Figure 1.
Thallus of lichen species studied in the present investigation.
a: Dermatocarpon vellereum; b: Umbilicaria vellea; c: Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca; d: Rhizoplaca melanophthalma; e: Pleopsidium flavum; f: Xanthoparmelia mexicana; g: Acarospora badiofusca; h: Xanthoria elegans; i: Lecanora frustulosa; j: Lobothallia alphoplaca; k: Physconia muscigena; l: Melanelia disjuncta; m: Xanthoparmelia stenophylla; n: Peccania coralloides.
Table 1.
Taxonomic description of lichen species.
Table 2.
Morpho-anatomical measurements and colorimetric characteristics of identified lichens.
Table 3.
Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of high altitude cold desert saxicolous lichensa.
Figure 2.
Effect of lichen extracts on various radical-scavenging capacities.
a: ABTS radical scavenging capacity of n-hexane extracts; b: ABTS radical scavenging capacity of methanol extracts; c: ABTS radical scavenging capacity of water extracts; d: DPPH radical scavenging capacity of n-hexane extracts; e: DPPH radical scavenging capacity of methanol extracts; f: DPPH radical scavenging capacity of water extracts; g: Scavenging effect of n-hexane extracts on β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay; h: Scavenging effect of methanol extracts on β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay; i: Scavenging effect of water extracts on β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay; j: Nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity of n-hexane extracts; k: Nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity of methanol extracts; l: Nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity of water extracts. DV: Dermatocarpon vellereum; UV: Umbilicaria vellea; RC: Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca; RM: Rhizoplaca melanophthalma; PF: Pleopsidium flavum; XM: Xanthoparmelia mexicana; AB: Acarospora badiofusca; XE: Xanthoria elegans; LF: Lecanora frustulosa; LA: Lobothallia alphoplaca; PM: Physconia muscigena; MD: Melanelia disjuncta; XS: Xanthoparmelia stenophylla; PC: Peccania coralloides.
Table 4.
Scavenging effect of high altitude cold desert saxicolous lichens on ABTS and DPPH radicalsa.
Table 5.
Scavenging effect of high altitude cold desert saxicolous lichens on β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay and nitric oxide radicalsa.
Table 6.
Total proanthocyanidins (TPAC), flavanoids (TFC), and phenolic contents (TPC) in high altitude cold desert saxicolous lichensa.
Figure 3.
Cytotoxic effect of lichen extracts on HepG2 cells.
LW1: water extract of D. vellereum, LW2: water extract of U. vellea, LW8: water extract of X. elegans, LW12: water extract of M. disjuncta, LM5: methanol extract of M. disjuncta, L10M: methanol extract of L. alphoplaca, L12M: methanol extract of M. disjuncta, L13M: methanol extract of X. stenophylla.
Figure 4.
Cytotoxic effect of lichen extracts on RKO cells.
LW1: water extract of D. vellereum, LW2: water extract of U. vellea, LW8: water extract of X. elegans, LW12: water extract of M. disjuncta, LM5: methanol extract of M. disjuncta, L10M: methanol extract of L. alphoplaca, L12M: methanol extract of M. disjuncta, L13M: methanol extract of X. stenophylla.
Table 7.
Cytotoxicity of lichen extract examined by microscopic visualization (10X eyepiece and 10X objective lenses) to investigate cell density and cell health.
Figure 5.
Microscopic images (10X eyepiece and 10X objective lenses) showing cell growth and morphology after 72 h treatment of lichen extracts in HepG2 and RKO carcinoma cells. a.
HepG2 cells with 90% growth, b. HepG2 cells with 70% arrested growth, c. HepG2 cells with 80% arrested growth, d. HepG2 cells with 99% arrested growth, e. HepG2 cells under stress, f. HepG2 cells under stress near death, g. HepG2 dead cells, h. RKO cells with 90% growth, i. RKO cells with 50% arrested growth, j. RKO cells with 70% arrested growth, k. RKO cells with 80% arrested growth, l. RKO cells with 99% arrested growth, m. RKO cells under stress, n. RKO dead cells.