MADCapHorse - Missouri Botanical Garden

MADCapHorse 

A Revised Checklist and Nomenclatural Guide to 

the Vascular Plants of the Niagara Frontier Region: 

Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region, Third Supplement 

P. M. ECKEL 

Research Scientist, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 

Research Associate, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York 

Published by 

The Niagara Frontier Botanical Society 

with the major support of 

Kenneth W. Brandes in remembrance of Barbara A. Brandes 

The Buffalo Audubon Society 

The Buffalo Museum of Science 

The Central/Western New York Chapter of the Nature Conservancy 

The New York Flora Association 

The Nature Sanctuary Society of Western New York 

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 

VOLUME 16 (SUPPLEMENT 3) 2005

The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 

The Buffalo Museum of Science 

1020 Humboldt Parkway 

Buffalo, New York 14211-1293 USA 

This work is dedicated to Richard H. Zander. 

The cover photograph of Clintonia borealis is by Lincoln Nutting, and is used with permission. 

MADCAPHORSE, A Revised Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Niagara Frontier Region: 

Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region, Third Supplement 

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. 16(3). 

ISSN 0096-4131; ISBN 0944032-57-5. 

Copyright © 2005 by Patricia M. Eckel. 

All rights reserved. 

ii

INTRODUCTION 

MADCapHorse 

The mnemonic device MADCapHorse is a handy guide used by field botanists. It aides in 

identifying tree and shrub species with opposite leaves (Maple, Ash, Dogwood, CAPrifoliaceae 

and HORSEchestnut). It is not fully discriminative as many of the herbaceous families and 

genera presented here also have opposite leaves. Most conspicuously, all Mint species (family 

Lamiaceae) have opposite, simple (but not compound) leaves as do several important genera in 

the Rubiaceae. 

This is a list of the species of vascular plants known to occur in the Niagara Frontier 

region. This is traditionally a circular area with the radius of 50 miles having its central point 

located in the City of Buffalo, New York, specifically “determined from the Telephone 

Building” (Zenkert 1934). There, the waters of Lake Erie gather themselves into the head of the 

Niagara River, a strait connecting Erie and Lake Ontario. The Niagara Frontier region comprises 

an area of about 7,850 square miles. 

The Niagara River has probably formed a critical link in the migration of flora and fauna 

between lakes Erie and Ontario, and generally the Great Lakes system as a whole. Species have 

migrated through the system through incremental advancement or through long-distance 

dispersal, for instance, as seeds in the bellies of birds. Other pathways include human-mediated 

movement along the various canals that bypass the great obstruction of the cataracts at Niagara 

Falls as well as canals up- and downstream from our area. One curious feature of plant migration 

regionally is that although the water flows from west to east from Lake Superior to the St. 

Lawrence River, the migration of species has tended to be from east to west, as with shipping in 

the Rideau Canal that connects Kingston, Ontario and the Ottawa river to points upstream. 

Other sources of regional plant introduction derive from western centers and may 

increase as the growing season is extended with warming annual temperatures. Extension of the 

growing season in recent times has also contributed to the firm establishment of species that 

were once considered ephemeral, not persisting beyond their first winter, or unable to reproduce 

through absence of, for example, a pollinator. Areas with shallow soils over limestone in the 

lowlands associated with the lakes are particularly likely to support introduced species and 

enable their populations to flourish. Introductions once commonly arriving along railroad vectors 

now seem to favor the salty corridors beside ever-expanding highway systems. Always, 

wherever crops are grown, associated weeds become established on field margins. With the realestate 

explosion of the past two decades exotic species associated with nurseries and imported 

soil are increasingly established. Hybridization events or artifacts may contribute taxa, for 

instance, in the spread of Lonicera morrowii × tatarica. 

Happily, not all newly discovered taxa are foreign. Several recent discoveries of 

indigenous taxa have been made through vigorous exploration by field botanists who specialize

in recording the localities of rare plants. A strong amateur interest has also produced many new 

discoveries of native and exotic species. 

George W. Clinton, Superior Court Judge and first President of the Buffalo Society of 

Natural Sciences published, in 1863, the first checklist of the “Plants of Buffalo and its Vicinity,” 

which also included references to collections from Chautauqua County, Rochester in Monroe 

County, and Portage in Livingston County. David F. Day, in 1882, determined the present areal 

definition of the flora in his new checklist. In spite of its artificiality, this range circumscription 

is superior to publications that restrict their field of study to political limits and treat only New 

York or Ontario. The floral region includes one of the most phytogeographically interesting areas 

in the Province of Ontario: the Niagara Peninsula (Regional Municipality of Niagara), as well as 

all or most of the eight westernmost counties of New York State. 

The extensive early history of collecting and reporting in the Niagara region is provided 

by Zenkert (1934). It is well recognized that there has been a surge of botanical interest in the 

region beginning in the early 1980s, especially with the establishment of the Niagara Frontier 

Botanical Society in 1983 in Buffalo, New York. Many floristic reports and articles may be 

found in the society's newsletter Clintonia. The present list is an attempt to summarize all 

reports, to adjust the nomenclature of Zander and Pierce's (1979) list to the nomenclature of the 

standard checklist of New York State plants by Richard Mitchell and Gordon Tucker (1997), and 

to give local collectors a guide to what is already known and, by extension, what is yet to be 

discovered in the ever-changing flora of our region. 

The plant names of the Checklist are primarily based on specimens curated in the Clinton 

Herbarium (BUF) of the Buffalo Museum of Science. The online Web database of the New York 

Flora Association indicates that the Association’s distribution reports are based on specimens 

and such reports are therefore cited here. Where a report occurs in literature only, the 

bibliographic reference is given. 

Botanical activity leading to additions to the Checklist has been one of the central 

services that the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences has provided the people of the Niagara 

Frontier Region, in New York and Ontario alike, since the time of the Civil War. The Checklist, 

in its 1863, 1882-83, 1934, 1975, 1979, and present 2005 versions, has always guided and 

stimulated botanical activity in the Niagara Region, and it is hoped this update will be no 

exception. 

P. M. Eckel, Research Scientist, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 

2

ABBREVIATIONS AND CODES 

To streamline citations, certain data flags were provided. Genus names are in 

BOLDFACE CAPITALS. Species names in boldface are accepted as well-established 

members of the flora, though some may be extirpated at present. Species names with an asterisk 

(*) are those thought to be alien invaders, adventives or introduced. Names preceded by an equal 

sign (=) are synonyms of the boldfaced name above them, being names previously used by 

students of the flora but now superceded by names considered correct according to the formal 

botanical nomenclatural rules, or are much-used but mistaken identifications and are identified as 

such. Names in Roman lightface are cross-indexed synonyms, alphabetized for ease in finding 

them. 

RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES 

The list of rare, threatened and endangered species changes periodically with research 

results. The New York State Natural Heritage Program may be consulted as to the most recent 

official designations. 

EXTIRPATED SPECIES 

Many uncommon species are under pressure from human development and other 

changing conditions. Some have not been located for decades while others are only suspected of 

being lost to the flora. Though one cannot prove absence from the flora, certain species listed 

here are doubtless entirely gone from our flora. None is extinct, however, as they are present in 

other areas. 

ADVENTIVES AND GARDEN WEEDS 

To qualify as a member of a flora it is generally necessary that the species establish 

persistent populations. Locally, a minimum requirement for this includes survival of low winter 

temperatures, shortness of growing season, and competition with impinging species populations. 

The chance seed that sprouts but which would have died out for various reasons does not qualify 

for membership, even though the plant may have made its way into a herbarium collection. Most 

of our horticultural and agricultural species are not persistent and hence are not considered 

members of the flora. 

It is remarkable, then, the large number of taxa that have been recently reported as “new” 

to our flora. Undoubtedly populations of species once eliminated by the rigors of the regional 

environment are now persistent for a variety of reasons, such as the extension of the growing 

season, the amelioration of the lowest of winter temperatures and their duration, the spread of 

pollination vectors (insects), a possible increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the 

atmosphere, and other factors enhancing the vigor of certain species. 

The present author can vouch for several garden species that appear to have spread, 

especially in disturbed areas. Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa), with its magnificent, orchid-like 

3

flowers, is not only established, but looks likely to become as vigorous a weed as Box Elder 

(Acer negundo) or White Mulberry (Morus alba). This is also true for Sycamore Maple (Acer 

pseudoplatanus), which springs up along the curbs of the streets of Buffalo. 

For more information on new discoveries, see the list of “Names New to the Flora Since 

the Second Supplement” given on page 151 as Appendix 1. 

ONLINE RESOURCES 

The World Wide Web has many features that allow the updating of information in this 

checklist, and provide images and additional information not available in print. 

An early, online version of this publication, with some images, is at Res Botanica: 

http: //www.mobot.org/plantscience/ResBot/flor/WNY-Niag/WNYCheck.htm 

The New York Flora Association provides a plant atlas for the state: 

http: //www.nyflora.org/atlas/atlas.htm 

The Niagara Frontier Botanical Society is a regional resource promoting study and 

appreciation of field botany: 

http: //www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~insrisg/botany/ 

The Buffalo Audubon Society supports and popularizes nature conservation and study: 

http: //www.buffaloaudubon.com/ 

The Buffalo Museum of Science houses the Clinton Herbarium and has exhibits on 

botany. This is also an alternative name for the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences: 

http: //www.sciencebuff.org/welcome.php 

The Central/Western New York Chapter of the Nature Conservancy helps preserve the 

diversity of life in the region through its well-known stewardship activities: 

http: //nature.org/ 

The New York State Natural Heritage Program facilitates conservation of New York's 

rare animals, rare plants, and significant ecosystems: 

http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/heritage/ 

The Nature Sanctuary Society of Western New York has for many decades maintained 

sanctuaries for the preservation of regional plant and animal life: 

http: //www.nfwhc.org/naturesanctuary.htm 

Michael J. Oldham has created an online database for the “Natural Heritage Resources of 

Ontario: Rare Vascular Plants” (see bibliography) with periodic updates: 

http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/species/lists/rarevascular.pdf 

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

My greatest debt of gratitude is to Richard Zander, who provided essential help with 

problems in taxonomy throughout the course of this effort. I thank James Battaglia for 

convincing forward-looking financial supporters, listed on the title page and below, of the need 

for publication of the printed version of the Checklist. The fine cover photograph was taken by 

Lincoln Nutting and is used with appreciation. Michael Smith, former Director of the Buffalo 

Museum of Science, graciously provided computer access to make the first version of this 

checklist public. John Grehan, Director of Science and Collections, and Kathryn Leacock, 

Curator of Collections, of the Buffalo Museum of Science, kindly provided facilities at the 

Museum for completing this checklist. I appreciate the facility support of the Missouri Botanical 

Garden, Robert E. Magill, Director of Research. Carol Sweeney, of Niagara University, James 

Battaglia, and Joanne Schlegel provided useful criticism and helpful format guidance in the 

preparation of this work. Steven Clemants provided access to information on the rare vascular 

plants of Ontario. Grateful acknowledgement is also made to Irene Wingerter and Steven Zenger 

of Partner’s Press, who provided crucial last minute assistance to the author. 

Special appreciation is also extended to the following persons for their support in 

publishing this Revised Checklist and Nomenclatural Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Niagara 

Frontier Region: 

Dr. John Hodson, Joanne Schlegel (in memory of Blake Reeves), Michael Siuta, 

Dr. Carol Sweeney, Dr. Alfred Stein, and Mary Alice Tocke. 

5

Major political divisions in western New York State and adjoining Canada. County subdivisions 

are “towns” (equivalent to “townships” in other states) unless otherwise noted. The circle gives 

the area of the Flora, the area within a fifty-mile radius around Buffalo. 

6

ABIES Mill. (Pinaceae) 

Abies alba Michx. = Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 

A. balsamea (L.) Mill., Balsam Fir, Canada 

Balsam, Blisters 

Abies canadensis Michx. = Tsuga canadensis (L.) 

Carr. 

Abies nigra Poir. of Clinton's Journal (1864) = 

Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP 

ABUTILON Mill. (Malvaceae) 

Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby = Abutilon 

theophrasti Medik. 

*A. theophrasti Medik., Velvet-leaf, Butter-print, 

Pie-marker, Indian Mallow 

= A. avicennae Gaertn. 

= A. abutilon (L.) Rusby 

= Sida abutilon L. 

Abutilon avicennae Gaertn. = Abutilon theophrasti 

Medik. 

ACALYPHA L. (Euphorbiaceae) 

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. = A. virginica var. 

rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider 

A. virginica L., Three-seeded Mercury 

var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider 

= A. rhomboidea Raf. 

var. virginica 

ACER L. (Aceraceae) 

*A. campestre L., Hedge-maple 

Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. = Acer saccharinum L. 

Acer eriocarpum Michx. = Acer saccharinum L. 

*A. ginnala Maxim., Amur Maple 

= A. tataricum L. var. ginnala Maxim. 

Acer glaucum Marsh. = Acer saccarinum L. 

*A. negundo L., Box Elder, Ash-leaf Maple, 

Manitoba Maple 

= A. negundo var. violaceum Mill. 

= Negundo negundo (L.) Karst. 

A. nigrum Michx.f., Black Maple 

= A. saccharum var. nigrum (Michx.f.) Britt. 

A. pensylvanicum L., Striped Maple, Moosewood, 

Green-striped Maple, Whistlewood 

*A. platanoides L., Norway Maple 

*A. pseudoplatanus L., Sycamore-maple 

THE CHECKLIST 

7 

A. rubrum L., Red Maple, Swamp Maple, Scarlet 

Maple 

var. rubrum 

var. trilobum Torr. & Gray ex Koch, Threelobed 

red maple. 

= A. rubrum var. tridens Wood 

A. rubrum × saccharinum = A. × freemanii 

Murr., Soft Maple, Hybrid Swamp Maple 

A. saccharinum L., Silver Maple, White Maple, 

River Maple 

= A. dasycarpum Ehrh. 

= A. eriocarpum Michx. 

= A. glaucum Marsh. 

Acer saccharinum Wang. = Acer saccharum 

Marsh. 

A. saccharum Marsh., Sugar Maple, Rock Maple, 

Hard Maple 

= A. saccharum var. schneckii Rehd. 

= A. saccharinum Wang. 

A. spicatum Lam., Mountain Maple 

Acer tataricum L. var. ginnala Maxim. = Acer 

ginnala Maxim. 

Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eat. = Asclepias 

viridiflora L. 

ACHILLEA L. (Asteraceae) 

*A. millefolium L., Common Yarrow, Milfoil 

*var. millefolium 

*var. occidentalis DC., Woolly Milfoil 

= A. asplenifolia of authors, not Vent. 

= A. millefolium ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper 

= A. lanulosa Nutt. 

= A. occidentalis (DC.) Ref. ex Rydb. 

= A. tomentosa Pursh 

*A. ptarmica L., White Tansy Sneezeweed 

Achillea tomentosa Pursh = Achillea millefolium 

var. occidentalis DC. 

ACINOS Mill. (Lamiaceae) 

*A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, Mother of Thyme 

= Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze 

= Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele 

ACORUS L. (Araceae) 

A. americanus (Raf.) Raf., Calamus, Sweet Flag, 

Flagroot

= A. calamus of American authors, not L. 

Acrostichum thelypteris L. = Thelypteris palustris 

Schott 

ACTAEA L. (Ranunculaceae) 

A. pachypoda Ell., White Baneberry, Doll's Eyes, 

White Cohosh 

= A. alba of American authors, not (L.) Mill. 

= A. spicata var. alba L. 

A. pachypoda × spicata ssp. rubra, Baneberry 

= A. × ludovicii Boivin 

= A. alba × rubra 

= A. pachypoda × rubra 

A. spicata L., Red Baneberry, Baneberry, Black 

Cohosh, Snakeberry 

ssp. rubra (Ait.) Hultén 

= A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. 

= A. spicata var. rubra Ait. 

Actaea spicata var. alba L. = Actaea pachypoda 

Ell. 

Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. = Verbesina 

alternifolia (L.) Britt. 

ADIANTUM L. (Pteridaceae) 

A. pedatum L., Maidenhair Fern 

Adicia fontana Lunell = Pilea fontana (Lunnell) 

Rydb. 

Adicia pumila (L.) Raf. = Pilea pumila (L.) A. 

Gray 

ADLUMIA Raf. (Fumariaceae) 

A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene ex BSP., Allegheny 

Vine, Mountain Fringe, Climbing 

Fumitory 

= A. asiatica Ohwi 

= A. cirrhosa Raf. 

= Fumaria fungosa Ait. 

= F. recta Raf. 

AEGILOPS L. (Poaceae) 

*A. cylindrica Host, Jointed Goatgrass 

AEGOPODIUM L. (Apiaceae) 

*A. podagraria L., Goutweed, Goat's-foot 

AESCULUS L. (Hippocastanaceae) 

*A. hippocastanum L., Horse-chestnut 

*A. glabra Willd., Ohio Buckeye 

8 

AETHUSA L. (Apiaceae) 

*A. cynapium L., Fool's Parsley 

AGALINIS Raf. (Scrophulariaceae) 

A. paupercula (Gray) Britt., Small-flowered 

Purple Gerardia, False-foxglove, Gerardia 

var. borealis Pennell 

= Gerardia paupercula var. borealis (Pennell) 

Deam 

= G. purpurea var. parviflora Benth. 

A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf., Slender Gerardia 

var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell 

= Gerardia tenuifolia var. parviflora Nutt. 

var. tenuifolia 

= Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl 

AGASTACHE Clayt. ex Gronov. (Lamiaceae) 

A. nepetoides (L.) Kuntze, Yellow Giant Hyssop 

= Lophanthus nepetoides (L.) Benth. 

A. scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze, Purple Giant 

Hyssop 

= A. scrophulariifolia var. mollis (Fern.) 

Heller 

= A. urticifolia sensu House (1924), not 

(Benth.) Kuntze 

= Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius (Willd.) 

Benth. 

Ageratina altissima (L.) R. King & H. Robinson = 

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. 

AGRIMONIA L. (Rosaceae) 

Agrimonia bicknellii of NY reports, not (Kearney) 

Rydb. ex Bickn. = Agrimonia pubescens 

Wallr. 

*A. eupatoria L., Common Agrimony, Cocklebur 

Agrimonia eupatoria of Ontario reports, not L. = 

Agrimonia striata Michx. (q.v.) 

A. gyrosepala Wallr., Tall Hairy Agrimony, 

Agrimony, Cocklebur, Harvest Lice, 

Stickseed 

A. parviflora Solander ex Ait., Small-flowered 

Agrimony, Agrimony, Cocklebur 

A. pubescens Wallr., Soft Agrimony 

= A.bicknellii of NY reports, not (Kearney) 

Rydb. ex Bickn. 

= A. mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Britt. 

A. rostellata Wallr., Agrimony 

A. striata Michx., Grooved Agrimony, Britton's 

Agrimony, Harvest Lice, Cocklebur

= A. eupatoria of Ontario reports, not L. 

AGROPYRON Gaertn. (Poaceae) 

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. = Elymus 

trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. 

subsecundus (Link) Barkworth & D. 

Dewey 

Agropyron caninum var. tenerum (Vasey) Pease & 

Moore = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) 

Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus 

*A. cristatum L., Crested Wheatgrass 

= A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes 

Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes = 

Agropyron cristatum L. 

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. = Elytrigia repens 

(L.) Nevski 

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. var. littoreum 

Anderss. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. var. nemorale 

Anderss. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. var. pilosum Scribn. 

= Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 

Agropyron smithii Rydb. = Pascopyrum smithii 

(Rydb.) Á. Löve 

Agropyron tenerum Vasey = Elymus trachycaulus 

(Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus 

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex Lewis = 

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex 

Shinners ssp. trachycaulus 

Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucum (Pease & 

Moore) Malte = Elymus trachycaulus 

(Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus 

(Link) Barkworth & D. Dewey 

Agropyron trachycaulum var. majus (Vasey) Fern. 

= Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex 

Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) 

Barkworth & D. Dewey 

Agropyron trachycaulum var. novae-angliae 

(Scribn. ex Brainerd) Fern. = Elymus 


trachycaulus 

Agropyron trachycaulum var. unilaterale (Vasey) 

Malte = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould 

ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus 

Agrypyron violaceum (Hornem.) Lange = Elymus 


trachycaulus 

AGROSTEMMA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

9 

Agrostemma coronaria L. = Lychnis coronaria (L.) 

Desr. 

*A. githago L., Corn-Cockle, Corn-rose, Purple 

Cockle 

= Lychnis githago (L.) Scop. 

AGROSTIS L. (Poaceae) 

Agrostis alba of authors, not L. = Agrostis gigantea 

Roth 

Agrostis alba var. maritima (Lam.) G.F.W. Mey. = 

Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris 

(Huds.) Farw. 

Agrostis alba var. palustris (Huds.) Pers. = 

Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris 

(Huds.) Farw. 

*A. capillaris L., Rhode Island Bent, Colonial 

Bent 

= A. tenuis Sibth. 

= A. vulgaris With. 

Agrostis geminata Trin. = Agrostis scabra Willd. 

*A. gigantea Roth, Redtop, Black Bent 

= A. gigantea var. dispar (Michx.) Philipson 

= A. stolonifera var. major (Gaud.) Farw. 

= A. alba of authors, not L. 

A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP., Hair-grass, Southern 

Hairgrass, Ticklegrass 

Agrostis maritima Lam. = Agrostis stolonifera var. 

palustris (Huds.) Farw. 

Agrostis palustris Huds. = Agrostis stolonifera L. 

var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. 

A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., Upland Bent, 

Autumn 

= A. schweinitzii Trin. 

A. scabra Willd., Hairgrass, Fly-away Grass, 

Ticklegrass 

= A. geminata Trin. 

= A. hyemalis var. tenuis (Tuckerman) 

Gleason 

= A. peckii House 

= A. scabra var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen 

Agrostis schweinitzii Trin. = Agrostis perennans 

(Walt.) Tuckerm. 

*A. stolonifera L., Creeping Bent, Carpet Bent 

var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. 

= A. alba var. maritima (Lam.) G.F.W. Mey. 

= A. alba var. palustris (Huds.) Pers. 

= A. maritima Lam. 

= A. palustris Huds. 

= A. palustris var. stricta

= A. stolonifera var. compacta Hartm. 

var. stolonifera 

Agrostis tenuis Sibth. = Agrostis capillaris L. 

AILANTHUS Desf. (Simaroubaceae): 

*A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Tree of Heaven, 

Ailanthus, Copal Tree 

= A. glandulosa Desf. 

Aira cespitosa L. = Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) 

Beauv. 

Aira flexuosa L. = Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. 

ALCEA L. (Malvaceae) 

*A. rosea L., Garden Hollyhock 

= Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. 

ALCHEMILLA L. (Rosaceae) 

*A. monticola Opiz, Lady's Mantle 

= A. vulgaris of NY reports, not L. 

ALISMA L. (Alismataceae) 

Alisma geyeri Torr. = Alisma gramineum Lej. 

A. gramineum Lej., Water-plantain, Grassyleaved 

Water-plantain 

= A. geyeri Torr. 

A. subcordatum Raf., Water-plantain 

= A. plantago-aquatica of American authors 

in part, not L.; sensu Zenkert, 1934 p. 88. 

= A. plantago-aquatica var. parviflorum 

(Pursh) Torrey (of Eaton & Schrot 1987 

p.124). 

= A. plantago-aquatica ssp. subcordatum 

(Raf.) Hultén 

ALLIARIA Heist. ex Fabr. (Brassicaceae) 

*A. petiolata (Bieb.) Cav. & Grande, Garlic 

Mustard, Hedge-garlic 

= A. alliaria (L.) Britt. 

= A. officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb. 

= Erysimum alliaria L. 

Allionia nyctaginea Michx. = Mirabilis nyctaginea 

(Michx.) MacM. 

ALLIUM L. (Liliaceae) 

A. burdickii (Hanes) A. Jones, Wild Leek 

= A. tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes 

A. canadense L., Wild Garlic, Wild Onion 

*A. cepa L., Garden Onion 

A. cernuum Roth, Wild Onion 

10 

A. tricoccum Ait., Wild Leek, Ramp 

Allium tricoccum var. burdickii = Allium burdickii 

(Hanes) A. Jones 

*A. vineale L., Field Garlic, Scallion 

Allosorus atropurpureus (L.) Kunze ex Presl. = 

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link 

ALNUS Mill. (Betulaceae) 

*A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Black Alder, European 

Alder 

= A. alnus (L.) Britt. 

= A. vulgaris Hill 

A. incana (L.) Moench, Speckled Alder, Hoary 

Alder 

ssp. rugosa (DuRoi) Clausen, Hazel Alder 

= A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. 

= A. serrulata (of Day, 1882) 

ALOPECURUS L. (Poaceae) 

A. aequalis Sobol, Short-awned Foxtail 

= A. aristulatus Michx. 

= A. geniculatus (of Day, 1882) 

*A. geniculatus L., Marsh-foxtail, Water-foxtail 

= A. pallescens Piper 

Alopecurus pallescens Piper = Alopecurus 

geniculatus L. 

*Alopecurus pratensis L., Meadow Foxtail 

Alsine aquatica (L.) Britt. = Myosoton aquaticum 

(L.) Moench 

Alsine marginata (DC. ex Lam. & DC.) Reichenb. 

= Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex 

Griseb. 

Alsine media (L.) Druce = Spergularia media (L.) 

C. Presl ex Griseb. 

Alsine rubra (L.) Crantz = Spergularia rubra (L.) J. 

& C. Presl 

ALTHAEA L. (Malvaceae) 

*A. officinalis L., Marsh Mallow, White Mallow 

Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. = Alcea rosea L. 

ALYSSUM L. (Brassicaceae) 

*A. alyssoides (L.) L., Yellow Alyssum 

= A. calycinum L. 

= Clypeola allyssoides L. 

Alyssum incanum L. = Berteroa incana (L.) DC. 

AMARANTHUS L. (Amaranthaceae) 

*A. albus L., Tumbleweed, Pale Amaranth

= A. graecizans of some authors, not L. 

A. blitoides S. Wats., Tumbleweed, Prostrate 

Amaranth 

= A. graecizans of some authors, not L. 

*A. blitum L., Purplish Amaranth, Livid 

Amaranth 

= A. ascendens Loisel 

= A. lividus L. 

Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. = Amaranthus 

hybridus L. 

[*Amaranthus cruentus L., Blood Amaranth, 

Purple Amaranth, Zander and Pierce 

(1979) report this species as a synonym of 

A. hybridus L. Clemants (1992) 

recognized it as a species derived 

“probably through selective cultivation of 

A. hybridus.” He does not, however, offer 

a record of its occurrence in western New 

York: excluded.] 

Amaranthus graecizans of American authors in 

part, not L. = Amaranthus albus L. 

Amaranthus graecizans of American authors in 

part, not L. = Amaranthus blitoides S. 

Wats. 

*A. hybridus L., Green Amaranth, Pigweed, Wild 

Beet, Prince's-Feather 

= A. chlorostachys Willd. 

= A. incurvatus Ti ex Gren. & Godr. 

= A. patulus Berol. 

*A. hypochondriacus L., Prince's Feather 

Amaranthus incurvatus Ti ex Gren. & Godr. = 

Amaranthus hybridus L. 

Amaranthus lividus L. = Amaranthus blitum L. 

Amaranthus patulus Berol. = Amaranthus hybridus 

L. 

*A. powellii S. Wats., Amaranth 

= A. retroflexus L. var. powellii (S. Wats.) 

Boivin 

*A. retroflexus L., Green Amaranth, Pigweed, 

Wild Beet, Redroot Amaranth 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. var. powellii (S. Wats.) 

Boivin = Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. 

*A. rudis Sauer, Water-hemp 

= Acnida tamariscinus Nutt. 

= Amaranthus tamariscinus (Nutt.) Wood 

*A. spinosus L., Spiny Amaranth, Thorny 

Amaranth 

*A. tuberculatus (Moq. ex DC.) Sauer, Roughfruited 

Water-hemp, Tall Water-hemp 

11 

= A. altissimus Riddell 

= Montelia tamariscina (Nutt.) A. Gray 

AMBROSIA L. (Asteraceae) 

A. artemisiifolia L., Common Ragweed, 

Ragweed, Hogweed, Bitterweed 

= A. artemisiifolia varieties 

= A. elatior L. var. artemisiifolia (L.) House 

*A. coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray, Western 

Ragweed 

= Ambrosia psilostachya DC. 

= Ambrosia psilostachya DC. var. 

coronopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Farw. 

Ambrosia elatior L. var. artemisiifolia (L.) House = 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. = Ambrosia 

coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray 

A. trifida L., Great Ragweed, Giant Ragweed, 

Great Ragweed, Buffalo-weed 

= A. trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl.) Torr.& 

A. Gray 

AMELANCHIER Medik. (Rosaceae) 

Amelanchier amabilis Wieg. = Amelanchier 

sanguinea (Pursh) DC. 

A. arborea (Michx.f.) Fern., Tree Shadbush, 

Serviceberry 

Amelanchier arborea var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles = 

Amelanchier laevis Wieg. 

A. canadensis (L.) Medik., Canadian Shadbush, 

Serviceberry, Shadbush, Juneberry 

= A. canadensis var. botryapium Torr. & A. 

Gray, sec. House 1924. 

= A. canadensis var. oblongifolia Torr. & A. 

Gray 

= A. oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Roemer 

Amelanchier canadensis var. rotundifolia Torr. & 

A. Gray, sec. House 1924 = Amelanchier 

sanguinea (Pursh.) DC. 

A. humilis Wieg., Bush Juneberry 

A. intermedia Spach, Serviceberry 

= A. arborea × canadensis 

A. laevis Wieg., Smooth Shadbush 

= A. arborea var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles 

Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Roemer = Amelanchier canadensis (L.) 

Medik. 

A. sanguinea (Pursh.) DC., Round-leaved 

Juneberry

= A. amabilis Wieg. 

= A. canadensis var. rotundifolia Torr. & A. 

Gray, sec. House 1924. 

= A. sanguinea var. grandiflora (Wieg.) 

Rehd. 

Amelanchier sanguinea var. grandiflora (Wieg.) 

Rehd. = Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) 

DC. 

A. stolonifera Wieg., Serviceberry 

= A. spicata (Lam.) Koch in part 

AMMOPHILA Host (Poaceae) 

Ammophila arenaria (of authors) = Ammophila 

breviligulata Fern. 

A. breviligulata Fern., Beach Grass, Dunegrass 

= A. arenaria (of authors) 

[Note: Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. of Gray's 

Manual ed. 5 (1862) has Arundo L. and 

Psamma Beauv. as generic synonyms (p. 

616). House (1924) gives Psamma as an 

earlier synonym of Ammophila, hence 

Ammophila arenaria Am. Auth., not A. 

arenaria (L.) Link, of Europe = 

Ammophila breviligulata Fernald, 

according to House.] 

AMORPHA L. (Fabaceae) 

*A. fruticosa L., False Indigo, Indigo-bush (Regl. 

M. Niag. Oldham 1999). 

Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt. = Cynanchum 

laeve (Michx.) Pers. 

AMPELOPSIS Michx. (Vitaceae) 

*A. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv., 

Porcelain Berry 

Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx. = 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch ex 

DC. 

Amphicarpa of authors = Amphicarpaea 

AMPHICARPAEA Ell. ex Nutt. (Fabaceae) 

Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fern. = 

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & 

Stafleu 

Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) G. Don = 

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & 

Stafleu 

12 

Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Ell. = Amphicarpaea 

bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu 

A. bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu, Hog Peanut 

= A. monoica (L.) Ell. 

= A. bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fern. 

= A. comosa (L.) G. Don 

= Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze 

= Glycine bracteata L. 

= G. comosa L. 

Amygdalus persica L. = Prunus persicaria (L.) 

Batsch 

Anacharis canadensis (Rich. ex Michx.) Planch. = 

Elodea canadensis Rich. ex Michx. 

Anacharis planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. = Elodea 

canadensis Rich. ex Michx. 

ANAGALLIS L. (Primulaceae) 

*A. arvensis L., Scarlet Pimpernel, Poor-man's- 

Weatherglass, Shepherd's-clock 

ANAPHALIS DC. (Asteraceae) 

A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Clarke, 

Pearly Everlasting 

= Antennaria margaritacea (L.) R. Br. 

= A. margaritacea subspecies and varieties 

Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl = Woodwardia 

virginica (L.) Sm. 

ANCHUSA L. (Boraginaceae) 

*A. arvensis (L.) Bieb., Small Bugloss 

= Lycopsis arvensis L. of Zenkert (1934), 

Zander & Pierce (1979), Gleason (1952) 

Anchusa myosotidiflora Lehm. = Brunnera 

macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnston 

ANDROMEDA L. (Ericaceae) 

Andromeda baccata Wang = Gaylussacia baccata 

(Wang.) Koch 

Andromeda calyculata L. = Chamaedaphne 

calyculata (L.) Moench 

Andromeda canescens Small = Andromeda 

glaucophylla Link. 

A. glaucophylla Link., Bog Rosemary, Moorwort 

= A. canescens Small 

= A. polifolia L. ssp. glaucophylla (Link) 

Hultén 

= A. polifolia L. var. angustifolia Ait. 

= A. polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link.) 

DC.

= A. polifolia L. var. latifolia Ait. 

= A. rosmarinifolia Pursh, not Gilib. 

Andromeda rosmarinifolia Pursh, not Gilib. = 

Andromeda glaucophylla Link. 

ANDROPOGON L. (Poaceae) 

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. = Andropogon 

gerardii Vitm. 

A. gerardii Vitm., Big Bluestem, Turkey-foot 

= A. furcatus Muhl. of Zenkert 1934 

Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. scoparius = 

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash 

ssp. scoparium 

Andropogon scoparius var. frequens Hubbard = 



Andropogon scoparius var. glaucescens House = 



Andropogon scoparius var. septentrionalis Fern. & 

Grisc. = Schizachyrium scoparium 

(Michx.) Nash ssp. scoparium 

A. virginicus L., Broomsedge 

ANEMONE L. (Ranunculaceae) 

Anemone aconitifolia Michx. = Anemone 

canadensis L. 

Anemone acutiloba (DC.) Lawson = Hepatica 

nobilis Mill. var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm. 

A. canadensis L., Canada Anemone, Wind-Flower 

= A. aconitifolia Michx. 

= A. pennsylvanica L. 

= A. dichotoma (of authors) 

A. cylindrica Gray, Long-fruited Anemone, 

Thimbleweed, Thimble-head Anemone 

Anemone dichotoma (of authors) = Anemone 

canadensis L. 

Anemone groenlandica Oed. = Coptis trifolia (L.) 

Salisb. 

Anemone hepatica (of authors) = Hepatica nobilis 

Mill. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. 

Anemone nemorosa var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh = 

Anemone quinquefolia L. 

Anemone pennsylvanica L. = Anemone canadensis 

L. 

A. quinquefolia L., Wood Anemone, Snowdrops 

= A. nemorosa var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh 

Anemone thalictroides L. = Thalictrum 

thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin 

13 

A. virginiana L., Thimbleweed, Tall Anemone 

var. alba (Oakes) Wood 

= A. riparia Fern. 

= A. virginiana var. riparia (Fern.) Boivin 

var. virginiana 

Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach = Thalictrum 


Anethum in part = Foeniculum according to A. 

Wood (no date) The American Botanist 

and Florist, Part IV 

ANETHUM L. (Apiaceae) 

Anethum foeniculum of Clinton's Journal, 1862, 

Oct. 9 = Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 

*A. graveolens L., Dill 

ANGELICA L. (Apiaceae) 

A. atropurpurea L., Purple-stemmed Angelica, 

Alexanders 

= A. atropurpurea var. occidentalis Fassett 

= Archangelica. atropurpurea Hoffm. 

A. venenosa (Greenway) Fern., Hairy Angelica, 

Deadly Angelica 

= A. villosa (Walt.) BSP 

= Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & A. Gray 

Annona triloba L. = Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

ANTENNARIA Gaertn. (Asteraceae) 

Antennaria arnoglossa Greene = Antennaria 

plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. 

Antennaria brainerdii Fern. = Antennaria 


Antennaria canadensis Greene = Antennaria 

neglecta Greene 

Antennaria fallax Greene and var. ambigens 

(Greene) Fern. = Antennaria 


Antennaria howellii Greene, including ssp. 

canadensis (Greene) Bayer, ssp. petaloidea 

(Fern.) Bayer and ssp. neodioica (Greene) 

Bayer = Antennaria neglecta Greene 

Antennaria margaritacea (L.) R. Br. = Anaphalis 

margaritacea (L.) Benth.& Hook.f. ex 

Clarke 

Antennaria munda Fern. = Antennaria 


A. neglecta Greene, Everlasting, Pussy's-toes 

= A. canadensis Greene 

= A. grandis (Fern.) House

= A. howellii Greene 

= A. howellii Greene ssp. canadensis 

(Greene) Bayer 

= A. howellii Greene ssp. neodioica (Greene) 

Bayer 

= A. howellii Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) 

Bayer 

= A. neglecta ssp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer 

= A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq. 

= A. neglecta var. howellii (Greene) Cronq. 

= A. neglecta var. randii (Fern.) Cronq. 

= A. neglecta var. simplex Peck 

= A. neodioica Greene 

= A. neodioica Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) 

Bayer & Stebbins 

= A. neodioica Greene var. chlorophylla 

Fern. 

= A. oneidica Greene 

= A. petaloidea Fern. 

= A. petaloidea Fern. var. novaboracensis 

Fern. 

= A. randii Fern. 

= A. virginica of New York reports, not 

Stebbins 

“Note: “Under the International Rules of 1981, 

new combinations will have to be made 

here at the varietal level” (Mitchell 1986). 

Antennaria neodioica Greene, including both ssp. 

petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & Stebbins and 

var. chlorophylla Fern. = Antennaria 

neglecta Greene 

Antennaria occidentalis Greene = Antennaria 


Antennaria oneidica Greene = Antennaria neglecta 

Greene 

Antennaria parlinii Fern. and ssp. fallax (Greene) 

Bayer & Stebbins = Antennaria 


Antennaria parlinii var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern. 

= Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. 

Antennaria petaloidea Fern. and var. 

novaboracensis Fern. = Antenaria neglecta 

Greene 

Antennaria petiolata Fern. = Antennaria 


A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards., Everlasting, 

Pussy's-toes, Lady's Tobacco 

= A. arnoglossa Greene 

= A. brainerdii Fern. 

14 

= A. fallax Greene 

= A. fallax Greene var. ambigens (Greene) 

Fern. 

= A. munda Fern. 

= A. occidentalis Greene 

= A. parlinii Fern. (ssp. parlinii) 

= A. parlinii Fern. ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer 

& Stebbins 

= A. petiolata Fern. 

= A. plantaginifolia var. ambigens (Greene) 

Cronq. 

= A. plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa (Greene) 

Cronq. 

= A. plantaginifolia var. petiolata (Fern.) 

Heller 

= A. solitaria Rydb. 

“Note: Under the International Rules of 1981, new 

combinations will have to be made here at 

the varietal level,” (Mitchell 1986). 

Antennaria randii Fern. = Antennaria neglecta 

Greene 

Antennaria solitaria Rydb. = Antennaria 


Antennaria virginica of New York reports, not 

Stebbins = Antennaria neglecta Greene 

ANTHEMIS L. (Asteraceae) 

*A. arvensis L., Corn Chamomile, Dog Fennel 

= A. arvensis var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. 

= Chamemelum arvense (L.) Schreb. 

*A. cotula L., Mayweed, Stinking Chamomile, 

Stinkweed, Dogweed, Dog Fennel 

= Maruta cotula (L.) DC. 

*A. tinctoria L., Yellow Chamomile, Dyer's 

Chamomile 

= Chamemelum tinctorium (L.) Schreb . 

= Cota tinctoria (L.) Gay 

ANTHOXANTHUM L. (Poaceae) 

*A. odoratum L., Sweet Vernal Grass 

ANTHRISCUS Pers. emend. Hoffm. (Apiaceae) 

*A. cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Chervil 

*A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., Wild Chervil 

= Chaerophyllum sylvestre L. 

Anychia divaricata Raf. = Paronychia fastigiata 

(Raf.) Fern. 

Anychia polygonoides Raf. = Paronychia fastigiata 

(Raf.) Fern.

Apalanthe schweinitzii Planch. = Elodea 


Apargia hispida (L.) Willd. = Leontodon hispidus 

L. 

Apargia nudicaulis (of authors) = Leontodon 

taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat 

Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torrey & Asa Gray ex 

Asa Gray = Orobanche uniflora L. 

APIOS Fabr. (Fabaceae) 

A. americana Medik., Groundnut, Wild Bean, 

Potato-bean, Creek-potato 

= A. tuberosa Moench 

= Glycine apios L. 

Apios tuberosa Moench = Apios americana Medik. 

APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torrey (Orchidaceae) 

A. hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt., Putty-root 

Orchid, Adam-and-Eve 

APOCYNUM L. (Apocynaceae) 

A. androsaemifolium L., Spreading Dogbane, 

Pink Dogbane, Indian Hemp 

= A. androsaemifolium var. incanum A. DC. 

= A. scopulorum Greene ex Rydb. 

A. androsaemifolium × cannabinum = A. × 

floribundum Greene, Intermediate 

Dogbane, Indian Hemp 

= A. medium Greene of Zenkert 1934 

= A. × medium Greene 

= A. milleri Britt. 

A. cannabinum L., Clasping-leaved Dogbane, 

Indian Hemp, Dogbane 

var. cannabinum 

= A. cannabinum var. glaberrimum A. DC. 

= A. cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell ex 

R. Br.) A. DC. 

= A. pubescens Mitchell ex R. Br. 

var. hypericifolium Gray 

= A. sibiricum Jacq. 

Apocynum medium Greene of Zenkert 1934 = 

[Apocynum androsaemifolium × 

cannabinum = A. × floribundum Greene] 

Apocynum pubescens Mitchell ex R. Br. = 

Apocynum cannabinum L. 

Apocynum scopulorum Greene ex Rydb. = 

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. 

Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. = Apocynum 

cannabinum L. var. hypericifolium Gray 

15 

AQUILEGIA L. (Ranunculaceae) 

A. canadensis L., Wild Columbine, Red 

Columbine, Rock-Bells, Meetinghouses 3 

= A. canadensis var. coccinea (Small) Munz 

= A. coccinea Small 

Aquilegia coccinea Small = Aquilegia canadensis 

L. 

*A. vulgaris L., Garden Columbine, Blue or 

Purple Columbine 

ARABIDOPSIS Heynh. (Brassicaceae) 

Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz ssp. 

lyrata = Arabis lyrata L. 

*A. thaliana (L.) Heynh., Mouse-ear Cress 

= Arabis thaliana L. 

= Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & 

Brown 

= Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & 

Monn. 

ARABIS L. (Brassicaceae) 

Arabis billardieri DC. = Arabis caucasica Schlect. 

ex Willd. 

Arabis brachycarpa (Torrey & A. Gray) Britt. = 

[Arabis drummondii × holboellii = A. × 

divaricarpa A. Nels.] 

Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl. = Cardamine 

bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP 

A. canadensis L., Sickle-pod 

= A. falcata Michx. 

= Boerchera Canadensis (L.) Al-Shehbaz 

*A. caucasica Schlect. ex Willd., Wall Rock-cress, 

Arrowleaf 

= A. albida Steven ex Bieb. 

= A. alpina L. in part 

= A. billardieri DC. 

Arabis confinis “as to [Ontario] reports in part, not 

of S. Watson” is either A. divaricarpa, 

considered here a hybrid [Arabis 

drummondii × holboellii = A. × 

divaricarpa A. Nels] or A. drummondii A. 

Gray according to Morton and Venn 

(1990). 

Arabis dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray = Arabis 

shortii (Fern.) Gleason 

Arabis divaricarpa A. Nels. = [Arabis drummondii 

× holboellii = A. × divaricarpa A. Nels.] 

A. drummondii A. Gray, Drummond's Rock Cress

= Boechera drummondii (A. Gray) Á. & D. 

Löve 

= Turritis stricta Graham, not Arabis stricta 

Huds. according to House, 1924 p.365 

A. drummondii × holboellii = A. × divaricarpa 

A. Nels., Purple Rock-cress 

= A. brachycarpa (Torrey & A. Gray) Britt. 

Arabis falcata Michx. = Arabis canadensis L. 

A. glabra (L.) Bernh., Tower Cress, Tower- 

Mustard 

= A. perfoliata Lam. 

= Turritis glabra L. 

A. hirsuta (L.) Scop., Hairy Rock Cress 

var. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Rollins 

= A. hirsuta ssp. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Hultén 

= A. pycnocarpa Hopk. 

A. laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. ex Lam., 

Smooth Rock Cress 

= Boerchera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al- 

Shehbaz 

A. lyrata L., Lyre-leaved Rock Cress 

= Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al- 

Shehbaz ssp. lyrata 

= Arabis lyrata var. kamschatica Fisch. ex 

DC. 

= Cardamine spathulata Michx. 

= Cardaminopsis lyrata (L.) Hiitonen. 

Arabis perfoliata Lam. = Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. 

Arabis perstellata var. shortii Fern. = Arabis shortii 

(Fern.) Gleason 

Arabis pycnocarpa Hopk. = Arabis hirsuta (L.) 

Scop. var. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Rollins 

Arabis rhomboidea Pers. = Cardamine bulbosa 

(Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP 

A. shortii (Fern.) Gleason, Short's Rock Cress, 

Toothed Rock-Cress 

= A. dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray 

= A. perstellata var. shortii Fern. 

Arabis stricta Huds., see Arabis drummondii A. 

Gray 

Arabis thaliana L. = Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) 

Heynh. 

ARALIA L. (Araliaceae) 

A. hispida Vent., Bristly Sarsaparilla, Dwarf-Elder 

A. nudicaulis L., Wild Sarsaparilla 

A. racemosa L., Spikenard, Petty-Morrel, Life-of- 

Man 

16 

A. spinosa L., Hercules' Club, Devil's Walking- 

Stick, Angelica-Tree, Prickly-Ash 

ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb. (Viscaceae) 

A. pusillum C. Peck, Dwarf Mistletoe 

= Razoumofskya pusilla (C. Peck) Kuntze 

Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm. = Angelica 

atropurpurea L. 

Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & A. Gray = Angelica 

venenosa (Greenway) Fern. 

ARCTIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

*A. lappa L., Great Burdock 

= A. major Gaertn. 

Arctium lappa var. tomentosa (Mill.) Gray = 

Arctium tomentosum Mill. excluded 

(Zander & Pierce 1979). 

Arctium major Gaertn. = Arctium lappa L. 

*A. minus (Hill.) Bernh., Common Burdock 

= A. nemorosum of authors, not Lej. & 

Court. 

Arctium nemorosum of authors not Lej. & Court. 

= Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 

Arctium tomentosum Mill., excluded (Zander & 

Pierce 1979). 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS L. (Ericaceae) 

A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Bearberry, Sandberry, 

Hog-Cranberry, Mealberry, Kinnikinnik, 

Mountain Box 

= A. uva-ursi varieties 

ARENARIA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

Arenaria angustifolia Regel = Moehringia 

lateriflora (L.) Fenzl 

Arenaria lateriflora L. = Moehringia lateriflora (L.) 

Fenzl 

Arenaria leptoclados Reichenb. ex Guss. = 

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 

Arenaria marginata DC. ex Lam. & DC. = 

Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb. 

Arenaria maritima Pall. = Spergularia media (L.) 


Arenaria media L. = Spergularia media (L.) C. 

Presl ex Griseb. 

Arenaria rubra L. = Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. 

Presl 

*A. serpyllifolia L., Thyme-leaved Sandwort 

= A. leptoclados Reichenb. ex Guss.

= A. serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb. 

ex Guss.) Nymer 

= A. serpyllifolia var. tenuior Mert. & Koch 

= A. tenuior (Mert. & Koch) Gürke 

Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb. 

ex Guss.) Nymer and var. tenuior Mert. & 

Koch = Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 

Arenaria tenuior (Mert. & Koch) Gürke = Arenaria 

serpyllifolia L. 

ARETHUSA L. (Orchidaceae) 

A. bulbosa L., Dragon's Mouth Orchid, Swamp 

Pink 

Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. = Potentilla anserina 

L. ssp. anserina 

Argentina babcockiana Rydb. = Potentilla anserina 

L. ssp. anserina 

ARISAEMA Mart. (Araceae) 

A. dracontium (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl., 

Green Dragon, Dragon-root 

= Arum dracontium L. 

= Muricauda dracontium (L.) Kunth 

A. triphyllum (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl., Jackin-the-Pulpit, 

Indian-Turnip 

ssp. stewardsonii (Britt.) Huttleston 

Stewardson's Jack-in-the-Pulpit 

= A. stewardsonii Britt. 

= A. triphyllum var. stewardsonii (Britt.) 

Stevens. 

ssp. triphyllum 

= A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume 

= Arum triphyllum L. 

ARISTIDIA L. (Poaceae) 

*A. dichotoma L., Poverty Grass; Three-awn 

*A. oligantha Michx., Prairie Three-awn 

ARMORACIA Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. 

(Brassicaceae) 

Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. = Armoracia 

lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates 

Armoracia armoracia (L.) Cockerell = Armoracia 

rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. 

A. lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates, 

Lake Cress, River-Cress 

= A. aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. 

= Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray 

= Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene 

17 

= Rorippa aquatica (Eaton) E. J. Palmer & 

Steyermark 

Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. = Armoracia 

rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. 

*A. rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb., 

Horse-radish 

= A. armoracia (L.) Cockerell 

= A. lapathifolia Gilib. 

= Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fries 

Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Robinson = 

Cacalia atriplicifolia L. 

ARONIA Medik. (Rosaceae) 

A. arbutifolia (L.) Pers., Red Chokeberry 

= Mespilus arbutifolia L. 

= Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) Robertson & 

Phipps 

= Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f. 

= P. arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa Michx. 

Aronia arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) Seym. 

= [Aronia arbutifolia × melanocarpa = A. 

× prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd.] 

Aronia arbutifolia var. nigra Willd. = Aronia 

melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. 

A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell., Black Chokeberry 

= A. arbutifolia var. melanocarpa (Michx.) 

Torr. 

= A. arbutifolia var. nigra Willd. 

= A. nigra (Willd.) Köhne 

= Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa 

Michx. 

= Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) Robertson 

& Phipps 

= Pyrus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx. 

= P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. 

Aronia nigra (Willd.) Köhne = Aronia 

melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. 

A. arbutifolia × melanocarpa = A. × prunifolia 

(Marsh.) Rehd., Purple Chokeberry 

= A. arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) 

Seym. 

= A. atropurpurea Britt. 

= A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd. 

= Mespilus prunifolia Marsh. 

= Photina floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & 

Phipps 

= Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) 

B. Robinson 

= P. floribunda Lindl.

Aronia atropurpurea Britt. = [Aronia arbutifolia × 

melanocarpa = A. × prunifolia (Marsh.) 

Rehd.] 

Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder = [Aronia 

arbutifolia × melanocarpa = A. × 

prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd.] 

ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. (Poaceae) 

Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv., nom. nud. = 

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex Presl 

& Presl 

*A. elatius (L.) Beauv. ex Presl & Presl, Tall Oatgrass 

= A. avenaceum Beauv., nom. nud. 

= A. elatius var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner 

ARTEMISIA L. (Asteraceae) 

*A. abrotanum L., Southernwood, Old-Man 

= A. procera Willd. 

*A. absinthium L., Wormwood, Absinthe, 

Absinthium 

*A. biennis Willd., Biennial Wormwood, Sage- 

Weed 

A. campestris L., Tall Wormwood, Wild Sage 

ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem. 

= A. caudata Michx. 

= A. canadensis of NY reports, not Michx. 

(and of Day, 1882) 

Artemisia canadensis of NY reports, not Michx. 

(and of Day, 1882) = Artemisia campestris 

L. ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem. 

Artemisia caudata Michx. = Artemisia campestris 

ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem. 

Artemisia gnaphaloides Nutt. = Artemisia 

ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana 

*A. ludoviciana Nutt., Western Mugwort, White 

Sage, Western Mugwort, Cudweed 

*ssp. ludoviciana 

= A. ludoviciana varieties including A. 

gnaphaloides Nutt. 

Artemisia procera Willd. = Artemisia abrotanum L. 

*A. vulgaris L., Common Mugwort, Felon-Herb 

= A. vulgaris varieties 

Arum dracontium L. = Arisaema dracontium (L.) 

Schott ex Schott & Endl. 

Arum triphyllum L. = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Schott ex Schott & Endl. 

ASARUM L. (Aristolochiaceae) 

18 

A. canadense L., Wild ginger 

= A. acuminatum (Ashe) Bickn. 

= A. canadense var. acuminatum Ashe 

= A. canadense var. ambiguum (Bickn.) 

Farw. 

= A. canadense var. reflexum (Bickn.) B. 

Robinson 

= A. reflexum Bickn. 

ASCLEPIAS L. (Asclepiadaceae) 

Asclepias bicknellii Vail = Asclepias exaltata L. 

A. exaltata L., Poke Milkweed 

= A. bicknellii Vail 

= A. phytolaccoides Pursh 

A. incarnata L., Swamp Milkweed 

Asclepias intermedia Vail = Asclepias syriaca L. 

Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh = Asclepias 

exaltata L. 

A. quadrifolia Jacq., Four-leaved Milkweed 

A. syriaca L., Common Milkweed 

= A. cornuti Dec. in DC. 

= A. intermedia Vail 

A. tuberosa L., Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-Root, 

Orange Milkweed, Tuber-Root, Chigger- 

Flower, Indian-Paintbrush 

var. interior (Woodson) Shinners 

= A. tuberosa ssp. interior Woodson 

= A. tuberosa var. tuberosa of NY reports 

A. verticillata L., Whorled Milkweed 

A. viridiflora L., Green Milkweed 

= Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eat. 

ASIMINA Adams (Annonaceae) 

A. triloba (L.) Dunal, Pawpaw 

= Annona triloba L. 

ASPARAGUS L. (Liliaceae) 

*A. officinalis L., Asparagus 

Asperula odorata L. = Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 

Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. = Polystichum 

acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. 

Aspidium boottii Tuckerm. = [Dryopteris cristata × 

intermedia = D. × boottii (Tuckerm.) 

Underw. 

Aspidium campyloptera Kunze = Dryopteris 

campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson 

Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. = Dryopteris cristata 

(L.) A. Gray

Aspidium cristatum var. clintonianum D.C. Eat. = 

Dryopteris clintoniana (D. Eat. ex A. 

Gray) Dowell 

Aspidium goldianum Hook. ex Goldie = 

Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) A. 

Gray 

Aspidium intermedium Muhl. ex Willd. = 

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. 

Gray 

Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. = Dryopteris 

marginalis (L.) A. Gray 

Aspidium noveboracense (L.) Sw. = Thelypteris 

noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. 

Aspidium spinulosum (O.F. Muell.) Watt = 

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs 

Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium (Muhl.) 

D.C. Eaton = Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. 

ex Willd.) A. Gray 

Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw. = Thelypteris 

palustris Schott 

ASPLENIUM L. (Aspleniaceae) 

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. = Deparia 

acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato 

Asplenium angustifolium (of authors) = Diplazium 

pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. Broun 

Asplenium ebeneum Ait. = Asplenium platyneuron 

(L.) BSP. 

Asplenium filix-femina of Gray's Manual, ed. 7 = 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex 

Mertens var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson 

A. platyneuron (L.) BSP., Ebony Spleenwort 

= A. ebeneum Ait. 

= A. platyneuron var. incisum (Howe ex 

Peck) B. Robinson 

Asplenium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestr. = 

Diplazium pycnocapon (Sprengel) M. 

Broun 

A. rhizophyllum L., Walking Fern 

= A. rhizophyllum of L. and other authors 

= Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. 

A. scolopendrium L., Hart's-tongue Fern 

var. americanum (Fern.) Kartesz & Gandhi 

= Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. 

= P. scolopendrium var. americanum Fern. 

Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. = Deparia 


A. trichomanes L., Maidenhair Spleenwort 

= A. trichomanes var. quadrivalens D. Meyer 

19 

Asprella hystrix (L.) Humb. = Elymus hystrix L. 

var. hystrix 

Asprella hystrix var. bigelowiana Fern. = Elymus 

hystrix L. var. bigeloviana (Fern.) Bowden 

ASTER L. (Asteraceae) 

A. acuminatus Michx., Whorled Aster, Mountain 

Aster, Wood Aster 

= Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene 

Aster aestivus Aiton was a synonym of A. 

longifolius Lam. according to House 

(1924) = Aster praealtus Poir., q.v. 

Aster angustus (Lindl.) Torr. & A. Gray = 

Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. 

angusta (Lindl.) A. Jones 

Aster azureus Lindl. ex Hook. = Aster 

oolentangiensis Ridd. 

A. borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov., Rush Aster, 

Bog Aster 

= A. junciformis Rydb. 

= A. tenuifolius (of Day, 1882), not Mitchell 

& Tucker (1997). 

= Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. 

Gray) Á. & D. Löve 

Aster brachyactis Blake = Brachyactis ciliata 

(Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. angusta (Lindl.) A. 

Jones 

Aster carmesinus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = 

Aster divaricatus L. 

Aster castaneus Burgess ex Small = Aster 

divaricatus L. 

Aster claytonii Burgess = Aster divaricatus L. 

Aster concinnus Willd. = Aster laevis L. var. 

concinnus (Willd.) House 

A. cordifolius L., Heart-leaved Aster, Blue Wood 

Aster 

= A. cordifolius var. polycephalus Porter 

= A. cordifolius var. racemiflorus Fern. 

= Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom 

Aster cordifolius var. incisus Britt. = Aster 

lowrieanus Porter 

Aster cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter = Aster 


Aster cordifolius var. lanceolatus Porter = Aster 


Aster cordifolius var. sagittifolius (Wedem. ex 

Willd.) A. Jones = Aster sagittifolius 

Wedem. ex Willd. 

Aster corymbosus Ait. = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster crenifolius (Fern.) Cronq. = Aster novi-belgii 

L. var. tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones 

A. divaricatus L., White Wood Aster 

= A. carmesinus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown 

= A. castaneus Burgess ex Small 

= A. claytonii Burgess 

= A. corymbosus Ait. 

= A. olivaceus Burgess 

= A. scutiformis Burgess 

= A. tenebrosus Burgess 

= Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom 

A. dumosus L., Bushy Aster, Rice-button Aster 

= A. dumosus var. coridifolius [sic] (Michx.) 

Torr. & A. Gray 

= A. dumosus var. var. strictior Torr. & A. 

Gray 

Aster eminens Willd. = Aster longifolius Lam. 

A. ericoides L., White Heath Aster 

= A. ericoides var. prostratus (Kuntze) Blake 

= A. multiflorus Ait. 

= A. multiflorus Ait. var. exiguus Fern. 

= Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet 

= Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom 

= Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal 

Aster ericoides × novae-angliae = A. × 

amethystinus Nutt., Amethyst Wreath 

Aster 

Aster ericoides var. pringlei A. Gray = Aster 

pilosus Willd. var. pringlei (Gray) Blake 

Aster faxonii Porter = Aster pilosus Willd. var. 

pringlei (Gray) Blake 

Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC. = Aster 

lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. hirsuticaulis 

(Lindl. ex DC.) Porter 

A. infirmus Michx., Corn-leaved Aster, Cornelleaved 

Aster 

= Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene 

Aster interior Wieg. = Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. 

interior (Wieg.) Semple & Chmiel. 

Aster junceus Ait. = Aster longifolius Lam. 

Aster junciformis Rydb. = Aster borealis (Torr. & 

A. Gray) Prov. 

A. laevis L., Smooth Aster 

var. laevis 

= A. laevis var. amplifolius Porter 

= A. laevis var. cyaneus (Hoffm.) Patterson 

= Symphyotrichum leave (L.) Á. & D. Löve 

Aster laevis var. cyaneus (Hoffm.) Patterson = 

Aster laevis L. 

20 

A. lanceolatus Willd., Tall White Aster 

var. interior (Wieg.) Semple & Chmielewski 

= A. interior Wieg. 

= A. lanceolatus × tradescantii of authors 

= A. simplex var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. 

var. lanceolatus 

= A. paniculatus Lam. 

= Symphiotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) 

Nesom var. lanceolatum 

A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt., Starved Aster, Calico 

Aster, White Woodland Aster 

var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter 

= A. hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC. 

= A. tradescantii L. 

= A. tradescantii L. var. saxatilis (Fern.) 

House 

= Symphyotrichum tradescantii (L.) Nesom 

var. lateriflorus 

= A. lateriflorus var. augustifolius Wieg. 

= A. lateriflorus var. horizontalis (Desf.) 

Farw. 

= A. miser Nutt. 

= A. vimineus Lam. 

= Solidago lateriflora L. 

= Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. & D. 

Löve 

Aster longifolius of some NY reports, not Lam. = 

Aster praealtus Poir. 

A. lowrieanus Porter, Lowrie's Aster 

= A. cordifolius var. incisus Britt. 

= A. cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter 

= A. cordifolius var. lanceolatus Porter 

= A. lowrieanus var. incisus (Britt.) Porter 

= A. lowrieanus var. lanceolatus Porter 

= A. plumarius Burgess ex Britt. & Brown 

= Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) 

Nesom 

Aster lucidulus (A. Gray) Wieg. = Aster puniceus 

var. firmus (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray 

A. macrophyllus L., Large-leaved Aster 

var. macrophyllus 

= A. roscidus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown 

= A. violaris Burgess ex Britt. & Brown 

= Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. 

Aster miser Nutt. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. 

Aster multiflorus Ait. = Aster ericoides L. 

Aster multiflorus var. exiguus Fern. = Aster 

ericoides L. 

A. nemoralis Ait., Bog Aster

=Oclemena nemoralis (Ait.) Greene 

A. novae-angliae L., New England Aster 

= A. novae-angliae f. geneseensis House 

= A. novae-angliae var. roseus DC. 

= A. roseus Desf. of Gray's Manual, 5th Ed. 

p. 235 

= Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & 

Brouillet 

=Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) Nesom 

= Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & 

Keener 

A. novi-belgii L., New York Aster 

var. tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones, Late-flowering 

Aster 

= A. crenifolius (Fern.) Cronq. 

= A. tardiflorus L. 

= Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) Nesom 

var. crenifolium (Fern.) J. Labrecque & L. 

Brouillet 

Aster olivaceus Burgess = Aster divaricatus L. 

A. ontarionis Wieg., Ontario Aster 

A. oolentangiensis Ridd., Sky-blue Aster 

= A. azureus Lindl. ex Hook 

= A. shortii of NY reports, not Lindl. 

=Symphyotrichum oolentangiensis (Riddell) 

Nesom var. oolentangiensis 

Aster paniculatus Lam. = Aster lanceolatus Willd. 


A. patens Ait., Late Purple Aster 

= A. patens var. phlogifolius (Muhl.) Nees 

Aster patens var. phlogifolius (Muhl.) Nees = 

Aster patens Ait. 

A. paternus Cronq., White-topped Aster 

= Conyza asteroides L. 

= Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) BSP. 

A. pilosus Willd., Hairy Aster, Heath Aster 

var. pilosus 

= A. ericoides of some authors, not L. 

= A. ericoides var. villosus (Michx.) Torr. & 

A. Gray 

= Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom 

var. pilosum 

var. pringlei (Gray) Blake 

= A. ericoides var. pringlei A. Gray 

= A. faxonii Porter 

= A. pilosus var. demotus Blake 

= A. pringlei (Gray) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown 

Aster plumarius Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = 

Aster lowrieanus Porter 

21 

A. praealtus Poir., Willow-leaved Aster 

= A. aestivus Aiton was a synonym of A. 

longifolius Lam. according to House 

(1924) 

= A. longifolius of some NY reports, not 

Lam. 

= A. salicifolius Ait., not Lam. (of Zenkert, 

1934) 

= Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) Nesom 

var. praealtum 

A. prenanthoides Muhl. ex Willd., Crookedstemmed 

Aster 

= Aster prenanthoides var. porrectifolius 

Porter 

= Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Nesom 

Aster pringlei (A. Gray) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown = 

Aster pilosus Willd. var. pringlei (A. Gray) 

Blake 

Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray = 

Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) Boiv. 

A. puniceus L., Purple-stemmed Aster 

NOTE: Aster vimineus Willd. = Aster puniceus 

var. vimineus Gray in Gray's Manual of 

Botany, 5th edition p. 234, thought to be a 

shade form of A. puniceus. 

var. firmus (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray, Cornel-leaf 

Aster 

= A. firmus Nees. 

= A. lucidulus (A. Gray) Wieg. 

var. puniceus 

= A. puniceus var. compactus Fern. 

= A. puniceus var. demissus Lindl. 

= Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á. & D. 

Löve 

Aster roscidus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = Aster 

macrophyllus L. var. macrophyllus 

Aster roseus Desf. of Gray's Manual, 5th Ed. p. 

235 = Aster novae-angliae L. 

A. sagittifolius Wedem. ex Willd., Arrow-leaved 

Aster 

= A. cordifolius var. sagittifolius (Wedem. ex 

Willd.) A. Jones 

= A. hirtellus Lindl., according to NYFA July 

2005 

= A. urophyllus of NY reports, not Lindl., 

“fide A. Cronquist, who saw the type 

specimens,” (Mitchell & Tucker 1997)

= Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) 

Nesom (the accepted name sec. NYFA 

July 2005) 

Aster salicifolius Ait., not Lam. (of Zenkert, 1934) 

= Aster praealtus Poir. 

Aster salicifolius Willd. not Lam. = Aster 

longifolius Lam. 

A. schreberi Nees, Large-leaf Aster, Schreber's 

Aster 

= A. curvescens Burgess ex Britt. & Brown 

= A. glomeratus (Bernh. ex Nees) Burgess ex 

Britt. & Brown 

Aster scutiformis Burgess = Aster divaricatus L. 

Aster shortii Lindl. = Aster oolentangiensis Ridd. 

(Note in Ontario these are separate 

(Morton & Venn, 1990) 

Aster simplex Willd. = Aster lanceolatus Willd. 

var. simplex (Willd.) A. Jones 

Aster simplex var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. = Aster 

lanceolatus var. interior (Wieg.) Semple & 

Chmiel. 

Aster tardiflorus L. = Aster novi-belgii L. var. 

tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones; there is an Aster 

× tardiflorus L. = A. cordifolius × A. 

puniceus reported for Ontario by Morton 

and Venn (1990) “reject., reports need 

confirmation.” 

Aster tenebrosus Burgess = Aster divaricatus L. 

Aster tenuifolius (of Day, 1882) = Aster borealis 

(Torr. & A. Gray) Prov. 

Aster tradescantii L. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. 

var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter 

Aster tradescantii L. var. saxatilis (Fern.) House = 

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. 

hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter 

A. umbellatus Mill., Flat-topped White Aster 

var. umbellatus 

= Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees 

= D. umbellata var. flexicaulis House 

= D. umbellata var. oneidica House 

A. undulatus L., Wavy-leaved Aster 

= A. undulatus var. loriformis Burgess ex 


Aster urophyllus Lindl. = Aster sagittifolius 

Wedem. ex Willd. 

Aster vimineus Lam. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. 

“Note: The type specimen [of A. 

vimineus] is apparently a garden hybrid, so 

22 

this binomial will not stand for our native 

plants,” (Mitchell 1986). 

Aster vimineus Lam. is treated as a synonym of A. 

lateriflorus by Semple and Heard (1987) 

and Morton and Venn (1990). 

Aster vimineus Willd. = Aster puniceus var. 

vimineus Gray in Gray's Manual of 

Botany, 5th edition p. 234. 

Aster violaris Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = Aster 

macrophyllus L. var. macrophyllus 

ASTRAGALUS L. (Fabaceae) 

A. canadensis L., Canadian Milkvetch 

= A. carolinianus of authors, not L. 

= Phaca canadensis (L.) Kuntze 

Astragalus cooperi A. Gray = Astragalus neglectus 

(Torr. & A. Gray) Sheldon 

*A. glycyphyllos L., European Milk-vetch, 

Fitsroot 

A. neglectus (Torr. & A. Gray) Sheldon, Cooper's 

Milk-vetch, 

= A. cooperi A. Gray 

= Phaca neglecta Torr. & A. Gray 

ATHYRIUM Roth (Dryopteridaceae) 

Athyrium acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels = Deparia 


Athyrium angustifolium (Michx.) Milde = 

Diplazium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. 

Broun 

Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl = Athyrium 

filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) 

Lawson 

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. of authors 

in part = Athyrium filix-femina var. 

angustum (Willd.) Lawson 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens 

var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson, Northern 

Lady-fern, Upland Lady-fern 

= Aspidium angustum Willd. 

= Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl 

= A. asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. of authors 

in part 

= A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides 

(Michx.) Farw. 

= A. filix-femina var. michauxii (Sprengel) 

Farwell

Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii (Sprengel) 

Farwell = Athyrium filix-femina var. 


Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides 

(Michx.) Farw. = Athyrium filix-femina 

var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson 

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. (not Eat.) = 

Athyrium filix-femina var. asplenioides 

(Michx.) Farw (excluded) 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. var. michauxii 

Mett. = Athyrium filia-femina var. 


Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestr. = 

Diplazium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. 

Broun 

Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. = Deparia 


Atragene americana Sims. = Clematis occidentalis 

(Hornem.) DC. 

ATRIPLEX L. (Chenopodiaceae) 

Atriplex angustifolia Sm. = Atriplex patula L. 

Atriplex deltoides Babington = Atriplex prostrata 

Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC. 

Atriplex hastata sensu Aellen, not L. = Atriplex 

prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC. 

Atriplex littoralis L. = Atriplex patula L. 

Atriplex oppositifolia DC. = Atriplex prostrata 


A. patula L., Spreading Orache, Seaside Orach or 

Atriplex, Spearscale 

= A. angustifolia Sm. 

= A. littoralis L. 

= A. patula var. hastata A. Gray 

= A. patula var. littoralis (L.) A. Gray 

*A. prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC., 

Orach, Spearscale 

= A. deltoides Babington 

= A. hastata sensu Aellen, not L. 

= A. oppositifolia DC. 

= A. triangulais Willd. 

*A. rosea L., Red Orach, Rosy Orach, Tumbleweed, 

Tumbling Orach 

= A. spatiosa A. Nelson 

Atriplex spatiosa A. Nelson = Atriplex rosea L. 

Atriplex triangulais Willd. = Atriplex prostrata 


Atropa pysalodes L. = Nicandra physalodes (L.) 

Gaertn. 

23 

AUREOLARIA Raf. (Scrophulariaceae) 

A. flava (L.) Farw., Yellow False Foxglove 

var. flava 

= A. glauca (Eddy) Raf. 

= Gerardia flava L. 

= G. integrifolia A. Gray 

= G. quercifolia Pursh 

var. macrantha Pennell, Large-flowered False 

Foxglove 

= Gerardia flava var. macrantha (Pennell) 

Fern. 

A. pedicularia (L.) Raf., Lousewort False 

Foxglove, Cutleaf False-Foxglove 

= A. pedicularia var. intercedens Pennell 

= Gerardia pedicularia L. 

Aureolaria pedicularia var. intercedens Pennell = 

Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. 

A. virginica (L.) Pennell, Downy False Foxglove 

= Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP. 

AVENA L. (Poaceae) 

*A. fatua L., Oats 

*ssp. fatua, Wild Oats 

*ssp. sativa (L.) Thell. 

= A. sativa L. 

Avena sativa L. = Avena fatua L. ssp. sativa (L.) 

Thell. 

Avena striata (of authors) = Schizachne 

purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen 

Azalea nudiflora L. = Rhododendron 

periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners 

Azalea periclymenoides Michx. = Rhododendron 


AZOLLA Lam. (Azollaceae) 

Azolla filiculoides of NY reports, not Lam. ex 

Lam. et al. = Azolla caroliniana Willd. 

A. caroliniana Willd., Mosquito-fern, Water-fern 

= Azolla filiculoides of NY reports, not Lam. 

ex Lam. et al. 

BALSAMITA Mill. (Asteraceae) 

*B. major Desf., Costmary, Mint-Geranium 

= B. vulgaris Willd. 

= Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill. 

= C. balsamita var. tanacetoides Boiss 

= Tanacetum balsamita L. 

Balsamita vulgaris Willd. = Balsamita major Desf.

BAPTISIA L. (Fabaceae) 

B. lactea (Raf.) Thieret, Prairie False-Indigo 

= B. leucantha Torr. & A. Gray 

Baptisia leucantha Torr. & A. Gray = Baptisia 

lactea (Raf.) Thieret 

B. tinctoria (L.) Vent., Wild Indigo, Rattleweed, 

Horsefly-weed 

= B. tinctoria var. crebra Fern. 

= B. tinctoria var. projecta Fern. 

= Sophora tinctoria L. 

BARBAREA R.Br. ex Ait. (Brassicaceae) 

*B. verna (Mill.) Aschers, Early Wintercress, 

Winter Belle-Isle, Land-Cress 

= Campe verna (Mill.) Heller 

= Erysimum vernum Mill. 

*B. vulgaris R. Br., Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket, 

Creesy-Greens 

= B. stricta Andrz. ex Bess. 

= B. taurica DC. 

= B. vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz & Presl) 

Fries 

= B. vulgaris var. stricta A. Gray 

= Campe barbarea (L.) Wight 

= C. barbarea (L.) Wight var. hirsuta 

(Weihe.) House 

= C. stricta (Andrz. ex Bess.) Wight 

= Erysimum barbarea L. 

BARTONIA Muhl. ex Willd. (Gentianaceae) 

B. virginica (L.) BSP., Yellow Bartonia, 

Screwstem 

BASSIA All. (Chenopodiaceae) 

*B. scoparia (L.) A. Scott, Kochia, Summer 

Cypress, Mexican Fireweed 

= Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth ex Schrad. 

Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz = 

Ranunculus longirostris Godr. 

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch. 

= Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill. 

BECKMANNIA Host (Poaceae) 

Beckmannia eruciformis (of American authors) = 

Beckmannia syzigachne ssp. baicalensis 

(Kusn.) Koy. & Kaw. 

*B. syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Beckman's Grass, 

Slough-Grass 

24 

ssp. baicalensis (Kusn.) Koy. & Kaw. 

= B. eruciformis (L.) Host 

BELLIS L. (Asteraceae) 

*B. perennis L., English Daisy, Lawn Daisy 

Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees = Lindera benzoin (L.) 

Blume 

Benzoin odoriferum Nees & ed 2 of Gray's Manual 

= Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume 

BERBERIS L. (Berberidaceae) 

Berberis aquilifolium Pursh. = Mahonia 

aquilifolium (Pursh) Nutt. 

*B. thunbergii DC., Japanese Barberry 

*B. vulgaris L., Common Barberry 

BERTEROA DC. (Brassicaceae) 

*B. incana (L.) DC., Hoary Alyssum 

= Alyssum incanum L. 

= Berteroa obliqua of NY reports, not (Sibth. 

& Sm.) DC. 

= B. mutabilis of NY reports, not (Vent.) DC. 

BERULA Koch (Apiaceae) 

B. erecta (Huds.) Cov., Wild Parsnip, Waterparsnip 

= B. erecta (Huds.) Cov. var. incisa (Torr.) 

Cronq. 

= B. pusilla (Nutt.) Fern. 

= B. angustifolia (of American authors) 

BETULA L. (Betulaceae) 

Betula alba of authors in part = Betula pubescens 

Ehrh. 

Betula alba var. populifolia (Marsh.) Spach = 

Betula populifolia Marsh. 

B. alleghaniensis Britt., Yellow Birch 

= B. alleghanensis (“corrected spelling by 

Britton in Britt. & Brown, 1903”), 

Mitchell & Tucker 1997. 

= B. alleghaniensis var. macrolepis (Fern.) 

Brayshaw 

= B. carpinifolia Michx. 

= B. excelsa Poir 

= B. lutea Michx. f. 

= B. lutea var. alleghaniensis (Britt.) Ashe 

Betula carpinifolia Michx. = Betula alleghaniensis 

Britt. 

Betula excelsa Poir = Betula alleghaniensis Britt.

Betula glandulosa var. glandulifera (Regel) 

Gleason = Betula pumila L. 

B. lenta L., Black Birch, Sweet Birch, Cherry 

Birch 

Betula lutea Michx.f. = Betula alleghaniensis Britt. 

Betula lutea Michx. f. var. alleghaniensis (Britt.) 

Ashe = Betula alleghaniensis Britt. 

B. nigra L., River Birch, Red Birch 

Betula odorata Bechst. = Betula pubescens Ehrh. 

B. papyrifera Marsh., Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, 

White Birch 3 

= B. papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fern. 

= B. papyrifera var. pensilis Fern. 

B. populifolia Marsh., Gray Birch, Gire Birch, Old 

Field Birch, White Birch 

= B. alba var. populifolia (Marsh.) Spach 

*B. pubescens Ehrh., Downy Birch 

= B. alba of authors in part 

= B. odorata Bechst. 

B. pumila L., Swamp Birch 

= B. glandulosa var. glandulifera (Regel) 

Gleason 

= B. pumila var. glandulifera Regel 

BIDENS L. (Asteraceae) 

*B. aristosa (Michx.) Britt., Western Tickseed, 

Beggar-Ticks, Sticktights 

= B. aristosa var. retrorsa (Sherff) Wund. 

= B. polylepis Blake 

Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. = Megalodonta 

beckii (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene 

*B. bipinnata L., Spanish Needles 

B. cernua L., Nodding Sticktight, Bur-Marigold 

= B. cernua varieties 

Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. = Bidens laevis 

(L.) BSP 

Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg. = Bidens tripartita L. 

B. connata Muhl. ex Willd., Beggar-ticks, Sticktights 

= B. connata var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. 

B. coronata (L.) Britt., Tickseed Sunflower 

= B. coronata varieties 

= B. coronata var. trichosperma (Michx.) 

Fern. 

= B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. 

= B. trichosperma var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) 

Britt. 

= Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. 

B. frondosa L., Common Beggar-ticks 

25 

= B. frondosa varieties 

B. laevis (L.) BSP., Smooth Beggar-ticks 

= B. chrysanthemoides Michx. 

Bidens polylepis Blake = Bidens aristosa (Michx.) 

Britt. 

Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. = Bidens 

coronata (L.) Britt. 

Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britt. 

= Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. 

B. tripartita L., Swamp Beggar-ticks 

= B. comosa (A. Gray) Wieg. 

B. vulgata Greene, Tall Beggar-ticks 

Bilderdykia cilinode (Michx.) Greene = 

Polygonum cilinode Michx. 

Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort. = 

Polygonum convolvulus L. 

Blechnum virginicum L. = Woodwardia virginica 

(L.) Sm. 

Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. ex 

Britt. = Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) 

Lindl. 

Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. ex Britt. 

= Platanthera grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindl. 

Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw. = 

Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. 

Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rybd. ex Britt. = 

Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. 

BLEPHILIA Raf. (Lamiaceae) 

B. hirsuta (Pursh) Benth., Wood Mint 

Blitum bonus-henricus Reichenb. = Chenopodium 

bonus-henricus L. 

Blitum capitatum L. = Chenopodium capitatum 

(L.) Aschers. 

Blitum maritimum Nutt. = Chenopodium rubrum 

L. 

Boebera papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. = Dyssodia 

papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. 

Boechera canadensis (L.) Al-Shehbaz = Arabis 

canadensis L. 

Boechera drummondii (A. Gray) Á. & D. Löve = 

Arabis drummondii A. Gray 

Boerchera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al-Shehbaz 

= Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. 

ex Lam. 

BOEHMERIA Jacq. (Urticaceae) 

B. cylindrica (L.) Sw., False Nettle

= B. cylindrica var. drummondiana (Wedd.) 

Wedd. 

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Soják = Scirpus 

fluviatilis (Torrey) A. Gray 

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. paludosus 

(A. Nelson) T. Koyama = Scirpus 

maritimus L. 

BORAGO L. (Boraginaceae) 

*B. officinalis L., Borage 

BOTRYCHIUM Sw. (Ophioglossaceae) 

Botrychium ternatum var. lunarioides (Michx.) 

D.C. Eat. = Botrychium lunarioides 

(Michx.) Sw. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

Botrychium angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) 

Fern. = Botrychium lanceolatum var. 

angustisegmentum Pease & Moore 

B. dissectum Spreng., Dissected Grape-fern, 

Cutleaf Grape-fern; see note below under 

Botrychium lunarioides. 

= B. dissectum var. elongatum Gilb. & 

Haberer 

= B. dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Clute 

= B. ternatum Sw. var. dissectum (Spreng.) 

D. Eaton 

= B. obliquum Muhl. 

= B. obliquum var. elongatum Gilbert & 

Haberer 

= B. obliquum var. dissectum (Spreng.) 

Prantl 

Botrychium dissectum × multifidum = Botrychium 

oneidense (Gilbert) House 

Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Clute = Botrychium dissectum 

Spreng. 

Botrychium dissectum var. oneidense (Gilb.) 

CLute = Botychium oneidense (Gilb.) 

House 

B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Aongstr., Lance-leaved 

Grape Fern 

var. angustisegmentum Pease & Moore 

= Botrychium angustisegmentum (Pease & 

Moore) Fern. 

B. lunaria (L.) Sw., Moonwort 

= B. lunaria var. onondagense (Underw.) 

House 

26 

= B. onondagense Underw. 

Botrychium lunaria var. onondagense (Underw.) 

House = Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. 

Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. = 

Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. 

Botrychium lunarioides Swartz of Gray's 5th 

edition of the manual has two varieties: 

var. obliquum (= Botychium obliquum 

Muhl.) and var. dissectum (= Botrychium 

dissectum Muhl.) (p.672). George Clinton 

used these names in his collecting diary. 

These ferns today are probably 

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. 

B. matricariifolium (A.Br. ex Doell) A. Br. ex 

Koch, Matricary Grape-fern, Daisy-Leaf 

Grape-fern, Chamomile Grape-fern 

= B. neglectum Wood 

B. multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr., Intermediate 

Leather Grape Fern, Leather-leaved 

Grapefern 

= B. matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. 

= B. multifidum var. intermedium (D. Eat.) 

Farw. 

= B. silaifolium Presl 

= B. ternatum var. intermedium D.C. Eat. 

Botrychium multifidum var. oneidense (Gilb.) 

Farw. = Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) 

House 

Botrychium neglectum Wood = Botrychium 

matricariifolium (A.Br. ex Doell) A. Br. ex 

Koch 

Botrychium obliquum Muhl. = Botrychium 

dissectum Spreng. 

Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum (Spreng.) 

Prantl = Botrychium dissectum Spreng. 

Botrychium obliquum var. elongatum Gilbert & 

Haberer = Botrychium dissectum Spreng. 

Botrychium obliquum var. oneidense (Gilbert) 

Waters = Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) 

Waters 

B. oneidense (Gilbert) House, Oneida Grape Fern 

= B. dissectum var. oneidense (Gilb.) Clute 

= B. dissectum × multifidum 

= B. multifidum var. oneidense (Gilb.) Farw. 

= B. obliquum var. oneidense (Gilbert) 

Waters 

Botrychium onondagense Underw. = Botrychium 

lunaria (L.) Sw.

Botrychium silaifolium Presl = Botrychium 

multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. 

B. simplex E. Hitchc., Little Grape Fern, Least 

Moonwort, Dwarf Grape-fern 

= B. simplex var. laxifolium Clausen, not 

(Clausen) Fern. 

= B. simplex var. tenebrosum (A. Eaton) 

Clausen 

= B. tenebrosum A. Eaton 

Botrychium tenebrosum A. Eaton = Botrychium 

simplex E. Hitchc. 

Botrychium ternatum var. dissectum (Spreng) D.C. 

Eat. = Botrychium dissectum Spreng. 

Botrychium ternatum var. intermedium D.C. Eat. = 

Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. 

B. virginianum (L.) Sw., Rattlesnake Fern 

BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. (Asteraceae) 

*B. ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb., Rayless Aster 

ssp. angusta (Lindl.) A. Jones 

= Aster brachyactis Blake 

= Brachyactis angusta (Lindl.) Britt. 

= Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) Nesom 

BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. (Poaceae) 

Brachyelytrum aristatum (Pers.) R.& S. = 

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. 

Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv. of Gray's 5th ed. 

= Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. 

Brachyelytrum aristosum (Michx.) Trel. = 


B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., Bearded Short-husk, 

Brachyelytrum 

= Dilepyrum erectum (Schreb.) Farw. 

= Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. in Roth ex 

Spreng. 

= Brachyelytrum aristatum (Pers.) R.& S. 

= B. aristatum Beauv. of Gray's 5th ed 

= B. aristosum (Michx.) Trel. 

Brachyelytrum erectum var. glabratum (Vasey ex 

Millsp.) T. Koyama & Kawano = 

Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. 

Tucker 

Brachyelytrum erectum var. septentrionale Babel = 

Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. 

Tucker 

B. septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker, Northern 

Shorthusk 

= B. erectum var. septentrionale Babel 

27 

= B. erectum var. glabratum (Vasey ex 

Millsp.) T. Koyama & Kawano 

BRASENIA Schreb. (Cabombaceae) 

Brasenia peltata Pursh = Brasenia schreberi Gmel. 

B. schreberi Gmel., Water-shield, Purple Wendock 

= B. peltata Pursh 

BRASSICA L. (Brassicaceae) 

Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh. = Sinapis arvensis 

L. 

Brassica arvensis var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) 

Wheeler = Sinapis arvensis L. 

Brassica campestris L. = Brassica rapa L. 

Brassica eruca L. = Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. 

sativa (Mill.) Thell. 

*B. juncea (L.) Czern., Indian Mustard, Brown 

Mustard, Chinese Mustard, Curly Mustard 

= B. japonica Thunb. 

= B. juncea varieties 

Brassica kaber (DC.) L. Wheeler = Sinapis 

arvensis L. 

Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler = 

Sinapis arvensis L. 

*B. nigra (L.) Koch, Black Mustard 

= Sinapis nigra L. 

*B. oleracea L., Cabbage, Kale, Broccoli, 

Cauliflower, Kohlrabi, Brussels Sprouts 

= B. sylvestris (L.) Mill. 

*B. rapa L., Field Mustard, Turnip, Bok Choy, 

Chinese Cabbage 

= B. campestris L 

= B. rapa ssp. oleifera DC. 

Brassica sinapistrum Boiss. = Sinapis arvensis L. 

Brassica sylvestris (L.) Mill. = Brassica oleracea L. 

BRIZA L. (Poaceae) 

*B. media L., Quaking Grass 

Bromelica striata (Michx.) Farw. = Schizachne 


BROMUS L. (Poaceae) 

Bromus altissimus Pursh = Bromus latiglumis 

(Shear) Hitchc. 

B. ciliatus L., Fringed Brome-grass 

Bromus ciliatus var. purgans (L.) Gray = Bromus 

pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.

*B. commutatus Schrad., Fringed Brome, Hairy 

Chess 

*B. erectus Huds., Upright Brome-grass, 

Hungarian Brome 

*B. hordeaceus L., Soft Chess 

= B. mollis of authors, not L. 

Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc. = Bromus 

latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. 

*B. inermis Leyss., Hungarian Brome-grass, 

Smooth Brome, Awnless Brome 

= B. inermis var. divaricatus Rohl. 

*B. japonicus Thunb. ex Murr., Japanese Bromegrass, 

Japanese Chess 

B. kalmii Gray, Kalm's Brome-grass 

B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc., Canada Brome, Tall 

Wood-chess 

= Bromus altissimus Pursh 

= Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc. 

Bromus mollis of authors, not L. = Bromus 

hordeaceus L. 

Bromus nottowayanus Fern. reported for southern 

Ontario by Wagnon (1952) “with mapped 

records from the Niagara Peninsula 

[Regional Municipality of Niagara] and at 

the eastern end of Lake Ontario (probably 

within New York State)” is said to be 

closely related to B. pubescens, the sheaths 

densely pubescent at the summit, “but has 

a 5-nerved upper glume and may be the 

result of hybridization of that species with 

B. altissimus or even B. kalmii” (Dore & 

McNeill 1980). Morton and Venn (1990) 

indicate that B. nottowayanus is probably 

B. pubescens as does Voss (1972). Not 

noted for New York State by Mitchell and 

Tucker (1997). 

*B. pubescens Muhl. ex Willd., Canada Brome 

Grass 

= B. ciliatus var. purgans (L.) Gray 

= B. purgans of authors, not L. 

Bromus purgans L. = Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex 

Willd. 

*B. racemosus L., Smooth Brome-grass, Soft 

Chess 

*B. secalinus L., Cheat, Chess, Rye-brome 

*B. sterilis L., Barren Brome-grass, Povertybrome 

*B. tectorum L., Downy Brome-grass, Cheatgrass 

28 

Brunella (orth. var.) = Prunella L. 

BRUNNERA Stev. (Boraginaceae) 

*B. macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnston, 

Siberian Bugloss, Garden Forget-me-not 

= Anchusa myosotidiflora Lehm. 

= Myosotis macrophylla Adams 

BUCHNERA L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

B. americana L., Bluehearts 

BUDDLEJA L. (Buddlejaceae) 

*B. davidii Franch., Summer Lilac, Butterflybush, 

Buddleja 

BUGLOSSOIDES Moench (Boraginaceae) 

*B. arvense (L.) Johnst., Corn Gromwell, Bastard 

Alkanet 

= Lithospermum arvense L. 

BULBOSTYLIS Kunth (Cyperaceae) 

B. capillaris (L.) Clarke, Sand-rush 

= Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray 

= Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt. 

= S. capillaris var. cryptostachys Fern. 

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. = Capsella bursapastoris 

(L.) Medik. 

BUTOMUS L. (Butomaceae) 

*B. umbellatus L., Flowering Rush 

CACALIA L. (Asteraceae) 

C. atriplicifolia L., Orache-leaved Indian-plantain, 

Pale Indian-plantain, Wild Collard 

= Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. 

Robinson 

C. suaveolens L., Indian Plantain, Sweet-scented 

Indian-plantain 

CAKILE Mill. (Brassicaceae) 

Cakile americana Nutt. (of local authors) = Cakile 

edentula (Bigel.) Hook. ssp. edentula 

C. edentula (Bigel.) Hook., Sea-rocket, Shorerocket 

ssp. edentula 

ssp. lacustris Fern. 

= C. edentula ssp. lacustris (Fern.) Hultén 

CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. (Poaceae)

Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. of Gray's Manual ed. 

5 = Ammophila breviligulata Fernald, q.v. 

C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., Bluejoint Grass, 

Canada Bluejoint Grass 

var. canadensis 

= C. canadensis var. robusta Vasey 

= C. hyperborea Lange 

Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange = Calamagrostis 

canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. 

canadensis 

CALAMINTHA Mill. (Lamiaceae) 

C. arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners, Low Calamint, 

Calamint 

= C. nuttallii Benth. 

= Clinopodium arkansanum (Nutt.) House 

= Hedeoma arkansana Nutt. 

= Micromeria glabella of Ontario reports, not 

of Benth. 

= Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq. 

= S. glabella var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson 

= S. glabella of Ontario reports, not of 

(Michaux) Briq. 

= S. glabra (Nutt.) Fern. 

= Calamintha glabella var. nuttallii (Benth.) 

Gray 

Calamintha clinopodium Benth. in DC. = 

Clinopodium vulgare L. 

Calamintha glabella var. nuttallii (Benth.) Gray = 

Calamintha arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners 

Calamintha nuttallii Benth. = Calamintha 

arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners 

CALAMOVILFA (A. Gray) Hack. ex Scribn. & 

Southw. (Poaceae) 

*C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn., Great Lakes 

Sandreed, Dunegrass 

var. magna Scribn. & Merr. 

CALLA L. (Araceae) 

C. palustris L., Wild Calla, Water-arum 

CALLITRICHE L. (Callitrichaceae) 

Callitriche anceps Fern. = Callitriche heterophylla 

Pursh 

C. heterophylla Pursh, Large Water-starwort 

= C. anceps Fern. 

C. palustris L., Water-starwort 

= C. verna L. 

29 

Callitriche verna L. = Callitriche palustris L. 

CALOPOGON R. Br. ex Ait. (Orchidaceae) 

Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. ex Ait. = 

Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. 

C. tuberosus (L.) BSP., Grass Pink Orchid 

= C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. ex Ait. 

= Calthea pulchella (Salisb.) Salisb., not 

(Willd.) Salisb. 

CALTHA L. (Ranunculaceae) 

C. palustris L., Marsh Marigold, Cowslip 

= C. flabellifolia Pursh 

= C. palustris var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torr. 

& A. Gray 

= C. palustris var. radicans (Forst.) Hartm. 

= C. radicans Forst. 

Calthea pulchella (Salisb.) Salisb., not (Willd.) 

Salisb. = Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. 

CALYPSO Salisb. (Orchidaceae) 

Calypso borealis Salisb. = Calypso bulbosa (L.) 

Oakes 

C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes, Calypso Orchid, 

Fairyslipper 

= C. borealis Salisb. 

= Cytherea bulbosa (L.) Salisb. 

CALYSTEGIA R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) 

Calystegia pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don = Calystegia 

hederacea Wallich 

*C. hederacea Wallich, Japanese Bindweed 

= Calystegia pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don 

= C. pubescens Lindl. 

= Convolvulus pellitus Ledeb. 

= C. japonicus Thunb. 

= C. wallichianus Spreng. 

Calystegia pubescens Lindl. = Calystegia 


C. sepium (L.) R. Br., Hedge-bindweed, Wild 

Morning-glory, Trailing Hedge-bindweed 

*ssp. sepium (L.) R. Br. 

= Convolvulus nashii House 

= C. sepium var. communis R. Tryon 

= C. sepium var. sepium 

C. spithamea (L.) Pursh, Low Bindweed 

= Convolvulus spithameus L. 

CAMELINA Crantz (Brassicaceae)

*C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC., Small-fruited 

False Flax, Littlepod 

*C. sativa (L.) Crantz, False Flax, Dutch Flax, 

Gold-of-Pleasure 

CAMPANULA L. (Campanulaceae) 

C. americana L., Tall Bellflower 

= Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small 

C. aparinoides Pursh, Marsh Bellflower 

= C. aparinoides var. grandiflora Holz 

= C. aparinoides var. uliginosa (Rydb.) 

Gleason 

= C. uliginosa Rydb. 

*Campanula glomerata L., a rare introduction in 

New York state is excluded from our flora 

by Zander and Pierce (1979). 

*C. rapunculoides L., Creeping Bellflower 

= C. rapunculoides var. ucranica (Bess.) 

Koch 

C. rotundifolia L., Harebell, Bluebell 

Campanula uliginosa Rydb. = Campanula 

aparinoides Pursh 

Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small = 

Campanula americana L. 

Campe barbarea (L.) Wight = Barbarea vulgaris R. 

Br. 

Campe barbarea (L.) Wight var. hirsuta (Weihe.) 

House = Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 

Campe stricta (Andrz. ex Bess.) Wight = Barbarea 

vulgaris R. Br. 

Campe verna (Mill.) Heller = Barbarea verna 

(Mill.) Aschers 

[CAMPSIS Lour. (Bignoniaceae)] 

[C. radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau, Trumpetcreeper, 

Trumpet-vine, Trumpet-flower, 

possibly est. in Regl. M. Niag. Oldham 

1999] 

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link = Asplenium 

rhizophyllum L. 

CANNABIS L. (Cannabaceae) 

Cannabis indica Lam. = Cannabis sativa L. 

*C. sativa L., Hemp, Marijuana 

= C. indica Lam. 

= C. sativa ssp. indica (Lam.) Small & 

Cronq. 

Capnoides flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) Kuntze = 

Corydalis flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) DC. 

30 

Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. ex Roemer = 

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. 

CAPSELLA Medik. (Brassicaceae) 

*C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Shepherd's Purse, 

Pick-pocket 

= Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. 

= Capsella bursa-pastoris var. bifida Crépin 

= Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L. 

Carara didyma (L.) Britt. = Coronopus didymus 

(L.) Sm. 

CARDAMINE L. (Brassicaceae) 

Cardamine arenicola Britt. = Cardamine parviflora 

L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz 

C. bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP, Bulbous 

Spring Cress 

= Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl. 

= A. rhomboidea Pers. 

= Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. 

C. concatenata (Michx.) Schwein., Cut-leaved 

Toothwort 

= Dentaria concatenata Michx. 

= D. laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. 

C. concatenata × diphylla = C. × maxima (Nutt.) 

Wood, Large Toothwort 

= Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Wood 

= Dentaria diphylla × laciniata 

= D. diphylla × maxima 

= D. × incisa K. Schum. 

= D. × incisifolia Eames 

= D. laciniata × maxima 

= D. maxima Nutt. 

C. diphylla (Michx.) Wood, Two-leaved 

Toothwort 

= Dentaria diphylla Michx. 

C. douglassii Britt. (not Torr.), Purple Spring-cress 

= C. rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr. 

*C. flexuosa With., Rock-cress 

Cardamine flexuosa of some NY reports, not With. 

= Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola 

(Britt.) Schulz OR Cardamine 

pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. 

*Cardamine hirsuta L. in New York is a rare 

introduction, excluded by Zander and 

Pierce (1979). 

Cardamine hirsuta sensu Torrey's NY Flora, not L. 

= Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.

Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Wood = [Cardamine 

concatenata × diphylla = C. × maxima 

(Nutt.) Wood] 

Cardamine parviflora (of American authors) = 

Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola (Britt.) 

O. E. Schulz 

C. parviflora L., Small-flowered Bitter Cress, 

Small-flowered Bittercress 

var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz 

= C. arenicola Britt. 

= C. flexuosa of some NY reports, not With. 

= C. parviflora var. parviflora (of American 

authors) 

= C. virginica Michx. 

C. pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd., Pennsylvania 

Bitter Cress 

= C. flexuosa of some NY reports, not With. 

= C. hirsuta sensu Torrey's NY Flora, not L. 

= C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw. 

Cardamine pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw. = 

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. 

C. pratensis L., Cuckoo-flower 

= C. palustris Peterm. ex Rabenh. 

= C. pratensis var. palustris Wimm. & Graeb. 

= C. pratensis ssp. palustris (Wimm. & 

Graebn.) Clausen 

Cardamine rhomboidea DC. = Cardamine bulbosa 

(Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP 

Cardamine rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr. = 

Cardamine douglassii Britt. (not Torr.) 

C. rotundifolia Michx., Round-leaved Cress 

Cardamine spathulata Michx. = Arabis lyrata L. 

Cardamine virginica Michx. = Cardamine 

parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz 

Cardaminopsis lyrata (L.) Hiitonen. = Arabis lyrata 

L. 

CARDARIA Desv. (Brassicaceae) 

*Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Hoary Cress 

= Lepidium draba L. 

CARDUUS L. (Asteraceae) 

*C. acanthoides L., Bristle-thistle, Spiny 

Plumeless-thistle 

Carduus mariana L. = Silybum marianum (L.) 

Gaertn. 

*C. nutans L., Nodding Thistle, Musk-thistle 

CAREX L. (Cyperaceae) 

31 

Carex abacta Bailey = Carex michauxiana Boeckl. 

Carex aenea Fern. = Carex argyrantha Tuckerm 

C. aestivalis Curtis ex A. Gray, Summer-sedge 

C. alata Torr., Broad-winged Sedge 

C. albicans Willd. ex Spreng., Sedge 

var. albicans 

= C. artitecta Mackz. 

= C. nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii (A. 

Gray) Gleason 

= C. varia of old NY reports, not Muhl. ex 

Willd. 

var. emmonsii (Dewey ex Torrey) Rettig, 

Emmons' Sedge 

= C. emmonsii Dewey ex Torrey 

C. albursina Sheldon, White Bear Sedge 

= C. laxiflora var. latifolia Boott 

C. alopecoidea Tuckerm., Fox-sedge 

C. amphibola Steud. 

var. turgida Fern., Gray Sedge 

= C. grisea Wahl. 

= C. grisea auct. non Wahlenb. 

= C. corrugata Fern. 

Carex anceps Muhl. = Carex laxiflora Lam. var. 

laxiflora 

Carex angustata Boott, according to Gray's 

Manual, ed. 5, 1867 = Carex stricta Lam. 

Carex angustior Mackenzie ex Rydb. = Carex 

echinata Murr. 

C. annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. 

var. annectens 

var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. 

= C. brachyglossa Mackenzie 

C. appalachica Webber & Ball 

= C. radiata (Wahlenberg) Small, “formerly 

C. radiata sensu Mackenzie” 

= C. rosea var. radiata (Wahlenberg) Dewey 

C. aquatilis Wahl., Northern Water-sedge 

= C. aquatilis var. altior (Rydb.) Fern. 

= C. substricta (Kuekenth) Mackenzie ex 

Rydb. 

C. arctata Boott ex Hook., Drooping Wood-sedge 

C. argyrantha Tuckerm., Hay-sedge 

= C. aenea Fern. (sec. NYFA July 2005) 

= C. foenea of some old NY reports, not 

Willd. 

= C. siccata Dewey (sec. NYFA July 2005) 

Carex artitecta Mackz. = Carex albicans Willd. ex 

Spreng. var. albicans 

Carex asa-grayi Bailey = Carex grayi Carey

C. atherodes Spreng., Wheat-ear Sedge 

C. atlantica Bailey 

ssp. atlantica, Prickly Bog-sedge 

= C. atlantica var. incomperta (Bickn.) Herm. 

= C. incomperta Bickn. 

ssp. capillacea (Bailey) Reznicek, Howe's 

Sedge 

= C. howei Mackenzie 

C. aurea Nutt., Golden-fruited Sedge 

Carea aurea Nutt. in part = Carex garberi Fern. 

C. backii Boott, Back's Sedge 

= C. durifolia Bailey 

C. bebbii (Bailey) Olney ex Fern., Bebb's Sedge 

Carex bicolor (of authors) = Carex garberi Fern. 

C. blanda Dewey, Charming Sedge, Woodland 

Sedge 

= C. laxiflora var. blanda (Dewey) Boott 

Carex brachyglossa Mackenzie = Carex annectens 

(Bickn.) Bickn. var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) 

Wieg. 

C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie ex Lunell, 

Common Fescue-sedge 

Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie in part = Carex 

merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie 

C. bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd., Brome-like 

Sedge 

C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. ex Lam., Brownish 

Sedge 

var. brunnescens 

C. buxbaumii Wahl., Brown Sedge 

= C. polygama Schk. 

C. canescens L., Silvery Sedge 

= C. canescens var. disjuncta Fern. 

= C. canescens var. subloliacea Laest. 

= C. curta Good., according to Gray, 1967, 

Manual ed 5 

C. careyana Torr. ex Dewey, Carey's Sedge 

Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. = Carex 


C. cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey, Thin-leaved 

Sedge 

= C. sparganioides var. cephaloidea (Dewey) 

Carey 

C. cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd., Southern 

Sedge, Ovel-leaved Sedge 

Carex chlorophila Mackenzie = Carex viridula 

Michx. 

C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L.f., Creeping Sedge 

C. communis Bailey, Fibrous-rooted Sedge 

32 

C. comosa Boott, Bristly Sedge 

C. complanata Torr. & Hook., Northern Hirsute 

Sedge 

= C. hirsuta Willd., see Gray's Manual ed 5 p. 

588 

= C. triceps (of authors) 

C. conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd., Field-sedge 

Carex convoluta Mackenzie = Carex rosea Schkuhr 

ex Willd. 

Carex corrugata Fern. = Carex amphibola Steud. 

var. turgida Fern. 

C. crawei Dewey ex Torr., Crawe's Sedge 

C. crinita Lam., Sickle-sedge, Fringed Sedge 

= C. crinita var. brevicrinis Fern. 

= C. crinita var. minor Boott 

= C. crinita var. porteri (Olney) Fern. 

= C. crinita var. simulans Fern. 

= C. nigromarginata var. minor (Boott) 

Gleason 

Carex crinita var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & 

Torr. = Carex gynandra Schwein. 

Carex cristata (of authors) = Carex cristatella Britt. 

ex Britt. & Brown 

C. cristatella Britt. ex Britt. & Brown, Crested 

Sedge 

= C. cristata (of authors) 

C. cryptolepis Mackenzie, Small Yellow Sedge 

= C. flava var. fertilis M. Peck 

= C. oederi Michx. according to House, 1924, 

p. 195 

Carex curta Good., according to Gray, 1967, 

Manual ed 5 = Carex canescens L. 

C. debilis Michx., Rudge's Sedge, White-edge 

Sedge 

var. rudgei Bailey 

= C. flexuosa Muhl. ex Willd. 

C. deweyana Schwein., Dewey's Sedge 

C. diandra Schrank, Lesser Panicled Sedge 

= C. teretiuscula var. major Koch 

C. digitalis Willd., Slender Wood-sedge 

Carex dioica L. of authors in part = Carex 

gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drej. 

C. disperma Dewey, Soft-leaved Sedge 

= C. tenella Schk. 

Carex disticha (of Day, 1882) = Carex sartwellii 

Dewey 

Carex durifolia Bailey = Carex backii Boott 

C. eburnea Boott ex Hook., Bristle-leaved Sedge 

C. echinata Murr., Prickly Sedge

= C. angustior Mackenzie ex Rydb. 

= C. cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. 

= C. leersii Willd. of Zander & Pierce (1979) 

= C. muricata of American authors, not L. 

= C. muricata L. var. angustata Carey 

= C. muricata L. var. cephalantha (Bailey) 

Wieg. & Eames 

Carex elachycarpa Fern. = Carex sterilis Willd. 

Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torr. = Carex albicans 

var. emmonsii (Dewey ex Torrey) Rettig. 

C. emoryi Dewey ex Torrey, Emory's Sedge 

= C. stricta var. elongata (Bock) Gleason 

C. festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd., Fescue-sedge 

= C. straminea of some old NY reports, not 

Schkuhr ex Willd. 

= C. straminea Willd. var. festucacea Boott 

Carex filiformis of authors, not L. = Carex 

lasiocarpa ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén 

C. flaccosperma Dewey, Sedge 

var. glaucodea (Tuckerman ex Olney) Kuk., 

Blue-green Sedge 

= C. glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney 

Carex flaccidula Steudel, sec. Macdonald 1990 = 

C. radiata (Wahl.) Small (not Dewey) 

C. flava L., Yellow Sedge 

= C. flava var. laxior (Kuk.) Gleason 

= C. laxior (Kuk.) Mackenzie 

Carex flava var. fertilis Peck = Carex cryptolepis 

Mackenzie 

Carex flexuosa Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex debilis 

Michx. var. rudgei Bailey 

Carex foenea (of authors) = Carex argyrantha 

Tuckerm. 

C. folliculata L., Long Sedge 

C. formosa Dewey, Handsome Sedge 

C. garberi Fern., Garber's Sedge, Elk-sedge 

= C. aurea Nutt. in part. 

= C. bicolor (of authors) 

= C. garberi ssp. bifaria (Fern.) Hultén 

= C. hassei Bailey 

Carex glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney = Carex 

flaccosperma Dewey var. glaucodea 

(Tuckerman ex Olney) Kuk. 

C. gracilescens Steud. 

C. gracillima Schwein., Graceful Sedge 

C. granularis Muhl. ex Willd., Meadow-sedge 

var. granularis 

var. haleana (Olney) Porter 

= C. shriveri Britt. 

33 

C. grayi Carey, Gray's Sedge 

= C. asa-grayi Bailey 

= C. asa-grayi Bailey var. hispidula (A. Gray) 

Bailey 

= C. grayi var. hispidula A. Gray 

Carex grayi var. hispidula A. Gray = Carex grayi 

Carey 

Carex grisea Wahl. = Carex amphibola Steud. var. 

turgida Fern. 

Carex gymnocrates of authors = Carex gynocrates 

Wormsk. ex Drej. 

C. gynandra Schwein., Nodding Sedge, Mountain 

Fringed Sedge 

= C. crinita var. gynandra (Schwein.) 

Schwein. & Torr. 

C. gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drej., Northern Bogsedge 

= C. dioica L. of authors in part 

= C. gymnocrates of authors 

Carex hassei Bailey = Carex garberi Fern. 

[C. haydenii Dewey, Hayden's Sedge 

Rarity Status: State; E TNC Rank: G5 S1: 

according to Young, (1998) this species is 

of possible occurrence in Niagara Co. due 

to unconfirmed report, oral, published or 

otherwise.] 

Carex hirsuta Willd., see Gray's Manual ed p. 588 

= Carex complanata Torr. & Hook., q.v. 

C. hirsutella Mackenzie, Hairy Green Sedge 

(Regl. M. Niag. Oldham 1999) 

= Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. var. 

hirsuta (Bailey) Gleason 

= C. triceps Mackz. 

C. hirtifolia Mackenzie, Pubescent Sedge 

= C. pubescens Muhl. 

C. hitchcockiana Dewey, Hitchcock's Sedge 

Carex howei Mackenzie = Carex atlantica Bailey 

ssp. capillacea (Bailey) Reznicek 

[C. hyalinolepis Steud., Sedge 

There are unconfirmed reports of this 

species from Cattaraugus Co. (Young 

1998).] 

C. hystericina Muhl. ex Willd., Porcupine-sedge 

= C. hystricina of authors 

Carex hystricina of authors = Carex hystericina 

Muhl. ex Willd. 

Carex incomperta Bickn. = Carex atlantica Bailey 

ssp. atlantica 

C. interior Bailey, Inland Sedge

C. intumescens Rudge, Bladder-sedge 

= C. intumescens var. fernaldii Bailey 

Carex irregularis Schwein. = Carex viridula Michx. 

C. jamesii Schwein., James' Sedge 

= C. steudelii Kunth 

C. lacustris Willd., Lake-bank Sedge 

= C. riparia (of authors) 

= C. riparia var. lacustris (Willd.) Kuekenth 

C. laevivaginata (Kuekenth) Mackenzie ex Britt. 

& Brown, Smooth-sheathed Sedge 

C. lanuginosa Michx., Woolly Sedge 

= C. lasiocarpa ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.) 

Clausen & Wahl. 

= C. lasiocarpa var. latifolia (Boeck.) 

Gleason 

= C. pellita Muhl. 

C. lasiocarpa Ehrh., Slender Sedge 

ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén 

= C. lasiocarpa var. americana Fern. 

= C. filiformis auct. not of L. 

Carex lasiocarpa ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.) Clausen 

& Wahl. = Carex lanuginosa Michx. 

Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Fern. = Carex 

lasiocarpa ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén 

Carex lasiocarpa var. latifolia (Boeck.) Gleason = 

Carex lanuginosa Michx. 

C. laxiculmis Schwein., Spreading Sedge 

= C. retrocurva Dewey in Wood 

C. laxiflora Lam., Loose-flowered Sedge 

var. laxiflora 

= C. anceps Willd. 

Carex laxiflora var. blanda (Dewey) Boott = Carex 

blanda Dewey 

Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott = Carex 

albursina Sheldon 

Carex laxior (Kuk.) Mackenzie = Carex flava L. 

Carex leersii Willd. of Zander & Pierce (1979) = 

Carex echinata Murr. 

C. leptalea Wahl., Bristle-stalked Sedge 

= C. polytrichoides Muhl. ex Willd. 

C. leptonervia (Fern.) Fern., Northern Woodlandsedge 

C. limosa L., Mud-sedge 

C. lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey, Hop-like 

Sedge 

C. lupulina Muhl. ex Willd., Hop-sedge 

= C. × macounii Dewey 

= C. lupulina var. pedunculata Gray 

34 

Carex lupulina var. pedunculata Gray = Carex 

lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. 

C. lurida Wahl., Sallow Sedge 

= C. lurida var. exundans Bailey ex Britt. & 

Brown 

= C. lurida var. pedunculata Gray 

= C. tentaculata Muhl. ex Willd. 

Carex × macounii Dewey = Carex lupulina Muhl. 

ex Willd. 

C. meadii Dewey, Mead's Sedge 

C. merritt-fernaldii Mackz., Fernald's Sedge 

= C. brevior (Dewey) Mackz. in part. 

C. michauxiana Boeckl., Michaux's Sedge 

= C. abacta Bailey 

Carex miliacea Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex prasina 

Wahl. 

Carex mirabilis Dewey = Carex normalis 

Mackenzie 

C. molesta Mackenzie, Troublesome Sedge 

C. muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd., Muhlenberg's 

Sedge 

var. muhlenbergii 

Carex muricata of some authors, not L. see Carex 

spicata Huds. 

Carex muricata L. (of Zenkert, 1934) = Carex 


Carex muricata var. angustata Carey = Carex 


Carex muricata L. var. cephalantha (Bailey) Wieg. 

& Eames = Carex echinata Murr. 

Carex muricata var. sterilis (Willd.) Gleason, not 

Carey = Carex sterilis Willd. 

Carex nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii (A. Gray) 

Gleason = Carex albicans Willd. ex 

Spreng. var. albicans 

Carex nigromarginata var. minor (Boott) Gleason 

= Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita 

C. normalis Mackenzie, Larger Straw-sedge 

= C. mirabilis Dewey 

C. novae-angliae Schwein., New England Sedge 

Carex oederi Michx. according to House, 1924, p. 

195 = Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie 

Carex oederi var. pumila (Cos. & Germ.) Fern. = 

Carex viridula Michx. 

C. oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd., Few-fruited 

Sedge 

C. oligosperma Michx., Few-seeded Sedge 

C. pallescens L., Pale Sedge 

= C. pallescens var. neogea Fern.

Carex pallescens var. neogea Fern. = Carex 

pallescens L. 

C. pauciflora Lightf., Few-flowered Sedge 

C. paupercula Michx., Bog-sedge 

var. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern. 

= C. magellanica ssp. irrigua (Wahl.) Hultén 

In Zenkert (1934) , C. paupercula is a synonym of 

C. magellanica of Macoun's Cat. of Can. 

Pl. (p. 110). 

var. pallens Fern. 

C. pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd., Long-stalked 

Sedge 

Carex pellita Muhl. = Carex lanuginose Michx. 

C. pensylvanica Lam., Pennsylvania-sedge 

C. plantaginea Lam., Plantain-leaved Sedge 

C. platyphylla Carey, Broad-leaved Sedge 

Carex polygama Schk. = Carex buxbaumii Wahl. 

Carex polytrichoides Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex 

leptalea Wahl. 

C. prairea Dewey ex Wood, Prairie-sedge 

C. prasina Wahl., Drooping Sedge 

= C. miliacea Muhl. ex Willd. 

C. projecta Mackenzie, Necklace Sedge 

C. pseudocyperus L., Cyperus-like Sedge 

Carex pubescens Muhl. = Carex hirtifolia 

Mackenzie 

C. radiata (Wahl.) Small (not Dewey), Sedge 

= C. flaccidula Steudel, sec. Macdonald 1990 

= C. rosea of some authors, not Willd. 

= C. rosea auct. Ontario reports in large part 

(Morton & Venn 1990) 

Carex retrocurva Dewey in Wood = Carex 

laxiculmis Schwein. 

C. retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd., Reflexed Sedge 

C. retrorsa Schwein., Retrorse Sedge 

Carex riparia (of authors) = Carex lacustris Willd. 

Carex riparia var. lacustris (Willd.) Kuekenth = 

Carex lacustris Willd. 

C. rosea Schkuhr ex Willd., Rose-sedge 

= C. convoluta Mackenzie, “see note under 

C. radiata” 

C. rostrata Stokes ex With., Beaked Sedge 

var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey 

= Carex utriculata Boott in Hook. 

Carex rugosperma Mackenzie = Carex tonsa 

(Fern.) Bickn. var. rugosperma 

(Mackenzie) Crins 

C. sartwellii Dewey, Sartwell's Sedge 

= C. disticha (of Day, 1882) 

35 

C. scabrata Schwein., Rough Sedge 

C. schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein., Schweinitz's 

Sedge 

C. scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd., Pointed Broom 

Sedge 

var. scoparia 

C. seorsa Howe ex Gord. & Howe, Sedge 

= C. rosaeoides Howe ex Gord. & Howe 

Carex setacea Dewey = Carex vulpinoidea Michx. 

Carex siccata Dewey (sec. NYFA July 2005) = 

Carex argyrantha Tuckerm. 

Carex shriveri Britt. = Carex granularis Muhl. ex 

Willd. var. haleana (Olney) Porter 

C. sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd., Bur-reed Sedge 

Carex sparganioides var. cephaloidea (Dewey) 

Carey = Carex cephaloidea (Dewey) 

Dewey 

*C. spicata Huds., Spiked Sedge 

= C. muricata of some authors, not L. 

C. sprengelii Dewey ex Sprengel 

C. squarrosa L., Squarrose Sedge 

Carex stellulata Good. = Carex sterilis Willd. 

Carex stellulata var. cephalantha “of Gray's Man., 

ed 7” cited by Zenkert (1934) = Carex 


C. sterilis Willd., Barren Prickly Sedge 

= C. elachycarpa Fern. 

= C. stellulata Good. 

= C. muricata var. sterilis (Willd.) Gleason, 

not Carey 

Carex steudelii Kunth = Carex jamesii Schw. 

C. stipata Muhl. ex Willd., Awl-fruited Sedge 

[C. straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr, Straw Sedge. The 

report of this species by Zenkert and 

Zander (1975) is based on a published 

report for Chautauqua Co. by Burgess 

(1877): Burgess' specimen cannot be 

located. Specimens of this species, which 

is rare in New York State, concentrate in 

the New York City area (House 1924, 

NYFA 1990). Morton and Venn (1990) 

state that there are no confirmed reports of 

this species for Ontario.] 

Carex straminea of some old NY reports, not 

Schkuhr ex Willd. = Carex festucacea 

Schkuhr ex Willd. 

Carex straminea Willd. var. festucacea Boott = 

Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. 

C. stricta Lam., Tussock-sedge

= C. angustata Boott, according to Gray's 

Manual, ed 5, 1867 

= C. stricta var. strictior (Dewey) Carey 

= C. strictior Dewey ex Wood 

= C. strictior Dewey ex Wood var. angustata 

(Boott) Bailey 

Carex stricta var. elongata (Bock) Gleason = Carex 

emoryi Dewey ex Torrey 

Carex substricta (Kuekenth) Mackenzie ex Rydb. = 

Carex aquatilis Wahl. 

C. swanii (Fern.) Mackenzie, Swan's Sedge 

Carex tenella Schk. = Carex disperma Dewey 

C. tenera Dewey, Slender Straw-sedge 

= C. tenera var. echioides (Fern.) Wieg. 

Carex tentaculata Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex lurida 

Wahl. 

C. tenuiflora Wahl., Sparse-flowered Sedge 

Carex teretiuscula var. major Koch = Carex 

diandra Schrank 

C. tetanica Schkuhr ex Willd., Rigid Sedge 

Carex tetanica var. woodii (Dewey) Wood = Carex 

woodii Dewey 

C. tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. var. rugosperma 

(Mackenzie) Crins, Umbelliform Sedge 

= C. rugosa Mackenzie 

= C. umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. in part. 

C. torta Boott ex Tuckerm., Twisted Sedge 

C. tribuloides Wahl., Blunt Broom-sedge 

Carex triceps (of authors) = Carex hirsutella 

Mackz. 

C. trichocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. (not Muhl.), 

Hairy-fruited Sedge 

= C. trichocarpa var. turbinata Dewey 

C. trisperma Dewey, Three-seeded Sedge 

var. billingsii Knight, Billing's Sedge 

var. trisperma 

C. tuckermanii Dewey, Tuckerman Sedge 

= C. tuckermanii var. niagarensis C.P. Smith 

Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. in part = Carex 

tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. var. rugosperma 

(Mackenzie) Crins 

Carex utriculata Boott in Hook. = Carex rostrata 

Stokes ex With. var. utriculata (Boott) 

Bailey 

C. vaginata Tausch, Sheathed Sedge 

Carex varia of old NY reports, not Muhl. ex Willd. 

= Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. 

albicans 

C. vesicaria L., Bladdery Sedge 

36 

C. virescens Muhl. ex Willd., Ribbed Sedge 

C. viridula Michx., Little Green Sedge 

= C. chlorophila Mackenzie 

= C. irregularis Schwein. 

= C. oederi var. pumila (Cos. & Germ.) Fern. 

C. vulpinoidea Michx., Foxtail Sedge, Fox-sedge 

= C. setacea Dewey 

C. willdenovii Schkuhr ex Willd., Willdenow's 

Sedge 

C. woodii Dewey, Wood's Sedge 

= C. tetanica var. woodii (Dewey) Wood 

CARPINUS L. (Betulaceae) 

Carpinus americana Michx. = Carpinus caroliniana 

Walt. 

C. caroliniana Walt., American Hornbeam, Blue 

Beech, Ironwood, Musclewood 

ssp. virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow 

= C. americana Michx. 

= C. betulus virginiana Marsh. 

= C. caroliniana var. virginiana (Marsh.) 

Fern. 

Carpinus virginiana Mill. = Ostrya virginiana 

(Mill.) K. Koch 

CARUM L. (Apiaceae) 

*C. carvi L., Caraway, Anise 

CARYA Nutt. (Juglandaceae) 

Carya alba (L.) K. Koch = Carya tomentosa (Lam. 

ex Poir.) Nutt. 

Carya alba Nutt. = Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch 

Carya amara (Michx. f.) Nutt. = Carya cordiformis 

(Wang.) K. Koch 

C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, Bitternut 

Hickory, Swamp-hickory 

= C. amara (Michx. f.) Nutt. 

= Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt. ex Britt. 

& Schafer 

= C. × laneyi of NY report, not Sarg. 

C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet, Pignut Hickory 

= C. glabra var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg. 

= C. porcina (Michx. f.) Nutt. 

= Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. 

C. laciniosa (Michx.f.) G. Don, Big Shell-bark, 

Kingnut 

= C. sulcata Nutt. (sec. House 1924) 

Carya × laneyi of NY report, not Sarg. = Carya 

cordiformis (Wang.) Koch

Carya microcarpa Nutt. = Carya ovalis (Wang.) 

Sarg. according to Fernald: Gray's Manual 

1950 p. 530 

C. ovalis (Wang.) Sarg., Small-fruited Hickory 

= Carya microcarpa Nutt. according to 

Fernald: Gray's Manual 1950 p. 530 

= Hicoria ovalis (Wang.) Ashe 

C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Shag-bark Hickory 

= Carya alba Nutt. (sec. House 1924) 

= Hicoria alba of some American authors, not 

(L.) Nutt. ex Ell. 

= H. ovata (Mill.) Britt. 

= H. ovata (Mill.) Britt. var. fraxinifolia 

(Sarg.) Ashe 

= H. ovata (Mill.) Britt. var. nuttallii (Sarg.) 

Ashe 

Carya porcina (Michx. f.) Nutt. = Carya glabra 

(Mill.) Sweet 

Carya sulcata Nutt. = Carya laciniosa (Michx.f.) G. 

Don 

C. tomentosa (Poir. ex Lam.) Nutt., Mockernut 

Hickory, White-Heart Hickory 

= C. alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. in part 

= Hicoria tomentosa (Poir. ex Lam.) Raf. 

Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don = Chamaedaphne 

calyculata (L.) Moench 

Cassia chamaecrista L. = Chamaecrista fasciculata 

(Michx.) Greene 

Cassia diffusa of NY reports, not DC. = 

Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene 

Cassia fasciculata Michx. = Chamaecrista 

fasciculata (Michx.) Greene 

Cassia hebecarpa Fern. = Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) 

Irwin & Barneby 

Cassia marylandica of NY reports, not L. = Senna 

hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby 

Castalia odorata (Dryand ex Ait.) Woodr. & Wood. 

= Nymphaea odorata Dryand. ex Ait. ssp. 

odorata 

Castalia lekophylla Small = Nymphaea odorata 

Dryand. ex Ait. ssp. odorata 

Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene = Nymphaea 

odorata Dryand. ex Ait. ssp. tuberosa 

(Paine) Wiersma & Hellquist 

CASTANEA Hill (Fagaceae) 

Castanea americana Raf. = Castanea dentata 

(Marsh.) Borkh. 

C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., American Chestnut 

37 

= C. americana Raf. 

= C. vesca var. americana Michx. 

Castanea vesca var. americana Michx. = Castanea 

dendata (Marsh.) Borkh. 

CASTILLEJA Mutis ex L.f. (Scrophulariaceae) 

C. coccinea (L.) Spreng., Painted Cup, Indianpaintbrush, 

Scarlet Paintbrush 

CATALPA Scop. (Bignoniaceae) 

C. speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Engelm.: Catalpa, 

Indian-bean, Catawba, Cigar-tree 

CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. (Berberidaceae) 

C. thalictroides (L.) Michx., Blue Cohosh, 

Papoose-root 

CEANOTHUS L. (Rhamnaceae) 

C. americanus L., New Jersey Tea, Redroot 

CELASTRUS L. (Celastraceae) 

C. orbiculata Thunb., Oriental Bittersweet 

= C. orbiculatus of authors 

C. scandens L., Climbing Bittersweet, Wax-work, 

Staffvine, Climbing or False Bittersweet 

CELTIS L. (Ulmaceae) 

C. occidentalis L., Hackberry 

= C. canina Raf. 

= C. crassifolia Lam. 

= C. occidentalis var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. 

= C. occidentalis var. pumila (Pursh) Gray 

= C. pumila Pursh 

= C. tenuifolia of authors, not Nutt. 

CENCHRUS L. (Poaceae) 

C. longispinus (Hack.) Fern., Sandbur 

= C. pauciflorus Benth. 

CENTAUREA L. (Asteraceae) 

Centaurea biebersteinii DC. = Centaurea maculosa 

Lam. 

*C. cyanus L., Bachelor's Button, Bluebottle, 

Corn-flower Bluet 

Centaurea dubia of local authors, not Suter = 

Centaurea nigrescens Willd. 

Centaurea dubia ssp. vochinensis (Bernh. ex 

Reichenb.) Hayek = Centaurea nigrescens 

Willd.

*C. jacea L., Brown Knapweed 

*C. maculosa Lam., Spotted Knapweed 

= C. biebersteinii DC. 

*C. nigra L., Black Knapweed, Spanish-buttons, 

Hardheads 

= C. nigra var. radiata DC. 

= C. jacea var. nigra (L.) Briq. 

Centaurea nigra var. radiata DC. = Centaurea nigra 

L. 

*C. nigrescens Willd., Knapweed 

= C. dubia Suter [Voss 1996, p. 513.] 

= C. dubia ssp. vochinensis (Bernh. ex 

Reichenb.) Hayek 

= C. vochinensis Bernh. ex Reichenb. 

*C. solstitialis L., Barnaby's Thistle, Yellow Starthistle, 

Barnaby's Thistle 

Centaurea vochinensis Bernh. ex Reichenb. = 

Centaurea nigrescens Willd. 

CENTAURIUM Hill (Gentianaceae) 

*C. erythraea Rafn. (not Raf.), European 

Centaury 

= C. centaurium (L.) Wight 

= C. umbellatum Gilib. 

= Erythraea centaurium Pers. 

CEPHALANTHUS L. (Rubiaceae) 

C. occidentalis L., Buttonbush 

CERASTIUM L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

Cerastium aquaticum L. = Myosoton aquaticum 

(L.) Moench 

Cerastium apetalum Dumort. = Cerastium 

glomeratum Thuill. 

*C. arvense L., Field-chickweed, Meadowchickweed 

= C. arvense ssp. strictum (L.) Ugbor. 

= C. arvense var. oblongifolium (Torr.) 

Hollick & Britt. 

= C. arvense var. villosum (Muhl.) Hollick & 

Britt. 

= C. campestre Greene 

= C. oblongifolium Torr. 

= C. occidentale Greene 

= C. pennsylvanicum Hornem. ex DC. 

= C. pubescens Goldie 

= C. tenuifolium Pursh 

= C. velutinum Raf. 

= C. villosum Muhl. ex Darl. 

38 

Cerastium campestre Greene = Cerastium arvense 

L. 

Cerastium caespitosum Gilib. = Cerastium 

fontanum Baumg. emend. Jalas 

*C. fontanum Baumg. emend. Jalas, Common 

Mouse-ear Chickweed 

= C. caespitosum Gilib. 

= C. fontanum ssp. triviale of NY authors, 

not (Link) Jalas 

= C. holostoides Fries 

= C. glomeratum of some NY reports not 

Thuill. 

= C. vulgatum of NY authors, not L. 

*C. glomeratum Thuill., Mouse-ear Chickweed 

= C. apetalum Dumort. 

= C. glomeratum var. apetalum (Dumort.) 

Fenzl. 

= C. viscosum of authors, not L. 

Cerastium glomeratum of some NY reports not 

Thuill. = Cerastium fontanum Baumg. 

emend. Jalas 

Cerastium glutinosum Nutt. = Cerastium nutans 

Raf. 

Cerastium holostoides Fries = Cerastium fontanum 

Baumg. emend. Jalas 

Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl., a nomen 

nudum = Cerastium nutans Raf. 

C. nutans Raf., Nodding Chickweed 

= C. glutinosum Nutt. 

= C. longipedunculatum Muhl., a nomen 

nudum 

= C. tenellum Fenzl 

Cerastium oblongifolium Torr. = Cerastium 

arvense L. 

Cerastium occidentale Greene = Cerastium arvense 

L. 

Cerastium pennsylvanicum Hornem. ex DC. = 

Cerastium arvense L. 

Cerastium pubescens Goldie = Cerastium arvense 

L. 

*C. semidecandrum L., Small Mouse-ear 

Chickweed, Spring Mouse-ear 

= C. vulgatum var. semidecandrum (L.) Gray 

Cerastium tenellum Fenzl = Cerastium nutans Raf. 

Cerastium tenuifolium Pursh = Cerastium arvense 

L. 

Cerastium velutinum Raf. = Cerastium arvense L. 

Cerastium villosum Muhl. ex Darl. = Cerastium 

arvense L.

Cerastium viscosum of authors, not L. = Cerastium 

glomeratum Thuill. 

Cerastium vulgatum of NY authors, not L. = 

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. emend. Jalas 

Cerastium vulgatum var. semidecandrum (L.) Gray 

= Cerastium semidecandrum L. 

Cerasus pennsylvanica (L.f.) Loisel. = Prunus 

pensylvanica L.f. 

Cerasus vulgaris Mill. = Prunus cerasus L. 

CERATOPHYLLUM L. (Ceratophyllaceae) 

C. demersum L., Hornwort, Coontail 

C. echinatum Gray, Spiny Hornwort, Coontail, 

Hornwort 

= C. muricatum of some authors, not Cham. 

Ceratophyllum muricatum of some authors, not 

Cham. = Ceratophyllum echinatum Gray 

Cercis canadensis L., Redbud (excluded by Zander 

& Pierce 1979). 

CHAENOMELES Lindl. (Rosaceae) 

Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidzumi = 

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai 

*C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, Japanese Quince 

= Cydonia japonica of some authors, not 

(Thunb.) Pers. 

= Cydonia lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidzumi 

= Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidzumi 

CHAENORRHINUM (DC.) Reichenb. 

(Scrophulariaceae) 

*C. minus (L.) Lange, Dwarf Snapdragon 

= Linaria minor (L.) Desf. 

CHAEROPHYLLUM L. (Apiaceae) 

C. procumbens (L.) Crantz., Spreading Chervil 

Chaerophyllum sylvestre L. = Anthriscus sylvestris 

(L.) Hoffm. 

CHAMAECRISTA (L.) Moench (Fabaceae) 

C. fasciculata (Michx.) Greene, Partridge-pea, 

Locust-weed 

= Cassia chamaecrista L. 

= C. fasciculata Michx. 

= C. diffusa of NY reports, not DC. 

= Chamaecrista fascicularis Greene 

CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench (Ericaceae) 

39 

C. calyculata (L.) Moench, Leather-leaf, 

Cassandra 

= Andromeda calyculata L. 

= Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don 

= Chamaedaphne calyculata var. angustifolia 

(Ait.) Rehd. 

CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. (Liliaceae) 

C. luteum (L.) Gray, Blazing-star, Fairy-wand, 

Devil's-bit 

CHAMAESYCE S. Gray (Euphorbiaceae) 

Chamaesyce humistrata of NY reports, not 

(Engelm.) Small = Chamaesyce maculata 

(L.) Small 

C. maculata (L.) Small, Spotted Spurge 

= C. humistrata of NY reports, not (Engelm.) 

Small 

= Euphorbia maculata L. 

= E. humistrata of NY reports, not Engelm. 

= E. supina Raf. 

C. nutans (Lag.) Small, Upright Spotted Spurge, 

Eyebane 

= Euphorbia maculata of authors in part not 

(L.) Small 

= E. nutans Lag. 

= E. preslii Guss. 

= E. hypericifolia of authors and Ontario 

reports 

C. polygonifolia (L.) Small, Seaside Spurge 

= Euphorbia polygonifolia L. 

C. vermiculata (Raf.) House, Hairy Spurge, 

Worm-seeded Spurge 

= Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Weig. 

= E. vermiculata Raf. 

Chamemelum arvense (L.) Schreb. = Anthemis 

arvensis L. 

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. 

ssp.circumvagum (Mosquin) Moldenke = 

Epilobium angustifolium L. 

Chamomilla maritima of NY reports, not (L.) 

Rydb. = Matricaria perforata Merat 

Chamomila inodora (L.) Rydb. = Matricaria 

perforata Merat 

Chamomila suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. = Matricaria 

discoidea DC. 

Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link = Erysimum 

cheiranthoides L.

CHELIDONIUM L. (Papaveraceae) 

*C. majus L., Celandine, Greater Celandine 

CHELONE L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

C. glabra L., Turtlehead 

= C. glabra var. dilatata Fern. & Wieg. 

= C. glabra var. elatior Raf. 

CHENOPODIUM L. (Chenopodiaceae) 

*C. album L., Lamb's Quarters, Goose-foot, 

Pigweed 

*var. album 

= C. album var. lanceolatum (Muhl.) Coss. & 

Germ. 

= C. lanceolatum Muhl. 

= C. viride L. in part 

var. missouriense (Aellen) Bassett & 

Crompton, Missouri Goose-foot 

= C. missouriense Aellen 

= C. paganum of authors, not Reich. 

*C. ambrosioides L., Mexican Tea, Wormseed 

= C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) 

Gray 

= C. ambrosioides var. chilense (Schrad.) 

Speg. 

= C. anthelminicum L. 

Chenopodium anthelminicum L. = Chenopodium 

ambrosioides L. 

*C. bonus-henricus L., Good-King-Henry 

= Blitum bonus-henricus Reichenb. 

*C. botrys L., Jerusalem Oak, Feather-geranium 

C. capitatum (L.) Aschers., Strawberry Blite, 

Indian Paint 

= Blitum capitatum L. 

Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen = 

Chenopodium rubrum L. 

Chenopodium dessicatum of authors, not A. Nels. 

= Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. 

Chenopodium dessicatum var. leptophylloides 

(Murr) Wahl. = Chenopodium pratericola 

Rydb. 

Chenopodium foggii Wahl. = Chenopodium 

pratericola Rydb. 

Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen = 

Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. 

*C. glaucum L., Oak-leaved Goosefoot 

= C. glaucum ssp. salinum (Standl.) Aellen 

= C. salinum Standl. 

40 

Chenopodium humile Hook. = Chenopodium 

rubrum L. 

Chenopodium hybridum of some authors, not L. = 


Chenopodium hybridum var. gigantospermum 

(Aellen) Rouleau = Chenopodium simplex 

(Torr.) Raf. 

Chenopodium hybridum var. simplex Torr. = 


Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. ex Moq. in DC., 

not Wats. = Chenopodium pratericola 

Rydb. 

*C. murale L., Sowbane, Nettle-leaf Goosefoot 

*C. polyspermum L., Many-seeded Goosefoot 

*C. pratericola Rydb., Narrow-leaved Goosefoot 

= C. dessicatum of authors, not A. Nels. 

= C. dessicatum var. leptophylloides (Murr) 

Wahl. 

= C. foggii Wahl. 

= C. leptophyllum Nutt. ex Moq. in DC. 

= C. pratericola var. leptophylloides (Murr) 

Aellen & Just 

*C. rubrum L., Red Pigweed, Red Goosefoot, 

Coat-blite 

= Blitum maritimum Nutt. 

= Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen 

= C. humile Hook. 

= C. rubrum var. humile (Hook.) S. Wats. 

Chenopodium salinum Standl. = Chenopodium 

glaucum L. 

C. simplex (Torr.) Raf., Maple-leaved Goosefoot 

= C. gigantospermum Aellen 

= C. hybridum of some authors, not L. 

= C. hybridum var. gigantospermum (Aellen) 

Rouleau 

= C. hybridum var. simplex Torr. 

C. strictum Roth 

var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl, Goosefoot 

*C. urbicum L., City-goosefoot 

CHIMAPHILA Pursh (Ericaceae) 

C. maculata (L.) Pursh, Spotted Wintergreen 

C. umbellata (L.) Bart., Wintergreen, Prince's 

Pine, Pipsissewa 

ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hultén 

= C. umbellata var. cisatlantica Blake 

Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & A. Gray = 

Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigel.

Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill. = Balsamita 

major Desf. 

Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides Boiss 

= Balsamita major Desf. 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. = 

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum 

Lecoq.& Lamotte = Leucanthemum 

vulgare Lam. 

Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. = 

Tanacetum vulgare L. 

CHIONANTHUS (Oleaceae) 

*C. virginicus L. Old-man's Beard, Fringe tree 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. (Saxifragaceae) 

C. americanum Schwein. ex Hook., Golden 

Saxifrage, Water-mat, Water-carpet 

= C. oppositifolium Walt. 

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Walt. = 

Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex 

Hook. 

CICHORIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

*C. intybus L., Chicory, Blue Sailors, Tattered 

Sailors, Cornflower, Succory, Witloof 

CICUTA L. (Apiaceae) 

C. bulbifera L., Bulb-bearing Water-hemlock 

C. maculata L., Water-hemlock, Spotted 

Cowbane, Musquash-root, Beaver-poison, 

Poison Hemlock 

CIMICIFUGA L. (Ranunculaceae) 

C. racemosa (L.) Nutt., Black Snakeroot, Black 

Cohosh 

= C. americana of NY report, not Michx. 

CINNA L. (Poaceae) 

C. arundinacea L., Woodreed, Stout Woodreed, 

Wood Reedgrass 

C. latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb., Drooping 

Woodreed 

CIRCAEA L. (Onagraceae) 

C. alpina L., Smaller Enchanter's-Nightshade 

Circaea alpina × lutetiana = C. intermedia 

Ehrh., Enchanter's Nightshade 

= C. canadensis Hill, not L. 

41 

= C. intermedia of Gray's Manual, ed. 7, 

according to Zenkert, 1934. 

Circaea canadensis Hill, not L. = Circaea alpina × 

lutetiana = C. intermedia Ehrh. 

Circaea canadensis L. = Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. 

canadensis (L.) Aschers. & Magnus 

Circaea latifolia Hill = Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. 

canadensis (L.) Aschers. & Magnus 

C. lutetiana L., Canadian Enchanter's-nightshade 

ssp. canadensis (L.) Aschers. & Magnus 

= C. canadensis L. 

= C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. 

= C. quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) Hara 

= C. latifolia of authors, not Hill 

Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. = 

Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) 

Aschers. & Magnus 

Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) Hara = 

Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) 

Aschers. & Magnus 

CIRSIUM Mill. (Asteraceae) 

C. altissimum (L.) Spreng., Tall Thistle 

*C. arvense (L.) Scop., Canada Thistle 

= C. arvense var. integrifolium Wimm. & 

Graebn. 

= C. arvense var. vestitum Wimm. & Graebn. 

C. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng., Field-thistle 

Cirsium lanceolatum of NY reports, not (L.) Hill = 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore 

C. muticum Michx., Swamp-thistle 

= C. muticum var. subpinnatifidum (Britt.) 

Fern. 

Cirsium odoratum (Muhl. ex Bart.) Petrak, not 

Britt. ex Britt. & Brown = Cirsium 

pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. 

C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng., Pasture-thistle, Small 

Bull-Thistle 

= C. odoratum (Muhl. ex Bart.) Petrak, not 

Britt. ex Britt. & Brown 

*C. vulgare (Savi) Tenore, Bull-thistle 

= C. lanceolatum of NY reports, not (L.) Hill 

Cistus canadensis L. 

= Helianthemum canadensis (L.) Michx. 

CITRULLUS Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. 

C. colocynthis (L.) Shrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Watermelon 

= Anguria citrullus (L.) Mill

= C. vulgaris Schrad. 

CLADIUM R. Br. (Cyperaceae) 

C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr., Twig-rush, Bogrush 

= Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze 

CLAYTONIA L. (Portulacaceae) 

C. caroliniana Michx., Broad-leaved Spring 

Beauty 

= C. latifolia Sheldon 

Claytonia latifolia Sheldon = Claytonia caroliniana 

Michx. 

Claytonia multicaulis var. robusta Somes = 

Claytonia virginica L. 

Claytonia robusta Rydb. = Claytonia virginica L. 

Claytonia simsii Sweet = Claytonia virginica L. 

C. virginica L., Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty, 

Mayflower 

= C. media (DC.) Link 

= C. multicaulis var. robusta Somes 

= C. robusta Rydb. 

= C. simsii Sweet 

= C. virginica var. acutiflora DC. 

= C. virginica var. simsii (Sweet) R. Davis 

CLEMATIS L. (Ranunculaceae) 

Clematis canadensis Mill. = Clematis virginiana L. 

Clematis dioscoreifolia Levl. & Van. = Clematis 

terniflora DC. 

Clematis fragrans Salisb. = Clematis virginiana L. 

Clematis maximowicziana Franch. & Sav. = 

Clematis terniflora DC. 

C. occidentalis (Hornem.) DC., Purple Clematis, 

Purple Virgin's Bower, Mountain-clematis 

= Atragene americana Sims. 

= Clematis verticillaris DC. 

Clematis paniculata Thunb. = Clematis terniflora 

DC. 

*C. terniflora DC., Yam-leaf Clematis, Yam-leaf 

Virgin's-bower 

= C. dioscoreifolia Levl. & Van. 

= C. maximowicziana Franch. & Sav. 

= C. paniculata Thunb. 

Clematis verticillaris DC. = Clematis occidentalis 

(Hornem.) DC. 

C. virginiana L., Virgin's Bower, Traveller's Joy 

= C. canadensis Mill. 

= C. fragrans Salisb. 

42 

Clepeola maritima L. = Lobularia maritima 

CLINOPODIUM L. (Lamiaceae) 

Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze = Acinos arvensis 

(Lam.) Dandy 

Clinopodium arkansanum (Nutt.) House = 


*C. vulgare L. Wild Basil, , Field-basil, Basilweed, 

Dog-mint 

= Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch 

= S. vulgaris var. neogaea Fern. 

= Calamintha clinopodium Benth. 

CLINTONIA Raf. (Liliaceae) 

C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia, 

Woodlily, Bluebeads, Cornlily 

Clintonia multiflora Beck according to Gray's 

Manual ed 1867 p. 529 = Clintonia 

umbellulata (Michx.) Morong 

C. umbellulata (Michx.) Morong, White 

Clintonia, Speckled or White Woodlily 

= C. multiflora Beck according to Gray's 

Manual ed 1867 p. 529 

= C. umbellata Torr. of Gray's Manual ed 

1867 p. 529 

= Convallaria umbellulata Michx. according 

to Gray's Manual ed 1867 p. 529 

Clypeola allyssoides L. = Alyssum alyssoides (L.) 

L. 

[Cnicus benedictus L., Blessed Thistle. Specimens 

examined from western New York State 

were short-stemmed (from mowing) 

Sonchus arvensis L. The involucre of 

Cnicus benedictus is relatively high (3-4 

cm) and nearly hidden within ovate leaves 

immediately below it; the involucre has 

several series of broad, firm, spine-tipped 

bracts. The lower leaves have petioles.] 

COELOGLOSSUM Hartm. (Orchidaceae) 

Coeloglossum bracteatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Hartm. = Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. 

C. viride (L.) Hartm., Long-bracted Orchid 

= C. bracteatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Hartm. 

= C. viride var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Luer 

= Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. 

= H. viridis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait.

= H. viridis var. bracteata (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

A. Gray 

= Platanthera bracteata of George Clinton's 

collecting journal 

COLEOGETON (Reichenb.) D. Les & R. Haynes 

(Potamogetonaceae) 

C. filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & R. Haynes, Filiform 

Pondweed 

ssp. alpinus (Blytt) D. Les & R. Haynes 

= Potamogeton filiformis var. alpinus (Blytt) 

Aschers. 

= P. filiformis var. borealis (Raf.) St. John 

= P. filiformis var. macounii Morong 

= Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner ssp. 

alpinus (Blytt) Haynes, Les & Kral 

ssp. occidentalis (Robbins) D. Les & R. 

Haynes 

= Potamogeton filiformis var. occidentalis 

(Robbins.) Morong 

= P. interior Rydb. 

= P. vaginatus of NY reports, not Turcz. 

= Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner ssp. 

occidentalis (Robbins) Kaynes, Les & Kral 

C. pectinatum (L.) D. Les & R. Haynes Fennelleaved 

Pondweed, Sago Pondweed 

= Potamogeton pectinatus L. 

= Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner 

COLLINSIA Nutt. (Scrophulariaceae) 

C. verna Nutt., Blue-eyed Mary, Innocence 

COLLINSONIA L. (Lamiaceae) 

C. canadensis L., Horse-balm, Richweed, 

Stoneroot 

COLLOMIA Nutt. (Polemoniaceae) 

*C. linearis Nutt., Narrow-leaved Collomia 

= Gilia linearis (Nutt.) A. Gray 

COMANDRA Nutt. (Santalaceae) 

Comandra livida Richards (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979). 

Comandra richardsiana Fern. = Comandra 

umbellata (L.) Nutt. 

C. umbellata (L.) Nutt., Bastard Toad Flax 

= C. richardsiana Fern. 

= C. umbellata var. decumbens E. Hill 

= Thesium umbellatum L. 

43 

Comarum palustre L. = Potentilla palustris (L.) 

Scop. 

Comarum palustre var. villosum Pers. = Potentilla 

palustris (L.) Scop. 

COMMELINA L. (Commelinaceae) 

*C. communis L., Asiatic Day-flower, Wandering 

Jew 

var. communis 

*var. ludens (Miq.) Pennell 

COMPTONIA L'Hér. (Myricaceae) 

C. peregrina (L.) Coult., Sweet-fern 

= Comptonia asplenifolia (L.) L'Hér. 

= C. peregrina var. aspleniifolia (L.) Fern. 

= Liquidambar peregrina L. 

= Myrica aspleniifolia L. 

= M. peregrina (L.) Kuntze 

CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. (Apiaceae) 

Conioselenum pumilum Rose = Conioselenum 

chinense (L.) BSP. 

Conioselinum canadense Torr. & A. Gray = 

Conioselinum chinense (L.) BSP 

C. chinense (L.) BSP, Hemlock-parsley 

= C. canadense Torr. & Gray 

= C. pumilum Rose 

= Selinum canadense Michx. 

CONIUM L. (Apiaceae) 

*C. maculatum L., Poison Hemlock 

CONOPHOLIS Wallr. (Orobanchaceae) 

C. americana (L.) Wallr., Squaw-root, Cancerroot 

= Orobanche americana L. 

CONRINGIA Heist. ex Adans. (Brassicaceae) 

*C. orientalis (L.) Dumort., Hare's-ear Mustard, 

Treacle-mustard 

CONSOLIDA (DC.) S. Gray (Ranunculaceae) 

*C. ajacis (L.) Schur, Rocket Larkspur 

= C. ambigua (L.) Ball & Heyw. 

= Delphinium ajacis L. 

= D. ambiguum L. 

= D. consolida of Torrey's NY Flora, not L. 

Consolida ambigua (L.) Ball & Heyw. = Consolida 

ajacis (L.) Schur

*C. regalis S. Gray, Forking Larkspur, Royal 

Larkspur 

= Delphinium consolida L. 

CONVALLARIA L. (Liliaceae) 

*C. majalis L., Lily-of-the-Valley 

Convallaria umbellulata Michx. according to 

Gray's Manual ed 1867 p. 529 = Clintonia 

umbellulata (Michx.) Morong 

CONVOLVULUS L. (Convolvulaceae) 

*C. arvensis L., Field-bindweed 

= Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small 

Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. = Calystegia 


Convolvulus nashii House = Calystegia sepium 

(L.) R. Br. ssp. sepium 

Convolvulus pellitus Ledeb. = Calystegia 


Convolvulus sepium L. = Calystegia sepium ssp. 

sepium (L.) R. Br. 

Convolvulus spithameus L. = Calystegia spithamea 

(L.) Pursh 

Convolvulus wallichianus Spreng. = Calystegia 


CONYZA Less. (Asteraceae) 

Conyza asteroides L. = Aster paternus Cronq. 

C. canadensis (L.) Cronq., Horseweed, Hogweed, 

Butterweed 


= Erigeron canadensis L. 

= Leptilon canadense (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & 

Brown 

COPTIS Salisb. (Ranunculaceae) 

Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. = Coptis trifolia 

(L.) Salisb. 

C. trifolia (L.) Salisb., Goldthread 

= Anemone groenlandica Oed. 

= Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. 

= C. trifolia ssp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hultén 

= C. trifolia var. groenlandica (Oeder) Fassett 

= Heleborus trifolius L. 

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. var. groenlandica 

(Oeder) Fassett = Coptis trifolia (L.) 

Salisb. 

CORALLORHIZA Gagn. (Orchidaceae) 

44 

Corallorhiza corallorhiza (L.) Karst. = Corallorhiza 

trifida Chat. 

Corallorhiza innata R. Br. in Ait. = Corallorhiza 

trifida Chat. (not (L.) Chat.) 

Corallorhiza macraei A. Gray = Corallorhiza 

striata Lindl. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979).) 

C. maculata (Raf.) Raf., Spotted Coral-root 

= C. multiflora Nutt. 

Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. = Corllorhiza 

maculata (Raf.) Raf. 

C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt., Autumn Coral-root 

[Corallorhiza striata Lindl.: excluded for the flora 

by Zander and Pierce (1979): probable, 

documented by a specimen over 20 years 

old for Orleans Co. (Young 1998).] 

C. trifida Chat., Early Coral-root 

= C. corallorhiza (L.) Karst. 

= C. trifida var. verna (Nutt.) Fern. 

= C. innata R. Br. in Ait. 

Corallorrhiza (orth. var.) = Corallorhiza Chat. 

COREOPSIS L. (Asteraceae) 

Coreopsis alternifolius L. = Verbesina alternifolia 

(L.) Britt. 

Coreopsis heterogyna Fern. = Coreopsis lanceolata 

L. 

*C. lanceolata L., Lance-leaved Tickseed 

= C. heterogyna Fern. 

= C. lanceolata var. villosa Michx. 

*C. tinctoria Nutt., Garden Tickseed 

Coreopsis trichosperm Michx. = Bidens coronata 

(L.) Britt. 

CORIANDRUM L. (Apiaceae) 

*C. sativum L., Coriander 

CORISPERMUM L. (Chenopodiaceae) 

Corispermum americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. = 

Corispermum hyssopifolium L. 

*C. hyssopifolium L., Bugseed 

= C. americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. var. 

americanum 

= C. pallasii Steven 

= C. villosum Rydberg sec. Macdonald 1990 

*C. nitidum Kitaibel ex Schultes 

*C. orientale Lamarck 

Corispermum pallasii Steven = Corispermum 

hyssopifolium L. (see Mosyakin 1995).

Corispermum villosum Rydberg sec. Macdonald 

1990 = Corispermum hyssopifolium L. 

CORNUS L. (Cornaceae) 

Cornus alba ssp. stolonifera (Michx.) Wang. = 

Cornus sericea L. 

C. alternifolia L.f., Alternate-leaved Dogwood, 

Green Osier, Pagoda Dogwood 

= Svida alternifolia (L.f.) Small 

C. amomum Mill., Silky Cornel, Kinnikinnik 

ssp. amomum 

ssp. obliqua (Raf.) Wilson Narrow-Leaf 

Dogwood 

= C. amomum var. schuetziana (Meyer) 

Rickett 

= C. obliqua Raf. 

= C. purpusi Koehne 

Cornus asperifolia (of authors) = Cornus 

drummondii Meyer 

Cornus baileyi Coult. & Evans = Cornus 

drummondii C.A. Meyer 

C. canadensis L., Bunchberry, Dwarf Cornel, 

Dwarf Dogwood, Crackerberry, Puddingberry 

= C. canadensis var. alpestris House 

Cornus candidissima Marsh. = Cornus foemina 

ssp. racemosa (Lam.) J. Wilson. 

Cornus circinata L'Hér. = Cornus rugosa Lam. 

C. drummondii C.A. Meyer, Drummond's 

Dogwood, Rough-Leaf Dogwood 

= C. asperifolia of NY reports, not Michx. 

= C. baileyi Coult. & Evans 

= C. priceae Small 

C. florida L., Flowering Dogwood 

C. foemina Mill., Panicled Dogwood, Stiff 

Dogwood, Gray Dogwood 

ssp. racemosa (Lam.) J. Wilson, Gray 

Dogwood 

= C. femina of authors 

= C. racemosa Lam. 

= C. candidissima Marsh. 

= C. paniculata L'Hér. 

*ssp. microcarpa (Nash) J. S. Wilson 

= C. microcarpa Nash 

Cornus microcarpa Nash = Cornus foemina ssp. 

microcarpa (Nash) J. S. Wilson 

Cornus obliqua Raf. = Cornus amomum ssp. 

obliqua (Raf.) Wilson 

45 

Cornus paniculata L'Hér. = Cornus foemina ssp. 

racemosa (Lam.) J. Wilson 

Cornus priceae Small = Cornus drummondii Meyer 

Cornus purpusii Koehne = Cornus amomum ssp. 

obliqua (Raf.) Wilson 

Cornus racemosa Lam. = Cornus foemina ssp. 

racemosa (Lam.) J. Wilson 

C. rugosa Lam., Round-leaved Dogwood 

= C. circinata L'Hér. 

C. sericea L., Red-osier Dogwood 

= C. alba ssp. stolonifera (Michx.) Wang 

= C. sericea var. interior (Rydb.) St. John 

= C. stolonifera Michx. 

= C. stolonifera var. baileyi (Coult. & Evans) 

Drescher 

Cornus stolonifera Michx. = Cornus sericea L. 

Cornus stolonifera var. baileyi (Coult. & Evans) 

Drescher = Cornus sericea L. 

CORONILLA L. (Fabaceae) 

*C. varia L., Crown Vetch 

CORONOPUS Zinn (Brassicaceae) 

*C. didymus (L.) Sm., Wart-cress, Wart-grass, 

Lesser Swinecress 

= Carara didyma(L.) Britt. 

CORYDALIS Vent. (Fumariaceae) 

C. flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) DC., Yellow Corydalis, 

Yellow Harlequin 

= Capnoides flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) Kuntze 

Corydalis glauca Pursh = Corydalis sempervirens 

(L.) Pers. 

C. sempervirens (L.) Pers., Pink Corydalis, Rock 

Harlequin 

= Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. ex 

Roemer 

= Corydalis glauca Pursh 

Corylaceae = Betulaceae 

CORYLUS L. (Betulaceae) 

C. americana Walt., American Hazelnut, 

American Filbert, Hazel 

*C. avellana L., European Filbert, European Hazel 

C. cornuta Marsh., Beaked Hazelnut 

= C. rostrata Ait. 

Corylus rostrata Ait. = Corylus cornuta Marsh. 

COSMOS Cav. (Asteraceae)

*C. bipinnatus Cav., Cosmos 

COTINUS Mill. (Anacardiaceae) 

*C. coggygria Scop., Smoke-tree 

= Rhus cotinus L. 

Not recorded for the Ontario flora by Morton & 

Venn (1990), it has escaped and flourishes 

at Artpark, Lewiston, New York, just 

across the river from Queenston, Ontario. 

Recorded for New York State by Mitchell 

and Tucker (1997). 

CRATAEGUS L. (Rosaceae) 

Crataegus acclivis Sarg. = Crataegus pedicellata 

Sarg. 

Crataegus albicans Ashe = Crataegus pedicellata 

Sarg. 

Crataegus arcana Beadle = Crataegus pruinosa 

(Wendl. f.) K. Koch 

Crataegus aulica Sarg. = Crataegus coccinioides 

Ashe 

Crataegus basilica Beadle = Crataegus schuettii 

Ashe 

Crataegus baxteri Sarg. = Crataegus intricata 

Lange 

C. beata Sarg., Opulent Hawthorn 

= C. macrocalyx Sarg. 

Crataegus beata var. compta (Sarg.) Eggl. = 

Crataegus compta Sarg. 

Crataegus boyntonii Beadle = Crataegus intricata 

Lange 

Crataegus brachyloba Sarg. = Crataegus brainerdii 

Sarg. 

C. brainerdii Sarg., Brainerd's Thorn 

= C. brachyloba Sarg. 

Crataegus brainerdii var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Eggl. = 

Crataegus scabrida Rehd. 

Crataegus brainerdii var. egglestonii (Sarg.) 

Robins. = Crataegus scabrida Rehd. 

Crataegus brainerdii var. scabrida (Sarg.) Eggl. = 

Crataegus scabrida Rehd. 

Crataegus bushii auct. non Sarg. = Crataegus crusgalli 

L. 

C. calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik., Pear Thorn 

= C. calpodendron × punctata Eggl. 

according to Zenkert, following Sargent 

1913 as a synonym of C. celsa Sarg. 

= C. celsa Sarg. 

= C. tomentosa Sarg. in part 

46 

Crataegus celsa Sarg. = Crataegus calpodendron 

(Ehrh.) Medik. 

C. chrysocarpa Ashe, Round-leaved Hawthorn 

= C. chrysocarpa var. faxonii (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= C. dodgei Sarg. 

= C. rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Moench in part 

Crataegus chrysocarpa var. faxonii (Sarg.) Eggl. = 

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe 

Crataegus clintoniana Sarg. = Crataegus 

suborbiculata Sarg. 

Crataegus coccinea of American authors in large 

part, not L., and of Zenkert 1934 = 

Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. 

Crataegus coccinea var. ellwangeriana (Sarg.) 

Eggl. = Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. 

C. coccinioides Ashe, Kansas Hawthorn 

= C. aulica Sarg. 

= C. coccinioides var. dilatata (Sarg.) Eggl. 

(of Zenkert 1934). 

= C. conspecta Sarg. 

= C. dilatata Sarg. 

= C. durobrivensis Sarg. 

= C. eggertii Britt. 

Crataegus coccinioides var. dilatata (Sarg.) Eggl. = 

Crataegus coccinioides Ashe 

Crataegus cognata Sarg. (after Zenkert 1934 p. 

177) = Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. 

Koch 

C. compta Sarg., Hawthorn 

= C. beata var. compta (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= C. formosa Sarg. (also a synonym of C. 

pruinosa (Wendl.f.) Koch) 

= C. levis Sarg. 

= C. pulchra Sarg. 

= C. strigosa Sarg. 

Crataegus conspecta Sarg. = Crataegus 

coccinioides Ashe 

[Crataegus corusca, Hawthorn (taxonomic 

question, Regl. M. Niag. Oldham 1999] 

C. crus-galli L. Cockspur Thorn 

= C. crus-galli var. prunifolia (Poir.) Torrey 

& A. Gray 

= C. crus-galli var. pyracanthifolia Ait. (of 

Zenkert 1934) 

= C. persimilis Sarg. (see Phipps 1988 sec. 

Morton & Venn 1990) 

= C. prunifolia (Poir.) Pers.

[C. crus-galli × succulenta Eggl. “This hybrid is 

known from Buffalo and Niagara Falls” 

(Zenkert 1934 citing House 1924 p. 416) 

Crataegus dayana Sarg. = Crataegus pedicellata 

Sarg. 

Crataegus dilatata Sarg. = Crataegus coccinioides 

Ashe 

Crataegus dissona Sarg. = Crataegus pruinosa 

(Wendl f.) K. Koch s.l. 

Crataegus dodgei Sarg. = Crataegus chrysocarpa 

Ashe 

Crataegus durobrivensis Sarg. = Crataegus 

coccinioides Ashe 

Crataegus eggertii Britt. = Crataegus coccinioides 

Ashe 

Crataegus exclusa Sarg. = Crataegus pringlei Sarg. 

Crataegus ferentaria Sarg. = Crataegus succulenta 

Link 

Crataegus filipes Ashe = Crataegus jesupii Sarg. 

(of NYFA 1990) 

Crataegus filipes Ashe (sensu Zenkert 1934 and 

Sargent 1913) = Crataegus opulens Sarg. 

Crataegus finitima Sarg. = Crataegus succulenta 

Link 

C. flabellata (Bosc) Koch [not (Spach) Kirchner], 

Variable Thorn 

Crataegus foetida Ashe = Crataegus intricata 

Lange 

Crataegus formosa Sarg. = Crataegus pruinosa 

(Wendl. f.) K. Koch (also synonymized 

under C. compta Sarg. by Mitchell & 

Tucker 1997). 

Crataegus genialis Sarg. = Crataegus macrosperma 

Ashe 

Crataegus gracilis Sarg. = C. pruinosa (Wendl. f.) 

K. Koch s.l. 

C. holmesiana Ashe, Holmes' Hawthorn 

= C. tardipes (Sarg.) Sarg. 

Crataegus implicata Sarg. = Crataegus menandiana 

Sarg. 

Crataegus incisa Sarg. = Crataegus jesupii Sarg. 

C. intricata Lange, Biltmore Thorn 

= C. baxterii Sarg. 

= C. boyntonii Beadle (of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. foetida Ashe 

C. jesupii Sarg., Hawthorn 

= C. filipes Ashe 

= C. numerosa Sarg. 

= C incisa Sarg. 

47 

Crataegus leiophylla Sarg. = Crataegus pruinosa 


Crataegus leiophylla var. maineana (Sarg.) Eggl. = 

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl f.) K. Koch s.l. 

Crataegus letchworthiana Sarg. = Crataegus 

pedicellata Sarg. 

Crataegus levis Sarg. = Crataegus compta Sarg. 

Crataegus lobulata Sarg. = Crataegus pringlei Sarg. 

Crataegus luminosa Sarg. = Crataegus schuettii 

Ashe 

Crataegus macrantha Lodd. = Crataegus succulenta 

Link 

Crataegus macrocalyx Sarg. = Crataegus beata 

Sarg. 

C. macrosperma Ashe, s.l., Large-fruited 

Hawthorn 

= C. genialis Sarg. 

= C. macrosperma var. acutiloba (Sarg.) 

Eggl. (of Zenkert 1934). 

= C. macrosperma var. pastorum (Sarg.) 

Eggl. 

= C. macrosperma var. roanensis (Ashe) 

Palmer 

= C. roanensis Ashe (of Zenkert 1934) 

Crataegus macrosperma × pruinosa = Crataegus 

menandiana Sarg. 

Crataegus macrosperma var. roanensis (Ashe) 

Palmer = Crataegus macrosperma Ashe 

C. menandiana Sarg., Hawthorn 

= C. implicata Sarg. 

= C. macrosperma × pruinosa (of Zenkert 

1934) 

Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele sensu 

Soper & Heimberger in our region = 

Crataegus submollis Sarg. 

*C. monogyna Jacq., English Hawthorn 

= C. oxyacantha (of authors) 

Crataegus neofluvialis Ashe = Crataegus 

succulenta Link 

Crataegus notabilis Sarg. = Crataegus 

suborbiculata Sarg. 

Crataegus numerosa Sarg. = Crataegus jesupii 

Sarg. 

Crataegus oxyacantha (of authors) = Crataegus 

monogyna Jacq. 

C. opulens Sarg., Opulent Hawthorn 

= C. filipes Ashe 

C. pedicellata Sarg., Scarlet Thorn, Red Haw, Red 

Hawthorn

= C. acclivis Sarg. 

= C. albicans Ashe (of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. coccinea L. American authors in large 

part, not L.; of Zenkert 1934 

= C. coccinea L. var. ellwangeriana (Sarg.) 

Eggl. (of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. dayana Sarg. 

= C. letchworthiana Sarg. 

= C. pedicellata var. albicans (Ashe) Palmer 

= C. pedicellata var. ellwangeriana (Sarg.) 

Eggl. 

C. persimilis Sarg. = C. crus-galli L. 

C. pringlei Sarg., Pringle's Hawthorn 

= C. exclusa Sarg. 

= C. lobulata Sarg. 

= C. pringlei var. exclusa (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= C. pringlei var. lobulata (Sarg.) Eggl. 

C. pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch s.l., Waxy-fruited 

Thorn 

= C. arcana Beadle 

= C. dissona Sarg. 

= C. cognata Sarg. (of Zenkert 1934 p. 177) 

= C. formosa Sarg. 

= C. gracilis Sarg. 

= C. leiophylla Sarg. (of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. leiophylla var. maineana (Sarg.) Eggl. 

(of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. pruinosa var. conjucta (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= C. pruinosa var. dissona (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= C. pruinosa var. latisepala (Ashe) Eggl. 

= C. rugosa Ashe 

Crataegus prunifolia (Poir.) Pers. = Crataegus crusgalli 

L. 

Crataegus pulchra Sarg. = Crataegus compta Sarg. 

C. punctata Jacq., Dotted Hawthorn 

= C. punctata var. aurea Ait. 

Crataegus roanensis Ashe = Crataegus 

macrosperma Ashe 

Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Moench in part = 

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe sensu lato 

Crataegus rugosa Ashe = Crataegus pruinosa 


C. scabrida Rehd., Hawthorn 

= C. brainerdii var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Eggl. 

(of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. brainerdii var. egglestonii (Sarg.) 

Robins. (of Zenkert 1934) 

= C. brainerdii var. scabrida (Sarg.) Eggl. (of 

Zenkert 1934) 

48 

C. schuettii Ashe, Hawthorn 

= C. basilica Beadle (of House 1924 p. 421) 

= C. luminosa Sarg. 

Crataegus strigosa Sarg. = Crataegus compta Sarg. 

C. submollis Sarg., Downy Thorn 

= C. mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele sensu 

Soper & Heimberger 1982 for our region 

C. suborbiculata Sarg., Hawthorn 

= C. clintoniana Sarg. 

= C. notabilis Sarg. 

Crataegus venustula Sarg. = Crataegus succulenta 

Link 

C. succulenta Link, Long-spined Thorn 

= C. ferentaria Sarg. 

= C. finitima Sarg. 

= C. macrantha Lodd. 

= C. neofluvialis Ashe 

= C. succulenta var. macracantha (Lodd.) 

Eggl. 

= C. succulenta var. neofluvialis (Ashe) 

Palm. 

= C. succulenta var. rhombifolia (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= C. venustula Sarg. 

Crataegus succulenta var. neofluvialis (Ashe) 

Palm. = Crataegus succulenta Link 

Crataegus succulenta var. rhombifolia (Sarg.) Eggl. 

= Crataegus succulenta Link 

Crataegus tardipes (Sarg.) Sarg. = Crataegus 

holmesiana Ashe 

Crataegus tomentosa Sarg. in part = Crataegus 

calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. 

Crataegus venustula Sarg. = Crataegus succulenta 

Link 

CREPIS L. (Asteraceae) 

*C. biennis L., Rough Hawk's-beard 

*C. capillaris (L.) Wallr., Smooth Hawk's-beard 

*C. tectorum L., Hawk's-beard 

Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & 

Brown = Melianthemum canadense (L.) 

Michx. 

Cruciferae = Brassicaceae 

CRYPSIS Ait. (Poaceae) 

*C. schoenoides (L.) Lam., Crypsis, Heleochloa, 

Swamp Timothy 

= Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host 

CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. (Pteridaceae)

C. stelleri (S. Gmel.) Prantl ex Engl., Slender 

Cliff-brake 

CRYPTOTAENIA DC. (Apiaceae) 

C. canadensis (L.) DC., Honewort, Wild Chervil 

= Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze 

Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. = Hybanthus 

concolor (Forst.) Spreng. 

CUCUMIS L. (Cucurbitaceae) 

*C. sativus L., Garden Cucumber 

CUCURBITA L. (Cucurbitaceae) 

*C. pepo L., Pumpkin, Acorn Squash, Summer 

Squash 

= C. moschata (Dcne. ex Lam.) Dcne. ex 

Poir. 

= Pepo moschatus (Dcne. ex Lam.) Britt. 

= P. pepo (L.) Britt. ex Small 

= P. vulgaris (L.) Moench 

CUPHEA P. Browne (Lythraceae) 

Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne = Cuphea 

viscosissima Jacq. 

C. viscosissima Jacq., Clammy Cuphea, Tarweed, 

Blue Waxweed 

= C. petiolata (L.) Koehne 

= Lythrum petiolatum L. 

= Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby 

CUSCUTA L. (Cuscutaceae) 

Cuscuta campestris Uncker = Cuscuta pentagona 

Engelm. 

C. coryli Engelm., Hazel-dodder, Strangleweed 

= C. inflexa Engelm. 

*C. epilinum Weihe, Flax-dodder 

*C. epithymum (L.) L., Clover-dodder 

C. gronovii Willd. ex Schultz, Common Dodder, 

Love-vine, Stangleweed, Goldthread-vine 

= C. gronovii var. latiflora Engelm. 

= C. gronovii var. vulgivaga Engelm. 

Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. = Cuscuta coryli Engelm. 

C. pentagona Engelm., Field-dodder 

= C. campestris Uncker 

C. polygonorum Engelm., Polygonum-dodder 

CYCLOLOMA Moq. (Chenopodiaceae) 

*C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult., Winged 

Pigweed, Tumbleweed 

49 

= Salsola atriplicifolia Spreng. 

Cydonia japonica of some authors, not (Thunb.) 

Pers. = Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) 

Nakai 

Cydonia lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidzumi = 

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai 

CYMBALARIA Hill (Scrophulariaceae) 

*C. muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Sherb., Kenilworth 

Ivy, Coliseum-ivy 

= Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. 

CYNANCHUM L. (Asclepiadaceae) 

*C. laeve (Michx.) Pers., Sand-vine, Honey-vine 

= Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt. 

= Gonolobus laevis Michx. 

*C. louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi, Black Swallowwort. 

= C. nigrum (L.) Pers. 

= Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench 

Cynanchum medium of authors, not R. Br. = 

Cynanchum rossicum (Kleop.) Borh. 

Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. = Cynanchum 

louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi 

Cynanchum nigrum in part = Cynanchum rossicum 

(Kleop.) Borh. 

*C. rossicum (Kleop.) Borh. Swallow-wort 

= C. medium of authors, not R. Br. 

= C. nigrum in part 

= Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barb. 

*C. vincetoxicum (L.) Pers., White Swallow-wort 

= Vincetoxicum album (Mill.) Aschers. 

= V. hirundinaria Medik. 

= V. vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 

CYNODON L. Rich. (Poaceae) 

*C. dactylon (L.) Pers., Bermuda-grass 

= Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze 

CYNOGLOSSUM L. (Boraginaceae) 

Cynoglossum morisonii A.DC. = Hackelia 

virginiana (L.) Johnst. 

*C. officinale L., Hound's-tongue 

C. virginianum L., Northern Wild Comfrey 

= C. virginicum L. of Gray's Manual, ed 5, 

1867, p. 366 

var. boreale (Fern.) Cooperrider 

= C. boreale Fern.

Cynoglossum virginicum (of Day, 1882) = 

Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. boreale 

(Fern.) Cooperrider 

CYNOSURUS L. (Poaceae) 

*C. cristatus L., Dog's-tail Grass, Crested Dog's 

Tail 

CYPERUS L. (Cyperaceae) 

C. bipartitus Torr., Shining Cyperus, Rivershore 

Galingale, Flatsedge 

= C. rivularis Kunth 

= C. diandrus var. castaneus Torr. 

C. diandrus Torr., Galingale, Umbrella Flatsedge 

= C. diandrus var. elongatus Britt. 

= C. fuscus of NY reports, not L. 

Cyperus diandrus var. castaneus Torr. = Cyperus 

bipartitus Torr. 

Cyperus engelmannii Steud. = Cyperus odoratus L. 

C. erythrorhizos Muhl., Red-rooted Cyperus, 

Flatsedge 

*C. esculentus L., Yellow Nut Grass 

= “C. phymatodes Muhl.of Day's Pl. of Buf.” 

according to Zenkert, 1934 (p. 102) and 

House 1924 p.133. 

= C. esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Boeck. 

Cyperus ferax Rich. = Cyperus odoratus L. 

Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl. = Cyperus 

odoratus L. 

Cyperus filiculmis of authors, not Vahl = Cyperus 

lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. lupulinus 

Cyperus filiculmis var. macilentus Fern. = Cyperus 

lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. macilentus 

(Fern.) Marcks 

C. flavescens L. Galingale, Yellow Cyperus 

= C. flavescens var. poaeformis (Pursh) Fern. 

*C. fuscus L., Dark Galingale, Flatsedge 

C. lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks, Slender Galingale 

ssp. macilentus (Fern.) Marcks 

= C. filiculmis var. macilentus Fern. 

Cyperus michauxianus Schultes of Gray's Manual 

ed 5, 1867 = Cyperus speciosus Vahl. of 

House 1924 = Cyperus odoratus L. 

C. odoratus L., Fragrant Cyperus, Fragrant 

Umbrella-sedge 

= C. engelmannii Steud. 

= C. ferruginascens Boeckl. 

= C. ferax Rich 

50 

= C. michauxianus Schultes of Gray's 

Manual ed 5, according to House 1924. 

= C. speciosus Vahl 

= C. odoratus L. var. squarrosus (Britton) 

Gill. sensu McIntosh & Catling 1979 

“C[yperus]. phymatodes Muhl. of Day's Pl. of 

Buf.” according to Zenkert, 1934 (p. 102) 

and House 1924 = Cyperus esculentus L. 

Cyperus rivularis Kunth = Cyperus bipartitus Torr. 

C. schweinitzii Torr., Schweinitz's Cyperus 

Cyperus speciosus Vahl = Cyperus odoratus L. 

C. strigosus L., Straw-colored Cyperus, Flatsedge 

= C. strigosus var. robustior Britt. 

CYPRIPEDIUM L. (Orchidaceae) 

C. acaule Ait., Moccasin-flower, Pink Lady's 

Slipper 

Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum (Salisb.) 

Fern. = Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. 

var. parviflorum 

Cypripedium calceolus var. planipetalum (Fern.) 

Vict. & Rouss. = Cypripedium parviflorum 

Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight 

Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) 

Correll = Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. 

var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight 

C. candidum Muhl. ex Willd., White Lady-slipper 

Cypripedium flavescens DC. = Cypripedium 

parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) 

Knight 

C. parviflorum Salisb., Yellow Lady-slipper 

= C. calceolus of American authors, not L. 

var. parviflorum Small Yellow Lady-slipper 

= C. calceolus var. parviflorum (Salisb.) 

Fern. 

var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight, Large Yellow 

Lady-slipper 

= C. calceolus var. planipetalum (Fern.) Vict. 

& Rouss. 

= C. calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll 

= C. flavescens DC. 

= C. parviflorum var. planipetalum Fern. 

= C. pubescens Willd. 

Cypripedium pubescens Willd. = Cypripedium 

parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) 

Knight 

C. reginae Walt., Showy Lady-slipper 

= C. spectabile Salisb.

Cypripedium spectabile Salisb. = Cypripedium 

regina Walt. 

CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. (Dryopteridaceae) 

C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh., Bulblet Bladder-fern 

= Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. 

= Polypodium bulbiferum L. 

C. fragilis (L.) Bernh., Brittle Bladder-fern 

= Filix fragilis (L.) Gilib. 

= Polypodium fragile L. 

Cystopteris fragilis var. mackayi Laws. = 

Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv. 

Cystopteris fragilis var. protrusa Weath. = 

Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasd. 

C. protrusa (Weath.) Blasd., Lowland Fragile 

Fern 

= C. fragilis var. protrusa Weath. 

C. tenuis (Michx.) Desv., Fragile Fern 

= C. fragilis var. mackayi Laws. 

Cytherea bulbosa (L.) Salisb. = Calypso bulbosa 

(L.) Oakes 

CYTISUS L. (Fabaceae) 

*C. scoparius (L.) Link, Scotch Broom 

= Genista scoparia (L.) Lam. 

= Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer 

= Spartium scoparium L. 

DACTYLIS L. (Poaceae) 

*D. glomerata L., Orchard-grass 

= D. glomerata varieties 

DALIBARDA L. (Rosaceae) 

Dalibarda fragarioides Michx. = Waldsteinia 

fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. 

D. repens L., Dewdrop, False Violet, Robinrunaway, 

Dewdrop 

= D. violaeoides Michx. 

= Rubus dalibarda L. 

Dalibarda violaeoides Michx. = Dalibarda repens 

L. 

DANTHONIA Lam. & DC. (Poaceae) 

D. compressa Austin, Austin's Oatgrass, Northern 

Oatgrass 

D. spicata (L.) Beauv. ex R. & S., Poverty-grass, 

Junegrass, White Oatgrass 

= D. × allenii Austin 

= D. spicata var. longipila Scribn. & Merr. 

51 

DAPHNE L. (Thymelaeaceae) 

*D. mezereum L., Mezereum, Daphne 

Dasiphora fruticosa auct. non (L.) Rydb. = 

Potentilla fruticosa ssp. floribunda (Pursh) 

Elkington 

Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz = Potentilla 

fruticosa L. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) 

Elkington 

Dasystephana grayi of NY reports, not (Kusn.) 

Britt. = Gentiana puberulenta Pringle 

Datisca hirta L. = Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth 

DATURA L. (Solanaceae) 

*D. stramonium L., Jimsonweed, Stramonium, 

Common Thorn-apple, Jamestown Weed, 

Purple Thorn-apple 

= D. tatula L. 

= D. stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr. 

Datura tatula L. = Datura stramonium L. 

DAUCUS L. (Apiaceae) 

*D. carota L., Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot 

DECODON J. Gmel. (Lythraceae) 

D. verticillatus (L.) Ell., Swamp Loosestrife, 

Water-willow, Water-oleander 

= D. verticillatus var. laevigatus Torr. & A. 

Gray 

= Lythrum verticllatum L. 

= Nesaea verticillata (L.) HBK 

Delphinium ajacis L. of ON reports = Consolida 

ajacis (L.) Schur 

Delphinium ambiguum L. = Consolida ajacis (L.) 

Schur 

Delphinium consolida of Torrey's NY Flora, not L. 

= Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur 

Delphinium consolida L. = Consolida regalis S. 

Gray 

Dendrolycopodium dendroideum (Michx.) A. 

Haines = Lycopodium dendroideum 

Michx. 

Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines = 

Lycopodium obscurum L. 

DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. (Dennstaedtiaceae) 

D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore, Hay-scented 

Fern 

= Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd.

= Nephrodium punctilobulum Michx. 

Dentaria concatenata Michx. = Cardamine 

concatenata (Michx.) Schwein. 

Dentaria diphylla Michx. = Cardamine diphylla 

(Michx.) Wood 

Dentaria diphylla × laciniata = [Cardamine 


(Nutt.) Wood] 

Dentaria diphylla × maxima = [Cardamine 


(Nutt.) Wood] 

Dentaria × incisa K. Schum. = [Cardamine 


(Nutt.) Wood] 

Dentaria × incisifolia Eames = [Cardamine 


(Nutt.) Wood] 

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. = Cardamine 

concatenata (Michx.) Schwein. 

Dentaria laciniata × maxima Nutt. = [Cardamine 


(Nutt.) Wood] 

Dentaria maxima Nutt. = [Cardamine concatenata 

× diphylla = C. × maxima (Nutt.) Wood] 

DEPARIA Hooker & Grev. (Dryopteridaceae) 

D. acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato, Silvery Spleenwort, 

Silvery Gladefern 

= Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. 

= A. thelypteroides Michx. 

= Athyrium acrosticoides (Sw.) Diels 

= A. thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. 

= Diplazium acrostichoides (Sw.) Butters 

Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze = Cryptotaenia 

canadensis (L.) DC. 

DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. (Poaceae) 

D. cespitosa (L.) Beauv., Tufted Hair-grass 

= Aira caespitosa L. 

D. flexuosa (L.) Trin., Wavy Hair-grass, Common 

Hair-grass 

= Aira flexuosa L. 

DESCURAINIA Webb & Berth. (Brassicaceae) 

D. pinnata (Walt.) Britt., Tansy Mustard 

ssp. brachycarpa (Richardson ex Frankl.) 

Detl., Northern Tansy-mustard 

= D. pinnata var. brachycarpa (Rich.) Fern. 

52 

= Sisymbrium brachycarpon Richardson 


= S. brachycarpon Rich. ex Frankl. 

(Mitchell & Tucker 1997) 

= S. canescens as to ON reports, not of Nutt. 


[*ssp. pinnata, Southern Tansy-mustard (= 

Sisymbrium canescens), excluded by 

Zander and Pierce (1979).] 

Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa (Richards.) 

Fern. = Descurainia pinnata ssp. 

brachycarpa (Richards. ex Frankl.) Detl. 

*D. sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, Herb Sophia 

= Sisymbrium sophia L. 

DESMODIUM Desv. (Fabaceae) 

Desmodium acuminatum DC. = Desmodium 

glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood 

Desmodium bracteosum (Michx.) DC. = 

Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

DC. ex Loud. 

D. canadense (L.) DC., Canadian Tick Trefoil, 

Giant Tick-clover or -trefoil, Showy Ticktrefoil, 

Beggar-ticks 

Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. (excluded by 

Zander & Pierce 1979). 

D. ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC, Hairy Smallflowered 

Tick-trefoil 

= D. obtusum of authors 

D. cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud., 

Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil 

= D. bracteosum (Michx.) DC. 

= D. grandiflorum (Walt) DC. 

Desmodium dillenii of some authors, not Darl. = 

Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC. 

Desmodium dillenii Darl. in part = Desmodium 

perplexum Schub. 

Desmodium dillenii Darl. = Desmodium 

paniculatum (L.) DC. 

D. glabellum (Michx.) DC., Dillen's Tick-trefoil, 

Tall Tick-clover or Tick-trefoil 

= D. dillenii of some authors, not Darl. 

= D. humifusum of some NY reports, not 

(Muhl.) Beck 

D. glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood, Sticky 

Tick-trefoil 

= D. acuminatum DC.

Desmodium grandiflorum (Walt) DC. = 

Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

DC. ex Loud. 

Desmodium humifusum of some NY reports, not 

(Muhl.) Beck = Desmodium glabellum 

(Michx.) DC. 

D. marilandicum (L.) DC., Smooth Small-leaved 

Tick-trefoil, Maryland Tick-clover 

D. nudiflorum (L.) DC., Naked-flowered Ticktrefoil, 

Bare-stemmed Tick-trefoil 

Desmodium obtusum (of authors) = Desmodium 

ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. 

[D. obtusum (Muh. ex Willd.) DC. ( = D. rigidum 

(Ell.) DC.) Erie Co. report not 

corroborated by specimen (Young 1998).] 

D. paniculatum (L.) DC., Panicled Tick-trefoil 

= D. dillenii Darl. 

D. pauciflorum (Nutt.) DC., Few-or Smallflowered 

Tick-trefoil 

D. perplexum Schub., Tick-clover, Tick-trefoil 

= D. dillenii Darl. in part 

= Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze in part 

Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC. = Desmodium 

obtusum (Muh. ex Willd. DC. (excluded 

by Zander & Pierce 1979). 

D. rotundifolium DC., Round-leaved Tick-trefoil 

Dianthera americana L. = Justicia americana (L.) 

Vahl 

DIANTHUS L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

*D. armeria L., Deptford Pink 

*D. barbatus L., Sweet William 

Dianthus blandus (Reichenb.) Hayek = Dianthus 

deltoides L. 

*D. deltoides L., Maiden-pink, Meadow-pink 

Dianthus hoppei Portenschl. = Dianthus deltoides 

L. 

Dianthus luminitzeri Weisb. = Dianthus deltoides 

L. 

Dianthus praecox Kit. ex Willd. = Dianthus 

deltoides L. 

DICENTRA Bernh. (Fumariaceae) 

D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp., Squirrel-corn, 

Turkey-corn 

= Diclytra canadensis (Goldie) DC. 

D. cucullaria (L.) Bernh., Dutchman's Breeches 

= Diclytra cucullaria (L.) DC. 

53 

Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark 

= Panicum acuminatum Sw. 

Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckmann = 

Panicum boreale Nash 

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould = Panicum 

clandestinum L. 

Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) Gould = 

Panicum commutatum Schultes 

Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould = 

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. 

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould = Panicum 

dichotomum L. 

Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C. Clark = 

Panicum latifolium L. 

Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) 

Gould = Panicum linearifolium Scribn. ex 

Nash in Britt. & Brown 

Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J. A. Schultes) Gould 

var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould = 

Panicum oligosanthes J. A. Schultes var. 

scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. 

Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould var. 

sphaerocarpon = Panicum sphaerocarpon 

Ell. var. sphaerocarpon 

Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) Freckman 

var. praecocius (Hitchc. & Chase) 

Freckmann = Panicum villosissimum Nash 

Dichanthelium xanthophysum (A. Gray) Freckman 

= Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray 

Diclytra canadensis (Goldie) DC. = Dicentra 

canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 

Diclytra cucullaria (L.) DC. = Dicentra cucullaria 

(L.) Bernh. 

DIERVILLA Mill. (Caprifoliaceae) 

D. lonicera Mill., Bush Honeysuckle 

= D. trifida Moench 

Diervilla trifida Moench = Diervilla lonicera Mill. 

DIGITARIA Heist. ex Fabr. (Poaceae) 

D. cognata (Schultes) Pilger, Diffuse Crab-grass, 

Fall Witchgrass 

= Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase 

*D. ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. ex 

Muhl., Small or Smooth Crab-grass 

= D. ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gatt.) 

Fern. 

= Panicum glabrum (Schrad.) Gaud.

= Syntherisma ishaemum (Schreb. ex 

Schweig.) Nash 

*D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Large Crab-grass, Tall 

or Hairy Crab-grass 

= Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henr. 

= Panicum sanguinale L. 

= Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac 

Dilepyrum erectum (Schreb) Farw. = 


DIOSCOREA L. (Dioscoreaceae) 

*D. batatas Dcne., Yam, Chinese Yam, 

Cinnamon-vine 

= D. oppositifolia L. 

Dioscorea oppositifolia L. = Dioscorea batatas 

Dcne. 

Dioscorea quaternata of old NY reports in part = 

Dioscorea villosa L. 

D. villosa L., Wild Yam, Yellow Yam 

= D. quaternata of old NY reports in part 

Diphasiastrum digitatum (A. Br.) Holub = 

Lycopodium digitatum Dill. ex A. Br. 

Diphasiastrum digitatum × D. tristachyum = 

Diphasiastrum × habereri (House) Holub = 

Lycopodium digitatum × L. tristachyum = 

Lycopodium × habereri House 

Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub = 

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh 

Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm. = 

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh 

DIPLACHNE Beauv. (Poaceae) 

*D. fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv., Clustered 

Saltmeadow-grass, Sprangletop 

= Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray 

= L. fusca (L.) Kunth. ssp. fascicularis 

(Lam.) N. Snow 

DIPLAZIUM Sw. (Dryopteridaceae) 

Diplazium acrostichoides (Sw.) Butters = Deparia 


D. pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. Broun, Narrowleaved 

Spleenwort, Silvery Spleenwort, 

Silvery Glade-fern 

= Asplenium angustifolium (of authors) 

= A. pycnocarpon Sprengel 

= Athyrium angustifolium (Michx.) Milde 

= A. pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestr. 

54 

Diplopappus umbellatus (Mill.) Hook. = Aster 

umbellatus Mill. 

DIPLOTAXIS DC. (Brassicaceae) 

*D. muralis (L.) DC., Sand Rocket, Wall-rocket 

= Sisymbrium murale L. 

*D. tenuifolia (L.) DC., Wall Rocket 

= Sisymbrium tenuifolia (L.) DC. 

DIPSACUS L. (Dipsacaceae) 

*D. fullonum L., Common Teasel, Fuller's Teasel 

= D. sylvestris Huds. 

*D. laciniatus L., Cut-leaf Teasel 

Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. = Dipsacus fullonum L. 

DIRCA L. (Thymelaeaceae) 

D. palustris L., Leatherwood, Moosewood, 

Wicopy, Rope-bark 

DISPORUM Salisb. ex D. Don (Liliaceae) 

D. lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols., Yellow 

Mandarin 

= Prosartes lanuginosa (Michx.) Don 

Dodecatheon meadia (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene = Aster 

infirmus Michx. 

Doellingeria umbellata (P. Mill.) Nees var. 

umbellata = Aster umbellatus P. Mill. 

DRABA L. (Brassicaceae) 

D. arabisans Michx., Rockcress Whitlow-grass 

D. reptans (Lambert) Fernald, Whitlow-grass 

= D. caroliniana Walt. 

*D. verna L., Whitlow-grass 

= Erophila verna (L.) Bess. 

DRACOCEPHALUM L. (Lamiaceae) 

Dracocephalum formosius (Lunell) Rydb. = 

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. 

D. parviflorum Nutt., Dragonhead 

Dracocephalum speciosum Sweet = Physostegia 

virginiana (L.) Benth. 

Dracocephalum virginianum L. = Physostegia 


Dracontium foetidum L. = Symplocarpus foetidus 

(L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. 

DROSERA L. (Droseraceae)

D. intermedia Hayne, Spatulate-leaved Sundew, 

Narrow-leaved Sundew 

= D. longifolia Michx. in part 

Drosera longifolia Michx. in part = Drosera 

intermedia Hayne 

D. rotundifolia L., Round-leaved Sundew 

= D. rotundifolia var. comosa Fern. 

Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb. = 

Potentilla arguta Pursh 

DRYOPTERIS Adans. (Dryopteridaceae) 

Dryopteris austriaca var. fructuosa (Gilb.) Mort. = 

[Dryopteris carthusiana × intermedia = × 

triploidea Wherry] 

Dryopteris austriaca var. intermedia (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Morton = Dryopteris intermedia 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray 

D. campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson, Mountain 

Wood-fern 

= Aspidium campyloptera Kunze 

= D. austriaca of authors, not (Jacq.) Woyner 

= D. dilatata var. americana (Fisch. ex 

Kunze) Benedict 

= D. spinulosa var. americana (Fisch. ex 

Kunze) Fern. 

= Thelypteris dilatata (Hoffm.) House 

= Thelypteris dilatata var. americana (Fisch.) 

House 

No vouchered specimens occur for any 

western New York county other than post- 

1980 specimens that exist for Cattaraugus 

(NYFA 1990). The fern occurs in Ontario 

(as D. expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenkins & 

Jermy (Morton & Venn 1990). No 

specimens at BUF confirm the occurrence 

of this fern in our region and the 

peninsular region of Ontario. The 

treatment of this species by Montgomery 

and Wagner Jr. (FNA Vol. 2, 1993, p. 288) 

indicates the species does not occur in 

Ontario, and only in the Adirondack or 

Hudson River area of New York State (not 

western or central New York). The species 

should perhaps be excluded from our 

area.] 

D. carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs, Spinulose Shieldfern, 

Spinulose Wood-fern 

= D. austriaca var. spinulosa (Muell.) Fiori 

= D. spinulosa (Muell.) Watt 

55 

= Polypodium carthusianum Vill. 

= Thelypteris spinulosa (O.F.Muell.) Nieuwl. 

D. carthusiana × cristata = D. × uliginosa (A. Br. 

ex Dowell) Druce, Wood-fern 

= D. cristata × spinulosa 

D. carthusiana × intermedia = D. × triploidea 

Wherry, Wood-fern 

= D. austriaca var. fructuosa (Gilb.) Mort. 

= D. intermedia × spinulosa 

D. celsa (Palmer) Knowlt., Palmer & Poll., Logfern 

D. celsa × goldiana, Log-fern 

D. clintoniana (D. C. Eat. ex A. Gray) Dowell, 

Clinton's Fern, Clinton's Shield-fern 

= Aspidium cristatum var. clintonianum D. 

C. Eat. 

= Dryopteris cristata var. clintoniana (D. C. 

Eat. ex A. Gray) Underw. 

= Thelypteris clintoniana (D. C. Eaton ex A. 

Gray) House 

D. clintoniana × goldiana Wood-fern 

D. clintoniana × intermedia = D. × dowellii 

(Farw.) Wherry, Dowell's Wood-fern 

= Thelypteris cristata var. clintoniana × T. 

spinulosa var. intermedia of Zenkert 

(1934). 

D. cristata (L.) A. Gray, Crested Shield-fern, 

Crested Wood-fern 

= Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. 

= Polypodium cristatum L. 

= Thelypteris cristata (L.) Nieuwl. 

Dryopteris cristata var. clintoniana (D.C.Eat.) 

Underw. = Dryopteris clintoniana (D. Eat. 

ex Gray) Dowell 

D. cristata × intermedia = D. × boottii 

(Tuckerm.) Underw., Boott's Wood-fern 

= Aspidium boottii Tuckerm. of Zenkert, 

1934. 

Dryopteris cristata × spinulosa = [Dryopteris 

carthusiana × cristata = D. × uliginosa (A. 

Br. ex Dowell) Druce] 

Dryopteris disjuncta (Ledeb.) Morton = 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. 

D. goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) Gray, Goldie's 

Fern, Giant Wood-fern 

= Aspidium goldianum Hook. ex Goldie 

= Thelypteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) 

Nieuwl.

D. goldiana × marginalis = D. × neowherryi W. 

Wagner, Wood-fern 

Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Christ. = 

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée 

D. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray, 

Common Wood-fern, Fancy-fern 

= Aspidium intermedium Muhl. ex Willd. 

= A. spinulosum var. intermedium (Muhl.) 

D.C. Eaton 

= Dryopteris austriaca var. intermedia (Muhl. 

ex Willd.) Morton 

= D. spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt var. 

concordiana (Davenport) Eastman 

= D. spinulosa var. intermedia (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Underw. 

= Thelypteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

House 

= Thelypteris spinulosa var. intermedia 

(Muhl.) Weatherby 

D. marginalis (L.) Gray, Marginal Shield-fern, 

Marginal Wood-fern 

= Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. 

= Thelypteris marginalis (L.) Nieuwl. 

Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) Christ. = Phegopteris 

connectilis (Michx.) Watt 

Dryopteris spinulosa (Muell.) Watt = Dryopteris 

carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs 

Dryopteris spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. 

concordiana (Davenport) Eastman = 

Dryopteris intermedia (Willd.) A. Gray 

Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Morton = Dryopteris intermedia 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray 

DULICHIUM L. Rich. ex Pers. (Cyperaceae) 

D. arundinaceum (L.) Britt., Threeway Sedge 

= D. spathaceum (L.) Pers. 

Dulichium spathaceum (L.) Pers. = Dulichium 

arundinaceum (L.) Britt. 

DYSSODIA Cav. (Asteraceae) 

Dyssodia chrysanthemoides (Willd.) Lag. = 

Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. 

*D. papposa (Vent.) Hitchc., Fetid Marigold 

= Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. ex Britt. 

= D. chrysanthemoides (Willd.) Lag. 

= Tagetes papposa Vent. 

Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) Gray = Sphenopholis 

obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. 

56 

Eatonia pennsylvanica A. Gray in part = 

Sphenopholis obtusata var. major (Torrey) 

Erdm. 

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (excluded by 

Zander & Pierce 1979) 

ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. (Poaceae) 

*E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Japanese Millet, 

Barnyard-grass, Cock-spur Grass. 

*ssp. crus-galli 

= Panicum crus-galli L. 

*ssp. edulis Hitchc., Japanese Millet, Billiondollar 

Grass. 

= E. crus-galli var. edulis Hitchc. 

= E. crus-galli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) 

Wight 

= E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Link 

Echinochloa crus-galli var. hispidus Ell. = 

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller (not 

Nash ex Britt.) 

Echinochloa crusgalli var. michauxii House = 

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. 

muricata 

Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link = 

Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. edulis Hitchc. 

Echinochloa microstachya (Wieg.) Rydb. = 

Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya 

Wieg. 

E. muricata (Beauv.) Fern., Cockspur-grass, 

Barnyard-grass 

var. microstachya Wieg. Small-spiked 

Barnyard-grass 

= E. microstachya (Wieg.) Rydb. 

= E. pungens var. microstachya (Weig.) 

Fern.& Grisc. 

= E. occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. 

var. muricata, Rough Barnyard-grass 

= E. crusgalli var. michauxii House 

= E. pungens (Poir.) Rybd. 

Echinochloa occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. = 

Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya 

Wieg. 

Echinochloa pungens var. microstachya (Weig.) 

Fern.& Grisc. = Echinochloa muricata var. 

microstachya Wieg. 

Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. = Echinochloa 

muricata var. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. 

E. walteri (Pursh) Heller (not Nash ex Britt.), 

Water-millet, Walter's Cockspur-grass

ECHINOCYSTIS Torrey & A. Gray 

(Cucurbitaceae) 

E. lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray, Wild 

Cucumber, Prickly Cucumber, Wild 

Balsam-apple 

= Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene 

= Sicyos lobata Michx. 

ECHINOPS L. (Asteraceae) 

*E. ritro L. 

ssp. ruthenicus (Bieb.) Nyman, Globe Thistle 

*E. sphaerocephalus L., Globe Thistle 

Echinospermum lappula (L.) Lehm. = Lappula 

squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. 

ECHIUM L. (Boraginaceae) 

*E. vulgare L., Viper's Bugloss, Blue-weed, Bluedevil 

= E. plantagineum of NY reports, not L. 

= E. pustulatum of NY reports, not Sibth. & 

Sm. 

ELEOCHARIS R. Br. (Cyperaceae) 

E. acicularis (L.) R.& S., Needle Spikerush, 

Hairgrass, Slender Rush 

Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees = Eleocharis 

elliptica Kunth var. elliptica 

Eleocharis annua (Thuill.) House = Eleocharis 

obtusa var. ovata (Roth) Drap. & Mohl. 

Eleocharis calva Torr. = Eleocharis erythropoda 

Steud. 

Eleocharis capitata (of Zenkert, 1934) = Eleocharis 

elliptica Kunth var. elliptica 

Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. = Eliocharis elliptica 

Kunth var. elliptica 

Eleocharis compressa var. atrata Svenson = 

Eleocharis elliptica Kunth 

Eleocharis diandra Wright = Eleocharis obtusa 

(Willd.) Schultes var. obtusa 

E. elliptica Kunth, Compressed Spikerush 

var. elliptica 

= E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees 

= E. capitata (L.) R. Br. 

= E. compressa Sulliv. 

= E. compressa var. atrata Svenson 

= E. tenuis of NY reports, not (Willd.) 

Schultes 

= E. tenuis var. borealis (Svens.) Gleason 

57 

E. erythropoda Steud., Red-footed Spikerush 

= E. glaucescens (Willd.) R. & S. 

= E. calva Torr. 

E. flavescens (Poir.) Urban., Olive Spikerush 

= E. flavescens var. olivacea (Torrey) 

Gleason 

= E. olivacea Torrey 

Eleocharis glaucescens (Willd.) R. & S. = 

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. 

E. intermedia Schultes (not Muhl.), Matted 

Spikerush 

= E. reclinata Kunth 

= E. reclinata var. habereri House 

Eleocharis obtusa var. ellipsoides Fern. = 

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. 

obtusa 

Eleocharis obtusa var. jejuna Fern. = Eleocharis 

obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. obtusa 

E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes, Spikerush, Fat 

Spikerush 

var. obtusa 

= E. diandra Wright 

= E. obtusa var. ellipsoides Fern. 

= E. obtusa var. jejuna Fern. 

var. ovata (Roth) Drap. & Mohl., Ovate 

Spikerush 

= E. annua (Thuill.) House 

= E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. 

Eleocharis olivacea Torrey = Eleocharis flavescens 

(Poir.) Urban. 

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. = Eleocharis 

obtusa var. ovata (Roth) Drap. & Mohl. 

E. palustris (L.) R.& S., Creeping Spikerush 

= E. palustris var. major Sonder 

E. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link., Few-flowered 

Spikerush 

= E. quinqueflora var. fernaldii Svens. 

= Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. 

Eleocharis quinqueflora var. fernaldii Svens. = 

Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link. 

Eleocharis reclinata Kunth = Eleocharis intermedia 

Schultes 

Eleocharis reclinata var. habereri House = 

Eleocharis intermedia Schultes 

E. rostellata (Torr.) Torr., Beaked Spikerush 

Eleocharis tenuis of NY reports, not (Willd.) 

Schultes = Eleocharis elliptica Kunth var. 

elliptica

Eleocharis tenuis var. borealis (Svenson) Gl. = 

Eleocharis elliptica Kunth 

ELEUSINE Gaertn. (Poaceae) 

*E. indica (L.) Gaertn., Goose-grass, Yard-grass, 

Wiregrass 

ELODEA L. Rich. ex Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) 

E. canadensis Rich. ex Michx., Water-weed, 

Elodea, Ditch-moss 

= Anacharis canadensis (Rich. ex Michx.) 

Planch. 

= A. planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. 

= Apalanthe schweinitzii Planch. 

= Elodea planchonii Casp. 

= E. schweinitzii (Planch.) Casp. 

= Philotria canadensis (L. Rich. ex Michx.) 

Britt. 

= P. occidentalis (Pursh) House 

= P. planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. 

Elodea virginica (L.) Gray = Triadenum 

virginicum (L.) Raf. 

ELYMUS L. (Poaceae) 

E. canadensis L., Stout Nodding Wild Rye, 

Canada Wild Rye 

Elymus canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) Bowd. 

= Elymus wiegandii Fern. 

Elymus caninus (L.) L. = Elymus trachycaulus 

(Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus 

(Link) Barkworth & D. Dewey 

E. hystrix L., Bottle-brush Grass 

var. bigeloviana (Fern.) Bowden, Bigelow's 

Bottle-brush Grass 

= Hystrix patula var. bigeloviana (Fern.) 

Deam 

var. hystrix, Eastern Bottle-brush Grass 

= Asprella hystrix (L.) Willd. 

= Gymnostichum hystrix (L.) Schreb. 

= Hystrix patula Moench 

Elymus repens (L.) Gould = Elytrigia repens (L.) 

Nevski 

E. riparius Wieg., Riverbank Wild Rye, Marsh 

Wild Rye 

Elymus striatus (of authors) = Elymus villosus 


E. trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners, 

Slender Wheatgrass Rough-stemmed 

Wheatgrass 

58 

ssp. subsecundus (Link) Barkworth & D. 

Dewey 

= Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. 

= A. trachycaulum var. glaucum (Pease & 

Moore) Malte 

= A. trachycaulum var. majus (Vasey) Fern. 

= A. trachycaulum var. unilaterale (Vasey) 

Malte 

= Elymus caninus (L.) L. 

= Triticum caninum L. 

ssp. trachycaulus 

= Agropyron caninum var. tenerum (Vasey) 

Pease & Moore 

= A. tenerum Vasey 

= A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex Lewis 

= A. trachycaulum var. novae-angliae 

(Scribn. ex Brainerd) Fern. 

= A. violaceum (Hornem.) Lange 

E. villosus Muhl. ex Willd., Wild Rye 

var. villosus 

= E. striatus (of authors) 

E. virginicus L., Virginia Wild Rye 

var. virginicus 

= E. virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush 

= E. virginicus var. hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) 

Hitchc. 

E. wiegandii Fern., Wiegand Wild Rye 

= E. canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) 

Bowd. 

ELYTRIGIA Desv. (Poaceae) 

*E. repens (L.) Nevski, Quack-grass, Witch-grass, 

Quickgrass, Creeping Wild Rye 

= Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. 

= A. repens var. littoreum Anderss. 

= A. repens var. nemorale Anderss. 

= A. repens var. pilosum Scribn. 

= Elymus repens (L.) Gould 

= Triticum repens L. 

ENEMION Raf. (Ranunculaceae) 

E. biternatum Raf., False Rue-Anemone 

= Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) Torrey & A. 

Gray 

EPIFAGUS Nutt. (Orobanchaceae) 

E. virginiana (L.) Bart., Beech-drops, Cancer-root 

= Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf. 

= Orobanche virginiana L.

EPIGAEA L. (Ericaceae) 

E. repens L., Trailing Arbutus 

= E. repens var. glabrifolia Fern. 

EPILOBIUM L. (Onagraceae) 

Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. = Epilobium 

ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum 

E. angustifolium L., Fireweed, Willow-herb, 

Wickup 

= Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. ssp. 

circumvagum (Mosquin) Moldenke 

= Epilobium spicatum Lam. 

E. ciliatum Raf., Northern Willow-herb, Hairy 

Willow-herb 

ssp. ciliatum 

= E. adenocaulon Hausskn. 

= E. glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon 

(Hausskn.) Fern. 

= E. glandulosum Lehm. var. perplexans 

(Trel.) Fern. 

= E. perplexans Trel. 

ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & Raven 

= E. boreale Haussk. 

= E. glandulosum Lehm. var. glandulosum 

= E. glandulosum var. cardiophyllum Fern. 

= E. glandulosum var. perplexans of authors, 

not (Trel.) Fern. 

E. coloratum Biehler, Purple-leaved Willow-herb 

= E. tetragonum Pursh 

Epilobium densum Raf. = Epilobium strictum 

Muhl. ex Spreng. 

Epilobium glandulosum var. adenocaulon 

(Haussk.) Fern. = Epilobium ciliatum Raf. 

ssp. ciliatum 

Epilobium glandulosum var. cardiophyllum Fern. 

= Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum 

(Lehm.) Hoch & Raven 

Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. glandulosum = 

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. glandulosum 

(Lehm.) Hoch & Raven 

Epilobium glandulosum var. occidentale (Trel.) 

Fern. = Epilobium ciliatum ssp. 

glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & Raven 

*E. hirsutum L., Hairy Willow-herb, European 

Fireweed 

Epilobium lineare Muhl. = Epilobium palustre L. 

Epilobium lineare LeConte = Epilobium palustre 

L. 

59 

Epilobium molle Lam. = Epilobium parviflorum 

Schreber 

Epilobium molle Torr. = Epilobium strictum Muhl. 

ex Spreng. 

Epilobium oliganthum Michx. = Epilobium 

palustre L. 

E. palustre L., Marsh Willow-herb 

= E. lineare Muhl. 

= E. lineare LeConte 

= E. oliganthum Michx. 

= E. palustre var. monticola Haussk. 

= E. palustre var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fern. 

*E. parviflorum Schreber, Small-flowered 

Willow-herb 

= E. molle Lam. not Torrey 

Epilobium perplexans Trel. = Epilobium ciliatum 

Raf. ssp. ciliatum 

Epilobium spicatum Lam. = Epilobium 

angustifolium L. 

E. strictum Muhl. ex Spreng., Soft Willow-herb 

= E. densum Raf. 

= E. molle Torr. 

Epilobium tetragonum Pursh = Epilobium 

coloratum Biehler 

EPIPACTIS Sw. (Orchidaceae) 

*E. helleborine (L.) Crantz., Helleborine Orchid, 

Weed-orchid 

= E. latifolia (L.) All. 

= Serapias helleborine L. 

Epipactis latifolia (L.) All. = Epipactis helleborine 

(L.) Crantz 

Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A.A. Eat. = Goodyera 

pubescens (Willd.) R.Br. 

Epipactis repens var. ophoides (Fern.) A.A. Eat. = 

Goodyera repens var. ophoides Fern. 

EQUISETUM L. (Equisetaceae) 

E. arvense L., Common Horsetail, Field Horsetail 

= E. arvense var. boreale Bong. 

E. fluviatile L., Swamp Horsetail, Water-horsetail, 

Pipes, River-horsetail 

= E. limosum L. 

= E. limosum var. verticillatum A. A. Eat. 

Equisetum funstonii A. A. Eaton = Equisetum 

laevigatum A. Braun 

E. hyemale L., Tall Scouring-rush 

var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eat. 

= E. hyemale var. elatum (Engelm.) Morton

= E. hyemale var. pseudohyemale (Farw.) 

Morton 

= E. praealtum Raf. 

= E. robustum A. Br. 

Equisetum hyemale var. intermedium A. A. Eat. = 

[Equisetum hyemale × laevigatum = E. × 

ferrisii Clute, see discussion under E. 

laevigatum 

E. hyemale × variegatum = E. × mackii (Newm.) 

Brich., Rough-tooth Scouring-rush, Hybrid 

Scouring-rush 

= E. × trachydon R. Br. 

= E. variegatum var. jesupii A. Eaton 

Equisetum kansanum Schaffn. = Equisetum 

laevigatum A. Braun 

E. laevigatum A. Braun, Smooth Scouring-rush 

= E. funstonii A. A. Eaton 

= E. kansanum Schaffn. 

Equisetum limosum L. = Equisetum fluviatile L. 

Equisetum limosum var. verticillatum A.A.Eat. = 

Equisetum fluviatile L. 

E. palustre L., Marsh-horsetail 

= E. palustre var. americanum Vict. 

= E. palustre var. ramosissimum Peck 

Equisetum praealtum Raf. = Equisetum hyemale L. 

var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton 

[Equisetum pratense Ehrh., report from Niagara 

Co. unsubstantiated by specimen (Young 

1998).] 

Equisetum robustum A. Br. = Equisetum hyemale 

L. var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton 

E. scirpoides Michx., Dwarf Scouring-rush 

E. sylvaticum L., Wood Horsetail 

= E. sylvaticum var. multiramosum (Fern.) 

Wherry 

= E. sylvaticum var. pauciramosum Milde 

E. variegatum Schleich. ex Weber & Mohr, 

Variegated Scouring-rush 

ERAGROSTIS N. M. von Wolf (Poaceae) 

E. capillaris (L.) Nees, Lacegrass 

Eragrostis caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn. = 

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees 

*E. cilianensis (All.) Mosher (not Link or Hubb.), 

Strong-scented Love-grass, Stinkgrass, 

Skunkgrass, Snakegrass 

= E. major Host 

= E. megastachya (Koel.) Link 

60 

Eragrostis eragrostis (L.) Beauv. = Eragrostis 

minor Host 

E. frankii Meyer ex Steud., Frank's Love-grass, 

Lacegrass 

*E. minor Host, Lovegrass 

= E. eragrostis (L.) Beauv. 

= E. poaeoides R. & S. 

Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. = Eragrostis pilosa 

(L.) Beauv. 

E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Purple Lovegrass 

= E. caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn. 

= E. purshii Schrad. 

Eragrostis peregrina Wieg. = Eragrostis pilosa (L.) 

Beauv. 

*E. pilosa (L.) Beauv., India Lovegrass 

= E. multicaulis Steud. 

= E. peregrina Wieg. 

Eragrostis poaeoides R. & S. = Eragrostis minor 

Host 

Eragrostis purshii Schrad. = Eragrostis pectinacea 

(Michx.) Nees 

E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., Purple Lovegrass, 

Tumblegrass 

= E. pectinacea of American authors, not 

(Michx.) Nees 

= E. spectabilis var. sparsihirsuta Farw. 

ERECHTITES Raf. (Asteraceae) 

E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC., Pilewort, 

Fireweed 

var. hieracifolia 

= E. hieracifolia var. intermedia Fern. 

= E. hieracifolia var. praealta (Raf.) Fern. 

Erechtites hieracifolia var. intermedia Fern. = 

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. 

Erechtites hieracifolia var. praealta (Raf.) Fern. = 

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. 

ERIGENIA Nutt. (Apiaceae) 

E. bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt., Harbinger of Spring, 

Pepper-and-Salt 

ERIGERON L. (Asteraceae) 

Erigeron acris of authors, not L. = Erigeron 

strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. 

E. annuus (L.) Pers., Slender White-top, Daisyfleabane, 

Daisy Whitetop, White Scabious, 

Sweet Scabious

Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl.ex Willd. = Erigeron 

pulchellus Michx. 

Erigeron canadensis L. = Conyza canadensis (L.) 

Cronq. 

E. philadelphicus L., Philadelphia Fleabane 

= E. philadelphicus var. provancheri (Vict. & 

Rouss.) Boivin 

E. pulchellus Michx., Robin's-plantain, Poor 

Robin's Plantain 

= E. bellidifolius Muhl.ex Willd. 

Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP = Erigeron strigosus 


E. strigosus Muhl. ex Willd., Daisy Fleabane 

= E. acris of authors, not L. 

= E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP 

= E. strigosus varieties 

ERIOCAULON L. (Eriocaulaceae) 

E. aquaticum (Hill) Druce, Seven-angled 

Pipewort, White-buttons, Hatpins, 

Pipewort 

= E. articulatum (Huds.) Morong 

= E. pellucidum Michx. 

= E. septangulare With. 

Eriocaulon pellucidum Michx. = Eriocaulon 

aquaticum (Hill) Druce 

Eriocaulon septangulare With. = Eriocaulon 

aquaticum (Hill) Druce 

ERIOCHLOA Kunth (Poaceae) 

*E. acuminata (J. Presl) Kunth, Cup-grass 

= E. lemmonii var. gracilis 

ERIOPHORUM L. (Cyperaceae) 

Eriophorum alpinum L. = Scirpus hudsonianus 

(Michx.) Fern. 

[Eriophorum angustifolium Honkeny was put in 

synonymy with Scirpus angustifolius 

(Honkey) T. Koyama by Zander and 

Pierce and excluded. Eriophorum 

angustifolium Honck. ssp. scabriusculum 

Hultén is reported in both New York State 

(Mitchell & Tucker 1997) and Ontario (as 

E. triste (Th. Fries) Á. Löve & Hadac, 

Morton & Venn 1990). There is an 

unconfirmed report for Chautauqua Co. 

noted by Young (1998).] 

61 

Eriophorum callithrix of authors, not Cham. = 

Eriophorum vaginatum ssp. spissum 

(Fern.) Hultén 

E. gracile Koch ex Roth, Slender Cotton-grass 

Eriophorum. polystachyon Torrey according to 

House 1924 = Eriophorum viridicarinatum 

(Engelm.) Fern. 

[Eriophorum polystachyon var. angustifolium 

(Roth) Gray = Eriophorum angustifolium 

Roth (excluded) in ZP. in House 

angustifolium is Roth and Polyst. in Torr. 

not Honck or L. in M&V, E. polystachyon 

is in part E. angustifolium and E. viridicarinatum 

p. 26] 

Eriophorum spissum Fern. = Eriophorum 

vaginatum L. ssp. spissum (Fern.) Hultén 

E. tenellum Nutt., Rough Cotton-grass 

E. vaginatum L., Hare's-tail 

ssp. spissum (Fern.) Hultén 

= E. spissum Fern. 

= E. callithrix of authors, not Cham. 

E. virginicum L., Tawny Cotton-grass 

= E. virginicum var. album A. Gray 

E. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fern., Thin-leaved 

Cotton-grass 

= E. polystachyon Torrey according to House 

1924 

ERODIUM L'Hér. ex Ait. (Geraniaceae) 

*E. cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait., Storksbill, 

Pinclover, Alfileria 

Erophila verna (L.) Bess. = Draba verna L. 

ERUCA Mill. (Brassicaceae) 

Eruca sativa Mill. = Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. 

*E. vesicaria (L.) Cav., Rocket Salad, Gardenrocket 

ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. 

= Brassica eruca L. 

= Eruca eruca (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown 

= E. sativa Mill. 

ERUCASTRUM C. Presl (Brassicaceae) 

*E. gallicum (Willd.) Schulz, Dog Mustard, 

French Rocket 

= E. pollichii Schimp. & Spinn. 

= Sisymbrium erucastrum Poll. 

= S. gallicum Willd.

Erucastrum pollichii Schimp. & Spinn. = 

Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) Schulz 

ERYSIMUM L. (Brassicaceae) 

Erysimum alliaria L. = Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) 

Cav. & Grande 

Erysimum barbarea L. = Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 

*E. cheiranthoides L., Wormseed Mustard, 

Treacle-mustard 

= Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link 

Erysimum officinale L. = Sisymbrium officinale 

(L.) Scop. 

Erysimum vernum Mill. = Barbarea verna (Mill.) 

Aschers 

Erythraea centaurium Pers. = Centaurium erythraea 

Rafn. (not Raf.) 

ERYTHRONIUM L. (Liliaceae) 

E. albidum Nutt., White Adder's-tongue White 

Trout-lily, White Dog-tooth Violet 

= E. propullans of Ontario reports, not A. 

Gray (of Cameron, 1895) 

E. americanum Ker, Yellow Adder's-tongue, 

Troutlily, Dog-tooth Violet 

Evonymus (orth. var.) = Euonymus L. 

EUONYMUS L. (Celastraceae) 

E. americana L., Strawberry-bush, Bursting-heart 

“reject, Ontario report based on E. obovatus” 

(Morton & Venn 1990). 

Euonymus americana var. obovata (Nutt.) Torr. & 

A. Gray = Euonymus obovata Nutt. 

(*)E. atropurpurea Jacq., Wahoo, Burning Bush 

*E. europaea L., Spindle-tree 

*E. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand., Wintercreeper 

var. radicans (Sieb. ex Miq.) Rehd. 

E. obovata Nutt., Running Strawberry-bush 

= E. americana var. obovata Torrey & A. 

Gray ex A. Gray 

Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (L.) King & H. 

Robinson = Eupatorium maculatum L. var. 

maculatum 

EUPATORIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

Eupatorium ageratoides L.f. = Eupatorium 

rugosum Houtt. 

E. altissimum L., Tall Thoroughwort 

62 

“Note: Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. 

Robinson is a synonym of E. rugosum” 

Mitchell & Tucker (1997). 

Eupatorium bruneri of NY authors, not A. Gray = 

Eupatorium maculatum L. var. maculatum 

Eupatorium bruneri var. foliosum (Fern.) House = 

Eupatorium maculatum L. var. foliosum 

(Fern.) Wieg. 

Eupatorium falcatum Michx. = Eupatorium 

purpureum L. 

E. fistulosum Barratt, Joe-Pye-weed, 

Trumpetweed 

E. maculatum L., Joe-Pye-weed 

var. foliosum (Fern.) Wieg. 

= E. bruneri var. foliosum (Fern.) House 

= E. maculatum var. bruneri (A. Gray) Breit., 

not Dougl. 

= E. purpureum var. foliosum Fern. 

var. maculatum 

= E. bruneri of NY authors, not A. Gray 

= E. purpureum var. maculatum (L.) Darl. 

= Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (L.) King & 

H. Robinson 

= Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E. Lamont 

E. perfoliatum L., Boneset, Thoroughwort 

E. purpureum L., Green-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed 

= E. falcatum Michx. 

= Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E. Lamont 

Eupatorium purpureum (of Day, 1882) was 

redetermined to be Eupatorium maculatum 

L. (Zander & Pierce, 1979). Zenkert (1934, 

as E. falcatum Michx.) reports the species 

as “Rather rare. Open woods, edges of 

woods, in dry to 

damp soil; sparse.” Eaton and Schrot (1987) 

report this species, in Cattaraugus County, 

as “Frequent along roadsides edges of 

woods, meadows, alluvium of Allegheny 

River; abundant.” 

Eupatorium purpureum var. foliosum Fern. = 

Eupatorium maculatum L. var. foliosum 

(Fern.) Wieg. 

Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum (L.) Darl. 

= Eupatorium maculatum L. var. 

maculatum 

E. rugosum Houtt., White Snakeroot, White 

Sanicle 

= Ageratina altissima (L.) R. King & H. 

Robinson

= Eupatorium ageratoides L.f. 

= E. urticaefolium Reich. 

Eupatorium urticaefolium Reich. = Eupatorium 

rugosum Houtt. 

EUPHORBIA L. (Euphorbiaceae) 

*E. corollata L., Flowering Spurge, Tramp's 

Spurge, Wild-hippo 

*E. cyparissias L., Cypress Spurge 

*E. dentata Michx., Toothed Spurge 

= Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Klotzsch & 

Garcke 

*E. esula L., Leafy Spurge, Wolf's Milk 

= E. esula L. ssp. esula 

= E. esula L. ssp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) 

Nyman 

= E. × pseudovirgata (Schur.) So 

= E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. 

*E. helioscopia L., Sun-spurge, Wartweed 

Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Weig. = Chamaesyce 

vermiculata (Raf.) House 

Euphorbia humistrata of NY reports, not Engelm. 

= Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 

Euphorbia hypericifolia of authors and Ontario 

reports = Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small 

*E. lathyris L., Myrtle-spurge, Caper-spurge, 

Mole-plant, Mole-spurge 

Euphorbia maculata L. = Chamaesyce maculata 

(L.) Small 

Euphorbia maculata of authors in part not (L.) 

Small = Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small 

Euphorbia nutans Lag. = Chamaesyce nutans 

(Lag.) Small 

*E. peplus L., Petty Spurge 

Euphorbia platyphylla of authors = Euphorbia 

platyphyllos L. 

*E. platyphyllos L., Broad-leaved Spurge 

= E. platyphyllus and platyphylla of authors 

Euphorbia polygonifolia L. = Chamaesyce 

polygonifolia (L.) Small 

Euphorbia preslii Guss. = Chamaesyce nutans 

(Lag.) Small 

Euphorbia supina Raf. = Chamaesyce maculata 

(L.) Small 

Euphorbia vermiculata Raf. = Chamaesyce 

vermiculata (Raf.) House 

EUPHRASIA L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

*E. stricta Wolff ex Lehm., Eyebright 

63 

= E. condensata Jord. 

= E. officinalis L. 

= E. rigidula Jord. 

Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom = Aster divaricatus 

L. 

Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. = Aster 

macrophyllus L. var. macrophullus 

EUTHAMIA Nutt. ex Cass. (Asteraceae) 

E. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. ex Cass., Narrow-leaved 

Goldenrod 

= Euthamia graminifolia var. nuttallii 

(Greene) Stone 

= Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. 

= S. graminifolia var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern. 

= S. graminifolia var. polycephala (Fern.) 

Fern. 

= S. lanceolata L. 

= S. polycephala Fern. 

Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E. Lamont var. 

maculatum = Eupatorium maculatum L. 

var. maculatum 

Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E. Lamont = 

Eupatorium purpureum L. 

FAGOPYRUM Mill. (Polygonaceae) 

*F. esculentum Moench, Buckwheat 

= F. fagopyrum (L.) Karst. 

= F. sagittatum Gilib., a nom. rej. 

= F. vulgare Hill 

Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib. = Fagopyrum 

esculentum Moench 

Fagopyrum vulgare Hill = Fagopyrum esculentum 

Moench 

FAGUS L. (Fagaceae) 

Fagus ferruginea Ait. = Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 

F. grandifolia Ehrh., Beech, American Beech, 

Beechnut 

= F. ferruginea Ait. 

= F. grandifolia var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fern. 

& Rehd. 

Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze = Amphicarpaea 

bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu 

Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub. = Polygonum 

cilinode Michx. 

Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve = Polygonum 

convolvulus L.

Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub. = Polygonum 

scandens L. var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason 

Fallopia japonica (Hout.) Dcne ssp. japonica = 

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. 

Fallopia sachalinensis (Schmidt ex Maxim.) Dcne. 

= Polygonum sachalinensis F. Schmidt ex 

Maxim. 

Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub. var. cristatum 

(Engelm. & A. Gray) H. R. Hinds = 

Polygonum scandens L. var. cristatum 

(Engelm. & A. Gray) Gleason 

Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub. var. scandens = 

Polygonum scandens L. 

Fedia fagopyrum Torr. & A. Gray = Valerianella 

chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. 

Fedia olitoria (L.) Vahl = Valerianella locusta (L.) 

Laterr. (not Betcke) 

FESTUCA L. (Poaceae) 

Festuca brachyphylla of NY report, not Schultes = 

Festuca filiformis Pourret 

Festuca capillata Lam. = Festuca filiformis Pourret 

Festuca duriuscula of authors, not L. = Festuca 

trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina 

Festuca elatior L., a nomen confusum = Lolium 

pratense (Hudson) S. Darbyshire 

*F. filiformis Pourret, Hair-fescue 

= F. brachyphylla of NY report, not Schultes 

= F. capillata Lam. 

= F. ovina var. capillata (Lam.) Alef. 

= F. tenuifolia Sibth. 

Festuca longifolia Thuill. = Festuca trachyphylla 

(Hackel) Krajina 

Festuca nutans (of authors) = Festuca 

subverticillata (Pers.) Alexe'ev 

Festuca obtusa Biehler ex Spreng. = Festuca 

subverticillata (Pers.) Alexe'ev 

Festuca octoflora Walt. = Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) 

Rydb. 

Festuca ovina of some authors, not L. = Festuca 


Festuca ovina var. capillata (Lam.) Alef. = Festuca 

filiformis Pourret 

Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (L.) Koch = Festuca 


Festuca ovina var. hispidula Richt. = Festuca 


Festuca pratensis Huds. = Lolium pratense 

(Hudson) S. Darbyshire 

64 

F. rubra L., Red Fescue 

*ssp. fallax Thuill. Chewing's Fescue 

= F. rubra var. commutata Gaud. 

*ssp. rubra 

F. subverticillata (Pers.) Alexe'ev, Nodding 

Fescue 

= F. obtusa Biehler 

= F. nutans (of authors) 

Festuca tenella Willd. = Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) 

Rydb. var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern. 

Festuca tenuifolia Sibth. = Festuca filiformis 

Pourret 

*F. trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina, Sheep-fescue 

= F. duriuscula of authors, not L. 

= F. longifolia Thuill. 

= F. ovina of some authors, not L. 

= F. ovina var. duriuscula (L.) Koch 

= F. ovina var. hispidula Richt. 

Ficaria ficaria (L.) Karst. = Ranunculus ficaria L. 

FILIPENDULA P. Mill. (Rosaceae) 

*F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Queen of the Meadow, 

Meadow-sweet, Whipped-cream, Spiraea 

= F. ulmaria var. denudata (J. & C. Presl) 

Beck 

Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. = Cystopteris 

bulbifera (L.) Bernh. 

Filix fragilis (L.) Gilib. = Cystopteris fragilis (L.) 

Bernh. 

Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray = Bulbostylis 

capillaris (L.) Clarke 

FLOERKEA Willd. (Limnanthaceae) 

F. proserpinacoides Willd., False Mermaid 

FOENICULUM Mill. (Apiaceae) 

*F. vulgare Mill., Fennel 

= Anethum foeniculum of Clinton's Journal 

1862, Oct. 9 

= F. foeniculum (L.) Karst. 

FRAGARIA L. (Rosaceae) 

Fragaria americana (Porter) Britt. = Fragaria vesca 

ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt 

Fragaria canadensis Michx., not Crantz = Fragaria 

virginiana Duchesne 

Fragaria grayana Vilm. ex Gay = Fragaria 

virginiana Duchesne

Fragaria michauxiana House = Fragaria virginiana 

Duchesne 

Fragaria platypetala Rydb. = Fragaria virginiana 

Duchesne 

F. vesca L., Woodland Strawberry, Sow-teat 

Strawberry 

ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt, American 

Wood Strawberry 

= F. americana (Porter) Britt. 

= F. vesca var. americana Porter 

*ssp. vesca L. European Strawberry 

F. virginiana Duchesne, Virginia Strawberry 

= F. canadensis Michx., not Crantz 

= F. grayana Vilm. ex Gay 

= F. michauxiana House 

= F. platypetala Rydb. 

= F. virginiana ssp. grayana (Vilm. ex Gay) 

Staudt 

= F. virginiana ssp. platypetala (Rydb.) 

Staudt 

= F. virginiana var. illinoensis (Prince) A. 

Gray 

= F. virginiana var. terra-novae (Rydb.) Fern. 

Frangula alnus Mill. = Rhamnus frangula L. 

FRASERA Walt. (Gentianaceae) 

F. caroliniensis Walt., American Columbo, Green 

Gentian 

= Swertia caroliniensis (Walt.) Kuntze 

FRAXINUS L. (Oleaceae) 

F. americana L., White Ash, American Ash 

= F. americana var. microcarpa A. Gray 

*F. excelsior L., European Ash. 

Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh. = Fraxinus 

pennsylvanica Marsh. 

F. nigra Marsh., Black Ash 

= Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. 

F. pennsylvanica Marsh., Red Ash, Green Ash 

= F. lanceolata Borkh. 

= F. pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) 

Sarg. 

= F. pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima 

(Vahl) Fern. 

= F. pennsylvanica varieties 

= F. pubescens of American authors, not 

Lam. 

= F. quadrangulata of NY reports, not Michx. 

= F. viridis Michx.f. 

65 

Fraxinus profunda Bush = Fraxinus tomentosa 

Michx. f. (excluded by Zander & Pierce 

1979) 

Fraxinus pubescens of American authors, not Lam. 

= Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 

Fraxinus quadrangulata of NY reports, not Michx. 

= Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 

Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. = Fraxinus nigra 

Marsh. 

Fraxinus viridis Michx.f. = Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Marsh. 

FROELICHIA Moench (Amaranthaceae) 

*F. gracilis (Hooker) Moq., Cottonweed, Slender 

Snake-cotton 

= Oplotheca gracilis Hooker 

FUIRENA Rottb. (Cyperaceae) 

Fuirena hispida of NY reports, not Ell. = Fuirena 

pumila (Torr.) Spreng. 

F. pumila (Torr.) Spreng., Umbrella-grass 

= F. hispida of NY reports, not Ell. 

= F. squarrosa of NY reports, in large part, 

not Michx. 

Fuirena squarrosa of NY reports, in large part, not 

Michx. = Fuirena pumila (Torr.) Spreng. 

FUMARIA L. (Fumariaceae) 

Fumaria fungosa Ait. = Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) 

Greene ex BSP. 

Fumaria recta Raf. = Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) 

Greene ex BSP. 

*F. officinalis L., Fumitory, Earth-smoke, Drug 

Fumitory 

GAILLARDIA Foug. (Asteraceae) 

*G. aristata Pursh, Blanket-flower 

= G. pulchella of some reports, not Foug. 

GALACTIA P. Br. (Fabaceae) 

Galactia glabella of NY reports, not Michx. = 

Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. 

Galactia regularis of NY reports, not (L.) BSP. = 

Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. 

G. volubilis (L.) Britt., Downy Milk-pea 

= G. glabella of NY reports, not Michx. 

= G. regularis of NY reports, not (L.) BSP. 

Gale palustris (Lam.) Chev. = Myrica gale L.

GALEARIS Raf. (Orchidaceae) 

G. spectabilis (L.) Raf., Showy Orchis 

= Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. ex Britt. 

= Orchis spectabilis L. 

GALEGA L. (Fabaceae) 

G. officinalis L., Catgut, Goat's-rue 

GALEOPSIS L. (Lamiaceae) 

*G. tetrahit L., Hemp-nettle 

*var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. 

= G. bifida Boenn. 

= G. tetrahit var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & 

Court. 

*var. tetrahit 

Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. ex Britt. = 

Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. 

GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pavón (Asteraceae) 

Galinsoga bicolorata St. John & White = Galinsoga 

quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavón 

Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Schultz = Galinsoga 


Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake = Galinsoga 


*G. parviflora Cav., Peruvian Daisy, Galinsoga, 

Quickweed 

*G. quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavón, Peruvian Daisy, 

Quickweed, Gardener's-blight 

= G. bicolorata St. John & White 

= G. caracasana (DC.) Schultz. 

= G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake 

GALIUM L. (Rubiaceae) 

(*)G. aparine L., Cleavers, Bedstraw, Goosegrass 

G. asprellum Michx., Rough Bedstraw 

G. boreale L., Northern Bedstraw 

= G. boreale varieties 

Galium brandegei Gray in part = Galium trifidum 

L. ssp. trifidum 

Galium brevipes Fern. & Wieg. = Galium trifidum 

L. ssp. trifidum 

G. circaezans Michx., Wild Liquorice Bedstraw 

var. circaezans 

= G. circaezans var. glabrum Britt. 

var. hypomalacum Fern. 

Galium claytonii Michx. = Galium tinctorium L. 

Galium erectum Huds. = Galium mollugo L. 

66 

G. labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg., Northern Marshbedstraw, 

Cleavers 

G. lanceolatum Torr., Torrey's Wild Liquorice 

Bedstraw 

*G. mollugo L., Carpet-weed Bedstraw, False 

Baby's-breath, Wild Madder 

= G. erectum Huds. 

= G. mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) Domin. 

G. obtusum Bigel., Blunt-leaved Marsh-bedstraw 

= G. tinctorium of some NY reports, not L. 

*G. odoratum (L.) Scop., Sweet Woodruff 

= Asperula odorata L. 

G. palustre L., Marsh-bedstraw, Ditch-bedstraw 

G. pilosum Ait., Hairy Bedstraw 

G. tinctorium L., Stiff Marsh-bedstraw 

= G. claytonii Michx. 

= G. trifidum ssp. tinctorium (L.) Hara 

= G. trifidum var. tinctorium (L.) Torr. & A. 

Gray 

G. trifidum L., Small Bedstraw 

ssp. trifidum 

= G. brandegei Gray in part 

= G. brevipes Fern. & Wieg. 

Galium trifidum ssp. tinctorium (L.) Hara = 

Galium tinctorium L. 

Galium trifidum var. tinctorium (L.) Torr. & Gray 

= Galium tinctorium L. 

G. triflorum Michx., Sweet-scented Bedstraw 

= G. triflorum var. asprelliforme Fern. 

*G. verum L., Yellow Bedstraw 

ssp. verum 

GAULTHERIA L. (Ericaceae) 

G. hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigel., Creeping 

Snowberry, Moxie-plum, Maidenhairberry 

= Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & A. Gray 

G. procumbens L., Wintergreen, Checker-berry, 

Teaberry, Mountain-tea, Ivory-leaf 

GAURA L. (Onagraceae) 

G. biennis L., Biennial Gaura 

GAYLUSSACIA Kunth (Ericaceae) 

G. baccata (Wang.) Koch, Black Huckleberry 

= Andromeda baccata Wang 

= G. resinosa (Ait.) Torr.& A. Gray ex Torr.

G. frondosa (L.) Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr., 

Dangleberry, Dwarf or Blue Huckleberry, 

Blue-tangle 

= Vaccinium frondosum L. 

Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) Torr.& A. Gray ex 

Torr. = Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. 

Koch 

Genista scoparia (L.) Lam. = Cytisus scoparius (L.) 

Link 

GENTIANA L. (Gentianaceae) 

G. andrewsii Griseb., Closed Gentian, Bottlegentian 

= G. andrewsii fo. albiflora Britt. 

G. clausa Raf., Blind Gentian, Closed Gentian, 

Bottle-gentian 

Gentiana crinita Froel. = Gentianopsis crinita 

(Froel.) Ma 

Gentiana detonsa (of Day, 1882) = Gentianopsis 

procera (Holm) Ma 

G. linearis Froel., Narrow-leaved Gentian 

Gentiana procera Holm = Gentianopsis procera 

(Holm) Ma 

Gentiana puberula of authors, not Michx. = 

Gentiana puberulenta Pringle 

G. puberulenta Pringle, Downy Gentian 

= Dasystephana grayi of NY reports, not 

(Kusn.) Britt. 

= G. puberula of authors, not Michx. 

Gentiana quinquefolia L. = Gentianella 

quinquefolia (L.) Small 

G. saponaria L., Soapwort-gentian, Harvest-bells 

GENTIANELLA Moench (Gentianaceae) 

G. quinquefolia (L.) Small Gentian, Stiff Gentian, 

Ague-weed, Gall-of-the-Earth 

= Gentiana quinquefolia L. 

= Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. occidentalis 

(A. Gray) Gillett 

GENTIANOPSIS Ma (Gentianaceae) 

G. crinita (Froel.) Ma, Fringed Gentian 

= Gentiana crinita Froel. 

G. procera (Holm) Ma, Smaller Fringed Gentian 

= Gentiana detonsa (of Day, 1882) 

= Gentiana procera Holm 

GERANIUM L. (Geraniaceae) 

G. bicknellii Britt., Northern Crane's-bill 

67 

= G. bicknellii var. longipes (S. Wats.) Fern. 

= G. carolinianum var. longipes S. Wats. 

G. carolinianum L., Carolina Crane's-bill 

var. carolinianum 

= G. carolinianum var. confertiflorum Fern. 

Geranium carolinianum var. longipes S. Wats. = 

Geranium bicknellii Britt. 

*G. dissectum L., Cutleaved Crane's-bill 

G. maculatum L.,Wild Crane's-bill, Spotted 

Geranium, Alumroot, Purple Cranesbill 

*G. molle L., Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 

Geranium pratense of authors, not L., and of 

Zenkert (1934) = Geranium solanderi 

Carolin 

*G. pusillum Burm.f. (not L.), Small-flowered 

Crane's-bill 

G. robertianum L., Herb Robert 

[*G. rotundifolium L., Round-leaved Crane's-bill, 

of Zenkert (1934), is excluded from the 

New York flora by Mitchell and Tucker 

(1997) as “old mis-ID's of G. bicknellii 

and G. sibericum.”] 

[*G. solanderi Carolin, of Zenkert, 1934, is 

excluded from the New York flora by 

Mitchell and Tucker (1997) as “old, 

incorrect reports”] 

Gerardia flava L. = Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. 

flava 

Gerardia flava var. macrantha (Pennell) Fern. = 

Aureolaria flava var. macrantha Pennell 

Gerardia integrifolia Gray = Aureolaria flava (L.) 

Farw. 

Gerardia paupercula var. borealis (Pennell) Deam 

= Agalinis paupercula (Gray ) Britt. var. 

borealis Pennell 

Gerardia pedicularia L. = Aureolaria pedicularia 

(L.) Raf. 

Gerardia purpurea var. parviflora Benth. = Agalinis 

paupercula (Gray) Britt. var. borealis 

Pennell 

Gerardia quercifolia Pursh = Aureolaria flava (L.) 

Farw. var. flava 

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl = Agalinis tenuifolia 

(Vahl.) Raf. 

Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP. = Aureolaria virginica 

(L.) Pennell 

GEUM L. (Rosaceae)

Geum agrimonioides Pursh = Potentilla arguta 

Pursh 

Geum album J.F. Gmel. = Geum canadense Jacq. 

G. aleppicum Jacq., Yellow Avens 

= G. allepicum ssp. strictum (Ait.) Clausen 

= G. aleppicum var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. 

= G. strictum Ait. 

G. canadense Jacq., White Avens 

= G. album J. F. Gmel. 

= G. canadense var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. 

= G. canadense var. grimesii Fern. & Weath. 

Geum carolinianum Walt. = Geum canadense Jacq. 

Geum flavum (Porter) Bickn. = Geum virginianum 

L. 

Geum hirsutum Muhl. = Geum virginianum L. 

G. laciniatum Murray, Rough Avens, Herb-bennet 

= G. laciniatum var. trichocarpum Fern. 

= G. virginianum sensu House (1924), not L. 

G. macrophyllum Willd., Large-leaved Avens 

G. rivale L., Purple Avens, Chocolate-root, Wateravens 

Geum strictum Ait. = Geum aleppicum Jacq. 

*G. urbanum L., Town-avens 

G. verum (Raf.) Torrey & A. Gray, Spring-avens 

G. virginianum L., Rough Avens, Herb-bennet 

= G. flavum (Porter) Bickn. 

= G. hirsutum Muhl. 

Gilia linearis (Nutt.) Gray = Collomia linearis 

Nutt. 

Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench = Porteranthus 

trifoliatus (L.) Britt. 

Ginannia lanata (L.) Hubbard = Holcus lanatus L. 

GLECHOMA L. (Lamiaceae) 

*G. hederacea L., Gill-over-the-Ground, Ground 

Ivy 

= G. hederacea var. micrantha Moric. 

= G. hederacea var. parviflora (Benth.) House 

= Nepeta glechoma Benth. 

= N. hederacea (L.) Trev. 

GLEDITSIA L. (Fabaceae) 

*G. triacanthos L., Honey-locust, Honey-shuck 

= G. triacanthos var. inermis (L.) Schneid. 

GLYCERIA R. Br. (Poaceae) 

Glyceria aquatica (of authors) = Glyceria grandis 

S. Wats 

68 

[Glyceria arkansana Fern., Mannagrass = G. 

septentrionalis Hitchc. var. arkansana 

Steyerm. & Kucera; reports unconfirmed 

by specimens for Cattaraugus, 

Chautauqua, Erie and Niagara Co. (Young 

1998). “Note: There is a Sartwell specimen 

at Harvard (ca. 1840) labeled “western 

New York.” (Mitchell & Tucker 1997). 

Reported by Mitchell and Tucker (1997) as 

extirpated from New York State.] 

G. borealis (Nash) Batch-elder, Northern Mannagrass 

= Panicularia borealis Nash 

G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin., Rattlesnake-grass 

= Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze 

Glyceria elongata (Torr.) Trin. = Glyceria 

melicaria (Michx.) Hubbard 

Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

G. grandis S. Wats., Reed Meadow-grass 

= G. maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. ssp. grandis 

(S.Wats.) Hultén 

= Panicularia grandis (S. Wats.) Nash 

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. = Glyceria grandis S. 

Wats. 

Glyceria maxima ssp. grandis (S. Wats.) Hultén = 

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. 

G. melicaria (Michx.) Hubbard, Long Mannagrass, 

Slender Manna-grass 

= G. elongata (Torr.) Trin. 

= Panicularia melicaria (Michx.) Hitchc. 

Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. = Glyceria striata 

(Lam.) Hitchc. 

Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. = Torreyochloa 

pallida (Torr.) Church var. pallida 

G. septentrionalis Hitchc., Floating Manna-grass 

= G. striata var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern. 

= Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitchc.) Bickn. 

G. striata (Lam.) Hitchc., Nerved Manna-grass, 

Fowl Manna-grass 

= G. nervata (Willd.) Trin. 

= Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze 

Glyceria striata var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern. = 

Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. 

Glycine bracteata L. = Amphicarpaea bracteata 

(L.) Rickett & Stafleu 

Glycine apios L. = Apios americana Medik. 

Glycine comosa L. = Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) 

Rickett & Stafleu

GLYCYRRHIZA L. (Fabaceae) 

G. lepidota Nutt. ex Pursh, Wild Liquorice 

= Liquivitia lepidota Nutt. ex Fras., a nomen 

illeg. 

“Incorrect authority-citations for G. lepidota 

include: (Nutt.) Pursh and (Nutt.) Nutt. ex 

Pursh.” Mitchell & Tucker, 1997. 

GNAPHALIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

Gnaphalium decurrens Ives = Gnaphalium 

macounii Greene, according to House 

1924 

G. macounii Greene, Macoun's Cudweed, 

Everlasting 

= G. decurrens Ives according to House 

1924; reported by Zenkert, 1934, p. 258. 

= “Gnaphalium viscosum on NY reports, not 

Kunth, fide Cronquist, who saw the type 

specimens” (Mitchell & Tucker, 1997). 

= Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) 

Kartesz 

G. obtusifolium L., Fragrant Everlasting 

= G. polycephalum Michx. 

Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. = Gnaphalium 

obtusifolium L. 

G. purpureum L., Purple or Sweet Everlasting, 

Cudweed 

= Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera 

G. uliginosum L., Low Cudweed 

= Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz 

“Gnaphalium viscosum on NY reports, not Kunth, 

fide Cronquist, who saw the type 

specimens” (Mitchell & Tucker, 1997) = 

Gnaphalium macounii Greene 

Gonolobus laevis (of authors) = Cynanchum laeve 

(Michx.) Pers. 

GOODYERA R. Br. (Orchidaceae) 

G. pubescens (Willd.) R. Br., Downy Rattlesnakeplantain 

= Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eat. 

= Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. 

G. repens (L.) R. Br., Rattlesnake-plantain 

= Epipactis repens var. ophoides (Fern.) A.A. 

Eat. 

= Goodyera repens var. ophioides Fern. 

= Peramium repens (L.) Salisb. 

= Peramium secundum (Raf.) House 

69 

GRATIOLA L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

G. neglecta Torr., Clammy Gratiola, Mud-hyssop 

= G. virginiana of some early NY reports, not 

L. 

GRINDELIA Willd. (Asteraceae) 

*G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Gum-plant 

*var. squarrosa 

= G. nuda Wood 

= G. squarrosa var. nuda of authors, not 

(Wood) A. Gray 

Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mill. = Ribes cynosbati 

L. 

Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. ex 

Britt. = Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) 

Luer 

GYMNOCARPIUM Newm. (Dryopteridaceae) 

G. dryopteris (L.) Newm., Northern Oak-fern 

= Dryopteris disjuncta (Ledeb.) Morton 

= Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fée 

= Polypodium dryopteris L. 

= Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson 

GYMNOCLADUS Lamark (Fabaceae) 

Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. = Gymnocladus 

dioica (L.) K. Koch 

(*)G. dioica (L.) K. Koch, Kentucky Coffee-tree 

= G. canadensis Lam. 

GYPSOPHILA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

*G. elegans Bieb., Showy Baby's Breath 

Gymnostichum hystrix (L.) Schreb. = Elymus 

hystrix L. var. hystrix 

Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook. = 

Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl. 

Habenaria blephariglottis var. holopetala (Lindl.) 

A. Gray = Platanthera blephariglottis 

(Willd.) Lindl. 

Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R.Br. = Coeloglossum 

viride (L.) Hartm. 

Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. = 

Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer 

Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. = Platanthera 

dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck 

Habenaria dilatata var. media (Rydb.) Ames = 

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck

Habenaria fimbriata (Dryand. ex Ait.) R.Br. = 

Platanthera grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindl. 

Habenaria flava var. herbiola (R. Br.) Ames & 

Correll = Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. 

herbiola (R. Br.) Luer 

Habenaria flava var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Fern. = Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. 

herbiola (R.Br.) Luer 

Habenaria herbiola R. Br. = Platanthera flava (L.) 

Lindl. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer. 

Habenaria hookeri Torr. ex A. Gray = Platanthera 

hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Lindl. 

Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. = Platanthera 

hyperborea var. hyperborea (L.) Lindl. 

Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) A. Gray = 

Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. 

Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. = Platanthera 

orbiculata var. orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. 

Habenaria peramoena of some NY reports, not A. 

Gray = Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. or 

P. grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindl.; see P. 

peramoena below. 

Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. = Platanthera 

psycodes (L.) Lindl. 

Habenaria psycodes var. grandiflora (Bigel.) A. 

Gray = Platanthera grandiflora (Bigel.) 

Lindl. 

Habenaria virescens Muhl.ex Willd. = Platanthera 

flava (L.) Lindl. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer 

Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. = 

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. 

Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) 

ex Willd.) A. Gray = Coeloglossum viride 

(L.) Hartm. 

HACKELIA Opiz (Boraginaceae) 

H. virginiana (L.) Johnst., Virginia Stickseed, 

Beggar-lice 

= Cynoglossum morisonii A. DC. 

= Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene 

HAMAMELIS L. (Hamamelidaceae) 

Hamamelis macrophylla Pursh = Hamamelis 

virginiana L. 

H. virginiana L., Witch-hazel, Devil's Coffee 

= H. macrophylla Pursh 

= H. virginiana var. parviflora (Nutt.) Torr. & 

A. Gray 

70 

HEDEOMA Pers. (Lamiaceae) 

Hedeoma arkansana Nutt. = Calamintha arkansana 

(Nutt.) Shinners 

H. pulegioides (L.) Pers., American Pennyroyal, 

Mock-pennyroyal 

HEDERA L. (Araliaceae) 

*H. helix L., English Ivy 

Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook. = Houstonia caerulea 

L. 

Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. = Houstonia 

longifolia Gaertn. 

Hedysarum onobrychis L. = Onobrychis viciifolia 

Scop. 

Heleborus trifolius L. = Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. 

HELENIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

H. autumnale L., Sneezeweed 

var. autumnale 

= H. autumnale var. canaliculatum (Lam.) 


= H. latifolium Mill. 

*H. flexuosum Raf., Purple-headed Sneezeweed 

= H. nudiflorum Nutt. 

Helenium latifolium Mill. = Helenium autumnale 

L. var. autumnale 

Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. = Helenium flexuosum 

Raf. 

HELIANTHEMUM Mill. (Cistaceae) 

H. canadense (L.) Michx., Frostweed 

= Cistus canadensis L. 

= Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britt. ex 


= Helianthemum canadense var. sabulonum 

Fern. 

= Lechea major L. 

HELIANTHUS L. (Asteraceae) 

*H. annuus L., Common Sunflower, Mirasol 

H. decapetalus L., Thin-leaf Sunflower 

= H. scrophulariifolius Britt. 

= H. trachelifolius Mill. 

H. divaricatus L., Woodland Sunflower 

= H. divaricatus var. angustifolius Kuntze 

Helianthus doronicoides (of Day, 1882) = 

Helianthus tuberosus L. 

H. giganteus L., Tall Sunflower

= H. giganteus var. subtuberosus (Bourgeau) 

Britt. 

*H. grosseserratus Martens, Sawtoothed 

Sunflower 

Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. = Helianthus 

pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. subrhomboideus 

(Rydb.) Spring & Schilling 

Helianthus laetiflorus var. rigidus Cass. = 

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. 

subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Spring & 

Schilling 

Helianthus laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) 

Fern. = Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. 


Schilling 

*H. pauciflorus Nutt., Prairie Sunflower 

ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Spring & 

Schilling, Showy Sunflower 

= H. laetiflorus Pers. 

= H. laetiflorus var. rigidus Cass. 

= H. laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) 

Fern. 

= H. rigidus (Cass.) Fern. 

= H. rigidus ssp. subrhomboides (Rydb.) 

Heiser 

= H. scaberrimus Ell. 

= H. subrhomboideus Rydb. 

*H. pauciflorus ssp. subrhomboideus × 

tuberosus = H. × laetiflorus Pers., 

Sunflower 

= Helianthus rigidus × tuberosus = H. × 

laetiflorus 

*H. petiolaris Nutt., Prairie Sunflower 

Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Fern. = Helianthus 



Helianthus rigidus × tuberosus = H. × laetiflorus = 

[Helianthus pauciflorus ssp. 

subrhomboideus × tuberosus = H. × 

laetiflorus Pers.] 

Helianthus rigidus ssp. subrhomboides (Rydb.) 

Heiser = Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. 


Schilling 

Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. = Helianthus 



Helianthus scrophulariifolius Britt. = Helianthus 

decapetalus L. 

71 

H. strumosus L. Pale-leaved Sunflower, Wood 

Sunflower 

Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. = Helianthus 



Helianthus trachelifolius Mill. = Helianthus 

decapetalus L. 

*H. tuberosus L., Jerusalem Artichoke 

= H. doronicoides (of Day, 1882) 

= H. tuberosus var. subcanescens A. Gray 

HELIOPSIS Pers. (Asteraceae) 

H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet, False Sunflower, Oxeye 

= H. helianthoides ssp. scabra (Dunal) Fisch. 

= H. helianthoides var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. 

= H. laevis Pers. 

= H. laevis var. scabra (Dunal) Torr. & A. 

Gray 

= H. scabra Dunal 

Heliopsis laevis Pers. = Heliopsis helianthoides 

(L.) Sweet 

Heliopsis laevis var. scabra (Dunal) Torr. & A. 

Gray = Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet 

Heliopsis scabra Dunal = Heliopsis helianthoides 

(L.) Sweet 

HEMEROCALLIS L. (Liliaceae) 

*H. fulva (L.) L., Orange Day-lily 

HEPATICA Mill. (Ranunculaceae) 

Hepatica acutiloba DC. = Hepatica nobilis Mill. 

var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm. 

Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker. = Hepatica nobilis 

Mill. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. 

H. nobilis Mill., Liverleaf, Liverwort, Hepatica 

var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm., Sharp-lobed 

Hepatica 

= Anemone acutiloba (DC.) Lawson 

= Hepatica acutiloba DC. 

var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm., Blunt-lobed 

Hepatica 

= A. hepatica (of authors) 

= H. americana (DC.) Ker. 

= H. triloba Chaix [ 

Hepatica triloba Chaix = Hepatica nobilis Mill. 

var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. 

HERACLEUM L. (Apiaceae)

*H. mantegazzianum Somm. & Levier, Giant 

Hogweed 

H. maximum Bartr., Cow-parsnip, Masterwort 

= H. lanatum Michx. 

= H. sphondylium var. montanum (Schleich. 

ex Gaud.) Briq. 

Heracleum lanatum Michx. = Heracleum 

maximum Bartr. 

Heracleum sphondylium var. montanum (Schleich. 

ex Gaud.) Briq. = Heracleum maximum 

Bartr. 

HESPERIS L. (Brassicaceae) 

*H. matronalis L., Dame's Rocket, Dame's-violet, 

Mother-of-the-evening 

= H. matronalis ssp. cladotricha (Borbás) 

Hayek 

HETERANTHERA Ruiz & Pavón 

(Pontederiaceae) 

H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM., Water-stargrass 

= Schollera graminea (Michx.) Raf. 

= Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small 

Heterochloa schoenoides (L.) Host = Crypsis 

schoenoides (L.) Lam. 

HIBISCUS L. (Malvaceae) 

Hibiscus collinsiana Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray = 

Hibiscus trionum L. 

H. moscheutos L., Rose-mallow, Swamp-rose, 

Marsh-rose, Marsh-mallow, Wild Cotton 

= H. oculiroseus Britt. 

= H. opulifolius Greene 

= H. palustris L. 

Hibiscus oculiroseus Britt. = Hibiscus moscheutos 

L. 

Hibiscus opulifolius Greene = Hibiscus 

moscheutos L. 

Hibiscus palustris L. = Hibiscus moscheutos L. 

*H. trionum L., Flower-of-an-hour 

= H. collinsiana Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray 

= Trionum trionum (L.) Wooten & Standl. 

Hicoria alba of some American authors, not (L.) 

Nutt. ex Ell. = Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch 

Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt. ex Britt. & 

Schafer = Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. 

Koch 

Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. = Carya glabra (Mill.) 

Sweet 

72 

Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg. = Carya 

laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don 

Hicoria ovalis (Wang.) Ashe = Carya ovalis 

(Wang.) Sarg. 

Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt. = Carya ovata (Mill.) 

Koch 

Hicoria ovata var. fraxinifolia (Sarg.) Ashe = 

Carya ovata (Mill.) Koch 

Hicoria ovata var. nuttallii (Sarg.) Ashe = Carya 

ovata (Mill.) Koch 

Hicoria tomentosa (Poir. ex Lam.) Raf. = Carya 

tomentosa (Poir. ex Lam.) Nutt. 

HIERACIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

*H. aurantiacum L. Devil's Paint-brush, Orange 

Hawkweed 

= Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F. W. Schultz & 

Schultz-Bip. 

*H. caespitosum Dumort., King-devil 

= H. pratense Tausch 

= Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P. D. Sell. & 

C. West. 

[Hieracium caespitosum × pilosella = Hieracium × 

flagellare of authors, not Willd.] = 

Hieracium flagellare Willd. 

Hieracium canadense Michx. = Hieracium kalmii 

L. var. kalmii 

Hieracium canadense var. kalmii (L.) Scoggan = 

Hieracium kalmii L. var. kalmii 

*H. flagellare Willd., Hawkweed 

= H. caespitosum × pilosella = H. × flagellare 

of authors, not Willd. 

= H. pilosella × pratense of authors 

Hieracium florentinum All. = Hieracium 

piloselloides Vill. 

H. gronovii L., Hairy Hawkweed 

H. gronovii × venosum = H. × marianum Willd., 

Hybrid Hawkweed 

= H. marianum Willd. of Zenkert (1934) 

= H. traillii of NY reports, not Greene 

H. kalmii L., Canada Hawkweed 

var. kalmii 

= H. canadense Michx. 

= H. canadense var. kalmii (L.) Scoggan 

= H. umbellatum L. 

Hieracium marianum Willd. of Zenkert (1934) = 

[Hieracium gronovii × venosum = H. × 

marianum Willd.] 

H. paniculatum L,. Panicled Hawkweed

*H. pilosella L., Mouse-ear Hawkweed 

= Pilosella officinarum F. W. Schultz & 

Schultz-Bip. 

Hieracium pilosella × pratense of authors = 

Hieracium flagellare Willd. 

*H. piloselloides Vill., King-devil 

= H. florentinum All. 

= Pilosella piloselloides (Vill.) Soják 

Hieracium pratense Tausch = Hieracium 

caespitosum Dumort. 

H. scabrum Michx., Rough Hawkweed 

Hieracium umbellatum L. = Hieracium kalmii L. 

var. kalmii 

H. venosum L., Rattlesnake-weed, Poor Robin's 

Plantain 

= H. venosum var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw. 

HOLCUS L. (Poaceae) 

Holcus halepensis L. = Sorghum halepense (L.) 

Pers. 

*H. lanatus L., Velvet-grass 

= Ginannia lanata (L.) Hubbard 

= Notholcus lanatus (L.) Nash ex Hitchc. in 

Jepson 

Holcus sorghum L. = Sorghum bicolor (L.) 

Moench 

Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. = Leersia 

oryzoides (L.) Sw. 

Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britt. = 

Leersia virginica Willd. 

HORDEUM L. (Poaceae) 

Hordeum distichon L. “are usually considered as 

races of Hordeum vulgare” L., according 

to House 1924 p. 128 

*H. jubatum L., Squirrel-tail Grass, Foxtail-barley 

*H. vulgare L., Barley, Pearl-barley 

= H. distichon L., according to House 1924 p. 

128 

= H. vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlect.) Alef. 

HOUSTONIA L. (Rubiaceae) 

H. caerulea L., Bluets, Quaker-ladies, Innocence 

= Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook. 

= Houstonia coerulea L. 

= Oldenlandia caerulea (L.) A. Gray 

Houstonia canadensis on NY reports, not Willd. ex 

R. & S. = Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. 

73 

Houstonia ciliolata Torr. = Houstonia longifolia 

Gaertn. 

Houstonia coerulea L. = Houstonia caerulea L. 

H. longifolia Gaertn., Fringed Houstonia, Pale 

Bluets 

= Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. 

= Houstonia canadensis of NY reports, not 

Willd. ex R. & S. 

= H. ciliolata Torr. 

HUDSONIA L. (Cistaceae) 

H. tomentosa Nutt., Woolly Hudsonia, Hudsonia, 

Poverty-grass, False-heather, Beachheather 

= H. tomentosa var. intermedia Peck, not H. 

ericoides × tomentosa 

HUMULUS L. (Cannabaceae): 

*H. japonicus Sieb. & Zucc., Japanese Hops 

H. lupulus L., Hops, Common Hop, Brewer's 

Hops 

= H. lupulus varieties 

HUPERZIA Bernh. (Lycopodiaceae) 

H. lucidula (Michx.) Trev., Shining Club-moss 

= Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. 

= Lycopodium lucidulum var. occidentale 

(Clute) Wilson 

= Lycopodium lucidulum var. tryonii 

Mohlenbr. 

HYBANTHUS Jacq. (Violaceae) 

H. concolor (Forst.) Spreng., Green Violet 

= Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. 

= Ionidium concolor (Forst.) Benth. 

= Solea concolor Forst. 

HYDRASTIS L. (Ranunculaceae) 

H. canadensis L., Goldenseal, Orange-root, 

Yellow Puccoon 

= Warnera canadensis (L.) Mill. 

HYDROCOTYLE L. (Apiaceae) 

H. americana L., Water-pennywort, Navelwort 

H. ranunculoides L.f., Floating Pennywort 

H. verticillata Thunb. 

var. fetherstoniana (Jennings) Mathias 

Only known from the type locality in Wyoming 

Co., an apparent endemic.

HYDROPHYLLUM L. (Hydrophyllaceae) 

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum of old NY reports, 

not Michx. = Hydrophyllum virginianum 

L. 

H. canadense L., Broad-leaved Waterleaf, Canada 

Waterleaf 

H. virginianum L. Virginia Waterleaf, Shawneesalad, 

Indian-salad, John's-cabbage 

= H. appendiculatum of old NY reports, not 

Michx. 

Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba. = Sedum 

telephium L. 

HYOSCYAMUS L. (Solanaceae) 

*H. niger L., Black Henbane, Potelée, Careillade 

HYPERICUM L. (Clusiaceae) 

H. ascyron L., Great St. John's-wort 

= H. macrocarpum Michx. 

= H. pyramidatum Ait. 

H. boreale (Britt.) Bickn., Northern Dwarf St. 

John's Wort 

= Hypericum mutilum L. ssp. boreale (Britt.) 

Gillett 

H. canadense L., Canada St. John's-wort 

Hypericum corymbosum Muhl. ex Willd. = 

Hypericum punctatum Lam. 

H. ellipticum Hook., Pale St. John's-wort 

H. hypericoides (L.) Crantz, St. Andrew's Cross 

ssp. multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Robson 

= H. multicaule Michx. ex Willd. 

H. kalmianum L., Kalm's St. John's-wort 

Hypericum macrocarpum Michx. = Hypericum 

ascyron L. 

H. majus (A. Gray) Britt., Large St. John's-wort 

Hypericum multicaule Michx. ex Willd. = 

Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. 

multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Robson 

H. mutilum L., Dwarf St. John's-wort 

= H. mutilum var. parviflorum (Willd.) Fern. 

Hypericum mutilum L. ssp. boreale (Britt.) Gillett 

= Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. 

*H. perforatum L., Common St. John's-wort, 

Klamath-weed, Goat-weed 

H. prolificum L., Shrubby St. John's-wort 

= H. spathulatum (Spach) Steud. 

H. punctatum Lam., Spotted St. John's-wort 

= H. corymbosum Muhl. ex Willd. 

74 

Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. = Hypericum 

ascyron L. 

Hypericum spathulatum (Spach) Steud. = 

Hypericum prolificum L. 

Hypericum virginicum L. = Triadenum virginicum 

(L.) Raf. 

Hypericum virginicum var. fraseri (Spach) Fern. = 

Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason 

HYPOCHAERIS L. (Asteraceae) 

*H. radicata L., Cat's-ear 

Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small = Monotropa 

hypopithys L. 

Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Raf., not Nutt. = 

Monotropa hypopithys L. 

Hypopitys multiflora var. americana DC. = 

Monotropa hypopithys L. 

HYPOXIS L. (Amaryllidaceae) 

H. hirsuta (L.) Cov., Yellow Star-grass 

= H. leptocarpa (Engelm. & A. Gray) Small 

Hypoxis leptocarpa (Engelm. & A. Gray) Small = 

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. 

HYSSOPUS L. (Lamiaceae) 

*H. officinalis L., Hyssop 

Hystrix patula Moench = Elymus hystrix L. var. 

hystrix 

Hystrix patula var. bigeloviana (Fern.) Deam = 

Elymus hystrix L. var. bigeloviana (Fern.) 

Bowden 

Ibidium plantagineum Rafinesque sec. Macdonald 

1990 = Spiranthes lucida (H. Eat.) Ames 

ILEX L. (Aquifoliaceae) 

Ilex ambigua var. montana (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Ahles = Ilex montana Torr. & A. Gray ex 

A. Gray 

I. montana Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray, Largeleaved 

Holly 

= I. ambigua var. montana (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Ahles 

= I. montana var. mollis (A. Gray) Britt. 

= I. monticola A. Gray 

Ilex monticola Gray = Ilex montana Torr. & A. 

Gray ex A. Gray 

I. verticillata (L.) A. Gray, Winterberry, Black 

Alder 

= I. verticillata var. cyclophylla B. Robinson

= I. verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & 

A. Gray 

= I. verticillata var. tenuifolia Torr. 

= Prinos verticillatus L. 

Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnh. = Lindernia dubia (L.) 

Pennell var. dubia 

Ilysanthes dubia var. riparia (Raf.) Fern. = 

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia 

Ilysanthes dubia var. inundata (Pennell) Pennell = 


Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth. in DC. = 


IMPATIENS L. (Balsaminaceae) 

*I. balsamina L., Balsam, Garden-balsam 

Impatiens biflora Walt., not Willd. = Impatiens 

capensis Meerb. 

I. capensis Meerb., Spotted Touch-me-not, 

Spotted Jewelweed, Snapweed 

= I. biflora Walt., not Willd. 

= I. fulva Nutt. 

= I. noli-tangere L. ssp. biflora (Walt.) Hultén 

Impatiens fulva Nutt. = Impatiens capensis Meerb. 

Impatiens noli-tangere L. ssp. biflora (Walt.) 

Hultén = Impatiens capensis Meerb. 

I. pallida Nutt., Pale Touch-me-not, Pale 

Jewelweed, Snapweed 

INULA L. (Asteraceae) 

*I. helenium L., Elecampane 

Ionidium concolor (Forst.) Benth. = Cubelium 

concolor (Forst.) Raf. 

IPOMOEA L. (Convolvulaceae) 

I. pandurata (L.) Meyer, Man-of-the-Earth, Wild 

Potato-vine 

*I. purpurea (L.) Roth, Common or Garden 

Morning-glory 

= Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt 

IRIS L. (Iridaceae) 

*I. pseudacorus L., Yellow Iris, Yellow Flag 

*I. sibirica L., Sibirian or Russian Iris 

I. versicolor L., Blue Flag, Wild Iris, Poison Flag 

I. virginica L., Southern Blue Flag 

var. schrevii (Small) Anders. 

= I. schrevii Small 

= I. versicolor var. shrevei (Small) Boivin 

75 

Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. = Trichostema 

brachiatum L. 

Isanthus coeruleus Michx. = Trichostema 

brachiatum L. 

ISOETES L. (Isoëtaceae) 

Isoëtes braunii Durieu = Isoëtes echinospora 

Durieu 

I. echinospora Durieu, Spiny-spored Quillwort 

= I. braunii Durieu 

= I. echinospora ssp. muricata (Durieu) Á. & 

D. Löve 

= I. echinospora var. braunii (Durieu) 

Engelm. ex A. Gray 

= I. muricata Durieu 

I. engelmannii A. Br. 

= I. valida (Engelm.) Clute 

I. lacustris × tuckermanii = I. × heterospora A. 

Eaton 

= I. macrospora × tuckermanii 

Isoetes macrospora × tuckermanii = [Isoëtes 

lacustris × tuckermanii = I. × heterospora 

A. Eaton] 

Isoëtes muricata Durieu = Isoëtes echinospora 

Durieu 

Isoetes valida (Engelm.) Clute = Isoetes 

engelmannii A. Br. 

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) Torrey & A. Gray = 

Enemion biternatum Raf. 

ISOTRIA Raf. (Orchidaceae) 

I. verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Raf., Five-leaved 

Orchid, Large Whorled Pogonia, Fiveleaves 

= Pogonia verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt. 

IVA L. (Asteraceae) 

*I. xanthifolia Nutt., Burweed Marsh-elder 

Jacksonia trifoliata Raf. = Polanisia dodecandra 

(L.) DC. 

JEFFERSONIA B. Barton (Berberidaceae) 

J. diphylla (L.) Pers., Twinleaf, Papoose-root, 

Rheumatism-root 

JUGLANS L. (Juglandaceae) 

J. cinerea L., Butternut, White Walnut 

J. nigra L., Black Walnut

Juncoides carolinae (S. Wats.) Kuntze = Luzula 

acuminata Raf. 

Juncoides intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb. = Luzula 

campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. var. 

multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 

JUNCUS L. (Juncaceae) 

J. acuminatus Michx., Sharp-fruited Rush 

= J. acuminatus var. legitimus Engelm. ex A. 

Gray 

= J. pallescens Meyer 

= J. paradoxus Meyer 

= J. pondii Wood 

Juncus acuminatus of American authors, not 

Engelm. or Michx. = Juncus brevicaudatus 

(Engelm.) Fern. p.p. 

Juncus acuminatus var. debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. 

= Juncus debilis A. Gray 

Juncus affinis R. Br. = Juncus alpinoarticulatus 

Chaix ex Vill. ssp. americanus (Farw.) 

Hämet-Ahti 

J. alpinoarticulatus Chaix ex Vill., Alpine Rush 

ssp. americanus (Farw.) Hämet-Ahti 

= J. affinis R. Br. 

= J. alpinus Vill. var. fuscescens Fern. 

= J. alpinus var. insignis Fries ex Engelm. 

= J. alpinus var. rariflorus of authors, not 

Hartm. 

= J. articulatus var. pelocarpus (of Day, 

1882) 

Juncus alpinus Vill. var. fuscescens Fern. = Juncus 

alpinoarticulatus Chaix ex Vill. ssp. 

americanus (Farw.) Hämet-Ahti 

Juncus alpinus var. insignis Fries ex Engelm. = 

Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix ex Vill. ssp. 


Juncus alpinus var. rariflorus of authors, not 

Hartm. = Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix ex 

Vill. ssp. americanus (Farw.) Hämet-Ahti 

Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis (Engelm.) Hultén = 

Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis 

Engelm. 

J. articulatus L., Jointed Rush 

= J. articulatus var. obtusatus Engelm. 

= J. articulatus var. stolonifer (Wohl.) House 

Juncus articulatus var. pelocarpus (of Day, 1882) = 

Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix ex Vill. ssp. 


J. balticus Willd., Baltic Rush 

76 

var. littoralis Engelm. 

= J. arcticus ssp. littoralis (Engelm.) Hultén 

= J. balticus var. littoralis Engelm. 

= J. litorum Rydb. 

Juncus bicornis Michx. = Juncus tenuis Willd. 

Juncus bicornis var. williamsii (Fern.) Vict. = 

Juncus tenuis Willd. 

Juncus biflorus Ell. = Juncus marginatus Rostk. 

J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch., Short-headed 

Rush 

= J. canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm. 

= J. polycephalus var. depauperatus Torr. 

J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern., Narrowpanicled 

Rush, Narrow-tailed Rush 

= J. acuminatus of American authors, not 

Engelm. or Michx. 

= J. canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm. 

J. bufonius L., Toad-rush 

Juncus bulbosus bulbosus of authors including L. 

(1762), not L. (1753) = Juncus gerardii 

Loisel 

Juncus bulbosus var. gerardii (Loisel.) A. Gray = 

Juncus gerardii Loisel. 

J. canadensis J. Gay ex LaHarpe, Canada Rush 

= J. canadensis var. longicaudatus Engelm. 

= J. canadensis var. sparsiflorus Fern. 

= J. longicaudatus (Engelm.) Mackz. 

Juncus canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm. = 

Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. 

Juncus canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm. = 

Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. 

Juncus canadensis var. subcaudatus Engelm. = 

Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Cov.& 

Blake 

Juncus compressus of NY reports, not Jacq. = 

Juncus gerardii Loisel. 

Juncus conglomeratus L. = Juncus effusus L. var. 

conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. ex A. Gray 

J. debilis A. Gray, Weak Rush 

= J. acuminatus var. debilis (A. Gray) 

Engelm. ex A. Gray 

= J. diffusissimus of NY reports, not Buckley 

J. dudleyi Wieg., Dudley's Rush 

= J. tenuis Willd. var. dudleyi (Wieg.) F. 

Hermann ex I. Johnston 

= J. tenuis Willd. var. uniflorus (Farw.) Farw. 

J. effusus L., Common Rush 

var. conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. ex A. Gray 

= J. conglomeratus L.

= J. effusus var. compactus of authors, not 

Lej. & Court. 

= J. leersii T. Marsson 

var. pylaei (LaHarpe) Fern. & Wieg. 

var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. 

= J. effusus ssp. solutus (Fern. & Wieg.) 

Maemet-Ahti 

= J. effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. 

J. gerardii Loisel., Black-grass, Blackfoot-rush 

= J. bulbosus of authors including L. (1762), 

not L. (1753) 

= J. bulbosus var. gerardii (Loisel.) A. Gray 

= J. compressus of NY reports, not Jacq. 

*J. inflexus L., European Meadow-rush (BUF 

Niagara Co. ) 

Juncus intermedius Thuill. = Luzula campestris 

(L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. var. multiflora 

(Retz.) Lej. 

Juncus lampocarpus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. = Juncus 

articulatus L. 

Juncus leersii T. Marsson = Juncus effusus L. var. 

conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. ex A. Gray 

Juncus litorum Rydb.= Juncus balticus Willd. var. 

littoralis Engelm. 

Juncus longicaudatus (Engelm.) Mackz. = Juncus 

canadensis J. Gay ex LaHarpe 

Juncus macer S. Gray = Juncus tenuis Willd. 

Juncus macer var. anthelatus (Wieg.) Fern. = 

Juncus tenuis Willd. 

Juncus megacephalus (Torr.) Wood, not M. Curtis 

= Juncus torreyi Cov. 

J. marginatus Rostk., Grass-leaved Rush 

var. marginatus 

= J. marginatus var. paucicapitatus Engelm. 

= J. marginatus var. vulgaris Engelm. 

Juncus multiflorus Ehrh. = Luzula campestris (L.) 

DC. in Lam. & DC. var. multiflora (Retz.) 

Lej. 

J. nodosus L., Knotted Rush 

= J. paradoxus Meyer 

Juncus nodosus var. megacephalus Torr. = Juncus 

torreyi Cov. 

Juncus pallescens Meyer = Juncus acuminatus 

Michx. 

Juncus paradoxus Meyer = Juncus nodosus L. 

Juncus paradoxus Meyer = Juncus acuminatus 

Michx. 

Juncus polycephalus var. crassifolius Torr. = 

Juncus scirpoides Lam. 

77 

Juncus polycephalus var. tenuifolius Michx. = 

Juncus scirpoides Lam. 

Juncus polycephalus var. depauperatus Torr. = 

Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. 

Juncus pondii Wood = Juncus acuminatus Michx. 

J. scirpoides Lam., Scirpus-like Rush 

= J. polycephalus var. crassifolius Torr. 

= J. polycephalus var. tenuifolius Michx. 

= J. scirpoides var. genuinus Buch. 

= J. scirpoides var. meridionalis Buch. 

J. subcaudatus (Engelm.) Cov. & S. Blake, 

Narrow-panicled Rush, Wood's Rush 

= J. canadensis var. subcaudatus Engelm. 

J. tenuis Willd., Path-rush, Yard-rush 

= J. bicornis Michx. 

= J. bicornis var. williamsii (Fern.) Vict. 

= J. macer S. Gray 

= J. macer var. anthelatus (Wieg.) Fern. 

= J. tenuis var. anthelatus Wieg. 

= J. tenuis var. williamsii Fern. 

Juncus tenuis Willd. var. dudleyi (Wieg.) F. 

Hermann ex I. Johnston = Juncus dudleyi 

Wieg. 

Juncus tenuis Willd. var. uniflorus (Farw.) Farw. = 

Juncus dudleyi Wieg. 

J. torreyi Cov., Torrey's Rush 

= J. megacephalus (Torr.) Wood, not M. 

Curtis 

= J. nodosus var. megacephalus Torr. 

JUNIPERUS L. (Cupressaceae) 

Juniperus caroliniana Michx. = Juniperus 

virginiana L. 

J. communis L., Common Juniper 

var. communis 

= J. communis var. siberica (Burgsdorf) 

Rydb. 

var. depressa Pursh, Spreading Juniper 

= J. canadensis Burgsdorf 

= J. communis var. canadensis (Burgsdorf) 

Louden 

= J. communis var. depressa Pursh 

= J. communis var. montana Ait. 

= J. communis var. saxatilis Pallas 

= J. depressa (Pursh) Raf. 

= J. sibirica Burgsdorf 

Juncus depressa (Pursh) Raf. = Juniperus 

communis L. var. depressa Pursh

J. horizontalis Moench, Creeping Juniper, 

Prostrate Juniper, Creeping Cedar 

= J. hudsonica Forbes 

= J. prostrata Pers. 

= J. repens Nutt. 

= J. sabina Hooker var. horizontalis Hort. 

= J. sabina var. procumbens Pursh 

Juniperus hudsonica Forbes = Juniperus 

horizontalis Moench 

Juniperus prostrata Pers. = Juniperus horizontalis 

Moench 

Juniperus repens Nutt. = Juniperus horizontalis 

Moench 

Juniperus sabina Hooker = Juniperus virginiana L. 

Juniperus sabina Hooker var. horizontalis Hort. = 

Juniperus horizontalis Moench 

Juniperus sabina var. procumbens Pursh = 

Juniperus horizontalis Moench 

Juniperus sibirica Burgsdorf = Juniperus 

communis L. var. depressa Pursh 

J. virginiana L., Red Cedar 

= J. caroliniana Michx. 

= J. sabina Hooker 

= J. virginiana var crebra Fern. & Grisc. 

JUSTICIA L. (Acanthaceae) 

J. americana (L.) Vahl., Water-willow 

= Dianthera americana L. 

KALMIA L. (Ericaceae) 

K. angustifolia L., Sheep-laurel, Lambkill, Dwarf 

Lawrel, Wicky, Sheepkill, Pigkill 

Kalmia glauca Ait. = Kalmia polifolia Wang. 

K. latifolia L., Mountain-laurel, Calico-bush, 

Spoonwood, Ivy-bush 

K. polifolia Wang., Bog-laurel 

= K. glauca Ait. 

KNAUTIA L. (Dipsacaceae) 

*K. arvensis (L.) Coulter, Bluebuttons 

= Scabiosa arvensis L. 

Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell = Oenothera 

perennis L. 

Kneiffia pratensis Small = Oenothera pilosella Raf. 

Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) Pennell = Oenothera 

fruticosa L. ssp. glauca (Michx.) Straley 

Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth ex Schrad. = Bassia 

scoparia (L.) A. Scott 

78 

Koellia flexuosa of NY reports, not (Walt.) MacM. 

= Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. 

Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze = Pycnanthemum 

incanum (L.) Michx. 

Koellia torrei (Benth.) Kuntze = Pycnanthemum 

torrei Benth. 

Koellia virginiana (L.) Kuntze = Pycnanthemum 

virginianum (L.) Durieu & Jackson ex 

Fern. & B. Robinson 

Konigia maritima (L.) R. Br. ex Denh. & Clapp = 

Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. 

Krigia amplexicaulis (Michx.) Nutt. = Krigia 

biflora (Walt.) Blake 

Krigia biflora (Walt. Blake (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

Lacinaria aspera (Michx.) Greene = Liatris aspera 

Michx. 

Lacinaria cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze = Liatris 

cylindracea Michx. 

Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. = Liatris 

pycnostachya Michx. 

Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze = Liatris spicata (L.) 

Willd. 

LACTUCA L. (Asteraceae) 

L. biennis (Moench) Fern., Tall Blue Lettuce, 

Wild Lettuce 

= L. leucophaea (Willd.) A. Gray 

= L. spicata (of authors), not (Lam.) Kuntze 

= Mulgedium leucophaeum (Willd.) DC. 

L. canadensis L., Wild Lettuce. 


= L. canadensis var. latifolia Kuntze 

= L. elongata Muhl. according to House, 

1924 p. 668 

Lactuca elongata Muhl. = Lactuca canadensis L. 

Lactuca elongata var. sanguinea Torrey & A. Gray 

= Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt. 

L. hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt., Hairy Wood-lettuce, 

Downy Lettuce 

= L. elongata var. sanguinea Torrey & A. 

Gray 

= L. hursuta var. sanguinea (Bigel.) Fern. 

Lactuca leucophaea (Willd.) A. Gray = Lactua 

biennis (Moench) Fern. 

Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. = Lactuca tatarica 

(L.) Meyer ssp. pulchella (Pursh) Stebbins 

*L. saligna L., Willow-leaf Lettuce

*L. sativa L., Entire-leaved Prickly Lettuce, 

Garden Lettuce 

= L. scariola L. in part 

= L. scariola L. var. integrata Gren. & Godr. 

Lactuca scariola L., in part = Lactuca serriola L. 

Lactuca scariola var. integrata Gren.& Godr. = 

Lactuca sativa L. 

*L. serriola L., Prickly Lettuce 

= L. scariola L., in part 

= L. virosa L. 

Lactuca virosa L. = Lactuca serriola L. 

Lactuca spicata (of authors) not (Lam.) Kuntze = 

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. 

*L. tatarica (L.) Meyer, Blue Lettuce 

var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung 

= L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. 

= L. tatarica ssp. pulchella (Pursh) Stebbins 

LAMIUM L. (Lamiaceae) 

*L. amplexicaule L., Henbit, Dead-nettle 

*L. maculatum L., Spotted Dead-nettle 

*L. purpureum L., Red or Purple Dead Nettle 

var. purpureum 

Lampsana communis L. of Gray's Manual, ed 5, 

1867 = Lapsana communis L. 

LAPORTEA Gaud. ex Freyc. (Urticaceae) 

L. canadensis (L.) Wedd., Wood-nettle, Giant 

Stinging Nettle 

= Urtica canadensis L. 

= U. divaricata L. 

= Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze 

LAPPULA Moench (Boraginaceae) 

Lappula echinata Gilib. = Lappula squarrosa 

(Retz.) Dumort. 

*L. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort., European 

Stickseed 

= Echinospermum lappula (L.) Lehm.] 

= Lappula echinata Gilib. 

= L. lappula (L.) Karst. 

Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene = Hackelia 

virginiana (L.) Johnst. 

LAPSANA L. (Asteraceae) 

*L. communis L., Nipplewort 

= Lampsana communis L. of Gray's Manual, 

ed 5, 1867. 

79 

LARIX Mill. (Pinaceae) 

Larix americana Michx. = Larix laricina (DuRoi) 

K. Koch 

*L. decidua Mill., European Larch 

L. laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, Tamarack, American 

Larch 

= L. americana Michx. 

Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet = Aster 

ericoides L. 

Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & Brouillet = 

Aster novae-angliae L. 

LATHYRUS L. (Fabaceae) 

L. japonicus Willd., Beach-pea 

var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi 

= L. japonicus var. glaber (Sér.) Fern. 

= L. maritimus Bigel. 

= L. maritimus var. glaber (Sér.) Eames 

= Pisum maritimum L. 

*L. latifolius L., Everlasting Pea, Perennial Pea 

Lathyrus maritimus Bigel. = Lathyrus japonicus 

WIlld. var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & 

Gandhi 

Lathyrus maritimus var. glaber (Sér.) Eames = 

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. maritimus 

(L.) Kartesz & Gandhi 

Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. ex Willd. = Lathyrus 

palustris L. 

L. ochroleucus Hook., Cream-colored Vetchling 

Lathyrus pilosus Cham. = Lathyrus palustris L. 

L. palustris L., Vetchling, Marsh-vetch or -pea 

= L. palustris var. linearifolius Sér. ex DC. 

= L. palustris var. macranthus (T. White) 

Fern. 

= L. palustris var. myrtifolius (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) A. Gray 

= L. palustris var. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb. 

= L. myrtifolius Muhl. ex Willd. 

= L. pilosus Cham. 

*L. sylvestris L., Perennial or Everlasting Pea 

*L. tuberosus L., Tuberous Vetchling, Earth-nut, 

Yellow Vetchling, Dutch Mice, Field-pea 

LECHEA L. (Cistaceae) 

L. intermedia Leggett ex Britt., Large-podded 

Pinweed 

= L. intermedia var. laurentiana Hodgdon 

= L. juniperina Bickn. 

= L. minor Hooker in part

Lechea juniperina Bickn. = Lechea intermedia 

Leggett ex Britt. 

Lechea major L. = Helianthemum canadense (L.) 

Michx. 

[L. minor L., Thyme-leaved Pinweed, of doubtful 

occurrence (Zenkert 1934).] 

Lechea minor Hooker in part = Lechea intermedia 

Leggett ex Britt. 

L. mucronata Raf., Hairy Pinweed 

= L. stricta of NY reports, not Legg. ex Britt. 

= L. villosa Ell. 

Lechea stricta of NY reports, not Legg. ex Britt. = 

Lechea mucronata Raf. 

Lechea thymifolia Michx. = Lechea minor L. 

Lechea villosa Ell. = Lechea mucronata Raf. 

Ledum decumbens of early NY reports, not (Ait.) 

Lodd. = Rhododendron groenlandicum 

(Oeder) Kron & Judd 

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder = Rhododendron 

groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd 

Ledum latifolium Ait. = Rhododendron 

groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd 

Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hultén 

= Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) 

Kron & Judd 

LEERSIA Sw. (Poaceae) 

L. oryzoides (L.) Sw., Rice Cut-grass 

= Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. 

L. virginica Willd., White Grass 

= Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britt. 

= Leersia virginica var. ovata (Poir.) Fern. 

Leersia virginica var. ovata (Poir.) Fern. = Leersia 

virginica Willd. 

Leguminosae = Fabaceae & Caesalpiniaceae 

LEMNA L. (Lemnaceae) 

L. minor L., Lesser Duckweed 

= L. obscura (Austin) Daubs 

= L. turionifera Landolt 

Lemna obscura (Austin) Daubs = Lemna minor L. 

Lemna polyrhiza L. = Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) 

Schleid. 

L. trisulca L., Star Duckweed 

Lemna turionifera Landolt = Lemna minor L. 

LEONTODON L. (Asteraceae) 

*L. autumnalis L., Fall Dandelion, Hawkbit 

= Apargia autumnale (L.) Hoffm. 

80 

= Leontodon autumnalis ssp. pratensis (Link) 

Arcang 

= Virea autumnalis (L.) S. Gray 

= V. autumnalis var. pratensis (L.) House 

Leontodon hastilis L. = Leontodon hispidus L. 

Leontodon hastilis L. var. glabratus (Koch) Bisch. 

= Leontodon hispidus L. 

Leontodon hastilis var. vulgaris Koch = Leontodon 

hispidus L. 

*L. hispidus L., Common Hawkbit 

= Apargia hispida (L.) Willd. 

= Leontodon hastilis L. 

= L. hastilis L. var. glabratus (Koch) Bisch. 

= L. hastilis var. vulgaris Koch 

= L. hispidus ssp. danubialis (Jacq.) Simonk. 

= Virea hispida (L.) S. Gray 

Leontodon laevigatus Willd. = Taraxacum 

laevigatum (Wild.) DC. 

Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) Beck = Leontodon 


Leontodon nudicaulis of authors, not L. = 

Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) G.Beck. 

Leontodon taraxacum L. = Taraxacum officinale 

Weber ex Wiggers 

*L. taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat, Hairy Hawkbit 

= Apargia nudicaulis (of authors) 

= Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) Beck 

= L. nudicaulis of authors, not L. 

= Virea nudicaulis (L.) House 

Leontodon taraxacum L. = Taraxacum officinale 

Weber ex Wiggers 

LEONURUS L. (Lamiaceae) 

*L. cardiaca L., Motherwort 

= L. glaucescens of NY reports, not Bunge ex 

Ledeb. 

Leonurus glaucescens of NY reports, not Bunge ex 

Ledeb. = Leonurus cardiaca L. 

Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & A. Gray = 

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. 

LEPIDIUM L. (Brassicaceae) 

*L. campestre (L.) R. Br. ex Ait., Field 

Peppergrass, Cow-cress 

= Thlaspi campestre L. 

*L. densiflorum Schrad., Peppergrass, Bird's 

Peppergrass, Wild Peppergrass 

= L. intermedium (of authors) 

= L. neglectum Thell.

Lepidium draba L. = Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. 

Lepidium intermedium (of authors) = Lepidium 

densiflorum Schrad. 

Lepidium neglectum Thell. = Lepidium 

densiflorum Schrad. 

*L. ruderale L., Roadside Peppergrass, Stinking 

Peppergrass 

L. virginicum L., Common Peppergrass, Poor 

Man's Pepper 

Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf. = Epifagus 

virginiana (L.) Bart. 

Leptilon canadense (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown = 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. 

canadensis 

Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray = 

Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. 

Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth. ssp. fascicularis 

(Lam.) N. Snow = Diplachne fascicularis 

(Lam.) Beauv. 

Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase = Digitaria 

cognatum (Schult.) Pilger 

LESPEDEZA Michx. (Fabaceae) 

L. capitata Michx., Round-headed Bush-clover 

= L. capitata var. velutina (Bickn.) Fern. 

= L. capitata var. vulgaris Torr. & A. Gray 

Lespedeza capitata var. velutina (Bickn.) Fern. = 

Lespedeza capitata Michx. 

Lespedeza capitata var. vulgaris Torr. & A. Gray = 

Lespedeza capitata Michx. 

Lespedeza fruitescens L., not Ell. or Britt. = 

Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. 

L. hirta (L.) Hornem., Hairy Bush-clover 

L. hirta × intermedia = L. × nuttallii Darl. 

L. intermedia (Wats.) Britt., Wand-like Bushclover 

= L. violacea (of local authors) 

[Lespedeza stuevei Nutt. has been excluded from 

our flora by Zander and Pierce (1979); 

there exists a report unsubstantiated by 

specimens for Erie Co. (Young 1998).] 

L. stuevii × virginica = L. × neglecta Mackz. & 

Bush 

L. violacea (L.) Pers., Bush-clover 

= Hedysarum violaceum L. 

= Lespedeza frutescens L., not Ell. or Britt. 

Lespedeza violacea (of local authors) = Lespedeza 

intermedia (Wats.) Britt. 

81 

LEUCANTHEMUM Mill. (Asteraceae) 

Leucanthemum parthenium Godron. = Tanacetum 

parthenium (L.) Schultz. 

*L. vulgare Lam., Ox-eye Daisy, White Daisy, 

Whiteweed, Marguerite, Field-daisy 

= Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 

= C. leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq. 

& Lamotte 

LIATRIS Gaertn. & Schreb. (Asteraceae) 

*L. aspera Michx., Rough Blazing-star 

= Lacinaria aspera (Michx.) Greene 

L. cylindracea Michx., Cylindric Blazing-star 

= Lacinaria cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze 

*L. pycnostachya Michx., Prairie Buttonsnakeroot, 

Gayfeather 

= Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. 

*L. spicata (L.) Willd., Blazing-star 

= Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze 

LIGUSTRUM L. (Oleaceae) 

*L. obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc., Privet 

*L. vulgare L., Privet, Hedge-privet, Prim 

LILIUM L. (Liliaceae) 

L. canadense L., Canada Lily, Wild Yellow Lily 

ssp. canadense 

L. michiganense Farw., Michigan Lily 

L. philadelphicum L., Wood-lily, Orange-red Lily 

L. superbum L., Turk's-cap Lily 

Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. ex Britt. = 

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck 

Limnorchis dilatata var. linearifolius Rybd. = 

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck 

Limnochoris hyperborea (L.) Rydb. ex Britt. = 

Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. 

LINARIA Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) 

L. canadensis (L.) Dumort., Old-field Toadflax 

Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. = Cymbalaria muralis 

Gaertn. Mey.& Scherb. 

*L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., Dalmatian Toadflax 

= L. genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (L.) 

Maire & Petit. 

Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (L.) 

Maire & Petit. = Linaria dalmatica (L.) 

Mill. 

Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. = Linaria vulgaris Mill.

Linaria minor (L.) Desf. = Chaenorrhinum minus 

(L.) Lange 

*L. vulgaris Mill., Butter-and-Eggs 

= L. linaria (L.) Karst. 

LINDERA Thunb. (Lauraceae) 

L. benzoin (L.) Blume, Spicebush, Benzoin-bush, 

Benjamin-bush 

= Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees 

= B. odoriferum Nees & ed 2 of Gray's 

Manual 

LINDERNIA All. (Scrophulariaceae) 

L. dubia (L.) Pennell, False Pimpernel 

var. dubia 

= Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnh. 

= Ilysanthes dubia var. riparia (Raf.) Fern. 

= Ilysanthes dubia var. inundata (Pennell) 

Pennell 

= Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth. in DC. 

= Lindernia dubia var. riparia (Raf.) Fern. 

LINNAEA L. (Caprifoliaceae) 

L. borealis L., Twin-flower 

ssp. longiflora (Torr.) Hultén 

= L. borealis ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén 

= L. borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) 

Rehd. 

= L. borealis var. longiflora Torr. 

LINUM L. (Linaceae) 

Linum humile Mill. = Linum usitatissimum L. 

L. medium (Planch.) Britt., Yellow Flax, Wild 

Flax 

var. medium 

var. texanum (Planch.) Fern., Southern Yellow 

Flax 

L. striatum Walt., Stiff Yellow Flax 

= L. striatum var. multijugum Fern. 

L. sulcatum Riddell, Grooved Yellow Flax, 

Yellow Wild Flax 

*L. usitatissimum L., Common Flax 

= L. humile Mill. 

= L. usitatissimum var. humile (Mill.) Pers. 

L. virginianum L., Slender Yellow Flax 

LIPARIS L. Rich. (Orchidaceae) 

L. liliifolia (L.) Rich. ex Ker, Lily-leaved 

Twayblade, Large or Purple Twayblade 

82 

= L. liliifolia of authors 

L. loeselii (L.) L. Rich., Loesel's Twayblade, Bogtwayblade, 

Yellow Twayblade, Fen-orchid 

Liquidambar peregrina L. = Comptonia peregrina 

(L.) Coult. 

LIRIODENDRON L. (Magnoliaceae) 

L. tulipifera L., Tulip Tree, Tulip Poplar, Yellow 

Poplar 

LISTERA R. Br. (Orchidaceae) 

L. australis Lindl., Southern Twayblade 

= Ophrys auriculata (Wieg.) House. 

L. convallarioides (Sw.) Nutt. ex Ell., Broadlipped 

Twayblade 

L. cordata (L.) R. Br., Heartleaf Twayblade 

LITHOSPERMUM L. (Boraginaceae) 

Lithospermum arvense L. = Buglossoides arvense 

(L.) Johnst. 

L. caroliniense (Walt. ex Gmel.) MacMill., Hairy 

Puccoon, Golden Puccoon 

var. croceum (Fern.) Cronq. 

= L. caroliniense ssp. croceum (Fern.) Cusick 

= L. croceum Fern. 

= L. gmelinii (of authors) 

= L. hirtum (of authors) 

Lithospermum croceum Fern. = Lithospermum 

caroliniense (Walt. ex Gmel.) MacMill. 

var. croceum (Fern.) Cronq. 

Lithospermum gmelinii (of authors) = 

Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt. ex 

Gmel.) MacMill. var. croceum (Fern.) 

Cronq. 

Lithospermum hirtum (of authors) = 

Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt. ex 

Gmel.) MacMill. var. croceum (Fern.) 

Cronq. 

L. latifolium Michx., Broad-leaved Gromwell, 

Puccoon 

*L. officinale L., Common Gromwell, European 

Gromwell 

LITTORELLA Berg. (Plantaginaceae) 

L. uniflora (L.) Aschers., Shore-grass, Littorella 

= L. americana Fern. 

= L. uniflora var. americana (Fern.) Gleason 

LOBELIA L. (Lobeliaceae)

L. cardinalis L., Cardinal-flower, Indian Pink 

L. inflata L., Indian-tobacco Lobelia 

L. kalmii L., Kalm's Lobelia, Brook-lobelia 

L. siphilitica L., Great Lobelia, Blue Cardinalflower 

L. spicata Lam., Pale-Spiked Lobelia 

LOBULARIA Desv. (Brassicaceae) 

*L. maritima (L.) Desv., Sweet or Seaside 

Alyssum 

= Clypeola maritima L. 

= Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. ex Denh. & 

Clapp 

LOLIUM L. (Poaceae) 

Lolium multiflorum Lam. = Lolium perenne L. 

var. aristatum Willd. 

*L. perenne L., English or Perennial Ryegrass 

*var. aristatum Willd., Italian Ryegrass 

= L. multiflorum Lam. 

= L. multiflorum var. diminutum Mutel 

= L. perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot 

= L. perenne var. multiflorum (Lam.) Thuill. 

ex Bast. 

*var. perenne 

*L. pratense (Hudson) S. Darbyshire, Meadowfescue, 

English Bluegrass 

= Festuca elatior L., a nomen confusum 

= F. pratensis Hudson 

= Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. 

*L. temulentum L., Darnel, Poisongrass 

LONICERA L. (Caprifoliaceae) 

Lonicera bella Zabel = [Lonicera morrowii × 

tatarica = L. × bella Zabel] 

Lonicera caerulea (of American authors) = 

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) R.& S. 

L. canadensis Bartr., Fly-honeysuckle 

= L. ciliata Muhl. 

Lonicera ciliata Muhl. = Lonicera canadensis 

Bartr. 

L. dioica L., Smooth-leaved Honeysuckle, Wild or 

Mountain-honeysuckle 

var. dioica 

= L. parviflora Lam. 

var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters, Glaucous 

Honeysuckle 

= L. glaucescens Rydb. 

= L. parviflora var. douglassii A. Gray 

83 

Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. = Lonicera dioica var. 

glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters 

L. hirsuta Eat., Hairy Honeysuckle 

= L. hirsuta var. interior Gleason 

*L. japonica Thunb., Japanese Honeysuckle, 

Gold-and-Silver-flower 

*L. maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., Honeysuckle 

*L. morrowii A. Gray, Morrow's Honeysuckle 

*L. morrowii × tatarica = L. × bella Zabel, Flyhoneysuckle 

= L. bella Zabel 

L. oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook., Swamp Flyhoneysuckle 

= L. oblongifolia var. altissima (Jennings) 

Rehd. 

Lonicera parviflora Lam. = Lonicera dioica var. 

dioica L. 

Lonicera parviflora var. douglassii A. Gray = 

Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) 

Butters 

Lonicera sempervirens L. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

*L. tatarica L., Tartarian Honeysuckle 

L. villosa (Michx.) R.& S., Mountain Flyhoneysuckle 

= L. caerulea (of American authors) 

= L. villosa var. tonsa Fern. 

*L. xylosteum L., European Fly-honeysuckle 

Lophanthus nepetoides (L.) Benth. = Agastache 

nepetoides (L.) Kuntze 

Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius (Willd.) Benth. = 

Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) 

Kuntze 

LOTUS L. (Fabaceae) 

*L. corniculata L., Bird-foot Trefoil, Eggs & 

Bacon 

= Lotus corniculatus of authors 

LUDWIGIA L. (Onagraceae) 

L. palustris (L.) Ell., Water-purslane 

var. americana (L.) Ell. 

= L. palustris var. americana (DC.) Fern. & 

Griscom 

L. polycarpa Short & Peter, Many-fruited False 

Loosestrife 

LUNARIA L. (Brassicaceae) 

*L. annua L., Honesty, Money-plant, Satin-flower

= L. biennis Moench 

LUPINUS L. (Fabaceae) 

L. perennis L., Wild Lupine, Sundial-lupine 

= L. perennis var. occidentalis S. Wats 

LUZULA DC. (Juncaceae) 

L. acuminata Raf., Hairy Woodrush 

= Juncoides carolinae (S. Wats.) Kuntze 

= Luzula acuminata var. carolinae (S. Wats.) 

Fern. 

= L. acuminata var. saltuensis (Fern.) Fern. 

= L. pilosa (of authors) 

= L. pilosa var. americana Schultes & 

Schultes 

= L. saltuensis Fern. 

L. campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC., Common 

or Field-woodrush 

var. echinata (Small) Fern. & Wieg. 

= L. echinata (Small) F. Hermann 

var. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 

= Juncoides intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb. 

= Juncus intermedius Thuill. 

= J. multiflorus Ehrh. 

= Luzula campestris ssp. multiflora (Retz.) 

Buch. 

= L. erecta Desv. 

= L. intermedia var. multiflora Spenner 

= L. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 

= L. multiflora var. frigida Buch. 

var. pallescens (Wahl.) Wahl., Common Woodrush 

Luzula echinata (Small) F. Hermann = Luzula 

campestris var. echinata (Small) Fern. & 

Wieg. 

Luzula erecta Desv. = Luzula campestris (L.) DC. 

in Lam. & DC. var. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 

Luzula intermedia var. multiflora Spenner = 

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. 

var. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. = Luzula campestris 

(L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. var. multiflora 

(Retz.) Lej. 

Luzula multiflora var. frigida Buch. = Luzula 

campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. var. 

multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 

Luzula pilosa (of authors) = Luzula acuminata Raf. 

Luzula pilosa var. americana Schultes & Schultes 

= Luzula acuminata Raf. 

84 

Luzula saltuensis Fern. = Luzula acuminata Raf. 

LYCHNIS L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

Lychnis alba Mill. = Silene latifolia Poir. 

Lychnis arvensis Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. = 

Silene latifolia Poir. 

*L. coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein-pink, Rosecampion 

= Agrostemma coronaria L. 

Lychnis githago (L.) Scop. = Agrostemma githago 

L. 

Lychnis vespertina Sibth. = Silene latifolia Poir. 

LYCIUM L. (Solanaceae) 

*L. barbarum L., Matrimony-vine 

= L. chinense Mill. 

= L. halamifolium Mill. 

= L. vulgare (Ait) Dunal in DC. 

Lycium chinense Mill. = Lycium barbarum L. 

Lycium halimifolium Mill. = Lycium barbarum L. 

Lycium vulgare (Ait) Dunal in DC. = Lycium 

barbarum L. 

LYCOPERSICON Mill. (Solanaceae) 

*L. esculentum Mill., Garden Tomato 

= L. lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw. 

= Solanum lycopersicum L. 

Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw. = 

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 

LYCOPODIELLA Holub (Lycopodiaceae) 

L. inundata (L.) Holub, Bog Club-moss, Marsh 

Club-moss 

= Lycopodium inundatum L. 

LYCOPODIUM L. (Lycopodiaceae) 

L. annotinum L., Stiff Club-moss, Bristly Clubmoss 

var. annotinum 

var. pungens (La Pyl.) Desv. 

= L. annotinum var. acrifolium Fern. 

= L. dubium Zoega 

= Spinulum annotinum (L.) A. Haines 

= S. canadense (Ness.) A. Haines 

Lycopodium apodum L. = Selaginella apodum L. 

L. clavatum L., Running-pine 

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. complanatum of 

early authors = Lycopodium digitatum 

Dill. ex A. Br.

Lycopodium complanatum var. habereri (House) 

Boiv. = [Lycopodium digitatum × 

tristachyum = L. × habereri House] 

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme 

Fern. = Lycopodium digitatum A. Br. 

L. dendroideum Michx., Northern Tree Clubmoss, 

Ground-pine 

= Dendrolycopodium dendroideum (Michx.) 

A. Haines 

= Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum 

(Michx.) D. Eaton 

L. digitatum Dill. ex A. Br., Ground-cedar, 

Southern Running-pine, Crowfoot 

Clubmoss 

= Diphasiastrum digitatum (A. Br.) Holub 

= Lycopodium complanatum L. var. 

complanatum of early authors 

= L. complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fern. 

= L. flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch. 

L. digitatum × tristachyum = L. × habereri 

House 

= Diphasiastrum digitatum × D. tristachyum 

= D. habereri (House) Holub 

= Lycopodium complanatum var. habereri 

(House) Boiv. 

Lycopodium dubium Zoega = Lycopodium 

annotinum L. var. pungens (La Pyl.) Desv. 

Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch. = 

Lycopodium digitatum Dill. ex A. Br. 

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. = Huperzia 

lucidula (Michx.) Trev. 

Lycopodium lucidulum var. occidentale (Clute) 

Wilson = Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trev. 

Lycopodium lucidulum var. tryonii Mohlenbrock = 

Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trev. 

L. obscurum L., Ground-pine, Eastern Tree 

Clubmoss 

= Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. 

Haines 

Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum (Michx.) 

D. Eaton = Lycopodium dendroideum 

Michx. 

Lycopodium rupestre L. = Selaginella rupestris 

(L.) Spring 

L. tristachyum Pursh, Three-spiked Club-moss, 

Ground Cedar, Northern Ground-pine 

= Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub 

= Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm. 

Lycopsis arvensis L. = Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb. 

85 

LYCOPUS L. (Lamiaceae) 

L. americanus Muhl. ex Bart., Cut-leaved Waterhorehound 

= L. americanus var. longii Benner 

L. asper Greene, Western Water-horehound 

= L. lucidus ssp. americanus (Gray) Hultén 

= L. lucidus var. americanus Gray 

*L. europaeus L., European Water-horehound 

= L. europaeus var. mollis (Kern.) Briq. 

Lycopus lucidus var. americanus Gray = Lycopus 

asper Greene 

Lycopus membranaceus Bickn. ex Britt. = Lycopus 

uniflorus Michx. 

L. rubellus Moench, Gypsy-wort, Waterhorehound 

L. uniflorus Michx., Northern Bugleweed, Waterhorehound 

= L. membranaceus Bickn. ex Britt. 

L. virginicus L., Virginia Bugleweed, Waterhorehound 

LYONIA Nutt. (Ericaceae) 

L. ligustrina (L.) DC., Maleberry, He- 

Huckleberry, Male Blueberry 

Lysias hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Rydb. ex Britt. = 

Platanthera hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) 

Lindl. 

Lysias macrophylla (Goldie) House = Platanthera 

macrophylla (Goldie) P. M. Brown 

Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. ex Britt. = 

Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. 

LYSIMACHIA L. (Primulaceae) 

L. ciliata L., Fringed Loosestrife 

= Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. 

[L. hybrida Michx., Intermediate Loosestrife] 

= L. lanceolata of NY reports, not Walt. 

= L. lanceolata var. hybrida (Michx.) A. Gray 

= Steironema hybridum (Michx.) Raf. 

The species was excluded from the Niagara 

Frontier region by Zander and Pierce 

(1979). A pre-1980 specimen exists for 

Allegany Co. (NYFA 1990), perhaps just 

outside of our range. The species does 

occur in Ontario (Morton & Venn 1990).] 

Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. (excluded), see 

Lysimachia hybrida

Lysimachia longifolia Pursh = Lysimachia 

quadriflora Sims 

*L. nummularia L., Moneywort, Creeping Jenny, 

Creeping Charlie 

Lysimachia producta (A. Gray) Fern. = 

[Lysimachia quadrifolia × terrestris = L. × 

producta (A. Gray) Fern.] 

*L. punctata L., Spotted Loosestrife, Garden 

Loosestrife 

L. quadriflora Sims, Linear-leaved Loosestrife, 

Four-flowered Loosestrife 

= L. longifolia Pursh 

= Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. 

L. quadrifolia × terrestris = L. × producta (A. 

Gray) Fern., Elongate Loosestrife 

= L. producta (A. Gray) Fern. 

= L. stricta Aiton var. producta A. Gray 

L. quadrifolia L., Whorled Loosestrife 

Lysimachia stricta Ait. = Lysimachia terrestris (L.) 

BSP 

Lysimachia stricta Aiton var. producta A. Gray = 

[Lysimachia quadrifolia × terrestris = L. × 

producta (A. Gray) Fern.] 

L. terrestris (L.) BSP., Bulb-bearing Loosestrife 

= L. stricta Ait. 

L. thyrsiflora L., Tufted Loosestrife 

= Naumbergia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby 

*L. vulgaris L., Garden Loosestrife 

LYTHRUM L. (Lythraceae) 

Lythrum petiolatum L. = Cuphea viscosissima 

Jacq. 

L. alatum Pursh, Wing-angled Loosestrife, 

Winged Loosestrife 

*L. salicaria L., Purple or Spiked Loosestrife 

Lythrum verticillatum L. = Decodon verticillatus 

(L.) Ell. 

MACLURA Nutt. (Moraceae) 

Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. = Maclura pomifera (Raf. 

ex Sarg.) Schneid. 

*M. pomifera (Raf. ex Sarg.) Schneid., Osage 

Orange 

= M. aurantiaca Nutt. 

= Toxylon pomiferum Raf. ex Sarg. 

MAGNOLIA L. (Magnoliaceae) 

M. acuminata (L.) L., Cucumber-tree, Cucumbermagnolia 

86 

MAHONIA Nutt. (Berberidaceae) 

*M. aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Oregon Grape, 

Grape-holly 

= Berberis aquilifolium Pursh. 

MAIANTHEMUM Wiggers (Liliaceae) 

M. canadense Desf., False Lily-of-the-valley, 

Two-leaf Solomon's Seal, Wild Lily-ofthe-valley 

= M. canadense var. interior Fern. 

= Smilacina bifolia Torr. 

= Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene 

= U. canadense var. interior (Fern.) House 

M. racemosum L., False Solomon's-seal, False 

Spikenard 

= Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. 

= S. racemosa var. cylindrata Fern. 

= Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong 

M. stellatum L., Star-flowered False Solomon'sseal 

= Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. 

= Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong 

M. trifolium L., Three-leaved False Solomon'sseal 

= Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. 

= Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong 

Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries = Myosoton 

aquaticum (L.) Moench 

MALAXIS Solander ex Sw. (Orchidaceae) 

Malaxis bayardii Fern. = Malaxis unifolia Michx. 

Malaxis brachypoda (A. Gray) Fern. = Malaxis 

monophylla (L.) Sw. var. brachypoda (A. 

Gray) Morris & Eames 

M. monophyllos (L.) Sw., White Adder's-mouth 

= Microstylis monophyllos (L.) Lindl. 

var. brachypoda (A. Gray) Morris & Eames 

= M. brachypoda (A. Gray) Fern. 

M. unifolia Michx., Green Adder's-mouth 

= M. bayardii Fern. 

= Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP 

MALUS P. Mill. (Rosaceae) 

Malus bracteata Redh. = Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 

M. coronaria (L.) Mill., Wild Crabapple, 

American Crab, Sweet-crab 

= M. bracteata Redh. 

= M. coronaria var. dasycalyx Rehd.

= M. coronaria var. elongata Rehd. of 

Zenkert, 1934 

= M. fragrans Rehd. 

= M. lancifolia Rehd. 

= Pyrus coronaria L. 

= P. coronaria var. dasycalyx (Rehd.) Fern. 

= P. coronaria var. elongata (Rehd.) Bailey 

= P. coronaria var. lancifolia (Rehd.) Fern. 

Malus domestica Borkh. = Malus pumila Mill. 

Malus fragrans Rehd. = Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 

M. glaucescens Rehd., American Crab, Wild 

Crab-apple 

= M. coronaria var. glaucescens Rehd. of 

Zenkert, 1934 

= Pyrus coronaria var. glaucescens (Rehd.) 

Bailey 

Malus lancifolia Rehd. = Malus coronaria (L.) 

Mill. 

Malus malus (L.) Shafer = Malus pumila Mill. 

*M. pumila Mill., Domestic Apple 

= M. domestica Borkh. 

= M. malus (L.) Shafer 

= M. sylvestris of authors, not (L.) Mill. 

= Pyrus malus of authors, not L. 

Malus sylvestris of authors, not (L.) Mill. = Malus 

pumila Mill. 

MALVA L. (Malvaceae) 

*M. alcea L., Vervain-mallow 

Malva crispa (L.) L. = Malva verticillata L. 

*M. moschata L., Musk-mallow, Musk 

Cheeseweed 

*M. neglecta Wallr., Cheeses 

= M. rotundifolia (of Zenkert, 1934) of 

authors, not L. 

Malva rotundifolia (of Zenkert, 1934), of authors, 

not L. = Malva neglecta Wallr. 

*M. sylvestris L., High Mallow, Cheeses 

*M. verticillata L.), Whorled Mallow 

= M. crispa (L.) L. 

= M. verticillata var. crispa L. 

Malva verticillata var. crispa L. = Malva 

verticillata L. 

Mariana mariana (L.) Hill = Silybum marianum 

(L.) Gaertn. 

Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze = Cladium 

mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. 

MARRUBIUM L. (Lamiaceae) 

87 

*M. vulgare L., Horehound 

MARSILIA L. (Marsileaceae) 

*M. quadrifolia L., Water-clover, Pepperwort 

= M. mexicana of NY reports, not Schlect. & 

Cham. 

Martynia louisiana Mill. = Proboscidea louisiana 

(Mill.) Woot.& Standl. 

Martynia proboscidea Glox. = Proboscidea 

louisiana (Mill.) Woot. & Standl. 

Maruta cotula (L.) DC. = Anthemis cotula L. 

MATRICARIA L. (Asteraceae) 

*M. discoidea DC., Pineapple-weed 

= Chamomila suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. 

= Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter 

= M. suaveolens (Pursh) Buch. 

Matricaria inodora L. (nom. illeg.) = Matricaria 

perforata Merat 

Matricaria maritima of NY reports, not L. = 

Matricaria perforata Merat 

Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilm. = 


Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilm. = 


Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter = 

Matricaria discoidea DC. 

Matricaria parthenium L. according to House 1924 

p. 735 = Tanacetum parthenium (L.) 

Schultz 

*M. perforata Merat, Scentless Chamomile, 

Seaside-chrysanthemum 

= Chamomilla maritima of NY reports, not 

(L.) Rydb. 

= C. inodora (L.) Rydb. 

= Matricaria inodora L. (nom. illeg.) 

= M. maritima of NY reports, not L. 

= M. maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilm. 

= Tripleurospermum maritimum ssp. 

inodorum (L.) Hyl. ex Vaar 

= T. perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz 

*M. recutita L., Wild Chamomile, False Sweet 

Chamomile, German Mayweed 

= Chamomilla chamomilla (L.) Rydb. 

= C. recutita (L.) Rausch 

= Matricaria chamomilla L. 

Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buch. = Matricaria 

discoidea DC.

MATTEUCCIA Todaro (Dryopteridaceae) 

Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raym. = 

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro 

M. struthiopteris (L.) Todaro, Ostrich-fern 

= Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raym. 

= M. struthiopteris var. pensylvanica (Willd.) 

C. V.Morton 

= Osmunda struthiopteris L. 

= Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. 

= Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern. 

= Struthiopteris germanica Willd. 

MEDEOLA L. (Liliaceae) 

M. virginiana L., Indian Cucumber-root 

MEDICAGO L. (Fabaceae) 

*M. lupulina L., Black Medick, Nonsuch 

= M. lupulina var. glandulosa Neilr. 

Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa Neilr. = 

Medicago lupulina L. 

*M. sativa L., Alfalfa, Lucerne 

*ssp. sativa (ESCAPE) 

MEGALODONTA Greene (Asteraceae) 

M. beckii (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene, Watermarigold 

= Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. 

Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze in part = 

Desmodium perplexum Schub. 

MELAMPYRUM L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

Melampyrum americanum Michx. = Melampyrum 

lineare Desr. 

M. lineare Desr., Cow-wheat 

= M. americanum Michx. 

= M. lineare var. americanum (Michx.) 

Beauv. 

= M. lineare var. latifolium Bart., not (Muhl.) 

Beauv. 

= M. lineare var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fern. 

Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fries = Silene 

noctiflora L. 

Melica mutica Walt, Siberian Melic, excluded by 

Zander & Pierce 1979; “M. mutica as to 

[Ontario] reports, not of Walter” = M. 

altissima L., occasional garden escape, not 

persisting” (Morton & Venn 1990). The 

species is reported by Mitchell and Tucker 

88 

(1997) in New York State, also in nonpersisting 

populations. 

Melica purpurascens (Torr.) Hitchc. = Schizachne 


MELILOTUS Mill. (Fabaceae) 

*M. alba Desr. ex Lam., White Sweet-clover 

= M. alba Medik., a nomen nudum 

*M. altissima Thuill., Tall Yellow Sweet-clover 

*M. officinalis (L.) Pallas, Yellow Sweet-clover 

= Trifolium meliloti-officinalis of authors, 

not L. 

= T. officinalis L. 

MELISSA L. (Lamiaceae) 

*M. officinalis L., Lemon-balm 

MENISPERMUM L. (Menispermaceae) 

M. canadense L., Moonseed, Yellow Parilla 

MENTHA L. (Lamiaceae) 

Mentha × piperita var. crispa (L.) Koch = Mentha 

spicata L. 

Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth. = 

Mentha spicata L. 

*M. aquatica × spicata = M. × piperita L., 

Peppermint, Bergamot Mint 

= M. piperita L. of Zander & Pierce (1979) 

= M. citrata Ehrh. 

= M. × piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. 

*M. arvensis L., American Wild Mint, Field-mint 

= M. gentilis L. 

*M. arvensis × spicata = M. × gracilis Sole, Red 

Mint, Scotch Mint, Spotted Mint, Creeping 

Whorled Mint 

= M. cardiaca Gerard ex Baker 

= M. × gentilis L. = M. arvensis ssp. arvensis 

× M. spicata 

= M. × cardiaca (Gray) Baker 

= M. × gracilis Sole 

M. arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Briq. = Mentha 

canadensis L. 

Mentha arvensis ssp. haplocalyx Briq. = Mentha 

canadensis L. 

Mentha arvensis var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern. = 

Mentha canadensis L. 

M. arvensis var. villosa (Benth.) S.R. Stewart = 

Mentha canadensis L. 

M. canadensis L., Field-mint

= M. arvensis sensu auct. non L. 

= M. arvensis ssp. haplocalyx Briq. 

= M. arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Briq. 

= M. arvensis var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern. 

= M. arvensis var. villosa (Benth.) Stewart 

Mentha cardiaca Gerarde ex Baker = [Mentha 

arvensis × spicata = M. × gentilis L.] 

Mentha citrata Ehrh. = [Mentha aquatica × spicata 

= M. × piperita L.] 

Mentha crispa L. = Mentha spicata L. 

Mentha gentilis L. = Mentha arvensis L. 

Mentha × gentilis L. = Mentha arvensis × M. 

spicata 

Mentha × piperita L. = Mentha aquatica × M. 

spicata 

Mentha × piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. = 

[Mentha aquatica × spicata = M. × piperita 

L.] 

*M. longifolia × suaveolens = M. × rotundifolia 

(L.) Huds., Apple-aint, Pineapple-mint 

= M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. 

M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. = [Mentha longifolia × 

suaveolens = M. × rotundifolia (L.) Huds.] 

*M. spicata L., Spearmint 

= M. aquatica var. crispa (L.) Benth. 

= M. crispa L. 

= M. × piperita var. crispa (L.) Koch 

= M. viridis L. 

Mentha viridis L. = Mentha spicata L. 

MENYANTHES L. (Menyanthaceae) 

M. trifoliata L. Buckbean 

var. minor Raf. 

MERTENSIA Roth (Boraginaceae) 

M. virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link, Bluebells, 

Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip, 

Roanoke-bells 

Mespilus arbutifolia L. = Aronia arbutifolia (L.) 

Pers. 

Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx. = 

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. 

Mespilus prunifolia Marsh. = [Aronia arbutifolia × 


Rehd.] 

Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene = 

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. 

Gray 

89 

Micromeria glabella of ON reports, not of Benth. = 


Microstyis unifolia (Michx.) BSP = Malaxis 

unifolia Michx. 

Microstylis monophyllos (L.) Lindl. = Malaxis 

monophylla (L.) Sw. 

MIKANIA Willd. (Asteraceae) 

M. scandens (L.) Willd., Climbing Boneset 

MILIUM L. (Poaceae) 

M. effusum L., Tall Millet-grass 

MIMULUS L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

M. alatus Ait., Sharp-winged Monkey-flower 

*M. moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl., Musk-flower 

M. ringens L., Monkey-flower, Purple or 

Allegheny Monkeyflower 

MIRABILIS L. (Nyctaginaceae) 

*M. nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM., Wild Four- 

O'clock 

= Allionia nyctaginea Michx. 

= Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet 

MISCANTHUS Anderss. (Poaceae) 

*M. sinensis Anderss., Eulalia 

MITCHELLA L. (Rubiaceae) 

M. repens L., Partridge-berry, Twin-berry, 

Running-box, Two-Eyed Berry, Mitchella 

MITELLA L. (Saxifragaceae) 

M. diphylla L., Miterwort 

= M. oppositifolia Rydb. 

M. nuda L., Naked Miterwort 

= M. reniformis Lam. 

Mitella oppositifolia Rydb. = Mitella diphylla L. 

Mitella reniformis Lam. = Mitella nuda L. 

MOEHRINGIA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

M. lateriflora (L.) Fenzl, Side-flowering 

Sandwort, Grove-sandwort, Blunt-leaf 

Sandwort 

= Arenaria angustifolia Regel 

= A. lateriflora L. 

= Stellaria biflora Pursh 

MOLLUGO L. (Molluginaceae)

*M. verticillata L., Carpet-weed, Indian 

Chickweed, Devil's Grip 

= M. berteriana Sér. 

= M. cerviana of NY reports, not (L.) Sér. 

MONARDA L. (Lamiaceae) 

M. clinopodia L., Basil-balm 

= M. fistulosa L. var. clinopodia (L.) 

Cooperrider 

M. didyma L., Oswego Tea, Bee-balm 

M. fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot, Horsemint 

= M. fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth. 

= M. mollis L. 

Monarda fistulosa L. var. clinopodia (L.) 

Cooperrider = Monarda clinopodia L. 

Monarda fistulosa var. rubra A. Gray = Monarda 

media Willd. 

M. media Willd., Purple Bergamot, Bee-balm 

= M. × media of authors, not Willd. 

= M. fistulosa var. rubra A. Gray 

= M. media Willd. of Zander & Pierce, 1979 

Monarda × media of authors, not Willd. = 

Monarda media Willd. 

Monarda mollis L. = Monarda fistulosa L. 

MONESES Salisb. ex S. Gray (Ericaceae) 

M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray, One-flowered Shinleaf, 

One-flowered Pyrola 

= Pyrola uniflora L. 

MONOTROPA L. (Ericaceae) 

Monotropa brittonii Small = Monotropa uniflora L. 

M. hypopithys L., Pinesap 

= Hypopithys americana (DC.) Small 

= H. lanuginosa (Michx.) Raf., not Nutt. 

= H. multiflora var. americana DC. 

= Monotropa hypopithys Michx., not L. 

= M. lanuginosa Michx. 

Monotropa lanuginosa Michx. = Monotropa 

hypopithys L. 

Monotropa procera Torr. ex Eaton = Pterospora 

andromedea Nutt. 

M. uniflora L., Indian Pipe 

= M. brittonii Small 

Montelia tamariscina (Nutt.) A. Gray = 

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq. ex DC.) 

Sauer 

Morella caroliniana Small = Myrica pensylvanica 

Loisel. ex Duhamel 

90 

MORUS L. (Moraceae) 

*M. alba L., White Mulberry 

= M. alba var. tatarica (Pallas) Sér. 

= M. nigra of NY reports, not L. 

= M. tatarica Pallas, not L. 

Morus nigra of NY reports, not L. = Morus alba L. 

M. rubra L., Red Mulberry 

Morus tatarica Pallas, not L. = Morus alba L. 

MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. (Poaceae) 

*M. asperifolia (Nees & Meyer) Parodi 

M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin., Hairgrass 

Muhlenbergia commutata (Scribn.) Bush = 

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. 

Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. = Muhlenbergia 

schreberi Gmel. 

Muhlenbergia foliosa (R. & S.) Trin. = 

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. 

M. frondosa (Poir.) Fern., Leafy Muhlenbergia, 

Wirestem-muhly 

= M. commutata (Scribn.) Bush 

= M. mexicana of some authors, not (L.) 

Trin. 

= M. mexicana var. commutata Scribn. 

M. glomerata (Willd.) Trin., Marsh-timothy 

= M. glomerata var. cinnoides (Link) 

Hermann 

= M. racemosa of NY reports, not (Michx.) 

BSP. 

= M. racemosa var. violacea Scribn. 

M. mexicana (L.) Trin., Wood-grass, Satin-grass, 

Muhly 

= M. foliosa (R. & S.) Trin. 

Muhlenbergia mexicana of some authors, not (L.) 

Trin. = Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) 

Fern. 

Muhlenbergia mexicana var. commutata Scribn. = 

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. 

Muhlenbergia racemosa of NY reports, not 

(Michx.) BSP. = Muhlenbergia glomerata 

(Willd.) Trin. 

Muhlenbergia racemosa var. violacea Scribn. = 

Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. 

M. schreberi Gmel., Dropseed, Nimble Will 

= M. diffusa Willd. 

M. sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. ex A. Gray, Woodland 

Dropseed 

= M. umbrosa Scribn.

var. sylvatica 

= M. sylvatica var. attenuata Carpenter 

M. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP., Slender Satin-grass 

= M. willdenovii Trin. 

Muhlenbergia umbrosa Scribn. = Muhlenbergia 

sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. ex A. Gray 

Muhlenbergia willdenovii Trin. = Muhlenbergia 

tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. 

Mulgedium leucophaeum (Willd.) DC. = Lactuca 

biennis (Moench) Fern. 

Muricauda dracontium (L.) Kunth = Arisaema 

dracontium (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl. 

MUSCARI Mill. (Liliaceae) 

*M. botryoides (L.) Mill., Grape-hyacinth 

MYOSOTIS L. (Boraginacaceae) 

*M. arvensis (L.) Hill, Field Forget-me-not 

M. laxa Lehm., Small Forget-me-not 

Myosotis macrophylla Adams = Brunnera 

macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnston 

Myosotis micrantha of authors, not Pall. = 

Myosotis stricta Link ex R. & S. 

Myosotis palustris Lam. = Myosotis scorpioides L. 

*M. scorpioides L., European Forget-me-not 

= M. palustris Lam. 

*M. stricta Link ex R. & S., Forget-me-not 

= M. micrantha of authors, not Pall. 

*M. sylvatica Hoffm., Garden Forget-me-not 

M. verna Nutt., Early or Spring Forget-me-not 

= M. virginica of authors, not (L.) BSP. 

Myosotis virginica of authors, not (L.) BSP. = 

Myosotis verna Nutt. 

MYOSOTON Moench (Caryophyllaceae) 

*M. aquaticum (L.) Moench, Water Mouse-ear 

Chickweed, Giant Chickweed 

= Alsine aquatica (L.) Britt. 

= Cerastium aquaticum L. 

= Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries 

= Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. 

MYRICA L. (Myricaceae) 

Myrica asplenifolia L. = Comptonia peregrina (L.) 

Coult. 

Myrica carolinensis of NY reports, not Mill. = 

Myrica pensylvanica Loisel. ex Duhamel 

Myrica cerifera (of Day,1882) = Myrica 

pensylvanica Loisel. ex Duhamel 

91 

M. gale L., Sweet Gale, Meadow-fern 

= Gale palustris (Lam.) Chev. 

= Myrica gale var. subglabra (Chev.) Fern. 

= M. palustris Lam. 

M. pensylvanica Loisel. ex Duhamel, Bayberry, 

Candleberry 

= Morella caroliniana Small 

= Myrica carolinensis of NY reports, not 

Mill. 

= M. cerifera (of Day, 1882) 

= M. carolinensis (of authors) 

Myrica palustris Lam. = Myrica gale L. 

Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze = Comptonia 

peregrina (L.) Coult. 

MYRIOPHYLLUM L. (Haloragaceae) 

Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern. = Myriophyllum 

sibericum Komarov 

M. heterophyllum Michx., Water-milfoil 

= M. hippuroides of NY reports, not Nutt. ex 

Torrey & A. Gray 

Myriophyllum hippuroides of NY reports, not 

Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray = Myriophyllum 

heterophyllum Michx. 

M. sibericum Komarov, Water-milfoil 

= M. exalbescens Fern. 

= M. spicatum L. 

= M. spicatum ssp. exalbescens (Fern.) 

Hultén 

= M. spicatum var. exalbescens (Fern.) 

Jepson 

Myriophyllum spicatum L. = Myriophyllum 

sibericum Komarov 

Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens (Fern.) 

Hultén = Myriophyllum sibericum 

Komarov 

Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens (Fern.) 

Jepson = Myriophyllum sibericum 

Komarov 

M. verticillatum L., Whorled Water-milfoil 

= M. verticillatum var. pectinatum Wallr. 

Nabalus albus (L.) Hooker = Prenanthes alba L. 

Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hooker = Prenanthes 

altissima L. 

Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC. = Prenanthes 

crepidinea Michx. 

Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. = Prenanthes trifoliata 

(Cass.) Fern.

Nabalus trifoliatus of authors = Prenanthes 

trifoliata (Cass.) Fern. 

Nabalus trifoliatus var. dissectifolius Peck = 

Prenanthes trifoliata (Cass.) Fern. 

Naias (orth. var.) = Najas L. 

NAJAS L. (Najadaceae) 

N. flexilis (Wills.) Rostk. & Schmidt, Slender 

Naiad, Bushy Naiad 

NARCISSUS L. (Amaryllidaceae) 

*N. pseudo-narcissus L., Daffodil, Trumpetnarcissus 

Nardosmia palmata Hooker = Petasites frigidus 

var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. 

Nardosmia japonica Siebold & Zucc. = Petasites 

japonicus (Siebold & Zuc.) Maxim. 

Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fries = Armoracia 

rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. 

Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray = Armoracia lacustris 

(A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates 

Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Karst. = 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ex Ait. = Rorippa 

nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 

Nasturtium palustre (L.) DC. of Zander & Pierce 

(1979) = Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. 

fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonesell 

Naumbergia thrysiflora (L.) Duby = Lysimachia 

thyrsifolia L. 

Negundo negundo (L.) Karst. = Acer negundo L. 

Neillia opulifolia (L.) Brew. & Wats. = 

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. 

Nelumbium luteum Willd. = Nelumbo lutea 

(Willd.) Pers. 

NELUMBO Adans. (Nymphaeaceae) 

*N. lutea (Willd.) Pers., American Lotus, Yellow 

Lotus, Wankapin 

= Nelumbium luteum Willd. 

NEMOPANTHUS Raf. (Aquifoliceae) 

Nemopanthus canadensis DC. = Nemopanthus 

mucronatus (L.) Loesener ex Koehne 

N. mucronatus (L.) Loesener ex Koehne, 

Mountain-holly, Catberry 

= N. canadensis DC. 

Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene = Armoracia 

lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates 

92 

NEPETA L. (Lamiaceae) 

*N. cataria L., Catnip, Catmint 

Nepeta glechoma Benth. = Glechoma hederacea L. 

Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev. = Glechoma 

hederacea L. 

Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. = Polystichum 

acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott 

Nephrodium punctilobulum Michx. = Dennstaedtia 

punctilobula (Michx.) Moore 

Nesaea verticillata (L.) HBK = Decodon 

verticillatus (L.) Ell. 

NICANDRA Adans. (Solanaceae) 

*N. physalodes (L.) Gaertn., Apple of Peru 

= Atropa pysalodes L. 

= Physalodes Physalodes (L.) Britt. 

NICOTIANA L. (Solanaceae) 

*N. longiflora Cav., Long-flowered Tobacco 

*N. rustica L., Indian Tobacco 

NIGELLA L. (Ranunculaceae) 

*N. damascena L., Love-in-a-mist, Fennel-flower 

“Native of the Old World and frequent in 

cultivation. Reported by Day (Plants of 

Buffalo 14, 1883) as spontaneous in 

gardens and by Clinton (l.c.Day), as an 

escape.” (House 1924). 

Norta altissima (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown = 

Sisymbrium altissimum L. 

Notholcus lanatus (L.) Nash ex Hitchc. in Jepson 

NUPHAR J. Smith ex Sibth. & Sm. 

(Nymphaeaceae) 

N. advena (Soland. ex Ait.) R. Br. ex Ait. f., 

Yellow Pondlily, Yellow Cowlily, 

Spatterdock, Bull-head Lily. 

= Nuphar fluviatile (Harper) Standl. 

= N. lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. advena 

(Ait.) Kartesz & Gandhi 

= N. lutea ssp. macrophylla (Small) Beal 

= Nymphozanthus advena (Ait.) Fern. 

= Nymphaea advena Soland. ex Ait. 

Nuphar advena var. variegata (Engelm. ex Durand 

in Clinton) A. Gray = Nuphar variegata 

Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton 

Nuphar fluviatile (Harper) Standl. = Nuphar 

advena (Soland. ex Ait.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. advena (Ait.) 

Kartesz & Gandhi = Nuphar advena 

(Soland. ex Ait.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Nuphar lutea ssp. macrophylla (Small) Beal = 

Nuphar advena (Soland. ex Ait.) R. Br. ex 

Ait. f. 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. pumila (Timm) 

Beal = Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fern. 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. variegata 

(Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton) Beal = 

Nuphar variegata Engelm. ex Durand in 

Clinton 

N. microphylla (Pers.) Fern., Small Yellow Pondlily, 

Small Yellow Cow-lily, Dwarf 

Spatterdock. 

= N. lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. pumila 

(Timm) Beal 

= N. pumila (Timm) DC. 

= Nymphaea lutea [beta sign] microphylla 

Pers. 

= Nymphaea microphylla (Pers.) Robins. & 

Fern. 

Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. = Nuphar microphylla 

(Pers.) Fern. 

N. variegata Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton, 

Common Yellow Cow-lily, Yellow Pondlily, 

Spatterdock 

= N. advena var. variegata (Engelm. ex 

Durand in Clinton) A. Gray 

= N. lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. variegata 

(Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton) Beal 

= Nymphaea advena var. variegata (Engelm. 

ex Durand in Clinton) Fern. 

= Nymphozantus variegatus (Engelm.) Fern. 

NYMPHAEA L. (Nymphaeaceae) 

Nymphaea advena Soland. ex Ait. = Nuphar 

advena (Soland. ex Ait.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Nymphaea advena var. variegata (Engelm. ex 

Durand in Clinton) Fern. = Nuphar 

variegata Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton 

Nymphaea lekophylla (Small) Coryl = Nymphaea 

odorata Dryand. ex Ait. ssp. odorata 

Nymphaea lutea [beta sign] microphylla Pers. = 

Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fern. 

Nymphaea microphylla (Pers.) Robins. & Fern. = 

Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fern. 

N. odorata Dryand. ex Ait., Fragrant White 

Water-lily 

93 

ssp. odorata 

= Castalia odorata (Dryand ex Ait.) Woodr. 

& Wood. 

= C. lekophylla Small 

= Nymphaea odorata var. gigantea Tricker 

= N. odorata var. minor Sims 

= N. odorata var. rubra Pursh 

= N. lekophylla (Small) Coryl 

ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersma & Hellquist 

= Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene 

= Nymphaea tuberosa Paine 

Nymphaea odorata var. gigantea Tricker = 

Nymphaea odorata Dryand. ex Ait. 

Nymphaea tuberosa Paine = Nymphaea odorata 

Dryand. ex Ait. ssp. tuberosa (Paine) 

Wiersma & Hellquist 

Nymphozanthus advena (Ait.) Fern. = Nuphar 

advena (Soland. ex Ait. R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Nymphozantus variegatus (Engelm.) Fern. = 

Nuphar variegata Engelm. ex Durand in 

Clinton 

Nyssa multiflora Wang = Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 

NYSSA L. (Nyssaceae) 

Nyssa multiflora Wang = Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 

N. sylvatica Marsh., Tupelo, Black Gum, 

Pepperidge, Sour Gum 

= N. multiflora Wang 

Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) S. Wats. = Uvularia 

sessilifolia L. 

Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene = Aster 

acuminatus Michx. 

Oclemena nemoralis (Ait.) Greene = Aster 

nemoralis Ait. 

OENOTHERA L. (Onagraceae) 

O. biennis L., Common Evening-primose 

= O. chrysantha Michx. 

= O. biennis var. nutans (Atkins. & Bartl.) 

Wieg. 

= O. biennis var. pycnocarpa (Atkins. & 

Bartl.) Wieg. 

= O. biennis ssp. muricata (L.) Piper 

= O. erythrosepala Borbás 

= O. glazioviana Micheli 

= O. muricata L. 

Oenthera chrysantha Michx. = Oenothera biennis 

L.

Oenothera cleistantha Shull & Bartlett = Oenothera 

parviflora L. var. parviflora 

Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don in part, not (S. 

Wats.) Munz = Oenothera parviflora L. 

var. parviflora 

Oenothera erythrosepala Borbás = Oenothera 

biennis L. 

O. fruticosa L., Sundrops 

ssp. glauca (Michx.) Straley 

= Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) Pennell 

= Oenothera tetragona Roth 

Oenothera glazioviana Micheli = Oenothera 

biennis L. 

O. laciniata Hill, Cut-leaved Evening-primose 

= Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose 

Oenothera muricata L. = Oenothera biennis L. 

Oenothera muricata of some NY reports, not L. = 

Oenothera parviflora L. var. parviflora 

Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) Robbins ex S. 

Wats. & Coult. = Oenothera parviflora L. 

var. oakesiana (A. Gray) Fern. 

O. parviflora L., Small-flowered Eveningprimrose 

var. oakesiana (A. Gray) Fern. 

= O. oakesiana (A. Gray) Robbins ex S. 

Wats. & Coult. 

= O. parviflora ssp. angustissima (Gates) 

Muhz 

var. parviflora 

= O. cleistantha Shull & Bartlett 

= O. cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don in part, not (S. 

Wats.) Munz 

= O. muricata of some NY reports, not L. 

= O. parviflora of authors, not L. 

O. perennis L., Small Sundrops 

= Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell 

= Oenothera perennis var. receptilis Blake 

= O. pumila L. 

Oenothera perennis var. receptilis Blake = 

Oenothera perennis L. 

*O. pilosella Raf., Prairie-sundrops 

= Kneiffia pratensis Small 

= Oenothera pratensis (Small) B. Robinson 

Oenothera pratensis (Small) B. Robinson = 

Oenothera pilosella Raf. 

Oenothera pumila L. = Oenothera perennis L. 

Oenothera tetragona Roth = Oenothera fruticosa L. 

ssp. glauca (Michx.) Straley 

94 

Oldenlandia caerulea (L.) Gray = Houstonia 

caerulea L. 

ONOBRYCHIS P. Mill. (Fabaceae) 

Onobrychis onobrychis (L.) Harst., not Rydb. = 

Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. 

Onobrychis sativa Lam. = Onobrychis viciifolia 

Scop. 

*O. viciifolia Scop., Sainfoin, Holly-clover 

= Hedysarum onobrychis L. 

= Onobrychis onobrychis (L.) Harst., not 

Rydb. 

= O. sativa Lam. 

ONOCLEA L. (Dryopteridaceae) 

O. sensibilis L., Sensitive Fern 

ONOPORDUM L. (Asteraceae) = Onopordon 

(Vaill.) L. of authors 

*O. acanthium L., Scotch Thistle, Cotton-thistle 

ONOSMODIUM Michx. (Boraginaceae) 

Onosmodium carolinianum (of authors) = 

Onosmodium molle Michx. ssp. 

hispidissimum (Mackz.) Boivin 

Onosmodium hispidissimum Mackz. = 

Onosmodium molle Michx. ssp. 

hispidissimum (Mackz.) Boivin 

O. molle Michx., False Gromwell, Marble-seed, 

Gravel-weed 

ssp. hispidissimum (Mackz.) Boivin 

= O. carolinianum (of authors) 

= O. hispidissimum Mackz. 

= O. molle var. hispidissimum (Mackz.) 

Cronq. 

Onosmodium molle Michx. var. hispidissimum 

(Mackz.) Cronq. = Onosmodium molle 

Michx. ssp. hispidissimum (Mackz.) 

Boivin 

O. virginianum (L.) A. DC., Virginia False 

Gromwell 

OPHIOGLOSSUM L. (Ophioglossaceae) 

O. pusillum Raf., Adder's-tongue Fern 

= O. vulgatum var. pseudopodum (S. Blake) 

Farw. 

= O. vulgatum var. vulgatum of authors, not 

L.

Ophrys auriculata (Wieg.) House = Listera 

australis Lindl. 

Oplotheca gracilis Hooker = Froelichia gracilis 

(Hooker) Moq. 

Opulaster intermedius Rydb. ex Britt. = 

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. 

intermedius (Rydb.) Robins. 

Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze = Physocarpus 

opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. opulifolius 

Orchis spectabilis L. = Galearis spectabilis (L.) 

Raf. 

ORIGANUM L. (Lamiaceae) 

*O. vulgare L., Wild Marjoram, Oregano 

ORNITHOGALUM L. (Liliaceae) 

*O. nutans L., Nodding Star-of-Bethlehem 

*O. umbellatum L., Star-of-Bethlehem 

Orobanche americana L. = Conopholis americana 

(L.) Wallr. 

OROBANCHE L. (Orobanchaceae) 

O. uniflora L., One-flowered Cancer-root 

= Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torr. & A. Gray 

ex A. Gray 

= Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britt. 

Orobanche virginiana L. = Epifagus virginiana (L.) 

Bart. 

ORTHILIA Raf. (Ericaceae) 

O. secunda (L.) House, One-sided Pyrola 

= O. secunda ssp. obtusata (Turcz.) Böcher 

= O. secunda var. obtusata (Turcz.) House 

= Pyrola secunda L. 

= P. secunda var. obtusata Turcz. 

= P. secunda var. pumila Paine 

ORYZOPSIS Michx. (Poaceae) 

O. asperifolia Michx., Mountain-rice, Spreading 

Ricegrass, Whitegrass 

Oryzopsis canadensis sensu Torrey's Flora of NY, 

not (Poir.) Trin. = Oryzopsis pungens 

(Torr. ex Spreng.) Hitchc. 

Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. = Oryzopsis 

racemosa (Sm.) Ricker ex Hitchc. 

O. pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) Hitchc., Slender 

Mountain-rice 

= O. canadensis sensu Torrey's Flora of NY, 

not (Poir.) Trin. 

95 

= Piptatherum pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) 

Dorn 

O. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker ex A. S. Hitchc., Blackfruited 

Mountain-rice 

= O. melanocarpa Muhl. 

= Piptatherum racemosum Ricker ex A. S. 

Hitchc. 

OSMORHIZA Raf. (Apiaceae) 

Osmorhiza brevistylis DC. = Osmorhiza claytonii 

(Michx.) Clarke 

O. claytonii (Michx.) Clarke, Hairy Sweet Cicely, 

Sweet Jarvil 

= O. brevistylis DC. 

O. longistylis (Torr.) DC., Long-styled Sweet 

Cicely 

= O. longistylis varieties of NY reports 

= O. longistylis var. brachycoma Blake 

OSMUNDA L. (Osmundaceae) 

O. cinnamomea L., Cinnamon-fern 

O. claytoniana L., Interrupted Fern 

O. regalis L., Royal Fern, Flowering Fern 

var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray 

= O. spectabilis Willd. 

Osmunda spectabilis Willd. = Osmunda regalis L., 

var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray 

Osmunda struthiopteris L. = Matteuccia 

struthiopteris (L.) Todaro 

Osteospermum canadense (L.) House = Polymnia 

canadensis L. 

Osteospermum uvedalia L. = Polymnia uvedalia 

(L.) L. 

OSTRYA Scop. (Betulaceae) 

O. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, Hop- or American 

Hornbeam, Ironwood, Blue Beech, Waterbeech, 

Musclewood 

= Carpinus virginiana Mill. 

= Ostrya virginiana var. glandulosa Sarg. 

= O. virginiana var. lasia Fern. 

OXALIS L. (Oxalidaceae) 

Oxalis acetosella of American authors, not L. = 

Oxalis montana Raf. 

Oxalis acetosella var. montana (Raf.) Hultén ex D. 

Löve = Oxalis montana Raf. 

Oxalis bushii (Small) Small = Oxalis stricta L.

*O. corniculata L., Creeping Yellow Woodsorrel, 

Lady's Sorrel 

= O. repens Thunb. 

= O. corniculata var. viscidula Wieg. 

Oxalis europaea Jord. = Oxalis stricta L. 

Oxalis fontana Bunge = Oxalis stricta L. 

O. montana Raf., Common Wood-sorrel, 

American Shamrock 

= O. acetosella of American authors, not L. 

= O. acetosella var. montana (Raf.) Hultén ex 

D. Löve 

= O. montana Raf. 

Oxalis oneidica House = Oxalis stricta L. 

Oxalis repens Thunb. = Oxalis corniculata L. 

Oxalis rufa Small ex Britt. = Oxalis stricta L. 

O. stricta L., Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel 

= O. bushii (Small) Small 

= O. europaea Jord. 

= O. fontana Bunge 

= O. oneidica House 

= O. rufa Small ex Britt. 

O. violacea L., Violet Wood-sorrel 

Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet = 

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. 

Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh = Vaccinium 

macrocarpon Ait. 

OXYPOLIS Raf. (Apiaceae) 

O. rigidior (L.) Raf., Cowbane, Water-dropwort 

= O. rigidior var. longifolius (Pursh) Britt. 

= O. turgida Small 

Packera aurea (L.) A. & D. Löve = Senecio aureus 

L. 

Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W. A. Weber & 

A. Löve = Senecio obovatus Muhl. ex 

Wild. 

Packera paupercula (Michx.) Á. & D. Löve = 

Senecio pauperculus Michx. 

PANAX L. (Araliaceae) 

P. quinquefolius L., Ginseng, Sang 

= Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Dec.& Planche. 

P. trifolius L., Dwarf Ginseng, Ground-nut 

= Aralia trifolia (L.) Dec. & Planch 

Panicularia borealis Nash = Glyceria borealis 

(Nash) Batchelder 

Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze = Glyceria 

canadensis (Michx.) Trin. 

96 

Panicularia grandis (S. Wats.) Nash = Glyceria 

grandis S. Wats. 

Panicularia melicaria (Michx.) Hitchc. = Glyceria 

melicaria (Michx.) Hubbard 

Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze = Glyceria 

striata (Lam.) Hitchc. 

Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitchc.) Bickn. = 

Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. 

PANICUM L. (Poaceae) 

P. acuminatum Sw. (sensu lato), Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & 

Clark 

= Panicum auburne Ashe 

= P. huachucae Ashe 

= P. huachucae var. sylvicola Hitch. & Chase 

= P. implicatum Scribn. 

= P. lanuginosum Ell., in part 

= P. lanuginosum var. fasciculatum (Torr.) 

Fern. 

= P. lanuginosum var. implicatum (Scribn.) 

Fern. 

= P. lanuginosum var. lindheimeri (Nash) 

Fern. 

= P. lanuginosum var. septentrionale Fern. 

= P. lindheimeri Nash 

= P. lindheimeri var. fasciculatum (Torr.) 

Fern. 

= P. lindheimeri var. implicatum (Scribn.) 

Fern. 

= P. lindheimeri Nash var. lindheimeri 

(Nash) Fern. 

= P. lindheimeri var. septentrionale Fern. 

= P. meridionale Ashe 

= P. nitidum Lam. 

= P. spretum Schultes 

= P. subvillosum Ashe 

= P. tennesseense Nash 

= P. villosissimum Nash 

= P. wrightianum Scribn. 

Panicum agrostoides Spreng. = Panicum rigidulum 

Bosc ex Nees 

Panicum annulum Ashe = Panicum dichotomum L. 

Panicum ashei Pearson ex Ashe = Panicum 

commutatum Schultes 

Panicum auburne Ashe = Panicum acuminatum 

Sw. 

Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash = Panicum 

capillare L.

Panicum barbulatum Michx. = Panicum 

dichotomum L. 

Panicum bicknellii var. calliphyllum (Ashe) 

Gleason = Panicum boreale Nash 

P. boreale Nash, Northern Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckmann 

= P. bicknellii var. calliphyllum (Ashe) 

Gleason 

= P. calliphyllum Ashe 

Panicum boscii Poir. ex Lam. = Panicum latifolium 

L. 

Panicum calliphyllum Ashe = Panicum boreale 

Nash 

P. capillare L., Witchgrass 

= P. capillare varieties of NY reports 

= P. barbipulvinatum Nash 

P. clandestinum L., Deer-tongue Grass 

= Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould 

= Panicum latifolium L. var. clandestinum 

(L.) Pursh 

Panicum clutei Nash = Panicum dichotomum L. 

P. commutatum Schultes, Ashe's Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) 

Gould 

= Panicum ashei Pearson ex Ashe 

= P. commutatum var. ashei (Pearson ex 

Ashe) Fern. 

= P. umbrosum Le Conte 

Panicum crusgalli L. = Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) 

Beauv. ssp. crusgalli 

P. depauperatum Muhl., Starved Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) 

Gould 

= Panicum depauperatum var. psilophyllum 

Fern. 

= P. depauperatum var. involutum (Torr.) A. 

Wood 

Panicum depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fern. = 

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. 

P. dichotomiflorum Michx., Spreading Witchgrass, 

Smooth Panic-grass, Fall Panicgrass, 

Fall Panicum 

var. dichotomiflorum 

= P. dichotomiflorum var. geniculatum 

(Wood) Fern. 

Panicum dichotomiflorum var. geniculatum 

(Wood) Fern. = Panicum dichotomiflorum 

Michx. 

P. dichotomum L., Forked Panic-grass 

97 

= Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould 

= P. annulum Ashe 

= P. barbulatum Michx. 

= P. dichotomum var. barbulatum (Michx.) 

Wood 

= P. clutei Nash 

= P. lucidum Ashe 

= P. mattamuskeetense Ashe 

= P. microcarpon Muhl. ex Ell. 

= P. nitidum Lam. 

P. flexile (Gatt.) Scribn., Wiry Witch-grass, Panicgrass 

P. gattingeri Nash, Gattinger's Witch-grass 

= P. capillare var. campestre Gatt. 

Panicum glabrum (Schrad.) Gaud. = Digitaria 

ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. 

ex Muhl. 

Panicum huachucae Ashe = Panicum acuminatum 

Sw. 

Panicum huachucae var. sylvicola Hitch. & Chase 


Panicum implicatum Scribn. = Panicum 

acuminatum Sw. 

Panicum lanuginosum Ell., in part = Panicum 


Panicum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum (Torr.) 

Fern. = Panicum acuminatum Sw. 

Panicum lanuginosum var. implicatum (Scribn.) 


Panicum lanuginosum var. lindheimeri (Nash) 


Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. praecocius (Hitchc. 

& Chase) Dore = Panicum villosissimum 

Nash 

Panicum lanuginosum var. septentrionale Fern. = 

Panicum acuminatum Sw. 

P. latifolium L., Broad-leaved Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C. 

Clark 

= P. boscii Poir. ex Lam. 

Panicum lindheimeri var fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. 


Panicum lindheimeri var. implicatum (Scribn.) 


Panicum lindheimeri var. lindheimeri Nash = 

Panicum acuminatum Sw. 

Panicum lindheimeri var. septentrionale Fern. = 

Panicum acuminatum Sw.

P. linearifolium Scribn. ex Nash in Britt. & 

Brown, Low White-haired Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex 

Nash) Gould 

= Panicum linearifolium var. werneri 

(Scribn.) Fern. 

= P. perlongum Nash 

= P. werneri Scribn. 

Panicum longifolium Torr. = Panicum rigidulum 

Bosc. ex Nees 

Panicum lucidum Ashe = Panicum dichotomum L. 

Panicum macrocarpon Torr. = Panicum 

oligosanthes Schult. 

Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe = Panicum 

dichotomum L. 

Panicum microcarpon Muhl. ex Ell. = Panicum 

dichotomum L. 

*P. miliaceum L., Broomcorn-millet, Proso Millet 

Panicum nitidum Lam. = Panicum dichotomum L. 

P. oligosanthes Schult., Few-flowered Panic-grass 

var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. 

= Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J. A. 

Schultes) Gould var. scribnerianum (Nash) 

Gould 

= P. scribnerianum Nash 

= P. macrocarpon Torr. of Zander and Pierce 

(1979) 

Panicum perlongum Nash = Panicum linearifolium 

Scribn. ex Nash in Britt. & Brown 

*P. philadelphicum Bernh., Wood Witch-grass, 

Philadelphia Witch-grass 

Panicum praecocius Hitchc. & Chase = Panicum 

villosissimum Nash 

Panicum pseudopubescens Nash = Panicum 

villosissimum Nash 

P. rigidulum Bosc ex Nees, Redtop Panic-grass 

var. rigidulum 

= P. agrostoides Spreng. 

Panicum sanguinale L. = Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) 

Scop. 

P. sphaerocarpon Ell., Round-fruited Panic-grass 

var. sphaerocarpon 

= Dichanthelium spaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould 

var. sphaerocarpon 

Panicum tennesseense Nash = Panicum 


Panicum umbrosum Le Conte = Panicum 

commutatum Schultes 

P. villosissimum Nash, Panic Grass 

98 

= Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) 

Freckman var. praecocius (Hitchc. & 

Chase) Freckmann 

= Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & 

Clark var. villosum (Gray) Gould & Clark 

= Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. praecocius 

(Hitchc. & Chase) Dore 

= P. praecocius Hitchc. & Chase 

= P. pseudopubescens Nash 

P. virgatum L., Switch-grass 

var. virgatum 

= P. virgatum var. cubense Griseb. 

Panicum werneri Scribn. = Panicum linearifolium 

Scribn. ex Nash 

Panicum xalapense HBK = Panicum laxiflorum 

Lam. (excluded by Zander & Pierce 1979) 

P. xanthophysum A. Gray, Slender Panic-grass 

= Dichanthelium xanthophysum (A. Gray) 

Freckman 

PAPAVER L. (Papaveraceae) 

*P. rhoeas L., Corn-poppy, Shirley-poppy, Fieldpoppy 

*P. somniferum L., Opium-poppy 

PARNASSIA L. (Saxifragaceae) 

Parnassia americana Muhl. = Parnassia glauca Raf. 

Parnassia caroliniana of NY reports, not Michx. = 

Parnassia glauca Raf. 

P. glauca Raf., Grass-of-Parnassus 

= P. americana Muhl. 

= P. caroliniana of NY reports, not Michx. 

= P. palustris of NY report, not L. 

Parnassia palustris of NY report, not L. = Parnassia 

glauca Raf. 

Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby = Cuphea 

viscosissima Jacq. 

PARONYCHIA (Caryophyllaceae) 

P. fastigiata (Raf.) Fern., Forked Chickweed 

= Anychia divaricata Raf. 

= A. polygonoides Raf. 

= Paronychia fastigiata var. nuttallii of NY 

reports, not (Small) Fern. 

PARTHENIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

P. integrifolium L., Wild Quinine 

PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. ex DC. (Vitaceae)

Parthenocissus inserta (Knerr) Fritsch = 

Parthenocissus vitacea (L.) Planch. ex DC. 

P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. ex DC., Virginia 

Creeper, Woodbine 

= Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx. 

= Parthenocissus quinquefolia var. hirsuta 

Pursh 

= Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene 

= P. quinquefolia var. hirsuta (Pursh) B. 

Robinson 

*P. tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. ex DC., 

Boston Ivy, Japanese Ivy, Cottage-ivy 

P. vitacea (L.) Planch. ex DC., Discless Virginia 

Creeper, Woodbine 

= P. inserta (Knerr) Fritsch 

PASCOPYRUM Á. Löve (Poaceae) 

*P. smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve, Blue-joint, Western 

Wheat-grass 

= Agropyron smithii Rydb. 

PASTINACA L. (Apiaceae) 

*P. sativa L., Parsnip 

PEDICULARIS L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

P. canadensis L., Common Lousewort, Woodbetony 

= P. canadensis var. dobbsii Fern. 

P. lanceolata Michx., Swamp Lousewort, Woodbetony 

PELLAEA Link (Pteridaceae) 

P. atropurpurea (L.) Link, Purple Cliff-brake 

= Allosorus atropurpureus (L.) Kunze ex 

Presl 

= Pellaea atropurpurea var. cristata Trel. 

P. glabella Mett. ex Kuhn, Smooth Cliff-brake 

= P. atropurpurea var. bushii Mackz. 

PELTANDRA Raf. (Araceae) 

P. virginica (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl. (not 

Kunth) Green Water-arum, Arrowleaf, 

Tuckahoe 

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. = Setaria pumila 

(Poir.) Schultes 

PENSTEMON Mitchell ex Schmid. 


*P. calycosus Small, Penstemon, Beard-tongue 

99 

= P. laevigatus Ait. var. calycosus (Small) 

Bennett 

P. digitalis Nutt., Foxglove Beard-tongue 

= P. laevigatus of NY reports, not Ait. 

= P. laevigatus var. digitalis (Nutt.) Gray 

= P. penstemon of NY reports, not (L.) Britt. 

P. hirsutus (L.) Willd., Hairy Beard-tongue 

= P. pubescens Ait. 

Penstemon laevigatus var. digitalis (Nutt.) Gray = 

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. 

(*)P. pallidus Small, Pale Beard-tongue (as native 

NYFA July 2005) 

= P. canescens Britt. 

Penstemon penstemon of NY reports, not (L.) 

Britt. = Penstemon digitalis Nutt. 

Penstemon pubescens Ait. = Penstemon hirsutus 

(L.) Willd. 

Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) Á. Löve = 

Potentilla fruticosa ssp. floribunda (Pursh) 

Elkington 

PENTHORUM L. (Crassulaceae) 

P. sedoides L., Ditch-stoncrop 

Pentstemon (orth. var.) = Penstemon 

Pepo moschatus (Dcne. ex Lam.) Britt. = Cucurbita 

pepo L. 

Pepo pepo (L.) Britt. ex Small = Cucurbita pepo L. 

Pepo vulgaris (L.) Moench = Cucurbita pepo L. 

Peramium pubescens (Willd.) Macm. = Goodyera 

pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. 

Peramium repens (L.) Salisb. = Goodyera repens 

(L.) R. Br. 

Peramium secundum (Raf.) House = Goodyera 

repens (L.) R. Br. 

PERIPLOCA L. (Asclepiadaceae) 

*P. graeca L., Silky-vine 

Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. Gray = Polygonum 

amphibium L. 

Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson = Polygonum 

arifolium L. 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz. = Polygonum 

hydropiper L. 

Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small = 

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. 

hydropiperoides 

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Small [(L.) S. F. Gray 

sec. NYFA 2005] = Polygonum 

lapathifolium L.

Persicaria maculosa S. F. Gray = Polygonum 

persicaria L. 

Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach = Polygonum 

orientale L. 

Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small = Polygonum 

pensylvanicum L. 

Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small = Polygonum 

persicaria L. 

Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small = Polygonum 

punctatum Ell. var. punctatum 

Persicaria robustior (Small) Bickn. = Polygonum 

robustius (Small) Fern. 

Persicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross = Polygonum 

sagittata L. 

Persicaria setacea (Baldw. ex Ell.) Small = 

Polygonum setaceum Baldw. ex Ell. var. 

interjectum Fern. 

Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaert. = Polygonum 

virginianum L. 

Perularia flava (L.) Farw. of NY reports = 

Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. herbiola 

(R. Br.) Luer 

PETASITES Mill. (Asteraceae) 

P. frigidus (L.) Fries, Sweet Coltsfoot 

var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. 

= Nardosmia palmata Hooker 

= Petasites palmatus (Ait.) A. Gray ex Brew. 

& Watson 

= P. vitifolius E. Greene (Morton & Venn 

(1990), s.l. 

=Tussilago frigida L. (Morton & Venn 

(1990), s.l. 

*P. hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Mey & Scherb., 

Butterfly-dock 

= P. vulgaris Hill 

Petasites hybridus as to ON reports, not of (L.) P. 

Gaertner, Meyer & Scherb. = Petasites 

japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., 

(Morton & Venn (1990). 

*P. japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., 

Japanese Butterflydock, reports from 

Dufferin Islands, Niagara Falls, Ontario. 

=Nardosmia japonica Siebold & Zucc. 

=Petasites hybridus as to ON reports, not of 

(L.) P. Gaertner, Meyer & Scherb. 

=P. vulgaris as to ON reports, not of Hill 

100 

Petasites palmatus (Ait.) A. Gray ex Brew. & 

Watson = Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. 

palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. 

Petasites vitifolius E. Greene (Morton & Venn 

(1990) = Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries, s.l. 

Petasites vulgaris Hill = Petasites hybridus (L.) 

Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. 

Petasites vulgaris as to ON reports, not of Hill = 

Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) 

Maxim. (Morton & Venn (1990). 

Phaca canadensis (L.) Kuntze = Astragalus 

canadensis L. 

Phaca neglecta Torr. & A. Gray = Astragalus 

neglectus Torr. & A. Gray 

PHALARIS L. (Poaceae) 

P. arundinacea L., Reed Canary-grass 

= P. arundinacea var. picta L. 

*P. canariensis L., Canary-grass 

Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt = Ipomoea purpurea 

(L.) Roth 

PHEGOPTERIS Fée (Thelypteridaceae) 

P. connectilis (Michx.) Watt, Northern Beech-fern 

= Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) Christ. 

= Phegopteris polypodioides Fée 

= Phegopteris polypodioides Fée 

= Polypodium connectile Michx. 

= P. phegopteris L. 

= Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson ex 

Rydb. 

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fée = Gymnocarpium 

dryopteris (L.) Newm. 

P. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée, Broad Beech-fern 

= Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Christ. 

= Polypodium hexagonopterum Michx. 

= Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Nieul. 

Phegopteris polypodioides Fée = Phegopteris 


PHILADELPHUS L. (Hydrangeaceae) 

*P. coronarius L., Garden Syringa, European 

Mock-orange 

Philotria canadensis (L. Rich. ex Michx.) Britt. = 

Elodea canadensis Rich. ex Michx. 

Philotria occidentalis (Pursh) House = Elodea 


Philotria planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. = Elodea 

canadensis Rich. ex Michx.

PHLEUM L. (Poaceae) 

*P. pratense L., Timothy 

*ssp. pratense 

Phleum pratense var. nodosum (L.) Huds. = 

Phleum pratense L. ssp. nodosum (L.) 

Arcang. 

PHLOX L. (Polemoniaceae) 

P. divaricata L., Blue Phlox, Wild Sweet-william 

Phlox divaricata var. lamphamii Wood (excluded 

by Zander & Pierce, 1979) 

P. maculata L., Wild Sweet William 

= P. maculata var. candida Michx. 

*P. paniculata L., Garden Phlox, Fall or Summer 

Phlox, Perennial Phlox 

P. pilosa L., Downy Phlox 

= P. pilosa var. virens (Michx.) Wherry 

*P. subulata L., Moss-pink, Moss-phlox, 

Mountain-phlox 

Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & Phipps = 

[Aronia arbutifolia × melanocarpa = A. × 

prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd. 

Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) Robertson & 

Phipps = Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) 

Ell. 

Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) Robertson & Phipps = 

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. 

PHRAGMITES Adans. (Poaceae) 

(*)P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Common 

Reed-grass 

= P. communis Trin. 

Phragmites communis Trin. = Phragmites australis 

(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 

PHRYMA L. (Verbenaceae) 

P. leptostachya L., Lopseed 

= P. leptostachya var. confertifolia Fern. 

Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. = Asplenium 

scolopendrium L. var. americanum (Fern.) 

Kartesz & Gandhi 

Phyllitis scolopendrium var. americanum Fern. = 

Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. 

americanum (Fern.) Kartesz & Gandhi 

PHYSALIS L. (Solanaceae) 

101 

*P. alkekengi L., Chinese Lantern, Japanese 

Lantern, Winter-cherry, Alkekengi, 

Strawberry Tomato 

P. heterophylla Nees, Clammy Ground-cherry 

= P. heterophylla var. ambigua (A. Gray) 

Rydb. of Zander & Pierce 1979 

= P. heterophylla var. nyctaginea (Dunal) 

Rydb. 

= P. viscosa of local authors) 

P. longifolia Nutt., Long-leaf Ground-cherry 

= P. longifolia var. subglabrata (Mackz. & 

Bush) Cronq. 

= P. subglabrata Mackz.& Bush 

= P. virginiana var. subglabrata (Mackz. & 

Bush) Waterfall 

P. pubescens L., Tall Hairy Ground-cherry, 

Strawberry Tomato, Dwarf Capegooseberry, 

Husk-tomato 

var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall 

= P. pruinosa of NY reports, not L. 

Physalis subglabrata Mackz.& Bush = Physalis 

longifolia Nutt. 

P. virginiana Mills., Virginia Ground-cherry 

= P. longifolia (Nutt.) Trel. in part 

Physalis virginiana var. subglabrata (Mackz. & 

Bush) Waterfall = Physalis longifolia Nutt. 

Physalis viscosa (of authors) = Physalis 

heterophylla Nees 

Physalis viscosa L., excluded by Zander & Pierce, 

1979; no confirmed Ontario report 

(Morton & Venn, 1990). 

Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britt. = Nicandra 

physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 

PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. (Rosaceae) 

P. opulifolius (L.) Maxim., Nine-bark 

var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins. Hairy-fruited 

Nine-bark 

= Opulaster intermedius Rydb. ex Britt. 

var. opulifolius 

= Neillia opulifolia (L.) Brew.& Wats. 

= Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze 

= Spiraea opulifolia L. 

PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. (Lamiaceae) 

P. virginiana (L.) Benth., False Dragon-head, 

Obedient Plant 

= Dracocephalum formosius (Lunnell) Rydb. 

= D. speciosum Sweet

= D. virginianum L. 

= Physostegia virginiana varieties 

= Ph. formosius Lunell 

Physostegia formosius Lunell = Physostegia 


PHYTOLACCA L. (Phytolaccaceae) 

P. americana L., Pokeweed, Poke, Pokeberry, 

Scoke, Pigeonberry 

= P. decandra L. 

Phytolacca decandra L. = Phytolacca americana L. 

PICEA Dietr. (Pinaceae) 

Picea alba Link = Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 

Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. = Picea glauca 

(Moench) Voss 

[Picea glauca (Moench) Voss of Clinton's Journal 

(1864)] 

= Abies alba Michx. 

= Picea alba Link 

= Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. 

P. mariana (Mill) BSP., Black Spruce, Bog-spruce 

= Abies nigra Poir. of Clinton's Journal 

(1864) 

= P. nigra (Ait.) Link 

Picea nigra (Ait.) Link = Picea mariana (Mill.) 

BSB 

PICRIS L. (Asteraceae) 

*P. echioides L., Ox-tongue 

*P. hieracioides L., Hawkweed Picris, Ox-tongue 

PILEA Lindl. (Urticaceae) 

P. fontana (Lunnell) Rydb., Clearweed 

= Adicia fontana Lunell 

P. pumila (L.) A. Gray, Clearweed, Richweed, 

Coolwort 

= Adicia pumila (L.) Raf. 

= Pilea pumila var. deamii (Lunell) Fern. 

Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F. W. Schultz & Schultz- 

Bip. = Hieracium aurantiacum L. 

Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P. D. Sell. & C. 

West = Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. 

Pilosella officinarum F. W. Schultz & Schultz-Bip. 

= Hieracium pilosella L. 

Pilosella piloselloides (Vill.) Soják = Hieracium 

piloselloides Vill. 

PIMPINELLA L. (Apiaceae) 

102 

Pimpinella integerrima (L.) Gray = Taenidia 

integerrima (L.) Drude 

*P. saxifraga L., Burnet Saxifrage 

PINGUICULA L. (Lentibulariaceae) 

P. vulgaris L., Butterwort, Bog-violet 

PINUS L. (Pinaceae) 

*P. banksiana Lamb., Jack Pine 

P. resinosa Soland., Red Pine, Norway Pine 

P. strobus L., White Pine 

*P. sylvestris L., Scotch Pine, Scots Pine 

Piptatherum pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) Dorn = 

Oryzopsis pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) A. 

S. Hitchc. 

Piptatherum racemosum Ricker ex A. S. Hitchc. = 

Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker ex A. S. 

Hitchc. 

PISUM L. (Fabaceae) 

Pisum maritimum L. = Lathyrus japonicus Willd. 

var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi 

*P. sativum L., Common, Garden-, Green or 

Field-pea 

PLANTAGO L. (Plantaginaceae) 

Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. = Plantago 

psyllium L. 

*P. aristata Michx., Bracted Plantago, Rat-tail 

Plantain, Western Ripplegrass 

P. cordata Lam., Heart-leaved Plantain 

Plantago indica L., a nomen illeg. = Plantago 

psyllium L. 

Plantago kamtschatica (of Day, 1882) = Plantago 

rugelii Dcne. 

*P. lanceolata L., English Plantain, Buck-horn 

Plantain, Rib-grass, Ripplegrass, Ribwort, 

Narrow-leaf Plantain 

= P. lanceolata var. sphaerostachya Mert. & 

Koch 

Plantago lanceolata var. sphaerostachya Mert. & 

Koch = Plantago lanceolata L. 

*P. major L., Broad-leaved Plantain, Common 

Plantain, Door-yard Plantain, Car(t)-track 

Plant, White-man's Foot 

= P. major var. asiatica of authors, not (L.) 

Dcne. ex DC. 

= P. major var. intermedia (Gilib.) Dcne. ex 

DC., not Pilger

= P. major var. pachyphila Pilger 

*P. psyllium L., Flaxseed Plantain, Fleawort, 

Psyllium 

= P. arenaria Waldst. & Kit. 

= P. indica L., a nomen illeg. 

= P. psyllium L., a nomen ambiguum 

P. rugelii Dcne.,Rugel's Plantain, Pale Plantain, 

Grand Plantain, White-man's foot 

= P. kamtschatica (of Day, 1882) 

P. virginica L., Dwarf Plantain 

PLATANTHERA L. Rich. (Orchidaceae) 

Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak = Platanthera 

hyperborea (L.) Lindl. 

P. blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl., White Fringed 

Orchid 

= Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willd.) 

Rydb. ex Britt. 

= Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook. 

= Habenaria blephariglottis var. holopetala 

(Lindl.) A. Gray 

Platanthera bracteata of Clinton's collecting journal 

= Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. 

P. clavellata (Michx.) Luer, Green Woodland 

Orchid 

= Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. 

ex Britt. 

= Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. 

P. dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck, Tall Leafy 

White Orchid, Bog-candle 

= Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. 

= H. dilatata var. media (Rydb.) Ames 

= Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. ex Britt. 

= L. dilatata var. linearifolius Rybd. 

P. flava (L.) Lindl., Grass-green Orchid 

var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer 

= Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola 

(R. Br.) Ames & Correll 

= H. flava var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Fern. 

= H. herbiola R. Br. 

= H. virescens Muhl. ex Willd. 

= Perularia flava (L.) Farw. of NY reports 

= Tulotis herbiola (R. Br.) Raf. 

P. grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindl., Large Purplefringed 

Orchid 

= Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. 

ex Britt. 

103 

= Habenaria fimbriata (Dryand. ex Ait.) R. 

Br. 

= H. peramoena of some NY reports, not A. 

Gray (see P. peramoena below) 

= H. psycodes var. grandiflora (Bigel.) A. 

Gray 

P. hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Lindl., Hooker's 

Orchid 

= Habenaria hookeri Torr. ex A. Gray 

= Lysias hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Rydb. ex 

Britt. 

= L. hookeri of authors 

P. hyperborea (L.) Lindl., Northern Leafy Green 

Orchid 

= Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. 

= Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb. ex Britt. 

= Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak [= P. 

hyberborea of most N. American reports, 

not (L.) Lindl., sec NYFA July 2005]] 

P. lacera (Michx.) G. Don, Ragged Fringed 

Orchid 

= Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Farw. 

= Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. 

P. leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl., Eastern Prairie 

Fringed Orchid 

= Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw. 

= Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) A. Gray 

P. macrophylla (Goldie) P. M. Brown, Large 

Round-leaf Orchid, Pad-leaf 

= Habenaria macrophylla Goldie 

= Lysias macrophylla (Goldie) House 

= Platanthera orbiculata var. macrophylla 

(Goldie) Luer 

P. orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl., Round-leaved Orchid 

= Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. 

= Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. ex Britt. 

[Platanthera peramoena A. Gray, excluded: 

original report due to an error of 

transcription by Day (1882), and corrected 

in that 

publication (see Zenkert, 1934, p. 131). 

Mitchell and Tucker (1997) indicate NY 

reports of P. peramoena are either 

Platanthera grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindl. or, 

less often, P. psycodes (L.) Lindl.] 

P. psycodes (L.) Lindl., Small Purple-fringed 

Orchid 

= Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rydb. ex 

Britt.

= Habenaria peramoena of some NY reports, 

not A. Gray 

= H. psycodes (L.) Spreng. 

PLATANUS L. (Platanaceae) 

P. occidentalis L., Sycamore, Plane-tree, 

Buttonwood 

POA L. (Poaceae) 

P. alsodes A. Gray, Grove Meadow-grass, 

Speargrass, Woodland Bluegrass 

= Poa paludigena of Ontario reports (Morton 

& Venn 1990). 

*P. annua L., Spear-grass, Annual Bluegrass 

*P. chapmaniana Scribn., Chapman's Blue-grass 

*P. compressa L., Canada Blue-grass, Wiregrass 

Poa debilis Torr., not Thuill. = Poa languida 

Hitchc. 

P. languida Hitchc., Weak Spear-grass 

= P. debilis Torr. 

= P. saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. ssp. languida 

(A. S. Hitchc.) A. Haines 

P. nemoralis L., Wood Bluegrass 

Poa paludigena of Ontario reports = Poa alsodes A. 

Gray (Morton & Venn 1990). 

P. palustris L., Fowl Meadow-grass, Fowl 

Bluegrass 

= P. serotina Ehrh. 

*P. pratensis L., Kentucky Bluegrass, June-grass 

= P. angustifolia L. 

= P. pratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) Gaudin 

P. saltuensis Fern. & Wieg., Bushy Pasture Speargrass, 

Old-pasture Bluegrass 

Poa saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. ssp. languida (A. S. 

Hitchc.) A. Haines = Poa languida Hitchc. 

Poa serotina Ehrh. = Poa palustris L. 

P. sylvestris A. Gray, Sylvan Spear-grass, 

Woodland Bluegrass 

*P. trivialis L., Rough-stalked Meadow-grass, 

Rough Bluegrass 

PODOPHYLLUM L. (Berberidaceae) 

P. peltatum L., May-apple, Wild Mandrake 

POGONIA Juss. (Orchidaceae) 

P. ophioglossoides (L.) Juss., Rose Pogonia, 

Snake's Mouth 

Pogonia pendula (Nutt.) Lindl. = Triphora 

trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. 

104 

Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) BSP. = Triphora 

trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. 

Pogonia verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt. = 

Isotria verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Raf. 

Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Klotzsch & Garcke = 

Euphorbia dentata Michx. 

POLANISIA Raf. (Capparidaceae) 

P. dodecandra (L.) DC., Clammyweed 

= Jacksonia trifoliata Raf. 

= Polanisia graveolens Raf. 

= P. dodecandra ssp. trachysperma of NY 

reports, not (Torr. & A. Gray) Iltis 

= P. trachysperma of NY reports, not Torr. & 

A. Gray 

Polanisia graveolens Raf. = Polanisia dodecandra 

(L.) DC. 

Polanisia trachysperma of NY reports, not Torr. & 

A. Gray = Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. 

POLEMONIUM L. (Polemoniaceae) 

Polemonium coeruleum Gray, not L. = 

Polemonium van-bruntiae Britt. 

Polemonium caeruleum ssp. vanbruntiae (Britt.) 

Davidson = Polemonium van-bruntiae 

Britt. 

P. reptans L., Greek Valerian, Polemony, Jacob's 

Ladder 

P. van-bruntiae Britt., American Jacob's Ladder, 

Greek Valerian, Charity 

= P. caeruleum ssp. vanbruntiae (Britt.) 

Davidson 

= P. coeruleum Gray, not L. 

POLYGALA L. (Polygalaceae) 

Polygala ambigua Nutt. = Polygala verticillata L. 

var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood 

P. incarnata L., Pink Milkwort 

P. paucifolia Wild., Fringed Polygala, Gay-wings, 

Flowering Wintergreen, Bird-on-the-Wing 

P. polygama Walt., Racemed Milkwort, Bitter 

Milkwort 

= P. polygama var. obtusata Chodat 

Polygala pretzii Pennell = Polygala verticillata L. 

var. verticillata 

*P. sanguinea L., Purple Milkwort, Rose 

Milkwort, Field-milkwort 

= P. viridescens L. 

P. senega L., Seneca Snakeroot, Mountain-flax

= P. senega var. latifolia Torr. & A. Gray 

P. verticillata L., Whorled Milkwort 

var. verticillata 

= P. pretzii Pennell 

Polygala viridescens L. = Polygala sanguinea L. 

POLYGONATUM Mill. (Liliaceae) 

P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell., Small Solomon's-seal 

= P. canaliculatum of authors, not (Muhl.) 

Pursh 

Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (Schultes 

& Schultes) Morong = Polygonatum 

commutatum (Schultes & Schultes) A. 

Dietr. 

Polygonatum biflorum var. hebetifolium Gates = 

Polygonatum commutatum (Schultes & 

Schultes) A. Dietr. 

Polygonatum canaliculatum of authors, not (Muhl.) 

Pursh = Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. 

P. commutatum (Schultes & Schultes) A. Dietr., 

Great Solomon's Seal 

= P. biflorum var. commutatum (Schultes & 

Schultes) Morong 

= P. biflorum var. hebetifolium Gates 

= P. giganteum Dietr. 

Polygonatum giganteum A. Dietr. = Polygonatum 

commutatum (Schultes & Schultes) A. 

Dietr. 

P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh, Downy Solomon'sseal 

POLYGONUM L. (Polygonaceae) 

(*?) P. achoreum Blake, Homeless Knotweed 

Polygonum acre HBK = Polygonum punctatum 

Ell. var. punctatum 

P. amphibium L., Swamp-smartweed, Watersmartweed, 

Amphibious Smartweed 

= Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. Gray 

var. emersum Michx. 

= P. coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. 

= P. coccineum var. terrestre Willd. 

= P. inundatum Raf. 

= P. muhlenbergii S. Wats. 

P. amphibium L., Water-smartweed, Amphibious 

Smartweed 

var. emersum Michx., Swamp-smartweed 

= P. amphibium var. terrestre A. Gray, not 

Leers, nor Leyss. 

= P. coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. 

105 

var. emersum × stipulaceum 

= P. hartwrightii A. Gray 

var. stipulaceum Colem. [not (Colem.) Fern.], 

Floating Smartweed 

= P. fluitans Eat. 

= P. natans Eat. 

= P. amphibium var. amphibium of North 

American reports, not L. 

= P. amphibium var. aquaticum Torr. 

= P. amphibium var. natans Michx. 

Polygonum amphibium var. amphibium of North 

American reports, not L. = Polygonum 

amphibium var. stipulaceum Colem. 

Polygonum amphibium var. natans Michx. = 

Polygonum var. stipulaceum Colem. (not 

(Colem.) Fern.) 

Polygonum amphibium var. terrestre A. Gray, not 

Leers, nor Leyss. = Polygonum 

amphibium var. emersum Michx. 

Polygonum arenastrum Jord. ex Boreau = 

Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. depressum 

(Meisner) Arcangeli 

P. arifolium L., Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb 

= Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson 

= Polygonum arifolium var. pubescens 

(Keller) Fern. 

= Tracaulon arifolium (L.) Small 

Polygonum atlanticum (B. Robinson) Bickn. = 

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. 

prolificum Small 

P. aviculare L., Common Knotweed 

ssp. aviculare 

= P. aviculare var. arenastrum (Bor.) Rouy 

= P. aviculare var. vegetum Ledeb. 

= P. heterophyllum Lindm. 

= P. monspeliensis Pers. 

= P. neglectum Besser 

*ssp. depressum (Meisner) Arcangeli 

= P. arenastrum Jord. ex Boreau 

Polygonum aviculare var. agrarium K. Koch = 

Polygonum erectum L. 

Polygonum aviculare ssp. buxiforme (Small) 

Costea &Tardif = Polygonum buxiforme 

Small 

Polygonum aviculare var. crassifolium Lange = 

Polygonum buxiforme Small 

Polygonum aviculare var. erectum (L.) Roth = 

Polygonum erectum L.

Polygonum aviculare var. laterale Michx. = 

Polygonum erectum L. 

Polygonum aviculare var. littorale (Link) Mert. = 

Polygonum buxiforme Small 

Polygonum bicorne Raf. = Polygonum 


P. buxiforme Small, Knotweed, Knotgrass 

= P. aviculare ssp. buxiforme (Small) Costea 

&Tardif 

= P. aviculare var. crassifolium Lange 

= P. aviculare var. littorale (Link) Mert. 

= P. fowleri of NY reports, not B. Robinson 

= P. littorale (Link) Koch 

*P. cespitosum Blume 

*var. longisetum (DeBruyn) Stewart, Low 

Smartweed 

= P. longisetum DeBruyn 

= P. posumbo Hamilt. 

P. cilinode Michx., Fringed Bindweed, False 

Buckwheat 

= Bilderdykia cilinode (Michx.) Greene 

= Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub. 

Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. = 

Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum 

Michx. 

Polygonum coccineum var. terrestre Willd. = 

Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum 

Michx. 

*P. convolvulus L., Black Bindweed, Corn 

Bindweed 

= Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort. 

= Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. . Löve 

Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray = 

Polygonum scandens L. var. cristatum 

Engelm. & A. Gray 

*P. cuspidatum Sieb.& Zucc., Japanese 

Knotweed, Japanese Bamboo 

= Fallopia japonica (Hout.) Dcne ssp. 

japonica 

= Polygonum zuccarinii Small 

= Reynoutria japonica Houtt. 

Polygonum dubium Stein = Polygonum persicaria 

L. 

Polygonum dumetorum L. = Polygonum scandens 

var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason 

P. erectum L., Erect Knotweed 

= P. aviculare var. agrarium K. Koch 

= P. aviculare var. erectum (L.) Roth 

= P. aviculare var. laterale Michx. 

106 

Polygonum exsertum Small, in large part = 



Polygonum fluitans Eat. = Polygonum amphibium 

L. var. stipulaceum Colem. 

Polygonum fowleri of NY reports, not B. Robinson 

= Polygonum buxiforme Small 

Polygonum hartwrightii A. Gray = Polygonum 

amphibium L. var. emersum × stipulaceum 

Polygonum heterophyllum Lindm.= Polygonum 

aviculare L. 

*P. hydropiper L., Water-smartweed, Waterpepper 

= Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz. 

P. hydropiperoides Michx., Mild Watersmartweed, 

Water-pepper 

var. hydropiperoides 

= Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small 

= Polygonum hydropiperoides var. strigosum 

Small 

= P. mite Pers., not Schrank sec. House 

(1924). 

Polygonum hydropiperoides var. setaceum (Baldw. 

ex Ell.) Gleason = Polygonum setaceum 

Baldw. ex Ell. var. interjectum Fern. 

Polygonum incanum F. Schmidt = Polygonum 


Polygonum incarnatum Ell. = Polygonum 

lapathifolium L. 

Polygonum inundatum Raf. = Polygonum 

amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. 

P. lapathifolium L., Dock-leaved Smartweed 

= Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Small [(L.) S. F. 

Gray sec. NYFA 2005] 

= Polygonum lapathifolium var. incanum 

(Schmidt) Koch 

= P. lapathifolium var. nodosum (Pers.) 

Weinm. 

= P. lapathifolium var. punctatum Beck ex 

Reichenb. 

= P. lapathifolium var. salicifolium Sibth. 

= P. incarnatum Ell. 

= P. nodosum Pers. 

= P. scabrum Moench 

= P. tomentosum A. Gray 

Polygonum littorale (Link) Koch = Polygonum 

buxiforme Small 

Polygonum longistylum Small = Polygonum 

pensylvanicum L.

Polygonum minus Huds. = Polygonum persicaria 

L. 

Polygonum mite of American authors, not 

Schrank, also P. mite Gilib. sec. House 

(1924) = Polygonum persicaria L. 

Polygonum mite Pers., not Schrank, sec. House 

(1924) = P. hydropiperoides Michx. var. 

hydropiperoides 

Polygonum monspeliensis Pers. = Polygonum 

aviculare L. 

Polygonum muhlenbergii S. Wats. = Polygonum 

amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. 

Polygonum natans Eat. = Polygonum amphibium 

L. var. stipulaceum Colem. 

Polygonum neglectum Besser = Polygonum 

aviculare L. 

Polygonum nodosum Pers. = Polygonum 


*P. orientale L., Prince's Feather, Kiss-me-overthe-Garden-Gate 

= Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach 

P. pensylvanicum L., Pennsylvania Smartweed 

= Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small 

= Polygonum bicorne Raf. 

= P. incanum F. Schmidt 

= P. longistylum Small 

= P. pensylvanicum var. eglandulosum J. 

Meyers 

= P. pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern. 

*P. persicaria L., Ladies-thumb 

= Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small 

= P. maculosa S. F. Gray 

= Polygonum dubium Stein 

= P. minus Huds. 

= P. mite of American authors, not Schrank 

= P. puritanorum Fern. 

Polygonum posumbo Hamilt. = Polygonum 

cespitosum Blume var. longisetum 

(DeBruyn) Stewart 

Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robins. = 



P. punctatum Ell., Dotted Smartweed 

var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett 

= P. punctatum var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) 

Small 

= P. punctatum var. parvum Vict. & Rouss. 

var. punctatum 

= Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small 

107 

= Polygonum acre Kunth 

Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisn. ex DC.) 

Fassett = Polygonum robustius (Small) 

Fern. 

Polygonum puritanorum Fern. = Polygonum 

persicaria L. 

*P. ramosissimum Michx., Bushy Knotweed 

*var. prolificum Small, Saltmarsh-knotweed 

= P. atlanticum (B. Robinson) Bickn. 

= P. exsertum Small, in large part 

= P. prolificum (Small) B. Robinson 

*var. ramosissimum 

= P. allocarpum Blake 

= P. exsertum Small in part 

P. robustius (Small) Fern., Robust Smartweed, 

Large Water-smartweed 

= Persicaria robustior (Small) Bickn. 

= Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisn. 

ex DC.) Fassett 

= P. punctatum var. robustior Small 

*P. sachalinense F. Schmidt ex Maxim., Giant 

Knotweed 

= Fallopia sachalinensis (Schmidt ex 

Maxim.) Dcne. 

= Reynoutria sachalinensis (Schmidt ex 

Maxim.) Nakai ex Mori 

P. sagittatum L., Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, 

Arrow-vine, Scratch-grass 

= Persicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross 

= Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small 

Polygonum scabrum Moench = Polygonum 


P. scandens L., Climbing False Buckwheat 

var. cristatum (Engelm. & A. Gray) Gleason, 

Crested False Buckwheat 

= Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub. var. 

cristatum (Engelm. & A. Gray) H. R. 

Hinds 

= Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & A. Gray 

*var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason, Thicket False 

Buckwheat 

= Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub. 

= Polygonum dumetorum L. 

var. scandens 

= Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub. var. scandens 

P. setaceum Baldw. ex Ell., Dock-leaved 

Smartweed 

var. interjectum Fern. 

= Persicaria setacea (Baldw. ex Ell.) Small

= P. hydropiperoides var. setaceum (Baldw. 

ex Ell.) Gleason in part 

= P. setaceum var. tonsum Fern. 

[Polygonum tenue Michx., Slender Knotweed of 

possible occ. in Regl. M. Niag. Oldham 

1999.] 

Polygonum tomentosum A. Gray = Polygonum 


P. virginanum L., Virginia Knotweed 

= Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaert. 

= Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. 

Polygonum zuccarinii Small = Polygonum 

cuspidatum Sieb.& Zucc. 

POLYMNIA L. (Asteraceae) 

P. canadensis L., Small-flowered Leaf-cup 

= Osteospermum canadense (L.) House 

P. uvedalia (L.) L., Large-Flowered Leaf-cup 

= Osteospermum uvedalia L. 

= Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mackz. ex 

Small 

POLYPODIUM L. (Polypodiaceae) 

Polypodium bulbiferum L. = Cystopteris bulbifera 

(L.) Bernh. 

Polypodium carthusianum Vill. = Dryopteris 

carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs 

Polypodium connectile Michx. = Phegopteris 


Polypodium cristatum L. = Dryopteris cristata (L.) 

A. Gray 

Polypodium dryopteris L. = Gymnocarpium 

dryopteris (L.) Newm. 

Polypodium fragile L. = Cystopteris fragilis (L.) 

Bernh. 

Polypodium hexagonopterum Michx. = 

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée, 

Polypodium phegopteris L. = Phegopteris 


P. virginianum L., Common Polypody, Rock 

Tripe 

= P. vulgare of NY Reports, not L. 

= P. vulgare var. americanum Hooker 

= P. vulgare var. virginianum (L.) Eat. 

P. appalachianum Haufler & Windham, 

Appalachian Rockcap Fern. 

= P. virginianum L. of NY reports in part 

108 

POLYSTICHUM Roth ex Roemer 

(Polypodiaceae) 

P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott, Christmas-fern, 

Shield-fern 

= Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. 

= A. acrostichoides var. incisum A. Gray 

= Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. 

P. lonchitis (L.) Roth, Northern Holly-fern 

PONTEDERIA L. (Pontederiaceae) 

P. cordata L., Pickerel-weed 

= P. cordata var. lancifolia (Muhl.) Torr. 

= P. lanceolata Nutt. 

Pontederia lanceolata Nutt. = Pontederia cordata L. 

POPULUS L. (Salicaceae) 

*P. alba L., White Poplar, Silver-leaf Poplar 

= P. major Mill. 

= P. nivea Willd. 

Populus angulata Ait. = Populus deltoides Bartr. ex 

Marsh. 

P. balsamifera L., Balsam Poplar 

= P. balsamifera var. lanceolata Marsh. 

= P. balsamifera var. subcordata Hyl. 

= P. carolinensis Moench 

Populus balsamifera × deltoides = P. × jackii 

Sarg., Balm of Gilead 

= P. candicans of authors, not Ait. 

= P. × gileadensis Roul. 

Populus balsamifera var. subcordata Hyl. = 

Populus balsamifera L. 

Populus candicans Ait. = [Populus balsamifera × 

deltoides = P. × jackii Sarg.] 

Populus carolinensis Moench = Populus 

balsamifera L. 

P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh., Cottonwood 

= P. angulata Ait. 

= P. monilifera Ait. 

(*)P. deltoides × nigra = P. × canadensis 

Moench, Carolina Poplar 

= P. × eugenei Simon-Louis 

Populus dilatata Ait. = Populus nigra L. 

Populus × eugenei Simon-Louis = [Populus 

deltoides × nigra = P. × canadensis 

Moench] 

Populus × gileadensis Rouleau = [Populus 

balsamifera × deltoides = P. × jackii Sarg.] 

P. grandidentata Michx., Large-toothed Aspen, 

Big-Tooth Aspen

= P. trepida Willd. 

Populus italica (DuRoi) Moench = Populus nigra 

L. 

Populus major Mill. = Populus alba L. 

Populus monilifera Ait. = Populus deltoides Bartr. 

ex Marsh. 

*P. nigra L., Black Poplar, Lombardy Poplar 

= P. dilatata Ait. 

= P. italica (DuRoi) Moench 

= P. nigra var. italica DuRoi 

= P. pyramidata Moench 

Populus nigra var. italica Moench = Populus nigra 

L. 

Populus nivea Willd. = Populus alba L. 

Populus pyramidata Moench = Populus nigra L. 

P. tremuloides Michx., Quaking or Trembling 

Aspen 

= P. tremula L. ssp. tremuloides (Michx.) Á. 

& D. Löve 

Populus tremula L. ssp. tremuloides (Michx.) Á. & 

D. Löve = Populus tremuloides Michx. 

Populus trepida Willd. = Populus grandidentata 

Michx. 

PORTERANTHUS Britt. ex Small (Rosaceae) 

P. trifoliatus (L.) Britt., Bowman's-root, Indian 

Physic 

= Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench 

= Spiraea trifoliata L. 

PORTULACA L. (Portulacaceae) 

*P. oleracea L., Common Purslane, Pussley 

= P. oleracea ssp. sativa (Haw) Célak 

POTAMOGETON L. (Potamogetonaceae) 

P. alpinus Balbis, Alpine Pondweed 

= P. alpinus var. subellipticus (Fern.) Ogden 

= P. alpinus var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden 

= P. rufescens of Canadian authors, not of 

Schrader 

= P. tenuifolius Raf. 

Potamogeton americanus var. noveboracensis 

(Morong) Benn. = Potamogeton nodosus 

Poir. 

P. ampifolius Tuckerm., Broad-leaved Pondweed 

Potamogeton angustifolius of authors, not Berch. 

& Presl. = Potamogeton illinoensis 

Morong 

109 

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber = Potamogeton 

pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch 

Potamogeton bupleuroides L. = Potamogeton 

perfoliatus L. 

Potamogeton capillaceus Poir., in part = 

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. 

Potamogeton claytoni Tuckerman = Potamogeton 

epihydrus Raf. 

Potamogeton compressus L. = Potamogeton 

zosteriformis Fern. 

*P. crispus L., Curly Pondweed, Curly Muckweed 

Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. = Potamogeton 

spirillus Tuckerm. 

P. diversifolius Raf., Rafinesque's Pondweed 

= P. capillaceus Poir., in part 

= P. hybridus (of authors) 

P. epihydrus Raf., Nuttall's Pondweed 

= P. claytoni Tuckerman 

= P. epihydrus var. cayugensis (Weig.) Benn. 

= P. epihydrus var. nuttallii (Cham. & 

Schlect.) Fern. 

= P. epihydrus var. ramosus (Peck) House 

Potamogeton filiformis var. borealis (Raf.) St. John 

= Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & 

R. Haynes ssp. alpinus (Blytt) D. Les & R. 

Haynes 

Potamogeton filiformis var. macounii Morong = 

Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & R. 

Haynes ssp. alpinus (Blytt) D. Les & R. 

Haynes 

Potamogeton filiformis var. occidentalis (Robbins.) 

Morong = Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. 

Les & R. Haynes ssp. occidentalis 

(Robbins) D. Les & R. Haynes 

P. foliosus Raf., Leafy Pondweed 

= P. niagarensis Tuckerm. 

= P. foliosus var. genuinus Fern. 

= P. foliosus var macellus Fern. 

= P. pauciflorus (of authors) 

P. friesii Rupr., Fries' Pondweed 

P. gramineus L., Grassy Pondweed 

var. gramineus 

= P. heterophyllus auct. non Schreber 

= P. gramineus var. graminifolius Fries 

= P. gramineus var. maximus Morong ex 

Benn. 

= P. gramineus var. myriophyllus Robbins 

P. gramineus × illinoensis = P. × spathuliformis 

(Robbins) Morong, Pondweed

Potamogeton heterophyllus (of authors) = 

Potamogeton gramineus L. 

Potamogeton hybridus (of authors) = Potamogeton 

diversifolius Raf. 

P. illinoensis Morong, Illinois Pondweed 

= P. angustifolius of authors, not Berch. & 

Presl. 

= P. lucens (of American authors), not L. 

Potamogeton interior Rydb. = Coleogeton 

filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & R. Haynes ssp. 

occidentalis (Robbins) D. Les & R. 

Haynes 

Potamogeton lateralis Morong in part = 

Potamogeton vaseyi Robbins 

Potamogeton lateralis Morong in part = 

Potamogeton pusillus L. var. tenuissimus 

Mert. & Koch 

Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. = Potamogeton 

nodosus Poir. 

Potamogeton lonchites var. noveboracensis 

Morong = Potamogeton nodosus Poir. 

Potamogeton × longiligulatus Fern. = Potamogeton 

strictifolius Benn. 

Potamogeton lucens of American authors, not L. = 

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong 

P. natans L., Floating Pondweed 

Potamogeton niagarensis Tuckerm. = Potamogeton 

foliosus Raf. 

P. nodosus Poir., Knotty Pondweed 

= P. americanus var. noveboracensis 

(Morong) Benn. 

= P. lonchites Tuckerm. 

= P. lonchites var. noveboracensis Morong 

P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch, Blunt-leaved 

Pondweed 

Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. = Potamogeton 

pusillus L. 

Potamogeton pauciflorus (of authors) = 

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. 

Potamogeton pectinatus L. = Coleogeton 

pectinatum (L.) D. Les & R. Haynes 

P. perfoliatus L., Clasping-leaved Pondweed, 

White-stemmed Pondweed 

= P. bupleuroides Fern. 

= P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides (Fern.) 

Farw. 

P. praelongus Wulfen, White-stemmed Pondweed 

P. pusillus L., Small Pondweed 

var. pusillus 

110 

= P. panormitanus Biv. 

var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch 

= P. berchtoldii Fieber 

= P. lateralis Morong in part 

Potamogeton pusillus var. pseudorutilus Benn. = 

Potamogeton strictifolius Benn. 

P. richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb., Richardson's 

Pondweed, Red-head Pondweed 

P. robbinsii Oakes, Robbins' Pondweed 

Potamogeton rufescens Schrad. = Potamogeton 

alpinus Balbis 

Potamogeton rutilis of authors, not Wulf. ex R. & 

S. 

P. spirillus Tuckerm., Coiled Pondweed 

= P. dimorphus Raf. 

P. strictifolius Benn., Straight-leaved Pondweed 

= × longiligulatus Fern. 

= P. pusillus var. pseudorutilus Benn. 

= P. rutilis of authors, not Wulf. ex R. & S. 

= P. strictifolius var. rutiloides Fern. 

= P. strictifolius var. typicus Fern. 

Potamogeton tenuifolius Raf. = Potamogeton 

alpinus Balbis 

Potamogeton vaginatus of NY reports, not Turcz. = 

Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & R. 

Haynes ssp. occidentalis (Robbins) D. Les 

& R. Haynes 

P. vaseyi Robbins, Vasey's Pondweed 

= P. lateralis Morong in part 

P. zosteriformis Fern., Flat-stem Pondweed 

= P. compressus L. 

POTENTILLA L. (Rosaceae) 

P. anserina L., Silverweed, Goose-grass, Goosetansy 

ssp. anserina 

= Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. 

= A. babcockiana Rydb. 

= Potentilla anserina var. sericea Hayne 

P. argentea L., Silvery Cinquefoil, Hoary 

Cinquefoil 

P. arguta Pursh, Tall Cinquefoil 

= Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb. 

= Geum agrimonioides Pursh 

= Potentilla confertiflora Torrey 

P. canadensis L., Dwarf Cinquefoil, Five-fingers 

= P. canadensis var. villosissima Fern. 

= P. caroliniana of authors, not Poir. 

= P. pumila Poir. ex Lam.

= P. simplex sensu House (1924), not Michx. 

Potentilla caroliniana of authors, not Poir. = 

Potentilla canadensis L. 

Potentilla comarum Nestler = Potentilla palustris 

(L.) Scop. 

Potentilla confertiflora Torrey = Potentilla arguta 

Pursh 

Potentilla floribunda Pursh = Potentilla fruticosa 

ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington 

P. fruticosa L., Shubby Cinquefoil 

ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington 

= Dasiphora fruticosa auct. non (L.) Rydb. 

= D. floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz 

= Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) Á. Löve 

= Potentilla floribunda Pursh 

= P. fruticosa var. tenuifolia Lehm. 

P. norvegica L., Rough Cinquefoil 

ssp. monspeliensis (L.) Aschers. & Graeb. 

= P. norvegica var. hirsuta (Michx) Torr.& A. 

Gray 

Potentilla obscura Nestler = Potentilla recta L. 

P. palustris (L.) Scop., Marsh-cinquefoil, Fivefingers, 

Purple Cinquefoil 

= Comarum palustre L. 

= C. palustre var. villosum Pers. 

= Potentilla comarum Nestler 

= P. palustris var. villosa (Pers.) Lehm. 

P. paradoxa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray, Bushy 

Cinquefoil 

= P. supina Michx. 

Potentilla pumila Poir. ex Lam. = Potentilla 

canadensis L. 

*P. recta L., Sulphury Cinquefoil, Five-fingers 

= P. obscura Nestler 

= P. recta var. obscura (Neatler) Koch 

= P. recta var. sulphurea (Lam. & DC.) Peyr 

= P. sulphurea Lam. & DC. 

*P. reptans L., Creeping Cinquefoil 

P. simplex Michx., Common Cinquefoil, Old-field 

Cinquefoil 

= P. canadensis of NY reports, not L. 

= P. simplex var. calvescens Fern. 

Potentilla simplex sensu House (1924), not Michx. 

= Potentilla canadensis L. 

Potentilla sulphurea Lam. & DC. = Potentilla recta 

L. 

Potentilla supina Michx. = Potentilla paradoxa 

Nutt. 

111 

Poterium canadense (L.) Gray = Sanguisorba 

canadensis L. 

Poterium sanguisorba of authors, not L. = 

Sanguisorba minor Scop. 

PRENANTHES L. (Asteraceae) 

P. alba L., Lion's-foot, White Lettuce, 

Rattlesnake-root 

= Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. 

P. altissima L., Tall Lion's-foot, Rattlesnake-root, 

White Lettuce 

= Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. 

P. crepidinea Michx., Corymbed Rattlesnake-root, 

previous reports were based on a sight 

record by David Day, repudiated as to 

species by G. Clinton, collecting diary. A 

specimen was never collected by these 

men. Note the species is recorded for Erie 

and CattaraugusCo. by NYFA (July 2005) 

with indications that voucher specimens 

exist for these two counties. 

= Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC. 

Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh (excluded by Zander 

& Pierce 1979) 

P. trifoliata (Cass.) Fern., Gall-of-the-Earth 

= Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. 

= N. trifoliatus of authors 

= N. trifoliatus var. dissectifolius Peck 

PRIMULA L. (Primulaceae) 

P. mistassinica Michx., Canadian Primrose 

= P. mistassinica var. noveboracensis Fern. 

Prinos verticillatus L. = Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray 

PROBOSCIDEA Schmid. (Pedaliaceae) 

*P. louisiana (Mill.) Woot. & Standl., Unicornplant, 

Proboscis-flower, Ram's Horn 

= Martynia proboscidea Glox. 

= M. louisiana Mill. 

= Proboscidea louisianica, sensu Thell. 

Prosartes lanuginosa (Michx.) Don = Disporum 

lanuginosum ((Michx.) Nichols. 

PROSERPINACA L. (Haloragaceae) 

Proserpinaca intermedia Mackz. = Proserpinaca 

palustris L. 

P. palustris L., Mermaidweed 

var. crebra Fern. & Grisc. 

var. palustris

= P. intermedia Mackz. 

= P. palustris var. latifolia Schindl. 

= P. platycarpa Small 

Proserpinaca platycarpa Small = Proserpinaca 

palustris L. var. palustris 

PRUNELLA L. (Lamiaceae) 

P. vulgaris L., Heal-all 

= P. vulgaris var. lanceolata (Bart.) Fern. 

PRUNUS L. (Rosaceae) 

P. americana Marsh., Wild Plum, Hedge-plum, 

Sloe 

Prunus autumnalis Liegel = Prunus domestica L. 

*P. avium (L.) L., Sweet Cherry, Bird-cherry, 

Mazzard 

Prunus borealis (Michx.) Pursh = Prunus 

pensylvanica L.f. 

*P. cerasus L., Sour Cherry, Pie-cherry 

= Cerasus vulgaris Mill. 

*P. domestica L., Garden Plum 

= P. autumnalis Liegel 

*var. domestica, Plum 

*P. fruticosa Pallas, Ground-cherry, European 

Dwarf Cherry 

Prunus lanceolata Willd. = Prunus pensylvanica 

L.f. 

*P. mahaleb L., Mahaleb-cherry, Mahaleb, 

Perfumed-cherry, St. Lucie-cherry 

Prunus mollis sensu Torrey, not Dougl. = Prunus 

nigra Ait. 

P. nigra Ait., Canada Plum, Wild Plum 

= P. mollis sensu Torrey, not Dougl. 

P. pensylvanica L.f., Pin-cherry, Fire-cherry, Wild 

Red Cherry, Bird-cherry 

= Cerasus pennsylvanica (L.f.) Loisel. 

= Prunus borealis (Michx.) Pursh 

= P. lanceolata Willd. 

*P. persica (L.) Batsch, Peach 

= Amygdalus persica L. 

Prunus pumila var. cuneata (Raf.) Bailey = Prunus 

pumila var. susquehanae (Hort. ex Willd.) 

Jaeger 

P. pumila L., Sand-cherry 

var. susquehanae (Hort. ex Willd.) Jaeger 

= P. pumila var. cuneata (Raf.) Bailey 

= P. susquehannae Hort. ex Willd. 

P. serotina Ehrh., Black Cherry, Wild Cherry, 

Rum-cherry 

112 

= P. virginiana L., in part 

Prunus susquehanae Hort. ex Willd. = Prunus 

pumila var. susquehanae (Hort. ex Willd.) 

Jaeger 

Prunus virginiana L., in part = Prunus serotina 

Ehrh. 

P. virginiana L., Choke Cherry 

Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene = P. quinquefolia 

(L.) Planch. ex DC. 

Psedera quinquefolia var. hirsuta (Pursh) B. 

Robinson = P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. ex 

DC. 

Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz = 

Gnaphalium viscosum Kunth 

PTELEA L. (Rutaceae) 

P. trifoliata L., Hop-tree, Wafer-ash, Stinking Ash 

Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. = Matteuccia 


Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern. = Matteuccia 


PTERIDIUM Gled. ex Scop. (Dennstaedtiaceae) 

P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ex Decken, Eastern 

Bracken-fern, Bracken, Brake-fern, Brake 

var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller 

= P. aquilinum var. champlainense Boivin 

= P. latiusculum (Desv.) Hieron, not Maxon 

= Pteris aquilina of American reports, not L. 

= Pteris latiuscula Desv. 

Pteris aquilina of American reports, not L. = 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ex Decken 

var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller 

Pteris latiuscula Desv. = Pteridium aquilinum (L.) 

Kuhn ex Decken var. latiusculum (Desv.) 

Underw. ex Heller 

PTEROSPORA Nutt. (Ericaceae) 

P. andromedea Nutt., Pine-drops, Giant Bird'snest 

= Monotropa procera Torr. ex Eaton 

= P. andromeda of authors 

PUCCINELLIA Parl. (Poaceae) 

*P. distans (Jacq.) Parl., Alkali-grass 

*ssp. borealis (Holmb.) W. E. Hughes 

= P. distans var. angustifolia (Blytt) Holmb. 

*ssp. distans

= P. nuttalliana of NY reports, not (Schultes) 

Hitchc. 

Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) Clausen in part = 

Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church var. 

pallida 

PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. (Lamiaceae) 

Pycnanthemum flexuosum of some authors, not 

(Walt.) BSP. = Pycnanthemum tenuifolium 

Schrad. 

P. incanum (L.) Michx., Hoary Mountain-mint 

= Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze 

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh = 

Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand 

& Jackson ex Fern. & Robins. 

Pycnanthemum linifolium (Willd.) Pursh = 

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. 

P. tenuifolium Schrad., Narrow-leaved Mountainmint 

= Koellia flexuosa of NY reports, not (Walt.) 

MacM. 

= Pycnanthemum flexuosum of some 

authors, not (Walt.) Macm. 

= P. linifolium (Willd.) Pursh 

P. torrei Benth., Torrey's Mountain-mint 

= Koellia torrei (Benth.) Kuntze 

P. verticillatum (Michx.) Pers., Mountain-mint 

var. verticillatum 

P. virginianum (L.) Durieu & Jackson ex Fern. & 

B. Robinson, Virginia Mountain-mint 

= Koellia virginiana (L.) Kuntze 

= Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh 

PYROLA L. (Ericaceae) 

P. americana Sweet, Round-leaved Pyrola 

= P. rotundifolia Michx. ssp. americana 

(Sweet.) Clausen 

= P. rotundifolia Michx. var. americana 

(Sweet.) Fern. 

= P. rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia 

P. asarifolia Michx., Bog-pyrola, Pink 

Wintergreen 

= P. asarifolia var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fern. (of 

Zenkert, 1934). 

= P. asarifolia var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. 

= P. uliginosa Torr. & A. Gray 

= P. rotundifolia var. uliginosa (Torr.) A. 

Gray 

113 

P. chlorantha Sw., Greenish-flowered Pyrola, 

Green Shinleaf, Wintergreen, 

= P. oxypetala Austin ex A. Gray “(with 

peloric flowers)”, Mitchell & Tucker, 

1997. 

= P. virens Schweig. ex Schweig. & Koerte 

= P. virens fo. paucifolia (Fern.) Fern. 

= P. chlorantha var. pauciflora (of Zenkert, 

1934) 

P. elliptica Nutt., Elliptic-leaved Pyrola, Shinleaf, 

Wild Lily-of-the-Valley 

Pyrola oxypetala Austin (peloric) = Pyrola 

chlorantha Sw. 

Pyrola rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia = 

Pyrola americana Sweet 

Pyrola rotundifolia Michx. var. americana (Sweet) 

Fern. = Pyrola americana Sweet 

Pyrola rotundifolia Michx. var. uliginosa (Torr.) A. 

Gray = Pyrola asarifolia Michx. 

Pyrola secunda L. = Orthilia secunda L. 

Pyrola secunda L. var. pumila Paine = Orthilia 

secunda L. 

Pyrola secunda L. var. obtusata Turcz. = Orthilia 

secunda L. 

Pyrola uliginosa Torr. & A. Gray = Pyrola 

asarifolia Michx. 

Pyrola uniflora L. = Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray 

Pyrola virens Schweig. ex Schweig. & Koerte = 

Pyrola chlorantha Sw. 

Pyrola virens fo. paucifolia (Fern.) Fern. = Pyrola 

chlorantha Sw. 

PYRUS L. (Rosaceae) 

Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. = Sorbus americana 

Marsh. 

Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f. = Aronia arbutifolia (L.) 

Pers. (not Ell.) 

Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) B. 

Robinson = [Aronia arbutifolia × 


Rehd.] 

Pyrus arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa (Michx.) = 

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. 

Pyrus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx. = 

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Ell. 

Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn. = Sorbus aucuparia L. 

*P. communis L., Common Pear 

Pyrus coronaria L. = Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.

Pyrus coronaria var. dasycalyx (Rehd.) Fern. = 

Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 

Pyrus coronaria var. elongata (Rehd.) Bailey = 


Pyrus coronaria var. lancifolia (Rehd.) Fern. = 


Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyl. = Sorbus decora (Sarg.) 

C. K. Schneid. 

Pyrus dumosa Fern. = Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C. K. 

Schneid. 

Pyrus floribunda Lindl. = [Aronia arbutifolia × 


Rehd.] 

Pyrus malus of authors, not L. = Malus pumila 

Mill. 

QUERCUS L. (Fagaceae) 

Q. alba L., White Oak 

Q. alba × montana = Q. × saulii, Oak 

Q. bicolor Willd., Swamp White Oak 

Quercus borealis Michx. f. = Quercus rubra L. 

Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marsh) Sarg. = 

Quercus rubra L. 

Q. coccinea Muenchh., Scarlet Oak 

Recorded by NYFA but Jensen (1997) 

does not record it for our region. 

Quercus falcata of NY reports, not Michx. = 

Quercus rubra L. 

Q. ilicifolia Wang.; Scrub-oak, Bear-oak 

Q. macrocarpa Michx., Bur Oak, Mossy-cup Oak, 

Northern Overcup Oak 

Q. montana Willd., Chestnut-oak 

= Q. prinus L. of most American authors, not 

L. 

Q. muhlenbergii Engelm., Yellow Oak, 

Chinquapin Oak 

= Q. prinoides var. acuminata Michx. 

Quercus obtusiloba Michx. = Quercus stellata 

Wang. 

Quercus pagoda of House's (1924) checklist, not 

Raf. = Quercus rubra L. 

Q. palustris Muenchh., Pin Oak 

Quercus prinoides var. acuminata Michx. not 

(Michx.) Gleason = Quercus muhlenbergii 

Engelm. 

Quercus prinoides Willd. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

Quercus prinus L., of most American authors = 

Quercus montana Willd. 

114 

Quercus prinus var. humilis Marsh. = Quercus 

prinoides Willd. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

Q. rubra L., Red Oak 

= Q. borealis Michx. f. 

= Q. borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Sarg. 

= Q. falcata of NY reports, not Michx. 

= Q. pagoda of House's (1924) checklist, not 

Raf. 

= Q. rubra var. ambigua (A. Gray) Fern. 

= Q. rubra var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. 

= Q. triloba Michx. 

Q. shumardii Buckl., Shumard Oak 

Q. stellata Wang., Post Oak 

= Q. obtusiloba Michx. 

Quercus tinctoria Bartr. = Quercus velutina Lam. 

Quercus triloba Michx. = Quercus rubra L. 

Q. velutina Lam., Black Oak, Dyer's Oak, Yellowbark 

Oak 

= Q. tinctoria Bartr. 

Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britt. = Rorippa palustris 

(L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonesell 

Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce = Rorippa sylvestris 

(L.) Besser 

Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose = Oenothera 

laciniata Hill 

RANUNCULUS L. (Ranunculaceae) 

R. abortivus L., Small-flowered Crowfoot 

var. abortivus 

var. eucyclus Fern. 

Ranunculus acer L. = Ranunculus acris L. 

*R. acris L., Tall Meadow-buttercup 

= R. acer L. 

= R. acris var. latisectus Beck 

= R. acris var. villosus (Drab.) Cole 

Ranunculus alismaefolius (of Day, 1882) = 

Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. 

R. allegheniensis Britt., Alleghenian Crowfoot, 

Mountain-crowfoot 

R. ambigens S. Wats., Water-plantain Spearwort, 

American Spearwort 

= R. alismaefolius (of Day, 1882) 

= R. laxicaulis (of authors) 

= R. obtusiusculus of authors, not Raf. 

Ranunculus boraeanus Jord. = Ranunculus 

recurvatus Poir. ex Lam. 

Ranunculus brevicaulis Hook. = Ranunculus 

rhomboideus Goldie

*R. bulbosus L., Bulbous Buttercup, Meadowbloom 

= R. tuberosus Hornem. 

Ranunculus circinatus of American authors, not 

Sibth. = Ranunculus longirostris Godr. 

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh = (excluded by 


Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. = Ranunculus 

flabellaris Raf. ex Bigel. 

Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank = Ranunculus 

trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill. 

R. fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigel., Early Buttercup 

*R. ficaria L., Lesser Celandine 

= Ficaria ficaria (L.) Karst. 

= R. ficaria ssp. bulbifera (Marsden-Jones) 

Lawal. ex Rob. 

Ranunculus filiformis Michx. = R. flammula L. 

var. filiformis (Michx.) Hooker 

R. flabellaris Raf. ex Bigel., Yellow Watercrowfoot 

= R. delphinifolius Torr. 

= R. fluviatilis Bigel. 

= R. lacustris Beck & Tracey 

= R. multifidus Pursh 

= R. purshii of NY reports, not Richards. 

R. flammula L., Creeping Spearwort, Lesser 

Spearwort 

var. filiformis (Michx.) Hooker 

= R. filiformis Michx. 

= R. reptans var. filiformis (L.) DC. 

= R. reptans var. reptans of authors, not L. 

Ranunculus fluviatilis Bigel. = Ranunculus 


Ranunculus hirsutus Muhl. = Ranunculus 

recurvatus Poir. ex Lam. 

R. hispidus Michx., Hispid Buttercup 

var. caricetorum (Greene) Duncan, Swamp- or 

Marsh-buttercup 

= R. septentrionalis of some authors, not 

Poir. 

var. hispidus, Hispid Buttercup 

var. nitidus (Muhl. ex Ell.) Duncan, Swamp- 

= R. septentrionalis Poir. 

Ranunculus lacustris Beck & Tracey = Ranunculus 


Ranunculus laxicaulis (of authors) = Ranunculus 

ambigens S. Wats. 

R. longirostris Godr., Stiff White Water-crowfoot 

= Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz 

115 

= Ranunculus circinatus of American 

authors, not Sibth. 

= R. longirostris of authors 

= R. subrigidus Drew 

Ranunculus multifidus Pursh = Ranunculus 


Ranunculus obtusiusculus of authors, not Raf. = 

Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. 

R. pensylvanicus L. f., Bristly Crowfoot 

Ranunculus purshii of NY reports, not Richards. = 

Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. ex Bigel. 

Ranunculus purshii Richards. = not sensu R. 

flabellaris Raf. ex Bigel, but Ranunculus 

gmelinii DC. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

R. recurvatus Poir. ex Lam., Hooked Crowfoot, 

Rough Buttercup 

= R. boraeanus Jord. 

= R. hirsutus Muhl. 

= R. recurvatus var. adpressipilus Weath. 

*R. repens L., Creeping Buttercup 

= R. repens var. degeneratus Schur 

= R. repens var. pleniflorus Fern. 

Ranunculus reptans var. filiformis (L.) DC. = 

Ranunculus flammula L. var. filiformis 

(Michx.) Hooker 

Ranunculus reptans var. reptans of authors, not L. 

= R. flammula L. var. filiformis (Michx.) 

Hooker 

Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie, Prairie 

Buttercup, Regl. M. Niag. Oldham 1999 

= R. brevicaulis Hook. 

*R. sceleratus L., Cursed Crowfoot, Blisterwort 

Ranunculus septentrionalis of some authors, not 

Poir. ex Lam. = R. hispidus Michx. var. 

caricetorum (Greene) Duncan, or var. 

nitidus (Muhl. ex Ell.) Duncan 

Ranunculus subrigidus Drew = Ranunculus 

longirostris Godr. 

[R. trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill., White Watercrowfoot 

(possibly excluded)] 

= Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) 

Bosch. 

= R. aquatilis var. calvescens (Drew) Benson 

= R. aquatilis var. trichophyllus (Chaix) Gray 

= R. aquatilis var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC. 

of Zenkert (1934) 

= R. divaricatus Schrank

According to records at NYS, there are no 

records of specimens in any of the western 

New York counties of this species (NYFA 

1990). 

Ranunculus tuberosus Hornem. = Ranunculus 

bulbosus L. 

RAPHANUS L. (Brassicaceae) 

*R. raphanistrum L., Jointed Charlock, Wild 

Radish, White Charlock 

*R. sativus L., Garden Radish 

RATIBIDA Raf. (Asteraceae) 

*R. pinnata (Vent) Barnh., Gray-headed 

Coneflower, Prairie-coneflower 

= Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & A. Gray 

Razoumofskya pusilla (C. Peck) Kuntze = 

Arceuthobium pusillum C. Peck 

Reynoutria japonica Houtt. = Polygonum 

cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. 

Reynoutria sachalinensis (Schmidt ex Maxim.) 

Nakai ex Mori = Polygonum sachalinense 

Schmidt ex Maxim. 

RESEDA L. (Resedaceae) 

*R. lutea L., Yellow Mignonette, Scrambling 

Rocket 

RHAMNUS L. (Rhamnaceae) 

R. alnifolia L'Hér. , Alder-leaved Buckthorn 

Rhamnus caroliniana of old NY reports, not Walt. 

= Rhamnus frangula L. 

*R. cathartica L., Common Buckthorn 

*R. frangula L., Alder Buckthorn, Smooth 

Buckthorn 

= Frangula alnus Mill. 

= Rhamnus caroliniana of old NY reports, 

not Walt. 

RHODODENDRON L. (Ericaceae) 

R. groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd, 

Laborador Tea 

= Ledum decumbens of early NY reports, not 

(Ait.) Lodd. 

= L. groenlandicum Oeder 

= L. latifolium Ait. 

= L. palustre ssp. groenlandicum (Oeder) 

Hultén 

116 

R. maximum L., Rhododendron, Great Laurel, 

Rosebay, White Laurel 

Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torrey of Zenkert 

& Zander (1975) = Rhododendron 


Rhododendron nudiflorum var. roseum (Loisel.) 

Weig. = Rhododendron prinophyllum 

(Small) Millais 

R. periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners, Pinksterflower, 

Pinkster-bloom, Purple 

Honeysuckle, Election-pink 

= Azalea nudiflora L. 

= A. periclymenoides Michx. 

= R. nudiflorum (L.) Torrey of Zenkert & 

Zander (1975) 

R. prinophyllum (Small) Millais, Pink Azalea, 

Early Azalea, Mountain-azalea, Rosehoneysuckle, 

Election-pink 

= Azalea prinophylla Small 

= Rhododendron nudiflorum var. roseum 

(Loisel.) Weig. 

= R. roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. 

Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. = 

Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) 

Millais 

R. viscosum (L.) Torrey, Swamp Azalea 

RHODOTYPOS Sieb. & Zucc. (Rosaceae) 

Rhodotypos kerrioides Sieb. & Zucc. = 

Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 

*R. scandens (Thunb.) Makino, Jetbead, White 

Kerria 

= R. kerrioides Sieb. & Zucc. 

= R. tetrapetala (Sieb.) Makino 

Rhodotypos tetrapetala (Sieb.) Makino = 

Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 

RHUS L. (Anacardiceae) 

R. aromatica Ait., Fragrant Sumac, Lemon 

Sumac, Polecat-bush 

= R. canadensis Marsh. 

= R. trilobata of NY reports, not (Nutt.) A. 

Gray 

R. copallinum L., Shining Sumac, Winged Sumac, 

Dwarf Sumac 

Rhus canadensis Marsh = Rhus aromatica Ait. 

Rhus cotinus L. = Cotinus coggygria Scop. 

R. glabra L., Smooth Sumac

R. hirta (L.) Sudworth, Staghorn-sumac, Velvetsumac 

= Datisca hirta L. 

= Rhus typhina L. 

Rhus radicans L. = Toxicodendron radicans (L.) 

Kuntze ssp. radicans 

Rhus radicans var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) 

Rehd. = Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small 

ex Rydb.) Greene 

Rhus radicans var. vulgaris (Michx.) DC. in part = 

Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) 

Greene 

Rhus toxicodendron (of Zenkert, 1934) = 

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze s.l. 

Rhus trilobata of NY reports, not (Nutt.) A. Gray = 

Rhus aromatica Ait. 

Rhus typhina L. = Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth 

Rhus venenata DC. = Toxicodendron vernix (L.) 

Kuntze 

Rhus vernix L. = Toxicodendron vernix (L.) 

Kuntze 

RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl (Cyperaceae) 

R. alba (L.) Vahl, White Beaked-rush 

R. capillacea Torr., Capillary Beaked-rush 

= R. capillacea var. laeviseta E. J. Hill 

RIBES L. (Grossulariaceae) 

R. americanum Mill., Wild Black Currant 

= R. floridanum L'Hér. 

*R. aureum Pursh, Golden Currant, Buffalocurrant 

*var. villosum DC. 

= Ribes odoratum Wendl.f. ex Bartl. & 

Wendl. f. 

R. cynosbati L., Prickly Gooseberry, Dogberry, 

Pasture-gooseberry 

= Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mill. 

Ribes floridanum L'Hér. = Ribes americanum Mill. 

R. glandulosum Grauer, Skunk-currant 

= R. prostratum L'Hér. 

R. hirtellum Michx., Smooth Gooseberry 

= R. hirtellum var. saxosum (Hooker) Fern. 

= R. oxyacanthoides L., in part 

R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir., Swamp Black Currant, 

Bristly Black Currant 

= R. oxyacanthoides L. var. lacustre Pers. 

*R. nigrum L., Garden Black Currant 

117 

Ribes odoratum Wendl. f. ex Bartl. & Wendl. f. = 

Ribes aureum Pursh var. villosum DC. 

Ribes oxyacanthoides (of authors) = Ribes 

hirtellum Michx. 

Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. lacustre Pers. = Ribes 

lacustre (Pers.) Poir. 

Ribes prostratum L'Hér. = Ribes glandulosum 

Grauer 

*R. rotundifolium Michx., Eastern Wild 

Gooseberry, Round-leaf Currant 

*R. rubrum L., Red Currant, Northern or Garden 

Red Currant, Cherry-currant 

= R. sativum (Reichenb.) Syme 

= R. vulgare of NY reports, not Lam. 

Ribes rubrum var. subglandulosum Maxim. = 

Ribes triste Pallas 

Ribes sativum (Reichenb.) Syme = Ribes rubrum 

L. 

R. triste Pallas, Wild Red Currant 

= R. triste var. albinervium (Michx.) Fern. 

= R. rubrum var. subglandulosum Maxim. 

Ribes vulgare of NY reports, not Lam. = Ribes 

rubrum L. 

ROBINIA L. (Leguminosae) 

Robinia fertilis of NY reports, not Ashe = Robinia 

hispida L. 

*R. hispida L., Bristly Locust, Rose-acacia, 

Mossy Locust 

= R. fertilis of NY reports, not Ashe 

= R. hispida var. fertilis of NY reports, not 

(Ashe) R. Clausen 

*R. pseudo-acacia L., Black Locust, False Acacia 

*R. viscosa Vent. ex Vauq., Clammy Locust 

RORIPPA Scop. (Brassicaceae) 

Rorippa aquatica (Eaton) E. J. Palmer & 

Steyermark = Armoracia lacustris (A. 

Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates 

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. islandica 

(Oeder) Borbás = Rorippa palustris ssp. 

palustris (L.) Besser 

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. fernaldiana 

Butters & Abbe = Rorippa palustris (L.) 

Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) 

Jonesell 

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. hispida 

(Desv.) Butters & Abbe = Rorippa

palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) 

Jonesell 

*R. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, Watercress 

= Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ex Ait. 

= N. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Karst. 

= Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser = Rorippa palustris 

(L.) Besser ssp. palustris 

R. palustris (L.) Besser, Marsh-cress, Yellow 

Water-cress 

ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonesell 

= R. islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. 

fernaldiana Butters & Abbe 

ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonesell, Hispid Yellow 

Cress 

= Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britt. 

= R. islandica var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & 

Abbe 

*ssp. palustris 

= R. islandica ssp. islandica (Oeder) Borbás 

= R. palustris (L.) Besser 

*R. sylvestris (L.) Besser, Yellow Cress, Creeping 

Yellow Ccress 

= Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce 

ROSA L. (Rosaceae) 

R. acicularis Lindl., Prickly Rose 

ssp. sayi (Schwein. ex Keating) Lewis 

= Rosa acicularis var. bourgeauiana Crépin 

= R. acicularis var. sayiana Erl. 

= R. sayi Schwein. ex Keating 

R. acicularis × blanda = R. × housei Erlanson, 

House's Rose 

Rosa acicularoides Schuette = Rosa blanda Ait. 

Rosa bicknellii Rydb. = Rosa virginiana Mill. 

R. blanda Ait., Smooth Rose, Meadow-rose 

= R. acicularoides Schuette 

= R. blanda varieties of NY reports 

= R. blanda var. glabra Crépin 

= R. fraxinifolia Lindl. 

= R. solanderi Tratt. 

*R. canina L., Dog-rose 

R. carolina L., Dwarf Rose 

var. carolina 

= R. carolina var. glandulosa (Crépin) Farw. 

= R. carolina var. grandiflora (Baker) Rehd. 

= R. carolina var. obovata (Raf.) Deam 

= R. gemella Willd. 

118 

= R. housei Erl. 

= R. obovata Raf. 

= R. parviflora Ehrh. 

= R. serrulata Raf. 

Rosa carolinensis Marsh. = Rosa virginiana Mill. 

*R. cinnamomea L., Damask Rose 

= R. spinosissima L., in part, a nomen 

ambiguum (Mitchell & Tucker 1997) 

*R. eglanteria L., Sweetbrier, Eglantine 

= R. rubiginosa L. 

*R. gallica L., French Rose 

Rosa gemella Willd. = Rosa carolina L. var. 

carolina 

Rosa housei Erl. = Rosa carolina L. var. carolina 

Rosa lucida Ehrh. = Rosa virginiana Mill. 

*R. micrantha Borr. ex Sm. in Sowerby, Small- 

Flowered Sweetbrier 

= R. rubiginosa var. micrantha Lindl. 

*R. multiflora Thunb. ex Murr., Multiflora Rose 

Rosa nanella Rydb. = Rosa virginiana Mill. 

Rosa obovata Raf. = Rosa carolina L. var. carolina 

R. palustris Marsh., Swamp Rose, Églantier 

= R. palustris var. inermis (Schuette) Erl. 

Rosa parviflora Ehrh. = Rosa carolina L. 

Rosa rubifolia R. Br. ex Ait. = Rosa setigera 

Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray 

Rosa rubiginosa L. = Rosa eglanteria L. 

Rosa rubiginosa var. micrantha Lindl. = Rosa 

micrantha Borr. ex Sm. in Sowerby 

*R. rugosa Thunb., Rugose Rose, Japanese or 

Turkistan Rose, Sand-Rose, Sea-beach 

Rose 

Rosa sayi Schwein. ex Keating = Rosa acicularis 

Lindl. ssp. sayi (Schwein. ex Keating) 

Lewis 

Rosa serrulata Raf. = Rosa carolina L. var. carolina 

R. setigera Michx., Prairie-rose, Climbing Rose 

var. setigera 

*var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray 

= R. rubifolia R. Br. ex Ait. 

Rosa solanderi Tratt. = Rosa blanda Ait. 

Rosa spinosissima L., in part, a nomen ambiguum 

(Mitchell & Tucker 1997) = Rosa 

cinnamomea L. 

R. virginiana Mill., Pasture-rose, Wild Rose 

= R. bicknellii Rydb. 

= R. carolinensis Marsh. 

= R. lucida Ehrh. 

= R. nanella Rydb.

RUBUS Tourn. (Rosaceae) 

R. allegheniensis Porter ex Bailey, Common 

Highbush Blackberry, Northern 

Blackberry, Sow-teat Blackberry 

= R. villosus (of local authors) = Rubus 

allegheniensis Porter ex Bailey (p.p.) 

Rubus americanus Britt. = Rubus pubescens Raf. 

*R. bifrons Vest ex Tratt., Himalaya-berry 

= R. discolor of some authors, not Weihe & 

Nees 

= R. procerus of some authors, not Müll. 

R. canadensis L. Smooth Blackberry 

= R. pergratus Blanch. of Eaton & Schrot 

(1987). 

Rubus dalibarda L. = Dalibarda repens L. 

(*)R. flagellaris Willd. Northern Dewberry, 

American Dewberry, Prickly Dewberry 

(considered native by NYFA July 2005) 

= R. canadensis (of local authors) 

= R. villosus var. humifusus (of authors) 

Rubus heterophyllus (of American authors) = 

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. ex Lam. 

R. hispidus L. Running Blackberry, Swampdewberry 

= R. permixtus Blanch. of Eaton and Schrot 

(1987). 

R. idaeus L. European Red Raspberry 

*ssp. idaeus 

ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke, Wild Raspberry 

= R. idaeus ssp. sachalinensis (Levl.) Focke 

= R. idaeus ssp. melanolasius Focke 

= R. idaeus var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. 

= R. strigosus Michx. 

= R. strigosus var. canadensis (Richards.) 

House 

Rubus idaeus americanus Torrey = Rubus 

occidentalis L. 

*R. illecebrosus Focke, Balloonberry, Raspberrystrawberry 

*R. laciniatus Willd. Cut-leaved Blackberry, 

Evergreen Blackberry 

R. occidentalis L., Black Raspberry, Black-cap, 

Black Thimbleberry 

= R. idaeus americanus Torrey 

= R. occidentalis var. flavobaccus Blanch. 

R. odoratus L. Purple-flowering Raspberry, Pink 

Thimbleberry 

119 

R. pensilvanicus Poir. ex Lam., Highbush 

Blackberry 

= R. heterophyllus Willd. 

Rubus pergratus Blanch. = Rubus canadensis L. 

Rubus permixtus Blanch. = Rubus hispidus L. 

sensu lato 

*R. phoenicolasius Maxim., Wineberry 

R. pubescens Raf., Dwarf Raspberry 

= R. americanus Britt. 

= R. pubescens var. pilosifolius A. Hill 

= R. triflorus Richards. 

= R. triphyllus Thunb. 

R. setosus Bigel., Northern Bog-blackberry 

Rubus strigosus Michx. = Rubus idaeus L. ssp. 

strigosus (Michx.) Focke 

Rubus strigosus var. canadensis (Richards.) House 

= Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) 

Focke 

Rubus triflorus Richards. = Rubus pubescens Raf. 

Rubus triphyllus Thunb. = Rubus pubescens Raf. 

Rubus villosus (of local authors) = Rubus 

allegheniensis Porter ex Bailey (p.p.) 

Rubus villosus var. humifusus (of authors) = 

Rubus flagellaris Willd. 

RUDBECKIA L. (Asteraceae) 

R. hirta L. 

*var. pulcherrima Farw., Black-eyed Susan, 

Gloriosa Daisy, Yellow Daisy 

= R. serotina Nutt. 

(*)R. laciniata L., Tall Coneflower, Black-eyed- 

Susan, Golden-Glow (considered native by 

NYFA July 2005) 

= R. laciniata var. bipinnata Perdue 

= R. laciniata var. hortensis Bailey 

Rudbeckia laciniata var. hortensis Bailey = 

Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. = Rudbeckia hirta L. var. 

pulcherrima Farw. 

(*)R. triloba L., Thin-leaved Coneflower, Blackeyed 

Susan, Yellow Daisy (the var. triloba 

is considered to be not native by NYFA 

July 2005) 

RUMEX L. (Polygonaceae) 

Rumex × pratensis Mert. & Koch = [Rumex 

crispus × obtusifolius = × acutus L.] 

*R. acetosella L., Sheep Sorrel

= R. acetosella ssp. angiocarpus (Murb.) 

Murb. 

= R. acetosella L. ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourret ex 

Lapeyr.) Akeroyd 

= R. angiocarpus Murb. 

R. altissimus Wood, Tall, Pale, Water- or Peachleaf 

Dock 

Rumex angiocarpus Murb. = Rumex acetosella L. 

Rumex britannica (of authors) = Rumex 

orbiculatus A. Gray 

Rumex conglomeratus of NY reports, not Murr. = 

Rumex obtusifolius L. 

Rumex crispatulus Michx. = Rumex obtusifolius L. 

*R. crispus L., Curled Dock, Yellow or Sour Dock 

*R. crispus × obtusifolius = R. acutus L., Curly 

Dock 

= R. × pratensis Mert. & Koch 

Rumex fueginus Phil. = Rumex maritimus L. var. 

fueginus (Phil.) Dusén 

Rumex hydrolapathum var. americanum A. Gray = 

Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray 

R. maritimus L., Golden Dock, Seashore-dock 

var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusén 

= R. fueginus Phil. 

Rumex mexicanus Meisn. in part = Rumex 

salicifolius Weinm. var. mexicanus 

(Meisn.) Hitchc. 

*R. obtusifolius L., Broad-leaved Dock, Bitterdock, 

Red-veined Dock 

= R. conglomeratus of NY reports, not Murr. 

= R. crispatulus Michx. 

= R. pulcher of NY reports, not L. 

= R.sanguineus of NY reports, not L. 

R. orbiculatus A. Gray, Great Water-dock 

= R. britannica of authors, not L. 

= R. hydrolapathum var. americanum A. 

Gray 

= R. orbiculatus var. borealis Rech. f. 

*R. patientia L., Garden-patience, Patience-dock, 

Monk's Rhubarb 

Rumex pulcher of NY reports, not L. = Rumex 

obtusifolius L. 

*R. salicifolius Weinm., Willow-leaved Dock 

var. mexicanus (Meisn.) Hitchc. 

= R. mexicanus Meisn. ex DC. 

= R. salicifolius Weinm. ssp. triangulivalvis 

Danser 

= R. salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis 

(Danser) Hickm. 

120 

= R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. 

Rumex sanguineus of NY reports, not L. = Rumex 

obtusifolius L. 

Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. = Rumex 

salicifolius Weinm. var. mexicanus 

(Meisn.) Hitchc. 

R. verticillatus L., Water- or Swamp-dock 

RUPPIA L.(Ruppiaceae) 

R. maritima L., Ditch-grass 

= R. maritima var. longipes Hagstr. 

= R. maritima var. onondagensis Fern. & 

Wieg. 

= R. maritima var. rostrata Agardh 

Rynchospora (ortho. var.) = Rhynchospora Vahl 

SAGINA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

*S. procumbens L., Pearlwort, Bird's Eye 

SAGITTARIA L. (Alismataceae) 

S. cuneata Sheldon, Arum-leaved Arrowhead, 

Wapeto 

Sagittaria engelmaniana ssp. longirostra (Micheli) 

Bogin = Sagittaria latifolia Willd. 

Sagittaria esculenta Howell = Sagittaria latifolia 

Willd. 

S. graminea Michx., Grass-leaf Sagittaria 

= S. eatonii Sm. 

Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh = Sagittaria rigida 

Pursh 

Sagittaria heterophylla var. rigida (Pursh) Engelm. 

in A. Gray = Sagittaria rigida Pursh 

S. latifolia Willd., Broad-leaved Arrowhead 

= S. engelmaniana ssp. longirostra (Micheli) 

Bogin 

= S. esculenta Howell 

= S. latifolia var. obtusa (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Sm. 

= S. variabilis Engelm. in A. Gray 

S. rigida Pursh, Sessile-fruited Arrowhead 

= S. heterophylla Pursh 

= S. heterophylla var. rigida (Pursh) Engelm. 

in A. Gray 

Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. in A. Gray = 

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. 

SALICORNIA L. (Chenopodiaceae) 

S. europaea L., Glasswort, Samphire, Chickenclaws

= S. europaea var. simplex (Pursh) Fern. 

= S. herbacea L. 

= S. prostrata Pall. 

Salicornia europaea var. simplex (Pursh) Fern. = 

Salicornia europaea L. 

Salicornia herbacea L. = Salicornia europaea L. 

Saliornia prostrata Pall. = Salicornia europaea L. 

SALIX L. (Salicaceae) 

*S. alba L., White Willow 

= S. alba var. vitellina (L.) Koch 

= S. vitellina L. 

S. amygdaloides Anderss., Peach-leaved Willow 

Salix angustissima Anderss. = Salix exigua Nutt. 

*S. babylonica L., Weeping Willow 

= S. babylonica varieties 

S. babylonica × fragilis = S. × pendulina 

Wenderoth, Wisconsin Weeping Willow 

= S. babylonica × fragilis 

= S. blanda Anderss. 

= S. × blanda 

S. bebbiana Sarg., Beaked Willow, Bebb's Willow 

= S. depressa L. var. rostrata (Anderss.) Hiit. 

= S. livida var. occidentalis (of Day, 1882) 

= S. rostrata Richards., not Thuill. 

Salix blanda Anderss. = [Salix babylonica × 

fragilis = S. × pendulina Wenderoth] 

S. candida Fluegge ex Willd., Hoary Willow, Sage 

Willow 

= S. candida var. denudata Anderss. 

= S. pellita of NY reports, not (Anderss.) 

Schneid. 

Salix coactilis Fern. = Salix sericea Marsh. 

S. cordata Michx., Sand-dune Willow, Heartleafwillow 

= S. syrticola Fern. 

Salix cordata Muhl., not Michx., of Zenkert, 1934 

= Salix eriocephala Michx. 

Salix cordata angustata Anders, sec. House 1924 = 

Salix eriocephala Michx. 

Salix depressa L. var. rostrata (Anderss.) Hiit. = 

Salix bebbiana Sarg. 

S. discolor Muhl., Pussy-willow, Glaucous Willow 

S. eriocephala Michx., Heartleaf-willow, Stiff 

Willow, Diamond Willow 

= S. cordata Muhl., not Michx., of Zenkert, 

1934 

= S. cordata angustata Anders., sec. House 

1924 

121 

= S. discolor × rigida of NY reports 

= S. nigra × petiolaris of NY reports 

= S. nigra × rigida of NY reports 

= S. rigida Muhl. 

= S. myricoides of NY reports, not Muhl. 

S. exigua Nutt., Sandbar-willow 

= S. angustissima Anderss. 

= S. interior Rowlee 

= S. linearifolia Rydb. 

= S. longifolia Muhl. 

*S. fragilis L., Crack Willow, Brittle Willow 

Salix glaucophylloides Fern. = Salix myricoides 

Muhl. 

Salix gracilis Anderss. = Salix petiolaris Sm. 

Salix grisea Willd. = Salix sericea Marsh. 

S. humilis Marsh., Prairie-willow, Gray Willow, 

Small Pussy-willow, Upland Willow 

var. humilis 

var. tristis (Ait.) Griggs 

= S. tristis Ait. 

Salix interior Rowlee = Salix exigua Nutt. 

Salix linearifolia Rydb. = Salix exigua Nutt. 

Salix livida var. occidentalis (of Day, 1882) = 

Salix bebbiana Sarg. 

Salix longifolia Muhl. = Salix exigua Nutt. 

S. lucida Muhl., Shining or Glossy Willow 

Salix myrtilloides (of authors) = Salix pedicellaris 

Pursh 

*S. matsudana Koidz., Dragon-claw Willow, 

Corkscrew-willow 

S. myricoides Muhl. 

= Salix glaucophylloides Fern. 

A specimen noted from the Fort Erie area of 

the Regional Municipality of Niagara by 

Soper and Heimberger (1982). Its range 

extends north to the James Bay area from 

dunes, gravelly shores and flats around the 

Great Lakes' shores. Mitchell and Tucker 

(1997) indicate that New York reports of 

S. myricoides are S. eriocephala Michx. 

The species does not appear to occur in 

New York State. 

S. nigra Marsh., Black Willow, Swamp-willow 

S. pedicellaris Pursh, Bog-willow 

= S. myrtilloides (of authors) 

= S. myrtilloides ssp. pedicellaris (Pursh) 

Anderss. 

= S. pedicellaris var. hypoglauca Fern.

Salix pellita of NY reports, not (Anderss.) Schneid. 

= Salix candida Fluegge ex Willd. 

*S. pentandra L., Bay-leaf Willow 

S. petiolaris Sm., Slender Willow 

= S. gracilis Anderss. 

Salix petiolaris var. grisea (Willd.) Torr. = Salix 

sericea Marsh. 

*S. purpurea L., Basket-willow, Purple Willow 

Salix rigida Muhl. = Salix eriocephala Michx. 

Salix rostrata Richards., not Thuill. = Salix 

bebbiana Sarg. 

S. sericea Marsh., Silky Willow 

= S. coactilis Fern. 

= S. grisea Willd. 

= S. petiolaris var. grisea (Willd.) Torr. 

S. serissima (Bailey) Fern., Autumn-willow 

Salix syrticola Fern. = S. cordata Michx. 

Salix tristis Ait. = Salix humilis Marsh. 

Salix vitellina L. = Salix alba L. 

SALSOLA L. (Chenopodiaceae) 

Salsola atriplicifolium Spreng. = Cycloloma 

atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. 

*S. pestifer A. Nelson, Russian Thistle 

= S. australis of authors, not R. Br. 

= S. iberica Sennen & Pau 

= S. kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch, not Meyer 

= S. ruthenica Iljin ex Sorn. 

= S. tragus of authors, not L. 

Salvia officinalis L. (excluded by Zander and 

Pierce 1979). 

SAMBUCUS L. (Caprifoliaceae) 

S. canadensis L., Black Elderberry 

= S. nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli 

Sambucus pubens Michx. = Sambucus racemosa L. 

ssp. pubens (Michx.) House 

Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli = 

Sambucus Canadensis L. 

S. racemosa L., Red-berried Elder 

ssp. pubens (Michx.) House 

= S. pubens Michx. 

= S. racemosa var. leucocarpa (Torr. & A. 

Gray) Cronq. 

SAMOLUS L. (Primulaceae) 

Samolus floribundus Kunth = Samolus valerandii 

L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén 

122 

Samolus parviflorus Raf. = Samolus valerandii L. 

ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén 

S. valerandii L., Brookweed 

ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén 

= S. floribundus Kunth 

= S. parviflorus Raf. 

= S. valerandii var. americanus A. Gray 

Samolus valerandii var. americanus A. Gray = 

Samolus valerandii L. ssp. parviflorus 

(Raf.) Hultén 

SANGUINARIA L. (Papaveraceae) 

S. canadensis L., Bloodroot, Puccoon 

SANGUISORBA L. (Rosaceae) 

S. canadensis L., Burnet 

*S. minor Scop., Garden Burnet 

= Poterium sanguisorba of authors, not L. 

= S. muricata (Spach) Gremeli 

= S. minor ssp. muricata Briq. 

Sanguisorba muricata (Spach) Gremeli = 

Sanguisorba minor Scop. 

SANICULA L. (Apiaceae) 

S. canadensis L., Short-styled Snakeroot 

= S. canadensis var. grandis Fern. 

Sanicula gregaria Bickn. = Sanicula odorata (Raf.) 

Pryer & Phillippe 

S. marilandica L., Black Snakeroot 

S. odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe, Clustered 

Snakeroot 

= S. gregaria Bickn. 

= Triclinium odoratum Raf. 

S. trifoliata Bickn., Large-fruited Snakeroot 

SAPONARIA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

Saponaria hispanica Mill. = Vaccaria hispanica 

(Mill.) Raush. 

*S. officinalis L., Bouncing Bet, Soapwort, 

Fuller's-herb, Sheepweed, Hedge-pink 

Saponaria vaccaria L. = Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) 

Raush. 

Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer = Cytisus 

scoparius (L.) Link 

SARRACENIA L. (Sarraceniaceae) 

S. purpurea L., Pitcher-plant, Side-saddle Plant 

SASSAFRAS Nees (Lauraceae)

S. albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Sassafras 

= S. officinale Nees & Eberm. 

Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. = Sassafras 

albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

SATUREJA L. (Lamiaceae) 

Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele = Acinos arvensis 

(Lam.) Dandy 

Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq. = Calamintha 


Satureja glabella var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson 

= Calamintha arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners 

Satureja glabra (Nutt.) Fern. = Calamintha 


*S. hortensis L., Summer-savory 

Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch = Clinopodium 

vulgare L. 

SAURURUS L. (Saururaceae) 

S. cernuus L., Lizard-tail 

SAXIFRAGA L. (Saxifragaceae) 

S. aizoides L., Yellow Mountain-saxifrage 

S. pensylvanica L., Swamp-saxifrage 

S. virginiensis Michx., Early Saxifrage 

SCABIOSA L. (Dipsacaceae) 

Scabiosa arvensis L. = Knautia arvensis (L.) 

Coulter 

Scabiosa australis Wulf. = Succisella inflexa 

(Kluk) Beck 

*S. columbaria L., Pigeon-scabious, Pincushionflower, 

Scabious 

Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. = Lolium 

pratense (Hudson) S. Darbyshire 

SCHEUCHZERIA L. (Juncaginaceae) 

S. palustris L., Bog Arrow-grass 

ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén 

= S. palustris var. americana Fern. 

SCHIZACHNE Hack. (Poaceae) 

S. purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen, Purple Oat, 

False Melic 

= Melica purpurascens (Torr.) Hitchc. 

SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees (Poaceae) 

S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash, Little Bluestem 


123 

= Andropogon scoparius Michx. 

= A. scoparius var. septentrionalis Fern. & 

Grisc. 

= A. scoparius var. frequens Hubbard 

= A. scoparius var. glaucescens House 

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl.) Á. & D. Löve = 

Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigel. 

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Dur. & Jacks = 

Scirpus pungens Vahl 

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanii (Gmel.) Palla = 

Scirpus tabernaemontanii Gmel. 

Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla = Scirpus 

torreyi Olney 

Schollera graminea (Michx.) Raf. = Heteranthera 

dubia (Jacq.) MacM. 

SCILLA L. (Liliaceae) 

*S. siberica Haw. ex Andr., Scilla, Squill 

SCIRPUS L. (Cyperaceae) 

S. acutus Muhl. ex Bigel., Western Bulrush, Hardstemmed 

Bulrush, Tule 

= Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl.) Á. & D. 

Löve 

S. americanus Pers., Chair-maker's Rush, Threesquare, 

Swordgrass, 

= S. olneyi A. Gray 

Scirpus americanus Pers. in part = Scirpus pungens 

Vahl. 

Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. = Scirpus cyperinus (L.) 

Kunth 

S. atrovirens Willd. (not Muhl.), Dark-green 

Bulrush 

= S. atrovirens var. sycnocephalus Cowles 

S. cespitosus L., Tufted Club-rush 

= Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. 

Scirpus campestris var. paludosus (A. Nels.) Fern. 

= Scirpus maritimus L. 

S. clintonii A. Gray, Clinton's Club-rush 

= Trichophorum clintonii (A. Gray) S. G. 

Sm. 

S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth, Wool-grass 

= S. atrocinctus Fern. 

= S. cyperinus var. pelius Fern. 

= S. eriophorum Michx. 

= S. pedicellatus Fern. 

= S. rubricosus Fern. 

Scirpus eriophorum Michx. = Scirpus cyperinus 

(L.) Kunth

S. expansus Fern., Wood-bulrush 

= S. sylvaticus L. in part 

S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray, River-bulrush 

= Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torrey) Soják 

S. georgianus Harper, Bulrush 

= S. atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. 

in part. 

S. heterochaetus Chase, Slender Bulrush 

S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern., Alpine Bulrush, 

Alpine Cottongrass 

= Eriophorum alpinum L. 

= Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. 

Scirpus lacustris ssp. tabernaemontanii (Gmel.) 

Syme = Scirpus tabernaemontanii Gmel. 

Scirpus lineatus of authors, not Michx. = Scirpus 

pendulus Muhl. 

S. maritimus L., Seaside-bulrush, Bayonet-grass 

= Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. 

paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama 

= Scirpus campestris var. paludosus (A. 

Nels.) Fern. 

= S. maritimus var. fernaldii (Bickn.) Beetle 

= S. maritimus var. paludosus (A. Nels.) 

Kuekenth. 

= S. paludosus A. Nels. 

= S. paludosus var. atlanticus Fern. 

S. microcarpus C. Presl, Red-tinged Bulrush 

= Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern. 

Scirpus olneyi A. Gray = Scirpus americanus Pers. 

Scirpus paludosus A. Nels. = Scirpus maritimus L. 

Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. = Eleocharis pauciflora 

(Lightf.) Link 

Scirpus pedicellatus Fern. = Scirpus cyperinus (L.) 

Kunth 

S. pendulus Muhl., Reddish Bulrush 

= S. lineatus of authors, not Michx. 

Scirpus planifolius Muhl. = Scirpus verecundus 

Fern. 

S. polyphyllus Vahl, Leafy Bulrush 

S. pungens Vahl, Bulrush 

= Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Dur. & 

Jacks 

Scirpus rubricosus Fern. = Scirpus cyperinus (L.) 

Kunth 

Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern. = Scirpus microcarpus 

C. Presl 

S. smithii Gray, Bulrush 

= S. juncoides Roxb. var. williamsii (Fern.) 

T. Koyama 

124 

= S. purshianus Fern. 

= S. smithii var. williamsii (Fern.) Beetle 

Scirpus sylvaticus L., in part = Scirpus expansus 

Fern. 

S. tabernaemontanii Gmel., Great Bulrush, Softstem 

Bulrush, Tule, Great or Southern 

Bulrush 

= Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanii (Gmel.) 

Palla 

= Scirpus lacustris ssp. tabernaemontanii 

(Gmel.) Syme 

= S. validus Vahl 

S. torreyi Olney, Torrey's Bulrush 

= Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla 

Scirpus validus Vahl = Scirpus tabernaemontanii 

Gmel. 

S. verecundus Fern., Wood Club-rush 

= Trichophorum planifolium (Spreng.) Palla 

= Scirpus planifolius Muhl. 

SCLERANTHUS L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

*S. annuus L., Knawel, German Knot-Grass 

= S. annuus ssp. ruscinonensis (Gillot & 

Coste) P. Sell 

= S. uncinatus Schur 

SCLERIA Berg. (Cyperaceae) 

S. reticularis Michx., Nutrush, Whipgrass 

var. reticularis 

= S. muhlengergii Steud. 

= S. setacea Poir. 

Scleria muhlengergii Steud. = Scleria reticularis 

Michx. var. reticularis 

Scleria setacea Poir. = Scleria reticularis Michx. 

var. reticularis 

S. verticillata Muhl. ex Willd., Low Nut-rush 

SCROPHULARIA L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

S. lanceolata Pursh, Hare-figwort 

S. marilandica L., Maryland Figwort, Carpenter'ssquare 

*Scrophularia nodosa L. (excluded by Zander & 

Pierce 1979) 

SCUTELLARIA L. (Lamiaceae) 

Scutellaria australis (Fassett) Epling = Scutellaria 

parvula Michx. var. australis Fassett

Scutellaria australis var. leonardii of NY reports, 

not (Epling) Fern = Scutellaria parvula 

Michx. var. parvula 

Scutellaria canescens Nutt. = Scutellaria incana 

Biehl. 

Scutellaria epilobiifolia Hamil. = Scutellaria 

galericulata L. 

S. galericulata L., Hooded Scullcap 

= S. epilobiifolia Hamilt. 

S. incana Biehl., Hoary Skullcap 

= S. canescens Nutt. 

S. lateriflora L., Mad-dog Scullcap 

S. parvula Michx., Small Scullcap 

var. australis Fassett 

= S. australis (Fassett) Epling 

var. parvula 

= S. australis var. leonardii of NY reports, not 

(Epling) Fern. 

= S. parvula var. missouriensis (Torr.) 

Goodman & Lawson 

SECALE L. (Poaceae) 

*S. cereale L., Rye 

SEDUM L. (Crassulaceae) 

*S. acre L., Mossy Stoncrop, Yellow Sedum, 

Wall-sedum, Wallpepper 

Sedum purpureum (L.) Link = Sedum telephium L. 

*S. sarmentosum Bunge, Sedum 

*S. telephium L., Live-forever 

=Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba. 

= Sedum purpureum (L.) Link 

= S. triphyllum (Haw.) S.F. Gray 

*S. ternatum Michx., Wild Stonecrop, Stonewort, 

Mountain-stonecrop 

Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) S.F. Gray = Sedum 

telephium L. 

SELAGINELLA Beauv. (Selaginellaceae) 

S. apoda L., Creeping Selaginella, Northern 

Meadow-spikemoss 

= Lycopodium apodum L. 

= Selaginella apus (L.) Spring ex Mart. 

= S. eclipes Buck 

Selaginella apus (L.) Spring ex Mart. = Selaginella 

apoda (L.) Spring 

Selaginella eclipes Buck = Selaginella apoda L. 

S. rupestris (L.) Spring, Rock-selaginella, Rockspikemoss 

125 

= Lycopodium rupestre L. 

Selinum canadense Michx. = Conioselinum 

chinense (L.) BSP. 

SENECIO L. (Asteraceae) 

S. aureus L., Golden Ragwort 

= Packera aurea (L.) A. & D. Löve 

= Senecio aureus var. gracilis (Pursh) Britt. 

S. aureus × pauperculus, Groundsel 

Senecio aureus var. balsamitae (Muhl.) Torr. & A. 

Gray = Senecio pauperculus Michx. 

Senecio aureus var. gracilis (Pursh) Britt. = 

Senecio aureus L. 

Senecio balsamitae Muhl. = Senecio pauperculus 

Michx. 

S. obovatus Muhl. ex Willd., Round-leaved 

Squaw-weed, Ragwort, Groundsel, Squawweed 

= Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W. A. 

Weber & A. Löve 

S. pauperculus Michx., Balsam-groundsel 

=Packera paupercula (Michx.) Á. & D. Löve 

= Senecio pauperculus varieties 

= S. pauperculus var. balsamitae (Muhl.) 

Fern. 

= S. balsamitae Muhl. 

*S. viscosus L., Sticky Groundsel 

*S. vulgaris L., Common Groundsel 

SENNA Mill. (Fabaceae) 

S. hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby, Wild 

Senna, Partridge-pea, American senna 

= Cassia hebecarpa Fern. 

= C. marylandica of NY reports, not L. 

Serapias helleborine (L.) Crantz = Epipactis 

helleborine (L.) Crantz 

Seriococarpus asteroides (L.) BSP = Aster paternus 

Cronq. 

SETARIA Beauv. (Poaceae) 

*S. faberi Herrm., Giant Foxtail 

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. = Setaria pumila (Poir.) 

Schultes 

*S. italica (L.) Beauv., Italian Millet 

Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard = Setaria 

pumila (Poir.) Schultes 

*S. pumila (Poir.) Schultes, Pigeon-grass, Yellow 

Foxtail 

= Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

= S. glauca (L.) Beauv. 

= S. lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard 

*S. verticillata (L.) Beauv., Bristly Foxtail 

*S. viridis (L.) Beauv., Green Foxtail, Bottlegrass 

(probably originally Bottle-brush Grass). 

SHEPHERDIA Nutt. (Elaeagnaceae) 

S. canadensis (L.) Nutt., Canadian Buffalo-berry, 

Soapberry 

SHERARDIA L. (Rubiaceae) 

*S. arvensis L., Field-madder 

SICYOS L. (Cucurbitaceae) 

S. angulatus L., Bur-cucumber, Star-cucumber 

Sicyos lobata Michx. = Echinocystis lobata 

(Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray 

SIDA L. (Malvaceae) 

Sida abutilon L. = Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

*S. spinosa L., Prickly Mallow 

SILENE L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

Silene alba (Mill.) Krause = Silene latifolia Poir. 

S. antirrhina L., Sleepy Catchfly 

= S. antirrhina var. depauperata Rydb. 

= S. antirrhina var. divaricata B. Robinson 

= S. divaricata (B. Robinson) Smyth 

*S. armeria L., Sweet William Catchfly, Not-so- 

Pretty 

= S. armeria var. sparsiflora Schur 

*S. cserei Baumg., Campion, Balkan Catchfly 

= S. czerei and S. cserii of authors 

= S. fabaria sensu Rydb., not (L.) Sibth. & 

Sm. 

Silene cucubalus Wibel = Silene vulgaris 

(Moench) Garcke 

Silene czerei of authors = Silene cserei Baumg. 

*S. dichotoma Ehrh., Forking Catchfly, Forked 

Catch-fly 

= S. gallica of NY reports, not L. 

Silene divaricata (B. Robinson) Smyth = Silene 

antirrhina L. 

Silene fabaria sensu Rydb., not (L.) Sibth. & Sm. = 

Silene cserei Baumg. 

Silene gallica of NY reports, not L. = Silene 

dichotoma Ehrh. 

Silene inflata (Salisb.) Sm. = Silene vulgaris 

(Moench) Garcke 

126 

*S. latifolia Poir., Evening-lychnis 

= Lychnis alba Mill. 

= L. arvensis Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. 

= L. vespertina Sibth. 

= Silene alba (Mill.) Krause 

= S. pratensis (Raf.) Gord. & Gren. 

Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britt. & Rendle, not Poir. (of 

Zenkert, 1934) = Silene vulgaris (Moench) 

Garcke 

*S. noctiflora L., Night-flowering Catchfly, Sticky 

Campion 

= Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fries 

Silene pratensis (Raf.) Gord. & Gren. = Silene 

latifolia Poir. 

S. stellata (L.) Ait. f., Starry Campion, Widow's 

Frill 

= S. stellata var. scabrella (Nieuwl.) Palmer 

& Steyerm. 

*S. vulgaris (Mornch) Garcke, Bladder Campion, 

Maiden's Tears 

= S. cucubalus Wibel 

= S. latifolia (Mill.) Britt. & Rendle, not Poir. 

(of Zenkert, 1934) 

= S. inflata (Salisb.) Sm. 

SILPHIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

*S. lacinatum L., Compass-plant, Rosinweed 

*S. perfoliatum L., Cup-plant 

*S. trifoliatum L., Whorled Rosinweed 

= S. asteriscus in part 

SILYBUM Adans. (Asteraceae) 

S. marianum (L.) Gaertn., Milk-thistle, Blessed 

Thistle, St. Mary's Thistle 

= Carduus mariana L. 

= Mariana mariana (L.) Hill 

SINAPIS L. (Brassicaceae) 

*S. arvensis L., Charlock 

= Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh. 

= B. arvensis var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) 

Wheeler 

= B. kaber (DC.) L. Wheeler 

= B. kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler 

= Sinapis schkuhriana Reichenb. 

Sinapis nigra L. = Brassica nigra (L.) Koch 

Sinapis schkuhriana Reichenb. = Sinapis arvensis 

L.

SISYMBRIUM L. (Brassicaceae) 

*S. altissimum L., Tumble Mustard 

= Norta altissima (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & 

Brown 

Sisymbrium brachycarpon Rich. ex Frankl. = 

Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. ssp. 


Sisymbrium brachycarpum Richardson = 

Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. ssp. 


Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. of Ontario reports and 

Western New York = Descurainia pinnata 

var. pinnata (Walt.) Britt. (excluded by 

Zander and Pierce 1979). 

Sisymbrium erucastrum Poll. = Erucastrum 

gallicum (Willd.) Schulz 

Sisymbrium gallicum Willd. = Erucastrum 

gallicum (Willd.) Schulz 

*S. loeselii L., Tall Hedge-mustard 

Sisymbrium murale L. = Diplotaxis muralis (L.) 

DC. 

Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. = Rorippa 

nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 

*S. officinale (L.) Scop., Hedge-mustard, Bankcress 

= Erysimum officinale L. 

= Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum DC. 

Sisymbrium sophia L. = Descurainia sophia (L.) 

Webb ex Prantl 

Sisymbrium tenuifolia (L.) DC. = Diplotaxis 

tenuifolia (L.) DC. 

Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J.Gay = Arabidopsis 

thaliana (L.) Heynh. 

SISYRINCHIUM L. (Irideaceae) 

S. angustifolium Mill., Narrow-leaved Blue-eyed 

Grass 

= S. graminoides Bickn. 

Sisyrinchium gramineum Curtis = Sisyrinchium 

angustifolium Mill. 

Sisyrinchium graminoides Bickn. = Sisyrinchium 

angustifolium Mill. 

S. montanum Greene, Mountain Blue-eyed Grass 

var. montanum 

S. mucronatum Michx., Michaux's Blue-eyed 

Grass 

SIUM L. (Apiaceae) 

127 

Sium carsonii Durieu ex A. Gray = Sium suave 

Walt. 

Sium cicutaefolium Schrank = Sium suave Walt. 

S. suave Walt., Water-parsnip 

= S. carsonii Durieu ex A. Gray 

= S. cicutaefolium Schrank 

= S. lineare Michx. 

Sium lineare Michx. = Sium suave Walt. 

Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackz. ex Small = 

Polymnia uvedalia (L.) L. 

Smilacina bifolia Torr. = Maianthemum canadensis 

Desf. 

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. = Maianthemum 

racemosum L. 

Smilacina racemosa var. cylindrata Fern. = 

Maianthemum racemosum L. 

Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. = Maianthemum 

stellatum L. 

Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. = Maianthemum 

trifolium L. 

SMILAX L. (Liliaceae) 

S. herbacea L., Carrion-flower, Jacob's Ladder 

= S. lasioneuron of NY reports, not Hook. 

S. hispida Muhl. ex Torr., Bristly Greenbrier, 

Hagbrier 

= S. tamnoides var. hispida (Muhl.) Fern. 

Smilax lasioneuron of NY reports, not Hook. = 

Smilax herbacea L. 

S. rotundifolia L., Catbrier, Greenbrier, Horsebrier, 

Bull-brier 

Smilax tamnoides var. hispida (Muhl.) Fern. = 

Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr. 

SOLANUM L. (Solanaceae) 

Solanum americanum Mill. in part = Solanum 

nigrum L. 

Solanum americanum Mill. in part = Solanum 

ptychanthum Dunal 

*S. carolinense L., Horse-nettle, Ball Night-shade 

Solanum cornutum of authors, not Lam. = 

Solanum rostratum Dunal 

*S. dulcamara L., Bitter Nightshade, Climbing or 

Trailing Nightshade, Bittersweet 

*S. nigrum L., Black Nightshade, Poison-berry 

= S. americanum Mill. in part 

= S. rubrum of authors, not L. 

Solanum nigrum of NY reports in large part, not L. 

= Solanum ptychanthum Dunal

Solanum lycopersicum L. = Lycopersicon 

esculentum Mill. 

S. ptychanthum Dunal, Black Nightshade, 

Poisonberry 

= S. americanum of some NY reports, not 

Mill. 

= S. nigrum of NY reports in large part, not 

L. 

*S. rostratum Dunal, Buffalo-bur, Kansas Thistle 

= S. cornutum of authors, not Lam. 

Solanum rubrum of authors, not L. = Solanum 

nigrum L. 

Solea concolor Forst. = Hybanthus concolor 

(Forst.) Spreng. 

SOLIDAGO L. (Asteraceae) 

Solidago altissima L. = Solidago canadensis var. 

scabra (Muhl.) Torr. & A. Gray 

Solidago altissima var. procera (Ait.) Fern. = 

Solidago canadensis var. scabra (Muh.) 


S. arguta Ait., Cut-leaved Goldenrod 

= S. muhlenbergii Torr. & A. Gray 

Solidago aspera Ait. = Solidago rugosa Mill. ssp. 

aspera (Ait.) Cronq. 

S. bicolor L., Silverrod, White Goldenrod 

Solidago bicolor var. concolor Torr. & A. Gray = 

Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. 

(excluded by Zander & Pierce 1979) 

S. caesia L., Blue-stemmed Goldenrod 

S. canadensis L., Canada or Common Goldenrod 


= S. rupestris of NY reports, not Raf. 

var. hargeri Fern., Harger's Goldenrod 

var. scabra (Muhl.) Torr. & A. Gray, Tall 

Goldenrod 

= S. altissima L. 

= S. altissima var. procera (Ait.) Fern. 

= S. Canadensis var. procera Torrey & A. 

Gray 

S. flexicaulis L., Zigzag Goldenrod 

= S. latifolia L. 

S. gigantea Ait., Late Goldenrod 

= S. gigantea var. leiophylla Fern. 

= S. gigantea var. serotina (Ait.) Cronq. 

= S. serotina Ait. 

= S. serotina var. gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray 

Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. = Euthamia 

graminifolia (L.) Nutt. ex Cass. 

128 

Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern. 

= Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. ex 

Cass. 

Solidago graminifolia var. polycephala (Fern.) 

Fern. = Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. 

ex Cass. 

S. hispida Muhl. ex Willd., Goldenrod 

S. houghtonii Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray, 

Houghton's Goldenrod 

= S. ohioensis × ptarmicoides of some 

authors 

Solidago humilis (of authors) = Solidago uliginosa 

Nutt. 

S. juncea Ait., Early Goldenrod 

Solidago lanceolata L. = Euthamia graminifolia 

(L.) Nutt. ex Cass. 

Solidago lateriflora L. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) 

Britt. var. lateriflorus 

Solidago latifolia L. = Solidago flexicaulis L. 

Solidago muhlenbergii Torr.& A. Gray = Solidago 

arguta Ait. 

Solidago neglecta Torr.& A. Gray = Solidago 

uliginosa Nutt. 

S. nemoralis Ait., Gray Goldenrod, Old-field 

Goldenrod 

S. odora Ait., Sweet Goldenrod 

= S. suaveolens of authors, not Schoepf. 

S. ohioensis Riddell, Ohio Goldenrod 

Solidago ohioensis × ptarmicoides of some authors 

= Solidago houghtonii Torr. & A. Gray ex 

A. Gray 

S. patula Muhl. ex Willd., Rough-leaved 

Goldenrod, Spreading Goldenrod 

Solidago polycephala Fern. = Euthamia 

graminifolia (L.) Nutt. ex Cass. 

S. ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin, Upland-goldenrod, 

Upland White Aster 

= Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray 

Solidago purshii Porter = Solidago uliginosa Nutt. 

var. linoides (Torrey & A. Gray) Fern. 

S. rigida L., Stiff Goldenrod 

S. rugosa Mill., Rough Goldenrod 

ssp. aspera (Ait.) Cronq., Rough Goldenrod 

= S. rugosa var. aspera (Ait.) Fern. 

= S. aspera Ait. 

ssp. rugosa 

var. rugosa 

Solidago rupestris of NY reports, not Raf. = 

Solidago canadensis L. var. canadensis

S. sempervirens L., Seaside-goldenrod 

Solidago serotina Ait. = Solidago gigantea Ait. 

Solidago serotina var. gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray = 

Solidago gigantea Ait. 

S. squarrosa Muhl., Stout Ragged Goldenrod 

[Solidago stricta Ait. (a far southern species 

excluded by Zander & Pierce, 1979)] 

Solidago suaveolens of authors, not Schoepf. = 

Solidago odora Ait. 

S. uliginosa Nutt., Bog- or Swamp-goldenrod 

var. linoides (Torrey & A. Gray) Fern. 

var. uliginosa 

= S. humilis (of authors) 

= S. neglecta Torr. & A. Gray 

= S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter 

= S. uniligulata var. neglecta (Torr.& A. 

Gray) Fern. 

= S. uniligulata var. levipes Fern. 

S. ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd., Elm-leaved 

Goldenrod 

Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter = Solidago 


Solidago uniligulata var. levipes Fern. = Solidago 


Solidago uniligulata var. neglecta (Torr.& A. 

Gray) Fern. = Solidago uliginosa Nutt. 

SONCHUS L. (Asteraceae) 

S. arvensis L., Sow-thistle, Milk-thistle, Hogthistle 

*ssp. arvensis Field Sow-thistle 

*ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman, Marsh Sowthistle 

= S. arvensis var. glabrescens Guenth., 

Graeb. & Wimm. 

= S. uliginosus Bieb. 

*S. asper (L.) Hill, Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle 

*S. oleraceus L., Common Sow-thistle, Milkthistle 

Sonchus uliginosus Bieb. = Sonchus arvensis L. 

ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman 

Sophora tinctoria L. = Baptisia tinctoria (L.) Vent. 

SORBARIA (Sér.) A. Br. (Rosaceae) 

*S. sorbifolia (L.) A. Br., False Spiraea 

= Spiraea sorbifolia L. 

SORBUS L. (Rosaceae) 

129 

S. americana Marsh., American Mountain-ash, 

Dogberry, Roundwood 

= Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. 

= Sorbus microcarpa Pursh 

*S. aucuparia L., Rowan Tree, Mountain-ash, 

Quickbeam 

= Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn. 

S. decora (Sarg.) C.K. Schneid., Showy Mountainash, 

Dogberry 

= Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyland 

= P. dumosa Fern. 

= Sorbus sambucifolia of NY reports, not 

(Cham. & Schlect.) Roemer 

Sorbus microcarpa Pursh = Sorbus americana 

Marsh. 

Sorbus sambucifolia of NY reports, not (Cham. & 

Schlect.) Roemer = Sorbus decora (Sarg.) 

Schneid. 

SORGHASTRUM Nash (Poaceae) 

S. nutans (L.) Nash ex Small, Indian-grass 

= Sorgum nutans (L.) A. Gray 

SORGHUM Moench (Poaceae) 

*S. bicolor (L.) Moench, Sorghum, Broomcorn 

= Holcus sorghum L. 

*S. halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson-grass 

= Holcus halepensis L. 

Sorghum nutans (L.) A. Gray = Sorghastrum 

nutans (L.) Nash 

SPARGANIUM L. (Sparganianceae) 

S. americanum Nutt., Nuttall's Bur-reed 

= S. simplex var. nuttalii Engelm. 

S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong, Bur-reed 

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. = Sparganium 

erectum L. 

Sparganium emersum Rehm. = Sparganium 

erectum L. 

S. erectum L., Green-fruited Bur-reed 

= S. chlorocarpum Rydb. 

= S. emersum Rehm. 

= S. simplex Hudson 

S. eurycarpum Engelm. ex A. Gray, Giant Burreed, 

Great Bur-reed 

= S. ramosum Pursh 

Sparganium ramosum Pursh = Sparganium 

eurycarpum Engelm. ex A. Gray

Sparganium simplex Hudson = Sparganium 

erectum L. 

Sparganium simplex var. nuttalii Engelm. = 

Sparganium americanum Nutt. 

SPARTINA Schreb. (Poaceae) 

Spartina cynosuroides (of authors) = Spartina 

pectinata Link 

Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. = Spartina pectinata 

Link 

*S. patens (Ait.) Muhl., Salt-meadow Grass, Highwater 

Grass 

= S. patens var. juncea Hitchc. 

= S. patens var. monogyna (Curtis) Fern. 

S. pectinata Link, Slough-grass, Freshwater or 

Prairie-cordgrass 

= S. cynosuroides (of authors) 

= S. michauxiana Hitchc. 

= S. pectinata var. suttiei (Farw.) Fern. 

Spartium scoparium L. = Cytisus scoparius (L.) 

Link 

Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf. = Symplocarpus 

foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. 

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. = Triodanis 

perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. 

SPERGULA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

S. arvensis L., Corn-spurry 

= S. arvensis var. sativa (Bönn.) Mert. & 

Koch (not Reichenb.) 

= S. linicola Boreau 

= S. maxima Weihe 

= S. sativa Bönn. 

= S. vulgaris Bönn. 

Spergula linicola Boreau = Spergula arvensis L. 

Spergula maxima Weihe = Spergula arvensis L. 

Spergula sativa Bönn. = Spergula arvensis L. 

Spergula vulgaris Bönn. = Spergula arvensis L. 

SPERGULARIA (Pers.) J. & C. Presl 

(Caryophyllaceae) 

Spergularia alata Wieg. = Spergularia media (L.) 


Spergularia alata Wieg. in part = Spergularia salina 

J. & C. Presl 

Spergularia campestris (L.) Aschers. = Spergularia 

rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl 

*S. media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb., Margined 

Sand-spurry 

130 

= Alsine marginata (DC. ex Lam. & DC.) 

Reichenb. 

= A. media (L.) Druce 

= Arenaria marginata DC. ex Lam. & DC. 

= A. maritima Pall. 

= A. media L. 

= Spergularia alata Wieg. 

= S. marginata (DC. ex Lam. & DC.) Kittel 

= S. maritima (All.) Choiv. 

Spergularia canina (Leffler) Leffler = Spergularia 

salina J. & C. Presl 

Spergularia leiosperma (Kindb.) F. Schmidt = 

Spergularia salina J. & C. Presl 

Spergularia marginata (DC. ex Lam. & DC.) Kittel 

= Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex 

Griseb. 

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. = Spergularia 

salina J. & C. Presl 

Spergularia maritima (All.) Choiv. = Spergularia 

media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb. 

*S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl, Common Sandspurry, 

Purple Sand-spurry, Sandwort 

= Alsine rubra (L.) Crantz 

= Arenaria rubra L. 

= Spergularia campestris (L.) Aschers. 

*S. salina J. & C. Presl, Saltmarsh Sand-spurry 

= Alsine maritima Pall. 

= Arenaria rubra var. marina L. 

= A. marina Allioni 

= Buda marina (L.) Dumort. 

= Spergula salina (J. & C. Presl) Dietr. 

= Spergularia alata Wieg. in part 

= S. canina (Leffler) Leffler 

= S. leiosperma (Kindb.) F. Schmidt 

= S. marina (L.) Griseb. 

= S. tenue Greene 

= Tissa marina (L.) Britt. 

Spergularia tenue Greene = Spergularia salina J. & 

C. Presl 

SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. (Poaceae) 

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. = 

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. 

var. major (Torr.) Erdm. 

S. nitida (Biehler) Scribn., Early Bunchgrass, 

Wedgegrass 

S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn., Prairie Wedgegrass 

= Eatonia obtusata A. Gray

var. major (Torr.) Erdm., Intermediate Bunchgrass 

= Eatonia pennsylvanica A. Gray, in part. 

= E. pennsylvanica A. Gray var. major 

= S. intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. 

= S. × pallens of NY reports, not (Biehl.) 

Scribn. 

Sphenopholis obtusata var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. = 

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. 

var. obtusata 

Sphenopholis obtusata var. pubescens (Scribn. & 

Merr.) Scribn.= Sphenopholis obtusata 

(Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata 

Sphenopholis × pallens of NY reports, not (Biehl.) 

Scribn. = Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) 

Scribn. var. major (Torr.) Erdm. 

S. pensylvanica (L.) Hitchc., Swamp-oats 

= Trisetum pensylvanicum (L.) Beauv. ex R. 

& S. 

Spinulum annotinum (L.) A. Haines = Lycopodium 

annotinum L. var. pungens (La Pyl.) Desv. 

Spinulum canadense (Ness.) A. Haines = 

Lycopodium annotinum L. var. pungens 

(La Pyl.) Desv. 

SPIRAEA L. (Rosaceae) 

S. alba DuRoi, Narrow-leaved Meadow-sweet 

var. alba 

= S. paniculata Willd. 

= S. salicifolia of NY reports in part, not L. 

var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel, Broad-leaved 

Meadow-sweet, Canada Tea 

= S. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. 

= S. sitchensis of NY reports, not Roemer 

Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. = Spiraea alba 

DuRoi var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel 

Spiraea opulifolia L. = Physocarpus opulifolius 

(L.) Maxim. var. opulifolius 

Spiraea paniculata Willd. = Spiraea alba DuRoi 

var. alba 

Spiraea salicifolia of some NY reports in part, not 

L. = Spiraea alba Du Roi var. latifolia 

(Ait.) Dippel 

Spiraea sitchensis of NY reports, not Roemer = 

Spiraea alba Du Roi var. latifolia (Ait.) 

Dippel 

Spiraea sorbifolia L. = Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. 

Br. 

S. tomentosa L., Hardhack 

131 

var. tomentosa 

Spiraea trifoliata L. = Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) 

Britt. 

SPIRANTHES L. Rich. (Orchidaceae) 

S. casei Catl. & Cruise, Lady's-tresses 

S. cernua (L.) L. Rich., Nodding Lady's-tresses 

S. lacera (Raf.) Raf., Slender Lady's-tresses 

var. gracilis (Bigel.) Luer 

= S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck 

Spiranthes latifolia Torr. ex Lindl. = Spiranthes 

lucida (H. Eat.) Ames 

S. lucida (H. Eat.) Ames, Shining Lady's-tresses 

= Ibidium plantagineum Rafinesque sec. 

Macdonald 1990 

= Spiranthes latifolia Torr. ex Lindl. 

= S. plantaginea Raf. 

[S. magnicamporum Shev. (Regl. M. Niag. 

Oldham 1999; see Larson 1995.] 

S. ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britt.) Rydb., Creamy 

Lady's-Tresses 

= S. cernua var. ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britt.) 

Ames 

Spiranthes plantaginea Raf. = Spiranthes lucida (H. 

Eat.) Ames 

S. romanzoffiana Cham., Hooded Lady's-tresses 

SPIRODELA Schleid. (Lemnaceae) 

S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden, Greater Duckweed, 

Giant Duckweed, Water-flaxweed 

= Lemna polyrhiza L. 

SPOROBOLUS R. Br. (Poaceae) 

Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. (excluded by 


S. asper (Michx) Kunth, Rush-grass, Dropseed 

*S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray, Sand Dropseed 

S. neglectus Nash, Small Rush-grass, Povertygrass 

S. vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) Wood, 

Sheathed Rush-grass, Poverty-grass 

= S. vaginiflorus var. inaequalis Fern. 

STACHYS L. (Lamiaceae) 

Stachys aspera Michx. = Stachys hyssopifolia 

Michx. 

Stachys hispida Pursh = Stachys tenuifolia Willd. 

S. hyssopifolia Michx., Rough Hedge-nettle 

= S. aspera Michx.

= S. hyssopifolia var. ambigua A. Gray 

= S. tenuifolia var. aspera (Michx.) Fern. 

S. palustris L., Woundwort 

= S. palustris varieties 

= S. palustris var. homotricha Fern. 

S. tenuifolia Willd., Creeping Hedge-nettle 

= S. hispida Pursh 

= S. tenuifolia var. aspera (Michx.) Fern. 

= S. tenuifolia var. hispida (Pursh) Fern. 

= S. tenuifolia var. platyphylla Fern. 

Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera (Michx.) Fern. = 

Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. 

STAPHYLEA L. (Staphyleaceae) 

S. trifolia L., Bladdernut 

Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf., not Baudo = 

Lysimachia ciliata L. 

Steironema hybridum (Michx.) Raf. = Lysimachia 

hybrida Michx. 

Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray = 

Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. (excluded by 


Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. = 

Lysimachia quadriflora Sims 

STELLARIA L. (Caryophyllaceae) 

Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. = Myosoton 

aquaticum (L.) Moench 

Stellaria biflora Pursh = Moehringia lateriflora (L.) 

Fenzl 

S. borealis Bigel., Northern Stichwort or Starwort 

= S. borealis var. floribunda Fern. 

= S. borealis var. isophylla Fern. 

= S. calycantha of NY reports, not (Ledeb.) 

Bong. 

Stellaria calycantha of NY reports, not (Ledeb.) 

Bong. = Stellaria borealis Bigel. 

*S. graminea L., Lesser Stichwort 

= S. graminifolia Salisb. 

= S. montana Raf. 

Stellaria graminifolia Salisb. = Stellaria graminea 

L. 

S. longifolia Muhl. ex Willd., Long-leaved 

Stichwort 

= S. longipes var. laeta (Richardson) S. Wats. 

= S. tenella Raf. 

Stellaria longipes var. laeta (Richardson) S. Wats. 

= Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. 

*S. media (L.) Vill., Common Chickweed 

132 

= S. neglecta Weihe ex Bluff & Fingerhut 

Stellaria montana Raf. = Stellaria graminea L. 

Stellaria neglecta Weihe ex Bluff & Fingerhut = 

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. 

Stellaria tenella Raf. = Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex 

Willd. 

STREPTOPUS Michx. (Liliaceae) 

S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. 

var. americanus Schultes, Clasping-leaved 

Twisted-stalk, White Mandarin, Liverberry 

S. roseus Michx. (Liliaceae) Twisted-stalk, Rose 

Mandarin 

= S. roseus var. curvipes (Vail) Fassett 

= S. roseus var. perspectus Fassett 

Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small = Convolvulus 

arvensis L. 

STROPHOSTYLES Ell. (Fabaceae) 

Strophostyles angulosa (Ort.) Ell. = Strophostyles 

helvula (L.) Ell. 

S. helvula (L.) Ell., Trailing Wild Bean, Trailing 

Fuzzy Bean 

= S. angulosa (Ort.) Ell. 

= S. helvola of authors 

Struthiopteris germanica Willd. = Matteuccia 


Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner ssp. alpinus 

(Blytt) Haynes, Les & Kral = Coleogeton 

filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & R. Haynes ssp. 

alpinus (Blytt) D. Les & R. Haynes 

Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner ssp. 

occidentalis (Robbins) Haynes, Les & Kral 

= Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & 

R. Haynes ssp. occidentalis (Robbins) D. 

Les & R. Haynes 

Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner = Coleogeton 

pectinatum (L.) D. Les & R. Haynes 

SUCCISELLA G. Beck (Dipsacaceae) 

*S. inflexa (Kluk) Beck, Devil's-bit 

= Scabiosa australis Wulf. 

= Succisa australis (Wulf.) Reichenb. 

Succisa australis (Wulf.) Reichenb. = Succisella 

inflexa (Kluk) Beck 

Svida alternifolia (L.f.) Small = Cornus alternifolia 

L.f. 

Swertia caroliniensis (Walt.) Kuntze = Frasera 

caroliniensis Walt.

SYMPHORICARPOS Duham. (Caprifoliaceae) 

S. albus (L.) Blake, Snowberry 

var. albus 

= S. racemosus var. paucifloris Robbins 

= S. racemosus Michx. 

var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake, Garden 

Snowberry 

*S. orbiculatus Moench, Coralberry, Indiancurrant 

= S. vulgaris Michx. 

Symphoricarpos racemosus var. paucifloris 

Robbins = Symphoricarpos albus (L.) 

Blake var. albus 

Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. = 

Symphoricarpos albus var. albus (L.) 

Blake 

Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. = 

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench 

Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) Á. & 

D. Löve = Aster borealis (Torr. & A. 

Gray) Prov. 

Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) Nesom = 

Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. 

angusta (Lindl.) A.G. Jones 

Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom = Aster 

cordifolius L. 

Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom = Aster 

ericoides L. 

Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. & D. Löve var. 

leave = Aster laevis L. 

Symphiotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom var. 

lanceolatum = Aster lanceolatus Willd. 


Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. & D. Löve = 

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. lateriflorus 

Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) Nesom = 

Aster lowrieanum Porter 

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) Nesom = 


Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) Nesom var. 

crenifolium (Fern.) J. Labrecque & L. 

Brouillet = Aster novi-belgiae L. var. 

tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones 

Symphyotrichum oolentangiensis (Riddell) Nesom 

var. oolentangiensis = Aster 

oolentangiensis Riddell 

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom var. 

pilosum = Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus 

133 

Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) Nesom var. 

praealtum = Aster praealtus Poir. 

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Nesom = Aster prenanthoides Muhl. ex 

Willd. 

Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á. & D. Löve = 

Aster puniceus L. var. puniceus 

Symphyotrichum tradescantii (L.) Nesom = Aster 

lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. hirsuticaulis 

(Lindl. ex DC.) Porter 

Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) Nesom (the 

accepted name sec. NYFA July 2005) = 

Aster sagittifolius “auct. non Wedemeyer 

ex Willd.” 

SYMPHYTUM L. (Boraginaceae) 

*S. asperum Lepechin, Rough Comfrey, Prickly 

Comfrey 

*S. officinale L., Common Comfrey 

= S. officinale ssp. uliginosum (Kern.) 

Numan 

= S. uliginosum Kern. 

SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. ex Nutt. (Araceae) 

S. foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt., Skunk-cabbage, 

Devil's Tobacco (Tabac du diable) 

= Dracontium foetidum L. 

= Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf. 

Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffm. = Thalictrum 


Syntherisma ishaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) 

Nash = Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex 

Schweig.) Schreb. ex Muhl. 

Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac = Digitaria 

sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 

SYRINGA L. (Oleaceae) 

*S. vulgaris L., Lilac, Purple Lilac, White Lilac 

TAENIDIA (Torr. & A. Gray) Drude (Apiaceae) 

T. integerrima (L.) Drude, Yellow Pimpernel 

= Zizia integerrima DC. 

Tagetes papposa Vent. = Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) 

Hitchc. 

TANACETUM L. (Asteraceae) 

Tanacetum balsamita L. = Balsamita major Desf. 

*T. parthenium (L.) Schultz, Feverfew 

= Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.

= Leucodon parthenium Godron. of Gray's 

Manual, 5th ed. 1867 p. 266 

= Matricaria parthenium L. according to 

House 1924 p. 735 

*T. vulgare L., Common Tansy, Golden-buttons 

= Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. 

= Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC. 

TARAXACUM Weber ex Wiggers (Asteraceae) 

Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf. = Taraxacum 

officinale Weber ex Wiggers 

Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser = 

Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. 

*T. laevigatum (Wild.) DC., Red-seeded 

Dandelion 

= Leontodon laevigatus Willd. 

= T. erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser 

*T. officinale Weber ex Wiggers, Common 

Dandelion 

= Leontodon taraxacum L. 

= Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf. 

= T. officinale ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & 

Keller 

TAXODIUM Rich. (Taxodiaceae) 

*T. distichum (L.) Rich., Bald Cypress 

TAXUS L. (Taxaceae) 

Taxus baccata var. canadensis (Marsh.) Gray = 

Taxus canadensis Marsh. 

T. canadensis Marsh., Ground-hemlock, American 

Yew 

= T. baccata var. canadensis (Marsh.) A. 

Gray 

TEUCRIUM L. (Lamiaceae) 

T. canadense L., Hairy Germander 

var. boreale (Bickn.) Shinners, Northern 

Germander 

= T. occidentale Gray 

= T. canadense var. occidentale (Gray) 

McClint. & Eping 

var. canadense, Seaside Germander 

= T. canadense var. littorale (Bickn.) Fern. 

= T. canadense var. virginicum (L.) Eaton 

= T. littorale Bickn. 

Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britt. = Orobanche uniflora 

L. 

134 

THALICTRUM L. (Ranunculaceae) 

Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. = Thalictrum 


Thalictrum canadense of NY reports, not Mill. = 

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh 

Thalictrum cornutii (of authors) = Thalictrum 

pubescens Pursh 

T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall., Purple 

Meadow-rue 

= T. purpurascens Pursh 

T. dioicum L., Early Meadow-rue 

T. pubescens Pursh, Late Meadow-rue 

= T. canadense of NY reports, not Mill. 

= T. cornutii (of authors) 

= T. polygamum Muhl. 

Thalictrum purpurascens Pursh = Thalictrum 

dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. 

T. revolutum DC., Waxy Meadow-rue 

= T. canadensis Mill. var. hebecarpum 

(Fern.) House 

= T. dasycarpum of some early NY reports, 

not Fisch. & Ave-Lall. 

= T. purpurascens of early NY reports, not 

Pursh. 

T. thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin, Rueanemone, 

Woods-potato 

= Anemone thalictroides L. 

= Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach 

= Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffm. 

= Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. 

THASPIUM Nutt. (Apiaceae) 

Thaspium aureum (of authors) = Thaspium 

trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray var. aureum (L.) 

Britt. 

Thaspium aureum Nutt.: see discussion under 

Thaspium trifolium var. aureum. 

T. barbinode (Michx) Nutt., Hairy-jointed 

Meadow-parsnip 

T. trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray, Purple Meadowparsnip 

var. aureum (L.) Britt. 

Following House (1924) , Thaspium aureum Nutt., 

l.c., is only a synonym of Thaspium 

trifoliatum, s.l., not of Zizia aurea. 

Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum (a 

southern plant) is not known for (never 

occurred in) New York State nor Ontario, 

but the variety aureum (L.) Britt. is

eported for both areas. It is considered 

extirpated in New York State (Mitchell & 

Tucker 1997) and hence, probably 

extirpated from the Niagara Frontier 

region. 

Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray var. apterum A. 

Gray = Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fern. 

THELYPTERIS Schmid. (Thelypteridaceae) 

Thelypteris clintoniana (D. C. Eaton ex A. Gray) 

House = Dryopteris clintoniana (D. C. 

Eaton ex A. Gray) Dowell 

Thelypteris cristata (L.) Nieuwl. = Dryopteris 

cristata (L.) A. Gray 

Thelypteris cristata var. clintoniana (D.C. Eat.) 

Weatherby = Dryopteris clintoniana (D.C. 

Eat. ex A. Gray) Dowell 

Thelypteris cristata var. clintoniana × T. spinulosa 

var. intermedia of Zenkert (1934) = 

[Dryopteris clintoniana × intermedia = D. 

× dowellii (Farw.) Wherry] 

Thelypteris dilatata (Hoffm.) House = Dryopteris 

campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson 

Thelypteris dilatata var. americana (Fisch.) House 

= Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze) 

Clarkson 

Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson = 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. 

Thelypteris goldiana (Hook.) Nieuwl. = Dryopteris 

goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) Nieuwl. 

Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weath. = 

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée 

Thelypteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) House = 

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. 

Gray 

Thelypteris marginalis (L.) Nieuwl. = Dryopteris 

marginalis (L.) A. Gray 

T. noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl., New York Fern 

= Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray 

= Aspidium noveboracense (L.) Sw. 

T. palustris Schott, Marsh-fern 

= Acrostichum thelypteris L. 

= Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Sw., not A. Gray 

= Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw. 

= Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens 

(Lawson) var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern. 

Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson = Phegopteris 


135 

Thelypteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl. = 

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs 

Thelypteris spinulosa var. intermedia (Muhl.) 

Weatherby = Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. 

ex Willd.) A. Gray 

Thesium umbellatum L. = Comandra umbellata 

(L.) Nutt. 

THLASPI L. (Brassicaceae) 

*T. arvense L., Field Penny-cress, Fanweed, 

French-weed, Mithridate Mustard 

Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L. = Capsella bursa-pastoris 

(L.) Medik. 

Thlaspi campestre L. = Lepidium campestre (L.) R. 

Br. ex Ait. 

THUJA L. (Cupressaceae) 

T. occidentalis L., Arbor Vitae, Northern White 

Cedar 

THYMUS L. (Lamiaceae) 

*T. pulegioides L., Creeping Thyme, Mother-ofthyme, 

Lemon-thyme 

= T. serpyllum of American authors, not L. 

Thymus serpyllum of American authors, not L. = 

Thymus pulegioides L. 

TIARELLA L. (Saxifragaceae) 

T. cordifolia L., Foam-flower, False Miterwort 

TILIA L. (Tiliaceae) 

T. americana L., Basswood, American Linden, 

Whitewood 

var. americana 

= T. americana var. neglecta (Spach) 

Fosberg. 

= T. glabra Vent. 

= T. neglecta Spach 

var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud., White 

Basswood 

= T. heterophylla Vent. 

= T. heterophylla var. michauxii (Nutt.) Sarg. 

= T. michauxii Nutt. 

*T. cordata Mill., Small-leaved Linden, European 

Linden, Heart-leaf Linden 

= T. europaea L. in part 

= T. parviflora Ehrh. 

= T. ulmifolia Scop. 

Tilia europaea L. in part = Tilia cordata Mill.

Tilia glabra Vent. = Tilia americana L. var. 

americana 

Tilia heterophylla Vent. = Tilia americana var. 

heterophylla (Vent.) Loud. 

Tilia heterophylla var. michauxii (Nutt.) Sarg. = 

Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) 

Loud. 

Tilia michauxii Nutt. = Tilia americana var. 

heterophylla (Vent.) Loud. 

Tilia neglecta Spach = Tilia americana L. var. 

americana 

Tilia parviflora Ehrh. = Tilia cordata Mill. 

Tilia ulmifolia Scop. = Tilia cordata Mill. 

Tissa marina (L.) Britt. = Spergularia salina J. & C. 

Presl 

TOFIELDIA Huds. (Liliaceae) 

T. glutinosa (Michx.) Pers., False Asphodel 

= T. racemosa of NY reports, not (Walt.) 

BSP. 

= Triantha glutinosa (Michx.) Baker 

Tofieldia racemosa of NY reports, not (Walt.) 

BSP. = Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. 

TORILIS Adans. (Apiaceae) 

Torilis anthriscus (L.) Gmel. = Torilis japonica 

(Houtt) DC. 

*T. japonica (Houtt) DC., Hedge-parsley 

= T. anthriscus (L.) Gmel. 

= T. arvensis of authors, not (Huds.) Link 

= T. nodosa of reports, not (L.) Gaertn. 

TORREYOCHLOA Church (Poaceae) 

T. pallida (Torr.) Church, Pale Mannagrass 

var. pallida 

= Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) Clausen in part 

= Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. 

var. fernaldii (Hitchc.) Church 

= Glyceria fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John 

= Panicularia fernaldii (Hitchc.) House 

= Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) Clausen in part 

Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. = Polygonum 

virginianum L. 

TOXICODENDRON Mill. (Anacardiaceae) 

T. radicans (L.) Kuntze, Poison-ivy, Climbing 

Poison-ivy 

ssp. radicans 

= Rhus radicans L. 

136 

= Rhus toxicodendron of NY reports, not L. 

T. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene, Giant 

Poison-ivy, Poison-oak, Creeping Poisonivy 

= R. radicans var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) 

Rehd. 

= R. radicans var. vulgaris (Michx.) DC. in 

part 

T. vernix (L.) Kuntze, Poison-sumac 

= Rhus venenata DC. 

= Rhus vernix L. 

Toxylon pomiferum Raf. ex Sarg. = Maclura 

pomifera (Raf. ex Sarg.) Schneid. 

Tracaulon arifolium (L.) Small = Polygonum 

arifolium L. 

Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small = Polygonum 

sagittatum L. 

TRADESCANTIA L. (Commelinaceae) 

*T. virginiana L., Spiderword, Widow's Tears 

TRAGOPOGON L. (Asteraceae) 

*T. dubius Scop., Goat's Beard 

= T. dubius var. major (Jacq.) Voll. 

= T. major Jacq. 

Tragopogon major Jacq. = Tragopogon dubius 

Scop. 

*T. porrifolius L., Salsify, Oyster-plant, 

Vegetable-oyster 

*T. porrifolius × pratensis = T. neohybridus 

Farw., Goat's-beard 

*T. pratensis L., Yellow Goat's-beard 

TRIADENUM Raf. (Clusiaceae) 

T. fraseri (Spach) Gleason, Marsh St. John's 

Work, Pink-flowered St. John's-wort 

= Hypericum virginicum var. fraseri (Spach) 

Fern. 

T. virginicum (L.) Raf., Marsh St. John's-wort, 

Pink-flowered St. John's-wort 

= Hypericum virginicum L. 

Triantha glutinosa (Michx.) Baker = Tofieldia 

glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. 

[Trichomanes intricata Farrar; “... known in NY by 

its minute gametophyte generation only,” 

Mitchell and Tucker (1997). (As 

Trichomanes sp. “gametophytes only)” a 

post-1980 specimen exists for Cattaraugus 

Co. (NYFA 1990).]

Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. = Scirpus 

hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern. 

Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. = Scirpus 

caespitosus L. 

Trichophorum clintonii (A. Gray) S. G. Sm. = 

Scirpus clintonii A. Gray 

Trichophorum planifolium (Spreng.) Palla = 

Scirpus verecundus Fern. 

TRICHOSTEMA L. (Lamiaceae) 

T. brachiatum L., False Pennyroyal 

= Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. 

= I. coeruleus Michx. 

Triclinium odoratum Raf. = Sanicula odorata 

(Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe 

Tricuspis flava (L.) Hubbard = Triodia flava (L.) 

Smyth 

Tricuspis purpurea (Walt.) Gray = Triplasis 

purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. 

Tricuspis seslerioides Torrey = Tridens flavus (L.) 

Hitchc. 

TRIDENS R. & S. (Poaceae) 

T. flavus (L.) Hitchc., Tall Redtop 

= Triodea flava (L.) Smyth 

= Tricuspis flava (L.) Hubbard 

= T. seslerioides Torrey of Gray's Manual ed 

5 

TRIENTALIS L. (Primulaceae) 

Trientalis americana Pursh = Trientalis borealis 

Raf. 

T. borealis Raf., Starflower, Chickweed, 

Wintergreen Star-of-Seven 

= T. americana Pursh 

= T. borealis var. tenuifolia House 

= T. europea of American authors, not L. 

= T. latifolia of NY reports, not Hooker 

Trientalis europea of American authors, not L. = 

Trientalis borealis Raf. 

Trientalis latifolia of NY reports, not Hooker = 

Trientalis borealis Raf. 

TRIFOLIUM L. (Fabaceae) 

Trifolium agrarium L., a nomen ambiguum = 

Trifolium aureum Pollich 

*T. arvense L., Rabbit-foot Clover, Old Field- or 

Stone-clover 

*T. aureum Pollich, Yellow Hop-clover 

137 

= Trifolium agrarium L., a nomen ambiguum 

*T. campestre Schreber, Hop-clover, Low Hopclover, 

Shamrock, Cow-clover 

= T. procumbens L. of some authors, a 

nomen ambiguum (Mitchell & Tucker 

1997). 

*T. dubium Sibth., Little Hop-hlover, Least Hopclover 

= T. minus Sm. 

= T. procumbens L., of some authors, a 

nomen ambiguum 

*T. hybridum L., Alsike Clover 

= T. hybridum var. elegans (Savi) Boiss. 

= T. reflexum of some NY reports, not L. 

(1997). 

Trifolium hybridum var. elegans (Savi) Boiss. = 

Trifolium hybridum L. 

*T. incarnatum L., Crimson Clover, Scarlet 

Clover, Italian Clover 

Trifolium meliloti-officinalis of authors, not L. = 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas 

Trifolium minus Sm. = Trifolium dubium Sibth. 

Trifolium officinalis L. = Melilotus officinalis (L.) 

Pallas 

*T. pratense L., Red Clover 

= T. pratense var. sativum (Mitt.) Schreb. 

Trifolium procumbens L. of some authors, a 


1997) = Trifolium campestre Schreber. 

Trifolium procumbens L., of some authors, a 


1997) = Trifolium dubium Sibth. 

T. reflexum L., Buffalo-clover 

= T. reflexum var. glabrum Lojac 

Trifolium reflexum of some NY reports, not L. = 

Trifolium hybridum L. 

Trifolium reflexum var. glabrum Lojac = Trifolium 

reflexum L. 

*T. repens L., Creeping White Clover, Lawnclover, 

Dutch-clover 

TRIGLOCHIN L. (Juncaginaceae) 

Triglochin elata Nutt. = Triglochin maritimum L. 

T. maritimum L., Seaside Arrow-grass 

= T. elata Nutt. 

= T. maritimum var. elatum (Nutt.) Gray 

T. palustre L., Marsh Arrow-grass 

= T. palustris of authors

TRILLIUM L. (Liliaceae) 

T. cernuum L., Nodding-Trillium 

var. cernuum 

T. erectum L., Red Trillium, Stinking Benjamin 

= T. erectum var. album (Michx.) Pursh 

Trillium erythrocarpum Michx. = Trillium 

undulatum Willd. 

T. flexipes Raf., Nodding Trillium 

= T. erectum var. blandum Jenn. 

= T. erectum var. declinatum of authors, not 

A. Gray 

= T. gleasonii Fern. 

T. grandiflorum (Michx) Salisb., White Trillium, 

Wakerobin 

T. sessile L., Toadshade 

T. undulatum Willd., Painted Trillium 

= T. erythrocarpum Michx. 

TRIODANIS Raf. (Campanulaceae) 

T. perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl., Venus' Looking-glass 

var. perfoliata 

= Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. 

Triodia flava (L.) Smyth = Tridens flavus (L.) 

Hitchc. 

Trionum trionum (L.) Wooten & Standl. = 

Hibiscus trionum L. 

TRIOSTEUM L. (Caprifoliaceae) 

T. aurantiacum Bickn., Orange Horse-gentian, 

Wild Coffee 

= T. perfoliatum var. aurantiacum (Bickn.) 

Wieg. 

= T. perfoliatum var. glaucescens (Wieg.) 

Wieg. 

Triosteum aurantiacum var. glaucescens (Wieg.) 

Wieg. = Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. 

T. perfoliatum L., Horse-gentian, Tinker's Weed, 

Wild Coffee, Feverwort 

Triosteum perfoliatum var. aurantiacum (Bickn.) 


Triosteum perfoliatum var. glaucescens (Wieg.) 


TRIPHORA Nutt. (Orchidaceae) 

T. trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb., Three-birds 

Orchid, Nodding 

= Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) BSP. 

TRIPLASIS Beauv. (Poaceae) 

138 

T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm., Purple Sand-grass 

= Tricuspis purpurea (Walt.) Gray 

Tripleurospermum maritimum ssp. inodorum (L.) 

Hyl. = Matricaria perforata Merat 

Tripleurospermum perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz = 


TRIPSACUM L. (Poaceae) 

T. dactyloides (L.) L., Gamma-grass 

Trisetum pensylvanicum (L.) Beauv. ex R. & S. = 

Sphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) Hitchc. 

TRITICUM L. (Poaceae) 

*T. aestivum L., Wheat 

Triticum caninum L. = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) 

Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) 

Barkworth & D. Dewey 

Triticum repens L. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 

Triticum repens L. var. nemorale Anderss. = 

Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 

TROLLIUS L. (Ranunculaceae) 

T. laxus Salisb., American Globeflower, 

Spreading Globeflower 

TSUGA Carrière (Pinaceae) 

T. canadensis (L.) Carr., Eastern Hemlock 

= Abies canadensis Michx. 

Tulotis herbiola (R. Br.) Raf. = Platanthera flava 

(L.) Lindl. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer 

Turritis glabra L. = Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. 

Turritis stricta Graham, not Arabis stricta Huds. 

according to House, 1924 p.365 = Arabis. 

drummondii A. Gray 

TUSSILAGO L. (Asteraceae) 

*T. farfara L., Coltsfoot 

TYPHA L. (Typhaceae) 

T. angustifolia L., Narrow-leaved Cat-tail 

T. latifolia L., Broad-leaf Cattail 

ULMUS L. (Ulmceae) 

U. americana L., American Elm, White Elm 

Ulmus campestris L. of authors in part = Ulmus 

minor Mill. 

Ulmus fulva Michx. = Ulmus rubra Muhl. 

*U. minor Mill., English Elm 

= U. campestris L. of authors in part

= U. procera Salisb. 

= U. scabra Mill. 

Ulmus procera Salisb. = Ulmus minor Mill. 

*U. pumila L., Siberian Elm, Dwarf Elm 

Ulmus racemosa (of authors) = Ulmus thomasii 

Sarg. 

U. rubra Muhl., Slippery Elm, Red Elm 

= U. fulva Michx. 

Ulmus scabra Mill. = Ulmus minor Mill. 

U. thomasii Sarg., Rock Elm 

= Ulmus racemosa (of authors) 

Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene = 

Maianthemum canadense Desf. 

Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene var. interior 

(Fern.) House = Maianthemum canadense 

Desf. 

URTICA L. (Urticaceae) 

Urtica canadensis L. = Laportea canadensis (L.) 

Wedd. 

U. dioica L., Stinging Nettle, Great Nettle 

*ssp. dioica 

ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander 

= U. dioica var. gracilis (Ait.) Taylor & 

McBr. 

= U. dioica var. procera (Muhl.) Wedd. 

= U. gracilis Ait. 

= U. procera Muhl. 

Urtica dioica var. gracilis (Ait.) Taylor & McBr. = 

Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander 

Urtica divaricata L. = Laportea canadensis (L.) 

Wedd. 

Urtica gracilis Ait. = Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis 

(Ait.) Selander 

Urtica procera Muhl. ex Willd. = Urtica dioica ssp. 

gracilis (Ait.) Selander 

*U. urens L., Burning Nettle, Dog-nettle 

Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze = Laportea 

canadensis (L.) Wedd. 

UTRICULARIA L. (Lentibulariaceae) 

Utricularia clandestina Nutt. ex A. Gray = 

Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. 

U. cornuta Michx., Horned Bladderwort 

U. geminiscapa Benj., Hidden-fruited Bladderwort 

= U. clandestina Nutt. ex A. Gray 

U. intermedia Hayne, Flat-leaved Bladderwort, 

Milfoil Bladderwort 

U. macrorhiza LeConte, Great Bladderwort 

139 

= U. vulgaris of American authors, not L. 

= U. vulgaris var. americana Gray 

U. minor L., Lesser Bladderwort 

Utricularia vulgaris of American authors, not L. = 

Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte 

UVULARIA L. (Liliaceae) 

U. grandiflora Sm., Large-Flowered Bellwort 

U. perfoliata L., Perfoliate Bellwort, Strawbell 

U. sessilifolia L., Sessile-leaved Bellwort, Wildoats, 

Little Merrybells 

VACCARIA Medik. (Caryophyllaceae) 

*V. hispanica (Mill.) Raush., Cow-herb, Cockle 

= Saponaria hispanica Mill. 

= S. vaccaria L. 

= Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. 

= V. segetalis (Neck.) Garcke ex Aschers. 

= V. vaccaria (L.) Britt. 

= V. vulgaris Host 

Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. = Vaccaria hispanica 


Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke ex Aschers. = 

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Raush. 

Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britt. = Vaccaria hispanica 


Vaccaria vulgaris Host = Vaccaria hispanica 


VACCINIUM L. (Ericaceae) 

V. angustifolium Ait., Lowbush Blueberry, 

Sweet-hurts 

= V. angustifolium var. hypolasium Fern. 

= V. angustifolium var. laevifolia House 

= V. angustifolium var. nigrum (Wood) Dole 

= V. brittonii Porter ex Bickn. 

= V. lamarckii Camp 

= V. nigrum (Wood) Britt. 

= V. pensilvanicum Lam. 

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. in part. = Vaccinium 

boreale Hall & Hald. 

V. boreale Hall & Hald., High-mountain 

Blueberry 

= V. angustifolium Ait. in part. 

Pre-1980 specimens exist for Genesee Co. 

(NYFA 1990). 

Vaccinium angustifolium var. myrtilloides 

(Michx.) House = Vaccinium myrtilloides 

Michx.

Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller = 

Vaccinium corymbosum L. 

Vaccinium brittonii Porter ex Bickn. = Vaccinium 

angustifolium Ait. 

Vaccinium caesariense Mackz. = Vaccinium 

corymbosum L. 

Vaccinium canadensis Kalm = Vaccinium 

myrtilloides Michx. 

V. corymbosum L., Black Highbush-blueberry, 

Swamp-blueberry, Whortleberry 

= V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller 

= V. caesariense Mackz. 

= V. corymbosum varieties 

= V. marianum S. Wats. 

Vaccinium dobbinii Burnh. = Vaccinium pallidum 

Ait. 

Vaccinium frondosum L. = Gaylussacia frondosa 

(L.) Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr. 

Vaccinium hispidulum Marsh. = Vaccinium 

macrocarpon Ait. 

Vaccinium lamarckii Camp = Vaccinium 


V. macrocarpon Ait., Large Cranberry, Cranberry 

= Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh 

= Vaccinium hispidulum Marsh. 

Vaccinium marianum S. Wats. = Vaccinium 

corymbosum L. 

V. myrtilloides Michx., Velvet-leaf Blueberry 

= V. angustifolium var. myrtilloides (Michx.) 

House 

= V. canadense Kalm ex Richards. 

= V. pensylvanicum var. myrtilloides 

(Michx.) Fern. 

Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fern. = Vaccinium 

stamineum L. 

Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britt.= Vaccinium 


V. oxycoccos L., Small Cranberry 

= V. oxycoccus of authors 

= V. oxycoccus var. intermedium A. Gray 

= V. oxycoccus var. ovalifolium Michx. 

V. pallidum Ait., Blueberry, Sugar Huckleberry, 

Low Bilberry, Early Sweet Bilberry, Low 

or Sweet Blueberry 

= V. dobbinii Burnh. 

= V. vacillans Kalm ex Torr. 

= V. vacillans var. crinitum Fern. 

Vaccinium pensylvanicum (of authors) = 

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. 

140 

Vaccinium pensylvanicum var. myrtilloides 

(Michx.) Fern. = Vaccinium myrtilloides 

Michx. 

Vaccinium pensylvanicum var. nigrum Wood = 

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. 

V. stamineum L., Deerberry, Squaw-huckleberry 

= V. neglectum (Small) Fern. 

Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr. = Vaccinium 

pallidum Ait. 

Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong = Maianthemum 

stellatum L. 

Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong = Maianthemum 

trifolium L. 

VALERIANA L. (Valerianaceae) 

Valeriana dioica (of authors) = Valeriana sitchensis 

Bong. 

*V. officinalis L., Garden Valerian, Garden 

Heliotrope 

V. sitchensis Bong., Swamp- or Marsh-valerian 

= V. uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb. 

= V. sitchensis Bong. ssp. uliginosa (Torr. & 

A. Gray) Meyer 

= V. sylvatica Banks 

= V. dioica (of authors) 

Valeriana sylvatica Banks = Valeriana sitchensis 

Bong. 

Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb. = 

Valeriana sitchensis Bong. 

VALERIANELLA Mill. (Valerianaceae) 

V. chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC., Goosefoot Cornsalad 

= Fedia fagopyrum Torr. & A. Gray 

= Valerianella radiata of NY reports in part, 

not (L.) Dufr. 

*V. locusta (L.) Laterr., European Corn-salad, 

Lamb's Lettuce 

= Fedia olitoria (L.) Vahl 

= Valerianella olitoria (L.) Poll. 

Valerianella olitoria (L.) Poll. = Valeriana locusta 

(L.) Laterr. 

Valerianella radiata of NY reports in part, not (L.) 

Dufr. = Valerianella chenopodifolia 

(Pursh) DC. 

VALLISNERIA L. (Hydrocharitaceae) 

V. americana Michx., Eel-grass, Tapegrass, Wild 

Celery

= V. spiralis (of American authors) 

Vallisneria spiralis (of American authors) = 

Vallisneria americana Michx. 

VERATRUM L. (Liliaceae) 

V. viride Ait., False Hellebore White Hellebore, 

Indian-poke, Devil's Tobacco (Tabac du 

Diable) 

VERBASCUM L. (Scrophulariceae) 

*V. blattaria L., Moth Mullein 

*V. phlomoides L., Clasping-leaved Mullein 

*V. thapsus L., Common Mullein, Mule's-ear, 

Flannel-plant, Devil's Tobacco 

VERBENA L. (Verbenaceae) 

Verbena angustifolia Michx. = Verbena simplex 

Lehm. 

*V. bracteata Lag.& Rodr., Large-bracted 

Vervain, Prostrate Vervian or Verbena 

= V. bracteosa Michx. 

Verbena bracteosa Michx. = Verbena bracteata 

Lag. & Rodr. 

V. hastata L., Blue Vervain, Blue Verbena, 

Simpler's-joy 

V. simplex Lehm., Narrow-leaved Vervain, 

Verbena 

= V. angustifolia Michx. 

*V. stricta Vent., Hoary Vervain 

V. urticifolia L., White Vervain 

var. leiocarpa Perry & Fern. 

var. urticifolia 

VERBESINA L. (Asteraceae) 

*V. alternifolia (L.) Britt., Wingstem 

= Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. 

= Coreopsis alternifolius L. 

VERNONIA Schreb. (Asteraceae) 

Vernonia altissima Nutt. = Vernonia gigantea 

(Walt.) Trel ex Brann. & Cov. 

V. gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ex Brann. & Cov., Tall 

or Giant Ironweed 

= V. altissima Nutt. 

V. noveboracensis (L.) Michx., New York 

Ironweed 

VERONICA L. (Scrophulariaceae) 

*V. agrestis L., Field-speedwell 

141 

V. americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth., 

American Brooklime, American Speedwell 

Veronica anagallis L. = Veronica anagallisaquatica 

L. 

(*?) V. anagallis-aquatica L., Water-speedwell, 

Brook- or Water- pimpernell 

= V. anagallis L. 

= V. brittonii Porter ex Pennel 

= V. catenata Pennell 

= V. comosa Richter 

= V. connata of authors, not Raf. 

= V. cymbalaria of NY reports, not Bodard 

= V. salina of authors, not Shur 

*V. arvensis L., Corn-speedwell 

Veronica brittonii Porter ex Pennel = Veronica 

anagallis-aquatica L. 

Veronica catenata Pennell = Veronica anagallisaquatica 

L. 

*V. chamaedrys L., Bird's-eye Speedwell 

Veronica comosa Richter = Veronica anagallisaquatica 

L. 

Veronica cymbalaria of NY reports, not Bodard = 

V. anagallis-aquatica L. 

*V. filiformis Sm., Slender Speedwell, Bird's Eye 

*V. hederifolia L., Ivy-leaf Speedwell 

*V. longifolia L., Long-leaved Speedwell 

= V. maritima L. 

Veronica maritima L. = Veronica longifolia L. 

*V. officinalis L., Common Speedwell, Gypsyweed 

V. peregrina L., Purslane-speedwell, Neckweed 

ssp. peregrina 

ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) St. John & Warren 

= V. xalapensis Kunth 

= V. peregrina var. xalapensis (Kunth) St. 

John & Warren 

*V. persica Poir., Persian Speedwell, Bird's-eye 

Speedwell 

= V. tournefortii (of authors) 

= V. buxbaumii Ten., not of F. W. Schmidt 

Veronica salina (of authors), not Shur = Veronica 

anagallis-aquatica L. 

V. scutellata L., Marsh-speedwell 

= V. scutellata var. villosa Schum. 

*V. serpyllifolia L., Thyme-leaved Speedwell 

*ssp. humifusa (Dicks. ex With.) Syme 

= V. humifusa Dickson ex With. [M&V] 

= V. serpyllifolia var. humifusa (Dicks. ex 

With.) Vahl

= V. tenella All. 

*ssp. serpyllifolia 

V. spicata L., Speedwell 

Veronica tournefortii (of authors) = Veronica 

persica Poir. 

Veronica virginica L. = Veronicastrum virginicum 

(L.) Farw. 

Veronica xalapensis Kunth = Veronica peregrina 

L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell 

VERONICASTRUM Heister ex Fabr. 


V. virginium (L.) Farw., Culver's-root 

= Veronica virginica L. 

VIBURNUM L. (Caprifoliaceae) 

V. acerifolium L., Maple-leaved Viburnum, 

Arrowwood, Dockmackie, Purple-leaf 

Viburnum 

Viburnum affine Bush = Viburnum 

rafinesquianum Schultes 

Viburnum affine var. hypomalacum Blake = 

Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes 

Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. = Viburnum 

lantanoides Michx. 

Viburnum cassinoides L. = Viburnum nudum var. 

cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray 

V. dentatum L., Arrow-wood 

var. lucidum Ait. 

= V. recognitum Fern. 

Viburnum eradiatum (Oakes) House = Viburnum 

opulus L. var. americanum Ait. 

*V. lantana L., Wayfaring Tree, Twistwood, 

Lantata 

V. lantanoides Michx., Hobblebush, Witchhobble, 

Moosewood, Tanglewood 

= V. alnifolium Marsh. 

V. lentago L., Nannyberry, Sheepberry, 

Sweetberry, Black Haw, Cowberry, Wild 

Raisin, Wild Tea. 

= V. lentago var. sphaerocarpum A. Gray 

V. nudum L., Withe-rod, Possom-haw, Swamphaw, 

Withe-rod, Appalachian Tea, 

Teaberry, Wild Raisin 

var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray 

= V. cassinoides L. 

= V. nudum as to ON reports, not of L. 

var. nudum, Smooth Withe-rod, Possom-haw, 

Swamp-haw, Smooth Withe-rod 

142 

Viburnum nudum as to Ontario reports, not of L. = 

Viburnum cassinoides L. (Morton & Venn 

1990) 

V. opulus L., Guelder-Rose, Snowball-tree 

var. americanum Ait. Highbush Cranberry, 

Branberry-bush, Branberry-tree, Grouseberry, 

Squawbush, Pimbina 

= V. eradiatum (Oakes) House 

= V. trilobum Marsh. 

*var. opulus, Snowball-tree, Guelder Rose 

Viburnum pubescens (of authors) = Viburnum 

rafinesquianum Schultes 

V. rafinesquianum Schultes, Downy Arrow-wood 

= V. affine Bush ex Schneider 

= V. affine var. hypomalacum Blake 

= V. pubescens (of authors) 

= V. rafinesquianum var. affine (Bush ex 

Schneider) House 

Viburnum recognitum Fern. = Viburnum dentatum 

L. var. lucidum Ait. 

Viburnum trilobum Marsh. = Viburnum opulus L. 

var. americanum Ait. 

VICIA L. (Fabaceae) 

V. americana Muhl. ex Willd., American Vetch, 

Purple Vetch, Tare 

Vicia angustifolia L., not Reich. = Vicia sativa L. 

ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. 

V. caroliniana Walt., Carolina Vetch, Wood-vetch 

= V. parviflora Michx. 

V. cracca L., Cow Vetch, Tufted-vetch, Canadapea 

ssp. cracca 

Vicia dasycarpa Tenore = Vicia villosa Roth ssp. 

varia (Host) Corb. 

Vicia parviflora Michx. = Vicia caroliniana Walt. 

*V. sativa L., Common Vetch, Spring-vetch, Tare 

*ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. Narrowleaf Vetch 

= V. angustifolia L., not Reich. 

= V. sativa var. angustifolia (L.) Ehrh. 

*ssp. sativa 

= V. sativa var. linearis Lange 

*V. tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., Four-seeded Vetch, 

Lentil-vetch, Sparrow-vetch, Slender 

Vetch 

= V. tenuissima (Bieb.) Schinz & Thell. 

= V. tetrasperma var. tenuissima Druce 

Vicia tenuissima (Bieb.) Schinz & Thell. = Vicia 

tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.

*V. villosa Roth, Hairy Vetch, Wooly-pod Vetch 

*ssp. varia (Host) Corb. 

= V. dasycarpa Tenore 

*ssp. villosa 

Vilfa vaginiflora Torr. ex Gray = Sporobolus 

vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) Wood 

VINCA L. (Apocynaceae) 

*V. minor L., Periwinkle, Running Myrtle, Lesser 

Periwinkle 

Vincetoxicum album (Mill.) Aschers. = 

Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 

Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. = Cynanchum 

vincetoxicum 

Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench = Cynanchum 

nigrum (L.) Pers. 

Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barb. = 

Cynanchum rossicum (Kleop.) Borh. 

VIOLA L. (Violaceae) 

V. adunca Sm., Western Dogfoot-violet, 

Hookspur-violet, Labrador-violet 

= V. adunca var. minor (Hooker) Fern. 

= V. huronensis Greene 

= V. labradorica Schrank 

= V. subvestita Greene 

Viola × abundans House = Viola sagittata Ait. 

V. affinis LeConte, LeConte's Violet 

= V. latiuscula Greene 

= V. sororia L. of authors in part 

V. affinis × palmata = V. slavinii House, Violet 

= V. davisii House 

= V. × discors House 

V. affinis × sagittata var. ovata = V. × hollickii 

House, Violet 

*V. arvensis Murr., European Field-pansy, Wild 

Pansy 

V. blanda Willd., Sweet White Violet 

= V. blanda var. palustriformis A. Gray 

= V. incognita Brainerd 

= V. incognita var. forbesii Brainerd 

= V. macloskeyi of authors in part, not Lloyd 

Viola blanda of authors, not Willd. = Viola 

macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex 

DC.) M. Baker 

Viola brainerdii Greene = Viola renifolia A. Gray 

V. canadensis L., American Dog-violet, Tall 

White Violet, Canada Violet 

143 

= V. canadensis var. corymbosa of NY 

reports, not Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray 

= V. canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) 

Hitchc. 

= V. rugulosa of NY reports, not Greene 

Viola canina var. sylvestris (of authors) = Viola 

sororia Willd. 

V. conspersa Reichenb., American Dog-violet 

= V. muhlengergii Torr. 

Viola cucullata Ait. = Viola sororia Willd. 

Viola davisii House = [V. affinis × palmata = V. 

slavinii House] 

Viola × discors House = [V. affinis × palmata = V. 

slavinii House] 

Viola domestica Pollard = Viola sororia Willd. 

Viola emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte = Viola sagittata 

Ait. 

Viola eriocarpa Schwein. = Viola pubescens Ait. 

Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fern.& Wieg. = 

Viola pubescens Ait. 

Viola fimbriatula Sm. = Viola sagittata Ait. 

Viola huronensis Greene = Viola adunca Sm. 

Viola incognita Brainerd = Viola blanda Willd. 

Viola incognita var. forbesii Brainerd = Viola 

blanda Willd. 

Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquii (Greene) Fern. = 

Viola rafinesquii Greene 

Viola labradorica Schrank = Viola adunca Sm. 

V. lanceolata L., Lance-leaved Violet, Waterviolet 

= V. lanceolata ssp. vittata of NY report, not 

(Greene) Weath. & Griscom 

Viola latiuscula Greene = Viola affinis LeConte 

Viola lewisiana DC. = Viola striata Ait. 

Viola lovelliana Brainerd = Viola palmata L. 

V. macloskeyi Lloyd., Sweet White Violet 

ssp. pallens (Banks ex DC.) M. Baker, Pale 

Violet 

= V. blanda of authors, not Willd. 

= V. macloskeyi var. pallens (Banks ex DC.) 

Hitchc. 

= V. pallens (Banks ex DC.) Brainerd 

Viola macloskeyi of authors in part, not Lloyd = 

Viola blanda Willd. 

Viola muhlengergii Torr. = Viola conspersa 

Reichenb. 

V. nephrophylla Greene, Northern Bog-violet 

Viola obliqua Hill = Viola sororia Willd. 

Viola ochroleuca Schwein = Viola striata Ait.

*V. odorata L., English Violet 

Viola pallens (Banks) Brainerd = Viola macloskeyi 

Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex DC.) M. 

Baker 

V. palmata L., Palmate Blue Violet, Early Blue 

Violet, Wood-violet, Wild Okra 

= V. lovelliana Brainerd, see Zander & 

Pierce, 1979, p. 4. 

= V. palmata var. triloba (Schwein.) Gingerns 

ex DC. 

= V. triloba Schwein. 

Viola papilionacea Pursh = Viola sororia Willd. 

Viola pectinata Bickn. = Viola palmata L. 

V. pedata L., Bird's-foot Violet, Pansy-violet, 

Johnny-jump-up 

= V. pedata var. lineariloba DC. 

Viola pensylvanica Michx. = Viola pubescens Ait. 

Viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpa (Fern.& Wieg.) 

Fern. = Viola pubescens Ait. 

Viola priceana Pollard = Viola sororia Willd. 

V. pubescens Ait., Smooth Yellow Violet 

= V. eriocarpa Schwein. 

= V. eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fern. 

= V. pensylvanica Michx. 

= V. pensylvanica var. leiocarpa (Fern.& 

Wieg.) Fern. 

= V. pubescens var. eriocarpa (Schwein.) 

Russell 

= V. pubescens var. leiocarpa (Fern. & 

Wieg.) Seym. 

= V. pubescens var. peckii House 

= V. pubescens var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex 


(*?) V. rafinesquii Greene, American Field-pansy, 

Field-pansy 

= V. kitaibeliana var. rafinesquii (Greene) 

Fern. 

= V. tenella Muhl. 

V. renifolia A. Gray, Kidney-leaved Violet, 

Northern White Violet 

= V. brainerdii Greene 

= V. renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern. 

V. rostrata Pursh, Long-spurred Violet 

V. rotundifolia Michx., Round-leaved Yellow 

Violet, Early Yellow Violet. 

V. sagittata Ait., Arrow-leaved Violet, Northern 

Downy Violet, Fringed Violet 

= V. × abundans House 

= V. emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte 

144 

= V. fimbriatula Sm. 

= V. sagittata var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. 

Gray 

V. sagittata × sororia = V. conjugens Greene, 

Violet 

= V. × aberrans Greene ex Stone 

= V. × fernaldii House 

= V. × greenei House 

= V. × greenmanii House 

= Perhaps this is Viola sagittaria var. ovata × 

sororia = Viola × parca House recorded for 

Erie Co. by NYFA July 2005. 

V. selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie, Great-spurred Violet, 

Selkirk's Violet 

V. septentrionalis Greene, Northern Blue Violet 

V. sororia Willd., Wooly Blue Violet 

= V. × bissellii House 

= V. canina var. sylvestris (of authors) 

= V. cucullata Ait. 

= V. domestica Pollard 

= V. obliqua Hill 

= V. papilionacea Pursh 

= V. priceana Pollard 

= V. sylvestris Lam. of Gray's Manual 1887 

Viola sororia L. of authors in part = Viola affinis 

LeConte 

V. striata Ait., Creamy Violet, Pale Violet, Striped 

Violet, Cream Violet 

= V. lewisiana DC. 

= V. ochroleuca Schwein 

Viola subvestita Greene = Viola adunca Sm. 

Viola sylvestris Lam. of Gray's Manual 1887 = 

Viola sororia Willd. 

Viola tenella Muhl. = Viola rafinesquii Greene 

Viola triloba Schwein. = Viola palmata L. 

Virea autumnalis (L.) S. Gray = Leontodon 

autumnalis L. 

Virea autumnalis var. pratensis (L.) House = 

Leontodon autumnalis L. 

Virea hispida (L.) S. Gray = Leontodon hispidus L. 

Virea nudicaulis (L.) House = Leontodon 


Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal = Aster ericoides L. 

Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener = 


VITIS Adanson (Vitaceae) 

V. aestivalis Michx., Summer Grape, Pigeongrape, 

Silverleaf-grape

= V. aestivalis var. argentifolia (Munson) 

Fern. 

= V. argentifolia Munson 

= Vitis bicolor (of authors) 

V. aestivalis × labrusca = Vitis × labrusca Bailey 

Vitis argentifolia Munson = Vitis aestivalis Michx. 

Vitis bicolor (of authors) = Vitis aestivalis Michx. 

Vitis cordifolia (of authors) = Vitis riparia Michx. 

V. labrusca L., Fox-grape, Skunk-grape 

= V. labrusca var. subedentata Fern. 

= V. labruscana Bailey 

V. labrusca × riparia = V. × novae-angliae Fern., 

New England Grape 

V. riparia Michx., Frost-grape, Riverbank Grape, 

Dune-grape 

= V. cordifolia (of authors) 

= V. riparia var. syrticola (Fern. & Wieg.) 

Fern. 

= V. vulpina of old NY reports, not L. 

Vitis vulpina (of authors) = Vitis riparia Michx. 

VITTARIA Sm. (Vittariaceae) 

V. appalachiana Farrar & Mickel, Appalachian 

Shoestring-fern, Appalachian Vittaria 

VULPIA K. Gmel. (Poaceae) 

V. octoflora (Walt.) Rydb., Slender Fescue, Sixweeks-fescue, 

Six-week's-grass 

var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern. 

= Festuca octoflora Walt. 

= F. tenella Willd. 

= Vulpia octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. 

WALDSTEINIA Willd. (Rosaceae) 

W. fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt., Barren 

Strawberry, False Strawberry 

= Dalibarda fragarioides Michx. 

Warnera canadensis (L.) Mill. = Hydrastis 

canadensis L. 

WOLFFIA Horkel ex Schleid. (Lemnaceae) 

Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimmer in Macdonald 1990 = 

Wolffia columbiana Karst. 

W. borealis (Engelm.) Landolt, Dotted 

Watermeal, Watermeal 

= L. punctata Griseb. 

W. columbiana Karst., Watermeal 

= W. arrhiza (L.) Wimmer in Macdonald 

1990 

145 

WOODWARDIA J. Smith (Blechnaceae) 

W. virginica (L.) Sm., Virginia Chain-fern 

= Anchistea virginica (L.) C. Presl 

= Blechnum virginicum L. 

XANTHIUM L. (Asteraceae) 

*X. spinosum L., Spiny Cockle-bur 

X. strumarium L., Cockle-bur 

var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray 

= X. echinatum Murr. 

= X. italicum Moretti 

= X. ovaliforme Wallr. 

= X. pensylvanicum Wallr. 

= X. speciosum Kearney 

= X. varians Greene 

Xanthoxylum (orth. var.) = Zanthoxylum L. 

XYRIS Gronov. ex L. (Xyridaceae) 

Xyris caroliniana of authors, not Walt. = Zyris 

difformis Chapm. 

X. difformis Chapm., Carolina Yellow-eyed 

Grass, Yellow-eyed Grass 

= Xyris caroliniana of authors, not Walt. 

YUCCA L. (Agavaceae) 

*Y. filamentosa L. Yucca, Adam's-needle, 

Spanish Bayonette 

= Y. flaccida Haw 

= Y. smalliana Fern. 

Yucca flaccida Haw = Yucca filamentosa L. 

Yucca smalliana Fern. = Yucca filamentosa L. 

ZANNICHELLIA L. (Zannichelliaceae) 

Z. palustris L., Horned Pondweed 

= Zannichellia palustris var. major (Boenn.) 

Koch 

ZANTHOXYLUM L. (Rutaceae) 

Z. americanum Mill., Prickly-ash, Tooth-ache 

Tree 

ZEA L. (Poaceae) 

*Z. mays L., Corn, Sweetcorn, Maize 

ZIGADENUS Michx. (Liliaceae) 

Z. elegans Pursh, White Camass, Alkali-grass 

ssp. glaucus (Nutt.) Hultén 

= Z. glaucus (Nutt.) Nutt.

= Z. chloranthus (of authors) 

ZIZANIA L. (Poaceae) 

Z. aquatica L., Southern Wild Rice, Indian Rice 

= Z. palustris of early American authors, not 

L. 

Zizania aquatica var. angustifolia Hitchc. = Zizania 

palustris L. 

Zizania aquatica var. interior Fassett = Zizania 

palustris L. 

Z. palustris L., Northern Wild Rice 

= Z. aquatica of early American authors, not 

L. 

= Z. aquatica var angustifolia Hitchc. 

= Z. aquatica var. interior Fassett 

ZIZIA Koch (Apiaceae) 

Z. aptera (A. Gray) Fern., Heart-leaved 

Alexanders, Golden Alexanders 

= Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray var. 

apterum A. Gray 

= Zizia cordata (Walt.) Koch ex DC. 

= Z. cordata var. aptera A. Gray 

Z. aurea (L.) Koch, Golden Alexanders 

= Thaspium aureum Nutt., according to 

Morton and Venn (1990), see discussion 

under Thaspium trifoliatum var. aureum. 

Zizia cordata (Walt.) Koch ex DC. = Zizia aptera 

(Gray) Fern. 

Zizia integerrima DC. = Taenidia integerrima (L.) 

Drude 

Zosterella see Heteranthera 

Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small = Heteranthera 

dubia (Jacq.) MacM. 

Zygadenus orth. var. Zigadenus 

146

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

A bibliography is here included of texts used in augmenting the list and synonymy—which is a composite 

of the work of Zander & Pierce (1979) who updated Zenkert's names in his original flora to the system of 

Gleason & Cronquist (1963). Mitchell's New York state checklist of 1986 is followed here, as well as the 

1997 version with Gordon Tucker. Certain nomenclatural additions derive from Morton & Venn (1990). 

Extensive use has been made of the Contributions to a Flora of New York State, edited by Richard S. 

Mitchell, and to floristic publications by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Rare Plant Status lists 

edited by Steve Young periodically issued by the New York Natural Heritage Program in New York State 

have provided much precise data, as has the four-part publication of the Atlas of the Rare Vascular Plants 

of Ontario, edited by Argus, Pryer, White and Keddy from 1982 to 1987—the concentration of rare plants 

in the Niagara Peninsula being rather conspicuous there. 

Argus, G. W., K. M. Pryer, D. J. White and C. J. Keddy, eds. 1982-87. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of 

Ontario. Four parts. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa. (looseleaf). 

Bailey, L. H. 1949. Manual of Cultivated Plants. Macmillan Company, New York. 

Ball, P. W. 1986. White water-buttercups (Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium) In Ontario. The Plant Press 

4(3):78-80. 

Bassett, I. J. and Munro, D. B. 1985. The biology of Canadian weeds 67. Solanum ptychanthum Dun., S. 

nigrum L. and S. sarrachoides Sendt. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences 65: 401-414. 

Boivin, Bernard. 1966. Naturaliste Canadien 93:590 [no title: cited by Voss, 1985 p.214 with regard to 

Ranunculus, subgenus Batrachium.] 

Burgess, E. S. 1877. The Chautauqua Flora, a Catalogue of the Plants of Chautauqua Co., New York, 

Native or Naturalized; extending through the Cryptogamous Plants, to the End of the Hepaticae. 

Privately Printed, 37 pp., copy in Research Library of Buffalo Museum of Science (Botanical 

Pamphlets, Vol. 6). According to R. H. Zander (pers. comm.) the Burgess Herbarium cannot be 

located except for specimens of Aster at the New York Botanical Garden. 

Catling, P. M., Reznicek, A. A., and Riley, J. L. 1977. Some new and interesting grass records from 

southern Ontario. Can. Field-Nat. 91:350-359. 

Clemants, S E. 1990. Juncaceae (Rush Family) of New York State. New York State Museum Bull. 475, 

Albany. 

Clemants, S E. 1992. Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae of New York State. New York State Museum 

Bull. 485. Albany, New York. 

Clinton, G. W. 1864. Plants of Buffalo and Its Vicinity. Buffalo, New York. Also printed in the Annual 

Report of the Regents on the State Cabinet (for 1863) 17: 24-35. 

Cody, W. J. 1962. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br., False Spiraea, persisting and spreading after cultivation 

in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 76:104-107. 

Cook, C. D. K. 1966. A monographic study of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray. 

Mitteilunger der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 6:47-237. 

Cook, E. E. 1973. The vascular plants of Moss Lake Sanctuary, Allegany County, N.Y. Science Studies, 

St. Bonaventure Univ. 29:7-34, map. 

Dalton, D. A. & A. W. Naylor. 1975. Studies in nitrogen fixation by Alnus crispa. American Journal of 

Botany 62:76-80. 

Daly, G. T. 1966. Nitrogen fixation by nodulated Alnus rugosa. Canadian Journal of Botany 44: 1607- 

1621. 

Day, D. F. 1882. The plants of Buffalo and its vicinity: series 1, Phaenogamae. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. 

Sci. 4:65-152, map. 

147

Day, David F. 1882. The Plants of Buffalo and Its Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, April 

1882, pp. 65-279, inclusive of the first supplement. Also reprinted as a pamphlet, 215 pages, 

Buffalo, N.Y., 1884. 

Day, David F. 1886. The Plants of Buffalo and Its Vicinity. Second supplement, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. 

Sci. Vol. 5(2), 1886, pp. 85-96. 

Day, D. F. 1888. Catalogue of the Niagara Flora. A Catalogue of the Flowering and Fern-Like Plants 

Growing Without Cultivation in the Vicinity of the Falls of the Niagara. Annual Report of 

Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara for 1887, pp. 85-96. Also printed as a 

pamphlet, Troy, N.Y., 1888. 

Dore, William G. & J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Research Branch Agriculture Canada 

Monograph 26. 

Eaton, Steven W. & Edith Feuerstein Schrot. 1987. A Flora of the Vascular Plants of Cattaraugus County, 

New York. Bull. of the Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. Vol. 31. Buffalo, New York. 

Fernald, Merrit Lyndon. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. ed. 8. American Book Co., New York. 

Gleason, Henry A. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States 

and Adjacent Canada. 3 Vols. New York Botanical Garden. New York. 

Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and 

Adjacent Canada. Ed.1. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 

Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and 

Adjacent Canada. Ed. 2. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 

Gould, J. 1989. A Biological Inventory and Evaluation of Short Hills Provincial Park. Ontario Ministry of 

Natural Resources, Parks and Recreational Areas Section Central Region, Richmond Hill, Ontario 

Harris, Ben Charles. 1968. Eat the Weeds. Barre Publishers. Barre, Mass. 

House, Homer H. 1924. Annotated list of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State. New York 

State Museum Bulletin 254, Albany, New York. The treatment of Crataegus in this publication 

was by W. W. Eggleston. 

Isely, D. 1983. The Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) complex revisited. Sida 10(2): 142-158. 

Jones, Almut G. 1989. Aster and Brachyactis in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 34 

(2):138-194). 

Kato, Masahiro. 1933. “Athyrium” in Flora of North America Vol. 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 

Oxford University Press. New York. 

Lamere, Clifford W. 1991. Sky-blue Aster at Niagara River Gorge. NYFA Newsletter Vol.2(3):2. New 

York Flora Association of the New York State Museum Institute. 

Lamere, Clifford W. 1991. Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens L.) at Niagara Falls. NYFA 

Newsletter Vol. 2(3):4. New York Flora Association of the New York State Museum Institute. 

Larson, B.M.H. 1995. An assortment of new county plant records for southern Ontario: evidence for 

Murphy’s Law. Field Botanists of Ontario Newsletter 8(1):9-15. 

Mabberley, D. J. 1987. The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University 

Press, New York. 

Macdonald, Ian D. 1990. A Biological Inventory and Evaluation of the Point Abino Peninsula Area of 

Natural and Scientific Interest. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Parks and Recreational 

Areas Section, Central Region, Aurora, Ontario. 

Macoun, John. 1902. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Geological Survey of Canada. Parts 1-6, Montreal, 

1883-1892; part 7, Ottawa 1902. 

McIntosh, Karen L. & Paul M. Catling. 1979. Notes on the flora of the Canadian portion of the Niagara 

Frontier. Ontario Field Biologist 33:1-11. 

Mitchell, Richard S. 1988. Platanaceae through Myricaceae of New York State. New York State Museum 

Bulletin 464. State Education Department, Albany, New York. 

148

Mitchell, Richard S. & J. Kenneth Dean. 1978. Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family) of New York State. 

New York State Museum Bulletin 431. 

Mitchell, Richard S. 1984. Atlas of New York State Ferns. New York State Museum Bulletin 456. 

Mitchell, Richard S. 1986. A Checklist of New York State Plants. New York State Museum Bulletin 458. 

Mitchell, Richard S & J. Kenneth Dean. 1982. Ranunculaceae (Crowfoot Family) of New York State. 

New York State Museum Bulletin 446. 

Mitchell, Richard S. & Gordon C. Tucker. 1997. Revised Checklist of New York State Plants. New York 

State Museum Bulletin 490. 

Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1990. The Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Flowering plants, nightshades to mistletoe. 

Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. 224 pp. 

Morton, J. K. 1979. Observations on Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii T. & G.). Michigan 

Botanist 18:31-35. 

Morton, J. K. & Joan M. Venn. 1984. The Flora of Manitoulin Island. Publ. University Waterloo Biology 

Series 28: 181 pp. 

Morton, J. K. & Joan M. Venn. 1990. A Checklist of the Flora of Ontario Vascular Plants. University of 

Waterloo Biology Series 34. Obtainable from Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1. 

Mosyakin, S. L. 1995. New taxa of Corispermum L. (Chenopodiaceae), with preliminary comments on 

the taxonomy of the genus in North America. Novon 5(4): 340-353. 

Muenscher, W. C. 1946. The vegetation of Bergen Swamp. I. The vascular plants. Proc. Rochester 

Academy of Science 9:64-117. 

New York Flora Association. 1990. Preliminary Vouchered Atlas of New York State Flora. Ed. 1. New 

York State Museum Intsitute, Albany. NYFA: New York Flora Association. 

Oldham, M. J. 1988. Tall Thoroughwort (Eupatorium altissimum L.) in Ontario. The Plant Press 5(1):16- 

19. 

Oldham, M. J. 1999. Natural Heritage Resources of Ontario: Rare Vascular Plants. Third Edition. 

Peterborough, Ont.: Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 

Peterson, Lee. 1978. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central North America. 

Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 

Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKenny. 1968. A Field Guide to Wildflowers of Northeastern and 

North-central North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 

Phipps, J. B. 1988. Typification of Crataegus crus-galli L. (Rosaceae) and nomenclatural notes on some 

related species of hawthorn. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 96(4): 359-369. 

Reznicek, A. & P. M. Catling. 1984. Notes on Canadian sedges, Cyperaceae. Canadian Field Naturalist 

98(2): 209-214. 

Sargent, C. S. 1913. “Crataegus in New York” in New York State Museum Bulletin 167:53-124. 

Schuyler, A. E. 1974. Typification and application of the names Scirpus americanus Pers., S. olneyi Gray 

and S. pungens Vahl. Rhodora 76:51-52. 

Semple, John C. and Stephen B. Heard. 1987. The Asters of Ontario: Aster L. and Virgulus Raf. 

(Compositae: Astereae). University of Waterloo Biology Series 30. 

Semple, John C. & Gordon S. Ringius. 1983. Goldenrods of Ontario: Solidago and Euthamia. University 

of Waterloo Biology Series 26. 

Smith, Stanley J. 1965. Checklist of the grasses of New York State. New York State Museum Bulletin 

403:1-44. 

Stone, Donald E. 1997. Carya, in Flora of North America, Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 417- 

425 

Stuckey, Ronald L. 1968. Distributional History of Butomus umbellatus (Flowering-rush) in the Western 

Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair Region. Michigan Botanist 7:134-142. 

149

Uphof, J. C. Th. 1968. Ed 2. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Verlag von J. Cramer, Stechert-Hafner 

Service Agency, Inc., New York, N.Y. 

Voss, Edward G. Michigan Flora. 1972. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of 

Science Bulletin 55 and University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor. 

Voss, Edward G. Michigan Flora. 1985. Part II. Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Cranbrook Institute of 


Voss, Edward G. Michigan Flora. 1996. Part III. Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Institute of 


Wagner, Warren H, Robbin C. Moran & Charles R. Werth 1993. Flora of North America Vol. 2: 

Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press. New York. 

Wagner, Warren H. Jr. & Joseph M. Beitel. 1993. “Lycopodiaceae” in Flora of North America Vol. 2: 

Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press. New York. 

Wagnon, H. K. 1952. A revision of the genus Bromus, section Bromopsis, of North America. Brittonia 

7:415-480. 

Young, Steven M., 1998, New York Natural Heritage Program Rare Plant Status List. New York Natural 

Heritage Program. Latham, New York. 

Zander, Richard H. & Gary J. Pierce. 1979. Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region. Second Supplement and 

Checklist. Bull. Buffalo Soc. of Nat. Sci. Vol. 16. Buffalo, New York. 

Zenkert, Charles A. 1934. Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region. Bull. of the Buff. Soc. of Nat. Sci. Vol. 

16. Buffalo, New York. “Recently collected material” of Crataegus was determined by K. M. 

Wiegand (Cornell University. p. 175). 

Zenkert, C. A. & R. H. Zander. 1975. Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region, Supplement. Vol. 16. Bull. of 

the Buffalo Soc. of Nat. Sci., Buffalo, N.Y. 

150

APPENDIX 1. 

NAMES NEW TO THE FLORA SINCE THE SECOND SUPPLEMENT (1979) 

There are 295 newly accepted names to the Flora, two of them doubtful. Of these, 12 are subspecies, 30 

are varieties, 30 are hybrids; also 135 of the 288 are introductions. The New York Flora Association 

provided 101 names to the Niagara Frontier region from their online plant atlas, and these are marked 

“NYFA.” A few names are reported elsewhere in the literature but the majority are deposited in the 

Clinton Herbarium of the Buffalo Museum of Science (BUF). 

*Acer campestre L., Hedge-maple 

*A. pseudoplatanus L., Sycamore-maple 

A. rubrum × saccharinum = A. × freemanii Murr., 

Soft Maple, Hybrid Swamp Maple 

Actaea pachypoda × spicata ssp. rubra, Baneberry 

*Aegilops cylindrica Host, Jointed Goatgrass NYFA 

*Aesculus glabra Willd., Ohio Buckeye 

*Aethusa cynapium L., Fool's Parsley NYFA 

Agrimonia rostellata Wallr., Agrimony 

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., Upland Bent, 

Autumn Bent NYFA 

A. scabra Willd., Hairgrass, Fly-away Grass, 

Ticklegrass NYFA 

Alisma gramineum Lej., Water-plantain, Grassyleaved 

Water-plantain 

Allium burdickii (Hanes) A. Jones, Wild Leek 

*A. cepa L., Garden Onion 

*Alopecurus geniculatus L., Marsh-foxtail, Waterfoxtail 

*Alopecurus pratensis L., Meadow Foxtail 

*Althaea officinalis L., Marsh Mallow, White Mallow 

*Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Prince's Feather 

*A. powellii S. Wats., Amaranth NYFA 

*A. rudis Sauer, Water-hemp 

*A. tuberculatus (Moq. ex DC.) Sauer, Rough-fruited 

Water-hemp, Tall Water-hemp 

Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg., Serviceberry 

*Amorpha fruiticosa L. False Indigo 

*Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv., 

Porcelain Berry 

*Athemis tinctoria L., Yellow Chamomile, Dyer's 

Chamomile 

*Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Chervil 

*A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., Wild Chervil 

*Arabis caucasica Schlect. ex Willd., Wall Rock-cress, 

Arrowleaf 

A. drummondii × holboellii = A. × divaricarpa A. 

Nels., Purple Rock-cress 

*Aristida dichotoma L., Poverty Grass; Three-awn 

*A. oligantha Michx., Prairie Three-awn NYFA 

Aster dumosus L., Bushy Aster, Rice-button Aster 

151 

A. ericoides × novae-angliae = A. × amethystinus 

Nutt., Amethyst Wreath Aster 

A. nemoralis Ait., Bog Aster NYFA 

A. ontarionis Wieg., Ontario Aster 

A. puniceus var. firmus (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray, 

Cornel-leaf Aster 

A. schreberi Nees, Large-leaf Aster, Schreber's Aster 

*Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC., 

Orach, Spearscale 

*A. rosea L., Red Orach, Rosy Orach, Tumble-weed, 

Tumbling Orach 

*Avena fatua ssp. fatua, Wild Oats 

Baptisia lactea (Raf.) Thieret, Prairie False-Indigo 

*Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers, Early Wintercress, 

Winter Belle-Isle, Land-Cress 

*Betula pubescens Ehrh., Downy Birch NYFA 

B. nigra L., River Birch, Red Birch 

Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker, 

Northern Shorthusk NYFA 

*Brassica oleracea L., Cabbage, Kale, Broccoli, 

Cauliflower, Kohlrabi, Brussels Sprouts 

*B. rapa L., Field Mustard, Turnip, Bok Choy, Chinese 

Cabbage 

*Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnston, 

Siberian Bugloss, Garden Forget-me-not 

*Buddleja davidii Franch., Summer Lilac, Butterflybush, 

Buddleja NYFA 

Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke, Sand-rush NYFA 

*Cardamine flexuosa With., Rock-cress 

Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. 

var. annectens 

var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. 

C. appalachica Webber & Ball NYFA 

C. emoryi Dewey ex Torrey, Emory's Sedge 

C. flaccosperma Dewey, Sedge 

C. formosa Dewey, Handsome Sedge NYFA 

C. gracilescens Steud. 

[C. haydenii Dewey, Hayden's Sedge doubtful report] 

[C. hyalinolepis Steud., Sedge doubtful report] 

C. meadii Dewey, Mead's Sedge 

C. merritt-fernaldii Mackz., Fernald's Sedge NYFA 

C. seorsa Howe ex Gord. & Howe, Sedge NYFA

C. sprengelii Dewey ex Sprengel 

C. tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. var. rugosperma (Mackenzie) 

Crins, Umbelliform Sedge NYFA 

Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Engelm.: 

Catalpa, Indian-bean, Catawba, Cigar-tree 

Celastrus orbiculata Thunb., Oriental Bittersweet 

Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz., Spreading 

Chervil NYFA 

*Chenopodium album var. missouriense (Aellen) 

Bassett & Crompton, Missouri Goose-foot 

*C. bonus-henricus L., Good-King-Henry 

*C. murale L., Sowbane, Nettle-leaf Goosefoot 

*C. rubrum L., Red Pigweed, Red Goosefoot, Coatblite 

C. strictum var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl, 

Goosefoot 

*Chionanthus virginicus L. Old-man's Beard, Fringe 

tree 

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Shrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Watermelon 

*Clematis terniflora DC., Yam-leaf Clematis, Yamleaf 

Virgin's-bower 

*Commelina communis var. ludens (Miq.) Pennell 

NYFA 

*Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander NYFA 

*Corispermum nitidum Kitaibel ex Schultes 

*C. orientale Lamarck 

Cornus foemina *ssp. microcarpa (Nash) J. S. Wilson 

*Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., Wart-cress, Wartgrass, 

Lesser Swinecress NYFA 

*Corylus avellana L., European Filbert, European 

Hazel NYFA 

*Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Cosmos NYFA 

*Cotinus coggygria Scop., Smoke-tree 

Crataegus jesupii Sarg., Hawthorn 

*Crepis tectorum L., Hawk's-beard 

*Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam., Crypsis, Heleochloa, 

Swamp Timothy 

*Cucumis sativus L., Garden Cucumber 

*Cucurbita pepo L., Pumpkin, Acorn Squash, Summer 

Squash NYFA 

*Cynanchum rossicum (Kleop.) Borh. Swallow-wort 

NYFA 

*Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Bermuda-grass NYFA 

Cyperus flavescens L. Galingale, Yellow Cyperus 

NYFA 

*C. fuscus L., Dark Galingale, Flatsedge 

Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasd., Lowland Fragile 

Fern NYFA 

C. tenuis (Michx.) Desv., Fragile Fern NYFA 

Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC., Dillen's Ticktrefoil, 

Tall Tick-clover or Tick-trefoil 

D. perplexum Schub., Tick-clover, Tick-trefoil NYFA 

*Dianthus deltoides L., Maiden-pink, Meadow-pink 

152 

*Dioscorea batatas Dcne., Yam, Chinese Yam, 

Cinnamon-vine NYFA 

*Dipsacus laciniatus L., Cut-leaf Teasel 

Draba reptans (Lambert) Fernald, Whitlow-grass 

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt., Dragonhead 

Dryopteris carthusiana × cristata = D. × uliginosa 

(A. Br. ex Dowell) Druce, Wood-fern 

D. carthusiana × intermedia = D. × triploidea 

Wherry, Wood-fern 

D. celsa (Palmer) Knowlt., Palmer & Poll., Log-fern 

NYFA 

D. celsa × goldiana, Log-fern NYFA 

D. clintoniana × goldiana Wood-fern 

D. cristata × intermedia = D. × boottii (Tuckerm.) 

Underw. NYFA 

D. goldiana × marginalis = D. × neowherryi W. 

Wagner, Wood-fern 

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller (not Nash ex 

Britt.), Water-millet, Walter's Cockspur-grass 

*Echinops ritro ssp. ruthenicus (Bieb.) Nyman, Globe 

Thistle 

*E. sphaerocephalus L., Globe Thistle 

Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urban., Olive Spikerush 

Enemion biternatum Raf., False Rue-Anemone NYFA 

*Epilobium parviflorum Schreber, Small-flowered 

Willow-herb 

Equisetum hyemale × variegatum = E. × mackii 

(Newm.) Brich., Rough-tooth Scouring-rush, 

Hybrid Scouring-rush 

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees, Lacegrass 

E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., Purple Lovegrass, 

Tumblegrass 

*Eriochloa acuminata (J. Presl) Kunth, Cup-grass 

*Euonymus fortunei var. radicans (Sieb. ex Miq.) 

Rehd. 

Eupatorium altissimum L., Tall Thoroughwort 

E. fistulosum Barratt, Joe-Pye-weed, Trumpetweed 

*Euphrasia stricta Wolff ex Lehm., Eyebright NYFA 

*Fraxinus excelsior L., European Ash 

*Froelichia gracilis (Hooker) Moq., Cottonweed, 

Slender Snake-cotton NYFA 

Fuirena pumila (Torr.) Spreng., Umbrella-grass 

*Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Blanket-flower 

Galega officinalis L., Catgut, Goat's-rue 

Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum Fern. 

Gentiana linearis Froel., Narrow-leaved Gentian 

NYFA 

Geum laciniatum Murray, Rough Avens, Herb-bennet 

*G. urbanum L., Town-avens 

G. verum (Raf.) Torrey & A. Gray, Spring-avens 

Gnaphalium purpureum L., Purple or Sweet 

Everlasting, Cudweed 

*Gypsophila elegans Bieb., Showy Baby's Breath 

NYFA

*Hedera helix L., English Ivy 

*Helianthus pauciflorus ssp. subrhomboideus × 

tuberosus = H. × laetiflorus Pers., Sunflower 

NYFA 

*Hieracium flagellare Willd., Hawkweed 

H. gronovii × venosum = H. × marianum Willd., 

Hybrid Hawkweed NYFA 

*Hordeum vulgare L., Barley, Pearl-barley NYFA 

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f., Floating Pennywort 

H. verticillata var. fetherstoniana (Jennings) Mathias 

NYFA 

Hypericum hypericoides ssp. multicaule (Michx. ex 

Willd.) Robson 

H. prolificum L., Shrubby St. John's-wort 

*Impatiens balsamina L., Balsam, Garden-balsam 

NYFA 

Iris virginica var. schrevii (Small) Anders. 

Isoetes engelmannii A. Br. 

I. lacustris × tuckermanii = I. × heterospora A. Eaton 

Juncus effusus var. conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. ex A. 

Gray 

J. effusus var. pylaei (LaHarpe) Fern. & Wieg. NYFA 

*Lactuca saligna L., Willow-leaf Lettuce 

*Larix decidua Mill., European Larch NYFA 

*Lathyrus sylvestris L., Perennial or Everlasting Pea 

Lespedeza hirta × intermedia = L. × nuttallii Darl. 

NYFA 

L. stuevii × virginica = L. × neglecta Mackz. & Bush 

NYFA 

L. violacea (L.) Pers., Bush-clover 

*Liatris aspera Michx., Rough Blazing-star 

*L. spicata (L.) Willd., Blazing-star 

*Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc., Privet 

Lilium michiganense Farw., Michigan Lily 

*Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill., Dalmatian Toadflax 

Linum medium var. texanum (Planch.) Fern., 

Southern Yellow Flax NYFA 

Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers., Shore-grass, 

Littorella 

*Lonicera japonica Thunb., Japanese Honeysuckle, 

Gold-and-Silver-flower 

*L. maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., Honeysuckle 

*L. morrowii × tatarica = L. × bella Zabel, Flyhoneysuckle 

*L. xylosteum L., European Fly-honeysuckle 

Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter, Many-fruited False 

Loosestrife 

Luzula campestris var. echinata (Small) Fern. & 

Wieg. 

L. campestris var. pallescens (Wahl.) Wahl., Common 

Wood-rush NYFA 

*Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Garden Tomato 

Lycopodium annotinum var. pungens (La Pyl.) Desv. 

NYFA 

153 

L. digitatum × tristachyum = L. × habereri House 

NYFA 

Lycopus rubellus Moench, Gypsy-wort, Waterhorehound 

Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC., Maleberry, He- 

Huckleberry, Male Blueberry NYFA 

*Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Oregon Grape, 

Grape-holly NYFA 

Malus glaucescens Rehd., American Crab, Wild Crabapple 

NYFA 

*Marsillia quadrifolia L., Water-clover, Pepperwort 

*Matricaria recutita L., Wild Chamomile, False Sweet 

Chamomile, German Mayweed NYFA 

*Mentha arvensis × spicata = M. × gracilis Sole, Red 

Mint, Scotch Mint, Spotted Mint, Creeping 

Whorled Mint 

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Climbing Boneset 

*Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., Eulalia 

*Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyer) Parodi 

*Myosotis stricta Link ex R. & S., Forget-me-not 

Panicum boreale Nash, Northern Panic-grass NYFA 

P. villosissimum Nash, Panic Grass 

Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern., Forked Chickweed 

Parthenium integrifolium L., Wild Quinine 

*Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. 

ex DC., Boston Ivy, Japanese Ivy, Cottage-ivy 

*Penstemon calycosus Small, Penstemon, Beardtongue 

NYFA 

*Philadelphus coronarius L., Garden Syringa, 

European Mock-orange 

Physalis virginiana Mills., Virginia Ground-cherry 

NYFA 

*Pisum sativum L., Common, Garden-, Green or Fieldpea 

NYFA 

Plantago cordata Lam., Heart-leaved Plantain 

Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl., Eastern Prairie 

Fringed Orchid 

P. macrophylla (Goldie) P. M. Brown, Large Roundleaf 

Orchid, Pad-leaf 

Poa nemoralis L., Wood Bluegrass 

* Polygonum aviculare ssp. depressum (Meisner) 

Arcangeli NYFA 

P. buxiforme Small, Knotweed, Knotgrass NYFA 

*P. cespitosum var. longisetum (DeBruyn) Stewart, 

Low Smartweed 

P. punctatum var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett 

*P. ramosissimum Michx. var. ramosissimum NYFA 

Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham, 

Appalachian Rockcap Fern. NYFA 

Potamogeton gramineus × illinoensis = P. × 

spathuliformis (Robbins) Morong, Pondweed 

P. pusillus var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch NYFA 

Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra Fern. & Grisc.

*Puccinellia distans *ssp. borealis (Holmb.) W. E. 

Hughes 

*P. distans (Jacq.) Parl. ssp. distans 

Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. 

verticillatum Mountain-mint 

Quercus alba × montana = Q. × saulii, Oak 

Q. coccinea Muenchh., Scarlet Oak 

Q. ilicifolia Wang.; Scrub-oak, Bear-oak NYFA 

Q. shumardii Buckl., Shumard Oak 

Ranunculus abortivus var. eucyclus Fern. 

*R. ficaria L., Lesser Celandine 

R. hispidus var. nitidus (Muhl. ex Ell.) Duncan, 

Swamp-buttercup NYFA 

*Reseda lutea L., Yellow Mignonette, Scrambling 

Rocket NYFA 

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torrey, Swamp Azalea 

NYFA 

*Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino, Jetbead, 

White Kerria 

Rhus copallinum L., Shining Sumac, Winged Sumac, 

Dwarf Sumac NYFA 

Rosa acicularis × blanda = R. × housei Erlanson, 

House's Rose NYFA 

*R. cinnamomea L., Damask Rose 

*Rubus bifrons Vest ex Tratt., Himalaya-berry 

*R. idaeus L. ssp. idaeus, European Red Raspberry 

*R. phoenicolasius Maxim., Wineberry 

Rumex maritimus var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusén NYFA 

Sagittaria graminea Michx., Grass-leaf Sagittaria 

NYFA 

Salix babylonica × fragilis = S. × pendulina 

Wenderoth, Wisconsin Weeping Willow 

NYFA 

S. cordata Michx., Sand-dune Willow, Heartleafwillow 

*S. matsudana Koidz., Dragon-claw Willow, 

Corkscrew-willow 

S. myricoides Muhl. 

*S. pentandra L., Bay-leaf Willow NYFA 

*Scilla siberica Haw. ex Andr., Scilla, Squill 

Scirpus georgianus Harper, Bulrush 

S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern., Alpine Bulrush, Alpine 

Cottongrass NYFA 

S. pungens Vahl, Bulrush NYFA 

S. smithii Gray, Bulrush 

Scleria reticularis Michx., Nutrush, Whipgrass 

Scutellaria incana Biehl., Hoary Skullcap 

*Secale cereale L., Rye NYFA 

*Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, Sedum 

Senecio aureus × pauperculus, Groundsel NYFA 

*S. viscosus L., Sticky Groundsel NYFA 

*Setaria faberi Herrm., Giant Foxtail 

*Silene cserei Baumg., Campion, Balkan Catchfly 

NYFA 

154 

*Sisymbrium loeselii L., Tall Hedge-mustard NYFA 

Solanum ptychanthum Dunal, Black Nightshade, 

Poisonberry NYFA 

Solidago odora Ait., Sweet Goldenrod 

S. sempervirens L., Seaside-goldenrod 

S. uliginosa var. linoides (Torrey & A. Gray) Fern. 

NYFA 

*Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br., False Spiraea 

*Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Sorghum, Broomcorn 

NYFA 

Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong, Burreed 

*Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl, Common Sandspurry, 

Purple Sand-spurry, Sandwort 

*S. salina J. & C. Presl, Saltmarsh Sand-spurry NYFA 

Sphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) Hitchc., Swamp-oats 

Spiranthes casei Catl. & Cruise, Lady's-tresses NYFA 

S. ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britt.) Rydb., Creamy Lady's- 

Tresses 

*Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck, Devil's-bit 

*Syringa vulgaris L., Lilac, Purple Lilac, White Lilac 

*Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., Bald Cypress 

*Tilia cordata Mill., Small-leaved Linden, European 

Linden, Heart-leaf Linden 

Torreyochloa pallida var. fernaldii (Hitchc.) Church 

NYFA 

Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene, 

Giant Poison-ivy, Poison-oak, Creeping 

Poison-ivy 

*Tradescantia virginiana L., Spiderwort, Widow's 

Tears NYFA 

*Tragopogon dubius Scop., Goat's Beard 

*T. porrifolius × pratensis = T. neohybridus Farw., 

Goat's-beard 

Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason, Marsh St. John's 

Wort, Pink-flowered St. John's-wort 

*Trifolium campestre Schreber, Hop-clover, Low 

Hop-clover, Shamrock, Cow-clover NYFA 

Trillium flexipes Raf., Nodding Trillium 

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L., Gamma-grass 

*Triticum aestivum L., Wheat NYFA 

*Urtica urens L., Burning Nettle, Dog-nettle NYFA 

Vaccinium boreale Hall & Hald., High-mountain 

Blueberry NYFA 

Verbena urticifolia var. leiocarpa Perry & Fern. 

NYFA 

*Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt., WingstemNYFA 

*Veronica hederifolia L., Ivy-leaf Speedwell NYFA 

V. peregrina ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) St. John & 

Warren 

V. scutellata L., Marsh-speedwell NYFA 

*V. serpyllifolia ssp. humifusa (Dicks. ex With.) 

Syme, Thyme-leaved Speedwell

Viburnum lantanoides Michx., Hobblebush, Witchhobble, 

Moosewood, Tanglewood 

Viola adunca Sm., Western Dogfoot-violet, Hookspurviolet, 

Labrador-violet 

V. affinis × palmata = V. slavinii House, Violet NYFA 

V. affinis × sagittata var. ovata = V. × hollickii 

House, Violet NYFA 

V. pedata L., Bird's-foot Violet, Pansy-violet, Johnnyjump-up 

NYFA 

V. sagittata × sororia = V. conjugens Greene, Violet 

NYFA 

155 

Vitis aestivalis × labrusca = Vitis × labrusca Bailey 

NYFA 

V. labrusca × riparia = V. × novae-angliae Fern., 

England Grape NYFA 

Vittaria appalachiana Farrar & Mickel, Appalachian 

Shoestring-fern, Appalachian Vittaria 

*Yucca filamentosa L. Yucca, Adam's-needle, Spanish 

Bayonette 

*Zea mays L., Corn, Sweetcorn, Maize NYFA

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 

BIOGRAPHY 

Patricia Maureen Eckel was born in Niagara Falls, New York, and graduated from the 

State University of New York at Buffalo with B.A. Cum Laude in Greek and Latin Classics, 

1981, B.A. Cum Laude in Art History, 1981, and M.A., Biology, 1984. She has contributed to 

the fields of plant taxonomy, botanical art, history of science, and botanical Latin. 

Appointments include Research Scientist, Missouri Botanical Garden, 2002 to present; 

Research Associate, Division of Botany, Buffalo Museum of Science, 1979-1985 and 2003 to 

present, and Research Fellow, 1986-2002; Director of Moss Exchange, American Bryological 

and Lichenological Society, 1981-1992; Niagara Frontier Botanical Society founding member, 

Treasurer, 1983-1985, Secretary 1988-1990; Fellow (National), Explorer's Club, 1988 to present; 

Editor of the Clinton Papers, archives of the Research Library, Buffalo Society of Natural 

Sciences, 1990 to present; scientific illustrator, Flora of North America, Volumes 27-29 

(bryophytes), 2000 to present, funded by National Science Foundation and Chanticleer Botanical 

Garden; collaborator, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, 1985-1988. 

She has published more than 75 scientific articles on both vascular plants and bryophytes 

since 1980. Her research focus is on the flora of the Niagara Falls region and the moss family 

Pottiaceae, including taxonomic treatments in the Flora of North America. Many of her 

contributions relevant to the botany and botanical history of western New York State and 

adjacent Ontario are online at two Missouri Botanical Garden Web sites: 

http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/resbot/ and 

http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/bfna/bfnamenu.htm. 

Beginning in 1986, Ms Eckel published 27 articles on regional floristic botany published 

in Clintonia, the journal of the Niagara Frontier Botanical Society. 

Ms. Eckel is presently a resident of St. Louis, Missouri, working at the Missouri 

Botanical Garden. 

156

MADCapHorse - Missouri Botanical Garden

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?