Abstract
Repeated wetting and drying is one of the most destructive actions that can induce continuous damage to in-situ rocks in many engineering applications. The situation is exacerbated if the action is coupled with flowing water conditions. In this work, the wet–dry (W–D) deterioration characteristics of gypsiferous rocks surrounding underground excavations were investigated. A series of tests at different W–D cycles with different flow rates (0, 10, and 20 l/h) were conducted on gypsiferous specimens to reveal the deterioration behaviors. The change in rock pore structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method and the deterioration characteristics in its mechanical properties were investigated by the P-wave velocity test. Based on the disturbed state concept (DSC), a W–D deterioration model was established. The results showed that repeated W–D actions led to the formation of visible cracks which enhanced the dissolution of gypsiferous rocks, while the loose particles detached from the rock matrix were carried away by the flowing water, resulting in an uneven diameter reduction in the specimens. The damage of internal micro-porestructure and enlargement of internal pores were induced also by the combined action of the W–D processes and water flow. The feasibility of using the pore structure parameters to characterize the deterioration in the mechanical properties of gypsiferous rocks due to W–D actions at different water flow rates was demonstrated based on the proposed deterioration model. This study can provide a useful reference tool to help the engineering design of tunnels under similar geological conditions.
Highlights
-
A series of tests at different W-D cycles with different flow rates for the gypsiferous specimens were designed and conducted.
-
The additional effect of groundwater flow on the cyclic W-D process and the W-D deterioration characteristics of gypsiferous rocks were revealed.
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A W-D deterioration model based on the disturbed state concept (DSC) was established to describe the damage of gypsiferous rocks caused by different W-D cycles.
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Abbreviations
- n :
-
Number of wet–dry cycles
- v :
-
Flow rates
- D F :
-
Average fractal dimension
- D Fi :
-
Fractal dimension of one of the surface contours of the specimen
- N a :
-
Number of counting boxes with the side length of a
- a :
-
Side length of the counting box
- k :
-
Photo number of the specimen
- S :
-
Pore surface area
- V :
-
Fluid volume
- T 2 :
-
Transverse relaxation time
- ρ 2 :
-
Surface relaxation strength of T2
- r :
-
Pore radius
- F S :
-
Pore-shape factor
- \(\phi^{0}\) :
-
Porosity at the initial stage
- \(\phi^{{\text{f}}}\) :
-
Porosity at the final stage
- \(\phi^{{\text{a}}}\) :
-
Apparent porosity
- D :
-
Disturbance factor (0 ≤ D ≤ 1)
- \(\phi^{{\text{a}}}(n,v)\) :
-
Growth function of apparent porosity
- \(\sigma\) :
-
Total stress (tangential stress or normal stress)
- \(\sigma_{{\text{i}}}\) :
-
Stress sustained by elements in RI state
- \(\sigma_{{\text{c}}}\) :
-
Stress by elements in FA state
- \(v_{{}}^{{\text{P}}}\) :
-
Apparent P-wave velocity
- \(v_{{\text{i}}}^{{\text{P}}}\) :
-
P-wave velocity of elements in RI state
- \(v_{{\text{c}}}^{{\text{P}}}\) :
-
P-wave velocity of elements in FA state
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41972276), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2020J06013) and the “Foal Eagle Program” Youth Top-notch Talent Project of Fujian Province (Grant No. 00387088). Their financial support is gratefully acknowledged.
Funding
Ming Huang (the second author) is grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41972276), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2020J06013) and the “Foal Eagle Program” Youth Top-notch Talent Project of Fujian Province (Grant No. 00387088).
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All authors participated in the design and conceptual study of this work. The experiment was mainly conducted by SJ and BL. The analysis of test results was performed by SJ and MH. The first draft of the manuscript was completed by SJ and MH. The manuscript was reviewed and revised by MH, YJ and CX. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Jiang, S., Huang, M., Jiang, Y. et al. NMR-Based Investigation on the Wet–Dry Deterioration Characteristics of Gypsiferous Rocks Surrounding Underground Excavations. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55, 2323–2339 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02780-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02780-4