A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: ENDANGERED SPECIES, HABITAT CONVERSION, INTRODUCED BIOTA ROBERT A.

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1 ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 311 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: ENDANGERED SPECIES, HABITAT CONVERSION, INTRODUCED BIOTA BY ROBERT A. DEFILIPPS ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. October 1987

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3 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: ENDANGERED SPECIES, HABITAT CONVERSION, INTRODUCED BIOTA BY ROBERT A. DEFILIPPS Introduction To plant conservationists who must fervently gather botanical intelligence against a time-frame of rapidly dwindling plant populations and habitats, the following statements expressed by M.-H. Sachet and F.R. Fosberg (1955, 1971) are both pertinent and self-explanatory: "The great unsolved problem of modern scientific methodology is that of bibliography, that of knowing what has been accomplished already. In starting any line of investigation the scientist is faced with the choice of ignoring his predecessors, possibly wasting much time on work that has already been done and missing valuable information and ideas, or of spending a large proportion of his time in study of current and past literature on the field. The latter alternative is preferable from almost any viewpoint, though the amount of time involved makes it very expensive... Any worker who, for his own investigation, explores the literature of a field with some thoroughness may do his colleagues a useful service if he presents the results of such a search in the form of an annotated bibliography. His familiarity with the contents of the papers examined may enable him to save later workers an enormous amount of time by indicating very briefly what the paper is, whether it contains original information and what aspect of the field is covered." Plant Conservation Unit. Department of Botany. National Museum of Natural Washington, D. C ist tor^; Smithsonian ~nititution,

4 Several large regions of the world are plagued by conservation problems shaped around a particular inherent set of geographical, biological and human conditions which have been operational for varying periods of time. Typical of situations facing Latin Amerlica are the progress of economic development in Amazonia with its attendant loss of rainforest biodiversity, and the Central American "hamburger connection" involving conversion of forests to grazing land to support the export of cheap beef to the United States. Characteristic of Africa is the struggle with desertification in the Sahel and the terminally desperate fuelwood crisis there. Europe has its centurieslong history of urbanization and the deforestation of Mediterranean lands to contend with, while the similarly industrialized North American continent must deal with large-scale wetland drainage, the effects of hightechnology terrain vehicles (swamp buggies, dune buggies, snowmobiles, motorcycles) on the landscape, as well as protecting the endangered cacti indigenous to the deserts from overexploitative commerce. The 7,500 islands of the Pacific Ocean share a unifying theme in connection with environmental and ecological disturbances, for their island ecosystems are very sensitive and fragile, and easily susceptible to irreversible vegetational and erosional damage as caused by weeds, feral animals, and humankind. As noted by Arthur Dahl (1986), "The total land area of Oceania is very small, but the region has the world's highest proportions of endangered species,... and probably endemic species, per unit area or per inhabitant." In addition to the specialized and endangered flora of such isolated Pacific ecosystems, which are partly within the Cretaceous cradle of evolution of the first, primitive flowering plants, the Pacific islands usher us into their uniqueness by means of considerat ion of the sandalwood trade, the phenomenon of mass dieback of forests, the practice of total conversion of islands into coconut plantations for the copra trade, the impact of military operations during World War 11, studies of radioactivity levels and nuclear detonations on the remote shores of selected atolls, and the serious degradation of the incomparably beautiful and productive coral reefs by crown-of-thorns starfish and silt from accelerated terrestrial erosion. The geographical scope of this bibliography, on which research was concluded in May 1987, encompasses Micronesia, Polynesia and Melanesia, with boundaries including Clipperton, Cocos, Galapagos, Easter and Juan Fernandez Islands in the eastern Pacific; Norfolk, Lord Howe, New Hebrides, Bismarck, and Admiralty Islands in the south and western reaches of the ocean, and northwards to the Ryukyu and Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. The coverage excludes a number of islands which are in a comparatively close proximity to

5 mainland, such as Japan, the Philippines, Borneo, and New Guinea, as well as the more distant and very large islands comprising New Zealand. A number of people deserve my grateful thanks for their encouragement and assistance during this project. In the Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, I wish to thank Dr. F. Raymond Fosberg, Dr. Marie-Helene Sachet, Dr. Mark M. Littler, Royce Oliver; staff of the Plant Conservation Unit, S. Jane Villa-Lobos, Shirley L. Maina, and Olga Herrera-MacBryde; technical aid from Kim Barker, Karen Lee, Chris Tuccinardi and Marie Uehling; and botany interns Jeff Nekola and Orlo C. Steele for contributions to the geographical index and annotations, respectively. I would also like to acknowledge the help of Marsha Sitnik, Office of the Director, National Museum of Natural History, for supplying data on the Galapagos. I am particularly indebted to S. Jane Villa-Lobos for her critical assistance with computerization of the manuscript. Persons who also extended courtesies and sup lied references include Mrs. Ruth F. Schallert (Librarianf, Stephen D. Davis (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Threatened Plants Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Dr. Gustav Paulay (University of Washington, Seattle), and Dr. David S. Liem (Derwood, Maryland)... References Dahl, A.L Review -- of the Protected Areas System in Oceania. 239 pp. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, E~F land: IUCN and UNEP. ences - ~atconal ~esearch -council. Sachet, M.-H. and F.R. Fosberg Island Bibliographies Supplement. 427 pp. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences.

6 Abbott, W. L Ua man ke ea o ka aina i ka pono (The life-of the land is perpetuated in righteousness). Defenders 50(6): 460. A plea for non-violence to Hawaiian environment. Acosta-Solis, M Protection and conservation problems on the Galapagos Islands. Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences 44: Suggests that all hunting, agriculture and human settlement should be prohibited on the islands or parts of islands to be declared as nature reserves. Acosta-Solis, M Problems of conservation and economic development of the Galapagos, pp , in Bowman, R.I., ed., The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. General discussion of primary problems..dsersen, H A botanist's notes on Pinta. Noticias - de Galapagos 24: Analysis of goat damage to fern peat area on Pinta leads to the general conclusion that "three goats brought ashore on a tropical island may give rise to a population that in a mere 15 years can destroy an entire and unique plant community, which has taken thousands of years to become established." Albert, H Structure of a disturbed forest community repl-anted with Eucalyptus robusta on Wailalae ~ i d ~ e, Oahu, Hawaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 25 (2): Planting eucalyptus on this disturbed site effectively and rapidly regenerated forest cover, but there is evidence that the eucalyptus is spreading beyond the area originally planted. Amerson, A. B The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 150: Tern Island vegetation has been variously impacted by a U.S. naval air facility on the island in World War 11, by the U.S. Coast Guard LORAN transmitting station, and by the subsequent arrival of weeds. Amerson, A. B Ecological Baseline Survey of Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. 365 pp. Washington, D.C.: Ecology Program, Smi thsonian Institution. All original vegetation on Johnston Island was eradicated by the U.S. Navy in during the building of runways. Amerson, A. B., Clapp, R.B. and W.O. Wirtz The natural history of Pearl and Hermes Reef, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 174:

7 The atoll is part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. On Southeast Island, ironwood (Casuari- - na) trees were planted by the U.S. Navy in 1963 to increase the island's visibility from the ocean. As this was in violation of Refuge regulations, all trees not already dead were destroyed in Amerson, A.B. and P.C. Shelton The natural history of Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin 192: Terrestrial vegetation has been heavily disturbed by man. Amerson, A.B., Whistler, W.A. and T.D. Schwaner. 1982a. - wildlife -- and wildlife Habitat - of American Samoa. I. Environment and Ecology. 119 pp. Wa-sTington,-~rC-~.x Fish and Wildlife Service. With the introduction of Western material culture, the only types of vegetation that were not exploited were the cloud forest, littoral scrub, littoral strand and montane scrub. Lists 15 potentially threatened or endangered plant species, 24 species requiring determination of population status, and 20 orchid species needing status studies. Amerson, A.B., Whistler, W.A. and T.D. Schwaner. 1982b. wildlife -- and Wildlife Habitat - of -- American --- Samoa Kccounts - of Flora and Fauna. 151 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish andwildlife Service. Includes brief description and geographical range of potentially threatened or endangered plant species. Anderson, A The Blue Reef. 259 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Contains history of detonation of nuclear devices on Enewetak Atoll. "Remarkably, he finds little apparent damage (to life forms) beyond the immediate vicinity of the blast points. Even there, he reports, the flora and fauna are not visibly different from life forms elsewhere in the atoll." Anderson, J.A Return to Eniwetok. - Micronesian Re orter 20(3): describes the nature of devastation resulting w from 1954 explosion of hydrogen bomb. Animal Species Advisory Commission. State of Hawaii Reviews -- of the Five-Year ores st Planting Plan for the State of Hawaii, Fiscal Years and t,heaen=t Envirrnmental Impact Statement, Department --- of Land and Natural Resources. 69 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Department o f r a n d Natural Resources. - ~~ ~ L r i n , ~ the Department's intention was to plant in the various Hawaiian islands (Kauai, Oahu,

8 Maui, Molokai, Hawaii) 25,000 native trees, and the following amounts of introduced species: 119,000 Australian toon ( Toona australis); 164,000 slash pine ( Pinus elliottii); 816,000 rosegum ( Eucal 5ytus grandis);- 962,000 saligna ( Eucalyptus saligna Anonymous Midway plants. Scientific American 167:,1.70. Laysan Island vegetation was destroyed by rabbits in Anonymous Biological control in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin 6(2): iarge areas of the islands are covered with exotic Lantana and Schinus terebinthi folius. Anonymous The Vegetation - of Micronesia. 160 pp. Engineer Intelligence Study No Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Military Geology Branch. Contains much data on causes of denudation and disruption of vegetation in all of the island groups. Anonymous Poro, a new mining and industrial centre in New Caledonia. South Pacific Bulletin 16(4): Regarding this nickel mine, it is ventured that "as a first step in the industrialization of the hinterland, Poro... offers promising prospects of what New Caledonia could be like tomorrow." Anonymous Norfolk Island. IUCN Bulletin 2(2): 13. Stands of native rain forest on Mt. Pitt and Mt. Bates are threatened by encroaching roads projects. Anonymous Chile: the Juan Fernandez Islands. IUCN Bulletin 2(8): 61. Native plant species are declining due to introduced biota. Anonymous. 1969a. Survey of rare and threatened plant species in the pacific- Basin. Association - for ~ropical Biology Newsletter 19: Announcement of a survey list to be prepared by Subcommittee on Nature Protection of the Standing Committee on Pacific Botany, Pacific Science Association. Anonymous. 1969b. Phosphate prospecting begins. H.Q. Hi hli hts 1 March 1969:4. dhd$esphate mining could disturb vegetation. Anonymous Museum miscellany. Ka 'Elele :4. Seeds of ohia (Sesbania tomentosa)-and other endangered Hawaiian plants have been planted on the Bisho~ Museum grounds in Honolulu, in hopes of preserving theaspecies.

9 Anonymous The greening of Kauai. - Marathon -- World 14(2): concerns the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, whose mission is to grow endangered species. Anonymous. 1978a. Gaining ground in Galapagos IUCN Bulletin 9(5): 27. Striking recovery of vegetation is seen after extermination of feral goats. Anonymous. 1978b. Hide-and-seek orchid found. Bishop Museum --- News and Ka -'Elele 5(2): 3. Rare endemic orchid, Platanthera holochila 9 rediscovered in Alakai Swamp-bog, Kauai, in ,-- Anonymous. 1979a. Rare and endangered species planted at Waimea Arboretum. Notes Waimea Arboretum 6(2): Lists names of Hawaiian endangered endemics in cultivation. Anonymous. 1979b. Kokia cookei- extinction or survival? Notes Waimea Arboretum 60:2-5. Discusses Tokyo tissue culture attempts with this endangered ~awaiian malvaceous plant. Anonymous. 1979c. Tree-fern logging on Hawaii. Oryx 15(2): -I 91 I L I. Brief account of the activity is given. Anonymous. 1979d. A plea for plants. IUCN Bulletin lo(2): 9,16. Includes the endangered Hibiscus insularis, endemic to Philip Island and threatened by feral rabbits. Anonymous. 1979e. Service lists 32 plants. * Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 4(11): 1, 5-8. Includes, from Hawaiian Islands, Li ochaeta venosa, Haplostachys haplostachya var. angusti olia Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia and Kokia cookei. Anonymous 'Ewa Plains 'akoko proposed as endangered. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 5(10): 5-6. Concerns Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana. Anonymous. 1981a. Serianthes nelsonii: an update. Notes Waimea Arboretum 8(1): 8-9. New record of this plant for Rota; previously known only from four trees on Guam. Anonymous. 1981b. Kokia cookei : progress repoxt. Notes Waimea Arboretum -8. Several graftings of Kokia cookei onto - K. drynarioides

10 have been planted at Waimea, Hawaiian Islands. Anonymous The Nature Conservancy in Hawaii. - The Nature Conservancy News 32(3): Discussion of unique areas preserved in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1983a. Les chevres et vaches de Rapa favorisent llerosion de llile. Les Nouvelles (newspaper) 21 January. 3 PP- Research of Gustav Paulay on Rapa, French Polynesia, concerning destructive action of sheep and goats on vegetation. Anonymous. 1983b. An island at risk. Oryx 17(3): 109. Incipient danger in proposed development of Henderson Island. Anonymous. 1984a. IUCN Bulletin 15(7-9): 91. Natural features of islands should preclude development. Anonymous. 1984b. Easter enigma solved. IUCN Bulletin 15(1-3): 6. Deforestation of Easter Island may have led to the collapse of the islandls civilization. Loss of soil fertility as a result of deforestation may have undermined food production and caused out-migration of people. Sophora toromiro, the only Easter Island endemic plant, is extirpated in the wild. Anonymous. 1985a. Kokele logging: "maintenance"?. Elepaio 45(12): koa trees to be cut in Kokele State Park, jeopardizing the most diverse mesic forests in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1985b. Ohila woodchipping double talk. Elepaio 45(12): Deprecates the continuance of woodchipping in the United States1 last lowland tropical forest, in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1985c. Plan approved for three songbirds of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin lo(2): Notes that the fragile ecosvstem of Lavsan Island was severely damaged elrly in t6is century ifter introduced rabbits multiplied and consumed virtually all the vegetation, resulting in a wasteland. As a direct result of this, several endemic terrestrial + birds became extinct: the Laysan millerbird (Acroce halus familiaris familiaris),laysan hone creeper Himatione sanguinea f r m ZfT~aysan rail horzana palmeri). Anonymous. 1985d. Kauai: the garden island. Hawaii 2(1) --- (Issue No. 3): Notes the problems of declining sugarcane acreage and

11 prospects of increased tourism in this relatively unspoiled environment. Anonymous. 1985e. Northern Islands slated for preservation. Coastal Views(Saipan,Marianas) 7(2): 1,3,10; see cit 7m-i,8-9 (1985). Descri % es, - with photos, four islands in Northern Marianas which will be given conservation protection status: Maug, Uracas, Asuncion, and Guguan. The island of Farallon de Medinilla, which is regularly bombed and strafed as a target range under the military lease agreement with the United States, is no longer considered a candidate for preservation. Anonymous. 1985f. CNMI Northern islands win preservation. Information Bulletin (Pacific Science Association) 7(6): In November 1985, four uninhabited islands in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Uracas (Farallon de Pa jaros), Asuncion, Guguan, Maug) were set aside for purposes of conservation and preservation, including the plant species. The effects of past human habitation on Sariguan Island, including large populations of rats and wild goats, made that island a poor candidate for preservation status because many native species and habitats have been disturbed or destroyed. Anonymous. 1986a. Endangered Species Act protection proposed for four planis. ~ndan~ered specie; Technical Bulletin 9(10): 3-4. In the Marianas, much of the habitat of Serianthes nelsonii has been destroyed by human activities, to the extent that only 64 of the plants survive on Rota, and only 2 remaining trees are on Guam. Anonymous. 1986b. Two plants given final Endangered Species Act protection: Lanai sandalwood or 'iliahi. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin ll(2): 3. Concerns Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense, of which only 39 in-dividuals remain on Lanai (Hawaiian Islands). Introduced rats prey on its fruits, and it is also subjected to severe ecosystem disturbances. Anonymous. 1986c. Found again. S ecies (Newsletter of IUCN-Species Survival Commission f-- 6: 20 Formerly presumed extinct, Abutilon julianae (~alvaceae) from Norfolk Island was last recorded in 1912, but it was recently discovered on Philip Island, where vegetation once devastated by goats, pigs and rabbits is now regenerating. Anonymous. 1986d. Recovering the Galapagos. IUCN Bulletin 17(4-6): 77. "The IUCN, in cooperation with the Charles Darwin

12 Foundation, is attempting to reduce the threat posed to the Galapagos Islands native species by dozens of species introduced by man." Santiago Island still has the serious problem of 100,000 goats and 20,000 pigs. Anonymous. 1986e. Mullein discovered in Haleakala National park. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical A single common mullein plant (Ver been found near roadside at 9000 ft., are wary that potential infestation can be controlled. Anonymous Thyrsopteris elegans. IUCN Bulletin 181-3): SR12-SR13. This tree-fern, along with 97 other plant s ecies, is endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands. More t R an half of these species are threatened by erosion created by the continuing spread of introduced animals, mainly feral cattle, sheep and goats. Apfelbaum, S.I., Ludwig, J.P. and C. E. Ludwig Ecological problems associated with disruption of dune vegetation dynamics by Casuarina equisetifolia L. at Sand Island, Midway Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 261: "It is clear that certain areas on Midway are beine damaged for continued Navy use and altereh for othe; uses. The cross. runway is being invaded rapidly by ironwood (Casuarina). The runway aprons are almost completely invaded and root-heaving of the pavement by ironwood will probably destroy the runway in the 1980's. Similar problems are far more advanced on the Eastern Island runways." Apple, R. and P. Apple Again? Axis deer? Yes! ~lepaio 32(9): Relates history and controversy over introduction of axis deer in ~awaiian Islands. - Atkinson, I.A.E A reassessment of factors, particularly Rattus rattus L., influencing the decline of endemic f o m i m n the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31(2): Includes section on introduced browsing mammals (cattle, horses, sheep, goats, English pigs) whose devouring of vegetation affected the food supply of the birds. Aubert de la Rue, E Man's influence on tropical vegetation. Proc. Ninth Pacific Science Congress 94. Examples cited include New Caledonian rain forest on serpentine massifs destroyed in process of mining nickel, chromium and cobalt; and the dangerously threatened limestone primary forests on Walpole I. and Makatea I. which are fated to disappear completely to permit the extraction of calcium phosphate deposits below

13 ground. Concludes with discussion by eight scientists. Ayensu, E.S. and R.A. DeFilipps Endangered - and Threatened Plants of the United States. 403 pp. Washington, D.C.:smithsoni~~nstitution and World Wildlife Fund-U.S. Lists 646 candidate endangered, 197 candidate threatened, and 270 presumed extinct plant species, subspecies and varieties in the Hawaiian Islands, which altogether comprise 50.6 percent of the indigenous flora. Ayensu, E.S., Heywood, V.H., Lucas, G.L. and R.A. -~e~ili~~s 'our re en and World: The Wisdom --- to Save It. 255 ppxvaskingtk, D.C.: Smonian Institution Press. Includes mention of vegetation status on Philip I., Norfolk I., Rose Atoll (American Samoa), Takapoto Atoll (Tuamotus), and Hawaiian Is. Baines, G Environment and resources: managing the South Pacific's future. Ambio 13(5-6): General discussion of critical issues. Baker, J.K. and S. Allen Hybrid Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31(3): concerns progeny of H. iffardianus x H. hualalaiensis. Factors of hvbrid fertilitv an gene flow "must be taken into considiration in any prog;am designed to protect the genetic integrity of Hibiscadelphus taxa". Discovery of hybrid Hibiscadelphus has created much interest and controversy among those concerned with maintaining native species and ecosystem integrity. Baker. R.H Some effects of the war on the wildlife of ~icronesia. Trans. Eleventh North American Wildlife Conference, pp Effects of World War I1 on vegetation of Peleliu and Ulithi are considered. Bakus, G.J Marine zonation and ecology of Cocos Island, off Central America. Atoll Research ~ulletin 179: 1-9. Observes that feral pigs and goats roam the island. Baldwin, P.H. and G.O. Fagerlund The effect of cattle grazing on koa reproduction in Hawaii National Park. Ecology 24: Deleterious effects of cattle on Acacia koa. Barrau, J. 1958a. Plant introduction and exploration in the South Pacific. South' Pacific Bulletin 8(1): Duboisia myoporoid~olanaceae) is a wild plant of New

14 Caledonia that potentially could be grown commercially for medicinal purposes. Barrau. J. 1958b. Beware of this attractive noxious weed. south Pacific Bulletin 8(3):7. Cryptostegia grandif lora(asclepiadaceae), the "Indian rubber vine", is invading pastures of western New Caledonia. Barrau, J. 1959a. Marquesas journey. South Pacific Bulletin 9(1): 18-21, 35. "In many islands one finds at altitudes varying between 1,500 and 2,400 feet, vast grassy patches containing graminaceae (sic) and ferns of the Gleichenia type. These representhe final stage of the severe degradation of the vegetation caused by man and animals introduced since the arrival of the white man. This degradation often goes hand in hand with bad soil erosion." Barrau, J. 1959b. The tamanu tree. South Pacific Bulletin 9(2): 44. Kernels of Calo h llum inophyllum (Guttiferae) are ex~orted to *-cosmetic inaustrv from Tahiti. here is certainly sufficient demand io demonstrate that local wild plants of the South Pacific Islands can sometimes be a source of cash income." Barrau, J. 1960a. Plant exploration and introduction in Micronesia. South Pacific Bulletin lo(1): "Guam was on the route of the Spanish galleons which sailed across the Pacific linking Central America and the Philippines. This explains why so many plants of American origin were introduced into this island." Barrau, J. 1960b. The sandalwood tree. South Pacific Bulletin lo(4): 39, 63. Recounts the history of sandalwood decimation in Fiji, Juan Fernandez Is. and Hawaii, and lists the species of Santalum in Oceania. Barrau, J Les hommes, les plantes et la mer en Oceanie tropicale. Cahiers du ~acifi ue 10: Review of the history of -7%- intro uce Pacific sustenance plants. Barrau, J Indigenous and colonial land-use systems in Indo-Oceanian savannas: the case of New Caledonia, pp , in Harris, D.R., ed., Human Ecology - in Savanna Environments. London: Academic Press. Account of the European bastardization of a formerly stable ecosystem. Barrau, J La diffusion humaine des vegetaux et des animaux envisagee dlun point de vue biogeographique.

15 - R. Societe Biogeographie 59(1): Island ecosystems such as New Caledonia provide examples of biogeographical changes caused by the diffusion of plants and animals by man. Barrau, J. and L. Devambez Quelques resultats inattendus de l'acclimatation en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Terre -- et Vie 104(4): Effects of introduced deer and plant species on New Caledonian vegetation. Bartley, W.S Iwo --- Jima: -- Amphibious Epic. 253 pp. U.S. Marine Corps Historical Monograph. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Includes photos showing effect of war operations on the vegetation during the capture of Iwo Jima in Bayliss-Smith, T.P Batiki in the 1970's: Satellite of Suva, pp , in Unesco/UNFPA Fiji Island Reports, No.4.Canberra, Austra1ia:ANU for Unesco. Most of ~atiki once supported a tree cover; now there is dense weedy covering in a fire-climax vegetation. Beighton, P Easter Island people. Geographical Journal 132: Gives location of introduced Eucalyptus groves. Berner, A.J Save Hawaii's unique flora and fauna. ~iep~io 27(1): 1-2. Imputes lack of conservation effectiveness to the State reforestation activities; article followed by rebuttal by Governor Burns. Berger, A.J History of exotic birds in Hawaii. Ele aio 35(6): h e s discussion of habitat destruction caused by sugarcane cultivation, sandalwood harvests, and invasive tropical weeds (Lantana, Myrica, Rubus, Opuntia). Berger, A.J. 1975a. The Hawaiian honeycreepers, Ele aio 35 (10): iia nc u es detailed history of Hawaiian forest destruction. Berger, A.J. 1975b. Hawaii's dubious distinction. fenders 50(6): Excellent summary of serious degradation of forests noting there are 4,500 species of exotic (introducedj plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Berger, A.J Aloha means goodbye. National Wildlife 15(1): Disturbance of Hawaiian forests reduces habitats.

16 Biddulph, 0. and R. Cory The relationship between Ca45, total calcium and fission product radioactivity in plants of Portulaca oleracea growing in the vicinity of the atom bomb test sites on Eniwetok Atoll. - U.S. Atomic Commission Report UWFL-31: P ysiological effects of radiation demonstrated. %=- Bishop, L.E. and D. Herbst A new Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) from Kauai. Brittonia 25(3): The endangered species H. distans is described, with notes on status of closerelatives. Black, J.M Galapagos National Park, problems and solutions. Parks l(1): 2-4. Discusses invading plagues of weeds and grazing animals and their destructive effects. Blumberg, B.S. and R.A. Conard A note on the vegetation of the northern islets of Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands, March Atoll Research Bulletin 84: 4-5. Changes in the vegetation are similar to those suspected, by some researchers, as due to radioactive fallout. Boutilier, J.A The nature, scope, and impact of the tourist industry in the Solomon Islands, pp , in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds.., Persistence - and Change. 155 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Contains appropriate cautionary statements in hopes that the nascent Solomon Islands tourist industry will not result in disfigurement and overdevelopment such as befell Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands. Bowman, R.I The scientific need for island reserve areas, pp , in Scientific Use of Natural Areas Symposium, XVI International CongreFof zoology. 103 pp. Miami, Florida: Coconut Grove. Field Research Projects, Natural Areas Studies No. 2. Using Galapagos and other Pacific islands as examples, presents the scientific importance of islands for evolutionary studies (7 reasons), distributional studies, ecosystem studies, and "living museum" studies. * Brewer, W.A The assault of our reefs and lagoons. - ~icronesian Re orter 23(3): "Sedimentation o estuaries, bays, - - and lagoons from accelerated, man-induced erosion is...p ribably the greatest environmental threat to Micronesia today. Brookfield, H. and G. Glaser Population and environment in the eastern islands of Fiji. Nature and Resources ll(2): 2-8. Critical issues include environmental effects of the introduction of new weeds, and also the cessation of

17 human interference in certain areas. Browne, M.W (Jan. 13). New findings reveal ancient abuse of lands. New York Times, Science-~imes C1-C3. Deforestation or~a-r 1sland =her areas is used to support the observation that "there has never been such a thing as a noble savage, and that present-day man is neither more nor less destructive than his forebears." Bruhin, D The two endemic palms of Chile. International Dendrological Society yearbook 1984: Includes Juania palm of Juan Fernandez Islands. Bryan, E.H The background of Hawaiian botany. The Mid-Pacific 37: Wasteful water runoff from deforested mountains must be counteracted "by covering the mountains with suitable and sufficient vegetation, to replace the native forests which are fast disappearing." Bryan, E.H Kahoolawe, the island of dust. Bishop Museum Special Publication 19: O n i s Hawaiian island, destructive animals have obliterated native vegetation. Bryan, E.H Economic Insects of Micronesia. 29 pp. Washington, D.C.: National ~esearch-council. To controi the undesirable foreign Lantana camara plant on Ponape, the following insect enemies were introduced: lantana tortricid moth, lantana plume moth, lantana leaf bug, and lantana seed fly. Bryan, E.H The -- Hawaiian Chain. 71 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. Includes discussion of the upset of nature's balance, foreign introductions, and the sandalwood trade. Bryan, E.H Introduction, pp. ii-v, in Lamberson, J.O., A Guide - to Terrestrial Plants of Enewetak Atoll. 73 pp. ~onolulu, Hawaii: Pacific ~cifntific Information Center, B.P. Bishop Museum. Due to World War I1 bombardments and later nuclear tests, "Enewetak might be called the most abused atoll in the Pacific." Bryan, L.W Twenty-five years of forestry work on the island of Hawaii. Hawaiian Planters1 Record 51(1): Includes photos of introduced trees and revegetation projects, also of roundups of feral sheep and goats. Bryan, L.W Native Hawaiian plants. Newsletter --

18 Hawaiian Botanical Society lo(4): Observations on numerous threatened endemic species. Bryan, L.W Ahinahina. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 12(1): 1-2. d e decline and protection of Ar yroxi~hium sandwicense, the silversword or ahinahina$ompositae~. Buck, M The precious forests of Ponape and Kosrae. Glimpses of Micronesia 24(3): 24(3): A forestinventory is being undertaken to provide baseline data or a starting point to monitor the effect of the current period of Micronesian cultural transition, growth, and change, on the forest resource. Budowski, G Book review, of Wiggins, I.L. and D.M. Porter, 1971, Flora -- of the Galapagos. IUCN Bulletin 3(10): 50. ~eview is critical of the book's casual remark that the El Junco lake area on San Cristobal Island might support carefully planned, limited agricultural activity. Bunge, F.M. and M.W. Cooke Oceania, - A Regional Study. 550 pp. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army. Includes useful background overview of the region. Burcham, L.T Observations on the grass flora of certain Pacific islands. Contributions United States National Herbarium 30(2): O n G l i u I. [Palau Is.), "virtually all vegetation was denuded from the western and southern portions' by our (military) operations. However, configuration of the terrain and nature of the coral bedrock are such that this denudation should produce no erosion problems; as a matter of fact, the net result of these activities should be to accelerate soil formation." Byrne, J.E.,. ed Literature Review - and Synthesis of Information - on Pacific Island Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fisrand Wildlife Service. 0fy:e of Biologi- - cal Services. Contains articles by various authors concerning status of ecosystems in the Pacific. Calvopina, L.H. and F. Calvopina Reproductive bi - ology of wild goats and growth and development of vegetation in permanent goat exclosures on Isla San Salvador (Santiago), pp , in Annual Report 1980, Charles Darwin Research Station. Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. An objective of this project is to establish exclosures to protect endangered plants until goats can be brought under control or eradicated.

19 Calvopina, L.H. and T. DeVries Estructura de la poblacion de cabras salvajes (Capra hircus L.) y 10s danos causados en la vegetacion de la Isla San Salvador, Galapagos. Rev. Universidad Catolica 3(8): Concerns the structure of the wild goat population and the damage caused to vegetation on San Salvador Island, Galapagos. Campbell, D.J. and M.R. Rudge Reply to: Goats on Auckland Islands. -- New Zealand Journal - of Botany 16(2): Instructive for its approach to the feral goat problem in general. Campbell, E.M.J Land and population problems in Fiji. Geographical Journal 118(4): Population pressure impacts land adversely. Campon, R Additional Reading. Natural History 91(12): The December 1982 special issue of Natural History on Hawaii: Showcase of Evolution presents many interesting articles, and supplementary reading suggested by Campon covers the major topics. Canby, T.Y El Nino's ill wind. National Geographic 165(2): Explains causation of storms damaging vegetation, including picture of 1983 cyclone on Aruta Atoll, Polynesia, which arose due to El Nino. Canfield, J.E Palau: diversity and status of the native vegetation of a unique Pacific island ecosystem. ~ewslette; Hawaiian ~otanical Society 20: Human disturbance factors include the historical burning w of uplands, extensive cultivation of lowlands, mining and war damage, and the recent influx of weedy introductions. Carew-Reid, J The South Pacific Regional Environment Program. Ambio 13(5-6): 377. General description of the program. Carlquist, S Island Life. 451 pp. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. Includes plant endemism, adaptation to island ecosystems, archipelago effects. Carlquist, S Hawaii: - A Natural History. 463 pp. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. Includes biological phenomena relevant to plant conservation such as dispersal, loss of competitiveness, adaptation, breeding s stems; special discussions on lobelioids, silverswor B s, extinction, and conservation.

20 Carlquist, S Island Biology. 600 pp. New York: Columbia University Press. Evolutionary and patterns in island biota, e.g. Hawaii, New Caledonia, Galapagos, and Juan Fernandez Islands. Carlquist, S. 1982a. The first arrivals. Natural History 91(12): 20-22, 24, 26, 28,30. Chance and deliberate dispersals of plants and animals to the Hawaiian Islands are described. Carlquist, S. 1982b. Hawaii: a museum of evolution. The Nature Conservancy News 32(3): 4-11; Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical ~arde% 13(2): ). Includes discussion of threats to the vulnerable flora, such as feral mammals. Carlson, N.K The vanishing fishponds of Molokai. Natural History 63: Ponds are silting-up, due to increased soil erosion on slopes caused by overgrazing and destruction of vegetation. Carlson, N.K The Kamehameha Schools-Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate and the forests of the Big Island. ~ewslgtter Hawaiian Botanical Society 12(3): A conservationist offers alternative viewpoint to total preservation of Hawaiian forests. Carpenter, R.W Maui notes. Elepaio 20(1): 1. Concerning the feral goats, Park Naturalist Carpenter cheerfully observes that "with all the damage they do, they are interesting to watch and may be seen most anywhere in the crater, and especially on the cliffs, in herds of from 3 or 4 to 30 or 40". Carr, G.D. Undated, unpublished manuscripts. Status reports roxi hium sandwicense DC. var. -- sandwicense s t antalum freycinetianum Gaud. var. lanaiense Rock nantalaceae->t Scaevola coriacea Nutt. XGoodeniaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Carr, G.D Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Dubautia herbstobatae Carr (Compositae); Dubautia latifolia (Gray) Keck (Composi tae); Wilkesia hobdyi St. John (Compositae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Carr, G.D. and J.K. Baker Cytogenetics of Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae): a meiotic analysis of hybrids in Hawaii Volcano National Park. Pacific Science 31(2):

21 Hybridization can cause concern for the integrity of taxa. Refer to article by J.K. Baker and S. Allen (1977). Carr, G.D., Robichaux, R.H. and + D.W. Kyhos Radiating silverswords. Natural Histor 91(12): Variation, evoluti.on, adaptive ra iation in Hawaiian Compositae of the genera Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia. Carson, H.L. 1982a. Hawaii: showcase of evolution, an introduction. Natural Histor 91(12): Hawaiian biota are mentione. -4 Carson, H.L. 1982b. A cloudy future. Natural History 91(12): 72. "Energy needs in the 1980's have generated new threats to natural areas (of Hawaii), especially to the rain and cloud forests that are still not deeply penetrated by agriculture." Carter, W A neglected aspect of land utilization in Hawaii. Proc. Sixth Pacific science Congress 4: 903. It is suggested to convert suitable forest lands to smallholder fruit and nut crops, e.g. cashew nuts in upper forests, and coconuts in coastal areas, to augment the Hawaiian food supply, and to quinine plantations for strategic medicine. Catala, R.L.A Protection de la nature en Nouvelle- Caledonie. Proc. Seventh Pacific - Science Congress 4: In New Caledonia, native and naturalized weeds are rupturing the equilibrium of the land. Caufield, C In The Rainforest. 304 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Makes reference to Unilever timbering in the Solomon Islands. Caum. E.L Notes on the flora and fauna of Lehua and ~a"la islands. Occasional Papers, B.P. Bishop --- Museum ll(21): Lehua is overrun by rabbits and Lantana --- camara. Aubrey Robinson, owner of island of Niihau, is systematically exterminating the lantana on Lehua to prevent its spread to Niihau (Hawaiian Islands). Chamberlain, P Micro planning. Micronesian Reporter 20(2): Account of 1972 master planning for Wotje Atoll in the Marshall Islands; includes 1944 aerial photo of the heavily bomb-cratered island.

22 Chand, V. and S. Chand Medicinal plants of Fiji with special attention to the antifertility plants, p. 235, in Fourth Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices. ~ m c t s Bangkok:. ~overnment of Thailand a Unesco. An assessment of the traditionally used antifertility plants will attempt to discover their potential as a medicinal source in the Fijian fertility regulation program, since, although family planning is an important program in the nation, abortion is not yet legalized. Chapline, W.R FAO's interest in forest, range and watershed conservation in the Pacific area. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Con ress 6: Recommends stu Sg- ies to develop sound policies of forest grazing, e.g. reseeding forests that have deteriorated due to grazing animals, with native or exotic grasses. Chapman, M.D Environmental influences on the development of traditional conservation in the South Pacific region. Environmental Conservation 12(3): It is suggested that environmental factors such as predictability and extremeness could account for some of the fundamental differences in conservational attitudes observed in different traditional societies. Quite elaborate intentional conservation measures and regulations were in effect on Pukapuka and Tahiti in the old days. Chapman, V.J Conservation of maritime vegetation and the introduction of submerged - freshwater aauatics. Micronesica 3: Appropriate cautionary measures must be observed with any introductions. Chapman, V.J Conservation of island ecosystems in the South-West Pacific. Biological Conservation 1: Includes descriptions of some species and vegetation types meriting preservation. Char, W Field studies of the Sesbania complex on the island of Hawaii. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 6(2):41. Sesbania tomentosa is subjected to cattle browsing damage at Soit-hnt (Ka Lae). Char, W.P. and N. Balakrishnan 'Ewa Plains Botanical Survey. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii at Manoa. U.S. Department of the Interior Contract Report. Includes status of Abutilon - menziesii and many other endemics.

23 Chave, E.H. and J.E. Maragos A historical sketch of the Kaneohe Bay region, pp. 9-13, in Smith, S.V., et,. a1 eds., Atlas of Kaneohe Bay: -- A Reef Ecosystem under Stress. 128 pp. ~rnolulu, ~awaii: University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program. Population increase, urbanization, replacement of native vegetation by weeds and other introductions, and grazing which facilitated increased erosion and sediment loading in streams, are among causes of deterioration of the ecosystem. The effects of nutrient stresses on the biota include diminishment of algae in the south Bay, and an enormous growth of the "bubble alga", Dictyosphaeria, in mid-bay. Cheatham, N.H Forestry and conservation in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. South Pacific Bulletin 18(4): 38-41, 47. Notes certain problems such as indiscriminate burning of the grassland areas on Babelthuap Island. Cheatham. N.H Land development: its environmental impactv in Micronesia. ~icronesian Reporter 23(3): "When planners consider various approaches to land development, they should weigh the estimated ecological impacts and choose alternatives that have the least detrimental impact on the environment." Chevalier, J.-P., Denizot, M., Mougin, J.-L., Plessis, Y. and B. Salvat Etude geomorphologique et bionomique de llatoll de Mururoa (Tuamotu). Cahiers - du Pacifique 12: A section on flora and vegetation mentions the adventive plants on this French nuclear testing ground. Chilcott, M Australian plants campaign. Threatened Plants Newsletter (IUCN) 16: 6-8. Includes discussion project on conservation biology of the endangered ~ibisc-us -insular is, a plant reduced-to 8-10 living individuals in two small thickets on Phili~ Island, where its survival is threatened by rabbits. Chock, A.K Kokee. -- Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical Society 2(3): Kokee, where much of the endemic vegetation of Kauai is found, is partially being overrun by invasive exotic weeds such as blackberry, firebush, Malabar melastome, and lantana. Christensen, B Mangroves- what are they worth? Unas lva 35(139): &cal significance of mangroves is discussed. Christensen, C Propagating Kauails Bri hamia. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 9(1&-

24 Brighamia citrina var. napaliensis (Lobeliaceae), from the Na Pali cliffs of Kauai, in the first Brighamia ever to flower in cultivation. Christensen, C.C Hawaiian land snails: past, present, and (?) future. Ka 'Elele 9(2): 3. "Land clearance for agrtculture and deforestation by cattle or other means have resulted in the extinction of many species that were dependent on native vegetation." Christensen, C.C. and P.V. Kirch Nonmarine mollusks from archaeological sites on Tikopia, southeastern Solomon Islands. Pacific Science 35(1): Since the year 900 BC, mankind has cleared land for agriculturai purposes on Tikopia, resulting in displacement of native vegetation. Then, interisland transport of economic plants by humans provided opportunities for the introduction of adventive terrestrial mollusks, of which three species are known to have become established there as of 900 BC. Christian, K.A. and C.R. Tracy An update on the status of Isla Santa Fe since the eradication of the feral goats. Noticias de Galapagos 31: On this island in t7.e Galapagos, native vegetation appears denser and more diverse since feral goats were exterminated. Christophersen, E. and E.L. Caum Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. - B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81: Relates history of rabbit swarms on Laysan Island, which denuded the terrain. Cieply, M East of Eden. Forbes (31 January): Tough economic considerations of Hawaiian land use are discussed. Clapp, R.B., Kridler, E. and R.B. Fleet The natural history of Nihoa Island. northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll kesearch Bulletin -207: Discusses population of the threatened Pritchardia remota palm. Clapp, R.B. and F.C. Sibley Notes on the vascular flora and terrestrial vertebrates of Caroline Atoll. Southern Line Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 145: 1-18: Discusses the atoll as a coconut plantation in past years. Clapp, R.B. and W.O. Wirtz The natural history of Lisianski Island, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 186: Introduced European rabbits starved to extinction in

25 only after eating "every particle of vegetation" on Lisianski Island. A few plant species have begun to recolonize and revegetate the island. Clark, H (Sept. 21). Forest blaze on Big Island saddens botanists. - The Sunday Star-Bulletin 5 Advertiser (Honolulu): A- 12. Report of an extensive fire which burned nearly 4,000 acres on the North Kona side of the Big Island, Hawaii. "This was the very best example of Hawaii dryland forest. There are nine species in that area on the endangered species list" said Quentin Tomich. Clarke, J.F.G Pyralidae - and Microlepidoptera -- of the Marquesas Archipelago. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No pp. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Includes photographs depicting areas in the Marquesas where much devastation has been caused by deforestation, slashing, burning, and the introduction of horses, cattle and pigs, as well as showing pockets of original flora at higher elevations. Clav. H.F Narrative re~ort of botanical field work o;lskure Island, 3 October 1659 to 9 October Atoll Research Bulletin 78: 1-4. Includes photo showing "habitat improvement", land clearance for albatross runways. Cloud, P.E., Schmidt, R.G. and H.W. Burke Geology - of Saipan, Mariana Islands. -- Part 1. General Geolo. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 280-A. 12 pp. "The vegetation of Saipan has been so altered by cultivation, burning, and importation of foreign species that it is difficult for any but the skilled botanist to know what plants are indigenous and which introduced." Coblentz, B.E The effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on island ecosystems. Biological Conservation 1374): ~6merous deleterious effects of this pest are discussed. Colinvaux, P.A., Schofield, E.K. and I.L. Wiggins Galapagos flora: Fernandina (Narborough) caldera before recent volcanic event. Science 162: Exemplifies volcanic eruption as a natural threat to plant po ulations. The major, multimegaton explosion which coylapsed the caldera probably killed or buried the plants on the crater walls, although summit Scalesia forest appeared almost unaffected. Collins, M. and S. Wells The IUCN Invertebrate RDB (~ed Data ~ook)- Plant connections. Threatened Plants Newsletter 11:

26 On Oahu (Hawaiian Islands), the indigenous Achatinella land snails are not adapting to the fast-growing introduced trees. Colwell. R.N The estimation of ground cover conditions - from aerial photographic interpretation of vegetation types. Photogrammatic Engineering (June 1946): Includes photos and discussion of interconnecting facts regarding the values of plants, which are not often contemplated by altruistic botanists, e.g.: the dense concentrations of cycads in limestone areas of Okinawa indicate coral deposits at or near the surface of the earth, and such sites are ideally suited, in turn, for borrow-pit excavation of coral needed for surfacing roads and airfields. Colwell, R.N Aerial photographic interpretation of vegetation for military purposes. Photogrammetric -- Engineering (December 1948): The Pacific War Theatre sustained much vegetation damage in World War 11. It is often on the basis of type of barrier posed to the conduct of military operations, that vegetation is classified on aerial photos for military purposes. Article includes stereogram (aerial photo) showing value of tone in differentiating coconut from betelnut palm, and discusses military value of casuarina, nipa palm, hevea rubber and cinchona. "There are four important ways in which vegetation may affect military operations: (1) it may facilitate or impede the movement of foot soldiers and motorized equipment; (2) it may accentuate or conceal evidence of military activity; (3) it may determine the ease with which clearings can be made for the construction of airfields and roads; and (4) it may serve as a source of construction material, fuel, or food." Connell, J Islands under pressure- population growth and urbanization in the SOU-th pacific: ~mbio 13 (5-6): ~is;usses effects of population pressure on land. Connell, J Population, migration, and problems of atoll development in the South Pacific. Pacific Studies 9(2): Good precautionary background for considerations of development of atoll resources. Cook, C.M Extinction of land shell faunas of the Mangareva Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 30: Due to the destruction of practically all the native forests, the endemic land snails have been almost entirely wiped out.

27 Coolidge, H.J., compiler Conservation in -- Micronesia. 70 pp. Washington, D.C.: National ResearcE Count i 1. Contains 22 papers on conservation subjects by various authors, being a report on two conferences held under the auspices of the Pacific Science Board in Honolulu and Washington, D.C. in Cooray, R.G Stand Structure -of-- a Montane Rain Forest - on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Island Ecosystems IRP/IBP Hawaii, ~ e c m a l Report No pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Rooting activity of feral pigs destroys Acacia koa seedlings rooted in mineral soil. Pig populations,if allowed to increase, may cause a change in the stability trends of species populations, and an overall deterioration of this native rainforest ecosystem. Corner, E.J.H Urgent exploration needs: Pacific floras. Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin 24 ( Lists operational threats in various island groups. The floras of the Admiralty Is., Santa Cruz Is., New Hebrides, Rotuma I. and Wallis I. are particularly inadequately explored. Corporacion Nacional Forestal. 1976a. Plants, pp. 6-10, in -- Plan de Manejo Parque Nacional Juan Fernandez. Santiago, Chile: Org. Nacional Unidas para la Agric. y la Aliment., Off icina Regional para America Latina. Management plan for Juan Fernandez Is. National Park. Corporacion Nacional Forestal. 1976b. Plants, pp. 9-10, in pian de Manejo Par ue Nacional Rapa Nui. santiago, Chile: Org. Nacional Uni as para la Agric. y la Aliment., Officina Regional para America Latina. Management plan for Rapa Nui (Easter Island) National Park. Corwin, G., - et - al Military Geology - of Pagan, Mariana Islands. 259 pp. H.Q, US Army Japan. "At present the airfield is pocked with bomb c'raters up to 18 feet deep and is overgrown by swordgrass, shortgrass, and scattered Casuarina trees." Costa, M The Garden of Eden alive and blooming on Kauai. Latitude - 20 (The Hawaiian Air Magazine) 6(3): 18-19, Article concerns the Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden, which cultivates endangered plant species. Costin, A.B. and R.H. Groves, eds Nature Conservation in the Pacific. IUCN Publications New Series, No pp. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN

28 (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). Coulter, J.W Population and utilization of land and sea in Hawaii, B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 88:l-33. Useful data for determining vegetational changes occurring since Coulter, J.W The relation of soil erosion to land utilization in the Territory of Hawaii. Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: Soil erosion is due to perturbations of the original vegetative cover, such as pineapple cultivation and overgrazing by wild sheep and goats. Some introduced plants are good soil-binders. Coulter, J.W Impact of the war on South Sea islands. Geographical ~eview 36(3): Construction of many airplane fields and hangars caused forests to be "cleared and the ground leveled with broken coral. Many people profited by the "white man's wart1." Cowan, I.M Biota Pacifica 2000, pp , in Scagel, R.F., ed., - Mankind's Future -- in the Pacific. 198 pp. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. The discovery of the Pacific Islands by the forerunners of the Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians is much more recent (in many cases as recent as within the last 1,000 years) than the history of the peopling of Africa, southern Europe and Asia. In the Pacific Islands (and the Americas and Australia), man and fauna did not evolve together as in Europe and Asia, but instead man arrived in the Pacific with a well-developed hunting technology as a totally new force upon the existing biotic equation. The author further notes that man's power of extermination was best in hitherto untouched ecosystems. The subsequent arrival of Europeans in the Pacific in the 1500's was different only in degree to the forerunners of the indigenous Pacific islanders, and included introduction of foreign grazing animals and noxious weedy plants. Mentions forest destruction; Hawaii; Laysan I.; Galapagos. Coyne, P Revegetation attempt on Philip Island, South Pacific. Threatened Plants Newsletter(1UCN) 12: 14. Enclosures protecting soil from rabbit grazing give evidence of soil's ability to support growth and regeneration of native and introduced plant species. Craine, C Dangerous and endangered species: a

29 political update on native ecosystems. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 14(1): Mainly about the e ects of axis deer and cattle on ff-y Cranwell, L.M Lehua Maka Noe, an endangered bog. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 23: 3-6. Kauai bog appears threatene n- y a proposal to build an earthen dam nearby. Creutz, E The tiare apetahi of Raiatea. Garden Journal (New York Botanical Garden) 16(4): Apetahi 'raiateensis (Lobeliaceae) is a' ihrub which grows only on several acres at one locality on Temehani plateau on the island of Raiatea, which is 100 miles northwest of Tahiti. Cribb, P.J The slipper orchids of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Kew Magazine 3(4): Plate Pa~hio~edilum bougainvilleanum from Bougainville is a species endangerer-by over-collecting, and Plate 72. P. wentworthianum from Bougainville and Guadalcanal represents a species which numbers no more than 10Q-200 individuals in the wild. Cribb, P.J., Campbell, J. and G. Dennis Paphiopedilum in the Solomon Islands: the rediscovery of "P. dennisii". Orchid Review 93(1098): On Guadalcanal, muchfthemountainous locale of a new Paphiopedilum orchid once provisionally named - P. dennisii, and now known to be - P. --- wentworthianum, was under shifting agriculture and then covered by secondary growth, since the plant was first discovered in In 1984 it was rediscovered in an extremely inaccessible part of the island. Croft, K.D., Cannon, J.R., Matsuki, Y., Toia, R.F. and A.H. White Medicinal plants of the Fiji Islands, p. 227, in Fourth -- Asian -- Sym~osium ---- on - Medicinal Plants and S ices ~6stra:ts. ~angxox: Government of ~hailh-iih a b c o. Work includes examination of a variety of A1 xia bracteolosa rich in alkaloids; bark alkaloids? rom Hernandia peltata; and coumarins from Micromelum minutum. Bleekeria vitiensis (Apocynaceae), a Fijian endemic, is believed useful in control of some cancers. and has been shown to contain a mixture of alkaloids which exhibit a wide spectrum of antitumor activity. Croft, L., Hemmes, D.E. and J.D. Macneil Puukohola Heiau National Historic + Site plant survey. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 15(4-5): Site contains rare en emic pololei fern, Ophioglossum concinnum.

30 Crosby, W. and E.Y. Hosaka Vegetation, pp , in M.G. Cline, Soil Survey of the Territory - of --- Hawaii. USDA, Soil ~urveyeries 1939, No. 25. ~ncluding many- interesting facts on introduced trees, including the spreading forests of algaroba (Prosopis chilensis), an exotic first introduced to Hawaii as a few seeds in 1820 by a French priest in Honolulu. Cruz, F., Cruz, J. and J.E. Lawesson Lantana --- camara L., a threat to native plants and animals. Noticias - de Galapagos 43: The agressive introduced weed Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) is spreading into the bte<aing'-grgid-zt the Hawaiian, or dark-rumped, petrel (Pterodroma phaeo- ~ygia) on Floreana I. in the Galapagos, forming impenetrable stands to 6 feet tall in which the birds cannot make their nesting burrows. Lantana in the area also threatens several Floreana endemic plant species, Leucocar us pinnatifidus and Scalesia villosa (both & Cumber land, K.B Pacific island neighbourhood: the postwar agricultural prospect. -- New Zealand Geographer 5(11: Notes postwar vegetation changes in Fiji, Samoa, and Cook Islands. Cumberland, K.B Soil erosion and the world food situation. Fiji --- Soc. Sci. Ind. 4: 1-8. Notes deforestation in Fiji and Rarotonga. Cumberland, K.B Man's role in modifying island environments in the Southwest Pacific, with special reference to New Zealand, pp , in Fosberg, F.R., ed. (1963). "In pre-european times, the rotation of land for food gardens and exploitation of forest resources for food, fiber, fish poisons, and ornamental coloring matter, had interfered with virtually all primary forest on islands the size of Upolu, Mangaia, Tahiti, Rarotonga and Niue, which had little, if any, truly primary forest when Europeans arrived. In New Caledonia, Viti Levu, and Vanua Levu there were large leeward and seasonally drier areas from which even secondary forest had been removed and replaced with a graminaceous cover." Also discusses effects of domestic animals and exotic weeds in the area. Curry-Lindahl, K Zoogeographic subregions of the Pacific realm as a background for terrestrial ecological reserves: Part 1: General introduction and northern and western Pacific regions. Environmental Conservation 7(~1): ; Part 2: Central and eastern regions, etc., with conclusions, op.cit. 7(2):

31 Data from faunal regions and ecological zonation schemes in the islands are used to develop a scientific basis for a system of Pacific natural areas. Presents much useful animal information that can be integrated with considerations of plant species and habitats. Part 2 includes mention of plants and exotic grazing animals in Hawaiian and Juan Fernandez islands. Curry-Lindahl, K Twenty years of conservation in the Galapagos: + Assessment, lessons and future priorities. Noticias de Gala a os 34: 8-9. "It is vital for t e future of Galapagos to acknowledge the facts that the islands are ill-adapted to human settlement, unsuitable for agriculture and that livestock has disastrous environmental effects." ahl, A.L Regional Ecosystems Survey - of the South Pacific Area. 99 pp. Technical Paper No. 1 7 r South Pacific Commission and IUCN. Noumea, New Caledonia: South Pacific Commission. Major assessment review article summarizing all available information on conservation status of South Pacific islands, including listings of rare or endemic plants, and recommended nature reserve sites. Dahl, A.L. 1984a. Future directions for the Oceanian Realm, pp , in McNeely, J.A. and K.R. Miller, eds., National Parks, Conservation, and Development: The -- Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. 825 pp. Washineton. D.C.: ~mithsontan Institution Press. "The Upeop'les of the Pacific Islands have developed cultures and traditions with an important conservation element. However, present trends, based on external sources of food, capital, and labour, are placing much of the natural and cultural heritage of the Pacific region at risk." Dahl, A.L. 1984b. Oceania's most pressing environmental concerns. Ambio 13(5-6): Includes mention of endangered species. Dahl, A.L. 1984c. Biogeographical aspects of isolation in the Pacific. Ambio 13(5-6): Biota evolving in isolation result in numerous endemics and highly localized species. Dahl, A.L Status and conservation of South Pacific coral reefs. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Con ress Tahiti : 95 mr -TfkG$paFE73? mopment in adjacent land areas and of damaging activities on the r-eefs themselves are probably roducing a steady increase in the proportion of damages and degraded reefs.ll

32 Dahl, A.L. and I.L. Baumgart The state of the environment in the South Pacific, pp , in SPREP Conference Human Environment. Report. Noumea, New Caledonia: Southific Commission. Includes secti0n.s on forestry, conservation of fauna and flora, mangroves, development trends and their environmental consequences. Danielsson, B Under a cloud of secrecy: the French nuclear tests in the southeastern Pacific. Ambio 13(5-6): Perturbations of environment in Mururoa Atoll, Tuamotus. DtArcy, W.G Near extinct plant in Climatron. ~issouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 64(3): 5. Lebronnecia kokioides Fosberg 4 Sachet (Malvaceae) reduced to one mature tree and some seedlings in the wild, from Iva-Iva in the Marquesas Islands. Davidson, J Peter Dillon and the discovery of sandalwood in the New Hebrides Journal Societe Oceanistes 12(12): Interesting history of sandalwood forest exploitation on Eromanga from 1825 onwards. "From their Keavily armed vessels, they (shipmasters) would open fire on villages whose people attempted to interfere with their despoiling of the forest." Similar incidents are recounted- in ~ eit, G Company of Heaven: Early Missionaries -- in the South Seas. 230 E. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc. Davis, C.J. and N.L.H. Krauss Recent development in biological control of weed pests in Hawaii. Tenth Pacific Science Congress. Abstracts: New insect defoliators are effective on pernicious Lantana camara. Davis, S.D., Droop, S.J.M., Gregerson, P., Henson, L., Leon, C.J., Villa-Lobos, J.L., Synge, H. and J. Zantovska Plants in Dan er -- What - do - we --- know? 461 pp. Gland, ~wit~- and --ps Cam ridge, ~ n~lanh: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN). A comprehensive, concise guide to information on endangered plants and their habitats around the world, and the efforts to conserve them, with detailed information for all island-groups in the Pacific Ocean. Dawson, E.Y Changes in Palmyra Atoll and its vegetation through the activities of man, Pacific Naturalist l(2): Numerous alterations to vegetation occurred concomitant with the establishment of military base.

33 Dawson, E.Y Cacti of the Galapagos Islands and of coastal Ecuador. Cactus and Succulent Journal(U.S.) 34(4): Notes that Opuntia occurs infrequently on Charles and Chatham islands, probably due to the presence of tame and wild donkeys, and wild goats. Dawson, J.W The species-rich, highly endemic serpentine flora of New Caledonia. Tuatara 25(1): 1-6. Contains endemism percentages for various localities on the island. Decker, B.G Plants, man and landscape in Marquesan valleys, French Polynesia. Dissertation Abstracts International 31(10): 1 page. Contains "interpretive insights into the trend and nature of profound ecological change during almost two centuries since effective contact with European and Yankee mariners in the late eighteenth century." Decker, B.G Unique dry-island biota under official protection in northwestern Marquesas Islands (Isles Marquises). Biological Conservation 5(1): The islands are Eiao, Ile de Sable, and Hatutu. Some feral sheep and swine problems evidenced on Eiao. Degener, Plants of Hawaii National ---- Park Illustrative of Plants and Customs -- of the South Seas. 314 pp. Ann ~rbort~ichigan. Includes discussion of rare silversword and greensword w plants (Argyroxiphium, Compositae). Degener, Botanists expedition to Lanai. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical ~ociet 2: Forests of Lanai have become h-b: egra ed. Degener, Book review. Phytologia 13(5): A review of G.C. Ruhle, Waimea Can on and Kokee A Nature Guide. "With man's silly i n & c ~ n e h ~ passionflower HBK) that smothers native trees, penetrans L.H. Bailey) and Cogn.) that crowd out native shrubs and herbs, the barn owl which is a veritable flying mongoose, the goat and mouflon that browse along dry cliffs and ledges already subject to erosion without four-footed help, and the blacktailed deer that will devastate the endemic bog flora of Waialeale, man is wrecking within less than 200 years a flora that has taken 20 or so million years to perfect.!' Degener, Comments on axis deer. Elepaio 29(3): 27. Due to their damaging effects on vegetation, the author

34 refers to introduced goats, sheep, deer, mouflon, buffalo, and pigs as "four-legged vermin". Degener, Axis deer damages. Elepaio 32 (11): Describes the annihilation of original dry forest of West Molokai by axis deer during the last 20 to 30 years. Degener, Help save the dwindling endemic flora of the Hawaiian Islands at least as herbarium specimens for museums of the world. Phytologia 37(4): Recounts history of introduction of the pernicious weed Clidemia hirta (Kosterfs curse), and mentions that the nascent industrial forest resource base appears to favor Queensland maple, toona, and eucalypts. Degener, 0. and I. Degener The Hawaiian beach scaevola (~oodeniaceae). Phytologia 6(6): 321. Scaevola sericea var. faurei introduced to Canton Atoll in has flourished. Degener, 0. and I. Degener Canton Island, South Pacifi-c (Resurvey of- 1958). Atoll Research Bulletin 64: Some of the plants introduced to Canton Island have thrived and become naturalized; an update of 0. Degener and E.G. Gillaspy (1955). Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1961a. Green Hawaii: past, present and future of an island flora. Pacific Discovery 14(5): ~voived over a span of 13 million years, the isolated, indigenous Hawaiian flora has now become threatened by man, weeds, and grazing animals. Includes chronology of introduction of goats (in 1778), cattle and sheep (1793), horses (1803), axis deer (1867), as well as the more recently imported pronghorn antelope, mouflon sheep, brush-tailed rock wallaby, Rocky Mountain mule deer, and Columbian blacktailed deer, into Hawaii. Notes that the approximate percentage of native-growth (vegetation) remaining on each island is: Kauai-60%, Oahu- 40%, Molokai-28%, Lanai-73%, Maui-34%, Hawaii-18%, and Kahoolawe-native vegetation liquidated. Includes photos of bulldozing destruction, faulty reforestation, and living type specimen of ~ritchardia macrocarpa palm at Foster Botanical Garden. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1961b. A new Hawaiian variety of Capparis. Phytologia 7(7): 369. "The precipitous northwest shore about Polihale, Kauai, is arid and, due to the ravages of feral goats and the competition with exotic weeds such as Leucaena (L.) Benth. and Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass., almost %?

35 void of native plants." - Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1961c. A new Dodonaea from Molokai, Hawaii. Ph tolo ia 7(9): 465. Local officials are intro ucing continental game animals such as antelope, deer, and m&flon, and planting areas not suitable to agriculture or animal husbandry, with exotic timber trees such as pines and Samanea saman. Degener, 0. and I. Degener Kaena Point, Oahu. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 2(6): The Kaena dunes area is the last stronghold of Sesbania tomentosa (Leguminosae), a vanishing species. Degener, 0. and I. Degener Yes, thank you; we love ferns. Phytologia 13(7): Mentions specific areas on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu, Maui, Lanai, and Molokai, in which the native flora is in danger of extirpation. Degener, 0. and I. Degener Review of F.E. Wimmer, Campanulaceae-~obeiioideae Supplementum. Phytologia 17(5): Newly describes the endangered Trematolobelia --, wimmeri noting that in the area devastated by the 1959 Kilauea- Iki e;uption, "in place of ~rematolobelia, the unwelcome exotics Anemone japonica, Buddleja asiatica and Rubus penetrans were taking over the area." Degener, 0. and I. Degener Review. Phytologia 19(1): Review of Finnish article on Hawaii, but includes information from the reviewers that "the 40 blacktail deer introduced from Canada in 1961 have multiplied steadily until there are at least 400 in the Kokee area of Kauai." Degener, 0. and I. Degener Book review. The genus Pelea, with pertinent and impertinent remarks. Phytologia Mentions collecting of the aromatic Pelea anisata for leis. Notes that the llholocaust of the native Hawaiian biota in less than two centuries is a horrible condemnation of our llcivilizationll.ll Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1971a. Natural history of the Bonin Islands. Ph tolo ia 21(2): Review of wor-nese authors T. Tuyama and S. Asami, The Nature of the Bonin Islands, noting that qvergrazq eroded g i 5 s s ~ to n cattle ~ are depicted therein. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1971b. Some Aleurites taxa in Hawaii and a note regarding Argemone. Phytologia 21(5):

36 Aleurites moluccana var. aulanii, the small-seeded kukui 'CEuphorbiaceae) is newly described; used in seed leis. "Apparently only one tree remains in this once heavily populated valley (Waipio Valley, District of Kohala), badly mauled by careless collectors of its prized seeds." Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1971c. Pritchardia and Cocos in the Hawaiian Islands. Phytoldgia 21(5): Many living colonies of loulou palm (Pritchardia) have succumbed to bulldozers. Notes that "Until recent bulldozing on Oahu destroyed them, erect (fossil) molds of the trunks were observable on the north side of the roadleading -- mauka to the U.S. Army Tripler General Hospital." Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1971d. Review and comments about a thing. Phytologia 21(6): Review of R.E. Warner, ed., Scientific Report -- of the Kipahula Valley Expedition, sponsored by The Nature Conservancy. Notes that "When Astelia species are terrestrial, feral pigs feed on the rhizomes and young leaves, often destroying the colonies. They also penetrate the higher stretches of cinder-covered terrain where the endemic bracken can survive with its underground rhizomes to the exclusion of other vascular plants. Pigs, with great ease, root out the rhizomes from the friable ash, pumice and cinders for food." Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1971e. Sophora in Hawaii. Ph tolo ia 21(6): *with Lanai practically a hunting preserve stocked with feral goat, axis deer, mouflon and pronghorn, we surmise the four trees (of Sophora lanaiensis) are no more... We believe this species (So~hora molokaiensis) extinct because, when we collected specimens of the plant in 1961 the area, thanks to the jeep road, was being bulldozed in strips for the planting of Pinus taeda to foster a lumber industry." Degener, 0. and I. Degener Wikstroemia pulcherrima var. petersonii Deg. 4 Deg., from Hawaii. Phytologia 24(2): This variety is being exterminated by trampling cattle except between roadside fences. Degener, 0. and I. Degener Santalum aniculatum var. chartaceum Deg. 4 Deg. Phytologia 27?-7. "As many owners of this subdivision (Fern Forest Estates, Puna, Hawaii) are having their lots bulldozed clean of the endemic forest to replant them with Psidium guajava L. for an anticipated jam, jelly and juice

37 industry, this interesting taxon may not survive many more years." Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1974a. Appraisal of Hawaiian taxonomy. Phytologia 29(3): Contains a capsule-commentary on history of human intervention in-~awaiian endemic flora and vegetation. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1974b. Flotsam and jetsam of Canton Atoll, South Pacific. Phytologia 28(4): Includes map indicating areas disturbed by bulldozing operations on Canton Island. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1974c. To save a rare naupaka. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 13(4): 16. On sand dunes next to golf course at Waihee, 300 individuals of Scaevola coriacea are still surviving. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1975a. Silverswords and the Blue Data Book. Notes Waimea Arboretum 2(1): 3-6. Historical causes of endangerment of the Hawaiian flora, particularly the decline of Argyroxiphium (Compositae). + Degener, 0.. and I. Degener. 1975b. Concerning a magazine article. De ener s ~eaflet No pp. Notice o miscaptioned Hawaiian Argyroxiphium in D.W. Jenkins and E.S. Ayensu (1975). Degener, 0. and I. Degener Wikstroemia perdita Deg. E Den., an extinct(?) endemic of a paradise lost by exoti: -primates. Phytologia 34(1): A thymelaeaceous species known only from one male tree occurring in a bulldozed Hawaiian Metrosideros forest propels the authors into a swirling continuum of invect ive directed at "idiotic Primapes", namely the exotic primates (humankind) of the article's title. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1977a. Book review. Phytologia 35(3): 220. Review of M.D. Merlin, 1976.Hawaiian Forest Plants. "Its lasting value is conservational, helping to stem the tide of extermination of Hawaii's botanical treasures." Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1977b. Hibiscadelphus number KK-HX-1: an international treasure in Hawaii. Phytologia 35(5): Concerns a plant of H. giffardianus which is a direct descendant of the typfspecimen tree. Lists many introduced exotics becoming weedy in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1977c. Some taxa of redflowered hibiscus endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Phytologia 35(6):

38 The Hawaiian Hibiscus Society's living collection in Waikiki, Honolulu contained about 20 endemic Hawaiian species. The plantings were suddenly bulldozed without much prior warning, and the area was summarily converted into a scientifically worthless rose garden. Degener, 0. and I. Degener To whom it may concern: regarding ~ahauale~a Geothermal Project. Notes ---- Waimea Arboretum ll(2): A plea to confine the proposed project, located on the island of Hawaii, to lower elevations where vegetation has already been massacred, rather than to the high elevations where indigenous flora still survives. Degener, O., Degener, I. and H. Hormann Cyanea carlsonii Rock and the unnatural distribution of Sphagnum palustre L. Phytologia 19(1): 1-3. Cyanea carlsonii on island of Hawaii is threatened by possibility of grazing animals and is evidently nearly extinct. Sphagnum moss formerly was harvested above Waipio to be "used for enbaling earth-free seedlings of exotic timber trees before carrying them into the jungle for planting." Degener, 0. and E. Gillaspy Canton Island, South Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 41: During 8ar 11, there was extensive construction and land-grading on Canton. Article lists ornamental and useful plant seeds later supplied from Hawaii in an attempt to revegetate the bare island with a binding plant cover for induction of land stabilization. Degeners and Sunadas Ar roxi hium kauense, the Kau silversword. Phytologia * ( 3 Notes that the plant is "very localized in distribution and exposed to extinction in-case a flow of lava should overwhelm the area from the summit of actively volcanic Mauna Loa, or from introduced insects and browsing animals or exotic weeds." DeGroot, R.S Tourism and conservation in the ~ala~a-~os Islands. Biological Conservation 26(4): Consideration of tourist impact and how to contain it. Dening, G The Marquesas. 111 pp. Papeete, Tahiti: Les Editions du Pacifique. Includes photo of ~otane I. in which feral sheep appear. DeRoy, T When aliens take over. International Wildlife 17(1): Discusses the effects of feral animal invaders in the Galapagos, including the cows on Isabela I. which trample ferns and brush and thereby promote the spread of

39 grasslands, and the goats which transform dry areas into deserts. DIEspeissis, J.L Forestry in Fiji. Trans. 6 Proc. Fiji Society of Science and Industry 3(2): ; Fijian soil erosion and soil fertility losses are caused byvunwise land use, uncontrolled burning, and timber cutting. Devaney, D.M., Kelly, M., Lee, P.J. and L.S. ~otteler Kaneohe: - A History of Change ( ). 271 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: ~Fnice P. Bishop Museum. + Notes that eleven species of threatened and vulnerable C rtandra are located in the Kaneohe Bay region of Oahu Hawaiian Islands): 6 species from Waikane, 3 from Waiahole, and 1 each from Heeia and Kaneohe. DeVries, T Como la caza de chivos afecta la vegetacion en las Islas Santa Fe y Pinta, Galapagos. Rev. Universidad Catolica 5(16): Discusses hunting of goats on two of the Galapagos Islands, Santa Fe and Pinta, and its effect on vegetation recovery. DeVries, T. and J. Black Of men, goats and guava: problems caused by introduced species in the Galapagos. - - ~oticias de ~alapagos 38: "The mostserious threats to the native vegetation by introduced plants are those caused by cinchona; various grasses and, on some islands, Lantana camara. Diamond, J.M.(convener) Implications of island biogeography for ecosystem conservation, pp , in Siegfried, W.R. and B.R. Davies, eds., Conservation of Ecosystems: -- Theory - and Practice. 97 pp. South ~ fricz National Science Programmes Report No. 61. Pretoria: CSIR. An introduction to current theoretical and practical considerations of biotic extinctions on islands, including such concepts as differential extinction risk; r-strategy and K-strategy types of life-history effects; and the "trophic cascade" effect mode of sequential extinction in relation to reintroduction into the wild. DiCastri, F. and G. Glaser Highlands and islands: ecosystems in danger. - The Unesco Courier(Apri1 1980): Land in eastern Fiji must be used for subsistence agriculture, rather than for other purposes. DiSalvatore, B The goat men of Aguijan. Islands l(1): Ag;ijan I. (Marianas) is uninhabited by humans, but

40 supports c. 1,500 feral goats and is occasionally visited by goat hunters. In the early 1940's the Japanese introduced Australian pine as windbreaks, and massive pineapple and sugarcane plantations. Goats had exterminated much original vegetation in their wanderings. Doan, D.B., et & Military Geology - of Tinian, Mariana Islands. 149 pp. H.Q. US Army Pacific. "Lari-aso severely altered by construction or preparation of military installations as to be beyond reasonable possibility of rehabilitation for agriculture or restoration to any semblance of its natural state has been mapped and measured." Doan, D.B., Paseur, J.E. and F.R. Fosberg Military Geology -- of the Miyako Archipelago, Ryukyu-Retto. 214 pp. H.Q. US Army Pacific. "In almost- every area, any art of the vegetation that is of any use to man has geen, and is still being, exploited mercilessly, leaving scarcely a stick of firewood worth carrying home." Dodd, E Polynesia's Sacred Isle. 224 pp. New York: Dodd, Mead 6 Company. Volume 111 of The Ring -- of Fire trilogy, this book contains much valuable data on the "tiare a~etahi". Apetahia raiateensis, a lobelioid endemica to ~ t : Temehani on Raiatea, Society Islands. Dodge, E.S Islands - and Empires: Western Impact on --- the Pacific and East Asia. 350 pp. MinneapoliE University ot Kfi~eSotTPr~SST "The first impact of sandalwooding was felt from about 1790 to 1820 in the Polynesian islands and Fiji... Marquesan wood was cleaned out in only three years, beginning in 1814, but sandalwooding in Hawaii and Fiji spanned a decade or two and had a profound effect on the people of those islands." Doe, G.T The battle of Kwajalein. - Micronesian Re orter 19(1): s photos of vegetation devastation resulting - from 1944 battle in the ~akshall Islands. Donaghho, W.R Destruction of virgin ohia and koa forest on Hawaii by the Division of Forestry. Elepaio 30(7): 67. '?The present program of forest destruction on Hawaii must stop. No one has the right to ruin our natural resources in this manner." Doran, E Handbook of Selected Pacific Islands. 223 pp. Pacific Missile ~ G g e, Point Mugu, California.

41 Publication No. PMR-MP "In general, the northern half of Eniwetok Atoll, subjected to AEC tests, does not have a "normalt1 vegetation. Site Irene, for example, is devoid of all vegetation. Heavy fighting in World War I1 destroyed most of the trees on the larger islets and, indeed, not one tree survived into 1946 on Fred (~niwetok)." Doria, J.J Haleakalats silversword has a chance. National Parks and -+ Conservation Magazine 53(12): Argyroxiphium macroce halum, once on the verge of extinction, - is protecte in Haleakala National Park, Hawaii, but feral goats are serious obstacles to recovery. * Dorst, J., - et - al Conservation, pp , in Simkin, T., et al., eds., Gala 'a os Science: 1972 Status and Needs. Washington, D.C.: Smi t sonian Institution. A call for baseline and control studies of introduced destructive ~lants and animals. and for ~o~ulation L A dynamics andamonitoring studies of endangered plant species. Doty, M.S The Ecology of Honaunau Bay, Hawaii. 221 pp. Hawaii Botanical science-paper No. 14. University of Hawaii. The vegetation at Honaunau has become so weedy that the author~concludes there is no compelling botanical reason to bother about preserving it in its present condition. Doty, M.S Chapter 16. Marine organisms, tropical algal ecology and conservation, pp , in A.B. Costin and R.H. Groves, eds. (1973). For the study of invasive species, population dynamics and equilibrium, and algal phytogeography, the algal ecosystems of the Pacific Islands are worthy of conservation as a prelude to planned rational use of their resources. Douglas, B The export trade in tropical products in New Caledonia, Journal Societe Oceanistes 31: Includes consideration of the sandalwood export trade. Douglas, G Draft check list of Pacific oceanic islands. Micronesica 5(2): Remarks on land use history and conservation status of various islands are included. Doumenge, F L1ile de Makatea et ses problemes. ~ahiers- du Pacifique 5: Impacts of intensive phosphate exploitation are discussed.

42 Dousset, R. and E. Taillemite. Undated(post-1978). - The Great ---- Book -- of --- the Pacific. 279 pp. Dee Why West, Australia: Books for Pleasure. Sumptuous account of Pacific island cultures, including much on human immigration and development in New Caledonia. There, "the silvery niaouli bush, which produces soothing oil and provides so many cures with its bark, disappears into paper factories, while the nickel works spew their red dust into the air to darken the once crystal clear waters of the rivers... Meanwhile modern medicine is there to cure diseases which were formerly contained by a better adaptation to natural life". (Cf. Prior, I. and J. Stanhope, 1980). Drahos, N New specimen of Guam's rarest tree found. -- Guam Rail 8(9): 5. An account of the discovery of the second known living specimen of Serianthes nelsonii (Leguminosae), which was found in 1974 on Pati Point, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. Duefrene, P The top of Mauna Kea. Aloha 7(4): Discusses the effects of overgrazing cattle, sheep, and goats on the mamane-naio forests, as well as consequences for endangered birds. Mauna Kea is on the Big Island of Hawaii. Duffy, D.C Ferals that failed Noticias -- de Galapagos 33: It is refreshing to consider the failure and Dartial failure of animlals which are destructive to vegetation and are, or were, introduced in the Galapagos. Goats failed in only a few places, but feral sheep, deer and rabbits are fortunately exterminated in the islands. Dugain, F Degradation et protection des sols de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. - Et. Melan. n.s. 5(7): A cause of soil degradation in New Caledonia is erosion induced by destruction of vegetation. Dutton, C.E Hawaiian volcanoes. U.S. Geological Surve Annual Report 4: ' d l m o m p a r i s o n of vegetation status between 1882 and the present time. Dworsky, S Two in the tropics.horticulture 64(3): The Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden and Allerton Gardens on Kauai (Hawaiian Islands) preserve plant species threatened with extinction in their natural habitat. Dybas, H.S Comments on conservation in Micronesia,

43 pp , in H.J. Coolidge, compiler (1948). Indicates the least-damaged vegetated areas, as well as general threats, in the Marianas (Tinian, Saipan, Guam) and Carolines (Palau, Ponape). E., M One hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the llbountylt expedition. Gardeners1 Chronicle ser.3, 104: Cutting of trees on Pitcairn Island affected rainfall and soil fertility. Eckhardt, R.C. 1972, Introduced plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands. BioScience 22(10): Discusses the disastrous effects of many species. Egler, F.E Vegetation zones of Oahu, Hawaii.Empire Forestry Journal 18(1): Includes details of vegetation zones dominated by w foreign, fast-spreading plants including guava, and other-significant aliens such as Coffea arabica (Kona coffee). The introduced Ruava zone of ve~etation is being invaded by Psidium giajava and ~sidium-cattleianum var. lucidum, which are themselves guavas. Egler, - F.E Unrecognized - arid Hawaiian soil erosion. Science 94: Concerns the relationship between vegetation and soil erosion. Egler, F.E Indigene versus alien in the development of arid Hawaiian vegetation. Ecology 23(1): On Oahu, in the absence of anthropic influences, most of the alien plants will be destroyed by the indigenous plants. Egler, + F.E Arid southeast Oahu vegetation, Hawaii. Ecolo ical Monographs 17(4): Inclu es section on grazing factors which inhibit and destroy original vegetation. Egler, F.E Oceania, pp , in A -- World Geo ra h of Forest Resources. The Ronald Press company. mscussion of the deleterious effects of man in the Pacific forests, subdivided into "Black Men and Brown Men" (Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians) and "White Men and Yellow Ment1 (the equally destructive Europeans and Mongoloid people arriving later). Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I Naturschutzprobleme auf den '~ala~a~os-~nseln. Acta Tropica 17(2): Includes a brief mention, with photo, of the decimating effects of wild goats on Barrington Island (Galapagos), where they consumed all the vegetation except columnar cactus.

44 Eliasson, U On the influence of introduced animals on the natural vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. Noticias de Galapagos 11: Endemic Salesia Calandrinia and Portulaca species are detrimenfallyec~ by feral grazing animals. Eliasson, U Changes and constancy in the vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. Noticias de Galapagos 36: Threatening introduced plants affefting natural vegetation include Cinchona succirubra on Santa Cruz I. and Kalanchoe pinnata on Floreana. Elliott, H.F.I Chapter 20. Past, present and future conservation status of Pacific islands, pp , in A.B. Costin and R.H. Groves, eds.(1973). Presents data on frequency of the following types of disturbances known to adversely affect Pacific island ecosystems: 1. airstrips, airports; 2. coconut planting; 3. tourism, private ownership; 4. fowling; 5. mining, salt, phosphates; 6. military, naval, air bases; 7. nuclear and other weapons testing; 8. penal, leper, quarantine stations; 9. cattle and sheep; 10. horses and donkeys; 11. pigs; 12. cats, dogs, foxes; 13. poultry; 14. goats; 15. rabbits; 16. mice; 17. rats. Elliott, M.E. and E.M. Hall Wetlands -- and Wetland Vegetation - of --- Hawaii. 344 pp. ~ e ~ o rprepared t for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, Fort Shafter. Detrimental disturbance factors, when present, are noted for 62 wetland sites. Destructive management practices are often applied to Hawaiian wetlands. Ellis, W.S Bikini: a way of life lost. National Geographic 169(6): Intriguing story of the post-war nuclear test blasts on Enewetak and Bikini atolls (Marshall Is.), and subsequent radioactive contamination clean-up attempts. Ellshoff, Z.E Symposium on control of introduced plants in native ecosystems of Hawaii: summary of presentations. Newsletter - Hawaiian Botanical Society 25(3): contains a summary of the important facts gleaned from the presented papers, along with he Program of the symposium, which occurred on June 10-12, Elton, C.S The Ecology of Invasions Animals and Plants. 181 pp. London: MethuG. Includes comments on vegetation impacted on Easter Island and Hawaiian Islands. Ely, C.A. and R.B. Clapp The natural history of Laysan Island, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Re-

45 search Bulletin 171: "Rabbits introduced in and only the timely arrival of the Tanager expedition in 1923 saved the island from complete devegetation." Evans, E.C., Murchison, A.E., Peeling, T.J., and Q.D. stephen-~assard A proximate ~iological ~urvey~ of Pearl Harbor Oahu. 6 pp. NUC-TP 290. San Diego, California: Naval Undersea Research and Development - Center. Includes list of 10 endangered plant species of the area, which are co-existing with introduced European weeds. Eyde, R.H. and S.L. Olson The dead trees of Ilha - da -~rindade. Bartonia 49: Studies by Professor D. Mueller-Dombois on dieback of - Metrosidiros collina forests on island of Hawaii are referred to in this study of disappearing trees on an Atlantic Ocean island. Fagerlund, G.O The Exotic Plants of Hawaii National Park. 62 pp., mimeod. Hawaii ~ational Park, Natural History Bulletin, No. 10. Where the vegetation of an area remains in its original condition, foreign plants have little chance to establish themselves. But much of the Kilauea-Mauna Loa section of Hawaii National Park (244 square miles) has been disturbed and exotic plants have invaded. Birds, especially alien species, are distributing agents for seeds of many alien plants. Includes checklist of 384 exotic species in the park. Report notes the peculiar fact that many of these plants were introduced in order to add variety to the perceived visual "monotony1' possessed by the indigenous Hawaiian vegetation. A long bibliography is provided. Falanruw, M.V.C Conservation in Micronesia. Atoll Research Bulletin 148: Originally, man's culture included the practice of limitation of human population; this practice formed a buffer which prevented the destruction of his islands. Other original preservation factors include self-imposed "conservation laws", complex land ownership systems, and various taboos. Falanruw, M.C. 1976a. -- Life on Guam: Human Impact. 84 pp. Guam Department of Education. Workbook on Guam ecological and environmental problems for high schools. Notes that almost two-thirds of Guamanian plant species are introductions from elsewhere. Falanruw, M.C. 1976b. -- Life on Guam: Savanna, Old Fields,

46 Roadsides. 74 pp. Guam Department of Education. Workbook for high schools, including topics such as savanna burning effects; soil erosion caused by motorcycle tracks, reforestation programs, and the parade of invasive American pests including tangantangan (Leucaena leucocephala). Falanruw, M.V.C People pressure and management of limited resources on Yap, pp , in McNeely, J.A. and K.R. Miller, eds., National Parks, Conservation, and Development: --- The Role of Protected Areas in Sustainin Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution d "Prospects for sustainable development seem dismal." Faulkner, D Palau: a pattern of islands. Oceans 14(4): Management plan threatens island. Fay, J.J Hawaii: extinction unmerciful. Garden 2(4): Elaborates the reasons for, and extent of, plant decimation in the Hawaiian Islands. Fay, J.J (2 September). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: +--- proposed endangered status for the 'Ewa Plains 'akoko (Eu~horbia skottsbergii -- var. kalaeloana). Federal Re ister 45071): This, and the Fay citation ollowing it, are included to demonstrate the process whereby a plant species is officially listed as endangered or threatened pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, by means of a notice proposing its status; then a waiting period during which further status information is collected from interested individuals in the scientific, commercial, and public communities; and then the publication of a final rulemaking or determination. All are published under auspices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., in the Federal Register. Fay, J.J (24 August). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination that Eu horbia skottsber ii var. kalaeloana ('Ewa Plains ' A k i h -species. -- Federal Register 47(164): See annotation under preceding citation. Fernald, E.F A decision-making process for application to island resources, pp , in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., Persistence and Change. 155 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Suggests that information on a particular island's potentially and actual1 destructive alien plants and grazing animals should b: e included as resource manage-

47 ment data, since those organisms represent the possibility of causing local ecosystem instability. Fischer, J.L. and A.M. Fischer The Eastern Caroline~. 274 pp. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board. Includes general remarks on condition of natural vegetation on the islands, noting, e.g., that nearly all mature native Exorrhiza palm trees on Truk were chopped down by the Japanese during World War I1 in order to consume the ter minal bud a; a green vegetable called "heart of palmm. Fisher, H.I man-made factors Includes effects Populations of birds on Midway and the affecting them. Pacific Science 3(2): of war activities on the vegetation. Fisher, H.I Airplane-albatross collisions on Midway toll. Condor 68: Depicts bulldozed vegetation on Midway. Flanders, G Preserving Hawaii's her itage. Hawaii 2(3): Short but excellent article discussing panoply of threats to Hawaii's botanical heritage. Cattle destroy more of Hawaii's native plants than any other animal, yet the State of Hawaii leases out 200,500 acres for cattle grazing. Also reports that in one leasing situation, government-owned koa trees, which provided a habitat for the severely endangered alala bird, were felled for sale despite the repeated objections of state foresters. 10 photos. Forbes, C.N Notes on the naturalized flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Occasional Papers, - B.P. Bishop Museum 4(5): "Introduced weeds appear along new trails through the native forest in from two to three weeks in places where it would be impossible to find them before." Forbes,C.N. 1913a.Notes on the flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini. Occasional Papers, - B.P. Bishop Museum 5(3): On Kahoolawe (Hawaiian 1, "goats + cause considerable harm by girdling the keawe (Prosopis 'uliflora), a tree introduced here about fifteen years ago an spread by horses and mules." Forbes, C.N. 1913b. An enumeration of Niihau plants. - Occasional Papers, B.P. Bishop Museum 5(3): Although this Hawaiian island was formerly overrun with goats, most of its available land is now used as sheep and horse pasture.

48 Force, R.W Introduction: Change, nonchange, and exchange, pp. 1-13, in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., Persistence - and Change. 155 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Includes mention of the consequences of plantdisturbance to Palau and Hawaii in this review of man's arrival and subsequent utilization of natural resources in the Pacific. Fosberg, F.R Plant collecting on Lanai, Mid- Pacific Ma azine 49: Discusses -537 re a ilitation of Lanai vegetation. Fosberg, F.R. 1937a. An aggressive Lantana mutation. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 31: 18. An aggressive form of Lantana -- camara has spread to large areas in Manos and Palolo valleys, Oahu. The Oahu mutation has corolla white, with yellow tube, and more prickly stems than the typical form. It is replacing the normal form rapidly, due to greater shade tolerance, greater seed production, and greater resistance to parasites. Fosberg, F.R. 1937b. Immigrant plants in the Hawaiian Islands. I. Universiiy - of --- Hawaii Occasional Papers No. 32: Includes objectionable Compositae: Pluchea, Eupatorium, and Elephantopus. Fosberg, F.R Uses of Hawaiian ferns. American Fern Journal 32(1): It is likely that wild hogs and other introduced animals are responsible for the destruction of the ''pala" (Marattia douglasii), which was formerly rather common in Hawaii, and is today rare. Fosberg, F.R. 1948a. Immigrant plants in the Hawaiian Islands. 11. University - of Hawaii Occasional Papers No. 46: An early warning of many exotics which have since become pernicious smotherers of the indigenous vegetation. Fosberg, F.R. 1948b. Island floras, pp , in H.J. Coolidge, compiler (1948). Discusses the peculiarities and vulnerability of island floras in the Carolines and Marianas, and the need to conserve irreplacesble plants. Fosberg, F.R. 1948c. Derivation of the flora of the Hawaiian Islands, pp , in Zimmerman, E.C., Insects - of ---, Hawaii vol. 1. Introduction. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. (~eprinted as pp in Kay, E.A., ed., A Natural History -- of the Hawaiian Islands- Selected llead7ngs. Honolulu, Hawaii:

49 University of Hawaii Press.) "An average of one successful arrival and establishment every 20,000 to 30,000 years would account for the flora..., granting an estimate of 5 to 10 million years of above-water history for the entire Hawaiian chain." Fosberg, F.R Flora of Johnston Island, Central Pacific. Pacific Science 3(4): By 1946,"there was apparently no original vegetation remaining, the whole island being occupied by runways and buildings with disturbed ground in the open places and along paths and roadsides." Fosberg, F.R The problem of rare and vanishing plant species. Proc. Papers International Technical Conference, Protection - of Nature, Lake Success 1949: Many Pacific plants have nearly vanished, carolinensis from island of Peleliu represente e-g* F by one living specimen in 1946, and causes of such diminishment are generally goats, temporary agriculture, and weedy exotic plants crowding out the indigenous flora. Fosberg, F.R Micronesia, pp , in IUCN, The Position of Nature Protection Throughout - the -- World - in Brussels: IUCN. "Old habits, such as that of burning the vegetation, are destructive... the natives do not understand why they should not burn grass, brush, and forest.ll Fosberg, F.R. 1953a. A conservation program for Micronesia. - + Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Con ress 4: Discussion of atoll and high is an conservation problems. Fosberg, F.R. 1953b. The naturalized flora of Micronesia and World War 11. Eighth Pacific Science Congress Abstracts, pp Introduction and spread of plant species as a result of the war. Fosberg, F.R. 1953c. Vegetation of Central Pacific atolls: a brief summary. Atoll Research Bulletin 23: Includes comments on changes caused by activities of man. Fosberg, F.R. 1954a. Vanishing island floras and vegetation. IUCN Technical - ~eeting, Caracas, 1952 (Reports), pp Protection of lowland flora. which often contains interesting species (not just 'widespread plants as so often assumed), is encouraged, espec.ially for Hawaiian Is., Palau, Fiji, and the Solomons.

50 Fosberg, F.R. 1954b. The protection of nature in the islands of the Pacific. v~~~ Congres International - de Botanique, pp With the advent of the Europeans, several events occurred which ultimately resulted in widespread disaster for nature in the Pacific: (1) the release of goats and other hoofed animals, (2) the introduction of steel tools, and (3) the introduction of a commercial economy as against the originally developed subsistence agriculture. To these events were later added the effects of World War I1 and considerations of human population increases. Fosberg, F.R Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 195lZ1952. Narrative. Atoll Research Bulletin 38: Includes notes on adventive, weedy vegetation which rapidly colonized such islands as Wake after World War 11. Fosberg, F.R. 1956a. The protection of nature in the islands of the Pacific me Congres International - de Botanique C.R. Seances 21-27: Progress in conservation on Micronesia,. particularly Guam, is reported. Fosberg, F.R. 1956b. Vegetation, pp , in Military Geography -- of the Northern Marshalls. 320 pp. H.Q. US Army Forces Far East. Discussion of 21 atolls includes revegetation of areas denuded either naturally or by military operations, and rates of change in plant communities, often smothered by weeds. Fosberg, F.R. 1957a. Vegetation of the Oceanic Province of the Pacific. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 4: Includes numerous general and specific observations on vegetation alteration and disruption in the Pacific islands. Fosberg, F.R. 1957b. The naturalized flora of Micronesia and World War 11. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 4: During the war, Angaur and Peleliu were almost completely burned over; scarcely an acre of Saipan remained undisturbed; and the northern plateau of Guam was heavily impacted. These and other areas afforded habitats for new invasions of weeds after the cessation of hostilities. Fosberg, F.R. 1959a. Long-term effects of radioactive fallout on plants? toll Research Bulletin 61: Condensed in Nature 183: 1448 (1959). Islets in Utirik, Ailinginae, Rongelap, and Rongerik

51 atolls display a vegetation in very poor condition with visible abnormalities, after the Castle Bravo bomb test on Bikini Atoll on March 1, Fosberg, F.R. 1959b. Vegetation and flora of Wake Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 67: Includes discussion of regeneration of the Wake vegetation after three years o? almost daily bombardment in World War 11. Fosbern. F.R. 1959c. Conservation situation in Ocean<ae. -- Proc. Ninth Pacific Science Congress 7: In the past 4 years, 5 conservation areas were set aside in Guam to preserve examples of forest; mouflon, or wild sheep, were introduced on Lanai and Kauai (Hawaiian Is.; the French administration in New Caledonia decided to go ahead with construction of a dam which would flood the famous Plaine des Lacs, with its remarkable aggregation of rare and endemic plants; Christmas Island was used for nuclear weapons testing; colonization and sheep ranching were encouraged on Juan Fernandez Islands National Park (Chile); and, goats were introduced into Henderson Island. Fosberg, F.R. 1959d. Vegetation, pp , in Tracey, J.I., - et - al. (1959). On Guam, "A long history of disturbance by the Guamanians, by frequent typhoons, and by the destructive effects of World War I1 and subsequent military activities, has left little undisturbed primary forest on the island." Fosberg, F.R. 1960a. The vegetation of Micronesia: 1. General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam. Bulletin American Museum - of Natural History 119, Article 1: 75 pp plates. Abundant information on disturbance, secondary forests, succession, deterioration of vegetation through effects of introduced plants, wartime activities, land clearance, and intensive pre-world War I1 phosphate mining. Fosberg, F.R. 1960b. Vegetation, pp , in Doan, D.B., - et 2, a1 Military Geology -- of the Miyako Archipelago, Ryukyu-Retto. H.Q. US Army Pacific. "The vegetation of even the completely uncultivable areas of limestone with no' soil has been profoundly influenced by man." Fosberg, F.R. 1960c. Vegetation, pp , in Foster, H.L., et &, Military Geology - of Ishigaki-Shima, Ryukyu- Retto. H.Q. US Army Pacific. Thevegetational aspect of this island is changing due to introduction of exotic plants, and active land

52 clearing for pineapple plantations has greatly reduced the amount of forest at base of mountains. Fosberg, F.R Typhoon effects on individual species of plants, pp , in Blumenstock, D.I., ed., A report on typhoon effects upon Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 75: Devastating impact of Typhoon Ophelia on January 7, Fosberg, F.R. 1963a. Grazing animals and the vegetation of oceanic islands, pp , in Unesco, S m osium on the Impact of Man on Humid Tropics Vegetation Goroka Papua New ~ui=a).402 pp. Djakarta. Consideration of vegetation disturbance by grazing quadrupeds. +,- - Fosberg, F.R. 1963b. Disturbance in island ecosystems, pp , in Gressitt, J.L., ed. (1963). Mentions Hawaiian examples of ecosystems extremely susceptible to disturbance. Fosberg, F.R., ed (Reprinted 1965). Man's Place - the Island Ecosystem: - - A Symposium pp. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Fosberg, F.R The volcanic island ecosystem, pp , in Bowman, R.I., ed., - The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Includes brief discussion on status of Galapagos Islands ecosystems. Fosberg, F.R Some ecological effects of wild and semi-wild exotic species of vascular plants, pp , in --- Towards - A -- New Relationship - of -- Man - and Nature in -- Temperate Lands Part 111. Changes due to ~ntroduced Species. 1 ~ m l z t~ i e Series, w ~ NT 9. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN. Review article includes mention of invasion of Eupatorium adenophorum on Molokai, Hawaiian Is. Fosberg, F.R. 1968a. Some relations between ecos YSt em size and cultural. evolution, pp , in Misra, R., and B. Gopal, eds., Proceedings -- of the amposium - on Recent Advances in Tropical Ecolo Part IT. varana si, India: Internationa 1 Society d p i ~ E c ~ o-. g y. Resistance of tradi tionaf cultures to introduced cultures in the Pacific has tended to break down, and the ecological effects of such deterioration include accelerated soil erosion, siltation of marine environments, and abandonment of taro culture and the highly evolved irrigation systems that accompany it. Fosberg, F.R. 1968b. Systematic notes on Micronesian

53 plants. Phytologia 15(7): Mimosa invisa from Saipan and Palau, an "unpleasant, -7-7 vicious~piny Brazilian creeper,... should be ruthlessly eradicated wherever found." Fosberg, F.R Endangered island plants. Bulletin Pacific Tro ical Botanical Garden l(3): 1-7. Includes iological reasons for fragility of island ecosystems, and adaptations developed by indigenous Hawaiian flora in isolation from predators. Fosberg, F.R. 1972a. Man's effects on island ecosystems, pp , in Farvar, M.T. and J.P. Milton, eds., The Careless Technology: Ecology International Develo~ment. -- Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. Explains destructive acts of man on vegetation. Fosberg, F.R. 1972b. The axis deer problem. Elepaio 32(9): "Scientifically (speaking),... introducing deer on the island of Hawaii will, in the long run, be a catastrophe with no compensating benefit." Fosberg, F.R. 1973a. Temperate zone influence on tropical forest land use: a plea for sanity, pp , in Meggers, B.J., Ayensu, E.S., and W.D. Duckworth, eds., Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A -- Comparative Review. - Washington, D.C~mithsonia~ Institution Press. "Tropical peoples suspect, understandably, that attempts to introduce ideas of conservation and environmental preservation are merely designed to deny them material benefits from rapid exploitation of their resources. Yet, it is distressing to see them repeating the same mistakes that have brought about serious degradation of temperate environments, perpetuating them, in fact, with the increased tempo characteristic af the tropics and augmented by modern technology." Notes stream siltation on Hamakua Coast of Hawaii due to sugarcane plantations on sloping ground inviting runoff. Fosbern, F.R. 1973b. On present condition and conservation of firests in ~icronesia, pp , in Planned Utilization -- of the Lowland Tropical Forests. 263 pp. Pacific Science Association Symposium, 1971, Cipayung, Bogor, Java. "Forest types which may be regarded as "natural", even though they result from modification of original forest by man, still exist on Guam, Rota, Alamagan, and possibly to a very limited extent on Saipan, in the Marianas, on Babeldaob in the Palaus, on Yap, Truk, Ponape and Kusaie, and on a few of the atolls in the Carolines."

54 Fosberg, F.R. 1973c. Chapter 13. Vascular plants - widespread island species, pp , in A.B. Costin and R.H. Groves, eds. (1973). Many widespread plant species of the Pacific Islands are polymorphic, comprising several recognizable varieties and forms. These variants should not be destroyed, and many of them have unfortunately already been lost. Fosberg, F.R. 1973d. Chapter 19. Past, present and future conservation problems of oceanic islands, pp , in A.B. Costin and R.H. Groves, eds. (1973). Discusses catastrophic effects of introduced plants and animals on these islands, where competition from an indigenous equilibrated biota is of minimal effect against the aliens. Fosberg, F.R The deflowering of Hawaii. National -- Parks and Conservation Magazine 49(10): Recommends that large samples of all kinds of habitat must be preserved if a significant number of Hawaii's endangered plant species is to be saved from extinction. Fosberg, F.R An irresponsible scientific expedition. Atoll Research Bulletin 219: 4-5. Reports fire-vandalism to Pisonia forest on Vostok Island caused by expedition mounted by government of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. Fosberg, F.R Tropical floristic botany - concepts and status - with special attention to tropical islands, pp , in Larsen, K. and B. Holm-Nielsen, eds., Botany. 453 pp. London: Academic Press. useful distinction within destructive' weeds, between those able to invade closed, rarely even undisturbed, vegetat ion, such as ~lidemia hirta Psidium cattleianum, P. guajava, Paederia fo~tizti&i Mikania scandens sensu-1 ato, and the category of weeds that are able to occupy open or disturbed areas (h.abitats) created by man through agricultural, grazing, logging and other activ ities. Many island endemics h ave been killed out by p lants of the first category i n closed vegetation. Fosberg, F.R The human factor in the biogeography of oceanic islands. -- C.R. Soc. Biogeographie 59(2): Discusses introduction of exotic plants and animals; deforestation; agriculture; fire; and also individually describes the degree of alteration by man which has occurred on each of the principal oceanic islands. "Since the original biogeographic patterns on most islands are not or little understood,... the nature and effects of man's activities should be carefully and continually documented."

55 Fos berg, F.R. Conservation Stimulated government island to a 1984a. Henderson Island saved. Environmental ll(2): by environmental concerns, the British declined an offer to partially convert the private development. Fosberg, F.R. 1984b. Phytogeographic comparison of Polynesia and Micronesia, pp , in Radovsky, F.J., Raven, P.H. and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Biogeography -- of the Tropical Pacific. Bishop Museum Special Publication No pp. includes discussion of anthrooic (human) plant geography, and reconstruction of original, pre-human vegetation - on high - and low islands. Notes that "On oceanic islands,...man's arrival was comparatively recent, and he had already reached the stage where he could build boats, make tools and weapons, use fire, domesticate animals and plants, and thus produce much of his own food." Observes that "if we do not do something soon to protect the remaining vestiges of natural vegetation in the islands, Pacific botany will continue only as herbarium paleobotany." Fosbern. F.R Present state of knowledge of the floras and vegetation of emergent reef surfaces. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti 2: (~bstract) "The sad fact, also, is that on almost all coral islands and limestone portions of "high" islands phosphate mining, plantation agriculture, military activities, nuclear weapons testing, introduced feral herbivores and weedy exotic plants, as well as overly dense human settlement have changed the vegetation, eliminated species, and blurred the biogeographic patterns so that island biogeography has become a difficult and uncertain science.ll Fosberg, F.R. and G. Corwin A fossil flora from Pagan, Mariana Islands. Pacific Science 12: Among other exotic flora, the Jatropha gossypifolia introduced by the Japanese in the 1930's has s~read and now dominate-s large areas in central Pagan. Fosberg, F.R. and D. Herbst Rare and endangered species of Hawaiian vascular plants. Allertonia l(1): An extensive listing of endangered and threatened plant s ecies, subspecies and varieties, representing one of t e more fragile and vulnerable floras on earth. K Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 92: 1-39.

56 Useful for tracing the spread of introduced plants throughout the Marshall Islands, from pre-german and Japanese times. Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet Lebronnecia, gen. nov. (~alvaceae) des Iles Marquises. Adansonia 6(3): Extremely rare and endangered Lebronnecia kokioides is described from Tahuata Island. Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet Wake Island vegetation and flora, Atoll Research Bulletin 123: Observations on disturbance and recovery of vegetation. Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet. 1983a. Henderson Island threatened. Environmental Conservation lo(2): Threatened desecration of a unique btota due to human development activities (later averted by British government). Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet. 1983b. Plants of the Society Islands, pp , in Carr, D.J., ed., Sydney Parkinson, Artist of Cookfs Endeavour Voyage. 300 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: ~nrversit~ Press of Hawaii. Parkinsonfs paintings of plants done in 1769 are useful for documenting species, such as both Hibiscus rosasinensis and Miscanthus floridulus on Tahiti, which were members of the Polynesian flora in pre-european times. Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet Rare, endangered, and extinct Society Island plants. National Geographic Society Research Reports 21: Approximately 200 out of the total 850 indigenous plant species of the Society Islands are either rare or extinct. Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H. and D.R. Stoddart Henderson Island (Southern Polynesia): Summary of current knowledge. Atoll Research ~ulletin 272: A reasonably unaltered. raised atoll threatened at the time by the' spectre of -development for human activities. The indigenous flora of Henderson includes 9 species and 6 varieties of endemic angiosperms. Fowler, L Population ecology and impact of the feral burros of Galapagos. Annual Report -- of the Charles Darwin Research Station 1979: Elurros-am were introduced to the Galapagos in the mid-1800fs and have become firmly established on all 5 major islands. On Volcan Alcedo (Isla Isabela) the large feral burro population may be overgrazing the vegetation, particularly in the dry season.

57 Frome, M Hawaii's heritage remains at risk. Defenders 61(5): 18-19, 44. Includes brief discussion of effects of seemingly disadvantageous Hawaiian forestry practices, and status of Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park and proposed geothermal energy complex on the Campbell Estate at Kilauea. Fullard-Leo, B Turtle Bay Hilton: one island, two worlds. Aloha 8(4): Amusements provided for guests at Turtle Bay Hilton and Country Club on Oahu (Hawaiian Islands) include dunecycling on four-wheeled recreation vehicles along secluded beach and forest trails. Fullaway, D.T Forestry's role in Micronesia. ~icrone-sian Reporter 23(3): Due to domination bv a steady succession of foreign powers, some ~icroneiian societies have been influencid to change from depending on the land for their needs, to a dependency on imported goods, which has affected their attitude towards conservation of land-based resources. Funk, E Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Abutilon menziesii Seem. (Malvaceae); Geranium arboreum Gray (Geraniaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Furnas, J.C Anatomy - - of Paradise: --- Hawaii - and - the Islands -- of the South Seas. 542 pp. New York: William Sloane Associates, Inc. In the Hawaiian Islands, "Sandalwooding left its mark. The hunt for it destroyed a good deal of timberland, as the natives lazily burned the forest to detect stands of it by smell. But far more destructive was the fact that the trade attracted whites, whose very presence was subversive." Gagne, B.H Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Gardenia bri hamii Mann (~ubiaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department --7 o the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Gagne, W.C Hawaii's tragic dismemberment. Defenders 50(6): Causes of threats to fragile ecosystems of Hawaii are portrayed. Gagne, W.C Nihoa: biological gem of the northwest Hawaiian Islands. Ka 'Elele lo(7): 3-5. The remote envitonment of the endemic, presumed vulnerable Nihoa loulou palm, Pritchardia remota.

58 Gagne, W.C Hawaii 's botanical gardens: panacea or Pandora1s box in the conservation of Hawaii's native flora. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 25: "Some plant groups such as the melastomes and gingers have become sufficiently notorious naturalizers that unanimity would be reached on banning further introductions and coming to grips with the eventual control of the escapees." Gardiner, J.M Silverswords and greenswords from Hawaii. The Garden 104(2): ~nclude~at~argyroxiphium kauense in cultivation at Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, and cultural requirements of - A. sandwicense and - A. kauense. Gardner, T. and P. Gardner Rescue in paradise. International Wildlife 15(4): Lord Howe I. woodhen saved from threat of extinction presented by feral pigs and goats which were "destroying the thick, wet, forest litter". Garnock-Jones. P.J Plant Communities on Lakeba and southern ~anua Balavu, Lau Group, Fiji. Royal Society - of New Zealand Bulletin 17: Man-induced fire, severe soil erosion. and introduced weeds play a in altering naturaliy vegetated land here. Gerrish, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois Behavior of native and non-native ~lants in two tro~ical rain forests on Oahu, Hawaiian ~slinds. ~h~tocoenold~ia 8(2): Distribution patterns of several exotic species indicate that they may be altering the vegetation-structure over large areas in a manner that may reduce the quality of the habitat for endemic plants. Giffin, J Ecology of the feral pig on Hawai'i Island. Elepaio 37(12): "Fern or rain forest habitat is the most extensive feral pig habitat found in the State". Pigs break open treefern trunks for starch. Gilbert, B A hellish spot in heavenly surroundings. Audubon 79(2): Article concerns Kalaupapa Peninsula on Molokai I., Hawaiian Is. Discusses "m~ngrelization'~ of Hawaiian flora with a "conglomerate of Asiatic, Polynesian, South, Central North American, Mediterranean, and African species:" Gilbert, C The Galapagos and man. Oceans 7(2): Includes remarks on extent of agriculture in the archipelago.

59 Gillett. G.W The critical need for conservation in the Marquesas Islands. -- Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical Society ll(4): Domesticated and feral grazing animals have largely exterminated the original flora of Nukuhiva, Uahuka, and Uapou. Gilmartin, A.J First colloquium on rare and endangered species of Hawaii. Association - for Tropical Biology Newsletter 22: 1-4. Mentions bulldozing of koa (Acacia koa) forests and replanting them with Eucalyptus in certain areas. Gilpin, M.E. and J.M. Diamond Subdivision of nature reserves and the maintenance of species diversity. Nature 285(5766): include-s reference to Vanuatu (New Hebrides j. Given, D.R Conservation of rare and threatened plant taxa in New Zealand: some principles. Proc. -- New Zealand Ecological Society 22: 1-6. Includes concise remarks on the status of the Philip Island glory pea (Streblorrhiza speciosa), a presumed extinct legume. Glassman, S.F The vascular flora of Ponape and its phytog-eographical affinities. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 4: A number of endemics in the original vegetation of the comparably sized island of Guam must have been destroyed by man, causing confusion when scientists try to estimate the true, or former, percentage of endemism on Ponape. Gold, H The Galapagos: Seeing what Charles Darwin saw. Islands 4(5): Notes a study of revegetated areas fenced off from goats by personnei of the calapagos National Park. he-park and the Charles Darwin Research Station are helping to protect the caldera floor of Volcan Alcedo, as well as the cacti of Isla Fernandina, and the pahoeho'e lava fields of Isla San Salvador. Gold, H Maui, the isle of the trickster god. Islands 5(2): Includes photographs of Haleakala National Park, and also of recent enormous housing developments on the north coast of Maui at Kahului, and at Kaanapali Beach. Gon,) S.M The dunes of Movomomi. --- Nature Conservancy News 37(1): On the coast of west Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. "Within vast, integrated communities- of nearly undisturbed na- The

60 tive grasses and shrubs grow more rare coastal species than in any other single place in the islands." Gorman, M.L. and S. Siwatibau The status of Neoveitchia storckii, a species of palm tree endemic to the Fijian island of Viti Levu. Biological Conservation 8(1): "The species has been reduced to a single population of sexually mature trees." Gormley, R Molokai-on the edge. Aloha 7(1): Pineapple plantations are slackening and tourism is increasing, calling for wise land-use in diversified agricultural and development programs so as not to harm the Molokai ecosystem. Gosnell. M The island dilemma. International wildlife 6(5): On Kauai [Hawaiian Islands) indigenous forests have been cleared for housing development< and for cultivation of Anthurium species and other florist flowers. Also, the introduced European blackberry is a pest there. Gourou, P Pressure on island environment, pp , in Fosberg, F.R., ed. (1963). In the discussion following this article, F.R. Fosberg notes that deforestation and accelerated erosion have had adverse effects on the landscape of Kahoolawe, Lanai, southeast Oahu, and Ni ihau (Hawaiian Is.). Gradstein, S.R. and W.A. Weber Bryogeography of the Galapagos Islands. Journal Hattori ~otanical ~ ~ b o r a t o r ~ 52: "Because of the destruction of much of the original Scalesia forest (itself a rich habitat), andv its replacement by extensively introduced exotic trees and cuitivars, this zone (moisk evergreen woodland) probably will continue to yield new discoveries of bryophytes and possibly some of them w i l l have been accidentally imported in modern times with animals, fowl, provisions, shoes and pants-cuffs, just as have so many phanerogams. l1 Grady, M Stand structure of an isolated forest in Lyon Arboretum, Oahu, Hawaii. -- Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical Society 25(2): "Understanding the structural dynamics of small stands can help in planning for nature reserves to prevent extinction of unique forest ecosystems." Graf, D.F American --- Samoa - Annual - Environmental Report. 17 pp. PGO Pago, American Samoa: Office f the Governor. "With slopes often exceeding 30 percent, the clearing of

61 vegetation for gardening or home construction generally results in considerable erosion." Graham, B (March 19). Tourism, immigration put strain on Galapagos. Washington Post: A- 25. Pressures from the commercial tourist trade along with a sharp increase in numbers of permanent settlers worry some conservationists that development will be allowed to progress uncontrolled, although government officials indicate that preservation of the islands is important. One senior planner spoke of the desirability of guarding against the "Hawaiianization" of the Galapagos. Grant, P.R Population fluctuations, tree rings - and climate. Noticias d-e Galapagos 33: 12-16, On Isabela and Enta Cruz (Galapagos), the Bursera populations will eventually collapse unless the feral goats are controlled. A study of individual growth patterns from tree rings will be helpful in assessing the long term survival of Bursera populations. Green, P.S Discussion. Philosophical Transactions Royal Socie.ty B255: "Unintelligent burning is a great danger to the plant cover in New Caledonia, almost as great perhaps as the danger from the encroachment of mining, even in the remoter areas in the northern parts of the island." Green, P.S Observations on the phytogeography of the New Hebrides, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, pp , in ramw well, D., ed., Plants and Islands. 459 DD. New York and London: Academic Press. L A Only 3 or 4 bushes of Hibiscus insularis now exist in the wild on Philip Island, an island that "presents us with a first-rate example of what man, by means of goats and pigs and finally by rabbits, can do to exterminate a flora." Green. P.S Refound: on South Sea isle. Threatened ~laats Newsletter 15: 21. Abutilon julianae (Malvaceae), extirpated on Norfolk Island. has recently been discovered on Phili~ Island. ~ncludks observations on condition of Philip vggetation. Grepin, F La medecine Tahitienne tradi tionnelle. ~ahiers du Pacifi ue 19: ~ncludes list o c.75 traditional medicinal ~lants of Tahiti, with 14 useful illustrations, and re;ipes for medications. Gressitt, J.L., ed Pacific Basin Biogeography: A Symposium. 563 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum press, Groube, L.M Tonga, Lapita pottery, and Polynesian

62 origins. Journal -- of the Polynesian Society 80(3): Mankind has been occupying Tonga and altering its vegetation to some extent for over 3,000 years. Guillaumin, A Materiaux pour la flore de la XIII. Revi sion-des Verbenacees. Bull. -- Soc. Bot. France 80: Briefly traces the introduct :ion and spread of Lantana camara and other ve rbenaceous weeds in New Caledonia. Guillaumin, A. 1953a. Mesures de conservation a prendre our la sauvegarde de la flore de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. P Resume). Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Congress 4: 674. Urgently recommends establishment of series of integral nature reserves to protect localized plant species. Guillaumin. A. 1953b. L1evolution de la flore Neo- ~aledonienne. Journ. Soc. Oceanistes 9(9): Includes discussion of introduced plants, weeds, forest exploitation. Guillaumin. A Le santal en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Journ A ;ic Trop: Bot. A 1. 17(7-9): (~otice mwwplessls, J. 1 -?I=- 72. Cahiers - du Pacifique 16: 214). ~etrimental exploitation of New Caledonian sandalwood had become 230, 563 kg.'s worth in 1908; trade has since ceased. Gustafson, R.J Hawaii's unique and vanishing flora - the genesis of an exhibit. Terra 18(2): 3-9. Discusses demolishment of Hawaiian flora. Hall, E.O Notes of a tour around Oahu. -- Hawaiian Spectator 2: Describes lowland vegetation as it was before sugarcane, pineapple, and Prosopis took it over. Hall, W.L The forests of the Hawaiian Islands. USDA Forestry Bulletin 48: Includes notes on forest decline and reforestation. Halle, F Arbres et forets des Iles Marquises. Cahiers du Pacifique 21: ~nclude~discussion of Marquesan forest types which are perpetuated, and encouraged, or modified by human inhabitants. alle, N Les Orchidees de Tubai [Archi~el des ~ustrales, Sud Polynesie). Cahiers - de lllndo-~acifi~ue ll(3): C athea cumin ii Baker, the tree-fern of Tubai, is ~ e Forests with lesser ~ degradation ~ in.

63 high altitudes contain rare species seemingly in danger of extinction. Contains catalogue of ferns and angiosperms of Austral Is., to which additions are made in the article on vegetation of Rurutu, Halle, N Bull. Mus. Nat ~ist. --- Nat Paris -ser.4, sect.b., 9 ~dansonra522t: Hamann, Recovery of vegetation on Pinta and Santa Fe Islands. Noticias de Galapagos 27: Liquidation of goat-populations produced recovery of vegetation. Hamann a. Taxonomic and floristic notes from the ~alapa~os Islands. - Bot. Notiser 132: Callitriche deflexa is a recent introduction which prefers habitats disturbed by goats and pins. - The recent A spread of Triumfetta semitrilgba may be associated with the continuing disturbance of the natural vegetation - caused by feral animals. Hamann, b. Regeneration of vegetation on Santa Fe and Pinta Islands, Galapagos, after the eradication of goats. Biological Conservation 15(3): On Pinta Island about 40,000 feral goats were shot during the period , and as a result of the killings, a rapid regeneration of vegetation in the arid lowlands is underway. Hamann c. The survival strategies of some threatened Galapagos plants. Noticias - dev~alapagos 30: Habitat diminishment of Scalesia, Piscidia and Miconia is discussed. Hamann, Plant communities of the Galapagos Islands. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 34(2): Grazing goats have degraded the steppe forest in the central arid region of Pinta. Santa Cruz I. has experienced many recent vegetational changes due to introduced plants on new roads, woodcutting, and effects of goats, pigs and donkeys. On Baltra I., it is predicted that desert scrub will dominate due to man's negative influence. On Santa Fe I., goats have devastated the dryseason deciduous steppe forest. The highland plateau of Santa Maria I. is mostly covered with Psidiuin guajava, an introduced, aggressive competitor. Feral goats are the most serious plague of San Salvador I. The only large island of the Galapagos remaining completely undisturbed by man is Fernandina, which has frequent volcanic eruptions. Hamilton, L.S., ed Forest - and Watershed Development - and Conservation in -- Asia and the Pacific. 560 pp. Boulder, Colorado and Essex, England: Westview Press.

64 Discusses forests and watersheds as natural resources to be conserved as valuable assets. Hamilton, T.H., Rubinoff, I., Barth, R.H. and G.L. Bush Species abundance: natural regulation of insular variation. Science 142: Of interest relating to studies of endemism and evolution in the Galapagos. Harney, T Fostering rare breeds on the museum's. The Torch(Smithsonian Institution) 83(1 The endangered Abutilon sachetianum ( Malvaceae) from Marquesas Is. is being grown in National Museum of Natural History's rooftop greenhouse, Washington, D.C. Harris, D.R Invasion of oceanic islands by alien plants. Transactions, Institute - of British - Geographers 31: Includes pertinent observations on the Pacific Islands. Harrison, B.C The vegetation of Waihoi Valley, East Maui, pp , in Kjargaard, J.I., ed., Scientific Report --- of the Waihoi Valley Project. Sponsored b Y National Science Foundation. 252 pp. - University of - Hawaii. Pastures with remnants of thicket-producing indigenous Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe fern) are often trampled by cattle "until there is nothing but bare earth, almost as if a bulldozer had been at work". "Further introduction of hoofed animals to Maui should be prevented to protect habitats such as Waihoi from being modified." A stand of a possibly new species or variety of Pritchardia palm was mapped. Hart, A.D Living jewels imperiled. Defenders 50(6): Introduced trees, pests and collectors are decimating indigenous land snails (Achatinella) of Hawaii. Hartley, R.L Agriculture on Rotuma Island. South Pacific Bulletin 13(2): 57-61, 63. On Rotuma I. (politically a part of Fiji Is.) the two most heavily infesting weeds are Lantana --- camara and Hibiscus tiliaceus. Native "timber is now being used regularly and in large quantities for firing the copra driers." Hartt, C.E. and M.C. Neal The plant ecology of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Ecolo 21(2): Depredations made / y feral grazing cattle, goats, sheep, horses and hogs are discussed as biotic factors in the removal of the flora.

65 Hashimoto, T Ogasawara plants with potential for cultivation as ornamentals. Notes Waimea Arboretum 4(1): Interesting data on endemic plants having ornamental qualities suitable for consideration as useful to man. Hatheway, W.H Composition of certain native dry forests: Mokuleia, Oahu, Territory of Hawaii. Ecological Monographs 22: Characteristics and com~osition of some of the vegetation zones have been altered or destroyed by feral grazing animals and introduced plant pests such as Prosopis and Leucaena. Havas, V. 1985a. Galapagos tortoises race progress and flames. Islands 5(5): 10. Describes adverse effects on environment caused by enormously widespread fire which began in February 1985 when Santo Tomas residents (on Isabela I.) burned diseased coffee plants and the fire inadvertently spread to native vegetation. Havas, V. 1985b. Next stop, Easter Island. Islands 5(6): 12. It has been claimed that Easter Island's ecology will not be interfered with by NASA's planned extension of Mataveri airstrip for the purpose of accommodating future aborted launchings of space shuttles from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park National Park Service Silversword - Restoration Project Proposal. 15pp. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Concerns conservation of the rare silversword plants of Hawaii (Argyroxiphium, Compositae). Heacox, K El cuidado de las Islas Encantadas. ~mericas 36(6): 2-5, Efforts to prevent adverse impacts from tourism in the Galapagos Islands.. E>ine, A Urbanization and social change in the Marshall Islands. Ambio 13(5-6): Urbanization has inevitable effects on the surrounding environment. Heinl, R.D The Defense -- of Wake. 75 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Photos depicting effects of 1941 military operations on the vegetation of Wake atoll are included. Heinl, R.D. and J.A. Crown The - Marshalls: Increasing - the -- Tempo. 188 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

66 Marine Corps. Photos depicting effects of 1944 military operations on the vegetation of the Marshall Islands are included. Herbst, D.R. 1972a. Botanical survey of the Waiehu sand dunes-. Bulletin Pacific Tropical ~otanical Garden 2(1): 6-7. Includes information on Hawaiian Scaevola coriacea. Herbst, D. 1972b. Ohai, a rare and endangered Hawaiian plant. Bulletin Pacific Tropical - Botanical Garden 2(3): 58. Sesbania tomentosa on leeward shores is presently threatened6y motorcyclists and the proposed construction of a highway which would open tle area to greater disturbance. Herbst, D Appendix B-2. Vegetation survey of the Barbers Point Harbor Area, Oahu. 3 pp. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Barbers Point ~a;;br, Oahu, ~awaii. ~Kolulu, ~awati: U.S. Army Engineers. Mentions endangered plant species in the area. Herbst, D. 1977a. "cdangered Hawaiian plants. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ~ 16(1-2): "A kapu laced on cattle allowed the build-up of enormous Rerds until their destruction (of vegetation) was so great that man was forced to contain or destroy them. 'l Herbst, D. 1977b. Vanishing plants. Water Spectrum 9(4): Includes discussion of vanishing - elements of Hawaii's indigenous flora. Herbst. D Miscellaneous notes on the Hawaiian flori.l. Phytologia 4511): Includes notes on spread of introduced weeds near LORAN station on Tern ~sland, French Frigate Shoals. Herbst, D Cookels kokio (Kokia cookei). Endangered Wild -.- Flower Calendar. Brooklyn, New York: ~ e ~ s m e nof t Biology, Brooklyn College. Includes descriptive caption material. Herbst, D. and J.J. Fay (30 January). Proposal to list Panicum carteri (Carter's Panicgrass) as an endangered species and determine its critical habitat. Federal Re ister 46(20): h e s range map of Panicum carteri on Mokolifi Island, Hawaiian Islands. Hertlein, L.G Contribution to the biogeography of Cocos Island, including a bibliography. Proc. California

67 Acade~y of Science 32(8): Cocas I., in the Pacific Ocean off Central America: discussion of biotic environment. Hess, W.N New horizons in resource development. Geographical Review 52: Illustrates nuclear blast devastation on Enewetak. Heyerdahl, T Marquesas Islands. Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: A t e time, nature protection was lacking in the Marquesas. In some places, semiwild animals were devouring plants and bringing in weeds which then developed and spread along trails. Heyerdahl, T Prehistoric voyages as agencies for Melanesian and South American plant and animal dispersal to Polynesia, pp , in ~irrau, J., ed., Plants - -- and the Migrations of Pacific Peo~les." 136 nd..-- Honolulu. I L Hawaii: Risho~Mu~eurn PreG. Remarks on a single dwarfed, mutilated living - specimen of Sophora --- toromiro in the-~ano Kao crater, the only individual remaining - of this Easter Island endemic. are included. Heyerdahl, T The prehistoric culture of Easter Island, pp , in Yawata, I. and Y.H. Sinoto, eds., Prehistoric.-Culture - in Oceania: - A Symposium. Honolulu, Hawaii. Refers to evidence of forest plants existing when period of human occupation began. Heyligers, P.C Vegetation and ecology of Bougainville a.nd Buka islands, pp , in: CSIRO (Australia), Lands - of -- Bougainville -- and Buka Islands, Territory - of Papua and New Guinea. CSIRO Land Research Series No ppt~enourne: CSIRO. Essential to any future studies of vegetation change on Bougainville (formerly in Solomon Islands politically), and includes descriptions of anthropogenous vegetation types. Land-use map accompanies enti re publicat ion. Heywood, V.H The future of island floras, pp , in Bramwell, D., ed., Plants and Islands. London: Academic Press. General considerations of the fate of insular plants are presented. Hickman, J The Enchanted Islands: - The Galapagos Discovered. 169 pp. Dover, New Hampshire: Tanager Books. Chapter 16: Conservation of Species, includes discussion of -alien plants, and introduced animals such as the 100,000 goats and 20,000 pigs of Santiago Island in the Galapagos.

68 Higashino, P.K., Guyer, W. and C.P. Stone The Kilauea Wilderness Marathon and Crater Rim runs: sole searching experiences. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societv 22: Contestants from the weed-ridden island of Oahu were prevented from inadvertently spreading weed seeds on the soles of their running shoes, prior to participating in a foot-race on the island of Hawaii. Hirano, R.T Preservation of the Xawaiian flora. Arboretum and Botanical Gardens Bulletin 7(1): Contains general remarks on the title subject. Hirano, R.T. and K.M. Nagata A Checklist -- of Indigenous and Endemic Plants - of -- Hawaii - in Cultivation - at the ~arold7. L~yon ~rboretum. 22 pp. University of Hawaii. ~arold L, Lvon Arboretum. 165 thxa are beini cul~tivated for the preservation and study of a rapidly diminishing Hawaiian flora. Hobdy, R Hawaiian ecosystems, pp , in Department of Planning and Economic Development, Industrial -- Forestry - for Hawaii. 40 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii. The need for a timber industry (commercial forestry) in Hawaii is discussed relative to a managerial commitment to protect proposed endangered plant species. Hodel, D Notes on Pritchardia in Hawaii. Principes 24(2): Several species of Pritchardia palm are highly localized endemics and threatened in Hawaii. Hoffman, C.W Saipan: --- The Beginning -- of the End pp. Washingto.n, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military operations on vegetation. Hoffman, C.W The Seizure - of Tinian. 169 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military operations on vegetation. Holden, C Hawaiian rainforest being - felled. Science 228: Ohila trees (Metrosideros) -- on 3,300-acre tract of Campbell Estate on island of Hawaii are threatened by conversion of habitat to grazing lands. Holdgate, M.W. and E.M. Nicholson An international conservation programme for the Pacific Islands. Micronesica 3(1): Lists 9 principal conservation problems.

69 Holdgate, - M.W. and N.M. Wace The influence of man on the floras and faunas of southern islands. - The Polar Record -- ~ 10168): Includes Juan Fernandez Is., where problems of goats were enough to cause severe soil erosion on Masafuera. Holdsworth, D.K A phytochemical survey of medicinal plants in Papua New ~uinea, Part I. science- -- in New Guinea 2(2): The author has investigated medicinal plants of numerous Melanesian islands politically in Papua New Guinea. Holing, D Hawaii: the Eden of endemism. - The Nature Conservancy News 37(1): Discussion of Hawaii's unique biota, and of factors which contribute to its high percent-age of endemism. Vulnerability to threats from introduced species and human disturbance are mentioned. Holt, R.A Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Gouania hillebrandii Oliver (~hamnaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plant of the Hawaiian Islands. Holt, R.A. 1983a. Exotic species control: an island perspective. The Nature conservancy News 33(4): Includes Clidemia hirta, an objectionable melastomataceous weed of Hawaii. Holt, R.A. 1983b. - The Maui -- Forest Trouble: A Literature Review and Pro osal for Research. Hawai3 Botanical m c ; Ferd%T6Ep. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Widespread canopy dieback in Hawaiian and other Pacific rainforests is discussed. Holthus, P.F A reef resource conservation and management plan for Ponape Island (Caroline Archipelago, Micronesia). Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress 2: 184.(Ab-s-tract) Includes consideration of habitat degradation - from sand extraction. Holzner, W.M., Werger, J.A. and I. Ikusima, eds Man's a c t on Vegetation. 370 pp. The Hague, The RetherlXids: D~Tw. Junk BV Publishers. principles and problems are presented for and discussion. Hosaka, E.Y A troublesome introduced grass. -- Mid- Pacific Ma azine (April-June): 126. Chloris ivaricata or "star grass", native to Australia, is a troublesome, destructive invader of Honolulu lawns where it replaces the "Bermuda grass", Cynodon dactylon.

70 Hosmer, R.S Kahoolawe Forest Reserve. Hawaiian For. Agr. 7: Imputes a local climatic change due to destruction of Kahoolawe vegetation. Hosokawa, T Life-form of vascular plants and the climatic conditions of the Micronesian islands. Micronesica --- 3: Human disturbance of vegetation may cause confused speculation as to the original sequence of sera1 stages in plant succession towards climax vegetation. Hosokawa, T On the tropical rainforest conservation to be proposed in Micronesia, pp , in Planned Utilization - of - the --- Lowland Tropical Forests. 263 pp. Pacific Science Association Symposium, 1971, Cipayung, Bogor, Java. Recommends the conservation of mossy forests near summits of Mt. Nanarant and Mt. Niinioanii and near the top of Mt. Fenkol in Kusiae; of the Planchonella forests on uninhabited Palauan islands: of any remaining Campnosperma forests on Palau and pinape; a'nd of any Fe maining --- Terminalia carolinensis forests on Kusaie. Hough, F.O The Island.-- War: - The United States Marine Corps in the Pacific. 415 pp. Philadelphia and ~ew-~ork: 77 J.B. Lippincott Company. World War I1 destruction of vegetation on Pacific Islands, often as a direct or side-result of attempts to extricate opposing troops from fortified limestone caves, was accomplished with apparatus including portable one-man flamethrowers; napalm-throwers mounted on amphtracks (tracked landing vehicles) or on the turrets of tanks; and by attaching bulldozer blades to tanks and armored amphtracks (amphibious tanks) in order to clear operating positions. Hough, F.O The Assault on - Peleliu pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military operations on the vegetation of Peleliu. Hough, F.O. and J.A. Crown The -- Campaign - of -- New Britain. 220 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military, o~erations on the L vegetation of New Britain. Howard, R.A Hawaii - a botanical and horticultural opportunity. Garden Journal 12(6): Discusses landse and the need for preservation of natural areas in Hawaii. Howard, W.E Control - -- of - Introduced -- Mammals - in - New

71 Zealand pp. New Zealnnd DSIR, Information Series, No. 45. Unstable habitat conditions caused by introduced noxious animals such as sheep and deer in New Zealand are discussed, and should exemplify the repercussions awaiting similar ill-conceived introductions contemplated in the Pacific. Howarth, F.G Ecological Studies on Hawaiian Lava Tubes. 20 pp. Island Ecosystems IRP~IBP Hawaii, Technical Report No.16. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii he forest overlying-many of the caves -has been cut or removed, thus drastically altering the ecology of the caves beneath. Also, regrettably, the fields with the largest caves known on Kauai were covered to a depth of 5 meters by sugar cane bagasse (pressed cane-stem trash) and the caves are now gone and their fauna extinct. Howarth, F.G The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes, 1. 1rl.t reduction. Pacific Insects 15(1): The forest over the tube of Kazumura Cave (Island of Hawaii), one of the largest known lava tubes in the world, has recently Seen altered by fire and cutting for a housing subdivision and is now a swamw savanna with ~etrosideros trees. Many of the tree ro6-s are dead but still hang from the ceiling of the cave. Significance: Tree roots dangling in cave-air function to supply food and form pathways for percolation of organically rich water which supports life of cave organisms Howe, K.R Where the Waves Fall: A New South Sea Islands Histo9 From First Settlement to Colonial Rule We---- Includes detailed consideration of the Melanesian sandalwood trade from 1840's to end. Hoyle, M.A Forestry and conservation in the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. Tigerpaper 5(2): Interactions of forest management and conservation practices. Hughes, P.J. and G. Hope Prehistoric man- induced degradation of the Lakeba landscape: evidence from two inland swamps Unesco/UNFPA -- Fiji Island -- Reports Canberra: Australian National University. Lakeba I. is in the Lau group of the Fiji Islands. Huguenin, B La vegetation des Iles Gambier: releve botanique des especes introduites. Cahiers - du Paci f ique l'8(2): Lists 200 plant species introduced in Mangareva I., western Polynesia.

72 Hunt, P.F Orchids of the Solomon Islands. Philosophical Transactions Ro a1 Societ B255: Some of the coastal orchi r-5- s o Koloom angara I. in the Solomon Is. were brought from New Georgia and Giza by the native Melanesians and Gilbertese. This activity of collecting orchids and then cultivating them somewhere else could possibly affect future understanding of the true pattern of island orchid endemism in the area. A similar concern for the possible mix-up in geographical ranges resulting from human introduction of a plant is evidenced by the note on the palm Pela odoxa henr ana Beccari by E.J.H. Corner, -- loc. cit I?- Hurlimann, H Etude sur la structure des forets de la Nouvelle-Caledonie: Experiences et propositions. & - Melan. n.s. 5(7): Includes considerations of plant conservation in New Caledonia. Hurlimann, H. 1959a. Naturschutzbestrebungen - in Pazifik. wweizer Naturschutz 4: nFiKE Estory of vegetation disturbance in Pacific islands, and specifically relates the threat of inundation in the Plaine des Lacs, New Caledonia. I-Iurlimann, H. 1959b. Need for a conservation park in New Caledonia. Proc Ninth Pacific Science Congress : 50. A proposenarge hydroelectric project to create artificial lakes would inundate most flat and swampy areas of the Plaine de Yate and Plaine des Lacs in New Caledonia. This process would exterminate the serpentine endemics, especially Podocarpus palustris, Dacrydium - guillauminii, and perhaps also Libocedrus -- yateensis. Hurlimann, H Un parc de conservation botanique en Nouvelle-Caledonie. -- Jour. Soc. Oceanistes 16: Transplantation of threatened New Caledonian plants has been attempted. Iltis, H.H Whose fight is the fight - for nature? Sierra Club -- Bulletin 52(9): Invokes the expression by Edgar Anderson, that "Taxonomists are mice hiding behind herbarium cases hating each other", in order to persuade taxonomists to reject irresponsibly arrogant attitudes towards plant conservation. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA). 1982a. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Dublin, Ired: Tycooly Internationai-Publishing Ltd.

73 Discusses (pp. World Heritage ) the Site. Galapagos National Park and IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA). 1982b. - The World's Greatest Natural Areas: An Indicative Inventory - of Natural Sites - of World ~eritage Quality. 70 pp. Universal significance of 220 sites around the world is described, including: Marine lakes of Palau (Republic of Belau), Village of Nan Mad01 (Caroline Islands), Nui National Park (Chile), Island of Tahiti (Fra,"Pes: Rennell Island (Solomon Islands), Savo Island (Solomon Islands), Kulambangara Island (Solomon Islands), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (USA), Le Pupu-Pue National Park (Western Samoa), Lord Howe Island, Juan Fernandez National Park (Chile), and Galapagos National Park (Ecuador). IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1983a(3 January). List of Hawaiian Threatened and Endemic Plants Recorded in Cultivation. 12 pp. Royaliotanic Gar= Kew, ~n~land. In addition to this Hawaiian list, the CMC has prepared lists for the Galapagos and Juan Fernandez Islands (1984). IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1983b. Background Notes on the ~awaiian Flora. 4 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, K ex Eland. Includes data on main threats to the flora, conservation measures taken, and lists of parks, refuges, and botanical gardens of relevance to plant conservation in Hawaii. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC) The Botanic Gardens List --p of Rare and Threatened Species of the - Hawaiian ~ ~ l a x Botanic. Gardens Conservatior 5 orainating Body Report No pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Lists 274 rare and threatened Hawaiian endemic plants in cultivation in Hawaiian botanical gardens and other gardens throughout the world. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1986a (3 April). --- List of CCAL References - for Pacific. 10 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. This unpublished computer-generated list contains many references to articles published in the Federal Register and the Endan ered S ecies Technical Bulletin concerning p r o p o s e d d ~ i A y ~ s t eendangered d and threatened plant species of Hawaii and elsewhere in the American Pacific. Updated lists are produced upon request to CMC. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1986b. The -

74 Plant Sites --- Red Data Book. 48 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. outline of a book-concept from the Threatened Plants Unit, containing paragraphs describing candidate plant conservation localities in Hawaii, Galapagos, Juan Fernandez Is., Fi j i, New Caledonia, Marquesas, Rapa (Austral 1, and Western Caroline Is. Jacobi, J.D Vegetation Map --- of the Kau Forest Reserve and Adjacent Lands, island - of Hawaii. 1 sheet. ~esource~llet in PSW-16. Berkeley. California: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range ~x~eriment Station. This map outlines areas of "introduced shrub-dominated community", often with a disturbed understory dominated by Psidium cattleianum (guava). Jacobi, J.D Vegetation Changes - in - a Subalpine Grassland in Hawaii Following Disturbance & Feral Pigs. 23 pp. cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical Report 41. University of Hawaii at Manoa. In Haleakala National Park, native and introduced plant species competed equally for areas uprooted by pigs. Jacobs, M. and T.J.J. de Boo Conservation Literature on Indonesia: Selected Annotated Bibliogra- phy. 274 pp.-~eiden, The ether lands: Ri jksherbarium. Comprises references to literature on all aspects of conservation in Indonesia. Geographical coverage includes Papua New Guinea, and thus of interest regarding the adjacent Bismarck Archipelago. Jenkin, R.N. and M.A. Foale An investigation, -- of the Coconut-Growing Potential of ~hrizmas Island. Volume 1. The Environment and the-plantations. 123 pp. ~ a n i Resource Study No. 4. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey, England. Christmas Island, in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, had an almost complete lack of trees for natural reasons before coconuts were planted. "the exception being the occurrence of a f6w buka- trees, Piionia randis, on Motu Tabu and near the South-East Point, k$i- the latter were virtually destroyed by the 1957 atomic test." It is also observed that recent clearing - for coconut planting has largely destroyed the Messerschmidia argentea - Sida fallax association. Jenkins, D.W At last, a brighter outlook for endangered plants. National Parks and Conservation Magazine 49(1): Includes discussion and photos of endangered Hawaiian plant species, e.g. Hibiscus kahilii. Jenkins, D.W. and E.S. Ayensu One-tenth of our

75 plant species may not survive. Smithsonian 5(10): Includes discussion of several endannered Hawaiian plants, e.g. Rollandia and ~r~yroxi~hiumr Jenkins, J.T Bibliography of whaling. Journal Society -- for the Bibliography - of Natural History Whalers were sometimes the first non- indigenous people to variously discover, describe, explore, exploit, or adversely impact certain remoter Pacific islands. Johannes, R.E The value today of islanders1 traditional knowledge - of their natural resources. Pandanus Periodical 7: 3 pp. Traditional knowledne of wise land use and of medicinal herbs is being lost, and Pacific islanders should be encouraged to retain such knowledge. Johnson. C.G.. Alvis. R.J. and R.L. Hetzler ~ilitaiy ~eoio~y of Islands, Caroline Islands. 164 pp. ~okyo: H.Q. ~ ~ A r mpacific. y "Southernmost Yap Island was once cleared by the Japanese and planted to gardens and (citrus) orchards. This area has been lying fallow since 1945 and the whole area is grown over by low 'brush and very dense stands of tall grass (Ischaemum muticum L.) and weeds." Johnson, M.P. and P.H. Raven Species number and endemism: the Galapagos Archipelago revisited. Science 179: Includes explanation of patterns of plant endemism among the 29 Galapagos islands. Johnson. S.P Palau: conservation frontier of the ~acif k. National Parks and Conservation Magazine 46(4): Describes efforts to protect Palau's ecosystem, threats to which include brush fires, soil erosion, and phosphate mining. Johnston, E.G A review of literature on native medicine in Micronesia with em hasis on Guam and the Mariana Islands. Guam Recorder 5? 2): Includes articles on 'role of traditional medicinal plants in health-delivery systems of various islands. Johnston, W.B The Cook Islands. Journal - of Tropical Geography 13: "Few remnants of the original tropical rain forest have survived and, even in the interior, the larger forest members have been milled for building material and for boxwood." Josiah, S.J Guam's badlands. Glimpses - of Micronesia

76 23(2): "Overgrazing by livestock, bulldozing and recreational vehicles are speeding up the erosion process." Judd. C.S Kah.oolawe. - pp. * in Thrum. T.G.. coipiler, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual -- for ~onolulu; Hawaii: T.G. Thrum. Relates the history of vegetation destruction by feral animals on Kahoolawe Island. Judd, C.S Hawaiian forests and trails. or ester and Agriculturist 18: Hawaiian Seeds of Pas alum conjugatum grass were accidentally introduce plants have invaded forests. Judd, C.S Honolulu water shed protec Hawaiian or ester and Agriculturist 19: Hawaiian wet forests are very susce~tible structive influences that retard their'utilit'y as a useful watershed. Judd. C.S. 1927a. The natural resources of the Hawaiian foiest regions and their conservation. Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist 24(2): Includes history of sandalwood ex~loitation. and effects of sugarcane cultivation and cattle grazing: Judd, C.S. 1927b. Factors deleterious to the Hawaiian forest. Hawaiian Forester - and Agriculturist 24(2): 47-53; B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 12: Discusses deforestation of Oahu watershed by overgrazing. On the island of Hawaii, land cleared for coffee and subsequently abandoned is occupied by invasive Hilo grass. Judd, C.S. 1927c. Hawaiian forest regions and their conservation. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 13: 9. "The damage done to the forests during the period of the sandalwood trade and by the cattle which were allowed to run wild, together with the clearing and cultivation of large tracts of land, have reduced the forests to a point where they are not even adequate to protect our water supply." Judd, C.S. 1927d. Bamboo against staghorn fern. Hawaiian Forester and --- Agriculturist 24(2): Bamboo mmbusa vulgaris) which was planted in a e or.st tion experiment on Maui where natural forest f;a5 cfiet out, has displaced invasive staghorn fern (~leichenia linearis) in some places. Judd, C.S Growing sandalwood in the Territory of Hawaii. Journal - of Forestry 34(1): 2 pp.

77 Native species of sandalwood, once largely extirpated for trade, are increasing in population size due to protection from scorching fires and grazing animals. Judd, C.S Staghorn fe rn invasion. - B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 31: 8-9. "Althou h the uluhi or st aghorn fern (Gleichenia ---- C-----rlinearisf makes a-fa3 cover for water conservation, it has two undesirable aualiti es. It invades the native forest with a dense mat which prevents natural reproduction, and in dry seasons this mat presents a serious fire menace." Judd, C.S Forest resources of the Territory of Hawaii, U.S.A. Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: Along dry seashores is found the a1 aroba forest type, comprising introduced Prosopis juli?p-- lora which has run wild on 100,000 acres, and is interspersed with plants such as the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia). Juvik, J.O. and S.P. Juvik Mauna Kea and the myth of multiple use, endangered species and mountain management in Hawaii. Mountain Res. Devel. 4(3): Considerations for effective use of natural resources of the Hawaiian mountainous areas. Kalkman, C., ed People unite against Unilever. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 36: "The people of North New Georgia, Solomon Islands, have become aware of the damage a large timber operator like Levers Pacific can do to their forests." Karasik, G Smiley Ratliffe: some men are islands. Islands 4(5): An excursion into the mentality of an individual who proposed to acquire rights to Henderson Island for partial clearance and settlement. Kastadalen, A Changes in the biology of Santa Cruz Island between 1935 and Noticias - de Galapagos 35: Regarding introduced plants, it is noted that avocados (Persea americana) crowd out all native vegetation where they become established, and so do Hibiscus tiliaceus and Eugenia jambos. Kawamura, K., Tanaka, T. and T. Inagaki On the soils of the Saipan, Tenian, and Rota Islands, Marianas. Part I and 11. Jour Sci. Soil and Manure 14: (Translation by U.S. Geological Survey, 1949). Includes data on changes in soil conditions after deforestation.

78 Kay, E.A Hawaiian natural history: , pp , in Kay, E.A., ed., A Natural History -- of the Hawaiian Islands - Selected ~2adings. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of ~awa<i Press. Includes much useful background information on Hawaiian environment. Keast, A Australia -- and the Pacific Islands - - A Natural Histor. New York: Random House. Chapter d H a w a i i, Tahiti, Society Is., Samoa, Tonga, Marquesas; Chapter 11 on atolls such as Bora Bora, Tuamotu; Chapter 12 on Melanesia and Lord Howe Island. Keck, C.B Visit to Eniwetok. Proc. Hawaiian Entomological Society 16: 188. So much of Eniwetokls topsoil was removed during World War I1 that even ants are absent from the land. Kemf, E The Galapagos fire: 50 years1 damage. World Wildlife -- Fund News 37: 8. During the 3-month long fire on Isabela Island, the introduced pest tree, guava (Psidium guajava), contributed to the massive forest destruction in a curious way: "Fire burning in these trees often advanced against the wind because the oil in the plants ignited rapidly and spread destruction to surrounding vegetation." Kenchington, R Coral-reef ecosystems: a sustainable resource. Nature and Resources 21(2): Reef animal species suffer indirectly through "landbased events such as deforestation." Kikukawa, H.H. and R.K. LeBarron Ohia-lehua. Aloha - Aina 2(2): Metrosideros collina (ohia-lehua) and koa forests have been destroyed by cattle grazing in some areas of the Hawaiian Islands. Kimura, B.Y. and K.M. Nagata Hawaii's Vanishing Flora. 88 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Oriental Publishing Co. Colored photos and detailed status coverage of 56 official and candidate endangered and threatened species, including at least one literature reference for each treated plant. King, J Hawaii's wildlife - legacy and stewardship. - ~ - ~lepaio 38(11): Mentions detrimental effects of goats, farming, and weedy Clidemia and Passiflora on native ecosystems. King, W Hawaii: haven for endangered species? National Parks and Conservation Ma azine 45(10): Indigenousawaiian vegetation h o ry and forests was

79 sequentially ravaged and denuded by grazing and browsing introduced mammals, then by European settlers who indiscriminately cleared land for sugarcane and pineapple plantations, then by cattle which were encouraged to enter the forests, and then followed by goats eating everything within reach. King, W.B Conservation status of Central Pacific islands. Wilson Bulletin 85: Includes information of interest to vegetational status in various islands. Kinnane, J People of Pitcairn. Oceans 16(5): Notes that feral "goats... are a nuisance because they crop the vegetation too close and cause erosion.ll Kira, T., Ogawa, H. and K. Yoda Some unsolved problems in tropical forest ecology. Proc. Ninth Pacific Science Congress 4: With data included from Ryukyus, it is shown that an unavoidable limitation is imposed upon temperate zone methods of agriculture when they are employed under tropical climatic regimes. Implications of this observation regarding the fall in productivity (ecosystem metabolism) caused by forest destruction are discussed. Kirch, P.V Polynesian prehistory: cultural adaptation in island ecosystems. -- American Scientist 68(1): Notes that prehistoric Polynesian burning of forest cover and similar sequences of forest destruction due to Polynesian agriculture have a cumulative effect in transforming the landscape of Polynesian islands. Kirch, P.V. 1982a. Transported landscapes. Natural History 91112): "Both thg purposeful and the inadvertent introductions to Hawaii of a range of competitive species by the Polynesians provide a classic example of what the botanist Edgar Anderson called I1man1s transported landscapesll. Not only did the Polynesians surround themselves with an imported flora and fauna; they also undertook to actively modify and manipulate their insular environment according to cultural concepts that they had inherited from their ancestors in the South Pacific and, ultimately, Southeast Asia." Kirch, P.V. 1982b. Ecology and the adaptation of Polynesian agricultural systems. Archaeol. Oceania 17: 1-6. On Mangareva, Easter Island, and Kahoolawe, environmental degradation, often through radical reduction of forest, shrub and grassland communities, led to various innovations in agricultural techniques and other

80 forms of repercussion. Kirch, P.V. 1982c. The impact of the prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian ecosystem. Pacific Science 36(1): Polynesian impact was greater than heretofore realized. "The cumulative effects of forest clearance and habitat modification through the use of fire led to major changes in lowland ecology." Includes long, excellent bibliography. Kirkpatrick, J.B. and D.C. Hassall Vegetation of the Sigatoka sand dunes, Fiji. -- New zealand-~ournal of Botany 19(3): The native closed-forest "formation has been drastically reduced in area by firing, cutting, grazing, and thk instability of the parabolic dune system in the highenergy coastal environment. The closed-forest may be eliminated if the present pattern of use of the area continues or if the full area of the dunes is used for mining of magnetite. Kluge, P.F. 1969a. The landscape of war. - Micronesian Re orter 17(1): h e n s i v e battle of Peleliu in the Palau Is., 1944, caused great damage to the landscape and vegetative cover, as shown by photos in this article. Kluge, P.F. 1969b. The beaches of Saipan. - Micronesian Reporter 17(2): Includes specifications as to which Sai an beaches are not yet overgrown with tangantangan weel-trees, or littered with tourist garbage. Kluge, P.F. 1969c. Tinian: island in waiting. Micronesian Re orter 17(3): h m i c bombs which destroyed the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in f945 originated from the loading pits of Tinian, a coral island in the Marianas. For such purposes, Tinian had been largely transformed into an aircraft staging ground by the Seabees. At present, those roads and runways are choked with weeds, sharing the land with ranched cattle and pigs. Kluge, P.F Palau: problems in the Pacific. Smithsonian 17(6): Includes a substantial discussion of current environmental pressures on Palau. Knapp, R Vegetation of the Hawaiian Islands. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 14(5): Includes discussion of changes in the vegetation since the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands by Europeans, and of 8 types of plant communities developed as a conse-

81 quence of those changes. Knibb, D Pioneer project in the Pacific. American Forests 90(10): 39-40, Teak on Savaii. Kobavashi. H.K Present status of the ahinahina or siivershord, Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC. on Haleakala, Maui. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 12(4): About 40,000 individuals of this plant are present, and the population is impacted by insect larval damage to seeds, vandalism by visitors, and goat browsing. See 0. Degener, op. cit. 13(1): 1-2 (1974) for related data. Kobayashi, H.K Preliminary investigations on insects affecting the reproductive stage of the silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC., Compositae), Haleakala Crater, Maui, Hawaii. Proc. Hawaii -- Ent. Soc. 21(3): Insect larvae destroy the plant's seeds. Kochi, J.S Objectives and importance of conservation. Atoll Research Bulletin 148: Lists eleven ways to enrich the natural resources of Palau. Koford, C.B Economic resources of the Galapagos Islands, pp , in Bowman, R.I., ed., The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. Discusses introduced animals of Galapagos. Konishi, T., Kondo, N. and A. Yoshida Kokia cookei: extinction or survival? Notes Waimea Arboretum 6(1): 2-5. Efforts to save endangeredawaiian malvaceous plant. Koopowitz, H. and H. Kaye Plant Extinction: -- A Global Crisis. 239 pp. Washington, D.C.: Stone Wall Press, Inc. Seed banks could be employed to save Hawaiian and other Pacific plant species. Kores, P A review of the literature on Hawaiian orchids. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 18(3-5): Includes notes on the rare endemic Habenaria holochila. Kramer, P Wildlife conservation in the Galapagos * - islands (Ecuador). Nature and Resources 9(4): Includes discussion a~icultural practices, introduced plants, and other problems of direct human pressure on vegetation.

82 Kramer, P Galapagos conservation: present position and future outlook. Noticias de Galapagos 22: 3-5. Three goats were introducedonto Isla Pinta in By 1971, more than 30,000 of their descendants had been exterminated by the Park Service. Kramer, P The Galapagos: islands under siege. Ambio 12(3-4): ~om~rehensive account of environmental disturbances in the Galapagos. Kramer, R We're botching conservation! Do you care? Ele aio 29(11): d e s discussion of effects of feral grazing animals on Hawaiian vegetation. Kroon. A.H Forestry in Western Samoa: a review. south Pacific Bulletin 3(3): Photos include clearing of forests, and of forest margin and areas of shifting cultivation being invaded by vines and secondary species. Kuroda, N Report on a trip to Mar,cus Island with notes on the birds. Pacific Science 8(1): The island is presently in a "totally disfigured" condition due to human intervention in the form of troop garrisons, etc. in World War 11. Kurrus, T Uncle Sam in paradise. Aloha 8(2): U.S. Navy destroyers will now limit their use of the island of Kahoolawe for target practice to a small section of the island, and the Navy has promised to affect repairs wherever damage was done to the terrain. The 5 principal branches of the U.S. Armed Services own or control over 260,000 acres of land on 6 Hawaiian islands, including 25 percent of the land on Oahu. Environmental and land-use conflicts between the services and civilians sometimes erupt. Kuschel, G Composition and relationship of the terrestrial faunas of Easter, Juan Fernandez, Desventuradas, and Galapagos Islands, pp , in Galapagos Islands: A Unique Area for Scientific Investigations. Occasional Papers California Academy - of Sciences, No. 44. Zoological article includes notes on impoverishment of the floras. Lal, P.N Environmental implications of coastal development in Fiji. Ambio 13(5-6): Negative impact may result unless proper precautions are taken on coastal Fiji.

83 Lamb, K.P. and J.L. Gressitt, eds Ecology and Conservation in Papua -- New Guinea. Pamphlet No. 2. Wau Ecology ~nstitze, Papua New Guinea. Of related interest to the Bismarck Archipelago. Lamoureux, C.H Botanical observations on Leeward ~awaiian atolls. Atoll Research Bulletin 79: On Kure Atoll, there are 4 types of area disturbed by weed invasion-s: margins of -roads and landing strip-; albatross runways; clearings around living quarters; and clearing around the radio tower. Lamoureux, C.H. 1963a. Vegetation of Laysan Proc. Hawaiian Academy of Science 37( ): 22. Introduction ofrabbits to La~san in 1903 caused the number of native higher plant species to drop from 25 in 1896, to 13 in 1911, to 4 in In 1923 the rabbits were exterminated, and a 1961 expedition found 17 native plant species on Laysan. Lamoureux, C.H. 1963b. The flora and vegetation of Laysan Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 97: Introduction of rabbits in 1903 resulted in their multiplying to consume most of the native vegetation, and to convert the island into a wasteland by 1923, when they finally succumbed to starvation. The island was then replanted, and the natural vegetation also recovered. Lamoureux. C.H The Leeward Hawaiian Islands. ~ewslettkr Hawaiian Botanical Society 3(2): Includes history of denudation and reverretation " of Laysan Island. Lamoureux, C.H Should the axis deer be introduced to the island of Hawaii? Elepaio 29(2): Opposes introduction of deer on aesthetic, recreational, economic, and scientific grounds. Lamoureux, C.H. 1973a. Plants, pp , in University of Hawaii (Department of Geography). Atlas - of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of Hawaii. ~ncludes considerations of rare plant conservation. Lamoureux, C.H. 1973b. Chapter 28. Conservation problems in Hawaii, pp , in Costin, A.B. and R.H. Groves, eds. (1973). The 7 major categories of problems are: land development; land clearing for roads and housing sites; 'beach "improvement" projects; water development projects; expansion of pasture lands; timber (native species replacement); and hunting. Lamoureux, C.H. 1976a. Trailside Plants - of -- Hawaii's

84 National Parks. 80 pp. Hawaii Natural History Association. "Lantana, originally brought to Hawaii as a garden ornamental in 1958, escaped from cultivation and has become a major pest(in agricultural and pasture lands) at elevations up to 4,000 feet." Lamoureux, C.H. 1976b. Endangered species in Hawaii, effect on other resource management: a response. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(1): Calls for integration of plant conservation concerns and good forest resource management practices. Lamoureux. C.H Unpublished manuscript. Status report dn Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewt. (~alvaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. ~ndangered plants of ~awaiian Islands. Lamoureux, C.H Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Mezoneuron kavaiense (Mann) Hdb. (Fabaceae); - Munroidendron ---- racemosum (Forbes) Sherff (Araliaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Landgraf, L.K Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa silversword: alive and perpetuating. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 3(4): Argyroxiphium - -- sandwicense is on Maui and Hawaii; - A. kauense only on Hawaii; and - A. caliginii only on Maui. Langlois, A.C Supplement to Palms -- of the World. 252 DD. Gainesville. Florida: university Presses of Florida. A A Discusses status of ~o~ulations.of the ~ alm Taveunia trichospadix ~urret on' rsland of Taveuni, ' ~i ji, "..~.when we arrived at Taveuni in 1966, the area below an elevation of 1,000 ft. (above which the coconut will not thrive) had been converted into one large coconut grove. This very considerable planting of coconut palms, involving the complete destruction of the native forest, evidently eliminated whatever stands of Taveunia that may have existed previously. What the planters did not do, the hogs and rats did, so that very reduced numbers of T. trichospadix are now confined to, and above, the cloud line." Lasseter, J.S. and C.R. Gunn Vicia menziesii Sprengel(Fabaceae1 - rediscovered: its taxonomic relationships. Pacific Science 33(1): Last collected in 1915 on island of Hawaii and regarded u as extinct until rediscovered in Lawcock, L Guam's young conservationists. Glimpses - of Micronesia 22(1): Helping to combat further degradation of the Guamanian

85 ecosystem. Lawesson, J.E Problems of plant protection in the Galapagos. Noticias de Galapagos 44: Problems include dtmage caused by introduced animals (goats, pigs, donkeys, cattle); rising demands of the human population for timber, which result in threats to stands of Piscidia carthagenensis; and spread of pernicious exotic plants such as guava, cinchona, lantana, avocado, and passion fruit, which variously affect the indigenous Miconia and Scalesia zones. Laycock, G Haunted sands of Laysan. Audubon 72(2): Mentions the almost total destruction of the vegetation by rabbits. LeBarron, R.K Eucalypts - in --- Hawaii: - A Survey of Practices and Research Programs. 24 pp. Pacific southwe= Forest and Range Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper No. 64. More than 100 species of Eucalyptus have been introduced into Hawaii. "Eucalypts excel many, although not all, other trees in Hawaii in their ability to overtop and quickly outgrow competing vegetation." LeBarron, R.K The program and objectives of the Hawaiian Division of Forestry. Elepaio 26(8): Contains statistics on land ownership, acreage and usage. LeBarron, R.K. Saving Hawaii's forests. Aloha Aina l(1): 7-8. Serious pests getting into forests include cattle, and blackberry vines which smother native vegetation. LeBarron. R.K. 1971a. A forester's ~oint of view. Aloha A Aina 2('2): Illustrates an exclosure to keep grazing animals away from the rare nalu tree, ~arden'ia-rems, -- in ~awaiiah Islands. LeBarron, R.K. 1971b. Kahoolawe. Aloha Aina 2(2): The Hawaiian island of Kahoolawels vegetation suffers from suppression and overgrazing by feral sheep and goats; deterioration from soil erosion; and use as a U.S. Navy bombing target. There is "unexplotied ordnance (ammunition) virtually all over the island." Lee, K.E Some soils of the British Solomon Islands protectorate. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society B255: "Indiscriminate burning of Santa Isabel and San Jorge has resulted in baring of the soil surface over

86 considerable areas, and loss of surface soil horizons by sheet and gully erosion." Lee believes the fires are set as a form of entertainment. Lee, M.A.B Distribution of + native and invader plant species of the island of Guam. Biotro ica 6(3): "The type of invading species an the organization of native species into communities appear to be important factors in the success of plant invasion." Leigh, J., Briggs, J. and W. Hartley Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. Canberra, Australia: Parks and Wildlife Service. Includes lists of 69 species of endemic flowering plants and ferns for Lord Howe I. and 49 species for Norfolk and Philip I. Levathes, L.E Kamehameha - Hawaii's warrior king. National Geographic 164(5): Describes some land-use problems. Lever, R.J.A.W Distribution of fauna species in Oceania. Fiji Society of Science - and Industry 3: Contains mention of goats being introduced to Henderson Island. Lever, R.J.A.W Savo, British Solomon Islands Protectorate. South Pacific Bulletin 14(3): "Primary jungle is now found only some distance inland from the villages, which are all situated on the coast and linked by a passable road." Levine, J Islands of life. National Wildlife 22(3): Concerns the volcanic coasts of Hawaiian Islands. Lewin, R Galapagos: the endangered islands. -- New Scientist 79(1112): The threat of ecological disaster now hangs - over the islands as a result Gf human colonization. Libby, K The promised voyage. Micronesian Reporter 17(1): Pictorials on the devastated landscape and obliterated vegetation of Bikini Atoll when Bikini was recolonized affer radioactivity levels subsided in Liem, D Wildlife utilisation in the proposed Wildlife Management Area, pp , in Winslow, ed., The Melanesian Environment. 562 pp. Canberra: tralian National University Press. The study area is on the north coast of West Britain. "It must be remembered that with Garu J.H., Aus - New the

87 disappearance of the forest stands, the wildlife protein supply, minor forest products (rattan) and other forest plants utilised for social, cultural or medicinal purposes will also be lost or considerably reduced." Lindsey, R Hawaii issue: how much tourism is too mu~h?~ The New York Times, 13 March 1986: A10. ~nvironmentalists o n e Big Island of Hawaii have lost a court complaint in which it was asserted that the construction of a $360 million hotel complex featuring tramways and Venetian-style canals and gondolas, would tend to unfavorably alter the natural environment. Linge, T Un jeune biologiste americain se preoccupe de la sauvegarde de la vegetation dlorigine. - La Depeche (newspaper), p. 23. Interview with Gustav Paulay regarding his plant conservation efforts on the island of Rurutu, French Polynesia. Linklater, E The Voyage -- of the Challenger. 288 pp. London: Sphere Books Ltd. At the time of the voyage of the Challenger in , no trees were found below an elevation of 700 feet on Juan Fernandez I., since all trees originally growing up to that altitude had previously been cut down to provide fuel. Linney, + G.K Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Alectr on macrococcus Radlk. (Sapindaceae); Dr etes phyllant oi es (Rock) Sherff (Euphorbiaceae). Was T;-YE-- ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Little, E.L., Jr Native trees of Hawaii. American Forests 75(2): 16-17, Includes trees of plant communities which are being impacted by habitat-alteration. Little, H.P The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's endangered forest and bird project, pp , in McNeely, J.A. and K.R. Miller, eds., National Parks Conservation, - and Development: --- The Role of ~ r o t e c t e d ~ ~ - in Sustaining Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Concerns endangered bird species whose habitats are endangered due to "biological dismemberment" of the ecosystem by man. Lo,dge, O.R The ---- Reca~ture of ---- Guam. 214 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Includes photographs of effects of World War I1 military operations on the vegetation.

88 Long, Senator O.E Sheep destruction of woodland. Bulletin Conservation Council for Hawaii l(2): 4. Forests on the upper slopes-a Kea are being destroyed by feral sheep. Includes statistics on sheep population increase. Loope, L.L. and C.P. Stone Introduced vs. native species in Hawaii, a search for solutions to problems of island biosphere reserves, pp , in Unesco/UNEP. Conservation, Science and Societ Paris. Exploration of a perennial -4 pro lem in Hawaiian plant habitat conservation. Lowry, J.B Phytochemical prospecting and conservation of lowland tropical rainforest, pp , in Planned Utilization - of - the --- Lowland Tropical Forests. Pacific Science Association Symposium, 1971, Cipayung, Bogor, Java. 263 pp. A plant's "secondary metabolites" or "natural products" may provide important starting materials for the manufacture of chemical compounds useful to man. Examples from Dacr dium (~odocar~aceae) and Connaroisis --- (oxaiih~~&3~~ included. Lucas, G Deux cas remarquables de taxa menaces: Cyprinodontinae nord-africains, Araucaria neo-caledoniens. --- C. R. Soc. Biogeographie 56(489): Intensification of destruction and ex~loitation of lateritic soils in New Caledonia for nickgl mining would increasingly threaten the several Araucaria species occurring there. Lucas, G. L. and H. Synge, compilers The IUCN Plant - Red Data Book. 540 pp. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN. ~ncludes data on status i~?_ the wild, in cultivation, and in protected areas, of numerous endangered and vulnerable plant species native to the Pacific islands, e.g., species from Lord Howe I., Gambier Is., Hawaiian Is., Henderson I., Juan Fernandez Is., Guam, Easter I., Marquesas, New Caledonia, Philip I., and Fiji Is. Lucas, S.A Recent introductions of ornamental value. Bull. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden ll(1): Includes young plants of Sophora toromiro (Leguminosae), an Easter Island endemic which is extinct in the wild due to the introduction of sheep to the island. Lyon, H.L The forests of Hawaii. Hawaiian -- P1. Rec. 18: Observations on Hawaiian forest destruction. Lyon, H.L Some observations on the forest problem of Hawaii. Hawaiian -- P1. Rec. 21:

89 Problems associated with Hawaiian reforestation are noted. Lyon, H.L Hawaiian forests. Hawaiian For. Agr. 19: Discusses vegetation dynamics of Hawaii and invasion of Paspalum con jugatum grass. Lyon, H.L Botany in Hawaii. -- B. P. Bishop --- Museum S ecial Publication 12: ?a- n icates the reasons why Hawaiian forests are extremely sensitive to invasion by stock. Lyon, H.L Forestry on Oahu. Hawaiian For. Agr. 26: Problems involving re-establishment of forests on watersheds of Oahu are discussed. MacCaughey, V The Hawaiian sumach. Torreya 18: This lowland plant is being reduced by competition from introduced plants. MacCaughey, V History of botanical exploration in Hawaii. Hawaiian For. A r. 15: , , (1918); 16: 25-28, -"r ). In 31 brief chavters. the author mentions. where appropriate, "the *original introductions of the- grazing animals which have been the most influential single factor in the alteration of the Hawaiian vegetation.ll MacDaniels. L.H A study of the feli banana and its distribution with reference *to Polynesian migrations. - B. - P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 190: Among the causes of disappearance of wild feli banana strains from some Tahitian valleys: the feli are eaten by wild cattle and hogs; the plants are smothered by weeds such as Lantana and wild morning-glory. MacDaniels, L.H New Caledonia: a warning. Cornell Plantations 8: Grasslands and forests are subjected to uncontrolled burning, causing disaster to the vegetation. Mack. J Hawaii's first natural area reserve. ~eienders 50(6): Concerning Ahihi-Kinau reserve on Maui. Mackensen, G. and D. Hinrichsen A llnewll South Pacific. Ambio 13(5-6): Contains good background material for understanding present conditions in the Pacific. Mangenot, G The effects of man on the plant world,

90 pp , in Fosberg, F.R., ed. (1963). Includes discussion by H.M. Johnson which mentions disturbance problems of Hawaiian vegetation. Mann, H Denudation on the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. Boston Societ Natural Histor 10: General 4 o servations on -I-+' t reats to native vegetation. Manner, H.I., Thaman, R.R. and D.C. Hassall phosphate mining induced vegetation changes on Nauru Island. Ecology 65(5): Analysis of the extent to which vegetation has been established on the disturbed open-pit phosphate-mined areas of Nauru. Maranos. - - J.E. and M.E. Elliott Coastal resource inventories in Hawaii, Samoa and Micronesia. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, 1985): 235. (Abstract) Inventories provide baseline data to develop resource conservation plans. Marden, L I found the bones of the Bounty. National Geo ra hic 112(6): TEk&?iat Pitcairn Island is deforested. and that Pi tcai rners do their woodcutting on uninhabited Henderson Island. Marsh, J.A Book review of Scagel, R.F., ed., Mankind's Future -- in the Pacific (1975). Micronesica 15(1 6 2): Mentions the book's articles by I.M. Cowan on "Biota Pacifica , M. Strong on "Environment and man's future in the Pacific1'; W. Epstein on "The environmental impact of weapons use and testing." Marshall, A.G A start to nature conservation in the New Hebrides. Biological Conservation 5(1): Preliminary conservation efforts are discussed, with map. Reef I., the only atoll in the group, is a proposed nature reserve. Marshall, A.G. and Lord Medway A mangrove community in New Hebrides, South- West Pacific. Biological Journal Linnean Society 8(4): Notes human alteration of mangrove vegetation by planting coconuts, etc. at Port Stanley, Malekula, New Hebrides. Marshall, C. 1949a (~eprinted 1966). Report on Forestry. in - the Trust Territory -- of the Pacific 1slands.34 pp. ~cientific Investigations in Micronesia, SIM Report No. 14. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: Division of Land Management, Department of Resources and Development.

91 Includes examples to follow up the statement that "With the coming of Euro-Asiatic Iron-Age culture, the natives (in high Pacific islands) were suddenly enabled to attack the forest and destroy their land and soil almost as efficiently as the people of the Middle East, the Nile Valley, the Mediterranean, India, China and America have destroyed the natural resources of their lands." Marshall, C. 1949b. Forestry problems of the South Pacific. Agricult. Journal (Fiji) 20(4): 1-7. Includes description of forest degradation in Fiji Is. Marshall, C Forestry problems of the South Pacific. Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Congress 6: A well-rounded account with plea to respect ecological stability of forest ecosystems, emphasizing Fijian conditions. Marshall, C Forestry, conservation and land tenure in Southeast Asia and the-pacific. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Con ress It is a h t'hat, at the time (1953), a cause of bitter political criticism was the refusal of the British administration in Fiji to permit the more astute immigrant businessmen of Europe, India and China to acquire the right to destroy land. Marshall, D Ralivavae - "High Island". Pacific Discovery 14(2): 2-8. Includes an interpretation of the vegetation disturbance his tory of Ralivavae in Polynesia. Mason, L Socioeconomic development and ecosystem integrity in American-controlled Pacific Island locations, pp , in Byrne, J.E.? ed. (1979). Includes discussion of disruptive activities and their ecological effects. Topics are typhoons and other natural disasters; changing subsistence technologies; commercial development of agriculture and fisheries; transportation facilities; tourism and industrial development; war; and urbanization. Massal, E. and 9. Barrau Some lesser-known Pacific food plants. South Pacific Bulletin 6(3): Hitherto underexploited native plants with seeming potential for wider utilization include Gnetum gnemon from the New Hebrides. Matsue, H Ten Year History - of South Sea Islands Ex loitation. 239 pp. Tokyo, Japan. (In Japanese). clearance of vegetation of Tinian and of sugar cane as a replacement, with photos. Matthiessen, P. and R. Wenkham Kipahulu - from

92 cinders to the sea. Audubon (May, 1970): 14 pp. Includes a plea to save the dense wilderness rainforests of the Kipahulu Valley on Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Maxwell, J Paniolos, the cowboys of Hawaii. Islands 5(4): In order to control the depredations of herds of wild cattle, John Palmer Parker was given an official land grant in 1847 by King Kamehameha I11 of Hawaii, to bring the cattle under domestication. Thus began the Parker Ranch, now the largest singly owned ranch in the United States, comprising 225,000 acres with 45,000 cattle. McClelland, C.K Grasses and Forest Plants of --- Hawaii. 43 pp. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment station Bulletin No. 36. "The cactus known as prickly pear, or panini (Opuntia sp.), is one of the important forage crops of Hawaii. On some ranches there are large areas fairly well covered with this plant. On Ulupalakua, for example, there are 2,000 acres; on the Haleakala Ranch 1,500 acres; on leeward Hawaii 10,000 acres." McCombs, P (March 15). Cousteau and the capture - of paradise. Washin ton Post : GI-G6. On Raoul m I Is.) there is a program to eradicate weedy plants, including buttercup, passionfruit and other species, which are taking over and strangling the indigenous plants. Thus far, 35,000 bcttercup plants have been dug out or treated. McCracken, R.J A preliminary report on the soils of Saipan, Mariana Islands. Pacific Science 7(3): "The original vegetation of Saipan... was greatly decimated by extensive clearing for sugar cane culture during the period of Japanese control." McGorum, P The trouble with tourists. Defenders 50(6): Includes an interview with the botanists Dr. and Mrs. 0. Degener of Hawaii. Tourists inadvertently introduce exotic plant species to the islands; they also bring increased incentives for developers to construct warrens to accommodate their future visits. McHarg, I.L Man: Planetary Disease. 28 pp. Washington, D.C.: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. We must learn to live in peaceful co-existence with the biota in our ecosystem. Mankind's predatory disposal of passive species would suggest that we are a persistent, contaminating, contagious and lethal parasite of the world's natural vegetation.

93 McHugh, D Recovering - the Galapagos. 3 pp. IUCN Feature Stories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Press Sevice. Santiago I. has 100,000 goats and 20,000 pigs, causing much destruction of natural vegetation. The recovery of Pinta I. after the annihilation of 40,000 goats has been marvelous, and erosion halted as well. McIntire, E.G Canton Island (Phoenix Islands). 42 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. "Nearly half of the land area of Canton Island has been disturbed by man and his activities during the last two decades... much of the area which has been disturbed remains bare of any vegetation." McIntire, E.G Hawaiian Islands, With Special Reference to Kaneohe Bay, Oahu* South Point Hawaiis Waimea ~istricc Kauai. 73 pp. Llbrarmochureprepaied for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. "Little natural vegetation is left on the lower slopes of the mountains in the southern and western parts of Kauai, since nearly all suitable land has been planted to sugar cane or pineapple." McKinney, J Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes: from the sublime to the ridiculous. Islands 3(2): Includes discussion of feral goat damage in Haleakala National Park (Maui), and undesirable exotic plants such as pine, gorse and thistle. McKinney, J Bombs away, Kahoolawe. Islands 5(1): 10. An Hawaiian environmentalist group claims that the 1985 RIMPAC maneuvers (shelling, anti - submarine, torpedo and counter-vessel activities) conducted near Kahoolawe by the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Japan, may have adversely impacted the environment which already suffers from uncontrolled devouring of vegetation by feral goats. The island's pristine reefs are said to be dying from the runoff of the eroded soil and ashes of explosives. McKinney, J Kauai: a journey through the Garden Isle. Islands 6(2): The Hawaiian island of Kauai attempts to achieve economic security through development, without destroying the fragile landscapes. Article discusses prospects of selling Kauai-grazed buffalo (bison) meat to Japan; also, mentions exotic trees of Waimea Canyon including California redwood, Australian Eucalyptus, and Japanese sugi pine.

94 ~ ~ ~ - McMakin, P.D Shoreline Erosion on Guam: A Position Paper. 4 pp., in Guam Coastal ~ana~ement Program Technical Reports, Vol. 11. Agana, Guam: Bureau of Planning. The practice of sand mining for construction, landfill and golf course purposes has degraded several beaches in terms of reduced ecological complexity, aesthetic appearance and recreational potential. McMichael, D.F. and F.H. Talbot Conservation of islands and coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef system, the islands of the Coral Sea, and Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands. Micronesica 5(2): Human impacts threaten the indigenous terrestrial floras on Norfolk and Lord Howe islands. McQueen, D.R Notes on the ecology of Nothofagus aequilateralis in New Caledonia. Tuatara 26(2): "Nothofaeus aeauilateralis is a tree of low to medium ~ altitude: in N ~ W ~aledonia. It does nit form extensive forests but is in isolated patches over a wide geographic range, suggesting fragmentation by maninduced fires." ~- Melville, R Endangered island floras, pp , in Bramwell, D., ed., Plants and Islands. London and New York: Academic Press. Contains examples of endangered plants from the Pacific Ocean islands. Menard, W To find Niihau. Oceans 15(5): On the privately owned and protected Hawaiian island of Niihau, the people are contented to live within the stabilizing requirements of their own population carrying capacity, as determined by water availability. Attempts to achieve sensible adjustment to prevailing environmental conditions could well be instituted in the more destitute semi-arid regions of the world. Merlin, M.M Woody vegetation in the upland region of Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Pacific Science 39(1): Although the indigenous coastal and lowland vegetation is absent or in a very disturbed condition, alteration of the native upland forest has been comparatively mild. Merrill, E.D Man's influence on the vegetation of Polynesia, with special reference to introduced s ecies Proc Sixth Pacific Science --- Congress : ; reprinted in Chronica Botanica lo(3-4): (1946). Guam was an important area for the introduction and spread of economic and weedy plants from various points abroad. Mid-Pacif ic Marine Laboratory Mid-Pacif ic Marine

95 Laboratory, Enewetak, Marshall Islands. 25 pp. Kaneohe, Hawaii: Mid-Pacific Marine Laboratory. Subsequent to World War I1 damage, "the (Enewetak) flora was further decimated by the 43 atomic events that took place during the U.S. test program." Milne, C.A. and M.D. Steward The inheritance of land rights in Laura, 45 pp., in Mason, L., ed,? The Laura Re ort. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. - Peopl&aura, a large village on Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands, recognise 25 categories of land ownership and acquisition. Efforts to exploit, or to preserve land for conservation purposes in this and similar communities, will have to take the existence of such categories into consideration. Milton, J.P Introduction: The islands and the meaning of diversity, pp , in Porter, E. and K. Brower, Galapagos ---- The Flow of Wildness, vol. 2: Prospect. 187 pp. San Francisco, New York, London: Sierra Club. Includes some discussion of effects of introduced animals and plants on the indigenous vegetation. Mitchell, F Mouflon sheep and Kau silversword. Notes Waimea Arboretum 8(1): 6. - "The mouflon shee~ introduced into Hawaii in 1973 have now become very noiiceable in the area of the Kau silversword on Mauna Loa, Hawaii." Mohlenbrock, R.H Where Have All The Wildflowers -- Gone? 239 pp. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., and London: Collier Macmillan. Includes discussion of such Hawaiian endangered plants as Kokia cookei, Lipochaeta venosa, and Vicia menziesii. Moir, W.W.G Objective Secured. 22 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaiian Botanical Gardens Foundation, Inc. Describes the background and struggles by the Hawaiian Botanical Gardens Foundation to secure a national charter for the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, among whose objects and purposes is: "to collect and cultivate tropical flora of every nature and origin and to preserve for the people of the United States species of tropical plant life threatened with extinction." Moldenke, H.N The vervains collected on the Galapagos Islands by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the "Beagle". Ph tolo ia 16(4): Notes that the _Y_ga intro uced Verbena litoralis "is now quite abundant in many parts of the island group and appears to be spreading in the manner of introduced "weeds"."

96 Montgomery, S Feral animals. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society ll(2): Surveys the concern over the impact of hooved animals on native Hawaiian vegetation. Moomaw, J.C. and M. Takahashi Vegetation on gibbistic soils in Hawaii. Journal Arnold Arboretum 41: Gibbistic soils of Kauai, which have high alumina and iron content, have long been exploited and therefore support very degraded plant communities on the acidic ground. Moore, D.M Human impact on island vegetation, pp , in Holzner, W., Werger, M.J.A. and I. Ikusima, eds., Man's Impact - on Vegetation. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Mentions Hawaiian Islands and New Caledonia. Discussion topics include levels of endemism, environmental stability, mechanical interference with plant cover, grazing animals, and alien plants. Moore, H.E Palm hunting around the world. IV. Lord Howe Island. Principes 10: This island is known for the endemic Belmore sentry ~ alm (Howea belmoreana, synonym: Kentia belmoreana) aad' the Forster sentry, or kentia, palm (Howea --- forsterana, synonym: Kentia forsterana). Moore, H.E. a new genus of Palmae- Arecoideae. liukiuensis on Ishigaki palms have probably grown from seedlings which remained after mature palms were cut for the "cabbage", or edible terminal bud, during World War 11. Moore, H.E Endangerment at the specific and generic levels in palms. Principes 23(2): Includes discussion of status of New Caledonian Pritchardiopsis and Fijian Neoveitchia. Moore, H.E. and N.W. Uhl The indigenous palms of New -~aledonia. Allertonia 3(5): Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi Beccari was rediscovered in 1980, having been presumed extinct because penal convicts detained at the Bay of Prony in the 1896's cut the plants for the edible palm "cabbage", and subsequent searches until 1980 were unsuccessful. Moore, P.H Guam's flora: rare ferns of Guam. Guam Rail 8(8): 5. On Guam, Cyathea lunulata "is in constant danger during the dry season, of being destroyed by fire except in the -

97 vicinity of Fena Lake where it is still protected by the Navy." Includes discussion of Angiopteris durvilleana. Moore. P.H Notes on the endangered - species of Guam. ~otes Waimea Arboretum 7(1): 14-16; followed by Daguio, C., Checklist of plants growing at Waimea Arboretum (1980) collected by P.H. Moore, -- loc. cit Only 4 adult trees of the endemic Serianthes nelsonii are known to exist on Guam, and the plant has been extirpated from Rota. Moore, P.H. and P.D. McMakin Plants - of -- Guam. 186 pp. University of Guam, Cooperative Extension Service. Coverage of topics includes erosion in the Savannah, and the effects of introduced mammals in limestone forests. Moore, P.H., Raulerson, L., Chernin, M. and P. McMakin Inventory - and Mapping of Wetland Vegetation - in Guam, Tinian and Saipan, Mariana Islands. Department of Biosciences. University of Guam. Species endangered in am include Lumni tzera li ttorea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Xylocarpus moluccensis, and Rhizophora mucronata. Moore. W.R Gilbert Islands in the wake of battle. ~ational Geographic 87: Includes photos of vegetation after invasion during World War I1 military operations in the Pacific Combat Theater. Morat, P. and J.-M. Veillon Contribution a la connaissance de la vegetation - et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Adansonia 3: Over large areas, forest vegetation destroyed by clearing and by fire is replaced by various types of secondary vegetation, including an unusual heath vegetation over certain repeatedly burned soil types. Motooka, P.S., Saiki, D.F., Plucknett, D.L., Younge, O.R. and R.E. Daehler Control of Hawaiian iunnle with aerially applied herbicide. -- Down to Earth 23(i): Efforts to eradicate exotic vegetation are discussed: some indigenous vegetation is ha;med in the process. Moverley, A.V Pitcairn Island: an economic survey. ~ransactions and Proceedings -- of The i - Society 4(3): On Pitcairn, "Deforestation is practically complete except for a small area on the northwest side, and timber is now not available locally for building houses and boats or even coffins." Mueller-Dombois, D Ecological relations in the alpine and subalpine vegetation of Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

98 Journal Indian Botanical Society 46(4): Grazing by cattle and goats, and uprooting by pigs with subsequent invasion by introduced grasses, has interfered with the original vegetation here. Mueller-Dombois, D., ed Island Ecosystems Stability and Evolution Subprogram. 1~~)mechnical Report No pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Includes coverage of every form of biological threat to the vegetation of Hawaii; excludes treatment of tourism effects. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1973a. Natural Area System Development -- for the Pacific Region, A Concept and Symposium. Island Ecosystems IRP/IBP ~awari. Technical Re~ort No pp. ~onolulu, Hawaii: unive;sity of ~awair. The concept and role of parks and ecological reserves in a Pacific natural area system is discussed. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1973b. A non-adapted vegetation interferes with water removal in a tro~ical rain forest area of Hawaii. Tro ical Ecology 14(1): '1-18. "The introduce Andro o on vir inicus grass causes damage to the a lan scape n y adds to the undesirable silting-up process in the Kaneohe Bay area on Oahu." Mueller-Dombois, D. 1973c Some -- As~ects of Island Ecosystems Analysis. Island Ecosystems IRP/IBP Hawaii, Technical Report No pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Varying degrees of impact, from mild to serious, are caused by different species of exotic grass invaders which replace native grasslands of Hawaii. Mueller-Dombois, D Chapter 7. The ohia dieback phenomenon in the Hawaiian rain forest, pp , in Cairns, J.9 ed The Recovery Process -- in ---- Damaged -- Ecos stems. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science &rs7 Inc. Trees already surviving under conditions of nutrient starvation may die from conditions of either iron toxicity or soil drought caused by varying extreme rainfall patterns. Mueller-Dombois, D Understanding Hawaiian forest ecosystems: the key to biological conservation, pp , in Mueller-Dombois, D., Bridges, K.W. and H.L. Carson, eds., Island Ecosystems: Biological Or anization in + Selected Hawaiian Communities. 583 pp. US IBP synthesis Series No. 15. StroXburg, Pennsylvania: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. A review of the complex and fragile ecosystem dynamics in the Hawaiian Islands.

99 Mueller-Dombois, D. 1983a. Canopy dieback and successional processes in Pacific forests. Pacific Science 37(4): "Massive tree (Metrosideros golymorpha) dieback has occurred periodically in the ~awaiian montane rain forest", and is a pattern and process sequence in primary succession. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1983b. Population death in Hawaiian plant communities: a causal theory and its successional significance. Tuexenia 3: See, also, related article in Phytocoenologia ll(1): (1983). Explanation of synchronized plant-group dying or dieback as a chain reaction process involving senescing cohorts and various triggering factors. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1984a. Ohi'a Dieback in Hawaii: 1984 Synthesis and ~Xi-caT Science Paper No pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Presents new research findings, new research needs, policy and management considerations. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1984b. Classification and mapping of plant communities: a review with emphasis on tropical vegetation, pp , in Woodwell, G.M., ed., The Role - of Terrestrial Vegetation -- in the Global Carbon Cycle: Measurement Remote Sensin John Wiley $ Sons, Ltd. Reviews metho~classi _fg ying and mapping terrestrial vegetation, with many examples from the island of Hawaii, having several main objectives including: (1) improved accuracy in estimating world phytomass, and (2) the monitoring of tropical forest loss. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1984c. Zum Baumgruppensterben in pazifischen Inselwaldern. Phytocoenologia 12(1): 1-8. Data on forest-stand dieback in some Pacific islands suggest it is a natural and recurring phenomenon in primary succession. Mueller-Dombois, D. and V.J. Krajina Comparison of east-flank vegetations on Mauna Eoa and Mauna Kea. w Hawaii. Proc. amposium - Recent Advances - in Tropicai Ecology 2: : On Mauna Kea the cattle are interfering - with the reproduction cycle of native koa, Acacia koa. Mueller-Dombois. D. and C.H. Lamoureux Soil - vegetation reiationships in Hawaiian kipukas. Pacific Science 21(2): Mentions need for precise measurements of damage in pigscarified vegetation. Mueller-Dombois, D. and G. Spatz The Influence - of

100 Feral --- Goats on the Lowland Vegetation in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Island Ecosystems IRP/IBP Hawaii, Technical Report No pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of ~awaif. See related aiticle, als-o, in ~h~tocoenolo~ia 3(1): 1-29 (1975). Impact of the grazing goats is dramatic in the coastal lowland of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, a concentration center for feral goats. Mull, M.E. 1975a. Comments on natural resources management plan. Elepaio 35(11): Concerning the goals of "re-establishing endemic plants in areas freed of destructive exotic mammals1', and related matters. Mull, M.E. 1975b. Comments on silversword planting project, Draft Environmental Assessment, June 1974 to Superintendent G. Bryan Harry, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, from Mae E. Mull, 31 July Elepaio 36(4): Since the two intentionally planted forms of Ar roxi hium sandwicence did not originally occur in the Park namely, the Haleakala silversword planted in , and the Mauna Kea silversword planted in 1973), it is recommended that the removal of "all existing silverswords in the Park is the only proposal consistent with the policy to re-establish rare endemic plants into their former range." Mull, M.E Feral sheep vs. the mamane ecosystem in the Mauna Kea Plan. ~ l e ~ a 38(5): i b Feral mammals are incompatible with native ecosystem components on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Mull, M.E Question: should wild sheep be allowed to roam free on Mauna Kea? Elepaio 38(10): 117. Presents evidence to reject, on ecological grounds, the notion of allowing sheep on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Mull, W.P Magnificent minutiae. Defenders 50(6): Concerns insects, spiders and other creepy-crawli es of Hawaii, noting that exotic organisms cause destruction of indigenous plants and animals. une, T.L. and J.W. Parham The Declared Noxious weeds of Fi'i and Their Control. 73 pp. Bulleti No. 31. Department& i A-.culture, Fiji. + ~ijian weeds include prickly pear cactus, 0 untia vulgaris: "The spread of prickly pear throughout t e world would never have been so extensive without the help of its greatest ally, man. These thoughtless criminals, or llcactus fans" present the biggest danger in its spread within the Colony.ll

101 Munro, G.C ~awaiian For. Agr. Re-establishment discussed. Windbreaks for wind eroded lands. 26: of plant cover on denuded Lanai is Munro, G.C Preserving the rare plants of Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 21: Mentions interesting plants worth saving in various -. habitats. Munro, G.C. 1952a. Revisiting the island of Lanai in Elepaio 12(10): Discusses status of some native rare plants, and introduced plants, as against the effects of grazing cattle, on Lanai (Hawaiian Islands). Munro, G.C. 1952b. Attempts to save the shoreside and dryland plants of Hawaii. Elepaio 13(1): 1-5. The earliest known attempt was made in 1918 by Harry and Frank Baldwin at Kanepuu, Hawaii, at the suggestion of Mr. Munrc. Munro, G.C. 1952c. Na Laau Hawaii. Elepaio 13(6): Discloses attempts to conserve areas of xerophytic or dryland forests in Hawaiian Islands made by the author, including transplanting of various species. ' Munro, G.C. 1955a. Preserving the rare plants of Hawaii. Elepaio 15(10): Includes plea to preserve a living collection of native Lobelioideae, including Cyanea ---, baldwinii a species represented by only one solitary tree in nature, on Lanai. Paper originally written in Munro, G.C. 1955b. Na Laau Hawaii. Elepaio 16(1): 1-2. Reports on growth of Erythrina sandwicensis and other suitable dryland Hawaiian endemics introduced into a preserve. Munro, G.C. 1957a. Na Laau Hawaii at the crossroads. Elepaio 18(5): Describes efforts to create and perpetuate a natural dryland area for endemic plants on the open country of Diamond Head. Several articles in successive issues of Elepaio indicate the species being grown by Mr. Munro in this sanctuary for native flora. Munro, G.C. 1957b. Fogdrip on Lanai watershed. Elepaio 17(7): 49. ~arrative of the introduction of Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria sp.) to the wet forest of Lanai, for purposes of intercepting fogdrip to recharge ground water.

102 Munro, G.C Axis deer on Molokai and Lanai, circa Elepaio 31(2): "It was partly on my suggestion that deer were taken to Lanai. I class that as the greatest mistake I made on that island." Murdock, G.P Human influences on the ecosystems of high islands of the tropical Pacific, pp , in Fosberg, F.R., ed. (1963). Notes-some examples of degree of man's influence on Pacific vegetation. Murthy, S.G Sandalwood: case study of a resource decline. Garden 9(1): Article concerns the decline of the tree in India, which is interesting to compare with the erstwhile sandalwood trade in Oceania. Muzik, K Dying coral reefs of the Ryukyu ~rchi~ela~o (Japan). 'pro;. Fifth International coral ~ ekf Congress (Tahiti, (Abstract) "Natural vegetation (of Okinawa Prefecture) has been extensively removed, for dams and pineapple fields. Riverbanks and shorelines have been paved with cement, leading to extreme loss of topsoil with every rainfall." Myers, N Conversion of Tropical -- Moist Forests. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nationz Academy of Sciences. Includes statistics of forest-felling in Melanesia. Myrhe, S.B Kahoolawe. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 9(4): Details the effects of introduced animals and plants on the indigenous vegetation of Kahoolawe, Hawaiian Islands. Nagata, K Hawaiian medicinal plants. Economic -- Botany 25(3): Describes uses made by traditional medical practitioners of Hawaiian healing. Nagata, K Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Achyranthes rotundata (Hdb.) St.John (Amaranthaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Nagata, - K Unpublished manuscript. Status report on 1sod-endrion hosaiae St.John (~iolaceae). D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Nanyo Cho (South Seas Government) Shashin Chyo (Photo Album of the South Sea pp. Palau. Nanyo Gunto - Islands). 90

103 Photos of Micronesian vegetation, useful for determining changes due to World War I1 military operations on various islands. At Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Orientalia, Japan). Nelson, R.E Silk-oak in Hawaii: -- Pest or Potential Timber? 5 pp. Pacific southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper No. 47. Grevillea iobusta from ~ust;alia is much planted by watershed managers in Hawaii for soil stabilization, but it is a vigorous, natural self-seeder which poses a threat to some grazing lands. Nelson, R.E A Look at the Forests of American Samoa. 14 pp. U.S. Forest Service, Research ~rte-tsw-53. Includes recommendations that watershed values in Samoan forested mountains must be protected and enhanced, and that the possible consequences of expanded agricultural activities should be carefully studied. Nelson, R.E Records -- and Maps of Forest Types in Hawaii. 22 pp. U.S. Forest Service ~ eszrce Bulletin PSF 8. Includes discussion of Hawaiian vegetation changes after the year 1788 due to timber harvesting, animals and insects, fire, and plant introductions. Nelson, R.E Hawaii's forest resource needs, production potentials, and constraints. Proc. Twelfth Pacific Science Con ress 1:118. (Abstract) Constraints to a-lt eve oping the productive capacity of forest-land to grow exbtic timber crops in ~awaii include the watershed value of unlogged forests and the preservation of native forests as natural ecosystems. Nelson, R.E. and E.M. Hornibrook Commercial Uses and Volume of Hawaiian Tree Fern. 10 pp. Pacific South west ores stand Range Experiment Station, Technical Paper 73. he Hawaiian tree ferns, 3 species of Cibotium (Dicksoniaceae), are now on Appendix I1 of C~T-E~-?~:J international trade in their parts and derivatives is monitored. Newell, L.A Demographics and mangrove resources in the Eastern Carolines. -- American Pacific Forestry --- News July 1986: 5-7. Discussion of presumed cumulative impact of economic activities on the mangrove forests of Moen (Truk agoo on) and Pohnpei. ''The pressures on Pohnpeils mangroves come from settlement, logging for sawtimber, cutting for fuelwood and craftwood, siltation from roadbuilding, dredging, and disturbance of upland forests."

104 Newhouse, J The energy budget of Takapoto, Tuamotu Archipelago, Cahiers - de ltindo-pacifique l(2): The tight energy budget on Takapoto is contravened by any act of plant resource exploitation within the vulnerable ecosystems, including the replacement of indigenous flora by coconut plantations. Newhouse, J Marine and terrestrial flora of atolls. -- C.R. SOC. Biogeographie 491: Includes remarks on introduced floras of Pacific atoll runways, where it is suspected that "a number of these plants arrived as seeds caught in the external seams of airplanes." Nicholson, E.M Draft check list of Pacific oceanic islands. Micronesica 5(2): Includes information on past and present land use, as well as status and scientific knowledge, of each Pacific island group. Nicholson, E.M. and G.L. Douglas Conservation of oceanic islands, pp , in IUCN Publications -- New Series, No. 17. IUCN Eleventh Texical Meeting, New Delhi 1969, Vol. I. Includes recommendations for the conservation of Palau Islands National Park, Bonin Is., Ryukyu Is., and Hawaiian wildlife reserve areas. Nicholson, E.M. and L.C. Eldredge, eds International Biological Programme Technical Meeting on Conservation of Pacific Islands held at Koror. Palau and Guam in November, Proceedings. ~icronesica 5(2): Relevant articles are separately cited. Niering, W.A Bioecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll Caroline Islands: Terrestrial ATP~C~S. 3 2 ~ + ~ 33. figs: SIM Report No. 22. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board, at ional Research council: Calophyllum inophyllum trees, whose wood is in high demand formaking saleable coconut grater handicrafts, are disappearing from the lagoon shore faster than they are being replaced. Niering, W.A Observations on Puluwat and Gaferut, Caroline Islands; with historical and climatic information on Gaferut Island by M.-H. Sachet. Atoll Research Bulletin 76: Includes description of Gaferut vegetation and speculation on the history of its alteration. diering, W.A Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands. Ecological Monographs 33: 131-

105 160. Man's impact on the vegetation includes selective clearing of the native undergrowth since many of the species are used in construction and in making utensils and handicrafts. Nisbet, I.C.T Pacific follies, or the ravishing of Hawaii. Technology Review 78: 8-9. Environmental alterations negatively affecting the Hawaiian Islands are discussed. Nishi, M An evaluation of Japanese agricultural and fishery developments in Micronesia during the Japanese Mandate 1914 to Micronesica 4(1): lla total of 238 fruits, vegetables, grasses, shrubs, and trees not previously found in the Islands were experimentally attempted for their agricultural promise." Nolan, R.S., McConnaughey, R.R. and C.R. Stearns Fishes inhabiting two small nuclear test craters at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Micronesica ll(2): Instructive for the visualization of landscape demolishment, showing aerial photos of two "smallf1 (354 feet, or 118 meters, in diameter) nuclear test craters on Runit (Yvonne) Island: Cactus Crater created by detonation May 1958, and Lacrosse Crater created by detonation April Norris, R The last interstate battle. Audubon 88(6): 46, Expresses concern for potential environmental damage which could be caused by construction of Interstate Highway H-3, connecting Kaneohe with Pearl Harbor, on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Numata, M Ecological background and conservation of Japanese islands. Micronesica 5(2): Discussion topics include the remarkably thorough disfigurement of the Bonin and Ryukyu island ecosystems by human activities. Obata, J Cultivating an "extinctlv species. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(2): Tetramolopium - - f iliforme -- (Composi tae) rediscovered on Oahu. Obata, + J.K. 1985a. Another noxious melastome? Oxyspora aniculata. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 24: 25- A large, regenerating population of 0. paniculata on Oahu, along the upper Lulumahu stream, seems to be displacing yet another noxious melastome, the Kosterls

106 curse (Clidemia hirta). Obata, J.K. 1985b. The declining forest cover of the Ko'olau summit. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 24: The changing, exotic vegetation lacks the fog interception capabilities of the stable, native Metrosideros tree cover. Obata. J.K The demise of + a s~ecies: Urera kaalae. ~ewkletter Hawaiian Botanical ~ocie't 25(2): This species is relegated to t e talus slopes in the Kunia ~ ts. of Oahu. ~gwaiian Islands. where threatening weeds in its habitat include ~assiklora, Schinus, ana Psidium. Obata, J.K. and C.W. Smith. Undated, unpublished manu;cript. Status report on Cyanea su~erba (~ham.)~ra~ (Campanulaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Oberhansley, F.R Some conservation problems in Hawaii ~ational Park. Proc. Seventh Pacific science Congress 4: Compares feral goats in the park to "hoofed locusts", notine also that when the n ark was established it inherrted a problem: "~n~lan~ed development of roads, trails, and structures designed for human convenience with little thought given to the preservation of the primeval wilderness resulted in unrestricted encroachment on the most vital parts of the area." Office of the Chief Engineer, General Headquarters, Army Forces, Pacific Engineers of the Southwest Paci- - f ic Volume VI: ~irf ielhani~ase -- Development. 533 pp. Southwest Pacific Area Army Forces, Pacific. In the Southwest Pacific Theater of Operations during World War 11, vegetation clearance for airfields was necessary. On Norfolk Island, 350 giant pines had to be removed from the airfield site. On Woodlark Island, more than 10,000 feet of over-all clearing was required to obtain the desired maximum glide angle for the aircraft. For construction of Mokerang airdrome on Los Negros Island (Admiralty 1, "the work consisted of clearing 1,100 acres, from which 18,000 coconut trees were removed, stripping 360,000 cubic yards of overburden, moving 172,000 cubic yards of coral in preparing the subgrade and surfacing." In general, "Clearing of airfield sites in the Southwest Pacific ranged from the comparatively simple mowing of thick kunai grass to the removal of extensive and heavy rain forests. Width of necessary clearing depended upon a number of factors, including height of trees and local conditions, such as

107 cross winds, obstructions, and direction of runway in regard to prevailing winds." Okutomi, H., et & Endemic flora and fauna, pp , in Okutomi, H., ed., Conservation Reports -- of the Minami - Iwoj ima Wilderness Area. 403 pp. Tokyo, Japan: Nature Conservation Bureau, Environment Agency of Japan. Concerns Volcano Island. Oliver, D.L Planning Micronesia's Future. 94 pp. Cambridge, Massachusetts: ~arvard University Press. Recognises that biological conservation programs should be instituted. Ono, M Speciation and distribution of Pittosporum in the Bonin Islands, pp. 7-17, in Hara, H., ed., Origin and Evolution of Diversity in Plants and Plant Communities. Tokyo. ~aran: ~cademictcientific Book Inc. I ' ~ncludes notes' on the endangered Pittosporum parvifolium of Chichijima, Bonin Islands. Ono, M., Kobayashi, S. and N. Kawakubo Present situation of endangered plant species in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. Ogasawara Research 12: A brief discussion of the history of the Bonin Islands is followed by a list of endangered plant species, with special attention given to some of the most critically endangered ones. Several causes of their precarious situation are discussed. Ord, W.M Preservation of plants and wildlife in Hawaii. Elepaio 22(10): Mourns the loss of the 1940 open hunting season for shooting feral animals. Otobed, D.O Conservation priorities in Micronesia, pp , in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., The Impact - of Urban Centers -- in the Pacific. 362 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Recognises importance of indigenous flora as a basic island resource. Owen, R.P Conservation is for everyone. Micronesian Reporter 26(3): The Rock Island Palm (Gulubia ~alauensis) is an endangered species whichis-attacke-rtii-partu by the sulphur-crestkd cockatoo, an introduced bird which chews through the crownshaft and topples it. Owen, R.P A conservation program for the Trust erri it or^. Micronesian Reporter 27(1): Recognises the ecological importance of plant species and asks for the creation of wildlife preserves and national parks.

108 Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program Preliminary Biolo ical Survey of Sand Island - Johnston Atoll. 136 e g t o n, D. C S3ZThsonian Ixstitution. "The role of man as an agent in plant introduction on Sand-Johnston Atol'l is emphasized by the fact that the man-created portion of Sand has almost twice the plant variety that the original portion has." Pacific Science Board Our Heritage -- in the Pacific. 13 pp. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. Unique document for sensing the immediacy of post-war concerns for the conservation of Pacific flora, forests and fauna for all humanity. Paine, R.W The control of Kosterls curse (Clidemia hirta) on Tavenui. Agriculture Journal (Fiji) 7tl): Results of experiments designed to exterminate a noxious weed on a Fijian island. Palumbo, R.F Recovery of the land plants at Eniwetok Atoll following a nuclear detonation.- Radiation Botany l(2): All plants except a few species (Guettarda, Lepturus, portulaca spp.) recovered rapidly. Paramonov, S.J Lord Howe Island, a riddle of the Pacific, Part 111. Pacific Science 17(3j: Discusses com~osition of native flora. Interesting for the map o~f ihe island bearing different symbols indicating "wild goats" and "wild pigs" placed where those animals are concentrated. Pardo, R Forestry and "customary land ownership": are they compatible? American Forests 90(10): 41, Includes notes on Pinus caribaea in Fiji. Parham, B.E.V. 1953a. The naturalized flora of Fiji, with special reference to the grasses, legumes and weeds. Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Congress 5: There are many exotic induced plant communities in Fiji. Recognition of the increasing economic importance of the exotic vegetation may lead to the more detailed longterm investigations which are necessary to any future plan to combat the further degradation of natural resources. Parham, B.E.V. 1953b. International Technical Conference on the Protection of Nature The Fiji Society 4: In Fiji, some attention should be given to the protection of the native banana (Musa fehi) and the -- -

109 beautiful indigenous shrub Lindenia vitiensis, both of which are very rare at the present time. l~arham. B.E.V. 1953~. Recent advances in local weed control. Transactions and Proceedin s Fiji Society - of Science - and Industry 3m-7 Weeds are "~artners(with man) in the crime of converting th6 valuable lands of the (Fiji) Colony into unproductive wastes." Parham, B.E.V. 1953d. Notes on the alien flora of Fiji, or the effect + of settlement upon the vegetation of Fiji. Fiji Societ of Science and Industry 2(2): Inclu es many plants originally introduced for 1 ornamental purposes. arman, T An autecological review o f Sophora chr so h lla in Hawaii. -- Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical : "Both habitat mani~ulation le.e. - " land clearing, planting exotic species) anb habitat destruction by ei otic feral mammals have been important factors in the decline of this endemic tree." 1 Parrat, J Destruction et defense de la couverture en Nouvelle-Caledonie, pp. 1-6, in Colloque Regional -- sur la Protection de la Nature - Recifs et Commission du ~acific-su=uiiea, 'WP 16 (597/71). Reviewed by Plessis, J Cahiers du Pacifi ue 16: 214. A s p e c ~ a d m of New Caledonian vegetation conservation-is the ever-increasing effects &f mining and attendant pollution. Reclamation of butchered terrain and protection of forests containing rare endemic species are encouraged. 1 Parsons, J Coffee and settlement in New Caledonia. Geo ra hical Review 35(1): , aggressive flora of the expanding brush community includes guava, lantana, Leucaena glauca, Acacia spirorbis, and Acacia farnesiana. Patterson, C.B At the birth of nations. National Geo ra hic 170(4): dh%%- depiction of the garbage-encrusted coastal environment of Ebeye in the Marshall Islands. Elsewhere in the Marshalls, it is noted that "Kwajalein is the Pacific terminus (target) of a U.S. missile range, where experts measure the splashdown accuracy of ballistic rockets fired from Vandenberg Air Force Base, 4,500 miles away in California. The facility is expected to play an important part should President Reagan's "Star Wars" technology go forward."

110 Perez, G.S.A Guam conservation priorities, pp , in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., The Impact of Urban Centers -- in the Pacific. 362 pp. Honolulu, ~awaif Pacific Science Association. Notes that tourism and the geographic-strategic importance of Guam, combined with continued population pressures, presents a conservation dilemma characterized by depletion of marine resources, soil erosion, disappearance of plant and animal life, pollution, and socio-economic dislocation. Perlman, S Collecting breadfruit in the Society Islands. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 7(4): Rare and disappearing variants such as the Tahitian lavender-fruited "Afara" variety of breadfruit, and seeds of the endangered Erythrina tahitensis from the last tree on Mt. Aori, were collected. Perlman, S A rare Hawaiian orchid. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 8(1): 19. Eight plants of Platanthera holochila were discovered in Alakai Swamp bog, Mt. Waialeale, Kauai. Perlman, S.P Brighamia in Hawaii. Bulletin Pacific Tro ical Botanical Garden 9(1): 1-2. h e c i e s of B r m-- i a (Lobeliaceae) are rare and endangered. B. citrina var. napaliensis from Kauai was collected forcultivation. Perry, L.M. and J. Metzger Medicinal Plants of East - and Southeast Asia. 620 pp. Cambridge, ~assachusettsand London. Eneland: MIT Press. coverage lncludes the Solomon Islands. Perry, R Conservation problems in the Galapagos Islands. Micronesica 5(2): "Grazing by introduced animals is leading toward the local extermination of certain (indigenous) plants, such as Opuntia, upon which the tortoises rely almost exclusively for food during the dry seasons." Perry, R Sunflower trees of the Galapagos. Noticias - de Galapagos 22: On Santa Cruz, + both the endemic Miconia robinsoniana and Scalesia edunculata (sunflowertree) have largely disappeare as a result of land clearance, grazing by domestic animals and burning. Perry, R. 1984a. Juan Fernandez Islands: a unique botanical heritage. Environmental Conservation ll(1): Discusses interesting endemic plant species.

111 Perry, R. 1984b. Galapagos. Key Environment Series. 321 pp. Oxford, England: IUCN/Pergamon Press. In-depth coverage of Galapagos ecosystems. Petard, P La vegetation madreporique du District de Teavaro (Ile ~oorea). Journal Soc. Oceanistes 4: , The character of the mou-ahitian vegetation near the large European establishments has been completely stamped out. Peterson, B Carl Skottsberg, Taxon 13(1): 1-7. Succinct description of Skottsbergls interest in the vulnerable vegetation of Juan Fernandez Is. and his influence in establishing the national park. Peterson, D The Scientific Report -- of the Manawainui Research Project, East Maui, Hawaii. 320 pp. National Science Foundation. Unpublished report. Includes considerations of harmful feral pigs and other threats to the vegetation. Peterson, R.T The Galapagos: eerie cradle of new species. National Geo ra hic 131(4): General backgroun on Galapagos ecosystems. hge Pickard, J An annotated botanical bibliography of Lord Howe Island. Contributions -- from -- New South Wales National Herbarium 4: Includes many articles of phytogeographic interest. Pickard, J The palm seed industry on Lord Howe Island. Principes 24(1): Seeds of four endemic species are harvested: Howea forsterana (~entia palm), Howea belmoreana (Curly pxmt Hed sce e canterbur ana (Big Mountain palm), and Le idol Mountain palm). Seed pro he- uction is threatened by the overabundance of rats which damage this crop. Pickard, J Exotic plants on Lord Howe Island: distribution in space and time, Journal - of Biogeography ll(3): 181. Influence of introduced flora on native species. Pickford, G.D Opportunities - for Timber Production - in --- Hawaii. 11 pp. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Ex~eriment Station. Miscellaneous Paper No. 67. The author observis that, on the reiatively idle acreage of Hawaii state forest reserves, 'lsome exotic timber species are far more suitable and compatible to recreation use than is the present jungle type." Polansky, A Rabaul. South Pacific Bulletin 16(2):

112 Notes regarding Rabaul, located on the Gazelle Peninsula of New Britain, "During the war years until 1945, Allied bombing obliterated the old town with its famous Botanical Gardens..ll Porcher, M. and M. Dupuy Environment and coastal land use planning in coral reef areas, French Polynesia. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, 'm 2: 303. (Abstract) Includes coastal zone management scheme, and studies of micro-areas for precise impact studies, especially of tourism projects near the lagoon. Porteous, J.D Easter Island: the Scottish connection. Geographical Review 68(2): The mode of exploitationing the past 100 years has been directed by the enterprise of two successive Scott ish sheep- rearing companies. The role of the companies in the transformation of Easter Island is considered in terms of sociopolitical structure, economy, and landscape. Porter, D.M Geography and dispersal of Galapagos Islands vascular plants. Nature 264 (5588): The deleterious effects on the native flora of some of the species introduced by man (which total 124 weed and 57 cultivated exotic species) are just beginning to be appreciated. Porter, D.M Endemism and evolution in Galapagos Islands vascular plants, pp , in Bramwell, D., ed., Plants and Islands. London and New York: Academic Press. Much useful background data on indigenous flora. Powell, E Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Santalum elli ticum var. littorale (Hdb.) ~kottsber~ =ace&hington, D.C.: Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Powell. E The Mauna Kea silversword: a species on the brink of extinction. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 24: Concerns Argyroxiphium sandwicense ( Composi tae), which is not regenerating naturally, and is further threatened by mouflon sheep. Powell, R.H Harmful plant species entering New Zealand New Zealand Journal - of Botany 6(3): Hawaii and Fiji are probable sources of some potentially harmful species arriving in New Zealand.

113 Pratt. T Plant communities and bird distribution on ~ a s ~olokai. i Elepaio 33(7): Chronicles extensive damage by feral goats and cattle, noting that "surely Molokai must lose more forest every vear to these two animals than is reclaimed by reforestation with Eucalyptus and pines." Prescott-Allen, R. and C. Prescott-Allen The case for -- in situ conservation of crop genetic resources. - Na- -- ture and Resources 18(1): Lycopersicon cheesmanii, a wild relative of the tomato from Galapagos, has mar it ime ecotypes that are tolerant of saline soils, which should be autecologically studied -- in situ. Price, W Mysterious Micronesia: Japan's mandated islands. National Geo ra hic 69(4): Notes that 238 p j?- ant species have been introduced into the Marianas by the Japanese. See, also, similar article by same author, op. cit. 81(6): (1942). Prior, I. and J. Stanhope Epidemics, health and disease in a small, isolated environment. World Development 8: "Some health consecluences of the interaction of man and his environment on'the three small Pacific atolls that constitute Tokelau are examined." Pulea, M Environmental legislation in the Pacific region. Ambio 13(5-6): Refers to Tonga. Pung, E Forestry saves koaila. Aloha Aina Z(2): The endangered endemic koai'a tree (Acacia koaia) on Hawaii was over-browsed by cows nearly-e point of total destruction, before the Koaila Sanctuary was designated in Trees are regenerating. Radovsky, F. J., Raven, P.H., and S.H. Sohmer, eds Biogeography of the Tropical Pacific. 221 pp. B.P. Bishop Museum ~pecia~~~lication No. 72. proceedings of a symposium, including articles on endemism and extinctions. Rageau, J Les Plantes Medicinales -- de la Nouvelle- Caledonie. 139 pp. Travaux et Documents de ORSTOM, No. 23. Most of the endemic plants (80 percent of the New Caledonian flora) await biochemical and pharmacodynamic investigation. This document reviews medicinal properties of 600 mostly introduced species. Ralph, C.J Hawaiian plant on endangered species

114 list. Elepaio 38(12): Refers to Vicia menziesii (Leguminosae). Ralph, C.J Birds of the forest. Natural History 91(12): In the Hawaiian Islands, deforestation has caused severe reduction in habitat of many indigenous forest birds, affecting biological diversity of the region. Logging of koa trees is particularly disastrous. Ralph, C.J., Pearson, A.P., and D.C. Phillips Observations on the life history of the endangered Hawaiian vetch (Vicia menziesii) (~abaceae) and irs use by birds. Pacific Science 34(2): "Our study showshat the species appears to be susceptible to herbivore damage -and sugges-ts that this is probably the major limiting factor in its present limited distribution." Randall, J.E Expedition to Pitcairn. Oceans 6(2): Wood of Thespesia is utterly depleted on Pitcairn Island. Randall, R.H. and J. Holloman Coastal Survey of -- Guam. 404 pp. University of Guam Marine Laboratory, Technical Report No. 14. Contains remarks on status of Guam vegetation from Fosberg, F.R. in Tracey, J.I., -- et al. (1959). Randall, R.H. and R.T. Tsuda Field Ecological Survey -- of the Agana - Chaot River Basin. 64 pp. University of Guam Marine La%oratory. Technical Report No. 12. sensitivity of the ~ ~ana;- Guam marsh gnd swampland environment to activities of man, such as the influence of dredging and land-filling on the water table, are discussed.. Ranjitsinh, M.K Forest destruction in Asia and the South Pacific. Ambio 8(5): Contains a minimum of information regarding South Pacific islands. Rao, Y.S. and C. Chandrasekharan The state of forestry in Asia and the Pacific. Unasylva 35(140): Includes considerations of deforestation. Rappaport, R.A Aspects of man's influence upon island ecosystems: alteration and control, pp , in Fosberg, F.R., ed. (1963). Elements introduced in pre-european times by the founding indigenous Pacific peoples are discussed in detail, including examples of introductions and elimina-

115 tions of plants. Rauh, W Brighamia insignis, a curi. ous the lobelia family, from the Hawa iia n Is land s. succulent Cactus and Succulent ~ournaf -(u.s.) 53(5): A rare endemic plant species. Raynal, J Three examples of endangered nature in the Pacific Ocean, pp , in Hedberg, I., ed., Systematic -- Botany, Plant Utilization and Biosphere Conservation. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist 6 Wiksell International. Endangered ecosystems in the Society Is., New Hebrides, and New Caledonia are discussed. Reboul, J.L Deux exemples d'introductions malheureuses pour la nature polynesienne. Te Natura 2 Polynesia 2: Concerns the ravages of the water hyacinth, Eichornia crassipes, in Tahiti and neighboring islands. Reed, E.K General Report on Archaeology - and Histor - of Guam. 133 pp. Washington, DT: National Park Service): 1 n c s general notes on extensive vegetation changes on Guam due to land clearance and annual burning of hilly grasslands. Reeser, D.W Successful goat control at Hawaii Volcanoes. Parks l(2): This National Park in Hawaii began a fencing program to curtail the devastating effects of feral goats (Capra hircus), and the vegetation has responded by regenerating within the fenced areas. Richardson, F The status of native land birds on Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 3(3): "Pigs, deer and cattle apparently do not now occur in Pelekunu and Wailau Valleys, but once in these valleys it seems apparent that they would work their way up the least precipitous slopes and irreparably alter the native forest." Richardson, F Birds of Lehua Island off Niihau, Hawaii. Ele aio 23(9): Advises -8- t e eradication of vegetation-damaging rabbits from the island. Richmond, G.B Naturalization -- of Java podocarpus --- Hawaii - rain forest. 5 pp. U.S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-76. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Podocarpus cupressina is naturalized in rainforest near Hilo, Hawaii, where reproduction has invaded both planted forest and undisturbed native forest.

116 Ridgeway, J Micronesia: America's Third World. Amicus Journal 5(2): Suggests that Micronesia is the "Siberia" of the United States, "poised on the edge of potentially devastating economic exploitation", and subjected to hopelessly incompetent planning on some of the islands. Rinke, D The status of wildlife in Tonga. Oryx 20: Human encroachment upon available habitat for wildlife decimates the plant cover of the island. Robbins, R.G Vegetation and man in the Southwest Pacific and New Guinea, in Ward, R.G., ed., Man the Pacific Islands. Essays on Geographical Change -- in the Pacific 1-39 pp. Ozord, England. Robyns, W. and S.H. Lamb Preliminary ecological survey of the island of Hawaii. Bull. Jardin Botanique Bruxelles 15(3): The Dronress of natural ~lant succession is im~eded or obscired by overgrazing, and by the establishmeni of new climaxes by introduced, aggressive grasses, shrubs, and trees. Rock, J.F The Sandalwoods of Hawaii. 43 pp., Botanical Bulletin No. 3. Territory of Hawaii, Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Includes history of depletion of Hawaiian groves of fragrant sandalwood. Roedelberner. F.A. and V.I. Groschoff Wildlife of - the ~ourh seas. 216 pp. London: constable; New ~ o r F Viking Press. On ~zcific islands, "goats, rabbits and pigs ruined the restricted vegetation and deprive the indigenous (bird) species of tkeir food." ~ook- review appears in Special Supplement -- to IUCN Bulletin 2(11): 7 (1976). Rogers, D Micronesian Claims Commission: its origin and goals. Micronesian Reporter 23(2): Claims brought by Micronesians due to land used and destroyed 0; agricultural purposes by U.S. Forces, in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War 11, will receive an award of $90 to $1,500 per acre. Claims due to death by starvation will receive an initial payment of up to $1,000. Includes photos of devastated landscapes. Ronck, R New world in the Marianas. Oceans 8(6): 6-9. Notes a record for Cordia on Maug I.

117 Root, I.C Report --- on Park and Recreation Areas, Territory of Guam. 67 pp. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Observes that "The island of Guam at one time was densely forested. The Japanese occupation reduced the already depleted timber land and post-war construction has taken all of the remaining timber of usable size that is readily accessible." Routley, R. and V. Routley Destructive forestry in Melanesia and Australia. Ecologist lo(1-2): Deforestation poses a serious problem on some Melanesian islands. Russ, G.W Notes on the distribution of Neowawrea. Museum S ecial Publication 20: 6-7. N. llanthoides -'hi Eup orbiaceae) has been virtually exterminated in the Hawaiian Is. due to vegetational changes. Sabath, M.D Vegetation and urbanization on Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pacific Science 31(4): Urbanization on Uliga, Dalap a-arit since 1944 resulted in reduction of tree canopy; establishment of extensive yards with grasses and herbs; and reduction of many indigenous and aboriginally introduced understory species. Sablan, M.C Anatahan. Micronesian Reporter 23(1): On Anatahan (Marianas), no Leucaena glauca was observed, but the number of goats on this uninhabited island is "staggering". Sachet, M.-H A summary of information on Rose Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 29: Includes an urgent plea for conservation of this unoccupied atoll of eastern Samoa. Sachet, M.-H The vegetation of Melanesia: a summary of the literature. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 4: The post-world War I1 status of Eucalyptus naudiniana lowland forest on New Britain is questionable, as these trees which attain heights of up to 240 feet were being actively logged even in the 1920's. Article discusses northwest Melanesia, New Hebrides, New Caledonia. Sachet, M.-H History of change in the biota of Clipperton Island, pp , in Gressitt, J.L., ed. (1963). Influence of introduced pigs and weeds on the original vegetation is discussed.

118 - Sachet, M.-H The discovery of Lebronnecia kokioides. Bull. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 31j Rare malvaceous species from the Marquesas (Tahuata I.), with seeds covered with long, brown hair as in a wild cotton. Sachet, M.-H. 1983a. Vegetation et flore terrestre de ltatoll de Scilly (~enua-ura). Journal Societe Oceanistes 39177): Coconut plantations have replaced much of the natural plant cover of this atoll in French Polynesia. Sachet, M.-H. 1983b. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin 277: "With the coming of European man, much of the forest was destroyed and replaced by coconut groves or plantations." Sachet, M.-H. 1983c. Botanique de ltile de Tupai, Iles de la Societe. Atoll Research Bulletin 276: Essentiallytheatoll of Tupai has been transformed into a coconut -plantation. Sachet, M.-H. 1983d. Natural history of Mopelia Atoll, Society Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 274: "The overridingmracteristic of the vegetation of Mopelia is that most of it, especially inland, is very profoundly disturbed, coconut palms having been planted everywhere. l1 Sachet, M.-H. and F.R. Fosberg An ecological reconnaisance of Tetiaroa Atoll, Society Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 275: Published with the accord of the owner of Tetiaroa Atoll, Mr. Marlon Brando, this article suggests environmentally sound procedures regarding human activities, ecological objectives, management, and future development of the atoll, comprising 13 vegetated islets which have been profoundly altered by both Polynesian inhabitants and European copra producers. Sachet, M.-H., Schafer, P.A., and J.C. Thibault Mohotani: une ile protegee aux Marquises. Bull. Soc. Etudes Oceaniennes 16(6) (No. 193): Theaction of man on the vegetation through - the introduction of sheep, is discussed. Sakagami, S.F An ecological perspective of Marcus Island, with special reference to land animals. Pacific Science 15(1): Marcus Island received 171 attacks from 759 bombers - from ~ --- September 1944 to the Armistice on August 15, "All

119 trees on the island were completely damaged by repeated bombing during the war. The present arboreal stratum is, therefore, the outcome of postwar regeneration." Salcedo, C. 19.1~. The search tor medicinal plants in ~icronesia. Micronesian Reporter 18(3): Describes efforts on Palau to learn the uses of plants employed by traditional medical practitioners, which are often kept secret, as groundwork for possible development of new medicines and the income they will produce. Salvat, B Un programme interdisciplinaire sur les ecosystemes insulaires en Polynesie francaise. Cahiers Pacifique 19: Develo~ment of island ecosystem studies in French ~01~neii.a is discussed. Salvat, B An integrated (geomorphological and economical) classification of French Polynesian atolls. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef coggress (Tahiti, m: 2: 337. (Abstract) he- economic classification includes consideration of resource exploitation. Salvat, B. and G. Richard Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu ~rch-ipelago. Proc. Fifth ~nternational Coral -- keef Conress (~ahiti,1985) 1: b o r e its destruction and replacement by coconut plantations, clearly marked due-to brush cutting and burning activities, much of Takapotovs emerged land mass was probably covered by forest (scrub vegetation, as too were many atolls of the region.)" Sampson, P The Bonins and Iwo Jima go back to ~apan. National Geo ra hic 13411): The islands have -%- eveloped infestations of Leucaena -9 originally planted as cambuflage during World War 11. Sanders, R.W., Stuessey, T.F. and C. Marticorena Recent changes in the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. Taxon 31(2): Vegetation of the islands has been impacted by human activities. Schafer, P.A La Vegetation et llinfluence Humaine -- aux Iles Marquises. 31 pp. ~ont~elzer, France: Academie de Montpellier, Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc. The profoundly detrimental effects of human intervention in the vegetation of the Marquesas are discussed and illustrated. Scheuer, P.J Natural products from Hawaiian plants. Proc. Hawaiian Academy - of Science 36( ): 18.

120 Discusses chemical constituents of species of Ochrosia, Platydesma, Pelea, Tacca, Piper, Eugenia and Passiflora. Schlanger, S.O. and G.W. Gillett A geological perspective of the upland biota of Laysan Atoll (Hawaiian Islands). Biological Journal -- of the Linnean Society 8(3): lllaysan is viewed as a refugium for upland and montane lineages able to keep pace, via great adaptive flexibility, with drastic habitat changes." Schmid, M Fleurs et Plantes - de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Les Editions du ~acifi~ue. Includes brief section on human intervention in the New Caledonian flora, and mentions the endangered palm Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi from the Prony region. Schmid, M Endemisme et speciation en Nouvelle- Caledonie. Compte Rendu Seances Societe - de Biogeographic 58(2): he- New Caledonian flora comprises 44 endemic gymnosperm species, 250 endemic monocot species, and 1,900 endemic dicot species. Schofield, E.K. 1973a. Annotated bibliography - - of ~ a l a ~ a botany, ~ o ~ Annals ~issouri- Botanical Garden 60(2): Includes references to articles by Ecuadorians and Galapagos resident which include data on factors influencing the vegetation. Schofield, E.K. 1973b. A unique and threatened flora. Garden Journal 23(3): Threats to the endemic flora of the Galapagos, such as domestic animals, wild goat herds, introd;cgd flora, and agricultural activities, are discussed. Schofield, E.K. 1973c. Galapagos flora: the threat of introduced plants. ~io1o~ica-l Conservation 5(1): lltwo endemic species, Scalesia pedunculata Hooker f il. and Miconia robinsoniana Cogniaux, are especially endangered by farming practices." Schofield, E.K Hope for the Galapagos. Garden (New York) 5(1): ~ffort; to protect Galapagos vegetation are now in motion. Schofield, E.K Plants -- of the Galapagos Islands. 159 PP. * New York: Universe Books. Designed as an excursion flora for interested visitors to the Galapagos. School of Naval Administration, Hoover Institute, Stanford

121 University Handbook -- on the Trust Territory -- of the Pacific Islands. 311 pp. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Department. llextensive plantings of the iron wood tree are found on Saipan in the northern Marianas where the Japanese reforested large areas with this tree in order to assure a source of fuel for the sugar mills there." Schubert, E Pitcairn Island is catching up. South Pacific Bulletin ll(2): "When the Bountv mutineers settled here in 1790 Pitcairn must havebeen almost completely covered with forest, but after 170 years of clearing and burning this has been reduced to a thin patch on the western tip of the island. The only certain indigenous trees are miro (Hibiscus tiliaceus) and rata (Metrosideros villosa). I~chultze-~otel, W Die moose der Samoa - Inseln. Willdenowia 7: Monograph of Samoan mosses includes sections on human population explosion at the expense of the biota, and conservation. / scowcroft. P.G Koa: monarch of Hawaiian forests. ~ewsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society lo(3): Discusses threats of cattle, logging, weeds, and fungus disease to the koa (Acacia- koa) forests. / Scowcroft, P.G Tree cover changes - in mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) forests grazed by sheep and cattle. Pacific Science 37(2): In forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, cattle browsing is more destructive than sheep browsing. Scowcroft, P.G. and H.F. Sakai Stripping of Acacia koa bark by rats on Hawaii and Maui. Pacific Science TI): "Koa (Acacia- koa) is the most valuable native timber species in Hawaii. Bark stripping of young trees by rats, a common but unstudied phenomenon, may affect survival, growth, and quality of koa." ' Sears, P.B The ecology of man. Smithsonian Report - for 1958: heym man mind created the illusion that prosperity is the reward of virtue, to the extent that we now believe prosperity is itself a virtue and poverty is therefore a crime. To attain the desired prosperity, man converts and mutilates the biosphere, damaging the equilibrium of ecosystems forming his own life-support system. Seiden, A Lanai: talking tourism and planting pineapple. Aloha 8(1): Proposal forconomic development, known as the "Lanai

122 Plan", calls for preservation of the island's ultimate resource, i.e., space itself, in an ever more crowded world. This Hawaiian island is the world's largest pineapple plantation, mostly 14,000 acres of pineapple in Palawai Basin, relieved by a few introduced Norfolk Island pines. Serpell, J Desert island risk. - New Scientist 1356: 320; Threatened Plants Newsletter 11: Henderson ~ s l a n d threatened a by intentions of human colonization. Serpell, J., Collar, N., Davis, S., and S. Wells Submission -- to the Foreign -- and Commonwealth Office -- on the Future Conservation - of Henderson Island -- in the Pitcairn Group. 26 pp. ossibility of introduced pigs and weeds becoming The esta 1 lished would threaten the endemic flora, which comprises 10 flowering plant species including Santalum hendersonensis and Bidens hendersonensis. Setchell, W.A A reconnaisance of the vegetation of Tahiti, with special reference to that of the reefs. Carne ie Institution - of - Washington Yearbook No. 21 Ifor : Environmental conditions in Tahiti foster the growth and spread of alien plants originally introduced as ornamentals and fuel suppliers, which crowd out some native fuel and food plants. Setchell, W.A Phytogeographical notes on Tahiti, I. Land vegetation. University - of California Publications - in Botany 12(7): Stenolobium stans, the "yellow elder", a native of Atlantic tropicalmerica and cultivated in Tahiti as an ornamental Since c.1845, is rapidly naturalizing on xeric mountain slopes, "and literally armies of young trees are seen ascending these slopes." Shallenberger, R.J Hawaii's endangered water birds. Defenders 50(6): Drainage of Hawaiian wetland plant communities reduces bird habitats. Shallenberger, R.J A seal slips away. Natural History 91(12): Tern I., in the Hawaiian archipelago, has a landscape profoundly modified by humans to accommodate a landing strip which covers the vast majority of the island's surface. In building the strip, engineers left some space for the endangered Hawaiian monk seals. Shikama, T On the deer of Ponape Island, Caroline Group. (In Japanese). Biogeographical Society - of Japan,

123 Bulletin 12(6): Deer introduced from the Philippine Islands were still surviving in forests of Ponape. ~himozono, F. and K. Iwatsuki Botanical gardens and the conservation of an endangered species in the Bonin Islands. Ambio 15(1): Concerns propagation of Melastoma tetramerum and includes discussion of huma~rim~act-on forest vegetation of the Bonin Islands. 1 Shineberg, D They -- Came for Sandalwood: A Study - of the Sandalwood Trade in the South-West ~acitic I ~etails on nathre and impact of sandalwood traie on Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. - Shiva, V. and J. Bandyopadhyay Eucalyptus: a disastrous tree for India. The Ecolopist 13(5): Discusses presumed effects of the water requirements of Eucalyptus on the ecological stability of reafforested lands in India. These considerations may find a wider application to other parts of the world, including the Pacific, where eucalypts have been introduced on a plantation scale. Siegel, S.M Lead: Aspects -- of its Ecology - and Environmental Toxicity. 58 pp. Hawaii Botanical Science Paper No. 32. University of Hawaii. "Parkland soils and vegetation in Honolulu, Hawaii are heavily contaminated with lead and zinc originating from automobiles." Simmonds, H.W Biological control of noxious weeds with specific reference to the plants Clidemia hirta (The Curse) and Stachytarpheta amaicensis (Blue Rat Tail). Agriculture Journal (Fiji) 7? 1: Fiji is overrun with weeds such as these. Simmonds, H.W A banana collecting expedition to South East Asia and the Pacific. Tropical Agriculture 33: Diploid wild (and cultivated) strains of Musa acuminata and taxa presumed to be conspecific with acuminata were sought as potential sources of new genes, as material for crossing with various hybridized bananas, and for replenishment of known (correctly identified) stocks in cultivation. On Samoa (Upolu and Savaii) M. banksii and forms of M. fehi were collected; Ensete ca~spermum and Musa maclyyiwere found on New 1 r m Singh, A. and S. Siwatibau (27 July). - Medicinal Plants in Fi 'i and Other South Pacific Islands. Document WHO, W P v D d 7 7 ~

124 Produced by the World Health Organization of the United Nations. Singh, B Keynote Address: The Oceanian Realm, pp , in ~ c ~ e e J.A. l ~, and K.R. Miller, eds., ~ational Parks, Conservation, - and Development: --- The Role of Protec- - ted Areas in Sustainin_g Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Includes discussion of current status of protected areas such as the 8 nature reserves in Fiji, and notes that land tenure systems have impeded establishment and effective management of protected areas in some Pacific localities. Singh, Y.N Traditional medicine in Fiji: some herbal folk cures used by Fiji Indians. Journal - of Ethnopharmacology 15(1): There is some resurgence of interest in herbal cures in rural areas of Fiji. Eighty-six plant species from 39 families are treated, including notes on biodynamics. Useful Bibliography. Siwatibau, S Traditional environmental practices in the South Pacific: a case study of Fiji. Ambio 13(5-6): Agricultural systems as they impact on landscape and ecosystem. Skottsberg, C., ed The Natural History -- of Juan Fernandez - and Easter Island. 3 vols. 688 pp. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist 6 Wiksells. Includes floristic impoverishment of Easter Island (1928). Skottsberg, C Notes on the vegetation in the Cumberland Bay Caves. Masatierra. Juan Fernandez Islands. Ecology 16C3): It is likely that man has acted as the anent of distribution'of the cave fern and bryophyte flora in many cases, by transporting spores and fragments of thalli from one cave to another. The caves were excavated by buccaneers in the 17th and 18th centuries, and in the 19th century were used to hold political prisoners. Skottsberg, C Report of the Standing Committee for the Protection of Nature In and Around the Pacific for the years Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: Includes accounts of status of preservation of various Pacific islands to the year 1938, by means of systematically answered questionnaires (37 questions). F.R. Fosberg is respondant for Pacific.

125 ( Skottsberg, C. 1953a. - The Vegetation --- of the Juan Fernandez Islands. 167 pp plates. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist 6 Wiksells. Includes mention of history of goat and exotic plant (weed) introductions; photos of deforested valleys; history of sandalwood exploitation (Santalum fernandezianum); and status of specifically identified endemic plant species. Skottsberg, C. 1953b. Report of the Standing Committee for the Protection of Nature In and Around the Pacific for the years Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Congress 4: Contains pertinent vegetational observations from New Caledonia, Galapagos, and the individual Hawaiian Islands. Skottsberg, C A Geographical Sketch --- of the Juan Fernandez Islands. 105 pp plates. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist 6 Wiksells. On Masafuera Island the original plant cover (1) was impacted by complete extermination of sandalwood, (2) had foreign grasses preventing the germination of native tree seeds in cleared spaces, (3) had goats devouring arborescent Compositae and endemic herbs, and (4) was subjected to the indignity of forest cutting by convicts interned there between 1908 and Skottsberg. C The vegetation - of the Juan Fernandez and ~efienturadas Islands. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 4: On Masafuera, forest destruction dating back perhaps two centuries has been going on in connection with the activities of the convict settlement, established there by the Chilean government. Skottsberg, C The status of conservation in Chile, Juan Fernandez, and Easter Island. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 6: The Juan Fernandez Islands were declared a Chilean national park in 1935, with hopes that unlawful cutting of the endemic palm (~uania australis) and the export 01 endemic tree ferns w o m a s e. Unfortunatelv. some time before 1945 Masatierra National Park was made a sheep farm. The present management of Easter Island National Park clearly works against the rules expressed in the Government Act of Skottsberg, C Report of the Subcommittee on Nature Protection. Proc. Ninth Pacific Science Congress 4: Excellent description of the mindless destruction of vegetation on Masatierra, Santa Clara I., and Masafuera (Juan Fernandez IS.) due to human foibles.

126 Smathers, G.A Plant succession and recovery in the 1959 Kilauea Iki Devastation Area. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. National Park service-, Off ice - of Natural Science Studies Annual Re ort 1968: ~ n c l u d e e o n r e c o v h vegetation after volcanic eruption. Smathers. G.A. and D.E. Gardner Stand analysis of an invading firetree (M rica faya Aiton) population, Hawaii. Pacific Science 3 ' ~ More knowledge of the behavior of firetree in its natural habitats in Macaronesia (Canary Is., etc.) is needed in order to help find controls to effectively eliminate or stabilize its spread as an exotic in Hawaii. Smathers, G.A. and D. Mueller-Dombois Invasion - and Recovery of Vegetation After a Volcanic Eruption in Hawaii. 1 pp. National Par1 Service Scientifz Monograph Series No. 5, and Island Ecosystems IRP/IBP Hawaii Contribution No. 38. Successional studies conducted aft.er devastating eruption in 1959 indicate that "there appears to be no threat of native plants to be replaced by exotics on these new volcanic substrates." Smith, A.C The Pacific - as - a Key to Flowering Plant 28 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: ~arold L. Lyon Arbore- ==F tum o the University of Hawaii. The Asia - ~ustralia region contains 53 of the 60 extant primitive angiosperm families, including the Amborellaceae with primitively vesselless wood from New Caledonia, and the Degeneriaceae with primitive stamens and carpels from Fiji. These plants and their natural habitats should be conserved for scientific evolutionary research. Smith, C.W Lichens and air pollution. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society lo(2): Absence of lichens on trees along certain Honolulu streets is attributed to motor vehicle exhaust emissions. Smith, N., ed Lord --- Howe Island. 42 pp. Sydney, Australia: The Australian Museum. Includes discussion of values of environmental conservation of the island, versus exploitation. Smith, S.V., et & Kaneohe Bay -- Sewage Relaxation Experiment: -- Pre-Diversion Report. 166 pp. Kaneohe, Hawaii: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Kaneohe Say is a semi-enclosed embayment on the

127 northeast (windward) coast of Oahu. Concomitant with recent dramatic growth in human population numbers in the Kaneohe watershed, several human impacts on the bay environment have been at work, of which the most profound are dredging, modified runoff patterns, increased sewage discharge, introduction of exotic plant and animal species, and heavy fishing pressure. Smithsonian Institution Report on Endangered - and Threatened Plant S ecies of the united States. 200 pp. Committee on Merc r;e- ant ~areeydfisheries, Serial No. 94-A. U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Lists of endangered, threatened and presumed extinct plants of Hawaii provided by Dr. F.R. Fosberg, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Sneed, M.W Palm collecting in the South Pacific: island hopping to Australia and back. Principes 2313): Includes the rare Fijian Neoveitchia storckii. Sneed, M.W Forty years after chaos: Guadalcanal has -beautiful palms. ~rinci es 27(1): Guadalcanal (Solomon-?- Is. was heavily damaged as part of the Pacific War Theater military operations in World War 11. However, some palm gardens have been rejuvenated to good condition and are flourishing. -- Snow, P. and S. Waine The People From the Horizon: - An Illustrated History -- of the Euro eans Among the South Sea Islanders. 296 pp. Oxford, Englan --7r Phaidon. Includes examples of ravages of the sandalwood trade. Sohmer, S.H Kaluua Gulch revisited. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(1): Noteworthy Hawaiian ;>lan-ti in this habitat are discussed. Sorensen, J Remote Oceanic Islands: Approaches to Conservation of an International Resource. 26 pp. ~nivef sity of CaliforTia. Berkeley: Institute of Urban and ~e~ional ~evelo~ment. Plots 26 inventory factors and measures onto a matrix of 10 types of suitability of an island for alternative uses, in order to arrive at an inventory of the resource stock of an oceanic island. The major problem-areas of oceanic islands are: overpopulation; degradation of natural resources; colonial rule vs. island selfdetermination; extinction of distinct island races; human and crop diseases, animal and plant pests; property and resource ownership; extinction of species from island or world; and disruption, corruption or loss of

128 indigenous cultural patterns. Sorensen, J Andropogon vir inicus (Broomsedge). Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ -% ): An obnoxious pest seemingly introduced by accident into Hawaii pre Souder, P Report on Conservation Areas on Guam. 2 pp., mimeo. Agana, Guam: Micronesian Area ~escrch Center. In 1968, only 3,594 acres or 2.65 percent of Guam's total area was devoted to conservation. Report lists conserved areas. Sparre, B Plants from Robinson Crusoels island. Taxon 22(1): 171. Com~laint that scientists have over-collected rare plants on Juan Fernandez Islands. Spate, O.H.K The Spanish Lake. 330 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Concerning the era when the Manila galleons traversed the Pacific from Middle and South America to the Philippines, non-stop travel except for one stop in Guam, ''Plants introduced (to Asia) via the Pacific included acacias, capsicums, groundnuts, papaya, indigo, manihot, tobacco; maize was probably already in Southeast Asia before any Spanish introduction... There was little plant transferral from Asia; in contrast to the westbound sailings, the cold on the northern reaches of the eastwards run was probably enough to inhibit success with seedlings." Spatz, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1972a. Succession Patterns After Pig Digging - in Grassland Communities on -- Mauna Loa, Hawaii. 44 pp. Island Ecosystems IRP/I~ Hawaii, Technic~eport No. 15. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. "It was found that pi digging greatly enlarges the component of introduceif species in communities with a former high percentage of native species." See similar article in Phytocoenologia 3(2-3): (1975). Spatz, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1972b. - The Influence - of Feral Goats -- on Koa (Acacia koa Gray) Reproduction in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. 16 pp. Island ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s t e m s IRP/IBP Hawaii, Technical Report, No. 3. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. If high numbers of goats are permitted to exist, the koa stands will become senile and the remnant trees will eventually die a normal physiological death, as is presently demonstrated in the parallel ecosystem on Mauna Kea, where cattle interfere with the koa reproduction cycle. Goat extermination is suggested to remedy the

129 situation. Spatz, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois The influence of feral goats on + koa tree reproduction in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Ecolo 54(4): Several negative e ects are observed. Spence, G.E. and S.L. Montgomery Ecology of the dryland forest at Kaneputu, Island of Lanai. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(4-5): To preserve this forest, fires should be suppressed, axis deer should be limited, and conservation re-zoning should be enforced. Spoehr, A Saipan: the ethnology of a war-devastated island. Fieldiana: Anthropology 41: The vegetation of Saipan has been so altered by man that its original character is no longer preserved. Only in a few small restricted areas on Mount Tapochau and along the cliffs and steep slopes of the east coast are there patches of forest that probably resemble the vegetation of early days. Squire, S Frozen assets. National Wildlife 22: Includes discussion of exotics introduced to Hawaii. Stager, K.E The birds of Clipperton Island, Eastern Pacific. Condor 66: Mentions destructive activity by feral pigs. Military Geology -- of ---- Truk Islands, Caroline Islands. 205 pp. Tokyo: H.Q. US Army Pacific. "Most of the present grassland areas were cleared during the latter years of the Japanese administration... When abandoned at the end of World War 11, these areas were revegetated with Ischaemum (shortgrass), Gleichenia (fern), and ~erremianer.? Stark, J.T., et al State Department - of Land and Natural Resources (Hawaii) Forestry Potentials - for --- Hawaii. 68 pp. U.S. Forest Service, Region 5. Feral pigs and other vectors have spread the aggressive exotic "banana poka" vine over at least 25,000 acres, drastically altering the forest in some areas. It has been estimated that at least 150,000 acres are infested with undesirable exotic plants such as black wattle, fire-tree, banana poka, melastoma, lantana, gorse, and blackberry. Stebbins, G.L Variation and adaptation - in Galapagos - - plants, pp , in Bowman, R.I., ed., The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Camornia Press.

130 Characteristics of endemic plant species of the Galapagos, evolved in isolation, are discussed. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van On the origin of island - floras-. Advancement of Science (May 1964): The author is proponent of theory of a land origin of Pacific floras, an alternative to the diffusionist theory. Endemic genera of various islands are mentioned. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van Man and plants in the tropics: an appeal to Micronesians for the preservation of nature. Micronesica 2(1): Suggests flora should be inventoried, living collections should be maintained in botanical gardens, and nature reserves laid out in Micronesia. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van Axis deer tragedy in Hawaii. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 26: Remarks on the vegetation damage which may occur as a result of proposed experimental introduction of axis deer to a large enclosure on Mauna Kea, for sport hunting. Steinberg, R Island Fighting. 208 pp. Alexandria, Virginia: Time - Life Books. In Pacific island combat areas during World War 11, enemy defense personnel were often deployed in nearly impregnable concrete bunkers, limestone caves, subterranean tunnels, reinforced pillboxes, trenches, blockhouses and gun emplacements. Underbrush and dense taller vegetation which presented an impediment to access and dislodgement of enemy resistance was either purposefully or inadvertently eliminated. Penetration methods and instruments on difficult terrain included bomber-strafer airplanes; naval bombardment; airplane rockets; hand grenades; dynamite, TNT and demolition charges; armored bulldozers; one- and two-man flamethrower teams; tanks; amtrac-mounted flamethrowers (amtracs are amphibious tractors, known as LVT, for "Landing Vehicle, Tracked"); long-range flamethrowers mounted on tanks; and artillery, mortar and napalm attacks. In many cases, the Seabees (U.S. Navy Construction Battalions) were called in to build roads, airstrips, naval bases and related facilities, which required clearing and flattening of much remaining atoll vegetation, involving utilization of bulldozers, detonation blasting of stumps and coral, power-shovels, dynamite-assisted quarrying, road surface graders, Marston mats, trenching- machines, and earth-movers. Thus, the genesis of a secondary flora on many Pacific islands. Illustrated. Stemmermann, L Observations on the genus Santalum (Santalaceae) in Hawaii. Pacific Science 34(1):

131 ~ In the lowlands of Maui, habitat destruction, and perhaps the effects of sandalwood trade, is extensive. Plants such as Santalum freycinetianum now exist only in relict pockets. Stemmermann, L., Higashino, P.K., Char, W. and L. Yoshida Botanical survey of the Kahuku Training Area, Oahu, Hawaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 25(3): he- training area consists of 9,646 acres leased by the U.S. Army, extending from near sea level to the coast of the Koolaus (approx. 2,000 ft.). Includes discussion of vegetation types, rare plants and limitations of survey. Ochrosia com ta, two species of Tetraplasandra, and Reynoldsia?~n%rsicensis were located. Stemmermann, L. and F. Proby Inventory - of Wetland vegetation -- in the ~aroline Islands. Vol. I. Wetland Vegetation.- - ~ - TvDes. 231 DD. Honolulu. Hawaii: VTN Facif ic. ~rgpared fo; 'Pacific L6cean ~ivision, US Army Corps of ~n~ineers. Discusses invasive plants, flora of bomb craters, and several rare plants. Volume 11. Wetland Plants. 382 pp. (1978) warns of the noxious potential of the now rare Clidemia hirta on Palau. Stewart, M New species found on Kauai. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 3(4): 71. Recounts various species ofscadelphus (Malvaceae). Stine, P.A Refuge established for endangered Hawaiian forest birds. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin ll(1): 5. The Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on island of Hawaii will protect several potentially threatened plants, including species of Clermontia, Cyanea, Gouldia and Platydesma. St. John, H Endemism in the Hawaiian flora, and a revision of the Hawaiian species of Gunnera (Haloragidaceae). Hawaiian Plant Studies 11. Proceedin s California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, ZS( Reprinted as pp , in Kay, E.A., ed A Natural Histor - of - the -- Hawaiian Islands: Selected ~ea3ings. Honolulu~ Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Pertinent data on Hawaiian endemic plants. St. John, H The history, present distribution, and abundance of sandalwod on Oahu. Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 14. Pacific -science l(1): History of the extensive. destructive trade in sandalwood, a monopoly of the- Hawaiian kings. St. John, H. 1954a. Ferns of Rotuma Island, a descriptive

132 manual. B.P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers 21(9): More than 90 percent of the land area of Rotuma I., near Fiji, is planted in coconuts for copra. St. John, H. 1954b. The vegetation of Hawaii at the time of Capt. James Cook in , and a comparison with its present status. Eighth Congr. -- Int. Bot. Rapp. -- Comm. 21 a 27: Origin of adventive plants in Hawaii is probed. St. John, H. 1957a. Adventive plants in the Marshall Islands before Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Congress 4: Brief outline of successive waves of weeds occupying the Marshalls, until the 1890's development of coconut plantations opened up even more habitats for weed encroachment. St. John, H. 1957b. Vegetational provinces of the Pacific: Hawaiian. Proc. Ei hth Pacific science Congress 4: The naturmora -57 o Hawaiian zones having a rainfall of 20 to 60 inches annually at lower altitgdes, has been virtually exterminated by man and his animals. St. John, H Botanical novelties on the island of Niihau. Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 25. pacific Science 13(2): Includes account of the first discovery, in an area of grazing sheep and cattle, of the endangered endemic palm Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii. St. John, H Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4): Heavy bombing and fighting on Eniwetok in February 1944 llcaused general devastation on the largest islet, Eniwetok ~slet, and on several others. It probably exterminated some of the rarer plant species." St. John, H Monograph of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. B.P. Bishop --- Museum Bulletin 229: Details history of forest destruction in Schofield Saddle region: "Now the forest is so comple.tely destroyed that prolonged research was needed to reveal that it once existed." St. John, H The flora of Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga. Pacific Plant Studies 32. Phytologia 36(4): "The vegetation of Niuatoputapu has been extensively modified as a result of some 3,000 years of Polynesian occupation. l1

133 St. John, H A new Steno ne (Labiatae). Hawaiian Plant Studies 84. Phytolo* On the island of Hawail In the saddle area between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, Stenogyne pohakuloaensis occurs in a lava fissure in vegetation that has suffered from the grazing of feral goats and from military maneuvers and cannon fire, for it is now a military training area. St. John, H. and A.C. Corn Rare Endemic Plants of --- the Hawaiian Islands Book - I.onol~lT, Hawaii: Department of Land and Natural Resources. Details of status, threats, and habitat of 68 threatened plant species of Hawaii. St. John, H. and F.R. Fosberg Vegetation of Flint island; Central Pacific. B.P. Bishop ~iseum, Occasional Papers 12(24): 3-4. "The original vegetation of this island has been practically destroyed, and the island is now an intensively cultivated copra plantation." St. John, H. and W.R. Philipson An account of the flora of Henderson Island, South Pacific Ocean. Transactions Royal Society -- of New Zealand, Botany l(14) "Each summer, when possible, they (Pitcairn islanders) sail in whale boats the 90 miles to windward to Henderson Island. land at the north end and fell trunks of "milo", ~hespesia populnea and sandalwood, Santalum hendersonense. From the beautiful reddish wood of th; latter they make carvings to be offered for sale to passengers on passing steamers." Stockman, J.R The Battle - for --- Tarawa. 86 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Tarawa, devastated island of the Pacific Combat Theater in 1943, is shown with many photos of vegetation destroyed due to military operations in World War 11. Stoddart, D.R Geography and the ecological approach: the ecosystem as a geographic principle and method. Geography 50(3): Includes brief indications of studies of Pacific ecosystems impacted by introduced mammals, e.g. Clipperton I., Fiji Is. Stoddart, D.R Organism and ecosystem as geographical models, pp , in Chorley, R.J. and P. Haggett, eds., Models - in Geography. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. Ecosystem modelling as an activity for geographers, including references to articles on the interaction of man, plants and animals in Fiji and Hawaii.

134 Stoddart, D.R. 1968a. Isolated island communities. Science Journal 4(4): Includes map indicating locales of threats posed to Pacific islands by the development of international airports, airstrips, military bases, weapons testing sites, and guano and phosphate mining. Stoddart, D.R. 1968b. Catastrophic human intervention with Cora 1 at ecosystems. ~eograph~ 53(1): Inc lude ffects of coconut ~lantations. airstri~ constr ucti and nuclear weapok testing,-on the paac if ic f lo ra, the disappearance of Cordia forest on Ca nton T Stoddart. D.R Sand cays of eastern Guadalcanal. ~hilosoihical Transactions, ~ b ~ asociety 1 B255: "Field mapping of the Marau cays suggests a major distinction between the vegetation of islands much disturbed by man, dominated by coconuts and Casuarina, and the less disturbed islands (such as East, Keura, North, Horohato and Tarvarau) which are still largely covered with broadleaf woodland.ll Stoddart, D.R Conservation -- of the Phoenix Islands, Central -.- Pacific - Ocean DD. ReD0rt to the Southern Zone Research Committee, ~d;al iociety, Department of Education and science, and Foreign - and dommonwealth Office. Recommendations for preserving the fragile ecosystems of the Phoenix Is. Stoddart, D.R Reef islands of Aitutaki, Atoll Research Bulletin 190: Mentions that vegetation of the Ootu peninsula of Aitutaki was considerably leveled and cleared for runway development in World War 11, and still is periodically cleared. Stoddart, D.R Scientific Importance - and Conserva- -- tion of Central Pacific Islands. 28 pp. Report to the Southern Zone Research Committee, Royal Society, Department of Education and Science, -and-foreign and- Commonwealth Office. Includes discussion of disturbances caused by human activities in the central Pacific. Stone, B.C The role of pandanus in the culture of the Marshall Islands, pp , in Barrau, J., ed., Plants --- and the Migrations of Pacific Peoples. 136 pp. Honolulu. Hawaii: Bishop ~useum Press. ll~andanus trunks are split down the middle for use in light construction, especially for walls, and were so much employed by American armed forces in the Gilberts during World War I1 that the area saw a great reduction

135 in the Pandanus population." Stone, B.C. 1967a. The phytogeography of Guam, Marianas Islands. Micronesica 3: Sixty-three percent of the total Guam flora (585 out of 931 species) is introduced by man. Introduced and native species are categorized under several headings for discussion. A large number of the introduced plants are from Mexico, Central or South America, and may be traced to the Spanish galleon route from Acapulco, Mexico, to Guam, and on to Manila in the Philippines. Most endemics occur on coral substrate. Stone, B.C. 1967b. The flora of Romonum Island, Truk ~a~oon, Caroline Islands. Pacific Science 21(1): Very little, if any, of the original vegetation is left intact. l1 Straatmans, W Dynamics of some Pacific island forest communities in relation to the survival of the endemic flora. Micronesica l(1 6 2): Concerns IEua I. in Tonga Is. "Land clearing, ringbarking, firing, logging and crop-growing under increasing population pressure has resulted in drastic changes which cross-pattern the spontaneous dynamics of the virgin forests.ll Strauss, T The Cousteau Odyssey: Blind Prophets of Easter Island. 58 min. running time. A Cousteau society Production. J. 6 P. Cousteau. Executive Producers. This film discusses the firmer civilization of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, which died trying to destroy its own habitat. As the island was denuded of timber, the people became impoverished and sought the natural shelter of caves. Social disorder became commonplace as overpopulation and food shortages continued. Strange petroglyphs of flowers and large trees survive to indicate the formerly flourishing woodlands, and the huge totemic stone figures, mute celebrities of the island's history, now stand amid the short grass. Today, the handful of descendants of the ancient people have no conscious recollection that wood was once plentiful on their depleted island. Street, J.M Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. 63 pp. Library brochure prepared for pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. llbogombogo Islet, which was denuded by a nuclear shot set off at a distance of 2.3 miles in November 1952, was re-covered with a heavy growth of Scaevola and Messerschmidia when examined in April, 1954." Strong, M.F Environment and man's future in the

136 Pacific, pp , in Scagel, R.F., ed., Mankind's - Future in - the Pacific. 198 pp. Vancouver: hiversity of ~ritist Columbia Press. Includes mention of various Pacific islands which have become llecologically bankrupt", such as Banaba (or, Ocean I. in the Gilberts), and large desecrated areas of New Caledonia, including the importance of restoring centuries of damage in the Galapagos. See similar article in SPC Environment Newsletter 2: (1975). Stuessy, T.F. and 0. Silva The evolution of the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Rep. Chilean Univ. Life 15: 3-6. Some endemics have unusual life-forms. Stuessy, T.F., Sanders, R.W. and O.R. Matthei Juania australis revisited in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. Princi es 27(2): Status 7+- o a rare endemic palm. Stuessy, T.F., Sanders, R.W. and M. Silva Phytogeography and evolution of the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands: a progress report, pp , in Radovsky, F.J., Raven, P.H. and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Biogeography -- of the Tropical Pacific. 221 pp. B.P. Bishop Museum, - Special - Publication No. 72. "The main reason for the decline in the endemic flora is the destruction by domesticated and feral animals including goats, sheep, cattle, coatimundis, rabbits and horses.i1 Summerhays, B The endangered species of Darwin's islands. Environment Southwest -504: 3-6. Environmental perturbations in Galapagos are mentioned. Svenson, H.K Opportunities for botanical study on the Galapagos Islands, pp , in Galapagos Islands: a unique area for scientific investigations. Occasional Papers, California Academy of Sciences, No. 44. Dry areas of the islandshave the more pronounced endemism. Svihla, A Rana rugosa Schlegel. - Mid-Pacific Magazine (~~ril-~unr It is possible that this Japanese and Korean frog may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands (where it is known from Oahu and Maui) by means of man as an agent of plant dispersal, i.e., tiny frog eggs inadvertently concealed among the roots of aquatic plants shipped from Japan. Breakdown of frog's breeding rhythm postulated as a result. Svihla, A The Hawaiian rat. The Murrelet 17: In a strange reversal of the overwhelmingly provable

137 concept that introduced plants are usually deleterious to the native biota. the indigenous "iole" or Hawaiian rat, ~attus -- hawaiiensis, actgally prefers to live in gullies thick with growths of introduced guavas, cactus and lantana, rather than in dry areas where the native vegetation is sparse. Sykes, W.R The effect of goats on vegetation of the Kermadec Islands. -- Proc. New zealand Ecological Society 16: On the Kermadec Is., located between Tonga and New Zealand, and particularly with respect to Raoul I., palatable indigenous flora will continue to disappear due to grazing pressure by goats, unless goats are exterminated. Sykes, W.R Botanical Science, pp. 9-67, in Bibliography of Research --- on the Cook 1slandsI New Zealand Nat. Comm. ~ ngco. DSIR. Lower Hutt. Cook Islands are-~ew zealand territory located by Tonga. Sykes, W.R The vegetation of Late, Tonga. - Allertonia 2(6): To avert the threat of ~otentiall~ dangerous weed spread, all visible plants 'of Mimosa 6udicaWon the lava cliff dwelling site were eradicated-by the author. Tabata, R.S The native coastal plants of Oahu, ~awaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical society 19: Threats to indigenous plants in coastal habitats discussed in detail; includes checklist of plants and recommended protective measures for them. Tagawa, T.K Endangered species in Hawaii: effect on other resource management. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(1): Discloses a mounting apprehension concerning the bureaucratic burdens involved in protecting officially listed Hawaiian plants and critical habitats. Followed by rebuttal article by Lamoureux, C.H., -- loc. cit (1976). Takahashi, M. and J.C. Ripperton Koa Haole (Leucaena glauca): Its Establishment, Culture, - and Ut ili - zation - as - a Forest Crop. 56 pp. Bulletin 100. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Background information on a plant which has since become, due to improper management, an invasive pest on several Pacific islands. Taketa, K.H Hawaii's islands of life: a campaign to stem the tide of extinction. - The Nature Conservancy News 37(1): 4-5.

138 Briefly describes the objectives of TNC Islands of Life Campaign recently initiated in the State of Hawaii, along with mention of TNC1s accomplishments of the past decade. Takeuchi, W Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Bidens cuneata Sherff (Compositae); Schiedea adamantis st.= [vhyllaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Tak.euchi, W Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Brighamia -- spp. (Lobeliaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Talbot, F.H. and C.E. Holdren The protection of coral reef ecosystems: the size of viable reserves. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, (Abstract) "~conomic development in the form of tourism; overfishing or poor fishing technique; siltation from housing development, forestry, agriculture or mining; or pollution from increasing city size and industrial growth, often threaten the long term productivity or even the survival of many coral reefs." Talbot, L.M Highlights of conservation in the International ~iolo~ical Programme in the Asia-Pacific Region. Malaysian Forester 32: Discusses nature conservation in the Pacific. -* Tannowa, T. and A. Yoshida Plant Collecting -- in the Ogasawara Islands: Collecting and Breedin Institute of Breeding Research, Tokyo, Vol. 37, No. 8 In Japanese) Rare endemic plants, principally of Hahajima I. and Mukojima I. Tannowa, T., Yoshida, A. and K.R. Woolliams Tentative list of rare and endangered plants of the Ogasawara Islands. Notes Waimea Arboretum 3(2): Endemic Ogasawara plants requiring conservation. Taylor, J.L Saipan: a study in land utilization. Economic Geography 2714): Includes vegetation and land use. Taylor, R.H Introduced mammals and islands: priorities for conservation and research. --- Proc. New Zealand Ecological Societ 15: Exotic mammals -IF s ould not be permitted to gain a foothold on unmodified islands, and they also should be removed from unstable, actively degrading islands. But the control of introduced mammals on modified, stable

139 islands with balanced ecosystems, or on nearly stable islands with declining mammal populations, should not be attempted solely as a conservation measure unless the need is confirmed by sufficient ecological research. Taylor, W.R Plants of Bikini - and Other Northern Marshall Islands. 227 pp. A= Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Damage to terrestrial vegetation on various islands as a result of military installations and atomic bomb stations is noted. Telfer, T.C Kauails blacktail deer. Aloha Aina 2(11: The deer were introduced from Oregon to Kauai because, "In view of the goat control measures, the needs and desires of the Island sport hunters had to be considered. l1 Templet, P.H American Samoa: establishing a coastal area management model for developing countries. Coastal Zone Management Journal 13(3-4): Pressures on Samoan coastal ecosystems are treated. Tennev.,' E.D Oahu water resources. -- Hawaiian For. Agr. 6: Remarks on Kahoolawe deforestation and ensuing climatic changes. Tercinier, G Les sols de llile de Mangareva (Gambier): etude pedologique temoin + dlune ile haute de la Polynesie Francaise. Cahiers du Pacifi ue 18(2): Human activity destroyed the orest cover and fragile soil of Mangareva, promoting erosion and sedimentation. Terrell, Island biogeography and man in Melanesia. -- Arch. and Phys. Anthrop. - in Oceania ll(1): Biogeography, the study of distribution patterns of plants and animals in time and space, has been an integral part of human geography for generations, although some investigators do not wish to consider human beings as animals. Animals or not, our increasing and diffusing populations are consuming and converting a great deal of biomass, including native forests and vegetation. Thaman, R.R. 1974a. Lantana --- camara: its introduction, dispersal and impact on islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Micronesica lo(1): Documents the presence of lantana on many islands and its adverse alteration of many floras, in conjunction with other modifications by man. Good, long Bibliography.

140 Thaman, R.R. 1974b. Tongan - agricultural land use: a study of resources, pp , in Proc. ~nternational Geographical Union Re ional Conference and Eighth -- New Zealand G e o g r a m o k Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Geographical - * Society. Owing to population pressure (over 300 persons per square kilometer in 1971) and over 3,000 years of human occupance, very little primary vegetation remains on Tongatapu. The existing vegetation communities provide gene pools of plants commonly found in either a protected or wild state on many bush allotments. Thaman, R.R The Tongan Agricultural System. 433 pp. Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific. Includes details of Tongan lant associations, weeds, and how people interact an a utilize indigenous flora. Native forest species on Tongatapu are rapidly being eliminated as a result of the need for firewood and timber for banana "shooks" and other purposes. Theobald, W.L Proposed road through garden defeated. Bull. Pacific ~ro~ical Botanical ~arden 6(3): Scenic road proposed by the Hawaii State Department of Transportation, which would have gone through the Lawai Valley and the PTBG, was aborted due to pressures from conservationists. Theobald, W.L Economic crop survey: New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Bull. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 8(4): In New Caledonia, "Cattle grazing is significant for the local population and there is a timber industry which is rapidly depleting the native flora." Theobald, W.L The nation's tropical garden. Pacific Horticulture 41(2): A primary goal of the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden is to grow endangered plants. Thibault, J.-C Rapa Iti: l'ile de la derniere chance. Te Natura o Pol nesia 4: Introdu~e~nfs*abundant ly multiplied and therefore significantly modified the environmental milieu of Rapa Iti. Thompson, P.G Goat breeding in Fiji. South Pacific Bulletin 15(2): "Goats were well established in Fiji before Cession in 1874, and Angora goats were run on the Nananu Is., at Nadi, on Mago I., and probably elsewhere... Fiji's large Indian population much prefers goat meat to mutton." Control of stock numbers to prevent overgrazing is suggested.

141 Thorby, R.G Afforestation in the Cook Islands. south Pacific Bulletin 4(4): Deformareas and sheet - washed slo~es should be reafforested before they become irremediably ruined. Acacia Eucalyptus and Albizzia falcata are being tested f o r i s purpose. Thorne, R.F New Caledonia, island of botanical opportunity. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 4(1): 1-3. "The area of native vegetation on la Grand-Terre is rapidly being diminished by frequent and extensive burning, destructive prospecting and mining, timbering, over-grazing, and other disturbances attributable to civilized man." Thorp, T.E. 1960a. -- Wake Island. 42 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. Original vegetation patterns on Wake have been considerably modified by "(1) wartime construction work, and (2) by damage resulting from air and sea bombardments of the islands by both Japanese and U.S. forces." Thorp, T.E. 1960b. Midway Islands. 47 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. Includes brief history of the considerable modification of the vegetation by introduction of exotic species, and construction work. Thorp, T.E. 1960c Johnston Island. 40 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. Discusses incidence of naturalized weeds, some of which may have come in with nursery stock from Hawaii. Tindle, R.W Galapagos conservation and tourism: eleven years on. Oryx 17(3): Minimization of tourist impact is desired. Titcomb, M. 1969a. The axis deer: impending threat to the Big Island. Elepaio 30(3): Deer may turp out to have the same "nuisance valuem as feral goats in Hawaii. Titcomb, M. 1969b. Axis deer: welcome or not? Elepaio 30(6): "Recent observers have called East Molokails forest a disaster area, as to its vegetation." (Hawaiian Islands)

142 Tokyo Metropolitan Government Surve Re ort on Nature Conservation of Bonin Islands. Vol+l9*Vo~: 2, 251 pp. (1970). Reviewed by Eldridge, L.G., Atoll Research Bulletin 185: Volume 1 contains article by T. Tuyama on "Flora of the Bonin Islands", pp Tomich, P.Q A question of values. Elepaio 25(7): Concerns program for eradication.of rabbits from Manana Island (Hawaiian Is.). "Rabbits have inhabited Manana for more than 60 years and undoubtedly were the greatest factor in the extirpation of nearly all the original vegetation." Tomich, P.Q Mammals - in Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 57. Concerns introductions of animals which became feral in Hawaii. Tomich, P.Q The feral goat in Hawaii, with particular reference to problems in the national parks, pp , in Mueller-Dombois, D., ed. (1972). The goat is an inharmonious element in native ecosystems and has caused extensive damage, modifications, and also probable extinctions relative to the indigenous flora and fauna. Tomich, P.Q., Wilson, N. and C.H. Lamoureux Ecological factors on Manana Island, Hawaii. Pacific Science 22: Feral rabbits are potent destructive agent on Manana. Tracey, J.I., - et - al Military Geolo - of -2 Guam Mariana Islands. 282 pp. U.S: Army, Chief 2 Engineers, Intelligence Division, H.Q. US Army Pacific (Tokyo). Trotman, I.G Western Samoa launches a national park program. Parks 3(4): 5-8. Reprinted in Tigerpaper 6(4): (1979). The largest park likely to be established is 0 Le Pupu - Pu'e National Park in the southern part of Upolu Island, Western Samoa. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Rota Master Plan. 93 pp Appendices. Planning Division, Department of Public Works, TTPI. Contains excellent narrative on history of land alteration on Rota (Mariana Is.) from Spanish through German, Japanese, and World War I1 eras. "The present distribution and nature of the flora represents a mirror of man's activity on the islands and is so artificial as to make it almost impossible to reconstruct the original

143 climax pattern." Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Adopted Regulations, Title 45: Fish, Shellfish and Game, Chapter 5: Endangered Species. Territorial Register 2(1): 4 December. Lists 5 endangered plant species of the Trust Territory: Rock Island Palm, Gulubia palauensis from Palau; Truk Palm, Clinosti ma carolinensis from Truk; Palau Palm, Ptychosperma ---T pa auensis from Palau; and the Marianas Serianthes, Serianthes nelsonii from Rota. Tuoc, L.T Some thoughts on the control of introduced plants. Noticias de-~alapagos 37: Too little has been achieve7 in checkinn the spread of introduced plants from the colonized areas (of human habitation and agriculture) into the Galapagos National Park. Turner, J.S., Smithers, C.N. and R.D. Hoogland The Conservation of Norfolk Island. 41 pp. Australian Conservation ~oundation.. S~ecial Publication No. 1. L Compares Philip I., devastated by feral grazers, to Norfolk I. which has representative remaining plant communities likely to be threatened by recent developments (airstrip, hotels). Tuttle, M.D Gentle fliers of the African night. National Geographic 169(4): Vegetarian bats ("flying foxesu) are vital seeddispersal agents for the regeneration of forests. They are often wrongfully decimated as crop-destroying pests and food-animals, and their decline could have a devastating effect on tropical ecosystems in Samoa, Fiji, Guam, and Saipan where they are declining. Also, three continents support flying foxes that are likewise important for forest regeneration. Tuyama, T On the phytogeographical status of the Bonin and Volcano Islands. Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Congress 5: Owing to the dense population and the inadequate forestry administration, the original forest of the Bonin Group was mostly destroyed. The tall forests which maintain the original features are seen only in restricf ted areas in Peel and Bailey Islands. Uhe, G Medicinal plants of Samoa. Economic Botany 28(1): species are covered in this preliminary survey, a forerunner of more detailed studies of specific plants and remedies. Umpingco, N.R The realities facing Guam today, pp.

144 , in Force, R.W. and B.P. Bishop, eds., The Impact - of Urban Centers -- in the Pacific. 362 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Guam remains a favorite tourist destination, especially favored by Japanese honeymooners, and the growing economy adversely impacts on the environment, including the systematic destruction of pristine lands. U.S. Army,. - Office of the Engineer, Intelligence Division Militar Geolo of Saipaan, ~aiiana Islands. Volume L d ~ t d a n Xgineering hpects. 67 pp. H.Q. US Army Forces Far East. "The vegetation of Saipan has been so altered by burning, cultivation, and importation of foreign species that it is difficult for any but the skilled botanist to know what plants are indigenous and which introduced." U.S. Army, Office of the Engineer, Intelligence ~ivision Militar Geology- of Palau Islands ~aroline Islands d y o : H.Q. US Army - P Describes World War I1 damage to terrain: soil deficiencies; occurrence of bauxiie. U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu Islands Forest Situation. 123 pp. USCAR, Special Bulletin No. 2. Clearing of the forests is a major problem in the Ryukyus. Other threats to native vegetation include the effects of burning, grazing, introduced timber trees, and exploitation of cycads for starch in the "Cycad Hellw of Amami Oshima. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife service Hawaii's Endangered - Wildlife. 16 pp. Portland, Orenon. - ~emonstiates interdependence of endangered vegetation (as habitat) and fauna (especially birds) affected by grazing of rabbits and other animals. Also illustrates how a housing development erected on a pond destroyed a waterbird marsh. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife service Hawaii's ~ndan~ered Forest Birds. 30 pp. Portland, Oregon. Demonstrates dependence of specialized native birds on intact, vegetated habitats, i.e.? the survival of bird species is linked to preservation of large tracts of native f rest.. Exotic plants in Alakai Wilderness Preserve P~auai) threaten the Hawaiian crow; feral goats in Lanai forests threaten the Lanai thrush; grazing rabbits on Laysan Island caused extinction of the Laysan apapane bird; and feral browsing mammals threaten liwi birds on Molokai.

145 U.S. Navv Field survey of Javanese defenses on chichi' Jima Retto. Part 0nk: The -~e~ort. CINCPAC - CINCPOA Bulletin 2-46: Useful to researchers wishing to date the changes - in vegetation due to military operations. U.S. War Department, Historical Division The Capture - of -- Makin -( November November 1943). 135 pp. Washington, D.C. Includes photos depicting effects of war activities on the vegetation. VanBalgooy, M.M.J Plant-Geography -- of the Pacific. Blumea Supplement Volume VI. 216 pp. Rijksherbarium, Leyden, The Netherlands. Contains separate discussions of the composition, including endemism, of the floras of 36 prominent island groups of the Pacific. VanBalgooy, M.M.J Chapter 14. Vascular plants: the altitudinal range of some taxa, pp , in Costin, A.B. and R.H. Groves, eds. (1973). Many plants (mostly at the generic level) which occur in both the Pacific islands and Malesia show two tendencies: "the same taxa occur at lower altitudes in the Pacific than in Malesia; and the total altitudinal range in the Pacific is in general narrower than in Malesia...In the Pacific the impact of man on the original vegetation is greatest in the lowlands, to which many taxa are restricted. Therefore it is particularly important that lowland areas receive high priority in conservation." Van der Poel, C.J Human and cultural values on Guam in a period of rapid transition, pp , in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., The Impact - of Urban Centers -- in the Pacific. 362 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Guamanian young people feel they are becoming secondclass citizens in their own country, and are more disturbed than the entrenched older persons about situations such as the presence of military forces on the island; the fact that so much arable land is utilized for roads, hotels and factories; and the breaking up of the forested coastline to build hotels. Their concerns are significant because, as explained by R.W. Force (loc. cit., pp ), "Much of the credit for the consciousness that exists in the world today about our environment, what is happening to it, and what is happening to man as part of that environment, may be awarded quite legitimately to young people, who sometimes seem to have more respect for the world and its inhabitants than do some of us who are a bit older." Force further observes that Pacific "people are not

146 museum populations, nor do they wish to be." Van der Werff, H.H The Vegetation --- of the Galapagos Islands. 102 pp plates. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht. Zierikzee, The Netherlands: Drukkerij Lakenman 6 Ochtman. Includes new records of pantropical weed introductions, e.g. Tridax rocumbens on Santa Cruz; and Pangola grass, Di itaria pk --, on Santa Cruz where it easily h r o m cultivation as a forage grass and threatens to overrun the native vegetation in the fern-sedge zone by means of vegetative reproduction. Van der Werff, H.H Conservation and vegetation of the Galapagos Islands, pp , in ramw well, D., ed., Plants and - Islands. London and New York: Academic Press. Review of the problems besetting the Galapagos. Van der Werff, H.H Effects of feral pigs and donkevs on the distribution of selected food ~lants. A ~oticias de Gala a os 36: Differences -+?- in istributions of the orchids Li aris and Prescottia on Santa Cruz I. and Alcedo I. r"- Galapagos) are proba6ly a result of feral pigs who dig up and eat the subterranean organs of the plants. Van Tilburg, J Symbolic archaeology on Easter Island. Archaeolo 40(2): Includes brief iscussion of early deforestation by original inhabitants of Easter Island. Veillon, J.M La flore Neo-Caledonienne, son originalite, sa vulnerabilite face aux problemes de degradation et de pollution. Commission du ~acifi~ue Sud, Colloque Regional -- sur la Protection de la~ature - Recifs et La ons Noumea, 4-14 Aout 1971, SP~~RSCN-WP. 23 ~ p 1-5. In New Caledonia, the relictual, highly endemic flora is exposed to the dangers of destruction through mineworks, roads, and mineral discharges. From review by Plessis, J. Cahiers - du Pacifique 16: (1972). Vietmeyer, N. 1986a. Casuarina: weed or windfall? American Forests 92(2): 22-25, 63. Casuarina, or "Australian pine", grows vigorously in places such as the toxic alumina soils of ~ e ~aledonia. w This article discusses the potential of Casuarina in reforesting barren lands in developing countries. Vietmeyer, N. 1986b. Lesser-known plants of potential use in agriculture and forestry. science 232: Several underexploited leguminous tree species are presented as "important weapons" against deforestation in tropical areas. Creating the most enthusiasm is Leu-

147 caena leucocephala, a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree that promises to provide wood and reforestation for much of the tropics. ~x~erimental plots of leucaena are being grown by the University of Hawaii at Waimanalo, on the island of Oahu. Villa, J.L. and A. Ponce Islands for people and evolution: The Galapagos, pp , in McNeely, J.A. and K.R. Miller, eds., National Parks, Conservation, - and Development: --- The Role of Protected Areas in Sustainin Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian ~nstitution Press! Suggests ways to orient the management of Galapagos National Park towards the achievement of rural development objectives which benefit people living in the area. Villiers. A Cautain Cook: the man who mauued * * the pacific: National ~ed~raphic 140(3): Background information on major discoveries of land in the Facific, in non-technical- presentation. Virot, R. 1951a. Associations vegetales de la Nouvelle- Caledonie et leur protection. Journal Societe Oceanistes 7: Plea for judicious control of mineral prospecting, forest exploitation, and other activities which negatively impact the vegetation of New Caledonia. Virot, R. 1951b. Les plantes indigenes utiles de la ~ouvelle-~aledonie. ~ev.- Intern. BO~T Appliquee no an.-feb XIT): An attempt to inventory useful plants of New Caledonia, including the endemic medicinal plants Gardenia aubreyi, Gardenia urvillei and Nicotiana fragrans. Virot, R Le probleme de la protection de la nature en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Eighth Congr. Intern. Bot. Rapp. -- Comm : Discusses human threats to vegetation of New Caledonia and conservation procedures to counteract them. Virot, R La vegetation Canaque. Memoires --- Museum National Histoire Naturelle, serie B (Th. Sc. Nat. Paris, 1956, ser. A, no. Invasions of weeds and other current and future modifications to the vegetation of New Caledonia are discussed. Exten.sive Bibliography of New Caledonian flora included. Vogl, R.J General ecology of northeast outer slopes of Haleakala Crater, East Maui, Hawaii. Contr. -- Nat. Cons. 6: 1-8. Preservation of the slopes is recommended. Vogl, R.J. and J. Henrickson Vegetation of the

148 alpine bog on East Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Science 25(4): Grazing by feral goats, pigs and cattle may have eliminated Lobelia and/or Argyroxiphium species that may have once existed in the bog. Wace, N.M The botany of the southern oceanic islands. Proceedings -- of the Royal Society B152: These highly impoverished floras are extremely vulnerable- to- competition from continental species ini troduced by man. The native floras have few or no annual species to exploit the open habitats produced by the destruction of the vegetation. The Juan Fernandez Is. are within the scope of this article. Wace, N.M The Character of Oceanic Islands -- and the Problem of Their Rational -- useand Conservation. Morges, ~witzerland: IUCN. Energy flow models are presented for island ecosystems. Wace, N.M. and M.W. Holdgate Man and Nature -- in the Tristan da Cunha Islands. IUCN Monograph No pp. Morges, ~witzerland: IUCN. Oceanic islands will have increasing significance as baseline monitoring sites, e.g., a station at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, monitors atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. (Tristan da Cunha, the principal subject of this article, is in the Atlantic Ocean.) Wagner, J.P The "scandalwood". Hawaii 2(2) (Issue No. 4): story of the 30-year ( ) Hawaiian sandalwood trade, from which the trees are only now slowly reviving. By the 19th century, the original non-hawaiian resources of sandalwood had dried up through a lack of conservation measures in India, Java, Timor and the East Indies. The Hawaiian aristocracy mortgaged the economy of the islands with promissory notes payable in sandalwood, with disastrous results on the native vegetation. Wagner, W.H Ferns naturalized in Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Pa ers 20(8): Interesting historical he ata on the establishment of invasive fern species which became naturalized in the Hawaiian ~slands, e.g. Azolla filiculoides and Blechnum occidentale. Wagner, W.H Ferns in the Hawaiian Islands. Fiddlehead Forum 8(6): Many ferns were introduced into Hawaii for commercial purposes, e.g. Adiantum cuneatum Pteris vittata, Ceratopteris thalictroides, andyrogfamma calomelanos. Apparently extinct ferns of Hawaii include Botrychium

149 subbifoliatum, Asplenium leucostegioides, and Diellia mannii. Waimea Arboretum and Botanical Garden Checklist of Hawaiian Endemic, Indigenous, Food Plants and ~ol~nesiz Introductions in Cultivation - in --- Hawaii. 31 pp. Waimea Arboretum ~oundation Educational Series No. 2. Haleiwa. Hawaii: Waimea Arboretum Foundation. Includes numerous endangered and threatened Hawaiian species, growing at 16 garden sites. walker, C.M Forest Conservation Research -- Plan for - the Seventies. 35 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. Discusses ways in which the ecological basis for understanding forest conservation in Hawaii must be strengthened, and considers the impact of invasive plant species and feral sheep. Walker, E.H A botanical mission to Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyus. - Asa Gray Bulletin, n.s. 1 (3): Records the northernmost occurrence in the world of the useful nipa palm, Nipa fruticans, at Hinai Bay, Iriomote Island, Ryukyus. Also includes many observations, on all the Ryukyus, of invasive weeds and reversions of grassland and agricultural land to forests. Walker, E.H Botanizing with the Okinawans. The -- Smithsonian Report - for 1952 pp Washington, -9 D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. One-third of Okinawa I. (Ryukyus) was devastated in the World War I1 invasion of Regarding the barren appearance of the southern end due to the paucity of trees: "Those (trees) that the Japanese army did not use in building defenses, the Americans blew down to eliminate snipers... The appearance of barrenness is further augmented by the American installations built on great bulldozed and leveled areas, once hills and valleys covered with grass, trees, or cultivated fields." 1 Walker. E.H A sketch of the vegetation and ~lants of the Southern Ryukyu Islands. roc. Eighth pacific + Science Con ress 4: On sout ern Okinawa Island. long occupation and destruction by World War I1 have swept away most of the arboreal cover, leaving extensive areas grown up in coarse grasses such as Miscanthus floridulus lang" (Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii). and "la The -.- Forests - of - the British --- Solomon Walker, F.S. Islands Protectorate. 186 pp. Honiara, Guadalcanal: South Pacific Commission. (~eprint of 1948 Original). Details of extensive secondary vegetation on various islands are included.

150 Walker, R.L Staff report by State Division of Fish and Game on question: Should axis deer be introduced to the Island of Hawaii. Elepaio 30(4): Division of Fish and Game recommends introduction of axis deer to island of Hawaii, after reviewing 18 harmful effects such action may cause; indirectly provides excellent insight into bureaucratic mentality. Wallace, R., et - al Chapter 6. The enigma of a tree, pp in The American Wilderness Series: Hawaii. New York: Time-Life Books. Concerns Hibiscadelphus distans (Malvaceae). Wallis, O.L Coral Reefs, A Challenge to Conservation. 24 pp. mimeo. Paper presented at sixth International Game Fish Conference. Miami Beach. Florida Washington, D.C.: U.S. ~e~artment of th; ~nteridr, National Park Service. Among the eleven stated categories of impact to the fragile ecosystems of coral reefs is "changes wrought on land". Massive land-clearing can cause water run-off into coral beds, silting them up. Bibliography of 46 references. Walsh, J Superport for Palau debated: ecopolitics in the Far Pacific. Science 194(4268): The possibility that a superport for transshipping Iranian oil to Japan may be built in Palau, causes concern for resource development in the ecologically fragile lagoon and reef of Palau. Also mentions incipient cultural deterioration which may ensue due to infusion of more money and material possessions to Palauans at such a superport. Ward, R.G Land Use and Population in Fiji: A Geographical Study. 309 pp. Department of ~efhnical COoperation, Overseas Research Publication No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Relates intensive utilization of terrestrial resources due to increasing population pressure. Wardle, P., Moar, N.T. and D.R. Given Goats on Auckland Islands. -- New Zealand Journal - of Botany 16(2): Instructive for its approach to the feral goat problem, though Auckland Is. are not covered by the present Bibliography. See Campbell, D.J. and M.R. Rudge (1978) for rebuttal article. Warner, R.E A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery 13(2): On the island of Hawaii, feral sheep have destroyed natural vegetation in the llmamanell forest dominated by

151 Sophora chrysophylla, on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea volcanic peak. Graphically illustrated with photos. Warner, R.E. 1961a. The problem of native forest destruction- in Hawaii. ~enth- Pacific Science Congress, - Abstracts, Short notes on aspects of Hawaiian deforestation. Warner, R.E. 1961b. Hawaii's birds: birth and death of an island biota. Pacific Discovery 14(5): Photos show effects. on vegetation - and forests. of feral sheep and other stock, overbrowsing, overgrazing, trampling, erosion; bulldozing natural vegetation for macadamia nut orchards. Warner, R.E Recent history and ecology of the Laysan duck. The Condor 65(1): Details the = e m destruction of the Laysan duck's habitat by overgrazing rabbits, pigs and Guinea pigs. "The nearly completed annihilation of the flora of Laysan Island followed the introduction of domestic rabbits in 1903 to provide meat for guano miners." Warner, R.E., ed Scientific Report -- of the Kipahulu Valley Expedition. 184 pp. The Nature Conservancy. Contains numerous observations on status and threats to natural vegetation of the Kipahulu Valley, Hawaii, by expedition participants R.E. Warner, R.E. DeWreede, C.H. Lamoureux, and G.A. Smathers. Warshauer, F.R The Kalapana extension of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: its variety, vegetation, and value. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 16(3-4): Severe problems with feral pigs are delineated. Warshauer, F.R. and J.D. Jacobi Distribution and status of Vicia menziesii Spreng. (Leguminosae): Hawaii's first of-lly listed endangered plant species. Biological Conservation 23(2): "The primary factors responsible for the decline of V. menziesii are habitat loss and excessive predation on the plants by introduced ungulates. Continued logging and cattle grazing within its remnant range are major threats to its existence." Watson. J.S Feral rabbit ~o~ulations on Pacific islanhs. Pacific Science 15(4): 5blL-593. Discusses rabbit damage to vegetation. - and causes of kabbit population fluct;ations, in the ~awaiian Leeward Islands of Lisianski and Laysan; Phoenix I., Philip I., and islets of the main Hawaiian group: - Manana, Lehua and Molokini.

152 Watson-Gegeo, K.A Review of Bryan Farrell, Hawaii, The Legend That Sells. Honolulu: University of Hawaii 7 Press, pp. Pacific Studies 6(1): Farrell's book is "the first comprehensive treatment of tourism development in Hawaii", with a chapter on the impact of tourism on the physical landscape indicating that "the negative impacts on land and shore have been coral reef destruction, problems of beach access for local people, overstressing of energy and water resources, and destruction of local vegetation and soil." Watters, R.F The nature of shifting cultivation: a review of recent research. Pacific View oint 1: Impact of shifting cultivation in *Samoa. Watts, D Persistence and change in the vegetation of oceanic islands: an example from Barbados, West Indies. Canadian Geographer 14C2): Evidence from the Caribbean island of Barbados strengthens the view that the position of plant aliens in local (indigenous) vegetation associations is an artificial one, in that as soon as felling or grazing activities are reduced in scale, native species usually regain their pre-eminence. Statistics from Pacific islands are included for comparison. Weaver, K.F Maui, where Old Hawaii still lives. National Geographic 139(4): Includes mention of the silverswords (Argyroxiphium) of Haleakala Crater. Weber, D Pinta, Galapagos: une ile a sauver. ~iolo~ical conservation 4(1): Efforts to salvaee the ecosvstems of Pinta I. in the Galapagos Islands "of Ecuador. ' Weber, W.A The lichen flora of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. M cotaxon 27: Includes discussion % o catastrophic losses of lichen habitats in the Galapagos caused by the El Nino phenomenon of Weber, W.A., Gradstein, S.R., Lanier, J. and H.J.M. Sipman Bryophytes and lichens of the Galapagos Islands. Noticias de Galapagos 26: Differences in the bryophyte assemblages on each island in the Galapagos may be due in part to the influence of man and his cattle. Suggests protection of San Cristobal permanent streams in view of unique bryophyte flora there. Webster, G.L The Polynesian species of - Myoporum. Pacific Science 5(1):

153 "The real value of Myoporum to the Hawaiian Islands resides in its role'lln the formation of a dry forest cover and in the consequent checking of soil erosion. On most of the islands the dry forest region has been partially or completely denuded, with serious consequent erosion." Weimarck, G Conservation work with -- So~hora ---- torommiro, the tree of Easter Island. Reports from the Botanical Institute, University of Aarhus No r The toromiro tree, "virtually eradicated" from Easter Island, now exists only as three specimens in Goteborg Botanical Garden. grown from seeds collected by Thor Heyerdahl from the iast surviving tree in 1955, which is now dead (having been gradually cut down for the wood used for sculptures). Attempts have been made to reintroduce the species to Easter Island. Weller, D A Preliminary --- Look at Some Environmental Effects --- of the U.S. Nuclear - Weapons Testing Program -- in the Marshall Islands. 20 pp. Unpublished manuscript. San Jose, California. Includes consideration of effects of nuclear device detonation on igniting the vegetation, soil radionuclide uptake by plants (radioactivity), and destruction of surface soil. Wells, S.M The IUCN Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Proc. if th International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, 1985) T(~bstract) mectives include to provide a broad survey of the world's reefs in sufficient detail to enable priorities for reef conservation to be established at both national and international levels." Wenkham, R. 1967a. Importance to the people of Hawaii of conservation of natural scenic resources. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 6 (1 6 2): 1-5. Instances of alleged carelessness towards Hawaiian natural environment are enumerated. Wenkham, R. 1967b. A Kauai national park. National Parks Magazine 41(234): ,000 acres (150 square miles) of shoreside cliffs and wilderness interior are proposed for preservation on Kauai (Hawaiian Is.), including Waimea Canyon, Napali Cliffs, and Alakai Swamp. Wenkham, R Micronesian parks: a propsal. Micronesian Re orter 19(3): Descriptions 9hT; an p otos of natural areas being proposed for parks. Wenkham, R. and K. Brower Introduction: towards

154 oceanic parks for Micronesia - a proposal, pp , in Brower, K., Micronesia: Island Wilderness. 161 pp. San Francisco, CaTifornia: rimo of the Earth. Discusses conservation benefits that would accrue from proposed oceanic parks on Nan Mad01 (Ponape), Elabaob (Palau Is.), Peleliu (Palau Is.), Arno Atoll (~arshall 1, Marpi (Saipan, Marianas), Truk Lagoon, and Guam. Wentworth, C.K., Mason, A.C. and D.A. Davis Saltwater encroachment as induced by sea-level excavation on Angaur Island. Economic Geology 50(7): Phosphate mining on Angaur I. (Palau Is.) produced excavations below sea level in which lakes were formed, and contamination of freshwater supplies and of agricultural land by salt water resulted from tidal pulsations through the fissured rock. Westendorp, F.J. van Agricultural development on Niue. South Pacific Bulletin ll(2): Photos include: "Part of the "Niue desert", an area of 8,100 acres which because of wrong use in the past, including frequent burning off, became valueless for agricultural purposes." Wester, L Development -- of the Adventive Flora -- of the Hawaiian Islands. 13 pp. Paper prepared for 74th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, New Orleans, April Discusses alternative explanations that may account for the recent decline in the rate of arrival of introduced plants. A preliminary survey indicates there are at least 600 adventive plant species in Hawaii. Wester, L.L. and H.B. Wood Kosterls curse (Clidemia hirta), a weed est in Hawaiian forests. Environmental Conservation 4117: ~ A plant of the melastome family, which smothers extensive areas of indigenous vegetation. Whistler, W.A Inventory -- and Mapping of Ketland Vegetation in the Territory - of -- American Samoa. 74 pp. U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, ~ a c i ~ c e ~ D v i s i o n, Fort Shafter. Aunulu Crater marsh, Pala Lagoon, and the mud lake on Aunulu with its mangrove forest, are recommended for nature preserves. Samoan localities of Xylocarpus moluccensis should be protected. Whistler, W.A Vegetation of the montane region of Savaili, Western Samoa. Pacific Science 32(1): Includes discussion of proposal to establish a national park in the Mt. Silisili area, which supports many endemic plant species.

155 Whistler, W.A The vegetation of Eastern Samoa. Allertonia 2(2): Includes discussion of 4 types of disturbed vegetation: managed land; kula (Dicranopteris) fernland; disturbed forest; and ---- Rhus s a r y forest. In general, llapproximately one-third of the area (of Eastern Samoa) is covered by plantation and another third by secondary forest." Whistler, W.A. 1981a. A naturalist in the South Pacific: off the beaten track in Samoa. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden ll(1): 1-6. Various proposals to erect a hotel on Nulutele ("an inviable vroiect") and to raise goats on the islands to A " provide export goat meat for ~iji, have caused the rare iegetation- to "remain under the sword of Damocles". Whistler, W.A. 1981b. A naturalist in the South Pacific: north to Tokelau. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden ll(2): Observing rare plants such as Hed otis romanzoffianus on Atafu, and newly introduced-such as Lepidium - virginicum on Nukunono. Whistler, W.A A naturalist in the South Pacific: in search of the apetahi Bulletin Pacific --- Tro~ical ---- Botanical Garden 12(1): 1-4. The llapetahi"s Apetahia raiateensis, a woody lobelioid endemic to Temehani ~oun-aiatea (in Leeward Society Is.). The plant is seriously threatened by flower pickers especially during celebrations such as the Bastille Day fete in mid-july, when masses of its flowers are picked for sale in town. Whistler, W.A. 1983a. The flora and vegetation of Swains Island.. Atoll Research Bulletin 262: Swains is voliticall~ in the Territory of American Samoa. he vegetation of Swains 1slahd is greatly disturbed and nearly the whole island is covered with coconut palms. It is doubtful if any of the original forest vegetation remains." Whistler, W.A. 1983b. Vegetation and flora of the Aleipata Islands, Western Samoa. Pacific Science 37(3): Condition of the vegetation is observed. Whistler, W.A Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botan 38(4): Useful a hy junct to other articles on Samoa by Whistler. Whistler, W.A. 1983c. Weed Handbook - of Western Polynesia. 152 pp. Weed control has become very im~ortant as the trend to increase food crop productioh continues in Polynesia.

156 - ~ ~- White, K.J Forestry activity (in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea). South Pacific Bulletin 15(2): ~kntions reafforestation at Kerauat, near Rabaul (New Britain) with native hoop and klinkii pine (Araucaria cunninghamii, - A. hunsteinii) and teak (Tectona grandis). Whiteaker, L.D The vegetation and environment of the crater District of ~aleakala National Park. Pacific Science 37(1): Exotic plant "introductions have resulted in native species -losing ground to invading forms, and there has been up to 100 percent alteration in species composition in some areas." Whitesell, C.D Silvical Characteristics -- of Koa (Acacia koa Gra ). 12 pp. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper, PSW-1 sy Forests of koa, the most valuable common native timber species in Hawaii, have been reduced by land clearing, poor cutting practices, and destruction by animals, insects, and fire. Whitesell, C.D Natural areas on Guam. -- Newsletter --.~ Hawaiian ~~ ~ - ~ Botanical - ~ Societv, 11(1): ~ - ~ "The best residual forests on Guam are on the Naval Magazine, and on Andersen Air Base, protected by the military.'' Whitesell, C.D Tree plantings on Kahoolawe. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 13(2): 4-5. Describes trial plantings for purposes of reforesting, on a Hawaiian island said to have no soil, only parent material (bare rock). Whitesell, C.D. and M.F. Landgraf Growing Queensland maple on lava rocklands in Hawaii. Tree planz tersf Notes No. 77: 1-3. "Thousands of acres of rough or "aa" lava rockland now support low-value species, but this land can produce valuable stands of timber." On two and one-half acres in the Waiakea Forest Reserve (Island of Hawaii), the Queensland maple trees, Flindersia brayleana, were planted after most of the native ohia vegetation was knocked down and crushed by bulldozers in preparation. Growth of the Queensland maple was "impressive1'. Whitmore, T.C The social status of Agathis in a rain forest in Melanesia. Journal of Ecology 54: Details the status of the kauri, A. macro h lla, in forests of Vanikoro Island, as well as eforested and forest-managed areas of the island. - in -+

157 Whitmore, T.C The vegetation of the Solomon ~slands; Philosophical ~ransactions, Royal Society B255: ~ - "The extensive areas which carry thickets of small trees and climber tangles instead of high forest are thought due to the combined influence of man, earthquake, landslip and cyclone." Whitmore, T.C Conservation Review of Tropical Rainforests: General Considerations and-~za. 116 pp. IUCN-UNEP, WWF Switzerland. Includes general account of Fiji, Micronesia, Polynesia, New Hebrides. Whitmore. T.C Utilization. - potential. and conservation of Agathis, a genus of tropical - ~sian conifers. Economic Botany 34: Agathis includes the kauri, - A macro~hylla - ---, of Me Ta%%STa. Whitney, L.D., Hosaka, E.Y. and J.C. Ripperton (~eprinted 1964). Grasses of the Hawaiian Ranges. 148 pp. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 82. Useful 8iscussions of introduced, aggressive weedy and potentially weedy grasses are included, e.g. ripgut grass (~romus -- rigidus), barbwire grass (~mb0pog;n refractux and Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clan estinum Wichman, C Limahuli Valley botanical survey. ~ulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical -~arden 8(1): 1-6. The PTBG1s new satellite garden on fairlv wild land harbors two apparently new- color forms of ' the endemic (on Kauai) and rare Hibiscus saintjohnianus, and other novelties. Wiens, H.J The Geography of Kapingamarangi Atoll - in --- the Eastern Carolines. 94 pp. SIM Report No. 21. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board, National Research Council. The atoll comprises 33 vegetated islets which support creeping vines such as Cassytha, Vi na and I omoea which choke out native vegetation. --if- "T e high he--* egree of manipulation of the vegetation by man obscured the natural vegetation succession...it was very difficult to interpret the natural ecology and environment from the apparent pat terns." Wiens, H.J Field notes on atolls visited in the Marshalls, Atoll Research Bulletin 54: The islets visited on Kwajelein Atoll had been violently disturbed by World War I1 military operations and the vegetation was thus quite abnormal. War damage to vegetation is apparently the major factor in weed invasion and spread on Majuro Atoll.