The Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), an Indo-pacific fish from the family Serranidae, is one of the largest and most common cods found in tropical estuaries and on coastal reefs. A robust marine fish, adults have a brownish head and long body. The body is covered with randomly scattered small blackish-brown spots, which increase in number with age, and scattered whitish spots and blotches. Their tail fins are rounded and five irregular dark brown bars are often visible on the body .
Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Cephalopholis malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) |
synonym | Epinephelus abdominalis (non Peters, 1855) |
synonym | Epinephelus cylindricus Postel, 1965 |
synonym | Epinephelus malabrica (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) |
synonym | Epinephelus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) |
synonym | Epinephelus salmonoides (Valenciennes, 1828) |
synonym | Epinephelus tauvina (non Forsskål, 1775) |
synonym | Holocentrus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 |
synonym | Holocentrus salmoides Lacepède, 1802 |
synonym | Serranus crapao Cuvier, 1829 |
synonym | Serranus estuarius Macleay, 1883 |
synonym | Serranus polypodophilus Bleeker, 1849 |
synonym | Serranus salmonoides Valenciennes, 1828 |
synonym | Serranus semi-punctatus Valenciennes, 1828 |
🗒 Common Names
English |
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Gujarati |
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Kannada |
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Konkani |
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Malayalam |
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Marathi |
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Oriya |
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Tamil |
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Telugu |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Brief
Brackish, Marine
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
Diagnostic Keys
Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 16; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 8
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Caudal fin rounded.
Pectoral fins rather short - as long as or shorter than postorbital part of head.
Last dorsal fin spine considerably short than third dorsal spine.
Middle opercular spine about equidistant from lower and upper ones.
Pored scales in lateral line 56 to 61, small blackish spots on body, spots on head very small and widly seprated, five dark cross bands distinct in young, pectoral fins pale, with dark spots.
- (From Talwar and Kacker, 1984).
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Description
A large serranid fish with elongate body. Body depth contained 3.0 to 3.7 times in standard length (for fish 15 to 69 cm standard length). Body width contained 1.4 to 1.9 times in the depth. Head length contained 2.3 to 2.6 times in standard length, snout length contained 1.7 to 2.0 times in upper jaw length, interorbital width contained 4.5 to 6.5 times in head length and 2.1 to 3.0 times in upper jaw length. Interorbital area flat or slightly convex. Preoperculem broad, rounded with enlarged serrae at the angle. Upper edge of operculum almost straight with 3 flat spines. Nostrils subequal, except in large adults which have the posterior nostrils slightly larger. Maxilla extends past vertical at rear edge of orbit, maxilla width 4.5 to 6.5 % of standard length, upper jaw length 17 to 22% of standard length, midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 to 5 rows of teeth. A pair of short canines on each side of symphysis in each jaw. Gill rakers 8 to 11 on upper limb, 14 to 18 on lower limb, 23 to 27 total. Rudiments difficult to distinguish from small bony platelets on outer face of first gill arch. Lateral-body scales ctenoid (54 to 64), with auxiliary scales. Anterior lateral-line tubes of large adults with 2 to 4 branches, lateral-scale series 101 to 117. Pyloric caeca numerous (more than 80 branches).
- From Talwar & Kacker (1984) and Heemstra & Randall (1993)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Original Published Description: Holocentrus malabaricus Bloch and Schneider, 1801:319,pl. 63 (type locality: Tranquebar, India)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
E. malabaricus is a protogynous hermaphrodite species - individuals first function sexually as females and then later, at least some of the mature females change to males. Sexual maturity in males does not occur until they are 114 cm in length (Lau and Li 2000). Fertilisation occurs externally. These fish are non-guarders and scatter their eggs in open water.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Migration
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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These amphidromous fish regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for breeding as in anadromous and catadromous species. These fish reproduce in fresh water, newly hatched larvae move to the sea where they feed and grow over a few months and return to fresh water as well-grown juveniles. After a few more months of feeding and growing these juveniles mature and reproduce.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Size
Max Length
234 TL (unsexed)
Size
234 cm TL (male/unsexed; ); max. published weight: 150.0 kg
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Max length : 234 cm TL male/unsexed.
Common length : 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed.
Max. published weight: 150.0 kg.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Morphology
Dorsal fin with 11 spines and 15 or 16 soft rays. The last spine considerably shorter than third spine. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 rays. Pectoral fin as long as postorbital part of head. Caudal fin rounded. Body color mostly brownish with very small blackish spots on body, head and fins. Spots on head widely separated. Five dark cross bands on body, distinct in young fishes but indistinct in large adults.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Look Alikes
Morphologically E. malabaricus looks similar to E. coioides and E. tauvina.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Trophic Strategy
A common species found in a variety of habitats: coral and rocky reefs, tide pools, estuaries, mangrove swamps and sandy or mud bottom from shore to depths of 150 m. Juveniles found near shore and in estuaries; sex reversal probable; catch statistics poor being previously confused with E. andersoni . Feeds primarily on fishes and crustaceans, and occasionally on cephalopods . Also in Ref. 9137, 58534.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Tertiary consumer. Trophic level above 4
Prey: Teleost fishes, benthic crusteceans such as juvenile crabs, shrimps and squilla. Sometimes, cephalopods.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Associations
Copepoda, Isopoda, Nematoda, Myxosporea, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Acanthocephala
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Genetics
The taxonomic relationship among seven species of groupers was revealed by Govindaraju and Jayasankar (2004) using RAPD fingerprinting. E. malabaricus was most distantly related to E. diacanthus and E. bleekeri. The genetic relationship was very close among E. coioides, E. tauvina, and E. malabaricus. In E. malabaricus all 24 pairs of chromosomes are acrocentric (including the smallest pair no. 24) and the NOR (nucleolar organizer regions) is located in the subcentromeric region of pair no. 24. Also, their C-banding patterns are different - all chromosomes are C-positive at centromeric regions, with extra heterochromatin regions covering the whole arms of pair no. 24 (Wang et al., 2010).
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Diseases
Baldness disease in Snapper. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Capsalid Monogenean Infection 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Diplectanum Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Erilepturus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Prosorhynchus Infestation 4. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Pseudorhabdosynchus Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Pseudorhabdosynochus Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Rhapidascaris Disease (larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Trichodinosis. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Vibriosis Disease (general). Bacterial ;
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Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Blister disease caused due to iridovirus was observed in wild and cultured E.malabaricus in Thailand (Kongpradit et al., 1997). Fingerling to spawn sized E. malabaricus was found to be infected with Grouper Spawner Iridovirus Disease (GSIVD) in which the size of iridovirus is 120-135 nm.
Kanchanakhan et al. 2005 reported betanodavirus belonging to the genotype of Red Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus (RGNNV) in cultured E. malabaricus in Thailand.
Fish lymphocystis disease (FLD) was reported in E. malabaricus cultured in marine net cages in China (Yogija, 1992) and in South east Asia (Chang & Chao, 1984).
Mortality due to possible ammonia poisoning was observed at Tuticorin bay, East coast of India (Asha et al., 2009).
Parasites reported from E. malabaricus at different locations include:
1. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Acanthocephalus sp. (Koelreuther, 1771) from the parasite group Acanthocephala in Malaysia
2. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Tetraphyllidae sp. us from the parasite group Cestoda in Malaysia S
3. Chinabut (1998) reported Tetraphyllidae sp. us from the parasite group Cestoda in Thailand
4. Ho et al. 2000 reported Caligus acanthopagris Lin, Ho & Chen 2000 from the parasite group Copepoda in Taiwan
5. Roubal (1995) reported Caligus epidemicus Hewitt, 1971 from the parasite group Copepoda in Taiwan
6. Urawa and Kato 1991 reported Caligus orientalis Gussev, 1951 from the parasite group Copepoda in Kenkyu
7. Lin et al. (1996) reported Caligus punctatus Shiino, 1955 from the parasite group Copepoda in Taiwan
8. Lin et al. (1996) reported Caligus rotundigenitalis Yu, 1933 from the parasite group Copepoda in Taiwan
9. Chinabut (1998) reported Caligus sp. (Muller, 1785) from the parasite group Copepoda in Thailand
10. Koesharyani et al. (1999a) reported Caligus sp. (Muller, 1785) from the parasite group Copepoda in Indonesia
11. Leong and Wong (1990) reported Caligus sp. (Muller, 1785) from the parasite group Copepoda in Malaysia
12. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Ergasilus borneoensis Yamaguti, 1954 from the parasite group Copepoda in Malaysia
13. Lin and Ho 1998 reported Ergasilus lobus (Lin, 1997) from the parasite group Copepoda in Taiwan
14. Koesharyani and Yuasa (2001) reported Lepeoptheirus sp. from the parasite group Copepoda in Philippines
15. Chinabut (1996) reported Thebius sp. from the parasite group Copepoda in Thailand
16. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Allopodocotyle serrani Yamaguti, 1942 from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
17. Chinabut (1998) reported Cardicola sp. (Short, 1952) from the parasite group Digenea in Thailand
18. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Cardicola sp. (Short, 1952) from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
19. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Ectenurus sp. (Looss, 1907) from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
20. Chinabut (1998) reported Gonapodasmius sp. (Justine, 1981) from the parasite group Digenea in Thailand
21. Leong and Wong (1990) reported Helicometrina nimia Linton, 1910 from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
22. Chinabut (1998) reported Lecithochirium neopacificum from the parasite group Digenea in Thailand
23. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Velasquez, 1962 from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
24. Bray and Justine, 2006 reported Prosorhynchus maternus Bray and Justine, 2006 from the parasite group Digenea in New Caledonia
25. Hafeezullah and Siddiqi (1970) reported Prosorhynchus pacificum Manter 1940 from the parasite group Digenea in India
26. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Prosorhynchus pacificum Manter 1941 from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysa
27. Chinabut (1998) reported Prosorhynchus pacificum Manter 1942 from the parasite group Digenea in Thailand
28. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Pseudometadena celebesensis Yamaguti, 1952 from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
29. Chinabut (1998) reported Pseudopecoeloides sp. (Yamaguti, 1940) from the parasite group Digenea in Thailand
30. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Stephanostomum sp. (Looss, 1899) from the parasite group Digenea in Malaysia
31. Shalaby and Hassanine (1996) reported Telorhynchus arripidis Crowcroft, 1947 from the parasite group Digenea in Red Sea
32. Chinabut (1998) reported Gnathia sp. from the parasite group Isopoda in Thailand
33. Leong (2001) reported Benedenia lutjani (Whittington and Kearn, 1993) from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
34. Chinabut (1998) reported Cycloplectanum epinepheli (Yamaguti 1938) from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
Ruangpan and Rungsichai (1993), Danayadol (1999) reported 35. Dactylogyrus sp. Diesing, 1850 from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
36. Leong (2001) reported Diplectanum grouperi Leong, Wong, Woo e Foo, 1999 from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
37. Chinabut (1998) reported Gyrodactylus sp. Nordmann, 1832 from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
38. Koesharyani and Yuasa (2001) reported Haliotrema sp. Johnston and Tiegs, 1922 from the parasite group Monogenea in Philippines
39. Leong (2001) reported Megalocotyloides convolute from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
40. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Megalocotyloides epinepheli (Bychowsky and Nagibina, 1976) from the parasite group Monogenea in Malaysia
41. Leong 2001 reported Megalocotyloides epinepheli (Bychowsky and Nagibina, 1976) from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
42. Leong (2001) reported Neobenedenia girellae (Hargis, 1955) from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
43. Koesharyani and Yuasa (2001) reported Neobenedenia girellae (Hargis, 1955) from the parasite group Monogenea in Philippines
44. Leong (2001) reported Neobenedenia sp. (Yamaguti, 1963) from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
45. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti,1958 from the parasite group Monogenea in Malaysia
46. Chinabut (1998) reported Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti,1958 from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
47. Leong (2001) reported Pseudorhabdosynochus lanteuensis from the parasite group Monogenea in Thailand
48. Koesharyani and Yuasa (2001) reported Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. Yamaguti, 1958 from the parasite group Monogenea in Philippines
49. Justine and Sigura, 2007 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus manifestus n. sp from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
50. Justine and Sigura, 2008 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus malabaricus n. sp. from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
51. Justine and Sigura, 2009 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus maternus n. sp from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
52. Justine and Sigura, 2010 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus manipulus n. sp from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
53. Justine and Sigura, 2011 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus marcellus n. sp from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
54. Justine and Sigura, 2012 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus maaensis n. sp. from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
55. Justine and Sigura, 2013 reported Pseudorhabdosynochus cf. shenzhenensis Yang, Zeng & Gibson, 2005 from the parasite group Monogenea in New Caledonia
56. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Contracaecum sp. (Railliet and Henry, 1912) from the parasite group Nematoda in Malaysia
57. Leong and Wong (1988) reported Echinocephalus sp. (Rüppell, 1830) from the parasite group Nematoda in Malaysia
58. Chinabut (1998) reported Raphidascaris sp. (larva) from the parasite group Nematoda in Thailand
59. Leong and Wong (1990) reported Raphidascaris sp. (larva) from the parasite group Nematoda in Malaysia
60. Supamattaya et al., 1991 reported Sphaerospora epinepheli n. sp. from the parasite group Myxosporea in Thailand.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Marine
Habitat reef-associated; amphidromous ; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 150 m
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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A common reef-associated, amphidromous species found in a variety of habitats: coral and rocky reefs, tidepools, laggons, estuaries, mangrove swamps and sandy/mud bottom from the shore to depths of 150 m. Juveniles are found near shore and in estuaries (Heemstra and Randall 1993).
Climate/ Range: Tropical; 30°N - 32°S, 29°E - 173°W
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Description
Remark
Type locality
Occurrence
native
Distribution
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Tonga, north to Japan, south to Australia. It is not known from the Persian Gulf, where the closely related Epinephelus coioides is common.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Trends
Decreasing
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Category
Near Threatened
Near Threatened (NT) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1
Year Published: 2006
Assessor/s: Cornish, A. (Grouper & Wrasse Specialist Group)
Reviewer/s: Sadovy, Y. & Kulbicki, M. (Grouper & Wrasse Red List Authority)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Threats
Major threats are anthropogenic. Sannadurgappa (2010) attributed the disappearance of E. malabaricus from the Aghanashini estuary ecosystem, South India to increased human activity.
Fishing pressures:
This species has a very low resilience to fishing, with a minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Froese and Pauly 2005). Commercial and recreational trawl and line fishing along reef and muddy bottoms, and the live reef fish trade, are main fishing threats. Trawl fishery removes many small juveniles. Small juveniles are also captured from wild for aquaculture activities like pond and cage culture.
Habitat Loss:
Includes loss in mangrove belts, destructive fishing methods in coral reefs for live fishes, and industrialisation in coastal belts. These threats are predominant in South East Asia. In other areas where E. malabaricus occurs, the risk is not as high but still considerable - 15% in the Middle East and 25% in the Indian Ocean, also 10% in the Pacific where E. malabaricus is only known from a few locations (all figures from Bryant et al. 1998).
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=6439, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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A fine game fish and excellent food fish. E. malabaricus is one of the most important groupers in fisheries of the Indo-Pacific region. Common in markets. About 5% of grouper fishery comprises by this species along Calicut, Malabar coast, West coast of India (Manojkumar, 2005). Specimens of 45 cm size are more common in the commercial catches along Indian coast. It is caught with trawls, longlines, traps, spear and hook-and-line.
Used in marine aquariums. Widely used in mariculture mainly in the Far East.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Management
Hatchery produced juveniles may be used for mariculture practices, instead of harvesting live juveniles from wild.
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
No Data
📚 Information Listing
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Sushant Vilas Sanaye, Aquaculture Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa. Lifedesk URL: http://indiareeffishes.lifedesks.org/
References
- Wildscreen Trading Limited or its contributors. "Malabar Grouper", ARKive (http://www.arkive.org/malabar-grouper/epinephelus-malabaricus/). Accessed on 2nd October, 2012.
- World Wide Web electronic publication.
- Kanchanakhan, S., Danayadol Y., & Roongkamnertwongsa S. (2005). A virological survey of diseased groupers in Thailand using virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. (WalkerP., LesterR., Bondad-ReantasoM G., Ed.).Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. V, 171-182. Manila: Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila.
- Capuli, Estelita Emily and Casal, Christine Marie V. " Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)". Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2011.FishBase.
- Cornish, A. (Grouper & Wrasse Specialist Group) 2006. Epinephelus malabaricus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 October 2012.
- www.fishbase.org, version. URL: http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Epinephelus-malabaricus.html.
- Wang, S., Su Y., Ding S., Cai Y., & Wang J. (2010). Cytogenetic analysis of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, using chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hydrobiologia. 638, 1-10.
- SUPAMATTAYA, K., FISCHER-SCHERL T., HOFFMANN R. W., & BOONYARATPALIN 6. S. (1991). Sphaerospora epinepheli N. Sp. (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) Observed in Grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 38(5), 441–526.
- Justine, J-L., & SIGURA AUDE. (2007). Monogeneans of the malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with a description of six new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea: Diplectanidae). Zootaxa. 1543, 1-44.
- Leong, T. S., & WONG S. Y. (1988). A comparative study of the parasite fauna of wild and cultured grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus Bloch et Schneider) in Malaysia.. Aquaculture. 68, 203–207.
- Wikipedia contributors, 'Malabar grouper', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 April 2012, 19:59 UTC, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malabar_grouper&oldid=487553246> [accessed 2 October 2012]
- Sano, M., Minagawa M., & Nakajima K. (2002). Multiplication of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) in the experimentally infected grouper Epinephelus malabaricus.. Fish Pathology. 37, 163-168.
- Bray, R. A., & Justine J-L. (2006). Prosorhynchus maternus sp. n. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia. FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA. 53, 181–188.
Overview > Diagnostic > Diagnostic Keys
- Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
Natural History > Migration
- Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p.
Natural History > Size
- Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral and A. Massinga 1990 Fichas FAO de identificaçao de especies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das especies comerciais marinhas e de aguas salobras de Moçambique. Publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o Instituto de Investigaçao Pesquiera de Moçambique, com financiamento do Projecto PNUD/FAO MOZ/86/030 e de NORAD. Roma, FAO. 1990. 424 p. Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
Natural History > Trophic Strategy
- Thollot, P. 1996 Les poissons de mangrove du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Caledonie. ORSTOM Éditions, Paris.
Natural History > Diseases
- Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. $
- Leong, T.S. 1992 of brackishwater and marine fish cultured in some Asian countries. p.223-236. In: M. Shariff, R.P. Subasinghe and J.R. Arthur (eds.) in Asian Aquaculture I. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. $
- Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. $
Habitat and Distribution > General Habitat
- Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
Habitat and Distribution > Distribution > Description
- Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
Demography and Conservation > Conservation Status
- 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
Uses and Management > Uses
- Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User"s manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. Kohno, H. 1987 An introduction to lapu-lapu (Epinephelus) of the Philippines. Part 3. SEAFDEC Asian Aquacult. 9(2):5-8. van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.) 1991 Marine linefish: priority species and research objectives in southern Africa. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., Spec. Publ. No.1. 132 p.
Information Listing > References
- Wildscreen Trading Limited or its contributors. "Malabar Grouper", ARKive (http://www.arkive.org/malabar-grouper/epinephelus-malabaricus/). Accessed on 2nd October, 2012.
- World Wide Web electronic publication.
- Kanchanakhan, S., Danayadol Y., & Roongkamnertwongsa S. (2005). A virological survey of diseased groupers in Thailand using virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. (WalkerP., LesterR., Bondad-ReantasoM G., Ed.).Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. V, 171-182. Manila: Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila.
- Capuli, Estelita Emily and Casal, Christine Marie V. " Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)". Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2011.FishBase.
- Cornish, A. (Grouper & Wrasse Specialist Group) 2006. Epinephelus malabaricus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 October 2012.
- www.fishbase.org, version. URL: http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Epinephelus-malabaricus.html.
- Wang, S., Su Y., Ding S., Cai Y., & Wang J. (2010). Cytogenetic analysis of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, using chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hydrobiologia. 638, 1-10.
- SUPAMATTAYA, K., FISCHER-SCHERL T., HOFFMANN R. W., & BOONYARATPALIN 6. S. (1991). Sphaerospora epinepheli N. Sp. (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) Observed in Grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 38(5), 441–526.
- Justine, J-L., & SIGURA AUDE. (2007). Monogeneans of the malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with a description of six new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea: Diplectanidae). Zootaxa. 1543, 1-44.
- Leong, T. S., & WONG S. Y. (1988). A comparative study of the parasite fauna of wild and cultured grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus Bloch et Schneider) in Malaysia.. Aquaculture. 68, 203–207.
- Wikipedia contributors, 'Malabar grouper', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 April 2012, 19:59 UTC, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malabar_grouper&oldid=487553246> [accessed 2 October 2012]
- Sano, M., Minagawa M., & Nakajima K. (2002). Multiplication of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) in the experimentally infected grouper Epinephelus malabaricus.. Fish Pathology. 37, 163-168.
- Bray, R. A., & Justine J-L. (2006). Prosorhynchus maternus sp. n. (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia. FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA. 53, 181–188.
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Animalia |
Phylum | Chordata |
Class | Actinopterygii |
Order | Perciformes |
Family | Serranidae |
Genus | Epinephelus |
Species | Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations