Ukucwaswa kwabokufika kanye nabezemiphakathi - Centre for Civil ...

<strong>Ukucwaswa</strong> <strong>kwabokufika</strong> <strong>kanye</strong> <strong>nabezemiphakathi</strong>:<br />

Ukwahlukanisa kwaseThekwini Okuhleliwe<br />

BARUTI AMISI, PATRICK BOND, NOKUTHULA CELE NOTREVOR NGWANE<br />

UMQONDO OWAHOLELA KULOLUCWANINGO: <strong>Ukucwaswa</strong> <strong>kwabokufika</strong><br />

eThekwini kwakungandile njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye amadolobha amakhulu<br />

aseNingizimu Afrika, eGoli <strong>kanye</strong> naseKapa, phakathi kuka2008 <strong>kanye</strong> no2010,<br />

kodwa lokhu kuqhubeka kukhombisa ukungenami ngezenhlalakahle. Umsuka<br />

walenxushunxushu, njengoba sisho, uthilakala ezindleleni ‘zentuthuko engalingani<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nehlanganisayo’ okuyizinto okungakhulunywa ngazo obala nangesikhathi<br />

kwenziwa imigomo. Lezizindlela zilukhuni kakhulu kubacwaningi kany<br />

enemixhantela yemiphakathi ukuziqonda nakuphikisana nazo ekungalinganeni<br />

phakathi kwabantu <strong>kanye</strong> nobuphofu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukuqhudelana<br />

lapho kudayiswa, ukwahlukana kwabantu ngamasiko okuqondene nobulili, <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokungezwani okusobala phakathi kwamazwe aseningizimu Afrika. Ingcindezi<br />

yalomsuka iyaqhubeka – njengoba nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kuqhubeka – ngoba<br />

phale uma lumgekho ushintsho kumandla ezwe lonke ezombusazwe <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nabakubabele, kunzima kakhulu ukuxazulula lokhu. Umphumela walokhu,<br />

imixhantela yemiphakathi iyaqhubeka nokubhekana nalezizinkinga uma zevela<br />

njengzinxushunxushu zenhlalakahle, noma baphoqeke ukubumbana nezinye<br />

izinhlangano zalengxenye yeAfrika, okuhlanganisa neTheku uchweba lalo <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nemikhuba yezombusazwe yomphakathi ikwazi ukuza nezibonelo zobumbano<br />

oludingekayo ngesikahti esizayo.<br />

Isingeniso<br />

Lesisahluko sibhekana nengcindezi kwezomnotho <strong>kanye</strong> nezinkinga ezibhekene ngqo<br />

nokwenyuka kwayo, ukwehla <strong>kanye</strong> nezihlandla zokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kusukela<br />

phakathi kuka2008 kuze kube phakathi kuka2010, sisebenzisa izigigaba ezenzeke<br />

eThekwini. ITheku liyidlobha lesithathu elanalenkinga eNingizimu Afrika, kulandele<br />

iGauteng <strong>kanye</strong> naseKapa. Ukubhekana ngqo nalokhu ezweni lonke kubbalulekile.<br />

Jikelele, udlame lokucwaswa abokufika langezinyanga zika Meyi noJuni ngonyaka<br />

ka2008 – olwadlula nemiphefumulo engu62 u21 wayo kuyizakhamizi zaseNingizimu<br />

Afrika, kwalimala u670, kwadlengulwa inqwaba yabesifazane, kanti mhlawumbe<br />

bafika ku100 000 abasale dengwane bengenayo indawo yokuhlala kwathi izimpahla<br />

ezibalelwa kwizigidigidi zantshontshwa [Misago, Landau and Monson 2009, 7-12] –<br />

lokhu kwalandelwa inzondo ebhekiswe <strong>kwabokufika</strong>, eyayibonakala njalo lapho uma<br />

‘kunezibhelu ezzibhekene nokulethwa kwezidingongqangi’ emadolobheni amancane<br />

ezweni lonke, <strong>kanye</strong> nokuhlasela ngenyanga kaJanuwari 2009 indawo yokuphephela<br />

yeNhlangano Yamazwe Abumbene eThekwini, <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izinxushunxushu<br />

(ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseNtshonalanga Kapa naseGauteng) emva kokugoqwa<br />

kweNdebe Yomhlaba ngenyanga kaJulayi 2010. Njengoba lokhu kuqinisekiswa<br />

indawo yokucwaningo ngoAgasti ngonyaka ka2010, inzondo <strong>kwabokufika</strong> inkulu<br />

kakhulu eThekwini, okuhlanhanisa nombutho wamaphoyisa lapho ukuhlukunyyezwa<br />

kwenza sikhathazeke [Manzi 2010, Padayachee 2010, Zvavanhu 2010].

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Eqinisweni ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kuqhamuka lapho kunengcindezi kwezomnotho.<br />

Njengoba isifundisa nganhlalo yasemadolobheni uDavid Harvey [1989, 13-14] ebeka,<br />

‘Indlela izingxenye zemiphakathi ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla ezinawo [imali, ukuba<br />

nezwi kwezombusazwe, ngisho nodlame] ukuzama ukuvimbela abanye<br />

abangamukelekile] ezikhaleni ezincane lapho izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha <strong>kanye</strong><br />

okwahlukana ngezenhlalakahle ziqashwa ngeso lokhozi. Umangabe uHarvey<br />

eqinisile, futhi umangabe umnotho waseNingizimu Afrika udala ingcindezi enkulu<br />

emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngesikhathi lapho kuphela isikhathi sobandlululo ngebala<br />

okwakusemthethweni ngonyaka ka1994 – nokunyuka kweGini coefficient kusukela<br />

kumaphesenti angu16 ngesibalo esisemthethweni ngo1994 kuya kumaphesenti<br />

angu32 ngesikhathi sokunyuka kakhulu ngo2001 kuya kumaphesenti angu26<br />

ngo2010, futhi kwafika isikhathi lapho kwehla khona kakhulu ngesibalo sokunyuka<br />

kwabahlwempu emadolobheni, ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe inhlangano<br />

iOrganisation <strong>for</strong> Economic Cooperation and Development [Leibrandt et al 2010] –<br />

ngakho sidinga izindlela kwezombusazwe zomnotho waseNingizimu Afrika ezosisiza<br />

siqonde ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ngaphansi kwezimo zengcindezi yomnotho, ukuze<br />

sikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle [kokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>].<br />

Lamandla ahleliwe awenzi ukuthi kubekwe imibandela noma ukumelwa,<br />

okumbandakanya ubuholi bezombusazwe. Phela vele, uNgqongqoshe Womnyango<br />

Wezindaba Zasekhaya wokuqala emva kombuso wobandlululo, uMangosuthu<br />

Buthelezi, wakhuluma kanje ephalamende ngonyaka ka1997 [ngaphandle<br />

kwemibhalo eyayimxhasa]:<br />

Njengoba kunabantu abakulelizwe ngaphandle kwemvume ababalelwa cishe<br />

phakathi kwezigidi ezimbili nesigamu <strong>kanye</strong> nezigidi ezinhlanu, kusobala<br />

ukuthi izidingongqangi zenhlalakahle <strong>kanye</strong> nezomnotho zezwe, zingaphansi<br />

kwengcindezi enkulu njengamanje, futhi zigqilazwa ukuba khona kwabangena<br />

ngaphandle komthetho…[izakhamizi kufanele] zisize Lomnyango <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nombutho wamaphoyisa ekubopheni, ekubekeni icala <strong>kanye</strong> nasekususeni<br />

abafike ngokungemthetho kuleli … ukuhlanganyela komphakathi<br />

kuyadingeka ukuze Lomnyango wenze kahle umsebenzi wawo [ucashunwe<br />

kuCrush, 2008, 17-18].<br />

Abacwaningi abasebenza ngabokufika uJean Pierre Misago, uLoren Landau <strong>kanye</strong><br />

noTamlyn Monon [2009, 7-12] bathi udlame oluqondiswe <strong>kwabokufika</strong> [abamnyama]<br />

eNingizimu Afrika into evele ebihlale yenzeka nangesikhathi sikahulumeni<br />

wobandlululo njengoba kuqhubeka ngisho manje sekubusa uhulumeni wentando<br />

yeningi ngenxa yokwehlukana, lapho imicabango ngabanye/noma bangaphandle,<br />

nokuvimbela abokufika ukuthi basebenzise ‘amalungelo abo ezombusazwe <strong>kanye</strong><br />

namalungelo okuhlala emadolobheni’. UBrij Maharaj onguchwepheshe kwezebalazwe<br />

waseThekwini [2004, 2-3] uthi yena ‘umlando wokufika kwabaningi bangaphandlle<br />

eNingizimu Afrika sekudale isibalo esikhulu sabantu abangezona izakhamizi<br />

abangenamalungelo, noma ngabe sebehlale izikhathi zezizukulwane eziningi kuleli’.

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Lokhu okuhlanganisa ukuba ngabokufika abangenamalungelo <strong>kanye</strong> nokukhishwa<br />

inyumbazane, njengoba kubonwa sengathi bafika kakhulu abaqhamuka emazweni<br />

angaphandle, kuholele ekutheni kube khona ubushoshovu bezenhlalakahle bumelenne<br />

nabantu ababonakala sengathi banobungozi ezindleleni zenhlalakahle <strong>kanye</strong> namasiko<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nezimilo. Lokhu kujwayelekile, njengoba kwakubona ezinkingeni zabokufika<br />

eFrance ababesuka eArizona, kuhlalle kucatshangwa ukuthi abokufka abeze<br />

eNingizimu Afrika banciphisa amathuba ezomnotho kwabahlwempu <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nabasebenzi, ngaphakathi kwesimo ebesikhona eminyakeni efika kweyikhulu<br />

nesigamu eyayibekwe [ezimayini zedaimane zaseKimberly] yizicebi zaseNingizimu<br />

Afrika ukuxhaphaza kakhulu abasebenzi ababesuka ezabelweni zaseNingizimu Afrika<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nasesifundazweni seNingizimu neAfrika.<br />

Esikudingayo, ngakho-ke, uhlelo oluzombandakanya ukuhamba kwamandla<br />

abasebenzi, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwamandla abasebenzi [ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi<br />

esingakaze sibe khona sokugcwala kwezindlu ezimakethe kuhambisana<br />

nokungabibikho kwezindlu (zabampofu), indlela yokuphikisana kakhulu kwabadayisi<br />

kokuphinde kwakhiqizwa emphakathini, ukuchaza ngokucacile amandla obulili,<br />

ezombusazwe ezihlanganisa namazwe asemingceleni, <strong>kanye</strong> nolwazi oluvela<br />

kulobubudlelwane obudidayo, obunokungezwani bezenhlalakahle <strong>kanye</strong> nezomnotho.<br />

Loluhlelo olungabizwa ngokuthi ‘intuthuko engalingani <strong>kanye</strong> nehlangene’ yabantu<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nomnotho (Bond, 1999), liyosivumela ukuthi sazi kangcono izindlela<br />

izinhlangano zemiphakathi eziphikisana ngayo ngendlela abantu basezweni lakubo<br />

abanze ngayo mayelana nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>, kodwa futhi ezimweni ziningi<br />

ezihlulekayo ukuphumelela kulokhu – kodwa noma kwenzeka bephumelela,<br />

ukubhekana ngokunesiphetho izimpande ezidala ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ngaphansi<br />

kwengcindezi yezizinda ezahlukahlukene.<br />

Amandla ezizinda <strong>kanye</strong> namandla omphakathi<br />

Uhlelo lokubhekana nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kungafanele lenze iminyakazo emide<br />

ngezenhlalakahle <strong>kanye</strong> nezomnotho okuholela endleleni yokungalingani lapho<br />

kuthengwa [okubhekelela kakhulu amadolobha ambalwa amakhulu kodwa futhi<br />

ezindaweni ezithize njeNgemaphakathi Lesigceme leDolobha, ongqngqmeni<br />

lwamadolobha <strong>kanye</strong> nalapho kuhlala khona abaphila kakngcono okungenabantu<br />

abaningi] <strong>kanye</strong> nenhlanganyela yakudala neyesimanjemanje [noma ebandlululayo<br />

ngebala, ngobuzwe, noma ebuswa ngamadoda noma-ke yokuxhashazwa kakhulu<br />

kwabasebenzi] kubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle. Ubufakazi bentuthuko engalingani<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nahlanganisayo eNingizimu Afrika imbandakanya amazinga aphezulu<br />

naqhubeka ngokundlebeleka okungalingani okuholela ukuthi abanye bazuze,<br />

kubhebhetheke ubuphofu, okukhiqizwa njengendlela eyodwa [hayi iminotho emibili<br />

ethe bha, enezinto ezingenabudlelwano, njengoba uMbeki nabanye<br />

abangochwepheshe bempilo yesimanjemanje babesho] [Maharaj, Desai noBond<br />

2010]. Lomnyakazo awuhlanganisi-nje kuphela ukuzuza okungalingani kulesisikhala,<br />

kodwa ‘inhlanganyela’ yobudlelwano bokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza kabusha,<br />

okukhulunywe ngezikhathi ezahlukene kunezingxenye ezinkulu, njengamaBantustans<br />

ayegcina lapho kwakutonyulwa amandla emisebenzi kusetshenziswa amacebo

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ngesinye isikhathi [kwaze kwaba ngu1994], <strong>kanye</strong> namazwe aseNingizimu neAfrika<br />

umnotho wawo osukhululekile benza iseno esisodwa ngokulandelayo.<br />

Imikhuba eminingi yesizinda sezomnotho wezombusazwe eNingizimu Afrika<br />

kusukela ‘ngokufika kwabamhlophe ukuzobusa Kunendlela Ethize’ eminyakeni<br />

engamashumi ayisihlanu edlule kwasatshalaliswangokukhathazeka mayelana<br />

nobudlelwane bokulinganayo <strong>kanye</strong> nokuhlangene kubasebenzi, ngebala, ngendawo<br />

yokuhlala kanti futhi, emva kwesikhathi ezobulili <strong>kanye</strong> nezemvelo. Bahlanganyela<br />

ndawonyye ukwenza izifundo ngobudlelwane bokuxhashazwa kakhulu ngamandla<br />

abasebenzi – ubungxiwankulu (isiboniso Wolpe 1972, legassick 1974, Saul <strong>kanye</strong><br />

noGelb 1991). Ngenkathi inkulumompikiswano enokulwa phakathi kwezishoshovu<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> namaliberals igqugquzela izifundo zezombusazwe zepolitiki phakathi<br />

kweminyaka ka1960s <strong>kanye</strong> nama1970s, kanti futhi imibhalo ehlukahlukene ‘entsha<br />

kaMarx’ ikhiqizwa ngeminyaka yama1970s kuya kuma1990s, lezizindaba ziqhamuka<br />

emuva kakhulu njengezinkinga zokucwaninga. Umsuka wobungxiwankulu eNgilandi,<br />

bese kubhekwe konke, kwakuyindlela yokuzuza yakudala: icebo lokuqala lokuphuca<br />

abantu izinto ezingezona zobungxiwankulu kuzozonke izindlela zokuphila kwabo,<br />

okwaduma kakhulu ukuvalwa komhlaba okwaphoqa abasemaphandleni babe<br />

ngabasebenzi [Thompson 1963].<br />

ENingizimu Afrika, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezombusazwe ukuphuca abantu<br />

abamnyama izimpilo zabo, ukuze baphoqwe kubudlelwane bamandla abasebenzi<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> namaholo, kwahlanganisa izindlela ezithe xaxa zezomnotho ezigcineka<br />

isikhathi eside, izindlela zobandlululo ezinenhlamba okwakungekona – nje okokuqala<br />

kwesimo sokuzuza kwakudala. Ukuzihlanganisa okwakuphoqiwe kwabesilisa abasha<br />

basezimakethe zesifundazwe saseNingizimu Afrikaa kumandla emsebenzi<br />

kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Lokhu kuholele engxenyeni yabasebenzi, lapho<br />

amandla okusebenza abesifazane okungakhokhelwa kwagcina amaholo ephansi<br />

kakhulu isikhathi amadoda asisebenze emaplazini, emafektri <strong>kanye</strong> nasezimayini.<br />

Kubacwaningi abaningi sekuyophela iminyaka eyikhulu edlula, umqondo<br />

wokuxhashazwa kakhulu wawusiza ukuchaza lomlando owawuqhubekka wokuzuza<br />

owawuvuna abathile, uhlanganisa ubungxiwankulu <strong>kanye</strong> nezindlela okungezona<br />

zobungxiwankulu ezizindeni zokusebenza, zempilo <strong>kanye</strong> nendalo. Lentuthuko<br />

engenakulingana <strong>kanye</strong> neyokuhlanganyela ayibonakali-nje ngokuxhashazwa [ukuba<br />

ngaphezulu komkhiqizo wenani lokumbiwe] ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa, kodwa<br />

ngokunabile, ebudlelwaneni beminyakazo phakathi kwezimakethe <strong>kanye</strong> nokungezona<br />

izimakethe. Ilapho ukunyuswa ‘kokuzuza ngokuthatha izimpahla’ [Harvey 2003],<br />

phakathi kwezindlela zobungxiwankulu nokungezona ezobungxiwankulu, kufanelekile<br />

emhlabeni wonke.<br />

Ngokuhlelekile, sibhekane nalenselelo ezichaza ngokwayo ngokubheka intuthuko<br />

engalingani nehlangene ezimakethe zokuqasha, ezizindeni zokukhiqiza kabusha<br />

amandla okusebenza [ikakhulukazi lapho kuthinteka khona inani lezindlu] <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokusabalaliswa kokuthengwa okuncane [emaalokishini <strong>kanye</strong> nakwezokudayisa]<br />

bese kuthi mayelana nezombusazwe wamazwe asemngceleni okuhlanganisa<br />

ukudaleka kwabasuke bebaleka emazweni abo.

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Uma kubuzwa labantu kusiza ukuhlanganisa izikhala phakathi kwesizinda <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nabathunyelwe ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene. Kukho-konke, umsebenzi wethu<br />

ugcizelela ukufuna ubudlelwano bamandla okuthinta ulwazi lwabantukazana,<br />

abakhuluma ngokufuthelana kwabo okunganqamula amathemba abo entuthuko,<br />

ngenxa yokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>.<br />

Ukukhombisa ukuthi, ukuthi yisiphi isizinda esihamba phambili esibhekwe izimakethe<br />

zamandla omsbenzi? Embhalweni ongemdala-nje kumbono waseNingizimu Afrika<br />

mayelana nentuthuko engalingani <strong>kanye</strong> nehlangene, uSamantha Ashman, Ben Fine<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> noSusan Newman [2010] bancikise lombhalo ekuhlaziyeni kukaFine no<br />

Rumstomjee [1996] ukuphathwa kwezimboni zezimayini, ezamndla <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye<br />

ezinobudlelwano nazo njengeqembu eligqamile lamandla awodwa.<br />

Ukuzuza komhlaba wonke <strong>kanye</strong> nokushintshashintsha nokuqalwa kabusha<br />

kwezizinda kweminotho ethile nezindlela zokubusa ngezigaba. Sisichaza isimo<br />

sokuzuza eNingizimu Afrika “njengeMinerals Energy Complex’ (MEC) lapho<br />

ukuzuza kuhlale futhi kudala-nje kuphethwe iqoqo lezimboni ezizimele futhi<br />

ezigqugquzelwa umbuso, ikakhulukazi kwezokumbiwa nezamandla –<br />

imikhiqizo engakaphuculwa nesike yakhucululwa ngokungaphelele, igolide,<br />

idayimani, insimbi, iplatinam, amalahle <strong>kanye</strong> ne-aluminium. Esimweni<br />

sokukhiqiza saseNingizimu Afrika, ukuxhasa ngezimal kube nomthelela<br />

kenhlanganyela ethize yokungena kwezimali okwesikhashana [okuhambisana<br />

nokukhula kwezikweletu zabathengi ikakhulukazi kwimikhiqizo yokuchoma]<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokuphuma kakhulu kwezimali njengoba izimboni ezinkulu ‘zasekhaya’<br />

sezikhethe ukubhalisa amastocks awo eamzweni aphesheya futhi enza<br />

abomkhulu bazo babe kulamazwe kodwa bebe bebheke ukwenza inzuzo<br />

eNingizimu Afrika kwizimboni zeMEC. Umphumela, ngisho kungakabi khona<br />

umthelela ofike nalezizinkinga zamanje, kwakungukukhula kokungabikhona<br />

kwemisebenzi <strong>kanye</strong> nokuqhubekela phambili kobuphofu kwabaningi <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokunyuka kwamazinga okuphila kwisibalo esincane, okumbandakanya<br />

izigwili ezintsha ezimnyama.<br />

Kulesisimo-ke, ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kuyinkomba ehlelekile <strong>kanye</strong> nezidumo<br />

ebantwini okukhulu ngokujwayeleka emphakathini esezimbonini zokumbiwa phansi<br />

ezaqalwa ngokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamandla okusebenza ezindaweni ezikude<br />

eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Emva kwesikhathi, lenkinga yokuzuza encike kumaMEC<br />

esikhathini lapho ezezimali zikhiqize ukuhluleka ngokulandelana kwezimakethe <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nombuso, okuhlanganisa:

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*izinga eliphezulu lokungabikhona kwemisebenzi okwenza kukhule<br />

ukuthuthela kwabantu emadolobheni besuka emaphandleni <strong>kanye</strong> nabathuthela<br />

okokuqala;<br />

*izimakethe zezindlu eziqinile futhi ezisebenza ngokwahlukanisa, okwenza<br />

izinkinga zokulethwa kwezidingongqangi zikhule, [amanzi/ukuhlanza<br />

ukungcola, ugesi <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izidingongqnagi zikamasipala];<br />

*ukuncintisana kakhulu kwezokudayisa;<br />

*amazinga aphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke obugcwelgcwele;<br />

*Ukukhohlakala okuseMnyango Wezasekhaya;<br />

*izindlela zokubusa ngamadoda <strong>kanye</strong> nokungqubuzana ngamasiko; <strong>kanye</strong><br />

*ingcindezi emkulu ngezombusazwe nemingcele namazwe okwakimbabwe<br />

khelene nawo, ikakhulukazi eZimbabwe <strong>kanye</strong> nasezifundazweni<br />

zaseMachibini Amakhulu [Great Lakes] <strong>kanye</strong> neMaphakathi yeAfrika<br />

[Central Africa].<br />

Siyazi, ikakhulukazi, isidingo sokuqhubeka nokucwaninga mayelana nolwazi<br />

nobudlelwane obusondelene phakathi kwabasebenzi besilisa <strong>kanye</strong> nabesifazane,<br />

okungaba isikhiye esibalulekile kwintithuko engalingani <strong>kanye</strong> nehlanganisayo.<br />

Ukwenza isiboniso, uma sibheka kwimicabango yyamqembu ezombusazwe, akukho<br />

ukungabaza – uma sesibheka ubufakazi obuqhamuka kwizinkulumo-mbuzo ezibe<br />

seThekwini – ukuthi ukucabanga kwamadoda kuyafana ko<strong>kwabokufika</strong> kanya<br />

nokwamadoda azalwa eNingizimu Afrika. Abantu besifazane kucatshangwa ukuthinje<br />

kufanele benze ‘ngokwemvelo’ benze imisebenzi yasekhaya engakhokhelwa<br />

emakhaya lapho amadoda engabasebezi, lapho amadoda ebheka abesifazane<br />

njengempahla yabo yangasese. Futhi kunombono osabalele wokuthi amadoda<br />

okufanele alndele abesifazane nokuthi uma indoda icebile, ilapho amathuba elula<br />

‘ukuzuza’ abesifazane <strong>kanye</strong> nokubagcina. Okumelene nalokhu ukuthi uma indoda<br />

ingenayo ngokwanele imali, abesifane bankamunkamu ukumqoma. Empeleni,<br />

emphakathini yongxiwankulu, amadoda kuhlale kucatshangwa ukuthi bayaqhudelana<br />

ngokuqonywa ngabesifazane; kubudlelwane <strong>kanye</strong> nasocansini olukhokhelwayo,<br />

ukuba nezimpahla kakhulu kwendod ikona okushoyo ukuthi ubani umqobi. [Hunter<br />

2010].

---

Kuloluhlelo oluxubile oluyingozi kanje <strong>kanye</strong> nemicabango yezombusazwe esimweni<br />

sokungalingani <strong>kanye</strong> nesokuklolodelana <strong>kanye</strong> nesifundazwe (seNingizimu neAfrika)<br />

esinokuqhudelana ngamandla emsebenzi okubhebhezela ‘amadoda ezibona efanele<br />

ukuba notho’ <strong>kanye</strong> nokuqhudelana okunodlame phakathi kwamadoda, belwela abantu<br />

besifazane lokhu nacho kunomthelela ekuhlaselweni <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Kulokhu ezinye<br />

izishoshovu zezobulili babuye banezezele indima yemicabango ‘yokubusa imindeni’<br />

okwenza amadoda abe zilwane esimweni sokungabi namandla ababanakho ngenx<br />

yobuphofu, ukungasebenzi <strong>kanye</strong> nokwahluleka ukubona enye indlela abangaputshuka<br />

ngayo kwisimo sabo esidabukisayo sezomnotho. Ngakho-ke umndeni uma indawo<br />

yokugcina yendoda empofu: kumnika amandla <strong>kanye</strong> nokushaya umthetho ngenkathi<br />

kungekho omunye umuntu ongamnika lokho.<br />

Ezinye izinto ezihlelekile kumandla omsebenzi esifundazweni (saseNingizimu Afrika)<br />

kufanele zibhekwe, ngoba ziba nemithelela kwingcindezi yempilo yansuku zonke:<br />

ingculazi [esabalala kakhulu eThekwini]; ukubakhona kakhulu kokusebenza<br />

kwezingane; ukuqhubeka kokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi abahlala emaplazini; ulwazi<br />

oluphansi ngemisebenzi <strong>kanye</strong> nokuqeqesheka okungaphelele; ingcindezi yokwenza<br />

izinto zebe ezangasese <strong>kanye</strong> nokuphikisana ngezindlela zokuhlela kabusha<br />

kwezemiphakathi nguhulumeni; nokuvela kokusabisa kwezimpahla ezithuthelwa<br />

ngaphandle [okubonakala kwizibonakaliso eBotswana; eLesotho <strong>kanye</strong> naseSwazini]<br />

kuya ekuphepheni/nezempilo ezindaweni zasemsebenzinni <strong>kanye</strong> namaholo,<br />

okuhlanganisa izimo kumasweatshop ikakhulukazi kumafektri amaningi KwaZulu-<br />

Natal; <strong>kanye</strong> nokusabisa okusanda kwenziwa ngoNgqongqoshe weZezimali uPravin<br />

Gordhan [2010] yeholo elikabili okuyokhinyabeza imakethe yemisebenzi<br />

enokujikajika. Kulenkolelo edumile ekukholelwa kuyona, ngisho iOrganisation <strong>for</strong><br />

Economic Cooperation and Development <strong>kanye</strong> neInternational Monetary Fund<br />

[2010]ethi abasebenzi baseNingizimu Afrika bayisibalo sesine emhlabeno okhiqizayo<br />

abavikelekile[(mayelana nokuqinisekisa ngomsebenzi], emva kwamazwe aseMelika,<br />

eCanada <strong>kanye</strong> naseNgilandi. Lokukukhathazeka okusabalele, <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izinkoba<br />

zemizabalazo yansuku zonke, zizuza kancane kubudlelwano bezimboni ezinkulu<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nohulumeni <strong>kanye</strong> namandla emsebenzi amakhulu okuthandwa kakhulu<br />

ngabanye babaholi bezinyunyana zesifundzwe (seNingizimu Afrika), njengoba<br />

kwakuwumbono owawuvele noNgqongqoshe Wezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho<br />

waseNingizimu Afrika uEbrahim Patel ngo2010.<br />

Umgomo wemiphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika unikeza izindawo ezimbalwa<br />

ukuphuma kulengqinamba, ngisho noma kusanda kuba khona izinkulumo mayelana<br />

‘nombuso osathuthukiswa’ [Maharaj, Desai noBond 2010]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi,<br />

abanye ababeka imibono bathi ukukhulu okuzimelele <strong>kanye</strong> nezombusazwe<br />

ezinenqubekela phambili iseza, njengoba kuqagela imigomo yezomnotho omkhulu<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> namanani ngokomlandoamakhulu ngokomhlaba ababeke ithemba kubabausi<br />

abaphethe emva kombuso wbandlululo, noma kwagcinwa umbuso wethimba<br />

likaMbeki-Manuel-Mboweni-noErwin usuphethe ngabanye ngo2008-2009 yiqembu<br />

elincane-nje lentando yeningi: likaZuma-Gordhan-Marcus-Davies – <strong>kanye</strong> noEbrahim.<br />

‘UKukhula komnotho’ kwakumemezelwe yizibukeli ezifana noFinancial Mail [Russel,<br />

2007a, 2007b; MacNamara, Russel <strong>kanye</strong> noWallis 2007], kubongwa ‘ukusimama<br />

komnotho omkhulu’, ukukhula kkweGDP ngokungaphazamiseki ngaphezu

---

kweminyaka eyishumi emva kuka1998, <strong>kanye</strong> nokukhula kwemikhiqizo eya<br />

emazweni angaphandle.<br />

Kodwa futhi ngaso lesosikhathi, iNingizimu Afrika yayiqhubeka nokuba nezomnotho<br />

ongalingani [Bond 2005] <strong>kanye</strong> nokwenyuka kwezibhelu ngezenhlalakahle –<br />

kuneziteleka eziningi ngonyaka [Nqakula 2007] – kuxwayisa ngokwehla kwezinga<br />

lokuhlonishwa kwamaqembu enkululeko. Amalungelo abezindaba <strong>kanye</strong> nokuthola<br />

ulwazi kwaba nokusatshiswa ngo2010, ngokwesiboniso-nje. Kodwa sesibhekene ngqo<br />

nokwakwenzeka, kwasekusobala ukuthi ‘izibhelu ezihambisana nokulethwa<br />

kwezidingongqangi’ ezazibonakala kakhulu esifundazweni saseMpumalanga<br />

nesaseMpumalanga Kapa zazingavele zibhekiswe kubahlali basendaweni –<br />

ikakhulukazi uma beqhamuka ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Afrika – sebengabhekene<br />

nezizathu zangempela zezinkinga zabo [Ngwane 2010]. Kanye<strong>kanye</strong> nokunyuka<br />

kodlame emakhaya oluqondiswe (kwabesifazane) <strong>kanye</strong> nengculaza, ukucwasa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong> mhlawumbe isona siwombe esasisibi kakhulu ukwahlukanisa<br />

ezenhlalakahle yaseNingizimu Afrika.<br />

Kodwa-ke, kwakubuye kube khona izinkomba eziletha ithemba zokukhalaza<br />

ngezenhlalakahle okwakuhanjiswa ngokulwela ezemigomo, ukwenza abantu baqonde,<br />

ukwakha ubumbano namazwea angaphandle <strong>kanye</strong> nezobulungiswa. Lezizizimpawu<br />

zihambisana nalokhu uKarl Polanyi [1956,76] akubiza ‘ngenhlangano ekabili’ lapho,<br />

ngeminyaka eyikhulu edlule kwelaseNyakatho (Europe), ‘ukusabalaliswa<br />

kwenhlangano yemakethe mayelana nezidingo ezibalulekile kwakuhambisana<br />

nokuvinjelwa kwakho’ abantu bevikela umhlaba wabo, amandla emisebenzi <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nezinye izidingo ukuthi kungabikhona ukuthenga okwedlulele. Ezinye izindawo<br />

zazikhombisa ukuphumelela okukhulu, njengeTreatment Action Campaign ngo1998<br />

no 2008 lapho ingcindezi eyayiqhamuka emgaqweni <strong>kanye</strong> nendlela yomthetho yaba<br />

nomthelela okutholela abantu abaphila negciwane lengclaza imishanguzo; <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nezibhelu zabantu baseSoweto ezasiza ukuthi kuxoshwe inkampani yangasese<br />

yamanzi iSuez Lyonnaise des Eaux ngaphandle kwedolobha laseGoli futhi lapho<br />

impumelelo abayithola eNkantolo Enkulu yaseGoli ngoEpreli ka2008 yaqala yachitha<br />

imigomo eyayenza ukudayiswa kwamanzi ([omake iNkantolo Enkulu Yamajaji agcina<br />

iyiphendulile lempumelelo ngoSeptemba ka2009]. Umbuzo esiwubuzayo ukuthi ngabe<br />

ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ngabe kunombono futi kunamandla, ukuze kumelane<br />

nomkhuba wokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> emiphakathini.<br />

Noma ngabe kwakudalwe umkhankaso noma izidubedube, kodwa ubushshovu<br />

bemiphakathi ibona obenza kubekhona ukushintshana kwamamandla ngaphakathi<br />

kweqembu likaKhongolose phakathi kuka2007 no2008, kusukela endodeno<br />

eyayithandwa izimboni zasekhaya <strong>kanye</strong> nezasemazweni aphesheya <strong>kanye</strong> nezicebi<br />

[uMbeki] kuya kowayekhethwe izinunyyana, abasha, abesifazane abahlangene<br />

beqembu lesimame bakaKhongolose <strong>kanye</strong> naMakhomanisi [uZuma]. Leliqembu<br />

lokugcina lona laligcwele laba aba’centre-left’ okwakuhlanganisa iCongress of South<br />

African Trade Unions [Cosatu], Amakhomanisi, iSouth African National Civic<br />

Organisation, abamasonto athile, izinhlangano ezizimele ezingaphandle kukahulumeni<br />

(NGOs), Uphiko Lwentsha lukaKhongolose <strong>kanye</strong> noPhiko Lwabesifazane<br />

BakaKhongolose. Bese kuthi ‘abazimele kuleft’ baseNingizimu Afrika bona<br />

ababengaxhasi muntu kwakuyizinhlangano zenhlalakahle zemiphakathi, abagxeki<br />

bamaNGOs, abesifazane abalwela amalungelo obulili babo [feminists], ababhekelele<br />

ezomhlaba wonke[internationalists], abanye kwezenkolo, abanye ababedinwe

---

imigomo yomnotho [encike ezimakethe], ababecikwe ububhululu, inkohlakalo <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokubuswa ngamadoda obombaxambili mgaphakathi kweqembu elibusayo,<br />

okumbandakanya nabaxhasa uZuma. Bayingxenye yabalwela ‘ubulungiswa<br />

kwinhlalakahle’ evela yavumba kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule futhi esinedumela<br />

ekuphikiseni imiphumela emibi emhlabeni wonke.<br />

Lesisimo sohlelo lozinxushunxushu <strong>kanye</strong> nentuthuko engalingani emphakathini<br />

kwakuchaza ukungabikhona kokuphumula ngaphambi, ngenkathi <strong>kanye</strong> nasemva<br />

kokuhlaselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> phakathi kukaMeyi noJuni 2008. Ingqinamba ebhekene<br />

nezinhlangano ezifuna inqubekela phambili eNingizimu Afrika yonke ngalesosikhathi<br />

kwakungukubhekisa izibhelu ngezenhlalakahle <strong>kanye</strong> nezikhalo ezindaweni ezizoba<br />

nemiphumela. Ukwahluleka kombuso ukubheka ukusatshiswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> yinto<br />

ekhulunywe kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuphika kukaMbeki <strong>kanye</strong> nencazelo<br />

ngowayengungqongqoshe wezomoya, uRonnie Kasrils, ukuthi ‘iThird Force’<br />

eyayifaniswa neminyaka yokuqala yama90s yokwahlukanisa umbuso iyona eyaidale<br />

lokhukuhlasela. Kwase kunokuqwashiswa okuningi, okumbandakanya imibiko<br />

yokubulawa kakhulu [ikakhulukazi okwakubhekiswe kubadayisi basezweni<br />

baseSomalia] emalokishini aseNtshonalanga Kapa <strong>kanye</strong> naseMpumalanga Kapa,<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nesihluku samaphoyisa <strong>kanye</strong> nokuhlukunyezwa eLindela lapho kugcinwe<br />

khona abakufika abasuke sebegodikuswa emakhaya okwakwenziwe uMnyango<br />

Wezasemakhaya. Okunye-nje futhi, ucwaningo ‘iFutureFact’ olwenziwa<br />

iphephandaba [iMail&Guardian, 2008] labuza izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika<br />

ukuthi ngabe zazivumelana yini nalenkulumo: ‘Izinkinga eziningi zaseNingizimu<br />

Afrika zidalwa ngabokufika.’ Ngo2006,<br />

Amaphesenti angu67 avumelana nayo, isibalo esasesinyikule engoba eminyakeni<br />

edlule bangu47 wamaphesenti ababevumelane nalenkulumo. Futhi lokhu<br />

kwakushiwo ezinhlangeni zonke zasezweni. IFutureFact yabuye yafaka lenkulumo<br />

kulaba ababephendulile: ‘Abokufika banciphisa amathuba emisebenzi<br />

kwizakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika futhi kufanele bangavunyelwa eNingizimu<br />

Afrika’ – lapho amaphesenti angu69 avumelana nalokhu.<br />

Ngesikhathi udlame luqala ngoMeyi ka2008, umnyakazo osheshayo owaqhamuka<br />

embusweni, izifundiswa <strong>kanye</strong> namaNGOs kwakungukumemezela ‘ukufundisa’<br />

umphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngamalungelo esintu, inkinga ebhekene nabokufika, noma<br />

indima eyadlalwa imiphakathi engomakhelwane ngokwamukela abokufika<br />

baseNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu<br />

esasivele sikwazi ababekusho, ukufundiswa kwemiphakathi kwakungeke kwanele<br />

ukubhekana nezikhalazo zangempela. Komunye umbiko owawuveza umgomo<br />

owawungakasebnzi ngokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>, iHuman Sciences Research Council<br />

[2008] wathola ukuthi ‘izindawo zokuhlala lapho kuke kwaba khona iziqubu zodlame<br />

‘lokucwasa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>’ zike futhi zaba izindawo zodlame <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izindlela<br />

zezibhelu mayelana nezinye izinto, ikakhulukazi ukulethwa kweziidingongqangi.’<br />

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izincomo zeHSRC [2008] – ehlanganisa<br />

ukuthi izindlu zeRDP kufanele kungahlalwa kuzona [ngisho ukurenta noma emva<br />

kokudayiswa] <strong>kwabokufika</strong> <strong>kanye</strong> nokumemezelwa kokugcinwa kwabasebenzi<br />

abanamakhono kodwa kube nokuphatha kanzima labo abangenamakhono –<br />

kwakungahambisani nomthethosisekelo kubuyisela emuva ukukhiqiza.

---

Ngemuva kwalobuhixihixi ukwanisa kungekudala kohlelo lwabathuthelwa<br />

emadolobheni bamandla okusebenza. Ngonyanga ka1994, kwakhethwa ukthi<br />

abokufika bamandla okusebenza bangaqedwa kumnotho waseNingizimu Afrika.<br />

Ukwenza njalo kwakuzosho ukunyusa amaholo, ukugcina izindlela eziphakeme<br />

zokuqasha ngendlela yezombuso,kushintshwe amahostela ahlala ubulili obubodwa<br />

besilisa benziwe izindlu eziphambili zemindeni, kuqalwe uhlelo lwentuthuko<br />

emaphandleni oluyokwehlisa ingcindezi yokuthuthela kwamandla emisebenzi<br />

emadolobheni, okungaphoqa ukwandisa kokungazuzwa ekuqashweni<br />

okusemgangathweni [umshuwalense wezempilo, ezezindlu, impesheni] kubasebenzi<br />

abamnyama, njengoba kwenzeka kubasebenzi amamhlophe abahola amaholo<br />

aphezulu. Namhlanje, amahostela akhona [ambalwa asenziwe izindawo zokuhlala<br />

nemindeni], kanti futhi nokuphindaphindeka kokungabi khona kwemisebenzi,<br />

izakhiwo zihlale zigcwele amadoda angasebenzi, futhi kwakuyizindawo zebalazwe<br />

lapho kwenzeka khona ukuhlasela kakhulu <strong>kwabokufika</strong>.<br />

Futhi-ke, noma-ke izindawo ebezihlukaniswe ngokwebala ezaziwa ngamaBantustans –<br />

eZululand, eBophuthatswana, eVenda, eTranskei, eCiskei, nakwezinye izindawo –<br />

sezashabalala kwimidwebo yezwe lesikhathi sobandlululo, umcabango wezomnotho<br />

wokulanda amandla okusebenza ashibhile ezindaweni ezikude njengoba<br />

zingasacwaswa ngezinkulumo zobandlululo. Esikhundleni sokuqhamuka<br />

kumaBantustans, abokufika abahlupheka kakhulu basemadolobheni amakhulu<br />

aseNingizimu Afrika manje sebelandwa kakhulu eZimbabwe, eMalawi,<br />

eMozambique, eZambia, eSwazini, eLesotho, eTanzania <strong>kanye</strong> naseDemocratic<br />

Republic of Congo [DRC], lamazwe engxenye awiswe kizimboni zawo ukusabalala<br />

kwezohwebo laseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngokuphela kombuso wobandlululo<br />

ngo1994.<br />

Evuma ngokweqiniso ngokuzibhekelela mayelana nalabasebenzi, uchwepheshe<br />

wezomnotho waseFirst National Bank uCees Bruggemann watshela iphephandaba<br />

iBusiness Report ukuthi, ‘Bagcina inani lamandla omsebenzi liphansi… Amaholo abo<br />

isetshenziswa lapha ngoba abayithumeli imali emuva emazweni abo’ [Comins 2008].<br />

Umangabe abokufika abaningi bengayithumeli emakhaya imali abayiholayo [ngoba<br />

amaholo abo mancane <strong>kanye</strong> nenani lokuphila selinyuke kakhulu], lokhu-ke<br />

kusikhumbuza ukuthi ubandlululo lwalulanda amandla emsebenzi ashibhile<br />

kumaBantustans: iminyaka abesifazane babephoqiwe ukwenza umsebenzi<br />

ongakhokhelwa – wokukhulisa izingane, ukunakekela ngezempilo nokubheka abadala<br />

ababesebadala ababengasasebenzi(amadoda) – ukuze bakhiqize abesilisa abanamandla<br />

abalungele izimayini, amafektri <strong>kanye</strong> nasemaplazini.<br />

Futhi, uma imiphakathi isibhekene nengqinamba yokucabanga ngale kwezikhalo<br />

eziseduzane futhi yenze ubudlelwane nezinhlangano zobumbano zomhlaba. Isibonelo<br />

esinjalo esenzeka yilapho amalunga eSouth African Transport and Allied Workers<br />

Union ngoEpreli ka2008 enqaba ukudiliva [emkhumbini wamaShayina] izinhlamvu<br />

zesibhamu eziyizigidi ezintathu ezazibabele umbutho wezamaphoyisa aseZimbabwe<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nezibhamu zombutho wempi, hayi kuphela-nje eThekwini lapho iAu Yue Jiang<br />

yaqala yazama ukuma echwebeni lakhona, kodwa esifundazweni sonke (seNingizimu<br />

neAfrika) futhi ngalokho sibonga ukuhlanganyela kwezinyunyana <strong>kanye</strong> namaqembu

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amalungelo esintu. Ngomhlaka 24Meyi 2008 imiphakathi yaseGoli yahlanganisa<br />

abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa – abantu bendawo <strong>kanye</strong> nabokufika ngokufanayo –<br />

kwamashwa kwayiwa eHillbrow ngokubambisana nabokufika. Nokunye kwenziwa<br />

Kumalokishi ezweni lonke laseNingizimu Afrika ukukhombisa ukuthi imiphakathi<br />

yayingabamukela abokufika ezindaweni zabo futhi, futhi bahlale ngokuthula. Izidingo<br />

ezalethwa ngamasonto, amaNGOs <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izakhamizi ezazinozwelo<br />

kwakumangalisa, nangenkathi umbuso ubalekela ukuza nosizo futhi belokhu bephika.<br />

Kodwa ubunzima okwakwedlula izikahlo <strong>kanye</strong> nokwakha ubumbano eThekwini<br />

kwakucacile, idoolobha lezinkulungwane zbokufika ababenovvalo lapho ngoMeyi<br />

noJuni ka2008 baphindela emiphakathini. Izifundo ezindaweni ezintathu edolobheni<br />

lesiibili elikhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika – iChatshworth, iCato Manor <strong>kanye</strong><br />

Nemaphakathi Yokuhweba Edolobheni (CBD) – iveza ubufakazi bokungafani<br />

ngendlela inhlalakahle yomphakathi eyenza ngayo kulesisihlava sokucwaswa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong>.<br />

Chatsworth / Bayview <strong>kanye</strong> neBottlebrush<br />

Kuqaganiselwa ukuthi baizigidi eziyisithupha abantu abahlala ezakhiweni<br />

zasemjondolo eNingizimu Afrika; eThekwini, cishe kunabahlali basemjondolo<br />

abangu650 000 kubantu abayizigidi ezintathu nesigamu (kulelidolobha) [Brown,<br />

22009]. Isakhiwo saseBottlebrush eChatsworth ingenye eyaba ngeyezifundo<br />

kwiprojekti kamasipala ukubhekana nezinkinga zenhlakahle <strong>kanye</strong> nezemvelo.<br />

Kwatholakala ukuthi ‘inokungcola kakhulu emoyeni okwakuba nomthelela omubi<br />

ezimpilweni zomphakathi [futhi] nezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu noma<br />

eliphofu kakhulu <strong>kanye</strong> nezidingongqangi’ [Brown 2009]. Kodwa ngesikhathi<br />

sivakashela eBottlebrush, kwakungekho lutho olukhombisa ukuthi kuke kwaba khona<br />

leprojekti, noma iKomidi leWadi elisebenzayo noma igatsha likaKhongolose<br />

ngaphakathi kwalomphakathi.<br />

Kodwa kunendlela yokuhamba kwemali ngaphakathi kwalesisakhiwo okuncike<br />

emaholweni abokufika. Cishe bonke abokufika abacwaningi bethu abakhuluma nabo<br />

baqinisekisa ukuthi bayasebenza, ikakhulukazi amadoda.Kodwa ukuqashwa kwabo<br />

kusengcupheni yokuphela, futhi abokufika, njengenqubo, bakhokhelwa kancane<br />

kakhulu kunezakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika. Sivakashile senza ucwaningo<br />

ngoJulayi 2010 sathola ukuthi kunefektri eseduzane yezingubo eyayisanda kuxosha<br />

abasebenzi ababehola uR100 ngosuku kodwa abokufika behola uR20 ngosuku<br />

[Zvavanhu, 2010]. Esinye isakhamuzi saseNingizimu Afrika eBottlebrush bayakubona<br />

lokungabikhona kobulungiswa futhi ugxeka abaqashi , ngenkathi abanye begxeka<br />

abokufika ngokwamukela amaaholo aphansi.

---

Okunye futhi okwatholakala ukukhombisa ukuthi abasebenzi basemazweni okufika<br />

abagcini ngokuhlukunyezwa ngabaqashi kodwa nangozakwabo abasebenza nabo.<br />

Basebenza kanzima ukudlula abanye, isikhathi eside futhi banikezwa imisebenzi<br />

enzima kakhulu. Kokunye okwenzeka, umqashi uyawabamba amaholo abokufika<br />

enxenxwa abasebenzi [abangabokuzalwa eNingizimu Afrika] futhi leyomali<br />

isetshenziselwa ukudla <strong>kanye</strong> nezoso. Abasebenzi bokufika babonakala besebenzela<br />

amaholo aphansi kumnotho waseNingizimu Afrika kanti futhi basebenza<br />

njengezicashalala kumandla kusebenza, bephathwa kwabi ngabaqashi <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nozakwabo abaqashiwe [izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika] endaweni yasemsebenzini.<br />

Loludaba luyafana nelenzeka lapho kukhiqizwa khona kabusha, ikakhulukazi<br />

kwezezindlu. Ubufakazi baseBottlebrush buchaza ukuthi umanje labo abasuke<br />

bethatha umhlaba ngenkani sebekwenzile lokho, bakha imijondolo yabo bese<br />

beyakwazi ukumelana nemizamo yokususwa umbuso, umkhuba ukuthi babe<br />

nezindawo zabo imijondolo ababa ngabanikazii bayo ngasese ngaphezu komhlaba<br />

abasuke bakhe kuwona. Ukuhlaselwa komhlaba wangasese omelwe ukuthatha<br />

umhlaba uchaza, ngakolune uhlangothi, ukuba khona kkuba nendawo yokuhlala<br />

yomphakathi echazwa ukuthatha ngokuhlanganyela nokuzivikela kumbuso imizamo<br />

yokubaxosha. Kodwa lokhu kugcina sekwenze kube nezindawo ezinabanikazi<br />

bangasese, futhi okugcina sekukhona laba esekhukhokhelwa bona indawo yokuhlala.<br />

Ilokhu impela okwagcina sekwenzeka eBottlebrush, lapho ukuthuthuka okungalingani<br />

kwagcina sekuba yinto enkulu. Namhlanja, abanikazi abaningi bemijondolo<br />

kulendawo bakhokhisa irenti kumalunga omphakathi okumbandakanya nabokufika<br />

futhi, kafushane-nje, bamema ukuthi ingxenye encane yabasebenzi idale impi phezu<br />

kwamanani okufanele bawakhokhele kwizwe longxiwankulu ngendlela ehkukile<br />

kakhulu [Harvey 1989]. Lokhu kuhlale kuholela kwinani okuncike ezingxenyeni<br />

zabasebenzi. Isimilo <strong>kanye</strong> nokuzilawula <strong>kanye</strong> nokuzibusa okwenzeka ngesikhaathi<br />

sokuhlasela <strong>kanye</strong> nokuqala ukuhlala kulendawo, esikhundleni sokuthi kwandiswee<br />

futhi kuthuthukiswe kube umzabalazo omelene nobungxiwankulu, kwenshintshwa<br />

kwenziwe okuphambene lapho ‘amakomidi abantu’ eholela ekutheni umphakathi ube<br />

ngabaxazulula ukungezwani <strong>kanye</strong> nabalawuli benani elithathwa ngababakhokhisa<br />

ngokuhlala kulendawo, abaningi babo, ikakhulukazi eBottlebrush, bangabokufika.<br />

Abantu abazalwe eNingizimu Afrika nabo bayadlula kulokukuxhashazwa.<br />

Ukuthathwa komhlaba eCrossmore kwenziwa ngabaqashi baseBottlebrush<br />

‘abasebekhathele’ ukukhokha amanani okhuhlala aphezulu kuleyandawo. Okubi<br />

kakhulu, ngokusho komholi wabathatha umhlaba eCrossmore, ukuthi<br />

njengababaqashi, babengavunyelwe ukuba novo ezindabeni ezmayelana nomphakathi<br />

waseBottlebrush. Kodwa uma abathatha umhlaba sebeshiywe bodwa ngumbuso emva<br />

kokuphumelela kwabo ukuthatha umhlaba, ithemba labo ukunikwa izindlu ‘zemxhaso’<br />

futhi lokhu kuncike emcabangweni wokuziphatha kahle kwabantu okufanele<br />

bayithole. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni umphakathi wamukele umgomo wokuthi kufanele<br />

umuntu abe nendawo yakhe yangasese emhlabeni <strong>kanye</strong> nesendlini ngoba isona simo<br />

esibekwe umbuso ukuze umuntu athole indlu.

---

Ngesikhathi esisodwa, abokufika baseAfrika abangenazo izincwadi zokuba kuleli<br />

ngokusemthethweni bona bakhishelwa ngaphandle. Futhi, mayelana nesimo<br />

saseBottlebrush, abanye abaqashi abazalelwe eNingizimu Afrika bakhishwa<br />

inyumbazana ngabanikazi bemijondolo ‘noma bezitende’ [omastende] abasemathubeni<br />

okuthola ‘izindlu zeRDP’ [izindlu ezincne ekuqaleni ezanikwa abantu ngophansi<br />

kohlelo lweReconstruction and Development Programme] ezakhiwa endaweni. Futhi,<br />

njengoba kwenzeka kubathathi bomhlaba eCrossmore, imihlangano eyayibizwa<br />

ngabaqashi baseBottlebrush abahlela okunye ukuthatha umhlaba ukuze babalekele<br />

abakhokhisa ngokuhlala emijondolo abo nokuzibeka emathueni okuthola imixhaso<br />

esikhathini esizayo, into abangeke bayithole ngokushesha uma beqhubeka beba<br />

ngabaqashi emayadini abanye abantu eBottlebrush.<br />

Lokhu kuhambisana kanjani neokuhlaselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>? Abaqashi abaxhashazwa<br />

kakhulu ilabo abokufika. Lapho imali yokukhokhela ukuhlala ngenyanga kumjondolo<br />

onamakamelo amabili kubiza uR200, kujwaelekile ukuthi kulamakamelo amabili<br />

kugcine sekuhlala abesilisa abasebasha bokufika abayisihlanu, lapho umnikazi<br />

womjondolo ebiza umuntu uR100 emunye , noma uR500 sekuphelele. Ngakho<br />

lengcindezi engaphezulu yokukhokhela indawo yokuhlala iba enye ingxenye<br />

yengcindezi, isimo esihlelekile sonke sokusweleka kwezindlu siba ukuncintinsana<br />

nabokufika abaxhashazwa kakhulu ngokukhokhela izindawo zokuhlala kubantu<br />

bendawo, futhi babuye bangathandwa ngokunyuswa kwamanani okukhokhela indawo<br />

yokuhlala futhi bandise isimo vele abaphila ngaphansi kwaso sokweswela.<br />

Umphakathi uqobo awuwona umphumela walokhu eBottlebrush. Lemijondolo idume<br />

kabi kakhulu ngokuba nendluzula <strong>kanye</strong> nobugcwelegcwele. Lokhu kwehliswa<br />

kwalawulwa umphakathi, uhola abakaKhongolose basendaweni, behlanganiswe<br />

iqembu labaqaphi abazibeka basendaweni, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlanganyela<br />

zomphakathi zachithwa endaweni, futhi leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka basendaweni<br />

lagcina seliphatha kabi abantu egameni lokugcina umthetho nesimo esilawulekayo.<br />

Lokhu kwashiya iKomidi Eliphezulu Legatsha likaKhongolose, elingasebenzi kahle<br />

ngaphakathi kukaWard 71. Kukhetho lukamasipala lika2006, leliWard lawinwa<br />

iMinority Front lapho uKhongolose ungaphumelelanga ngenxa ‘yabavoti bamaNdiya’.<br />

UKhongolose weza nekhansela elalizomela ukusebenza endaweni kodwa esakhuluma<br />

nabo bathi akenzi lutho ezindabeni zendawo.<br />

Ngesikhathi kubheduka ukuhlaselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ngoMeyi ka2008 eChatsworth,<br />

abokufika baseMozambique, eMalawi <strong>kanye</strong> naseZimbabwe abahlala eBottlebrush<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nasemijondolo yaseUnity Avenue eChatsworth bachapheleka kakhulu kulokhu.<br />

Kulezizindawo, ulaka nokudinwa kwaqubuka ngesikhathi izakhamizi zasendaweni<br />

zisola abokufika kokusweleka kwezindlu <strong>kanye</strong> nemisebenzi. Ngesikhathi udlame<br />

luqhubeka, uhulumeni awuzange ulethe usizo futhi umphakathi owenza izinsiza<br />

zokubhekana nalenkinga. Izinhlangano ezingomakhelwane <strong>kanye</strong> namaqembu<br />

ezenkolo basendaweni baletha izinsiza ezifana nendawo yokuhlala, okokugqoka <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokudla, kodwa ngenxa yezinsiza ezinganele nabengakwenza, usizo aluzange lukwazi<br />

ukuba olwesikhathi eside.

---

Ukwenza kanje komphakathi ukubhekelela lesisimo, akuzange kafushane-nje,<br />

kubhekane nomnyombo owadala ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Lokhu kwakungadalwa<br />

izindlela ukushoda kwezindlela zesimanjemanje <strong>kanye</strong> nokuzimisela, ngoba<br />

amaqembu emiphakathi aseChatsworth, njengaseBayview <strong>kanye</strong> neWestcliff Flat<br />

Residents Associations, kwakuyibona ababehola ekulweni nengcindezi ehleliwe,<br />

okumbandakanya ukukhishwa ezindlini <strong>kanye</strong> nokwahluleka kokulethwa<br />

kwezidingongqangi emva emva kokuwa kombuso wobandlululo [Desai 2002].<br />

Izinkinga ezazivele ezazikhona ezakhiweni zasemijondolo yaseChatsworth, ngeshwa,<br />

zazi, nzulu kakhulu ukuthi izishoshovu zendawo zingabhekana no2008 noma no2010<br />

ngenkathi ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> okusha kubikwa.<br />

Kwakukhona kodwa izinkombisa kuzobakhona udlame lokucwsa abokufika<br />

eBottlebrush, ngoba ngaphambi kuka2008 ukuhlaselwa kwaqala, amapheshana<br />

asabalaliswa emphakathini wonke uxwayisa abokufika ukuthi udlame logcina lifike<br />

uma bengahambi ezindaweni ababehlala kuzona. Abaningi babaleka ngokushesha,<br />

kodwa kwakukhona ukuhlaselwa <strong>kanye</strong> nababulawa ngaphakathi kulendawo.<br />

Lendawo yaba nokudidizela futhi kwaba lukhuni kubacwaningi [noma amaphoyisa]<br />

ukuthola inani elicacile labahlaselwe <strong>kanye</strong> nababulawa.<br />

Abasinda ababehlaselwa babalekela eziteshini zamaphoyisa aseBayview<br />

naseChatsworth <strong>kanye</strong> noholo lomphakathi elaliseduze iMorton Community Hall.<br />

Abanye, babalekela emasontweni amaphakathi nedolobha laseThekwini,<br />

njengaseEmmanuel Cathedral, lapho amakhulu ababeyizisulu zaloludlame<br />

abaqhamuka kwezinye izindawo khona edolobheni kwase kuqalile. Isonto iWestville<br />

Baptist Church kukhona elabakhoselisa ababebalekela udlame lwaseChatsworth.<br />

Abanye abaphehli bodweshu babanjwa, ngokusho kwesasixoxa nabo;<br />

Indoda eyangishaya yaboshwa. Yahlala izinyanga ezimbili esiteshini samaphoyisa.<br />

Emva kwalokho yayisidedelwa. Ukhona endaweni. Ngiyamsaba ngoba angazi<br />

ukuthi ucabangani ngami. [Inkulumo noAguillo, owokufika waseMozambique,<br />

ongumhlali waseBottlebrush.]<br />

Amaphoyisa afika athi labo abashaye amakwerekwere kufanele baboshwe.<br />

Abesifazane abaqashisayo kwathiwa ababakhombe labo ababeshaye<br />

amakwerekwere. Abanye bakwenza lokho, abanye abazange. [inkulumo nomunye<br />

umhlali waseBottlebrush]<br />

Ngamanye amazwi, indlela yobulungiswa yahluleka ukusiza abokufika, abaningi<br />

abathola usizo ezinhlanganweni ezazihambisana nobuzwe. Izisulu zokucwaswa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong> <strong>kanye</strong> nalabo abalahlekelwa izindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yadlame<br />

kwakungabokufika ikakhulukazi baseMalawi, eMozambique, eTanzania <strong>kanye</strong><br />

naseZimbabwe. Abesizwe saseNigeria nabo bakhona abaxhumana nabo amalokishini<br />

ngokuhwebelana, njengoba kwenza abokufika basePakistani. Ngenkathi abesizwe<br />

saseNigeria behlala maphakathi nedolobha, beza eChatsworth kuphela ngokuzohweba,<br />

abokufika basePakistani bayahlala eChatsworth ezindlini endaweni yonke.

---

Kukhokonke, kodwa-ka, udaba lwaseBottlebrush oluhlanganisa amandla ahleliwe<br />

anobutha kakhulu, ukungabikhona ngokwanele kobuholi kulesakhiwo sasemjondolo<br />

esinhlwempu kakhulu, ukungabikhona ngokwanele kokuvikelwa komphakathi<br />

kubasebenzi abangomakhelwane, <strong>kanye</strong> nokuqhubeka kokuchukuluzwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>.<br />

Sihambele khona ngoJulayi 2010 kwaholela ebufakazini bomphakathi ohlupheka<br />

kakhulu ongaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu <strong>kanye</strong> nokuzimisela ngokukhuluma<br />

ngalengcindezi ngokusebenzisa ulwimi elinokucwasa abokufika kakhulu. [Zvavanhu<br />

2010].<br />

ICato Manor <strong>kanye</strong> neCato Crest<br />

Kwabanye, iNingizimu Afrika kwabayindawo okusobala ukuthi beze bazofuna<br />

umsebenzi njengoba abadala babo besilisa abayizihlobo babesebenze eNingizimu<br />

Afrika, ikakhulukazi ezimayini. Abaningi bahlala eNingizimu Afrika ngaphezu<br />

kweminyaka eyishumi, baze baba nezimvume zokusebenza. Abaningi beza<br />

bengashadile abanye bahlala nabesifazane baseNingizimu Afrika, abanye bashade<br />

nabo. Abanye bathanda baesifazane abaqhamuka emazweni abo. Kodwa idawo<br />

yokuhlala nemisebenzi kuhlala kuyizingqinamba ababhekene nazo. Njengoba omunye<br />

waseMozambique ebeka,<br />

Asifuni ukukhuluma ngabantu esiqashe kubona izindawo zokuhlala. Cha, kodwa<br />

angijabuli ngalelikamelo. Awubheke lincane kangakanani. Izolo bekunetha, futhi<br />

phezulu bekuconsa, njengoba ubona ibala phansi. Lelikamelo aligcini-nje ngokuba<br />

lincane, kodwa lingcolile, awubheke udaka phansi. Nginombhede olala umuntu<br />

oyedwa lapha, akukho okunye. Ngigcina isikhwama sami sezimpahla embhedeni<br />

wami ngoba ayikho indawo yokusibeka. Lelikamelo lingahlala umbhede kuphela.<br />

Awubheke isivalo, akuphephile ngisho kuhlala lapha. Kodwa ngikhokha uR350<br />

ngenyanga. Kodwa ngingenzanjani? Into kuphela enhle lapha ukuthi, njengoba<br />

ubona, sonke siqhamuka eMozambique la, ngakho-ke sinakho ukuzizwa<br />

singumphakathi wandawonye … Yebo, kodwa uyabona, angeke ngikwazi ukuhla<br />

kwenye indawo, angifuni ukushiya amadoda asezweni lakithi lapha.<br />

Nangaphandle-nje kwalokho iholo lami alilihle kakhulu. Ngihola uR50 ngosuku.<br />

Ngakho-ke ngeke ngikwazi ukukhokhela kangcono kwenye indawo. Nginomndeni<br />

ekhaya. Ngithola uR1200 mgenyanga. Ngihambisa ingxenye ekhaya, bese<br />

ngisebenzisa esele ukukhokhela indawo yokuhlala <strong>kanye</strong> nokudla lapha.<br />

[Inkulumo ‘noWilliam noAvel’,eDunbar, eCato Manor, ngoSeptemba ka2009.<br />

Nomangabe bahola imali encane kangakanani, abokufika abajwayele ukusokola<br />

ngamanani aphezulu abawakhokhela izindlu zokuhlala, kanti futhi isikhathi esiningi<br />

bangabaqashi abathembekile. Kunemibono ejwayelekile yokuthi abaqashisa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong> izindawo zokuhlala <strong>kanye</strong> nababasebenzelayo banozwelo kubona.

---

Amaspaza <strong>kanye</strong> nezindawo zokucima ukoma noma amashibhini eCato Manor<br />

naseCato Crest ngawezakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngaphandle kwabadayisi<br />

basegaqweni abadayisa izithelo nemifino, <strong>kanye</strong> nabambalwaa abadayisa izimpahla<br />

zabo emaflea markets, abokufika abaningi bangabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezitolo<br />

noma ezimbonini zokwakha ngaphandle kwaseCato Manor noma eCato Crest.<br />

Ukudayisa-ke akuzange kudale ingcindezi, kungafani namanye amalokishi lapho<br />

abokufika baseMpamalanga Afrika <strong>kanye</strong> nezitolo zamaPakistani zazinonjolwe.<br />

Umphakathi eCato Manor naCato Crest wanikeza uxhaso olwalungelukhulu<br />

ngesidumo – ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, okokugqoka, ezokuhamba <strong>kanye</strong> nokuxhasa<br />

ngezomoya – kubafiki phakathi kukaMeyi noJuni ka2008. Ababeyizisulu bathi bathola<br />

usizo amasontweni asendaweni, kodokotela, amakomidi asendaweni, ososesheni<br />

bamazwe angaphandle <strong>kanye</strong> namanye amaqembu aba nozwelo. Abanye abaqashi<br />

babo babefika balande abasebenzi babo ukuthi beze emsebenzini. Abanye<br />

ababengumbutho wezempi woMkhonto weSizwe nabobeza noxhaso, futhi kuthiwa<br />

isizathu esenza kwangabakhona ukuhlaselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> eChesterville, elinye<br />

ilokishi laseThekwini, ingoba kugcwele khona kakhulu abadala ababengumbutho<br />

Womkhonto weSizwe.<br />

Futhi kwakunemihlangano embalwa phakathi kwamaphoyisa, izinhlaka zombuso<br />

zikamasipala, abamele abokufika <strong>kanye</strong> nabanye ababenozwelo. Njengomphumela,<br />

ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> eCato Manor naseCato Crest akuzange kusabalale<br />

njengodlame olwabonakala kwezinye izindawo, engxenye ngoba izinto zokuziphilisa<br />

zazanele okuhlukile ukugwema ukungezwani phakathi <strong>kwabokufika</strong> <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nezakhamizi zendawo.<br />

Isiyingi Esimaphakathi Nedolobha <strong>kanye</strong> noUmbilo Road<br />

Noma babevikeleke kangcono kunezindawo zangaphandle zasemalokishini,<br />

amaphakathi amadolobha amakhulu aseNingizimu Afrika babona izibhelu<br />

ezokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>, futhi lokhu kuyaqhubeka eThekwini. Inkinga yaqala<br />

ngoMeyi ka2008 endaweni yokucima ukoma ejwayelwe ngabesizwe saseNigeria<br />

eduze kweHostela laseDalton kumgwaqo uMbilo, okulandelwa izibhelu Maphakathi<br />

Nendawo Yokuhweba eDolobheni endaweni esukela eAlbert Park kuya eningizimu<br />

kuWarwick Junction endaweni lapho kudayiiswa khona kuya enyakathontshonalanga<br />

[ayikho imibiko yodlame uma uqhubeka uya ngasempumalanga ePoint<br />

naseWaterfront].<br />

EAlbert Park, usaqala-nje u2009, iqoqo elaliholwa ikhansela lasedolobheni<br />

laseThekwini uVusi Khoza basolwa ngokuphusha kufe abokufika baseZimbabwe<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> naseTanzania ngewindi kusukela phezulu eskhiwenisaseVenture Africa.<br />

Lelicala lalishushiswa ngo2009 nango2010 kodwa laba nokubambezeleka okuningana<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokusatshiswa okwanele okwenza ufakazi ohambili kulokhu kuhlaselwa adinge<br />

ukuvikelwa njengofakazi. Sekuzophela unyaka ka2008, uKhoza – owayekade ebekwe

---

icala lokubulala, kwase kuba elokushaya – wayekade ngokusemthethweni ecele ukuthi<br />

uMasipala waseThekwini ususe bonke abanebona abaseNingizimu Afrika kulendawo<br />

ngenxa okukhula kobugcwelegcwele <strong>kanye</strong> nokuhlala ngokumpintshana emaflethini.<br />

Njengomphumela-ke, iJambo House ekuSt. George’s Street kwakuyindawo lapho<br />

kwakujwayele ukufika amaphoyisa ezosesha.<br />

Kwisiboniso esijwayelekile, amaphoyisa asesha indawo eWarwick Junction eyaziwa<br />

ngokuthi amaKhonteyina ngoJuly2010 basusa abaseZimbabwe babashiya kude<br />

endaweni engamakhilomita angu35 uma usuka eThekwini ukuze athole imali [Manzi<br />

2010]. Ngokufika futhi kwamaphoyisa ezosesha ngoNovemba 2010 kwindawo<br />

yokucisha ukoma yabesizwe saseNigeria eMbilo, abaseshi bakazwelonke lamaHawks<br />

bathola ukuthi ‘ iqembu lamaphoyisa aseThekwini abesebenzisa abokufika<br />

njengabantu ababanika izimali, betshala izidakamizwa bebasabisa ngokubabopha<br />

ngaphandla umangabe bebanika izinkulungwane zamarandi’ [Padayachee, 2010].<br />

Obunye ubufakazi bokudonsisana okumbandakanywa nokulokhu kuseshwa abokufika<br />

ngabomthetho ngenxa yogcwala ezindaweni zokuhlala phakathi kukaJulayi noOktoba<br />

2008, lapho abasezweni baseCongo ababephelelwe indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yodlame<br />

lukuhlaselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> phakathi kukaMeyi no Juni bashiywa ngamasonto<br />

emazitebhisini eHolo laseDolobheni zingu11kuJulayi. Emva kokuqophisana<br />

noMphathi WeDolobha uMike Sutcleffe, babuye bahlangana eAlbert Park.<br />

Ngokusizwa ibandla lendawo [elalisuka ezindaweni okwakukade kungezabamhlophe<br />

bodwa kuqala], bakha itende elintekenteke bathola nokuphiwa ukudla.<br />

NgokukaSutcliffe, ‘Kufanele siqaphele ukuthi asisibhebhezeli lesisimo njengalokhu<br />

kufanele. Inkinga yokukhula <strong>kwabokufika</strong> into ekufanele sizame kakhulu<br />

ukuyigwema’ [City Manager’s Newsletter, 2008]. Cishe emva kwezinyanga ezine<br />

behlala kubona noma ubani eAlbert Park [kudala okwakuyipaki eliphambili<br />

eThekwini], abokufika basuswa ngolukhulu udlame ngamaphoyisa, banyamalala<br />

njengeqembu elalikwazi ukuzikhulumela lihlangene. Uma sesibheka ukuthi ukungabi<br />

nandawo yokuhlala kwakubalulekile sekuzoba neNdebe Yomhlaba ka2010, umcimbiomkhulu<br />

futhi owawusabisa iWarwick Junction, uConstable Kwezi Mathenjwa<br />

wehovisi elimaphakathi nedolobha leTheku wakhuluma nabacwaningi [emshinini<br />

wokuqopha] amahora amane emva kokucekelwa phansi kwamatende amaplastiki<br />

abokufika futhi kwathathwa iningi lezimpahla zabo [okwakuhlanganisa namaphepha<br />

abo asemthethweni] mhla zingu1 kunovemba2008 [Bond, Hinley nometh, 2008]:<br />

Mathenjwa: U2010 uzobe usual, ngakho-ke abantu abaqhamuka kulamanye<br />

amazwe, uma beza kulelizwe, kufanele babe nesithombe sokuthi iNingizimu<br />

Afrika, idolobha laseThekwini lihlanzekile, ukuthi abekho abantu<br />

abangondingasithebeni, abekho abadayisa emigaqweni.<br />

Bond: Banitshela ngamalungelo abantu, ukuthi uma nibathatha kufnele<br />

kubekhona lapho ezizobagcina khona?<br />

Mathenjwa: Yebo. Ngizokutshela into eyodwa, mayelana nemibandela<br />

ehambisana nomthetho nomthethosisekelo walelizwe ngiwazi kahle kakhulu.<br />

Ukuthi-nje, kwesinye isikhathi, ulahlelwa olwandle olujulile, olwandle<br />

olushona phansi lapho ungeke ukwazi ngisho ukubhukuda.

---

Bond; Manje namalungelo abantu aminze <strong>kanye</strong> nani futhi?<br />

Mathenjwa; Yebo, nawo aminze olwandle. Noma ngabe ukwazi kangakanani<br />

ukubhukuda, awukwazi ukubhukuda ngoba ungifishi omncane olwandle<br />

olujulile lapho kungabafana abakhulu, oshaka, laba ababizwa ngoshaka<br />

abamhlophe abakwazi ukuphila endaweni enjalo.<br />

Bond: Futhi unesiqinisekiso sokuthi kufanele ulandele [lomthetho wokususa<br />

abantu] ngoba uqhamuka kwabaphezulu, ngabe uMike Sutcliffe lowo?<br />

Mathenjwa: Ngiyabonga, ngiyabonga!<br />

Futhi, ukuhlaziya okuhlelekile kwesifundazwe (esiseNingizimu neAfrika)<br />

kwentuthuko engalingani <strong>kanye</strong> nehlanganyelayo kubalulekile ukukhombisa<br />

okwenzekayo. Abokufika ababehlala eAlbert Park babeqhamuka eDemocratic<br />

Republic of Congo [DRC] lapho cishe abantu abayizigidi ezinhlanu bafa empini<br />

eyayihlasela abantu <strong>kanye</strong> neSiqalekiso Esitholakala khona, ikakhulukazi umjaho<br />

wemali zezimboni ezisabalele emazweni amaningi (multinationals) ukumba icoltran<br />

(ukwenziwa omakhalekhukhwini <strong>kanye</strong> neminye imikhiqizo kagesi).<br />

Ngokwesibonelo-nje, iAngloGold-Ashanti yayinemisebenzi yokumba phansi<br />

eMongbwalu okwaqala ng1996, ngenkathi kusakhona umbuso wendlovuyangena<br />

uMobutu Sese Seko. Ngo2005, iHuman Rights Watch [2005] yaveza ukuthi<br />

ukukhokhelwa kwezidlamlilo (warlords) zeNational Intergration Front imali<br />

yiAngloGold Ashanti. Isikhulu esiphezulu salemboni, uBobby Godsell [2005] echaza<br />

wathi: ‘Esikubabela kakhulu ukuthola simbe igolide ngokunenzuzo…Amaphutha<br />

ayokwenzeka’. Ngokuka Michael Deibert [2008] weCorpWatch, ‘umbiko<br />

wangoNovenba ka2007 yikhomishani esheshayo yoMnyango Wezimayini eCongo<br />

wathola ukthi imibandela <strong>kanye</strong> nokungabibikho ukuba nokuvuleleka ngabakwenzayo<br />

kwinkontileka yokuqala neAshanti Goldfields kwakuphula umthetho waseCongo futhi<br />

kwakufanele kuqalwe phansi izingxoxo.’<br />

Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika, wona sonke lesisikhathi, wenza ngamandla onke<br />

ukuxhasa indima eyayidlalwa izindlu zezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika<br />

[okumbandakanya iAngloGold Ashanti] eDRC, waze waboleka uhulumeni<br />

waseKinshasa ngezigidi ezingu760 ngo2002 ukuze kukhokhwe izikweletu zobubi<br />

bukaMobutu kwiIMF, ukuze kube lula kwizimboni zokumbiwa phansi zaseGoli<br />

ukungena kulelizwe. Inhlangano Yamazwe Abumbene (United Nations) yenza<br />

imibhalo ngeqhaza lezimboni zaseNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi kuntshontshwa<br />

kunempi eDRC, kodwa azikho izinyathelwa ezathathwa (ukubhekana nalokhu) [Bond,<br />

2002].<br />

Kulesisimo-ke, ukuxhasa abantu abafana nalaba aaaaabangu47 basecongo eAlbert<br />

Park akuzange kulingane, ngoba ngisho namaNGO’s ahamba phambili <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nezinhlaka zikahulumeni – ikakhulukazi iKhomishani Ephezulu Yenhlangano<br />

Yamazwe Abumbene emele Abokufika – nabo baliyekelela leliqembu. Empeleni,

---

ukuphathwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kwaba nokuthathwa ngamuntu munye, <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokubhekelelwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kwaba yisifundo sobuchwepheshe. UAmisi noMatate<br />

[2009] bathi eminyakeni edlule ukukhumbula uSuku Lomhlaba Lwabokufika<br />

eThekwini kwakuhlelwa umphakathi wabokufika. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo2008 kuya<br />

ku201o ukukhumbula leZizinsuku Zomhlaba Zabokufika, kwasekwenziwa<br />

ngabakhokhelwayo bexhaswa nguhulumeni, ukukhumbula kwabo, ‘okwakunguku<br />

bhiyozela bona’.<br />

Uma sesisuka emzabalazweni wezindawo zokuhlala eAlbert Park kumakhilomitha<br />

ambalwa uma uya enhlizweni yokuhweba kuWarwick Junction, sithola indawo<br />

ekuncintiswana kakhulu kuyona kumnotho ongalawula ngokomthetho waseThekwini<br />

yizakhamizi <strong>kanye</strong> nabokufika ngokufanayo. Ubumbano lwalidingeka ngenkathi<br />

bebhekene nokusatshiswa kokuvalwa kwalendawo ngumasipala, ikakhulukazi<br />

iMakethe Yasekuseni Kakhulu (Early Morning Market). Inkohlakalo yamaphoyisa<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nobugcwelegcwele kwakukukhulu kulendawo, lapho abokufika babeboshwa<br />

izikhawu ngezikhawu [ngokungaphathi amaphepha abavumela ukuthi babe kuleli],<br />

bafakwe emavenini bayiswe kude neTheku, bese befunwa izimali, <strong>kanye</strong> nokuhamba<br />

indlela ende sebephindela edolobheni [Manzi, 2010]. IWarwick Junction imele<br />

izingqinamba kubadayisi <strong>kanye</strong> nabadayisi basemazweni okufika ikakhulukazi ngoba<br />

kuncintiswanwa ngendawo yokudayisa, ukunqaba ukukhokhela uMasipala<br />

waseThekwini, ukusolwa ngokudayisa izimpahla ezintshontshiwe, <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokuncintisana njengabadayisi. Ngesikhathi ukusatshiswa kokuxoshwa sekuncipha,<br />

ezinye izinkinga – ukungabikhona ukuthembana, ukusolana, <strong>kanye</strong> nemizwa<br />

yokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> – kuphinde kuqale phansi.<br />

Imibono miningi okuti abokufika bayingumsusa wobugebengu obuncane obugcwele,<br />

ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokudayisa. Engxenye ngokuhlalwe abanye behlale besolwa<br />

ngokugetshengwa okubhekiswe <strong>kwabokufika</strong>, abanye abadayisi baseWarwick<br />

Junction bazihlanganisa baqala iSiyagunda Association, amalunga ayo akhula aze<br />

afika ku250 ngo2008. Iningi lalinhlwempu kakhulu kangangkukuthi babehluleka<br />

ngisho ukukhokha imali yobulunga eyayingaphoqiwe, kodwa lenhlangano<br />

yayibalulekile, njengoba ngalesosikhathi, abangebona abaseNingizimu Afrika<br />

babengenalungelo lokudayisa kulendawo futhi besatshiswa ngokususwa. Ubuholi<br />

beSiyagunda bacela futhi bagcina bezitholile izimvume zokudayisa kwizikhulu<br />

zeDolobha, mazimisele ngokusesha wonke amacala ezimpahla ezintshontshiwe<br />

ngaphakathi naseduze kwaseWarwick Junction noma ngabe kwakungobani<br />

izigelekeqe. Njengoba isekela likamongameli weSiyagunda liqinisekisa,<br />

Oyedwa noma amabili bamalunga ngempela babenza unugebengu… Sabika<br />

emaphoyiseni ukudayiswa komakhalekhukhwini amabili… Ngeshwa abasolwa<br />

babuye badedelwa ngoba bakhokhela amaphoyisa. Umyalezo, kodwa-ke,<br />

wawucacile. Kusukela lapho, lokhukudayiswa kwama, futhi abathengi <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nabadayisi kwiRenki yasePinetown bahamba ngokuthula… [Inkulumo<br />

nobuholi beSiyagunda, ngoSeptemba 2009]

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UMasipala wasuzama ukuthi kwakhiwe enye indawo eMakethe Yasekuseni Kakhulu<br />

ngoba inxanxathela entsha yezitolo ‘yayizonciphisa ubugcwelegcwele futhi ilawule<br />

ukuhamba kwabantuendaweni. Inxanxathela futhi kwakuzobe kuyingxenye ‘.eBlack<br />

Economic Empowerment’. ISiyagunda yayimelene nalokho – futhi ukwakhiwa<br />

kwenxanxathela yezitolo kwamiswa ngenxa yomthetho <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izimfuno<br />

eyayingazigcinanga – kodwa abokufika badlala indima ephansi.<br />

Ukuncintisana ngendawo, amanani okudayisa, <strong>kanye</strong> nangabathengi kudala isimo<br />

esingaholela ekuxabaneni kubadayisi bokufika <strong>kanye</strong> nabathengi <strong>kanye</strong> nabadayisi<br />

abayizakhamizi. Njengokkusho komdayisi waseCongo,<br />

Abesizwe saseEthiopia bamele iqembu lokuqala elibulala ukuhweba kwethu.<br />

Basidayisela izimpahla ziziningi bese kuba ibo futhi abadayisa lezizimpahla<br />

ngaline ngamanani aphansi kunalawo esiwathenge kubona. Umphumela<br />

walokho, sivele singadayisi. Khumbula ukuthi asisebenzi njengoPick ‘n Pay,<br />

Checkers noma uSpar abadayisela abakhiqizi. Sithengela konke. Uma<br />

ngingadayisi, ngiyalahlekelwa… Bonke abadayisi abathokozi ngabesizwe<br />

saseEthopia <strong>kanye</strong> nabesizwe saseSomalia. Angazi ukuthi kuyokwenzekani<br />

ngelinye ilanga…<br />

Abesizwe saseSomalia, iqembu lesibili labadayisi, basbenza njangesizwe<br />

saseEthopia. Nabo bacekela phansi izindawo zezimakethe zabanye abantu<br />

ekade sezaziwa. Ake ngikunike isibonelo. Ngidayisa emgaqweni.<br />

Ngangijwayele ukuthenga izimpahla zami ziningi kumnikazi wesitolo<br />

waseSomalia ngoR45 impahla iyinye. Ngingathanda ukuyidayisa ngoR55<br />

noma ngoR60. Emva kokuthenga lempahla kumhwebi waseSomalia ngoR45,<br />

uphinde asele izimpahla ezisele ngoR30 iyinye. Kuyacaca-ke, ukuthi abathengi<br />

bazoya kubadayisi baseEthopia nabaseSomalia kunokuthi bathenge kumina.<br />

Ingakho abadayisi abangalawulwa nabalawulwayo kwezomnotho<br />

bengathokozi ngalezizizwe zombili…. Lamaqembu amabili abadayisi<br />

anamandla kakhulu kangangokuba bangabanikazi bezindawo ezimbalwa<br />

zokudayisa lapha emakethe, <strong>kanye</strong> nasemgaqweni ngaphandle-nje kukaWest<br />

Street bangabanikazi bezindawo zokudayisa ezingamaphesenti angu60.<br />

Izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika zingabanikazi bezindawo ezingamaphesenti<br />

angu40 ngaphandle kwezitolo ezinkulu njengoEdgars, Woolworths, <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nezinye. Lezizizwe zombili zinamandla kakhulu kangangokuthi ngisho<br />

namaShayina athenga kuzona kunokuthi alande zonke izimpahla zabo<br />

eChina…. [Inkulumo nobuholi beSiyagunda 2009]<br />

Mayelane nemikhiqizo <strong>kanye</strong> namanani abokufika abadayisa ngawo, komunye<br />

ongumhlaziyi bendawo,

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Badayisa ngamanani aphansi ngoba abasebenzisi mali kugesi, esitolo, kubasizi<br />

bezitolo… Lutho, lutho ngempela. Benza sengathi baqasha izakhamizi<br />

zaseNingizimu Afrika, bangaki abantu bendawo ababaqashayo futhi<br />

babakhokhela malini? Lokhu ngeke kwenzeke. Ngeke siqhubeke kanje.<br />

Kufuneka kubekhona okwenziwayo ukuqeda lokhu… Futhi ngethemba ukuthi<br />

kuzokwenzeka maduzane… [Inkulumo nomnkinkazi wesitolo oyisakhamiza<br />

saseNingizimu Afrika, 2010]<br />

Njengezinye izingxenye zeTheku, intuthuko engalingani nenokuhlanganyela<br />

okuphethwe ngabathilena ekusabalalisweni kokuthengwa kwezimpahla ezincane<br />

kuholela olakeni ezikhathini zokungabikhona kakhulu kwemisebenzi <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokuncintisana okukhulu lapho kudayiswa. Kodwa izindlela zesifundaswe sendawo<br />

yeNingizimu neAfrika zingumsuka womnyobo wezinkinga eziningi zabokufika<br />

baseDRC <strong>kanye</strong> nabaseZimbabwe. Ukuba namandla kweNingizimu Afrika phezu<br />

kwalesisifundazwe nakho kuhamba phambili ngendlela lezizinkinga esezinkulu ngayo<br />

kuleminyaka engxenye ngenxa yezimali yezimboni zezimayini zaseGoli, kanti futhi<br />

engxenye ngokulokhu isikhathi eside befukamele umbuso kaMugabe [Bond,2006]]<br />

Indlela imiphakatho yaseThekwini eyabhekana ngayo nalesisimo<br />

Izinhlangano ezimbalwa zemiphakathi zashesha zavela ngoJuni ka2008 a nesihlava<br />

sokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> [Schwarer benoMwalasi, 2008]. Ukwahlukana<br />

kwakusobala kulezozinhlangano zomphakathi ezaziletha isizo lwezimpahla kulabo<br />

abasebengenayo indawo yokuhlala nakulezo ‘ezazisebenza ngaphandle kokuziveza’<br />

kodwa ezazibalulekile, <strong>kanye</strong> nezinhlangano zona ezazizimbandakanya nabokufika<br />

futhi zibakhulumela. Ababegqamile kakhulu kwakungabamasonto ezinkonzo<br />

ezahlukene athatha abantu abangenayo indawo yokuhlala, bebahlalisa futhi bebanika<br />

ukudla, kwenye inkathi amaviki ambalwa, nabo bebe bengenakho okwanele<br />

kokubanika. IRed Cross yona yadlala indima yokuqoqa, ukuhlanganisa <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokuletha izimpahla kubantu njengokudla, okokugqoka <strong>kanye</strong> nokuzihlanza.<br />

Babexhaswe kakhulu ngamavolontiya angabafundi, futhi iminikelo evela<br />

emphakathini, futhi bathola nokuxhaswa ngemali yimali ebhekelele Ukulawula Izimo<br />

Ezinzima yaseThekwini. Ababebukela abambalwa baqaphela ukuthi iRed Cross<br />

yabonakala ingenzazo izimpahla ngokwanele futhi ingazilungiselele ukubhekana<br />

nesihlava esinjengalesi.<br />

Izinhlangano eziningi ekuqaleni zaqala zenza ezikwenzayo zikholelwa ukuthi<br />

iDolobha laseThekwini noma/kumbe uhulumeni wesifundazwe uzongenelela<br />

ukuhlanganisa futhi uhole imizamo yokusiza. Lokhu akwenzekanga,<br />

njengomphumela, noma kwasekwenziwe imizamo kubantu abanolwazi<br />

lokuhlanganisa, imizamo yayingahlelekile, futhi iphindaphindwa futhi ingabhalwa<br />

phansi. Sekuphela inyanga kaMeyi ngo2008, iDurban Action Against Xenophobia<br />

[DAAX] yahola ‘ukushayelwa kwezinqola zokudla’, ibeka izinqola zokudla

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ekungeneleleni kwezitolo ezinkulu <strong>kanye</strong> nasezinxanxatheleni zezitolo ezinkulu<br />

eThekwini lonke, ukuthola iminikelo. Indlela abantu abenza ngayo kwakumangalisa,<br />

futhi amavolontiya kwakufanele abizwe ukuthi azothulula lezizinqola izikhathi<br />

ezimbalwa ngosuku isonto lonke lllalomkhankaso. Izakhamizi ezimbalwa ngasese<br />

zaziqoqa ukudla, izingubo <strong>kanye</strong> nezokulala ezindaweni zazo zokusebenza bese futhi<br />

bezithuthela eRed Cross, eyayisiyenze ikomkhulu layo ekamelweni elincane eSiteshini<br />

Samaphoyisa akwaKito/Cato Manor. Futhi, abazalwane bamasonto amaningi<br />

ababehlalisa ababengasenadawo yokuhlala banikela futhi bachitha isikhathi bephekela<br />

abantu.<br />

Zonke izinhlangano zemiphkathi esakhuluma nzo ngesikhathi senza lolucwaningo<br />

ayegcizelela ngendima ebalulekile edlalwe ngabantu ukusiza ababengasenandawo<br />

yokuhlala. Kodwa-ke lomnyaka, ngeshwa, kwakungowesikhashana. NgoJulayi2008,<br />

imibiko eminingi yayifika ‘yokukhathala’ kwamasonto <strong>kanye</strong> nababebaxhasa ngoba<br />

babezizwa sengathi ‘sebesize ngokwanele’ ngalesosikhathi. Futhi kwakunenkolelo<br />

esabalele kuhulumeni ngezimemezelo zokuthi ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong><br />

‘kwasekuphelile’ nokuti kwakungasekho Bantu ababengasenandawo yokuhlala.<br />

Izimemezelo ezifanayo zenziwa ngoJulayi ka2010, ngenkathi kugcwala imibiko<br />

yodlame <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ngezinsuku zzzokuvala iNdebe Yomhlaba okwanyakazisa<br />

ezinye izinhlangano ezinokuzwana.<br />

Zintathu lezozinhlangano ezinokuzwana ekufanele sizisho. Eyokuqala, iDurban<br />

Refugee Service Providers Network [RSPN] eyayisbenz ngokuletha izimpahla <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nababemele iUnited Nations High Commission <strong>for</strong> Refugees: Lawyers <strong>for</strong> Human<br />

Rights [LHR] <strong>kanye</strong> neMennonite Central Committee, emva kwesikhathi elase lizibiza<br />

ngeRefugee Social Servives. Ezinye izinhlangano ezingamalunga zazi nezinye<br />

izindlela zokuxhasa zokuxhumanisa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> babakuleli ‘ngokusemthethweni’<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nalabo ‘abangabokufika abakuleli ngokungemthetho’ ngalesikhathi<br />

salesisihlava. IRSPN yahlela futhi yenza imihlangano ngalesisikhathi esinzima yalatha<br />

nobuholi <strong>kanye</strong> nendima yokuhlanganisa [ngendlela abebenza ngao eyayinokuzimisela<br />

kakhulu]. Zonke izinhlangano ezingamalunga banokuzinikellla okuqhubekayo<br />

bokufundisa mayelana nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi<br />

izinhlangano ezingamalunga zingaphansi komgomo ukuletha ukunikeza usizo<br />

olusemthethweni <strong>kwabokufika</strong> – okusho ukuthi abokufika abzofuna indawo yokucasha<br />

noma babe ngabakhosele eNingizimu Afrika. Kunesibalo esikhulu sabezizwe<br />

zabaseCongo <strong>kanye</strong> naseRwanda, <strong>kanye</strong> nezakhamizi zakwamanye amazwe, ezihlala<br />

endaweni yaseThekwini, futhi umbiko weLHR <strong>kanye</strong> neRSS empeleni kufanele ukuthi<br />

lamaqembu ezizwe ahlanganiswe nezakhamizi zasendaweni.<br />

Okwesibili, iDurban Action Against Xenophobia [DAAX] kwaqala kuyiqembu<br />

labafundi <strong>kanye</strong> nabafundisi babo abahlanganyela ngeqembu elalidalwe kwiFacebook,<br />

bevolontiya ngesikhathi sabo ukuma nezinqola ezinxanxatheleni zezitolo nokuthutha<br />

izimpahla kusukela kuya kwikomkhulu leRed Cross eCato Manor. Emva kwalokho,<br />

abaningi balijoyina leliqembu selinedumela kakhulu, maphakathi kwenyanga kaJuni<br />

28008, iqembu leFacebook lalinamalunga angaphansi kwenkulungwane, kodwa kube<br />

kunesibalo sabo esingu 150 sababhalisiwe ababevolontiya. Ngaphandle kweminikelo,

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iDAAX yayisiza ngokuhlola izindawo nokubheka isibalo sabantu neminikelo<br />

eyayidingeka.<br />

Okwesithathu, iCoalition Against Xenophobia, Racism, Ethnicism and Poverty<br />

[CAXREP] kwakuyihlanganyela engenelela ukwahlukana kwezombusazwe phakathi<br />

kwabamapakathi necala lesinxele <strong>kanye</strong> nelesinxele kwezombusazwe waseNingizimu<br />

Afrika. Izinhlangano ezazikhuthele kakhulu kwakungeyamaKhomanisi aseNingizimu<br />

Afrika, iSouth African National Civic Organisation, Student Socialist Movement,<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> neminye imizimba eyayiqhamuka esifundazweni seNingizimu zeAfrika:<br />

njengeMovement <strong>for</strong> Democratic Change [yaseZimbabwe]. Isiyagunda traders<br />

association [eyayigcwele abaseDRC] <strong>kanye</strong> neKZN Refugee Council. Ukwenziwa<br />

kwezombusazwe kwavele kwacaca ngenhlanganyela yesiqubulo sangoJulayi 2008.<br />

esasimbandakanya isifiso soku:<br />

Kujulisa ukuqonda isimo saseZimbabwe… ukubumbana ngokwenza<br />

ukumelana nobuphofu obuzwelwa yizakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nezinye izizwe zaseAfrika ngenxa okungabikhona okwezempilo ezisezingeni<br />

elihle noma ezinye izinsiza <strong>kanye</strong> nezezimali noma ‘iKhadi eLibomvu’…<br />

Kujuliswe ukuqonda kwabantu ukuthi umnyombo wokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong><br />

eNingizimu Afrika ume ekubusweni ngabambalwa emhlabeni wonke <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokubuswa ngamanye amazwe… [<strong>kanye</strong>] Nokusebenzela umgomo<br />

wabokufika eNingizimu Afrika [Caxrep 2008]<br />

Noma zaziqhubeka lezizinkinga, umzamo weCaxrep wafinyezwa ukukhathala, kwathi<br />

kwabanye abangamalunga ababezinikele kakhulu bokufika – ikakhulukazi<br />

baseZimbabwe – babhekisa imizamo ku2010 ekuzihlanganiseni bona <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokuzimbandakanya ne<strong>Centre</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> Society kumkhankaso wayo wokumelana<br />

nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ngesikhathi seNdebe Yomhlaba.<br />

Masesibeka lezizinhlangano ezazinokuxhumana eceleni, kwakunezinhlangano<br />

ezibalulekile ezimbalwa okwakufanele sikhulume ngazo. uSherylle Dass waBameli<br />

Abemele Amalungelo Abantu [LHR] waqaphela ukuthi iLHR yazimbandakanya<br />

ngoba isibizwe ngamaphoyisa asendaweni, <strong>kanye</strong> neMennonite <strong>Centre</strong> Committee<br />

[eyagcinwa isibizwa ngeRefugee Social Services]. Okubalulekile iLHR eyayithunywe<br />

ukuthi ikwenze kwakungubhekelela ukuhlala <strong>kwabokufika</strong> <strong>kanye</strong> nokuthi bakwzi<br />

ukuya kwelinye ilizwe ngezidingo zamunye ngamunye. Babbengabhekene<br />

nokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabaokufika abaningi. Ukuhlaiswa phakathi kwezakhamizi<br />

zendawo ilapho kumi khona iNingizimu Afrika mayelana nabokufika nabafuna<br />

ukubhaciswa emiphakathini, bathole nabo izidingo ezifanayo <strong>kanye</strong> namalungelo<br />

njengezakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izindawo<br />

zesikhashana zokukhosela (camps) akulona icebo elinokwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika.<br />

Njengomphumela iminyakazo yabo ngesikhathi sokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kwaba<br />

ngesokuhlola abokufika baseBottlebrush ababekhoseliswe eMorton Community Hall<br />

ngoba benenhloso yokubaphindisela emazweni abo endabuko noma kwelinye izwe<br />

lesithathu njengaseCanada.

---

IDiakonia Council of Churches ayibhekani nomsebenzi wobantulayo, kodwa<br />

amabandla angamalunga ayakwenza lokho. IDiakonia yazimbandakanya ngomsebenzi<br />

wokwenza lula impilo yabokufika kusukela ngesikhathi kusuka isihlava sodlame<br />

sokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>, lapho iqembi lagcwala endaweni yabo lanqaba ukusuka<br />

ngaphandle kwezixazululo ezibonakalayo kwizinkinga zokuthia babengasenayo<br />

indawo yokuhlala, ukungabi nokudla <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izidingo ezibalulekile.<br />

Okokuqala, babesabalalisa ngqo ukudla <strong>kanye</strong> nokokugqoka kwizisulu zesihlava<br />

sodlame sokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Okwesibili, iDiakonia yacela amalunga ayo<br />

amasonto ukuvula iminyango yawo aze nosizo kwizisulu zesihlava zodlame<br />

lokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. IDiakonia futhia yazama ukunciphisa udlame lokucwaswa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong> ngokwazisa abantu ngaphambili, <strong>kanye</strong> nangesikhathi , kanti futhi<br />

nasemva kokuhlasela. IDiakonia yayiqokelwe uMasipala weTheku njengomzimba<br />

ohlanganisayo izinhlaka zemiphakathi ukulawula usizo kwizisulu zodlame<br />

lokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Ngo2010, iDiakonia futhi yenza imihlangano emibili<br />

yezinhlanhangano kabusha ezingumthanyela ezazinokuthinteka, njengba<br />

kwakubonakala sengathi ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kwakuzobuye kube inkinga enkulu<br />

emva kokuba sekuphele iNdebe Yomhlaba.<br />

IRefugee Social Services [RSS], eyayikade yaziwa njengeMennonite Central<br />

Committee, yayimatasatasa ekuletheni usizo kwabanye bokufika kusukela luqala<br />

udlame phakathi kuka2008. IRSS abasemazweni abasanda kufika ngendawo<br />

yokuhlala, futhi babasize ngezimali, izinyanga kwesinye isikhathi ngenkathi abokufika<br />

befuna umsebenzi eNingizimu Afrika. NgoMeyi kuya kuJuni 2008, iRSS yanika<br />

inadwo yokuhlala kwabanye abasebenganayo.<br />

IStreetNet yakhipha izwi kumalunga ayo angabadayisi basemgaqweni ukuthi<br />

ukucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kwakungeke kubekezelelwe. Lenhlangano yagcina isibika<br />

ukuthi okwakungase kube izingozi zodlame ‘kwaqedwa kungakaqali’ ngenxa<br />

yamalunga evimbela amanye amalunga noma ababengazimbandakanyile (neStreetnet)/<br />

noma abathengi ukusabisa noma ukuhlasela abokufika basemazweni angaphandle.<br />

UPat Horn weStreetNet wabika ukuthi inhlangano ihlanganisa amalunga angabokufika<br />

basemazweni angaphandle abakwazile ngempumelelo ukwenza amaqembu abadayisi<br />

basemgaqweni ezindaweni zabo, futh lamaqembu ayesesimweni esihle ukuza noxhaso<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokufundisa.<br />

Amasonto, amaMosque <strong>kanye</strong> namatempeli eThekwini ayefika nosizo lwezindawo<br />

zokuhlala kwesikhashana <strong>kanye</strong> neside kumakhulu abokufika ngesikhathi sikaMeyi<br />

noJuni 2008. IEmannuel Cathedral kuWarwick Triangle yakhoselisa inani elikhulu<br />

labokufika, futhi babe kwazi ukubanakekela nokubanika izidingo ngenxa<br />

yokuqhubeka kwabo nokuletha izidingo <strong>kwabokufika</strong> edolobheni. Amanye amabandla<br />

wona aqala ukusiza ngenkathi abokufika befika ezindaweni zabo becela<br />

ukukhoseliswa. Amabandla ayexhaswa kakhulu iRed Cross kodwa futhi ayethembele<br />

kakhulu kwiminikelo yabazalwane <strong>kanye</strong> nangezinye izidingo. Amanye amabandla

---

ayengenazo izndawo ezanele zokupheka, ngakho-ke abazalwane babecelwa ukuthi<br />

balungise ukudla emizini yabo bese bekuthuthela emabandleni.<br />

Amanye amabandla ayemanqikanqika ukuthi kwaziwa ayekhoselisa abokufika.<br />

Kokuningi lokhu kwakungukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwabo, kodwa<br />

kwakunezinkulumo zokuthi lamabandla ayezibona ukuthi awanawo amandla<br />

okwamukela abanye abantu ababengenayo indawo yokukhosela futhi bengafuna<br />

abanye bazi ukuthi babekhoselisa abantu ngokwesabela ukuthi abanye bazolandela.<br />

Ibandla laseAnglican eThekwini babekwazi ukuthola ukuxhaswa ngemali ukuze<br />

bakwazi ukusiza abokufika bathole ukuphindela emuva bahlale nemiphakathi [lokhu<br />

kwenzeka emabandleni amathathu]. Kwingxoxo nelunga leDAAX, omele ibandla<br />

waqinisekisa ukuthi ibandla laseAnglican lalizimisele ukuletha ukudla komphefumulo<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokubabuyisela emiphakathini. Wabuye waqinisekisa ukubaluleka<br />

kokuzimbandakanya komphakathi kokubuyiselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> emiphakathini futhi<br />

wabalula nokuthi ukusabalala kobuhlwempu eNingizimu Afrika ikhona<br />

okwakuyisithiyo esikhulu. Lawamazwi anozwelo ayephindaphindwa izinhlangano<br />

zemiphakathi ngesikhathi sinezinkulumo nazo.<br />

Okokugcina, iKwaZulu-Natal Refugee Council [KZNRC] iyinhlangano evolontiyayo,<br />

ebhalisiwe engenzi nzuzo okuhlanganisa, ukusebenzela <strong>kanye</strong> nokusebenza<br />

nemiphakathi engu17 yabokufika eqhamuka emazweni angu17 lapho kuvela khona<br />

laba abokufika <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izinhlangano zabokufika ezingenzi nzuzo. Okubabelwe<br />

kakhulu iKZNRC kumbandakanya ukugqugquzelwa kwamalungelo abantu bokufika<br />

ngokuthi bathole ukunakekelwa ngezempilo, ngezemfundo, ngokuqashwa, amapasi<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nezimvume zokuphumelangaphandle kulelizwe, inkululeko yokukhuluma<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokunyakazo; nokukhulisa ulwazi ngaphakathi komphakathi wabokufika<br />

mayelana nabafanele bakwenze nabo ezweni elisuke labakhoselisile. Okunye<br />

abakubabele njengeKZNRC kuhlanganisa ukuhlala emipgakathini yaseNingizimu<br />

Afrika; okugqugquzela ukuthandana okunokuthula <strong>kanye</strong> nokushintshana okuphelele<br />

phakathi <strong>kwabokufika</strong> <strong>kanye</strong> nabaseNingizimu Afrika; nokulwa nayoyonke inhlobo<br />

yobandlululo nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>.<br />

Okwakuqukethwe ilolucwaningo lwemiphakathi yaseThekwini eyayizimbandakanya<br />

kumzabalazo omelene nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kuchaza ukuthi ukungenelela <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nokuzihlela ngokwamukela kwakuyikona ababekuphokophele kakhulu, kunokubheka<br />

izixazululo ezijulile. Labo ababezama lokhu okwesibili (izixazululo ezijulile) [IDAAX<br />

ne<strong>Centre</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> Society] babenganazo izinsiza zokwenza okudlula ukubhala<br />

okunokuhlaziya, njengoba izixazululo ezihlanganisa umnyombo ohlelekile<br />

wokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kwakukukhulu kakhulu kunokuzimelela kwamandla<br />

okwakungavumela izinhlaka ezincane zemiphakathi ukubhekana nakho.<br />

Sesiphetha<br />

Kusobala ukuthi kucwaningo lwethu ngaphakathi kokuhambisana kwentuthuko<br />

engalingani nenokuhlanganyela yobungxiwankulu <strong>kanye</strong> nemiphakathi kwisifundazwe

---

(seNingizimu Afrika) <strong>kanye</strong> naseThekwini, amandla anzulu ezinkinnga ahlelekile<br />

iwona angumnyombo wokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Imiphakathi yabantu baseThekwini<br />

yaphumelela engxenye ngokuhlanganisa ukubhekelela kwisihlava sodlame lango2008,<br />

kodwa yangeza nezixazululo zesikhathi eside. Futhi, ukuqhubeka nokwenza abantu<br />

bazi, izinhlangano zemiphakathi yabantu yayingakwazi ukulungiselela ukubheduka<br />

kwemizwa emisha yokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Zimbalwa ezazizimbandakanya<br />

nokulandela izindlela zokubhekelela lokhu ngokwesikhashana ngo2008, noma<br />

ukuhlaziya okungenhla kwakuchaza ukuthi kunesikhala sokusebenzisana<br />

kwemiphakathi yabantu mayelana nokwakuholela futhi kungumnyombo wokucwaswa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong>.<br />

Ngokwesiboniso-nje. Imiphakathi yaseChatsworth inomlando yokuhlanganyela<br />

mayelana nezindaba ezifana nezezindlu <strong>kanye</strong> nokulethwa kwezidingogqangi, kodwa<br />

lokhu akuzange kuzuzise ngqo izindawo ezazinalesisihlava kakhulu zokucwaswa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong> njengaseBottlebrush <strong>kanye</strong> nakuUnity Avenue. Esinye isibonelo,<br />

iKwaZulu Natal Refugee Council ima iqala-nje ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha<br />

ubumbano kwezombusazwe namanye amalunga abokufika abaqhamuka kwamane<br />

amazwe kulesisifundazwe – ikakhulukazi abaqhamuka esifundazweni saseGreat<br />

Lakes, eNiger Delta yaseNigeria, iZimbabwe <strong>kanye</strong> neSwazini – okungase kwenzeke.<br />

Njengenkinga esikhashana ngaphakathi kwemiphakathi yabantu, ukwahluleka<br />

ukuhlanganisa <strong>kanye</strong> nobuholli isikhathi esiningi kwakuyizingqinamba ezinkulu<br />

kakhulu mayelana nalesisihlava. Esakhuluma nabo bathi izinhlangano ‘zase<br />

zinemibono ehlukene’, futhi baphawula ukubakhona ‘kokuhlukana’ <strong>kanye</strong><br />

‘nokukhombana ngeminwe’. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi, ngenxa yokusweleka kobuholi,<br />

isimo saba sibi kakhulu ngeskhathi lesisihlava siqhubeka. Izinhlangano eziningi<br />

zazilindele uhulumeni wasendaweni ukudlala indima yokuhola, futhi bakukhiphela<br />

ngaphandle ukwethuka nokuphoxeka ngenkathi lokhu kungenzeki. Bagcine sebefike<br />

esimweni lapho njengabanikeli befikelwa ukukhathala.<br />

Bonke esasikhuluma nabo babebuka uphindela emuva emiphakathini <strong>kwabokufika</strong><br />

njengesixazululo sangempela, kodwa babona ukulawulwa kwaloluhlelo<br />

kunamaphutha. Lokhu kwakuxhumene nombono wokuthi abambalwa esakhuluma<br />

nabo abathi akuzange kwenziwe okwanele ukuhlanganisa abase besele dengwane<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> namalunga omphakathi ngokufundisa, nokubhekelela <strong>kanye</strong> nezicelo<br />

zokuphinda babuyele emiphakathini. Ukubuyela emiphakathini ngeke kuphumelele<br />

ngaphandle kokuzimbandakanya ‘kwabalezozindawo’ zemiphakathi ababehlala kuzo<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokuxoxisana okuhleliwe phakathi kwemiphakathi <strong>kanye</strong> nabokufika.<br />

EThekwini, kwakungekho hlelo oluqondile lokulawula lokukukhuluma, futhi lokhu<br />

kubonakala njengomphumela wokubuyela <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ezindaweni zokuhlala<br />

kuphumelela kokunye kanti kokunye kungaphumeleli. Kukhona ukwahlukana kulokhu<br />

obekulindelwe phakathi kwezinhlangano ezibhekene ngqo nemiphakathi engamalunga<br />

azo, <strong>kanye</strong> nezinye izinhlangano ezibhekene nokubuyisela abasele dengwane futhi<br />

bona abavele banikele kunokuthi bathuthukise.

---

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukungabhekeleli kwemiphakathi yabantu umnyombo<br />

wokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong>. Onyakeni-nje, abaningi balalo abase bebuyiselwe<br />

emazweni abo okudabuka base bebuyele eNingizimu Afrika. Inkilayitheka yomnotho<br />

evelele emhlabeni wonke, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi <strong>kanye</strong> nokunyuka kwamanani<br />

kwenza isimo singaphumeleli kakhulu. Imizwa eyaholela ukuhlasela kwaphakathi<br />

konyaka ka2008 isekhona futhi noma kungakaze kube khona udlame olukhulu<br />

olwalungaba yisibhicongo kwezenhlalakahle, isikhathi emva kweNdebe Yomhlaba<br />

kuchaza ukuthi singaphinde sibe khona isimo esinobubhicongo esingaphinde sibuye.<br />

Izivimbo eziningi ezihlelekile zingale okungenziwa imiphakathi ngenxa yezinga<br />

lezombusazwe. Imigomo eshintshana yezombusazwe kwisifundazwe –<br />

njenkokuxhaphaza okwenziwa iNingizimu Afrika eZimbabwe, eDRC <strong>kanye</strong><br />

naseSwazini – kungumnqansa, njengoba kuvikela iNingizimu Afrika kwisimo<br />

esingesihle esiqhubekayo emhlabeno wonke sezomnotho. Esinye isibonelo salokhu<br />

esingasoze salawulwa imiphakathi abantu umqondo wokuthi abokufika basemazweni<br />

bathole imvume yokuba izakhamizi zakuleli ngenkohliso emva kokunika izimali<br />

izikhulu zoMnyango Wezindaba Zasekhaya. [Njengokutholwa ngenkohliso<br />

kwezimvume zokuba izakhamizi okwenza abokufika bagcine sebethola<br />

ukubhekelelwa ngezimali ezixhasa izingane, izimvume zokusebenza unomphela<br />

eNingizimu Afrika, ukulashwa mahala ezibhedlela zombuso <strong>kanye</strong> nokuthola izindlu<br />

zamahal.] Kubonakala sengathi abanye bamazwe okufika baze bakhiphe imali<br />

yenkohlakalo kwizikhulu Zomnyango Wezindaba Zasekhaya <strong>kanye</strong> nabashadisayo<br />

nabesifazane baseNingizimu Afrika ngaphandle kwezimvume zabo(abesifazane0<br />

ukuze bathole ubuzwe baleli. Okunye okubonakalayo endaweni mayelana namasiko<br />

ukuthi amadoda abezizwe zokufika athatha amakhosikazi <strong>kanye</strong> nezintombi zabo<br />

emadodeni aseNingizimu Afrika, ngoba bazimisele ukukhokhela izingane ezzikoleni<br />

abangebona abazali bazo. Ngakho-ke ezinye izizathu zokuhlaselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong><br />

okwakutshelwe abacwaningi kuhlanganisa nomona. Okunye okuhlelekile, izinkinga<br />

ezinde ezabonwa ngabacwaningi okuhlanganisi ubugcwelegcwele <strong>kanye</strong> nokudayisa<br />

izidakamizwa.<br />

Sesibala, sesibale izinto ezimbalwa ebezivimba ezihlanganiswa nokubhekelela<br />

okusengxenye mayelana nokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> yizinhlangano zabantu eThekwini,<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nezinkinga ezinde lapho izinhlangano zendawo ezingakwazi ukubhekana nazo –<br />

okusho kuthi sisesekuqaleni ekuboneni <strong>kanye</strong> nokubhala ngakho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa<br />

ukungabikhona kwemisebenzi,, ubuhlwempu, ukuncintisana ngezidingo ezimbalwa<br />

okulethwa nguhulumeni, idingo ezingekho emgangathweni ezilethwa ngumasipala<br />

kubantu bendawo, ukuphathwa kangcono kwabokukufika ngabaqashi abababona<br />

njengabasebenzi abangahlangene futi nabahola amaholo aphansi, <strong>kanye</strong> nemishado<br />

yenkohliso esiza abezizwe bokufika ukuthola ubuzwe (baseNingizimu Afrika).<br />

Kukhokonke, kunokuqhudelana okukhulu ngemisebenzi, izindlu <strong>kanye</strong> nokuxhaswa<br />

ngemali yezenhlalakahle. Abanye esakhuluma nabo baphikisana nhlobo<br />

nokuncintisana ngoba abokufika basemazweni benza imisebenzi izakhamizi<br />

zaseNingizimu Afrika ezinqabayo ukuyenza, njengokusebenza ngokuqapha izimoto<br />

<strong>kanye</strong> nokuba nezokuhweba kwamanani aphansi okucwala izinwele emigaqweni.<br />

Kunamathuba adalwe ngabokufika futhi abantu bedawo abanqenayo ukungena<br />

kuwona. Abokufika bezizwe bazimisele ukuthatha imisebenzi eholela kancane

---

ngenkathi izakhamiza zaseNingizimu Afrika zifuna amaholo okuphila lapho zikhetha<br />

imisebenzi, iphuzu elihlanganiswe nokubiza kancane kokukhiqiza kabusha kwamandla<br />

okusebenza ezindaweni abaqhamuka kuzona. Ezimweni ezinjalo, okujwayelekile<br />

ukuxhashzwa kakhulu kwabesifazane – abakhulisa abasebenzi uma besabancane,<br />

abanakekela abasebenzi abagulayo nababheka abasebenzi lapho sebethatha<br />

umhlalaphansi, lapho bevumela abaqashi ukuqasha abasebenzi ngamanani aphansi<br />

kunalabo abanemindeni ehlala endaweni, izimali zesikole, ukukhokhela<br />

umshuwalense wezempilo, ezomhlalaphansi, <strong>kanye</strong> nokunye – nakho kuyiphuzu<br />

elibalulekile.<br />

Kunemiphumela eyishagalombili sesiphetha. Okokuqala, ukubhekelela kwabantu<br />

emiphakathini mayelana nodlame lokucwaswa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> akuzange kudlule<br />

ekubakhululeni kwesikhashana, okusho ukubalethela ukudla, izindawo zesikhashana<br />

zokuhlala <strong>kanye</strong> nokumela abantu. Abazange babhekane nezinga elikhulu<br />

lokungabikhona kwemisebenzi eNingizimu Afrika, ukuqina kwezezimakethe zezindlu<br />

nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukuqhudelana okukhulu kwabadayisayo,<br />

ukuhamba phambili kwezobugcwelegcwele emhlabeni wonke. Inkohlakalo<br />

eMnyangweni Wezindaba Zasekhaya, ukubuswa ngamadoda <strong>kanye</strong> nobuhixihixi<br />

ngezamasiko, <strong>kanye</strong> nezingcindezzi kwezindawo zezombusazwe kwisifundazwe.<br />

Ngakho-ke kungenzeka-ke siphinde sibe ofakazi bokuphindeka kodlame olukhulu<br />

kucwaswa abokufika ngesikhathi esizayo.<br />

Okwesibili, udlame kwabokucwaswaa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> kuncike ekuphindaphindekeni,<br />

imakethe <strong>kanye</strong> nokwahluleka kombuso ngalo ngokungenziwa izinhlangano<br />

zemiphakathi yabantu, nayo enamandla ukubakhulumela ngokungenele, ukuletha<br />

izinsiza, <strong>kanye</strong> nokuhlanganisa abantu bendawo. Okwesithathu, udlalme lokucwaswa<br />

<strong>kwabokufika</strong> lwaluhlanganiswe nokunqatshwa kokuhleleka okungalingani <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nobungxiwankulu basemadolobheni ezenhlalakahle zakho ezincike obandlululweni.<br />

Okwesine, ukubuyiselwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ezindaweni zendawo lapho kwakunelasisihlava<br />

khona kwakuzenzekela ngaphandle kokungenelela kweNhlangano Yezizwe<br />

Ezibumbene <strong>kanye</strong> nohulumeni masipala, wesifundazwe(saKwaZulu-Natal) <strong>kanye</strong><br />

nohulumeni kazwelonke. Okwesihlanu, ukubuyelwa <strong>kwabokufika</strong> ezindaweni<br />

ababehlala kuzona babebekezelwa lapho abokufika abangebona abaseNingizimu<br />

Afrika beqasha izindawo zokuhlala [ngamanani aphezulu] kubantu baseNingizimu<br />

Afrika ezindaweni ezifana naseCato Manor naseCato Crest, eChatsworth <strong>kanye</strong><br />

naseBottlebrush.<br />

Okwesine, umfelandawonye wemiphakathi yabantu nabokufika kwenzeka futhi<br />

kukhombisa ukuthi imiphakathi yabaseNingizimu Afrika <strong>kanye</strong> nabokufika<br />

bangahlalisana ngokuthula – uma kunesimo esivumayo lapho izimfuno zabantu<br />

zikwazi ukubikwa ngokukhululekileyo. Okwesikhombisa, abokufika babezizwe<br />

bebehlale bemukelekile kuleli ngamandla abo omsebenzi amanani aphansi<br />

kwezokumbiwa, emafektri, <strong>kanye</strong> nasemaplazini. Kodwa ngaphambi kanti nangalena<br />

kuka1994 ohulumeni baseNingizimu Afrika babenokungabaza ukunika abokufika

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eNingizimu Afrika uhlelo lwangempela lwamalungelo okuhlala emadolobheni<br />

anochuku.<br />

Okwesishagalombili, iBantustan yaKwaZulu Natal <strong>kanye</strong> namahostela obulili<br />

obubodwa aekade isikhathi eside esebenza njengezindlela ‘zokugcina’ amandla<br />

okusebenza amanani aphansi, okumanje esikhundleni sawo sekukhona amandla<br />

okusebenza aqhamuka esifundazweni [ikakhulukazi eZimbabwe], amalokishi<br />

achichimayo <strong>kanye</strong> nemijondolo, <strong>kanye</strong> nezindawo ezilawulwa ngokungekho<br />

emgangathweni ezimaphakathi nedolobha eAlbert Park <strong>kanye</strong> nasePoint Road.<br />

Lezizindawo ezivulelekile manje seziiiyizindawo zokungeneliswa ngezenhlakahle<br />

zomntho, ukufuthelanana ngezenhlalakahle zamasiko, ukuqhubeka kwezinkulumo<br />

ezinokungabafuni abokufika, <strong>kanye</strong> nodlame kwabamazwe bokufika.<br />

Uma-ke sekubhekwa izizathu ezibonakala ngokuthe bha <strong>kanye</strong> nezingasheshi<br />

zibonakale zalesisihlava, ukubhekelela kwezinhlangano zemiphakathi yabantu<br />

kwakuyingxenye, kukhombisa ukungalingani kwezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle<br />

zaseThekwini. Izinkinga zesikhathi eside, ezihleliwe, ezithatha isikhathi lapho<br />

izishoshovu ezizimisele ululwa nalesisihlava kufanele zibhekane nazo.