Name and publication

Phytophthora plurivora T. Jung & T.I. Burgess (2009)

Jung T and Burgess TI. 2009. Re-evaluation of Phytophthora citricola isolates from multiple woody hosts in Europe and North America reveals a new species, Phytophthora plurivora sp. nov. Persoonia 22: 95–110.

Nomenclature

from Jung and Burgess (2009)

Mycobank

MB512914

Synonym: most isolates identified as Phytophthora citricola prior to 2009 are most likely P. plurivora.

Etymology

refers to the wide host range (pluri Lat = many, -vora Lat = feeding)

Typification

Type: GERMANY, Irschenberg, from root lesion of declining mature Fagus sylvatica, Feb. 2004, T. Jung, holotype MURU 433 (dried culture on V8A, Herbarium of Murdoch University, Western Australia)

Ex-type: CBS 124093 = PLU-A5

Sequences for ex-type in original manuscript: CBS 124093 = ITS rDNA FJ665225, cox1 FJ665236, β-tubulin FJ665247

Ex-type in other collections

(ET) CBS 124093, NRRL 64168, WPC P16840, S&T BL 74 (Abad), PLU-A5 

Molecular identification

Voucher sequences for barcoding genes (ITS rDNA and COI) of the ex-type (see Molecular protocols page)

Phytophthora plurivora isolate CPHST BL 74 (= P16840 WPC) = ITS rDNA MG865568, COI MH136959

Voucher sequences for Molecular Toolbox with seven genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Voucher sequences for Metabarcoding High-throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies [Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU)]

(see Molecular protocols page) (In Progress)

Sequences with multiple genes for ex-type in other sources

• NCBI: Phytophthora plurivora CPHST BL 74
• NCBI: Phytophthora plurivora CBS 124093
• NCBI: Phytophthora plurivora PLU-A5
• EPPO-Q-bank: Phytophthora plurivora CBS 124093
• BOLDSYSTEMS: Phytophthora plurivora (barcoding COI & ITS)

Position in multigenic phylogeny with 7 genes (ITS, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1)

Clade clade:
a taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor
2c

Morphological identification

Colonies and cardinal temperatures

Colony colony:
assemblage of hyphae which usually develops form a single source and grows in a coordinated way
morphology is stellate on V8A and MEA, and petaloid and fluffy on PDA. Minimum growth temperature 5°C, optimum 25°C, and maximum 32.5°C.

Conditions for growth and sporulation

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
 are produced in water cultures (soil extract or river water) and not observed in solid media. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
are formed readily in single-strain culture on CA and V8A after about 7 d.

Asexual phase

SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
 are semipapillatesemipapillate:
pertaining to the production of shallow having papilla that are not well developed, shallow and less nipple-like than fully papillate structures
, persistentpersistent:
pertaining to sporangia that remain attached to the sporangiophore and do not separate or detach easily (cf. caducous)
, and ovoidovoid:
egg-shaped, with the widest part at the base of the sporangium and the narrow part at the apex
, limoniform, or ellipsoidellipsoid:
refers to a solid body that forms an ellipse in the longitudinal plane and a circle in cross section; many fungal spores are ellipsoidal or elliptic
in shape. SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
with two or three papillaepapillae:
a small rounded or conic protuberance, generally translucent, on the wall of sporangia that breaks open and serves as the exit-point of zoospores
are common. SporangiaSporangia:
sac within which zoospores form, especially when water is cooled to about 10°C below ambient temperature; in solid substrates, sporangia usually germinate by germ tubes
average 47.4 ± 7.7 x 33.5 ± 5.1 µm (overall range 27.5–80.5 x 16.7–69.6 µm). Sporangiophores usually in simple sympodiasympodia:
a type of sporangiophore which appears simple, but where each successive sporangium develops on a branch behind and to one side of the previous apex, where growth has already ceased
, but external proliferationexternal proliferation:
formation of a sporangium after a sporangiophore has emerged from beneath and external to an empty sporangium that has previously emitted its zoospores (cf. internal proliferation)
can result in lax sympodiasympodia:
a type of sporangiophore which appears simple, but where each successive sporangium develops on a branch behind and to one side of the previous apex, where growth has already ceased
. Hyphal swellings absent; ChlamydosporesChlamydospores:
an asexual spore with a thickened inner wall that is delimited from the mycelium by a septum; may be terminal or intercalary, and survives for long periods in soil
absent.

Sexual phase

Homothallic. OogoniaOogonia:
the female gametangium in which the oospore forms after fertilization by the antheridium
are globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
with smooth walls, average size 28.5 ± 3.3 µm (overall range 15–37.5 µm). OosporesOospores:
zygote or thick-walled spore that forms within the oogonium after fertilization by the antheridium; may be long-lived
are nearly pleroticplerotic:
pertaining to an oospore that fills the oogonium (cf. aplerotic)
, globoseglobose:
having a rounded form resembling that of a sphere
to subglobose, average size 25.9 ± 3.1 µm (14–35.8). AntheridiaAntheridia:
the male gametangium; a multinucleate, swollen hyphal tip affixed firmly to the wall of the female gametangium (the oogonium)
paragynousparagynous:
pertaining to the sexual stage in which the antheridium is attached to the side of the oogonium (cf. amphigynous)
.

Most typical characters

Phytopthora plurivora is part of a complex that includes P. citricola, P. multivora, P. pini, P. acerina and P. pachypleura. Species in this complex have very similar morphological features.

Specimen(s) evaluated

Germany, Irschenberg, from root lesion of declining mature Fagus sylvatica, February 2004, T. Jung, CBS 124093; Pulling, from lesion on Quercus robur, 1994, CBS 124087; Munich from Fagus sylvatica, 1995, PLU36, Nettetal, from Quercus robur, 1999, PLU77; Canada, Montreal, from Acer saccharum, 1996, CBS 124091; Italy, Cornuda from Quercus robur, 1995, CBS 124089; Romania, Snagov from Carpinus betulus, 2008, CBS 124092; Slovenia, Ljubljana from Quercus petraea, 1995, CBS 124090

ex-type CPHST BL 74 = P16840 (WPC)

Hosts and distribution

Distribution: Africa (South Africa), Europe, North America (USA)
Substrate: collar, roots
Disease note: dieback, canker, root rot, death
Host: numerous hosts in several families

Retrieved February 01, 2018 from U.S. National Fungus Collections Nomenclature Database.

Additional Info:
Distribution: worldwide
Substrate: roots, rhizosphere soil, basal and stem cankers and shoots of some hosts
Disease note: pathogenic toward numerous woody hosts
Hosts: numerous including Abies alba, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer saccharum, Aesculus hippocastanum, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus rubra, Rhododendron spp., Syringa vulgaris, Tilia spp., Tsuga canadensis

Quarantine status

no quarantine for Phytophthora plurivora as it is very prevalent and widely distributed around the world

Additional references and links

 

• SMML USDA-ARS: Phytophthora plurivora
• EPPO Global Database: Phytophthora plurivora
• Forest Phytophthoras of the world: Phytophthora plurivora
• CABI Digital Library: Phytophthora plurivora
• Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): Phytophthora plurivora
• Index Fungorum (IF): Phytophthora plurivora

 

• Google All Phytophthora plurivora
• Google Images Phytophthora plurivora
• Google Scholar Phytophthora plurivora

Fact sheet authors

Treena Burgess, Ph.D., Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Australia

Z. Gloria Abad, Ph.D., USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL), United States of America.