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DNA barcoding of the intertidal chitons of the genera Stenoplax Dall, 1879 and Callistochiton Carpenter in Dall, 1879 from the Mexican Tropical Pacific with the description of two new species

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Abstract

The Mexican Tropical Pacific (MTP) is rich in chitons, mainly represented by the genera Callistochiton Carpenter in Dall, 1879 and Stenoplax Dall, 1879. Despite the widespread presence of these genera in the region, few species have been studied at a molecular level. Using partial cytochrome oxidase I (cox1) gene sequences, we analyzed the genetic relationships of four Callistochiton and four Stenoplax species (including Caribbean species), along with two putative new species. Each genus was analyzed separately. The Bayesian Inference (BI) and neighbor-joining analyses recovered two main clades in both genera and support the existence of two new species. Stenoplax quetzalcoatli sp. nov. was recovered sister to Stenoplax petaloides Gould, 1846 and this clade was recovered sisters to Stenoplax mariposa (Dall, 1919). Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby in Broderip and Sowerby, 1832) was recovered sister to Stenoplax purpurascens C.B. Adams, 1845 and both nested with Stenoplax floridana Pilsbry, 1892. Callistochiton guerreroensis sp. nov. and Callistochiton cf. expressus are sister species of Callistochiton colimensis (A.G. Smith, 1961). In addition, to solve the identity of two new taxa, we inspected various morphological characters using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We identified differences between Stenoplax quetzalcoatli sp. nov. and species of the Stenoplax rugulata (Sowerby, 1832) complex characterized by small size and irregular sculpturing. Moreover, Callistochiton guerreroensis sp. nov. differs from Callistochiton expressuss (Carpenter, 1865) by a higher number of ribs in the head valve, minor lateral teeth with a bilobed blade directed inwards, and dorsal girdle scales with rounded spherules.

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Abbreviations

BL:

Body length

BI:

Bayesian inference

MTP:

Mexican Tropical Pacific

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Acknowledgements

We thank to Rafael Flores-Garza and his academic team from the Unidad Académica de Ecología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero for the donation of some specimens of the new species proposed here. To Cedar García-Ríos for donating specimens from El Salvador. To Michel Hendrickx for the facilities regarding the type materials and the access to the Laboratorio de Invertebrados Bentónicos, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, UNAM. To Jose Salgado Barragán for assisting on photography of the specimens. To Berenit Mendoza-Garfias from the Laboratorio de la Biodiversidad I, Instituto de Biología, UNAM for her technical assistance and for promptly producing part of our SEM images. To Miguel Avalos Borja of the National Laboratory for Research in Nano-sciences and Nanotechnology (LINAN) of the Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT) for the access to the scanning electron microscope, especially to the assistance of. Ana Iris Peña Maldonado for the assistance on taking some of the SEM photographs. To Kevin S. Cummings for his critical review to improve this study and for the English corrections. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers and particularly to Douglas Eernisse (who invested a great number of hours to review this study) whose comments improved the manuscript significantly. We thank Rebeca Méndez-Hernández for proof-reading.

Funding

Reyes-Gómez, A. received support from the Consejo Nacional para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CONACYT) by scholarship for graduate studies at Maestría en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas (BIMARENA). Funds of PROSNI and PROINPEP 2016–2017 of Vargas-Ponce, O., Zamora-Tavares, M.P., and Ríos-Jara, E. for financing the molecular analysis at LaniVeg.

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  1. Doctorado en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, 45200, Zapopan, Jalisco, México

    Adriana Reyes-Gómez

  2. Departamento de Ecología Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, 45200, Zapopan, Jalisco, México

    Eduardo Ríos-Jara, Leopoldo Díaz-Pérez, Cristian Moisés Galván-Villa & Manuel Ayón-Parente

  3. Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, 45200, Zapopan, Jalisco, México

    María del Pilar Zamora-Tavares & Ofelia Vargas-Ponce

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  1. Adriana Reyes-Gómez
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Correspondence to Ofelia Vargas-Ponce.

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Sampling and field studies

Sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent Mexican authorities following the proper protocols of SEMARNAT: SGPA/DGVS/05775/12.

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Molecular data are deposited in NCBI. The voucher numbers and link are available in the supplementary material.

Author contribution

ARG, ERJ, and OVP conceived and designed the research. ARG and PZT conducted molecular experiments. ARG, MAP, and LDP conducted fieldwork and curation of the obtained biological material. ARG and CGV produced and edited the photographs and figures. ARG, PZT, and OVP analyzed molecular data, ARG and ERJ did the taxonomic research, and in collaboration with MAP analyzed the morphological data.

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Reyes-Gómez, A., Ríos-Jara, E., del Pilar Zamora-Tavares, M. et al. DNA barcoding of the intertidal chitons of the genera Stenoplax Dall, 1879 and Callistochiton Carpenter in Dall, 1879 from the Mexican Tropical Pacific with the description of two new species. Mar. Biodivers. 53, 10 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01308-x

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