1602.- The Dutch East India Company is founded. The first modern corporation.

1610 – The monetary economy to the economy in kind.

1622 – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed and becomes the instigator of French politics.

1633 – Galileo Galilei is forced to retract the doctrine of Copernicus.

1638 – Inauguration of the theater of Amsterdam, the first national theater in Europe.

1642 – Compulsory education for children in Saxony Gotha is introduced.

1644 – René Descartes published his Principia Philosophiae.

1648 – The Peace of Westphalia. And end to the war of 30 years, ratification of the Peace of Augsburg, concerning religious freedom (1555) with the inclusion of the Calvinists.

1650. – City mail mailboxes in Paris; newspaper in Berlin.

1651 – Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, philosophical defense of the absolutist state.

1655 – Rembrandt painted his Ecce Hommo.

1664 – Moliere writes Tartuffe.

1666 – Foundation of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.

1673 – Persecution of Catholics in England, excluded from public office until 1828.

1675 – Foundation of the Greenwich observatory.

1686 – Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

1689 – The Bill of Rights introduced the constitutional monarchy England.

 

SOCIAL CONTEXT

 

From the rise of Protestantism initiated by Martin Luther, the Catholic Church reacts With the Council of Trento from where new doctrinal decrees to reform the Catholic Church and are postulated to exert an iron grip on the society of his time.

It is a time of great conflict in Europe and religious wars.

The German princes do not accept it and begin a bloody war in Europe by religion. Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II uphold the tenets of Rome and the Catholic church.

In the late sixteenth century until almost mid-seventeenth century Spain embarks on the 80-year war against the rebels in Flanders Dutch and they finished desangrándola.

Is the era of the 30 years between German Catholics and Protestants that ends the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which puts an end to the hegemony of Spain in favor of France.

It was a time of economic stagnation in Europe.

At this time there was a major demographic crisis due to war, epidemics and famine that reduced the population in Europe.

Modern states and absolute monarchies in power at all levels of society appear.

The society was organized in estates: the first estate was the nobility, the clergy, the second was divided into high and low clergy clergy and the third estate were the bourgeoisie and peasants.

In philosophy from Descartes started a revolution with his Discourse on Method and T. Hobbes in Leviathan it starts.

There was an almost total illiteracy in society.

At this time great geographical discoveries (Magellan, Vasco de Gama) and scientific advances are produced and appeared figures like Galileo, Kepler and Newton.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Culture is the golden age of the arts and literature in Spain (Calderon de la Barca and Lope de Vega).