With the distributed development of ROS across many different organizations it is sometimes hard to benchmark and concretely show how a certain change to a certain system improves or reduces the performance of that system. For example did a change from one executor to another actually reduce the CPU or was it something else entirely?

The reference_system package was developed to provide the fundamental building blocks to create complex systems that then can be used to evaluate features or performance in a standardized and repeatable way.

The first project to use this reference_system is the autoware_reference_system.

Future reference systems could be proposed that are more complex using the same basic node building blocks within the reference_system package.

A reference system is defined by:

• A fixed number of nodes
  • each node with:
    • a fixed number of publishers and subscribers
    • a fixed processing time or a fixed publishing rate
  • the reference_system base package defines reusable base node types to be used in various reference systems
• A fixed message type of fixed size to be used for every node
• For simplicity and ease of benchmarking, all nodes must run on a single process

Reference systems can run on what is referred to as a platform. A platform is defined by: - Hardware (e.g. an off-the-shelf single-board computer, embedded ECU, etc.) - if there are multiple configurations available for such hardware, ensure it is specified - Operating System (OS) like RT Linux, QNX, etc. along with any special configurations made

With these defined attributes the reference system can be replicated across many different possible configurations to be used to benchmark each configuration against the other in a reliable and fair manner.

With this approach portable and repeatable tests can also be defined to reliably confirm if a given reference system meets the requirements.

To enable as many people as possible to replicate this reference system, the platform(s) were chosen to be easily accessible (inexpensive, high volume), have lots of documentation, large community use and will be supported well into the future.

Platforms were not chosen for performance of the reference system - we know we could run “faster” with a more powerful CPU or GPU but then it would be harder for others to validate findings and test their own configurations. Accessibility is the key here and will be considered if more platforms want to be added to this benchmark list.

Platforms:

• Raspberry Pi 4B:
  • 4 GB RAM version is the assumed default
    • other versions could also be tested / added by the community
  • real-time Linux kernel

Note: create an issue to add more platforms to the list, keeping in mind the above criteria

!!! warning Each reference system can be run on other targets as well however the results will change drastically depending on the specifications of the target hardware.

The first reference system benchmark proposed is based on the Autoware.Auto LiDAR data pipeline as stated above and shown in the node graph image above as well.

1. Autoware Reference System
   • ROS2
     • Executors
       • Single Threaded
       • Static Single Threaded
       • Multithreaded
       • Callback Group
       • Prioritized

Results below show various characteristics of the same simulated system (Autoware.Auto).

The goal is to provide a clean computation environment for the test avoiding an interference of other Ubuntu components.

Frequency is setup to 1.50 GHz for all CPUs

# run it as root
sudo su

echo -n "setup constant CPU frequency to 1.50 GHz ... "
# disable ondemand governor
systemctl disable ondemand

# set performance governor for all cpus
echo performance | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor >/dev/null

# set constant frequency
echo 1500000 | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq >/dev/null
echo 1500000 | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq >/dev/null

# reset frequency counters
echo 1 | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/stats/reset >/dev/null

echo done

sleep 1
# get freq info
echo `cpufreq-info | grep stats | cut -d ' ' -f 23-25`

CPU 2,3 are isolated to run tests.

sudo apt install -y sysstat u-boot-tools

# modify kernel cmdline
cd ~
dd if=/boot/firmware/boot.scr of=boot.script bs=72 skip=1

# edit boot.script and modify bootargs to
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat boot.script | grep "setenv bootargs" | head -1
setenv bootargs " ${bootargs} rcu_nocbs=2,3 nohz_full=2,3 isolcpus=2,3 irqaffinity=0,1 audit=0 watchdog=0 skew_tick=1 quiet splash"

# generate boot.scr
mkimage -A arm64 -O linux -T script -C none -d boot.script boot.scr

# replace boot.scr
sudo cp boot.scr /boot/firmware/boot.scr

sudo reboot

# check cmdline
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/cmdline
 coherent_pool=1M 8250.nr_uarts=1 snd_bcm2835.enable_compat_alsa=0 snd_bcm2835.enable_hdmi=1 bcm2708_fb.fbwidth=0 bcm2708_fb.fbheight=0 bcm2708_fb.fbswap=1 smsc95xx.macaddr=DC:A6:32:2E:5
4:97 vc_mem.mem_base=0x3ec00000 vc_mem.mem_size=0x40000000  net.ifnames=0 dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyS0,115200 console=tty1 root=LABEL=writable rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline roo
twait fixrtc rcu_nocbs=2,3 nohz_full=2,3 isolcpus=2,3 irqaffinity=0,1 audit=0 watchdog=0 skew_tick=1 quiet splash

# check interrupts
# Only the number of interrupts handled by CPU 0,1 increases.
watch -n1 cat /proc/interrupts

# check soft interrupts
watch -n1 cat /proc/softirqs

# check isolated CPUs
cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated
2-3
cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/present
0-3

# run reference system on CPU2
taskset -c 2 install/autoware_reference_system/lib/autoware_reference_system/autoware_default_singlethreaded > /dev/null

# get pid
RF_PID=`pidof autoware_default_singlethreaded` && cat /proc/$RF_PID/status | grep ^Cpu

# check how many threads are running
ps -aL | grep $RF_PID
   3835    3835 ttyS0    00:03:46 autoware_defaul
   3835    3836 ttyS0    00:00:00 autoware_defaul
   3835    3837 ttyS0    00:00:00 autoware_defaul
   3835    3838 ttyS0    00:00:00 autoware_defaul
   3835    3839 ttyS0    00:00:00 gc
   3835    3840 ttyS0    00:00:00 dq.builtins
   3835    3841 ttyS0    00:00:00 dq.user
   3835    3842 ttyS0    00:00:00 tev
   3835    3843 ttyS0    00:00:00 recv
   3835    3844 ttyS0    00:00:00 recvMC
   3835    3845 ttyS0    00:00:00 recvUC
   3835    3846 ttyS0    00:00:00 autoware_defaul

• If you run colcon build on a Raspberry Pi 4 with little memory, use export MAKEFLAGS="-j 1" to inhibit parallelism. Otherwise, the system could hang due to memory swapping.