Abstract
The aquiferous system is an essential character of poriferans and supports their monophyly. Within the Calcarea, this system displays its greatest variety and traditionally is classified as: asconoid, syconoid, sylleibid, and leuconoid. Species of Leucascus, however, present a different type of aquiferous system composed of anastomosed (interconnected) choanocyte tubes and have an atrium lacking choanoderm. There is such confusion about the classification of the aquiferous system of Leucascus that, depending on the author, it has been classified as asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid. Therefore, in the present work, we describe a new type of aquiferous system for Leucascus: the solenoid aquiferous system. This new aquiferous system is defined by the presence of anastomosed tubes internally lined by choanocytes and atrium without choanoderm. Although no deep phylogenetic significance has been attributed to the aquiferous system, the solenoid system raises important evolutionary questions about the variety of systems found among the poriferans.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bergquist PR (1978) Sponges. University of California press, Berkeley
Borojevic R, Boury-Esnault N, Manuel M, Vacelet J (2002) Order Clathrinida Hartman 1958. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RW (eds) Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 1141–1152
Boury-Esnault N, Rützler K (1997) Thesaurus of sponge morphology. Smithsonian Institutions press, Washington
Carter HJ (1886) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Ann Mag Nat Hist 18:431–441
Dendy A (1891) A monograph of the Victorian sponges. I: the organization and classification of the Calcarea Homocoela, with descriptions of the Victorian species. Trans R Soc Victoria 3:1–82
Dendy A (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proc Roy Soc Victoria 5:69–116
Dendy A (1893) Studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. V. Observations on the structure and classification of the Calcarea Heterocoela. Q J Microsc Sci 35:159–257
Dendy A (1918) Calcareous sponges. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914. Sci Rep Ser C 6(1):1–17
Dendy A, Row RWH (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proc Zool Soc Lond 47:704–813
Dohrmann M, Voigt O, Erpenbeck D, Wörheide G (2006) Non-monophyly of most supraspecific taxa of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) revealed by increased taxon sampling and partitioned Bayesian analysis of ribosomal DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:830–843. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.016
Grant RE (1826) Observations and experiments on the structure and functions of the sponges. Edin New Philos J 14:113–124, 336–341
Haeckel E (1872) Die Kalkschwämme, eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin
Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM (2002) Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer/Plenum, New York
Lanna E, Cavalcanti FF, Cardoso L, Muricy G, Klautau M (2009) Taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from Potiguar Basin, NE Brazil. Zootaxa 1973:1–27
Lévi C (1999) Sponge science, from origin to outlook. Mem Qld Mus 44:1–7
Manuel M (2006) Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges. Can J Zool 84(2):225–241. doi:10.1139/Z06-005
Muricy G, Esteves EL, Moraes F, Santos JP, Silva SM, Klautau M, Lanna E (2008) Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar: Porifera. Museu Nacional Série Livros, Rio de Janeiro
Poléjaeff N (1883) Report on the Calcarea dredged by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’, 1873–1876. Zoology 8(2):1–76
Voultsiadou E, Gkelis S (2005) Greek and the phylum Porifera: a living language for living organisms. J Zool 267:143–157. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007326
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Alexander V. Ereskovsky, Guilherme Muricy, Paulo Paiva, Nicole Boury-Esnault, Jean Vacelet, and Radovan Borojevic by their comments, and to Eduardo Viaro for his help in the choice of the Greek name solenoid. We thank the following curators and researchers by the loan of type and additional specimens: S. Hoshino and R. Ueshima (University of Tokyo), C. Rowley (NMV), C. Valentine (NHM), I. Domart-Coulon (MNHN), T. Laperousaz (SAM), and J. Fromont (WAM). We also thank the staff of the Laboratório de Biologia de Porifera (IB/UFRJ), and Thiago Manchester and Emilio Lanna for their help in Scanning Electron Microscopy. Grants and fellowships were provided by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), and the Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by T. Bartolomaeus.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cavalcanti, F.F., Klautau, M. Solenoid: a new aquiferous system to Porifera. Zoomorphology 130, 255–260 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-011-0139-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-011-0139-7