rosea Nutt. (pink tickseed) (NS in e. Canada) 

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (garden coreopsis, garden tickseed, plains coreopsis)* 

Coreopsis tripteris L. (tall coreopsis, tall tickseed) 

Coreopsis verticillata L. (thread-leaf tickseed, whorled coreopsis, whorled tickseed)* 

Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. (black cosmos, cosmos, Spanish needles) (ornamental)* 

Cotula coronopifolia L. (common brassbuttons, waterbuttons)* (QC & eastward in Canada) 

Crepis biennis L. (rough hawksbeard)* (NF in Canada) 

Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (hawksbeard, smooth hawk‟s beard)* 

Crepis nana Richardson (dwarf alpine hawksbeard) (LB in e. Canada) 

Crepis pulchra L. (handsome hawk‟s beard, shiny hawksbeard, small-flowered hawk‟s beard)* 

Crepis tectorum L. (downy hawksbeard, hawk‟s beard, narrow-leaved hawk‟s beard)* 

Cyanaria spp. (artichoke) 

Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. (Iva frutescens auct non L., Iva xanthifolia Nutt.) (burweed 

marsh-elder, false ragweed, giant sumpweed, highwater shrub, marsh-elder)* 

Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter (stinkwort)* (NY southward) 

Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees var. umbellata (Aster umbellatus Mill.) (flat-top aster, flat-topped 

white aster, parasol whitetop, umbrella aster) 

Dyossodia papposa (vent.) Hitch. (false dog-fennel. fetid marigold, stinking marigold)* 

Echinacea pallida (L.) Moench. (pale echinacea, pale purple coneflower) 

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. (black Sampson, purple coneflower)* 

Echinops exaltatus (Nutt.) Nutt. (larger globe-thistle, Russian globe-thistle) (ornamental)* 

Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (common globe-thistle, globe-thistle) (ornamental)* 

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Eclipta erecta L., Verbesina alba L., Verbesina 

prostrata L.) (false daisy, yerba-de-tago, yerba-de-tajo) 

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (American burnweed, fire-weed, pilewort, scented fireweed) 

Erigeron acris L. (bitter fleabane, blue fleabane, tall fleabane) 

Erigeron annuus L. (Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. var. discoideus (Victorin & Rouss.) Cronquist, Stenactis 

annua (L.) Nees) (annual fleabane, daisy fleabane, feather fleabane, sweet scabious, white-top) 

Erigeron compositus Pursh (Erigeron trifidus Hook.) (cutleaf daisy) (QC eastward in Canada) 

Erigeron elatus (Hook.) E. Greene (Erigeron acris L. var. elatus (Hook.) Cronquist, Erigeron alpinus L. 

var. elatus Hook., Erigeron elatus (Hook.) Greene var. oligocephalus (Fernald & Wiegand) 

Fernald, Trimorpha elata (Hook.) G.L. Nesom) (swamp boreal-daisy, tall fleabane, upland f 

leabane) 

21

Erigeron glabellus Nutt. (fleabane, rough erigeron, rough fleabane, streamside fleabane) 

Erigeron humilis (Erigeron unalaschkensis (DC.) Vierh., Erigeron uniflorus L. var. unalaschkensis (DC.) 

Ostenf.) (arctic alpine fleabane, low fleabane, one-flowered fleabane) 

Erigeron hyssopfolius Michx. (hyssop-leaved erigeron, hyssop-leaved fleabane) 

Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. (Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. var. laurentianus Victorin, Erigeron minor 

(Hook.) Rydb., Trimorpha lonchophylla (Hook.) G.L. Nesom) (lazy fleabane, spear-leaved 

fleabane, shortray fleabane) 

Erigeron philadelphicus L. (common fleabane, nookwaezigun, Philadelphia fleabane, skevish, vergertte) 

Erigeron pulchellus Michx. (poor-robin fleabane, robin‟s fleabane, robin-fleabane, robin-plaintain) 

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. (daisy fleabane, prairie fleabane, rough fleabane, rude fleabane) 

Erigeron uniflorus L. (oneflower fleabane) 

Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (Barratt) King & H. Rob. (Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt) (trumpet-weed) 

Eupatorium altissimum L. (tall joe-pyeweed, tall throughwort, upland boneset) 

Eupatorium coelestinum L. (blue boneset, mistflower)* 

Eupatorium dubium Willd. (coastal Joe-pye weed, eastern Joe-pye weed) 

Eupatorium maculatum L. (maeskwanakukbugisowin, spotted Joe-pye weed) 

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. (boneset, perfoliate throughwort, thoroughwort, throughwort) 

Eupatorium purpureum L. (green-stemmed Joe-pye weed, purple boneset, purple joe-pye-weed, sweet 

Joe-pye weed) 

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. (white snakeroot) 

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (fall throughwort, late-flowering joe-pye-weed, late-flowering throughwort) 

Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster boykinii Burgess, Aster carmesinus Burgess, Aster castaneus 

Burgess, Aster claytonii Burgess, Aster divaricatus L., Aster flexilis Burgess, Aster excavatus 

Burgess, Aster stilettiformis Burgess, Aster tenebrosus Burgess) (heart-leaved aster, white wood 

aster) 

Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. (Aster ianthinus E.S.Burgess, Aster macrophyllus L., Aster 

multiformis E.S. Burgess, Aster nobilis E.S.Burgess, Aster roscidus E.S.Burgess, Aster violaris 

E.S.Burgess) (bigleaf aster, bigleaf wood aster, large-leaved woodland aster) 

Eurybia radula (Aiton) G.L. Nesom (Aster radula Ait., Aster strictus Pursh, non Poir.) (low rough aster, 

rough-leaved aster, rough-leaved bog aster) 

Eurybia schreberi (Nees) Nees (Aster chasei G.N. Jones, Aster curvescens Burgess, Aster glomeratus 

(Bernh. ex Nees) Burgess, Aster schreberi Nees, Eurybia glomerata Bernh. ex Nees) (Schreber's 

aster) 

Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton (Solidago tenuifolia Pursh.) (fragrant goldenrod, 

slender goldenrod) (not likely found in Canada) 

Euthamia graminifolia (Soldiago graminifolia (L.) Salisb., Solidago lanceolata L.) (euthamia, flat-topped 

bushy goldenrod, grass-leaved goldenrod, grassy goldenrod, lance-goldenrod, lance-leaved 

goldenrod) 

Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene. (Soldiago gymnopermoides Fern.) (sticky bush goldenrod, sticky 

goldenrod, viscid bushy goldenrod, viscid grass-leaved goldenrod) 

Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (blanket-flower, gaillardia, great-flowered gaillardia) (ornamental)* 

Gaillardia pulchella Foug. (shiny blanket-flower, showy blanket-flower, showy gaillardia) (ornamental)* 

22

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (potato-weed, small-flowered galinsoga, smooth galinsoga)* 

Galinsoga quadriradiata RL & P (Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake) (hairy galinsoga, quickweed)* 

Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera (Gnaphalium purpureum L. (purple cudweed, purplish cudweed, 

spoonleaf purple everlasting) (other varieties formerly grouped as G. purpureum exist outside 

Ontario – mostly in either western Canada and northeast USA) 

Glebionis coronarium (L.) Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Chrysanthemum spatiosum (L.H. 

Bailey) L.H. Bailey) (crown daisy, garland chrysanthemum)* 

Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. (Chrysanthemum segetum L.) (corn-marigold, corndaisy, yellow ox-eye)* 

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. (catfoot, catfoot cudweed, fragrant cudweed, sweet cudweed, sweet 

everlasting) 

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. (Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz) (low cudweed, marsh cudweed)* 

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (broad-leaved gum-plant, curly cup gumweed, gumweed, tarweed, 

rosinweed, sticky-heads)* 

Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. (guizotia, Niger-seed)* 

Helenium autumnale L. (common sneezeweed, late sneezeweed, sneezeweed, swamp sunflower) 

Helenium flexuosum Raf. (Helenium nudiflorum Nutt.) (purple-headed sneezeweed, sneezeweed)* 

Helianthus annuus L. (annual sunflower, common sunflower, sunflower)* 

Helianthus decapetalus L. (thin-leaved sunflower, wild sunflower) 

Helianthus divaricatus L. (rough sunflower, rough woodland sunflower, woodland sunflower) 

Helianthus giganteus L. (giant sunflower, tall sunflower, tall wild sunflower) 

Helianthus grosseserratus Martens (saw-toothed sunflower)* 

Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (stiif-haired sunflower)* 

Helianthus x laetiflorus Pers. (rigidus x tuberosus) (cheerful sunflower, showy Jerusalem Artichoke, 

showy sunflower)* 

Helianthus maximilianii Schrader. (Maximillian's sunflower)* 

Helianthus mollis Lam. (ash sunflower, ashy sunflower, hairy sunflower)* 

Helianthus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray (Indian potato, Nuttall's sunflower) 

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. (Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf.) (showy sunflower, stiff sunflower)* 

Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (plains sunflower, prairie sunflower)* 

Helianthus strumosus L. (pale-leaved sunflower, pale-leaved wood sunflower) 

Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke)* 

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet. (false sunflower, sweet ox-eye) 

Heterotheca villosa (Pursh.) Shinn. (camphorweed, hairy camphorweed, hairy false goldenaster, hairy 

golden aster) 

Hieracium aurantiacum L. (devil's paintbrush, maeskaukoonaek, orange hawkweed)* 

Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. (Hieracium pratense Tausch) (field hawkweed, king devil, yellow devil‟s 

hawkweed, yellow hawkweed)* 

Hieracium canadense Michx. (Canada hawkweed, common hawkweed, eperviere) (ironically, rarely 

actually found in Canada – more in Maine and New York) 

Hieracium x dutillyanum Lepage (canadense x umbellatum) (Canada scarweed) 

Hieracium x flagellare Willd. (pro sp.) [caespitosum × pilosella] (tail hawkweed) 

Hieracium x fernaldii Lepage [canadense x scabrum] (Canada scarweed) 

23

Hieracium x floribundum W&G (caespitosum x lactucella) (Hieracium auricula L. p.p., Hieracium x dorei 

Lepage) (king devil hawkweed, kingdevil hawkweed, pale hawkweed, smooth hawkweed)* 

Hieracium gronovii L. (Gronovius‟ hawkweed, hairy hawkweed, queendevil) 

Hieracium kalmii L. (Kalm's hawkweed) (some argument whether it is is Canada or not) 

Hieracium lachenalii C.C. Gmel. C. Gmelin (Fr.) (Hieracium acuminatum Jord., Hieracium vulgatum Fr.) 

(common hawkweedLachenal's hawkweed, showy hawkweed)* 

Hieracium lactucella (European hawkweed, lettuce hawkeed)* (New York and Nova Scotia) 

Hieracium longipilum Torrey (long-bearded hawkweed, long-haired hawkweed) (extinct in Ontario?) 

Hieracium marianum Willd. (Hieracium x marianum Willd. [gronovii x venosum], Hieracium 

pennsylvanicum Fr.) (marian hawkweed, Maryland hawkweed) 

Hieracium murorum L. (golden lungwort, wall hawkweed) (ornamental)* 

Hieracium paniculatum L. (Allegheny hawkweed, panicled hawkweed) 

Hieracium pilosella L. (mouse-ear hawkweed)* 

Hieracium pilloseloides Vill. (Hieracium florentium All.) (glaucous king devil, king devil hawkweed, 

smooth hawkweed)* 

Hieracium praealtum Villars ex Gochnat (glaucos king devil, smooth hawkweed, tall king devil)* 

Hieracium robinsonii (Zahn) Fernald (Hieracium ungavense Lepage) (Robinson‟s hawkweed) (QC 

eastward) 

Hieracium sabaudum L. (Hieracium vagum Jord.) (New England hawkweed) 

Hieracium scabrum Michx. (rough hawkweed) 

Hieracium tridentatum Fries (threetooth hawkweed, toothed hawkweed)* 

Hieracium umbellatum L. (Hieracium columbianum Rydb., Hieracium scabriusculum Michaux.) (narrow- 

leaved hawkweed, northern hawkweed, scarweed, umbellate hawkweed, umbrella-weed)* 

Hieracium venosum L. (poor-robin's plantain, rattlesnake-weed) 

Hypochaeris glabra L. (smooth cat's-ear)* 

Hypochaeris radicata L. (cat's-ear, long-rooted cat‟s-ear, spotted cat's-ear)* 

Inula britannica L. (British inula, British yellowhead, English elecampane)* 

Inula helenium L. (elecampane, horseheal)* 

Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene (Aster linariifolius L.) (flaxleaf whitetop aster, purple flax aster, stiff aster, 

toadflax-aster) (mostly Atlantic Canada) 

Iva axillaris Pursh. (death-weed, devil's-weed, povertyweed, small-flowered marsh-elder)* 

Iva frutescens L. ssp. oraria (Bartlett) R.C. Jacks. (Jesuit‟s bark, Nova Scotia povertyweed) 

Krigia biflora (Walt.) Blake (dwarf dandelion, two-flowered cynthia, Virginia goat‟s-beard) 

Lactuca biennis (Moench.) Fern. (biennial blue lettuce, tall blue lettuce) 

Lactuca canadensis L. (Lactuca sagittifolia Elliot, Lactuca steelei Britton) (Canada lettuce, tall lettuce, 

wild blue lettuce) 

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. (false lettuce, Florida lettuce, small-flowered blue lettuce) 

Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. (hairy blue lettuce, hairy wood lettuce, red lettuce) 

Lactuca saligna L. (least lettuce, willowleaf lettuce, willow-leaved lettuce)* 

Lactuca sativa L. (garden-lettuce)* 

Lactuca serriola L. (Lactuca scariola L., Lactuca virosa auct non L.) (prickly blue lettuce, scar lettuce, 

wild lettuce)* 

24

Lactuca tatarica (L.) Meyer (beautiful blue lettuce, Russian lettuce, tartar lettuce) 

Lapsana communis L. (dock-cress, nipplewort)* 

Leontodon autumnalis L. (fall arnica, fall dandelion, fall hawkbit)* 

Leontodon hispidus L. (common hawkbit, hairy hawkbit, hispide hawkbit, liondent)* 

Leontodon taraxacoides (Villars) Merat (arnica dandelion, hairy hawkbit, rough hawkbit)* 

Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum serotinum L., Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers., 

Leucanthemum serotinum (L.) Stankov, Tanacetum serotinum (L.) Sch. Bip.) (fall wagonwheel, 

giant daisy)* 

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) 

Rydb., Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke (Marguerite, 

oeil de boeuf,ox-eye daisy, wagonwheel, white daisy, whiteweed, zhaespaendaugook)* 

Liatris aspera Michx. (harsh button-snakeroot, rough blazing-star) (involucre exposed to shade 

environment will respond with a lighter purple colour vs. sun exposure that yields a reddish colour) 

Liatris cylindracea Michx. (cylindric blazing-star, grass-leaved blazing-star) 

Liatris x gladewitzii (Farw.) Farw. ex Shinn (sphaeroidea x cylidracea) (Gladewitz's blazing-star, 

Gladewitz's button-snakeroot) 

Liatris spheroidea Michx. (spheroidal blazing-star, spheroidal button-snakeroot) 

Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. (dense blazing-star, spiked blazing-star, dense button-snakeroot) (vulnerable) 

Logfia arvensis (Filago arvensis L.) (cinder cudweed, cotton-rose, field cudweed, filago, waste 

cudweed)* 

Madia glomerata Hook. (cluster tarweed, mountain tarweed, showy tarweed)* 

Madia sativa Molina (Chile tarweed, Chilean tarweed, cultivated tarweed)* 

Matricaria discoidea DC. (Artemisia matricarioides auct. non Less., Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) 

Rydb., Lepidanthus suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt., Lepidotheca suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt. Matricaria 

matricariodes auct non (Less.) Porter., Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau, non L., Santolina 

suaveolens Pursh, Tanacetum suaveolens (Pursh) Hook (disc mayweed, pineapple weed, wild 

marigold)* 

Matricaria recutita L. (Chamomilla chamomilla (L.) Rydb., Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Matricaria 

chamomilla L., Matricaria suaveolens L.) (German chamomile, sweet-false chamomile, wild 

chamomile) (ornamental)* 

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Mikania angulosa Raf., Mikania batatifolia auct. non DC., Willoughbya 

heterophylla Small) (climbing boneset, climbing hempweed, liane) 

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. (Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen.) (latitue, wall-lettuce)* 

Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene (Aster acuminatus Michx., [misapplied name Aster divaricatus 

Lam.]) (false white wood aster, mountain aster, mountain wood aster, sharp-leaved wood aster, 

whorled wood aster) 

Oclemena x blakei (Porter) G.L. Nesom [acuminata x nemoralis] (Aster x blakei (Port.) House) (Blake's 

aster) 

Oclemena nemoralis (Aiton) Greene (Aster nemoralis Ait.) (bog aster, oclemena, wood aster) 

Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom (Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray, Doellingeria 

ptarmicoides Nees, Inula alba Nutt., Solidago asteroides Semple, Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) B. 

Boiv., Unamia alba (Nutt.) Rydb.) (upland white aster, upland white goldenrod) 

25

Oligoneuron houghtonii (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) G.L. Nesom (Solidago houghtonii Torr. & A. Gray 

(Houghton's goldenrod, wetland goldenrod) 

Oligoneuron ohioense (Frank ex Riddell) G.N. Jones (Solidago ohioensis Riddell.) (Ohio goldenrod) 

(e.g. in southwestern Ontario) 

Oligoneuron riddellii (Frank ex Riddell) Rydb. (Solidago riddellii Frank ex Riddell) (Riddell's goldenrod) 

Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. rigidum (Solidago rigida L.) (hard-leaved goldenrod, rigid goldenrod, 

stiff-leaved goldenrod) 

Omalotheca sylvatica (L.) Sch. Bip. & F.W. Schultz (Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.) (golden mothwort, wood 

cudweed) 

Onopordum acanthium L. (cotton thistle, Scotch thistle)* 

Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey (Senecio glabellus Poir., Senecio lobatus Pers.) (butterweed, cressleaved 

groundsel) 

Packera indecora (Greene) A. Löve & D. Löve (Senecio indecorus E. Greene, Senecio pauciflorus 

Pursh var. fallax (Greenm.) Greenm.) (elegant groundsel, few-flowered groundsel, smaller 

ragwort, taller discoid groundsel, ugly ragwort, unsightly groundsel, weedy ragwort) (note the 

divergence in how people view the plant or perhaps its epithet “indecora/indecorus – it often grows 

in rocks or sidewalks as a weed and it can be scraggly [i.e. „pauciflora‟] but it also may be the only 

plant that survives so it can be considered an „elegant‟ little yellow flowered plant constrasted 

starkly against rocks) 

Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve (Senecio obovatus Muhl., Senecio rotundus 

(Britton) Small) (roundleaf ragwort, round-leaf groundsel, round-leaf squaw-weed) 

Packera paupercula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve Senecio balsamitae Muhl. ex Willd., Senecio crawfordii 

(Britton) G.W. Douglas & G. Ruyle-Douglas, Senecio gaspensis Greenm., Senecio gaspensis 

Greenm. var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Fernald, Senecio pauperculus Michx., Senecio pauperculus 

Michx. var. balsamitae (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fernald, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. crawfordii 

(Britton) T.M. Barkley, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Greenm., Senecio 

pauperculus Michx. var. neoscoticus Fernald, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. praelongus 

(Greenm.) House, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. thompsoniensis (Greenm.) B. Boivin, Senecio 

tweedyi Rydb. (balsalm groundsel, balsam ragwort, Platte groundsel, Platte ragwort, prairie 

ragwort) 

Packera schweinitziana (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve (Senecio robbinsii Oakes, Senecio 

schweinitzianus Nutt. (Robbins' ragwort, robin-ragwort, Schweinitz’s ragwort) 

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. palmatus (Aiton) Cronquist (Nardosmia arctica (A.E. Porsild) A. Löve & D. 

Löve, Petasites arcticus A.E. Porsild, Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. ssp. arcticus (A.E. Porsild) Cody, 

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. ssp. palmatus (Aiton) Cody, Petasites hookerianus (Nutt.) Rydb., 

Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray, Petasites speciosus (Nutt.) Piper (artic sweet coltsfoot, 

palmate-leaf sweet-coltsfoot, sweet coltsfoot, sweet petasites) 

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Cherniawsky (Petasites dentatus Blank., 

Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh.) Gray) (arctic sweet arrowhead coltsfoot, arrowhead 

coltsfoot) 

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. vitifolius (Greene) Cherniawsky (Nardosmia vitifolia (Greene) A. Löve & D. 

Löve, Petasites nivalis Greene ssp. vitifolius (Greene) Toman, Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray 

var. frigidus Macoun, Petasites trigonophylla Greene, Petasites x vitifolius Greene [frigidus x 

26

sagittatus], Petasites warrenii H. St. John) (grape coltsfoot, grape-leaved coltsfoot) 

Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. (Nardosmia japonica Siebold & Zucc.) (buttefly-dock, 

Japanese coltsfoot, Japanese sweet coltsfoot)* 

Picris echioides L. (bitterweed, bristly ox-tongue, helminthe)* 

Picris hieracioides L. ssp. hieracioides (Picris hieracioides L. var. alpina Koidzumi) (bitter hawkweed, 

hawkweed oxtongue, hawkweed picris) (ornamental)* 

Pityopsis falcata (L.) Cass. (Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Elliot, Heterotheca falcata (Pursh) V.L. Harms) 

(false sneezeweed, golden aster, sickleleaf silkgrass) (ornamental)* 

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. succulenta (Fernald) Cronquist (Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. var. 

succulenta Fernald ) (camphor weed, marsh fleabane, sweetscent, sweet salt-marsh fleabane)* 

Polymnia canadensis L. (Polymnia radiata (A. Gray) Small) (Canada leaf-cup, small-flowered leaf-cup) 

Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.) (rattlesnake-root, white lettuce, white rattlesnake-root) 

Prenanthes altissima L. (Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook.) (tall rattlesnake-root, tall white lettuce, tall white 

rattlesnake-root) 

Prenanthes racemosa Michx. (glaucous white lettuce, glaucous white rattlesnake-root, smooth white 

lettuce) 

Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. (Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass.) gall-of-the-earth) 

Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz (Gnaphalium decurrens Ives, non L., Gnaphalium 

macounii Green, Gnaphalium viscosum HBK, Pseudognaphalium viscosum auct. non (Kunth) 

W.A. Weber) (clammy cudweeed, low cudweed, low everlasting, Macoun's cudweed, northern 

cudweed, sticky cudweed, viscid cudweed) 

Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standley Lepachys columnaris (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray, Lepachys 

columnifera (Nutt.) J.F. Macbr., Ratibida columnaris (Pursh) D. Don, Ratibida columnaris (Pursh) 

D. Don var. pulcherrima (DC.) D. Don, Rudbeckia columnaris Pursh, non Sims, Rudbeckia 

columnifera Nutt. (long-headed coneflower, prairie coneflower, rounded coneflower, upright prairie 

coneflower) (ornamental in eastern North America)* 

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. (epachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & A. Gray, Rudbeckia pinnata Vent.) 

(fine-leaved prairie coneflower, gray-headed coneflower, pinnate prairie coneflower) 

Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. (orange coneflower, shining coneflower) (ornamental)* 

Rudbeckia grandiflora (Sweet) DC. (larger conflower) (ornamental)* 

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. hirta (Rudbeckia amplectens T.V. Moore, Rudbeckia brittonii Small, Rudbeckia 

hirta L. var. brittonii (Small) Fernald, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. monticola (Small) Fernald, Rudbeckia 

monticola Small) (hairy black-eyed Susan) (personally, I have never been able to distinguish the 

varieties with any confidence – there is a lot of phenotypic plasticity in the already hairy stems of 

both varieties) 

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. (Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt., Rudbeckia hirta L. var. corymbifera 

Fernald, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. lanceolata (Bisch.) Core, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. sericea (T.V. 

Moore) Fernald, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. serotina (Nutt.) Core, Rudbeckia longipes T.V. Moore, 

Rudbeckia sericea T.V. Moore, Rudbeckia serotina Nutt., Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. var. 

corymbifera (Fernald) Fernald & B.G. Schub., Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. var. lanceolata (Bisch.) 

Fernald & B.G. Schub., Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. var. sericea (T.V. Moore) Fernald & B.G. Schub. 

(black-eyed Susan, nigger-heads, split-daisy, sticky daisy, yellow daisy) 

27

Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata (Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis L.H. Baile) (cut-leaved 

coneflower, green-headed coneflower, tall coneflower) (Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. bipinnata 

Perdue is found in the USA border states in the northeast) 

Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba L. (brown-eyed coneflower, brown-eyed Susan, thin-leaved coneflower)* 

Packera aurea (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Senecio aureus L., Senecio gracilis Pursh) (golden groundsel, 

golden ragwort, senecon, squaw-weed) 

Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. (Cineraria congesta R. Br., Senecio palustris (L.) Hook.) (Arctic 

groundsel, marsh-fleabane, northern swamp groundsel) 

Senecio eremophilus Richardson var. eremophilus (Senecio glaucifolius Rydb.) (desert ragwort) 

Senecio jacobaea L. L. (maritime ragwort, stinking Willie, tansy groundsel, tansy ragwort)* 

Senecio sylvaticus L. (heath ragwort, wood ragwort, woodland ragwort) 

Senecio viscosus L. (fetid groundsel, sticky groundsel, stinking groundsel)* 

Senecio vulgaris L. (common groundsel, old-man-in-the-spring, rayless ragwort)* 

Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. integrifolium Michx. (Silphium laevigatum Pursh) (entire-leaved rosin- 

weed, prairie rosin-weed, wholeleaf rosinweed)* 

Silphium laciniatum L. var. laciniatum (compass-plant, pilot-weed, rosinweed) 

Silphium perfoliatum L. var. perfoliatum (cup-plant, Indian-cup) 

Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. terebinthinaceum (prairie-dock, prairie rosin-weed) 

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Carduus marianus L., Mariana mariana (L.) Hill) (blessed milkthistle, 

milk thistle, St. Mary‟s thistle, sea musk-thistle)* 

Solidago altissima L. (Solidago hirsutissima Mill., Solidago lunellii Rydb.) (double goldenrod, gall- 

goldenrod, tall goldenrod) 

Solidago arguta Ait. (cut-leaved goldenrod, sharp-leaved goldenrod) 

Solidago x beaudryi B. Boiv. [rugosa x uliginosa] (Beaudry's goldenrod) 

Solidago bicolor L. (silverrod, white goldenrod) 

Solidago caesia L. (Solidago axillaris Pursh) (blue-stemmed glodenrod, wreath goldenrod) 

Solidago canadensis L. (Canada goldenrod, geezisomuskiki, rock goldenrod, verge d'or) 

Solidago canadensis L. var. lepida (DC.) Cronquist (Solidago lepida DC.; treated by some as Solidago 

lepida DC. var. salebrosa (Piper) Semple – in some cases, this does not seem to apply correctly 

to western accessions) (elegant goldenrod, hoof-goldenrod, meadow goldenrod, western 

goldenrod) 

Solidago cutleri Fernald (some equate with Solidago leiocarpa de Candolle) (Cutler‟s alpine goldenrod) 

(you will find horticultural cultivars that are much taller than the native genotype) 

Solidago ×erskinei B. Boivin [canadensis × sempervirens] (in Canada – New Brunswick) 

Solidago flexicaulis L. (Solidago latifolia L.) (broad-leaved golderod, zigzag goldenrod) 

Solidago gigantea Ait. (Aster latissimifolius (Mill.) Kuntze var. serotinus Kuntze, Solidago pitcheri Nutt., 

Solidago serotinoides A. Löve & D. Löve) (giant goldenrod, late goldenrod) 

Solidago hispida Muhl. (hairy goldenrod, smooth hairy goldenrod, upland goldenrod) 

Solidago juncea Ait. (early goldenrod, sharp-toothed goldenrod) 

Solidago x krotkovii B. Boiv. (ohioensis x ptarmicoides) (Krotkov's goldenrod) (if recognized during 

revisions, the name will have to be changed to Oligoneuron x krotkovii because the two parental 

species changed to this genus name) 

28

Solidago latissimifolia Mill. (Solidago elliottii Torr. & A. Gray) (Elliot's goldenrod) 

Solidago leiocarpa DC (may be the same as Solidago cutleri Fernald – there is quite a lot of 

disagreement and confusion on proper taxonomic nomenclature & to add to the confusion, there is 

a variety of cultivated Solidago virgaurea in Japan that is called „leiocarpa‟) (alpine goldenrod, 

Cultler‟s alpine goldenrod?) 

Solidago x lutescens (Lindl. ex DC.) B. Boiv. [ptarmicoides x riddellii] (pale goldenrod, yellowish 

goldenrod) (if recognized during revisions, the name will have to be changed to Oligoneuron x 

lutescens because the two parental species changed to this genus name) 

Solidago macrophylla Pursh. (Solidago mensalis Fernald) (large-leaved goldenrod, verge d‟or à grandes 

feuilles) 

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. (Missouri goldenrod, prairie goldenrod) 

Solidago multiradiata Aiton (either confused on misnamed many times as Aster multiradiatus (Aiton) 

Kuntze; Solidago algida Piper; Solidago cusickii Piper; Solidago dilatata A. Nelson; Solidago 

heterophylla Nuttall; Solidago rubra Rydberg; Solidago virgaurea L var. arctica DC; Solidago 

virgaurea L var. multiradiata (Aiton) Torrey & A. Gray) (northern goldenrod, Rocky Mountain 

goldenrod) 

Solidago multiradiata Aiton var. scopulorum A. Gray (Solidago ciliosa Greene, Solidago scopulorum (A. 

Gray) A. Nelson) (manyraygoldenrod) 

Solidago nemoralis Ait. (gray goldenrod, gray-stemmed goldenrod) 

Solidago patula Muhl. (rough-leaved goldenrod, spreading goldenrod) 

Solidago puberula Nutt. (downy goldenrod, short-pubescent goldenrod) 

Solidago rugosa Mill. (rough goldenrod, rough-stemmed goldenrod, tall hairy goldenrod) 

Solidago sempervirens L. (evergreen goldenrod, seaside goldenrod) 

Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Ringius (Solidago gillmanii 

(A. Gray) Steele, Solidago glutinosa Nutt. var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Cronquist, Solidago racemosa 

Greene var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Fernald, Solidago spathulata DC. var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Gleason) 

(Gillman‟s goldenrod, Great Lakes goldenrod, Rand‟s goldenrod) 

Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius (Solidago 

racemosa Greene, Solidago simplex Kunth, Solidago spathulata DC. var. racemosa (Greene) 

Gleason (Gillmann‟s goldenrod, Rand‟s goldenrod) 

Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. randii (Porter) Kartesz & Gandhi (Solidago 

glutinosa Nutt. ssp. randii (Porter) Cronquist, Solidago randii (Porter) Britton, Solidago spathulata 

DC. ssp. randii (Porter) Gleason (Rand‟s goldenrod, true Rand‟s goldenrod) (not found in Canada; 

all samples were var. racemosa found in Quebec) 

Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. ontarioensis (Ringius) Ringius (Solidago 

glutinosa Nutt sensu lato, Solidago glutinosa Nutt. var. ontarioensis Ringius) (Ontario goldenrod, 

racemed goldenrod, sticky goldenrod; this is mostly what we find in Ontario, obviously) 

Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. simplex var. simplex (Solidago glutinosa Nutt., Solidago neomexicana (A. 

Gray) Woot. & Standl.; conflated sometimes with Solidago racemosa E. Greene) (Mt Albert 

goldenrod, racemed goldenrod, sticky goldenrod) 

Solidago speciosa Nutt. (noble goldenrod, showy goldenrod) 

Solidago squarrosa Muhl. (rugged goldenrod, stout rugged goldenrod, stout woodland goldenrod) 

29

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. (marsh goldenrod, swamp goldenrod) & Solidago uliginosa Nutt. var. linoides 

(Torr. & A. Gray) Fernald (Solidago purshii Porter) (bog goldenrod, Pursh's goldenrod, swamp 

goldenrod) 

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. (elm-leaved goldenrod) 

Sonchus arvensis L. (field sow-thistle, noxious sow-thistle, perennial sow-thistle, smooth sow-thistle)*/** 

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (spiny annual sow-thistle, spiny-leaved sow-thistle)*/** 

Sonchus oleraceus L. (common annual sow-thistle, common milk-thistle)*/** 

Sonchus palustris L. (marsh sow-thistle, seaside sow-thistle)* 

Symphyotrichum × amethystinum (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom [ericoides × novae-angliae] (Aster amethystinus 

Nutt., Aster x amethystinus (Porter) House, Lasallea ×amethystina (Nutt.) Semple & L. Brouillet, 

Virgulus ×amethystinus (Nutt.) Reveal & Keener (amethyst aster, great New England aster) 

Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve (Aster borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov., 

Aster franklinianus Rydb., Aster junceus auct. non Aiton, Aster junciformis Rydb., Aster laxifolius 

Nees var. borealis Torr. & A. Gray) (northern aster, northern bog aster, rush aster) 

Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) G.L. Nesom (Aster brachyactis Blake, Aster laurentianus Fern., 

Brachyactis angusta (Lindl.) Britton, Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb., Tripolium angustum 

Lindl.) (Laurentian aster, rayless alkali aster, rayless annual aster) 

Symphyotrichum ciliolatum (Lindl.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Aster ciliolatus Lindley, Aster lindleyanus Torr. & 

A. Gray, Aster maccallae Rydb., Aster saundersii Burgess, Aster subgeminatus (Fernald) B. 

Boivin, Aster wilsonii Rydb., Symphyotrichum subgeminatum (Fernald) G.L. Nesom) (ciliolate 

aster, fine-haired aster, hairy aster, Lindley‟s aster) 

Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster cordifolius L., Aster finkii Rydb. var. moratus 

Shinners, Aster lowrieanus Porter var. lanceolatus Porter, Aster plumarius Burgess, Aster 

sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex Willd., Symphyotrichum sagittifolium (Wedemeyer ex Willd.) G.L. 

Nesom) (often misidentified as Symphyotrichum lowrieanus/Aster lowrieanus in Ontario) (blue 

aster, common blue wood aster, heart-leaved aster) 

Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom var. dumosum (Aster coridifolius Michx., Aster dumosus L.) 

(bushy aster, rice-button aster) 

Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom var. ericoides (Aster ericoides L., Aster exiguus (Fernald) 

Rydb., Aster multiflorus Aiton, Aster polycephalus Rydb., Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & L. 

Brouillet, Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal & Keener) (frostweed, frost-weed aster, many-flowered 

aster, white heath aster) 

Symphyotrichum falcatum (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom var. falcatum (Aster elegantulus A.E. Porsild, Aster 

falcatus Lindley, Aster ramulosus Lindl., Lasallea falcata (Lindl.) Semple & L. Brouillet, Virgulus 

falcatus (Lindl.) Reveal & Keener) (virgulus aster, western heath aster, white prairie aster) 

Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. laeve (Aster falcidens Burgess, Aster laevis L., Aster 

steeleorum Shinners) (smooth aster, smooth blue aster, glaucous aster) 

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom ssp. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum (Aster bellidiflorus 

Willd., Aster lamarckianus Nees, Aster lanceolatus Willd., Aster laxus Willd., Aster paniculatus 

Lam. p.p., non Mill. Aster simplex Willd., Symphyotrichum simplex (Willd.) A. Löve & D. Löve) 

(lance-leaved aster, panicled aster, tall white aster) 

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. lateriflorum (Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC., 

30

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt., Aster vimineus Lam., Solidago lateriflora L.) (calico aster, one-sided 

aster, starved aster) 

Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) G.L. Nesom (Aster lowrieanus Porter.) (Lowrie's aster) 

(occasionally appears in Canadian roadsides via seed transport cross-border – does not seem to 

persist in Canada though, as noted. some mistake other species for S. lowrieanum) 

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster novae-angliae L., Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) 

Semple & L. Brouillet, Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener) (New England aster, 

waunissikaehnsiwung) 

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom var. novi-belgii (Aster eminens Willd., Aster junceus Aiton, 

Aster longifolius Lam., Aster novi-belgii L., Symphyotrichum longifolium (Lam.) G.L. Nesom) 

(long-leaf aster, New York aster) 

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom var. villicaule (A. Gray) J. Labrecque & L. Brouillet (Aster 

gaspensis Victorin, Aster johannensis Fern., Aster rolandii Shinners, Aster tardiflorus L. var. 

vestitus Fernald) (Gaspe aster, hairy New York aster, Lake St. John aster, Quebec aster) 

Symphyotrichum ontarionis (Wiegand) G.L. Nesom (Aster missouriensis Britton, non Kuntze, Aster 

ontarionis Wieg., Aster pantotrichus S.F. Blake, Aster tradescantii L. var. thyrsoides (A. Gray) B. 

Boivin, Symphyotrichum ontarione (Wiegand) G.L. Nesom, orth. var.) (bottomland aster, Ontario 

aster, smooth Ontario aster) 

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) G.L. Nesom var. oolentangiense (Aster oolentangiensis 

Riddell, Aster azureus Lindl.) (azure aster, sky blue aster, sky aster) 

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom var. pilosum (Aster juniperinus Burgess, Aster pilosus 

Willd., Aster ramosissimus auct. non Mill., Aster villosus Michx.) (hairy aster, hairy white oldfield 

aster, heath aster, Pringle‟s aster, white heath aster) 

Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) G.L. Nesom var. praealtum (Aster caerulescens DC., orth. var., 

Aster coerulescens DC., Aster praealtus Poir., Aster salicifolius Aiton, non Lam.) (willow aster, 

willowleaf aster) 

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L. Nesom (Aster prenanthoides Muhlenb.) 

(crooked-stem aster) 

Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. puniceum (Aster calderi B. Boivin, Aster 

conduplicatus Burgess, Aster firmus Nees, Aster forwoodii S. Watson, Aster lucidulus (A. Gray) 

Wiegand, Aster puniceus L., Symphyotrichum firmum (Nees) G.L. Nesom) (purple-stem aster, 

shining aster, swamp purple-stemmed aster) 

Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G.L. Nesom (Aster argenteus Michx., Aster sericeus Vent., Lasallea 

sericea (Vent.) Greene, Virgulus sericeus (Vent.) Reveal & Keener) (western silver star, western 

silvery aster) 

Symphyotrichum shortii (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Aster camptosorus Small, Aster shortii Lindl.) (Short's 

aster) 

Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom (Aster subulatus Michx. (annual salt-marsh aster, 

eastern annual salt-marh aster, small salt-marsh aster) (may be * west of New Brunswick) 

Symphyotrichum tradescantii (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster saxatilis (Fernald) Blanch., nom. illeg., Aster 

tradescantii L., Aster vimineus Lam. var. saxatilis Fernald) (shore aster, trandescant's aster) (east 

coast) 

Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster asperifolius Burgess, Aster claviger Burgess, Aster 

31

corrigiatus Burgess, Aster diversifolius Michx., Aster gracilescens Burgess, Aster linguiformis 

Burgess, Aster loriformis (Burgess) Burgess, Aster mohrii Burgess, Aster proteus Burgess, Aster 

sylvestris Burgess, Aster triangularis (Burgess) Burgess, Aster truellius Burgess, Aster undulatus 

L.) (Burgess‟ folly, wavy aster, wavyleaf aster, wavy-leaved aster) 

Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Aster hirtellus Lindl., Aster sagittifolius auct. non 

Wedemeyer ex Willd., Aster urophyllus Lindley (Wedenmeyer ex Willd.) (arrow-leaved aster, 

plantain aster) 

Tagetes minuta L. (minute marigold, small marigold, stinking roger, wild marigold)* 

Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Schultz-Bip. (Tanacetum huronense Nutt.) (bipinnate tansy, dune tansy, 

Lake Huron tansy) 

Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson (Chrysanthemum coccineum Willd., Chrysanthemum roseum 

Adams ) (garden daisy, painted daisy, pyrethum, pyethum daisy) (ornamental)* 

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. (common feverfew, false guayule, feather-few, parthenium 

tansy)* 

Tanacetum vulgare L. (camomille, common tansy, tansy)* 

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) Schinz ex Thell. (Taraxacum ambigens 

Fernald, Taraxacum amphiphron Böcher, Taraxacum arctogenum Dahlst., Taraxacum 

brachyceras Dahlst, Taraxacum carthamopsis, Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC., 

Taraxacum dumetorum Greene, Taraxacum eurylepium Dahlst., Taraxacum hyperboreum Dahlst., 

Taraxacum integratum G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum lacerum Greene, Taraxacum lapponicum Kihlm. 

ex Hand.-Maz., Taraxacum latispinulosum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum laurentianum Fernald, 

Taraxacum longii Fernald, Taraxacum malteanum Dahlst., Taraxacum maurolepium G.E. 

Haglund, Taraxacum mitratum G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum multesimum G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum 

naevosum Dahlst., Taraxacum ovinum Rydb., Taraxacum paucisquamosum M. Peck, Taraxacum 

pellianum A.E. Porsild, Taraxacum pseudonorvegicum Dahlst., Taraxacum purpuridens Dahlst., 

Taraxacum torngatense Fernald, Taraxacum trigonolobum Dahlst., Taraxacum umbrinum Dahlst.) 

(common dandelion, horned dandelion, horn-bearing dandelion, northern dandelion, fall dandelion) 

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. officinale (Leontodon latiloba (DC.) Britton, nom. inq., Leontodon 

taraxacum L., nom. inq., p.p., Taraxacum atroglaucum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum campylodes G.E. 

Haglund, Taraxacum croceum auct. non Dahlst., Taraxacum curvidens M.P. Christ., Taraxacum 

cyclocentrum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum dahlstedtii Lindb. f., Taraxacum davidssonii M.P. Christ., 

Taraxacum devians Dahlst., Taraxacum dilutisquameum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum firmum Dahlst., 

Taraxacum islandiciforme Dahlst., Taraxacum kok-saghyz auct. non Rodin, Taraxacum latilobum 

DC., nom. inq., Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller, nom. inq., 

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. var. palustre (Lyons) Blytt p.p., Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) 

Symons var. vulgare (Lam.) Fernald, nom. inq., Taraxacum pleniflorum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum 

retroflexum Lindb. f., Taraxacum rhodolepis Dahlst., Taraxacum undulatum Lindb. f. & Marklund, 

Taraxacum vagans G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum vulgare Lam., nom. inq., Taraxacum xanthostigma 

Lindb. f. (blow-ball, blowballs, common dandelion, crocus dandelion, marsh dandelion, 

mindemoyae, pissenlit, piss-weed, spring dandelion)*/** 

Taraxacum erthyrospermum Andr. ex Bisser (lesser dandelion, red-seeded dandelion)* 

Taraxacum lacerum E. Greene (Arctic dandelion, Greenland dandelion, lacerated dandelion, lacy 

32

dandelion) 

Tetraneuris herbacea Greene (Actinea herbacea (Greene) B.L. Rob., Hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh.) Park., 

Hymenoxys herbeacea (Greene) Cusick) (eastern fournerved daisy, hymenoxys, lakeside daisy, 

stemless rubberweed) 

Tragopogon x crantzii Dichtil (dubius x pratensis) (Crantz's goat's-beard)* 

Tragopogon dubius Scop. (doubtful goat‟s-beard, goat‟s-beard, lesser goat's-beard)* 

Tragopogon x mirabilis Rouy (porrifolius x pratensis) (goat's-bladder)* 

Tragopogon x mirus F. Ownbey (dubius x pratensis) (Ownbey's goat's-beard)* 

Tragopogon porrifloius L. (common salsify, oyster-plant, salsify, vegetable-oyster)* 

Tragopogon pratensis L. (akiwenzee, barbe de bouc, Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, meadow goat‟s-beard, 

noxious goat‟s-beard, yellow goat's-beard)* 

Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch ssp. maritimum (Chamomilla maritima (L.) Rydb., 

Matricaria maritima L.) (ambiguous chamomile, false mayweed, maritime chamomile, scentless 

chamomile, seaside chamomile, sea mayweed) (ornamental)* 

Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz (Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib., Matricaria inodora L., 

Matricaria perforata Merat., Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.) (corn mayweed, perforated 

chamomile, scentless chamomile, scentless false mayweed) (ornamental)* 

Tussilago farfara L. (coltsfoot, coughwort, pas d'ane, tussilage)* 

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. (Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC.) (alternate-leaved crown-beard, ridan, 

wingstem) 

Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ex Bran. & Cov. (giant ironweed, ironweed, tall ironweed) (southwestern 

Ontario) 

Veronia missurica Raf. (ironweed, Missouri ironweed) 

Xanthium spinosum L. (spiny burweed, spiny cocklebur)* 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray (Xanthium acerosum Greene, Xanthium 

californicum Greene, Xanthium campestre Greene, Xanthium canadense Mill., Xanthium 

cavanillesii Schouw, Xanthium cenchroides Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium commune Britton, Xanthium 

echinatum Murray, Xanthium glanduliferum Greene, Xanthium italicum Moretti, Xanthium macounii 

Britton, Xanthium oligacanthum Piper, Xanthium oviforme Wallr., Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr., 

Xanthium saccharatum Wallr., Xanthium speciosum Kearney, Xanthium varians Greene) (beach 

clotbur, Canada cocklebur, cocklebur, glouteron, lampourde, ogimauwushk, sea-burdock, tumor 

cocklebur, tumor-curing cocklebur) 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronquist (Xanthium americanum Walter, Xanthium 

calvum Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium chasei Fernald, Xanthium chinense Mill., Xanthium curvescens 

Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium cylindraceum Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium echinellum Greene, Xanthium 

globosum Shull, Xanthium inflexum Mack. & Bush, Xanthium macrocarpum DC. var. glabratum 

DC., Xanthium occidentale Bertol., Xanthium orientale L., Xanthium wootonii Cockerell (Asian 

cocklebur, Chinese cocklebur, rough cocklebur) 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. strumarium (rough cocklebur) 

33

Order Callitrichales 

Callitrichaceae (water-starwort family) 

Callitriche hermaphroditica L. (hermaphrodite water-starwort, late water-starwort, narrow-leaf water- 

starwort) 

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. (fanleaf, larger water-starwort, water-chickweed, water-starwort) 

Callitriche palustris L. (early water-starwort, marsh water-starwort, water fennel) 

Callitriche stagnalis Scop. (floating water-starwort, quiet water-starwort) 

Hippuridaceae (mare's-tail family) 

Hippuris tetraphylla L. f. (four-leaved mare's-tail) 

Hippuris vulgaris L. (common mare's-tail) 

Order Campanulales 

Campanulaceae (bluebell family, harebell family, lobelia family) (includes Lobeliaceae) 

Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small (Campanula americana L.) (American bellflower, tall bellflower) 

Campanula aparinoides Pursh. (Campanula uliginosa Rydb.) (bedstraw bellflower, bedstraw marsh 

bellflower, blue marsh bellflower, marsh bellflower) 

Campanula cochlearifolia Lam. (earleaf bellflower, showy bellflower) (ornamental)* 

Campanula glomerata L. (clustered bellflower, Dane‟s blood) (ornamental)* 

Campanula medium L. (Canterbury-bells) (ornamental)* 

Campanula persicifolia L. (everlasting bellflower, peach-leaved bellflower) (ornamental)* 

Campanula rapunculoides L. (creeping bellflower, creeping bluebells, European bellflower, rampion 

bellflower) (ornamental)* 

Campanula rotundifolia L. (Campanula alaskana (A. Gray) W. Wight ex J.P. Anderson, Campanula 

dubia A. DC., Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult., Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult. 

ssp. groenlandica (Berlin) Böcher, Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult. var. arctica (Lange) 

Böcher, Campanula groenlandica Berlin, Campanula heterodoxa Bong., Campanula intercedens 

Witasek, Campanula petiolata A. DC., Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. groenlandica (Berlin) A. 

Löve & D. Löve, Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. intercedens (Witasek) A. Löve & D. Löve, 

Campanula rotundifolia L. var. alaskana A. Gray, Campanula rotundifolia L. var. alpina Tuck., 

Campanula rotundifolia L. var. arctica Lange, Campanula rotundifolia L. var. intercedens 

(Witasek) Farw., Campanula rotundifolia L. var. lancifolia Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Campanula 

rotundifolia L. var. petiolata (A. DC.) J.K. Henry, Campanula rotundifolia L. var. velutina A. DC., 

Campanula sacajaweana M. Peck (bluebell bellflower, blue bells of Scotland, bluebell, harebell, 

Scottish bells, Scot‟s-bells, sczeegineesh) 

Campanula trachelium L. (bats in the belfry, nettle-leaved bellflower, throatwort) (ornamental)* 

Lobelia cardinalis L. (Lobelia fulgens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Lobelia splendens Humb. & Bonpl. ex 

Willd.) (cardinal flower, fire flower, red betty, shkotaebugonee) 

Lobelia dortmanna L. (Dortman‟s cardinalflower, dortman lobelia, water-gladiole, water-lobelia) 

Lobelia inflata L. (poisonous Indian-tobacco, wild tobacco) 

Lobelia kalmii L. (Lobelia strictiflora (Rydb.) Lunell) (brook lobelia, Kalm's lobelia, Ontario lobelia) 

34

Lobelia siphilitica L. var. siphilitica (blue cardinal-flower, great blue lobelia, great lobelia) 

Lobelia x speciosa Sweet var. schneckii Bowden (pro nm.) (cardinalis x silphilitica) (great 

cardinal-flower) 

Lobelia spicata Lam. var. campanulata McVaugh (highbelia, pale-spiked lobelia) 

Lobelia spicata Lam. var. hirtella A. Gray (Lobelia hirtella (A. Gray) Greene) (palespike lobelia) 

Lobelia spicata Lam. var. spicata (Lobelia bracteata Small, Lobelia spicata Lam. var. originalis 

McVaugh, Lobelia spicata Lam. var. parviflora A. Gray) (palespike lobelia) 

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (Segousia perfoliata (L.) Britton, Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC., 

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. var. perfoliata) (clasping bellwort, clasping Venus' looking-glass, 

Venus' looking-glass) 

Order Dipsacles 

Adoxaceae (adoxa family, moschatel family) (separated from Caprifoliaceae) 

Adoxa moschatellina L. (adoxa, moschatel, musk-root) 

Sambucus canadensis L. (American elder, Canada elderberry, common elder, common elderberry) 

Sambucus ebulus L. (danewort, dwarf-elder, Quebec elder) 

Sambucus nigra L. (black elder, black elderberry, European elder, European elderberry) (ornamental)* 

Sambucus racemosa L. (Sambucus pubens Michx.) (red elder, red-berried elder, red-berried elderberry, 

red elderberry, stinking elder, stinking elderberry) 

Sinadoxa corydalifolia C.Y.Wu, Z.L.Wu & R.F.Huang (sinadoxa) (endemic to Hengduan Mountains China 

and never wild elsewhere but several indoor plants appear to have come from [illegal?] cuttings) 

Viburnum acerifolium L. (dockmackie, maple-leaf viburnum, maple-leaved viburnum) 

Viburnum cassinoides L. (northern wild-raisin, witherod, with-rod) 

Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. (false lowbush cranberry, lowbush cranberry, mooseberry, pimbina, 

squashberry) 

Viburnum lantana L. (bending wayfaring-tree, twistwood, wayfaring-tree) (ornamental)* 

Viburnum lantanoides Michx. (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.) (alder-leaved viburnum, American 

wayfaring-tree, hobblebush, moosewood, tangle-legs, witch-hobble) 

Viburnum lentago L. (nannyberry, sheepberry, sweet viburnum, wild-raisin) 

Viburnum opulus L. (Viburnum trilobum Marsh.) (false highbush cranberry, guelder-rose, highbush 

cranberry, snowball) (ornamental)* 

Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes (downy arrowood, shortstalk arrowood) 

Viburnum recognitum Fern. (northern arrowwood, southern arrow-wood) 

Viburnum trilobum Marsh. (cranberry viburnum, false high bush cranberry, highbush-cranberry, pimbina) 

Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) 

Diervilla lonicera Mill. (Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacMill., Diervilla lonicera Mill. var. hypomalaca Fernald) 

(northern bush-honeysuckle) 

Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. (beautybush, kolkwitzia)* 

Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén ex R.T. Clausen (Linnaea americana Forbes, 

Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehder) (neezhodaeyun, northern twinflower, 

35

twinflower, twins) 

Lonicera x bella Zabel (tatarica x morowii) (bell honeysuckle, Bell‟s honeysuckle, showy bush 

honeysuckle, showy fly honeysuckle, whitebell honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera canadensis Marsh. (Xylosteon ciliatum Pursh) (American fly honeysuckle, Canadian fly 

honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle) 

Lonicera caprifolium L. (goat-leaf honeysuckle, Italian honeysuckle, Italian woodbine) (ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. (Lonicera gibbiflora Maxim. ex Rehder) (daisy honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera dioica L. (Lonicera glaucescens (Rydb.) Rydb.) (Douglas honeysuckle, glaucous honeysuckle, 

limber honeysuckle,smooth-leaved honeysuckle, wild honeysuckle) 

Lonicera emphyllocalyx (blue-fly honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera hirsuta Eat. (hairy honeysuckle) 

Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. involucrata (Distegia involucrata (Richardson) 

Cockerell, Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. flavescens (Dippel) Rehder, 

Xylosteum involucratum Richardson) (bracted honeysuckle, four-lined honeysuckle, involucered 

honeysuckle, twinberry honeysuckle) 

Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet) (Chinese honeysuckle, Japanese 

honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. (amur honeysuckle, late honeysuckle, Maack's honeysuckle) 

(ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera morrowii A. Gray (Lonicera insularis Nakai) (Morrow's honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/** 

Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. (swamp fly-honeysuckle) 

Lonicera periclymenum L. (European woodbine, New Brunswic woodbine, Nova Scotia woodbine, 

woodbine honeysuckle) (ornamental)* 

Lonicera sempervirens L. (Phenianthus sempervirens (L.) Raf.) (coral honeysuckle, trumpet 

honeysuckle) 

Lonicera tatarica L. (Lonicera sibirica Georgi, nom. nud.) (tatarian honeysuckle)*/** 

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. calvescens (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald (mountain fly 

honeysuckle) 

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. solonis (Eaton) Fernald (mountain fly honeysuckle) 

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. tonsa Fernald (mountain fly honeysuckle) 

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. villosa (Lonicera caerulea L. var. villosa (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray) 

(mountain fly honeysuckle, mountain honeysuckle, Northern fly-honeysuckle, velvet honeysuckle. 

waterbush) 

Lonicera x xylosteoides Tausch [tatarica x xylosteum] (fly honeysuckle) (NB in Canada)*/** 

Lonicera xylosteum L. (dwarf honeysuckle, European fly honeysuckle, hollow honeysuckle) 

(ornamental)* 

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. albus (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. pauciflorus 

(W.J. Rob. ex A. Gray) S.F. Blake, Symphoricarpos pauciflorus W.J. Rob. ex A. Gray, 

Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. (common snowberry, thin-leaved snowberry) 

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.F. Blake (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) 

S.F. Blake ssp. laevigatus (Fernald) Hultén, Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksd.) (common 

snowberry, Atlantic snowberry) 

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. (buckbrush, western sowberry, wolfberry)* 

36

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. (Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacMill.) (coralberry, 

Indian-currant, round snowberry )* 

Triosteum angustifolium L. (narrow-leaved feverwort, narrow-leaved horse-gentian, yellow 

horse-gentian, yellowfruit horse-gentian) 

Triosteum aurantiacum E.P. Bicknell var. aurantiacum (orange-fruited horse gentian, scarlet-fruited 

horse-gentian, wild coffee) 

Triosteum perfoliatum L. (feverwort, late horse gentian, perfoliate horse-gentian, tinker's-weed, wild 

coffee) 

Dipsacaceae (teasel family) 

Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov (Scabiosa gigantea Ledeb.) (larger scabious, Tatarian cephalaria, 

yellow cephalaria) (ornamental)* 

Dipsacus fullonum L. (Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.) (card thistle, Draper‟s teasel, Fuller's teasel, wild 

teasel, wood teasel)*/** 

Dipsacus laciniatus L. (cut-leaved teasel, lachinate teasel)** 

Knautia arvensis (L.) Duby. (Scabiosa arvensis L.) (field scabiosa, field scabious)* 

Succisa pratensis Moench (Succisa pratensis Moench.) (devil's-bit, marsh devil‟s-bit)* 

Succisella inflexa (Kluk.) G. Beck (Scabiosa australis Wulfen, Succisa australis (Wulfen) Rchb.) 

(southern devil's-bit, southern scabious, southern succisella) 

Valerianaceae (valerian family) 

Valeriana dioica L. (dioecious valerian, marsh valerian, northern valerian) 

Valeriana dioica L. var. sylvatica S. Watson (Valeriana dioica L. ssp. sylvatica (S. Watson) F.G. Mey., 

Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb., Valeriana sylvatica Sol. ex Richardson, non F.W. Schmidt) 

(woods valerian, woodland valerian) 

Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. ciliata (Torr. & A. Gray) Cronquist (Valeriana ciliata Torr. & 

A. Gray) (common valerian, edible valerian, taprooted valerian, tobacco root) 

Valeriana officinalis L. (common valerian, garden heliotrope, garden valerian) (ornamental)* 

Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb. (Valeriana sitchensis Bong. ssp. uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) 

F.G. Mey., Valeriana sitchensis Bong. var. uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) B. Boivin) (bog valerian, 

false sitka valerian, mountain valerian, mountain swamp valerian) 

Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. (corn-salad, goosefoot cornsalad, lamb's lettuce) 

Valerianella locusta (L.) Betcke (Valerianella olitoria (L.) Pollich) (commion corn-salad, European corn- 

salad, lamb's-lettuce, Lewiston cornsalad, locust-lettuce)*/** 

Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph. Wood (Valerianella intermedia Dyal, Valerianella patellaria (Sull. ex 

A. Gray) Alph. Wood, Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. var. intermedia (Dyal) Gleason) 

(navel-lettuce, navel corn-salad, navel-shaped corn-salad, northern cornsalad, umbrella cornsalad, 

Wood‟s corn-salad) 

37

Order Gentianales 

Apocyanaceae (dogbane family) 

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (baebaumukwodjeebikissing, herbe a la puce, spreading dogbane) 

Apocynum cannabinum L. (clasping-leaved Indian hemp, hemp dogbane, Indian hemp) 

Apocynum x floribundum E. Greene (showy dogbane) 

Nerium oleander L. (poison oleander) (ornamental)* 

Vinca minor L. (common periwinkle, grave myrtle)*/** 

Asclepidaceae (milkweed family) 

Asclepia exaltata L. (poke milkweed, tall milkweed) 

Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson (hairy milkweed, prairie milkweed, stiff-haired milkweed) 

Asclepias incarnata L. (swamp milkweed) 

Asclepias ovalifolia Decne. (oval-leaved milkweed) 

Asclepias purpurascens L. (purple milkweed) 

Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. (four-leaved milkweed) 

Asclepias sullivantii Englem. ex A. Gray (Sullivant's milkweed) 

Asclepias syriaca L. (common milkweed, common silkweed, cottonweed, ininwish, misnamed milkweed, 

wild cotton) 

Asclepias tuberosa L. (butterfly-weed, chigger-weed, orange milkweed, pleurisy-root) 

Asclepias variegata L. (variegated milkweed, white milkweed) 

Asclepias verticillata L. (eastern whorled milkweed) 

Asclepias viridiflora Raf. (green milkweed, pukeweed) 

Cynanchum laeve (Michaux.) Pers. (Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt., Ampelamus laevis (Michx.) Krings, 

Gonolobus laevis Michx.) (honeyvine, sand vine, smooth dog-strangling vine, smooth 

strangle-dog, smooth swallow-wort)*/** 

Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi (Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers., non Cav., Vincetoxicum nigrum 

(L.) Moench) (black dog-strangling vine, black strangle-dog, black swallow-wort, Louise‟s 

swallow-wort)*/** 

Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopov) Borh. (Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich, Cynanchum 

medium auct. non R. Br., Vincetoxicum medium auct. non (R. Br.) Decne. (dog-strangling vine, 

European swallow-wort, pale swallow-wort, swallowwort, strangle-dog)*/** 

Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik., Vincetoxicum officinale Moench) 

(poison-rope, white swallow-wort)*/** 

Gentianaceae (gentian family) (MOST SPECIES ARE THREATENED AND SENSITIVE; DO NOT PICK) 

Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. ssp. iodandra (B.L. Rob.) J.M. Gillett (Bartonia iodandra B.L. Rob., 

Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. var. intermedia Fernald, Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. var. 

iodandra (B.L. Rob.) Fernald, Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. var. sabulonensis (Fernald) 

Fernald, Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. sabulonensis (Fernald) B. Boivin) 

(branched bartonia, screw-stem, twining screwstem) (rare) 

Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. ssp. paniculata (Bartonia lanceolata Small, Bartonia virginica (L.) 

Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. paniculata (Michx.) B. Boivin, Centaurella paniculata Michx.) 

38

(twining screwstem, yellow bartonia) 

Centaurium erythraea Rafn (Centaurium minus auct. non Moench, Centaurium umbellatum auct. non 

Gilib., Erythraea centaurium auct.) (common centaury, erythrea-like centaury, European centaury) 

(ornamental)* 

Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce (lesser centuary, showy centaury) (ornamental)* 

Frasera caroliniensis Walter (Frasera officinalis W. Bartram, Frasera verticillata Raf., Frasera walteri 

Michx., Swertia caroliniensis (Walter) Kuntze) (American columbo, Carolina columbo) (rare) 

Gentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt. (Gentiana flavida A. Gray) (pale gentian, plains gentian, white prairie 

gentian,yellowish gentian) (endangered) 

Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. var. andrewsii (Dasystephana andrewsii (Griseb.) Small, Pneumonanthe 

andrewsii (Griseb.) W.A. Weber) (bottle gentian, fringed-tip closed gentian) 

Gentiana x billingtonii Farw. (andewsii x puberulenta) (Billington‟s gentian, hybrid gentian) 

Gentiana linearis Froel. (Dasystephana linearis (Froel.) Britton, Gentiana saponaria L. var. linearis 

(Froel.) Griseb.) (closed gentian, narrow-leaved gentian) 

Gentiana x pallidocyanea J. Pring. (alba x andrewsii) (hybrid gentian, pale blue gentian, pale green 

gentian) 

Gentiana puberulenta J. Pring. (Gentiana puberula auct. non Michx.) (downy gentian, slighty downy 

gentian) 

Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. (Dasystephana grayi (Kusnez.) Britton, Gentiana linearis Froel. ssp. 

rubricaulis (Schwein.) J.M. Gillett, Gentiana linearis Froel. var. lanceolata A. Gray, Gentiana 

linearis Froel. var. latifolia A. Gray) (closed gentian, purple-stemmed gentian, red-tipped gentian) 

Gentianella amarella (L.) Böerner ssp. acuta (Michx.) J.M. Gillett (Amarella acuta (Michx.) Raf.,Amarella 

plebeja (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene, Amarella plebeja (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene var. holmii 

(Wettst.) Rydb., Amarella strictiflora (Rydb.) Greene, Gentiana acuta Michx., Gentiana amarella 

auct. non L. p.p., Gentiana amarella L. ssp. acuta (Michx.) Hultén, Gentiana amarella L. var. acuta 

(Michx.) Herder, Gentiana amarella L. var. plebeja (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Hultén, Gentiana amarella 

L. var. stricta (Griseb.) S. Watson, Gentiana plebeja Ledeb. ex Spreng., Gentiana plebeja Ledeb. 

ex Spreng. var. holmii Wettst., Gentiana strictiflora (Rydb.) A. Nelson, Gentianella acuta (Michx.) 

Hiitonen, Gentianella amarella (L.) Böerner var. acuta (Michx.) Herder, Gentianella strictiflora 

(Rydb.) W.A. Weber (autumn dwarf gentian, felwort, felwort gentian, sharp-leaved gentian) 

Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett ssp. propinqua (Gentiana arctophila Griseb., Gentiana 

propinqua Richardson, Gentiana propinqua Richardson ssp. arctophila (Griseb.) Hultén, 

Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett ssp. arctophila (Griseb.) Tzvelev) (fourpart 

gentian, four-parted gentian, low felwort) 

Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small ssp. occidentalis (A. Gray) J.M. Gillett (Gentiana quinquefolia L. var. 

occidentalis A. Gray, Gentianella occidentalis (A. Gray) Small) (agueweed, gall-of-the-earth, stiff 

gentian) 

Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small ssp. quinquefolia (Gentiana quinquefolia L.) (agueweed, 

gall-of-the-earth, stiff gentian) 

Gentianella tenella (Rottb.) Böerner ssp. tenella (Comastoma tenellum (Rottb.) Toyokuni, Gentiana 

tenella Rottb.) (Dane‟s dwarf gentian) 

Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma. (Anthopogon crinitum (Froel.) Raf., Gentiana crinita Froel., Gentiana 

39

ventricosa Griseb., Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don, Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don ssp. 

nevadensis (Gilg) Weaver & Rudenberg) (greater fringed gentian) 

Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Ma ssp. detonsa (Gentiana barbata Froel., Gentiana detonsa Rottb., 

Gentiana detonsa Rottb. var. groenlandica Victorin, Gentiana richardsonii A.E. Porsild, 

Gentianella detonsa (Rottb.) G. Don) (windmill fringed gentian) 

Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Ma ssp. nesophila (T. Holm) J.S. Pringle (Gentiana detonsa Rottb. var. 

nesophila (T. Holm) B. Boivin, Gentiana nesophila T. Holm, Gentianella detonsa (Rottb.) G. Don 

ssp. nesophila (T. Holm) J.M. Gillett, Gentianopsis nesophila (T. Holm) Iltis) (island gentian, 

windmill fringed gentian) 

Gentianopsis macounii (Holm.) Iltis. (Anthopogon tonsum (Lunell) Rydb., Gentiana crinita Froel. var. 

tonsa (Lunell) B. Boivin, Gentiana gaspensis Victorin, Gentiana macounii T. Holm, Gentiana tonsa 

(Lunell) Victorin, Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don ssp. macounii (T. Holm) J.M. Gillett, 

Gentianopsis procera (T. Holm) Ma ssp. macounii (T. Holm) Iltis) (Macoun's gentian, Macoun‟s 

fringed gentian, shaved gentian) 

Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub ssp. victorinii (Fernald) Lammers (Gentiana crinita Froel. ssp. victorinii 

(Fernald) J.M. Gillett, Gentiana victorinii Fernald, Gentianopsis procera (T. Holm) Ma var. victorinii 

(Fernald) Iltis) (Victorin‟s gentian) 

Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub. (Gentiana crinita Froel. var. browniana (Hook.) B. Boivin, Gentiana 

procera T. Holm, Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don ssp. procera (T. Holm) J.M. Gillett, 

Gentianopsis procera (T. Holm) Ma) (lesser fringed gentian, small fringed gentian) 

Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. ssp. deflexa (American spurred gentian) 

Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries. (Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fr. ex Fernald ssp. tenuifolium (Griseb.) 

A.E. Porsild, Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Griseb.) (marsh gentian, marsh-felwort, twisted gentian) 

Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh. (angled rose-pink, bitter-bloom, rose-pink, square-stemmed sabatia) 

Sabatia kennedyana Fern. (Sabatia dodecandra (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. kennedyana 

(Fernald) H.E. Ahles) (Kennedy‟s gentian, large sabatia, northern large marsh-pink, Plymouth 

gentian, Plymouth rose gentian) (note the perhaps subtle allusion to “Rose Kennedy”) (easier to 

find in Canada if you visit the NS coastal plain) 

Order Lamiales 

Boraginaceae (borage family, forget me-not family) 

Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. (Lycopsis arvensis L.) (small alkanet, small bugloss)* 

Anchusa officinalis L. (Anchusa procera Besser ex Link) (alkanet, common bugloss)* 

Asperugo procumbens L. (catchweed, German madwort, madweed, madwort)* 

Borago officinalis L. (borage, talewort)* 

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) Johns. (Lithospermum arvense L.) (bastard alkanet, bugloss, corn-gromwell)* 

Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. boreale (Fernald) Cooperr. (Cynoglossum boreale Fern.) (northern 

hound's-tongue, northern wild comfrey) 

Cynoglossum officinale L. (common hound's-tongue, gypsyflower)* 

Echium plantagineum L. (Echium lycopsis L. p.p.) (Paterson‟s curse, plantain-leaved blueweed, purple 

viper‟s bugloss, salvation Jane)* 

40

Echium vulgare (L.) Pers. (blue devil, blueweed, viper's bugloss, zhauwushko ziaunushk) * 

Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz (American stickseed, spurred false gentian, spurred gentian, spurred 

stickseed) 

Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz var. americana (A. Gray) Fernald & I.M. Johnst. (Hackelia americana 

(A. Gray) Fernald, Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz ssp. americana (A. Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve, 

Lappula americana (A. Gray) Rydb., Lappula deflexa (Wahlenb.) Garcke p.p., Lappula deflexa 

(Wahlenb.) Garcke ssp. americana (A. Gray) Hultén, Lappula deflexa (Wahlenb.) Garcke var. 

americana (A. Gray) Greene (American stickseed) 

Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I.M. Johnson (Hackelia leptophylla (Rydb.) I.M. Johnst., Lappula floribunda 

(Lehm.) Greene) (large-flowered stickseed, manyflowered stickseed, showy stickseed, western 

stickseed) 

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. (L.) Johnst. (Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene, Myosotis virginiana L.) 

(beggar's lice, stickseed) 

Lappula squarrosa (Retz) Dumort (Lappula echinata Gilib., Lappula erecta A. Nelson, Lappula fremontii 

(Torr.) Greene, Lappula lappula (L.) Karst., Lappula myosotis Moench, Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) 

Dumort. var. erecta (A. Nelson) Dorn (beggar's lice, European sticktight, stickseed, two-row 

stickseed) 

Lithospermum canscens (Michx.) Lehm. (Batschia canescens Michx.) (hoary puccoon, Indian-paint, 

Indian-paint gromwell) 

Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill. var. croceum (Fernald) Cronquist 

(Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill. ssp. croceum (Fernald) Cusick, 

Lithospermum croceum Fernald (Carolina gromwell. Plains puccoon) 

Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Lehm. (Batschia linearifolia (Goldie) Small, Lithospermum angustifolium 

Michx., Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie, Lithospermum mandanense Spreng. (incised puccoon, 

narrowleaf stoneseed, toothed gromwell) 

Lithospermum latifolium Michx. (American gromwell, broad-leaved gromwell, American stoneseed) 

Lithospermum officinale L. (common gromwell, European stoneseed, pearl gromwell)* 

Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray var. maritima (Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill) (oysterleaf, sea bugloss, 

sea-lungwort, sea mertensia) 

Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) G. Don var. paniculata (Mertensia palmeri A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr, 

Mertensia pilosa (Cham.) DC. (northern bluebells, panicled mertensia, tall bluebells, tall lungwort) 

Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link (bluebells, mertensia, Roanoake-bells, tree lungwort, Virgina 

bluebells, Virginia cowslip, Viginian cowslip) 

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (Myosotis scorpioides L. var. arvensis L.) (common forget-me-not)* 

Myosotis discolor Pers. (Myostis versicolor (Pers.) Sm.) (changing forget-me-not, slender forget-me-not, 

two-coloured forget-me-not, yellow and blue scorpion-grass) 

Myosotis laxa Lehm. (bay forget-me-not, smaller forget-me-not, tufted forget-me-not) 

Myosotis macrosperma Engelm. (Myosotis verna Nutt. var. macrosperma (Engelm.) Chapm., Myosotis 

virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. macrosperma (Engelm.) Fernald) (larger 

forget-me-not, large-seeded forget-me-not) 

Myosotis scorpioides L. (Myosotis palustris (L.) Hill) (mouse-ear scorpion-grass, true forget-me-not, 

water forget-me-not)* 

41

Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. (Myosotis micrantha auct. non Pall. ex Lehm.) (blue scorpion- 

grass, strict forget-me-not, upright forget-me-not)* 

Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. (woodland forget-me-not)* 

Myosotis verna Nutt. (Myosotis virginica auct. non (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (spring 

forget-me-not) 

Omphalodes linifolia (L.) Moench. (Cynoglossum linifolium L.) (false hound's-tongue, thread-leaved 

navelwort, whiteflower navelwort)* 

Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. hispidissimum (Mack.) B.L. Turner (Lithospermum 

carolinianum auct. non Lam., Onosmodium hispidissimum Mack., Onosmodium hispidissimum 

Mack. var. macrospermum Mack. & Bush, Onosmodium molle Michx. ssp. hispidissimum (Mack.) 

B. Boivin, Onosmodium molle Michx. var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronquist (false gromwell, 

marble-seed, soft hairy false gromwell, softhair marbleseed) 

Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn (Allocarya cognata 

Greene, Allocarya hispidula Greene, Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Plagiobothrys cognatus 

(Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys hispidulus (Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys nelsonii 

(Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys scopulorum (Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys scouleri 

(Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. ssp. penicillatus (Greene) A. Löve, Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & 

Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. penicillatus (Greene) Cronquist) (meadow plagiobothrys, sleeping 

popcornflower, wet popcorn-flower)* 

Pulmonaria officinalis L. (lungwort) (ornamental)* 

Symphytum asperum Lepeschin (Symphytum asperrimum Donn ex Sims) (prickly comfrey, rough 

comfrey)* 

Symphytum officinale L. (Symphytum officinale L. ssp. uliginosum auct. non (Kern.) Nyman., 

Symphytum uliginosum auct. non Kern.) (common comfrey, healing-herb)* 

Symphytum x uplandicum Nyman (Symphytum peregrinum auct. non Ledeb.) (hybrid comfrey, Russian 

comfrey, upland comfrey)* 

Lamiaceae [Labiatae] (mint family, square-stem family) 

Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (Acinos thymoides (L.) Moench, Calamintha acinos (L.) Clairville ex 

Gaudich., Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze, Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele) (basil thyme, 

mother-of-thyme)* 

Agastache foeniculum (Pursh.) Kuntze (Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton) (blue giant hyssop, 

lavender giant-hyssop) 

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze (catnip giant-hyssop, yellow giant hyssop) 

Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze (figwort giant-hyssop, purple giant hyssop) 

Ajuga genevensis L. (blue bugle, erect bugle, Geneva bugleweed)* 

Ajuga reptans L. (common bugle, creeping bugle, creeping bugleweed)* 

Ballota nigra L. var. nigra (black horehound, fetid horehound, stinking horehound)* 

Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. (Monarda ciliata L.) (downy belphilla, downy pagoda-plant, downy wood-mint, 

false bergamot) 

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. var. hirsuta (Pursh.) Benth. (hairy pagoda-plant, hairy wood-mint) 

Clinopodium arkansanum (Nutt.) House (Calamintha arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners, Calamintha glabella 

42

(Michx.) Benth. var. angustifolia (Torr.) DeWolf, Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze, Hedeoma 

arkansana Nutt., Hedeoma glabra Nutt., Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq., Satureja glabella 

(Michx.) Briq. var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svens., Satureja glabra (Nutt.) Fernald) (Arkansas calamint, 

basil-thyme, false pennyroyal, limestone calamint, savory, wild calamint) 

Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze (Calamintha glabella (Michx.) Benth., Cunila glabella Michx., 

Satureja glabella (Michx.) Briq.) (Ozark calamint, savory, slender calamint)* 

Clinopodium vulgare L. (Calamintha vulgaris (L.) Halácsy, non Clairv., Clinopodium vulgare L. var. 

neogaea (Fernald) C.F. Reed, Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch, Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch var. 

diminuta (Simon) Fernald & Wiegand, Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch var. neogaea Fernald) 

(dogmint, field basil, wild basil) 

Collinsonia canadensis L. (horse-balm, richweed, stoneroot) 

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britton) (American dragonhead, 

dragon's-head, small-flowered dragonhead) 

Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. (Moldavica thymiflora (L.) Rydb.) (thyme-flowered dragonhead, 

thyme-leaved dragon's-head)* 

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. (Elsholtzia cristata Willd.) (ciliate elsholtzia, crested late-summer mint, 

hairy elsholtzia)* 

Galeopsis bifida Boenn. (Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court.) (splitlip hempnettle) 

(NB, NS, NF in eastern Canada; scattered elsewhere in much of northern North America, except 

ON and QC) 

Galeopsis speciosa Miller (Galeopsis versicolor W. Curtis) (Edmonton hempnettle, hemp-nettle, largeflowered 

hemp-nettle)* 

Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. tetrahit (brittlestem hempnettle, common hemp-nettle, ironwort)* 

Glechoma hederacea L. (Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevis.) (creeping Charley, gill-over-the-ground, ground 

ivy, run-away-robin)*/** 

Hedeoma hispida Pursh (hairy pennyroyal, mock pennyroyal, rough false pennyroyal, rough pennyroyal) 

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. (Cunila pulegioides L., Melissa pulegioides (L.) L., Ziziphora pulegioides 

(L.) Desf.) (American false pennyroyal, American pennyroyal, pudding-grass) 

Hyssopus officinalis L. (common hyssop, official hyssop)* 

Lamium album L. (snowflake, white dead-nettle)* 

Lamium amplexicaule L. (henbit, henbit dead-nettle)* 

Lamium maculatum L. (spotted henbit, variegated dead-nettle)* 

Lamium purpureum L. var. incisum (Willd.) Pers. (Lamium dissectum With., Lamium hybridum auct. non 

Vill.) (dissected purple hempnettle)* (in Canada, found in QC and eastward) 

Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum (purple dead-nettle, red dead-nettle)* (ON and eastward) 

Leonurus cardiaca L. ssp. cardiaca (common motherwort)* 

Leonurus sibiricus L. (Leonurus artemisia auct. non Lour. ) (honeyweed, Siberian motherwort)* 

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bartram (Lycopus sinuatus Elliot) (American water-horehound, 

cut-leaved water-horehound) 

Lycopus asper E. Greene (Lycopus lucidus auct. non Turcz. ex Benth. p.p.) (harsh bugleweed, rough 

bugleweed, western water-horehound) 

Lycopus europaeus L. (European bugleweed, European water-horehound, gypsywort, waterhorehound)* 

43

Lycopus laurentianus Rolland-Germain (Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bartram var. laurentianus 

(Rolland-Germain) B. Boivin) (St. Lawrence waterhorehound) (QC & NB) 

Lycopus rubellus Moench. (Lycopus angustifolius Elliot, Lycopus velutinus Rydb.) (red bugleweed, 

stalked water-horehound, taperleaf water horehound, velvet water-horehound) 

Lycopus x sherardi Steele (uniflorus x virginicus) (Sherard's bugleweed) 

Lycopus uniflorus Michx. var. uniflorus (Lycopus virginicus L. var. pauciflorus Benth.) (northern water- 

horehound, one-flowered bugleweed, tuberous water-horehound) 

Lycopus virginicus L. (buglewort, Virginia bugleweed, Virginia water-horehound) 

Marrubium vulgare L. (common horehound, white horehound)* 

Melissa officinalis L. (common balm, lemon-balm)* 

Mentha aquatica L. (Mentha citrata Ehrh. Mentha x piperi L. var. citrata (Ehrh.) B. Boivin (pro nm.), 

Mentha piperita L. ssp. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq.) (water mint) (escaped cultivar)* 

Mentha arvensis L. (Mentha canadensis L., Mentha gentilis L., Mentha x gentilis L. [arvensis x spicata 

pro sp], Mentha glabrior (Hook.) Rydb., Mentha penardii (Briq.) Rydb.) (American wild mint, 

brother's spearmint, Canada mint, field mint, red mint, wild mint) 

Mentha x muelleriana F.W. Schultz [arvensis ssp. arvensis x suaveolens] (Mueller's spearmint) 

Mentha x piperita L. (aquatica x spicata) (Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth., Mentha crispa L., 

Mentha dumetorum Schult., Metha x dumetorum Schult. (aquatica x spicata pro sp) (peppermint, 

peppermint)* 

Mentha x smithiana Graham [aquatica x arvensis] (Smith‟s mint) (NS) 

Mentha spicata L. (Mentha cordifolia auct., Mentha longifolia auct. non (L.) Huds., Mentha longifolia (L.) 

Huds. var. mollissima (Borkh.) Rouy, Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var. undulata (Willd.) Fiori, 

Mentha spicata L. var. longifolia L., Mentha spicata L. var. spicata, Mentha sylvestris L., Mentha 

viridis L.) (common mint, hairy horse-mint, spearmint, spear mint)* 

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (Mentha rotundifolia auct. non (L.) Huds.) (applemint, roundleaf spearmint, 

round-leaved mint)* (may not be in Canada) 

Mentha x villosa Hudson (spicata x suaveolens) (Mentha alopecuroides Hull, Mentha nemorosa Willd., 

Mentha x villosa Huds. var. alopecuroides (Hull) Briq. (pro nm.)) (foxtail-spearmint, wooly mint)* 

Moluccella laevis L. (bells of Ireland, shellflower) (ornamental)* 

Monarda didyma L. (American bee balm, amogawauhnshk, bee-balm, Oswego tea, scarlet beebalm) 

Monarda fistulosa L. (wild bergamot, wild horsemint) 

Monarda media Willd. (Monarda x media Willd. - didyma x fistulosa) (horse-mint, purple bergamot, 

purple horsemint) 

Monarda punctata L. ssp. punctata var. villicaulis (Pennell) Palmer & Steyerm. (dotted monarda, spotted 

beebalm, spotted horsemint) 

Nepeta cataria L. (catmint, catnip)* 

Nepeta grandiflora Bieb. (Caucasus catmint, great catnip, large-flowered catnip, Quebec catnip)* (QC * 

NY) 

Origanum vulgare L. (oregano, wild marjoram, winter sweet)* 

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens (beefsteak, beef-steak plant, shrubby perilla)* (ON in 

Canada) 

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. ssp. virginiana (Dracocephalum denticulatum Aiton, Dracocephalum 

44

formosius (Lunell) Rydb., Dracocephalum virginianum L., Physostegia denticulata (Aiton) Britton, 

Physostegia formosior Lunell, Physostegia speciosa (Sweet) Sweet) (false dragonhead, obedient 

plant, Virginia false dragonhead) 

Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. lanceolata (W. Bartram) Hultén (lance selfheal) 

Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. vulgari (Prunella caroliniana Mill.) (carpenter-weed, common self-heal, heal-all, 

numaewushkohnse, self-heal, sturgeon-grass)* 

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. var. incanum (Clinopodium incanum L., Koellia dubia (A. Gray) 

Small, Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze) (gray moutain-mint, hoary mountain-mint) 

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. (Koellia flexuosa auct. non (Walter) MacMill., Pycnanthemum 

flexuosum auct. non (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (narrow-leaved mountain-mint, slenderleaved 

moutain-mint) 

Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperr. (Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton, 

Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt.) (soft whorled mountain-mint) 

Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. verticillatum (Koellia leptodon (A. Gray) Small, Koellia 

verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze, Pycnanthemum leptodon A. Gray, Pycnanthemum torrei Benth. var. 

leptodon (A. Gray) Boomhour, Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. 

& Fernald var. verticillatum (Michx.) B. Boivin) (hairy mountain-mint, Torrey's mountain-mint, 

whorled mountain-mint) 

Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald (Koellia virginiana (L.) 

MacMill.) (Virginia mountain-mint) 

Salvia officinalis L. (common sage, kitchen sage)* 

Salvia pratensis L. (introduced sage, meadow sage)* 

Salvia reflexa Hornem. (Salvia lancifolia Poir.) (lanceleaf sage, lance-leaved sage, reflex sage, reflex- 

leaved sage)* 

Salvia sclarea L. (clear-eye, European sage, garden sage, see-bright sage)* 

Salvia x sylvestris L. (pro sp.) [nemorosa x pratensis] (Salvia nemorosa L.) (woodland sage, 

wood-sage)* 

Salvia verticillata L. (lilac sage, whorled sage)* 

Satureja hortensis L. (savory, summer thyme, summer-savory)* 

Scutellaria galericulata L. (Scutellaria epilobiifolia A. Ham.) (common marsh skullcap, hooded skullcap, 

toque bleue, zheebaunkudohnse) 

Scutellaria lateriflora L. var. lateriflora (blue skullcap, mad-dog skullcap) 

Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. (veined skullcap, veiny skullcap) 

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. missouriensis (Torr.) Goodman & C.A. Lawson (Scutellaria ambigua 

Nutt., Scutellaria leonardii Epling, Scutellaria nervosa Pursh var. ambigua (Nutt.) Fernald, 

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. leonardii (Epling) Fernald) (Leonard‟s skullcap, small skullcap, 

smaller skullcap) 

Stachys byzantina K. Koch. (Stachys olympica Poir.) (hedge-nettle, lamb's-ears, woolly hedge-nettle)* 

Stachys germanica L. (downy hedge-nettle, downy wound-wort, German hedge-nettle)* 

Stachys palustris L. (marsh hedge-nettle, woundwort)* 

Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. arenicola (Britton) G. Mulligan & D. Munro (Stachys arenicola Britton, Stachys 

palustris L. ssp. arenicola (Britton) Gill) (hairy hedge-nettle, sand hedge-nettle) 

45

Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. pilosa (Stachys asperrima Rydb., Stachys borealis Rydb., Stachys homotricha 

(Fernald) Rydb., Stachys palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling, Stachys palustris L. var. 

homotricha Fernald, Stachys palustris L. var. nipigonensis Jennings, Stachys palustris L. var. 

phaneropoda Weath., Stachys palustris L. var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fernald, Stachys palustris L. var. 

puberula Jennings, Stachys scopulorum Greene, Stachys teucriifolia Rydb., Stachys teucriiformis 

Rydb.) (germander hedgenettle, hairy hedgenettle) 

Stachys sylvatica L. (foul hedge-nettle, whitespot, woodland hedge-nettle)* 

Stachys tenuifolia Willd. (Stachys glabra Riddell, Stachys hispida Pursh, Stachys palustris L. var. 

hispida (Pursh) B. Boivin, Stachys palustris L. var. macrocalyx Jennings) (rough hedge-nettle, 

rough wound-wort, smooth hedge-nettle) (yes, I know the common names contradict – there 

probably are two varieties that have not yet been recognized) 

Teucrium botrys L. (cut-leaf germander, cut-leaved annual germander)* 

Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense (Teucrium littorale E.P. Bicknell) (American germander, 

Canadian germander, hairy germander, shallow germander, wood germander, wood sage) 

Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale (A. Gray) E.M. McClint. & Epling (Teucrium boreale E.P. 

Bicknell, Teucrium canadense L. ssp. occidentale (A. Gray) W.A. Weber, Teucrium canadense L. 

ssp. viscidum (Piper) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde p.p., Teucrium canadense L. var. boreale (E.P. 

Bicknell) Shinners, Teucrium occidentale A. Gray, Teucrium occidentale A. Gray var. boreale 

(E.P. Bicknell) Fernald (western germander) 

Teucrium scorodonia L. (germander-sage, woodland germander, wood-sage) 

Thymus praecox Opiz (mother-of-thyme, wild thyme)*/** 

Thymus praecox Opiz ssp. arcticus (Durand) Jalas (Thymus arcticus (Durand) Ronniger, Thymus 

drucei Ronniger, Thymus serpyllum auct. non L.) (Arctic thyme, creeping thyme)*/** 

Thymus pulegioides L. (Thymus serpyllum L. ssp. chamaedrys (Fr.) Voll., Thymus serpyllum L. var. 

albus hort.) (lemon thyme, pudding-thyme)*/** 

Trichostema brachiatum L. (Isanthus brachiatus (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Isanthus brachiatus (L.) 

Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. linearis Fassett, Tetraclea viscida Lundell) (blue-curls, false 

pennyroyal, fluxweed) 

Trichostema dichotomum L. (Trichostema dichotomum L. var. puberulum Fernald & Grisc., Trichostema 

pilosum Roth) (bastard pennyroyal, bluecurls, forked blue-curls) 

Phrymaceae (lopseed family) (separated from Verbenaceae) 

Phryma leptostachya L. (American lopseed, false vervain, lopseed, slender-spiked lopseed) 

Verbenaceae (vervain family) 

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene (fogfruit, lance-leaved fogfruit) 

Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. (Verbena bracteosa Michx., Verbena imbricata Woot. & 

Standl.) (bigbract verbena, bracted vervain, large-bracted vervain) 

Verbena x deamii Mold. (bracteata x stricta) (Verbena x dodgei B. Boivin) (Charlie‟s vervain, Deam's 

vervain, Dodge‟s verbena) 

Verbena x engelmannii Mold. (hastata x urticifolia) (Engelmann's vervain) 

Verbena hastata L. var. hastata (blue vervain, false vervain, simpler's-joy, swamp vervain, 

46

zhawaeshkoohnse) 

Verbena hastata L. var. scabra Moldenke (rough swamp vervain) (QC in e Canada) 

Verbena x perriana Mold. (bracteata x urticifolia) (hybrid vervain) 

Verbena x rydbergii Moldenke (hastata x stricta) (Verbena x paniculatistricta Engelm.) (Rydberg's 

vervain) 

Verbena simplex Lehm. (Verbena angustifolia Michx.) (narrow-leaved vervain) 

Verbena stricta Vent. (hoary verbena, hoary vervain, mullein-leaved vervain) 

Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia (nettle-leaved vervain, white vervain) 

Order Plantaginales 

Plantaginaceae (plantain family) 

Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. (Littorella americana Fernald, Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. var. americana) 

(Fernald) Gleason (American plantain, American shoreweed, plantain shore-weed) 

Plantago psyllium L. (Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit., Plantago indica L., Plantago scabra Moench) 

(Indian plantain, sand plantain, whorled plantain)* 

Plantago aristata Michx. (Plantago aristata Michx. var. nuttallii (Rapin) Morris, Plantago patagonica 

Jacq. var. aristata (Michx.) A. Gray) (bracted plantain, buckhorn, large-bracted plantain)* 

Plantago cordata Lam. (heart plantain, heart-leaved plantain, water plantain) (endangered) 

Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantago altissima auct. non L.) (buckhorn, English plaintain, narrow-leaved 

plantain, ribgrass, ripplegrass)* 

Plantago major L. (Plantago asiatica auct. non L., Plantago halophila E.P. Bicknell) (broad-leaved 

plantain, common plantain, salt plantain, whiteman's-root, zhaushaubiwaukissing)* 

Plantago maritima L. var. juncoides (Lam.) A. Gray (Plantago juncoides Lam., Plantago juncoides Lam. 

var. decipiens (Barneoud) Fernald, Plantago juncoides Lam. var. glauca (Hornem.) Fernald, 

Plantago juncoides Lam. var. laurentiana Fernald, Plantago maritima L. ssp. borealis (Lange) Blytt 

& O.C. Dahl, Plantago maritima L. ssp. juncoides (Lam.) Hultén, Plantago oliganthos Roem. & 

Schult., Plantago oliganthos Roem. & Schult. var. fallax Fernald) (goose tongue, rush plantain, 

sea plantain, seaside plantain) 

Plantago media L. (healing herb, hoary plantain, smaller plantain)* 

Plantago rugelii Decne. var. rugelii (blackseed plantain, pale plantain, Rugel‟s plantain) 

Plantago virginica (dwarf plantain, hoary plantain, pale-seed plantain, white dwarf plantain) (* in 

Canada) 

Order Rubiales 

Rubiaceae (bedstraw family, madder family) 

Asperula arvensis L. (asperula, blue woodruff, field woodruff, madder)*/** (ON in Canada) 

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (eastern button bush, honey-balls) 

Galium aparine L. (Galium agreste Wallr. var. echinospermum Wallr., Galium spurium L., Galium 

vaillantii DC.) (cleavers, false cleavers, goose-grass, Marin County bedstraw, spring-cleavers, 

spurred bedstraw, stickywilly) 

47

(possibly * in Canada) 

Galium asprellum Michx. (rough bedstraw) 

Galium boreale L. (Galium hyssopifolium Hoffm., Galium septentrionale Roem. & Schult., Galium 

strictum Torr.) (northern bedstraw) 

Galium brevipes Fern. & Wieg. (Galium trifidum L. ssp. brevipes (Fernald & Wiegand) A. Löve & D. 

Löve) (limestone swamp bedstraw, short-stalked bedstraw, short-stalked cleavers) 

Galium circaezans Michx. var. circaezans (Galium bermudense L. p.p., Galium boreale sensu Walter, 

non L., Galium brachiatum sensu Muhl., non Pursh, Galium circaeoides Roem. & Schult., Galium 

circaezans Michx. var. glabellum Britton, Galium circaezans Michx. var. glabrum Britton, Galium 

circaezans Michx. var. typicum Fernald, Galium rotundifolium L. var. circaezans (Michx.) Kuntze) 

(cross-cleavers, licorice bedstraw, wild licorice) 

Galium circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum Fernald (cross-cleavers, licorice bedstraw, wild licorice) 

Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray (shining bedstraw) 

Galium glaucum L. (Asperula galioides M. Bieb., Asperula glauca (L.) Besser) (funneled bedstraw, 

glaucous bedstraw, smooth bedstraw, waxy bedstraw)* 

Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex Schult. & Schult. f. (northern wild licorice, Russian bedstraw) 

Galium labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. (Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. labradoricum Wiegand (Labrador 

marsh bedstraw, northern bog bedstraw) 

Galium lanceolatum Torr. (Galium circaezans Michx. var. lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray, Galium 

rotundifolium L. var. lanceolatum (Torr.) Kuntze, Galium torreyi Bigelow) (leanceleaf wild licorice, 

spear wild licorice, Torrey‟s wild licorice, yellow wild licorice) 

Galium mollugo L. (Galium erectum Huds.) (carpet bedstraw, false baby‟s breath, smooth bedstraw, 

white bedstraw, wild madder) (ornamental)* 

Galium obtusum Bigelow ssp. obtusum (Galium obtusum Bigelow var. ramosum Gleason, Galium 

trifidum L. var. latifolium Torr.) (blunt-leaved bedstraw, obtuse bedstraw, rounded madder) 

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. (Asperula odorata L.) (sweet bedstraw, sweet white woodruff, sweet 

woodruff, sweetscented bedstraw)* 

Galium palustre L. (common marsh bedstraw) 

Galium pilosum Aiton var. pilosum (Galium bermudense L. p.p., Galium puncticulosum Michx. var. 

pilosum (Aiton) DC.) (hairy bedstraw) 

Galium saxatile L. (heath-bedstraw, Newfoundland bedstraw)* 

Galium sylvaticum L. (baby's-breath, Scotch-mist, wood bedstraw)* 

Galium tinctorium L. (Asperula tinctoria L., Galium claytonii Michx., Galium obtusum Bigelow var. 

floridanum (Wiegand) Fernald, Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. ssp. floridanum (Wiegand) Puff, 

Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. diversifolium W. Wight, Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. 

floridanum Wiegand, Galium trifidum L. ssp. tinctorium (L.) H. Hara, Galium trifidum L. var. 

tinctorium (L.) Torr. & A. Gray) (Clayton's bedstraw, dyer's-bedstraw, stiff marsh bedstraw, wild 

madder) 

Galium tricornutum Dandy (Galium tricorne Stokes p.p.) (rough-fruited corn bedstraw, three-pronged 

bedstraw)* 

Galium trifidum L. ssp. halophilum (Fernald & Wiegand) Puff (estuarine bedstraw, salt marsh three-petal 

bedstraw, threepetal bedstraw) 

48

Galium trifidum L. ssp. subbiflorum (Wiegand) Piper (Galium brandegeei A. Gray p.p., Galium claytonii 

Michx. var. subbiflorum (Wiegand) Wiegand, Galium subbiflorum (Wiegand) Rydb., Galium 

tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. subbiflorum (Wiegand) Fernald, Galium trifidum L. var. pusillum A. Gray, 

Galium trifidum L. var. subbiflorum Wiegand) (threepetal bedstraw) 

Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum (branching marsh bedstraw, small bedstraw, threepetal bedstraw) 

Galium triflorum Michx. (Galium brachiatum Pursh, Galium pennsylvanicum W. Bartram) (fragrant 

bedstraw,sweet-scented bedstraw) 

Galium verum L. var. verum (Lady‟s bedstraw, Madonna bedstraw, Mary‟s bedstraw, Our Lady's 

bedstraw, St. Mary‟s bedstraw, yellow bedstraw, yellow spring bedstraw)* 

Galium verum L. var. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) Oborny (Galium verum L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) 

Oborny, Galium wirtgenii F.W. Schultz) (Wirtgen's bedstraw)* (QC & NB in e. Canada) 

Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook (Houstonia caerulea L. var. faxonorum Pease & A.H. Moore) (azure bluet, 

bluets, hedyotis, houstonia, innocence, Quaker ladies) 

Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. (Hedyotis canadensis (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) 

Fosberg, Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. var. ciliolata (Torr.) Mohlenbr., Hedyotis purpurea (L.) 

Torr. & A. Gray var. ciliolata (Torr.) Fosberg, Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A. Gray var. 

setiscaphia (L.G. Carr) Fosberg, Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. var. setiscaphia 

(L.G. Carr) C.F. Reed, Houstonia ciliolata Torr., Houstonia setiscaphia L.G. Carr (Canadian 

summer bluet) (ironically, this is NOT found in Canada) 

Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. (Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook., Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. var. 

tenuifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, Hedyotis nuttalliana Fosberg, Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A. 

Gray var. longifolia (Gaertn.) Fosberg, Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A. Gray var. tenuifolia 

(Nutt.) Fosberg, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. var. compacta Terrell, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. 

var. glabra Terrell, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Alph. Wood, Houstonia 

purpurea L. var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) A. Gray, Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt., Oldenlandia purpurea (L.) A. 

Gray var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) A. Gray ex Chapm.) (longleaf summer bluet, long-leaved bluets, longleaved 

houstonia, Venus‟-pride) 

Mitchella repens L. (creeping partridge-berry, partridgeberry, runningbox, twinberry, two-eyed berry) 

Sherardia arvensis L. (blue field madder, field-madder)* 

Order Scrophulariales 

Acanthaceae (acanthus family, bear's-breach family) 

Justicia americana (L.) M. Vahl. (Dianthera americana L., Justicia mortuifluminis Fernald, Justicia 

umbratilis Fernald) (American water-willow) 

Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. Almeida (Dolichos lobatus Willd., 

Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C.K. Schneid., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria thunbergiana 

(Siebold & Zucc.) Benth.) (kudzu)*/** (it is in New York state but not yet confirmed in Canada) 

Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson (bush clockvine)*/** (cultivated in the north but currently the 

nearest imperiled ecosystem is in Florida) 

Bignoniaceae (bignonia family, catalpa family, trumpet-creeper family) 

49

Campsis radicans (L.) Seeman. ex Bureau (cow-itch, trumpet creeper) (ornamental)* 

Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (common catalpa, southern catalpa, Indian bean) (ornamental)* 

Catalpa x hybrida Spath (bignonoides x ovata) (hybrid catalpa) 

Catalpa ovata G. Don (Chinese catalpa, Japanese catalpa)* (ornamental)* 

Catalpa speciosa Warder ex Englem. (Indian bean, northern catalpa) (ornamental)* 

Lentibulariaceae (bladderwort family) 

Pinguicula villosa L. (hairy butterwort) 

Pinguicula vulgaris L. (Arctic butterwort, bog violet, butterwort, false violet) 

Utricularia cornuta Michx. (Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf.) (horned bladderwort) 

Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. (hidden-fruited bladderwort, paired bladderwort, paired-scale bladderwort) 

Utricularia gibba L. (Utricularia biflora Lam., Utricularia fibrosa Walter, Utricularia obtusa Sw., Utricularia 

pumila Walter) (creeping bladderwort, humped bladderwort, swollen-spurred bladderwort) 

Utricularia inflata Walt. (swollen bladderwort) 

Utricularia intermedia Hayne. (flat-leaved bladderwort) 

Utricularia macrorhiza Leconte (Utricularia vulgaris L.) (common bladderwort, greater bladderwort) 

Utricularia minor L. (lesser bladderwort, smaller bladderwort) 

Utricularia ochroleuca R.W. Hartm. (also claimed as Utricularia x ochroleuca Hart. - intermedia x minor, 

Utricularia occidentalis A. Gray (cream bladderwort, yellowish-white bladderwort) 

Utricularia purpurea Walt. (Vesiculina purpurea (Walter) Raf.) (eastern purple bladderwort) 

Utricularia radiata Small (Utricularia inflata Walter var. minor Chapm.) (little floating bladderwort) (NB & 

NS in Canada) 

Utricularia resupinata BD Greene ex Bigelow (Lecticula resupinata (B.D. Greene ex Bigelow) Barnhart) 

(inverted bladderwort, lavender bladderwort, resupinate bladderwort, topsy-turvy) 

Utricularia subulata L. (Setiscapella cleistogama (A. Gray) Barnhart, Setiscapella subulata (L.) Barnhart, 

Utricularia cleistogama (A. Gray) Britton) (awl-bladderwort, Nova Scotia bladderwort, zigzag 

bladderwort) (NS in Canada) 

Oleaceae (ash family, olive family, privet family) 

Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (green forsythia, greenstem forsythia, golden-bells) (ornamental)* 

Fraxinus americana L. (Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle) (American ash, Biltmore ash, cane ash, white ash) 

Fraxinus excelsior L. (European ash) (ornamental)* 

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (black ash, hoop ash, swamp ash) 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (Fraxinus campestris Britton, Fraxinus darlingtonii Britton, Fraxinus 

lanceolata Borkh., Fraxinus smallii Britton) (green ash, Pennsylvania ash, red ash) 

Fraxinus profunda Bush (Fraxinus michauxii Britton FRTO Fraxinus tomentosa Michx. f.) (pumpkin 

ash) 

Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. (blue ash, four-angled ash, Point Pelee ash) 

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. (California privet, oval-leaved privet) (ornamental)* 

Ligustrum vulgare L. (common privet, prim)* 

Syringa vulgaris L. (common lilac)*/** 

50

Orobanchaceae (broomrape family, broom-rape family) (separated from Ericaceae) 

Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. (Orobanche americana L.) (common cancer-root, squawroot) 

Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. (Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf.) (akiwenzeemawi, beechdrops, Virginia 

beech-drops) 

Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. (Anoplanthus fasciculatus (Nutt.) Walp., Aphyllon fasciculatum (Nutt.) Torr. 

& A. Gray, Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var. franciscana Achey, Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var. 

lutea (Parry) Achey, Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var. subulata Goodman, Orobanche fasciculata 

Nutt. var. typica Achey, Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton, Thalesia lutea (Parry) Rydb.) (bunched 

broomrape, clustered broomrape, clusered cancer-root, yellow cancer-root) 

Orobanche minor Sm. (hellroot)*/** (may be in Ontario via New York) 

Orobanche uniflora L. (Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torr. & A. Gray, Orobanche porphyrantha G. Beck, 

Orobanche purpurea Jacq., Orobanche sedii (Suksd.) Fech., Orobanche terrae-novae Fernald, 

Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton) (naked broomrape, one-flowered cancer-root, purple broomrape, 

waubunodjeebik) 

Pedaliaceae (pedalium family, sesame family) [Martyniaceae (martynia family, unicorn-plant family)] 

Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. ssp. louisianica (Martynia louisianica Mill., Proboscidea jussieui 

auct.) (proboscis-flower, ram's-horn, ram‟s-horn unicorn-plant, unicorn-plant) (ornamental)* 

Sesamum orientale L. (Sesamum indicum L.) (bene, sesame) (rarely persists in Canada)* 

Scrophulariaceae (figwort family, snapdragon family) 

Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. (Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. var. peninsularis 

Pennell, Agalinis georgiana (C.L. Boynt.) Pennell, Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. racemulosa 

(Pennell) B. Boivin, Agalinis virgata Raf., Gerardia fasciculata Elliot, Gerardia fasciculata Elliot 

ssp. peninsularis (Pennell) Pennell, Gerardia georgiana C.L. Boynt., Gerardia purpurea L. var. 

racemulosa (Pennell) Gleason, Gerardia racemulosa Pennell) (beach false foxglove) (USA only 

but once in a while you will find someone has cultivated it near a beach in ON, NB, or NS) 

Agalinis gattingeri (Small) Small ex B & B (Gerardia gattingeri Small) (Gattinger‟s agalinis, Gattinger's 

gerardia, Gattinger‟s purple false foxglove, roundstem false foxglove) (endemic) 

Agalinis maritima (Raf.) Raf. var. maritima (Gerardia maritima Raf.) (saltmarsh false foxglove, seaside 

gerardia) 

Agalinis neoscotica (Greene) Fernald (Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. neoscotica (Greene) 

Pennell & H. St. John, Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. neoscotica (Greene) B. Boivin, Gerardia 

neoscotica Greene, Gerardia purpurea L. var. neoscotica (Greene) Gleason) (Middleton false 

foxglove, Nova Scotia false foxglove) (NS & ME) 

Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. borealis Pennell (Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. parviflora 

(Benth.) B. Boivin, Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton ssp. borealis (Pennell) Pennell, Gerardia 

paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. borealis (Pennell) Deam, Gerardia purpurea L. var. parviflora 

Benth. (smallflower false foxglove, small-flowered agalinis, small-flowered gerardia, small-flowered 

purple false foxglove) 

Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. paupercula (Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton, Gerardia 

paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. typica Pennell, Gerardia purpurea L. var. paupercula A. Gray) 

51

(smallflower false foxglove, small-flowered agalinis, small-flowered gerardia, small-flowered purple 

false foxglove) 

Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell (Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. carteri Pennell, Gerardia purpurea L. 

(large-flowered agalinis, large-flowered gerardia, large-flowered purple false foxglove, large purple 

agalinis, purple gerardia) 

Agalinis skinneriana (Alph. Wood) Britt. (Gerardia skinneriana Alph. Wood) (Skinner‟s agalinis, Skinner's 

false foxglove, Skinner's gerardia, Skinner‟s purple false foxglove) 

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. macrophylla (Benth.) S.F. Blake (Agalinis besseyana (Britton) Britton, 

Gerardia besseyana Britton, Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. macrophylla (Benth.) Pennell, Gerardia 

tenuifolia Vahl var. macrophylla Benth.) (larger slenderleaf purple false foxglove) 

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell (Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. parviflora 

(Nutt.) Pennell, Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. parviflora Nutt.) (fewflowered slenderleaf purple false 

foxglove) 

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. tenuifolia (Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl) (slenderleaf false foxglove 

slender-leaved agalinis, slender-leaved, gerardia, slender-leaved purple false foxglove, slender 

gerardia) 

Antirrhinum majus L. (common snapdragon, garden snapdragon, great snapdragon, linearleaf 

snapdragon, Mediterranean snapdragon) (ornamental)* 

Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. flava (Agalinis flava (L.) B. Boivin, Aureolaria calycosa (Mack. & Bush) 

Pennell, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. ssp. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. ssp. 

typica Pennell, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell, Aureolaria reticulata Raf., 

Dasistoma calycosa Mack. & Bush, Dasistoma flava (L.) Alph. Wood, Gerardia calycosa (Mack. & 

Bush) Fernald, Gerardia flava L., Gerardia flava L. var. calycosa (Mack. & Bush) Steyerm., 

Gerardia flava L. var. reticulata (Raf.) Cory) (smooth false foxglove, smooth yellow false foxglove, 

yellow false foxglove) 

Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. macrantha Pennell (Agalinis flava (L.) B. Boivin var. macrantha (Pennell) 

B. Boivin, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. ssp. macrantha Pennell, Gerardia flava L. var. macrantha 

(Pennell) Fernald) (larger smooth yellow false foxglove) 

Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. intercedens Pennell (Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp. 

intercedens (Pennell) Pennell, Gerardia pedicularia L. var. intercedens (Pennell) Fernald) (fernleaf 

yellow false foxglove, fern-leaf false foxglove, fern-leaved false foxglove, pedicelled false 

foxglove) 

Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. pedicularia (Agalinis pedicularia (L.) S.F. Blake, Agalinis pedicularia 

(L.) S.F. Blake var. caesariensis (Pennell) S.F. Blake, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp. 

caesariensis Pennell, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp. carolinensis Pennell, Aureolaria 

pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp. typica Pennell, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. caesariensis 

(Pennell) Pennell, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. carolinensis (Pennell) Pennell, Dasistoma 

pectinata (Nutt.) Benth., nom. nud., Dasistoma pedicularia (L.) Benth., Gerardia pedicularia L.) 

(fernleaf yellow false foxglove, fern-leaf false foxglove, fern-leaved false foxglove, pedicelled false 

foxglove) 

Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell. (Agalinis virginica (L.) S.F. Blake, Aureolaria dispersa (Small) Pennell, 

Aureolaria microcarpa Pennell, Dasistoma dispersa Small, Dasistoma virginica (L.) Britton, 

Gerardia dispersa (Small) K. Schum., Gerardia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (downy 

52

false foxglove, downy yellow false foxglove, smooth yellow false foxglove) 

Bartsia alpina L. (alpine bartsia, velvetbells, velvet-bells) 

Buchnera americana L. (Buchnera breviflora Pennell, Buchnera floridana Gandog.) (American 

bluehearts) 

Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. (Castilleja ludoviciana Pennell) (grandmother's tresses, Indian 

paintbrush, nanabush, nanabush okomissum meensissun, painted-cup, scarlet Indian paintbrush, 

scarlet painted-cup) 

Castilleja miniata Douglas ex Hook. ssp. miniata (Castilleja confusa Greene, Castilleja gracillima Rydb., 

Castilleja inconstans Standl., Castilleja oblongifolia A. Gray, Castilleja uliginosa Eastw.) (giant red 

Indian paintbrush, minute painted-cup, smaller painted-cup) (I have no idea why this got the 

common name “giant”) 

Castilleja raupii Pennell. (Raup's Indian paintbrush, Raup's painted-cup) 

Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl. (Castilleja acuminata auct. non (Pursh) Spreng., Castilleja pallida (L.) 

Spreng. ssp. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Scoggan, Castilleja pallida (L.) Spreng. var. septentrionalis 

(Lindl.) A. Gray) (Labrador Indian paintbrush, lance-leaved painted-cup, northern painted-cup, 

pale painted cup) 

Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange (dwarf snapdragon, lesser toadflax)* 

Chelone glabra L. (Chelone chlorantha Pennell & Wherry, Chelone montana (Raf.) Pennell & Wherry) 

(balmony, smooth balmony, snakehead, turtlehead) 

Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (Antirrhinum tenellum Pursh, Collinsia grandiflora Lindl. var. pusilla A. Gray, 

Collinsia tenella (Pursh) Piper) (few-flowered collinsia, maiden blue-eyed Mary, small-flowered 

collinsia) 

Collinsia verna Nutt. (blue-eyed Mary, broad-leaved collinsia, spring blue-eyed Mary, spring collinsia) 

Cymbalaria muralis G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill.) (coliseum-ivy, 

Kenilworth ivy)* 

Digitalis grandiflora Mill. (Digitalis ambigua Murray, Digitalis orientalis Mill.) (garden foxglove, larger 

foxglove, yellow foxglove) (ornamental)* 

Digitalis lanata Ehrh. (Grecian foxglove, Greek foxglove, wooly foxglove) (ornamental)* 

Digitalis purpurea L. ssp. purpurea (common foxglove, purple foxglove) (ornamental)* 

Euphrasia hudsoniana Fern. & Wieg. (glandular eyebright, Hudson Bay eyebright, nothern eyebright) 

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Walt. (Euphrasia americana auct. p.p., Euphrasia arctica Lange ex Rostr. 

ssp. borealis (Townsend) Yeo, Euphrasia borealis (Townsend) Wettst., Euphrasia canadensis 

auct. non Townsend, Euphrasia curta (Fr.) Wettst., Euphrasia officinalis auct. non L., Euphrasia 

pectinata auct. non Ten., Euphrasia tatarica auct. non Fisch. ex Spreng.) (Canadian eyebright, 

common eyebright, hairy eyebright) 

Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm. (Euphrasia brevipila Burn. & Gremli ex Gremli, Euphrasia 

condensata Jord., Euphrasia officinalis auct. non L., Euphrasia rigidula Jord.) (drug eyebright, 

European eyebright, stiff eyebright)* 

Euphrasia vinacea Sell. & Yeo (glacier eyebright, interrupted eyebright) 

Gratiola aurea L. (Gratiola lutea Raf.) (golden pert, golden hedge-hyssop) 

Gratiola neglecta Torr. (clammy hedge hyssop, neglected hedge-hyssop, overlooked hedge-hyssop) 

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. (Antirrhinum elatine L., Linaria elatine (L.) Mill.) (canker-root, sharpleaf 

cancerwort, sharpoint fluvellin)* 

53

Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. (Antirrhinum spurium L.) (female-fluellin, roundleaf cancerwort, round-leaved 

toad-flax)* 

Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth._ (clefted conobea, conobea, 

leucospora, much-cleft conobea, narrowleaf paleseed) 

Limosella subulata L. (Limosella aquatica L. var. tenuifolia Hoffm., Limosella subulata Ives) (awl-shaped 

mudwort, mudwort, Welsh mudwort) 

Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & 

Petitm., Linaria jattae Palanza) (clasping toadflax, coarse toadflax, dalmatia, 

Dalmatian toadflax)* 

Linaria repens (L.) Mill. (Newfoundland toadflax, striped toadflax) 

Linaria vulgaris Hill. (Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.) (butter-and-eggs, gueule-de-lion, toadflax, 

wauwauskonaeg)* 

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr. (Ilysanthes anagallidea (Michx.) B.L. 

Rob., Ilysanthes inequalis (Walter) Pennell, Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell) (yellowseed 

false pimpernel) (yellowseed false pimpernel) 

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia (Gratiola dubia L., Ilysanthes attenuata (Spreng.) Small, 

Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. inundata (Pennell) Pennell, 

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. major (Pursh) Pennell, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. riparia 

(Raf.) Fernald, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. typica Pennell, Lindernia procumbens auct. non 

(Knock.) Borb., Lindernia pyxidaria sensu Pennell, non L.) (doubtful false pimpernel, doubtful 

pimpernel, false pimpernel, long-stalked false pimpernel, low-stalked false pimpernel, yellowseed 

false pimpernel) 

Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium Bart. (Melampyrum latifolium (W. Barton) Muhl. ex Britton & A. 

Br.) (cow-wheat, narrowleaf cowwheat, narrow-leaved cow-wheat) 

Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. lineare (Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. americanum (Michx.) Beauverd) 

(cow-wheat, narrowleaf cowwheat, narrow-leaved cow-wheat) 

Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fernald (cow-wheat, narrowleaf cowwheat, 

narrow-leaved cow-wheat) (NY state and southward; not in Canada) 

Mimulus alatus Ait. (sharp-winged blue monkey flower, sharp-winged monkey-flower) 

Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. jamesii (Mimulus geyeri Torr., Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. fremontii 

(Benth.) A.L. Grant, Mimulus inamoenus Greene, Mimulus jamesii Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth., 

Mimulus jamesii Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth. var. fremontii Benth., Mimulus reniformis Engelm. ex 

Benth. (Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth.) A. Gray) (glabrous monkey-flower, Geyer‟s yellow monkeyflower, 

James' monkeyflower, shining monkey-flower) 

Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. michiganensis (Pennell) Fassett (Michigan monkeyflower) (MI only) 

Mimulus guttatus DC. (Mimulus arvensis Greene, Mimulus bakeri Gandog., Mimulus brachystylis Edwin, 

Mimulus clementinus Greene, Mimulus cordatus Greene, Mimulus cuspidata Greene, Mimulus 

decorus (A.L. Grant) Suksd., Mimulus equinnus Greene, Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. ascendens 

A. Gray, Mimulus glareosus Greene, Mimulus grandiflorus J.T. Howell, Mimulus grandis (Greene) 

A. Heller, imulus hallii Greene, Mimulus hirsutus J.T. Howell, Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex 

Greene, Mimulus laxus Pennell ex M. Peck, Mimulus longulus Greene, Mimulus luteus L. var. 

depauperatus A. Gray, Mimulus luteus L. var. gracilis A. Gray, Mimulus lyratus Benth., Mimulus 

maguirei Pennell, Mimulus marmoratus Greene, Mimulus micranthus A. Heller, Mimulus 

54

microphyllus Benth., Mimulus nasutus Greene, Mimulus nasutus Greene var. micranthus (A. 

Heller) A.L. Grant, Mimulus paniculatus Greene, Mimulus pardalis Pennell, Mimulus parishii 

Gandog., non Greene, Mimulus petiolaris Greene, Mimulus prionophyllus Greene, Mimulus 

procerus Greene, Mimulus puberulus Greene ex Rydb., Mimulus puncticalyx Gandog., Mimulus 

rivularis Nutt., Mimulus scouleri Hook., Mimulus subreniformis Greene, Mimulus tenellus Nutt. ex 

A. Gray, Mimulus thermalis A. Nelson, Mimulus unimaculatus Pennell) (seep monkeyflower, seep 

yellow monkeyflower) (NB in Canada) 

Mimulus moschatus Douglas ex Lindl. var. moschatus (musk monkey-flower, musky monkey-flower, 

muskflower) 

Mimulus ringens L. var. colpophilus Fernald (Allegheny monkeyflower) (QC & ME) 

Mimulus ringens L. var. ringens (Mimulus minthodes Greene, Mimulus pallidus Salisb., Mimulus ringens 

L. var. congesta Farw., Mimulus ringens L. var. minthodes (Greene) A.L. Grant) (Allegheny 

monkeyflower, gaping blue monkeyflower, square-stemmed blue monkey flower, square-stemmed 

monkey-flower) 

Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. (Antirrhinum orontium L.) (garden snapdragon, lesser snapdragon) 

(ornamental)* 

Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton (Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum.) (blue toadflax, Canada 

toadflax, old-field toadflax, wild toad-flax) 

Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. ssp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb. (Odontites serotinus Dumort., 

Odontites vulgaris Moench) (early eyebright, eyebright, red bartsia)* 

Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. (owl clover, yellow orthocarpus, yellow owl's-clover)* 

Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis (Pedicularis canadensis L. var. dobbsii Fernald, Pedicularis 

gladiata Michx.) (Canadian lousewort, Canada wood-betony, common lousewort, head betony, 

wood-betony) 

Pedicularis flammea L. (Pedicularis albertae Hultén, Pedicularis oederi Vahl ex Hornem. var. albertae 

(Hultén) B. Boivin) (flame-lousewort, redrattle, red-tipped pedicularis, red-tipped wood-betony) 

Pedicularis furbishiae S. Watson (Allagash lousewort, Furbish's lousewort, New Brunswick lousewort) 

(ME & NB) 

Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. (Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb., Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. 

ssp. surrecta (Benth.) Piper, Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. var. surrecta (Benth.) A. Gray) 

(elephanthead lousewort, elephant‟s-head wood-betony, Greenland lousewort, long-beaked 

pedicularis) 

Pedicularis labradorica Wirsing var. labradorica (Pedicularis euphrasioides Stephan ex Willd.) (Labrador 

lousewort, Labrador wood-betony) 

Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. (Pedicularis auriculata Sm., Pedicularis pallida Nutt., Pedicularis virginica 

Poir.) (swamp lousewort, swamp wood-betony) 

Pedicularis lapponica L. (Lapland lousewort, Lapland pedicularis, Lapland wood-betony) 

Pedicularis macrodonta Richardson (Pedicularis parviflora Sm. ex Rees var. macrodonta (Richardson) 

S.L. Welsh) (muskeg lousewort, small-flowered lousewort, sparse-flowered wood-betony) 

Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. interioides Hultén (sudetic lousewort, wood lousewort, wood-betony) 

Pedicularis sylvatica L. (Newfoundland lousewort, small woodland lousewort, small wood-betony) (NS & 

NF) 

Penstemon albidus Nutt. (white beardtongue, white-flowered beard-tongue, white penstemon) 

55

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims (Penstemon laevigatus Aiton ssp. digitalis (Nutt. ex Sims) Benn., 

Penstemon laevigatus Aiton var. angulatus Benn. (digitalis penstemon, false smooth beardtongue, 

foxglove beardtongue, talus slope penstemon, white beardtongue)* 

Penstemon gracilis Nutt. var. gracilis Penstemon glaucus Graham) (lilac penstemon, slender 

beardtongue, slender penstemon) 

Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (hairy beardtongue) 

Penstemon pallidus Small (Penstemon arkansanus Pennell var. pubescens Pennell, Penstemon 

brevisepalus Pennell) (pale beardtongue) (ornamental)* 

Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. var. achoreus Fernald (funnel beard-tongue, funnel-form beard-tongue, 

tubed beardtongue, tubular-flowered beard-tongue, white wand beardtongue) (ME & southward 

but has been seen across NB border)* 

Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. var. tubiflorus (funnel beard-tongue, funnel-form beard-tongue, tubed 

beardtongue, tubular-flowered beard-tongue, white wand beardtongue) (ME & southward but has 

been seen across NB border)* 

Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz (Veronica longifolia L.) (long-leaved speedwell)* 

Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. groenlandicus (Ostenf.) L. Neum. (Rhinanthus arcticus (Sterneck) Pennell, 

Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce, Rhinanthus groenlandicus (Ostenf.) Chabert, Rhinanthus 

minor L. ssp. borealis (Sterneck) A. Löve) (arctic rattlebox, penny rattle, smaller yellow rattle, 

yellow-rattle) 

Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. minor (Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce ssp. kyrolliae (Chabert) Pennell, 

Rhinanthus crista-galli L. p.p., Rhinanthus crista-galli L. var. fallax (Wimm. & Grab.) Druce, 

Rhinanthus kyrolliae Chabert, Rhinanthus rigidus Chabert, Rhinanthus stenophyllus (Schur) 

Schinz & Thell.) (little yellow rattle, penny rattle, smaller yellow rattle, toothed yellow rattle, yellowrattle) 

Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. (Scrophularia leporella E.P. Bicknell, Scrophularia occidentalis (Rydb.) 

E.P. Bicknell, Scrophularia pectinata Raf.) (hare figwort, lanceleaf figwort) 

Scrophularia marilandica L. (carpenter's square, carpenter‟s-square figwort, Maryland figwort) 

Verbascum blattaria L. (moth-mullein, spurious mullein)* 

Verbascum lychnitis L. (white mullein)* 

Verbascum nigrum L. (black mullein, dark mullein)* 

Verbascum phlomoides L. (clasping mullein, clasping-leaved mullein, orange mullein, tall mullein)* 

Verbascum thapsus L. (Aaron's rod, Adam's flannel, candleplant, common mullein, cow's lungwort, 

fennel-plant, high taper, matchimanito saemauh, molene, mullein dock, stallion-plant, torches, 

velvet mullein)* 

Verbascum virgatum Stokes (purple-stem mullein, wand mullein, wand-like mullein) (ornamental)* 

Veronica agrestis L. (Pocilla agrestis (L.) Fourr.) (field speedwell, garden speedwell, green field 

speedwell, white-lipped speedwell)* 

Veronica americana (Raf.) Schw. (American brooklime, American speedwell) 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (water pimpernel, water speedwell)* 

Veronica arvensis L. (corn speedwell, lawn speedwell, wall speedwell)* 

Veronica austriaca L. ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A. Webb (Veronica crinita Kit., Veronica latifolia L., Veronica 

teucrium L.) (broadleaf speedwell) 

56

Veronica austriaca L. ssp. vahlii (Gaudin) D.A. Webb (Vahl's speedwell, lance-leaved speedwell)* 

Veronica beccabunga L. (Bachbungen‟s speedwell, European brooklime, European speedwell)* 

Veronica chamaedrys L. (bird's-eye, bird's-eye speedwell, germander speedwell)* 

Veronica filiformis Sm. (creeping speedwell, filmy speedwell, hair-like speedwell, threadstalk speedwell)* 

Veronica hederifolia L. (ivy-leaved speedwell)* 

Veronica officinalis L. var. officinalis (common speedwell, gipsy-weed, gypsyweed)* 

Veronica officinalis L. var. tournefortii (Vill.) Rchb. (common gypsyweed, Tournefort‟s speedwell) (NS & 

NF in Canada) 

Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina (neckweed) 

Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell (Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) 

Pennell, Veronica sherwoodii M. Peck, Veronica xalapensis Kunth) (purslane speedwell, western 

purslane speedwell) 

Veronica persica Poir. (Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr., Veronica buxbaumii Ten., non F.W. Schmidt) 

(bird's-eye, bird‟s-eye speedwell, Persian speedwell)* 

Veronica polita Fries (Pocilla polita (Fr.) Fourr., Veronica didyma Ten. p.p.) (gray field speedwell, 

smooth speedwell, wayside speedwell)* 

Veronica scutellata L. (marsh speedwell, skullcap speedwell) 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. humifusa (Dicks.) Syme (Veronica humifusa Dicks., Veronica serpyllifolia L. 

var. borealis Laest., Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dicks.) Vahl, Veronica tenella All., 

Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr. ssp. humifusum (Dicks.) W.A. Weber) (brightblue 

speedwell, thyme-leaved speedwell)* 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia (Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. nummularioides Lecoq & Lamotte, 

Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr.) (thyme-leaved speedwell)* 

Veronica spicata L. ssp. incana (L.) Walters (Veronica incana L.) (spiked speedwell)* 

Veronica spicata L. ssp. spicata (Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz) (spiked speedwell)* 

Veronica verna L. (spring speedwell, vernal speedwell)* 

Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. (Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt., Veronica virginica L.) (Beaumont‟s 

culver‟s-root, culver's-physic, culver's-root, Virginia culver‟s-root) 

Order Solanales 

Convolvulaceae (convolvulus family, morning-glory family) 

Calystegia hederacea Wall. (Calystegia pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don, Calystegia pubescens Lindl., 

Convolvulus japonicus auct. non Thunb., Convolvulus pellitus Ledeb.) (hairy false bindweed, hairy 

bindweed, Japanese bindweed, Japanese false bindweed, pubescent bindweed)*/** 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. americana (Sims) Brummitt (Calystegia inflata Sweet, Calystegia 

sepium (L.) R. Br. var. americana (Sims) Matsuda, Convolvulus americanus (Sims) Greene, 

Convolvulus sepium L. var. americanus Sims) (American hedge bindweed, American hedge false 

bindweed, hedge bindweed, wild morning-glory) 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. angulata Brummitt (Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. var. angulata 

(Brummitt) N.H. Holmgren, Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. var. repens (L.) A. Gray, Convolvulus 

repens L., Convolvulus sepium L. var. repens (L.) A. Gray) (angular hedge false bindweed) 

57

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. erratica Brummitt (hedge false bindweed) 

Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh. (low bindweed, low false bindweed, upright bindweed) (often rare or 

at least hard to find in Canada) 

Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulus ambigens House, Convolvulus incanus auct. non Vahl, 

Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small) (field bindweed, gunkisaehnbugoohnse, liseron, small 

bindweed)*/** 

Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (Ipomoea barbigera Sweet, Ipomoea desertorum House, Ipomoea 

hederacea Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray, Ipomoea hirsutula auct. non Jacq. f., Ipomoea nil 

auct. non (L.) Roth, Pharbitis barbigera (Sweet) G. Don, Pharbitis hederacea (Jacq.) Choisy) 

(ivyleaf morning-glory, ivy-leaved morning-glory)*/** 

Ipomoea lacunosa L. (small white-flowered morning-glory, small white morning-glory, white morning- 

Glory, whitestar)*/** 

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) GFW Meyer (bigroot morning-glory, man-of-the-earth, wild potato-vine) 

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth (Convolvulus purpureus L., Ipomoea hirsutula Jacq. f., Ipomoea purpurea 

(L.) Roth var. diversifolia (Lindl.) O'Donell, Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt (common morning-glory, 

purple morning glory, tall morning-glory)*/** 

Ipomoea quamoclit L. (Quamoclit quamoclit (L.) Britton, Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy) (cypressvine, 

cypress-vine, cypress-vine morning-glory, starglory morning-glory)* 

Cuscutaceae (dodder family) (separated from Convolvulaceae) 

Cuscuta cephalanthi Englem. (Grammica cephalanthi (Engelm.) Hadac & Chrtek) (button dodder, 

buttonbush-dodder) 

Cuscuta coryli Engelm. (Grammica coryli (Engelm.) Hadac & Chrtek) (corylus dodder, hazel-dodder) 

Cuscuta epilinum Wiehe. (flax-dodder)* 

Cuscuta epithymum Murr. (bean-dodder, clover-dodder, pea-dodder, thyme dodder)* 

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. var. gronovii (Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. var. latiflora Engelm., 

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. var. saururi (Engelm.) MacMill., Cuscuta umbrosa auct. non 

Bey. ex Hook., Grammica gronovii (Willd. ex Schult.) Hadac & Chrtek, Grammica umbrosa auct. 

non (Bey. ex Hook.) W.A. Weber) (common dodder, Gronovius‟ dodder, love vine, scaldweed, 

swamp dodder) 

Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. pentagona (Cuscuta arvensis Bey. ex Engelm., Cuscuta campestris 

Yunck., Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. calycina Engelm., Grammica campestris (Yunck.) 

Hadac & Chrtek, Grammica pentagona (Engelm.) W.A. Weber) (false bush clover, fiveangled 

dodder, lespedeza dodder, prairie lespedeza, prairie dodder, prairie strangle-weed) 

Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. (knotweed-dodder, smartweed-dodder) 

Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf family) 

Ellisia nyctelea L. (nocturnal ellisia, waterpod) (mostly extreme southwestern Ontario)* 

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. (appendaged waterleaf) 

Hydrophyllum canadense L. (animoshodaebughnse, broad-leaved waterleaf, Canada water-leaf, 

dog's-heart) 

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. (John's-cabbage, Virginia water-leaf) 

58

Phacelia franklinii (R. Br.) Gray (Franklin‟s phacelia, Franklin's scorpion-weed, Franklin‟s water-leaf) 

Phacelia purshii Buckley (Miami-mist, Pursh‟s phacelia, scorpionweed) 

Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. (fiddleneck, tansy-leaved milkvetch) (ornamental)* 

Menyanthaceae (buckbean family) 

Menyanthes trifoliata L. (bogbean, common buckbean, three-leaved buckbean) 

Nymphoides cordata (Ell.) Fern. (Nymphoides lacunosa (Vent.) Kuntze, Villarsia lacunosa Vent.) (eight- 

angled floating-heart, floating-heart, little floating-heart, small northern floating-heart) 

Polemoniaceae (phlox family) 

Collomia linearis Nutt. (collomia, mucus-flower, narrow-leaved collomia, spit-flower, tiny trumpet) 

Ipomopsis rubra (Gilia rubra (L.) A. Heller) (red gilia, red trumpets, standing-cypress)* 

Phlox divaricata L. ssp. divaricata (wild blue phlox) 

Phlox drummondii Hook. ssp. drummondii (Phlox goldsmithii Whitehouse) (annual phlox, Drummond's 

phlox) (ornamental)* 

Phlox maculata L. ssp. maculata (meadow phlox, wild sweet-William) (*ornamental in Canada) 

Phlox paniculata L. (fall phlox, garden phlox, perennial phlox) (ornamental)* 

Phlox pilosa L. ssp. pilosa (Phlox argillacea Clute & Ferris, Phlox pilosa L. var. virens (Michx.) Wherry, 

Phlox villosissima (A. Gray) Small p.p.) (downy phlox, prairie phlox) 

Phlox subulata L. ssp. brittonii (Phlox brittonii Small, Phlox subulata L. var. brittonii (Small) Wherry 

(Small) Wherry) (Britton‟s phlox, moss phlox)* 

Phlox subulata L. ssp. subulata (Arctic phlox, moss-phlox, moss-pink, mountain-phlox) 

Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans (creeping Jacob‟s-ladder, Greek valerian, Jacob's-ladder, skypilot) 

Solanaceae (nightshade family, potato family, tomato family) 

Datura stramonium L. (Datura tatula L.) (common thorn-apple, false thorn-apple, jimsonweed, 

psychoweed, stramonium) 

Datura wrightii Miller (Datura inoxia Mill. ssp. quinquecuspida (Torr.) Barcl., Datura metel L. var. 

quinquecuspida Torr., Datura meteloides auct. non Dunal. p.p.) (entire-leaved thorn-apple, 

harmless jimsonweed, innocent Jimsonweed, sacred thorn-apple, Wright‟s jimsonweed) (native to 

USA; not usually found in Canada) 

Hyoscyamus niger L. (black henbane, hog‟s-bean)* 

Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb. (Physalis grandiflora Hook., Chamaesracha grandiflora (Hook.) 

Fern.) (large false groundcherry, large white ground-cherry, white-flowered ground-cherry) 

Lycium barbarum L. (Lycium halimifolium Mill., Lycium vulgare Dunal (box-thorn, common 

matrimony-vine)* 

Lycium chinense Mill. (Chinese matrimony-vine, Chinese desert-thorn, gow gee)* 

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. (Atropa physalodes L., Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton) 

(apple-of-Peru, physalis-like apple-of-Peru)* 

Nicotiana longiflora Cav. (long-flowered tobacco)*/** 

Nicotiana rustica L. (Aztec tobacco, wild-tobbaco)* 

Nicotiana tabacum L. (common tobbaco, Virginia tobacco)* 

59

Petunia x atkinsiana D. Don ex Louden [axillaris x integrifolia] (Petunia x hybrida Hort.) (cultivated 

petunia, hyrbid petunia)* 

Physalis alkekengi L. (Chinese lantern-plant, strawberry groundcherry, winter-cherry, winter ground- 

cherry) (ornamental)* 

Physalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla (Physalis ambigua (A. Gray) Britton, Physalis heterophylla 

Nees var. ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb., Physalis heterophylla Nees var. clavipes Fernald, Physalis 

heterophylla Nees var. nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydb., Physalis heterophylla Nees var. villosa Waterf., 

Physalis nyctaginea Dunal, Physalis sinuata Rydb.) (clammy ground cherry) 

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist (Physalis macrophysa Rydb., 

Physalis subglabrata Mack. & Bush, Physalis virginiana Mill. var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) 

Waterf.) (longleaf groundcherry, smooth ground cherry) 

Physalis peruviana L. (Physalis edulis Sims) (cape-gooseberry, cherry tomato, Peruvian ground-cherry)* 

Physalis philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterf. (Physalis ixocarpa auct. non Brot. ex Hornem.) 

(Mexican ground-cherry, tomatillo, tomatillo ground-cherry) (ornamental)* 

Physalis pubescens L. var. pubescens (Physalis barbadensis Jacq., Physalis floridana Rydb.) (downy 

ground-cherry, hairy ground cherry, husk tomato, low hairy ground-cherry) (native in USA; * in 

Canada) 

Physalis virginiana Mill. var. virginiana (Physalis intermedia Rydb., Physalis lanceolata auct. non Michx. 

p.p., Physalis monticola C. Mohr) (smooth ground-cherry, Virginia ground cherry) 

Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense (ball-nettle, Carolina horsenettle, horse-nettle, sand-brier) 

(native in USA, * in Canada) 

Solanum dulcamara L. var. dulcamara (bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, climbing nightshade, matche 

mushkimeen, morelle douce-amere, nightshade)* 

Solanum dulcamara L. var. villosissimum Desv. (bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, climbing 

nightshade, matche mushkimeen, morelle douce-amere, nightshade)* (QC & eastward in Canada) 

Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Lycopersicon lycopersicum 

(L.) Karst. ex Farw., Lycopersicon pyriforme Dunal) (cherry tomato, garden tomato, wolfpeach)* 

Solanum nigrum L. (Solanum rubrum auct. non L.) (black nightshade)* 

Solanum ptycanthum Dumal ex DC. (Solanum americanum auct. non Mill., Solanum nigrum auct. non 

L., Solanum ptychanthum Dunal) (eastern black nightshade, West Indian nightshade)* 

Solanum rostratum Dunal. (Androcera rostrata (Dunal) Rydb., Solanum cornutum auct. non Lam.) 

(buffalobur nightshade, buffalo bur, Kansas-thistle, prickly nightshade)*/** 

Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (sticky nightshade, viscid nightshade)* 

Solanum triflorum Nutt. (cut-leaved nightshade, three-flowered nightshade) (native in USA; * in Canada) 

Solanum tuberosum L. (common potato, Irish potato)* 

60

Subclass Caryophyllidae 

Order Caryophyllales 

Aizoaceae (carpetweed family, fig-marigold family, ice-plant family) (separated from Molluginaceae) 

Faucaria felina (L.) (Mesembryanthemum tigrinum Haw.) Schwantes (tiger jaws) (ornamental – 

occasionally adventive)* 

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Cryophytum crystallinum (L.) N. E. Br., Glinus crystallinum auct non 

L.) (common ice-plant) (ornamental – occasionally adventive and has been known to colonize 

rocky coastal areas in Atlantic Canada but does not yet appear to persist long)* 

Lithops optica L (eye rocks, living rocks) (ornamental - occasionally adventive and has been known to 

colonize rocky coastal areas in Atlantic Canada but does not yet appear to persist long )* 

Tetragonia expansa Murr. (New Zealand spinach) (ornamental - occasionally adventive and has been 

known to colonize rocky coastal areas in Atlantic Canada but does not yet appear to persist long)* 

Amaranthaceae (amaranth family, pigweed family) (separated from Chenopodiacea) 

Alternanthera pungens Kunth (Achyranthes leiantha (Seub.) Standl., Achyranthes repens L.) 

(alligator-weed) (ornamental; it is highly invasive and in New York state – I have seen small 

amounts in creeks along the Quebec border but it has never overwintered as of 2009 but be 

wary)*/** 

Amaranthus albus L. (Amaranthus graecizans L., Amaranthus pubescens (Uline & Bray) Rydb.) 

(groundsel tumbleweed, prostrate pigweed, tumble pigweed, white tumbleweed)* 

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson (prostrate amaranth, prostrate pigweed, Watson's amaranth)* 

Amaranthus cruentus L. (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) (bloody amaranth, purple amaranth, red 

amaranth)* (usually an ornamental but can escape) 

Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd., Amaranthus incurvatus Tim. ex Gren. & 

Godr., Amaranthus patulus Bertol.) (green amaranth, prince's feather, slim amaranth, smooth 

pigweed, spleen amaranth, wild beet)*/** (comment: it appears this species itself is not a hybrid, 

despite the name, but may be the original species that is the ancestor to other Amaranthus where 

those species are really hybrids as yet unspecified) 

Amaranthus blitum L. var. emarginatus (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) ?, ined. (Amaranthus lividus auct non L.) 

(purplish amaranth, scarlet amaranth) 

Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. (carelessweed, palm amaranth, Palmer's amaranth) 

Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. (green amaranth, green pigweed, Powell's amaranth)*/** 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. (fool's beet, green amaranth, red amaranth, red pigweed, redroot pigweed, 

wild beet)*/** 

Amaranthus spinosus L. (spiny amaranth, thorny amaranth) 

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer (Acnida altissima (Riddell) Moq. ex Standl., Acnida concatenata 

(Moq.) Small, Acnida subnuda (S. Watson) Standl., Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Alph. Wood var. 

prostrata Uline & Bray, Acnida tuberculata Moq., Amaranthus altissimus Riddell, Amaranthus 

ambigens Standl., Amaranthus rudis Sauer, Amaranthus tamariscinus auct. non Nutt. (Canadian 

amaranth, larger amaranth, roughfruit amaranth, tuberous amaranth, water-hemp) 

Celosia argentea L. (silver cock's-comb) (ornamental – occasionally adventive from Vermont into 

Quebec)* 

61

Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. (false oplotheca, slender cottonweed, slender froelichia, slender 

snakecotton)* 

Iresine rhizomatosa Standl. (blood leaf, Juda‟s bush) (ornamental – occasionally managed to escape for 

a season from gardens in Canada; naturalized very locally in Pensylvania)* 

Cactaceae (cactus family) 

Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw (Cactus fragilis Nutt., Opuntia brachyarthra Engelm. & Bigelow) (brittle 

cactus, brittle opuntia, fragile prickly-pear) (found in Ontario near Kaladar) 

Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (Opuntia calcicola Wherry, Opuntia compressa auct. non J.F. Macbr., 

Opuntia cumulicola Small, Opuntia rafinesquei Engelm.) (compressed cactus, Indian pig, 

prickly-pear cactus, spreading pickly pear) (found in Ontario at Pt. Peele) 

Caryophyllaceae (carnation family, pink family) 

Agrostemma githago L. (corn-cockle, purple-cockle)* 

Arenaria humifusa Wahlenb. (Arenaria ciliata L. var. humifusa (Wahlenb.) Hartm., Arenaria cylindricarpa 

Fernald) (common sandwort, low sandwort, speading sandwort)* 

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss.) (thyme-leaved sandwort)* 

Cerastium alpinum L. ssp. alpinum (alpine chickweed, upland chickweed) 

Cerastium alpinum L. ssp. lanatum (Lam.) Ces. (Cerastium alpinum L. ssp. squalidum (Raymond) 

Hultén, Cerastium alpinum L. var. lanatum (Lam.) Hegetschu, Cerastium lanatum Lam., Cerastium 

squalidum Raymond) (squalid alpine chickweed) 

Cerastium arcticum Lange (Cerastium alpinum L. var. uniflorum Durand , Cerastium arcticum Lange ssp. 

hyperboreum (Tolm.) Böcher, Cerastium arcticum Lange ssp. procerum (Lange) Böcher, 

Cerastium arcticum Lange var. procerum (Lange) Hultén, Cerastium arcticum Lange var. vestitum 

Hultén, Cerastium hyperboreum Tolm., Cerastium nigrescens (H.C. Watson) Edmondston ex H.C. 

Watson ssp. arcticum (Lange) P.S. Lusby) (Arctic chickweed) 

Cerastium arvense L. ssp. arvense (field chickweed) 

Cerastium arvense L. ssp. strictum (L.) Ugborogho (Cerastium alsophilum Greene, Cerastium 

angustatum Greene, Cerastium arvense L. var. angustifolium Fenzl, Cerastium arvense L. var. 

latifolium Fenzl, Cerastium arvense L. var. purpurascens B. Boivin, Cerastium arvense L. var. 

viscidulum Gremli, Cerastium campestre Greene, Cerastium confertum Greene, Cerastium 

effusum Greene, Cerastium elongatum Pursh, Cerastium graminifolium Rydb., Cerastium 

latifolium L., Cerastium nitidum Greene, Cerastium occidentale Greene, Cerastium oreophilum 

Greene, Cerastium patulum Greene, Cerastium scopulorum Greene, Cerastium sonnei Greene, 

Cerastium strictum L., Cerastium subulatum Greene, Cerastium tenuifolium Pursh, Cerastium 

vestitum Greene) (field chickweed, strict chickweed) 

Cerastium arvense L. ssp. velutinum (Raf.) Ugborogho var. velutinum (Raf.) Britton (Cerastium arvense 

L. var. bracteatum (Raf.) MacMill., Cerastium arvense L. var. oblongifolium (Torr.) Hollick & 

Britton, Cerastium arvense L. var. webbii Jennings, Cerastium bracteatum Raf., Cerastium 

oblongifolium Torr., Cerastium velutinum Raf. (barren chickweed, field chickweed, velvety 

chickweed) 

Cerastium biebersteinii DC. (Bieberstein's chickweed, Boreal chickweed) (ornamental outside Alaska)* 

62

Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) B.L. Rob. (Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) 

B.L. Rob. var. compactum B.L. Rob., Cerastium nutans Raf. var. brachypodum Engelm. ex A. 

Gray) (shortstalk chickweed) 

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet Cerastium adsurgens Greene, 

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. holosteoides auct. non (Fr.) Salman, van Ommering & de 

Voogd, Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. triviale (Link) Jalas, Cerastium holosteoides auct. non 

Fr., Cerastium holosteoides Fr. var. vulgare (Hartm.) Hyl., Cerastium triviale Link, Cerastium 

vulgatum L. 1762, non 1755, Cerastium vulgatum L. var. hirsutum Fr., Cerastium vulgatum L. var. 

holosteoides auct. non (Fr.) Wahlenb.) (big chickweed, common mouse-ear chickweed, larger 

mouse-eared chickweed)*/** 

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. (Cerastium acutatum Suksd., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. var. apetalum 

(Dumort.) Fenzl, Cerastium viscosum auct. non L.) (mouse-ear chickweed, sticky chickweed)* 

Cerastium nutans Raf. var. nutans (Cerastium longepedunculatum Muhl. ex Britton, Cerastium nutans 

Raf. var. occidentale B. Boivin) (long-stalked chickweed, nodding chickweed) 

Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis (Curtis‟ mouse-ear chickweed, dwarf chickweed, European chickweed, 

smaller chickweed) * 

Cerastium semidecandrum L. (five-eunuch chickweed, five-stamened mouse-ear chickweed, small 

chickweed)* 

Cerastium terrae-novae Fernald & Wiegand (Newfoundland chickweed) 

Cerastium tomentosum L. (snow-in-summer) (ornamental)* 

Dianthus armeria L. (deptford pink, grass pink)* 

Dianthus barbatus L. (beared pink, false sweet-William, sweet-William) (ornamental)* 

Dianthus chinensis L. (carnation, China pink, rainbow pink) (ornamental)* 

Dianthus deltoides L. (meadow pink, maiden-pink) (ornamental)* 

Dianthus plumarius L. (cottage pink, feather-carnation, garden-pink, grass-pink) (ornamental)* 

Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb. (annual baby‟s-breath, gypsum flower) (ornamental)* 

Gypsophila muralis L. (Psammophiliella muralis (L.) Ikonn.) (cushion baby‟s-breath, low baby‟s-breath, 

wall gypsum-flower) (ornamental)* 

Gypsophila paniculata L. (baby's-breath, brouillard, maiden's breath, oeillet, tall baby‟s-breath, tall 

gyposphyll) * 

Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. (garden baby‟s-breath, scarred gypsophyll, scorzon-leaved baby‟s- 

breath) 

Herniaria glabra L. (glabrous rupturewort, hernia-weed, smooth rupturewort)* 

Holosteum umbellatum L. (jagged chickweed, umbelled jagged chickweed)* 

Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. ssp. diffusa (Hornem.) Hultén (Arenaria diffusa (Hornem.) Wormsk., 

Arenaria peploides L. p.p., Arenaria peploides L. var. diffusa Hornem., Honckenya diffusa 

(Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (peplis-like sea-chickweed, sea-chickweed,seabeach-sandwort, 

sea-purslane, seaside sandplant) 

Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. ssp. robusta (Fernald) Hultén (renaria peploides L. var. robusta 

Fernald, Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. var. robusta (Fernald) House) (peplis-like seachickweed, 

sea-chickweed,seabeach-sandwort, sea-purslane, seaside sandplant) 

Lychnis chalcedonica L. (fire-balls, London-pride, Maltese-cross, scarlet cockle, scarlet lynchnis) 

63

(ornamental)* 

Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. (L.) Desr. (Agrostemma coronaria L., Coronaria coriacea (Moench) 

Schischkin & Gorschk., Silene coronaria (L.) Clairville) (crown campion, mullein-pink, 

rose-campion) (ornamental)* 

Lychnis flos-cuculi L. (Coronaria flos-cuculi (L.) A. Braun, Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Greuter & Burdet) 

(cuckooflower, ragged-robin) (ornamental)* 

Minuartia dawsonensis (Britt.) House (Alsinanthe stricta (Sw.) Rchb. ssp. dawsonensis (Britton) A. Löve 

& D. Löve, Arenaria dawsonensis Britton, Arenaria litorea Fernald, Arenaria stricta Michx. ssp. 

dawsonensis (Britton) Maguire, Arenaria stricta Michx. var. dawsonensis (Britton) Scoggan, 

Arenaria stricta Michx. var. litorea (Fernald) Britton) (beach sandwort, Dawson‟s cockle, rock 

stichwort) 

Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) Ostenf. (Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng., Porsildia groenlandica 

(Retz.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Sabulina groenlandica (Retz.) Small, Stellaria labradorica Schrenk) 

(Greenland sandwort, Greenland stitchwort, mountain cockle, mountain-daisy, 

mountain-sandwort) 

Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw. var. michauxii (Arenaria macra A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., Arenaria 

michauxii (Fenzl) Hook. f., Arenaria stricta Michx., Arenaria stricta Michx. ssp. macra (A. Nelson & 

J.F. Macbr.) Maguire, Arenaria stricta Michx. var. puberulenta (M. Peck) C.L. Hitchc., Arenaria 

stricta Michx. var. uliginosa (Schleich. ex Lam. & DC.) B. Boivin, Arenaria uliginosa Schleich. ex 

Lam. & DC., Minuopsis michauxii (Fenzl) W.A. Weber, Sabulina stricta (Michx.) Small) (Michaux‟s 

sandwort, Michaux‟s stitchwort, rock sandwort) 

Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern. (Arenaria propinqua Richardson, Arenaria rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern., 

Arenaria verna L. var. propinqua (Richardson) Fernald, Arenaria verna L. var. rubella (Wahlenb.) 

S. Watson, Minuartia rossii (R. Br. ex Richardson) Graebn. var. orthotrichoides auct. non 

(Schischkin) Hultén, Tryphane rubella (Wahlenb.) Rchb.) (beautiful sandwort, red sandwort, 

vernal sandwort) 

Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern (Alsinanthe stricta (Sw.) Rchb.) (bog stitchwort, creeping sandwort, rock 

sandwort) 

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. (Arenaria lateriflora L., Arenaria lateriflora L. var. angustifolia (Regel) H. 

St. John, Arenaria lateriflora L. var. tayloriae H. St. John) (bluntleaf sandwort, blunt-leaved 

sandwort, grove sandwort) 

Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Fenzl. (Arenaria macrophylla Hook.) (large-leaved moehringia, larger 

sandwort) 

Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench. (Alsine aquatica (L.) Britton, Cerastium aquaticum L., Malachium 

aquaticum (L.) Fr., Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop.) (giant chickweed, water-chickweed)* 

Paronychia canadensis (L.) Alph. Wood (Anychia canadensis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Anychia 

dichotoma Michx., Paronychia dichotoma (Michx.) A. Nelson) (Canada forked whitlow-wort, forked 

chickweed, smooth forked nailwort, whitlow-wort) 

Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fernald var. fastigiata (Anychia polygonoides Raf., Paronychia fastigiata 

(Raf.) Fernald var. typica Fernald) (branching forked whitlow-wort, forked chickweed, hairy forked 

nailwort, paronychia) 

Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Ser. ex Link (Tunica saxifraga (L.) Scop.) (saxifrage-gypsum, saxifrage pink, 

tunica)* 

64

Sagina decumbens (Elliot) Torr. & A. Gray ssp. decumbens (decumbent pearlwort, false 

sand-spurrey, trailing pearlwort) 

Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi. (Japanese pearlwort)* 

Sagina maxima Gray (large pearlwort, stickystem pearlwort) (occasionally found in Nova Scotia)* 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. borealis Crow (knotted pearlwort, knotted spurrey) 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. nodosa (Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl var. glandulosa (Besser) Asch., Sagina 

nodosa (L.) Fenzl var. pubescens (Besser) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Spergella nodosa (L.) Rchb.) 

(eastern knotted pearlwort, nodding pearlwort) 

Sagina procumbens L. (birdeye pearlwort, birdseye, bird‟s-eye, procumbent pearlwort)* 

Saponaria ocymoides L. (rock soapwort) (ornamental)* 

Saponaria officinalis L. (Lychnis saponaria Jessen) (bouncing bet, bruise-wort, gazheebeegauwuhnsh, 

herbe a savon, itching plant, slippery-leaf, soapwort)* 

Scleranthus annuus L. (annual knawel, German knotgrass)* 

Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. var. exscapa (All.) DC. (moss-campion, Nova Scotia catchfly) 

Silene antirrhina L. (sleepy catchfly, sleepy silene) 

Silene armeria L. (garden sweet-William, garden catchfly, Lobel‟s catchfly, none-so-pretty, sweet 

William silene) (ornamental)* 

Silene cserei Baumg. (Balkan catchfly, biennial campion, Csere's catchyfly, Csere‟s pink) (ornamental)* 

Silene dichotoma Ehrh. (forked catchfly, forking catchfly)* 

Silene gallica L. (Silene anglica L.) (common catchfly, English catchfly, French catchfly, small-flowered 

catchfly)* 

Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet ssp. involucrate (Gastrolychnis affinis (J. Vahl ex Fr.) 

Tolm. & Kozh., Gastrolychnis involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lychnis affinis J. 

Vahl ex Fr., Lychnis furcata (Raf.) Fernald, Lychnis gillettii B. Boivin, Melandrium affine (J. Vahl ex 

Fr.) J. Vahl, Melandrium furcatum (Raf.) Hadac, Silene furcata Raf.) (Actic campion, bracted 

catchyfly) 

Silene latifolia Poir. (bladder catchfly, campagnon blanc, evening lynchis, false red campion, white 

campion, white cockle, wide-leaved bladder catchfly)* 

Silene latifolia Poir. ssp. alba (Mill.) Greuter & Burdet (Lychnis alba Mill., Lychnis x loveae B. 

Boivin, Lychnis vespertina Sibth., Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke, Silene alba (Mill.) Krause, 

Silene pratensis (Raf.) Gren. & Godr.) (bladder campion, white lychnis) (USA only; not in Canada) 

Silene noctiflora L. (Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fr.) (night-flowering catchfly, sticky cockle)* 

Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. (starry campion, Thermon snake-root, widowsfrill)* 

Silene tayloriae (B.L. Rob.) Hultén (Gastrolychnis angustifolia Rupr. ssp. tenella (Tolm.) Tolm. & Kozh., 

Gastrolychnis involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) A. Löve & D. Löve ssp. tenella (Tolm.) A. Löve & D. 

Löve, Lychnis tayloriae B.L. Rob., Melandrium angustiflorum (Rupr.) Walp. ssp. tenellum (Tolm.) 

Kozh., Melandrium tayloriae (B.L. Rob.) Tolm., Melandrium tenellum (Tolm.) Tolm., Silene 

involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet ssp. tenella (Tolm.) Bocquet, Wahlbergella tayloriae (B.L. 

Rob.) Rydb.) (Peel River catchfly) 

Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ssp. ogilviensis (A.E. Porsild) Brunton (Gastrolychnis soczaviana 

(Schischkin) Tolm. & Kozh. ssp. ogilviensis (A.E. Porsild) A. Löve & D. Löve, Melandrium 

apetalum (L.) Fenzl ssp. ogilviense A.E. Porsild) (apetalous catchfly, bald catchfly, nodding 

65

catchfly, Ogilvy‟s catchfly) 

Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ssp. uralensis (Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozh., Gastrolychnis 

apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozh. ssp. arctica (Fr.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. & 

Kozh. ssp. uralensis (Rupr.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Gastrolychnis uralensis Rupr., Lychnis apetala L., 

non Silene apetala Willd., Lychnis apetala L. var. arctica (Fr.) Cody, Lychnis apetala L. var. glabra 

Regel, Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl, Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl ssp. arcticum (Fr.) 

Hultén, Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl var. glabrum (Regel) Hultén, Silene uralensis (Rupr.) 

Bocquet ssp. apetala (L.) Bocquet, Silene wahlbergella Chowdhuri, Silene wahlbergella 

Chowdhuri ssp. arctica (Fr.) Hultén) (apetalous catchfly, bald catchfly, Ural catchfly) 

Silene virginica L. var. virginica (fire-pink, Virginia catchfly) 

Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke (Oberna commutata (Guss.) Ikonn., Silene cucubalus Wibel, Silene 

inflata Sm., Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle, non Poir.) (bladder campion, common catchfly, 

maiden's-tears, petards)* 

Spergula arvensis L. (Spergula sativa Boenn.) (annual spurrey, corn spurrey, cornspurry, pine-cheat)* 

Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) G. Don var. canadensis (Tissa canadensis (Pers.) Britton) (annual tissa, 

Canada sand-spurrey, northern sand-spurrey) 

Spergularia maritima (All.) Chiov. (Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kittel, Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex 

Griseb.) (intermediate sand-spurrey, media sandspurry, salt-marsh sand-spurrey)* 

Spergularia salina J. Presl & C. Presl (Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.) (Spergularia alata Wiegand, 

Spergularia leiosperma (Kindb.) F. Schmidt, Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Spergularia marina 

(L.) Griseb. var. leiosperma (Kindb.) Guerke, Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. var. simonii O. Deg. 

& I. Deg., Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. var. tenuis (Greene) R.P. Rossb., Spergularia salina J. 

Presl & C. Presl var. tenuis (Greene) Jeps., Spergularia sparsiflora (Greene) A. Nelson, 

Spergularia tenuis (Greene) B.L. Rob. var. involucrata B.L. Rob., Tissa marina (L.) Britton, Tissa 

tenuis Greene) (coastal sand-spurrey, marine sand-spurrey, salt-marsh sand-spurrey) 

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. (Tissa rubra (L.) Britton) (purple sandwort, red sand-spurrey, red 

sandspurry)* 

Stellaria borealis Bigelow ssp. borealis (Alsine borealis (Bigelow) Britton, Spergulastrum lanceolatum 

Michx., Stellaria borealis Bigelow var. floribunda Fernald, Stellaria borealis Bigelow var. isophylla 

Fernald, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. ssp. interior Hultén, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) 

Bong. var. floribunda (Fernald) Fernald, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. isophylla 

(Fernald) Fernald, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. latifolia B. Boivin, Stellaria calycantha 

(Ledeb.) Bong. var. laurentiana Fernald) (boreal starwort, northern chickweed, northern stitchwort) 

Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. var. crassifolia (Alsine crassifolia (Ehrh.) Britton) (fleshy chickweed, fleshy- 

leaved chickweed, fleshy starwort, fleshy stichwort) 

Stellaria graminea L. (Alsine graminea (L.) Britton) (common chickweed, grass-leaved stitchwort, grass- 

like starwort, lesser stitchwort)* 

Stellaria humifusa Rottb. (Alsine humifusa (Rottb.) Britton) (low chickweed, prostrate chickweed, 

saltmarsh starwort, spreading chickweed) 

Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. atrata J.W. Moore (longleaf starwort, long-leaved chickweed, 

long-leaved stitchwort) 

Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. longifolia (longleaf starwort, long-leaved chickweed, long-leaved 

66

stitchwort) 

Stellaria longipes Goldie ssp. longipes (Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville, Alsine palmeri Rydb., Alsine 

stricta (Richardson) Rydb., Alsine validus Goodding, Stellaria dulcis Gervais, Stellaria edwardsii 

R. Br., Stellaria edwardsii R. Br. var. arctica (Schischkin) Hultén, Stellaria hultenii B. Boivin, 

Stellaria laeta Richardson, Stellaria laeta Richardson var. altocaulis (Hultén) B. Boivin, Stellaria 

laxmannii Fisch., Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. laeta (Richardson) S. Watson, Stellaria 

longipes Goldie ssp. monantha (Hultén) W.A. Weber, Stellaria longipes Goldie ssp. stricta 

(Richardson) W.A. Weber, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. altocaulis (Hultén) C.L. Hitchc., Stellaria 

longipes Goldie var. edwardsii (R. Br.) A. Gray, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. laeta (Richardson) 

S. Watson, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. longipes, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. monantha 

(Hultén) S.L. Welsh, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. subvestita (Greene) Polunin, Stellaria 

monantha Hultén, Stellaria monantha Hultén ssp. atlantica Hultén, Stellaria monantha Hultén var. 

altocaulis Hultén, Stellaria monantha Hultén var. atlantica (Hultén) B. Boivin, Stellaria palmeri 

(Rydb.) Tidestr., Stellaria stricta Richardson, Stellaria subvestita Greene, Stellaria valida 

(Goodding) J.M. Coult. & A. Nelson (lonely chickweed, long-stalked chickweed, long- 

stalked stitchwort, one-flowered chickweed) 

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ssp. media (common chickweed, satin-flower)* 

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ssp. pallida (Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn. (Alsine pallida Dumort., Stellaria apetala 

auct. non Ucria ex Roem., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. var. glaberrima G. Beck, sensu Fernald, 

Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép.) (common chickweed, lesser chickweed, pale chickweed, pale 

starwort)* 

Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rausch (Saponaria vaccaria L., Vaccaria pyramidata Medik., Vaccaria 

segetalis Garcke ex Asch., Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britton, Vaccaria vulgaris Host) (cow-cockle, 

cow-herb, cow soapwort, Spanish cowherb)* 

Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family) (separated from Amaranthaceae) 

Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. (Atriplex heterosperma Bunge) (Russian atriplex, twoscale saltbush)* 

Atriplex hortensis L. (Atriplex acuminata Waldst. & Kit., Atriplex hortensis L. ssp. nitens (Schkuhr) E. 

Pons, Atriplex hortensis L. var. atrosanguinea hort., Atriplex hortensis L. var. rubra L., Atriplex 

nitens Schkuhr, nom. illeg.) (garden orach, garden orache, mountain-spinach) (ornamental)* 

Atriplex laciniata L. (Atriplex sabulosa Rouy) (frosted orache, sand orach) 

Atriplex patula L. (annual orach, saltbush, spearscale, spear orache, spear saltbush, spreading atriplex, 

spreading orache) 

Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. (Atriplex hastata sensu Aellen, non L., Atriplex latifolia Wahlenb., 

Atriplex patula L. ssp. hastata sensu H.M. Hall & Clem. 1923, non (L.) H.M. Hall & Clem., Atriplex 

patula L. var. hastata auct. non (L.) A. Gray, Atriplex patula L. var. triangularis (Willd.) Thorne & 

S.L. Welsh, Atriplex prostrata Bouchér ex DC. var. triangularis (Willd.) Rauschert, Atriplex 

triangularis Willd.) (prostrate orach, spear-leaved orache, triangle orache) 

Atriplex rosea L. (occasionally misidentified as Atriplex argentea Nutt.) (red orache, saltbush, 

silverscale, silvery orache, tumbling orache, tumbleweed, tumbling saltweed)*/** 

Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. (Atriplex patula L. ssp. hastata sensu H.M. Hall & Clem. p.p., Atriplex 

patula L. ssp. subspicata (Nutt.) Fosberg, Atriplex patula L. var. subspicata (Nutt.) S. Watson) 

67

(round-leaved orache, saline saltbush) (you have to love redundancy: “saline saltbush” ) 

Axyris amaranthoides L. (Russian pigweed, upright axyris)* 

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott (Bassia sieversiana (Pall.) W.A. Weber, Kochia alata Bates, Kochia 

scoparia (L.) Schrad., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. culta Farw., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. 

var. pubescens Fenzl, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. subvillosa Moq., Kochia scoparia (L.) 

Schrad. var. trichophila (Stapf) L.H. Bailey, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. trichophylla (Stapf) 

L.H. Bailey, Kochia sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey., Kochia trichophila Stapf, Kochia trichophylla 

Stapf) (burning bush, kochia-weed, Mexican-fireweed, mirabel, mock cypress, 

summer-cypress)*/** 

Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Beta cicla (L.) L., Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L.) (chard)* 

Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. (Beta macrocarpa Guss.) (common beet, sugar beet, 

table beet)* 

Chenopodium album L. var. album (Chenopodium album L. var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. & 

Germ., Chenopodium album L. var. polymorphum Aellen, Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & 

Reyn., Chenopodium giganteum D. Don, Chenopodium lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd., 

Chenopodium suecicum Murr) (chou, fat-hen, lamb's quarters, pigweed, Steven‟s goosefoot, white 

goosefoot)*/** 

Chenopodium album L. var. striatum (Krasan) ?, ined. (Chenopodium strictum Roth, Chenopodium 

strictum Roth ssp. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Aellen & Just., Chenopodium strictum Roth var. 

glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl, Chenopodium strictum Roth var. striatum (Krasan) Murr) (hard 

goosefoot, lateflowering goosefoot, striated lamb‟s-quarters) 

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. ambrosioides (Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach, Chenopodium 

ambrosioides L. ssp. euambrosioides Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum 

(L.) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (L.) A. Gray, Chenopodium 

ambrosioides L. var. chilense (Schrad.) Speg., Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. typicum 

(Speg.) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. vagans (Standl.) J.T. Howell, Chenopodium 

obovatum Moq., Chenopodium retusum Juss. ex Moq., Teloxys ambrosioides (L.) W.A. Weber, 

Teloxys vagans (Standl.) W.A. Weber) (Mexican tea, wormseed) 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. bushianum (Aellen) Cronquist (Chenopodium bushianum Aellen, 

Chenopodium bushianum Aellen var. acutidentatum Aellen, Chenopodium paganum auct. non 

Rchb.) (Berlandier‟s goosefoot, Bush‟s goosefoot, net-seeded lamb‟s quarters)* 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. macrocalycium (Aellen) Cronquist (Chenopodium macrocalycium 

Aellen) (Atlantic goosefoot, pitseed goosefoot) 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackii (Murr) Murr ex Asch. (Chenopodium acerifolium Andrz., 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. ssp. platyphyllum (Issler) Ludwig, Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. ssp. 

zschackii (Murr) A. Zobel, Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. farinosum (Ludwig) Aellen) 

(Zschack's goosefoot) 

Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. (good King Henry, perennial goosefoot, wild spinach)* 

Chenopodium botrys L. (Botrydium botrys (L.) Small, Teloxys botrys (L.) W.A. Weber) 

(feather-geranium, Jerusalem-oak, Jerusalem-oak goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers. (Blitum capitatum L.) (blite goosefoot, Indian-paint, spinach, 

strawberry-blite, wild spinach) 

68

Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nelson (Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Watson var. 

oblongifolium S. Watson , Chenopodium oblongifolium (S. Watson) Rydb., Chenopodium 

pratericola Rydb. ssp. desiccatum (A. Nelson) Aellen, Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. var. 

oblongifolium (S. Watson) Wahl) (aridland goosefoot, bluntleaf desert goosefoot, New Brunswick 

goosefoot) (in eastern Canada, it is only in NB) 

Chenopodium foggii Wahl (Fogg‟s goosefoot) 

Chenopodium glaucum L. (oak-leaved goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium humile Hook (Chenopodium rubrum L. var. humile (Hook.) S. Watson) (low pigweed, 

marshland goosefoot)(more common in Atlantic Canada) 

Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Watson (Chenopodium album L. var. leptophyllum Moq.) 

(narrow-leaved goosefoot, slender goosefoot, slim-leaved goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium murale L. (nettle-leaf goosefoot, sow-bane, wall-flower goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D.J. Koch & Ziz (Chenopodium album L. var. viride (L.) Moq., 

Chenopodium suecicum auct. non Murr, Chenopodium viride L.) (gray goosefoot, round-leaved 

goosefoot, seaport goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium polyspermum L. var. acutifolium (Sm.) Gaudich. (manyseed goosefoot, many-seeded 

goosefoot, pointed manyseed goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium polyspermum L. var. polyspermum (Ontario goosefoot, Ontario manyseed goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. (Chenopodium albescens, Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nelson var. 

leptophylloides (Murr) Wahl, Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. ssp. eupratericola Aellen, 

Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. var. leptophylloides (Murr) Aellen) (Canadian narrow-leaved 

goosefoot, desert goosefoot) 

Chenopodium rubrum L. (coast blite, coast-blite-red goosefoot, red goosefoot) 

Chenopodium serotinum L. (Chenopodium serotinum auct. non Torner) (figleaf goosefoot, fig-leaved 

goosefoot) (rarely found in Ontario; more common in Quebec farms)* 

Chenopodium simplex (Torr) Raf. (Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen, Chenopodium hybridum auct. 

non L., Chenopodium hybridum L. ssp. gigantospermum (Aellen) Hultén, Chenopodium hybridum 

L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau, Chenopodium hybridum L. var. simplex Torr.) (bigseed 

goosefoot, maple-leaved goosefoot, sowbane) 

Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen (Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen var. standleyanum (Aellen) 

Aellen, Chenopodium hybridum L. var. standleyanum (Aellen) Fernald) (bigseeded goosefoot, 

Bosc‟s Goosefoot, Standley‟s goosefoot) 

Chenopodium urbicum L. (city goosefoot, upright goosefoot, weedy goosefoot)* 

Chenopodium vulvaria L. (stinking goosefoot)* 

Corispermum americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. var. americanum (Corispermum marginale Rydb. p.p., 

Corispermum orientale auct. non Lam., Corispermum simplicissimum Lunell) (American bugseed) 

Corispermum americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. var. rydbergii Mosyakin (Corispermum hyssopifolium L. p.p., 

Corispermum nitidum auct. non Kit. ex Schult.) (hyssop bugseed, Rydberg‟s bugseed, shiny 

bugseed (although often claimed to exist in the northeast, hence it is still listed here, reports north 

of Nebraska are probably false – likely confused with other Corispermum species) 

Corispermum pallasii Steven (Corispermum leptopterum (Asch.) Iljin, Corispermum sibiricum Iljin p.p.) 

(Pallas‟ bugseed, Siberian bugseed) 

69

Corispermum villosum Rydb. (Corispermum emarginatum Rydb., Corispermum hyssopifolium L. var. 

emarginatum (Rydb.) B. Boivin, Corispermum orientale Lam. var. emarginatum (Rydb.) J.F. 

Macbr. (hyssop-leaved bugseed, villose bugseed) 

Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J.M. Coult. (Kochia atriplicifolia Spreng.) (winged pigweed, windroller, 

wind-roller) 

Polycnemum majus A. Braun (Polycnemum arvense L. var. simplex Wallr.) (giant needleleaf, 

polycnemum goosefoot)* 

Salicornia majus A. Braun (larger sea blite) 

Salicornia maritima S.L. Wolff & Jeff. Salicornia europaea auct. non L., Salicornia europaea L. var. 

prostrata auct. non (Pall.) Fernald, Salicornia herbacea auct. non (L.) L., Salicornia prostrata auct. 

non Pall., Salicornia ramosissima auct. non J. Woods) (chickenclaws, jointed glasswort, low sea 

blite, maritime glasswort, pickleweed, pigeonfoot, samphire, slender grasswort) 

Salsola collina Pall. (katune, samphire thistle, slender Russian thistle, thistle, tumbleweed)* 

Salsola kali L. ssp. kali (Salsola caroliniana Walter, Salsola kali L. var. caroliniana (Walter) Nutt.) 

(barilla-plant, common saltwort, Russian thistle, tumbleweed)*/** 

Salsola tragus L. (Salsola australis R. Br., Salsola iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botsch. ex Czerep,. Salsola 

kali L. ssp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó, Salsola kali L. ssp. tenuifolia Moq., Salsola kali L. ssp. tragus (L.) 

Celak., Salsola pestifer A. Nelson, Salsola ruthenica Iljin) (prickly Russian thistle, Russian thistle, 

tumbleweed)* 

Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach)* 

Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook) Moq. (Dondia depressa auct. non (Pursh) Britton, Schoberia occidentalis 

S. Watson, Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fernald, Suaeda depressa auct. non (Pursh) S. 

Watson, Suaeda depressa (Pursh) S. Watson var. erecta S. Watson, Suaeda maritima (L.) 

Dumort. var. americana (Pers.) B. Boivin, Suaeda minutiflora S. Watson, Suaeda occidentalis (S. 

Watson) S. Watson) (plains seablite, Pursh seepweed, slender glasswort, samphire, true 

samphire, western seablite) 

Molluginaceae (carpetweed family) (sometimes combined with Aizoaceae) 

Mollugo verticillata L. (Mollugo berteriana Ser.) (carpetweed, Indian chickweed, whorled carpetweed)*/** 

Nyctaginaceae (four-o'clock family) 

Mirabilis jalapa L. (Mirabilis jalapa L. ssp. lindheimeri Standl., Mirabilis lindheimeri (Standl.) Shinners 

(marvel-of-Peru, Peruvian four-o'clock) 

Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh.) MacMill. (Allionia hirsuta Pursh, Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet) (hairy 

four-o'clock, hairy umbrella-wort) 

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill (Allionia nyctaginea Michx., Mirabilis collina Shinners, Oxybaphus 

nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet) (heartleaf four o'clockm heart-leaved umbrella-wort, wild four o‟clock) 

Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed family) 

Phytolacca americana L. var. americana (Phytolacca decandra L.) (American pokeweed, garget, 

pigeonberry, poke, pokeberry, pokeweed, scoke) 

70

Portulacacaeae (portulaca family, purslane family) 

Claytonia caroliniana Michx. var. caroliniana (Carolina spring beauty, wide-leaved spring beauty) 

Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica (Claytonia media (DC.) Link, Claytonia robusta (Somes) Rydb) 

(meeautikaeugpineeg, narrow-leaved spring beauty, Virginia spring beauty) 

Montia fontana L. (Claytonia fontana (L.) R.J. Davis, Montia dipetala Suksd. Montia hallii (A. Gray) 

Greene, Montia lamprosperma Cham., Montia minor C.C. Gmel., Montia rivularis Gmel. 

[excluded], Montia verna Neck. (annual water minerslettuce, blinking chickweed, blinks, 

Newfoundland-blinks, Nova Scotia-blinks, water-blinks) 

Portulaca grandiflora Hook. (garden purslane, garden portulaca, larger purslane, rose moss)*/** 

Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulaca neglecta Mack. & Bush, Portulaca retusa Engelm.) (common purslane, 

little hogweed, pusley, yellow purslane)*/** 

Order Plumbaginales 

Plumbaginaceae (leadwort family, plumbago family, sea-lavender family) 

Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. (foxflower, thrift, thrift seapink) 

Limonium nashii Small. (Limonium angustatum (A. Gray) Small, Limonium nashii Small, Limonium 

obtusilobum S.F. Blake, Limonium trichogonum S.F. Blake) (lavender thrift, marsh rosemary, 

sea-lavender) (native and also cultivated as an ornamental [*] inland) 

Order Polygonales (sometimes combined with Order Caryophyllales) 

Polygonaceae (buckwheat family, knotweed family, smartweed family) 

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. (Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst., Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib., 

Fagopyrum vulgare Hill, Polygonum fagopyrum L.) (buckwheat, common buckwheat)* 

Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. (Polygonum tataricum L.) (Tarary buckwheat)* 

Koenigia islandica L. (Macounastrum islandicum (L.) Small (false purslane, Iceland purslane, island 

knotweed, island purslane, koenigia, macounastrum) 

Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (Rumex digyna L.) (alpine mountainsorrel mountain-sorrel) (NF, NB, QC in 

eastern Canada) 

Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissner (Delopyrum articulatum (L.) Small, Polygonum articulatum L.) (coast 

jointweed) (despite the name, this is not found in NF or NS) 

Polygonum achoreum Blake (Polygonum erectum L. ssp. achoreum (S.F. Blake) A. Löve & D. Löve) 

(leathery knotweed, striate knotweed) 

Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. (Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray p.p., Persicaria amphibia 

(L.) Gray var. emersa (Michx.) J.C. Hickman, Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene, 

Persicaria muehlenbergii (S. Watson) Small, Polygonum amphibium L. var. coccineum (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Farw., Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd., Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

pratincola (Greene) Stanford, Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. terrestre Willd., 

Polygonum muehlenbergii S. Watson, Polygonum muehlenbergii S. Watson var. terrestre (Willd.) 

Trel. (amphibious bistort, longroot smartweed, water smartweed) 

Polygonum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman (Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray var. stipulacea (N. 

71

Coleman) H. Hara, Persicaria mesochora Greene, Persicaria nebraskensis Greene, Polygonum 

amphibium L. ssp. laevimarginatum Hultén, Polygonum amphibium L. var. hartwrightii (A. Gray) 

Bissell, Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. rigidulum (Sheldon) Stanford, Polygonum 

fluitans Eaton, Polygonum hartwrightii A. Gray, Polygonum inundatum Raf., Polygonum natans 

Eaton) (amphibious bistort, rigid water knotweed, water smartweed) 

Polygonum arenastrum Jordan ex Boreau (Polygonum aequale Lindm., Polygonum aviculare L. var. 

arenastrum (Jord. ex Boreau) Rouy, Polygonum montereyense Brenckle) (oval-leaf knotweed, 

weedy knotgrass)* 

Polygonum arifolium L. (Persicaria arifolia (L.) Harolds., Polygonum arifolium L. var. lentiforme Fernald & 

Grisc., Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fernald, Tracaulon arifolium (L.) Raf.) 

(halberd-leaved tearthumb, scratchgrass) 

Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonum aviculare L. var. vegetum Ledeb., Polygonum heterophyllum Lindl., 

Polygonum monspeliense Pers.) (common knotgrass, doorweed, pink-weed, prostrate 

knotweed)*/** 

Polygonum bellardii All. (Polygonum aviculare L. var. angustissimum Meisn., Polygonum neglectum 

Besser, Polygonum provinciale K. Koch, Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau) (doorweed, 

narrow-leaved knotweed) (* in the USA) 

Polygonum bistorta L. var. bistorta (Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp.) (double-twist, meadow bistort, Scotia- 

twist)*/** (NS & NF in Canada) 

Polygonum buxiforme Small (Polygonum aviculare L. var. littorale auct. non (Link) Mert,.Polygonum 

littorale auct. non Link) (box-knotgrass, salt-marsh knotweed, shore-knotweed) 

Polygonum cespitosum Blume var. longisetum (Bruijn) A.N. Steward (Persicaria caespitosa (Blume) 

Nakai var. longiseta (Bruijn) C.F. Reed, orth. var., Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag., Polygonum 

caespitosum Blume var. longisetum (Bruijn) A.N. Steward, orth. var., Polygonum longisetum 

Bruijn) (bristly smartweed, long-bristled knotweed, Oriental lady's thumb, tufted smartweed)* 

Polygonum careyi Ilney (Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene) (Carey's knotweed, Carey‟s persicaria) 

Polygonum cilinode Michx. (Bilderdykia cilinodis (Michx.) Greene, Bilderdykia cilinodis (Michx.) Greene 

var. laevigata (Fernald) C.F. Reed, Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub, Polygonum cilinode Michx. 

var. laevigatum Fernald, Reynoutria cilinodis (Michx.) Shinners, Tiniaria cilinodis (Michx.) Small) 

(climbing black knotweed, fringed black bindweed, fringed black knotweed) 

Polygonum convolvulus L. var. convolvulus (Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort., Fallopia convolvulus 

(L.) A. Löve, Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) Shinners, Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moq.) (black 

bindweed, false bindweed, wild buckwheat)*/** 

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., Pleuropterus cuspidatus 

(Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke, Pleuropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small, Polygonum cuspidatum 

Siebold & Zucc. var. compactum (Hook. f.) L.H. Bailey, Polygonum zuccarinii Small, Reynoutria 

japonica Houtt.) (Japanese knotweed, Mexican bamboo)*/** 

Polygonum douglasii Greene ssp. douglasii (Polygonum buxiforme Small var. montanum (Small) R.J. 

Davis, Polygonum douglasii Greene var. latifolium (Engelm.) Greene, Polygonum emaciatum A. 

Nelson, Polygonum montanum Small (Douglas' knotweed) 

Polygonum erectum L. (Polygonum aviculare L. var. erectum (L.) Roth ex Meisn.) (erect knotweed, tall 

knotweed) 

72

Polygonum fowleri B.L. Rob. ssp. fowleri (Polygonum buxifolium Nutt. ex Bong.) (Fowler's knotgrass, 

Fowler‟s knotweed) 

Polygonum fowleri B.L. Rob. ssp. hudsonianum (S.J. Wolf & McNeill) Costea & Tardif (Polygonum 

caurianum B.L. Rob. ssp. hudsonianum S.J. Wolf & McNeill, Polygonum hudsonianum (S.J. Wolf 

& McNeill) H. Hinds) Fowler's knotgrass, Fowler‟s knotweed) 

Polygonum hydropiper L. (Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz, Polygonum hydropiper L. var. projectum 

Stanford) (common smartweed, hydropiper, marsh-pepper smartweed, water-pepper)* 

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (Persicaria opelousana (Riddell ex Small) Small, Persicaria 

paludicola Small, Persicaria persicarioides (Kunth) Small) (mild smartweed, mild water pepper, 

swamp smartweed) 

Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Persicaria incarnata (Elliot) Small, Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray, 

Persicaria tomentosa (Schrank) E.P. Bicknell, Polygonum incanum F.W. Schmidt, Polygonum 

incarnatum Elliot, Polygonum nodosum Pers., Polygonum oneillii Brenckle, Polygonum 

pensylvanicum L. ssp. oneillii (Brenckle) Hultén, Polygonum scabrum Moench, Polygonum 

tomentosum Schrank) (curlytop knotweed, dock-leaved smartweed, green smartweed, harsh 

knotweed, harsh smartweed, nodding smartweed, pale smartweed) (* in Canada) 

Polygonum orientale L. (ersicaria orientalis (L.) Assenov, Polygonum spaethii Dammer) (kiss me over 

the garden gate, Prince's-feather, princess-feather, Prince‟s-plume knotweed) (ornamental)* 

Polygonum oxyspermum Mey. & Bunge. (Polygonum graminifolium Wierzb. ex Heuffel) (Ray‟s 

knotgrass, sharp-fruited smartweed)* (only in NS) 

Polygonum pensylvanicum L. (Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl., Persicaria longistyla (Small) Small, 

Persicaria mississippiensis (Stanford) Small, Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small, Persicaria 

pensylvanica (L.) Small var. dura (Stanford) C.F. Reed, Polygonum bicorne Raf., Polygonum 

longistylum Small, Polygonum longistylum Small var. omissum (Greene) Stanford, Polygonum 

mexicanum auct. non Small, Polygonum mississippiense Stanford) (Pennsylvania smartweed, 

pink knotweed, pinkweed) 

Polygonum persicaria L. (Persicaria maculata (Raf.) Gray, Persicaria maculosa Gray, Persicaria 

persicaria (L.) Small, Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F. Reed, Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F. 

Reed var. vulgaris (Webb & Moq.) C.F. Reed, Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq., Polygonum 

dubium Stein, Polygonum fusiforme Greene, Polygonum minus auct. non Huds., Polygonum 

minus Huds. var. subcontinuum (Meisn.) Fernald, Polygonum persicaria L. var. angustifolium 

Beckh., Polygonum persicaria L. var. ruderale (Salisb.) Meisn., Polygonum puritanorum Fernald 

(heart's-ease, lady's-thumb, redleg, redshank, spotted ladysthumb)*/** 

Polygonum punctatum Elliot var. punctatum (Persicaria punctata (Elliot) Small, Persicaria punctata 

(Elliot) Small var. eciliata Small, Polygonum acre Kunth, Polygonum punctatum Elliot var. aquatile 

(Mart.) Fernald, Polygonum punctatum Elliot var. ellipticum Fassett, Polygonum punctatum Elliot 

var. parviflorum Fassett) (dotted smartweed, water-smartweed) 

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. prolificum Small (Polygonum prolificum (Small) B.L. Rob.) (bushy 

knotweed, tall knotweed) 

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. ramosissimum (Polygonum allocarpum S.F. Blake, Polygonum 

atlanticum (B.L. Rob.) E.P. Bicknell p.p., Polygonum autumnale Brenckle, Polygonum exsertum 

auct. non Small. p.p., Polygonum interius Brenckle, Polygonum triangulum E.P. Bicknell) (bushy 

73

knotweed, tall knotweed) 

Polygonum raii Bab. (Polygonum oxyspermum C.A. Mey. & Bunge ex Ledeb. ssp. raii (Bab.) Webb & 

Chater) (Atlantic smartweed, Ray's beach smartweed, Ray‟s knotweed) 

Polygonum sachalinense F Schidt ex Maxim. (Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Ronse 

Decr., Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Nakai) (giant knotweed, sachaline, 

Sakahalin knotweed)* 

Polygonum sagittatum L. (Persicaria sagittata (L.) Gross., Polygonum sagittatum L. var. gracilentum 

Fernald, Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small, Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small var. gracilentum 

(Fernald) C.F. Reed, Truellum sagittatum (L.) Soják) (arrow-leaved smartweed, arrow-leaved 

tearthumb, arrow-vine, teargrass) 

Polygonum scandens L. var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason (Bilderdykia dumetorum (L.) Dumort., Polygonum 

dumetorum L., Reynoutria scandens (L.) Shinners var. dumetorum (L.) Shinners, Tiniaria 

dumetorum (L.) Opiz) (climbing false buckwheat, hedge smartweed) 

Polygonum scandens L. var. scandens (Bilderdykia scandens (L.) Greene, Fallopia scandens (L.) 

Holub, Polygonum dumetorum L. var. scandens (L.) A. Gray, Reynoutria scandens (L.) Shinners, 

Tiniaria scandens (L.) Small) (climbing false buckwheat) 

Polygonum tenue (pleatleaf knotweed, slender knotweed) 

Polygonum virginianum L. (Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier, Persicaria virginiana (L.) 

Gaertn., Polygonum virginianum L. var. glaberrimum (Fernald) Steyerm., Tovara virginiana (L.) 

Raf., Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. var. glaberrima Fernald) (jumpseed, tovara, Virginia knotweed) 

Polygonum viviparum L. (Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray, Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr., Polygonum 

fugax Small, Polygonum macounii Small ex Macoun, Polygonum viviparum L. var. alpinum 

Wahlenb., Polygonum viviparum L. var. macounii (Small ex Macoun) Hultén) (alpine bistort, alpine 

smartweed) 

Rheum rhabarbarum L. (Rheum rhaponticum auct. non L.) (garden rhubarb)* 

Rumex acetosa L. ssp. acetosa (garden-sorrel, sour dock)* 

Rumex acetosa L. ssp. thyrsiflorus (Fingerh.) Hayek (Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh) (garden-sorrel, sour 

dock)* 

Rumex acetosella L. (Acetosella acetosella (L.) Small, Acetosella tenuifolia (Wallr.) A. Löve, Acetosella 

vulgaris Fourr., Rumex acetosella L. ssp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb., Rumex acetosella L. var. 

pyrenaeus (Pourr.) Timbal-Lagrave, Rumex acetosella L. var. tenuifolius Wallr., Rumex 

angiocarpus Murb., Rumex tenuifolius (Wallr.) A. Löve) (common sorrel, dioecious sorrel, field 

sorrel, little sorrel, sheep sorrel)* 

Rumex alpinus L. (alpine dock, Munk's rhubarb, Nova Scotia dock)* (NS ME VT) 

Rumex altissimus Wood. (Rumex britannica Meisn., non L., Rumex brittanicus Meisn., orth. var., Rumex 

ellipticus Greene) (pale dock, peach-leaved dock) 

Rumex aquaticus L. var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn (Rumex aquaticus L. ssp. fenestratus (Greene) 

Hultén, Rumex aquaticus L. ssp. occidentalis (S. Watson) Hultén, Rumex fenestratus Greene, 

Rumex subalpinus M.E. Jones) (Cordillera dock, subalpine dock, water dock, western dock, 

window dock) 

Rumex conglomeratus Murray (cluster-dock, clustered dock, smaller green dock)* 

Rumex x crispo-obtusifolius Meissner (crispus x obtusifolius) (bitter yellow dock)* (some controversy 

74

over the provenance and existence of this hybrid; it has been dropped by recent florae) 

Rumex crispus L. ssp. crispus (curled dock, curly dock, curly-leaf dock, sour dock, yellow dock)*/** 

Rumex dentatus L. (dentate dock, false fiddle-dock, fiddle dock, toothed dock)* 

Rumex longifolius DC. (Rumex domesticus Hartm.) (dooryard dock, longleaf-dock, long-leaved dock, 

yard dock)* 

Rumex maritimus L. (Rumex fueginus Phil., Rumex persicarioides L.) (golden dock, sea dock, 

smartweed-dock) (despite the specific epithet, this species is common in all of northern North 

America) 

Rumex obtusifolius L. (Acetosa oblongifolia (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (bitter dock, broad dock, 

broad-leaved dock)* 

Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray (great water dock) (probably not in Canada) 

Rumex pallidus Rigel. (large-tubercled dock, pale dock, seabeach dock, seaside dock, white dock) 

Rumex patientia L. (garden patience, patience-dock)* 

Rumex pseudonatronatus Borba (Rumex fennicus (Murb.) Murb.) (field dock)* 

Rumex sanguineus L. (bloody dock, red-veined dock)*/** 

Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc. (Rumex mexicanus Meisn., Rumex 

mexicanus Meisn. var. angustifolius (Meisn.) B. Boivin, Rumex mexicanus Meisn. var. subarcticus 

(Lepage) B. Boivin, Rumex quadrangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f., Rumex salicifolius Weinm. ssp. 

triangulivalvis Danser, Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) C.L. Hitchc., Rumex 

subarcticus LePage, Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f., Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) 

Rech. f. var. oreolapathum Rech. f.) (Mexican dock, willow-leaved dock) 

Rumex verticillatus L. (Rumex fascicularis Small, Rumex floridanus Meisn.) (bundle-dock, swamp-dock, 

water-dock) 

Subclass Dilleniidae 

Order Capparales 

Brassicaceae [Cruciferae] (crucifer family, mustard family) (need ) 

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb) Cav. & Gran. (Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britton, Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex M. Bieb., 

Erysimum alliaria L., Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop.) (garlic mustard)*/** 

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. (Alyssum calycinum L., Clypeola alyssoides L.) (alyssum mustard, pale 

madwort, small alyssum, yellow alyssum)* 

Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit. (rock alyssum, wall-alyssum, yellowtuft)* 

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyn. (Arabis thaliana L., Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & Monn.) 

(mouse-ear cress, wall-cress) (in Ontario, it is found on Lake Erie shores)* 

Arabis alpina L. (Arabis albida Stev., Arabis alpina L. var. albida (Stev.) Paoletti, Arabis alpina L. var. 

glabrata Blytt, Arabis caucasica Willd. (alpine rock-cress, snow-drift, upland rock cress) 

Arabis canadensis L. (sicklepod) 

Arabis x divaricarpa A. Nelson (pro sp.) [drummondii x holboellii] (Arabis acutina Greene, Arabis confinis 

S. Watson var. interposita (Greene) S.L. Welsh & Reveal, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. 

dechamplainii B. Boivin, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. interposita (Greene) Rollins, Arabis 

75

divaricarpa A. Nelson var. stenocarpa M. Hopkins, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. typica 

Rollins, Arabis interposita Greene, Boechera divaricarpa (A. Nelson) A. Löve & D. Löve (divaricate 

rock-cress, plit-seed mustard, spreadingpod rockcress) 

Arabis drummondii Gray (Arabis brachycarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Britton, Arabis confinis S. Watson, 

Arabis connexa Greene, Arabis drummondii A. Gray var. connexa (Greene) Fernald, Arabis 

drummondii A. Gray var. oxyphylla (Greene) M. Hopkins, Arabis oxyphylla Greene, Boechera 

angustifolia (Nutt.) Dorn, Boechera brachycarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Dorn, Boechera drummondii (A. 

Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve, Erysimum drummondii (A. Gray) Kuntze, Turritis drummondii (A. Gray) 

Lunell (Drummond‟s arabis, Drummond's mustard, Drummond‟s rock-cress) 

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. (Turritis glabra L.) (tower cress, tower mustard, tower rockcress) 

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins (Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. ssp. 

pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Hultén, Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. adpressipilis (M. Hopkins) Rollins, 

Arabis ovata sensu Small, non Michx., Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins, Arabis pycnocarpa M. 

Hopkins var. adpressipilis M. Hopkins (creamflower rockcress, hairy arabis, hairy rock cress) 

Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. collinsii (Fernald) Rollins (Arabis bourgovii Rydb., Arabis collinsii Fernald, 

Arabis dacotica Greene, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. dacotica (Greene) B. Boivin, Arabis 

retrofracta Graham var. collinsii (Fernald) B. Boivin, Boechera collinsii (Fernald) A. Löve & D. 

Löve, Boechera holboellii (Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. collinsii (Fernald) Dorn (Collins‟ 

rockcress) 

Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. retrofracta (Graham) Rydb. (Arabis arcuata (Nutt.) A. Gray var. secunda 

(Howell) B.L. Rob., Arabis caduca A. Nelson, Arabis consanguinea Greene, Arabis exilis A. 

Nelson, Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. consanguinea (Greene) G. Mulligan, Arabis holboellii 

Hornem. var. secunda (Howell) Jeps., Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. tenuis Böcher, Arabis kochii 

Blank., Arabis lignipes A. Nelson, Arabis mcdougalii Rydb., Arabis polyantha Greene, Arabis 

retrofracta Graham, Arabis retrofracta Graham var. multicaulis B. Boivin, Arabis rhodanthus 

Greene, Arabis secunda Howell, Arabis tenuis Greene, Boechera exilis (A. Nelson) Dorn, 

Boechera holboellii (Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. retrofracta (Graham) Dorn, Boechera 

holboellii (Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. secunda (Howell) Dorn, Boechera retrofracta 

(Graham) A. Löve & D. Löve, Boechera tenuis (Böcher) A. Löve & D. Löve (Holboell's rock cress, 

second rockcress) 

Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. var. laevigata (Arabis heterophylla Nutt., Arabis lyrifolia DC., 

Turritis laevigata Muhl. ex Willd.) (smooth arabis, smooth rock cress) 

Arabis lyrata L. (Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, Arabis lyrata L. var. glabra (DC.) M. 

Hopkins) (lyre-leaved rock cress) 

Arabis media N. Busch (Arabis arenicola (Richardson ex Hook.) Gelert var. pubescens auct. non (S. 

Watson) Gelert) (Arctic rock cress, sand rockcress) (I‟ve only seen it in Newfoundland outside of 

its most common habitats in Alaska) 

Arabis shortii (Fern.) Gleason (Arabis dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray, Arabis dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A. 

Gray var. phalacrocarpa M. Hopkins, Arabis perstellata E.L. Braun var. phalacrocarpa (M. 

Hopkins) Fernald, Arabis perstellata E.L. Braun var. shortii Fernald, Arabis shortii (Fernald) 

Gleason var. phalacrocarpa (M. Hopkins) Steyerm., Iodanthus dentatus (Torr.) Greene, 

Sisymbrium dentatum Torr.) (Short's mustard, Short‟s rock-cress) 

76

Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Armoracia armoracia (L.) Britton, Armoracia 

lapathifolia Gilib., Cochlearia armoracia L., Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fr., Radicula armoracia (L.) 

B.L. Rob., Rorippa armoracia (L.) Hitchc.) (horseradish, red cole) * 

Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. (Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br., Alyssum saxatile L., Alyssum saxatile L. var. 

compactum hort.) (basket-of-gold, golden-tuft, rock madwort) (ornamental)* 

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. (Barbarea americana Rydb., Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. var. dolichocarpa 

Fernald) (American yellorocket, cress, golden rockets, northern winter-cress, straight-horned 

winter-cress) 

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Rchb., Barbarea stricta auct. 

non Andrz., Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Fr., Barbarea 

vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud, Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. 

longisiliquosa Carion, Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. sylvestris Fr., Campe barbarea (L.) W. 

Wight ex Piper, Campe stricta auct. non (Andrz.) W. Wight ex Piper) (common winter cress, 

garden yellowrocket, yellow rocket)* 

Berteroa incana (L.) DC. (Alyssum incanum L.) (false alyssum, hoary alyssum)* 

Brassica alboglabra L.H. Bailey (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (L.H. Bailey) Musil) (Chinese 

kale)* 

Brassica chinensis L. (Brassica oleracea L. var. chinensis (L.) Prain) (pak choi)* 

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) O.E.Schulz, non Rupr., Brassica integrifolia 

Rupr., Brassica japonica Thunb., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. crispifolia L.H. Bailey, Brassica 

juncea (L.) Czern. var. japonica (Thunb.) L.H. Bailey, Brassica willdenowii Boiss., Sinapis juncea 

L.) (brown mustard, Chinese mustard, curled mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard)* 

Brassica napus L. var. napus (Brassica napobrassica (L.) Mill., Brassica napus L. var. annua W.D.J. 

Koch, Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Delile (rape, 

rutabega)* 

Brassica napus L. (colza, rape, turnip)* 

Brassica nigra (L.) W.J.D. Koch. (Sinapis nigra L.) (black mustard)* 

Brassica oleracea L. (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) 

(cabbage)* 

Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. (broccoli)* 

Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC. (Brassica oleracea L. var. tronchuda L.H. Bailey) (tronchuda 

cabbage)* 

Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC. (brussel sprouts)* 

Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. (Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa DC.) (kohlrabi)* 

Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck (sprouting broccoli)* 

Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (Brassica campestris L., Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera (Metzger) 

Sinsk., Brassica campestris L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm., Brassica rapa L. ssp. campestris (L.) 

Clapham, Brassica rapa L. ssp. olifera DC., Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa, Brassica rapa L. ssp. 

rapifera Metzger, Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris Janchen, Brassica rapa L. var. campestris (L.) 

W.D.J. Koch, Caulanthus sulfureus Payson) (birdrape, bird‟s-rape, rape, rapeseed, field mustard, 

turnip mustard, wild turnip)* 

Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs (Brassica campestris L. var. oleifera DC,. Brassica rapa L. 

77

var. oleifera DC.) (colza)* 

Brassica rapa L. var. trilocularis (Roxb.) Kitam. (Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain, Brassica rapa 

L. ssp. sarson (Prain) Denford, Brassica trilocularis (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thomson) (brown sarson, 

sarson)* 

Brassica septiceps (L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey (Brassica rapa L. var. septiceps L.H. Bailey) (seventop 

turnip)* 

Braya glabella Richardson ssp. glabella (Braya alpina Sternb. & Hoppe var. americana (Hook.) S. 

Watson, Braya alpina Sternb. & Hoppe var. glabella (Richardson) S. Watson, Braya americana 

(Hook.) Fernald, Braya arctica Hook., Braya bartlettiana Jordal, Braya henryae Raup, Braya 

humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. americana (Hook.) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. 

Rob. var. glabella (Richardson) B. Boivin) (smooth northern rockcress) 

Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. edentula var. edentula (Bunias edentula Bigelow, Cakile 

americana Nutt., Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. californica (A. Heller) Hultén, Cakile 

edentula (Bigelow) Hook. var. californica (A. Heller) Fernald) (American sea rocket) 

Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. edentula var. lacustris Fernald (Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. 

ssp. lacustris (Fernald) Hultén, Cakile lacustris (Fernald) Pobed.) (American searocket, Great 

Lakes rocket, lakerocket, Ontario searocket) 

Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. microcarpa (Andrz. ex DC.) E. 

Schmid) (littlepod false flax, small-fruited false flax, small-seeded false flax)* 

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. sativa (Camelina parodii Ibarra & La Porte, Myagrum sativum L.) 

(gold-of-pleasure, sown false flax)* 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton, Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton 

var. bifida Crép., Bursa gracilis Gren., Capsella rubella Reut., Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.) (fire root, 

medic, medik, Newfoundland shepherd's purse, pick-pocket, red shovelweed, shepherd's purse, 

shkodaedjeebik)* 

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl., 

Arabis rhomboidea Pers., Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC.) (bulbous bittercress, bulbous 

cress, spring cress) 

Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. (Cardamine laciniata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph. Wood, Dentaria 

concatenata Michx., Dentaria concatenata Michx. var. coalescens Fernald, Dentaria laciniata 

Muhl. ex Willd., Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. var. integra (O.E. Schulz) Fernald) 

(aemaushtaunishaessiwung, cut-leaved toothwort, five-parted toothwort) 

Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood (Dentaria diphylla Michx., Dentaria incisa Small) (broad-leaved 

toothwort, crinkleroot, pepperwort, two-leaved toothwort) 

Cardamine douglassii Britton (limestone bittercress, purple cress) 

Cardamine flexuosa With. (Cardamine hirsuta L. ssp. flexuosa (With.) Forbes & Hemsl., Cardamine 

konaensis H. St. John) (woodland bittercress)* 

Cardamine hirsuta L. (hairy bitter-cress, hairy cress)* 

Cardamine impatiens L. (cardamine, jewel-cress, narrowleaf bittercress)* 

Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Alph. Wood (Nutt) Wd (Dentaria maxima Nutt.; some claim it is a hybrid of 

concentata x diphylla) (lamb's wort, large toothwort) 

Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britton) O.E. Schulz (Cardamine arenicola Britton) (sand 

78

ittercress, sand cress, small-flowered bitter-cress, small-flowered cress) 

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. (Pennsylvania bitter-cress) 

Cardamine pratensis L. var. angustifolia Hook. (Cardamine nymanii Gandog., Cardamine pratensis L. 

ssp. angustifolia (Hook.) O.E. Schulz) (common meadow bitter-cress, cuckoo-flower, lady's 

smock) 

Cardamine pratensis L. var. pratensis (Cardamine palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Peterm., Cardamine 

pratensis L. var. palustris Wimm. & Grab.) (cuckoo-flower, showy cuckoo-flower) 

Cardaria chalepensis (L.) Hand.-Maz. (Cardaria chalapensis (L.) Hand.-Maz., orth. var., Cardaria draba 

(L.) Desv. ssp. chalapensis (L.) O.E. Schulz, orth. var., Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. ssp. 

chalepensis (L.) O.E. Schulz, Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. var. repens (Schrenk) O.E. Schulz, 

Cardaria repens (Schrenk) Jarmolenko, Lepidium draba L. ssp. chalepense (L.) Thell., Lepidium 

repens (Schrenk) Boiss. (lens-podded hoary cress, lenspod whitetop) 

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Lepidium draba L., Lepidium draba L. ssp. draba) (cranson, draba-like hoary- 

cress, false lens-podded whitetop, false peppergrass, heart-podded hoary cress, , whitlow 

pepperwort)* 

Cochlearia officinalis L. (Cochlearia cyclocarpa Blake) [excluded] (Newfoundland round-fruited 

scurvygrass, round-fruited scurvygrass)* (reports are likely false; probably confused with 

Cochlearia groenlandica) 

Cochlearia groenlandica L. (Cochlearia officinalis L. ssp. arctica (Schltdl.) Hultén, Cochlearia officinalis 

L. ssp. groenlandica (L.) A.E. Porsild, Cochlearia officinalis L. ssp. oblongifolia (DC.) Hultén, 

Cochlearia officinalis L. var. arctica (Schltdl.) Gelert, Cochleariopsis groenlandica (L.) A. Löve & 

D. Löve, Cochleariopsis groenlandica (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve ssp. arctica (Schltdl.) A. Löve & D. 

Löve, Cochleariopsis groenlandica (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve ssp. oblongifolia (DC.) A. Löve & D. 

Löve) (Danish scurvygrass, Greenland scurvy-grass, Newfoundland scurvygrass, scurvygrass) 

Cochlearia tridactylites Banks ex DC. (Newfoundland three-fingered scurvygrass, three-fingered 

scurvygrass) 

Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort (Brassica orientalis L.) (Eastern hare's-ear mustard, hare‟s-ear mustard, 

treacle mustard)* 

Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith (Carara didyma (L.) Britton, Lepidium didymum L.) (lesser swinecress, 

lesser wart-cress, skunk-cress, swine-cress, wart-cress)* 

Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. (Carara coronopus (L.) Medik., Coronopus procumbens Gilib., 

Lepidium squamatum Forssk.) (greater swinecress, ground swine-cress, small-scaled swinecress)* 

Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Dorn ssp. incana (Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex 

Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Dorn var. major (Hook.) Dorn, Descurainia richardsonii O.E. Schulz, 

Descurainia torulosa Rollins, nom. inq., Sisymbrium incanum Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 

Sophia richardsonii (O.E. Schulz) Rydb.) (gray tansy-mustard, mountain tansymustard, 

Richardson's tansy-mustard, wind river tansymustard) 

Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling (Descurainia brachycarpa 

(Richardson) O.E. Schulz , Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton var. brachycarpa (Richardson) 

Fernald, Sisymbrium brachycarpum Richardson, Sophia brachycarpa (Richardson) Rydb.) (green 

tansy-mustard, pinnate tansy-mustard, tansy mustard, western tansymustard) 

79

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. (Sisymbrium sophia L., Sophia sophia (L.) Britton ) (asperge, flixweed, 

herb-sophia, sagesse, tansy mustard)* 

Descurainia sophioides (Fisch. ex Hook.) O.E. Schulz (Sisymbrium sophioides Fisch. ex Hook.) 

(northern tansymustard) 

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. (Sisymbrium murale L.) (annual wallrocket, sand-rocket, wall-rocket)* 

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (Sisymbrium tenuifolium L.) (perennial wallrocket, slender-leaved wall- 

rocket, wall-rocket)* 

Draba alpina L. (Draba alpina L. var. nana Hook., Draba eschscholtzii Pohle ex N. Busch, Draba 

micropetala Hook., Draba pilosa M.F. Adams ex DC.) (alpine draba, alpine whitlow-grass) 

Draba arabisans Michx. (Draba arabisans Michx. var. superiorensis Butters & Abbe) (rock-cress 

whitlow-grass, rock draba) 

Draba aurea M. Vahl ex Hornem. (Draba aurea Vahl ex Hornem. var. leiocarpa (Payson & H. St. John) 

C.L. Hitchc., Draba aurea Vahl ex Hornem. var. neomexicana (Greene) Tidestr., Draba 

minganensis (Victorin) Fernald, Draba neomexicana Greene) (Arctic ear-whitlow, golden draba, 

golden whitlow-grass) 

Draba breweri S. Watson var. cana (Rydb.) Rollins (Draba cana Rydb., Draba lanceolata auct. non 

Royle, Draba stylaris J. Gay ex W.D.J. Koch) (cushion draba, dog-whitlow) 

Draba cinerea Adams (Draba arctica J. Vahl ssp. ostenfeldii (Ekman) Böcher ex Kartesz & Gandhi, 

Draba arctica J. Vahl var. ostenfeldii (Ekman) Kartesz & Gandhi, Draba arctica J. Vahl var. 

ovibovina Ekman, Draba ostenfeldii Ekman) (ash-coloured whitlow-grass, Canada whitlow-grass, 

grayleaf draba) 

Draba glabella Pursh var. glabella (Draba arabisans Michx. var. canadensis (Burnet) Fernald & Knowlt., 

Draba daurica DC., Draba glabella Pursh var. megasperma (Fernald & Knowlt.) Fernald, Draba 

glabella Pursh var. orthocarpa (Fernald & Knowlt.) Fernald, Draba hirta auct. non L., Draba 

megasperma Fernald & Knowlt. (glaucous drabam scree whitlow-grass, smooth draba, smooth 

whitlow-grass) 

Draba incana L. (Draba confusa Ehrh., Draba incana L. var. confusa (Ehrh.) Lilj.) (biennial whitlow- 

grass, hoary whitlow-grass, twisted draba, twisted whitlow-grass) 

Draba lactea Adams (Draba allenii Fernald, Draba fladnizensis Wulfen var. heterotricha (Lindbl.) J. Ball) 

(milky draba, milk-whitlow) 

Draba nemorosa L. (Draba lutea Gilib., Draba nemorosa L. var. leiocarpa Lindbl.) (annual draba, gray 

whitlow-grass, wood whitlow-grass) 

Draba nivalis Lilj. var. nivalis (snow whitlow-grass, yellow Arctic draba, yellow Arctic whitlow-grass) 

Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. clivicola (Fernald) B. Boivin (Norwegian whitlow-grass, Quebec draba, 

rock whitlowgrass) 

Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. norvegica (Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. hebecarpa (Lindbl.) O.E. 

Schulz, Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. pleiophylla Fernald, Draba rupestris W.T. Aiton, Draba 

rupestris W.T. Aiton var. leiocarpa O.E. Schulz) (Cape Breton whitlow-grass, Norwegian draba) 

Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. (Draba caroliniana Walter, Draba micrantha Nutt., Draba reptans (Lam.) 

Fernald ssp. stellifera (O.E. Schulz) Abrams, Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald var. micrantha (Nutt.) 

Fernald, Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald var. stellifera (O.E. Schulz) C.L. Hitchc., Draba reptans 

(Lam.) Fernald var. typica C.L. Hitchc.) (Carolina whitlow-grass, annual whitlow-grass) 

80

Draba verna L. (Draba praecox Stev., Draba verna L. var. aestivalis Lej., Draba verna L. var. boerhaavii 

H.C. Hall, Draba verna L. var. major Stur, Erophila spathulata A.F. Lang, Erophila verna (L.) 

Besser, Erophila verna (L.) Besser ssp. praecox (Stev.) S.M. Walters, Erophila verna (L.) Besser 

ssp. spathulata (A.F. Lang) S.M. Walters) (annual shad-flower, shad-flower, spring 

whitlow-grass)* 

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. (Brassica eruca L., Eruca eruca (L.) Asch. & Graebn., 

Eruca sativa Mill., Raphanus eruca (L.) Crantz) (annual eruca, garden-rocket, purple-vein rocket, 

rocketsalad)* 

Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schultz (Brassica erucastrum L.) (common dog mustard, French 

rocket, gall-mustard)* 

Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. (Cheirinia aspera (Nutt.) Britton) (false yellow phlox, prairie rocket, 

western wallflower, wormseed mustard, yellow phlox)* 

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link, Erysimum cheiranthoides L. ssp. altum 

Ahti) (treacle mustard, wormseed mustard, wormseed wallflower)*/** 

Erysimum coarctatum Fernald (Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill. var. coarctatum (Fernald) 

G.B. Rossbach) (small-flower prairie wallflower) (oddly, not in Ontario; only in Quebec, NB, NFLD, 

Yukon, Nunavut – the name „prairie‟ is misleading) 

Erysimum hieraciifolium L. (European wallflower, hawkweed mustard, hawkweed-leaved mustard, tall 

wormseed mustard)** 

Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill. var. inconspicuum) (Cheirinia inconspicua (S. Watson) 

Britton, Erysimum parviflorum Nutt. (low wormseed mustard, shy wallflower, small-flowered 

prairie-rocket) 

Erysimum marschallianum Andrz. ex M. Bieb. (Erysimum durum J. Presl & C. Presl, Erysimum 

hieraciifolium L. ssp. durum (J. Presl & C. Presl) Hegi & E. Schmid) (hard wallflower, Marschall 

wormseed mustard)* 

Erysimum repandum L. (Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link) (bushy wallflower, lazy wormseed mustard, 

spreading wallflower)* 

Hesperis matronalis L. (dame's-rocket, dame's-violet, rocket)*/** 

Hornungia procumbens (L.) Hayek (Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv., Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) 

Nutt. ex Schinz & Thell) (annual hutchinsia, Hutchins' mustard, Newfoundland-mustard, prostrate 

hutchinsia) 

Iberis umbellata L. (candytuft, globe-candytuft, Spanish-mustard)* 

Isatis tinctoria L. (asp-of-Jerusalem, dyer's woad)* 

Lepidium aucheri Boiss. (Aucher's peppergrass)* 

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. (Neolepia campestris (L.) W.A. Weber, Thlaspi campestre L.) 

(cow-cress, cow-grass, field peppergrass, field pepperweed)* 

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. densiflorum (Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. typicum Thell., 

Lepidium neglectum Thell., Lepidium texanum Buckley) (common pepper grass, common 

pepperweed, wild tongue)* 

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. macrocarpum G. Mulligan (bigseed pepperweed) 

Lepidium perfoliatum L. (clasping pepper-grass, clasping pepperweed, perfoliate pepper-grass, spotted 

pepper grass)* 

Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson var. ramosissimum (branched pepper grass, manybrached 

81

pepperweed)* 

Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson var. bourgeauanum (Thell.) Rollins (Lepidium bourgeauanum Thell., 

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. bourgeauanum (Thell.) C.L. Hitchc.) (Bourgeau‟s peppergrass, 

Bourgeau‟s pepperweed)* 

Lepidium ruderale L. (narrow-leaved pepper-grass, roadside peppergrass, roadside pepperweed, 

tonguegrass)* 

Lepidium sativum L. (garden-cress, gardencress pepperweed, pepper-grass)* 

Lepidium virginicum L. var. virginicum (Lepidium virginicum L. var. typicum C.L. Hitchc. (peppergrass, 

poor-man's-pepper, Virginia pepper-grass, Virginia pepperweed) 

Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam., Clypeola maritima L., Koniga maritima (L.) 

R. Br.) (seaside koniga, sea-mustard, sweet alyssum)* 

Lunaria annua L. (annual honesty, moneywort, moonwort, satin-flower)* 

Malcolmia maritima (L.) W.T. Aiton (Malcolm's mustard, Virginia stock) (a weed in commercial seed 

mixes but also grown as an ornamental)* 

Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. (Matthiola bicornis (Sm.) DC., Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. ssp. 

bicornis (Sm.) P.W. Ball) (evening-stock, matthiola-mustard, night-scented stock) (ornamental)* 

Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. (Thlaspi perfoliatum L.) (claspleaf pennycress, perfoliate penny- 

cress, perforated stinkweed, throughwort penny-cress)* 

Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb. (Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton var. microphyllum (Boenn. 

ex Rchb.) Thell., Rorippa microphylla (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Hyl. ex A. Löve & D. Löve, Rorippa 

nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek var. longisiliqua (Irmisch) B. Boivin) (lesser watercress, onerow 

yellowcress, small-leaved water-cress)* 

Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton (Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Karsten, Nasturtium officinale 

W.T. Aiton var. siifolium (Rchb.) W.D.J. Koch, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, 

Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. (true watercress, water-cress)* (also listed as Nasturtium 

officinale R. Br.; seems to be confusion over authority - Robert Brown did name the genus around 

the same time he described “Brownian motion”, for which is best known for) 

Nasturtium x sterile (Airy-Shaw) Oefel. [microphyllum x officinale] (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) 

Hayek var. sterilis (Airy-Shaw) B. Boivin, Rorippa x sterilis Airy-Shaw) (garden watercress, hybrid 

water-cress)* 

Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene (Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wiegand, Armoracia lacustris (A. 

Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V.M. Bates, Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray, Rorippa americana (A. Gray) 

Britton, Rorippa aquatica (Eaton) Palmer & Steyerm. (lakecress, lake-cress, lake water-cress) 

Neotorularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) Hedge & J. Léonard (Arabidopsis novae-angliae (Rydb.) Britton, 

Arabidopsis richardsonii (Rydb.) Rydb., Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob., Braya humilis (C.A. 

Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. abbei Böcher , Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. arctica (Böcher) 

Rollins, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. ellesmerensis J.G. Harris, Braya humilis (C.A. 

Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. maccallae J.G. Harris, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. porsildii J.G. 

Harris, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. richardsonii (Rydb.) Hultén, Braya humilis (C.A. 

Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. ventosa Rollins, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. abbei (Böcher) B. 

Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. arctica (Böcher) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. 

Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. interior (Böcher) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. 

82

laurentiana (Böcher) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. leiocarpa (Trautv.) 

Fernald, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. novae-angliae (Rydb.) Fernald, Braya humilis 

(C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. ventosa (Rollins) B. Boivin, Braya intermedia T.J. Sørensen, Braya 

novae-angliae (Rydb.) T.J. Sørensen, Braya novae-angliae (Rydb.) T.J. Sørensen var. interior 

Böcher, Braya novae-angliae (Rydb.) T.J. Sørensen var. laurentiana Böcher, Braya richardsonii 

(Rydb.) Fernald, Pilosella novae-angliae Rydb., Pilosella richardsonii Rydb., Sisymbrium humile 

C.A. Mey., Torularia arctica (Böcher) A. Löve & D. Löve, Torularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) O.E. 

Schulz, Torularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) O.E. Schulz ssp. arctica Böcher) (limestone mustard, low 

northern-rockcress , northern braya, northern rock-cress) 

Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. (Myagrum paniculatum L.) (ball-mustard, paniculate ball-mustard, yellow 

ball-mustard)* 

Raphanus raphanistrum L. (jointed charlock, wild radish) (ornamental)* 

Raphanus sativus L. (Raphanus raphanistrum L. var. sativus (L.) G. Beck) (common radish, field radish, 

garden radish)* 

Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (Myagrum rugosum L., Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp. linnaeanum Rouy & 

Foucaud, Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp. orientale (L.) Arcang., Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp. 

rugosum) (annual bastardcabbage, bastard cabbage, Oriental bastardcabbage, 

rapistrum-mustard, red mustard, rough mustard, turnip-weed)* 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell (Rorippa hispida (Desv.) Britton 

var. glabrata Lunell, Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Hultén, 

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. fernaldiana Butters & Abbe, Rorippa islandica (Oeder) 

Borbás var. glabra (O.E. Schulz) S.L. Welsh & Reveal, Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. 

glabrata (Lunell) Butters & Abbe, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. glabra (O.E. Schulz) R. 

Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. cernua (Nutt.) R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) 

Besser var. dictyota (Greene) R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. glabra (O.E. Schulz) 

R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. glabrata (Lunell) R. Stuckey) (Fernald's yellowcress, 

marsh yellowcress) 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell (Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britton, Rorippa 

hispida (Desv.) Britton, Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe, 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. elongata R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. hispida 

(Desv.) Rydb. (hispid yellow-cress) 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. palustris (Radicula palustris (L.) Moench, Rorippa islandica (Oeder) 

Borbás var. microcarpa (Regel) Fernald, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. reptabunda (Fernald) 

R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. williamsii (Britton) Hultén (bog yellowcress) 

Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. (Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt., Radicula sinuata (Nutt.) Greene ) (spreading 

yellow-cress, waxy yellow cress)* 

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser (Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce) (creeping yellow cress, creeping yellow 

water-cress)* 

Sinapis alba L. (Brassica alba Rabenh., non L., Brassica hirta Moench) (charlock, white mustard) 

Sinapis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis (Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh., nom. illeg., non Brassica arvensis L., 

Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler, Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) 

L.C. Wheeler, Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) L.C. Wheeler, Sinapis 

83

arvensis L. var. orientalis (L.) W.D.J. Koch & Ziz, Sinapis arvensis L. var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) 

Hagenb.) (charlock, jotte, wild mustard)* 

Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Norta altissima (L.) Britton) (Jim Hill mustard, tall mustard, tall tumble- 

mustard, tumble mustard, tumbling mustard)* 

Sisymbrium loeselii L. (Loesel's hedge mustard, Loesel‟s water-cress, small tumbleweed mustard, tall 

hedge mustard)* 

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (Erysimum officinale L., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum 

DC.) (hedge mustard, hedge water-cress)* 

Subularia aquatica L. var. americana (G. Mulligan & Calder) B. Boivin (Subularia aquatica L. ssp. 

americana G. Mulligan & Calder, Subularia aquatica L. ssp. mexicana G.A. Mulligan & Calder, 

ined.?) (awlwort, water awlwort) 

Thlaspi arvense L. (bastard cress, false wild garlic, fanweed, field pennycress, fool‟s garlic, Frenchweed, 

mithridate-mustard, shitweed, stinkweed, tabouret, tabernac, wild garlic)* 

Capparidaceae (caper family) 

Cleome hassleriana Chodata (Cleome spinosa Jacq.) (cleome, spider-flower) (ornamental)* 

Cleome serrulata Pursh. (pink beeplant, stinking-clover)* 

Polanisia dodecandra DC. (Polansia graveolens Raf.) (clammyweed, roughseed clammyweed) 

Resedaceae (mignonette family) 

Reseda alba L. (white cut-leaved mignonette, white mignonette, white upright mignonette)* 

Reseda lutea L. (yellow cut-leaved mignonette, yellow mignonette)* 

Reseda luteola L. (dyer's-rocket, weld)* 

Order Diapensiales 

Diapensiaceae (diapensia family) 

Diapensia lapponica L. (diapensia, false-sanicle) 

Order Dilleniales 

Paeoniaceae (paeonia family, peony family) 

Paeonia lactiflora Pallas (Chinese peony, Japanese peony) (ornamental)* 

Paeonia officinalis L. (common peony) (ornamental)* 

Order Ericales 

Clethraceae (clethra family) 

Clethra alnifolia L. (coastal sweetpepperbush) (NS in Canada) 

Empetraceae (crowberry family) 

Corema conradii (Torr.) Torr. (Atlantic rock crowberry, broom-crowberry, poverty-grass) 

84

Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wiegand ssp. eamesii (purple crowberry, reddish crowberry) (rarely purple 

– more red in colour despite one of the [likely misapplied] common names) 

Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wiegand ssp. atropurpureum (Fernald & Wiegand) D. Löve (Empetrum 

atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg.) (purple crowberry, reddish crowberry) 

Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) Böcher (hermaphrodite crowberry) (this 

is sometimes cited as being under Empetrum eamesii; this seems to appear in disjunct places in 

Ontario like Algonquin Park, though the main habitat is Atlantic coastal rocks and shores) 

Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum (black crowberry, curlewberry, heathberry, rockberry) 

Ericaceae (cranberry family, heath family) 

Andromeda polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link) DC. (Andromeda glaucophylla Link, Andromeda 

glaucophylla Link var. iodandra Fernald, Andromeda polifolia L. ssp. glaucophylla (Link) Hultén 

(andromeda, bog-rosemary, dwarf bog-rosemary) 

Andromeda polifolia L. var. polifolia (andromeda, bog-rosemary, dwarf bog-rosemary) 

Andromeda x jamesiana Lepage [glaucophylla x polifolia] (James‟ bog-rosemary, James‟ rosemary) 

Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. var. alpina (Arbutus alpina L., Arctous alpina (L.) Nied., Mairania 

alpina (L.) Desv.) (alpine bearberry, black bearberry) 

Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehder & Wilson) Fernald (Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. ssp. rubra (Rehder 

& Wilson) Hultén, Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. var. rubra (Rehder & Wilson) Bean, Arctous 

erythrocarpa Small, Arctous rubra (Rehder & Wilson) Nakai) (Arctic bearberry, red bearberry, red 

fruit bearberry) 

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Arctostaphylos adenotricha (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) A. Löve & D. 

Löve & Kapoor, Uva-Ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britton) (bousserole, common bearberry, hog-cranberry, 

kinnikinnick, mealberry, sandberry) 

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. (heather, ling, Scotch heather)* 

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench (Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. angustifolia (Aiton) 

Seymour, Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. latifolia (Aiton) Seymour, Chamaedaphne 

calyculata (L.) Moench var. angustifolia (Aiton) Rehder, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench 

var. latifolia (Aiton) Fernald, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. nana (Lodd.) E. Busch) 

(calyxed leatherleaf, cassandra, leather-leaf) 

Epigaea repens L. (creeping mayflower, ground-laurel, mayflower, trailing arbutus) 

Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. (Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & A. Gray) (capillaire, creeping snowberry, 

maidenhair-berry, moxieplum) 

Gaultheria procumbens L. (checkerberry, eastern teaberry, ivory-leaves, teaberry, the des bois, 

weenzeebughonse, wintergreen) 

Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. (Decachaena baccata (Wangenh.) Small) (black huckleberry) 

Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. & A. Gray (Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torr. & A. Gray var. 

bigeloviana Fernald, Gaylussacia orocola Small, Lasiococcus dumosus (Andrews) Small, 

Lasiococcus dumosus (Andrews) Small var. bigelovianus (Fernald) Fernald, Lasiococcus orocola 

(Small) Small) (dwarf huckleberry, New Brunswick huckleberry, Nova Scotia huckleberry) 

Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Cov. (Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don) (moss-cassiopea) (Atlantic Canada) 

Kalmia angustifolia L. (dwarf-laurel, kalmia, lambkill, pig-laurel, sheep-laurel, wicky) 

85

Kalmia latifolia L. (calico-bush, ivy, ivy-bush, mountain-laurel, St. Stephen's laurelspoonwood) 

Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller (Kalmia occidentalis Small, Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. ssp. 

microphylla (Hook.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. ssp. occidentalis (Small) 

Abrams, Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. var. microphylla (Hook.) Rehder) (alpine laurel, Arctic laurel, 

smaller laurel) 

Kalmia polifolia Wang. (Chamaedaphne glauca (Aiton) Kuntze) (bog laurel, pale laurel, swamp laurel) 

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. (Ledum palustre L. ssp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hultén, Ledum palustre 

L. var. latifolium (Jacq.) Michx., Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) K.A. Kron & W.S. Judd) 

(bog Labrador-tea, green Labrador-tea, Labrador-tea) 

Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Aiton) Hultén (Ledum decumbens (Aiton) Lodd. ex Steud., Ledum 

palustre L. var. decumbens Aiton, Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja ssp. subarcticum 

(Harmaja) G. Wallace) (dwarf Labrador-tea, marsh Labrador-tea, narrow-leaved Labrador-tea) 

Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. (Azalea procumbens L., Chamaecistus procumbens (L.) Kuntze, 

Kalmia procumbens (L.) Gift, Kron & P.F. Stevens ex Galasso, Banfi & F. Conti) (alpine azalea) 

Phyllodoce caerulea (L.) Bab. (blue mountainheath, mountain heath, mountain sea-nymph, purple 

mountain-heather) 

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. (Azalea canadensis (L.) Kuntze, Rhodora canadensis L.) (Canada 

rhododendron, rhodora, rhodoran azalea) 

Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. var. lapponicum (Lapland rosebay, rhodendron rosebay) 

(rosebay rhododendron) (extremely rare) 

Rhododendron maximum L. (great laurel, Nova Soctia laurel) 

Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners (Azalea nudiflora L., Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) 

Torr., Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. var. glandiferum (Porter) Rehder, Rhododendron 

periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners var. eglandulosum Seymour) (early azalea, election-pink, 

honeysuckle azalea, honeysuckle rhodendron,Quebec rhododendron) (most florae don‟t list it but 

it does exist in Quebec near the Maine border) 

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. (Vaccinium brittonii Porter ex E.P. Bicknell, Vaccinium lamarckii Camp, 

Vaccinium nigrum (Alph. Wood) Britton) (early low blueberry, late sweet blueberry, low sweet 

blueberry, lowbush blueberry, sweet hurts) 

Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. (Vaccinium arbuscula (A. Gray) Merriam, Vaccinium nivictum Camp) 

(dwarf bilberry, dwarf huckleberry) 

Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Cyanococcus corymbosus (L.) Rydb., Cyanococcus cuthbertii Small, 

Vaccinium constablaei A. Gray) (common blueberry, black highbush blueberry, tall blueberry) 

Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh) (American cranberry, large 

cranberry) 

Vaccinium membranaceum Doug. ex Torr. (Vaccinium coccineum Piper, Vaccinium globulare Rydb.) 

(mountain huckleberry, square-twig bilberry, thin-leaved bilberry) 

Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. (Cyanococcus canadensis (Kalm ex A. Rich.) Rydb., Vaccinium 

angustifolium Aiton var. myrtilloides (Michx.) House, Vaccinium canadense Kalm ex A. Rich.) 

(sour-top blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry) 

Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith (mathers, oval-leaf bilberry, tall huckleberry) 

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. (Oxycoccus hagerupii A. Löve & D. Löve, Oxycoccus intermedius (A. Gray) 

Rydb., Oxycoccus microcarpos Turcz. ex Rupr., Oxycoccus ovalifolius (Michx.) A.E. Porsild, 

86

Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) MacMill., Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) Adolphi, Oxycoccus palustris 

Pers., Oxycoccus palustris Pers. ssp. microphyllus (Lange) A. Löve & D. Löve, Oxycoccus 

palustris Pers. var. intermedius (A. Gray) Howell, Oxycoccus palustris Pers. var. ovalifolius 

(Michx.) Seymour, Oxycoccus quadripetalus Gilib., Oxycoccus quadripetalus Gilib. var. 

microphyllus (Lange) A.E. Porsild, Vaccinium microcarpos (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh.) (European 

cranberry, small cranberry, sourberry) (native, despite the „European‟ tag) 

Vaccinium pallidum Ait. (Cyanococcus liparis Small, Cyanococcus pallidus (Aiton) Small, Cyanococcus 

subcordatus Small, Cyanococcus tallapusae Coville ex Small, Cyanococcus vacillans (Kalm ex 

Torr.) Rydb., Vaccinium altomontanum Ashe, Vaccinium corymbosum L. var. pallidum (Aiton) A. 

Gray, Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr., Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr. var. crinitum Fernald, 

Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr. var. missouriense Ashe, Vaccinium viride Ashe) (Blue Ridge 

blueberry, dryland blueberry, early sweet blueberry, low blueberry, pale blueberry, 

sugar-huckleberry) 

Vaccinium stamineum L. (Polycodium ashei Harbison, Polycodium candicans Small, Polycodium 

depressum Small, Polycodium floridanum (Nutt.) Greene, Polycodium leptosepalum Small, 

Polycodium macilentum Small, Polycodium melanocarpum (C. Mohr) Small, Polycodium 

neglectum Small, Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene, Vaccinium caesium Greene, Vaccinium 

melanocarpum (C. Mohr) C. Mohr ex Kearney, Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fernald) (deerberry, 

squaw-huckleberry, tall deerberry) 

Vaccinium uliginosum L. (Vaccinium occidentale A. Gray) (alpine bilberry, bog bilberry, bog blueberry) 

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hultén (cowberry, foxberry, lingberry, lingen, lingnonberry, 

mountain cranberry, northern mountain cranberry, rock-cranberry) 

Monotropaceae (Indian-pipe family) (separated from Ericaceae) 

Monotropa hypopithys L. (Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small, Hypopitys fimbriata (A. Gray) Howell, 

Hypopitys insignata E.P. Bicknell, Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt., Hypopitys latisquama 

Rydb., Hypopitys monotropa Crantz, Monotropa hypopithys L. ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.) H. Hara, 

Monotropa hypopithys L. var. americana (DC.) Domin, Monotropa hypopithys L. var. latisquama 

(Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles, Monotropa hypopithys L. var. rubra (Torr.) Farw., Monotropa 

lanuginosa Michx., Monotropa latisquama (Rydb.) Hultén (false beech-drops, hairy pinesap, 

pinesap) 

Monotropa uniflora L. (convulsion-root, corpse plant, fits-root, one-flowered Indian pipe, pinesap) 

Pterospora andromedea Nutt. (andromeda-like pine-drops, fernsap, giant bird's-drops, giant bird‟s-nest, 

pine-drops, rosemary pine-drops, woodland pine-drops) 

Pyrolaceae (pyrola family, wintergreen family) (separated from Ericaceae) 

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. (mottled pipsissewa, spotted wintergreen, striped prince's pine, striped 

wintergreen) 

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. (common pipsissewa, prince's pine, waxflower) (USA only) 

Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray ) )Pyrola uniflora L.) (one-flowered pyrola, one-flowered wintergreen, 

single delight) 

Orthilia secunda (L.) House (Pyrola secunda L., Ramischia elatior Rydb., Ramischia secunda (L.) 

87

Garcke) (one-sided pyrola, one-sided shinleaf, one-sided wintergreen, sidebells wintergreen) 

Pyrola americana Sw. (Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. americana (Sweet) Krísa, Pyrola obovata Bertol., 

Pyrola rotundifolia auct. non L. p.p.) (American pyrola, round-leaved pyrola) 

Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. asarifolia (yrola californica Krísa, Pyrola elata Nutt., Pyrola rotundifolia L. 

ssp. asarifolia (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Pyrola uliginosa Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr.) (bog 

wintergreen, ginger wintergreen, liver-leaf wintergreen, pink pyrola, pink wintergreen, 

round-leaved pyrola, wild lily-of-the-valley) 

Pyrola chlorantha Sw. (Pyrola convoluta W. Bartram, Pyrola oxypetala Austin ex A. Gray, Pyrola virens 

Schreb. (green-flowered pyrola, green flowered wintergreen, greenish-flowered wintergreen) 

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. (Pyrola compacta Jennings) (shinleaf, shinleaf pyrola, waxflower shineleaf, wild 

lily-of-the-valley) 

Pyrola grandiflora Radius (Pyrola borealis Rydb., Pyrola canadensis Andres, Pyrola gormanii Rydb., 

Pyrola occidentalis R. Br. ex D. Don) (Arctic wintergreen, large flowered wintergreen, larger 

pyrola, larger wintergreen) 

Pyrola minor L. (Braxilia minor (L.) House, Erxlebenia minor (L.) Rydb.) (lesser pyrola, snowline 

wintergreen) 

Order Malvales 

Malvaceae (mallow family) 

Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby, Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.) (butter-print, 

Indian mallow, pie-marker, velvet-leaf, velvetleaf)*/** 

Alcea pallida (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Waldst. & Kit. (pale hollyhock) (ornamental)* 

Alcea rosea L. (Alcea ficifolia L., Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.) (Antwerp hollyhock, red hollyhock, rose 

mallow) (ornamental)* 

Althaea hirsuta L. (hairy marshmallow, hirsute marsh mallow, rough marsh mallow) (ornamental)* 

Althaea officinalis L. (marshmallow, wymote) (ornamental)* 

Anoda cristata (L.) Schldl. (Anoda acerifolia auct. non (Zucc. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC., Anoda cristata 

(L.) Schltdl. var. brachyantha (Rchb.) Hochr., Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. var. digitata (A. Gray) 

Hochr., Anoda lavaterioides Medik., Sida cristata L.) (crested mallow) (ornamental in Canada)* 

Callirhoe digitata Nutt. (poppy-mallow, winecup) (ornamental)* 

Callirhoe pedata (Nutt. ex Hook.) A. Gray (Callirhoe digitata Nutt. var. stipulata Waterf.) (palmleaf 

poppymallow) (ornamental)* 

Hibiscus laevis All. (Hibiscus militaris Cav.) (halberd-leaved rose-mallow, smooth rose-mallow) 

Hibiscus moscheutos L. (Hibiscus incanus Wendl. f., Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. incanus (Wendl. f.) 

H.E. Ahles, Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. moscheutos, Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. palustris (L.) 

R.T. Clausen, Hibiscus moscheutos L. var. purpurascens Sweet, Hibiscus oculiroseus Britton, 

Hibiscus opulifolius Greene, Hibiscus palustris L., Hibiscus pinetorum Greene) (crimsoneyed 

rosemallow, mallow rose, marsh mallow, shining mallow, swamp rose-mallow) 

Hibiscus trionum L. (Trionum trionum (L.) Woot. & Standl.) (flower-of-an-hour, Venice mallow)* 

Lavatera thuringiaca L. (tree lavatera, tree-mallow) (ornamental)* 

Malva alcea L. (European mallow, hollyhock mallow, vervain mallow) (ornamental)* 

88

Malva moschata L. (musk mallow, musk-plant)*/** 

Malva neglecta Wallr. (Malva rotundifolia auct. non L.) (cheeses, cheeseweed, common mallow)*/** 

Malva pusilla Sm. (Malva rotundifolia L.) (dwarf mallow, low mallow, round-leaved mallow)*/** 

Malva sylvestris L. (Malva mauritiana L.) (high mallow, wood mallow) (ornamental)*/** 

Malva verticillata L. (Malva crispa (L.) L.) (annual mallow, cluster mallow, curled mallow, curly mallow, 

whorled mallow)* 

Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Napaea hermaphrodita L.) (alkali sida, Virginia fanpetals, Virginia 

mallow) 

Sida spinosa L. (Sida alba L., Sida angustifolia auct. non Lam. p.p., Sida spinosa L. var. angustifolia 

auct. non (Lam.) Griseb. p.p.) (Indian mallow, prickly fanpetals, prickly mallow)* 

Tiliaceae (basswood family, linden family) 

Tilia americana L. var. americana (Tilia americana L. var. neglecta (Spach) Fosberg, Tilia glabra Vent., 

Tilia neglecta Spach, Tilia palmeri F.C. Gates, Tilia truncata Spach, Tilia venulosa Sarg.) 

(American basswood, lime, linden, whitewood) 

Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.) Louden (Tilia eburnea Ashe, Tilia heterophylla Vent., 

Tilia heterophylla Vent. var. michauxii (Nutt.) Sarg., Tilia lasioclada Sarg., Tilia michauxii Nutt., 

Tilia monticola Sarg.) (bee-tree, white basswood) (native to USA; * in Canada) 

Tilia cordata Mill. (heartleaf basswood, littleleaf linden, small-leaved lime, small leaf linden) 

(ornamental)* 

Tilia x europaea L. (pro sp.) [cordata x platyphyllos] (Tilia europaea L., Tilia x vulgaris Hayne (pro sp.)) 

(common basswood, common lime) (ornamental)* 

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. (largeleaf linden, large-leaved basswood, large-leaved lime) 

Tilia tomentosa Moench (Tilia argentea DC.) (silver linden, white lime) 

Order Nepenthales 

Droseraceae (sundew family) 

Drosera anglica Huds. (Drosera longifolia L.) (English sundew, limestone sundew, oblong-leaved 

sundew) 

Drosera x belezeana E.G. Camus [intermedia x rotundifolia] (Beleze‟s sundew, Camus‟ sundew) 

Drosera filiformis Raf. (dew-thread, Nova Scotia sundew, thread-leaved sundew) 

Drosera intermedia Hayne. (dialy-dew, floating sundew, spatulate-leaved sundew, spoonleaf sundew) 

Drosera linearis Goldie. (linear-leaved sundew, pitted sundew, rossolis, slender-leaved sundew) 

Drosera x linglica Kusakabe ex R. Gauthier & Gervais [anglica x linearis] (Quebec sundew) 

Drosera x obovata Mert. & W. Koch (pro sp.) [anglica x rotundifolia] (obovate sundew) 

Drosera rotundifolia L. var. comosa Fernald (dew-plant, wawiaeneegaeguhnush) 

Drosera rotundifolia L. var. rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew, wawiaeneegaeguhnush) 

Drosera x woodii R. Gauthier & Gervais [linearis x rotundifolia] (Wood‟s sundew [Quebec]) 

Sarraceniaceae (pitcher-plant family) 

Sarracenia purpurea L. ssp. purpurea (frog's legs, frog's leggings, huntsman's-cup, Indian-cup, 

89

Indian-jug, mukukee odaussun,petits cochons, pitcher-plant, purple pitcher-plant, 

sidesaddle-flower) 

Order Primulales 

Primulaceae (primrose family) 

Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis (common pimpernel, scarlet pimpernel, shepard‟s weather-glass)* 

Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell. (Anagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (Schreb.) 

Gren. & Godr., Anagallis caerulea Schreb., Anagallis foemina Mill.) (poorman's weatherglass) 

Androsace occidentalis Pursh. (Androsace arizonica (A. Gray) Derganc ,Androsace occidentalis Pursh 

var. arizonica (A. Gray) H. St. John, Androsace occidentalis Pursh var. simplex (Rydb.) H. St. 

John) (western androsace, western rockjasmine) 

Androsace septentrionalis L. ssp. puberulenta (Rydb.) G.T. Robbins (Androsace puberulenta Rydb) 

(northern androsace, pygmy-flower, pygmyflower rockjasmine) (QC in e. Canada) 

Androsace septentrionalis L. ssp. septentrionalis (pygmyflower rockjasmine) 

Anagallis minima (L.) Krause (Centunculus minimus L.) (chaffweed, Nova Scotia chaffweed) 

Glaux maritima L. (black saltwort, New Brunswick sea-milkwort, sea-milkwort) 

Lysimachia ciliata L. (Steironema ciliatum (L.) Baudo, Steironema pumilum Greene (ciliated loosestrife, 

fringed loosestrife) 

Lysimachia x commixta Fern. (terrestris x thrysiflora) (Fernald's loosestrife) 

Lysimachia hybrida Michx. (Lysimachia ciliata L. var. validula (Greene ex Woot. & Standl.) Kearney & 

Peebles, Lysimachia lanceolata Walter ssp. hybrida (Michx.) J.D. Ray, Lysimachia lanceolata 

Walter var. hybrida (Michx.) A. Gray, Steironema hybridum (Michx.) Raf. ex B.D. Jacks., 

Steironema laevigatum Howell, Steironema lanceolatum (Walter) A. Gray var. hybridum (Michx.) 

A. Gray) (false hybrid loosestrife, hybrid loosestrife, lance-leaved loosestrife, lowland yellow 

loosestrife, stalked lance-leaved loosetrife) 

Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. (Steironema heterophyllum (Michx.) Baudo, Steironema lanceolatum 

(Walter) A. Gray) (lance-leaved loosestrife) 

Lysimachia nummularia L. (creeping Jenny, creeping loosestrife, moneywort)*/** 

Lysimachia x producta (Gray) Fern. (quadrifolia x terrestris) (elongated loostrife) 

Lysimachia punctata L. (garden loosestrife, large yellow loosestrife, perforated loosestrife, spotted 

loosestrife)* 

Lysimachia quadriflora Sims (Lysimachia longifolia Pursh, Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc) 

(four-flowered yellow looststrife, linear-leaved loosestrife, whorled loosestrife) 

Lysimachia quadrifolia L. (cross-wort, whorled yellow loosestrife) 

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (bulb-bearing loosestrife, earth loosestrife, swamp 

candles, swamp loosestrife, yellow loosestrife) 

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. (Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby) (tufted lossestrife, yellow loosestrife) 

Lysimachia vulgaris L. (garden yellow loosestrife, golden loosestrife)* 

Primula egaliksensis Wormsk. ex Hornem. (Primula groenlandica (Warming) W.W. Sm. & G. Forrest) 

(Greenland primrose) 

90

Primula incana M. E. Jones (hoary primrose, silvery primrose) 

Primula laurentiana Fern. (Primula farinosa auct. non L., Primula farinosa L. var. macropoda Fernald, 

Primula mistassinica Michx. var. macropoda (Fernald) B. Boivin) (bird's-eye primrose, larger 

primrose, Laurentide primrose) 

Primula mistassinica Michx. (Primula intercedens Fernald) (bird's-eye primrose, dwarf Canadian 

primrose, Mistassini primrose) 

Primula stricta Hornem. (Primula hornemanniana Lehm.) (strict primrose, true primrose) 

Primula veris L. (cowslip, cowslip primrose, English cowslip, European cowslip, European primrose)*/** 

Samolus valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén (Samolus floribundus Kunth, Samolus parviflorus 

Raf.) (brookweed, false Valerand‟s water-pimpernel, seaside brookweed) 

Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis (Trientalis americana Pursh) (chicken-wintergreen, chickweed- 

wintergreen, star-flower) 

Order Salicales 

Salicaceae (willow family) 

Populus alba L. (silver-leaved poplar, silver poplar, white poplar) (ornamental)* 

Populus balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera (Populus balsamifera L. var. candicans (Aiton) A. Gray, 

Populus balsamifera L. var. fernaldiana Rouleau, Populus balsamifera L. var. lanceolata Marsh., 

Populus balsamifera L. var. michauxii (Dode) A. Henry, Populus balsamifera L. var. subcordata 

Hyl. Populus candicans Aiton, Populus michauxii Dode, Populus tacamahaca Mill., Populus 

tacamahaca Mill. var. candicans (Aiton) Stout., Populus tacamahaca Mill. var. lanceolata (Marsh.) 

Farw., Populus tacamahaca Mill. var. michauxii (Dode) Farw.) (balsam poplar, hackmatack, 

tacamahac, taccamhac) 

Populus x berolinensis (Regel) Dippel (laurifolia x nigra var. italica) (Populus x rollandii Rouleau) (Berol's 

poplar, hybrid poplar, Rolland‟s polar)* 

Populus x canadensis Moench. (deltoides x nigra) (Populus canadensis Moench var. eugenei (Simon- 

Louis) Schelle, Populus canadensis Moench var. serotina (T. Hartig) Rehder, Populus x eugenei 

Simon-Louis, Populus euramericana Guinier, Populus x robusta C.K. Schneid.) (Canada poplar, 

Carolina poplar)* 

Populus x canescens (Ait.) Smith (alba x tremula) (Populus alba L. var. canescens Aiton, Populus 

hybrida M. Bieb.) (gray poplar)* 

Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. ssp. deltoides (Populus angulata Aiton, Populus angulata Aiton 

var. missouriensis A. Henry, Populus balsamifera L. var. missouriensis (A. Henry) 

Rehder, Populus balsamifera L. var. pilosa Sarg., Populus balsamifera L. var. virginiana (Foug.) 

Sarg., Populus canadensis Moench var. virginiana (Foug.) Fiori, Populus deltoides Bartram ex 

Marsh. var. angulata (Aiton) Sarg., Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. var. missouriensis (A. 

Henry) A. Henry, Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. var. pilosa (Sarg.) Sudw., Populus 

deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. var. virginiana (Foug.) Sudw., Populus nigra L. var. virginiana (Foug.) 

Castigl., Populus palmeri Sarg., Populus virginiana Foug., Populus virginiana Foug. var. pilosa 

(Sarg.) F.C. Gates) (deltoid cottonwood, eastern cottonwood, liard, necklace-poplar) 

Populus grandidentata Michx. (bigtooth aspen, largetooth aspen) 

91

Populus x heimburgeri Boiv. (alba x tremuloides) (Heimburger's aspen)* 

Populus x jackii Sarg. (balsamifera x deltoides) (Populus x andrewsii Sarg., Populus x bernardii B. 

Boivin, Populus x dutillyi Lepage, Populus x generosa Henry, Populus x gileadensis Rouleau, 

Populus manitobensis Dode) (balm-of-gilead, Jack‟s aspen) (native in USA; * in Canada) 

Populus nigra L. (Populus dilatata Aiton, Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench, Populus nigra L. var. italica 

Du Roi (black poplar, Italian poplar, Lombardy poplar) (ornamental)* 

Populus x rouleauiana Boiv. (alba x grandidentata) (Rouleau's aspen)* 

Pouplus x smithii Boiv. (grandidentata x tremuloides) (Populus x barnesii W.H. Wagner) (Smith's aspen) 

Populus tremuloides Michx. (Populus aurea Tidestr., Populus cercidiphylla Britton, Populus x 

polygonifolia Bernard, Populus tremula L. ssp. tremuloides (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Populus 

tremuloides Michx. var. aurea (Tidestr.) Daniels, Populus tremuloides Michx. var. cercidiphylla 

(Britton) Sudw., Populus tremuloides Michx. var. intermedia Victorin, Populus tremuloides Michx. 

var. magnifica Victorin, Populus tremuloides Michx. var. rhomboidea Victorin, Populus tremuloides 

Michx. var. vancouveriana (Trel.) Sarg., Populus vancouveriana Trel.) (quaking aspen, 

quiver-leaf, trembling aspen) 

Salix alba L. (Salix vitellina L.) (European willow, white willow) (ornamental)* 

Salix x amoena Fernald [glauca ssp. callicarpaea x myricoides] (Newfoundland willow) 

Salix amygdaloides Anderss. (Salix nigra Marsh. var. amygdaloides (Andersson) Andersson, Salix nigra 

Marsh. var. wrightii (Andersson) Andersson, Salix wrightii Andersson) (peachleaf willow) 

Salix arbusculoides Anderss. (Salix acutifolia auct. non Hook., Salix humillima Andersson, Salix 

humillima Andersson var. puberula (Andersson) Andersson, Salix saskatchevana Seemen) 

(arbuscus willow, fungus willow, littletree willow) 

Salix arctica Pallas (Salix anglorum auct. non Cham., Salix anglorum Cham. var. antiplasta C.K. 

Schneid., Salix anglorum Cham. var. araioclada C.K. Schneid., Salix anglorum Cham. var. 

kophophylla C.K. Schneid., Salix arctica R. Br. ex Richardson, non Pall., Salix arctica Pall. ssp. 

crassijulis (Trautv.) Skvort., Salix arctica Pall. ssp. tortulosa (Trautv.) Hultén, Salix arctica Pall. 

var. antiplasta (C.K. Schneid.) Fernald, Salix arctica Pall. var. araioclada (C.K. Schneid.) Raup, 

Salix arctica Pall. var. brownei Andersson, Salix arctica Pall. var. kophophylla (C.K. Schneid.) 

Polunin, Salix arctica Pall. var. pallasii (Andersson) Kurtz, Salix arctica Pall. var. tortulosa 

(Trautv.) Raup, Salix brownei (Andersson) Bebb, Salix crassijulis Trautv., Salix hudsonensis C.K. 

Schneid., Salix pallasii Andersson, Salix pallasii Andersson var. crassijulis (Trautv.) Andersson, 

Salix tortulosa Trautv.) (Arctic willow, Arctic dwarf willow, dwarf willow, ground willow) 

Salix arctophila Cockerell ex A. Heller (Salix arctica Liebm., non Pall., Salix arctophila Cockerell ex A. 

Heller var. lejocarpa (Andersson) C.K. Schneid., Salix groenlandica Lundstr., non Heer, Salix 

groenlandica Lundstr. var. lejocarpa (Andersson) Lange) (Arctic-loving willow, Laborador willow, 

northern willow, tundra dwarf willow) 

Salix argyrocarpa Andersson (Salix argyrocarpa Andersson var. denudata Andersson, Salix labradorica 

Rydb. var. pumila Nutt.( (Labrador willow, silverleaf willow) 

Salix atrocinerea Brot. (Salix cinerea L. ssp. atrocinerea (Brot.) Guinier, Salix cinerea L. ssp. oleifolia 

(Sm.) Macreight, Salix oleifolia Sm., non Vill.) (large gray willow, olive willow)* 

Salix ballii Dorn (Salix myrtillifolia Andersson var. brachypoda Fernald) (Ball‟s willow) 

Salix bebbiana Sarg. (Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. capreifolia (Fernald) Fernald, Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. 

92

depilis Raup, Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. luxurians (Fernald) Fernald, Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. 

perrostrata (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. projecta (Fernald) C.K. Schneid., 

Salix depressa L. ssp. rostrata (Richardson) Hiitonen, Salix livida Wahlenb. var. occidentalis 

(Andersson) A. Gray, Salix livida Wahlenb. var. rostrata (Richardson) Dippel, Salix perrostrata 

Rydb., Salix rostrata Richardson, non Thuill., Salix rostrata Richardson var. capreifolia Fernald, 

Salix rostrata Richardson var. luxurians Fernald, Salix rostrata Richardson var. perrostrata (Rydb.) 

Fernald, Salix rostrata Richardson var. projecta Fernald, Salix starkeana Willd. ssp. bebbiana 

(Sarg.) Youngberg, Salix vagans Hook. f. ex Andersson var. occidentalis Andersson, Salix vagans 

Hook. f. ex Andersson var. rostrata (Richardson) Andersson) (beaked willow, Bebb‟s willow, longbeaked 

willow) 

Salix x beschelii Boiv. (bebbiana x discolor) (Beschel's willow) 

Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. brachycarpa (Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. brachycarpa, Salix brachycarpa 

Nutt. var. alticola E.H. Kelso, Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. antimima (C.K. Schneid.) Raup, Salix 

brachycarpa Nutt. var. glabellicarpa C.K. Schneid., Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. sansonii C.R. 

Ball, Salix chlorolepis Fernald var. antimima C.K. Schneid., Salix desertorum Richardson var. 

fruticulosa Andersson, Salix desertorum Richardson var. stricta Andersson, Salix stricta 

(Andersson) Rydb.) (Canada willow, short-carpelled willow, short-fruited willow) 

Salix calcicola Fernald & Wiegand (Salix calcicola Fernald & Wiegand var. glandulosior B. Boivin, Salix 

calcicola Fernald & Wiegand var. nicholsiana Polunin, Salix lanata L. ssp. calcicola (Fernald & 

Wiegand) Hultén, Salix richardsonii Hook. var. macouniana Bebb (limestone willow, wooly willow) 

Salix candida Fluegge ex Willd. (Salix candidula Nieuwl.) (hoary willow, sage-leaved willow, sage willow) 

Salix caprea L. (goat willow) (ornamental)* 

Salix chlorolepis Fern. (greenscale willow, Mount-Albert willow) (QC) 

Salix cinerea L. (European gray willow, gray willow, large gray willow) (ornamental)* 

Salix coactilis Fern. (Salix coactilis Fernald, Salix grisea Willd., Salix pensylvanica Forbes, Salix 

petiolaris Sm. var. grisea (Willd.) Torr., Salix petiolaris Sm. var. sericea (Marsh.) Andersson) 

(felted willow, silky willow) (QC eastward in Canada) 

Salix x conifera Wangenh. (pro sp.) [discolor x humilis] (Salix discolor Muhl. var. latifolia Andersson) 

(pine willow) (USA only) 

Salix cordata Michx. (Salix adenophylla Hook., Salix syrticola Fernald) (diamond willow, heart willow, 

heart-leaf willow, sand-dune willow) 

Salix x cryptodonta Fernald (pro sp.) [bebbiana x candida] (wooly willow) (QC & NF) 

Salix daphnoides Villars (Daphne‟s willow, aurel willow) (ornamental)* (ON) 

Salix discolor Muhl. (Salix ancorifera Fernald, Salix conformis Forbes, Salix crassa Barratt, Salix discolor 

Muhl. var. overi C.R. Ball, Salix discolor Muhl. var. prinoides (Pursh) Andersson, Salix discolor 

Muhl. var. rigidior (Andersson) C.K. Schneid., Salix fuscata Pursh, Salix prinoides Pursh, Salix 

sensitiva Barratt, Salix squamata Rydb.) (glaucous willow, pussy willow) 

Salix x dutillyi Lepage [argyrocarpa x pedicellaris] (Dutilly's willow) (QC) 

Salix x ehrhartiana Sm. (pro sp.) [alba x pentandra] (Salix x jesupii Fernald – was thought to be alba x 

lucida) (Ehrhart‟s willow, Jesup‟s willow) 

Salix eriocephala Michx. (Salix acutidens Rydb., Salix angustata Pursh, Salix cordata Muhl., nom. illeg., 

non Salix cordata Michx., Salix cordata Muhl. ssp. rigida (Muhl.) Andersson, Salix cordata Michx. 

93

var. abrasa Fernald, Salix cordata Muhl. var. angustata (Pursh) Andersson, Salix cordata Muhl. 

var. missouriensis (Bebb) Mack. & Bush, Salix cordata Michx. var. rigida (Muhl.) B. Boivin, Salix 

cordata Muhl. var. rigida (Muhl.) Andersson, Salix cordata Muhl. var. rigida (Muhl.) Carey, Salix 

cordata Muhl. var. vestita (Andersson) Bebb (pro syn.), Salix discolor Muhl. var. eriocephala 

(Michx.) Andersson, Salix missouriensis Bebb, Salix myricoides Muhl. var. angustata (Pursh) 

Dippel, Salix myricoides Muhl. var. cordata (Muhl.) Dippel, Salix myricoides Muhl. var. rigida 

(Muhl.) Dippel, Salix rigida Muhl., Salix rigida Muhl. var. angustata (Pursh) Fernald, Salix rigida 

Muhl. var. vestita (Andersson) C.R. Ball, Salix torreyana Barratt) (diamond willow, Missouri heart 

willow, Missouri River willow, rigid willow, show-me willow) 

Salix exigua Nutt. (Salix argophylla Nutt., Salix exigua Nutt. var. angustissima (Andersson) Reveal & 

Broome, Salix exigua Nutt. var. columbiana Dorn, Salix exigua Nutt. var. hindsiana (Benth.) Dorn, 

Salix exigua Nutt. var. luteosericea (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix exigua Nutt. var. nevadensis (S. 

Watson) C.K. Schneid., Salix exigua Nutt. var. parishiana (Rowlee) Jeps., Salix exigua Nutt. var. 

stenophylla (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix exigua Nutt. var. virens Rowlee, Salix fluviatilis Nutt. var. 

argophylla (Nutt.) Sarg., Salix hindsiana Benth., Salix hindsiana Benth. var. leucodendroides 

(Rowlee) C.R. Ball, Salix hindsiana Benth. var. parishiana (Rowlee) C.R. Ball, Salix hindsiana 

Benth. var. tenuifolia (Andersson) Andersson, Salix interior Rowlee var. angustissima (Andersson) 

Dayton, Salix interior Rowlee var. luteosericea (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix linearifolia Rydb., 

Salix longifolia Muhl. var. argophylla (Nutt.) Andersson, Salix longifolia Muhl. var. exigua (Nutt.) 

Bebb, Salix longifolia Muhl. var. opaca Andersson, Salix luteosericea Rydb., Salix macrostachya 

Nutt. var. leucodendroides Rowlee, Salix malacophylla Nutt. ex C.R. Ball, Salix nevadensis S. 

Watson, Salix parishiana Rowlee, Salix sessilifolia Nutt. ssp. hindsiana (Benth.) Andersson, Salix 

sessilifolia Nutt. var. hindsiana (Benth.) Andersson, Salix sessilifolia Nutt. var. leucodendroides 

(Rowlee) C.K. Schneid., Salix stenophylla Rydb., Salix thurberi Rowlee) (coyote willow, interior 

willow, narrowleaf willow, sandbar willow, slender willow) (mostly in western North America but it 

has been [at least] planted and survived in northwestern Ontario) 

Salix fragilis L. (brittle willow, crack willow, trembling willow)* 

Salix x gaspensis C.K. Schneid. [brachycarpa ssp. brachycarpa x chlorolepis] (Gaspé willow) (QC) 

Salix glauca L. (Arctic willow, callicarpa willow, grayleaf willow, northern willow, ungava willow) 

Salix x grayi C.K. Schneid. [argyrocarpa x planifolia] (Gray‟s willow) (NH) 

Salix humilis Marsh. var. humilis (Salix conifera Muhl., non Wangenh., Salix humilis Marsh. var. 

angustifolia (Barratt) Andersson, Salix humilis Marsh. var. grandifolia (Barratt) Andersson, Salix 

humilis Marsh. var. hyporhysa Fernald, Salix humilis Marsh. var. keweenawensis Farw., Salix 

humilis Marsh. var. rigidiuscula (Andersson) B.L. Rob. & Fernald, Salix muehlenbergiana Willd. 

var. angustifolia Barratt, Salix muehlenbergiana Willd. var. grandifolia Barratt, Salix tristis Aiton 

var. glabrata (Andersson) Andersson) (dwarf prarie willow, gray willow, prairie willow, upland 

willow) 

Salix humilis Marsh. var. tristis (Aiton) Griggs (Salix alpina Walter, Salix humilis Marsh. var. microphylla 

(Andersson) Fernald, Salix longirostris Michx., Salix muehlenbergiana Willd., Salix occidentalis 

Walter, Salix recurvata Pursh, Salix tristis Aiton) (prairie willow) (USA only) 

Salix x jamesensis Lepage (pedicellaris x pellita) (James' willow) 

Salix x laurentiana Fernald (pro sp.) [discolor x myricoides] (Salix paraleuca Fernald, Salix x paraleuca 

94

Fernald, Salix stenocarpa Fernald) (Laurentian willow, northern gray willow, Quebec gray willow) 

Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lucida (Salix arguta Andersson var. hirtisquama (Andersson) Andersson, Salix 

lucida Muhl. var. angustifolia (Andersson) Andersson, Salix lucida Muhl. var. intonsa Fernald, 

Salix lucida Muhl. var. latifolia (Andersson) Andersson, Salix lucida Muhl. var. ovatifolia 

Andersson, Salix pentandra L. var. lucida (Muhl.) Kuntze) (glossy willow, shining willow) 

Salix maccalliana Rowlee (Arctic willow, McCalla's willow) 

Salix myricoides Muhl. var. albovestita (C.R. Ball) Dorn (Salix glaucophylla Bebb var. albovestita C.R. 

Ball, Salix glaucophylloides Fernald var. albovestita (C.R. Ball) Fernald) (bayberry willow, blueleaved 

willow, broadleaf willow, myrica-like willow, myrica willow, Quebec willow) 

Salix myricoides Muhl. var. myricoides (Salix cordata Muhl. var. glaucophylla Bebb, Salix cordata Muhl. 

var. myricoides (Muhl.) Carey, Salix glaucophylla Bebb, non Besser nec Andersson, Salix 

glaucophylla Bebb var. angustifolia C.F. Wheeler & E.F. Sm., Salix glaucophylla Bebb var. 

brevifolia C.F. Wheeler & E.F. Sm., Salix glaucophylla Bebb var. latifolia C.F. Wheeler & E.F. 

Sm., Salix glaucophylloides Fernald, Salix glaucophylloides Fernald var. brevifolia (C.F. Wheeler 

& E.F. Sm.) C.R. Ball ex E.G. Voss, Salix glaucophylloides Fernald var. glaucophylla (Bebb) C.K. 

Schneid.) (bayberry willow, blue-leaved willow, broadleaf willow, myrica-like willow, myrica willow, 

Quebec willow) 

Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. (black willow, coal willow, dark willow, myrica-leaved willow, wax-willow)* (ON) 

Salix myrtillifolia Anderss. (Salix lingulata Andersson, Salix myrsinites L. var. curtiflora Andersson, nom. 

inq., Salix myrtillifolia Andersson var. curtiflora (Andersson) Bebb ex Rose, Salix myrtillifolia 

Andersson var. lingulata (Andersson) C.R. Ball, Salix novae-angliae Andersson var. myrtillifolia 

(Andersson) Andersson, Salix novae-angliae Andersson var. pseudocordata Andersson, Salix 

pseudocordata (Andersson) Rydb.) (blueberry willow myrtle-leaf willow) 

Salix nigra Marsh. (Salix ambigua Pursh, non Ehrh., Salix denudata Raf., Salix dubia Trautv., Salix 

falcata Pursh, Salix flavovirens Hornem., Salix ligustrina Michx. f., Salix ludoviciana Raf., Salix 

nigra Marsh. var. altissima Sarg., Salix nigra Marsh. var. brevifolia Andersson, Salix nigra Marsh. 

var. brevijulis Andersson, Salix nigra Marsh. var. falcata (Pursh) Torr., Salix nigra Marsh. var. 

lindheimeri C.K. Schneid., Salix nigra Marsh. var. longifolia Andersson, Salix nigra Marsh. var. 

marginata (Wimm. ex Andersson) Andersson, Salix purshiana Spreng. (black willow, swamp 

willow) 

Salix x obtusata Fernald (pro sp.) [myricoides x pyrifolia] (bluntleaf willow, obtuse willow, Quebec willow) 

Salix x peasei Fernald (pro sp.) [herbacea x uva-ursi] (Pease‟s willow) (QC) 

Salix pedicellaris Pursh (Salix fuscescens Andersson var. hebecarpa Fernald, Salix hebecarpa (Fernald) 

Fernald, Salix myrtilloides L. var. hypoglauca (Fernald) C.R. Ball, Salix myrtilloides L. var. 

pedicellaris (Pursh) Andersson, Salix pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fernald, Salix pedicellaris 

Pursh var. tenuescens Fernald) (bog willow, Mount Albert willow, Quebec willow, spreading 

willow) 

Salix x pedunculata Fernald (pro sp.) [discolor x pellita] (Salix x pellicolor Lepage) (blackbract willow) 

(MB, QC, NF) 

Salix pellita Anderss. (Salix chlorophylla Andersson var. pellita (Andersson) Andersson, Salix obovata 

Pursh, Salix seriocarpa Buser, Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. var. pellita (Andersson) Jeps.) 

(Ontario willow, satiny willow, thick-leaved willow) 

95

Salix x pendulina Wender. [fragilis x ?sepulcralis] (Salix babylonica auct. non L. p.p., Salix x blanda 

Andersson (pro sp.), Salix blanda Andersson, Salix elegantissima K. Koch, Salix pendulina 

Wender. var. blanda (Andersson) Meikle ex anon., ined., Salix pendulina Wender. var. 

elegantissima (K. Koch) Meikle) (hanging willow, Wisconsin weeping willow, weeping willow)* 

Salix pentandra L. (bayleaf willow, bay-leaved willow) (ornamental)* 

Salix petiolaris Sm. meadow willow (Salix gracilis Andersson, Salix gracilis Andersson var. 

rosmarinoides Andersson, Salix gracilis Andersson var. textoris Fernald, Salix neoforbesii 

Toepffer, Salix petiolaris Sm. var. angustifolia Andersson, Salix petiolaris Sm. var. gracilis 

(Andersson) Andersson, Salix petiolaris Sm. var. rosmarinoides (Andersson) C.K. Schneid., Salix 

petiolaris Sm. var. subsericea Andersson, Salix sericea Marsh. var. subsericea (Andersson) 

Rydb., Salix x subsericea (Andersson) C.K. Schneid.) (meadow willow, slender willow) 

Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. planifolia (Salix chlorophylla Andersson, Salix chlorophylla Andersson var. 

monica (Bebb) Flod., Salix chlorophylla Andersson var. nelsonii (C.R. Ball) Flod., Salix 

chlorophylla Andersson var. pychnocarpa (Andersson) Andersson, Salix monica Bebb, Salix 

nelsonii C.R. Ball, Salix pennata C.R. Ball, Salix phylicifolia L. ssp. planifolia (Pursh) Hiitonen, 

Salix phylicifolia L. var. monica (Bebb) Jeps., Salix phylicifolia L. var. pennata (C.R. Ball) 

Cronquist, Salix planifolia Pursh var. monica (Bebb) C.K. Schneid., Salix planifolia Pursh var. 

nelsonii (C.R. Ball) C.R. Ball ex E.C. Sm., Salix planifolia Pursh var. pennata (C.R. Ball) C.R. Ball 

ex Dutilly, Lepage & Daman, Salix pychnocarpa Andersson) (diamondleaf willow, flatleaf willow, 

flatleaved willow) 

Salix pseudomonticola Ball (Salix barclayi Andersson var. pseudomonticola (C.R. Ball) L. Kelso) (false 

monticola willow, false mountain willow) 

Salix pseudomyrsinites Andersson (Salix myrtillifolia Andersson var. cordata (Andersson) Dorn, Salix 

myrtillifolia Andersson var. pseudomyrsinites (Andersson) C.R. Ball ex Hultén, Salix novae-angliae 

auct. non Andersson, Salix novae-angliae Andersson var. pseudomyrsinites (Andersson) 

Andersson, Salix pseudocordata (Andersson) Rydb. var. cordata (Andersson) C.R. Ball) (firmleaf 

willow) 

Salix purpurea L. (Salix purpurea L. var. nana Dieck, Salix purpurea L. f. gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. 

Schneid.) (basket willow, purple osier, purple willow, purpleosier willow)* 

Salix pyrifolia Anderss. (Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Andersson, Salix balsamifera (Hook.) 

Barratt ex Andersson var. alpestris Bebb, Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Andersson var. 

lanceolata Bebb, Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Andersson var. vegeta Bebb, Salix cordata 

Muhl. var. balsamifera Hook., Salix pyrifolia Andersson var. lanceolata (Bebb) Fernald) (balsam 

willow, pear-leaved willow) 

Salix reticulata L. ssp. reticulata (Salix orbicularis Andersson, Salix reticulata L. ssp. orbicularis 

(Andersson) Flod., Salix reticulata L. var. gigantifolia C.R. Ball, Salix reticulata L. var. glabra 

Trautv., Salix reticulata L. var. orbicularis (Andersson) Kom., Salix reticulata L. var. semicalva 

Fernald) (netted willow, netleaf willow, net-veined dwarf willow) 

Salix x rubella Bebb [candida x eriocephala] (reddish willow) (NF, MA, WI) 

Salix x rubens Schrank (alba x fragilis) (hybrid crack willow, red willow, reddish willow)* 

Salix x schneiderii B. Boivin [lucida x nigra] (Schneider‟s willow) (NB) 

Salix x sepulcralis Simonkai (alba x ?pendulina) (Salix babylonica auct. non L. p.p., Salix x chrysocoma 

96

Dode, Salix salomonii hort., Salix x sepulcralis Simonkai var. chrysocoma (Dode) Meikle) (hybrid 

willow, white weeping willow)* 

Salix x sericans Tausch ex A. Kern. [caprea x viminalis] (Atlantic willow)* (NB, NS, NF) 

Salix sericea Marsh. (Salix coactilis Fernald, Salix grisea Willd., Salix pensylvanica Forbes, Salix 

petiolaris Sm. var. grisea (Willd.) Torr., Salix petiolaris Sm. var. sericea (Marsh.) Andersson) 

(Nova Scotia-willow, silky willow) 

Salix serissima (L.H. Bailey) Fernald (Salix arguta Andersson var. alpigena Andersson, Salix arguta 

Andersson var. pallescens Andersson, Salix lucida Muhl. var. serissima L.H. Bailey) (autumn 

willow) 

Salix x simulans Fernald (pro sp.) [pedicellaris x ?] (Unknown willow) (QC) 

Salix x smithiana Willd. (pro sp.) [cinerea x viminalis] (disjunct willow, silky-leaf osier, Smith‟s willow) 

(NS, ME, MA, MN) 

Salix uva-ursi Pursh (Salix arbuscula L. var. labradorica (Andersson) Andersson, Salix cutleri Tuck., 

Salix cutleri Tuck. var. labradorica (Andersson) Andersson, Salix ivigtutiana Lundstr., Salix 

myrsinites L. var. parvifolia Lange (bearberry willow) 

Salix vestita Pursh (Salix fernaldii Blank., Salix leiolepis Fernald, Salix reticulata L. var. vestita (Pursh) 

Andersson, Salix vestita Pursh ssp. leiolepis (Fernald) Argus, Salix vestita Pursh var. erecta 

Andersson, Salix vestita Pursh var. humilior Andersson, Salix vestita Pursh var. psilophylla 

Fernald & H. St. John) (hairy willow, rock willow, roundleaf willow) 

Salix viminalis L. (basket willow, osier, osier willow)* 

Salix x waghornei Rydb. (pro sp.) [arctica x glauca] (disjunct willow, Waghorn‟s willow) (BC, NF/LB, AK) 

Salix x wiegandii Fernald [calcicola x candida] Wiegand's willow (NF endemic) 

Order Theales 

Clusiaceae [Guttiferae/Hypericaceae] (garcinia family, mangosteen family, St. John’s-wort family) 

Hypericum ascyron L. (Hypericum pyramidatum Ait.) (great St. John‟s-wort, giant St. John‟s-wort) 

Hypericum boreale (Britton) E.P. Bicknell (Hypericum mutilum L. ssp. boreale (Britton) J.M. Gillett) 

(northern St. Johnswort 

Hypericum canadense L. (Canadian St. Johnswort, lesser Canadian St. Johnswort, nominignaeguhnsh, 

pertuisane) 

Hypericum dissimulatum E.P. Bicknell (according to some florae, it is Hypericum x dissimulatum Bickn. 

[canadense x mutilum] (disguised St. Johnswort) 

Hypericum ellipticum Hook. (elliptic-leaved St. John‟s-wort, pale St. Johnswort) 

Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP. (Sarothra gentianoides L.) (false St. John‟s-wort, gentian St. 

Johnswort, orange grass, orangegrass, pineweed) 

Hypericum kalmianum L. (Great Lakes St. Johnswort, Kalm‟s St. Johnswort, shrubby St. Johnswort) 

Hypericum majus (Gray) Britt. (Hypericum canadense L. var. majus A. Gray) (larger Canadian St. 

John‟s-wort, large St. Johnswort) 

Hypericum mutilum L. (dwarf St. Johnswort, northern St. John‟s-wort) 

Hypericum perforatum L. (common St. Johnswort, perforate St. John‟s-wort)*/** 

Hypericum prolificum L. (Hypericum spathulatum (Spach.) Steud.) (shrubby St. Johnswort) 

97

Hypericum punctatum Lam. (Hypericum subpetiolatum E.P. Bicknell ex Small) (corymbed St. John‟s- 

wort, spotted St. Johnswort) 

Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. (Hypericum turgidum Small) (round-fruited St. Johnswort, round- 

podded St. John‟s-wort, spherical-fruited St. John‟s-wort) 

Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gl. (Elodea fraseri Spach, Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) 

Fernald, Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. ssp. fraseri (Spach) J.M. Gillett, Triadenum virginicum (L.) 

Raf. var. fraseri (Spach) Cooperr.) (false elodea, Fraser's marsh St. John‟s-wort) 

Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. (Hypericum virginicum L., Eldodea virginica Nutt.) (marsh St. Johnswort, 

swamp St. John‟s-wort) 

Elatinaceae (waterwort family) 

Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. (aquarium waterwort, matted waterwort, small waterwort, smaller 

waterwort) 

Elatine triandra Schk. (aquarium mud waterwort, floating waterwort, long-stemmed waterwort, mud- 

purslane, mud waterwort) (as the names suggest, these small mostly submersed plants are often 

found in people‟s indoor aquaria – likely a lot of hybrids have been dumped back into the wild) 

Order Violales 

Cistaceae (rockrose family) 

Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald Fern. (Crocanthemum bicknellii (Fernald) Barnhart, Crocanthemum 

majus sensu Britton) (Bicknell‟s frostweed, hairy pinweed, large pinweed) 

Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. (Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britton, Helianthemum 

canadense (L.) Michx. var. sabulonum Fernald) (Canadian pinweed, frostweed, frost-wort, 

longbranch frostweed, long-branched frostweed) 

Hudsonia ericoides L. (false heather, golden heather, pine barren goldenheather, wolly beach-heath) 

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. var. intermedia Peck (Hudsonia ericoides L. ssp. intermedia (Peck) Nickerson 

& Skog, Hudsonia intermedia (Peck) Erskine (pro hybr.)) (beach heath, false heather, 

poverty-grass, sand goldenheather) 

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. var. tomentosa (Hudsonia ericoides L. ssp. tomentosa (Nutt.) Nickerson & 

Skog) (woolly beachheather) 

Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britton var. intermedia. (common pinweed, large-podded pinweed, prairie 

pinweed) 

Lechea maritima Leggett ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. maritima (Lechea minor L. var. maritima 

(Leggett ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) A. Gray) (beach pinweed, sea pinweed) 

Lechea minor L. (small pinweed, thymeleaf pinweed. thyme-leaved pinweed) 

Lechea mucronata Raf. (Lechea minor L. var. villosa (Elliot) B. Boivin, Lechea villosa Elliot, Lechea 

villosa Elliot var. macrotheca Hodgdon, Lechea villosa Elliot var. schaffneri Hodgdon (hairy 

pinweed, large pinweed) 

Lechea pulchella Raf. var. moniliformis (E.P. Bicknell) Seymour (Lechea leggettii Britton & Hollick var. 

moniliformis (E.P. Bicknell) Hodgdon, Lechea moniliformis E.P. Bicknell) (Leggett‟s pinweed) 

98

Lechea san-sabeana (Buckley) Hodgdon (San Saba pinweed) (native to TX only; you will occasionally 

find it elsewhere as a one-season survivor in railroad „ballast‟) (* anywhere outside TX) 

Lechea stricta Legg ex Britton (prairie pinweed, strict pinweed) 

Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family, gourd family) 

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus (Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst., Citrullus 

colocynthis (L.) Schrad. var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., 

Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze, Cucubertia citrullus L., Momordica lanata Thunb.) (colocynth, 

watermelon)* 

Cucumis melo L. (cantaloupe. hybird melon, muskmelon)* 

Cucumis sativus L. (garden cucumber)* 

Cucurbita pepo L. var. pepo (Pepo pepo (L.) Britton ex Small) (field pumpkin)* 

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray (Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene, Sicyos lobata Michx.) 

(matchigiminuk, prickly cucumber, wild balsam apple, wild cucumber) 

Sicyos angulatus L. (one-seeded bur cucumber) 

Thladiantha dubia Bunge (climbing eunuch-gourd, goldencreeper, Manchu tuber-gourd)* 

Violaceae (violet family) {there are several new hybrids in NY; some probably will be found in Canada} 

Hybanthus concolor (T.F. Forst.) Spreng. (Cubelium concolor (T.F. Forst.) Raf., Viola concolor T.F. 

Forst.) (eastern greenviolet, green violet) 

Viola adunca Sm. var. adunca (Viola aduncoides A. Löve & D. Löve, Viola bellidifolia Greene, Viola 

cascadensis M.S. Baker, Viola montanensis Rydb., Viola subvestita Greene (heath dog violet, 

hooked violet, hooked-spur violet, sand violet) 

Viola affinis Leconte (Viola chalcosperma Brainerd , Viola rosacea Brainerd, Viola sororia Willd. ssp. 

affinis (Leconte) R.J. Little, Viola sororia Willd. var. affinis (Leconte) McKinney) (broad-leaved 

wood violet, common blue violet, LeConte's violet, pale early violet, sand violet) 

Viola arvensis Murr. (Viola tricolor L. var. arvensis (Murray) Boiss.) (European field pansy, wild pansy, 

wild violet)*/** 

Viola blanda Willd. var. blanda (sweet white violet) 

Viola blanda Willd. var. palustriformis A. Gray (Viola incognita Brainerd) (large-leaved white violet, sweet 

white violet) 

Viola bicolor Pursh (Viola kitaibeliana auct. non Schult., Viola kitaibeliana Schult. var. rafinesquei 

(Greene), Viola rafinesquei Greene) (field pansy, tall field pansy)*/** 

Viola x brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider (rostrata x striata) (Braun‟s violet, hybrid violet) 

Viola canadensis L. var. canadensis (Canada violet, tall white violet) 

Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. (Viola rugulosa Greene, Viola rydbergii Greene 

creepingroot violet) 

Viola cucullata Ait. (Viola obliqua Hill) (common blue violet, hooded violet, marsh blue violet, marsh 

violet) 

Viola x eclipes Ballard (conspera x striata) (pale dog violet) 

Viola epipsila Ledeb. ssp. repens (Turcz. ex Trautv. & C.A. Mey.) Becker (Viola epipsiloides A. Löve & 

99

D. Löve, Viola repens Turcz. ex Trautv. & C.A. Mey.) (creeping violet, dwarf marsh violet) 

Viola labradorica Schrank (Viola adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fernald, Viola conspersa Rchb. 

(American dog violet, alpine violet, Labrador violet) 

Viola lanceolata L. ssp. lanceolata (bog white violet, lance-leaved violet, water violet) 

Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex Ging) M.S. Baker (Macloskey's violet, northern white 

violet, smooth white violet) 

Viola x malteana House (conspera x rostrata) (Malta violet) 

Viola nephrophylla Greene (Viola maccabeana M.S. Baker, Viola pratincola Greene, Viola retusa 

Greene (kidneyleaf violet, northern bog violet, northern white violet) 

Viola novae-angliae House (Viola septentrionalis Greene var. grisea Fernald, Viola sororia Willd. var. 

novae-angliae (House) McKinney) (New England blue violet, New England violet) 

Viola odorata L. (English violet, fragrant violet, March violet, sweet violet) (ornamental)* 

Viola x palmata L. (pro sp.) [brittoniana or pedatifida x affinis or sororia] (Viola falcata Greene, Viola 

palmata L., Viola stoneana House) (early blue violet, palmate violet, wood violet) 

Viola palustris L. var. palustris (alpine marsh violet, marsh violet, swamp violet) 

Viola pedata L. (birdfoot violet, bird‟s-foot violet, crowfoot violet) 

Viola pedatifida G. Don (Viola palmata L. var. pedatifida (G. Don) Cronquist) (larkspur violet, prairie 

violet) 

Viola x populifolia Greene (sororia x palmata) (Viola x peckiana House, Viola variabilis Greene) (poplar- 

leaved violet, poplar-violet) 

Viola x porteriana Pollard (cucullata x sagittata) (Viola x festata Hous) (Porter's violet) 

Viola pubescens Aiton var. pubescens (Viola eriocarpon (Nutt.) Schwein., Viola pensylvanica Michx., 

Viola pubescens Aiton var. eriocarpon Nutt.) (downy violet, downy yellow violet, hairy violet, 

smooth yellow violet) 

Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray (Viola eriocarpon (Nutt.) Schwein. 

var. leiocarpon Fernald & Wiegand, Viola pensylvanica Michx. var. leiocarpon (Fernald & 

Wiegand) Fernald, Viola pubescens Aiton var. leiocarpon (Fernald & Wiegand) Seymour) (downy 

yellow violet) 

Viola renifolia Gray (kidney-leaved violet, primrose-leaved violet, runnerless white violet) 

Viola rostrata Pursh. (longspur violet, long-spurred blue violet) 

Viola rotundifolia Michx. (early violet, stemless violet, round-leaved yellow violet, yellow violet) 

Viola sagittata Aiton var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (Viola x abundans House, Viola x erratica House, 

Viola fimbriatula Sm.) (arrowleaf violet, arrow-leaved violet, ovate-leaved violet) 

Viola sagittata Aiton var. sagittata (Viola x cestrica House, Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte, Viola 

emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte var. acutiloba Brainerd, Viola sagittata Aiton var. subsagittata 

(Greene) Pollard) (arrowleaf violet) 

Viola selkirkii Pursh.ex Goldie (great spurred violet, Selkirk‟s violet) 

Viola septentrionalis Greene (northern blue violet, northern violet, northern woodland violet) 

Viola sororia Willd. (Viola floridana Brainerd, Viola latiuscula Greene, Viola palmata L. var. sororia 

(Willd.) Pollard, Viola papilionacea Pursh p.p., Viola papilionacea Pursh var. priceana (Pollard) 

Alexander, Viola priceana Pollard) (common blue violet, woolly blue violet) 

Viola striata Ait. (cream violet, pale violet, striped cream violet, striped violet) 

100

Viola x sublanceolata House (pro hybr.) (lanceolata x macloskeyi) (lance-violet, near- 

lanceolate violet, primrose-leaved violet) 

Viola tricolor L. (heart's-ease, Johnny-jump-ups, ladies' delight, lady‟s-delight violet, pansy) 

(ornamental)* 

Subclass Hamamelididae 

Order Fagales 

Betulaceae [Corylaceae] (alder family, birch family, hazel family) 

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (European black alder)* 

Alnus incana (L.) Moench. (Alnus rugosa (Duroi) Spreng.) (grey alder, hoary alder, speckled alder, tag 

alder, white alder) 

Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. (Alnus crispa (Dryander ex Aiton) Pursh) (green alder, mountain alder) 

Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (gray birch, Newfoundland witch-hazel, piss birch, southern yellow birch, 

yellow birch) 

Betula x caerulea Blanch. var. grandis Blanch. (pro nm.) [papyrifera × populifolia] (Betula 

caerulea-grandis Blanchard) (Atlantic birch, blue birch, big blue birch) 

Betula glandulosa Michx. (bog birch, dwarf birch, resin birch, tundra dwarf birch) 

Betula lenta L. (black birch, cherry birch, mountain-mahogany, sweet birch) 

Betula neoalaskana Sarg. (Betula alaskana Sarg., Betula papyrifera Marsh. ssp. humilis (Regel) Hultén, 

Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. humilis (Regel) Fernald & Raup, Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. 

neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup, Betula resinifera Britton) (Alaska paper birch, Alaska white birch, resin 

birch) 

Betula x neoborealis Lepage (occidentalis x pumila var. glandulifera) (hybrid birch, Lepage‟s birch) 

Betula occidentalis Hook. (Betula minor (Tuckerm.) Fern.) (dwarf white birch, river birch, water birch) 

Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald (Betula alba L. var. cordifolia (Regel) Regel, 

Betula cordifolia Regel) (mountain paper birch, mountain white birch) 

Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. papyrifera (Betula alba L. var. commutata Regel, Betula papyrifera Marsh. 

var. commutata (Regel) Fernald, Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. elobata (Fernald) Sarg., Betula 

papyrifera Marsh. var. macrostachya Fernald, Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. pensilis Fernald 

(canoe birch, paper birch, western birch, white birch) 

Betula pendula Roth (Betula pendula Roth f. dalecarlica (L. f.) C.K. Schneid., Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) 

(European weeping birch, silver birch) (ornamental)* 

Betula populifolia Marsh. (fire birch, gray birch, oldfield birch, wire birch, white birch) 

Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Ehrh. (Betula alba L., Betula pubescens Ehrh. var. pubescens) 

(downy birch, European white birch)* 

Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel. (Betula glandulifera (Regel) Butler, Betula glandulosa Michx. 

var. glandulifera (Regel) Gleason, Betula glandulosa Michx. var. hallii (Howell) C.L. Hitchc., Betula 

nana L. var. glandulifera (Regel) B. Boivin) (bog birch, dwarf birch, low birch, swamp birch) 

Betula pumila L. var. pumila (bog birch) 

Betula x purpusii C. Schnider (alleghensis x pumila) (Purpus' birch) 

101

Betula x raymundii Lepage [populifolia x pumila] (Raymund‟s birch) 

Betula x sandbergii Britton (papyrifera x pumila) (Sandberg's birch) 

Betula x sargentii Dugle (glandulosa x pumila) (Sargent's birch) 

Carpinus betulus L. (birch hornbeam, Eurpoean hornbeam)* 

Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow (Carpinus betulus L. var. virginiana Marsh., 

Carpinus caroliniana Walter var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fernald) (American hornbeam, blue-beech, 

ironwood, water-beech) 

Corylus americana Walter (American hazel, Ameican hazelnut, filbert) 

Corylus cornuta Marsh. var. cornuta (Corylus rostrata Aiton) (beaked hazel, beaked hazel-nut) 

Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. (American hop-hornbeam, eastern hop-hornbeam, 

ironwood, leverwood) 

Fagaceae (beech family, oak family) 

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (Castanea americana (Michx.) Raf.) (American chestnut, toothed 

chestnut) (rare) 

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (Fagus americana Sweet, Fagus ferruginea Aiton) (American beech, common 

beech) 

Fagus sylvatica L. (European parkland beech) (ornamental)* 

Quercus alba L. (stave oak, white oak) 

Quercus x bebbiana Schneid. (alba x macrocarpa) (Bebb's oak) 

Quercus bicolor Willd. (swamp white oak) (Lake Erie and southwestern Quebec) 

Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak) (reports in Canada may be erroneous) 

Quercus x deamii Trel. (macrocarpa x muhlengergii) (Quercus x fallax Palmer) (Deam's oak) 

Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill (Hill‟s oak, jack-oak, northern pin oak, Quetico oak) 

Quercus x hawkinsiae Sudw. (rubra x velutina) (Quercus x porteri Trel.) (Hawkins' oak, Porter‟s oak) 

Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. (bear oak, scrub oak) 

Quercus x jackiana Schneid. (alba x bicolor) (jack-oak, Jack‟s oak) 

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. var. macrocarpa (bur oak, limestone oak, mossy-cup oak) 

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. (Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houba, Quercus alexanderi Britton, 

Quercus prinoides J.M. Coult., non Willd., Quercus prinoides Willd. var. acuminata (Michx.) 

Gleason) (chestnut oak, chinkapin oak, chinquapin oak, yellow oak, yellow-chestnut oak) 

Quercus x palaeolithicola Trel. (ellipsoidalis x velutina) (Palaeozoic rock oak) 

Quercus palustris Muenchh. (marsh oak, pin oak, Spanish oak, swamp oak) (Niagra region) 

Quercus prinoides Willd. (dwarf chestnut oak, dwarf chinkapin oak, dwarf chinquapin oak) 

Quercus prinus L. (Quercus montana Willd.) (chestnut oak, rock-chestnut oak) (probably false reports 

for Canada – likely Quercus muehlenbergii) 

Quercus robur L. (English oak, pedunculate oak) (ornamental)* 

Quercus rubra L. var. ambigua (A. Gray) Fernald (Quercus borealis Michx. f., Quercus rubra L. var. 

borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.) (gray oak, northern red oak, red oak) 

Quercus rubra L. var. rubra (Quercus borealis Michx. f. var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe, Quercus maxima 

(Marsh.) Ashe (northern red oak) 

102

Quercus shumardii Buckley var. schneckii (Britton) Sarg. (Schneck‟s oak) 

Quercus shumardii Buckley var. shumardii (Schumard‟s oak, Schumard's red oak, swamp red oak) 

Quercus x schuettei Tre. (bicolor x macrocarpa) (Quercus x hillii Trel.) (Hill‟s oak, Schuette's oak) 

Quercus velutina Lam. (black oak, quercitron, yellow-barked oak) 

Order Hamamelidales 

Hamamelidaceae (gum tree family, witch-hazel family) 

Hamamelis virginiana L. (common witch-hazel) 

Liquidambar styraciflua L. (cultivated bilsted, red gum, sweet gum)* 

Platanaceae (plane-tree family, sycamore family) 

Platanus hybrida Brot. (Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., Platanus x acerifolia (Ait) Willd. - occidentalis 

L. x orientalis L.) (buttonwood, garden sycamore, London plane-tree, maple-leaved plane tree)* 

Platanus occidentalis L. (American sycamore, buttonball, plane-tree) 

Order Juglandales 

Juglandaceae (walnut family) 

Carya alba (L.) Nutt. (Poir) Nutt. (Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt., Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. var. 

subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyerm., Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf., Juglans alba L. p.p.) (big 

bud hickory, mockernut hickory, white heart hickory) (likely an error in terms of recordings in 

Ontario - all the supposed examples I‟ve seen appear to be Carya ovata; see also Morton and 

Venn 1990 who make a similar comment) 

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch. (Hicoria cordiformis (Wangenh.) Britton) (bitternut hickory, 

swamp hickory, pignut) 

Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet (Carya leiodermis Sarg., Carya magnifloridana Murrill, Carya microcarpa 

(Nutt.) Britton, Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. var. hirsuta (Ashe) Sarg., Carya x ovalis 

(Wangenh.) Sarg. var. hirsuta (Ashe) B. Boivin, nom. illeg., Hicoria austrina Small, Hicoria glabra 

(Mill.) Britton, Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton var. hirsuta Ashe) (false shagbark, pignut hickory, red 

hickory, sweet pignut) (Niagara region) 

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (Carya oliviformis (Michx. f.) Nutt., Carya pecan (Marsh.) Engl. & 

Graebn., Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton) (Illinois hickory, pecan) (records for Canada are dubious) 

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. (Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg.) (big shellbark hickory, bottom 

shellbark hickory, kingnut) 

Carya x laneyi Sarg. (cordiformis x ovata) (hybrid hickory, Laney's hickory) 

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (Hicoria alba Britton p.p., Hicoria borealis Ashe, Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton) 

(shagbark hickory, little shellbark hickory, shellbark hickory) 

Castanea sativa Mill. (Castanea vesca Gaertn., Castanea vulgaris Lam.) (European chestnut, Spanish 

chestnut, sweet chestnut) (ornamental)* 

Juglans cinerea L. (Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef.) (butternut, white walnut) 

Juglans nigra L. (Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.) (American walnut, black walnut) 

103

Juglans regia L. (English walnut, Persian walnut) (ornamental)* 

Order Myricales 

Myricaceae (bayberry family, wax myrtle family) 

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. (Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M. Coult. var. aspleniifolia (L.) Fernald, 

Myrica aspleniifolia L., Myrica aspleniifolia L. var. tomentosa (A. Chev) Gleason, Myrica peregrina 

(L.) Kuntze) (fern-gale, sweetfern) 

Myrica gale L. (Gale palustris A. Chev.) (meadow-fern, sweet gale) 

Myrica pensylvanica Loisel. (Myrica pensylvanica Mirb.) (Brunswick bayberry, candleberry, northern 

bayberry) 

Order Urticales 

Cannabaceae [Cannabinaceae] (hemp family) (separated from Moraceae) 

Cannabis sativa L. (baby smack, dope, grass, horse, marijuana, Mary-Jane, pot, weed)* 

Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese hemp, Japanese hop) (ornamental)* 

Humulus lupulus L. (common hemp, common hop) (ornamental)* 

Moraceae (mulberry family) 

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. (Ioxylon pomiferum Raf., orth. var., Toxylon pomiferum Raf.) 

(osage-orange) (ornamental)* 

Morus alba L. (Morus tatarica L.) (white mulberry)*/** 

Morus rubra L. var. rubra (red mulberry) (becoming rare in Ontario) 

Ulmaceae (elm family) 

Celtis occidentalis L. (Celtis canina Raf., Celtis pumila Pursh) (American hackberry, common hackberry, 

sugar-berry) 

Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. (Celtis georgiana Small, Celtis laevigata Willd. var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg., Celtis 

mississippiensis Bosc, Celtis occidentalis L. var. georgiana (Small) H.E. Ahles, Celtis pumila 

Pursh var. georgiana (Small) Sarg., Celtis smallii Beadle) (dwarf hackberry, nettle-tree, 

sugarberry, upland hackberry) 

Ulmus americana L. (American elm, orme, white elm) 

Ulmus glabra Huds. (Ulmus campestris L. p.p.) (Scotch elm, smooth elm, witch elm, Wych elm) 

(ornamental)* 

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Ulmus chinensis Pers.) (Chinese elm, lacebark elm) (ornamental)* 

Ulmus procera Salisb. (Ulmus campestris L. p.p., Ulmus carpinifolia auct. non Ruppius ex G. Suckow, 

Ulmus minor auct. non Mill.) (beech elm, English elm, ironwood elm)* 

Ulmus pumila L. (dwarf elm, Siberian elm) (ornamental)* 

Ulmus rubra Muhl. (Ulmus fulva Michx.) (red elm, slippery elm) 

Ulmus thomasii Sarg. (Ulmus racemosa D. Thomas) (cork elm, rock elm, Thomas‟ elm) 

104

Urticaceae (nettle family) 

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. (Boehmeria austrina Small, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. 

drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. scabra Porter, Boehmeria 

decurrens Small, Boehmeria drummondiana Weddell, Boehmeria scabra (Porter) Small, Urtica 

cylindrica L.) (bog hemp, false nettle, smallspike false-nettle) 

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. (Urtica canadensis L., Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze) (Canada 

nettle, Canadian wood-nettle, wood-nettle) 

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. (Parietaria obtusa Rydb. ex Small, Parietaria occidentalis Rydb., 

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. var. obtusa (Rydb. ex Small) Shinners) (Pennsylvania 

pellitory) 

Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. (adicea, coolwort, lesser clearweed, richweed, spring clearweed) 

Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray var. pumila (Adicea pumila (L.) Raf., Urtica pumila L.) (Canadian clearweed, 

dwarf clearweed, coolweed, false creeping Charley) 

Urtica dioica L. ssp. dioica (Urtica gracilis Aiton var. latifolia Farw.) (European stinging nettle, ortie, 

stinging nettle)*/** 

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Seland. (Urtica californica Greene, Urtica cardiophylla Rydb., Urtica 

dioica L. var. angustifolia Schltdl., Urtica dioica L. var. californica (Greene) C.L. Hitchc., Urtica 

dioica L. var. gracilis (Aiton) C.L. Hitchc., Urtica dioica L. var. lyallii (S. Watson) C.L. Hitchc., 

Urtica dioica L. var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Weddell, Urtica gracilis Aiton, Urtica lyallii S. 

Watson, Urtica lyallii S. Watson var. californica (Greene) Jeps., Urtica major H.P. Fuchs, Urtica 

procera Muhl. ex Willd., Urtica serra auct. non Blume, Urtica strigosissima Rydb., Urtica viridis 

Rydb. (California nettle, grass-leaved nettle) 

Urtica urens L. (burning nettle, dog-nettle, dwarf nettle, small nettle)*/** 

Subclass Magnoliidae 

Order Aristolochiales 

Aristolochiaceae (birthwort family) 

Aristolochia clematitis L. (birthwort)* 

Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. (Dutchman‟s-pipe, larger birthwort)* 

Asarum canadense L. (Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) E.P. Bicknell, Asarum reflexum E.P. Bicknell, 

Asarum rubrocinctum Peattie) (asarabacca, Indian ginger, numaepin, wild ginger) 

Order Laurales 

Lauraceae (laurel family) 

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (allspice, Benjamin-bush, feverbush, spicebush, wild allspice) 

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Ness (white sassafras) (rare - southwestern Ontario) 

105

Order Magnoliales 

Annonaceae (custard-apple family) 

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. (custard-apple, false banana, North American pawpaw) 

Magnoliaceae (magnolia family) 

Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip-poplar, tulip-tree, yellow poplar) 

Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. (Magnolia cordata Michx., Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.) Small, Tulipastrum 

cordatum (Michx.) Small) (cucumber-tree, magnolia) (southwestern Ontario) 

Magnolia x soulangiana Soul.-Bod. [denudata x liliifolia] (Chinese magnolia, saucer magnolia) 

(ornamental)* 

Order Nymphaeales 

Cabombaceae (cabomba family, water-shield family) 

Brasenia schreberi J. Gmel. (Brasenia peltata Pursh) (purple wen-dock, water-shield, water-target) 

Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray (cabomba, Carolina water-shield, fanwort) 

Ceratophyllaceae (hornwort family) 

Ceratophyllum demersum L. (common coontail, floating coontaill, hornwort, submerged hornwort) 

Ceratophyllum echinatum A. Gray (prickly coontail, prickly hornwort, submerged prickly hornwort) 

Nelumboaceae (separated from Nymphaeaceae) 

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. (Nelumbium luteum Willd., orth. var., Nelumbo pentapetala sensu Fernald, 

non Nymphaea pentaphylla Walter) (American lotus, American nelumbo, pond-nuts, sacred bean, 

water chinquapin, wonkapin, yellow nelumbo) 

Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family) (separated from Nelumboaceae) 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. advena (Aiton) Kartesz & Gandhi (Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, Nuphar 

advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton ssp. ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) D. Padgett, Nuphar advena (Aiton) 

W.T. Aiton var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray, Nuphar fluviatilis (Harper) Standl., Nuphar x 

interfluitans Fernald, Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. macrophylla (Small) E.O. Beal, Nuphar lutea (L.) 

Sm. ssp. ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) E.O. Beal, Nuphar microcarpa (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) 

Standl., Nuphar ovata (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) Standl., Nuphar ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) 

Standl., Nuphar puteora Fernald, Nymphaea advena Aiton, Nymphaea chartacea G.S. Mill. & 

Standl., Nymphaea fluviatilis Harper, Nymphaea macrophylla Small, Nymphozanthus advena 

(Aiton) Fernald, Nymphozanthus ozarkanus (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) Palmer & Steyerm (large 

spatterdock, large yellow pond-lily, marsh-collard, spatterdock, water-collard) 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. pumila (Timm) E.O. Beal (Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fernald, Nuphar pumila 

(Timm) DC.) (red-eye bullhead, small yellow pond lily) 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. rubrodisca (Morong) Hellquist & Wiersema (Nuphar rubrodisca Morong, 

Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene, Nuphar x rubrodisca Fern. [formerly claimed as Nuphar 

microphylla x Nuphar variegata], Nuphar x rubrodiscum (Morong.) Fern., Nymphozanthus 

106

ubrodiscus (Morong) Fernald) (red-disked yellow pond-lily, red-eyed water-collard) 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. variegata (Durand) E.O. Beal (Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton var. 

fraterna (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) Standl., Nuphar variegata Durand, Nymphaea fraterna G.S. Mill. & 

Standl.) (bullhead, bullhead lily, cow lily, gauwaukmeesh, pied-de-chaval, spatterdock, varigated 

yellow pond-lily, yellow pond lily) 

Nymphaea leibergii Morong (Nymphaea tetragona Georgi ssp. leibergii (Morong) A.E. Porsild, 

Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. leibergii (Morong) B. Boivin) (afternoon water-lily, Leibergi‟s 

water-lily, pygmy water-lily, small white water-lily, water-nymph) 

Nymphaea odorata Aiton ssp. odorata (Castalia lekophylla Small, Castalia minor (Sims) Nyar, Castalia 

odorata (Aiton) Alph. Wood, Castalia reniformis DC., Nymphaea minor (Sims) DC., Nymphaea 

odorata Aiton var. gigantea Tricker, Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. godfreyi Ward, Nymphaea 

odorata Aiton var. minor Sims, Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rosea Pursh, Nymphaea odorata 

Aiton var. stenopetala Fernald, Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. villosa Caspary (American white 

water-lily, anung pikobeesae, fragrant water-lily, pink water-lily, pond-lily) 

Nymphaea odorata Aiton ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersma & Hellquist (Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene, 

Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. maxima (Conrad) B. Boivin, Nymphaea tuberosa Paine) (American 

white water-lily, tuberous white water-lily, white water-lily 

Order Papaverales 

Fumariaceae (bleeding-heart family, fumitory family) (separated from Papaveraceae) 

Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (allegheny-vine, climbing fumitory, 

mountain-fringe) 

Corydalis aurea Willd. (Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze, Corydalis washingtoniana Fedde (golden 

corydalis, golden smoke, scrambled eggs, yellow corydalis) 

Corydalis flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) DC. (Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze, Fumaria flavula Raf.) (yellow 

corydalis, yellow fumewort, yellow harlequin) 

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh) (harlequin-flower, pale corydalis, 

pink corydalis, rock-harlequin) 

Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. (Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC.) (spring corydalis, spring fumewort) 

(ornamental)* 

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie.) Walp. (Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.) (bleeding-heart, 

squirrel-corn) 

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. (breeches-flower, capuchon, Dutchman's breeches, Dutch fumitory, 

ojidimo miskishmandaumin, soldier‟s-cap) 

Fumaria officinalis L. ssp. officinalis (common fumitory, drug fumitory, earth-smoke, fumitory, hedge 

fumitory)* 

Papaveraceae (poppy family) 

Argemone mexicana L. (Argemone leiocarpa Greene) (devil's-fig, Mexican argemone, Mexican prickly 

poppy) (ornamental)* 

Chelidonium majus L. var. majus (celandine, greater celandine, swallow-wort)*/** 

107

Eschscholzia californica Cham. ssp. californica (Eschscholzia procera Greene) (California poppy) 

(ornamental)* 

Glaucium flavum Crantz (yeloow hornpoppy, yellow horned poppy) (ornamental)* 

Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. (Bocconia cordata Willd., Bocconia japonica André) (plume-poppy, 

tree-celandine) (ornamental)* 

Papaver dubium L. (blindeyes, doubtful poppy, garden poppy, long-headed poppy) (ornamental)* 

Papaver orientale L. (Papaver pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw., Papaver pseudoorientale (Fedde) 

Medv., orth. var.) (Oriental poppy) (ornamental)* 

Papaver rhoeas L. (corn-poppy, red poppy) (ornamental)*/** 

Papaver somniferum L. (common poppy, opium poppy)* 

Sanguinaria canadensis L. (bloodroot, miskwidjeebik, puccoon-root, red puccoon) 

Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. (Chelidonium diphyllum Michx.) (celandine-poppy, wood-poppy) 

Order Piperales 

Saururaceae (lizard's-tail family) 

Saururus cernuus L. (lizard's-tail, swamp-lily, water-dragon) 

Order Ranunculales 

Berberdiaceae (barberry family, may-apple family) (includes Podophyllaceae) 

Berberis x ottawensis C. K. Schneider (thunbergii x vulgaris) (hybrid barberry)*/** 

Berberis thunbergii DC. (Japanese barberry, Nova Scotia barberry) (ornamental)*/** 

Berberis vulgaris L. (common barberry, European barberry)*/** 

Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Leconte & Blackwell (giant blue cohosh) 

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. (blue cohosh, papoose-root, zheegimaewibug) 

Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. (rheumatism root, twin-leaf) 

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt. (Berberis aquifolia Pursh.) (mountain grape, Oregon-grape, 

water-barberry)*/** 

Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don (Berberis repens Lindl.) (creeping Oregon-grape, lesser barberry, 

trailing mahonia)*/** 

Podophyllum peltatum L. (ininwidjeebik, mandrake, may-apple, wild jalap) 

Menispermaceae (moonseed family) 

Menispermum canadense L. (Canada moonseed, yellow parilla) 

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family, crowfoot family, spearwort family) 

Aconitum x bicolor Schultes (napellus x variegatum) (hybrid wolfsbane, two-colored wolfsbane)* 

Aconitum napellus L. (aconite, garden-monkshod, garden-wolfsbane, Venus‟ chariot)* 

Aconitum variegatum L. (Manchurian monkshod, striped monkshod)* 

Actaea x ludovici Boiv. (pachypoda x rubra) (hybrid baneberry, Ludovic‟s baneberry, 

necklaceweed) 

Actaea pachypoda Ell. (Actaea alba auct. non (L.) Mill.) (doll's eyes, weekizigun, white baneberry, white 

108

cohosh) 

Actaea racemosa L. var. racemosa (Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.) (black bugbane, black cohosh, 

black snakeroot, bugbane, rattletop) 

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. ssp. rubra (Actaea spicata L. ssp. rubra (Aiton) Hulté) (red baneberry, 

snakeberry) 

Anemone canadensis L. (Anemonidium canadense (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (Canada anemone, echo 

root, midewidjeebik, round-leaved anemone) 

Anemone cylindrica A. Gray (candle aneome, long-fruited anemone, long-headed anemone, false 

thimbleweed) 

Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida (Anemone globosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex Pritz., Anemone 

hudsoniana (DC.) Richardson, Anemone multifida Poir. ssp. globosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. & A. 

Gray, nom. nud., Anemone multifida Poir. var. globosa Torr. & A. Gray, Anemone multifida Poir. 

var. hudsoniana DC., Anemone multifida Poir. var. nowosadii B. Boivin, Anemone multifida Poir. 

var. sansonii B. Boivin) (cleft anemone, clefted anemone, Hudson's anemone, Pacific anemone, 

Sanson's anemone) 

Anemone parviflora Michx. var. parviflora (small-flowered anemone) 

Anemone quinquefolia L. var. quinquefolia (Anemone nemorosa L. var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh) 

(nightcaps, windflower, wood anemone) 

Anemone richardsonii Hook. (Jurtsevia richardsonii (Hook.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (Richardson‟s anemone, 

yellow anemone, yellow thimbleweed) 

Anemone virginiana L. var. alba (Oakes) Alph. Wood (Anemone cylindrica A. Gray var. alba Oakes, 

Anemone riparia Fernald, Anemone virginiana L. var. riparia (Fernald) B. Boivin) (large 

white-flowered anemone, river anemone, tall anemone, tall thimbleweed) 

Anemone virginiana L. var. cylindroidea B. Boivin (tall thimbleweed) 

Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana (tall thimbleweed, Virginia thimbleweed) 

Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (small-flowered columbine, smaller columbine) 

Aquilegia canadensis L. (Aquilegia australis Small, quilegia coccinea Small, Aquilegia latiuscula Greene, 

Aquilegia phoenicantha Cory) (fool's honeysuckle, gants-de-Notre-Dame, meetinghouses, 

misudidjeebik, red columbine, rock-bells, stomach root, wild columbine) 

Aquilegia vulgaris L. (blue columbine, culverwort, European columbine, garden columbine)* 

Caltha natans Pall. ex Georgi (Thacla natans (Pall. ex Georgi) Deyl & Soják) (floating marsh marigold) 

Caltha palustris L. var. palustris (Caltha asarifolia DC., Caltha natans Pall. ex Georgi var. asarifolia (DC.) 

Huth) (cowslip, king-cup, marsh marigold, may-blob, ogitaebug, populage de marais, yellow marsh 

marigold) 

Clematis campaniflora Brot. (bellflower clematis, bluebell clematis, bluebell virgin's bower) (ornamental)* 

Clematis integrifolia L. (clematis)* 

Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. var. occidentalis (Atragene americana Sims, Atragene occidentalis 

Hornem., Clematis verticillaris DC.) (purple clematis, purple virgin's bower, rock clematis, western 

blue virginsbower) 

Clematis orientalis L. (Clematis aurea A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., Viticella orientalis (L.) W.A. Weber) 

(Japanese clematis, Japanese virgin's bower, Oriental clematis, western clematis) (ornamental)* 

Clematis recta L. (erect clematis, ground virginsbower, upright clematis) (ornamental)* 

Clematis terniflora DC. (false yam-clematis, sweet autumn clematis sweet autumn virginsbower, yam- 

109

leaved clematis) (ornamental)* 

Clematis viorna L. (Clematis beadlei (Small) Erickson, Clematis gattingeri Small, Clematis viorna L. var. 

flaccida (Small) Erickson, Coriflora beadlei (Small) W.A. Weber, Coriflora gattingeri (Small) W.A. 

Weber, Coriflora viorna (L.) W.A. Weber, Viorna beadlei Small, Viorna flaccida (Small) Small, 

Viorna gattingeri (Small) Small, Viorna ridgwayi Standl., Viorna viorna (L.) Small) (leather-flower, 

leather-flower vine, vase-vine) (ornamental - * in Canada but native in USA) 

Clematis virginiana L. (devil's-darning-needles, leather-flower, virgin's-bower) 

Clematis vitalba L. (evergreen clematis, old man‟s beard, traveller‟s joy) (ornamental)* 

Clematis viticella L. (Viticella viticella (L.) Small) (clematis vine, Italian clematis, Italian leather-flower) 

(ornamental)* 

Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur (Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood, Delphinium ajacis L., 

Delphinium ambiguum L.) (doubtful knight‟s spur, false garden larkspur, false larkspur, rocket 

larkspur) (ornamental)* 

Consolida regalis S. Gray (Delphinium consolida L.) (branching larkspur, forking larkspur, royal false 

larkspur, royal knight‟s spur, royal larkspur) (ornamental)* 

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. (Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fernald) (canker, canker-root, goldenthread, 

goldthread, threeleaf goldthread) (ornamental)* 

Enemion biternatum Raf. (Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray) (eastern false rue anemone, 

isopyrum) 

Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. (Helleborus hyemalis L.) (winter-aconite, winter hellebore) (ornamental)* 

Helleborus viridis L. (green hellebore, winter-aconite) (ornamental)* 

Hepatica nobilis Schreb. var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm. (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson, Hepatica 

acuta (Pursh) Britton, Hepatica acutiloba DC., Hepatica triloba Chaix var. acuta Pursh) (animozid, 

blue anemone, dog's foot, noble liverwort, sharp-lobed hepatica, sharp-lobed liverleaf) 

Hepatica nobilis Schreb. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. (Anemone americana (DC.) H. Hara, Anemone 

hepatica L., Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl., Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst., Hepatica triloba 

Chaix var. americana DC.) (American liverleaf, blue cups, liverleaf, round-lobed hepatica) 

Hydrastis canadensis L. (golden seal, orangeroot, tumeric, yellow puccoon) 

Myosurus minimus L. (Myosurus clavicaulis M. Peck p.p.) (tiny mouse-tail) (more common in e ON) 

Nigella damascena L. (Damascus hellebore, devil in the bush, fennel-flower, love-in-a-mist) 

(ornamental)*/** 

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels (Anemone ludoviciana Nutt., nom. illeg., 

Anemone multifida (Pritz.) Zamels, non Poir., Anemone nuttalliana DC., Anemone patens L. var. 

multifida Pritz., Anemone patens L. var. nuttalliana (DC.) A. Gray, Anemone patens L. var. 

wolfgangiana (Besser) Koch, Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton, Pulsatilla ludoviciana A. 

Heller, nom. illeg., Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. ssp. hirsutissima 

(Pursh) Zamels) (cutleaf anemone, cut-leaved anemone, hartshorn-plant, Nuttall‟s anemone, 

pasqueflower, pasque-flower, prairie crocus prairie-smoke) 

Ranunculus abortivus L. (kidneyleaf buttercup, littleleaf buttercup, small-flowered crowfoot) 

Ranunculus acris L. var. acris (Ranunculus boreanus Jord.) (bouton d'or, common buttercup, meadow 

buttercup, showy buttercup, tall buttercup, waeqauwaubugooneek)* 

Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. (Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf.) (water-plantain spearwort) (probable 

samples photographed near Verona ON near a water garden, hence these were likely imported 

110

illegally; not found in Canada otherwise) 

Ranunculus bulbosus L. (bulbous buttercup, bulbous crowfoot, St. Anthony‟s tulip, yellow weed)* 

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh. (Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria (Pursh) Britton ssp. alpina (Hook.) A. Löve & 

D. Löve, Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene (alkali buttercup, Great Lakes crowfoot, seaside 

buttercup, seaside crowfoot) 

Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow (early buttercup, early crowfoot, tufted buttercup) 

Ranunculus ficaria L. (fig buttercup, lesser celandine, marsh pilewort)* 

Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. (Ranunculus delphiniifolius Torr. ex Eaton) (yellow water-buttercup, yellow 

water-crowfoot) 

Ranunculus flammula L. var. filiformis (Michx.) Hook. (Ranunculus filiformis Michx., Ranunculus 

flammula L. var. reptans (L.) E. Mey., Ranunculus reptans L., Ranunculus reptans L. var. filiformis 

(Michx.) DC., Ranunculus reptans L. var. intermedius (Hook.) Torr. & A. Gray) (creeping 

spearwort, greater creeping spearwort, mud-buttercup) 

Ranunculus flammula L. var. flammula (Ranunculus filiformis Michx. var. ovalis Bigelow, Ranunculus 

flammula L. var. angustifolius Wallr., Ranunculus flammula L. var. genuinus Buchenau, 

Ranunculus flammula L. var. ovalis (Bigelow) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus flammula L. var. 

samolifolius (Greene) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus reptans L. var. ovalis (Bigelow) Torr. & A. Gray) 

(greater creeping spearwort) (NS & NF in e. Canada) 

Ranunculus gmelinii DC. (Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. var. tuquetilianus Polunin p.p., Ranunculus 

limosus Nutt., Ranunculus purshii Richardson) (Gmelin‟s buttercup, small yellow water-buttercup, 

small yellow water-crowfoot) 

Ranunculus hederaceus L. (Batrachium hederaceum (L.) Gray) (ivy-leaved buttercup, Newfoundland 

buttercup) (probably * in Canada) 

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. caricetorum (Greene) T. Duncan (Ranunculus caricetorum Greene, 

Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. var. caricetorum (Greene) Fernald, Ranunculus siciformis Mack. 

& Bush ex Rydb. (bristly buttercup, hispid buttercup, swamp buttercup) 

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. hispidus (bristly buttercup, hispid buttercup, swamp buttercup) 

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Chapm.) T. Duncan (Ranunculus carolinianus DC., 

Ranunculus carolinianus DC. var. villicaulis Shinners, Ranunculus nitidus Muhl. ex Elliot, non 

Walter, Ranunculus palmatus Elliot, Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir., Ranunculus septentrionalis 

Poir. var. nitidus (Chapm.) Chapm., Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. var. pterocarpus L.D. 

Benson) 

Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. (Ranunculus intertextus Greene, Ranunculus natans C.A. Mey. var. 

intertextus (Greene) L.D. Benson) (Arctic buttercup, high northern buttercup) 

Ranunculus lapponicus L. (Coptidium lapponicum (L.) Gandog.) (Lapland buttercup, moss-buttercup) 

Ranunculus longirostris Godr. (Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) Rchb., Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) 

Rchb. ssp. subrigidum (W. Drew) A. Löve & D. Löve, Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F.W. 

Schultz, Ranunculus amphibius James, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. p.p., 

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. longirostris (Godr.) G. Lawson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. 

subrigidus (W. Drew) Breitung, Ranunculus circinatus auct. non Sibth., Ranunculus circinatus 

Sibth. var. subrigidus (W. Drew) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus subrigidus W. Drew, Ranunculus 

usneoides Greene) (longbeak buttercup, stiff white water-buttercup, white water-buttercup, white 

111

water-crowfoot) (not likely in Canada) 

Ranunculus macounii Britt (Macoun's crowfoot) 

Ranunculus pallasii Schldl. (Pallas' buttercup) 

Ranunculus pedatifidus Sm. var. affinis (R. Br.) L.D. Benson (Ranunculus affinis R. Br.) (bird's-foot, 

bird's-foot buttercup, bird's-foot crowfoot, northern buttercup, surefoot buttercup) 

Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. (bristly buttercup, bristly crowfoot, Pennsylvania buttercup) 

Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. var. pygmaeus (dwarf buttercup, Gaspe buttercup) 

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. recurvatus (bent buttercup, bent crowfoot, blisterwort, hooked 

buttercup, hooked crowfoot, rough Crowfoot, rough buttercup) 

Ranunculus repens L. (creeping buttercup, creeping crowfoot, gold-balls)* 

Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie (Ranunculus ovalis Raf) (Labrador buttercup, prairie buttercup, prairie 

crowfoot) 

Ranunculus sardous Crantz (Ranunculus parvulus L.) (hairy buttercup, Sardous‟ buttercup)* 

Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. multifidus Nutt. (celery-leaved buttercup, cursed buttercup, cursed 

crowfoot) 

Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus (Hecatonia scelerata (L.) Fourr.) (celery-leaved buttercup, 

cursed buttercup, cursed crowfoot)* 

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. eradicatus (Laest.) W. Drew (Batrachium confervoides Fr., 

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. codyanus (B. Boivin) B. Boivin, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. 

confervoides (Fr.) G. Lawson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. p.p., Ranunculus 

aquatilis L. var. eradicatus Laest., Ranunculus codyanus B. Boivin, Ranunculus confervoides (Fr.) 

Fr., Ranunculus flaccidus Pers. var. confervoides (Fr.) Hegi, Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ssp. 

eradicatus (Laest.) C.D.K. Cook, Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ssp. lutulentus (Perrier & 

Songeon) Vierh., Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. confervoides (Fr.) Rikli) (sessile-leaved 

white water-buttercup, threadleaf crowfoot) 

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllus (Batrachium flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr., Batrachium 

porteri (Britton) Britton, Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) F.W. Schultz, Ranunculus aquatilis L. 

var. calvescens (W. Drew) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC., 

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. p.p., Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. harrisii L.D. Benson, 

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. lalondei L.D. Benson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. porteri (Britton) 

L.D. Benson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus (Chaix) A. Gray, Ranunculus flaccidus 

Pers., Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. calvescens W. Drew, Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix 

var. typicus W. Drew) (threadleaf crowfoot) 

Thalictrum alpinum L. (alpine meadow-rue, Newfoundland meadow-rue, pigamon) (QC & NF in e. 

Canada) 

Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. (columbine meadow-rue, columbine-leaved meadow-rue)* 

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avi-Lall. (Thalictrum hypoglaucum Rydb.) (dioecious meadowrue, 

purple meadow-rue, tall meadow-rue) 

Thalictrum dioicum L. (dioecious meadowrue, early meadow-rue, quicksilver-weed) 

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh. (Thalictrum perelegans Greene, Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng., 

Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng. var. hebecarpum Fernald, Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. 

ex Spreng. var. intermedium B. Boivin, Thalictrum pubescens Pursh var. hebecarpum (Fernald) B. 

112

Boivin, Thalictrum pubescens Pursh var. hepaticum (Greene) Keener) (king-of-the-meadow, late 

meadow-rue, muskrat-weed, tall meadow-rue) 

Thalictrum revolutum DC. (purple meadow rue, skunk meadow rue, wax-leaved meadow rue, waxy 

meadow rue) 

Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. ex Fisch & Mey. (few-flowered meadow-rue, mountain meadow-rue, 

sparse-flowered meadow-rue) 

Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin (Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach, Syndesmon 

thalictroides (L.) Hoffmanns. ex Britton) (beemaukroot, crooked root, rue-anemone, windflower) 

Thalictrum venulosum Trel. (Thalictrum confine Fernald, Thalictrum confine Fernald var. columbianum 

(Rydb.) B. Boivin, Thalictrum confine Fernald var. greeneanum B. Boivin, Thalictrum occidentale 

A. Gray var. columbianum (Rydb.) M. Peck, Thalictrum turneri B. Boivin, Thalictrum venulosum 

Trel. var. confine (Fernald) B. Boivin, Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. fissum (Greene) B. Boivin, 

Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. lunellii (Greene) B. Boivin, Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. turneri 

(B. Boivin) B. Boivin) (border meadow-rue, northern meadow-rue, veined meadow-rue, veiny 

meadow-rue) 

Subclass Rosidae 

Order Apiales 

Apiaceae [Umbelliferae] (carrot family, parsley family) 

Aegopodium podagraria L. (goutweed, herb-gerard) (ornamental)*/** 

Aethusa cynapium L. (cicely, fool‟s-parsley)* 

Anethum graveolens L. (dill)* 

Angelica atropurpurea L. (alexanders, angelica, dark-purple alexanders, great angelica, purple-stemmed 

angelica) (ornamental)* 

Angelica lucida L. (Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fern) (seabeach angelica, shining angelica, shiny 

angelica) 

Angelica sylvestris L. (woodland angelica)* 

Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern. (hairy angelica, stout angelica) 

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. (beaked parsley, wax-leaf chervil)* 

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. (wild chervil, woodland chervil)* 

Apium graveolens L. (celery)* 

Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov. (Berula pusilla Huds.) (cut-leaved water-parsnip, toothed water-parsnip, 

upright water-parsnip) 

Bupleurum rotundifolium L. (hare‟s-ear, throughwax, through-wax) (ornamental)* 

Carum carvi L. (carvies, common caraway)* 

Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz (creeping chervil, rejoicing parsley, spreading chervil) 

Cicuta bulbifera L. (bulbous water-hemlock, bulb-bearing water-hemlock, swollen water-hemlock) 

Cicuta maculata L. (beaver-poison, musquash-root, spotted cowbane, spotted water-hemlock) 

Cicuta virosa L. (Mackenzie‟s water-hemlock) 

Conioselinum chinense (L.) BSP. (Chinese hemlock-parsley)* 

113

Conium maculatum L. (poison hemlock, snakeweed)* 

Coriandrum sativum L. (cilantro, common coriander, coryander)* 

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. (honewort, umbelweed, wild chervil) 

Daucus carota L. (bird's nest, devil's-plague, kaudauk, Queen Anne's lace, wild carrot)* 

Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. (harbinger-of-spring, pepper-and-salt) 

Eryngium aquaticum L. (marsh button snakeroot, marsh eryngo)* 

Eryngium maritimum L. (maritime eryngo, sea holly)* 

Eryngium planum L. (eryngo, flat rattlesnake-master)* 

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (common fennel)* 

Heracleum lanatum Michx. (Heracleum maximum Bart.) (cow-parsnip, lanate cow-parsnip) 

Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev. (blistering hogweed, burning cow-parnsip, fire parsnip, giant 

cow-parsnip, giant hogweed, lesser cow-parsnip) (ornamental)* This species carries an 

extreme risk of phytophotodermatitis – severe blistering from phloem ‘sap’ containing 

furanocoumarins requires use of thick gloves and eye shields 

Heracleum sphondylium L. (eltrot, heltrot, hogweed cow-parsnip, hog-weed) (ornamental – possibly 

a native in Cape Breton)* 

Hydrocotyle americana L. (American marsh-pennywort, water-pennywort) 

Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (umbrella navelwort, western Nova Scotia pennywort) 

Imperatoria ostruthium L. (Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch) (masterwort, Nova Scotia 

masterwort) 

Levisticum officinale Koch. (lovage, shop lovage) (ornamental)* 

Ligusticum scothicum L. (Scotch lovage, sea parsely) 

Lilaeopsis chinensis (L.) Ktze. (lily-parsley)* 

Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. (scented myrrh, Spanish cervil, sweet cicely) (ornamental)* 

Osmorhiza berteroi DC. (Osmorhiza brevipes (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Suksd., Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & 

Arn., Osmorhiza divaricata (Britton) Suksd., Osmorhiza nuda Torr., Washingtonia divaricata 

Britton) (sweet-cicely, tapering sweet-cicely) 

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) Clarke (sweet cicely, sweet jarvil, wooly sweet-cicely) 

Osmorhiza depauperata Phill. (blunt-fruited sweet-cicely, wild cicely) 

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (ainse-root, smoother sweet-cicely) 

Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. (cowbane, stiffer hog-fennel) 

Pastinaca sativa L. (blistering parsnip, blisterweed, madnep, poison parsnip, wild parsnip)*/** This 

species carries an extreme risk of phytophotodermatitis – severe blistering from phloem 

‘sap’ containing furanocoumarins requires use of thick gloves and eye shields 

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex Hill (common parsely, garden parsely)* 

Pimpinella anisum L. (anise)* 

Pimpinella saxifraga L. (burnet-saxifrage, pimpernel)* 

Sanicula canadensis L. (Canada snakeroot, long-styled Canada snakeroot, short-styled Canada 

snakeroot) 

Sanicula marilandica L. (black sanicle, black snakeroot) 

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pry. & Phill. (Sanicula gregaria E.P. Bickn.) (clustered snakeroot, scented 

snakeroot, scented sanicle, sweet snakeroot) 

114

Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. (large-fruited snakeroot, long-fruited black snakeroot, long-fruited black sanicle) 

Scandix pecten-veneris L. (false chervil, shepherd‟s-needle, Venus‟-comb)* 

Sium suave Walt. (fragrant water-parsnip, hemlock water-parsnip, water parsnip) 

Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. (yellow pimpernel) 

Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. (bearded meadow-parsnip, hairy-jointed meadow-parsnip) 

Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray (purple meadow-parsnip, smooth meadow-parsnip, three-leaved 

meadow-parsnip) 

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (Japan hedge-parsley, Japanese torillis, knotted hedge-parsley)* 

Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. (false meadow-parsnip, heart-leaf alexanders, heart-leaved alexanders, 

wingless alexanders) 

Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. (golden alexanders, golden meadow-parsnip) 

Araliaceae (ginseng family) 

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seemann (Hercules-club, Japanese angelica-tree, sasparilla)* 

Aralia hispida Vent. (angelica-tree, bristly sasparilla, dwarf-elder, wild elder) 

Aralia nudicaulis L. (baebaumaubeek, Virginia sasparilla, wild sasparilla) 

Aralia racemosa L. (Indian-root, life-of-man, petty morel, spikenard) 

Eleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai (Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino, Aralia 

pentaphylla Siebold & Zucc.) (Siebold‟s ginseng, willow ginseng)* 

Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Torr. & A. Gray (Arctic ginseng, devil's-club, false ginseng) 

Panax quinquefolium L. (common ginseng, five-leaved ginseng, ginseng, sang) 

Panax trifolium L. (dwarf ginseng, groundnut, ground-nut) 

Order Celastrales 

Celastraceae (bittersweet family, spindle tree family, staff-tree family) 

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Asiatic bittersweet, Oriental bittersweet, staff-tree) (ornamental)*/** 

Celastrus scandens L. (American bittersweet, climbing bittersweet, shrubby bittersweet, waxwork, wet 

bittersweet) (native - but many ornamental breeds exist and can „swamp‟ the native genotypes) 

Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb. (winged burning bush, winged spindle tree) 

Euonymus americanus L. (bursting-heart) (NY southward; not in Canada, despite claims from florae that 

have confused it with E. obovatus) 

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. var. atropurpureus (burningbush, eastern wahoo) 

Euonymus europaea L. (Euonymus vulgaris Mill.) (European spindletree) (ornamental)* 

Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz. var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder (Euonymus radicans 

Siebold ex Miq.) (climbing euonymus, winter creeper) (ornamental)* 

Euonymus nanus M. Bieb. (New Brunswick euonymous) (NB only) 

Euonymus obovatus Nutt. (possible confusion with Euonymus americanus Nutt.; a definite misnomer is 

Euonymus obovata Nutt., orth. var. – note the incorrect use of „ata‟ instead of „atus‟ – a lot of 

florae get this wrong) (American strawberry-bush, running strawberry-bush, bursting-heart) 

115

Aquifoliaceae (holly family) 

Ilex aquifolium L. (English holly, water holly, waterleaf holly) (ornamental)* 

Ilex glabra (L.) Gray (bitter gallberry, inkberry, low gallberry holly) 

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray (Ilex bronxensis Britton, Ilex fastigiata E.P. Bicknell) (black alder, common 

winterberry holly, yaupon, yerba mate) 

Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Trel. (catberry, common mountain-holly) 

Order Cornales 

Cornaceae (dogwood family) 

Cornus x acadiensis Fernald [alternifolia x sericea] (Acadian dogwood – northshore and North Mountain 

of Nova Scotia) 

Cornus alternifolia L. f. (Swida alternifolia (L. f.) Small) (alternate-leaf dogwood, green-osier dogwood, 

pagoda dogwood) 

Cornus amomum Mill. (Swida amomum (Mill.) Small) (red willow, silky cornel, silky dogwood) 

Cornus canadensis L. (Chamaepericlymenum canadense (L.) Asch. & Graebn., Cornella canadensis (L.) 

Rydb., Cornus canadensis L. var. dutillyi (Lepage) B. Boivin) (bunchberry, bunchberry dogwood, 

Canada bunchberry, cornouiller, crackerberry, dwarf cornel, puddingberry, quatre-temps, 

zhaushaugominaehnse) 

Cornus drummondii C. A. Meyer (Cornus priceae Small, Swida priceae (Small) Small) (Drummond‟s 

dogwood, roughleaf dogwood) 

Cornus florida L. (Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.) (eastern flowering dogwood) 

Cornus foemina Mill. (Cornus stricta Lam., Swida foemina (Mill.) Rydb., Swida stricta (Lam.) Small) (gray 

dogwood, northern swamp-dogwood, panicled dogwood, red-panicle dogwood, stiff dogwood) 

Cornus x intermedia (Farr) Calder & Roy L. Taylor [canadensis x suecica] (Cornus canadensis L. var. 

intermedia Farr p.p., Cornus intermedia (Farr) Calder & Roy L. Taylor (Atlantic dogwood, 

intermediate dogwood, Nova Scotia dogwood, Quebec dogwood) 

Cornus obliqua Raf. (Cornus amomum Mill. ssp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. Wilson, Cornus amomum Mill. var. 

schuetzeana (C.A. Mey.) Rickett, Cornus purpusii Koehne) (pale dogwood, silky dogwood) 

Cornus rugosa Lam. (roundleaf dogwood, round-leaved dogwood, rough-leaved dogwood) 

Cornus x slavinii Rehder (rugosa x sericea) (Slavin's dogwood) 

Cornus sericea L. ssp. sericea (Cornus alba L. p.p., Cornus alba L. ssp. stolonifera (Michx.) Wangerin, 

Cornus alba L. var. baileyi (J.M. Coult. & Evans) B. Boivin, Cornus alba L. var. interior (Rydb.) B. 

Boivin, Cornus alba L. var. sibirica Lodd. ex Loudon, Cornus baileyi J.M. Coult. & Evans, Cornus 

instolonea A. Nelson, Cornus interior (Rydb.) N. Petersen, Cornus sericea L. ssp. stolonifera 

(Michx.) Fosberg, Cornus sericea L. var. interior (Rydb.) H. St. John, Cornus stolonifera Michx., 

Cornus stolonifera Michx. var. baileyi (J.M. Coult. & Evans) Drescher, Cornus stolonifera Michx. 

var. coloradensis (Koehne) C.K. Schneid., Cornus stolonifera Michx. var. interior (Rydb.) H. St. 

John, Cornus stolonifera Michx. var. stolonifera, Swida instolonea (A. Nelson) Rydb., Swida 

sericea (L.) Holub, Swida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb.) (false Siberian dogwood, false Tatarian 

dogwood, red-osier cornel, red-osier dogwood, running dogwood, white dogwood) 

Cornus suecica L. (Chamaepericlymenum suecicum (L.) Asch. & Graebn., Cornella suecica (L.) Rydb., 

116

Swida suecica (L.) Holub) (Lapland cornel, Lapland dogwood) (mostly northern North America – 

some in Cape Breton highlands, Quebec Laurentians, Newfoundland and Labrador, New 

Brunswick highlands) 

Nyssaceae (nyssa family, water tupelo family) 

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (black gum, pepperidge, sour gum, tupelo) (mostly in Niagara) 

Order Euphorbiales 

Buxaceae (box family) 

Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. & Zucc. (common box, Japanese spurge, pachysandra) (ornamental)*/** 

Euphorbiaceae (mercury family, spurge family) 

Acalypha virginica L. (Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.) (copperleaf, three-seeded mercury, Virginia 

Copperleaf, Virginia three-seeded mercury) 

Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Englem.) Sm. (Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.) (engraver's spurge, mat 

spurge, ribbed sandmat, ridge-seeded spurge)* 

Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small (Euphorbia humistrata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small) 

(carpet-spurge, hairy spreading spurge, prostrate spurge, spreading sandmat)* 

Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Chamaesyce mathewsii Small, Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) H. Hara, 

Chamaesyce tracyi Small, Euphorbia maculata L., Euphorbia supina Raf. (blotched spurge, 

eyebane, milk purslane, spotted sandmat, spotted spurge)* 

Chamaesyce nutans (Lagasca) Small (Chamaesyce maculata auct. non (L.) Small, Chamaesyce preslii 

(Guss.) Arthur, Euphorbia maculata auct. non L., Euphorbia nutans Lag., Euphorbia preslii Guss.) 

(Canada eyebane, nodding spurge, small eyebane) 

Chamaesyce polygonifolia (L.) Small (Euphorbia polygonifolia L.) (knotweed spurge, seaside sandmat, 

seaside spurge) 

Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small (Euphorbia serpens Kunth) (matted sandmat, round-leaved 

spreading spurge, round-leaved spurge)* 

Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small ssp. serpyllifolia (Chamaesyce albicaulis (Rydb.) Rydb., 

Chamaesyce neomexicana (Greene) Standl., Euphorbia neomexicana Greene, Euphorbia 

serpyllifolia Pers.) (thymeleaf sandmat, thyme-leaf spurge)* 

Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House (Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Arthur, Euphorbia 

vermiculata Raf.) (hairy spurge, worm-spurge, wormseed sandmat) 

Croton capitatus Michx. var. capitatus (hogwort, northern skunkweed, wooly croton)* 

Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Galarhoeus commutatus (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small, Galarhoeus 

commutatus (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small var. erectus (J.B.S. Norton) Small, Tithymalus 

commutatus (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke (tinted spurge, tinted woodland spurge, 

wood-spurge) 

Euphorbia corollata L. Euphorbia marilandica Greene, Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch, 

Tithymalopsis marilandica (Greene) Small, Tithymalopsis olivacea Small) (blooming spurge, 

flowering spurge, tramp's spurge, wild hippo) 

117

Euphorbia cyathophora Murray (Euphorbia barbellata Engelm., Euphorbia graminifolia Michx., 

Euphorbia havanensis Willd. ex Boiss., Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. barbellata (Engelm.) Holz., 

Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. cyathophora (Murray) Griseb., Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. 

graminifolia (Michx.) Engelm., Poinsettia barbellata (Engelm.) Small, Poinsettia cyathophora 

(Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke, Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke var. graminifolia 

(Michx.) Mohlenbr., Poinsettia graminifolia (Michx.) Millsp., Poinsettia havanensis (Willd. ex 

Boiss.) Small) (fire-on-the-mountain, various-leaved spurge, wild pointsetta)* (occasionally 

survives during the growing season in southwestern Ontario; more visible in NE USA) 

Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb., Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill) 

(cemetary spurge, cypress spurge, dead-man‟s spurge, grave spurge)*/** 

Euphorbia davidii Subils (Euphorbia dentata auct. non Michx.) (David‟s spurge, dentate spurge toothed 

spurge)* 

Euphorbia epithymoides L. (bean euphorbia, cushion spurge)*/** 

Euphorbia esula L. var. esula (Euphorbia intercedens Podp., Euphorbia podperae Croizat, Euphorbia 

pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó, Galarhoeus esula (L.) Rydb., Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill) (Hungarian 

spurge, leafy spurge, wolf's-milk)*/** 

Euphorbia exigua L. (dwarf spurge, smaller spurge)*/** 

Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw., Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill) 

(madwoman‟s milk, sun spurge, wart spurge, wartweed) (western Ontario)*/** 

Euphorbia lathyris L. (Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw., Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill) (caper-spurge, 

moleplant, mole-plant, myrtle spurge) (ornamental)* 

Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. (Galarhoeus lucidus (Waldst. & Kit.) Rydb., Tithymalus lucidus (Waldst. 

& Kit.) Klotzsch & Garcke) (shining spurge, shiny spurge)*/** 

Euphorbia marginata Pursh. (Agaloma marginata (Pursh) A. Löve & D. Löve, Dichrophyllum marginatum 

(Pursh) Klotzsch & Garcke, Lepadena marginata (Pursh) Nieuwl.) (ghostweed, 

snow-on-the-mountain) (ornamental)* 

Euphorbia myrsinites L. (Tithymalus myrsinites (L.) Hill) (donkey tail spurge, myrica spurge, myrtle 

spurge) (ornamental)* 

Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. (Euphorbia alta J.B.S. Norton, Euphorbia arkansana Engelm. & A. Gray, 

Euphorbia dictyosperma Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Euphorbia obtusata Pursh, Galarhoeus arkansanus 

(Engelm. & A. Gray) Small ex Rydb., Galarhoeus obtusatus (Pursh) Small, Tithymalus arkansanus 

(Engelm. & A. Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke, Tithymalus missouriensis (J.B.S. Norton) Small, 

Tithymalus obtusatus (Pursh) Klotzsch & Garcke, Tithymalus spathulatus (Lam.) W.A. Weber) 

(blunt spurge, blunt-leaved spurge, blunt-leaved wolf's-milk, warty spurge) 

Euphorbia peplus L. (Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Rydb., Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill) (petty spurge)*/** 

Euphorbia platyphyllos L. (Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Small, Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill) 

(broad-leaved spurge, broad-leaved wolf's-milk)*/** 

Euphorbia x pseudo-esula Schur (cyparissias x esula) (false leafy spurge, Gayer‟s spurge, hybird 

spurge, Schur's spurge)*/** (debatable whether the identification is correct) 

Mercurialis annua L. (boys-and-girls, common mercury, herb mercury)* 

Ricinus communis L. (castor-bean, castor-oil-plant, palma christi) (rarely persists, but very poisonous)* 

118

Order Fabales 

Fabaceae [Leguminosae] [includes Caesalpinaceae] (bean family, pea family, pulse family) 

Amorpha canescens Pursh (Amorpha brachycarpa Palmer) (downy indigobush, leadplant, wild tea) 

Amorpha fruticosa L. (Amorpha angustifolia (Pursh) Boynt., Amorpha bushii Rydb., Amorpha 

croceolanata P.W. Watson, Amorpha curtissii Rydb., Amorpha dewinkeleri Small Amorpha 

occidentalis Abrams, Amorpha occidentalis Abrams var. arizonica (Rydb.) Palmer, Amorpha 

occidentalis Abrams var. emarginata (Pursh) Palmer, Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlw. ex Kunze, 

Amorpha virgata Small) (bastard indigo, desert false indigo, false indigo, indigobush, river-locust, 

shrubby false-indigo) 

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. bracteata (Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Elliott) (American hog 

peanut, hog peanut) 

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. comosa (L.) Fernald (Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) G. Don, 

Amphicarpaea pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray, Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze, Falcata pitcheri (Torr. & A. 

Gray) Kuntze, Glycine comosa L.) (American hog peanut, Pitcher‟s hog peanut) 

Anthyllis vulneraria L. (kidney vetch, lady's-fingers)* 

Apios americana Medic. (Glycine apios L.) (groundnut, potato-bean, wild bean) 

Astragalus agrestis Dooug. ex D. Don (Astragalus danicus Retz. var. dasyglottis (Fisch. ex DC.) B. 

Boivin, Astragalus dasyglottis Fisch. ex DC., Astragalus goniatus Nutt., Astragalus hypoglottis 

Hook. (meadow milk-vetch, purple milkvetch, wild milkvetch) 

Astragalus alpinus L. var. alpinus (Astragalus astragalinus (Hook.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Atelophragma 

alpinum (L.) Rydb. (alpine milkvetch, upland milk vetch) 

Astragalus alpinus L. var. brunetianus Fernald (Atlantic upland milkvetch, Labrador milk-vetch) 

Astragalus americanus (Hook.) ME Jones (Astragalus frigidus (L.) A. Gray p.p., Astragalus frigidus (L.) 

A. Gray var. americanus (Hook.) S. Watson, Astragalus frigidus (L.) A. Gray var. gaspensis 

(Rouss.) Fernald, Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. ex Small (American milk-vetch) 

Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. (Astragalus aboriginorum Richardson, Astragalus forwoodii S. Watson, 

Astragalus glabriusculus (Hook.) A. Gray var. major A. Gray, Astragalus linearis (Rydb.) A.E. 

Porsild, Astragalus richardsonii Sheldon, Astragalus scrupulicola Fernald & Weath., Atelophragma 

aboriginorum (Richardson) Rydb. (Indian milkvetch, southern milk-vetch) 

Astragalus canadensis L. var. canadensis (Astragalus carolinianus L., Astragalus halei Rydb. (Canada 

milk-vetch, Canadian milkvetch, Carolina milkvetch) 

Astragalus cicer L. (chickpea milk-vetch, cicervetch, cicer milk vetch) 

Astragalus eucosmus Robins. (Astragalus parviflorus (Pursh) MacMill., Astragalus sealei Lepage, 

Atelophragma elegans (Hook.) Rydb., Microphacos parviflorus (Pursh) Rydb.) (elegant milk-vetch, 

pretty milkvetch) 

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. (fitsroot, licorice milkvetch, sweet-leaved milkvetch, sweet milk-vetch, wild 

licorice)* 

Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S.L. Welsh (Astragalus adsurgens Pallas, 

Astragalus striatus Nutt., Astragalus sulphurescens Rydb.) (ascending milk-vetch, prairie 

milk-vetch) 

Astragalus neglectus (Torr. & A. Gray) Sheld. (Astragalus cooperi A. Gray, Phaca neglecta Torr. & A. 

119

Gray) (Cooper's milk-vetch, neglected milkvetch) 

Astragalus tenellus Pursh. (Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton) (looseflower milkvetch, loose-flowered 

milk-vetch) 

Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. var. minor (Lehm.) Fernald (Baptisia minor Lehm., Baptisia texana Buckley, 

Baptisia vespertina Small ex Rydb.) (blue false indigo, blue wild indigo) 

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. (Baptisia gibbesii Small) (horseflyweed, horsefly-weed, rattleweed, wild 

indigo, yellow indigo) 

Caragana arborescens Lam. (Caragana fruticosa (Pall.) Besser) (caranga tree, Siberian pea tree, 

Siberian peashrub) (ornamental)*/** (** moreso in the USA) 

Caragana frutex (L.) K. Koch (Russian peashrub) (ornamental)* 

Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata (Cassia brachiata (Pollard) J.F. Macbr., 

Cassia chamaecrista L., Cassia fasciculata Michx. Cassia mississippiensis Pollard, Cassia 

robusta (Pollard) Pollard, Cassia rostrata (Woot. & Standl.) Tidestr. ex Tidestr. & Kittell, 

Chamaecrista brachiata Pollard, Chamaecrista depressa (Pollard) Greene, Chamaecrista 

fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. brachiata (Pollard) Isely, Chamaecrista littoralis Pollard, 

Chamaecrista mississippiensis (Pollard) Pollard ex A. Heller, Chamaecrista robusta (Pollard) 

Pollard ex A. Heller, Chamaecrista rostrata Woot. & Standl., Chamaecrista tracyi Pollard (golden 

cassia, partridge-pea, prairie-senna) (Canadian records may be confused with Senna hebecarpa) 

Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis (Canadian redbud, eastern redbud, Judas-tree, redbud) 

(southwestern Ontario) 

Cicer arietinum L. (chick pea)* 

Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd (Kentucky yellowwood, virgilla, yellow-wood) (ornamental)* 

Colutea arborescens L. (bladder-senna) (ornamental)* 

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link var. scoparius (coastal broom, Scotch broom)*/** (a serious problem in BC; 

present but less pernicious in Nova Scotia – not usually found elsewhere in Canada) 

Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var. candida (Petalostemon candidus Michx.) (common dalea, white 

parosela, white prairie-clover, white prairie clover) 

Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea (Petalostemon mollis Rydb., Petalostemon purpureus (Vent.) Rydb.) 

(purple dalea, purple parosela, purple praire-clover, purple prairie clover) 

Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. (Meibomia canadensis (L.) Kuntze) (Canada tick-trefoil, showy 

sticktight, showy tick-trefoil, showy ticktrefoil) 

Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. (Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze) (hoary tick-clover, hoary tick-trefoil, 

hoary ticktrefoil) 

Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. var. ciliare (Meibomia ciliaris (Muhl. ex Willd.) S.F. Blake) (hairy 

small-leaved tick-trefoil, small-leaved tick-trefoil) 

Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex D. Don var. cuspidatum (Desmodium bracteosum 

(Michx.) DC., Desmodium grandiflorum DC., Hedysarum grandiflorum Walter, nom. illeg., non 

Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall., Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze, Meibomia grandiflora (DC.) 

Kuntze) (large-bracted tick-trefoil, toothed tick-trefoil) 

Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood (Desmodium acuminatum (Michx.) DC., Meibomia 

acuminata (Michx.) S.F. Blake, Meibomia grandiflora auct. non (Walter) Kuntze) (pointed-leaved 

tick-trefoil) 

Desmodium illinoense A. Gray (Meibomia illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze) (Illinois tick-trefoil) (may have 

120

een extirpated in Ontario) 

Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. (Meibomia marilandica (L.) Kuntze) (smooth small-leaved tick-trefoil) 

Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. (Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze) (naked tick-trefoil, naked-flowered 

tick-trefoil) 

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. var. paniculatum (Desmodium dichromum Shinners, Meibomia 

chapmanii (Britton) Small, Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze, Meibomia pubens (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Rydb.) (flat tick-trefoil, panicled tick-trefoil, panicledleaf ticktrefoil) 

Desmodium rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. (Desmodium michauxii (Vail) Daniels, Meibomia michauxii Vail, 

Meibomia rotundifolia (DC.) Kuntze) (prostrate tick-trefoil, round-leaved tick-trefoil) 

Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray (Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze) (sessile tick- 

clover, sessile-leaved tick-trefoil) 

Galega officinalis L. (common goat‟s-rue, goat‟s-rue, professor-weed)* (my personal favourite ) 

Genista tinctoria L. (Genista multibracteata Tausch, Genista patula M. Bieb.) (dyeweed, Dyer's 

greenweed, whin, woad-waxen)* (may have originated from initial invasion in Toronto in Canada) 

Gleditsia triacanthos L. (honey-locust, honey-shuck, three-thorned acacia) 

Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Dolichos soja L., Glycine gracilis Skvortzov, Glycine hispida (Moench) Maxim., 

Glycine soja (L.) Merr., nom. illeg., non Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc., Glycine ussuriensis Regel & 

Maack, Phaseolus max L., Soja hispida Moench, Soja max (L.) Piper) (reseeding soybean, soy, 

soyabean, soybean)* 

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt. ex Pursh. (Glycyrrhiza glutinosa Nutt.) (American licorice, wild licorice) 

Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch. (Kentucky coffee-tree) 

Hedysarum alpinum L. (Hedysarum americanum (Michx.) Britton, Hedysarum caucasicum M. 

Bieb., Hedysarum hedysaroides auct. non (L.) Schinz & Thell., Hedysarum philoscia A. Nelson, 

Hedysarum sibiricum Poir., Hedysarum truncatum Eastw.) (alpine French-honeysuckle, American 

hedysarum, alpine hedysarum, alpine sweetvetch, northern hedysarum, sulla alpina zulla silvestre) 

Hedysarum boreale Nutt. ssp. mackenziei (Richardson) S.L. Welsh (Hedysarum mackenziei Rich) 

(northern hedysarum, northern sweetvetch, sainfoin) 

Lablab niger Medikus (Dolichos lablab L., Lablab leucocarpos Savi, Lablab niger Medik., Lablab vulgaris 

Savi) (blackbean, hyacinth-bean, lablab-bean)* 

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. japonicus (beach pea, seaside pea) (native despite the specific epithet) 

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi (Lathyrus maritimus Bigelow, Lathyrus 

maritimus Bigelow var. glaber (Ser.) Eames, Pisum maritimum L., Pisum maritimum L. var. 

glabrum Ser.) (beach pea) (native despite the specific epithet) 

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. parviflorus Fassett (smallflower beachpea) (found in ON & MB) 

(native despite the specific epithet) 

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. pellitus Fernald (Lathyrus maritimus Bigelow var. pellitus (Fernald) 

Gleason) (beach pea) (native despite the specific epithet) 

Lathyrus latifolius L. (everlasting pea, everlasting peavine, perennial pea)* 

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. (cream pea, cream-coloured vetchling, pale vetchling) 

Lathyrus odoratus L. (gesse, sweet-pea)* 

Lathyrus palustris L. (Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. ex Willd., Orobus myrtifolius Alef.) (marsh pea, marsh 

peavine, marsh vetchling) 

121

Lathyrus pratensis L. (meadow pea, meadow peavine, yellow vetchling)* 

Lathyrus sativus L. (cultivated vetchling, grass peavine, white pea)* 

Lathyrus sylvestris L. (everlasting pea, flat pea, perennial pea, wood pea) (ornamental)* 

Lathyrus tuberosus L. (tuberous pea, tuberous vetchling)* 

Lathyrus venosus Muhl. (Lathyrus oreophilus Woot. & Standl.) (purple vetchling, veiny pea) 

Lens culinaris Medik. (Cicer lens (L.) Willd., Ervum lens L., Lens esculenta Moench) (lentil, lentil-bean)* 

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (bicoloured bush clover, bicoloured lepedeza, two-coloured bush-clover)* 

Lespedeza capitata Michx. (Lespedeza bicknellii House) (round-headed bush clover, roundhead 

lespedeza) 

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don. (Lespedeza juncea (L. f.) Pers. var. sericea Maxim., 

Lespedeza sericea Miq., nom. illeg.) (Chinese bush-clover, sericea lespedeza)* 

Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Hornem. (Lespedeza intermedia (S. Watson) Britton, nom. inq., Lespedeza 

violacea auct. non (L.) Pers.) (intermediate bush-clover, shrubby lespedeza, wandlike 

bush-clover) 

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. ssp. hirta (Lespedeza capitata Michx. var. calycina (Schindl.) Fernald, 

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. sparsiflora Torr. & A. Gray, Lespedeza polystachya Michx.) 

(hairy bush clover, hairy lespedeza) 

Lespedeza x longifolia DC. (capitata x hirta) (Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. dissimulans Fernald, 

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. longifolia (DC.) Fernald) (long-leaved bush clover) 

Lespedeza x nuttallii Darl. (hirta x intermedia) (Nuttall‟s bush-clover, Nuttall‟s lespedeza) 

Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (trailing bush clover) 

Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. (Hedysarum repens L.) (creeping bush clover, creeping lespedeza) 

Lespedeza thunbergii (DC.) Nakai (bush-clover, Siebold‟s lespedeza, Thunberg‟s lespedeza)* 

Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. (Hedysarum violaceum L., Lespedeza intermedia sensu Clewell, 1966, 

Lespedeza prairea (Mack. & Bush) Britton) (violet bush clover, violet lespedeza) 

Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. (slender bush-clover, slender lespedeza) (endangered in Ontario) 

Lotus corniculatus L. (Lotus caucasicus Kuprian., Lotus corniculatus L. var. arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex 

DC., Lotus filicaulis Durieu) (bastard indigo, birdfoot trefoil, bird's foot trefoil, horned trefoil)* 

Lotus glaber Mill. (Lotus corniculatus L. var. tenuifolius L., Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) (narrow- 

leaf bird's-foot trefoil, slender tefoil)* 

Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (Lotus decumbens Poir., Lotus pedunculatus Cav. var. villosus (Lamotte) O. 

Bolos & Vigo, Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr) (big trefoil, bird‟s-foot trefoil, greater bird‟s-foot trefoil, loto 

de los pantanos)* 

Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. nootkatensis (Lupinus albertensis C.P. Sm., Lupinus kiskensis 

C.P. Sm., Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. ethel-looffii C.P. Sm., Lupinus nootkatensis 

Donn ex Sims var. henry-looffii C.P. Sm.,Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. perlanatus C.P. 

Sm., Lupinus perennis L. ssp. nootkatensis (Donn ex Sims) L. Phillips, Lupinus trifurcatus C.P. 

Sm. (Nootka lupine) (bi-coastal - NS NF BC YK WA) 

Lupinus perennis L. ssp. perennis var. perennis (perennial lupine, sundial lupine, wild lupine) 

Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. ssp. polyphyllus var. polyphyllus (Lupinus matanuskensis C.P. Sm., Lupinus 

polyphyllus Lindl. var. albiflorus Lindl., Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus C.P. Sm., Lupinus stationis 

C.P. Sm.) (bigleaf lupine, garden lupine, large-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine)* 

122

Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. (Medicago maculata Sibth.) (Arabian medick, New Brunswick medick, 

spotted medick)* 

Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. (Medicago aschersoniana Urb., Trigonella laciniata auct. non L.) (cutleaf 

fenugreek, cut-leaved medick)* 

Medicago lupulina L. (black medick, hop medick, nonesuch)* 

Medicago polymorpha L. (Medicago apiculata auct. non Willd., Medicago denticulata Willd., Medicago 

hispida Gaertn., Medicago polycarpa Willd.) (bur-clover, multi-formed medick, smooth bur-clover) 

Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang. (Medicago falcata L.) (yellow alfalfa) 

Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa (Medicago media Pers., Medicago sativa L. ssp. varia (Martyn) 

Arcang., Medicago x varia Martyn) (alfalfa, lucerne, luzerne, sickle medick)* 

Melilotus altissima Thuill. (tall melilot, tall sweet clover, tall yellow sweetclover)* 

Melilotus indica (L.) All. (annual yellow sweetclover, Indian sweet clover, Nova Scotia sweet clover) 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. (Melilotus alba Medikus, orth. var., Melilotus albus Medik., Melilotus albus 

Medik. var. annuus Coe, Melilotus arvensis Wallr., Melilotus leucanthus W.D.J. Koch ex DC., 

Melilotus lutea Gueldenst.) (Bokhara-clover, honey-clover, melilot, meliloto blanco, piss-clover, 

white melilot, white sweet clover, yellow melilot, yellow sweet clover)* 

Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (Hedysarum onobrychis L., Onobrychis sativa Lam., Onobrychis viciaefolia 

Scop., orth. var.) (sainfoin, vetch holyclover, vicia-leaved holyclover)* 

Oxytropis borealis DC. var. viscida (Nutt.) S.L. Welsh (Aragallus viscidulus Rydb., Aragallus viscidulus 

Rydb. var. depressus Rydb., Oxytropis gaspensis Fernald & Kelsey, Oxytropis ixodes Butters & 

Abbe, Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. depressus (Rydb.) B. Boivin, Oxytropis leucantha 

(Pall.) Pers. var. gaspensis (Fernald & Kelsey) B. Boivin, Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. 

ixodes (Butters & Abbe) B. Boivin, Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. magnifica B. Boivin, 

Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. viscida (Nutt.) B. Boivin, Oxytropis viscida Nutt.) (stemless 

locoweed, sticky loco-weed, viscid locoweed) 

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. johannensis Fernald (field oxytrope, Johann's locoweed, pink 

locoweed, rocky loco-weed, purple oxytrope) 

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. minor (Hook.) S.L. Welsh (Oxytropis terrae-novae Fernald) 

(Newfoundland locoweed) 

Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv. (Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. ssp. melanocephala Hook., 

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. glabrata Hook., Oxytropis glabrata (Hook.) A. Nelson, 

Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv. ssp. melanocephala (Hook.) A.E. Porsild) (Maydell's oxytrope) 

(found in QC) 

Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. foliolosa (Hook.) Barneby (Oxytropis foliolosa Hook.) (false milk-vetch, 

nodding locoweed, oxytrope) 

Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. sericea Torr. & A. Gray (blue nodding locoweed false milk-vetch, 

oxytrope) (ON and west/south USA and Canada) 

Oxytropis splendens (Aragallus splendens (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene, Astragalus splendens (Douglas 

ex Hook.) Tidestr., Oxytropis richardsonii (Hook.) K. Schum.) (showy locoweed, showy oxytrope, 

splendid loco-weed) 

Phaseolus coccineus L. (Phaseolus multiflorus) (kidney-bean, lobe-fruited bean, scarlet-runner, scarlet 

runner bean)* 

123

Pisum sativum L. (Pisum arvense L., Pisum humile Boiss. & Noe) (field-pea, garden pea, garden-pea)* 

Robinia hispida L. var. hispida (Robinia grandiflora auct. non Ashe nec L. nec C.K. Schneid., Robinia 

pallida Ashe, Robinia speciosa Ashe) (bristly locust, mossy locust, rose acacia) (ornamental)* 

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (also spelled Robinia pseudo-acacia) (black locust, false acacia) (ornamental)* 

Robinia viscosa Vent. var. viscosa (clammy locust, rose acacia) (ornamental)* 

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen (Coronilla varia L.) (axseed, crown vetch, purple crownvetch, variable 

crown vetch)*/** 

Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) Irwin & Barneby (Cassia hebecarpa Fern.) (American sennam wild senna) 

Sesbania herbacea (Mill.) McVaugh (Darwinia exaltata Raf., Sesban exaltatus (Raf.) Rydb., Sesbania 

exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill, Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. ex Raf.) (bigpond sesbania, longpodded 

sesban, sesbania, tall pea-tree)* 

Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. (Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliot, orth. var.) (amberique-bean, beach pea, 

trailing fuzzybean, trailing wild bean) 

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (Cracca latidens Small, Cracca virginiana L., Tephrosia latidens (Small) 

Standl.) (catgut, goat's-rue, hoary-pea, rabbit's-pea, Virginia goat‟s-rue, Virginia tephrosia) 

(threatened in Ontario) 

Thermopsis gracilis Howell var. ovata (B.L. Rob. ex Piper) M. Mendenhall (Thermopsis montana Nutt. 

var. ovata (B.L. Rob. ex Piper) H. St. John, Thermopsis ovata B.L. Rob. ex Piper, Thermopsis 

rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richardson var. ovata (B.L. Rob. ex Piper) Isely) (slender 

goldenbanner) (* in Canada where it has colonized in NF) 

Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richardson (golden bean, prairie thermopsis) 

Trifolium arvense L. (hare‟s-foot clover, old-field clover, rabbit-foot clover, rabbit's-foot clover, 

stone-clover)* 

Trifolium aureum Pollich. (Trifolium agrarium L. p.p.) (golden clover, hop clover, yellow clover)* 

Trifolium campestre Schreb. (Trifolium procumbens L. 1755, non 1753) (field clover, large hop clover, 

low hop-clover, prostrate hop-clover, smaller hop-clover)* 

Trifolium dubium Sibth. (least hop-clover, lesser hopclover, small hop clover, sucking clover, suckling 

clover)* 

Trifolium hybridum L. (Trifolium elegans Savi) (alsike clover, elegant clover, Swedish clover)* 

Trifolium incarnatum L. (carnation clover, crimson clover, Italian clover)* 

Trifolium medium L. (mammoth clover, zigzag clover)* 

Trifolium pratense L. (chevron clover, meadow clover, nisswaebuguk, red clover, trefle)* 

Trifolium reflexum L. (Buffalo clover)* 

Trifolium repens L. (cyanide clover, Dutch clover, white clover)* 

Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. ssp. Americana (Vicia californica Greene , Vicia californica Greene var. 

madrensis Jeps., Vicia oregana Nutt., Vicia sparsifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. truncata 

(Nutt.) S. Watson (American vetch, California vetch, few-flowered vetch, Oregon vetch, purple 

vetch) 

Vicia caroliniana Walt. (Vicia hugeri Small) (Carolina vetch, Huger‟s vetch, pale vetch, vesce, wood 

vetch) 

Vicia cracca L. ssp. cracca (Vicia cracca L. ssp. grossheimii (Ekutim.) Hashimov, nom. inval.,Vicia 

semicincta Greene) (bird vetch) (less common in Ontario)*/** 

124

Vicia cracca L. ssp. tenuifolia (Roth) Gaudin (Vicia cracca L. var. angustissima Neilr., Vicia cracca L. 

var. tenuifolia (Roth) G. Beck, Vicia tenuifolia Roth) (Canada-pea, cow vetch, fine-leaved vetch, 

slender vetch, tufted vetch)* (tends to predominate in Ontario)*/** 

Vicia hirsuta (L.) A. Gray (hairy tare, hoary vetch, tiny vetch)* 

Vicia sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (Vicia angustifolia L., Vicia angustifolia L. var. segetalis (Thuill.) 

W.D.J. Koch, Vicia angustifolia L. var. uncinata (Desv.) Rouy, Vicia pilosa M. Bieb., Vicia sativa L. 

ssp. segetalis (Thuill.) Celak., Vicia sativa L. var. angustifolia (L.) Ser., Vicia sativa L. var. nigra L., 

Vicia sativa L. var. segetalis (Thuill.) Ser.) (black vetch, common vetch, garden vetch, spring 

vetch, tare)* 

Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa (Vicia globosa Retz., Vicia sativa L. var. leucosperma (Moench) Ser., Vicia 

sativa L. var. linearis Lange) (eastern garden vetch, narrow-leaved vetch)* 

Vicia sepium L. var. sepium (bush vetch, hedge vetch)* 

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. (four-seeded vetch, lentil vetch, slender vetch)* 

Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb. (Vicia dasycarpa Ten., Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens 

W.D.J. Koch) (Atlantic winter vetch, hairy vetch, winter vetch)* 

Vicia villosa Roth ssp. villosa (hairy vetch, winter vetch)* 

Order Geraniales 

Balsaminaceae (touch-me-not family) 

Impatiens capensis Meerb. (Impatiens biflora Walter) (celandine, Lady's-earrings, solentine, spotted 

jewelweed, spotted snapweed, spotted touch-me-not, twinflowered touch-me-not) 

Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalyan balsam, purple jewelweed, red jewelweed, red touch-me-not)*/** 

Impatiens pallida Nutt. (chou sauvage, mukikeenug, pale jewelweed, pale snapweed, pale 

touch-me-not, policeman‟s helmet, snapweed, yellow jewelweed, yellow touch-me-not) 

Impatiens parviflora DC. (lesser jewelweed, Prince Edward Island jewelweed) 

Geraniaceae (geranium family) 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton ssp. cicutarium (alfilaria, pin-clover, redstem filaree, redstem 

stork‟s bill, storksbill)* 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton var. moschatum (false cranesbill, musk-storksbill, musk stork‟s- 

bill, musky stork‟s bill, whitestem filaree)* 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton var. praecox Lange (false cranesbill, musk-storksbill, musk 

stork‟s-bill, musky stork‟s bill, whitestem filaree)* (Quebec and Maine) 

Geranium bicknelli Britt. (Geranium bicknellii Britton var. longipes (S. Watson) Fernald, Geranium 

carolinianum L. var. longipes S. Watson, Geranium nemorale Suksd., Geranium nemorale Suksd. 

var. bicknellii (Britton) Fernald) (Bicknell's cranesbill, Bicknell‟s geranium) 

Geranium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum (Carolina cranesbill, Carolina crane‟s-bill, Carolina 

geranium) 

Geranium carolinianum L. var. sphaerospermum (Fernald) Breitung (Carolina cranesbill, Carolina 

crane‟s-bill, Carolina geranium) 

Geranium columbinum L. (long-stalk geranium, long-stalked cranesbill, pie de palmera)* 

125

Geranium dissectum L. (Geranium laxum Hanks) (cut-leaved crane‟s-bill, cut-leaved geranium, 

dissected cranesbill) 

Geranium maculatum L. (geranium des pres, maeshkwaudjeebik, spotted cranesbill, spotted geranium, 

wild cranesbill, wild geranium) 

Geranium molle L. (dovefoot geranium, dove's-foot cranesbill, dove‟s-foot geranium)* 

Geranium pratense L. (meadow cranesbill, meadow geranium)* 

Geranium pusillum L. (small geranium, small-flowered cranesbill, small-flowered geranium)* 

Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. (hedgerow crane‟s-bill, hedgerow geranium, pyrenee cranesbill, 

Pyranee‟s crane‟s-bill)* 

Geranium robertianum L. ssp. robertianum (herb-robert, Robert geranium, Robert‟s geranium) (despite 

controversy, this is a native species; the other subspecies is in California) 

Geranium sanguineum L. (bloody cranesbill, bloody geranium, crane‟s-bill. red cranesbill)* 

Limnathaceae (false mermaid family, meadow-foam family) 

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (Floerkea occidentalis Rydb.) (false mermaid, false mermainweed, 

proserpinica-like mermaid) 

Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel family) 

Oxalis corniculata L. (Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze, Oxalis langloisii (Small) Fedde, Oxalis pusilla 

Salisb., Oxalis repens Thunb., Oxalis villosa M. Bieb., Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small, 

Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small var. atropurpurea (Planch.) Moldenke, Xanthoxalis langloisii 

Small, Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke) (creeping lady's-sorrel, creeping wood sorrel, 

yellow procumbent wood-sorrel)*/** (invasive in Canada; native in most of USA) 

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (Oxalis brittoniae Small, Oxalis corniculata L. var. dillenii (Jacq.) Trel., Oxalis dillenii 

Jacq. ssp. filipes (Small) Eiten, Oxalis dillenii Jacq. var. radicans Shinners, Oxalis filipes Small, 

Oxalis florida Salisb., Oxalis florida Salisb. ssp. prostrata (Haw.) Lourteig, Oxalis florida Salisb. 

var. filipes (Small) H.E. Ahles, Oxalis prostrata Haw., Oxalis rupestris Raf., Oxalis stricta auct. non 

L., Xanthoxalis brittoniae (Small) Small, Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub, Xanthoxalis filipes 

(Small) Small, Xanthoxalis florida (Salisb.) Moldenke) (common yellow wood-sorrel, Dillen‟s woodsorrel, 

slender yellow woodsorrel, yellow sorrel)*/** (invasive in Canada; native in most of USA) 

Oxalis montana Raf. (Oxalis acetosella auct. non L.) (common wood sorrel, mountain wood-sorrel, pain 

de lievre, pink wood sorrel, sour leaf, true wood-sorrel, wood-shamrock, zeewunubugushk) 

Oxalis stricta L. (Ceratoxalis coloradensis (Rydb.) Lunell, Ceratoxalis cymosa (Small) Lunell, Oxalis 

bushii (Small) Small, Oxalis coloradensis Rydb., Oxalis cymosa Small, Oxalis europaea Jord., 

Oxalis europaea Jord. var. bushii (Small) Wiegand, Oxalis europaea Jord. var. rufa (Small) 

Young, Oxalis fontana Bunge, Oxalis fontana Bunge var. bushii (Small) H. Hara, Oxalis interior 

(Small) Fedde, Oxalis rufa Small, Xanthoxalis bushii Small, Xanthoxalis coloradensis (Rydb.) 

Rydb., Xanthoxalis cymosa (Small) Small, Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub var. piletocarpa 

(Wiegand) Holub, Xanthoxalis interior Small, Xanthoxalis rufa (Small) Small, Xanthoxalis stricta 

(L.) Small) (common yellow oxalis, common yellow woodsorrel, European wood-sorrel, upright 

yellow wood sorrel)*/** (invasive in Canada; native in most of USA) 

126

127

Order Haloragales 

Haloragaceae (water-milfoil family) 

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. (alternate-flowered water-milfoil) 

Myriophyllum farwellii Morong (Farwell's water-milfoil) 

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. (two-leaf water-milfoil, water-leaf milfoil) 

Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. (Burshia humilis Raf.) (Atlantic water-milfoil, low water-milfoil, lowly 

water-milfoil) 

Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom. (Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald, Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald 

var. magdalenense (Fernald) A. Löve, Myriophyllum magdalenense Fernald, Myriophyllum 

spicatum L. ssp. exalbescens (Fernald) Hultén, Myriophyllum spicatum L. ssp. squamosum Laest. 

ex Hartm., Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. capillaceum Lange, Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. 

exalbescens (Fernald) Jeps., Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. squamosum (Laest. ex Hartm.) 

Hartm. (false Eurasian water-milfoil, pale water-milfoil, shortspike water-milfoil) 

Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian water-milfoil)*/** 

Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. (fragile water-milfoil, slender water-milfoil) 

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. (whorled water-milfoil, whorl-leaf water-milfoil) (often confused with 

Myriophyllum humile) 

Proserpinaca palustris L. var. amblyogona Fernald (Proserpinaca amblyogona (Fernald) Small) (marsh 

mermaidweed, marshweed, mermaid weed) 

Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fernald & Grisc. (marsh mermaidweed, marshweed, mermaid 

weed) 

Proserpinaca palustris L. var. palustris (Proserpinaca palustris L. var. latifolia Schindl. PRPL 

Proserpinaca platycarpa Small (marsh mermaidweed, marshweed, mermaid weed) 

Order Linales 

Linaceae (flax family) 

Linum austriacum L. (Linum perenne L. var. austriacum (L.) Schiede) (Asian flax, Austrian [sic] flax, 

yellow flax) (ornamental)* 

Linum catharticum L. (Cathartolinum catharticum (L.) Small) (cathartic flax, dwarf flax, fairy-flax) 

(ornamental)* 

Linum grandiflorum L. (Adenolinum grandiflorum (Desf.) W.A. Weber) (flowering flax)* 

Linum lewisii Pursh. (Lewis' flax, wild blue flax) 

Linum medium (Planch.) Britton var. medium (Cathartolinum medium (Planch.) Small, Linum striatum 

Walter var. medium (Planch.) B. Boivin, Linum virginianum L. var. medium Planch.) (stiff yellow 

flax, still yellow flax) 

Linum perenne L. (Linum lewisii auct. non Pursh) (blue flax, perennial yellow flax) (ornamental)* 

Linum striatum Walt. (Cathartolinum striatum (Walter) Small, Linum striatum Walter var. multijugum 

Fernald, Nezera striata (Walter) Nieuwl.) (furrowed flax, ridged yellow flax) 

Linum sulcatum Riddell var. sulcatum (Cathartolinum sulcatum (Riddell) Small, Mesynium sulcatum 

(Riddell) A. Löve & D. Löve) (furrowed flax, grooved yellow flax) 

Linum usitatissimum L. (Linum humile Mill.) (common flax, common yellow flax, linseed) (ornamental)* 

Linum virginianum L. (Cathartolinum virginianum (L.) Rchb., Nezera virginiana (L.) Nieuwl.) (slender 

128

yellow flax, Virginia flax, wild yellow flax, woodland flax) 

Radiola linoides Roth (Millegrana radiola (L.) Druce.) (allseed, all-seed, Nova Scotia flax) 

Order Myrtales 

Lythraceae (loosestrife family) 

Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel (Ammannia coccinea Rottb. ssp. robusta (Heer & Regel) Koehne, 

Ludwigia scabriuscula Kellogg) (grand redstem, scarlet loosestrife, scarlet toothcup) 

Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. (Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne, Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby (blue 

waxweed, clammy cuphea) (*in Canada) 

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell (swamp loosetrife, water-oleander, water-willow) 

Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum (Lythrum dacotanum Nieuwl.) (Canadian loosestrife, winged 

loosestrife) 

Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife, spiked loosestrife, willow loosestrife)*/** 

Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehe (Rotala catholica (Cham. & Schltdl.) van Leeuwen, Rotala dentifera (A. 

Gray) Koehne (lowland rotala, tooth-cup) 

Melastomaceae (meadow-beauty family, melastoma family) 

Rhexia virginica L. (common meadow-beauty, deergrass, deer-grass, Virginia meadow-beauty) 

Onagraceae (evening primrose family, willow-herb family) 

Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. Raven (Calylophus australis Towner & P.H. Raven, Meriolix 

intermedia Rydb. ex Small, Meriolix oblanceolata Rydb., Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp., 

Oenothera serrulata Nutt., Oenothera serrulata Nutt. var. typica Munz) (evening-primrose, 

serrated sundrops, toothed-leaved primrose) 

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. angustifolium (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., 

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub var. angustifolium, Chamerion spicatum (Lam.) Gray, 

Epilobium angustifolium L., Epilobium angustifolium L. var. intermedium (Lange) Fernald, 

Epilobium spicatum Lam.) (fireweed, French-willow, willowherb, great willowherb, rosebay 

willowherb, zhoshkidjeebik) 

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Hoch (Chamaenerion angustifolium 

(L.) Scop. ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Moldenke, Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub var. 

canescens (Alph. Wood) N.H. Holmgren & P.K. Holmgren, Chamerion danielsii D. Löve, 

Chamerion platyphyllum (Daniels) A. Löve & D. Löve, Epilobium angustifolium L. ssp. 

circumvagum Mosquin, Epilobium angustifolium L. ssp. macrophyllum (Hausskn.) Hultén, 

Epilobium angustifolium L. var. abbreviatum (Lunell) Munz, Epilobium angustifolium L. var. 

canescens Alph. Wood, Epilobium angustifolium L. var. macrophyllum (Hausskn.) Fernald, 

Epilobium angustifolium L. var. platyphyllum (Daniels) Fernald) (fireweed, great willow herb, 

greater river-beauty, slippery-root, spiked willow-herb, wickup, zhoshkidjeebik) 

Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub (Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet, Chamerion subdentatum (Rydb.) 

A. Löve & D. Löve, Epilobium latifolium L.) (dwarf fireweed, river beauty willow-herb, river-beauty, 

sweet broad-leaved willow-herb) 

129

Circaea alpina L. ssp. alpina (dwarf enchanter's nightshade, smaller enchanter‟s nighshade) 

Circaea x intermedia Ehrh. (alpina x luteiana) (Circaea canadensis sensu Fernald) (Fernald‟s circaea, 

intermediate enchanter‟s nightshade) 

Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus (Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill var. virginiana 

Fernald, Circaea latifolia Hill, Circaea lutetiana L. var. canadensis L,.Circaea quadrisulcata 

(Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny ssp. canadensis (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Circaea quadrisulcata 

(Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny var. canadensis (L.) H. Hara) (broadleaf enchanter‟s nightshade, 

Canada enchanter's nightshade, yellowish enchanter‟s nightshade) 

Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. (Epilobium alpinum L. p.p.) (pimpernel willow-herb, pimpernel-leaved 

willow-herb) 

Epilobium arcticum Sam. (Epilobium davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem. var. arcticum (Sam.) Polunin) (Arctic 

willow-herb) (QC) 

Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl (Epilobium paniculatum Nutt ex Torr. & A. Gray) (panicled willow-herb, 

tall annual willowherb) 

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum (Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn., Epilobium adenocaulon 

Hausskn. var. ecomosum (Fassett) Munz , Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. holosericeum 

(Trel.) Munz, Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. parishii (Trel.) Munz, Epilobium adenocaulon 

Hausskn. var. perplexans Trel., Epilobium americanum Hausskn., Epilobium brevistylum Barbey, 

Epilobium brevistylum Barbey var. ursinum (Parish ex Trel.) Jeps., Epilobium californicum 

Hausskn., Epilobium californicum Hausskn. var. holosericeum (Trel.) Munz, Epilobium ciliatum 

Raf. var. ecomosum (Fassett) B. Boivin, Epilobium delicatum Trel., Epilobium ecomosum 

(Fassett) Fernald, Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Hausskn.) Fernald, Epilobium 

glandulosum Lehm. var. ecomosum Fassett, Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) 

C.L. Hitchc., Epilobium leptocarpum Hausskn. var. macounii Trel., Epilobium ursinum Parish ex 

Trel., Epilobium watsonii Barbey var. parishii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc.) (Canadian willow-herb, ciliate 

willow-herb, northern willow herb) 

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H. Raven (Epilobium adenocaulon 

Hausskn. var. cinerascens (Piper) M. Peck, Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. occidentale 

Trel., Epilobium boreale Hausskn., Epilobium ciliatum Raf. var. glandulosum (Lehm.) Dorn, 

Epilobium glandulosum Lehm., Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. cardiophyllum Fernald, 

Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. occidentale (Trel.) Fernald, Epilobium watsonii Barbey var. 

occidentale (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc.) (Canadian willow-herb, ciliate willow-herb, northern willow herb) 

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. watsonii (Barbey) Hoch & P.H. Raven (Epilobium franciscanum Barbey, 

Epilobium watsonii Barbey, Epilobium watsonii Barbey var. franciscanum (Barbey) Jeps.) 

(Canadian willow-herb, ciliate willow-herb, northern willow herb, Watson‟s willow-herb) 

Epilobium coloratum Biehl. (purple-leaved willow herb, purple-veined willow-herb) 

Epilobium davuricum Fischer ex Hornem. (Epilobium palustre L. var. davuricum (Fisch. ex Hornem.) S.L. 

Welsh) (Dahurian willow-herb) 

Epilobium hirsutum L. (codlins and cream, great hairy willow-herb, hairy willow herb)*/** 

Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. (Epilobium nesophilum (Fernald) Fernald, Epilobium nesophilum (Fernald) 

Fernald var. sabulonense Fernald, Epilobium palustre L. var. gracile (Farw.) Dorn, Epilobium 

palustre L. var. sabulonense (Fernald) B. Boivin, Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh, Epilobium 

130

treleaseanum Levl. p.p.) (bog willowherb, narrow-leaved willow-herb) 

Epilobium palustre L. (Epilobium lineare Muhl., Epilobium oliganthum Michx., Epilobium palustre L. var. 

grammadophyllum Hausskn., Epilobium palustre L. var. labradoricum Hausskn., Epilobium 

palustre L. var. lapponicum Wahlenb., Epilobium palustre L. var. longirameum Fernald & 

Wiegand, Epilobium palustre L. var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fernald, Epilobium pylaieanum Fernald, 

Epilobium wyomingense A. Nelson) (common willow-herb, marsh willow-herb, swamp willow-herb, 

Wyoming willowherb) 

Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (downy willow-herb, small-flowered willow-herb, sparse-flowered willow- 

herb)* 

Epilobium saximontanum Hausskn. (Epilobium drummondii Hausskn., Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. 

var. brionense Fernald, Epilobium scalare Fernald, Epilobium steckerianum Fernald) (John Kanes' 

ladder, Newfoundland willow-herb, Rocky Mountain willowherb) (disjunct in North America; QC 

and NF in eastern Canada) 

Epilobium strictum Muhl. (Epilobium densum Raf.) (downy willow-herb, soft willow-herb) 

Gaura biennis L. (biennial beeblosom, biennial gaura) 

Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh. (Gaura glabra Lehm., Gaura odorata Sessé ex Lag.) (scarlet 

beeblossom) 

Gaura longiflora Sprach (Gaura biennis L. var. pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray, Gaura filiformis Small, 

Gaura pitcheri (Torr. & A. Gray) Small) (longflower beeblossom, long-leaved gaura, scarlet gaura) 

Ludwigia alternifolia L. (rattle-box, seedbox, seed-box) 

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. (Isnardia palustris L., non Jussiaea palustris G. Mey.) (false isnardia, marsh 

purslane, marsh seedbox, water false loosestrife, water-purslane) 

Ludwigia polycarpa Sort & Peter (many-fruited false loosestrife, many-fruited ludwigia, manyfruit 

primrose-willow) 

Oenothera biennis L. (Oenothera muricata L., Oenothera pycnocarpa Atk. & Bartlett) (common evening 

primrose, yellow evening-primrose) 

Oenothera clelandii W. Dietr., P.H. Raven & W.L. Wagner (Oenothera rhombipetala auct. non Nutt. ex 

Torr. & A. Gray) (Cleland's evening primrose) 

Oenothera fruticosa L. ssp. glauca (Michx.) Straley (Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach, Kneiffia hybrida 

(Michx.) Small, Kneiffia latifolia Rydb., Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) Pennell, Oenothera riparia Nutt., 

Oenothera tetragona Roth, Oenothera tetragona Roth ssp. glauca (Michx.) Munz, Oenothera 

tetragona Roth var. fraseri (Pursh) Munz, Oenothera tetragona Roth var. hybrida (Michx.) Fernald, 

Oenothera tetragona Roth var. latifolia (Rydb.) Fernald) (common sundrops, narrowleaf evening 

primrose, shrubby evening-primrose) 

Oenothera glazioviana Micheli (Oenothera erythrosepala Borbás, Oenothera lamarckiana auct.) (garden 

evening-primrose, red sepaled evening-primrose) (ornamental)* 

Oenothera laciniata Hill (Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose) (cut-leaved evening primrose) (* in Canada) 

Oenothera nuttallii Sweet (Anogra nuttalliana Spach) (Nuttall‟s evening-primrose, white evening 

primrose) 

Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Watson & J.M. Coult. (Oenothera angustissima 

R.R. Gates, Oenothera biennis L. var. oakesiana A. Gray, Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don 

var. stenopetala (E.P. Bicknell) Fernald, Oenothera parviflora L. ssp. angustissima (R.R. Gates) 

131

Munz, Oenothera parviflora L. var. angustissima (R.R. Gates) Wiegand, Oenothera parviflora L. 

var. oakesiana (A. Gray) Fernald (cross-shaped evening primrose, mustard evening-primrose, 

Oakes‟ evening-primrose) 

Oenothera parviflora (Camissonia strigulosa auct. non (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) P.H. Raven, Oenothera 

cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don, Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don var. sabulonensis Fernald, 

Oenothera cymatilis Bartlett, Oenothera rubricapitata R.R. Gates) (least evening-primrose, 

northern evening primrose, small-flowered evening primrose) (misnomer in my opinion as the 

flowers are not really that small so „parviflora‟ is not a very good specific epithet here) 

Oenothera perennis L. (Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell, Kneiffia pumila(L.) Spach) (little evening 

primrose, perennial evening-primrose, small sundrops) 

Oenothera pilosella Raf. ssp. pilosella (Kneiffia pratensis Small, Kneiffia sumstinei Jennings) (finely- 

pilose evening-primrose, larger sundrops, meadow evening primrose) 

Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & P.H. Raven (Oenothera biennis L. var. 

strigosa (Rydb.) Piper, Oenothera cheradophila Bartlett, Oenothera depressa Greene ssp. 

strigosa (Rydb.) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Oenothera procera Woot. & Standl., Oenothera 

rydbergii House, Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush, Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & 

Bush ssp. cheradophila (Bartlett) Munz, Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. cheradophila (Bartlett) W. 

Dietr. & P.H. Raven, Oenothera villosa Thunb. var. strigosa (Rydb.) Dorn) (hairy evening 

primrose, stiff hairy evening primrose) 

Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa (Oenothera albinervis R.R. Gates, Oenothera biennis L. var. 

canescens Torr. & A. Gray, Oenothera canovirens Steele, Oenothera depressa Greene, 

Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush ssp. canovirens (Steele) Munz, Oenothera villosa 

Thunb. ssp. canovirens (Steele) W. Dietr. & P.H. Raven (hairy evening primrose) 

Thymelaeaceae (mezereum family) 

Daphne mezereum L. (daphne, Merzer‟s daphne, mezereum, paradise plant, spurge laurel)* 

Dirca palustris L. (eastern leatherwood, leatherwood, marsh mezereum, moosewood, rope-bark, 

wicopy) 

Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Passerina annua Wikstr.) (sparrow-weed) (* in USA but 

native in Canada) 

Order Podostemales 

Podostemaceae (river-weed family) 

Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Podostemum abrotanoides Nutt.) (hornleaf riverweed, river-weed, 

threadfoot) 

Order Polygalales 

Polygalaceae (milkwort family) 

Polygala ambigua Nutt. (Polygala verticillata L. var. ambigua (Nutt.) Alph. Wood, Polygala verticillata L. 

var. dolichoptera Fernald) (American milkwort, whorled milkwort) (NY-ME southward; not in 

132

Canada) 

Polygala cruciata L. var. aquilonia Fernald & B.G. Schub. (cross-leaved milkwort, drumheads, marsh 

milkwort) 

Polygala incarnata L. (Galypola incarnata (L.) Nieuwl.) (pink milkwort, procession flower) 

Polygala lutea L. (orange milkwort) (Pylostachya lutea (L.) Small) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Polygala paucifolia Willd. (Triclisperma paucifolia (Willd.) Nieuwl.) (bird-on-the-wing, flowering 

wintergreen, fringed polygala, gaywings, tikizidgeebikohnse) 

Polygala polygama Watt. (Polygala aboriginum Small, Polygala polygama Walter var. obtusata Chod., 

Polygala polygama Walter var. ramulosa Farw.) (racemed milkwort) 

Polygala sanguinea L. (Polygala viridescens L.) (bloody milkwort, purple milkwort) 

Polygala senega L. (Polygala senega L. var. latifolia Torr. & A. Gray) (Seneca snakeroot) 

Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fernald (Polygala verticillata L. var. sphenostachya Pennell) 

(whorled milkwort) 

Polygala verticillata L. var. verticillata (Polygala pretzii Pennell) (whorled milkwort) 

Order Rhamnales 

Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family) 

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (oleaster, Russian olive)*/** 

Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. (Elaeagnus argentea Pursh, non Moench) (silverberry) 

Shepherdia argentea Nutt. (Elaeagnus utilis A. Nelson, Lepargyrea argentea (Pursh) Greene) (silver 

buffaloberry) 

Shepherdia canadensis L. (Elaeagnus canadensis (L.) A. Nelson, Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene) 

(Canadian buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soapberry) 

Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) 

Ceanothus americanus L. (Ceanothus intermedius Pursh) (New Jersey tea, redroot, red-root) 

Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. (Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. var. pubescens (Torr. & A. Gray ex S. Watson) 

Shinners, Ceanothus ovatus auct. non Desf., Ceanothus ovatus Desf. var. pubescens Torr. & A. 

Gray ex S. Watson, Ceanothus pubescens (Torr. & A. Gray ex S. Watson) Rydb. ex Small) 

(Jersey tea, narrow-leaved New Jersey tea, herbaceeous red-root, roundleaved redroot) 

Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her (alderleaf buckthorn, dwarf alder, false dwarf alder, native buckthorn) 

Rhamnus cathartica L. (common buckthorn, European buckthorn)*/** 

Frangula alnus Mill. (Rhamnus frangula L.) (alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn) (ornamental)*/** 

Vitaceae (grape family) 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Ampelopsis hederacea (Ehrh.) DC. var. murorum Focke, 

Ampelopsis latifolia Tausch, Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx., Hedera quinquefolia L., 

Parthenocissus hirsuta (Pursh) Graebn., Parthenocissus inserta (Kern.) Fritsch, Parthenocissus 

quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. hirsuta (Pursh) Planch., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 

var. murorum (Focke) Rehder, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. saintpaulii (Koehne 

ex Graebn.) Rehder, Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene var. 

133

murorum (Focke) Rehder , Vitis inserta Kern., Vitis quinquefolia (L.) Lam.) (Virginia creeper, 

woodbine) 

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planchon (Ampelopsis tricuspidata Siebold & Zucc.) (Boston 

ivy, three-toothed Virginia-creeper) (* in USA; some debate over whether it is native to Canada) 

Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor Deam (Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. argentifolia Fernald, Vitis argentifolia 

Munson ex L. H. Bailey, Vitis bicolor J. Le Conte, nom. illeg., non Vitis bicolor Raf., Vitis lecontiana 

House) (pigeon-grape, small grape, summer grape) 

Vitis labrusca L. (fox grape, northern plum-grape) (native to USA; * in Canada) 

Vitis riparia Michx. (Vitis vulpina L. ssp. riparia (Michx.) R.T. Clausen, Vitis vulpina L. var. praecox 

(Engelm. ex L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey, Vitis vulpina L. var. syrticola Fernald & Wiegand) (forest 

grape, frost grape, riverbank grape, wild grape) 

Vitis vulpina L. (Vitis cordifolia Michx., Vitis cordifolia Michx. var. foetida Engelm., Vitis cordifolia Michx. 

var. sempervirens Munson, Vitis illex L.H. Bailey) (chicken grape, frost grape, heart grape, sweet 

scented grape, winter grape) 

Order Rosales 

Crassulaceae (orpine family, sedum family)2 

Crassula aquatica (L.) Schoenl. (Bulliarda aquatica (L.) DC., Hydrophila aquatica (L.) House, Tillaea 

angustifolia Nutt., Tillaea aquatica L., Tillaea ascendens Eaton, Tillaeastrum aquaticum (L.) 

Britton) (aquatic pygmy-weed, tidal weed, water pygmyweed) 

Hylotelephium telephioides (Michx.) H. Ohba (nacampseros telephioides (Michx.) Haw., Sedum 

telephioides Michx.) (Allegheny stonecrop, American orpine, wild live-forever, wild live-forever 

stonecrop)* 

Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba ssp. telephium (Sedum purpureum (L.) Schult., Sedum telephium 

L., Sedum telephium L. ssp. purpureum (L.) Schinz & Keller, Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) Gray) 

(frogplant, garden-orpine, live-forever, purple stonecrop, witches‟ moneybags)* 

Rhodiola rosea L. (Rhodiola roanensis Britton, Sedum rosea (L.) Scop., Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. var. 

roanense (Britton) A. Berger, Sedum roseum (L.) Scop., orth. var., Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. var. 

roanense (Britton) A. Berger, orth. var.) (roseroot, roseroot stonecrop) 

Sedum acre L. (goldmoss stonecrop, love-entangle, mossy stonecrop, wallpepper) 

Sedum aizoon L. (aizoon stonecrop, fei cai) (ornamental)*/** 

Sedum album L. (Oreosedum album (L.) Grulich) (white stonecrop) (ornamental)*/** 

Sedum hispanicum L. (Spanish stonecrop) (ornamental)*/** 

Sedum hybridum L. (hybrid stonecrop) (ornamental)* 

Sedum reflexum L. (Petrosedum reflexum (L.) Grulich, Sedum rupestre L. (crooked yellow stonecrop, 

Jenny‟s stonecrop, reflexed stonecrop) (ornamental)*/** 

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (graveyard moss, running stonecrop, runner-producing stonecrop, star 

stonecrop, stringy stonecrop) (ornamental)*/** 

Sedum sexangulare L. (six-sided stonecrop, tasteless stonecrop) (ornamental)*/** 

2 

These have been bred to extremes – its hard to recognize some species because of the horticultural varieties that exist 

134

Sedum spurium M. Bieb. (Spathulata spuria (M. Bieb.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (false stonecrop, two row 

stonecrop) (ornamental)*/** 

Sedum ternatum Michx. (Clausenellia ternata (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (wild stonecrop, woodland 

stonecrop)* 

Sempervivum tectorum L. (common houseleek, hens-and-chickens, houseleek)* 

Grossulariaceae (currant family, gooseberry family) (separated from Saxifragaceae) 

Ribes americanum Mill. (American black currant, wild black currant) 

Ribes aureum Pursh var. aureum (Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb.) (garden currant, golden currant) 

(ornamental)* 

Ribes aureum Pursh var. villosum DC. (Ribes odoratum H. Wendl. (buffalo currant, golden currant, 

Missouri currant, sweet garden currant, sweet golden currant 

Ribes cynosbati L. (Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mill., Ribes cynosbati L. var. atrox Fernald, Ribes 

cynosbati L. var. glabratum Fernald, Ribes cynosbati L. var. inerme (Rehder) L.H. Bailey, Ribes 

huronense Rydb. (dogberry, eastern prickly currant, pasture gooseberry, prickly gooseberry) 

Ribes glandulosum Grauer. (Ribes prostratum L'Hér., Ribes resinosum Pursh) (fetid currant, skunk 

currant) 

Ribes hirtellum Michx. (Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach, Ribes hirtellum Michx. var. calcicola 

(Fernald) Fernald, Ribes hirtellum Michx. var. saxosum (Hook.) Fernald , Ribes oxyacanthoides L. 

var. calcicola Fernald, Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. hirtellum (Michx.) Scoggan, Ribes 

oxyacanthoides L. var. saxosum (Hook.) Coville) (hairystem gooseberry, low wild gooseberry, 

roundleaf gooseberry, smooth gooseberry) 

Ribes hudsonianum Richardson var. hudsonianum (Canada black currant, Hudson Bay currant, 

northern wild black currant) 

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (Limnobotrya lacustris (Pers.) Rydb., Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. var. 

parvulum A. Gray, Ribes oxycanthoides L. var. lacustre Pers.) (bristly black currant, swamp black 

currant, swamp gooseberry) 

Ribes missouriense Nutt. (Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Coville & Britton, Ribes missouriense Nutt. 

var. ozarkanum Fassett) (Missouri gooseberry)* 

Ribes nigrum L. (European black currant, garden black currant)* 

Ribes rubrum L. (Ribes sativum Syme, Ribes sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Ribes vulgare 

Lam.) (cultivated currant, garden red currant) (ornamental)* 

Ribes oxyacanthoides L. ssp. oxyacanthoides (Grossularia oxyacanthoides (L.) Mill.) (bristly wild 

gooseberry, Canada black gooseberry, hawthorn-gooseberry, northern gooseberry) 

Ribes oxyacanthoides L. ssp. setosum (Lindl.) Sinnott (Grossularia setosa (Lindl.) Coville & Britton, 

Ribes camporum Blank., Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. setosum (Lindl.) Dorn, Ribes 

saximontanum E.E. Nelson, Ribes setosum Lindl.) (bristly gooseberry, inland gooseberry, rock 

gooseberry) 

Ribes triste Pall. (Ribes rubrum L. var. alaskanum (A. Berger) B. Boivin, Ribes rubrum L. var. 

propinquum (Turcz.) Trautv. & C.A. Mey., Ribes triste Pall. var. albinervium (Michx.) Fernald) (red 

currant, swamp red currant, wild red currant) 

Ribes uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill., Ribes grossularia L., Ribes uva- 

135

crispa L. ssp. reclinatum (L.) Rchb.) (European gooseberry)* 

Hydrangeaceae (hydrangea family) 

Hydrangea arborescens L. (wild hydrangea) (* in Canada – NB & NS) 

Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. (Asiatic hydrangea, paniculate hydrangea)* 

Philadelphus coronarius L. (garden mock-orange, garden syringa) (ornamental)* 

Philadelphus inodorus L. (common mock-orange, scentless mock-orange, scentless syringa) 

(ornamental)* 

Philadelphus paniculata Sieb. (ornamental mock-orange) (ornamental)* 

Philadelphus pubescens Loisel (gray mock-orange, hairy mock-orange) (ornamental)* 

Rosaceae (rose family) 

Agrimonia eupatoria L. (churchsteeples, medicinal agrimony)* 

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. (cocklebur, common agrimony, tall agrimony, tall hairy agrimony, 

zaugautigauhnse) 

Agrimonia parviflora Ait. (harvestlice, harvest-lice, many–flowered agrimony) 

Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. (Agrimonia bicknellii (Kearney) Rydb., Agrimonia mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Britton) (downy agrimony, hairy agrimony, soft agrimony) 

Agrimonia striata Michx. (Britton‟s agrimony, grooved agrimony, roadside agrimony, woodland agrimony) 

Alchemilla filicaulis Buser ssp. filicaulis (thin-stem lady's mantle, threaded lady's mantle, threadstemmed 

lady‟s mantle)* 

Alchemilla filicaulis Buser ssp. vestita (Buser) M.E. Bradshaw (Alchemilla minor Huds., Alchemilla 

vestita (Buser) Raunk., Alchemilla vulgaris L. var. vestita (Buser) Buser ex H.J. Coste) (thinstem 

lady's mantle) (QC NF NS in e. Canada) 

Alchemilla monticola Buser (Alchemilla pratensis auct. non F.W. Schmidt, Alchemilla vulgaris auct. non 

L., Alchemilla vulgaris L. var. pastoralis (Buser) B. Boivin, Alchemilla xanthochlora auct. non 

Rothm.) (alpine lady's mantle, hairy lady's mantle, mountain lady‟s-mantle, yellow-green lady‟s 

mantle)* (absent from NB) 

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. alnifolia (alderleaf Juneberry, northwestern 

serviceberry, Saskatoon berry) 

Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald var. arborea (Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) M. 

Roem.) (common serviceberry, downy serviceberry, downy Juneberry, low serviceberry, low 

Juneberry) 

Amelanchier bartramiana (Taucher) M. Roemer (Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.) M. Roem.) (Bartram‟s 

Juneberry, mountain Juneberry, oblongfruit serviceberry) 

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. (Amelanchier lucida Fernald) (Nova Scotia Juneberry, Nova Scotia 

serviceberry, Nova Scotia shadbush purple serviceberry, swamp Juneberry) 

Amelanchier fernaldii Wieg. (Fernald's Chuckley Pear, Fernald's Juneberry, limestone Juneberry) 

(seems to be absent from many florae; provenance in dispute) 

Amelanchier interior Nielson (Amelanchier wiegandii E.L. Nielsen) (inland Juneberry, inland 

serviceberry, Pacific serviceberry) 

Amelanchier x intermedia Spach (pro sp.) [arborea x canadensis] (swamp Juneberry, swamp 

serviceberry) 

136

Amelanchier laevis Wieg. (Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald ssp. laevis (Wiegand) S. McKay ex 

Landry, Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald var. cordifolia (Ashe) B. Boivin, Amelanchier 

arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald var. laevis (Wiegand) H.E. Ahles, Amelanchier ×grandiflora Rehder, 

Amelanchier laevis Wiegand var. nitida (Wiegand) Fernald (Allegheny serviceberry, smooth 

Juneberry, smooth serviceberry, snowy mespilus) 

Amelanchier x neglecta Eggl. (bartramiana x laevis) (hybrid Juneberry, smaller serviceberry) 

Amelanchier x quinti-martii Lal. (arborea x bartramiana) (hybrid Juneberry, sugarplum) 

Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. gaspensis Wiegand (Amelanchier gaspensis) (Wiegand) 

Fernald & Weath. (Gaspe serviceberry) (QC and eastward with disjuncts in Michigan) 

Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. sanguinea (Amelanchier amabilis Wiegand, Amelanchier 

grandiflora (Wiegand) Wiegand, nom. illeg., non Amelanchier x grandiflora Rehder, Amelanchier 

huronensis Wiegand, Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. grandiflora (Wiegand) Rehder) 

(bloody serviceberry, Huron serviceberry, large-flowered Juneberry, roundleaf Juneberry, roundleaved 

serviceberry, roundleaf serviceberry) 

Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. (Amelanchier spicata auct. non (Lam.) K. Koch. p.p.) (hawthorn 

Juneberry, hawthorn serviceberry, hawthorn shadbush, Minnesota Juneberry, running Juneberry, 

running servceberry) 

Amelanchier x wiegandii Nielsen (arborea x sanguinea) (Wiegand's Juneberry, Wiegand‟s serviceberry) 

(said to be * in Ontario, but evidence unclear) 

Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. (Argentina argentea (L.) Rydb., Potentilla anserina L., Potentilla anserina 

L. ssp. anserine, Potentilla anserina L. var. concolor Ser., Potentilla anserina L. var. sericea 

Hayne, Potentilla anserina L. var. yukonensis (Hultén) B. Boivin, Potentilla egedii Wormsk. ssp. 

yukonensis (Hultén) Hultén, Potentilla yukonensis Hultén) (silverweed, silvery cinquefoil) 

Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. ssp. egedii (Potentilla anserina L. ssp. egedii (Wormsk.) Hiitonen, 

Potentilla anserina L. ssp. pacifica (Howell) Rousi, Potentilla anserina L. var. grandis Torr. & A. 

Gray, Potentilla anserina L. var. lanata B. Boivin, Potentilla anserina L. var. rolandii (B. Boivin) B. 

Boivin, Potentilla egedii Wormsk., Potentilla egedii Wormsk. ssp. grandis (Torr. & A. Gray) Hultén, 

Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. grandis (Torr. & A. Gray) J.T. Howell, Potentilla pacifica Howell, 

Potentilla rolandii B. Boivin) (Eged‟s silverweed, Pacific silverweed) 

Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. ssp. groenlandica (Tratt.) A. Löve (Potentilla anserina L. var. 

groenlandica Tratt., Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. groenlandica (Tratt.) Polunin) (Greenland 

silverweed, Pacific silverweed) 

Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. dioicus (Aruncus allegheniensis Rydb.) (bride‟s feathers, 

dioecious goat‟s-beard, goatsbeard, rose-goatsbeard)* 

Chamaerhodos erecta (L.) Bunge ssp. nuttallii (Pickering ex Rydb.) Hultén (Chamaerhodos erecta (L.) 

Bunge var. parviflora (Nutt.) C.L. Hitchc., Chamaerhodos nuttallii Pickering ex Rydb., 

Chamaerhodos nuttallii Pickering ex Rydb. var. keweenawensis Fernald) (little ground rose, 

Nuttall‟s ground rose, Nuttall's little rose) 

Comarum palustre L. (Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.) (marsh cinqufoil, purple cinquefoil, purple 

marshlocks) 

Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz. (Peking cotoneaster, Peking firethorn, sharp firethorn) (ornamental)* 

Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. (low firethorn, ornamental thorn, rockspray cotoneaster) (ornamental)* 

137

Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg. (Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg. var. cyanophylla (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus merita Sarg., Crataegus vittata Ashe) (Fort Sheridan hawthorn, 

pear-hawthorn, pear-shaped hawthorn) 

Crataegus ater Ashe (ater hawthorn, Nashville hawthorn) (ON and a bit south & west but not in TN) 

Crataegus beata Sarg. (Crataegus strigosa Sarg.) (Dunbar‟s hawthorn) 

Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. (Brainerd's hawthorn) 

Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. (Crataegus acanthacolonensis Laughlin, Crataegus 

calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. gigantea Kruschke, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. 

globosa (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. hispida (Sarg.) Palmer, 

Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. hispidula (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron 

(Ehrh.) Medik. var. microcarpa (Chapm.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. 

mollicula (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. obesa (Ashe) Palmer, 

Crataegus chapmanii (Beadle) Ashe, Crataegus fontanesiana (Spach) Steud., Crataegus globosa 

Sarg.) (pear hawthorn, pear-thorn, urn-fruited hawthorn, urn-tree) 

Crataegus canadensis Sarg. (Canadian hawthorn) (ironically, only in QC) 

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. chrysocarpa (Crataegus aboriginum Sarg., Crataegus brunetiana 

Sarg., Crataegus brunetiana Sarg. var. fernaldii (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus caliciglabrata 

Schuette, Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. aboriginum (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus chrysocarpa 

Ashe var. longiacuminata Kruschke, Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. phoenicea Palmer, 

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. rotundifolia (Moench) Sarg., Crataegus coccinata Sarg., 

Crataegus coccinea L. p.p., Crataegus columbiana Howell var. chrysocarpa (Ashe) Dorn, 

Crataegus doddsii Ramaley, Crataegus faxonii Sarg., Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var. durifrucata 

Kruschke, Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var. praecoqua (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var. 

praetermissa (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus illuminata Sarg., Crataegus jackii Sarg., Crataegus 

laurentiana Sarg. var. brunetiana (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. var. dissimilifolia 

Kruschke, Crataegus mercerensis Sarg., Crataegus putnamiana Sarg., Crataegus rotundifolia 

Moench p.p., non Lamb., Crataegus sicca Sarg., Crataegus sicca Sarg. var. glabrifolia (Sarg.) 

Palmer, Crataegus subrotundifolia Sarg. (red haw, red-fruited hawthorn, scarlet hawthorn) 

Crataegus compacta (clustered hawthorn, compact hawthorn) 

Crataegus compta Sarg. (Crataegus levis Sarg., Crataegus milleri Sarg.) (adorned hawthorn) 

Crataegus corusca Sarg. (Crataegus blothra Laughlin, Crataegus corusca Sarg. var. gigantea Kruschke, 

Crataegus corusca Sarg. var. hillii (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus hillii Sarg.) (gleaming hawthorn, 

shiningbranch hawthorn) 

Crataegus crus-galli L. (Crataegus acutifolia Sarg., Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) 

Palmer, Crataegus algens Beadle, Crataegus barrettiana Sarg., Crataegus bushii Sarg., 

Crataegus canbyi Sarg., Crataegus cherokeensis Sarg., Crataegus cocksii Sarg., Crataegus crusgalli 

L. var. barrettiana (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. bellica (Sarg.) 

Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. capillata Sarg., Crataegus crus-galli L. var. exigua (Sarg.) 

Eggl., Crataegus crus-galli L. var. leptophylla (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. macra 

(Beadle) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. oblongata Sarg., Crataegus crus-galli L. var. 

pachyphylla (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. pyracanthifolia Aiton, Crataegus danielsii 

Palmer , Crataegus denaria Beadle, Crataegus fecunda Sarg., Crataegus fontanesiana auct. non 

138

(Spach) Steud., Crataegus hannibalensis Palmer, Crataegus mohrii Beadle, Crataegus operta 

Ashe, Crataegus palliata Sarg., Crataegus palmeri Sarg., Crataegus permixta Palmer, Crataegus 

pyracanthoides Beadle, Crataegus regalis Beadle, Crataegus regalis Beadle var. paradoxa (Sarg.) 

Palmer, Crataegus sabineana Ashe, Crataegus schizophylla Eggl., Crataegus signata Beadle, 

Crataegus subpilosa Sarg., Crataegus tantula Sarg., Crataegus tenax Ashe, Crataegus 

triumphalis Sarg., Crataegus uniqua Sarg., Crataegus vallicola Sarg.) (cocklespur hawthorn, 

cockspur-thorn, noxious hawthorn, strangling hawthorn, tenacious hawthorn) 

Crataegus dilatata Sarg. (Crataegus coccinioides Ashe var. locuples (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus 

conspecta Sarg., Crataegus locuples Sarg. (Eggert‟s hawthorn, opulent hawthorn, wide hawthorn, 

widened hawthorn) 

Crataegus disperma Ashe (Crataegus x collicola Ashe, Crataegus collina Chapm. var. collicola (Ashe) 

Palmer, Crataegus cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggl., Crataegus disperma Ashe var. peoriensis (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus x pausiaca Ashe, Crataegus peoriensis Sarg., Crataegus punctata Jacq. 

var. pausiaca (Ashe) Palmer) (spreading hawthorn) 

Crataegus dissona Sarg. (Crataegus disjuncta Sarg., Crataegus dissona Sarg. var. bellula (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus franklinensis Sarg., Crataegus incisa Sarg., Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) 

K. Koch var. brachypoda (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. 

delawarensis (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. dissona (Sarg.) Eggl., 

Crataegus relicta Sarg.) (northern hawthorn) 

Crataegus dodgei Ashe (Crataegus crassifolia Sarg., Crataegus delosii Sarg., Crataegus dodgei Ashe 

var. flavida (Sarg.) P.G. Sm. & Phipps, Crataegus dodgei Ashe var. rotundata (Sarg.) Kruschke, 

Crataegus flavida Sarg., Crataegus minutiflora Sarg., Crataegus rotundata Sarg.) (Dodge's 

hawthorn) 

Crataegus douglasii Lindl. (Crataegus columbiana Howell, Crataegus douglasii Lindl. var. douglasii) 

(black hawthorn, Douglas' hawthorn, western hawthorn) 

Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch (Crataegus densiflora Sarg., Crataegus flabellata (Bosc 

ex Spach) K. Koch var. densiflora (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. 

Koch var. grayana (Eggl.) Palmer, Crataegus grayana Eggl.) (Bosc‟s thorn, fanleaf hawthorn, fanleaved 

thorn) 

Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. (Crataegus confragosa Sarg., Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. var. chippewaensis 

(Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. var. gigantea Kruschke, Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. 

var. miranda (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. chippewaensis (Sarg.) Palmer, 

Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. magniflora (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus illecebrosa Sarg.) 

(Chippewa-hawthorn, Fuller‟s hawthorn) 

Crataegus grandis Ashe (larger hawthorn, Marshall‟s thorn, two-seeded hawthorn) 

Crataegus x haemacarpa Ashe (pro sp.) [flabellata x pruinosa] (Crataegus media Sarg., nom. illeg., non 

Crataegus x media Bechst) (hawthorn) 

Crataegus holmesiana Ashe (Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. amicta (Ashe) Palmer, Crataegus 

holmesiana Ashe var. villipes Ashe, Crataegus villipes (Ashe) Ashe) (Holmes' hawthorn, thinleaved 

hawthorn) 

Crataegus intricata Lange (Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle, Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle var. stonei 

(Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus boyntonii Beadle, Crataegus coccinea auct. non L., Crataegus 

139

foetida Ashe, Crataegus fortunata Sarg., Crataegus horseyi Palmer, Crataegus intricata Lange 

var. boyntonii (Beadle) Kruschke, Crataegus intricata Lange var. neobushii (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus intricata Lange var. rubella (Beadle) Kruschke, Crataegus intricata Lange 

var. straminea (Beadle) Palmer, Crataegus neobushii Sarg., Crataegus ouachitensis Palmer, 

Crataegus ouachitensis Palmer var. minor Palmer, Crataegus padifolia Sarg., Crataegus padifolia 

Sarg. var. incarnata Sarg., Crataegus pagensis Sarg., Crataegus pallens Beadle CRRU7 

Crataegus rubella Beadle, Crataegus stonei Sarg., Crataegus straminea Beadle) (Bitlmore haw, 

Boyton‟s thorn, Copenhagen hawthorn, entangled hawthorn ill-scented hawthorn, Lange‟s thorn 

stinking hawthorn) 

Crataegus iracunda Beadle (Crataegus beckwithiae Sarg., Crataegus brumalis Ashe, Crataegus 

iracunda Beadle var. brumalis (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. diffusa (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. populnea (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus iracunda 

Beadle var. silvicola (Beadle) Palmer, Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. stolonifera (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus populnea Ashe, 

Crataegus stolonifera Sarg.) (stolonbearing hawthorn) 

Crataegus irrasa Sarg. (Crataegus irrasa Sarg. var. blanchardii (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus mansfieldensis 

Sarg., Crataegus oakesiana Eggl.) (Blanchard‟s thorn, Mansfield‟s hawthorn, unshorned 

hawthorn, unshorned thorn) 

Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. (Crataegus harryi Sarg., Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. var. brownietta (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. var. harryi (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus laurentiana Sarg.) 

(Miss Jones' hawthorn) 

Crataegus kingstonensis Sarg. (Kingston‟s hawthorn) 

Crataegus knieskerniana Sarg. (Knieskern's hawthorn) (QC & NY) 

Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (smooth hawthorn) 

Crataegus lemingtonensis Sarg. (Lemington hawthorn) (QC) 

Crataegus lumaria Ashe (Crataegus caesariata Sarg., Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. caesariata 

(Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus dodgei Ashe var. lumaria (Ashe) Sarg.) (round-leaved hawthorn, 

round-leaved thorn) 

Crataegus macrosperma Ashe (Crataegus chadsfordiana Sarg., Crataegus fluviatilis Sarg., Crataegus 

fretalis Sarg., Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. acutiloba (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus 

macrosperma Ashe var. eganii (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. matura 

(Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. pastora (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus macrosperma 

Ashe var. pentandra (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. roanensis (Ashe) Palmer, 

Crataegus randiana Sarg., Crataegus roanensis Ashe, Crataegus roanensis Ashe var. fluviatilis 

(Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus roanensis Ashe var. heidelbergensis (Sarg.) Kruschke) (bigfruit 

hawthorn, large-seeded hawthorn, variable thorn) 

Crataegus margarettiae Ashe (Crataegus evansiana Sarg., Crataegus margarettiae Ashe var. 

angustifolia Palmer, Crataegus margarettiae Ashe var. brownii (Britton) Sarg., Crataegus 

margarettiae Ashe var. meiophylla (Sarg.) Palmer) (Brown‟s thorn, Margaret's hawthorn, 

Margarett's hawthorn, Mrs. Ashe‟s thorn, Wilcox's hawthorn) 

Crataegus mollis Scheele (Crataegus albicans Ashe, Crataegus arkansana Sarg., Crataegus 

brachyphylla Sarg., Crataegus cibaria Beadle, Crataegus gravida Beadle, Crataegus induta Sarg., 

140

Crataegus invisa Sarg., Crataegus lacera Sarg., Crataegus limaria Sarg., Crataegus mollis 

Scheele var. dumetosa (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus mollis Scheele var. gigantea Kruschke, 

Crataegus mollis Scheele var. incisifolia Kruschke, Crataegus mollis Scheele var. sera (Sarg.) 

Eggl., Crataegus noelensis Sarg., Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. albicans (Ashe) 

Palmer, Crataegus placens Sarg., nom. inq.) (downy hawthorn, downy thorn, red-fruited thorn) 

Crataegus x media Bechst. (Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. rosea (Willd.) K. Koch) (intermediate 

Hawthorn, oneseeded rose hawthorn) (ON) 

Crataegus monogyna (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele (Crataegus curvisepala auct. non Lindm., Crataegus 

oxyacantha auct. non L., Crataegus oxyacantha L. var. paulii (Rehder) Rehder) (English 

hawthorn, oneseed hawthorn, white thorn) (ornamental)* 

Crataegus nitidula Sarg. (Crataegus nitidula Sarg. var. limatula (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus nitidula 

Sarg. var. macrocarpa Kruschke, Crataegus nitidula Sarg. var. recedens (Sarg.) Kruschke, 

Crataegus recedens Sarg.) (caughuawaga thorn, Ontario hawthorn, shiny hawthorn) 

Crataegus opulens Sarg. (Crataegus beata Sarg. var. opulens (Sarg.) Palmer) (Rochester hawthorn) 

(NY & MI) 

Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. (Crataegus aulica Sarg., Crataegus caesa Ashe, Crataegus coccinea L. 

p.p., Crataegus ellwangeriana Sarg., Crataegus habereri Sarg., Crataegus letchworthiana Sarg., 

Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. assurgens (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. 

caesa (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. ellwangeriana (Sarg.) Eggl,.Crataegus 

pedicellata Sarg. var. robesoniana (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. sertata 

(Sarg.) Kruschke) (pedicelled hawthorn, red haw, red-fruited hawthorn, scarlet hawthorn, thicket 

hawthorn) 

Crataegus perjucunda Sarg. (pearthorn, thorns) 

Crataegus persimilis Sarg. (Crataegus laetifica Sarg., Crataegus prunifolia Pers.) (Bush‟s thorn, 

cocklespur twin, plumleaf hawthorn, similar hawthorn) 

Crataegus pringlei Sarg. (Pringle's hawthorn) 

Crataegus prona Ashe (Crataegus gravis Ashe) heavily-laden hawthorn, Illinois hawthorn, leaded 

hawthorn, weeping hawthorn) 

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch (Crataegus aspera Sarg., Crataegus cognata Sarg., Crataegus 

congesta Sarg., Crataegus crawfordiana Sarg., Crataegus deltoides Ashe, Crataegus formosa 

Sarg., Crataegus gattingeri Ashe, Crataegus gattingeri Ashe var. rigida Palmer, Crataegus 

gaudens Sarg., Crataegus georgiana Sarg., Crataegus lecta Sarg., Crataegus leiophylla Sarg., 

Crataegus littoralis Sarg., Crataegus mackenziei Sarg., Crataegus mackenziei Sarg. var. aspera 

(Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus mackenziei Sarg. var. bracteata (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus parvula 

Sarg., Crataegus platycarpa Sarg., Crataegus porteri Britton, Crataegus porteri Britton var. 

caerulescens (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. cognata (Sarg.) Phipps, 

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. congesta (Sarg.) Phipps, Crataegus pruinosa 

(Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. conjuncta (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. 

grandiflora Kruschke, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. latisepala (Sarg.) Eggl., 

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. leiophylla (Sarg.) Phipps, Crataegus pruinosa 

(Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. pachypoda (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. 

parvula (Sarg.) Phipps, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. porteri (Britton) Eggl., 

141

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. rugosa (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus pruinosa 

(Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. virella (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus rugosa Ashe, Crataegus vicinalis 

Beadle, Crataegus virella Ashe) (beautiful hawthorn, frosted hawthorn, wax thorn, waxy-fruited 

thorn) 

Crataegus punctata Jacq. (Crataegus collina Chapm., Crataegus collina Chapm. var. secta (Sarg.) 

Palmer, Crataegus collina Chapm. var. sordida (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus collina Chapm. var. 

succincta (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus fastosa Sarg., Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. aurea Aiton, 

Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. canescens Britton, Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. microphylla 

Sarg., Crataegus verruculosa Sarg.) (dotted haw, dotted hawthorn, large-fruited thorn) 

Crataegus schuettei Ashe (Crataegus alnorum Sarg., Crataegus basilica Beadle, Crataegus ferrissii 

Ashe, Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. basilica (Beadle) Phipps, Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. 

cuneata Kruschke, Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. ferrissii (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus schuettei 

Ashe var. gigantea Kruschke, Crataegus tortilis Ashe) (scabrid hawthorn, Schuette's hawthorn) 

Crataegus submollis Sarg. (Crataegus champlainensis Sarg.) (Champlain hawthorn, Emerson‟s thorn, 

Quebec hawthorn, soft hawthorn) (QC) 

Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. (Crataegus durobrivensis Sarg., Crataegus kellermanii Sarg., Crataegus 

neobaxteri Sarg., Crataegus saundersiana Sarg., Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. var. 

saundersiana (Sarg.) Kruschke) (aubepine, Caughuawaga hawthorn, roundleaf hawthorn) 

Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link (Crataegus ambrosia Sarg., Crataegus ardula Sarg., Crataegus 

bicknellii Eggl., Crataegus celsa Sarg., Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. bicknellii (Eggl.) Palmer, 

Crataegus columbiana Howell var. occidentalis (Britton) Dorn, Crataegus divida Sarg., Crataegus 

ferta Sarg., Crataegus florifera Sarg.,C Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. celsa (Sarg.) Kruschke, 

Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. mortonis (Laughlin) Kruschke, Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. 

shirleyensis (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. virilis (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus 

gemmosa Sarg., Crataegus incerta Sarg., Crataegus integriloba Sarg., Crataegus laxiflora Sarg., 

Crataegus leucantha Laughlin, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden, Crataegus macracantha 

Lodd. ex Louden var. colorado (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. 

divida (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. integriloba (Sarg.) 

Kruschke, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. occidentalis (Britton) Eggl., Crataegus 

macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. pertomentosa (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus mortonis Laughlin, 

Crataegus neofluvialis Ashe, Crataegus pertomentosa Ashe, Crataegus pisifera Sarg., Crataegus 

saeva Sarg., Crataegus shirleyensis Sarg., Crataegus silvestris Sarg., Crataegus succulenta 

Schrad. ex Link var. gemmosa (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. 

laxiflora (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. macracantha (Lodd. ex 

Louden) Eggl., Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. michiganensis (Ashe) Palmer, 

Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. neofluvialis (Ashe) Palmer, Crataegus succulenta 

Schrad. ex Link var. occidentalis Britton, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. pertomentosa 

(Ashe) Palmer, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. pisifera (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus 

succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. rutila (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus sylvestris Sarg., Crataegus 

venulosa Sarg., Crataegus virilis Sarg.) (fleshy hawthorn, large-thorned hawthorn, long-spined 

thorn, spiked hawthorn, western hawthorn, wood hawthorn, woodland hawthorn) 

Cydonia oblonga Miller (Cydonia vulgaris Pers., Pyrus cydonia L.) (quince) (ornamental)* 

142

Dalibarda repens L. (Rubus repens (L.) Kuntze) (dalibarda, dewdrop, robin-run-away) 

Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz (Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Raf., 

Dasiphora fruticosa auct. non (L.) Rydb., Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Löve, nom. illeg., 

Pentaphylloides fruticosa auct. non (L.) O. Schwarz, Potentilla floribunda Pursh, Potentilla 

fruticosa auct. non L., Potentilla fruticosa L. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington, Potentilla fruticosa 

L. var. farreri Besant, Potentilla fruticosa L. var. tenuifolia Lehm.) (golden-hardhack, shrubby 

cinquefoil, widdy) 

Dryas drummondii Richardson ex Hook. var. drummondii (Arctic mountain avens, Drummond‟s mountain 

avens, Drummond's toothleaf, toothleaf dryas, toothleaf mountain avens) 

Dryas integrifolia Vahl ssp. integrifolia (Arctic smooth-leaved dryas, entire-leaved mountain avens, 

smoothleaf dryas, smoothleaf mountain avens) 

Duchesnea indica (Andrz.) Focke (Fragaria indica Andrews) (Indian strawberry, mock strawberry)* 

Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robins. (queen-of-the-prarie, red queen-of-the-meadow) (ornamental - * in 

Canada) 

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. ssp. ulmaria (Spiraea ulmaria L.) (meadow-sweet, 

queen-of-the-meadow, reine-des-pres) (ornamental)* 

Filipendula vulgaris Moench. (Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. ex Maxim.) (common queen-of-the-meadow, 

dropwort) (ornamental)* 

Fragaria vesca L. ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt (Fragaria americana (Porter) Britton) (hedge 

strawberry, sow-teat strawberry, wood strawberry, woodland strawberry) 

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. glauca (S. Watson) Staudt (Fragaria glauca (S. Watson) Rydb., 

Fragaria multicipita Fernald, Fragaria ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb., Fragaria pauciflora Rydb., Fragaria 

virginiana Duchesne var. glauca S. Watson, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. ovalis (Lehm.) R.J. 

Davis, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. terrae-novae (Rydb.) Fernald & Wiegand) (fewerflowered 

strawberry, fraisier, heart berry, odaemin, ovalleaf strawberry, scarlet strawberry, 

shiningleaf strawberry, Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry) (see comment under next entry) 

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. virginiana (Fragaria australis (Rydb.) Rydb., Fragaria canadensis 

Michx., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. australis Rydb., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. 

canadensis (Michx.) Farw. (Canada strawberry, fraisier, heart berry, odaemin, scarlet strawberry, 

Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry) (commnent: in many opinions, the ability to distinguish 

between subspecies of Fragaria virginiana in the field or even the lab is questionable; I usually just 

identify down to the species rank) 

Geum aleppicum Jacq. (Geum strictum Aiton) (common avens, yellow avens) 

Geum x aurantiacum Fries (aleppicum x rivale) (Fries' avens, orange avens) 

Geum canadense Jacq. var. canadense (benoite, Canada avens, white avens) 

Geum x catlingii J. Bern. & Gauth. (urbanum x canadense) (Catling's avens) (* in part) 

Geum laciniatum Murray var. laciniatum (rough avens, slashed avens, slashing avens) 

Geum laciniatum Murray var. trichocarpum Fernald (rough avens, slashed avens, slashing avens, triple 

fruit rough avens) 

Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. macrophyllum (largeleaf avens, large-leaved avens, largeleaf yellow 

avens) 

Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup (Geum oregonense (Scheutz) Rydb., Geum 

perincisum Rydb. (hooked largeleaf avens) 

143

Geum x pulchrum Fern. (macrophyllum x rivale) (Geum x pervale B. Boivin) (Boivin‟s avens, Fernald's 

avens, handsome avens) 

Geum rivale L. (purple avens, ruisseaux, water avens) 

Geum triflorum Pursh var. triflorum (Erythrocoma triflora (Pursh) Greene, Geum ciliatum Pursh var. 

griseum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles, Sieversia triflora (Pursh) R. Br. (benoite a trois fleurs, 

long-plumed purple avens, naenbunaeyaunguaeyauk, old man‟s whiskers, prairie-smoke, threeflowered 

avens) 

Geum urbanum L. (cloveroot, European avens, herb bennet, wood avens) (ornamental)* 

Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray (Stylypus vernus Raf.) (early water avens, spring avens) 

Geum virginianum L. (Geum flavum (Porter) E.P. Bicknell, Geum hirsutum Muhl. ex Link) (American 

avens, cream avens, herb-bennet, rough avens, Virginia avens) 

Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench (Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Br) (bowman's-root, false ipecac, gillenia, 

Indian physic, mountain Indian-physic) 

Kerria japonica (L.) DC. (Japanese rose, Japanese yellow rose)* 

Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. (Pyrus baccata L.) (crabapple, Siberian crab, Siberian crabapple) 

(ornamental)* 

Malus coronaria (L.) Miller (Malus bracteata (L.H. Bailey) Rehder, Malus glabrata Rehder, Malus 

glaucescens Rehder, Malus lancifolia Rehder, Pyrus bracteata L.H. Bailey, Pyrus coronaria L., 

Pyrus glaucescens (Rehder) L.H. Bailey, Pyrus lancifolia (Rehder) L.H. Bailey) (Biltmore crab 

apple, Dunbar crab apple, narrow-leaved crabapple, sweet crabapple, wild crab, wild crabapple) 

Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. (Pyrus prunifolia Willd.) (crab-apple, Chinese apple, New Brunswick 

crab-apple, Nova Scotia crab-apple, plumleaf crab apple)* (NB & NS in e. Canada) 

Malus pumila Mill. (Malus communis Poir., Malus domestica auct. non Borkh., Malus praecox (Pall.) 

Borkh., Malus pumila Mill. var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) C.K. Schneid., Malus sylvestris Amer. 

auth., non (L.) Mill., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. praecox (Pall.) Ponomar., Pyrus pumila (Mill.) K. 

Koch) (common crabapple, European crab apple, orchard apple)* 

Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. atropurpurea 

(Britton) Seymour, Aronia atropurpurea Britton, Aronia floribunda (Lindl.) Spach, Aronia prunifolia 

(Marsh.) Rehder, Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f. var. atropurpurea (Britton) B.L. Rob., Pyrus floribunda 

Lindl., Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynh. var. atropurpurea (Britton) C.K. Schneid.) (barrenberry, 

chokepear, gueules, purple chokeberry) 

Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. nigra (Willd.) 

Seymour, Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot, Aronia nigra (Willd.) Koehne, Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. 

f. var. nigra Willd., Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd., Sorbus melanocarpa (Michx.) Heynh.) 

(barrenberry, black chokeberry, black-seeded chokeberry, chokepear, gueules) 

Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers., Aronia arbutifolia (L.) 

Pers. var. brilliantissima hort., Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. glabra Elliot, Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. 

f., Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f. var. glabra Cronquist, Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynh.) (barrenberry, 

chokepear, gueules, red chokeberry) 

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. intermedius (Rydb.) B.L. Rob. (Opulaster intermedius Rydb., 

Physocarpus intermedius (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid.) (Atlantic ninebark) 

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. opulifolius (Opulaster alabamensis Rydb., Opulaster australis 

144

Rydb., Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze, Opulaster stellatus Rydb., Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) 

Maxim. f. nanus (G. Kirchn.) Zabel, Spiraea opulifolia L.) (common ninebark, (ninebark, 

physocarpus, viburnum-leaved ninebark) 

Potentilla argentea L. var. argentea (hoary cinquefoil, neeshkinzhigaezeediwuhshk, silver cinquefoil, 

silvery cinquefoil)* 

Potentilla arguta Pursh ssp. arguta (Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb., Drymocallis arguta 

(Pursh) Rydb., Geum agrimonioides Pursh) (prairie cinquefoil, tall cinquefoil) 

Potentilla bimundorum Soják (Potentilla multifida auct. non L.) (Arctic cinquefoil, cut-leaved cinquefoil, 

five-fingers, staghorn cinquefoil) 

Potentilla canadensis L. var. canadensis (Canada cinquefoil, common cinquefoil, dwarf cinquefoil, five- 

finger, five-fingers) 

Potentilla canadensis L. var. villosissima Fernald (common cinquefoil, dwarf cinquefoil, five-finger, 

five-fingers, plush dwarf cinquefoil) 

Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. fastigiata (Nutt.) S. Watson (Potentilla angustata Rydb., 

Potentilla blasckeana Turcz. ex Lehm., Potentilla blasckeana Turcz. ex Lehm. var. permollis 

(Rydb.) Wolf, Potentilla etomentosa Rydb., Potentilla etomentosa Rydb. var. hallii (Rydb.) Abrams, 

Potentilla fastigiata Nutt., Potentilla glomerata A. Nelson, Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. ssp. 

nuttallii (Lehm.) D.D. Keck, Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. blasckeana (Turcz. ex Lehm.) 

Jeps., Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. glabrata (Lehm.) C.L. Hitchc., Potentilla gracilis 

Douglas ex Hook. var. nuttallii (Lehm.) Sheldon, Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. permollis 

(Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc., Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. rigida S. Watson, Potentilla indiges 

M. Peck, Potentilla jucunda A. Nelson, Potentilla nuttallii Lehm., Potentilla permollis Rydb., 

Potentilla rectiformis Rydb., Potentilla viridescens Rydb.) (shining green slender cinquefoil, 

slender cinquefoil) 

Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. gracilis (Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb., Potentilla 

macropetala Rydb.) (graceful cinquefoil, graceful slender cinquefoil) 

Potentilla hippiana Lehm. var. hippiana (Potentilla hippiana Lehm. var. diffusa A. Gray ex Lehm., 

Potentilla leneophylla Torr. & James ex Eaton, Potentilla leucophylla Torr., non Pall., Potentilla 

propinqua (Rydb.) Rydb.) (Hipp‟s cinquefoil, showy cinquefoil, woolly cinquefoil) 

Potentilla hookeriana Lehm. ssp. chamissonis (Hultén) Hultén (Potentilla chamissonis Hultén, Potentilla 

kuznetzovii (Govor.) Juz., Potentilla nivea L. ssp. chamissonis (Hultén) Hiitonen) (Hooker‟s 

cinquefoil) (mid to northern QC in e. Canada) 

Potentilla inclinata Vill. (Potentilla canescens Besser, Potentilla intermedia L. var. canescens (Besser) 

Rupr.; also claimed to be Potentilla x inclinata Villars - argentea x recta) (ashy cinquefoil, gray 

cinquefoil, reclining cinquefoil)* 

Potentilla nivea L. var. nivea (Potentilla arenosa (Turcz.) Juz., Potentilla nivea L. ssp. fallax A.E. Porsild, 

Potentilla nivea L. var. tomentosa Nilss.-Ehle, Potentilla prostrata Rottb., Potentilla prostrata 

Rottb. ssp. floccosa Soják, nom. inq.) (snow cinquefoil, snowy cinquefoil) 

Potentilla norvegica L. ssp. monspeliensis (L.) Asch. & Graebn. (Potentilla monspeliensis L., Potentilla 

norvegica L. ssp. hirsuta (Michx.) Hyl., Potentilla norvegica L. var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm., 

Potentilla norvegica L. var. labradorica (Lehm.) Fernald) (barren stawberry, false barren 

strawberry, Norway cinquefoil, Norwegian cinquefoil, rough cinquefoil) 

145

Potentilla norvegica L. ssp. norvegica (Norway cinquefoil, Norwegian cinquefoil) (this subspecies is * in 

North America) 

Potentilla neumanniana Rchb. (Potentilla crantzii auct. non (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch, Potentilla 

crantzii (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch var. hirta Lange, Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. ex Torr. & A. 

Gray var. hirta (Lange) B. Boivin, Potentilla maculata Pourr., Potentilla tabernaemontani Asch., 

nom. Illeg,. Potentilla verna auct. non L. p.p. (Neumann‟s cinquefoil, rock cinquefoil, spring 

cinquefoil) 

Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. (Potentilla nicolletii (S. Watson) Sheldon, Potentilla supina L. ssp. paradoxa 

(Nutt.) Soják) (bushy cinquefoil, paradox cinquefoil, shore cinquefoil) 

Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. litoralis (Rydb.) B. Boivin (Potentilla litoralis Rydb., Potentilla pectinata 

Raf., Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. pectinata (Raf.) Lepage) (Pennsylvania cinquefoil, prairie 

cinquefoil) 

Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. pensylvanica (Potentilla atrovirens Rydb., Potentilla bipinnatifida Douglas 

ex Hook. var. glabrata (Lehm. ex Hook.) Kohli & Packer, Potentilla glabella Rydb., Potentilla 

pensylvanica L. var. atrovirens (Rydb.) T. Wolf, Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. glabrata (Lehm. ex 

Hook.) S. Watson, Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. ovium Jeps., Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. 

strigosa Pall. ex Pursh, Potentilla platyloba Rydb., Potentilla pseudosericea auct. non Rydb., 

Potentilla strigosa (Pall. ex Pursh) Pall. ex Tratt) (Pennsylvania cinquefoil, prairie cinquefoil) 

Potentilla pulchella R. Br. var. pulchella (Potentilla nivea L. var. pulchella (R. Br.) Durand, Potentilla 

pulchella R. Br. var. elatior Lange, Potentilla usticapensis Fernald) (branching cinquefoil, pretty 

cinquefoil, shining cinquefoil) 

Potentilla recta L. (rough-fruited cinquefoil, sulphur cinquefoil, upright cinquefoil)* 

Potentilla reptans L. (creeping cinquefoil, wooland cinquefoil) (ornamental)* 

Potentilla rivalis Nutt. (Potentilla leucocarpa Rydb., Potentilla millegrana Engelm. ex Lehm., Potentilla 

pentandra Engelm.) (brook cinquefoil, river cinquefoil) 

Potentilla simplex (common cinquefoil, decumbent five-finger, old-field cinquefoil, running cinquefoil) 

Prunus americana Marsh. (American plum, prunier, wild plum, wild yellow plum) 

Prunus avium (L.) L. (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench) (bird cherry, mazzard, sweet cherry) (ornamental)* 

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. (cherry-plum, sand plum) (ornamental)* 

Prunus cerasus L. (egriot, pie-cherry, sour cherry) (ornamental)* 

Prunus domestica L. var. domestica (bullace, bullace plum, damson, Damson plum, European plum) 

(ornamental)* 

Prunus domestica L. var. insititia (L.) Fiori & Paoletti (Prunus domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) C.K. 

Schneid., Prunus x domestica L. var. insititia (L.) B. Boivin (pro nm.), nom. illeg., Prunus insititia L. 

(European plum) (ornamental)* 

Prunus glandulosa Thunb. (flowering almond) (ornamental)* 

Prunus mahaleb L. (Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill.) Mahaleb cherry, perfumed cherry, rock cherry tree, 

St.-Lucie cherry) (ornamental)* 

Prunus maritima Marsh. var. maritima (beach plum) (NB in Canada) 

Prunus nigra Ait. (Prunus americana Marsh. var. nigra (Aiton) Waugh) (Canada plum, black plum, false 

pomegranite, horse plum) 

Prunus padus L. (European bird cherry) (ornamental)* 

146

Prunus pensylvanica L. f. var. pensylvanica (Cerasus pensylvanica (L. f.) Loisel.) (bird cherry, fire 

cherry, pin cherry) 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. (nectarine) (ornamental)* (does not 

often survive well or fruit in Canada) 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Amygdalus persica L., Persica vulgaris Mill.) (common peach) 

(ornamental)* 

Prunus pumila L. var. besseyi (L.H. Bailey) Gleason (Cerasus pumila (L.) Michx. ssp. besseyi (L.H. 

Bailey) W.A. Weber, Prunus besseyi L.H. Bailey, Prunus pumila L. ssp. besseyi (L.H. Bailey) 

Nizhnikev) (western sandcherry) 

Prunus pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason (Prunus depressa Pursh) (eastern sandcherry) 

Prunus pumila L. var. pumila (cerisier, dwarf cherry, Great Lakes sandcherry, northern dwarf cherry, 

sand cherry) 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina (black cherry, rum-cherry, wild black cherry) 

Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn, sole of Europe, sole plum) (ornamental)* 

Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall.) (Manchu cherry, Nanking cherry, 

steeple-cherry) (ornamental)* 

Prunus virginiana L. var. virginiana (Padus nana (Du Roi) M. Roem., Padus virginiana (L.) M. Roem.) 

(choke-cherry, red choke cherry, Virginia cherry) 

Pyrus communis L. (common pear, choke pear, domestic pear, poirer) (ornamental)* 

Rosa acicularis Lindl. ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H. Lewis (Rosa bourgeauiana Crép., Rosa collaris Rydb., 

Rosa engelmannii S. Watson, Rosa sayi Schwein.) (bristly rose, Englemann‟s rose, prickly rose, 

purple rose, Say‟s rose) 

Rosa arkansana Porter var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell (Rosa alcea Greene, Rosa conjuncta Rydb., 

Rosa pratincola Greene, Rosa suffulta Greene) (Arkansas rose, prairie rose) 

Rosa blanda Aiton var. blanda (Rosa rousseauiorum B. Boivin, Rosa subblanda Rydb., Rosa williamsii 

Fernald) (meadow rose, smooth rose) 

Rosa blanda Aiton var. glabra Crép. (meadow rose, smooth rose) 

Rosa canina L. (Rosa corymbifera Borkh.) (canker rose, corymb rose, dog-rose, dog-tooth rose) 

(ornamental)* 

Rosa carolina L. var. carolina (Rosa lyonii Pursh, Rosa palmeri Rydb., Rosa serrulata Raf., Rosa 

subserrulata Rydb., Rosa texarkana Rydb.) (Carolina rose, Deam‟s rose, Palmer‟s rose, pasture 

rose, swamp rose, Texarkana rose) (mainly southwestern Ontario) 

Rosa centifolia L. (cabbage rose, hundred-flower, hundred-leaved rose) (ornamental)* 

Rosa x damascena Mill. (pro sp.) [gallica x moschata] (damask rose)* (NB in e. Canada) 

Rosa x dumetorum Thuill. [canina x obtusifolia] (Rosa canina L. var. dumetorum (Thuill.) Poir., Rosa 

dumetorum Thuill.) (corymb rose)* 

Rosa eglanteria L. (Rosa rubiginosa L.) (eglantine, sweetbrier, sweetbrier rose) 

(ornamental)* 

Rosa hugonis Hemsley (Hugo‟s rose, hugonis-rose, yellow rose) (ornamental)* 

Rosa majalis Herrm. (Rosa cinnamomea sensu L. 1759, non 1753) (cinnamon-rose, double cinnamon 

rose) (ornamental)* 

Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. In Soweby (false eglantine, false sweetbrier, small-flowered rose, 

smallflower sweetbrier, sweetbrier) (ornamental)* 

147

Rosa multiflora Thunb ex Murray (Rosa cathayensis (Rehder & Wilson) L.H. Bailey) (multiflora rose) 

(ornamental)* 

Rosa nitida Willd. (northeastern rose, New England rose, shining rose) 

Rosa palustris Marsh. (Rosa floridana Rydb., Rosa lancifolia Small) (marsh rose, swamp rose) 

Rosa rugosa Thunb. (rugosa rose, wrinkled rose) (ornamental)* 

Rosa setigera Michx. var. setigera (climbing rose, dioecious rose, prairie rose) 

Rosa setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray (climbing rose, dioecious rose, prairie rose, steeple 

rose) 

Rosa spinosissima L. (Rosa pimpinellifolia L., Rosa sibirica Tratt.) (pimpernel-rose, Scotch rose) 

(ornamental)* 

Rosa virginiana Mill. var. virginiana (common wild rose, low rose, pasture rose, Virginia rose) 

Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. woodsii (Rosa adenosepala Woot. & Standl., Rosa fendleri Crép., Rosa 

hypoleuca Woot. & Standl., Rosa macounii Greene, Rosa neomexicana Cockerell, Rosa standleyi 

Rydb., Rosa terrens Lunell, Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. adenosepala (Woot. & Standl.) W.C. Martin 

& C.R. Hutchins, Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. fendleri (Crép.) Rydb., Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. 

hypoleuca (Woot. & Standl.) W.C. Martin & C.R. Hutchins, Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. macounii 

(Greene) W.C. Martin & C.R. Hutchins ) (Fendler rose, Macoun‟s rose, new Mexico rose, 

Standely‟s rose, Woods' rose) 

Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. allegheniensis (Rubus attractus L.H. Bailey, Rubus auroralis L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus fissidens L.H. Bailey, Rubus longissimus L.H. Bailey, Rubus nigrobaccus L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus nuperus L.H. Bailey, Rubus pennus L.H. Bailey, Rubus rappii L.H. Bailey, Rubus 

separ L.H. Bailey) (Allegheny blackberry, bramble, common blackberry, high-bush blackberry, 

ronce) 

Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. gravesii Fernald (Rubus marilandicus L.H. Bailey, Rubus tumularis 

L.H. Bailey, Rubus uber L.H. Bailey, Rubus virginianus L.H. Bailey) (Graves' blackberry) (NS in 

Canada) 

Rubus arcticus L. ssp. acaulis (Michx.) Focke (Cylactis arctica (L.) Raf. ex B.D. Jacks. ssp. acaulis 

(Michx.) W.A. Weber, Rubus acaulis Michx., Rubus arcticus L. var. acaulis (Michx.) B. Boivin) 

(dwarf raspberry, stemless plumboy, stemless raspberry) 

Rubus armeniacus Focke (Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees, Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Müll. ex 

Genev) (Himalayan blackberry, Himalaya-berry) (ornamental)*/** 

Rubus flagellaris Willd. (Rubus alacer L.H. Bailey, Rubus arundelanus Blanch., Rubus arundelanus 

Blanch. var. jeckylanus (Blanch.) L.H. Bailey, Rubus ascendens Blanch., Rubus ashei L.H. Bailey, 

Rubus bonus L.H. Bailey, Rubus camurus L.H. Bailey, Rubus clausenii L.H. Bailey, Rubus 

connixus L.H. Bailey, Rubus cordialis L.H. Bailey, Rubus dissitiflorus Fernald, Rubus enslenii 

Tratt., Rubus exemptus L.H. Bailey, Rubus frustratus L.H. Bailey, Rubus geophilus Blanch., 

Rubus jaysmithii L.H. Bailey var. angustior L.H. Bailey, Rubus longipes Fernald, Rubus maltei L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus neonefrens L.H. Bailey, Rubus occultus L.H. Bailey, Rubus procumbens Muhl., 

Rubus sailori L.H. Bailey, Rubus serenus L.H. Bailey, Rubus subuniflorus Rydb., Rubus tetricus 

L.H. Bailey, Rubus tracyi L.H. Bailey, Rubus urbanianus L.H. Bailey, Rubus villosus Aiton (arundel 

raspberry, Bailey‟s folly, Enslen's dewberry, Enlen‟s raspberry, Maine raspberry, northern 

dewberry, prickly dewberry, prickly raspberry, southern dewberry) 

148

Rubus caesius L. (European dewberry) (ornamental)* 

Rubus canadensis L. (Rubus argutus Link var. randii (L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey, Rubus besseyi L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus canadensis L. var. imus L.H. Bailey, Rubus forestalis L.H. Bailey, Rubus illustris 

L.H. Bailey, Rubus irregularis L.H. Bailey, Rubus laetabilis L.H. Bailey, Rubus millspaughii L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus randii (L.H. Bailey) Rydb.) (Canadian dewberry, Millspaugh‟s blackberry, smooth 

blackberry) 

Rubus chamaemorus L. (Arctic cloudberry, bake-apple, bake-apple berry, baked-apple berry, chicoute, 

cloudberry) 

Rubus frondosus Bigel. (Rubus brainerdii Fernald, Rubus cardianus L.H. Bailey, Rubus difformis L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus eriensis L.H. Bailey, Rubus heterogeneous L.H. Bailey, Rubus nescius L.H. Bailey, 

Rubus pauxillus L.H. Bailey, Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. var. frondosus (Bigelow) B. Boivin, Rubus 

pratensis L.H. Bailey, Rubus sativus Brainerd, Rubus uniquus L.H. Bailey, Rubus wahlii L.H. 

Bailey) (fern dewberry, leafy raspberry, yankee blackberry) 

Rubus hispidus L. (Rubus sempervirens Bigelow) (bristly dewberry, swamp dewberry, trailing 

blackberry) 

Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus (Rubus greeneanus L.H. Bailey) (American [sic] red raspberry, Eurasian 

raspberry, red raspberry, wild red raspberry) (ornamental)* 

Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke (Rubus carolinianus Rydb., Rubus melanolasius Dieck, 

Rubus neglectus Peck, Rubus strigosus Michx.) (grayleaf red raspberry) 

Rubus illecebrosus Focke (Nova Scotia raspberry, strawberry-raspberry) (NS in e. Canada) 

Rubus x neglectus Peck. (idaeus x occidentalis) (purple wild raspberry, ronce) (provenance in dispute, 

not listed in most florae) 

Rubus occidentalis L. (black raspberry, thimble-berry) 

Rubus odoratus L. (Rubacer odoratus (L.) Rydb.) (flowering raspberry, purple-flowering raspberry, sweet 

raspberry, thimbleberry, tutugaugomin) 

Rubus x paracaulis Bailey (acaulis x pubescens) (Rubus pubescens Raf. var. paracaulis (L.H. Bailey) B. 

Boivin) (Bailey-berry, Bailey‟s raspberry) 

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. var. parviflorus (few-flowered raspberry, sparse-flowered thimbleberry, 

thimbleberry, white-flowering raspberry) 

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. (Rubus abactus L.H. Bailey) (hooked dewberry, Pennsylvania blackberry, 

Pennsylvania raspberry) 

Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pilosifolius A.F. Hill (dwarf raspberry, dwarf red raspberry, hairy dewberry) 

(QC and eastward) 

Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pubescens (Cylactis pubescens (Raf.) W.A. Weber, Rubus triflorus 

Richardson) (dwarf raspberry, dwarf red raspberry, hairy dewberry) 

Rubus setosus Bigel. (Rubus beatus L.H. Bailey, Rubus condignus L.H. Bailey, Rubus discretus L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus groutianus Blanch., Rubus hispidus L. var. suberectus Peck, Rubus junior L.H. 

Bailey, Rubus nigricans Rydb., Rubus ribes L.H. Bailey, Rubus significans L.H. Bailey, Rubus 

tectus L.H. Bailey, Rubus udus L.H. Bailey) (bristly blackberry, bristly raspberry, setose 

blackberry) 

Sanguisorba annua (Nutt. ex Hook) Torr. & A. Gray (Poteridium annuum (Nutt. ex Hook.) Spach, 

Sanguisorba occidentalis Nutt.) (annual burnet, plains poteridium, poterium, prairie burnet, 

western burnet) 

149

Sanguisorba canadensis L. (Sanguisorba canadensis L. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, 

Sanguisorba canadensis L. var. latifolia Hook., Sanguisorba sitchensis C.A. Mey., Sanguisorba 

stipulata Raf.) (American burnet, Canadian burnet) 

Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. balearica (Bourg. ex Nyman) M. Garm. & C. Navarro (Poterium 

polygamum Waldst. & Kit., Poterium sanguisorba auct. non L., Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. 

muricata (Spach ex Bonnier & Layens) Nordborg) (salad burnet, small burnet, smaller burnet)* 

Sibbaldia procumbens L. (Potentilla sibbaldii Haller f.) (creeping sibbaldia, sibbaldia)* 

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Aiton) Rydb. (Potentilla tridentata Aiton) (Arctic three-toothed cinquefoil, 

shrubby fivefingers, three-toothed cinquefoil) 

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) Braun (Schizonotus sorbifolius (L.) Lindl., Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun var. 

stellipila Maxim., Spiraea sorbifolia L.) (false meadowsweet, false spiraea, sorbaria, sorb-leaved 

shizonotus) (ornamental)* 

Sorbus americana Marsh. (Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC., Pyrus microcarpa (Pursh) Spreng.) 

(American mountain-ash, dogberry, missey-moosey, roundwood) 

Sorbus aucuparia L. (Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn.) (European mountain-ash, rowan, rowan-tree) 

(ornamental)* 

Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. (Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. var. decora Sarg., Pyrus decora (Sarg.) 

Hyl.) (dogberry, northern mountain ash, roundwood, showy mountain-ash) 

Spiraea alba Du Roi var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel (Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.) (broadleaf meadowsweet, 

broadleaf spiraea, plum-leaved spiraea, white meadowsweet, white spiraea) 

Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. var. chamaedryfolia (avens meadowsweet, Germander meadowsweet, 

meadow-sweet) (ornamenal)* 

Spiraea betulifolia Pall. var. corymbosa (Raf.) Maxim. (Spiraea betulifolia Pall. ssp. corymbosa (Raf.) 

Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Spiraea corymbosa Raf.) (corymed spiraea, corymbose meadowsweet, 

dwarf spiraea, shinyleaf meadowsweet) (ornamental)* 

Spiraea japonica L. f. (Japanese meadow-sweet, Japanese spiraea) (ornamental)* 

Spiraea salicifolia L. (bridewort, willow-leaved meadow-sweet, willow-spiraea) (ornamental)* 

Spiraea septentrionalis (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve (Spiraea alba Du Roi var. septentrionalis (Fernald) 

Seymour, Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh. var. septentrionalis Fernald) (narrowleaf meadowsweet, 

narrowleaf spiraea, narrow-leaved meadow-sweet, white meadowsweet, white spiraea) 

(technically * in Canada though it seems to have crossed the border many times – looks like 

Spiraea alba var. latifolia in that there is a lot of phenotypic plasticity in both species‟ leaves) 

Spiraea thunbergii Sieb. ex Zucc. (Thunberg‟s meadow-sweet, Thunberg's spiraea) (ornamental)* 

Spiraea tomentosa L. (hardhack, steeplebush, steeplebush spiraea, tomentose meadow-sweet) 

Spiraea x vanhouttei (Briot) Zabel (cantoniensis x trilobata) (Vanhoutt‟s meadow-sweet) (ornamental)* 

Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. ssp. fragarioides (Appalachian barren strawberry, barren 

strawberry, dry strawberry) 

Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family) 

Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook. (American golden saxifrage, American water-mat, 

golden saxifrage, water carpet, water-mat) 

Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Lund ex Malmgr.) Th. Fr. (Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. ssp. tetrandrum 

150

(Lund ex Malmgr.) Hultén, Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. var. tetrandrum Lund ex Malmgr.) 

(alternate-leaved water-mat, golden saxifrage, northern golden saxifrage, water carpet) 

Heuchera americana L. var. americana (Heuchera calycosa Small, Heuchera curtisii Torr. & A. Gray ex 

A. Gray, Heuchera curtisii Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray var. crenata Rydb., Heuchera lancipetala 

Rydb.) (American alum-root, rock-geranium) 

Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. (Heuchera hispida auct. non Pursh) (Richardson's alumroot, rough 

heuchera) 

Mitella diphylla L. (Mitella oppositifolia Rydb.) (bishop's-cap, coolwort, miterwort, mitrewort, two-leaved 

bishop‟s-cap, twoleaf miterwort) 

Mitella nuda L. (naked bishop‟s-cap, naked mitrwort, smooth mitrewort) 

Parnassia glauca Raf. (Parnassia americana Muhl.) (Ameircan grass-of-parnassus, bluegreen grass-of- 

parnassus, common grass-of-parnassus, fen grass-of-parnassus) 

Parnassia kotzebuei Cham. ex Spreng. (Kotzebue's grass of Parnassus) 

Parnassia palustris L. var. parviflora (DC.) B. Boivin (Parnassia parviflora DC) (northern grass-of- 

parnassus, smaller grass-of-parnassus, smallflower grass of Parnassus) 

Parnassia palustris L. var. tenuis Wahlenb. (Parnassia multiseta (Ledeb.) Fernald) (bog-stars, marsh 

grass-of-parnassus) 

Penthorum sedoides L. (ditch stonecrop, Virginia stonecrop) 

Saxifraga aizoides L. (Leptasea aizoides (L.) Haw.) (yellow mountain-saxifrage) 

Saxifraga cernua L. (drooping bulbous saxifrage, nodding saxifrage) 

Saxifraga caespitosa L. (Saxifraga cespitosa L., orth. var.) (dense-tufted saxifrage, larger saxifrage, 

tufted saxifrage, tufted alpine saxifrage) 

Saxifraga hirculus L. ssp. hirculus (Leptasea hirculus (L.) Small) (yellow marsh saxifrage) 

Saxifraga hirculus L. ssp. propinqua (R. Br.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Hirculus prorepens (Fisch. ex Sternb.) 

A. Löve & D. Löve, Saxifraga hirculus L. var. propinqua (R. Br.) Simmons, Saxifraga prorepens 

Fisch. ex Sternb.) (yellow marsh saxifrage) 

Saxifraga oppositifolia L. ssp. oppositifolia (Antiphylla oppositifolia (L.) Fourr.) (mountain saxifrage, 

purple mountain-saxifrage, purple saxifrage) 

Saxifraga paniculata Mill. ssp. neogaea (Butters) D. Löve (Chondrosea paniculata Mill. ssp. neogaea 

(Butters) A. Löve, Saxifraga aizoon Jacq. ssp. neogaea (Butters) A. Löve & D. Löve, Saxifraga 

aizoon Jacq. var. neogaea Butters) (alpine saxifrage, livelong saxifrage, panicled saxifrage, White 

Mountain saxifrage) 

Saxifraga pensylvanica L. (Micranthes pensylvanica (L.) Haw., Saxifraga forbesii Vasey) (Pennsylvania 

saxifrage, swamp saxifrage, wild-beet) 

Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb. (Leptasea tricuspidata (Rottb.) Haw.) (three-cusped saxifrage, three- 

toothed saxifrage, toothed saxifrage) 

Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. var. virginiensis (Micranthes virginiensis (Michx.) Small) (early saxifrage) 

Tiarella cordifolia L. var. cordifolia (foam-flower, heartleaf foamflower, heart-leaved false mitrewort) 

Order Santales 

Santalaceae (sandalwood family) [incl Viscaceae (dwarf mistletoe family), separated from Loranthaceae)] 

151

Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.ex Engelm. (American dwarf mistletoe, pine mistletoe) 

Arceuthobium pusillum Peck. (Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze) (dwarf mistletoe, eastern dwarf 

mistletoe, small mistletoe) 

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata (bastard toadflax, star toadflax) 

Geocaulon lividum (Rich.) Fern (Comandra lividum Rich.). (northern comandra, northern commandra) 

Order Sapindales 

Anacardiaceae (cashew family, sumac family) 

Cotinus coggygria Scop. (smoke tree) (ornamental – in my opinion, the ugliest ornamental ever)* 

Mangifera indica (mango) (ornamental)* 

Pistacia vera L. (pistachio nut)* 

Rhus aromatica Ait. (fragrant sumac, lemon sumac, lemonade berry, polecat-bush, squaw-bush) 

Rhus copallinum L. (Rhus copallina L., orth. var.) (dwarf sumac, shining sumac, upland sumac, wingrib 

sumac) (mostly in the Carolinian zone in Ontario but some near Cardinal, Ontario [planted?]) 

Rhus glabra L. (Rhus borealis Greene, Rhus calophylla Greene) (scarlet sumac, smooth sumac) 

(eastern Lake Ontario) 

Rhus pulvinata Greene (Rhus x pulvinata E. Greene - glabra x typha) (Greene's sumac, hybrid sumac, 

northern smooth sumac) 

Rhus typhina L. (Datisca hirta L., Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.) (staghorn-sumac, velvet sumac) 

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas tree) (ornamental – I‟ve yet to see it 

escape in Canada or anywhere north of the California-Texas-Florida-Hawaii regions)* 

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze ssp. radicans (Rhus radicans L.) (climbing poison-ivy, cow-itch, 

eastern poison-ivy, markry, mercury, poison ivy) 

Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene (Rhus rydbergii Small ex Rydb., Toxicodendron 

desertorum Lunell) (Rydberg‟s poison-ivy, western poison-ivy) 

Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze (Rhus vernix L.) (poison dogwood, poison elder, poison sumac, 

swamp sumac) 

Rutaceae (citrus family, rue family) 

Ptelea trifoliata L. ssp. trifoliata var. trifoliata (Ptelea baldwinii Torr. & A. Gray, Ptelea microcarpa Small, 

Ptelea serrata Small, Ptelea trifoliata L. var. deamiana Nieuwl. (common hop-tree, hoptree, 

shrubby-trefoil, stinking-ash, three-leaved hop-tree, wafer ash) 

Ruta graveolens L. (common rue, garden rue herb-of-grace)* 

Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. (American prickly-ash, ash-leaved rue, northern prickly ash, pain-in-the- 

ass bush, rip bush, toothache bush, toothache tree) 

Sapindaceae (soapberry family) [includes Aceraceae {maple family}, Hippocatanaceae {buckeye family}] 

Acer campestre L. (field maple, hedge maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer capillipes Maxim. (red snake-bark maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer cappadocicum Gled. (cappadocian maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer cissifolium (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch. (Japanese vine-leaved maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer crataegifolium Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese hawthorn-leaved maple, Japanese maple) (ornamental)* 

152

Acer davidii Franch. (Chinese pere David's maple, Father David maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer x freemanii E. Murr. (rubrum x saccharinum) (Freeman‟s maple, hybrid soft maple) 

Acer ginnala Maxim. (amur maple, Chinese amur maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer glabrum Torr. (ornamental dwarf maple, rock maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax. (Chinese paper-bark maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer grosseri Pax. (Chinese hers' maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer japonicum Thunb. (full moon maple, Japanese maple, moon maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer leucoderme Small (chalk maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer macrophyllum Pursh. (large-leaved maple, Oregon maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer negundo L. (ash-leaf maple, boxelder, Manitoba maple) (*/** in Ontario eastward; there are also 

many ornamental varieties and this can make field identification difficult) 

Acer nigrum Michx. f. (Acer saccharum Marsh. ssp.nigrum (Michx. f.) Desmarais) (black maple, 

droopleaf maple, three lobed maple) 

Acer palmatum Thunb. (Japanese maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer pensylvanicum L. (moose maple, moose-bark, moosewood, striped maple, whistlewood) 

Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple)*/** (many are royal red/purple varieties) 

Acer pseudo-plantanus L. (sycamore maple) (ornamental)*/** 

Acer rubrum L. (red maple, scarlet maple, soft maple, swamp-maple) 

Acer rufinerve (Japanese grey-budded snake-bark maple) (ornamental)* 

Acer saccharinum L. (river maple, silver maple, soft maple, white maple) 

Acer saccharum Marsh. (five lobed maple, hard maple, rock maple, sugar maple) 

Acer spicatum Lam. (mountain maple) 

Aesculus flava Soland. (Aesculus octandra L.) (sweet buckeye, yellow buckeye) (ornamental)* 

Aesculus glabra Willd. (fetid buckeye, Ohio buckeye, stinking buckeye) (ornamental)* 

Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut) (ornamental)* 

Aesculus indica (Camb.) Hook. (Indian horse-chestnut) (ornamental)* 

Aesculus turbinata Blume (Japanese horse-chestnut) (ornamental)* 

Simaroubaceae (ailanthus family, quassia family, tree-of-heaven family) 

Ailanthus altissima (Mill) Swing (Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.) (alianthus, Chinese sumac, copal-tree, 

stinking quassia, tree-of-heaven)*/** 

Staphyleaceae (bladdernut family) 

Staphylea trifolia L. (American bladdernut) (classified under Rhamnaceae in older florae) 

Zygophyllaceae (caltrop family, creosote-bush famly) 

Tribulus terrestris L. (ground burnut, land caltrop, puncturevine)*/** 

153

Liliopsida (Monocotyledonae) 

Subclass Alismatidae 

Order Alismatales 

Alismataceae (arrowhead family, water-plantain family) 

Alisma gramineum Lej. (Alisma geyeri Torr., Alisma gramineum Lej. var. angustissimum (DC.) A.J. 

Hendricks, Alisma gramineum Lej. var. geyeri (Torr.) Lam., Alisma gramineum Lej. var. 

graminifolium (Wahlenb.) A.J. Hendricks, Alisma gramineum Lej. var. wahlenbergii auct. non 

(Holmb.) Raymond & Kucyniak , Alisma lanceolatum A. Gray) (Geyer‟s water-plantain, 

grass-leaved water-plantain, narrowleaf water plantain) 

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (common water-plantain, western water-plantain) (occasionally adventive 

but mostly found in AK, WA) 

Echinodorus tenellus (Mart. ex Schult. f.) Buchenau (Echinodorus parvulus Engelm., Echinodorus 

tenellus (Mart. ex Schult. f.) Buchenau var. latifolius (Seub.) Fassett, Echinodorus tenellus (Mart. 

ex Schult. f.) Buchenau var. parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett, Helianthium parvulum (Engelm.) Britton, 

Helianthium tenellum (Mart. ex Schult. f.) Britton) (bur-head, mudbabies) (NY & MI south) 

(common in aquaria) 

Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush (shortbeak arrowhead) (NB in Canada) 

Sagittaria calycina Engelm. var. spongiosa Engelm. (Lophotocarpus spathulatus J.G. Sm., 

Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J.G. Sm., Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. ssp. 

spongiosa (Engelm.) Bogin, Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. var. spongiosa (Engelm.) 

B. Boivin, Sagittaria spathulata (J.G. Sm.) Buchenau) (hooden plantain. mud-plantain, New 

Brunswick mud-plaintain) 

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldon (Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. ex J.G. Sm.) (arumleaf arrowhead, northern 

arrowhead, wapato, wapato arrowhead, wedgeleaf arrowhead) 

Sagittaria graminea Michx. var. graminea (crested sagittaria, grass-leaved arrowhead, grassy 

arrowhead) 

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (Sagittaria chinensis Pursh, Sagittaria engelmanniana J.G. Sm. ssp. longirostra 

(Micheli) Bogin, Sagittaria esculenta Howell, Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. obtusa (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Wiegand, Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. pubescens (Muhl. ex Nutt.) J.G. Sm., Sagittaria longirostra 

(Micheli) J.G. Sm., Sagittaria obtusa Muhl. ex Willd., non Thunb., Sagittaria ornithorhyncha Small 

SAPL5 Sagittaria planipes Fernald, Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. ex Nutt., Sagittaria variabilis 

Engelm. var. obtusa (Muhl. ex Willd.) Engelm., Sagittaria viscosa C. Mohr) (broad-leaved 

arrowhead, common arrowhead, duck arrowhead, duck potato, duck tuber, fleche d'eau, swan 

tuber, waubizeepin) 

Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. (Sagittaria spatulata (J. G. Smith) Buch.?) (Atlantic 

arrowhead, giant arrowhead, spatulate-leaved arrowhead) (said to be in PN south only; some 

claim it is in NS as Sagitarria spatulata but this taxon not recognized by most modern florae) 

Sagittaria rigida Pursh. (sessile-fruited arrowhead, swamp-potato) 

Butomaceae (flowering rush family) 

Butomus umbellatus L. (flowering rush, jonc flueri, wushkohnse)*/** 

154

Order Hydrocharitales 

Hydrocharitaceae (frog's-bit family, tape-grass family) 

Egeria densa Planch. (Anacharis densa (Planch.) Victorin, Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary, Philotria 

densa (Planch.) Small & H. St. John) (Brazilian waterweed)*/** (not yet in e. Canada) 

Elodea canadensis Rich. ex Michx. (Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch., Anacharis canadensis 

(Michx.) Planch. var. planchonii (Caspary) Victorin, Elodea brandegeeae H. St. John, Elodea 

ioensis Wylie, Elodea linearis (Rydb.) H. St. John, Elodea planchonii Caspary, Philotria 

canadensis (Michx.) Britton, Philotria linearis Rydb.) (Canada waterweed, common elodea, 

water-weed) 

Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St John (Anacharis nuttallii Planch., Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin, 

Elodea columbiana H. St. John, Elodea minor (Engelm. ex Caspary) Farw., Elodea occidentalis 

(Pursh) H. St. John, Philotria angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton ex Rydb., Philotria minor (Engelm. ex 

Caspary) Small, Philotria nuttallii (Planch.) Rydb., Philotria occidentalis (Pursh) House, Udora 

verticillata (L. f.) Spreng. var. minor Engelm. ex Caspary) (ditch-moss, Nutall‟s elodea, 

water-thyme, western elodea, western waterweed) 

Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle (waterthyme) (ME southward; not in Canada) 

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. (common frog-bit, European frog‟s-bit)*/** 

Limnobium spongia (Bosc) Rich. ex Steud. (Hydrocharis cordifolia Nutt., Hydrocharis spongia Bosc 

(American frog's-bit, American spongeplant) 

Vallisneria americana Michx. (Vallisneria asiatica Michx., Vallisneria neotropicalis Victorin, Vallisneria 

spiralis auct. non L., Vallisneria spiralis L. var. asiatica (Michx.) Torr.) (American eelgrass, 

tape-grass, water-celery) 

Order Najadales 

Juncaginaceae (arrowgrass family) 

Triglochin maritimum L. (Triglochin elata Nutt., Triglochin elatum Nutt., orth. var.) (arrow-grass, seaside 

arrowgrass, spke-grass, troscart) 

Triglochin palustre L. (lesser arrow-grass, marsh arrow-grass) 

Najadaceae (naiad family, water nymph family) 

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. (Caulinia flexilis Willd., Najas caespitosa (Maguire) Reveal, 

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt ssp. caespitosa Maguire, Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & 

Schmidt var. congesta Farw., Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt var. robusta Morong) (bushy 

naiad, naiad, nodding waternymph, pondweed, slender najas) 

Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelm.) Magnus (Najas indica (Willd.) Cham. var. gracillima A. Braun ex 

Engelm.) (naiad, slender water-nymph, thread-like najas) 

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus ssp. guadalupensis (Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng.) (southern 

waternymph) (despite the name, native in ON and much of North America) 

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus ssp. olivacea (Rosend. & Butters) Haynes & C.B. Hellquist 

(Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus var. olivacea (Rosend. & Butters) Haynes, Najas 

155

olivacea Rosend. & Butters) (Guadeloupe najas, Guadalupe waternymph, larger water-nymph, 

southern naiad) (despite the name, it is native in ON and much of North America) 

Najas marina L. (Najas gracilis (Morong) Small, Najas major All., Najas major All. var. angustifolia A. 

Braun ex K. Schum., Najas marina L. var. recurvata Dudley) (prickly naiad, spiny naiad) (ON in 

Canada) 

Najas minor All. (Caulinia minor (All.) Coss. & Germ.) (brittle waternymph, smaller naiad)*/** (ON in 

Canada) 

Potamogetonaceae (pondweed family) 

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis (Potamogeton alpinus Balbis ssp. tenuifolius (Raf.) Hultén, Potamogeton 

alpinus Balbis var. subellipticus (Fernald) Ogden, Potamogeton alpinus Balbis var. tenuifolius 

(Raf.) Ogden (alpine pondweed, northern pondweed) 

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuck. (largeleaf pondweed, large-leaved pondweed) 

Potamogeton x argutulus Hagstr. [gramineus x nodosus] (nodding grassleaf pondweed) (NY southward; 

not in Canada) 

Potamogeton bicupulatus Fernald (hair pondweed, snailseed pondweed, snail-seed pondweed, twin-cup 

pondweed, two-cup pondweed) 

Potamogeton confervoides Rchb. (alga-like pondweed, confervoid ponweed, forked pondweed, 

Tuckerman's pondweed) 

Potamogeton crispus L. (curled pondweed, curly muck-weed, curly pondweed, curly-leaved 

pondweed)*/** 

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. (Potamogeton capillaceus Poir. p.p., Potamogeton capillaceus Poir. var. 

atripes Fernald, Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. var. multidenticulatus (Morong) Asch. & Graebn.) 

(waterthread pondweed) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. ssp. nuttallii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Calder & Roy 

L. Taylor, Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. var. nuttallii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fernald, Potamogeton 

epihydrus Raf. var. ramosus (Peck) House) (floating pondweed, Nuttall‟s pondweed, ribbonleaf 

pondweed) 

Potamogeton x faxonii Morong (pro sp.) [illinoensis x nodosus] (Faxon‟s pondweed) (QC in Canada) 

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. ssp. foliosus (Potamogeton curtissii Morong, Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. 

foliosus leafy pondweed, Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. genuinus Fernald, Potamogeton 

foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fernald) (Curtis‟ pondweed, leafy pondweed) 

Potamogeton friesii Rupr. (flat-stalked pondweed, Fries' pondweed) 

Potamogeton gramineus L. (Potamogeton gramineus L. var. graminifolius Fr., Potamogeton gramineus 

L. var. maximus Morong, Potamogeton gramineus L. var. myriophyllus J.W. Robbins, 

Potamogeton gramineus L. var. typicus Ogden) (grassweed, grassy pondweed, grass-like 

pondweed, variable-leaved pondweed) 

Potamogeton x hagstroemii Benn. (pro sp.) [gramineus x richardsonii] (Hagstroem's pondweed) (ON in 

e. Canada) 

Potamogeton x haynesii Hellquist & Crow [strictifolius x zosteriformis] (Haynes' pondweed) 

Potamogeton hillii Morong (Potamogeton porteri Fernald) (Hill's pondweed) 

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong (Potamogeton angustifolius Bercht. & C. Presl, Potamogeton 

156

heterophyllus Schreb., Potamogeton lucens auct. non L.) (Illinois pondweed) 

Potamogeton natans L. (broad-leaved pondweed, common floating pondweed, swimmer's pondweed) 

Potamogeton x nericus Hagstr. [alpinus x gramineus] (alpine grassleaf pondweed) 

Potamogeton x nitens Weber (pro sp.) [gramineus x perfoliatus] (Potamogeton x subnitens Hagstr.) 

(clasping grassleaf pondweed) 

Potamogeton nodosus Poir. (Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schltdl., Potamogeton fluitans Roth) 

(American pondweed, longleaf pondweed, knotty pondweed, nodding pondweed) 

Potamogeton oakesianus J.W. Robbins (Oakes' pondweed) 

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & W.D.J. Koch (blunt pondweed, blunt-leaved pondweed) 

Potamogeton ogdenii Hellquist & Hilton (Ogden's pondweed) (ON in Canada) 

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. (Potamogeton amplexicaulis Kar., Potamogeton bupleuroides Fernald, 

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. ssp. bupleuroides (Fernald) Hultén, Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. 

bupleuroides (Fernald) Farw.) (clasping pondweed, claspingleaf pondweed, clasping-leaved 

pondweed, perfoliate pondweed, perforated pondweed) 

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen (Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen var. angustifolius Graebn.) (long- 

peduncled pondweed, whitestem pondweed, white-stem pondweed) 

Potamogeton pulcher Tuck. (handsome pondweed, spotted pondweed) 

Potamogeton pusillus L. ssp. gemmiparus (J.W. Robbins) Haynes & C.B. Hellquist (Potamogeton 

gemmiparus (J.W. Robbins) J.W. Robbins ex Morong, Potamogeton pusillus L. var. gemmiparus 

J.W. Robbins) (budding pondweed, Quebec pondweed, potamot, small pondweed) 

Potamogeton pusillus L. ssp. pusillus (Potamogeton lateralis Morong p.p., Potamogeton panormitanus 

Biv., Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. var. major G. Fisch., Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. var. 

minor Biv., Potamogeton pusillus L. var. minor (Biv.) Fernald & B.G. Schub., Potamogeton 

pusillus L. var. pusillus) (lesser pondweed, nain, slender pondweed, small pondweed) 

Potamogeton pusillus L. ssp. tenuissimus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Haynes & C.B. Hellquist (Potamogeton 

berchtoldii Fieber, Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber var. acuminatus Fieber, Potamogeton 

berchtoldii Fieber var. colpophilus (Fernald) Fernald, Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber var. 

lacunatus (Hagstr.) Fernald, Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber var. mucronatus Fieber, 

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber var. polyphyllus (Morong) Fernald, Potamogeton berchtoldii 

Fieber var. tenuissimus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Fernald, Potamogeton pusillus L. var. mucronatus 

(Fieber) Graebn., Potamogeton pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) (Berchtold's 

pondweed, small pondweed) 

Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. (Potamogeton perfoliatus L. ssp. richardsonii (Benn.) Hultén, 

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. richardsonii Benn.) (clasping-leaved pondweed, Richardson‟s 

pondweed, red-head pondweed) 

Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes (fern pondweed, Robbins' pondweed) 

Potamogeton x scoliophyllus Hagstr. [amplifolius x illinoensis] (ascending pondweed) 

Potamogeton x sparganiifolius Laest. ex Fr. (pro sp.) [gramineus x natans] (bur pondweed) (NY & AB 

only) 

Potamogeton x spathuliformis (J.W. Robbins) Morong (pro sp.) [gramineus x illinoensis] (spatulate 

pondweed) 

Potamogeton spirillus Tuck. (Potamogeton dimorphus Raf.) (coiled pondweed, sprial pondweed) 

157

Potamogeton strictifolius Benn. (Potamogeton longiligulatus Fernald, Potamogeton pusillus L. var. 

rutiloides (Fernald) B. Boivin, Potamogeton rutilus auct. non Wolfgang, Potamogeton strictifolius 

Benn. var. rutiloides Fernald, Potamogeton strictifolius Benn. var. typicus Fernald) (narrow-leaved 

pondweed, straight-leaved pondweed) 

Potamogeton subsibiricus Hagstr. (Potamogeton porsildiorum Fernald) (red pondweed, slender 

pondweed, Yenisei River pondweed, yellow pondweed) 

Potamogeton vaseyi J.W. Robbins (Potamogeton lateralis Morong p.p.) (Vasey's pondweed) 

Potamogeton zosteriformis Fernald (eel pondweed, eel-grass pondweed, flatstem pondweed, flat-stem 

pondweed) 

Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner ssp. alpina (Blytt) Haynes, D.H. Les & M. Kral (Coleogeton filiformis 

(Pers.) D.H. Les & Haynes ssp. alpinus (Blytt) D.H. Les & Haynes, Potamogeton filiformis Pers. 

var. alpinus (Blytt) Asch. & Graebn., Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. borealis (Raf.) H. St. John, 

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. macounii Morong, Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner ssp. 

alpinus (Blytt) Haynes, D.H. Les & M. Kral, orth. var., Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner var. 

alpina (Blytt) Dorn (filiform pondweed, filmweed, filmy pondweed, fineleaf pondweed, fineleavedpondweed, 

threaded pondweed) 

Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner ssp. occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) Haynes, D.H. Les & M. Kral 

(Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D.H. Les & Haynes ssp. occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) D.H. Les & 

Haynes, Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) Morong, Potamogeton 

interior Rydb., Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Böerner var. occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) Dorn) (western 

fineleaf pondweed) 

Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Böerner (Coleogeton pectinatus (L.) D.H. Les & Haynes, Potamogeton 

pectinatus L., Stuckenia pectinatus (L.) Böerner) (comb-pondweed, fennel pondweed, fennel- 

leaved pondweed, sago pondweed) 

Stuckenia vaginata (Turcz.) Holub (Coleogeton vaginatus (Turcz.) D.H. Les & Haynes, Potamogeton 

interruptus Kit., Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz., Stuckenia vaginatus (Turcz.) Holub) (giant 

pondweed, sheathed pondweed) 

Ruppiaceae (ditch-grass family) (separated from Najadaceae) 

Ruppia maritima L. (Ruppia maritima L. var. brevirostris J. Agardh, Ruppia maritima L. var. exigua 

Fernald & Wiegand, Ruppia maritima L. var. intermedia (Thed.) Asch. & Graebn., Ruppia maritima 

L. var. longipes Hagstr., Ruppia maritima L. var. obliqua (Schur) Asch. & Graebn., Ruppia 

maritima L. var. pacifica H. St. John & Fosberg, Ruppia maritima L. var. rostrata J. Agardh, 

Ruppia maritima L. var. subcapitata Fernald & Wiegand, Ruppia pectinata Rydb.) (ditch-grass, 

sea ditch-grass, tassel pondweed, widegongrass) 

Scheuchzeriaceae (sphagnum arrow-grass family) (separated from Juncaginaceae) 

Scheuchzeria palustris L. (marsh scheuchzeria, rannoch-rush, sphagnum arrow-grass) 

Scheuchzeria palustris L. ssp. americana (Fernald) Hultén (Scheuchzeria americana (Fernald) G.N. 

Jones, Scheuchzeria palustris L. var. americana Fernald) (American arrowgrass, rannoch-rush) 

(NY southward; not in Canada) 

158

Zannichelliaceae (horned pondweed family) (separated from Najadaceae) 

Zannichellia palustris L. (Zannichellia major (Hartm.) Boenn. ex Rchb., Zannichellia palustris L. var. 

major (Hartm.) W.D.J. Koch, Zannichellia palustris L. var. stenophylla Asch. & Graebn. (horned 

pondweed, mudwort) 

Zosteraceae (eel-grass family) (separated from Najadaceae) 

Zostera marina L. (Zostera marina L. var. latifolia Morong, Zostera marina L. var. stenophylla Asch. & 

Graebn., Zostera pacifica L. (eelgrass, eel-grass, grass-wrack, seawrack) 

Subclass Arecidae 

Order Arales 

Acoraceae (calamus family; separated from Araceae) 

Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf. (Acorus calamus auct. non L., Acorus calamus L. var. americanus (Raf.) 

H.D. Wulff.) (American calamus, American sweetflag, nugbugushk) 

Acorus calamus L. (belle angelique, calamus, cuckoo-pint, flagroot, sweet-flag)* 

Araceae (arum family, calla family, philodendron family) 

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. (Muricauda dracontium (L.) Small) (dragon arum, dragonroot, green 

dragon) (native but often ornamental varieties are grown as well) 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. pusillum (Peck) Huttleston (Arisaema acuminatum Small, Arisaema 

pusillum (Peck) Nash) (bog-onion, Indian turnip, sharpleaf Jack-in-the-pulpit, small Jack-in-thepulpit, 

zhaushaugomin) 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. stewardsonii (Britton) Huttleston (Arisaema atrorubens (Aiton) Blume 

var. stewardsonii (Britton) G.T. Stevens, Arisaema stewardsonii Britton) (bog-onion, Indian turnip, 

Jack-in-the-pulpit, small Jack-in-the-pulpit, Steward‟s-pulpit, zhaushaugomin) 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. triphyllum (Arisaema atrorubens (Aiton) Blume) (bog-onion, Indian 

turnip, Jack-in-the-pulpit, zhaushaugomin) 

Calla palustris L. (marsh arum, nikaunowuhnshk, water arum, wild calla) 

Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott (Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don, Dieffenbachia picta 

(Lodd.) Schott) (dieffenbachia, ornamental dumb cane) (ornamental – rarely found in wild)* 

Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. (Peltandra tharpii F.A. Barkley) (arrow arum, green arrow-arum, 

tikibughoonse, tuckahoe) 

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino ex Breitenbach (garden philodendron) (ornamental)*/** 

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. (devil's tobacco, eastern skunk-cabbage, skunk cabbage, shitweed, 

tabac du diable) 

Lemnaceae (duckweed family) 

Lemna minor L. (Lemna cyclostasa Elliot ex Schleid., Lemna minima Chevall. ex Schleid.) (common 

duckweed, duck-meat, lesser duckweed, mauwidaekwaegozeediwushk, smaller duckweed) 

Lemna obscura (Austin) Daubs (Lemna minor L. var. obscura Austin) (little duckweed) (NY southward; 

159


Lemna trisulca L. (ivy-leaved duckweed, lentille d'eau, sourweed, star-duckweed) 

Lemna turionifera Landolt (lumpy duckweed, turion duckweed) 

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. (Lemna polyrrhiza L., Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden, orth. var., 

Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. var. masonii Daubs) (common duckmeat, giant duckweed, 

spirodela, tentacled duckweed, water-flaxweed) 

Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. (Columbia wolffia, spotless watermeal, water-meal) (CA only but 

occasionally adventives elsewhere) 

Wolffia borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & Wildi (Wolffia punctata auct. non Griseb.) 

(dotted water-meal, dotted wolffia, northern water-meal) 

Order Arecales 

Arecaceae [Palmaceae/Palmae] (palm family) 

Lodoicea maldivica (J.F. Gmel.) Pers. (double coconut) (ornamental; can survive to end of a summer)* 

Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) (ornamental; can survive to end of a summer)* 

Subclass Commelinidae 

Order Commelinales 

Commelinacae (spiderwort family) 

Commelina communis L. (Commelina communis L. var. communis, Commelina communis L. var. ludens 

(Miq.) C.B. Clarke, Commelina debilis Ledeb., Commelina willdenowii Kunth) (Asiatic dayflower, 

common day-flower)* 

Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. (Tradescantia canaliculata Raf., Tradescantia foliosa Small, Tradescantia 

incarnata Small, Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. var. foliosa (Small) MacRoberts, Tradescantia reflexa 

Raf.) (Ohio spiderwort, smooth spiderwort) 

Tradescantia virginiana L. (Ephemerum congestum Moench, Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf., 

Tradescantia congesta (Moench) D. Don, Tradescantia rupestris Raf., Tradescantia speciosa 

Salisb., Tradescantia virginiana L. var. alba Hook. ex Raf., Tradescantia virginiana L. var. barbata 

Raf.) (spiderwort, trinity, Virginia spiderwort)* 

Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass family) 

Xyris difformis Chapm. var. difformis (bog yelloweyed grass, false Carolina yellow-eyed-grass, common 

yellow-eyed grass, two-formed yellow-eyed-grass) 

Xyris montana Ries. (matted yellow-eyed grass, mountain yellow-eyed grass, northern yellow-eyed- 

grass) 

160

Order Cyperales 

Cyperaceae (sedge family) 

Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link. (Blysmopsis rufa (Huds.) Oteng-Yeboah, Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad., 

Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. var. neogaeus Fernald) (red bulrush, red clubrush, rufus, 

rufus-sedge, seaside bulrush, seaside sedge) 

Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke ssp. capillaris (Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. 

Clarke var. crebra Fernald, Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke var. isopoda Fernald, 

Fimbristylis capillaris (L.) A. Gray, Scirpus capillaris L., Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton) 

(densetuft hairsedge, hair-like bulbostylis, hair-like stenophyllus) 

Bulbostylis funckii (Steud.) C.B. Clarke (Isolepis funckii Steud.) (Funck's hairsedge) (sw USA species 

that sometimes shows up in xeriscape gardens elsewhere; it never persists long) (* outside of AZ 

& NM) 

Carex x abitibiana Lepage [aquatilis x stricta] (Abitibi sedge) (QC) 

Carex abscondita Mack. (Carex abscondita Mack. var. glauca (Chapm.) Fernald, Carex abscondita 

Mack. var. rostellata Fernald, Carex magnifolia Mack.) (thicket sedge) (NY southward; not in 

Canada) 

Carex acutiformis Ehrh. (Carex paludosa Good var. kochiana (DC.) Husn.) (European lake sedge, 

lesser pond sedge, spindly sedge, swamp sedge)* 

Carex adelostoma Krecz. (Carex morrisseyi A.E. Porsild) (circumpolar sedge, Morrissey‟s sedge) (QC & 

NF in e. Canada) 

Carex adusta Boot (browned sedge, burnt sedge, lesser brown sedge) 

Carex x aestivaliformis Mack. [aestivalis x gracillima] (summer-like sedge) (NY southward; not in 

Canada) 

Carex aestivalis M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray (summer sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex aggregata Mackenzie (Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. var. aggregata (Mack.) Gleason) 

(crowded sedge, glomerate sedge, smooth clustered sedge) 

Carex alata Torrey (broad winged sedge, broadwing sedge, winged oval sedge) 

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans (Carex artitecta Mack., Carex artitecta Mack. var. 

subtilirostris F.J. Herm., Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torr. var. muehlenbergii (A. Gray) J. Rettig, 

Carex nigromarginata Schwein. var. muehlenbergii (A. Gray) Gleason, Carex varia Muhl. ex 

Willd., non Host) (black margined sedge, blunt-scaled sedge, closely-covered sedge, Eammon‟s 

sedge, Mackenzie's sedge, white sedge, whitetinge sedge) 

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. emmonsii (Dewey ex Torr.) J. Rettig (Carex emmonsii Dewey ex 

Torr.) (Emmons' sedge, white sedge) 

Carex albolutescens Schwein. (greenwhite sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex albursina E. Sheldon (Carex laxiflora Lam. var. latifolia Boott) (blunt-scaled wood sedge, white 

bear sedge) 

Carex alopecoidea Tuckerman (Carex grisea Wahlenb. var. amphibola (Steud.) Kük.) (brown-headed 

wood sedge, foxtail sedge) 

Carex amphibola Steudel (eastern narrowleaf sedge, gray sedge, narrow-leaved sedge) 

Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. (Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell var. xanthocarpa (Kük.) 

Wiegand, Carex brachyglossa Mack., Carex setacea Dewey var. ambigua (Barratt) Fernald) 

161

(yellowfruit sedge, yellow fox sedge) 

Carex appalachica J. Webber & P. W. Ball (Appalachian sedge) 

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. aquatilis (Carex acutinella Mack., Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. altior 

(Rydb.) Hultén, Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. altior (Rydb.) Fernald, Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. 

substricta Kük., Carex substricta (Kük.) Mack., Carex suksdorfii Kük.) (aquatic sedge, 

Goodenough‟s sedge, pond-sedge, Suksdorf‟s sedge, water sedge) 

Carex arcta Boott (bear sedge, northern clustered sedge) 

Carex arctata Boott ex Hook. (compressed sedge, drooping wood sedge, drooping woodland sedge) 

Carex x arctophila F. Nyl. [subspathacea x bigelowii] (cold sedge) 

Carex argyrantha Tuckerman (Carex foenea Willd. var. perplexa L.H. Bailey) (hay sedge, silvery- 

flowered sedge, silvery oval sedge) 

Carex assiniboinensis Boott (assiniboia sedge, Assiniboine sedge) 

Carex atherodes Sprengel (awned sedge, hairy-leaved sedge, wheat sedge) 

Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey ssp. atlantica (Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey var. incomperta (E.P. Bicknell) F.J. 

Herm., Carex echinata Murray var. conferta (Chapm.) L.H. Bailey, Carex incomperta E.P. Bicknell) 

(Atlantic coastal sedge, Atlantic star sedge, prickly bog sedge) (NS in Canada) 

Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey ssp. capillacea (L.H. Bailey) Reznicek (Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey var. 

capillacea (L.H. Bailey) Cronquist, Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey var. capillaceae (L.H. Bailey) 

Cronquist, Carex delicatula E.P. Bicknell, Carex howei Mack., Carex howei Mack. var. capillacea 

(L.H. Bailey) Fernald, Carex interior L.H. Bailey var. capillacea L.H. Bailey, Carex mohriana 

Mack.) (eastern sedge, prickly bog sedge) 

Carex atratiformis Britton (black sedge, scrabrous black sedge) 

Carex atrofusca Schkuhr var. atrofusca (darkbrown sedge, dark-brown sedge) 

Carex aurea Nutt. (golden sedge, golden-fruited sedge) 

Carex backii F. Boott (Carex backii Boott var. subrostrata (Bates) Dorn, Carex durifolia L.H. Bailey, 

Carex durifolia L.H. Bailey var. subrostrata Bates) (back-sedge, Back's sedge) 

Carex baileyi Britton (Bailey's sedge) (QC in Canada) 

Carex barrattii Schwein. & Torr. (Barratt's sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex bebbii Olney ex Fernald (bebb-sedge, Bebb‟s sedge, Bebb‟s oval sedge, oval sedge) 

Carex bicknellii Britton (Carex bicknellii Britton var. bicknellii, Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. var. crawei 

(W. Boott) B. Boivin) (Bickell's sedge, copper-shouldered oval sedge) 

Carex bicolor Bellardi ex All. (candy sedge, Hasse‟s sedge, two-coloured sedge) 

Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. (Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. ssp. hyperborea (Drejer) Böcher, 

Carex consimilis T. Holm) (Bigelow's sedge) 

Carex blanda Dewey (Carex laxiflora Lam. var. blanda (Dewey) Boott) (common wood sedge, eastern 

woodland sedge, smooth sedge, woodland sedge) 

Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. (Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. var. brevior (Dewey) Fernald) (fescue 

sedge, Plains oval sedge, shortbeak sedge, shorter sedge, short-tailed sedge) 

Carex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd. (brome hummock sedge, bromelike sedge, brome-like sedge) 

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. (brownish sedge, green bog sedge) 

Carex bullata Schkuhr ex Willd. (button sedge) (NS in Canada) 

Carex bushii Mack. (Carex caroliniana Schwein. var. cuspidata (Dewey) Shinners) (Bush's sedge) (NY 

162


Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. (brown sedge, Buxbaum's sedge, dark-scaled sedge) 

Carex canescens L. (gray bog sedge, silvery sedge) 

Carex capillaris L. (Carex boecheriana A. Löve, D. Löve & Raymond, Carex capillaris L. ssp. 

chlorostachys (Stev.) A. Löve, D. Löve & Raymond, Carex capillaris L. ssp. robustior (Drejer ex 

Lange) Böcher, Carex capillaris L. var. elongata Olney ex Fernald, Carex capillaris L. var. 

fuscidula (Krecz.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Carex capillaris L. var. major Blytt) (hair-like sedge) 

Carex capitata L. (capitate sedge, head sedge) 

Carex careyana Torr. ex Dewey (Carey‟s sedge, Carey‟s wood sedge) 

Carex caroliniana Schwein. (Carolina sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex caryophyllea Lat. (spring sedge, vernal sedge)* (NB in Canada) 

Carex castanea Wahlenb. (chestnut sedge) 

Carex cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey (Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. var. cephaloidea (Dewey) 

Carey) (head sedge, head-like sedge, thinleaf sedge, thin-leaved sedge) 

Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. (bracted oak sedge, capitate sedge, oval-headed sedge, oval-leaf 

sedge, short- headed bracted sedge) 

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L. f. (creeping sedge) 

Carex collinsii Nutt. (Collins' sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex communis L.H. Bailey (common beech sedge, fibre sedge, fibrous rooted sedge) 

Carex comosa Boott (bristly sedge, longhair sedge) 

Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. (hirsute sedge) (disjunct in ME; PA southward; not in Canada) 

Carex concinna R. Br. (coniferous wood sedge, low northern sedge) 

Carex conjuncta Boott (soft fox sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex x connectens Holmb. [limula x magellanica ssp. irrigata] (QC & SK only) (connect sedge) 

Carex conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd. (Carex katahdinensis Fernald) (field sedge, openfield sedge) 

Carex x copulata (L. H. Bailey) Mack. (digitalis x laxiculmis) (spreading wood sedge) 

Carex crawei Dewey (Crawe's sedge, early fen sedge, fen sedge) 

Carex crawfordii Fernald (Carex crawfordii Fernald var. vigens Fernald) (Crawford‟s oval sedge, 

Crawford's sedge) 

Carex crinita Lam. (fringed sedge, sickle-grass) 

Carex x crinitoides Lepage [aquatilis x gynandra] (crest sedge) (ON QC & NF only) 

Carex cristatella Britton (crested oval sedge, crested sedge) 

Carex crus-corvi Shuttlw. ex Kunze (Carex bayardii Fernald) (crow-spur sedge, ravenfoot sedge, 

raven‟s-foot sedge) 

Carex cryptolepis Mack. (Carex flava L. var. fertilis auct. non Peck) (hidden-scaled sedge, northeastern 

sedge, small yellow sedge) 

Carex cumulata (L.H. Bailey) Fernald (accumulating sedge, clustered sedge, piled-up sedge) 

Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. (awned graceful sedge, Davis' sedge) 

Carex debilis Michx. (southern weak sedge, white edge sedge, white edged sedge) 

Carex decomposita Muhl. (cypressknee sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex deflexa Hornem. (drooping sedge, northern sedge) 

Carex deweyana Schwein. (Dewey‟s sedge) 

163

Carex diandra Schrank (bog panicled sedge, lesser panicled sedge) 

Carex digitalis Willd. (narrow-leaved wood sedge, slender wood sedge, slender woodland sedge) 

Carex disperma Dewey (softleaf sedge, soft-leaved sedge, two-seeded sedge) 

Carex disticha Huds. (brown sedge, tworank sedge, two-ranked sedge)* 

Carex divulsa Stokes (grassland sedge, little prickly sedge, separated sedge)* 

Carex x dumanii Lepage (paleacea x subspathacea) (Duman‟s sedge) (ON & QC only) 

Carex eburnea Boott (bristleleaf sedge bristle-leaved sedge, ivory sedge) 

Carex echinata Murray ssp. echinata (Carex angustior Mack., Carex angustior Mack. var. gracilenta 

R.T. Clausen & Wahl, Carex cephalantha (L.H. Bailey) E.P. Bicknell, Carex echinata Murray var. 

angustata (Carey) L.H. Bailey, Carex hawaiiensis H. St. John, Carex josselynii (Fernald) Mack. ex 

Pease, Carex laricina Mack. ex Bright, Carex leersii Willd., Carex muricata L. var. angustata 

(Carey) Carey ex Gleason, Carex muricata L. var. cephalantha (L.H. Bailey) Wiegand & Eames, 

Carex muricata L. var. laricina (Mack. ex Bright) Gleason, Carex ormantha (Fernald) Mack., 

Carex phyllomanica W. Boott var. angustata (Carey) B. Boivin, Carex phyllomanica W. Boott var. 

ormantha (Fernald) B. Boivin, Carex svensonis Skottsb.) (little prickly sedge, prickly sedge, star 

sedge) 

Carex emoryi Dewey (Carex stricta Lam. var. elongata (Boeckeler) Gleason) (Emory‟s sedge, 

emory-sedge, riverbank sedge) 

Carex exilis Dewey (coastal sedge) 

Carex x exsalina Lepage [bigelowii x paleacea] (salt-sedge) (QC only) 

Carex extensa Goodenough (longbract sedge, saltmarsh longbract sedge) (NY southward; not in 

Canada) 

Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. (fescue sedge, fescue-sedge, fescue oval sedge) 

Carex x firmior (Norman) Holmb. [limosa x rariflora] (Newfoundland sedge) (NF only) 

Carex flacca Schreb. (Carex glauca Scop.) (flabby sedge, heath sedge)* 

Carex flava L. (Carex flava L. var. fertilis Peck, Carex flava L. var. gaspensis Fernald, Carex flava L. var. 

graminis L.H. Bailey, Carex flava L. var. laxior (Kük.) Gleason, Carex flava L. var. rectirostra 

Gaudin, Carex nevadensis Boiss. & Reut. ssp. flavella (Krecz.) Janchen) (yellow sedge) 

Carex x flavicans Nyl. (aquatilis var. stans x subspathacea) (Carex halophila F. Nyl. var. flavicans (F. 

Nyl.) B. Boivin, Carex x substans Lepage) (yellowish sedge) 

Carex folliculata L. (bog sedge, follicle sedge, hair sedge, hairy sedge, long sedge, northern long 

sedge) 

Carex formosa Dewey (awnless graceful sedge, May sedge, handsome sedge) 

Carex frankii Kunth (bristly cattail sedge, Frank's sedge) 

Carex x fulva Goodenough [hostiana x viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha var. elatior] (Carex x pseudofulva) 

Fernald p.p. (orange sedge) (QC & NF only) 

Carex garberi Fernald (Carex garberi Fernald ssp. bifaria (Fernald) Hultén, Carex garberi Fernald var. 

bifaria Fernald) (elk sedge, false golden sedge, Garber‟s sedge) 

Carex glacialis Mack. (glacial sedge, glacier-sedge) 

Carex glareosa Schkuhr ex Wahlenb. (gravel sedge, lesser saltmarsh sedge, weak clustered sedge) 

Carex glaucodea Tuck. ex Olney (Carex flaccosperma Dewey var. glaucodea (Tuck. ex Olney) Kük.) 

(blue sedge, glaucescent sedge) 

164

Carex gracilescens Steud. (Carex laxiflora Lam. var. gracillima (Boott) Boott ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald) 

(rather slender sedge, slender looseflower sedge, slender wood sedge) 

Carex gracillima Schwein. (Carex gracillima Schwein. var. macerrima Fernald & Wiegand) (graceful 

sedge, grass-sedge, spring-sedge, purple-sheathed graceful sedge, vernal woodland sedge) 

Carex x grantii A. Bennett (aquatilis x recta) (Carex x nubens Lepage) (Grant‟s sedge) 

Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. (Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. granularis, Carex granularis Muhl. 

ex Willd. var. haleana (Olney) Porter, Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. recta Dewey, Carex 

haleana Olney, Carex rectior Mack., Carex shriveri Britton) (grainy sedge, limestone meadow 

sedge, meadow sedge, pale sedge) 

Carex gravida L.H. Bailey (heavy sedge, long-awned branched sedge) 

Carex grayi Carey (Carex asa-grayi L.H. Bailey, Carex grayi Carey var. hispidula A. Gray) (common bur 

sedge, Gray's sedge) 

Carex grisea Wahlenb. (Carex amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fernald) (inflated narrow-leaf sedge, 

narrow-leaved sedge, wood gray sedge) 

Carex gynandra Schwein. (Carex crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr.) (nodding 

sedge) 

Carex gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drejer (Carex dioica L. ssp. gynocrates (Wormsk. ex Drejer) Hultén, 

Carex dioica L. var. gynocrates (Wormsk. ex Drejer) Ostenf., Carex parallela auct. non (Laest.) 

Sommerf.) (northern bog sedge, ridged sedge) 

Carex x hartii Dewey (pro sp.) [lurida x retrorsa] (Hart‟s sedge) (ME, VT, MA only) 

Carex haydenii Dewey (Carex rousseaui Raymond, Carex stricta Lam. var. decora L.H. Bailey) 

(Hayden's sedge, long-scaled tussock sedge) 

Carex heleonastes L. f. (Hudson Bay sedge) 

Carex x helvola Blytt (pro sp.) [canescens x lachenalii] (helvola sedge) (QC NB ME in eastern 

USA/Canada) 

Carex hirsutella Mack. (Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. var. hirsuta (Willd.) Gleason, Carex triceps 

auct. non Michx.) (balding sedge, fuzzy wuzzy sedge, hairy green sedge, slightly hirsute sedge) 

Carex hirta L. (hammer sedge, rough sedge)* 

Carex hirtifolia Mack. (hairy wood sedge, pubscent sedge) 

Carex hitchcockiana Dewey (Hitchcock‟s sedge) 

Carex holostoma Drejer ((arctic marsh sedge) (QC & NF in e. Canada) 

Carex hookeriana Dewey (Hooker‟s sedge) 

Carex hormathodes Fernald (Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr var. invisa W. Boott) (marsh straw 

sedge) (QC eastward) 

Carex hostiana DC. (Carex fulvescens Mack., Carex hornschuchiana Hoppe, Carex hostiana DC. var. 

laurentiana Fernald & Wiegand) (host sedge) (QC & NF only) 

Carex houghtoniana Torr. ex Dewey (Carex houghtonii Torr.) (Houghton‟s sedge) 

Carex hyalinolepis Steud. (Carex impressa (S.H. Wright) Mack., Carex lacustris Willd. var. laxiflora 

Dewey, Carex riparia auct. non M.A. Curtis, Carex riparia M.A. Curtis var. impressa S.H. Wright) 

(hyaline-scaled sedge, shoreline sedge) (ON in Canada) 

Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. (bottlebrush sedge, porcupine sedge) 

Carex inops L.H. Bailey (long-stolon sedge, sun sedge) 

165

Carex interior L.H. Bailey (Carex interior L.H. Bailey ssp. charlestonensis Clokey, Carex interior L.H. 

Bailey var. keweenawensis F.J. Herm.) (inland sedge, prairie star-sedge) 

Carex intumescens Rudge (Carex intumescens Rudge var. fernaldii L.H. Bailey) (bladder sedge, 

common sedge, Fernald‟s bladder sedge, greater bladder sedge, shining bur sedge) 

Carex jamesii Schwein. (Carex steudelii Kunth) (James' sedge, grass sedge) 

Carex juniperorum Catling, Reznicek & Crins (juniper sedge) 

Carex x knieskernii Dewey (pro sp.) (arctata x castanea) (Knieskern‟s sedge) 

Carex krausei Boeckeler (Kraus‟ sedge) 

Carex lachenalii Schkuhr (Carex bipartita auct. non All., Carex bipartita All. var. austromontana F.J. 

Herm.) (twotipped sedge) 

Carex lacustris Willd. (Carex riparia M.A. Curtis var. lacustris (Willd.) Kük.) (common lake sedge, hairy 

sedge, lake-bank sedge) 

Carex laeviconica Dewey (false smooth-sheathed sedge, smoothcone sedge) 

Carex laevivaginata (Kük.) Mack. (Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. laevivaginata Kük.) (smoothsheath 

sedge, smooth-sheathed sedge) 

Carex x langeana Fernald (pro sp.) [gynocrates x maritima] (Carex dutillyi O'Neill & Duman) (Lange's 

sedge) 

Carex lapponica O.F. Lang (Carex canescens L. var. subloliacea (Laest.) Hartm.) (Lapland sedge) 

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (slender sedge, wooly sedge, woollyfruit sedge) 

Carex laxiculmis Schwein. (speading sedge, weak-stemmed wood sedge) (often cultivated) 

Carex laxiflora Lam. (beechwood sedge, beech wood sedge, broad looseflower sedge, loose sedge, 

loose-flowered sedge) 

Carex leavenworthii Dewey (Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. var. angustifolia Boott, Carex 

cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. var. leavenworthii (Dewey) Kük.) (dwarf bracted sedge, 

Leavenworth‟s sedge) 

Carex lenticularis Michx. (lakeshore sedge, lenticular sedge) 

Carex leptalea Wahlenb. (bristle-stalked sedge, bristlystalked sedge, slender sedge) 

Carex leptonervia (Fernald) Fernald (Carex laxiflora Lam. var. varians L.H. Bailey) (few-nerved sedge, 

finely-nerved sedge, nerveless woodland sedge) 

Carex limosa L. (bog sedge, mud sedge) 

Carex x limosoides J. Cay. [limosa x paleacea] (Carex x sublimosa Lepage p.p.) (bog sedge) (QC only) 

Carex x limula Th. Fr. (pro sp.) [aquatilis x bigelowii] (Carex x nearctica Raymond) (limber sedge) (QC 

only) 

Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. (livid sedge, scarlet sedge) 

Carex loliacea L. (rye sedge, ryegrass sedge) 

Carex longii Mack. (Long‟s sedge, round-shouldered oval sedge) 

Carex lucorum Willd. ex Link (Blue Ridge sedge) 

Carex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey (false hop sedge, hop-like sedge, knobbed hop sedge) 

Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. (Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. var. pedunculata A. Gray, Carex x 

macounii Dewey) (common hop sedge, hop sedge) 

Carex lurida Wahlenb. (bottle-brush sedge, sallow sedge, shallow sedge) 

Carex mackenziei Krecz. (MacKenzie‟s sedge) 

166

Carex macloviana d'Urv. (Carex festiva Dewey, Carex incondita F.J. Herm., Carex soperi Raup) 

(thickhead sedge) (QC in e. Canada) 

Carex magellanica Lam. (bog sedge, boreal bog sedge, stunted sedge) 

Carex x mainensis Porter (saxatillis x versicaria) (Maine sedge) (ME) (not recognized by all florae) 

Carex marina Dewey (sea sedge) 

Carex maritima Gunnerus (Carex incurva Lightf.) (curved sedge, seaside sedge) 

Carex x massonii Cay. & Lepage (Masson‟s sedge) (QC only) 

Carex meadii Dewey (Carex tetanica Schkuhr var. meadii (Dewey) L.H. Bailey) (Mead's sedge) 

Carex membranacea Hook. (Carex membranopacta L.H. Bailey) (fragile sedge) (QC in e. Canada) 

Carex x mendica Lepage (recta x salina) (tall salt-marsh sedge) 

Carex merritt-fernaldii Mack. (Fernald's sedge, Merritt‟s sedge) 

Carex mesochorea Mack. (Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. var. mesochorea (Mack.) Gleason) 

(midland sedge) 

Carex michauxiana Boeckeler (Carex abacta L.H. Bailey) (Michaux‟s sedge, yellow sedge, yellowish 

sedge) 

Carex microglochin Wahlenb. (false uncinia, fewseeded bog sedge, minute-bristled sedge) 

Carex x mirata Dewey (pro sp.) [atherodes x lupulina] (mirata sedge) (ON only) 

Carex misandra R. Br. (Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr ssp. misandra (R. Br.) Nyman) (short-leaved sedge) 

Carex mitchelliana M.A. Curtis (Carex crinita Lam. var. mitchelliana (M.A. Curtis) Gleason) (Mitchell's 

sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright (field oval sedge, sedgeweed, troublesome sedge) 

Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. (Muhelberg‟s sedge, sand bracted sedge) 

Carex muricata L. (Carex pairaei F.W. Schultz, Carex stellulata auct. non Goodenough) (lesser prickly 

sedge, rough sedge, rough-pointed sedge)*/** 

Carex muskingumensis Schwein. (musk sedge, muskeg sedge, Muskingum sedge) (often cultivated) 

Carex nardina Fr. (spike sedge) 

Carex x neobigelowii Lepage [bigelowii x lenticularis] (new Bigelow‟s sedge) (QC only) 

Carex x neofilipendula Lepage (aquatilis x paleacea) (drop sedge) 

Carex x neomiliaris Lepage [aquatilis x saxatilis var. miliaris] (russet pond-sedge) 

Carex x neorigida Lepage [bigelowii x salina] (rigid salt-marsh sedge) (LB only) 

Carex nigra (L.) Reichard (Carex acuta auct. non L., Carex goodenowii J. Gay, Carex nigra (L.) 

Reichard var. strictiformis (L.H. Bailey) Fernald, Carex vulgaris Fr.) (smooth black sedge) 

Carex nigromarginata Schwein. (black-edged sedge) 

Carex normalis Mack. (greater straw sedge, larger straw sedge, speading oval sedge) 

Carex norvegica Retz. (Norway sedge) 

Carex novae-angliae Schwein. (New England sedge) 

Carex x nubens Lepage (recta x saxatilis) (tall russet sedge) (not recognized by all florae) 

Carex obtusata Lilj. (dryland blunt sedge, obtuse sedge) 

Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. (few-fruited sedge, richwoods sedge) 

Carex oligosperma Michx. (few-seeded sedge, running bog sedge) 

Carex ormostachya Wiegand (Carex laxiflora Lam. var. ormostachya (Wiegand) Gleason) (necklace 

sedge, necklace-like spiked sedge) 

167

Carex oronensis Fernald (Orono sedge) (ME only) 

Carex ovalis Goodenough (Carex leporina auct. non L., Carex tracyi auct. non Mack.) (eggbract sedge) 

(native in USA; * in Canada) 

Carex paleacea Schreb. ex Wahlenb. (Carex paleacea Schreb. ex Wahlenb. var. transatlantica Fernald) 

(chaff sedge, chaffy sedge) 

Carex pallescens L. (Carex pallescens L. var. neogaea Fernald) (pale sedge) 

Carex panicea L. (Carex panicea L. var. microcarpa Sonder) (grass-like sedge) 

Carex x pannewitziana Figert [rostrata x vesicaria] (Carex involuta (Bab.) Syme, Carex x kuekenthaliana 

Appel & Bruckner) (Pannewitz's sedge) 

Carex parryana Dewey (Parry‟s sedge) 

Carex x patuensis Lepage (Quebec sedge) (QC only) 

Carex pauciflora Lightf. (few-flowered sedge) 

Carex peckii Howe (Carex albicans auct. non Willd. ex Spreng., Carex nigromarginata Schwein. var. 

elliptica (Boott) Gleason, Carex nigromarginata Schwein. var. minor (Boott) Gleason) (Peck's 

sedge, peck-sedge) 

Carex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. (longstalk sedge, long-stalked sedge, peduncled sedge) 

Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd. (Carex lanuginosa auct. non Michx., Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. latifolia 

(Boeckeler) Gilly) (woolly sedge) 

Carex pensylvanica Lam. (Carex marginata Willd., Carex pensylvanica Lam. var. glumabunda Peck, 

Carex pensylvanica Lam. var. marginata (Willd.) Dewey, Carex pensylvanica Lam. var. vespertina L.H. 

Bailey, Carex stolonifera Schwein.) (common oak sedge, Pennsylvania sedge) 

Carex x persalina Lepage (salina x subspathacea) (salt-marsh sedge) 

Carex petricosa Dewey (rockdwelling sedge) (QC & NF in e. Canada) 

Carex x physocarpioides Lepage [saxatilis x utriculata] (Carex ambusta Boott, Carex saxatilis L. var. 

major Olney) (large russet sedge) (disjunct in QC/NF in e. Canada; more western USA/Canada in 

origin) 

Carex x pieperiana P. Junge [flava x viridula ssp. brachyrhyncha var. elatior] (shining green sedge) (QC 

& NF only) 

Carex plantaginea Lam. (June-sedge, plantainleaf sedge, plantained-leaved sedge, plantain-sedge) 

Carex platyphylla Carey (broadleaf sedge, broad-leaved sedge) 

Carex polymorpha Muhl. (variable sedge) (NY/ME southward; not in Canada) 

Carex praegracilis W. Boott (Carex camporum Mack.) (clustered field sedge, expressway sedge, 

slender sedge, verge sedge, very slender sedge)*/** (often used in greenroofs) 

Carex prairea Dewey ex Alph. Wood (fen panicled sedge, fen sedge, prairie sedge) 

Carex prasina Wahlenb. (drooping sedge) 

Carex praticola Rydb. (Carex praticola Rydb. var. subcoriacea F.J. Herm.) (large-fruited oval sedge, 

meadow sedge, northern meadow sedge) 

Carex projecta Mack. (loose-headed oval sedge, necklace sedge) 

Carex pseudocyperus L. (also spelled as Carex pseudo-cyperus L.) (cypress sedge, cypress-like sedge, 

false bristly sedge) 

Carex x pseudohelvola Kihlm. (pro sp.) [canescens x mackenziei] (false Swiss sedge) 

Carex x quebecensis Lepage [bigelowii x saxatilis] (true Quebec sedge) 

168

Carex x quirponensis Fernald [atratiformis x norvegica] (quirpo sedge) (QC & NF only) 

Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small (Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small var. staminata Peck ex Howe, Carex 

rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. var. minor Boott, Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. var. radiata (Wahlenb.) 

Dewey, Carex sylvicola J. Webber & P.W. Ball) (eastern star sedge, radiate sedge, straightstyled 

wood sedge) 

Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Sm. (bald sedge, looseflower alpine sedge, loose-flowered alpine sedge, 

scant sedge, scantily-flowered sedge) 

Carex recta Boott (Carex halophila F. Nyl., Carex salina Wahlenb. var. kattegatensis (Fr.) Almquist) 

(cuspidate sedge, estuary sedge, toothed sedge) 

Carex x reducta S. Drejer (pro sp.) [nigra x subspathacea] (small sedge) (QC in e. Canada) 

Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. (reflexed sedge) 

Carex retrorsa Schwein. (deflexed bottle-brush sedge, knotsheath sedge, retrorse sedge) 

Carex richardsonii R. Br. (hummock sedge, prairie hummock sedge, Richardson's sedge) 

Carex x rollandii Lepage [aquatilis x nigra] (Rolland's sedge) 

Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. (Carex convoluta Mack., Carex flaccidula Steud., Carex rosea Schkuhr 

ex Willd. var. pusilla Peck & Howe) (curly sedge, curly-styled wood sedge, red sedge, red-ass 

sedge, rosy Sedge, stellate sedge) 

Carex rossii Boott (Carex brevipes W. Boott, Carex deflexa Hornem. var. rossii (Boott) L.H. Bailey, 

Carex diversistylis Roach) (Ross‟ sedge) 

Carex rostrata Stokes (Carex rostrata Stokes var. ambigens Fernald) (beaked sedge, bottle-brush 

sedge) 

Carex rotundata Wahlenb. (Carex melozitnensis A.E. Porsild) (round sedge) 

Carex rufina Drejer (snowbed sedge) (QC in e. Canada) 

Carex rupestris All. (curly sedge) 

Carex sartwellii Dewey (running marsh sedge, Sartwell‟s sedge) 

Carex saxatilis L. (Carex miliaris Michx., Carex physocarpa J. Presl & C. Presl, Carex rhomalea 

(Fernald) Mack., Carex rotundata Wahlenb. var. compacta (R. Br. ex Dewey) B. Boivin, Carex 

saxatilis L. ssp. laxa (Trautv.) Kalela, Carex saxatilis L. var. miliaris (Michx.) L.H. Bailey, Carex 

saxatilis L. var. rhomalea Fernald) (blank star, rock sedge, russet sedge) 

Carex x saxenii Raymond (palacea x recta) (Saxen‟s sedge) 

Carex saximontana Mack. (Carex backii Boott var. saximontana (Mack.) B. Boivin) (Rocky Mountain 

sedge) 

Carex scabrata Schwein. (rough sedge) 

Carex x schatzii Kneucker (Schatz‟s sedge) (NF) 

Carex schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein. (Schweinitiz‟s segde) 

Carex scirpoidea Michx. (boys and girls sedge, bulrush sedge, clubrush sedge, northern singlespike 

sedge, rush sedge, rush-like sedge, scirpus-like sedge) 

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. (broom sedge, pointed broom sedge) 

Carex seorsa Howe (swamp star sedge, weak sedge, weak stellate sedge) 

Carex shortiana Dewey (Short‟s sedge) 

Carex siccata Dewey (Carex aenea Fernald, Carex foenea Willd., Carex foenea Willd. var. enervis 

Evans & Mohlenbr., Carex foenea Willd. var. foenea, Carex foenea Willd. var. tuberculata F.J. 

169

Herm.) (bronze sedge, bronzy sedge, dryspike sedge, Fernald‟s hay sedge, hay-sedge, silver 

sedge, silvery-flowered hay sedge) 

Carex silicea Olney (beach sedge) (QC & eastward in Canada) 

Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. (burreed sedge, bur-reed sedge, loose-headed bracted sedge) 

Carex spicata Huds. (Carex contigua Hoppe) (prickly sedge, spiked bracted sedge, spiked sedge)* 

Carex x spiculosa Fr. (pro sp.) [nigra x salina {which is now either recta or subspatheca}] (black estuary 

sedge) (QC only) 

Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Spreng. (long-beaked sedge, Sprengel's sedge) 

Carex squarrosa L. (cat sedge, cattail sedge, narrow-leaved cattail sedge, squarrose sedge, stout 

sedge) 

Carex x stansalina Lepage (aquatilis x recta or subspatheca) (estuarine sedge) (not in all florae) 

Carex x stenolepis Less. [saxatilis x vesicaria] (Carex x anticostensis (Fernald) Lepage, Carex x 

anticostensis (Fernald) Lepage var. inflatior Lepage (pro nm.), Carex x anticostensis (Fernald) 

Lepage var. longidens Lepage (pro nm.), Carex x anticostensis (Fernald) Lepage var. minor 

Lepage (pro nm.), Carex grahamii Boott., Carex mainensis Porter ex Britton, Carex rostrata 

Stokes var. anticostensis Fernald) (Anticosti Island sedge, tufted rock sedge) 

Carex sterilis Willd. (Carex elachycarpa Fernald, Carex x minganinsularum Raymond, Carex muricata 

L. var. sterilis (Willd.) Gleason, Kobresia elachycarpa (Fernald) Fernald) (barren sedge, dioecious 

sedge, fen sedge, fen star sedge, sterile sedge) 

Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. (awlfruit sedge, awl-fruited sedge, stipiate sedge) 

Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr (Carex richii (Fernald) Mack.) (eastern straw sedge) (NY southward; 


Carex striata Michx. (Walter's sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex striatula Michx. (Carex ignota Dewey, Carex laxiflora Lam. var. angustifolia Dewey) (lined sedge) 


Carex stricta Lam. (Carex stricta Lam. var. strictior (Dewey) Carey, Carex strictior Dewey) (stiff sedge, 

tussock sedge, upright sedge) 

Carex styloflexa Buckley (bent sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex stylosa C.A. Mey. (variegated sedge) (QC & NF in e. Canada) 

Carex suberecta (Olney) Britton (prairie straw sedge, straw sedge, wedge sedge, wedge-fruited oval 

sedge) 

Carex x subimpressa Clokey (pro sp.) [hyalinolepis x pellita] (salty wool sedge) 

Carex x subpaleacea (paleacea x recta or subspatheca) (Carex x gardneri Lepage) (Garner‟s saltmarsh 

sedge, Garner‟s sedge) 

Carex x subrecta J. Cay. [recta x subspathacea] (upright salt sedge) (QC only) 

Carex x subreducta Lepage [subspathacea x bigelowii] (Bigelow‟s salt sedge) 

Carex x subsalina Lepage (aquatilis x recta or subspatheca) (lesser salt marsh sedge) 

Carex subspathacea Wormsk. ex Hornem. (Carex salina Wahlenb. var. subspathacea (Wormsk. ex 

Hornem.) Tuck.) (Hoppner‟s sedge, salt-marsh sedge, somewhat-sheathed sedge) 

Carex x subviridula Fernald (flava x viridula) (greenish sedge, somewhat-green sedge) 

Carex x sullivantii Boott (gracillima x hirtifolia) (Sullivant‟s sedge) 

Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. (lazy sedge, lying back sedge, prostrate sedge, relaxed sedge, weak 

170

Arctic sedge) 

Carex swanii (Fernald) Mack. (Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd. var. swanii Fernald) (downy green 

sedge, Swan‟s sedge, swan-sedge) 

Carex sychnocephala Carey (dense long-beaked sedge, manyhead sedge) 

Carex sylvatica Huds. (European woodland sedge, wood sedge, woodland sedge)* 

Carex tenera Dewey (Carex tenera Dewey var. echinodes (Fernald) Wiegand) (quill sedge, slender 

sedge, straw sedge) 

Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. (lesser sedge, sparse-flowered sedge) 

Carex tetanica Schkuhr (rigid sedge) 

Carex texensis (Torr.) L.H. Bailey (Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. var. texensis (Torr.) Fernald) (Texas 

sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex tincta (Fernald) Fernald (tinged sedge, tinted sedge) 

Carex tonsa (Fernald) E.P. Bicknell (dark green sedge, red-seeded sedge, shaved sedge, smooth- 

fruited oak sedge, wrinkled-seeded oak sedge) 

Carex torta Boott ex Tuck. (beaked riverbank sedge, twisted sedge) 

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. (awl-fruited oval sedge, blunt broom sedge, troubled sedge) 

Carex x trichina Fernald [tenuiflora x trisperma] (lesser sedge) 

Carex trichocarpa Muhl. ex Willd. (hairyfruit sedge, hairy-fruited sedge) 

Carex trisperma Dewey (Billing‟s three-seeded sedge, threeseeded sedge, three-fruited sedge, 

three-sedge) 

Carex tuckermanii Dewey (bent-seeded hop sedge, Tuckerman's sedge) 

Carex typhina Michx. (Carex squarrosa L. var. typhina (Michx.) Nutt.) (cattail sedge) 

Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. (Carex abdita E.P. Bicknell) (early oak sedge, parasol sedge, 

umbel-like sedge, umbrella-sedge) 

Carex ursina Dewey (bear sedge) (QC in e. Canada) 

Carex utriculata Boott (Carex inflata Huds. var. utriculata (Boott) Druce, Carex rhynchophysa Fisch., 

C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall., Carex rostrata Stokes var. utriculata (Boott) L.H. Bailey) (beaked sedge, 

bottle-shaped sedge, nettle-sedge, Northwest Territory sedge) 

Carex vacillans Drejer ex Hartm. (eastern sedge) 

Carex vaginata Tausch (Carex saltuensis L.H. Bailey) (sheathed sedge) 

Carex venusta Dewey (darkgreen sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex vesicaria L. (blister sedge, inflated sedge, tufted lake sedge) 

Carex vestita Willd. (velvet sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd. (Carex costata Schwein., Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd. var. costata 

(Schwein.) Dewey) (ribbed sedge, slender green sedge) 

Carex viridula Michx. (green sedge, greenish sedge, little green sedge) 

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. (brown fox sedge, fox sedge) 

Carex wiegandii Mack. (Wiegand's sedge) 

Carex willdenowii Schkuhr ex Willd. (Carex willdenowii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. willdenowii) (Willdenow's 

sedge) 

Carex williamsii Britton (Carex capillaris L. var. williamsii (Britton) B. Boivin) (Williams‟ sedge) 

Carex woodii Dewey (Carex colorata Mack., Carex tetanica Schkuhr var. woodii (Dewey) Alph. Wood) 

171

(pretty sedge, purple-tinged sedge, Wood's sedge) 

Carex x xanthocarpa Degland ex Loiseleur [flava x hostiana] (Carex x leutzii Kneucker ex Ber., Carex x 

xanthina Fernald) (yellowfruit sedge) (QC & NF only) 

Carex xerantica L.H. Bailey (dryland sedge, whitescale sedge) 

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze) (smooth sawgrass, twig-rush, 

water bog-rush) 

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex Torr. (tapertip flatsedge) (NY southward & SK; not in e. Canada) 

Cyperus amuricus Maxim. (Cyperus microiria Steud.) (Asian flatsedge)* (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus bipartitus Torr. (Cyperus niger Ruiz & Pav. var. rivularis (Kunth) V.E. Grant, Cyperus rivularis 

Kunth, Pycreus rivularis (Kunth) Palla) (river-galingale, slender flatsedge, umbrella-sedge) 

Cyperus compressus L. (poorland flatsedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus dentatus Torr. (dentate umbrella sedge, toothed cyperus, toothed flatsedge. toothed nut 

sedge) 

Cyperus diandrus Torr. (low cyperus, low umbrella sedge, twin-boys galingale, umbrella flatsedge) 

Cyperus echinatus (L.) Alph. Wood (Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr., Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. var. 

sphaericus Boeckeler (globe flatsedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. (Cyperus halei Torr. ex Britton) (red-rooted cyperus, redroot flatsedge, red- 

rooted umbrella sedge) 

Cyperus esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Boeckeler (Cyperus esculentus L. var. angustispicatus Britton) 

(northern nutgrass, souchet, yellow nut-grass, yellow nut-sedge)*/** 

Cyperus esculentus L. var. macrostachyus Boeckeler (Cyperus lutescens Torr. & Hook.) yellow 

nutsedge (NY & southward; not in Canada)*/** 

Cyperus flavescens L. (Cyperus flavescens L. var. poiformis (Pursh) Fernald, Cyperus nieuwlandii 

Geise, Pycreus flavescens (L.) Rchb. (yellow cyperus, yellow flatsedge, yellow galingale, yellow 

umbrella sedge, yellowish umbrella sedge) 

Cyperus flavicomus Michx. (Cyperus albomarginatus (Mart. & Schrad. ex Nees) Steud., Cyperus 

sabulosus (Mart. & Schrad. ex Nees) Steud., Pycreus flavicomus (Michx.) C.D. Adams) 

(whiteedge flatsedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus fuscus L. (brown cyperus, brown flatsedge, brown umbrella sedge, dusky galingale)* 

Cyperus houghtonii Torr. (Houghton‟s cyperus, Houghton's flatsedge, Houghton's galingale, Houghton‟s 

umbrella sedge) 

Cyperus involucratus Rottb. (Cyperus alternifolius auct. non L., Cyperus alternifolius L. ssp. flabelliformis 

(Rottb.) Kük., Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb.) (umbrella plant, unbrella [sic] plant)* (NY southward; 


Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. lupulinus (Cyperus filiculmis auct. non Vahl, Cyperus 

martindalei auct. non Britton, Mariscus filiculmis auct. non (Vahl) T. Koyama) (Great Plains f 

latsedge, lupine-galingale, slender cyperus, slender umbrella sedge) 

Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. macilentus (Fernald) Marcks (Cyperus bushii Britton, Cyperus 

filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fernald) (Bush‟s galingale, Great Plains flatsedge) 

Cyperus odoratus L. (Cyperus acicularis Schrad. ex Nees, Cyperus eggersii Boeckeler, Cyperus 

engelmannii Steud., Cyperus ferax Rich., Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckeler, Cyperus 

longispicatus J.B.S. Norton, Cyperus macrocephalus Liebm., Cyperus macrocephalus Liebm. var. 

172

eggersii (Boeckeler) S.D. Jones, Wipff & R. Carter, Cyperus odoratus L. var. acicularis (Schrad. 

ex Nees) O'Neill, Cyperus odoratus L. var. engelmannii (Steud.) R. Carter & S.D. Jones, Cyperus 

odoratus L. var. squarrosus (Britton) S.D. Jones, Wipff & R. Carter, Cyperus speciosus Vahl, 

Cyperus speciosus Vahl var. squarrosus Britton, Mariscus huarmensis Kunth, Torulinium 

confertum Desv. ex Ham., Torulinium eggersii (Boeckeler) C.B. Clarke, Torulinium odoratum (L.) 

S. Hooper) (fragrant flatsedge, fragrant umbrella sedge, sweet galingale) 

Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. (manyspike flatsedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus retrorsus Chapm. (pine barren flatsedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus rotundus L. (nutgrass)*/** (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. (Cyperus x mesochoreus Geise [lupulinus x schweinitzii], Cyperus schweinitzii 

Torr. var. uberior Kük., Mariscus schweinitzii (Torr.) T. Koyama) (Schweinitz‟s cyperus, 

Schweinitz's flatsedge, Schweinitz‟s umbrella sedge) 

Cyperus squarrosus L. (Cyperus aristatus Rottb., Cyperus aristatus Rottb. var. runyonii O'Neill, Cyperus 

inflexus Muhl., Cyperus squarrosus L. var. runyonii (O'Neill) S.D. Jones & Wipff) (bearded 

flatsedge, stout galingale, squarrous umbrella sedge) 

Cyperus strigosus L. (Cyperus hansenii Britton, Cyperus stenolepis Torr., Cyperus strigosus L. var. 

capitatus Boeckeler, Cyperus strigosus L. var. multiflorus Geise, Cyperus strigosus L. var. 

robustior Britton, Cyperus strigosus L. var. stenolepis (Torr.) Kük.) (straw cyperus, strawcolored 

flatsedge, straw-coloured umbrella sedge, thin galingale) 

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum (dulichium, reed-like three-way sedge, 

three-way sedge) 

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. boreale Lepage (dulichium, reed-like three-way sedge, 

three-way sedge) (QC & NB only) 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. acicularis (Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. 

gracilescens Svens., Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. occidentalis Svens., 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. submersa (Hj. Nilss.) Svens., Eleocharis acicularis 

(L.) Roem. & Schult. var. typica Svens.) (least spike-rush, needle spike-rush) 

Eleocharis aestuum D.M. Hines ex A. Haines (tidal spikerush) (QC in Canada) 

Eleocharis compressa Sull. var. compressa (Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees, nom. inq., Eleocharis 

compressa Sull. var. atrata Svens., Eleocharis elliptica Kunth var. atrata (Svens.) S.G. Sm., 

Eleocharis elliptica Kunth var. compressa (Sull.) Drapalik & Mohlenbr., Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) 

Schult. var. atrata (Svens.) B. Boivin) (compressed spike-rush, flatstem spikerush, flat-stemmed 

spike-rush) (QC & ON in Canada) 

Eleocharis diandra C. Wright (Eleocharis diandra C. Wright var. depressa Fernald, Eleocharis obtusa 

auct. non (Willd.) Schult., Eleocharis ovata Britton, ined.?, Eleocharis ovata auct. non (Roth) 

Roem. & Schult.) (Wright's spikerush) (QC & ON in Canada) 

Eleocharis elliptica Kunth (Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. var. borealis Svens., Eleocharis compressa 

Sull. var. borealis (Svens.) Drapalik & Mohlenbr., Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. var. borealis 

(Svens.) Gleason) (elliptic spike-rush) 

Eleocharis engelmannii Steudel (Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. var. monticola (Fernald) Svens., 

Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. var. robusta Fernald, Eleocharis monticola Fernald, Eleocharis 

monticola Fernald var. pallida H. St. John, Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. detonsa (A. 

173

Gray) Drapalik & Mohlenbr., Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. engelmannii (Steud.) Gilly, 

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem. & Schult. var. detonsa (A. Gray) Mohlenbr., Eleocharis ovata 

(Roth) Roem. & Schult. var. engelmannii (Steud.) Britton) (Engelmann's spike-rush, Engelmann's 

spikerush) 

Eleocharis equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. (Eleocharis elliottii A. Dietr., Scirpus equisetoides Elliot) (horsetail 

spike-rush, jointed spikesedge, knotted spike-rush) (ON only in e. Canada) 

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. (Eleocharis calva Torr., Scirpus glaucus Torr., nom. inq., Trichophorum 

palustre (L.) Farw. var. calvum (Torr.) House) (bald spikerush, marsh spike-rush, red-footed 

spike-rush, red-stemmed spike-rush) 

Eleocharis fallax Weath. (Eleocharis ambigens Fernald) (creeping spikerush) (QC & NS in Canada) 

Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. (Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. var. dispar (E.J. Hill) Fernald, 

Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) S.F. Blake, Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) S.F. Blake var. dispar (E.J. 

Hill) S.F. Blake, Scirpus caribaea Rottb., Scirpus geniculata L.) (Canada spikesedge, geniculate 

spike-rush) (ON only in e. Canada) 

Eleocharis halophila (Fern. & Brack.) Fern. & Brack. (Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. var. halophila 

Fernald & Brack.) (salt spike-rush, salt-loving spike-rush, saltmarsh spikerush) (ME & southward; 


Eleocharis intermedia Schult. (intermediate spike-rush, matted spike-rush) 

Eleocharis kamtschatica (C. A. Mey.) V. Komarov (Scirpus kamtschaticus C.A. Mey.) (Kamchatka 

spikerush, kamtschatic spike-rush) 

Eleocharis macounii Fernald (Macoun's spikerush) (QC only) 

Eleocharis macrostachya Britton (Eleocharis perlonga Fernald & Brack., Eleocharis xyridiformis Fernald 

& Brack.) (pale spikerush) (QC & ON in e. Canada) 

Eleocharis mamillata (Lindb. f.) Lindb. f. (Scirpus mamillata Lindb. f.) (soft-stem spikerush) (QC & ON in 

e. Canada) 

Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. (blackfruit spikerush) (NY & southward; not in Canada) 

Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. (Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. var. filiculmis Torr., Eleocharis torreyana 

Boeckeler (smallfruit spikerush, Torrey‟s spikerush) (NY & southward; not in Canada) 

Eleocharis nitida Fern. (quill spikerush, shiny spike-rush) 

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes (Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. ellipsoidalis Fernald ex 

Svens., Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. gigantea (C.B. Clarke) Fernald, Eleocharis obtusa 

(Willd.) Schult. var. jejuna Fernald, Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. obtusa, Eleocharis 

obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. peasei Svens., Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem. & Schult. var. obtusa 

(Willd.) Kük., Scirpus obtusus Willd.) (blunt spikerush, blunt spike-rush) 

Eleocharis olivacea Torr. var. olivacea (Eleocharis flaccida (Rchb.) Urb. var. olivacea (Torr.) Fernald & 

Grisc., Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. var. olivacea (Torr.) Gleason) (bright green spikerush, 

bright-green spike-rush, olive rush, olive spike-rush, olive-brown spike-rush) 

Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) Roem. & Schult. (Eleocharis annua House, Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. 

var. heuseri Uechtr., Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. var. ovata (Roth) Drapalik & Mohlenbr., 

Scirpus ovatus Roth) (annual spikerush, oval spike-rush, ovate spikerush, ovate spike-rush, ovoid 

spike-rush) 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. palustris (Eleocharis calva Torr. var. australis (Nees) H. 

174

St. John, Eleocharis mamillata auct. non (Lindb. f.) Lindb. f., Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & 

Schult. var. australis Nees, Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. major Sonder, 

Eleocharis smallii Britton, Eleocharis smallii Britton var. major (Sonder) Seymour, Scirpus palustris 

L.) (common spikerush, creeping spike-rush, Small's spike-rush) 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. vigens L.H. Bailey (common spikerush) (ME & other areas 

of USA; not in Canada) 

Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer (Chaetocyperus membranacea 

Buckley, Eleocharis coloradoensis (Britton) Gilly, Eleocharis leptos (Steud.) Svens., Eleocharis 

leptos (Steud.) Svens. var. coloradoensis (Britton) Svens., Eleocharis leptos (Steud.) Svens. var. 

johnstonii Svens., Eleocharis membranacea (Buckley) Gilly, Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) 

Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer var. anachaeta (Britton) Svens., Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & 

Schult.) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer var. coloradoensis (Britton) Beetle, Scirpus nanus Spreng., 

Scirpus nanus Spreng. var. anachaetus (Torr.) Britton) (dwarf spikerush, dwarf spike-rush, small 

spike-rush, tiny spike-rush) 

Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz (Eleocharis bernardina Munz & I.M. Johnst., Eleocharis 

pauciflora (Lightf.) Link, Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. bernardina (Munz & I.M. Johnst.) 

Svens., Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. fernaldii Svens., Eleocharis quinqueflora 

(Hartmann) O. Schwarz ssp. fernaldii (Svens.) Hultén, Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. 

Schwarz var. bernardina (Munz & I.M. Johnst.) S. González & P.M. Peterson, Scirpus pauciflorus 

Lightf., Scirpus quinqueflorus Hartmann) (few-flowered club-rush, few-flowered spike-rush) 

Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. (Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. 

var. crassior Fernald, Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx.) (angled spike-rush, four-angled spike-rush, 

squarestem spikerush) 

Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes (Robbins' spike-rush) 

Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr. (Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr. var. congdonii Jeps., Eleocharis 

rostellata (Torr.) Torr. var. occidentalis S. Watson, Scirpus rostellatus Torr.) (beaked spike-rush) 

Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. var. tenuis (Eleocharis capitata sensu S.F. Blake, non (L.) R. Br., 

Scirpus quadrangulatus Muhl., non Michx., Trichophyllum tenue (Willd.) Farw.) (slender 

spikerush) (QC eastward in Canada) 

Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schult. (Eleocharis simplex auct. non (Elliot) A. Dietr., Scirpus tortilis Link) 

(twisted spikerush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Eleocharis tricostata Torr. (three-angle spikerush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. (Eleocharis simplex (Elliot) A. Dietr., Eleocharis 

tuberculosa (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. var. pubnicoensis Fernald, Scirpus tuberculosa Michx.) 

(cone-cup spikerush) (NS in Canada) 

Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. (Scirpus uniglumis Link) (one feather spike-rush, onescale spikerush, 

single-glumed spike-rush) 

Eleocharis wolfii (A. Gray) A. Gray ex Britton (Scirpus wolfii A. Gray) (Wolf's spikerush) (NY southward; 


Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. angustifolium (Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. 

scabriusculum Hultén, Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hultén ex 

Kartesz & Gandhi, Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. var. coloratum Hultén, Eriophorum 

175

angustifolium Honck. var. giganteum Hultén, Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. var. majus F.W. 

Schultz, Eriophorum polystachion L. p.p.) (common cotton-grass, linaigrette, narrow-leaved 

cotton-grass, tall cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. triste (Th. Fr.) Hultén (Eriophorum triste (Th. Fr.) Hadac & A. 

Löve) (tall cottongrass, triste) 

Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A. Mey. var. brachyantherum (Eriophorum opacum (Björnstr.) 

Fernald) (close-sheathed cotton-grass, creamy-bristled cotton-grass, dark bog-cotton, dark cottongrass, 

northland cottonsedge, opaque cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A. Mey. var. callitrix (arctic cottongrass, beautiful-haired cotton-grass, 

sheathed cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A. Mey. var. moravium Raymond (Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A. 

Mey. var. pallidus Hultén) (arctic cottongrass, pale cottongrass, Labrador cottongrass) (LB in e. 

Canada) 

Eriophorum chamissonis C. A, Mey (Eriophorum chamissonis C.A. Mey. var. aquatile (Norman) Fernald, 

Eriophorum russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. ssp. rufescens (E.S. Anderson) Hyl., nom. inq.) (Chamisso's 

cottongrass, linaigrette de Chamisso, russet cotton-grass, rusty cotton-grass, white cotton-grass) 

(only in midwestern USA to western USA/Canada – misidentified specimens claimed from eastern 

areas are actually Eriophorum russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. var. majus Sommier or Eriophorum 

russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. var. russeolum but I left the conflated name here as a caution) 

Eriophorum gracile Koch ex Roth (slender cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum x medium Andersson ssp. album J. Cay. [russeolum ssp. leiocarpum x scheuchzeri] 

intermediate cottongrass (QC only) 

Eriophorum x medium Andersson ssp. medium [russeolum ssp. leiocarpum x scheuchzeri] (intermediate 

cottongrass) (QC & NF only) 

Eriophorum x porsildii Raymond (chamissonis x vaginatum) (Porsild‟s cotton-grass) (ON & AK only) 

Eriophorum x pylaieanum Raymond [russeolum x vaginatum] (hybrid cottongrass) 

Eriophorum russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. var. majus Sommier (red cottongrass, russet cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. var. russeolum (red cottongrass, russet cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe (Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe ssp. arcticum Novoselova, Eriophorum 

scheuchzeri Hoppe ssp. scheuchzeri, Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe var. tenuifolium Ohwi) 

(dense cotton-grass, Scheuchzer‟s cotton-grass, shealted [sic?] cotton-grass, sheathed 

cottongrass, white cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. (Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. var. monticola Fernald) (fewnerved cottongrass, 

rough cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum vaginatum L. var. spissum (Fernald) B. Boivin (Eriophorum spissum Fernald, Eriophorum 

spissum Fernald var. erubescens (Fernald) Fernald, Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. spissum 

(Fernald) Hultén) (common cotton-grass,dense cotton-grass, hare's-tail, sheathed cotton-grass, 

tussock cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum virginicum L. (tawny cotton-grass, Virginia cotton-grass) 

Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald (Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern., nom illeg.) 

(green-keeled bog-cotton, moss crop, thinleaf cottonsedge, thin-leaved cotton-grass) 

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. (Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. 

mucronulata (Michx.) Fernald, Fimbristylis geminata (Nees) Kunth, Scirpus autumnalis L.) (fall 

176

club-rush, low fimbristylis, slender fimbristylis, slender fimbry) 

Fimbristylis caroliniana (Lam.) Fernald (Fimbristylis harperi Britton, Scirpus carolinianus Lam.) (Carolina 

fimbry) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl (Scirpus castaneus Michx.) (chestnut sedge, marsh fimbry) (NY 


Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl var. puberula (Fimbristylis anomala Boeckeler, Fimbristylis castanea 

(Michx.) Vahl var. puberula (Michx.) Britton, Fimbristylis drummondii (Torr. & Hook. ex Torr.) 

Boeckeler, Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl var. drummondii (Torr. & Hook. ex Torr.) Ward, 

Scirpus puberulus Michx.) (false chestnut sedge, hairy club-rush, hairy fimbristylis, hairy fimbry) 

Fuirena pumila Torr. (Fuirena squarrosa Michx. var. pumila Torr., Fuirena torreyana Beck) (dwarf 

umbrella-grass) (ON in Canada) 

Fuirena squarrosa Michx. (Fuirena hispida Elliot) (hairy umbrella-sedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori (Elyna bellardii (All.) C. Koch, Kobresia bellardii (All.) K. Koch) 

(Bellardi bog sedge, Bellardi‟s kobresia, Bellardi's sedge) 

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack. (Carex bipartita All., Kobresia bipartita (All.) Dalla Torre, 

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack. var. americana Duman) (simple bog sedge, simple 

kobresia) 

Kyllinga gracillima Miq. (Cyperus brevifolioides Thieret & Delahoussaye, Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) 

Endl. ex Hassk. var. leiolepis (Franch. & Savigny) T. Koyama, Kyllinga brevifolioides (Thieret & 

Delahoussaye) G. Tucker (pasture spikesedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) (considered a 

weed in lawns & other turfgrasses but it is native to the lower 48 US states) 

Kyllinga pumila Michx. (Cyperus densicaespitosus Mattf. & Kük. ex Kük., Cyperus densicaespitosus 

Mattf. & Kük. ex Kük. var. major (Nees) Kük., Cyperus tenuifolius (Steud.) Dandy, Kyllinga 

tenuifolia Steud.) (low spikesedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) Tucker (Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax, Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) 

Pax var. minor (Schrad.) Friedland, Scirpus micranthus Vahl, Scirpus micranthus Vahl var. minor 

(Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.) B. Boivin) (false American liopocarpha, small-flowered fat-chaff, 

smallflower halfchaff sedge) 

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl (Rhynchospora luquillensis Britton) (white beak-rush, white beaked-rush, 

white beaksedge) 

Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. (Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. var. leviseta E.J. Hill ex A. Gray, 

Rhynchospora smallii Britton) (capillary beaked-rush, needle beaksedge, veiny beak-rush) 

Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl (Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl var. capitellata (Michx.) 

Kük., Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl var. minor Britton) (brownish beaksedge, small-headed 

beak-rush) 

Rhynchospora cephalantha A. Gray (Rhynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britton) (bunched beaksedge) (NY 


Rhynchospora chalarocephala Fernald & Gale (loosehead beaksedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Rhynchospora fusca (L.) Aiton f. (brown beaked-rush, brown beaksedge) 

Rhynchospora gracilenta A. Gray (slender beaksedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. ex A. Gray (tall horned beaksedge) (NY/ME southward; not in 

Canada) 

Rhynchospora nitens (Vahl) A. Gray (Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Alph. Wood, Psilocarya portoricensis 

177

Britton (shortbeak beaksedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Rhynchospora pallida M.A. Curtis (pale beaksedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Rhynchospora recognita (Gale) Kral (Rhynchospora globularis (Chapm.) Small var. recognita Gale, 

Rhynchospora obliterata Gale (globe beaksedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Rhynchospora scirpoides (Torr.) A. Gray (longbeak beaksedge) (Psilocarya corymbifera (C. Wright) 

Britton, Psilocarya corymbiformis Benth., Psilocarya scirpoides Torr., Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. 

var. grimesii Fernald & Grisc.) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Rhynchospora torreyana A. Gray (Torrey's beaksedge) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják (Holoschoenus romanus (L.) Fritsch, Holoschoenus vulgaris Link, 

Scirpus holoschoenus L. (roundhead bulrush)* (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Scirpus atrovirens Willd. (black bulrush, dark-green bulrush, deep green bulrush) 

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Knuth (Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. condensatus Fernald, Scirpus cyperinus 

(L.) Kunth var. eriophorum (Michx.) Kunth, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. laxus (A. Gray) 

Beetle, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. pelius Fernald, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. 

rubricosus (Fernald) Gilly,Scirpus eriophorum Michx., Scirpus rubricosus Fernald) (black-sheathed 

bulrush, wool-grass, woolgrass) 

Scirpus expansus Fern. (Scirpus sylvaticus L. p.p.) (great bulrush, larger bulrush, woodland bulrush) 

Scirpus georgianus Harper (Scirpus atrovirens Willd. var. georgianus (Harper) Fernald) (dark green 

bulrush, Georgia bulrush, Georgian bulrush) 

Scirpus hattorianus Makino (early dark green bulrush, hattorian bulrush, mosquito bulrush) 

Scirpus longii Fernald (Long's bulrush) 

Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl (Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl var. longispicatus M. 

Peck, Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl var. rubrotinctus (Fernald) M.E. Jones, Scirpus 

rubrotinctus Fernald) (panicled bulrush, red bulrush, red-sheathed bulrush, small-fruited bulrush, 

wood bulrush) 

Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald (Scirpus atrovirens Willd. var. pallidus Britton) (cloaked bulrush) 

Scirpus x peckii Britton (pro sp.) [atrocinctus x atrovirens x pedicellatus] (Peck‟s bulrush) (QC in 

Canada) 

Scirpus pedicellatus Fern. (Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. pedicellatus (Fernald) Schuyler, Scirpus 

pedicellatus Fernald var. pullus Fernald) (pedicelled bulrush, stalked bulrush, woolgrass) 

Scirpus pendulus Muhelb. ex Willd. (Scirpus lineatus auct. non Michx.) (lined bulrush, rufous bulrush) 

Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl (leafy bulrush) (ME southward; not in Canada) 

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A. Löve & D. Löve var. acutus (Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) 

Palla ssp. acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A. Löve & D. Löve, Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigelow, Scirpus 

lacustris L. p.p.) (hardstem bulrush, hard-stemmed bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller (Scirpus americanus Pers., Scirpus 

chilensis Nees & Meyen ex Kunth, Scirpus conglomeratus Kunth, Scirpus olneyi A. Gray, Scirpus 

pungens Vahl var. longisetus Benth. & F. Muell.) (chairmaker's bulrush) (NS in e. Canada) 

Schoenoplectus x carinatus (Sm.) Palla [tabernaemontani x triqueter] (toothed bulrush) (NY southward; 


Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (Torr.) M.T. Strong (Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Soják. Bolboschoenus 

maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray) 

178

Gray) (river bulrush, river-bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus glaucus (Lam.) Kartesz (Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G. Sm., Scirpus glaucus 

Lam., Scirpus maritimus L. var. tuberosus auct. non (Desf.) Roem. & Schult., Scirpus tuberosus 

auct. non Desf.) (tuberous bulrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) Soják (Scirpus heterochaetus Chase, Scirpus lacustris auct. 

non L., Scirpus lacustris L. var. tenuiculmis Sheldon, Scirpus tenuiculmis (Sheldon) Soják) (pale 

great bulrush, slender bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye (Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla, Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) 

Palla ssp. paludosus (A. Nelson) A. Löve & D. Löve, Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. 

paludosus (A. Nelson) Dorn, Bolboschoenus paludosus (A. Nelson) Soó, Scirpus fernaldii E.P. 

Bicknell, Scirpus maritimus L., Scirpus maritimus L. var. fernaldii (E.P. Bicknell) Beetle, Scirpus 

maritimus L. var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Kük., Scirpus pacificus Britton, Scirpus paludosus A. 

Nelson, Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson var. atlanticus Fernald) (bayonet-grass, cosmopolitan 

bulrush, prairie-bulrush, saltmarsh-bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla (Scirpus mucronatus L.) (bog bulrush) (NB in e. Canada) 

Schoenoplectus novae-angliae (Britton) M.T. Strong (Bolboschoenus novae-angliae (Britton) S.G. Sm., 

Scirpus cylindricus (Torr.) Britton, Scirpus novae-angliae Britton, Scirpus robustus Pursh var. 

novae-angliae (Britton) Beetle, Scirpus subterminalis Torr. var. cylindricus (Torr.) T. Koyama) 

(New England bulrush) (NY & ME southward; not in Canada) 

Schoenoplectus x oblongus (T. Koyama) Soják [acutus x heterochaetus] (Schoenoplectus x oblongatus 

(T. Koyama) Soják, Scirpus x oblongus T. Koyama) (stretch bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla var. pungens (Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. 

polyphyllus (Boeckeler) Dorn, Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla var. polyphyllus (Boeckeler) 

Dorn, Scirpus americanus auct. non Pers., Scirpus americanus Pers. var. polyphyllus (Boeckeler) 

Beetle, Scirpus pungens Vahl, Scirpus pungens Vahl var. polyphyllus Boeckeler) (common 

threesquare (chair-maker's rush, common threesquare, common three-square, sword-grass, 

three-square) 

Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fernald) M.T. Strong (Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla ssp. 

purshianus (Fernald) Soják, Scirpus debilis Pursh, non Lam., Scirpus hotarui auct. non Ohwi, 

Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. digynus (Boeckeler) T. Koyama, Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. 

williamsii (Fernald) T. Koyama, Scirpus purshianus Fernald, Scirpus smithii A. Gray var. williamsii 

(Fernald) T. Beetle) (Pursh‟s bulrush, weak bulrush, weakstalk bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong (Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Soják, Scirpus 

maritimus L. var. agonus (Fernald) Beetle, Scirpus maritimus L. var. macrostachyus Michx., 

Scirpus robustus Pursh) (sturdy bulrush) (NS in e. Canada) 

Schoenoplectus smithii (A. Gray) Soják (Scirpus smithii A. Gray, Scirpus smithii A. Gray var. levisetus 

Fassett, Scirpus smithii A. Gray var. setosus Fernald (Smith's bulrush, Smith's club-rush, weakstalked 

club-rush) 

Schoenoplectus x steinmetzii (Fernald) S.G. Sm. [heterochaetus x tabernaemontani] (Steinmetz‟s 

bulrush) (ME southward; not in Canada) 

Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torr.) Soják (Scirpus subterminalis Torr.) (swaying bulrush, swaying 

clubrush, swaying rush, water club-rush) 

179

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla (Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ssp. creber 

(Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ssp. tabernaemontani (C.C. 

Gmel.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ssp. validus (Vahl) T. Koyama, 

Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. Löve & D. Löve, Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. Löve & D. 

Löve ssp. creber (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. Löve & D. Löve 

ssp. luxurians (Miq.) Soják, Scirpus lacustris L. ssp. creber (Fernald) T. Koyama, Scirpus lacustris 

L. ssp. glaucus (Rchb.) Hartm., Scirpus lacustris L. ssp. tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Syme, 

Scirpus lacustris L. ssp. validus (Vahl) T. Koyama, Scirpus tabernaemontani C.C. Gmel., Scirpus 

validus Vahl, Scirpus validus Vahl var. creber Fernald) (American great bulrush, softstem bulrush, 

soft-stem bulrush) 

Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla (Scirpus torreyi Olney) (Torrey's bulrush, Torrey‟s three-square) 

Scleria minor W. Stone (slender nutrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Scleria muehlenbergii Steud. (Scleria reticularis Michx. var. pubescens Britton, Scleria setacea auct. 

non Poir., Scleria stevensiana Britton) (Muehlenberg's nutrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. caroliniana (Willd.) Alph. Wood (Carolina nutrush) (NY southward; 


Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. pauciflora (fewflower nutrush, small-flowered nut-rush) 

Scleria reticularis Michx. (netted nutrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Scleria triglomerata Michx. (Scleria flaccida Steud., Scleria nitida Muhl. ex Willd.) (tall nut-rush, whip 

grass, whip nutrush) 

Scleria verticillata Muhl. ex Willd. (Scleria tenella Kunth) (low nutrush, low nut-rush, whorled nut-rush) 

Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Persoon (Baeothryon alpinum (L.) Egor., Eriophorum alpinum L., Leucocoma 

alpina (L.) Rydb.,Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald) (alpine bulrush, alpine clubrush, alpine 

cotton-grass, cotton deergrass, Hudson Bay bulrush) 

Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Schur (Baeothryon caespitosum (L.) A. Dietr., orth. var., 

Baeothryon cespitosum (L.) A. Dietr., Scirpus caespitosus L., orth. var., Scirpus caespitosus L. 

var. austriacus (Pall.) Asch. & Graebn., orth. var., Scirpus caespitosus L. var. callosus Bigelow, 

orth. var., Scirpus caespitosus L. var. delicatulus Fernald, orth. var., Scirpus cespitosus L., 

Scirpus cespitosus L. var. austriacus (Pall.) Asch. & Graebn., Scirpus cespitosus L. var. callosus 

Bigelow, Scirpus cespitosus L. var. delicatulus Fernald, Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm., 

orth. var., Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. var. callosum (Bigelow) Mohlenbr., orth. var. ) 

(cespitose bulrush, tufted bulrush, tufted club-rush) 

Trichophorum clintonii (A. Gray) S. G. Smith (Baeothryon clintonii (A. Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve, Scirpus 

clintonii A. Gray) (Clinton's bulrush, Clinton‟s club-rush) 

Trichophorum planifolium (Sprengel) Palla (Baeothryon verecundum (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, 

Scirpus planifolius Muhl., nom. illeg., non Scirpus planifolius Grimm, Scirpus verecundus Fernald, 

Trichophorum verecundum (Fernald) Mohlenbr.) (bashful bulrush, flat-flower club-rush, Nipigon 

bulrush, shy bulrush) 

Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Thellung (Baeothryon pumilum (Vahl) A. Löve & D. Löve, 

Scirpus pumilus Vahl, Scirpus pumilus Vahl ssp. rollandii (Fernald) Raymond, Scirpus pumilus 

Vahl var. rollandii (Fernald) Beetle, Scirpus rollandii Fernald, Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz 

& Thell. ssp. rollandii (Fernald) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & 

180

Thell. var. rollandii (Fernald) Hultén, Trichophorum rollandii (Fernald) Hultén) (Rolland‟s bulrush, 

soft club-rush) 

Poaceae [Graminae] (grass family) 

Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth (Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt., Oryzopsis 

hymenoides (R. and S.) Ricker., Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult.) (Indian rice) (western 

USA/Canada species that is occasionally found transplanted in ON) 

Achnatherum richardsonii (Link) Barkworth (Stipa richardsonii Link.) (Richardson's needlegrass) 

(western USA/Canada species that is occasionally found transplanted in ON) 

Aegilops cylindrica Host (Aegilops cylindrica Host var. rubiginosa Popova, Aegilops tauschii auct. non 

Coss., Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) A. Löve, Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass. & 

Gibelli (jointed goatgrass)*/** (NY southward; not in Canada) 

×Agroelymus adamsii Rouss. (Agroelymus adamsii Rouss) [Agropyron repens × Elymus mollis; this name 

will have to be revised because A. repens is now Elymus repens, hence this is now an 

intrageneric hybrid] (Adam‟s wheatgrass) 

Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner (crested wheat-grass)*/** 

Agrostis canina L. (brown bent-grass, maritime bent-grass, velvet bent-grass) 

Agrostis capillaris L. (Agrostis sylvatica Huds., Agrostis tenuis L., Agrostis vulgaris With.) (colonial bent 

grass, Rhode Island bent-grass, trembling redtop)* 

Agrostis gigantea Roth. (Agrostis alba auct non L., Agrostis nigra With.) (black bentgrass, giant bent 

grass, giant red top, white red-top)* 

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. (Agrostis antecedens E.P. Bicknell) (rough hairgrass, rough ticklegrass, 

tickle grass, winter bentgrass) 

Agrostis mertensii Trin. (Agrostis bakeri Rydb., Agrostis borealis Hartm., Agrostis rupestris auct. non All. 

(northern bent-grass, red bent grass) 

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (Agrostis altissima (Walter) Tuck., Agrostis elata (Pursh) Trin., 

Agrostis oreophila Trin., Agrostis schweinitzii Trin., Cornucopiae perennans Walter) (autumn bent 

grass, upland bent-grass) 

Agrostis scabra Willd. (Agrostis geminata Trin.) (fly-away grass, hairgrass, rough hair grass, ticklegrass) 

Agrostis stolonifera L. (Agrostis maritima Lam., Agrostis palustris Huds.) (creeping bent-grass, marsh 

bent-grass, redtop, swamp bent-grass) 

Aira caryophyllea L. (silver hairgrass)*/** (NS in e. Canada) 

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (short-awned foxtail, water foxtail) 

Alopecurus alpinus Smith (Alopecurus borealis Trin., Alopecurus glaucus Less., Alopecurus occidentalis 

Scribn. & Tweedy) (alpine foxtail, mountain foxtail) 

Alopecurus genicaulatus L. (marsh foxtail, water foxtail)* 

Alopecurus pratensis L. (meadow foxtail)* 

Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link (European beachgrass, Nova Scotia false marram-reed)* 

Ammophila breviligulata Fern. (American beachgrass, marram-reed, psamma-reed, sand-reed, short- 

liguled beachgrass) 

Ammophila champlainensis Seymour (Champlain beachgrass) (NY VT ME MA only) 

Andropogon gerardii Vitm. (Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, Andropogon furcatus Muhlenb., 

181

Andropogon provincialis Lam.) (big bluestem grass, Gerard's bluestem, Hall‟s beard grass, 

western big bluestem) 

Andropogon virginicus L. (bluestem broom-sedge, broomsedge grass, Virginia broom-sedge) 

Anthoxanthum monticola (Bigelow) Veldkamp ssp. alpinum (Sw. ex Willd.) Soreng (Hierochloe alpina 

(Sw. ex Willd.) Roem. & Schult., Hierochloe odorata auct. non (L.) P. Beauv. p.p., Savastana 

alpina (Sw. ex Willd.) Scribn.) (alpine holy grass, Arctic sweet grass, mountain sweet grass, 

smelly vanilla grass, sweet grass) 

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (sweet vernal grass)* 

Apera interrupta (L.) P. Beauv. (Agrostis interrupta L.) (dense silky-bent, interrupted bent grass, 

interrupted grass)* 

Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. (Agrostis spica-venti L.) (loose silky-bent, silky bent grass, windlestraw, 

wind-spike grass)* 

Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Greisb. in Ledeb. (Arctic grass, arctagrostis, polar grass) 

Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Rupr. ex Anderss. (Colpodium fulvum (Trin.) Griseb.) (Arctic grass, arctophila, 

pendant grass) 

Aristida basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey (beard grass, forked triple-awned grass, slender three-awn) 

Aristida dichotama Michx. (churchmouse three-awn, poverty-grass, triple-awn, needlegrass) 

Aristida longespica Poir. (long-spiked triple-awned grass, plains aristida, tufted three-awn) 

Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey (Aristida longiseta Steud.) (Fendler threeawn, red 

three-awn) 

Aristida oligantha Michx. (few-flowered aristida, few-flowered three-awn, prairie triple-awned grass)* 

Aristida purpurascens Poir. (arrow-feather three-awn, arrow-grass broom-sedge, purple three-awn) 

Arrenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch (fromental, oat grass, tall oat grass)* 

Avena fatua L. (avoine, oatgrass, poor oats, wheatgrass, wild oats)* 

Avena hookeri Scribn. (Hooker's catgrass) 

Avena sativa L. (Avena byzantina K. Koch) (cultivated oats, meadow oats)* 

Avena sterilis (animated oats) (ornamental)* 

Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort. (Avena pubescens Huds, Helictotrichon pubescens (Huds.) Besser 

ex Pilg.) (downy alpine oatgrass, hairy oat grass, oats)* 

Beckmannia syzigachne (Steudel) Fern. (Beckmannia eruciformis auct. non (L.) Host) (American slough 

grass scissor grass, slough-grass) 

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (side-oats grama, side-oats grass, tall grama grass, tall mesquite 

grass) 

Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. (Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. ex A. Gray, Chondrosum gracile 

Willd. ex Kunth, Chondrosum oligostachyum (Nutt.) Torr.) (slender blue grama) 

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. Roth ex Spreg.) P. Beauv. (bearded short-husk, husk grass, northern 

short-husk) 

Briza maxima L. (big quaking grass, quaking grass) 

Briza media L. (medium quaking grass, quaking grass, smaller quaking grass) 

Bromus aleutensis Trin. ex Griseb. (Bromus sitchensis Trin. var. aleutensis (Trin. ex Griseb.) Hultén) 

(Aleutian brome) 

Bromus anomalus Rupr. (Bromopsis anomala (Rupr. ex Fourn.) Holub) (nodding brome) 

182

Bromus arvensis L. (Bromus anatolicus Boiss. & Heldr., Bromus japonicus Thunb., Bromus patulus 

Mert. & W.D.J. Koch,) (field brome, field chess, Japanese bromegrass, Japanese chess)* 

Bromus briziformis Fischer & C.A. Mey (quakegrass brome, rattlesnake chess) (ornamental)* 

Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. (Bromus laciniatus Beal, Ceratochloa carinata (Hook. & Arn.) Tutin) 

(California brome, ridged brome) (disjunct in ON but purportedly native there) 

Bromus catharticus Vahl. (Bromus brevis Nees ex Steud., Bromus haenkeanus (J. Presl) Kunth, Bromus 

unioloides Kunth, Bromus willdenowii Kunth, Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Herter, Ceratochloa 

unioloides (Willd.) Raspail, nom. illeg., non Bromus unioloides Kunth, Ceratochloa willdenowii 

(Kunth) W.A. Weber, estuca unioloides (Willd.) Raspail, nom. illeg., non Bromus unioloides Kunth 

(rescue-grass) 

Bromus ciliatus L. (Canadian bromegeass, fringed brome, woodland bromegrass) 

Bromus danthoniae Trin. (danthonia-like brome, oat brome, poverty brome, poverty chess)* 

Bromus diandrus Roth (ripgut brome)*/** (common in western North America; NY southward but not in 

e. Canada) 

Bromus erectus Huds (Bromopsis erecta (Huds.) Fourr.) (meadow brome, tall bromegrass, upright 

brome)* 

Bromus hordeaceus L. (foxtail brome, soft brome, soft chess)* 

Bromus hordeaceus L. var. pseudothominii (P.M. Sm.) H. Scholz (Bromus pseudothominii P.M. Sm. (pro 

hybr.), Bromus x pseudothominii P.M. Sm emend. H. Scholz (hordaceus x lepidus) (false Thomin‟s 

brome)* 

Bromus inermis Leyss. (Bromus pumpellianus Scribn.) (awnless bromegrass, common bromegrass, 

Hungarian bromegrass, northern awnless brome, Pumpell‟s brome, smooth brome, soft chess, 

western brome) (* in part – mixed genotypes with European populations) 

Bromus kalmii Gray (Bromus purgans auct. non L.) (Arctic brome, Kalm's bromegrass, wild chess) 

Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitch. (broad-glumed brome, drooping brome, earlyleaf brome, flangesheathed 

brome) 

Bromus nottowayanus Fern. (Bromopsis nottowayana (Fernald) Holub) (nottoway brome, Nottoway 

Valley bromegrass) 

Bromus pubescens Muhlenb. ex Willd. (Bromus purgans auct. non L.) (hairy brome, hairy woodland 

brome) 

Bromus racemosus L. (Bromus commutatus Schrader., Bromus popovii Drobow) (bald brome, disguised 

brome, smooth brome, upright chess, variable brome)* 

Bromus secalinus L. (cheat, cheat chess, chess)*/** 

Bromus squarrosus L. (corn brome, spread-tip brome)*/** 

Bromus sterilis L. (Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski) (barren brome, haver-grass)*/** 

Bromus tectorum L. (Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski) (bur-brome, clinging brome, downy brome, downy 

chess, prickly brome, sandy brome)*/** 

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (blue-joint grass, Canada bluejoint grass, marsh reedgrass) 

Calamagrostis deschampsioides Trin. (Arctic reed grass, circumpolar reedgrass, common reed grass, 

hairy reed grass) 

Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth (chee reed grass, feathertop, matted reed grass)* 

Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahelb.) Hartm. (Lapland reed grass) 

Calamagrostis montanensis Scribn. (plains reedgrass) 

183

Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. (Arctic reed grass, purple reed-bentgrass, purple reed grass) 

Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. (pinegrass, western pine grass) 

Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler (Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray) (narrow reed grass, northern 

reedgrass, tuft-grass) & Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. stricta var. borealis (Laest.) 

Hartm. (Calamagrostis borealis Laest., Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn.) (narrow 

reedgrass) 

Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribner (long-leaved reed grass, prairie sand-reed, reed grass, sand 

reedgrass) 

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. (brookgrass, water hair grass, water whorlgrass) 

Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel) Fern. (Cenchrus carolinianus Walter) (burgrass, field sandbur, 

long-spined sandbur, mat sandbur) 

Chasmanthium laxum (L.) Yates (slender woodoats) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Chloris verticillata Nutt. (tumble windmill grass) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Cinna arundinacea L. (sweet reed grass, sweet woodreed, wood reed, wood reedgrass) 

Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griesb. (broad wood reed, broad woodreedgrass, broad-leaved reed grass, 

drooping woodreed, slender woodgrass) 

Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host ex Roem.) (fool's-timothy, rushlike 

timothy, schoenus-like crypsis, swamp pricklegrass)* 

Cynosurus cristatus L. (crested dog‟s-tail, crested dog‟s-tail grass, dog's-tail grass)* 

Dactylis glomerata L. (cocksfoot, orchard grass)* 

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Cynosurus aegyptius L.) (Egyptian grass)* (ME southward; not in 

Canada) 

Danthonia californica (Scribn.) Hitchc. (Danthonia americana Scribn.) (California oatgrass)* 

Danthonia compressa Aust. (Danthonia allenii Austin) (Allen‟s povertygrass, flat-stemmed danthonia, 

flattened wild oat grass, poverty grass, wild oatgrass) 

Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. ssp. decumbens (Festuca decumbens L., Sieglingia decumbens (L.) 

Bernh.) (common heathgrass, heather grass) 

Danthonia intermedia Vasey. (Danthonia canadensis Baum & Findlay) (Canada oatgrass, wild oatgrass) 

Danthonia parryi Scribn. (Parry‟s oatgrass) 

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. (Danthonia thermalis Scribn.) (common wild oat 

grass, June oatgrass, poverty oatgrass, white oat grass) 

Danthonia unispicata Munro. (dwarf oatgrass, onespike povertygrass) 

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv (Aira caespitosa L., Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., 

Deschampsia glauca C. Hartm., Deschampsia mackenzieana Raup, Deschampsia obensis Rosh., 

Deschampsia paramushirensis Honda, Deschampsia pumila (Ledeb.) Ostenf., Deschampsia 

sukatschewii (Popl.) Rosh.) & Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv var. parviflora (Thuill.) Jac & 

Soo* (tufted hairgrass) 

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. (common hairgrass, crinkled hairgrass) 

Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum (Panicum acuminatum Sw., 

Panicum auburne Ashe, Panicum benneri Fernald, Panicum chrysopsidifolium Nash, Panicum 

eatonii auct non Nash, Panicum spretum auct non Schult., Panicum villosissimum auct non Nash) 

(acuminate panic grass, Eaton‟s panic grass, hairy panic grass, pointed panic grass, tapered 

184

panicgrass) 

Diarrhena americana P. Beauv. (Diarina festucoides Raf.) (American beakgrain, American korycarpus, 

beak grass, twingrass, twin-boys grass) 

Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckmann (Panicum bicknellii Nash, Panicum boreale Nash, Panicum 

calliphyllum Ashe) (Bicknel's panic, northern panic grass) 

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould (Panicum clandestinum L.) (deer-tongue panic grass, hidden 

panic grass) 

Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould (Panicum depauperatum Muhelb., Panicum strictum Pursh 

var. psilophyllum (Fernald) Farw.) (blunt panic grass, depauperate panic grass, poverty panic 

grass, starved panic grass) 

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum (Dichanthelium annulum (Ashe) R. LeBlond, 

Dichanthelium caerulescens (Hack. ex Hitchc.) Correll, Dichanthelium lucidum (Ashe) R. LeBlond, 

Dichanthelium mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Mohlenbr., Dichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. ex Elliot) 

Mohlenbr., Dichanthelium nitidum (Lam.) Mohlenbr., Dichanthelium nudicaule (Vasey) B.F. 

Hansen & Wunderlin, Dichanthelium sphagnicola (Nash) R. LeBlond, Dichanthelium yadkinense 

(Ashe) Mohlenbr., Panicum annulum Ashe, Panicum barbulatum Michx., Panicum caerulescens 

Hack. ex Hitchc., Panicum dichotomum L., Panicum clutei Nash, Panicum lucidum Ashe, Panicum 

mattamuskeetense Ashe, Panicum microcarpon Muhl. ex Elliot, non Muhl., Panicum nitidum Lam., 

Panicum nudicaule Vasey, Panicum roanokense Ashe, Panicum sphagnicola Nash, Panicum 

yadkinense Ashe (cypress panicgrass, forked panic grass, spreading panic grass) 

Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Harvill (Panicum latifolium L.) (broadleaf panic grass, broad-leaved panic 

grass) 

Dichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) Freckmann (Panicum leibergii (Vassey) Scrib.) (Leiberg's panic grass) 

Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) Gould (Dichanthelium perlongum (Nash) Freckmann, 

Panicum linearifolium Scrib., Panicum perlongum Nash, Panicum werneri Scribn.) (linear-leaved 

panic grass, low white-haired panic grass, narrow-leaved panic grass, slimleaf panic grass, 

starved panic grass) 

Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould (Panicum helleri Nash, 

Panicum oligosanthes Schultes, Panicum macrocarpon Leconte ex Torr., Panicum scoparium S. 

Watson ex Nash, non Lam., Panicum scribnerianum Nash) (few-flowered panic grass, Scribner's 

rosette grass) 

Dichanthelium meridionale (Ashe) Freckmann (Panicum albemarlense Ashe, Panicum meridionale Ashe 

(matted panic grass, matting rosette grass, southern panic grass) 

Dichanthelium ovale (Elliot) Gould & C.A. Clark var. addisonii (Nash) Gould & C.A. Clark (Dichanthelium 

commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann, Panicum addisonii Nash, Panicum alabamense Ashe, 

Panicum columbianum Scribn. var. commonsianum (Ashe) McNeill & Dore, Panicum 

commonsianum Ashe, Panicum mundum Fernald, Panicum ovale Ell., Panicum owenae E.P. 

Bicknell, Panicum wilmingtonense Ashe) (Addison's rosette grass, Alabama panic grass, 

Columbia panic grass, rounded panic grass, Owen‟s panic grass, Wilmington panic grass) 

Dichanthelium sabulorum (Lam.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. thinium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould & C.A. Clark 

(Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann, Dichanthelium portoricense (Desv. ex Ham.) 

B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin, Panicum columbianum Scribner., Panicum heterophyllum Bosc ex 

185

Nees, Panicum oricola Hitchc. & Chase, Panicum portoricense Desv. ex Ham., Panicum 

sabulorum Lam. var. thinium (Hitchc. & Chase) C.F. Reed, Panicum unciphyllum Trin. var. thinium 

Hitchc. & Chase) (Columbia panic grass, hemlock rosette grass, rounded panic grass) 

Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Elliot) Gould var. sphaerocarpon (Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (roughfruited 

panic grass, round-fruited panic grass, roundseeded panicgrass) 

Dichanthelium xanthophysum (A. Gray) Freckmann (Panicum xanthophysum Gray) (plump panic grass, 

slender panic grass, slender rosette grass, yellow panic grass, yellow-bladdered panic grass) 

Digitaria cognata (Schultes) Pilg. (Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase) (fall witch grass, slender crab 

grass) 

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. (Panicum ischaemum Schreb., Syntherisma ischaemum (Schreb.) 

Nash) (small crabgrass, smooth crab grass)* 

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Panicum sanguinale L., Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac) (common 

crabgrass, finger grass, large crabgrass)* 

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. (Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Greene, Uniola stricta Torr.) (alkali-grass, desert 

salt grass, false uniola, saltgrass, seashore saltgrass, spike-grass, straight alkali grass)* 

×Dupoa labradorica (Steud.) J. Cay. & Darbyshire (Poa eminens J. Presl var. labradorica (Steud.) Abbe, 

Poa labradorica Steud.) (shining speargrass) 

Dupontia fisheri R. Br. (Dupontia psilosantha (Rupr.) Griseb.) (Dupont grass, Fisher grass, Fisher‟s 

dupontia) 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (Panicum crus-galli L.) (billion-dollar grass, cock-spur barnyard 

grass, common barnyard grass, million-dollar grass)*/** 

Echinochloa frumentacea (L.) P. Beauv. (Panicum frumentaceum Roxb., non Salisb.) (barnyard grass, 

billion-dollar grass)* 

Echinochloa muricata (Michx.) Fern. (prickly barnyardgrass, pungent barnyardgrass, stinking 

barnyardgrass) & Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand 

(Echinochloa microstachya (Wieg.) Rydb., Echinochloa wiegandii (Fassett) McNeill & Dore) (small 

barnyardgrass, small-spiked barnyardgrass, western barnyard grass) 

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh.) Heller (Panicum walteri Pursh) (coast cocklespur grass, hedgehog grass, 

saltmarsh cockspur-grass, Walter‟s barnyard grass) 

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Cynosurus indicus L.) (goose-grass, wiregrass, yard grass)* 

x Elyhordeum macounii (Vasey) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey (Elymus trachycaulus x Hordeum jubatum) 

(Elymus macounii Vasey., ×Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage, ×Elytesion macounii (Vasey) 

Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) (Macoun‟s hybrid grass, Macoun's wild-rye, tufted wild-rye) 

x Elyleymus hirtiflorus (A. Hitchc.) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey (Elymus trachycaulus x Leymus innovatus) 

(Elymus hirtiflorus Hitchc., ×Agroelymus hirtiflorus (Hitchc.) Bowden, ×Agroelymus ontariensis 

Lepage (agroleymus, hybrid grass) 

Elymus canadensis L. (Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & C.R. Ball, Elymus crescendus L.C. Wheeler, 

Elymus philadelphicus L., Elymus robustus Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) (Canada wild-rye, Canada 

wild-ryegrass, nodding wild-rye) 

Elymus ×cayouetteorum (B. Boivin) Barkworth [sericeum × sibiricus] (Cayoutte‟s wild rye) 

Elymus diversiglumis Scrib. & Ball (Elymus interruptus auct. non Buckley) (frazzled wild rye) 

Elymus x ebingeri G, Tucker (hysterix x virginicus) (Ebinger‟s wild rye, hybrid wild rye) 

Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey ssp. elymoides (Elymus sitanion Schult., Sitanion elymoides Raf., 

186

Sitanion hystrix (nutt.) J. G. Smith) (western squirreltail) 

Elymus glaucus (blue wild-rye, smooth wild rye, turquoise rye, wax-rye) 

Elymus hystrix L. (Hystrix patula Moench.) (bottle-brush grass, eastern wildrye, spreading bottle-brush 

grass) 

Elymus lanceolatus (Scrib. & Smith) Gould (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.) (gray-green, 

Great Lakes wheat grass, innovative wild rye, wild rye) (Elymus lanceolatus var. lanceolatus is * 

but Elymus lanceolatus (Scrib. & Smith) Gould var. psammophilus (J.M. Gillett & H. Senn) A. Löve 

is native to the Great Lakes region) 

Elymus x maltei Bowden (canadensis x virginicus) (Terrelymus maltei (Bowden) Baum) (malt wild rye) 

Elymus repens (L.) Gould (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Elytrigia 

vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Beetle., Triticum repens L., Triticum vaillantianum Wulfen & 

Schreb.) (couchgrass, creeping wild rye, quackgrass, quickgrass, quitchgrass, witchgrass)*/** 

Elymus riparius Wieg. (river wild rye, river-bank wild rye, streambank wild rye) 

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould (few-flowered couchgrass, rough-stemmed couchgrass, slender 

wheat grass, wild rye) 

Elymus villosus Muhlenb. ex Willd. (Elymus arkansanus Scribn. & C.R. Ball, Terrellia villosa (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Baum) (hairy wild rye, slender wild rye, soft wild rye) 

Elymus virginicus L. (limegrass, lyme grass, terrell grass, Virginia wild rye) 

Elymus wiegandii Fern. (false interrupted rye, Wiegand‟s wild rye) 

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees (hair-like love grass, lace grass) 

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. (Eragrostis major Host, Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link, Poa 

cilianensis All.) (skunk grass, snake grass, stink grass)* 

Eragrostis frankii C. Meyer ex Steud. (Frank‟s love grass, river love grass, sandbar love grass) 

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP (Poa hypnoides Lam.) (creeping love grass, smooth creeping love 

grass, tall love grass, teal lovegrass) 

Eragrostis minor Host (Eragrostis eragrostis (L.) P. Beauv., Eragrostis poaeoides P. Beauv. ex Roem & 

Schult (this is not a proper name but you will see occasional misspelling of “pooides”, Eragrostis 

pooides P. Beauv. ex Roem & Schult., Eragrostis suaveolens Becker ex Claus) (little love grass, 

low love grass)* 

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees (combed love grass, tufted love grass) (Eragrostis pectinacea var. 

miserrima (Fourn.) J. Reeder is *) 

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. (Eragrostis multicaulis Steud., Eragrostis perplexa L.H. Harv, Poa pilosa 

L.) (hairy love grass, Indian love grass, small tufted love grass) 

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh.) Steudel (Poa spectabilis Pursh) (petticoat-climber, purple love grass, 

tumblegrass, tumblegrass love grass) 

Erichloa contracta A. S. Hitchc. (prairie cup grass)* 

Festuca baffinensis Polunin (Arctic fescue, Baffin fescue, Baffin grass, northern fescue) 

Festuca brachyphylla Schult. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (Arctic fescue, short-leaved fescue) 

Festuca brevipila Tracey (Festuca cinerea auct. non Vill. , Festuca duriuscula auct. non L., Festuca 

longifolia auct. non Thuill., Festuca michiganica Alexeev, Festuca ovina auct. non L, Festuca 

trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina, nom. illeg.) (hard fescue, sheep fescue)* 

Festuca filiformis Pour. (Festuca capillata Lam., Festuca ovina L. ssp. tenuifolia (Sibth.) Peterm., 

187

Festuca ovina L. var. capillata (Lam.) Alef. Festuca ovina L. var. tenuifolia (Sibth.) Sm. Festuca 

tenuifolia Sibth.) (filfiorm fescue, fineleaf sheep fescue, sheep fescue)* 

Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper (Festuca scabrella Torr. ex Hook. ssp. hallii (Vasey) W.A. Weber, Melica 

hallii Vasey ) (Hall's fescue, plains rough fescue, rough fescue) 

Festuca idahoensis Elmer. (bluebunch fescue, Idaho fescue)* 

Festuca occidentalis Hook. (Festuca ovina L. var. polyphylla Vasey ex Beal) (western fescue) 

Festuca rubra L. (red fescue) & Festuca rubra L. ssp. arctica (Hack.) Govor. (Festuca richardsonii 

Hook., Festuca rubra L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Hultén) (red fescue, Richardson‟s fescue) 

Festuca saximontana Rydb. (Rocky Mountain fescue) 

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E. Alexeev (Festuca obtusa Biehler.) (blunt fescue, nodding fescue, 

whorled fescue) 

Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch (Panicularia borealis Nash) (float-grass, northern manna-grass, small 

floating manna grass) 

Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trind. (Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze) (manna grass, rattlesnake 

grass, reed-meadow manna grass) 

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. (American manna grass, reed manna grass, tall manna grass) 

Glyceria x laxa Scribn. (canadensis x grandis) (Glyceria laxa (Scribn.) Scribn., Glyceria x ottawaensis 

Bowden [candensis x striata], Panicularia laxa Scribn.) (limp manna grass, northern manna grass, 

Ottawa manna grass) (there is still disagreement over whether ‘laxa‟ is a hybrid or not) 

Glyceria maxima (Hart.) O. Holmb. (Glyceria spectabilis Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Molinia maxima Hartm.) 

larger manna grass, rough manna grass, sweet manna grass)* 

Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) Hubb. (Panicularia melicaria (Michx.) Hitchc.) (long manna grass, melic 

manna grass, rattlesnake melic) 

Glyceria obtusa (Mul.) Trin. (Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze) (Atlantic mannagrass, round manna 

grass) 

Glyceria plicata Frees (Glyceria notata (Fr) Fr.) (European manna grass, western manna grass)* 

Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. (Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitchc.) E.P. Bicknell) (American flote 

grass, floating manna grass, sweet grass) 

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (Glyceria elata (Nash ex Rydb.) M.E. Jones, Glyceria nervata (Willd.) 

Trin., Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze, Panicularia striata (Lam.) Hitchc.) (fowl manna grass, 

fowl meadow grass) 

Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth ssp. comata (Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr.) (feathergrass, 

needle-and-thread, speargrass, tufted bunch grass) 

Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth (Stipa spartea Trin.) (needle grass, porcupine bunch grass, 

porcupine grass) 

Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. (Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp, Hierochloe 

fragrans (Willd.) Roem. & Schult., Hierochloe nashii (E.P. Bicknell) Kaczmarek, Holcus odoratus 

L., Savastana nashii E.P. Bicknell, Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn., Torresia odorata (L.) Hitchc.) 

(holy grass, Indian grass, sweetgrass, vanilla grass) 

Hierochloe pauciflora R. Br. (Anthoxanthum arcticum Veldkamp, Savastana pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn. & 

Merr.) (Arctic holygrass, small-flowered sweet grass) 

Holcus lanatus L. (Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash) (common velvet grass, velvet grass, wooly soft 

grass)* 

188

Hordeum jubatum L. (foxtail barley, orge, skunk grass, skunk-tail grass, squirrel-tail barley, squirrel-tail 

grass, tickle grass, wild barley)* 

Hordeum marinum Huds. ssp. gussonianum (Parl.) Thell. (Critesion geniculatum (All.) A. Löve, Critesion 

hystrix (Roth) A. Löve, Critesion marinum (Huds.) A. Löve ssp. gussonianum (Parl.) Barkworth & 

D.R. Dewey, Hordeum geniculatum All., Hordeum gussonianum Parl., Hordeum hystrix Roth) 

(barley, Mediterranean barley)* 

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (Critesion pusillum (Nutt.) A. Löve) (little barley)* 

Hordeum vulgare L. (Hordeum aegiceras Nees ex Royle, Hordeum distichon L, Hordeum hexastichon 

L., Hordeum irregulare Aberg & Wiebe, Hordeum sativum Pers.) (common barley, spring barley, 

true barley)* 

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes (Koeleria albescens auct., Koeleria cristata auct. non Pers. p.p., 

Koeleria gracilis Pers., Koeleria nitida Nutt., Koeleria pyramidata auct. non (Lam.) P. Beauv. p.p., 

Koeleria yukonensis Hultén (crested hair-grass, crested Junegrass, crested koeler grass, 

Junegrass, prairie June-grass, Yukon hairgrass) 

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Pollich, Phalaris oryzoides L.) (rice cut grass) 

Leersia virginica Willd. (Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britton) (white cut grass, white grass, 

whitegrass, woodland cut grass) 

Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. fascicularis (Lam.) N. Snow (Diplachne acuminata Nash, Diplachne 

fascicularis (Lam.) P. Beauv., Diplachne maritima E.P. Bicknell, Leptochloa acuminata (Nash) 

Mohl., Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray, Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth var. fascicularis (Lam.) 

Dorn (acuminate feather grass, feather grass, saltmeadow grass)* 

Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (Elymus arenarius L.) (downy lyme grass, sand ryegrass, sea lyme-grass, 

strand-wheat)* 

Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. Löve (Aneurolepidium condensatum (J. Presl) Nevski, Elymus 

condensatus Presl.) (giant wild-rye) 

Leymus innovatus (Beal) Pilger (Elymus brownii Scribn. & J.G. Sm., Elymus innovatus Beal., Leymus 

velutinus (Bowden) A. Löve & D. Löve) (Arctic rye, false wild rye, hairy wild-rye)* 

Leymus mollis (Trin.) Pilager (Elymus mollis Trin.) (American dune-grass, Arctic dune-grass, 

dune-grass, dune rye-grass) 

Lolium perenne L. (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) (common darnel, English ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, 

perennial rye grass, raygrass)* 

Lolium persicum B & H ex Boss. (Lolium dorei B. Boivin) (Persian darnel, Persian rye-grass)* 

Lolium rigidum Gaudin. (Lolium loliaceum (Bory & Chaubard) Hand.-Maz., Lolium strictum auct. non J. 

Presl, Lolium subulatum Vis) (false darnel, Wimmara ryegrass)* (adventive in Atlantic docksides) 

Lolium temulentum L. (bearded darnel, darnel, posion darnel, poison rye grass)* 

Melica altissima L. (narrow melic grass, Siberian melic grass, tall melic gass) (ornamental)* 

Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey (Avena smithii Porter ex A. Gray, Bromelica smithii (Porter ex A. Gray) 

Farw.) (hardwood melic grass, Smith‟s melic grass) 

Milium effusum L. (American milletgrass, spreading millet-grass, tall millet grass, wood millet) 

Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hackel (amur silver grass, false eulalia, sugar-flowered plume 

grass) (ornamental)* 

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. (Chinese eulalia, Chinese silvergrass, eulalia, Japanese plume grass) 

189

(ornamental)* 

Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. (Aira caerulea L.) (molinia, purple heath grass, purple molinia, purple 

moor grass, sky-blue moor-grass)* 

Muhlenbergia asperifolia (N & M ex Trin) Parodi (Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) 

Nees) (harsh muhly, rough-leaved dropseed, scratchgrass)* 

Muhlenbergia x curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush (frondosa x schreberi) (hybrid muhly)* 

Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Michx.) B.S.P. (Muhlenbergia brevifolia (Nutt.) M.E. Jones) (western marsh 

muhly) 

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. (Agrostis frondosa Poir., Muhlenbergia commutata (Scribn.) Bush) 

(leafy muhly, leafy satin grass, wire-stemmed muhly)* 

Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. (common muhly, false timothy, fool‟s-timothy, glomerate satin 

grass, spiked muhly, wild timothy) 

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. (Agrostis mexicana L., Muhlenbergia ambigua, Muhlenbergia foliosa 

(Roem. & Schult.) Trin.) (Mexican muhly, Mexican satin grass) 

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. (Agrostis racemosa Michx.) (marsh muhly, wild satin grass, 

wild false timothy) 

Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. (Muhlenbergia squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb.) (mat muhly, 

Richardson's muhly, Richardson‟s satin grass, short-leaved rush grass, western mat muhly) 

Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel. (Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn.) (drop-seed, nimble will, Schreber‟s satin 

grass, wire-grass) 

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhlenb.) Trin. (Agrostis sobolifera Muhl. ex Willd.) (rock-dropseed, rock 

muhly, satin grass) 

Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. ex Gray (Agrostis sylvatica Torr., non Huds., Muhlenbergia umbrosa 

Scribn. (woodland dropseed, woodland muhly, woodland satin grass) 

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP (Agrostis tenuiflora Willd) (slender muhly, slender satin grass. 

slimflower muhly) 

Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhlenb.) Fern. (Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr.) (bog muhly, lateflowering 

dropseed, one-flowered muhly, one-flowered satin grass) 

Nardus stricta L. (matgrass, strict matgrass, wire-bent) (ornamental)* 

Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth (Stipa viridula Trin.) (western green needlegrass) 

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. (harsh mountain-rice, harsh mountain-ricegrass mountain-rice, 

mountain-ricegrass, rough-leaved rice grass, white-grained mountain-rice) 

Panicum capillare L. (Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash) (old panic grass, old-witch grass, witch grass) 

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. (fall panic grass, fall panicum, speading panic grass, twin-flowered 

panic grass)* 

Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scrib. (bending panic grass, wiry panic grass, wiry witch grass) 

Panicum gattingeri Nash (Gattinger's panic grass, Gattinger‟s witch grass) 

Panicum miliaceum L. (broomcorn millet, proso millet)* 

Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. (Panicum lithophilum Swallen, Panicum tuckermanii Fern. 

(Philidelphia panic grass, Tuckerman's panic grass, Tuckerman‟s witch grass, wood panic grass, 

wood witch grass) 

Panicum rigidum Bosc. ex Nees (hard panic grass, ridged panic grass, stiff panic grass, Yemen panic 

grass) (adventive around Atlantic docks) 

190

Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass, true panic grass, typical panic grass, wand-like panic grass) 

Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve (Agropyron molle (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Rydb., Agropyron smithii 

Rydb., Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould) (bluejoint, railgrass, western wheatgrass)* 

Paspalum racemosum Lam. (Paspalum stoloniferum Bosc) (Peruvian paspalum, racemose paspalum)* 

Paspalum setaceum Michx. (bristle millet-grass, bristle-like paspalum, meal-grass, thin paspalum) 

Phalaris arundinacea L. (Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch.) (reed canary grass, reed grass) 

Phalaris canariensis L. (annual canarygrass, birdseed-grass, canary grass, canary seed grass)* 

Phleum alpinum L. (Phleum commutatum Gaudin) (alpine timothy, Arctic timothy, mountain foxtail, 

mountain timothy) 

Phleum arenarium L. (annual timothy, low timothy, sand timothy, tufted timothy) (occasionally 

adventive near coastlines and harbours) 

Phleum pratense L. (Phleum nodosum L.) (cat's-tail, common timothy, herds' grass)* 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. (Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites phragmites (L.) 

Karst.) (canegrass, common reed,reed, reed grass, southern reed grass)** (part of the genome is 

from native sources but part has come from exotic imports & makes it rather invasive) 

Piptatherum canadense (Poir.) Dorn (Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Trin., Stipa canadensis Poir.) 

(Canada mountain-rice, Canadian rice grass, Richardson‟s feather-grass) 

Piptatherum pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) Dorn (Oryzopsis pungens (Torr. ex Spreg.) Hitchc.) (sharp rice 

grass, sharp-leaved oryzopsis, slender mountain-rice) 

Piptatherum racemosum (Sm.) Barkworth (Oryzopsis racemosa (Smith) Ricker. ex Hitchc.) (black-fruited 

mountain-rice, black-fruited rice grass, blackseed ricegrass) 

Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi (Stipa avenacea L.) (black bunch grass, black oat-grass, blackseeded 

needle grass) 

Poa alpina (Poa vivipara (L.) Willd.) (alpine spear grass, Arctic spear grass, mountain bluegrass, 

mountain spear grass) 

Poa alsodes Gray (drooping bluegrass, grove bluegrass, grove meadow grass, woodland poa) 

Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass, dwarf meadow grasss, low speargrass, six-weeks grass, speargrass, 

winter bluegrass)* 

Poa arctica R. Br. (Arctic poa, Arctic spear grass, northern bluegrass) 

Poa arida Vasey (Poa glaucifolia Scribn. & T.A. Williams, Poa pseudopratensis Seribn. and Will.) 

(bunch-speargrass glaucous bluegrass, plains bluegrass powdery bluegrass, prairie bluegrass, 

prairie spear grass, smooth speargrass, white bluegrass)* 

Poa bulbosa L. (bulbous bluegrass, bulbous poa, bulbous spear grass)* 

Poa compressa L. (Canada bluegrass, compressed wire grass, wiregrass) 

Poa cusickii Vasey. (Cusick's bluegrass, western bluegrass) 

Poa eminens J. S. Presl. in C. Presl. (large-flowered spear grass, showy bluegrass) 

Poa x gaspensis Fern. (P. alpina × P. pratensis ssp. alpigena) (Gaspe meadow-grass) 

Poa glauca M. Vahl (green speargrass, smooth speargrass, upland bluegrass) 

Poa marcida Hitchc. (Poa saltuensis Fernald & Wiegand var. marcida (Hitchc.) B. Boivin) (withered 

bluegrass) 

Poa nemoralis L. (wood bluegrass, woodland speargrass) & Poa nemoralis var. interior (Rydb.) Butters 

& Abbe (Poa interior Rydb.) (inland blue grass, smooth bluegrass - often misidentified when 

these are really Poa glauca) 

191

Poa palustris L. (Poa crocata Michx., Poa eyerdamii Hultén, Poa triflora Gilib. (fowl bluegrass, fowl 

meadow-grass, marsh bluegrass, swamp blue grass) 

Poa pratensis L. (Junegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, speargrass) & Poa pratensis L. var. irrigata (Lindm.) 

H. Lindb. (some populations in Atlantic Canada are possibly a variety of exotic Poa humilis from 

Ireland or confused with Poa subcaerulea Sm.) (blue speargrass, Newfoundland speargrass) 

Poa saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. (Poa debilis Torr., Poa languida Hitchc., Poa saltuensis Fernald & 

Wiegand var. microlepis Fernald & Wieg.) (brush-pasture bluegrass, bushy pasture spear grass, 

lazy bluegrass, languid poa, languid spear grass, oldfield bluegrass, two-rayed poa, weak 

bluegrass) 

Poa secunda J. S. Presl. in C. Presl. (Festuca oregona Vasey, Poa ampla Merr., Poa brachyglossa 

Piper, Poa buckleyana Nash, Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Howell, Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Piper., Poa 

confusa Rydb., Poa englishii H. St. John & Hardin, Poa gracillima Vasey, Poa incurva Scribn. & 

T.A. Williams, Poa juncifolia Scribn., Poa nevadensis Vasey ex Scribn., Poa orcuttiana Vasey, 

Poa sandbergii Vasey Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth., Poa stenantha Trin. var. sandbergii (Vasey) 

B. Boivin) (Canby's bluegrass, one-sided bluegrass, one-sided spear grass, rough bluegrass 

Sandberg‟s bluegrass, western bluegrass) 

Poa sylvestris Gray (forest bluegrass, woodland bluegrass) 

Poa trivialis L. (Poa attica Boiss. & Heldr.) (English meadow-grass, rough blue grass, rough-stalked 

meadow-grass)* 

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. (Alopecurus monspeliensis L.) (annual beardgrass, beardgrass, 

rabbitfoot grass) (more common in Atlantic Canada)* 

Puccinellia ambigua Sorensen (Alberta alkaligraas, disguised goose-grass, St-Laurent alkaligrass) 

Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. (reflexed saltmarsh grass, spreading goose-grass, weeping alkaligrass 

wild goose-grass)* 

Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bickn. (Glyceria borreri (Bab.) Bab., Puccinellia borreri (Bab.) Hayek) 

(clustered goose-grass, saltmarsh alkaligrass,Torrey‟s meadow grass)* 

Puccinellia lucida Fern. & Weath. (Puccinella laurentiana Fern. & Weath., Puccinella macra Fern. & 

Weath.) (Gaspe goose grass, large goose-grass, Laurentian saltmarsh grass, Laurentide goose 

grass, lustrous saltmarsh grass, St. Lawrence goose-grass, shining alkaligrass, shining 

goose-grass, shiny goose grass) 

Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitchc. (Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) S. Watson & J.M. Coult., 

Puccinellia cusickii Weath.) (Nuttall's alkali grass, Nuttall's goose-grass, slender meadow grass) 

Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scrib. & Merr. (Arctic blue goose-grass, blue goose-grass, creeping 

goose grass, creeping saltmarsh grass) 

Puccinellia tenella (Lange) Holmb. (Phippsia langeana (Berlin) A. Löve & D. Löve, Puccinellia langeana 

(Berlin) T.J. Sørensen ex Hultén, Puccinellia longiglumis (Fernald & Weath.) Raymond ex 

Bowden) (trembling goose grass) & Puccinellia tenella (Lange) Holmb. ex A.E. Porsild ssp. 

langeana (Berlin) Tzvelev (Puccinellia paupercula auct. non (Holm.) Fern. & Weath. (poor 

goose-grass, poverty goose grass) 

Puccinellia vaginata (Lange) Fern. & Weath. (Phippsia vaginata (Lange) A. Löve & D. Löve) (Arctic 

sheathed goose-grass, sheathed goose grass) 

Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. (western tumblegrass) 

Schedonorus giganteus (L.) Holub (Bromus giganteus L., Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill., Lolium giganteum 

192

(L.) S.J. Darbyshire) (false brome grass, giant fescue, great fescue)* 

Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub, (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Festuca elatior L. var. 

arundinacea (Schreb.) Celak, Festuca fenas Lag., Festuca uechtritziana Wiesb., Lolium 

arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire, Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. 

illeg.) (meadow fescue, tall fescue)* 

Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. (Festuca elatior L. var. pratensis A. Gray, Festuca pratensis 

Huds, Lolium pratense (Huds.) S.J. Darbyshire) (field fescue, meadow fescue, taller fescue)* 

Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swall. (Avena torreyi Nash, Melica purpurascens (Torr.) Hitchc., 

Schizachne stricta (Michx.) Hultén, Trisetum purpurascens Torr.) (false melic grass, purple 

cleaver grass, purple oatgrass) 

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nees (Andropogon divergens (Hack.) Andersson ex Hitchc., 

Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. divergens Hack., Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. virilis 

Shinners) (bluestem, broom-bunch, broom wiregrass, little bluestem, prairie-bunch, prairie 

beardgrass, prairie bunchgrass, prairie wiregrass, wiregrass, small bluestem) 

Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link (Arundo festucacea Willd., Fluminia festucacea (Willd.) Hitchc.) 

(sprangle-top, thatchgrass) (ornamental)* 

Secale cereale L. (Secale montanum Guss., nom. inq., Secale strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl, Triticum 

cereale (L.) Salisb.) (cereal, cereal rye, rye, ryegrass)* 

Setaria faberi R. Herrm. (Faber foxtail grass, giant bristle grass, giant foxtail, Japanese bristlegrass) 

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn., Panicum italicum L.) (foxtail millet, German 

millet, Hungarian grass, Hungarian millet, Italian millet)* 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. ssp. pumila (Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn., Chaetochloa 

lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz, Panicum glaucum L., Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv, Setaria glauca 

sensu Vickery, Setaria lutescens (Wiegel) Hubb. (Western yellow foxtail grass) 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schultes (cattail grass, dwarf foxtail, eastern yellow foxtail, foxtail grass, 

pigeon-grass, yellow bristle grass, yellow foxtail)* 

Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn., anicum verticillatum L., Setaria 

carnei Hitchc.) (bristly foxtail, hooked bristlegrass, whorled foxtail grass)* 

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (bottle-grass, green bristle grass, green foxtail grass)* 

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. (Andropogon nutans L., Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash) (bare 

Indian grass, Indian grass, nodding Indian-grass, nodding wood-grass) 

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. (broom-corn, common sorghum, grain sorghum, sweet sorghum)* 

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers (Holcus halepensis L., Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden) (Egypt 

millet, evergreen millet, Johnson-grass, velvet sorghum)* 

Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (salt-water cordgrass, smooth cordgrass) 

Spartina gracilis Trin. (western alkali cordgrass) 

Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. (high-water grass, salt marsh grass, salt-meadow cordgrass)* 

Spartina pectinata Link (Spartina michauxiana Hitchc.) (fresh-water cord-grass, prairie cordgrass, slough 

grass, tall cord grass) 

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. (intermediate Eaton‟s grass, intermediate wedge-grass, slender 

wedge grass) 

Sphenopholis nitida (Bieh.) Scrib. (shining wedge-grass, shiny wedgescale, slender Eaton‟s grass) 

193

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scrib. (Aira obtusata Michx.) (common wedge-grass, early bunch grass, 

early Eaton‟s grass, prairie wedge-grass, prairie wedgescale) 

Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. (Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth) (rough dropseed) 

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (Agrostis cryptandra Torr.) (sand dropseed, sand rush grass) 

Sporobolus heterolepis (Gray) Gray (Lanark dropseed, northern dropseed, prairie dropseed) 

Sporobolus neglectus Nash (overlooked dropseed, puffsheath dropseed, small rush grass, smaller 

dropseed) 

Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. ex Alph. Wood (ensheathed dropseed, proverty 

dropseed, poverty-grass, sheatherd rush grass) & Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) Alph. 

Wood var. ozarkanus (Fernald) Shinners (Sporobolus ozarkanus Fern.) (Ozark dropseed) 

Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang (Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv., 

Agropyron varnense (Velen.) Hayek, Elymus elongatus (Host) Rune., Elymus varnensis (Velen.) 

Runemark, Elytrigia pontica (Podp.) Holub, Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A. Löve) (elongated 

wild rye, fool's-wheat, tall wheat-grass)* 

Thinopyrum pycnanthum (Godr.) Barkworth (Agropyron campestre Gren. & Godr., Agropyron littorale 

auct. non (Host) Durand, Agropyron pungens auct non (Pers.) Roem. & Schult., Agropyron 

pycnanthum (Godr.) Gren. & Godr., Elymus pungens auct. non (Pers.) Melderis, Elymus 

pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis, Elytrigia pungens auct. non (Pers.) Tutin, Elytrigia pycnantha 

(Godr.) A. Löve, Triticum pungens auct. non Pers. (salt-marsh couchgrass, tick quackgrass) 

Torreyochloa fernaldii (Hitchc.) Church (Glyceria fernaldii (Hitchc.) H. St. John, Puccinellia fernaldii 

(Hitchc.) E.G. Voss) (Fernald‟s manna grass, shore-grass, Torrey‟s manna grass) 

Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church (pale manna grass, Torrey‟s manna grass) 

Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. (Tridoia flava auct non (L.) Smyth) (purpletop, tall redtop, tall three-tooth 

grass)* 

Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chap. (Triplasis intermedia Nash) (purple sand grass, sand grass) 

Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. (Avena flavescens L.) (golden oat grass, yellow false oats, yellow oats)* 

Trisetum melicoides (Michx.) Vasey ex Scrib. (Graphephorum melicoides (Michx.) Desv.) (melic-leaf 

false oats, melica-like trisetum, purple false oats, three-bristle oats) 

Trisetum spicatum (L.) K. Richt. (Aira spicata L., Trisetum molle Kunth, Trisetum montanum Vasey, 

Trisetum subspicatum (L.) P. Beauv., Trisetum triflorum (Bigelow) A. Löve & D. Löve, Trisetum 

villosissimum (Lange) Louis-Marie) (narrow false oats, spike trisetum, spiked three-bristle oats) 

Triticum aestivum L. (Triticum hybernum L., Triticum macha Dekap. & Menab., Triticum sativum Lam., 

Triticum sphaerococcum Percival, Triticum vulgare Vill.) (common wheat, cultivated wheat, 

summer wheat)* 

Triticum turgidum L. (Triticum dicoccoides Koern. ex Schweinf., Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl., 

Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schübl., orth. var., Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccon Schrank, nom. 

inval.) (durum wheat, hard wheat, rivet wheat, tetraploid wheat)* 

Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Fr. ex Hartm. (Aira atropurpurea Wahlenb., Deschampsia 

atropurpurea (Whaleb.) Scheele, Deschampsia pacifica Tatew. & Ohwi, Vahlodea flexuosa 

(Honda) Ohwi, Vahlodea latifolia (Hook.) Hultén) (dark purple hairgrass, mountain hairgrass, 

purple hairgrass) 

Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. in Durieu (Avena dubia Leers, Ventenata avenacea Koeler) (false oats, 

194

North Africa grass, oats)*/** 

Vulpia myuros (Walter) Rydb. (Festuca megalura Nutt., Festuca myuros L., Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) 

Rydb.) (mouse-tail fescue, rat‟s-tail fescue)* 

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. (Festuca octoflora Walter) (eight-flower, false fescue, fox-tail fescue, six- 

weeks fescue, vulpia grass) 

Zea mays L. (corn, Indian corn, maize)* 

Zizania aquatica L. (annual wildrice, southern wild-rice, water-oats, wild rice) 

Zizania palustris L. (interior wild rice, marsh rice, northern wild-rice) 

Zoysia japonica Steudel. (Japan lawngrass, Korean lawngrass, zoysia, zoysia-grass) 

Order Eriocaulales 

Eriocaulaceae (pipewort family) 

Eriocaulon aquaticum (Hill) Druce (Eriocaulon pellucidum Michx., Eriocaulon septangulare With.) 

(sevenangle pipewort) 

Eriocaulon parkeri B.L. Rob. (Eriocaulon rollandii Rouss., Eriocaulon septangulare With. var. parkeri) 

(B.L. Rob.) B. Boivin & J. Cay. (estuary pipewort) (QC eastward into Canada & southward into the 

USA) 

Order Juncales 

Juncaceae (rush family) 

Juncus acuminatus Michx. (narrow rush, sharp-fruited rush, tapertip rush, tufted rush) 

Juncus albescens (Lange) Fernald (Juncus triglumis L. ssp. albescens (Lange) Hultén, Juncus triglumis 

L. var. albescens Lange) (northern white rush, three-flowered rush, white rush) 

Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix. (Juncus arcticus Willd. var. alaskanus (Hultén) S.L. Welsh, Juncus 

balticus Willd. var. alaskanus (Hultén) A.E. Porsild) (alpine rush, northern green rush, 

Richardson‟s rush, scatter rush) 

Juncus ambiguus Guss. (Juncus bufonius L. var. halophilus Buchenau & Fernald, Juncus bufonius L. 

var. ranarius (Perrier & Songeon) Hayek, Juncus ranarius Perrier & Songeon) (saltrush, seasice 

[sic?] rush, seaside rush) 

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. alaskanus Hultén (Alaska rush) 

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. littoralis (Engelm.) Hultén (Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Hultén, 

Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. balticus (Willd.) Hyl., Juncus arcticus Willd. var. balticus (Willd.) 

Trautv., Juncus arcticus Willd. var. littoralis (Engelm.) B. Boivin, Juncus arcticus Willd. var. 

montanus (Engelm.) S.L. Welsh, Juncus ater Rydb., Juncus balticus Willd., Juncus balticus Willd. 

var. balticus, Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm., Juncus balticus Willd. var. 

melanogenus Fernald & Wiegand, Juncus balticus Willd. var. montanus Engelm., Juncus balticus 

Willd. var. stenocarpus Buchenau & Fernald, Juncus balticus Willd. var. vallicola Rydb. (Baltic 

rush, Great Lakes rush, mountain rush, northern rush, seaside rush, valley rush, wire-rush) 

Juncus articulatus L. (Juncus articulatus L. var. obtusatus Engelm., Luzula hyperborea R. Br. p.p.) 

(jointed rush, jointleaf rush) 

195

Juncus biflorus Elliot (Juncus aristulatus auct. non Michx., Juncus aristulatus Michx. var. biflorus (Elliot) 

Small, Juncus marginatus Rostk. var. biflorus (Elliot) Alph. Wood, Juncus marginatus Rostk. var. 

odoratus Torr. (bog rush) (ME southward; not in Canada) 

Juncus biglumis L. (twin rush, two-flowered rush) 

Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. (shore rush, short-fruited rush, small-fruited rush, whiteroot rush) 

Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchneau (smallhead rush, small-headed rush) 

Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. (narrowpanicle rush, narrow-panicled rush, short-tailed rush) 

Juncus bufonius L. var. bufonius (toad rush) 

Juncus canadensis J. Gray ex Laharpe (Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex Laharpe var. euroauster Fernald, 

Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex Laharpe var. sparsiflorus Fernald) (Canada rush) 

Juncus castaneus Sm. ssp. castaneus (chestnut-rush, clustered alpine rush) 

Juncus compressus Jacq. (compressed rush, flattened rush, roundfruit rush, round-fruited rush)* 

Juncus dudleyi Wieg. (Juncus tenuis Willd. var. dudleyi (Wiegand) F.J. Herm., Juncus tenuis Willd. var. 

uniflorus auct. non Farw. p.p.) (Dudley's rush) 

Juncus effusus L. var. conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. (Juncus conglomeratus L., Juncus effusus L. var. 

caeruleomontanus H. St. John, Juncus effusus L. var. compactus auct. non Lej. & Court.) 

(common rush, common bog rush) (ME southward, not in Canada) 

Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens Buchenau (lamp rush) (ME southward, not in Canada) 

Juncus effusus L. var. effusus (Juncus effusus L. var. subglomeratus Lam. & DC.) (bog rush, common 

rush, soft rush) 

Juncus effusus L. var. pylaei (Laharpe) Fernald & Wiegand (Juncus effusus L. var. costulatus Fernald, 

Juncus pylaei Laharpe) (common rush, Pyla‟s rush) (ME southward, not in Canada) 

Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand (Juncus effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fernald & Wiegand) 

Hämet-Ahti, Juncus griscomii Fernald) (Griscom‟s rush, lamp rush) (ME southward, not in 

Canada) 

Juncus ensifolius Wilkstr. (Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. var. major Hook., Juncus xiphioides E. Mey. var. 

triandrus Engelm.) (ensifoliate rush, swordleaf rush) 

Juncus filiformis L. (filform rush, filmy rush, thread rush) 

Juncus x fulvescens Fernald [articulatus x brevicaudatus] (Atlantic rush) (NS NF ME) 

Juncus gerardii Loisel. var. gerardii (black grass, black rush, blackgrass rush, Gerard‟s rush, saltmarsh 

rush, saltmeadow rush) 

Juncus gerardii Loisel. var. pedicellatus Fernald (saltmeadow rush) (ME only) 

Juncus x gracilescences F. J. Herm. Ex Wadmond (alpinoarticulatus x brevicaudatus) (knotted short- 

tailed rush, slender rush) 

Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuckerman (Green's rush) 

Juncus inflexus L. (bent rush, European meadow rush, hard rush, incurved rush)* 

Juncus interior Wiegand var. interior (Juncus tenuis Willd. var. uniflorus auct. non Farw. p.p.) (inland 

rush, wood rush) 

Juncus longistylis Torr. var. longistylis (long-rush, long-styled rush, plume rush) 

Juncus marginatus Rostk. (Juncus marginatus Rostk. var. marginatus, Juncus marginatus Rostk. var. 

setosus Coville, Juncus setosus (Coville) Small) (grassleaf rush, grass-leaved rush, margined 

rush, shore rush) 

196

Juncus militaris Bigel. (bayonet-rush, soldier's-rush) 

Juncus x nodosiformis Fern. (alpinoarticulatus x nodosus) (knotted scatter rush) 

Juncus nodosus L. var. nodosus (knotted rush, knotty rush) 

Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey. var. sabulonensis H. St. John (brownfruit rush, brown-fruited rush, 

mud-rush) 

Juncus secundus Beauv. (lopsided rush, one-sided rush, path rush, secund rush, yard rush) 

Juncus stygius L. ssp. americanus (Buchenau) Hultén (Juncus stygius L. var. americanus Buchenau) 

(bog rush, moor rush) 

Juncus subtilis E. Mey. (creeping rush, greater creeping rush) 

Juncus tenuis Willd. (Juncus macer Gray, Juncus tenuis Willd. var. multicornis E. Mey., Juncus tenuis 

Willd. var. williamsii Fernald) (path rush, poverty rush) 

Juncus torreyi Cov. (Torrey's rush) 

Juncus trifidus L. (Juncus trifidus L. ssp. carolinianus Hämet-Ahti, Juncus trifidus L. var. monanthos 

auct. non (Jacq.) Bluff & Fingerh.) (highland rush, three-flowered rush, three-fork) 

Juncus vaseyi Engelm. (Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuck. var. vaseyi (Engelm.) B. Boivin) (vase-rush, 

Vasey‟s rush) 

Luzula acuminata Raf. ssp. acuminata (Juncoides saltuense (Fernald) A. Heller, Luzula acuminata Raf. 

var. acuminata, Luzula carolinae S. Watson var. saltuensis (Fernald) Fernald, Luzula pilosa (L.) 

Willd., Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. var. saltuensis (Fernald) B. Boivin, Luzula saltuensis Fernald) 

(hairy woodrush, tapered woodrush) 

Luzula acuminata Raf. ssp. carolinae (S. Watson) Z. Kaplan (Juncoides carolinae (S. Watson) Kuntze, 

Luzula acuminata Raf. var. carolinae (S. Watson) Fernald, Luzula carolinae S. Watson) (Carolina 

woodrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Luzula bulbosa (Alph. Wood) Smyth & Smyth (Juncoides bulbosum (Alph. Wood) Small, Luzula 

campestris (L.) DC. var. bulbosa Alph. Wood, Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. bulbosa (Alph. 

Wood) F.J. Herm.) (bulbous woodrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Luzula arctica Blytt ssp. arctica (Juncoides arcticum (Blytt) Coville, Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) 

Sheldon p.p., Luzula hyperborea R. Br. p.p., Luzula nivalis (Laest.) Beurling) (arctic woodrush) 

Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw. (curved woodrush) (western mostly but found disjunct in QC) 

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. (Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze) (European woodrush, field woodrush)* 

Luzula confusa Lindeb. (Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon p.p., Luzula hyperborea R. Br. p.p.) 

(confused woodrush, cryptic woodrush, northern woodrush) 

Luzula congesta (Thuill.) Lej. (Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. congesta (Thuill.) E. Mey., Luzula comosa 

E. Mey. var. congesta (Thuill.) S. Watson, Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. congesta (Thuill.) 

Hyl., Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. congesta (Thuill.) W.D.J. Koch) (heath woodrush) (ME MA 

VT only) 

Luzula echinata (Small) F.J. Herm. (Juncoides echinatum Small, Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. 

echinata (Small) Fernald & Wiegand, Luzula echinata (Small) F.J. Herm. var. mesochorea F.J. 

Herm., Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. echinata (Small) Mohlenbr.) (hedgehog woodrush, prickly 

woodrush) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Luzula groenlandica Böcher (Greenland woodrush) (QC in e. Canada) 

Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilm. (Juncoides nemorosum (Pollard) Kuntze) (forest woodrush, oak 

197

woodrush, oakforest woodrush, true woodrush) 

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. frigida (Buchenau) Krecz. (Juncoides intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb., 

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. frigida Buchenau, Luzula frigida (Buchenau) Sam., Luzula 

intermedia (Thuill.) A. Nelson, Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. frigida (Buchenau) Sam., Luzula 

multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. fusconigra Celak., Luzula sudetica auct. non (Willd.) DC., Luzula 

sudetica (Willd.) DC. var. frigida (Buchenau) Fernald) (common woodrush, many-flowered 

woodrush) 

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. multiflora var. multiflora (Juncus campestris L. var. multiflorus Ehrh., 

Juncus multiflorus (Ehrh.) Hoffm., non Retz., Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) 

Celak.) (common woodrush) (NY-ME southward; not in Canada) 

Luzula pallidula J. Kirschner (Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. pallescens Wahlenb., Luzula pallescens 

(Wahlenb.) Besser) (Eurasian woodrush, pale woodrush)* 

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. (Juncoides parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville, Juncus melanocarpus Michx., 

Juncus parviflorus Ehrh., Luzula melanocarpa (Michx.) Desv., Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. ssp. 

melanocarpa (Michx.) Tolm., Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Buchenau) 

(small-flowered woodrush) 

Luzula spicata (L.) DC. (Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze, Luzula spicata (L.) DC. ssp. saximontana A. 

Löve & D. Löve, nom. inq.) (spiked woodrush) (QC NS NF in e. Canada) 

Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr. (Wahlenberg's woodrush) (QC in e. Canada) 

Order Typhales 

Sparganiaceae (bur-reed family) 

Sparganium americanum Nutt. (American burreed, common bur-reed, lesser bur-reed, Nuttall‟s bur- 

reed, three-square bur-reed) 

Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. (Sparganium lucidum Fernald & Eames) (branched bur- 

reed, branching bur-reed) 

Sparganium angustifolium Michx. (Sparganium emersum Rehmann var. angustifolium (Michx.) Roy L. 

Taylor & MacBryde, Sparganium emersum Rehmann var. multipedunculatum (Morong) Reveal, 

Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb.) (floating bur-reed, narrow-leaved bur-reed) 

Sparganium emersum Rehmann (Sparganium acaule (Beeby ex Macoun) Rydb., Sparganium 

chlorocarpum Rydb., Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. var. acaule (Beeby ex Macoun) Fernald, 

Sparganium emersum Rehmann ssp. emersum, Sparganium simplex Huds.) (European burreed, 

green-fruited bur-reed, narrow-leaf bur-reed, stemless bur-reed, tall bur-reed) 

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. (Sparganium californicum Greene, Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. 

ssp. eurycarpum) (broad-fruited bur-reed, giant bur-reed, great bur-reed) 

Sparganium fluctuans (Engelm. ex Morong) B.L. Rob. (Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong var. 

fluctuans Engelm. ex Morong) (bur-reed, floating bur-reed, rubanier, water bur-reed) 

Sparganium hyperboreum Beurling ex Laest. (high-northern bur-reed, nothern bur-reed) 

Sparganium natans L. (Sparganium minimum Wallr., Sparganium minimum (L.) Fr., nom. illeg., 

Sparganium natans L. var. minimum L.) (floating bur-reed, least bur-reed, small bur-reed) 

198

Typhaceae (cat-tail family) 

Typha angustifolia L. (Typha angustifolia L. var. calumetensis Peattie, Typha angustifolia L. var. 

elongata (Dudley) Wiegand) (narrow-leaved cattail, reed-mace) 

Typha x glauca Godr. [angustifolia or domingensis x latifolia] (glaucous cattail, green cattail, hybrid 

cattail, smooth cattail, tall cattail, yellow cattail) 

Typha latifolia L. (broad-leaved cattail, cat-tail flag, common cattail, massette, pukwaeshk) 

Subclass Liliidae 

Order Liliales 

Dioscoreaceae (yam family) 

Dioscorea oppositifolia L. (Dioscorea batatas Decne.) (Chinese yam)*/** (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Dioscorea villosa L. (Dioscorea hirticaulis Bartlett, Dioscorea villosa L. var. hirticaulis (Bartlett) H.E. 

Ahles) (wild yam) (ON in Canada) 

Haemodoraceae (bloodwort family) 

Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy (Gyrotheca tinctoria (J.F. Gmel.) Salisb., orth. var., Gyrotheca 

tinctorium (J.F. Gmel.) Salisb., Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, nom ill., [a misspelling 

commonly found], Lachnanthes tinctoria (J.F. Gmel.) Elliot, orth. var., Lachnanthes tinctorium (J.F. 

Gmel.) Elliot) (Alabama redroot, Carolina redroot, redroot) 

Lophiola aurea Ker Gawl. (Lophiola americana (Pursh.) Wood., Lophiola serpentrionalis Pursh.) 

(gold-crest) 

Iridaceae (iris family) 

Crocus angustifolius Weston (Crocus susianus Ker Gawl., Crocus vernus Mill.) (cloth of gold) (NY & MA) 

Crocus vernus (L.) Hill (Dutch crocus, spring crocus) (ornamental)* 

Iris brevicaulis Raf. (Iris brevipes Small, Iris foliosa Mack. & Bush, Iris foliosa Mack. & Bush var. 

boonensis Daniels, Iris mississippiensis Alexander) (lamance iris, leafy blue-flag, leafy iris, 

short-stemmed iris, zigzag iris) 

Iris ensata Thunb. (Iris kaempferi Sieb. ex Lemaire) (Japanese iris, Kaempfer's iris) (ornamental)* 

Iris germanica L. (fleur-de-lis, fleur-de-lys, flag, German iris, orris-root, weekaehn) (ornamental)* 

Iris lacustris Nutt. (Iris cristata Aiton ssp. lacustris (Nutt.) Iltis, Iris cristata Aiton var. lacustris (Nutt.) 

Dykes) (dwarf iris, Great Lakes iris, Huron iris, dwarf lake iris, Superior iris) 

Iris pallida Lam. (pale blue flag, pale iris, sweet iris) (ornamental)* 

Iris prismatica Pursh ex Ker Gawl. (Iris carolina Radius, Iris prismatica Pursh ex Ker Gawl. var. austrina 

Fernald) (poison blue-flag, poison iris, poison flag-root, purgatory iris, slender blue flag, slender 

blue iris) (ornamental)* 

Iris pseudacorus L. (pale iris, paleyellow iris, sword-flag, water-flag, yellow iris) (ornamental)* 

Iris pumila L. (Iris pumila L. var. flaviflora Fuss.) (dwarf iris garden iris) (ornamental)* 

Iris x robusta Anders. (versicolor x virginica) (hybrid iris, raised flag) (often *) 

Iris x sancti-cyrii Rouss. [setosa x versicolor] (sanctimonious iris) (QC & NF) 

199

Iris sibirica L.. (Siberian iris) (ornamental)* 

Iris setosa Pall. ex Link var. canadensis Foster ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald (Iris hookeri Penny ex G. Don, 

Iris setosa Pall. ex Link ssp. canadensis (Foster ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald) Hultén) (beachhead flag, 

beachhead iris, Canadian beach-head iris, Hooker's iris, seaside iris) 

Iris versicolor L. (harlequin blueflag, multi-coloured blue-flag, poison flag, wild blue iris) 

Iris virginica L. var. shrevei (Small) E.S. Anderson Shreve's iris (Iris shrevei Small, Iris versicolor L. var. 

blandescens Nieuwl., Iris versicolor L. var. shrevei (Small) B. Boivin) (Schreve‟s iris) 

Iris virginica L. (larger blue-flag, southern blue flag, Virginia iris) 

Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. (Sisyrinchium asheianum E.P. Bicknell, Sisyrinchium hastile E.P. Bicknell 

p.p., Sisyrinchium scabrellum E.P. Bicknell) (pale blue-eyed grass, white blue-eyed grass) 

Sisyrinchium angustifolium L. (Sisyrinchium bermudiana auct. non L., Sisyrinchium graminoides E.P. 

Bicknell) (bermudienne, blue-eyed grass, narrowleaf blue-eyed grass, Newfoundland blue-eyed 

grass, Niagra blue-eyed grass, pointed blue-eyed grass, slender blue-eyed grass stout blue-eyed 

grass) 

Sisyrinchium atlanticum E.P. Bicknell (Sisyrinchium apiculatum E.P. Bicknell, Sisyrinchium mucronatum 

Michx. var. atlanticum (E.P. Bicknell) H.E. Ahles) (eastern blue-eyed grass) (NS in Canada) 

Sisyrinchium fuscatum E.P. Bicknell (Sisyrinchium arenicola E.P. Bicknell, Sisyrinchium incrustatum 

E.P. Bicknell, Sisyrinchium rufipes E.P. Bicknell) (coastal plain blue-eyed grass) (NS in Canada) 

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene var. crebrum Fernald (Sisyrinchium bermudiana L. var. crebrum 

(Fernald) B. Boivin, Sisyrinchium montanum Greene ssp. crebrum (Fernald) Böcher) 

(bermudienne, naubishkaukoot, little blue-eyed 

grass, Montana blue-eyed grass, northeastern blue-eyed grass, strict blue-eyed grass) 

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene var. montanum (Sisyrinchium heterocarpum E.P. Bicknell, Sisyrinchium 

strictum E.P. Bicknell) (strict blue-eyed grass) 

Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. (Sisyrinchium intermedium E.P. Bicknell) (narrow-leaved blue-eyed 

grass, needletip blue-eyed grass, slender blue-eyed grass) 

Liliaceae (lily family) (some separate Trilliaceae but not accepted by FNA or ITU) 

Aletris farinosa L. (colic-root, mealy star-grass stargrass, unicorn-root, white colicroot) 

Allium burdickii (Hanes) Jones (Allium tricoccum Aiton var. burdickii Hanes) (Burdick‟s garlic, burdickia, 

false leek, narrowleaf wild leek) 

Allium canadense L. var. canadense (Allium acetabulum (Raf.) Shinners, Allium canadense L. var. 

ovoideum Farw., Allium canadense L. var. robustum Farw., Allium continuum Small) (Canada wild 

onion, meadow garlic, wild garlic) 

Allium cernuum Roth var. cernuum (nodding onion, nodding wild onion) 

Allium cepa L. (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don, Allium cepa L. var. cepa, Allium cepa L. var. 

multiplicans L.H. Bailey, Allium cepa L. var. proliferum (Moench) Regel, Allium cepa L. var. 

solaninum Alef.) (garden onion)* 

Allium oleraceum L. (field garlic, wild garlic)*/** 

Allium porrum L. (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. porrum (L.) J. Gay) (garden leek)* (USA only) 

Allium x proliferum (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd. [cepa x fistulosum] (Allium cepa L. var. bulbiferum Regel, 

Allium cepa L. var. viviparum (Metz.) Mansf. (Egyptian walking onion, garden onion) (ME 

200

southward; not in Canada)* 

Allium sativum L. (cultivated garlic, garden garlic)* 

Allium schoenoprasum L. var. schoenoprasum (ail, chives)* 

Allium schoenoprasum L. var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. (Allium schoenoprasum L. ssp. sibiricum (L.) Celak., 

Allium schoenoprasum L. var. laurentianum Fernald, Allium sibiricum L.) (ail, Siberian chives, wild 

chives) 

Allium stellatum Fraser ex Ker Gawler (autumn onion, prairie onion, prairie wild onion, wild onion) 

Allium tricoccum Ait. (Validallium tricoccum (Aiton) Small) (ail des bois, ramp, ramps, skunk plant, wild 

leek, zhigaugohnsheehnse) 

Allium vineale L. ssp. vineale (field garlic, scallions, wild garlic)* 

Asparagus officinalis L. (Asparagus officinalis L. ssp. officinalis) (garden asparagus, maeshkosiwung, 

wild asparagus)* 

Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory (Camassia esculenta (Raf.) Cory, Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton) 

(Atlantic camass, eastern camass, wild hyacinth) 

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray (Chamaelirium obovale Small, Veratrum luteum L.) (blazing star, 

devil's-bit, fairy wand, fairywand, rattlesnake-root) 

Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. (Dracaena borealis Aiton) (bluebead, bluebead-lily, clintonia, corn-lily, 

ozawa tootaugauhnse, yellow clintonia) 

Convallaria majalis L. (Mayflower, May-blooming lily-of-the-valley, lily-of-the-valley)* 

Erythronium albidum Nutt. (fawn lily, white adder‟s-tongue, white dog's-tooth-violet, white fawnlily, white 

trout-lily) 

Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. ssp. americanum (adder's tongue, ail doux, dogtooth violet, false 

violet, numaegbugoneen, sturgeon-leaf, yellow adder‟s-tongue, yellow dog‟s-tooth violet, yellow 

trout-lily, trout-lily) 

Galanthus nivalis L. (milky snowdrop, snowdrops) (ornamental)* 

Hemerocallis fulva L. (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. var. fulva, Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. var. kwanso Regel, 

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. var. rosea Stout) (day-lily, orange day-lily, tawny day-lily, 

waubaubigodiyaeshing) (ornamental)* 

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (Hemerocallis flava (L.) L., Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. var. 

flava L., Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. var. major hort.) (lemon lily, yellow day-lily) (ornamental)* 

Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill) Rothm (Endymion hispanicus (Mill.) Chouard) (Hispanic hyacinthoides, 

Spanish hyacinth, Spanish squill) (ornamental)* 

Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. (Endymion nonscripta (L.) Garcke, Scilla nonscripta 

(L.) Hoffmanns. & Link) (English bluebell, English harebell) 

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. (Hypoxis decumbens L., Ornithogalum hirsutum L.) (common goldstar, 

star-grass) 

Lilium bulbiferum L. (orange lily) (ornamental)* 

Lilium canadense L. ssp. canadense (Canada lily, meadow liliy, wild yellow lily) 

Lilium canadense L. ssp. editorum (Fernald) Wherry (Canada lily, meadow liliy, wild yellow lily) (USA 

only) 

Lilium lancifolium Thunb. (Lilium tigrinum Ker Gawl.) (lance-leaved lily, martagon, tiger-lily) 

(ornamental)* 

Lilium michiganense Farw. (Lilium canadense L. ssp. michiganense (Farw.) B. Boivin & Cody, Lilium 

201

canadense L. var. umbelliferum (Farw.) B. Boivin, Lilium michiganense Farw. var. uniflorum Farw.) 

(Michigan lily) 

Lilium philadelphicum L. var. philadelphicum (butterfly-dish, maemaegwauhn naugauhnse, Philidelphia 

lily, orange-red lily, red lily, wild red lily, wood-lily) 

Lilium superbum L. (Lilium canadense L. ssp. superbum (L.) B. Boivin & Cody, Lilium canadense L. ssp. 

superbum (L.) Baker, nom. illeg., Lilium gazarubrum Roane & Henry, Lilium mary-henryae Roane 

& Henry) (turk's-cap lily) 

Maianthemum canadense Desf. (Maianthemum canadense Desf. var. interius Fernald, Maianthemum 

canadense Desf. var. pubescens Gates & Ehlers, Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene) (Canada 

mayflower, chipmunk berries, false lily-of-the-valley, wild lily-of-the-valley, gunkisaehminuk, 

two-leaved Solomon's-seal) 

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum (Convallaria racemosa L., Smilacina ciliata Desf., 

Smilacina flexicaulis Wender, Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf., Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. 

cylindrata Fernald, Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. lanceolata B. Boivin, Smilacina racemosa 

(L.) Desf. var. typica Fernald, Vagnera australis Rydb., Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong) 

(baupizoh, false spikenard, false Solomon's seal, feathery false lily of the valley, Solomon's 

zigzag, spikenard) 

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link. (Convallaria stellata L., Smilacina liliacea (Greene) Wynd, Smilacina 

sessilifolia Nutt. ex Baker, Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf., Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. var. crassa 

Victorin, Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. var. mollis Farw., Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. var. sessilifolia 

(Nutt. ex Baker) G. Hend., Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. var. sylvatica Victorin & Rouss., Vagnera 

liliacea (Greene) Rydb., Vagnera sessilifolia (Nutt. ex Baker) Greene, Vagnera stellata (L.) 

Morong) (lily-of-the-valley, star-flowered Solomon‟s seal, starry false lily of the valley, starry 

spikenard) 

Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Slobod. (Convallaria trifolia L., Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf., Tovaria trifolia (L.) 

Neck. ex Baker, Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong) (threeleaf false lily of the valley, three-leaved 

Solomon‟s seal, three-leaved spikenard) 

Medeola virginiana L. (Indian cucumber, Indian cucumber-root, minopugodjeebik) 

Muscari armeniacum Leitchtlin ex Baker (Armenian grape hyacinth, blue spike hyacinth, grape-hyacinth) 

(ornamental)* 

Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. (Hyacinthus botryoides L.) (common grape hyacinth, grape-hyacinth) 

(ornamental)* 

Narcissus x incomparabilis Mill. (pro sp.) [poeticus x pseudonarcissus] (Narcissus barrii hort. ex Brub. 

p.p.) (nonesuch daffodil) (ornamental)* (USA only) 

Narcissus jonquilla L. (jonquil) (ornamental)* (USA only) 

Narcissus poeticus L. (poet's daffodil, poet‟s narcissus) (ornamental)* 

Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. (daffodil, narcissus, wild Lent lily) (ornamental)* 

Ornithogalum nutans L. (drooping star-of-Bethlehem, nodding star-of-Bethlehem) (ornamental)* 

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (nap-at-noon, sleepydick, star-of-Bethlehem, summer snowflake) 

(ornamental)* 

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. f.) Morong (Convallaria biflora 

Walter p.p., Polygonatum canaliculatum auct. non (Muhl. ex Willd.) Pursh, Polygonatum 

commutatum (Schult. & Schult. f.) A. Dietr.) (Solomon‟s-seal, smooth Solomon's-seal, Solomon's- 

202

seal, twin-flowered Solomon‟s-seal) 

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot var. melleum (Farw.) R. Ownbey (Polygonatum melleum Farw.) 

(smooth Solomon's-seal, Solomon's-seal, twin-flowered Solomon‟s-seal) 

Polygonatum hirsutum (Bosc ex Poir.) Pursh (Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf.) (broadleaf 

Solomon's seal) (NY VT NH MA only) 

Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. (Eurasian Solomon's seal, many-flowerd Solomon's-seal, multiflowered 

Solomon‟s-seal) (ornamental/garden escape)* (ON & QC only) 

Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. (Convallaria pubescens Willd.) (hairy Solomon's seal, 

nauneebidaeodaekin) 

Prosartes lanuginosa (Michx.) D. Don (Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) G. Nicholson, Streptopus 

lanuginosus Michx.) (dispore, hairy disporum, yellow mandarin) 

Prosartes trachycarpa S. Watson (Disporum trachycarpum (S. Watson) Benth. & Hook. f., Disporum 

trachycarpum (S. Watson) Benth. & Hook. f. var. subglabrum E.H. Kelso) (mandarin, roughfruit 

fairybells) 

Scilla siberica Haw. (bluets, Siberian squill, squill) (ornamental)* 

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. amplexifolius (Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. ssp. americanus 

(Schult. & Schult. f.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. americanus Schult. 

& Schult. f., Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. denticulatus Fassett, Streptopus amplexifolius 

(L.) DC. var. grandiflorus Fassett, Tortipes amplexifolius (L.) Small, Uvularia amplexifolia L.) 

(claspleaf twistedstalk, clasping-leaved twisted-stalk, liverberry, scootberry, twisted-stalk, white 

mandarin) 

Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal var. lanceolatus (Streptopus roseus Michx. var. perspectus 

Fassett) (chipmunk leaf, gunkiasebug, rognons de coq, rose mandarin, rose twisted-stalk, 

rosybells, sessile-leaved twisted-stalk) 

Streptopus x oreopolus Fernald (pro sp.) [amplexifolius x lanceolatus] (mountain twisted-stalk, 

mountain-dwelling twisted stalk) 

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. (Narthecium glutinosum Michx., Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers., 

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. ssp. glutinosa, Tofieldia racemosa (Walter) Britton, Sterns & 

Poggenb. var. glutinosa (Michx.) H.E. Ahles) (glutinous triantha, sticky false asphodel, sticky 

tofieldia) 

Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers. (Narthecium pusillum Michx., Tofieldia palustris auct. non Huds.) (least 

asphodel, northern false asphodel, northern tofieldia, Scotch false asphodel, tiny false asphodel) 

Trillium cernuum L. (Trillium cernuum L. var. macranthum Eames & Wiegand) (nodding trillium, nodding 

wake-robin, whip-poor-will flower) 

Trillium erectum L. (Trillium erectum L. var. album Pursh, Trillium erectum L. var. flavum Torr.) (birthroot, 

ill-scented wake-robin, purple trillium, red trillium, squaw-root, stinking Benjamin, stinking red 

trillium, stinking trillium, stinking wake-robin, wake-robin) 

Trillium flexipes Raf. (Trillium declinatum auct. non (A. Gray) Gleason, Trillium erectum L. var. blandum 

Jennison, Trillium erectum L. var. declinatum auct. non A. Gray, Trillium gleasonii auct. non 

Fernald) (bent trillium, drooping trillium, nodding wakerobin) 

Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. (baushkindjibgwaun, large-flowered trillium, large-flowered white 

trillium, white trillium) 

Trillium luteum (Muhl.) Harb. (Trillium cuneatum Raf. var. luteum (Muhl.) H.E. Ahles, Trillium viride Beck 

203

var. luteum (Muhl.) Gleason) (drooping trillium, false toadshade yellow trillium, yellow wakerobin) 

(* in Canada; native in USA) 

Trillium recurvatum Beck (bloody butcher) (MI southward; USA only) 

Trillium sessile L. (toadshade, toad trillium) (USA only; not in Canada) 

Trillium undulatum Willd. (painted trillium, painted wake-robin) 

Trillium viride Beck (wood wakerobin) (disjunct in NY, IL, MO; not in Canada) 

Tulipa sylvestris L. (tulip, wild tulip, woodland tulip) (ornamental)*/** 

Uvularia grandiflora Sm. (large-flowered bellwort, merrybells, waubishidjeebik, white root, yellow 

bellwort) 

Uvularia perfoliata L. (false oats, false wild oats, perfoliate bellwort, wild oat) 

Uvularia puberula Michx. (mountain bellwort) (Adirondacks – NY southward; not in Canada) 

Uvularia sessilifolia L. (Oakesiella sessilifolia (L.) S. Watson) (drooping bellowort, sessile bellwort, 

sessile-leaved bellwort, wild bellwort, wild oats) 

Veratrum latifolium (Desr.) Zomlefer (Melanthium hybridum Walter, Melanthium latifolium Desr.) (slender 

bunchflower) (NY southward – not in Canada) 

Veratrum virginicum (L.) W.T. Aiton (Melanthium dispersum Small, Melanthium virginicum L.) (Virginia 

bunchflower) (NY southward – not in Canada) 

Veratrum viride Ait. (Veratrum eschscholtzianum (Schult. & Schult. f.) Rydb. ex A. Heller, Veratrum 

eschscholtzii A. Gray, Veratrum eschscholtzii A. Gray var. incriminatum B. Boivin, Veratrum viride 

Aiton ssp. eschscholtzii (A. Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve, Veratrum viride Aiton var. eschscholtzii (A. 

Gray) Breitung) (false hellebore, green false hellebore, white [sic] hellebore, Indian poke, 

itchweed) 

Zigadenus elegans Pursh ssp. elegans (Anticlea coloradensis (Rydb.) Rydb., Anticlea elegans (Pursh) 

Rydb., Zigadenus alpinus Blank.) (alkali-grass, death lily, false anticlea, glaucous anticlea, 

mountain deathcamas, poison-lily, sudden-death, white camas, white camass, zaesikanibowin) 

Zigadenus elegans Pursh ssp. glaucus (Nutt.) Hultén (Anticlea chlorantha (Richardson) Rydb., 

Zigadenus elegans Pursh var. glaucus (Nutt.) Cronquist, Zigadenus glaucus Nutt.) (mountain 

deathcamas) (NY southward – not in Canada) 

Pontederiaceae (pickerelweed family) 

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms-Laub (water-hyacinth) (does not usually survive winter in Canada but 

is a highly clonal and invasive species)*/** 

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacMill. (Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) MacMill.) (water star-grass) 

Pontederia cordata L. (false tuckahoe, heart-leaved pickerel-weed, kinozhaeguhnush, lance-leaved 

pickerel-weed, pickerelweed, pike's plant) 

Smilaceae (greenbrier family) (separated from Liliaceae) 

Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S. Wats. (Nemexia ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) Small) (smooth 

greenbier, upright carrion flower) 

Smilax glauca Walter (cat greenbrier) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Smilax herbacea L. (Nemexia herbacea (L.) Small) (carrion-flower, ginebigominagawuhnsh, herb- 

carrion, herbeaceous carrion-flower, Jacob's-ladder, raisin de couleuvre, smoothl carrionflower, 

204

snakeberry-bush) 

Smilax illinoensis Mangalay (Illinois carrion-flower, Illinois greenbrier) (ON in Canada) 

Smilax lasioneura Hook. (Nemexia lasioneura (Hook.) Rydb., Smilax herbacea L. var. lasioneura (Hook.) 

A. DC.) (Blue Ridge carrionflower, common carrion-flower, false carrion-flower, hairy-nerved c 

arrion-flower, teal carrion-flower) 

Smilax rotundifolia L. (Smilax rotundifolia L. var. crenulata Small & A. Heller, Smilax rotundifolia L. var. 

quadrangularis) (Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph. Wood (bullbrier, cat brier, common catbrier, common 

greenbrier, horsebrier, roundleaf greenbrier) 

Smilax tamnoides L. (Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr., Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr. var. australis Small, 

Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr. var. montana Coker, Smilax tamnoides L. var. hispida (Muhl. ex 

Torr.) Fernald) (bristly greenbrier, China-root, hellfetch, pale greenbrier, whiteleaf greenbrier) 

Order Orchidales 

Orchidaceae (orchid family, orchis family) 

Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks & Pursh) Hul (Orchis rotundifolia Banks ex Pursh, Orchis rotundifolia 

Banks ex Pursh var. lineata Mousley) (one-leaf orchis, roundleaf orchid, round-leaved orchis, 

small round-leaved orchis) 

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. (Adam-and-Eve, puttyroot) 

Arethusa bulbosa L. (arethusa, dragon's-mouth, swamp-pink, wild pink) 

Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. tuberosus (Calopogon pulchellus R. Br., 

Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. var. latifolius (H. St. John) Fernald, Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, 

Sterns & Poggenb. var. latifolius (H. St. John) B. Boivin, Limodorum tuberosum L.) (calopogon, 

grass-pink, swamp-pink) 

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes var. americana (R. Br.) Luer (Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House p.p.) (calypso, 

fairy-slipper) 

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. maculata (Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. flavida (M. Peck) 

Cockerell, Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt., Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. flavida (M. Peck) 

Cockerell, orth. var., Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. maculata (Raf.) Raf., orth. var., 

Corallorrhiza multiflora Nutt., orth. var.) (large coral-root, spotted coralroot, summer coralroot) 

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. occidentalis (Lindl.) Ames (Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. ssp. 

occidentalis (Lindl.) Cockerell, Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. immaculata M. Peck, 

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. intermedia Farw., Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. 

punicea Bartlett, Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. ssp. occidentalis (Lindl.) Cockerell, orth. var., 

Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. immaculata M. Peck, orth. var., Corallorrhiza maculata 

(Raf.) Raf. var. intermedia Farw., orth. var., Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. occidentalis 

(Lindl.) Ames, orth. var., Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. punicea Bartlett, orth. var.) 

(summer coralroot) 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. var. odontorhiza (Corallorhiza micrantha Chapm., Corallorrhiza 

micrantha Chapm., orth. var., Corallorrhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. var. odontorhiza (Willd.) 

Poir., orth. var.) (autumn coralroot, late coralroot, small coral-root) 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. var. pringlei (Greenm.) Freudenstein (Corallorrhiza odontorhiza 

205

(Willd.) Poir. var. pringlei (Greenm.) Freudenstein, orth. var.) (autumn coralroot) 

Corallorhiza striata Lindl. var. striata (Corallorhiza ochroleuca Rydb., Corallorhiza striata Lindl. var. 

flavida Todsen & Todsen, Corallorhiza striata Lindl. var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Magrath, Corallorrhiza 

ochroleuca Rydb., orth. var., Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. var. flavida Todsen & Todsen, orth. var., 

Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Magrath, orth. var., Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. 

var. striata Lindl., orth. var.) (hooded coralroot, purple coralroot, striped coralroot) 

Corallorhiza striata Lindl. var. vreelandii (Rydb.) L.O. Williams (Corallorhiza bigelovii S. Watson, 

Corallorrhiza bigelovii S. Watson, orth. var., Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. var. vreelandii (Rydb.) L.O. 

Williams, orth. var.) (Vreeland's coralroot) (mostly western USA but disjunct in QC) 

Corallorhiza trifida Chat. (Corallorhiza corallorhiza (L.) Karst., Corallorhiza trifida Chatelain var. verna 

(Nutt.) Fernald, Corallorrhiza corallorrhiza (L.) Karst., orth. var., Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain, 

orth. var., Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain var. verna (Nutt.) Fernald, orth. var.) (early coralroot, pale 

coralroot, three-parted coral-root, yellow coralroot ) 

Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad (Corallorrhiza wisteriana Conrad, orth. var.) (spring coralroot, wisteria 

coralroot) (USA only; VT appears to have only NE populations) 

Cypripedium acaule Aiton (Fissipes acaulis (Aiton) Small) (common lady's slipper, moccasin-flower, 

nerve-root, pink lady's slipper, stemless lady's slipper, two-leaved lady's slipper) 

Cypripedium x andrewsii A.M. Fuller var. andrewsii (candidum x calceolus var. parviflorum) (Andrews' 

lady's-slipper, Favill‟s lady‟s slipper, green lady's-slipper, purple lady's-slipper) 

Cypripedium x andrewsii A.M. Fuller var. favillianum (J.T. Curtis) B. Boivin (pro nm.) (candidum x 

calceolus var. pubescens) (Cypripedium x favillianum J.T. Curtis) (brown-striped lady's-slipper, 

Faville's lady's-slipper, Faville's brown-striped lady's-slipper) 

Cypripedium x andrewsii A.M. Fuller var. landonii (A. Gray) B. Boivin (pro nm.) (calcoleus var. 

parviflorum x andrewsii var. favillianum) (Cypripedium x landonii A. Gray (pro sp.)) (Landon's 

lady's-slipper) 

Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. (Criosanthes arietina (W.T. Aiton) House) (ram's-head lady's slipper) 

Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. (Cypripedium calceolus L. ssp. parviflorum 

(Salisb.) Hultén, Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fernald) (dancing slipper, 

lesser lady‟s slipper, lesserl yellow lady's slipper neemidi moccasin, sabot de la vierge, small 

golden slipper, small moccasin flower, small yellow lady's slipper) (USA only; not in Canada) 

Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Corr. (Cypripedium calceolus L. var. planipetalum 

(Fernald) Victorin & Rouss., Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll, 

Cypripedium furcatum Raf., Cypripedium planipetalum (Fernald) Morris & Eames, Cypripedium 

pubescens Willd., Cypripedium pubescens Willd. var. pubescens) (flat-petalled lady‟s slipper, 

golden slipper, greater yellow lady's slipper, large moccasin flower, large yellow lady's slipper, 

whip-poor-will shoe) 

Cypripedium candidum Muhl. (small white lady's slipper, white lady's slipper) 

Cypripedium passerinum Rich. (Cypripedium passerinum Richardson var. minganense Victorin) 

(northern lady‟s slipper, passerine orchid, sparrowegg lady's slipper, sparrow's-egg lady's-slipper) 

Cypripedium reginae Walt. (showy lady's-slipper 

Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb. f.) P.F. Hunt & Summerhayes ssp. praetermissa (Druce) D.M. Moore & Soó 

(European spotted orchis, spotted orchis)* (ON & NF only) 


206

var. junialis (Verm.) Senghas (June spotted orchis)* (ON & NF only) 


var. praetermissa (European orchis)* (NF only) 

Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M. Bateman, A.M. Pridgeon & M.W. Chase (Coeloglossum bracteatum (Muhl. 

ex Willd.) Parl., Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm., Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. ssp. bracteatum 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Hultén, Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. islandicum (Lindl.) M. Schulze, 

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) Luer, Coeloglossum viride (L.) 

Hartm. var. viride, Habenaria bracteata (Muhl. ex Willd.) R. Br., Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br., 

Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Rchb. ex A. Gray, Habenaria viridis 

(L.) R. Br. var. interjecta Fernald, Platanthera viridis (L.) R. Br., nom illeg.) (bracted orchid, 

bracted green orchid, frog-orchis, longbract frog orchid, longbract keyflower, long-bracted orchid) 

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. (Epipactis latifolia (L.) All., Serapias helleborine L.) (bastard hellebore, 

common helleborine, helleborine)*/** 

Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. (Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb., Orchis spectabilis L.) (showy orchid, 

showy orchis) 

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. (Goodyera decipiens (Hook.) F.T. Hubbard, Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. var. 

reticulata B. Boivin, Peramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper, Peramium menziesii Lindl.) (giant 

rattlesnake-plantain, green-leaved rattlesnake-plantain, Menzies' rattlesnake-plantain, western 

rattlesnake plantain) 

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. (Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacMill.) (downy 

rattlesnake-plantain, networt) 

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. (Goodyera ophioides (Fernald) Rydb., Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. ssp. 

ophioides (Fernald) A. Löve & Simon, Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fernald, 

Peramium ophioides (Fernald) Rydb.) (creeping rattlesnake-plantain, dwarf rattlesnake-plantain, 

lattice-leaf rattlesnake-plantain, lesser rattlesnake plantain) 

Goodyera tesselata Lodd. (Peramium tesselatum (Lodd.) A. Heller) (checkered rattlesnake-plantain, 

checkered rattlesnake plantain, Loddiges‟ rattlesnake-plantain) 

Isotria medeoloides (Pursh.) Raf. (fiveleaf orchid, small whorled pogonia) 

Isotria verticillata (Muhlenb. ex Willd.) Raf. (large whorled pogonia, whroled pogonia) 

Liparis liliifolia (L.) Rich ex Lindl. (brown widelip orchid, large twayblade, lily-leaved twayblade, purple 

twayblade) 

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. (bog twayblade, fen orchid, fen twayblade, Loesel's twayblade, yellow 

twayblade, yellow widelip orchid) 

Listera auriculata Wieg. (Neottia auriculata (Wiegand) Szlach., Ophrys auriculata (Wiegand) House) 

(auricled twayblade, ear orchid, ear-twayblade) 

Listera australis Lind. (Neottia australis (Lindl.) Szlach., Ophrys australis (Lindl.) House) (southern 

twayblade) 

Listera borealis Morong. (Neottia borealis (Morong) Szlach.) (northern twayblade) 

Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Nutt. ex Elliott (Ophrys convallarioides (Sw.) W. Wight) (broad-lipped 

twayblade) 

Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. var. cordata (Ophrys cordata L.) (double-leaf, heartleaf, heartleaf twayblade, 

heart-leaved twayblade) 

Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. (eggleaf twayblade, oval-leaved twayblade, roundleaf twayblade)* (ON only) 

207

Listera x veltmanii Case (auriculata x convallaroides) (Veltman's twayblade) 

Malaxis bayardii Fernald (Bayard's adder's-mouth orchid) (NS in Canada) 

Malaxis brachypoda (A. Gray) Fernald (Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. ssp. brachypoda (A. Gray) A. Löve 

& D. Löve, Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. var. brachypoda (A. Gray) F. Morris & Eames) (white 

adder's-mouth, white adder's-mouth orchid) 

Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw. (Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze) (bog adder's-mouth, bog adder's-mouth 

orchid, bog malaxis) 

Malaxis unifolia Michx. (Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (grape adder‟s-mouth, 

green adder's-mouth orchid, oneleaf adder‟s mouth orchid) 

Piperia unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb. (Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) S. Watson, Platanthera 

cooperi (S. Watson) Rydb., Platanthera unalascensis (Spreng.) Kurtz, Spiranthes unalascensis 

Spreng.) (Alaskan orchis, Alaskan rein orchis, slender-spire orchid) 

Platanthera x andrewsii (M. White in Niles) Luer (lacera x psycodes) (Habenaria x andrewsii M. White, 

Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. var. terrae-novae Fernald, Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don 

var. terrae-novae (Fernald) Luer) (Andrews' fringed orchid, Newfoundland orchis) 

Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak (Habenaria hyperborea auct. non (L.) R. Br., Platanthera hyperborea 

auct. non (L.) Lindl. (leafy northern green orchid) 

Platanthera x bicolor (Raf.) Luer (pro sp.) [blephariglottis x ciliaris] (two coloured orchid) (NY MI & 

also scattered in Midwest to mid/southeast USA; not in Canada) 

Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl. var. blephariglottis (Blephariglotis blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb., 

Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook.) (white-fringed orchid, white-fringed orchis, white-fringed 

rein orchid) 

Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl. var. conspicua (Nash) Luer (Blephariglotis conspicua (Nash) 

Small, Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook. var. conspicua (Nash) Ames) (white fringed orchid) 


Platanthera x canbyi (Ames) Luer [blephariglottis x cristata] (Canby‟s orchid) (NY southward; not in 

Canada) 

Platanthera x channellii J.P. Folsom [ciliaris x cristata] (Channell‟s orchid) (more mid to south USA & 

disjunct in NY; not in Canada) 

Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl. (Blephariglotis ciliaris (L.) Rydb., Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.) 

(orange-plum, yellow fringed orchid, yellow-fringed orchis) 

Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer. (Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb., Habenaria clavellata 

(Michx.) Spreng., Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. var. ophioglossoides Fernald, Habenaria 

clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. var. wrightii Olive, Platanthera ophioglossoides (L.) Juss. nom. illeg.) 

(club-spur orchid, green fringed orchid, green orchid, green woodland orchis, small green wood 

orchid, small wood orchid) 

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck var. dilatata (Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook., Limnorchis 

dilatata (Pursh) Rydb., Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck var. angustifolia Hook.) 

(bog-candle, leafy orchid, scentbottle, scent-bottle, tall white orchid, tall white bog orchid, tall white 

bog orchis, tall white wood orchid) 

Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. flava (Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br., Habenaria scutellata (Nutt.) F. Morris, 

Perularia bidentata (Elliot) Small, Perularia flava (L.) Farw., Perularia scutellata (Nutt.) Small 

(palegreen orchid, pale green orchid, small pale-green orchis, tubercled orchid) (ON & NS in 

208

Canada) 

Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer (Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola (R. Br.) 

Ames & Correll, Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. virescens sensu Fernald, non Orchis virescens 

Muhl. ex Willd.) (palegreen orchid) 

Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindl. (Blephariglotis grandiflora (Bigelow) Rydb., Habenaria fimbriata 

(Aiton) R. Br., Habenaria grandiflora (Bigelow) Torr., Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. var. 

grandiflora (Bigelow) A. Gray) (early purple-fringed orchis, greater purple fringed orchid, large 

purple-fringed orchid, large-flowered purple-fringed orchis) 

Platanthera x hollandiae P.M. Catling & Brownell [leucophaea x lacera] (Holland marsh orchid) (ON 

endemic) 

Platanthera hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Lindl. (Habenaria hookeri Torr. ex A. Gray, Habenaria hookeri 

Torr. ex A. Gray var. abbreviata Fernald, Lysias hookeriana (Torr. ex A. Gray) Rydb.) (Hooker‟s f 

ringed orchis, Hooker's orchid, Hooker's orchis) 

Platanthera huronensis (Nutt.) Lindl. (Habenaria huronensis (Nutt.) Spreng., Habenaria hyperborea (L.) 

R. Br. var. huronensis (Nutt.) Farw., Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. var. huronensis (Nutt.) 

Luer, Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. var. major Lange) (Huron green orchid, tall leafy green 

orchis) 

Platanthera x keenanii P.M. Brown [grandiflora x lacera] (Keen‟s orchid) (NS & NF in Canada) 

Platanthera lacera (Michx.) Linl. (Blephariglotis lacera (Michx.) Farw., Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br.) 

(green orchid, green-fringed orchis, ragged orchid, ragged-fringed orchid) 

Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. (Blephariglotis leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw., Habenaria leucophaea 

(Nutt.) A. Gray) (prairie fringed, prairie orchid, prairie white fringed orchid, prairie white-fringed 

orchid) 

Platanthera macrophylla (Pursh.) Lind. (Habenaria macrophylla Goldie, Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) 

Torr. var. macrophylla (Goldie) B. Boivin, Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. var. macrophylla 

(Goldie) Luer) (greater roundleaved orchid, large round-leaved orchid, large round-leaved orchis) 

Platanthera x media (Rydb.) Luer (dilatata x hyperborea) (Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. var. media 

(Rydb.) Hultén, Habenaria media (Rydb.) Niles, Limnorchis media Rydb., Platanthera 

convallariifolia (Fisch.) Lindl. var. dilatatoides Hultén, Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck 

var. chlorantha Hultén) (hybrid finged orchis) 

Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindl. ssp. obtusata (Habenaria obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) 

Richardson, Habenaria obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Richardson var. collectanea Fernald, Lysiella 

obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Rydb.) (bluntleaved orchid, blunt rein-orchid, one-leaf rein-orchid, 

small northern bog orchis) 

Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh.) Torr. (Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr., Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) 

Torr. var. lehorsii Fernald, Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. var. menziesii (Lindl.) Fernald, 

Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb.) (lesser roundleaved orchid, round-leaved orchid, small 

round-leaved orchid) 

Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. (Blephariglotis psycodes (L.) Rydb., Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng.) 

(lesser purple fringed orchid, purple-fringed orchid, smaller purple-fringed orchis) 

Platanthera x reznicekii P.M. Catling, Brownell & G. Allen [leucophaea x psycodes] (Reznicek‟s orchid) 

Platanthera x vossii F.W. Case [blephariglottis x clavellata] (Voss‟ orchid) (NF in Canada) 

Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawl. (Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawl. var. brachypogon 

209

Fernald) (beard-flower, rose pogonia, snakemouth orchid, snake-mouth) 

Spiranthes x borealis P.M. Brown [casei x ochroleuca] (northern ladies‟ tresses) (NS in Canada) 

Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. casei (Spiranthes x intermedia auct. non Ames) (Case's ladies' 

tresses) 

Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. novaescotiae Catling (Nova Scotia ladiestresses) (NS only) 

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. (Ibidium cernuum (L.) House, Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. var. incurva 

Jennings) (common ladies' tresses, drooping ladies‟ tresses, nodding ladies' tresses, screw-auger) 

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer (Ibidium beckii (Lindl.) House, Ibidium gracile 

(Bigelow) House, Spiranthes beckii Lindl., Spiranthes gracilis (Bigelow) Beck) (northern ladies‟ 

tresses, northern slender ladies' tresses, slender ladies' tresses, southern ladies‟ tresses, 

southern slender ladies' tresses) 

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. lacera (northern ladies‟ tresses, northern slender ladies' tresses, 

slender ladies' tresses, southern ladies‟ tresses, southern slender ladies' tresses) 

Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. (Ibidium plantagineum (Raf.) House) (shining lady's tresses, 

shiny ladies‟ tresses, wide-leaved ladies' tresses) 

Spiranthes magnicamporum Shev. (Great Plains ladies‟ tresses, larger ladies' tresses) 

Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. (Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames, 

Spiranthes x steigeri Correll) (yellow nodding ladies' tresses) 

Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. var. erostellata Catling (oval ladies‟ tresses, October lady's tresses, pearl-twist, 

small-flowered ladies‟ tresses) 

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. (Ibidium strictum (Rydb.) House, Spiranthes stricta Rydb.) 

(beemsquandawish, hooded ladies' tresses, Romanzoff's ladies' tresses) 

Spiranthes x simpsonii Catling & Sheviak (lacera var. lacera x romanzoffiana) (Simpson‟s ladies 

tresses) 

Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. (Spiranthes grayi Ames, Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. var. grayi (Ames) Fernald) 

(little lady's tresses) (NY southward; not in Canada) 

Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray (Ibidium vernale (Engelm. & A. Gray) House, Spiranthes sinensis 

(Pers.) Ames) (grass-leaved ladies' tresses, spring ladies' tresses) (NY southward; not in 

Canada) 

Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. (Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. var. schaffneri Camp) (nodding 

pogonia, threebirds, three birds orchid) 

210

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