CURVATURAS VARIANTES

  • Four-Variable Jacobian Conjecture in a Topological Quantum Model of Intersecting Fields

    This preprint introduces in a visual and conceptual way a model of two intersecting curved fields with a shared nucleus, whose quantized dynamics offer potential cases of the four-variable Jacobian conjecture and a nonlinear Hodge cycle. The model’s Kummer-type geometry suggests a unified framework where abstract mathematical developments like Tomita-Takesaki, Gorenstein, and Dolbeault theories can…


  • Geometric Visual Approach to the Mass Gap Problem in N=1 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory 
    Geometric Visual Approach to the Mass Gap Problem in N=1 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory 

    *An updated version (En 9, 2024) of this post is provided in this pdf file: . Abstract: This paper introduces a non-conventional model within the framework of N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory [1], providing a visual explanation for the mass gap problem and the topological transformations of the supersymmetric atomic nucleus. The model is a supersymmetric…


  • Mass gap problem visual understanding
    Mass gap problem visual understanding

    The «mass gap» is considered one of the «millennium problems» by the Clay institute»: https://www.claymath.org/millennium/yang-mills-the-maths-gap/ In quantum field theory, the mass gap is the difference in energy between the lowest energy state, the vacuum, and the next lowest energy state. Mass gap – Wikipedia So, we have a subatomic particle at its low level of mass and energy, and that…


  • Hints for Two-time dimensional physics: 2-T, F-theory, and IIB superstring theories
    Hints for Two-time dimensional physics: 2-T,  F-theory, and IIB superstring theories

    Dear friends, I hope you’re well. I’m sharing this unfinished post as a work in progress that I’ll try to review and improve when I have more time. Looking for current atomic models that have already considered more than 1 time dimension, I found the Two times (2T) physics, a 4 spatial and 2 time…


  • A Conversation with Bard: Exploring New Mathematical Models for Physics and Their Mathematical Foundations

    The title of this post was suggested by the last version of Bard , the Google’s conversational Artificial Intelligence, who patiently and enthusiastically had a conversation with me about some of the topics I’ve developed on this blog. Thank you Google! Q. Hi Bard. Are bosons and fermions described by the complex Schrödinger equation and…


  • Conversations with AI about Lorentz Transformations and Special relativity

    Q. I want to know everything about Lorentz Transformations. A. Lorentz transformations are a set of equations that relate the space and time coordinates of two systems moving at a constant velocity relative to each other. They are important for the theory of special relativity, because they show how measurements of length, time, mass and energy…


  • Speaking about maths with Chat GPT 4

    Hi friends, how are you. I asked some questions to the new AI chatbot that Bing incorporates in Windows Edge, which is said to use the same AI as the already famous chat GPT. It was not my purpose to test it, but genuinely look to see if it could clarify some concepts. And I…


  • Matrices, functions and partial differential equations in the context of rotational atomic models.

    Let A1 be a 2×2 complex matrix. That is the way that mathematicians like to start their writings, letting a thing be something else. However, you must be warned that not only am I not one of them but also I have no idea about mathematics. If you still want to keep reading, I will…


  • On the inadequacy of linear partial differential equations to describe the evolution of composite topological systems that rotate.  
    On the inadequacy of linear partial differential equations to describe the evolution of composite topological systems that rotate.  

    A loss of information about the fermionic antisymmetric moment of the atomic system would occur in the Schrodinger complex partial differential equation, causing the misleading notion of two separate kind of nuclear spaces that only can be probabilistically described. The interpolation of partial complex conjugate derivatives would be necessary for a complete description of the…


  • The role of partial differential equations on the insufficient description of the atomic nucleus  
    The role of partial differential equations on the insufficient description of the atomic nucleus  

    By means of the derivatives of a 2×2 complex matrix, this post proposes that fermions and bosons would be the same topological spaces super symmetrically transformed through time, being fermions the +1/2 or -1/2 partial complex conjugate derivative of bosons and vice versa. Ordinary and complex conjugate equations of all variables could not operate independently…


  • Differential equations and complex matrices on the description of the supersymmetric atomic nucleus.
    Differential equations and complex matrices on the description of the supersymmetric atomic nucleus.

    Let four positive vectors arrange on two rows and two columns being the elements of a 2×2 hamiltonian complex matrix. Rotate the vectors 90 degrees to obtain their complex conjugate; rotate 90 degrees the complex conjugate matrix to invert all the initial signs; and rotate the negative matrix to obtain their negative complex conjugate. The…


  • Special relativity and quantum mechanics in Euclid’s fifth postulate proof

    By means of the groups of symmetry between the angles equal, larger, or shorter than 90 degrees that can be formed with a inclined line and with its mirror reflected counterpart while rotating them through different intervals, a proof about the Euclid’s fifth postulate is suggested. The complementarity between angles larger and shorter than 90…


  • Transactional Handshake of Nuclear Quantum States and the Meaning of Time Reverse in the Context of a Composite Atomic Model 
    Transactional Handshake of Nuclear Quantum States and the Meaning of Time Reverse in the Context of a Composite Atomic Model 

    Abstract: A composite topological atomic model of intersecting curved spaces and subspaces that vibrate with same or opposite phases would provide visual insight about the physical mechanism underlying the «handshake» transactions of the subatomic quantum states that occur in the strong and weak interactions between a retarded wave that evolves forward in time and its advanced…


  • Two-state Vector Formalism and Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics from a Common Sense Point of View.
    Two-state Vector Formalism and Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics from a Common Sense Point of View.

    Wikipedia wonderfully tells us that «the two-state vector formalism (TSVF) is a description of quantum mechanics in terms of a causal relation in which the present is caused by quantum states of the past and of the future taken in combination.» This is very interesting, isn’t it? Because any sensible person will agree that any effect only can be…


  • Composite extradimensional quantum supersymmetric system

    Have a wonderful day


  • Re-flexiones sobre física simétrica, antisimétrica y asimétrica

    Estimados amigos, lectoras y lectores del blog. Hola de nuevo. Nada causa más terror en el ser humano que lo asimétrico. Bien debe saberlo el señor Vladimir Putin, quien hace no mucho amenazaba a occidente con una respuesta «asimétrica, rápida y dura» si – promoviendo o llevando a cabo actos de enemistad (entiéndase revoluciones primaverales,…


  • Kummer surfaces and geometric phases in a dual atomic model of intersecting waves

    Dear friends, how are you? I changed the blog url coming back to the default wordpress.com direction. That implies Google is punishing the blog in the search results (as now there are in the internet some – not too much anyway – broken links). Sorry for the inconveniences. Today I’m pleased to introduce you the…


  • Mass gap in a topological vector system of two intersecting spaces and subspaces vibrating with same or opposite phases

      Hi friends. I hope you’re doing well. I watched this interesting conference of professor of theoretical physics David Gross about the Yang Mills theory and the «mass gap» Millennium problem and decided to write about it here:   Reading or hearing anything about quantum mechanics from professional physicists can be a tough task because…


  • Coherencia y decoherencia cuántica

      «De Broglie mostró detalladamente cómo el movimiento de una partícula, pasando sólo a través de una de las dos rendijas de una pantalla, podría estar influenciado por las ondas que se propagan a través de ambas rendijas. Y tan influenciado que la partícula no se dirige hacia donde las ondas se cancelan, sino que…


  • Anyons, Majorana fermions, and supersymmetric quarks in a topological quantum dual system

      «De Broglie showed in detail how the motion of a particle, passing through just one of two holes in screen, could be influenced by waves propagating through both holes. And so influenced that the particle does not go where the waves cancel out, but is attracted to where they cooperate. This idea seems to…


  • ‘Cuántica’, anyones multidimensionales y fermiones de Majorana

    Hola amigas y amigos, cómo están? Espero que sigan bien. Hace unas semanas estuve viendo algunos vídeos divulgativos en los que habla coloquialmente el profesor José Ignacio Latorre, que es un prestigioso catedrático de física teórica de la Universidad de Barcelona. También dirige algunos proyectos importantes sobre computación cuántica en varios países, y es director…


  • Galois Extensions, Lie Groups and the Algebraic and Geometrical Solvability of Fifth and Higher Polynomials

    A friend of the blog also interested on visual geometry asked me the other day about some books for visual representations of Riemann spaces, and Galois, and Lie groups. I do not know those books. They only things I found are remote analogical representations that are not geometrical figures although are something visual and I…


  • Extensiones de Galois y grupos de Lie en la resolución de ecuaciones de quinto y superior grado

    Ya saben ustedes que este blog es especulativo (por cierto el post de los anterior en español sobre números primos no lo he corregido, pero lo desarollé y aclaré más en la versión en inglés), está dedicado a pensar y explorar. (Lo digo para que tengan precaución quienes vengan buscando información para aprender sobre alguna…


  • Hidden Asymmetries in the Riemann Zeta Function to Refute the Riemann Hypothesis

    By means of interferences between prime functions this post shows how an asymmetry between complex conjugates non-trivial zeros inside of the critical strip appears in the Riemann Zeta Function when the prime harmonic functions have a different phase, which could challenge the Riemann Hypothesis while clarifying the relation between prime numbers and the Riemann non-trivial…


  • Riemann Zeta Function, Functions Interferences, and Prime Numbers Distribution

    Updated April 21 Interference and non-interference between prime functions explain the distribution of prime numbers. We also show some cyclic paths, and some similitudes to interpret in a different way the Riemann Zeta function and his known hypothesis about prime numbers. You can read or download an almost literal pdf version of this post here:…


  • Función Zeta de Riemann, Interferencia de funciones, y distribución de números primos

    (Actualizado el 20 de abril) He representado aquí el orden de los números primos entre los números 1 y 100. Distribuyendo los números naturales en dos columnas, una par y otra impar, podemos formar diferentes funciones con los distintos números primos, sumando cada uno de ellos dos veces (una en la columna par y otra…


  • Hidden Variables in the Bell Inequality Theorem? When non locality does not imply non causality

      SARS Coronavirus 2 update (March 27, 2020): —————————————————- You will know that Newton, during the Great Plague that hit London and forced to close the Trinity Colle of Cambridge, took advantage of his confinement to develop his theory of gravity and  infinitesimal calculus that would determine the whole development of physics until the XX…


  • El final del viejo paradigma monista del campo único, independiente, e invariante

    Queridas amigas y amigos, cómo están? Quería comenzar este primer post del nuevo año con una noticia que leí hace poco: la Compañía automovilística Porche ha diseñado en colaboración con Lucasfilm – ya saben, los de la saga de Star Wars – esta maravilla de vehículo volador. No es bonito? Lo llaman «Starship Star Wars…


  • ‘Fundamentos de matemáticas y física un siglo después de Hilbert’ siguiendo la reseña de Juan Carlos Baez

    El post de hoy va a ser largo. Recuerden, si llegaron aquí buscando información para estudiar, que este es un blog especulativo y que las ideas que pongo son heterodoxas. Si llegaron hast aquí buscando inspirarse y pensar por sí mismos o simplemente para entretenerse, sean ustedes bienvenid@s. Están ustedes en su casa. (Los banners…


  • La torre bosónica de Benidorm, supremacía cuántica, y carta abierta al profesor Raúl Rabadán

    Queridas amigas y amigos, cómo están? He visto las noticias del nuevo rascacielos que se ha construido en Benidorm, el llamado «Intempo», de 192 metros de altura, la mayor en un edificio residencial en España y una de las mayores de Europa (creo que en Asia nos llevan cierta ventaja a este y otros respectos).…


  • Gravitational Entanglements. Open email to Caltech Prof. Hiroshi Ooguri

    Hi friends. Almost a year later I´m here again. At the end of July 2019 I sent an email to a Caltech professor, Hiroshi Oguri, as I found some familiar to me images related to his works about gravitational entanglements and I thought he could understand what I talk about on this blog. Unfortunately he…


  • Relativistic Supersymmetric 6 Quarks Model

    *Note: The ads you will see on this blog are automatically set and own by WordPress; I complained about it because I don’t like to show ads, but this is a free blog and they put those advertisements to get some profit. To quite the ads I would purchase a WordPress premium acount. I’m currently…


  • Ideas for an Unconventional Atomic Model to CERN

    Today I started to read the book «Lost in Math. How Beauty Leads Physics Astray», by Sabine Hossenfelder. At some point of the beginning, she speaks about a conversation with the head of theoretical physics at CERN, the Conseil Européen pour la Reserche Nucléaire. (CERN operates the largest particle collider, the LHC, which is providing a…


  • «Why might the Pythagorean theorem exist?»

    Yesterday I answered a question in Quora about the Pythagorean theorem and I wanted to publish it as well on the blog. The question was: «Why might the Pythagorean theorem exist? Is it a purely an arbitrary relationship observed in nature?» My answer was: Hi Ari, I think this is a very interesting question. The…


  • Cranks of All Countries, Unite!


  • Galois Theory, Hodge Conjecture, and Riemann Hypothesis. Visual Geometric Investigations.

    (Before starting I will say that this post, as the whole blog, is speculative and heterodox. I wanted to say it for the case that someone arrives here looking for info to study these subjects. The purpose of this blog is to think and to inspire others, not to teach them. I propose you to…


  • Teoría de Galois, Conjetura de Hodge e Hipótesis de Riemann. Investigaciones geométricas.

    (Antes de empezar quiero aclarar que este post, como todo el blog, es especulativo y heterodoxo. Quería mencionarlo por si alguien llega hasta aquí en busca de información para estudiar. Este blog no es para aprender ni estudiar, es para investigar, pensar, y tal vez inspirar). Como sabrán, uno de los llamados problemas matemáticos del…


  • Grupos de Galois y orden de los números primos

    Es posible encontrar un orden lógico para determinados números primos que representando extensiones de Galois siguen un mismo grupo de simetría de Galois, teniendo además cada elemento correspondencia con su par antisimétrico. Así: (7+83), (11 + 79), (19 + 71), (23 + 67), (31 + 59), (43 + 47) = 90 Estos números primos serían…


  • Prime Numbers Distribution

    There’s a beautiful symmetry related to this distribution of prime numbers when ordering those between the first 100 numbers that converge at Y+ or Y+. Combining the prime numbers of Y + and Y – there is a continuitity forming which seems a ring related to the number 90: The addition of the initial 7…


  • Representación no algebraica de grupos complejos e hipercomplejos de Galois.

    r’iéa Hoy voy a explicar cómo entiendo yo los grupos de Galois de una manera que se pueda entender, es decir, sin álgebra. Este post es más bien especulativo y puede que diga alguna inexactitud, es para mí saber si lo que digo aquí es correcto porque los matemáticos no me han dado feedback sobre…


  • How to Build a Regular Heptagon with a Compass and a Straightedge

    The heptagon can be drawn but it is considered that it cannot be constructed with just a compas and a straightedge. I tried this construction by using as the lenght of the sides a combination of the rational and irrational symmetry, the segment from the point R1 to i2 (in green color). I linked to…


  • To Galois or not to Galois? That (between others) is the Question

    This is an heterodox approach to groups symmetries from a geometric – non algebraic – point of view. It states that it’s possible to create a quintic or higher degree mirror reflected counter-function that converges with its 5th or higher degree function building them as extensions of a same 4th degree function and starting them…


  • Solving Quintic and Higher Functions in Terms of Radicals by Means of their Mirror Symmetric Counter-Functions.

    I’ve edited this article to make it clearer, updating it with a part of the post titled «To Galois or not to Galois». Below, I kept the previous versions of the post. Have a good day. I’ve drawn a right handed 4th degree «function» starting from the zero point (at the center of the circumference)…


  • Ecuaciones quínticas y grupos de Galois

    A principios del Siglo 19, Evariste Galois, un joven Escorpio de 20 años, dejó escrito la noche antes de batirse en un duelo mortal que las ecuaciones representan algebraicamente grupos de simetría y que esta simetría se rompe viniendo a ser mucho más compleja con las de quinto y superior grado; es por ello que…


  • Why do we need to learn the Pythagorean theorem?

    En tiempos de locura, no hay nada más creativo que el sentido común ni nada más disruptivo que la razón. Someone asked in Quora why do we need to learn the Pythagorean theorem. This is what I anwsered there today: The Pythagorean theorem is a wonderful gateway, a surprisingly beautiful starting point, to our mathematical…


  • Es el fotón compuesto de de Broglie un modelo de átomo compuesto?

    Encontré el otro día un artículo de un profesor de California llamado Richard Gauthier en el que habla del modelo de «fotón compuesto». Mi primera reacción fue de completa sorpesa por no decir estupefación. Porque lo primero que dice en la introducción es que «ha habido un continuo interés en la posibilidad de un modelo…


  • Is the Gödel ‘s Incompleteness theorem applicable to multidimensional systems ruled by a dualistic logic?

    (Versión en español más abajo). Is the Gödel’s incompletness theorem applicable when it comes to multidimensional systems ruled by a dualistic logic? Think about two intersecting fields varying periodically with equal or opposite phases. We can agree that the expanded field F is false and the contracted field T is true. F is not false…


  • Aritmética para niñas y niños que piensan los por qués.

    En España, en tercero de primaria, cuando tienen unos 9 años, las niñas y niños que piensan a cerca de los por qués de las cosas y tienden a lo visual, lo artístico y lo concreto, comienzan a confirmar con horror en sus notas del colegio que ellas y ellos no entienden las matemáticas (las…


  • El Grial dualista de los cátaros.

    Es conocida la leyenda que relaciona a los cátaros con el Santo Grial. Antes de ser exterminados como herejes por los cruzados en las laderas de Montsegur, varios de ellos se habrían descolgado por el vertical acantilado de una de las alas del castillo llevándose consigo la santa reliquia que custodiaban y su secreto. El…


  • Einstein, Lovachevski, Joaquín de Fiore y el Santo Grial cátaro.

    En los últimos 10 años he enviado varios miles de correos a prácticamente todas la universidades de Física – y de algunas otras materias relacionadas – del mundo, desde las más prestigiosas (sin excepción) a las más desconocidas. La verdad es que he sido enormemente persistente porque los destinatarios, profesores todos ellos, casi nunca han…


  • Atomic and Solar System model. Intersecting longitudinal fields varying periodically.

    Atomic and Solar System model. Intersecting longitudinal fields varying periodically. (Pictures) Fermions. Opposite phase of variation. Not ruled by the Pauly exclusion principle: Moment 1 Moment 2 Bosons. Equal phase of variation. Ruled by the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Fermions: Bosons: Carbon «atom»:


  • Differential Geometry in the Pythagorean Theorem.

    Exploring heuristically the Pythagorean theorem by means of differential geometry it appears that when ‘a’ and ‘b’ are not equal there is no equivalence between the internal and external elements of the quadratic system. It seems the broken equivalence could be saved by combining the parabolic and hyperbolic geometries, or by using periodically variable or…


  • Geometría diferencial, parabólica, e hiperbólica en el Teorema de Pitágoras

    Cuando en el Teorema de Pitágoras a y b son iguales, el área a^+b^2 coincide (es equivalente pero no igual) con el área de c^2 porque los 8 lados racionales de a^2 y b^2 equivalen a las cuatro hipotenusas racionales (hay que contar las dos caras de cada hipotenusa) de c^2, y los cuatro lados…


  • El orden de los números primos

    ¿Cuál es la regla que rige el orden de los números primos? Hoy voy a explicar por qué, desde mi punto de vista, los números primos aparecen en el orden en que lo hacen. Por ejemplo, tenemos las parejas de primos (los llamados «gemelos») 5-7, 11-13, 17-19, y entonces viene un número primo sin pareja,…


  • When a Number N is Prime.

    In Spain we would say this is the «old woman’s account», but I think it explains visually what prime numbers are and why they follow the order they have. Numbers are not purely abstract entities, any quantity implies distribution and distribution implies a space and a center. Numbers represent symmetries related to a real and…


  • Los campos de gravedad se expanden y se contraen.

    La noción de espacio que se subyace en los modelos aceptados por la física es la de un universo único y estático en el que los objetos celestes se mueven por inercia y las múltiples asimetrías que se observan se entienden producidas por azar. Cuesta mucho tiempo y esfuerzo cambiar los paradigmas asumidos. Es como…


  • «Geometría e imaginación» de David Hilbert. Una lectura crítica.

    Un amable profesor de matemáticas ruso a quien envié por email unas figuras geométricas preguntándole su opinión me recomendó un libro de David Hilbert titulado en inglés «Geometry and the Imagination» («Geometría e imaginación»); el título original en alemán es «Anschauliche Geometrie» (Geometría descriptiva»). Por su puesto, no estás traducido al español, ¿para qué iba…


  • Curvaturas hiperbólicas y parabólicas en el círculo.

    La geometría hiperbólica es aquella que tiene (o está relacionada con) una curvatura cóncava, de signo negativo; La geometría parabólica es la que tiene (o está relacionada con) una curvatura convexa, de signo positivo. Pero ¿si cóncavo y convexo son dos perspectivas distintas – la de dentro y la de afuera – de una misma…


  • Euclidean and non-Euclidean Parallel lines on Lobachevsky’s Imaginary Geometry.

    Non-Euclidean or hyperbolic geometry started at the beginning of the XIX century when Russian mathematician Nicolai Lobachevsky demonstrated that the fifth Euclid’s postulate – the parallel postulate – was not applicable when it comes to curved lines and so that more than one parallel can be traced through a point external to another line. As…


  • Demostrando el quinto postulado de Euclides.

    Desde que Euclides escribió los «Elementos» varios siglos antes de Cristo, en el que recogió todos el conocimiento matemático de entonces, se ha venido discutiendo mucho a cerca del postulado quinto conocido hoy como el postulado de las paralelas. El postulado 5º afirma que: “Si una recta al incidir sobre dos rectas hace los ángulos…


  • Virtual and Mirror Convergences on the Demonstration of the Euclid’s Fifth Postulate.

    Summary: Working with two parallel lines, one of them virtually existent, it can be demonstrated the convergence of two non-parallel lines mentioned on the Euclid’s fifth postulate. Non-Euclidean geometries are not Euclidean because they do not follow the Euclid’s definition of parallels. The fifth postulate of the Euclid’s Elements states that “If a straight line…


  • On the Demonstration of Euclid’s Fifth Postulate.

    Several centuries before Christ, Euclid’s «Elements» stablished the fundaments of the known Geometry. Those fundaments remained unquestioned until the XIX century. It stablished 5 simple and self evident postulates, from which Euclid deduced and remonstrated logically all the Geometry. But fifth postulate created many difficulties to mathematicians through the History. Many of them thought, from…


  • On the meaning of Mathematical Incommensurability in Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries.

      «It is possible, of course, to operate with figures mechanically, just as it is possible to speak like a parrot; but that hardly deserves the name of thought». (Gottlob Frege. «The Foundations of Arithmetic»). Think about how human beings could have started to measure linear lengths and areas. I guess to measure a linear length for…


  • Reinterpreting the Riemann’s Lecture «On the Hypotheses which lie at the Bases of Geometry».

    I am going to write some comments around the famous Bernard Riemann’s lecture «On the Hypotheses which lie at the Bases of Geometry».  As you may already know, it is considered one of the most important texts in the History of modern mathematics having had also a decisive influence in other different realms of knowledge, particularly in modern Physics. I…


  • Solving Quintic Equations with radicals from a geometrical point of view.

    (Note: I’ve removed my non-ads subscription in WordPress, which is a premium feature I had purchased for the blog until now; also I won’t renew the blog’s domain name. I wanted to clarify I won’t get any profit with the advertisements that can appear on this blog). I think quintic functions could by understood as a rotational fractal formed by…


  • Squaring the Circle in a Projective Way

    I think it could be possible to explain the area of the circumference in a simple and rational way by projecting the square on the radius through the Z diagonal until the point that touches the circle and adding an additional extension. In the picture above, the coloured spaces represent the area of the circumference.…


  • The Pythagorean Theorem in the Complex Plane.

    The square 1 that we build with the referential segment of length 1, is an abstraction: we do not measure the lines and points there inside of it; We convey that the space inside of the square 1 has the value 1, 1 square, and we are going to use it as reference for measuring…


  • The Role of Irrationality in the Planck Constant.

    I think light does not travel at any speed, the photon is periodically formed by the periodical convergence of waves that are related to different kind of symmetries. I consider the point of the periodical convergence is the particle aspect of light. If the Planck constant describes the particle aspect of light, it will be…


  • On the Representation of the Riemann Z Function Zeros in an R2 Space and their relation to Irrationality.

    Abstract: Projecting the square 1 through the diagonal of its hypotenuse we can build a new prime square 1 with an irrational symmetry. Combining the rational and irrational symmetries we can get new prime squares which roots will be irrational. The zero points displaced in this way through the infinite diagonal should be coincident with…


  • The irrational Number 1

    I think it could be told that there is a rational number and an irrational number . For drawing the picture above I followed the next steps: 1. Draw a circumference with a radius 1 (or ) 2. Draw its exterior square. Each of its sides represent the 3. Draw another circumference outside of the…


  • The Hidden Rationality of the Pythagorean Theorem, the Square Root of 2, and the Pi number.

    We construct the square areas of the legs and in the Pythagorean theorem placed on and related to the specific spatial coordinates and . When the value of the leg  is 1 , the square area constructed is our primary square area 1. To say that the space that exists inside of a square area with…


  • «Solar Winds» and «Shock Waves». Is not Gravity a Force of Pressure?

    This artistic picture was published by NASA. It represents the interaction between the «solar winds» and the Pluto’s atmosphere. (Credits: NASA/APL/SwRI) Looking at that picture, I think it seems reasonable to deduce that the solar winds create a force of pressure on the Pluto’s atmosphere which resists to be pass through. This interaction between a…


  • Aleph and Irrationality

    I want to share some ideas that I’ve had related to the lost geometrical meaning of old alphabets. Aleph is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. It exists too in other alphabets as the Arabic, Phoenician and Syriac. I’m getting those data from Wikipedia. Aleph, or Alpha, represents the number one, and as it…


  • On the demonstration and refutation of Fermat’s last theorem and the Pythagorean’s one

    I consider Fermat’s last theorem is true to the same extent that the Pythagoras’s theorem is false. But it could be said too they both are wrong, or even that Fermat’s Last theorem is at the same time right and wrong depending on the perspective of the observer. When we create a square area we…


  • On the Refutation of the Pythagorean Theorem

    When we draw a square we make it on the base of 2 specific spatial coordinates (XY). We can delete our draw and create another independent square of the same dimensions based upon any other 2 spatial coordinates. In both cases, our referential coordinates will be the same, X and Y. We can change the…


  • Ciencia e irracionalidad

    Desde antiguo el ser humano ha tratado de situarse en el mundo, ordenarlo, comprenderlo y manipularlo, contándolo, pesándolo y midiéndolo. Todavía hoy muchos piensan que pesar, medir y contar es conocer. Cuanto más pequeños sean sus fragmentos, con más exactitud podrá ser examinada y conocida la cosa que conforman. La idea misma de justicia y…


  • Irrational Numbers Are Not So «Irrational»

    Drawing a diagonal in our referential coordinates X and Y we should ask ourselves if we are expanding the referential space or we are contracting it. Was it contracted or expanded previously? We modify the referential space, transforming it, folding or unfolding it, each time we displace our spatial coordinates without displacing in the same…


  • Noncommutative Geometry on 147

    Likely the first mesures were made with a simple step. The primary reference for next mesures should be the length of a unique step. As we created a first and unique reference for measuring straight lines – we can name it «1 step» – we invented the idea of length for organizing our world and…


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Complex Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis

Summarize: I consider that composite odd numbers formed by the multiplication of a prime number by itself n times, by example 9, 27, 81, etc (for the prime number 3), are imaginary prime numbers that reflect the real prime number 3; but the imaginary plane that reflects the real is interdimensional, by example a spiral one.

On this perspective I think it appears so evident the logical distribution of the complex prime numbers and the rational rules that obey. I think that considering imaginary prime numbers the Riemann hypothesis would be refuted. The prime numbers problem is mainly a conceptual problem.

Primos_Complejos

(Notes about the picture above: I entitled it «antinumbers» because at the beginning I identified the imaginary prime numbers with antinumbers with exact opposite mirror symmetry with respect to prime numbers. On the top list of numbers I have marked with a circle the odd composite numbers formed by the product of two different prime numbers; In the picture above I marked with a circle the numbers 3, 9 and 27 only for making them more visible).

Some physicists and mathematicians have tried to look for a physical structure whose periodical variations, for example the emission frequencies of a hypothetic atomic nucleus, a possible «Riemannium», could correspond with the frequencies of the Riemann function. This was for example the attempt of the Hilbert-Pólya conjecture.

I tried to do something similar in a somewhat confusing way on the previous post. In the present post I am going to try to explain directly what prime numbers and anti-numbers are using the non conventional atomic model that I defend on this blog. I think that the problem with the Prime numbers’ periodicity is only conceptual.

First of all I think it is necessary to understand conceptually what, in my opinion, subatomic antiparticles are:

If we consider an electron as a field that moves toward the left side from a central point of symmetry and a positron like the same field that moves later toward the right side, the electron field will be the antiparticle of the positron field, because they have mirror symmetry (they are exactly the same field, but with opposite features because of their opposite location).

Dirac antimatter supposes two different fields that exist in equal (or different) times, at opposite (antisymmetric) places, they are in fact to fields, non one field that moves spatially.

Majorana antimatter supposes a particle that itself is its own antiparticle. It is a virtual antiparticle because it exists at different times.

The picture below is the model of atomic nucleus that I defend: It is created by the entanglement (physical intersection) of two fields (that I consider gravitational) that vary periodically with the same or opposite phases. They create in their intersection four new fields that I consider the subatomic particles that form a shared atomic nucleus.

Prime_Subatomic_0003

In the picture above, the gravitational fields vary with opposite phases, when one field contracts the other expands, and the subatomic particles are «fermions» ruled by the Pauli exclusion Principle.

In the picture below, the gravitational fields vary with the same phase, they expand or contract at the same time. Here, the created subatomic particles are «bosons». there is a central symmetry at the horizontal axis but an asymmetry at the vertical axis.

Prime_Subatomic_0004

Thinking about the meaning of the prime numbers and their anti-numbers I have considered a new movement that I had been obviated previously on the atomic mechanism. I think that the atomic nucleus turns on itself too.

In the case of the electron field (when it comes to fermions), the axis of the electron field will experienced a gradual displacement through the whole horizontal plane, describing a circle which center will be the intermediate point of symmetry between the electron and now virtual positron fields.

When the electron field reaches the maximum left distance, the pushing force that it created with the external face of their left side and with the internal face of their right side, disappears. It is a zero force point. And now, while the field is still stopped until it stars moving again toward the right side becoming a positron, there is a lapse of non time that crates a delay. This non time period produces that the electron, when it becomes virtual and starts moving toward the right side becoming an actual positron, does not follow the exact antisymmetric path that followed previously the electron when moved toward the left side. The axis of the electron field has experienced a spatial advanced. Seen so, electron and positron can not be considered Majorana antiparticles.

Prime_Zero_Points

But because of this prelation advancement the electron field will move progressively from the West to the South and to the East Cardinal points of its horizontal plane with a precession movement. When it finally arrives to the right side, the cardinal East, it will became an exactly antisymmetric electron, it will become a true positron. This will occur periodically too. On this view electron and positron are Majorana antiparticles.

The oscillation of the electron will be similar to a Foucault’s Pendulum.

Made these clarifications, I will focus the explanation on the prime numbers. I consider that a Prime number is an electron that moves toward the left side. It is odd. When it moves toward the right side it does not follow the same antisymmetric path because of the mentioned prelation displacement. The even number path, the positron field pendular movement toward the right side, experiences an advance on the horizontal plane toward the North point.

If look at the picture on top of the post, you could follow the pendular movement of the electron field that progressively creates odd numbers on its non zero force points. Its first oscillation will create the number 1 at the left side, and the number 2 at the right side. Then, the left movement will create a number 3 displaced spatially from the previous 1.

This number 3 does not have any other antisymmetric number, there is not any mirror number still, and it is not the mirror reflection number of another previous number.

When the electron field that creates the number 3 comes to its maximum left distance and stop moving it can be considered like its force were divided by itself. It only can be divided by itself.

Continuing with the pendular oscillation, we will arrive to the number 9. The number 9 is the radius of a circumference that has a different perimeter than the circle whose radius is the number 3. The number 9 has mirror reflected symmetry with the number 3, although it is displaced toward the right side. It is like the same number 3 had experienced a spatial displacement outside its real axis toward the south east cardinal point; this new axis of the number 9 is an imaginary axis. I consider imaginary axes like mirror reflected axes.

The number 27 is the radius of a bigger circumference too. Its has a direct mirror reflection symmetry with respect the number 3 raised to the power of 2 (the number 9) and a derivative mirror reflection symmetry with respect to the number 3. But the imaginary plane that reflects the number 3 in the case of the number 27 is not a straight line, it is a spiral. In this sense the number 3 can be considered as a real prime number, and the number 27 its imaginary prime number.

We can draw a triangle formed by the numbers 3, 9 and 27. It is a virtual or imaginary triangle formed by different dimensions, three circumferences with different perimeters forming a spiral path. It is an interdimensional figure. The sides of the triangle can be considered as interdimensional gates that let avoid the spiral way and to pass from the 27 point to 3 point in a straight way passing through the spiral. You will remember that the 3, 9 and 27 numbers are zero force points on the exposed atomic model.

Interdimensionality maybe explains why some numbers are irrational.

On the other hand, if we use Pi for calculating the value of the number 27 basing on its original prime 3, it could be 3 multiplied by Pi raised to the power of 2, we do not get 27, we get 29. Is it a bad operation or is the Pi number reflecting the prelation displacement that I mentioned above?

Basing on these considerations I think the distinction between prime and non prime numbers is artificial. There are numbers that reflect others and numbers that are reflected by others. The number 3 of the real axis could be the imaginary 3 of another real axis if we changed our perspective. What is real and what is imaginary (mirror reflected) depends on the perspective that we start watching.

I think odd composite numbers formed by the product of two different prime numbers are expression of a sort of different symmetry.

With respect even numbers they can be considered anti-prime numbers (do not mistake with prime anti-numbers). Their properties depend on the starting point too, if we start counting by 2 instead by 1, they will behave like odd numbers. If we follow the even path in the top picture it is possible to draw an inverted spiral too. Watching the whole picture you will see how some odd numbers are placed at the right side and some even numbers are at the left side too, periodically.

On the other hand I have not mentioned the mechanism of bosons when the pendular movement occurs on the vertical axis. And that I think that because of the periodical synchronization and desynchronization of the phases of variation of the entangled gravitational fields, the fermions became bosons and bosons became fermions periodically.

I think that it is necessary a comprehension at a conceptual level about what prime numbers are. Considering that prime numbers raised to the power of n are imaginary prime numbers of a real prime number I think the Riemann Hypothesis would be invalidated conceptually.

But what does it mean that a number is only divisible by itself? and what does it mean to divide?

I think there are two kind of divisions, to separate what is unified or two fold what is unfolded. In the case that we count 1, 2, 3, the number 3 appears folded, we can fold it because it does not have parts in the real axis that we took as reference. But if we unfold the number 3 into 9 or into 27 or into 81, if we multiply the number 3 by itself n times, we do not have now a unique number 3, we have a number 3 unfolded in other numbers 3 that we can fold now.

I think numbers are symbols that express symmetries and asymmetries, they do not have any entity by themselves outside the abstract level. They refer to concrete spaces. I think prime numbers must be thought in a concrete scenario, as the atomic model that I purpose. What about a scenario where the imaginary axis has a non smooth topology, or it varies periodically expanding and contracting? How about a scenario where the real axis has a non flat topology that vary periodically too with the same or opposite phase than the imaginary axes? How about, finally, if it were not exist a vertical plane, only a horizontal plane with a spiral laying on it? the real and the imaginary axes would exist at the same horizontal plane separated by different dimensions. One arm of the spiral would have the real axis and the other arms would be the imaginary axes on a unique but interdimensional plane. Each dimension, each arms, will be circumscribed by a circumference of different perimeter ruled by a different power the the Pi number.

The places where we will found the numbers will depend on the shape of the real and imaginary planes and their topologies, variations and periodicities.

And it will depend on our own perspective and references. A prime (folded) number 3 on the real axes, can be at the same time a part of an unfolded number 3 which exists on other axis that we could not consider but is the real axis for another observer. A real axis will have always at least two imaginary axes that reflect. But what is real for us because of our reference point, can be at the same time imaginary for another observers with different points of reference.

Are we limiting our comprehension of an infinite and inexhaustible reality because of our rigid, limited and academic definitions about how is the reality and how must it be?

But do you only want to know what numbers on the common real axis are only divisible by themselves and their periodicity? then look for the numbers that appeared previously. You can choose between look for on a straight large line or on the short lines of the interdimensional gates of a spiral using the help of the Pi number.

I told before that the electron field was divided by itself for achieve the zero force point, but really I think that it stopped because the entangled gravitational field that created it stopped contracting to start expanding. Each one of those two entangled fields depends in turn on and exists by the entanglement (I remark here the meaning of physical «intersection» because I know the different sense that mainstream physicists use the term «entanglement») of at least two bigger entangled fields and so on in an infinite way.

Maybe these reflexions are inconsistent and inaccurate for many mathematicians. But I have the strong hope that some of these ideas could inspire someone, maybe you, why not, looking for a better comprehension of the Nature’s mechanisms. I think we need to change the currently accepted atomic model and to rationalize currently accepted physics, (maybe mathematics too), questioning and rejecting all their arbitrarieties, for comprehending better and be able to cure all cell division diseases, what is the goal of this blog. All our cells are electromagnetic and our current science, in my opinion, yet do not know what electrons are and what the essential role that gravity has at the atomic level is.

If you want more information about the mentioned atomic model you can read other posts on the blog. They are fragmentary and disordered because I have developed an improved the model in a progressive way through the last years and the blog reflects the creative process.

Kind regards.

5 respuestas a “Complex Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis”

  1. […] have reviewed this post on the next one: On the Prime Antinumbers at 7 September 2014. Thanks for […]

  2. […] other spatial prime numbers’ distributions you can look for Ulam’s spirals. On the previous post I came to the idea of a spiral distribution too, following the idea of the atomic number that I am […]

  3. Diego

    Hola, ¿podrías explicar mejor cómo se forma la espiral interdimensional de la primera imagen? No me queda claro como es que cada número queda en esa posición.

    1. Hola Diego,

      si vemos la figura como como si fuera un campo que estamos observando desde arriba, podemos pensar en un campo circular que está contraído y se expande. Si hay un objeto que orbita el campo empezando por el 1, cuando llegue al punto 2 la distancia con respecto al centro será mayor que la distancia del 1 con respecto al centro porque el campo se habrá expandido. Además al llegar al punto 2 el objeto ha recorrido más de la mitad de la circunferencia por lo que habría un movimiento de precesión en cada media rotación (por eso el radio que lleva del centro al punto 2 está desplazado con respecto el radio que va del centro al punto 1, y así pasa con todos).

      Este artículo lo escribí hace 4 años, tendría que estudiarlo ahora para saber si lo que dije me parece correcto porque desde entonces he pensado muchas otras cosas. Ten en cuenta que el blog es muy especulativo y nada ortodoxo.

      Un saludo cordial

      Alfonso

  4. […] other spatial prime numbers’ distributions you can look for Ulam’s spirals. On the previous post I came to the idea of a spiral distribution too, following the idea of the atomic number that I am […]

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