Abstract
This chapter summarizes the winter ecology of the ten most abundant fish species captured in bottom and midwater trawls during Polar Night surveys conducted in January 2016, 2017, and 2018 in the Svalbard region. It reviews the distribution and feeding habits of these species during the Polar Night as well as their spawning ecology. Most species feed to a certain extent in the dark of night, but their stomach fullness is generally lower and the proportion of empty stomachs consistently higher during winter than the rest of the year. A combination of low irradiance and seasonal factors, such as reduced energy intake during spawning and change in prey availability during winter, likely explains the higher proportion of empty stomachs during the Polar Night. In contrast to Arctic (i.e. polar cod and arctic cod) and arcto-boreal (i.e. Greenland halibut and daubed shanny) fishes that reproduce during winter to benefit from the Arctic spring bloom just after yolk resorption, most boreal species reproduce from spring to autumn which, in the Arctic, results in a mismatch between the apparition of first-feeding planktonic larvae and the production of zooplankton prey. This review thus supports the hypothesis that the ability to reproduce during the Polar Night, rather than the ability to feed, might be the key adaptive trait of Arctic fishes and the main factor limiting boreal fishes to colonize the high Arctic.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ådlandsvik B, Gundersen AC, Nedreaas KH et al (2004) Modelling the advection and diffusion of eggs and larvae of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in the north-east Arctic. Fish Oceanogr 13:403–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2004.00303.x
Albert OT, Nilssen EM, Stene A et al (1998) Spawning of the Barents Sea/Norwegian Sea Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). ICES C 1998/O22 19
Albert OT, Nilssen EM, Stene A et al (2001) Maturity classes and spawning behaviour of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). Fish Res 51:217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00247-8
Albikovskaya LK, Gerasimova OV (1993) Food and feeding patterns of cod (Gadus morhua L.) and beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella Travin) on Flemish Cap. NAFO Sci Counc Stud 19:31–39
Andriashev AP, Mukhomediyarov BF, Pavshtiks EA (1980) On great amounts of cryopelagic gadid fishes (Boreogadus saida and Arctogadus glacialis) in near-pole Arctic regions. In: Vinogradov ME, Melnikov IA (eds) Biology of the Central Arctic Basin. Nauka, Russia, pp 196–211
Aschan M, Karamushko OV, Byrkjedal I et al (2009) Records of the gadoid fish Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1874) in the European Arctic. Polar Biol 32:963–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0595-4
Barber DG, Asplin MG, Gratton Y et al (2010) The international polar year (IPY) circumpolar flaw lead (CFL) system study: overview and the physical system. Atmos - Ocean 48:225–243. https://doi.org/10.3137/OC317.2010
Bassett C, Weber TC, Wilson C, De Robertis A (2016) Potential for broadband acoustics to improve stock assessment surveys of midwater fishes. J Acoust Soc Am 140:3242–3243
Baxter IG (1959) Fecundities of winter-spring and summer-autumn herring spawners. ICES J Mar Sci 25:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/25.1.73
Benoit D, Simard Y, Gagné J et al (2010) From Polar Night to midnight sun: photoperiod, seal predation, and the diel vertical migrations of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) under landfast ice in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol 33:1505–1520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0840-x
Berestovsky EG, Matishov GG (2001) New data on the population structure of long rough dab in the Barents Sea. Dokl Biol Sci 376:67–69
Berge J, Nahrgang J (2013) The Atlantic spiny lumpsucker Eumicrotremus spinosus: life history traits and the seemingly unlikely interaction with the pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula. Polish Polar Res 34:279–287. https://doi.org/10.2478/popore−2013−0013
Berge J, Daase M, Renaud PE et al (2015a) Unexpected levels of biological activity during the Polar Night offer new perspectives on a warming arctic. Curr Biol 25:2555–2561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.024
Berge J, Heggland K, Lønne OJ et al (2015b) First records of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, with possible explanations for the extension of its distribution. Arctic 68:54–61. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4455
Berge J, Renaud PE, Darnis G et al (2015c) In the dark: a review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic Polar Night. Prog Oceanogr 139:258–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005
Berge J, Geoffroy M, Johnsen G et al (2016) Ice-tethered observational platforms in the Arctic Ocean pack ice. IFAC-PapersOnLine 49:494–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.484
Bergstad OA, Jørgensen T, Dragesund O (1987) Life history and ecology of the gadoid resources of the Barents Sea. Fish Res 5:119–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(87)90037-3
Borkin IV, Mel’yantsev RV (1984) New data on the distribution of polar cod, Arctogadus glacialis (Gadidae), in the Arctic region. J Ichthyol 24:101–103
Bouchard C, Fortier L (2011) Circum-arctic comparison of the hatching season of polar cod Boreogadus saida: a test of the freshwater winter refuge hypothesis. Prog Oceanogr 90:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.008
Bouchard C, Robert D, Nelson RJ, Fortier L (2013) The nucleus of the lapillar otolith discriminates the early life stages of Boreogadus saida and Arctogadus glacialis. Polar Biol 36:1537–1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1371-z
Bouchard C, Thorrold SR, Fortier L (2015) Spatial segregation, dispersion and migration in early stages of polar cod Boreogadus saida revealed by otolith chemistry. Mar Biol 162:855–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2629-5
Bouchard C, Mollard S, Suzuki K et al (2016) Contrasting the early life histories of sympatric Arctic gadids Boreogadus saida and Arctogadus glacialis in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 39:1005–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-2054-3
Bouchard C, Geoffroy M, LeBlanc M et al (2017) Climate warming enhances polar cod recruitment, at least transiently. Prog Oceanogr 156:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.06.008
Bowering WR, Nedreaas KH (2000) A comparison of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum)) fisheries and distribution in the northwest and northeast Atlantic. Sarsia 85:61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.2000.10414555
Cadrin SX, Bernreuther M, Daníelsdóttir AK et al (2010) Population structure of beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella: evidence of divergence associated with different habitats. ICES J Mar Sci 67:1617–1630. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq046
Carscadden JE, Gjøsæter H, Vilhjálmsson H (2013) A comparison of recent changes in distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Barents Sea, around Iceland and in the Northwest Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr 114:64–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.005
Chen L, DeVries AL, Cheng C-HC (1997) Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:3811–3816. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3811
Chernova NV (2011) Distribution patterns and chorological analysis of fish fauna of the Arctic region. J Ichthyol 51:825–924. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945211100043
Christiansen JS (2008) TUNU-Seal 2008: marine fishes, seals, and other creatures. Marine biological investigations at Jan Mayen Island and in Vestisen, 29 June – 12 July 2008. Tech report, Dep Aquat Biosci Univ Tromsø
Christiansen JS, Præbel K, Siikavuopio SI, Carscadden JE (2008) Facultative semelparity in capelin Mallotus villosus (Osmeridae)-an experimental test of a life history phenomenon in a sub-Arctic fish. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 360:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.04.003
Christiansen JS, DeVries AL, Lynghammar A, Præbel K (2012) Industrial potential of antifreeze proteins (AF (G) Ps) from marine fishes in Arctic Norway – initial screening of species. MABIT Rep BS0040
Coad BW, Reist JD (2018) Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto
Craig PC, Griffiths WB, Haldorson L, McElderry H (1982) Ecological studies of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in Beaufort Sea coastal waters, Alaska. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 39:395–406. https://doi.org/10.1139/f82-057
Cusa M, Berge J, Varpe, Ø (2019) Seasonal shifts in feeding patterns: Individual and population realized specialization in a high Arctic fish. Ecol Evol 9:11112–11121. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5615
Dalpadado P, Mowbray F (2013) Comparative analysis of feeding ecology of capelin from two shelf ecosystems, off Newfoundland and in the Barents Sea. Prog Oceanogr 114:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.007
Darnis G, Robert D, Pomerleau C et al (2012) Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity. Clim Chang 115:179–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0483-8
David C, Lange B, Rabe B, Flores H (2015) Community structure of under-ice fauna in the Eurasian central Arctic Ocean in relation to environmental properties of sea-ice habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 522:15–32. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11156
David C, Lange B, Krumpen T et al (2016) Under-ice distribution of polar cod Boreogadus saida in the central Arctic Ocean and their association with sea-ice habitat properties. Polar Biol 39:981–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1774-0
De Silva SS (1973) Food and feeding habits of the herring Clupea harengus and the sprat C. sprattus in inshore waters of the west coast of Scotland. Mar Biol 20:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354272
Deming JW, Fortier L, Fukuchi M (2002) The international north water polynya study (NOW): a brief overview. Deep Res Part II 22:4887–4892
Di Prisco G, Pisano E, Clarke A (1998) Fishes of Antarctica. Springer, Milano
Dolgov AV, Drevetnyak KV (1995) Feeding of young Sebastes mentella Travin in the Barents and Norwegian Seas. In: Hylen A (ed) Precision and relevance of pre-recruit studies for fisheries management related to fish stocks in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters. Proceedings of the 6th IMR-PINRO Symposium, Institute. 14–17 June 1994, Bergen, pp 129–134
Dolgov AV, Drevetnyak KV (2011) Feeding of three species from the genus Sebastes in the Barents Sea. ICES C 2011/A26 13
Dolgova NV, Albert OT (2011) Chapter 5.11. Long rough dab. In: Jakobsen T, Ozhigin VK (eds) The Barents Sea - ecosystem, resources and management. Half a century of Russian-Norwegian cooperation, pp 338–345
Dragesund O, Hamre J, Ulltang Ø (1980) Biology and population dynamics of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring. Cons int Explor hlcr 177:43–71
Drevetnyak KV, Nedreaas KH (2009) Historical movement pattern of juvenile beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella Travin) in the Barents Sea as inferred from long-term research survey series. Mar Biol Res 5:86–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000802534865
Drevetnyak KV, Nedreaas KH, Planque B (2011) Chapter 5.7. Redfish. In: Jakobsen T, Ozhigin VK (eds) The Barents Sea - ecosystem, resources and management. Half a century of Russian-Norwegian cooperation, pp 293–308
Drinkwater KF (2005) The response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to future climate change. ICES J Mar Sci 62:1327–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.015
Dumke I, Purser A, Marcon Y et al (2018) Underwater hyperspectral imaging as an in situ taxonomic tool for deep-sea megafauna. Sci Rep 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31261-4
Eastman JT, DeVries AL (1985) Adaptations for cryopelagic life in the Antarctic notothenioid fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Polar Biol 4:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286816
Ellertsen B, Fossum P, Solemdal P, Sundby S (1989) Relation between temperature and survival of eggs and first-feeding larvae of northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Rapp Procès-verbaux des Réunions (Conseil Perm Int pour l’Exploration la Mer) 191:209–219
Enevoldsen LTL, Heiner I, DeVries ALAL, Steffensen JJF (2003) Does fish from the Disko Bay area of Greenland possess antifreeze proteins during the summer? Polar Biol 26:365–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-003-0489-9
Eriksen E, Ingvaldsen RB, Nedreaas KH, Prozorkevich D (2015) The effect of recent warming on polar cod and beaked redfish juveniles in the Barents Sea. Reg Stud Mar Sci 2:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2015.09.001
Eriksen E, Skjoldal HR, Gjøsæter H, Primicerio R (2017) Spatial and temporal changes in the Barents Sea pelagic compartment during the recent warming. Prog Oceanogr 151:206–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.009
Ewart KV, Fletcher GL (1990) Isolation and characterization of antifreeze proteins from smelt (Osmerus mordax) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus). Can J Zool Can Zool 68:1652–1658
Falk-Petersen IB, Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR (1986) Nature, origin and possible roles of lipid deposits in Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin) and Benthosema glaciale (Reinhart) from Ullsfjorden, northern Norway. Polar Biol 5:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00446091
Fortier L, Ponton D, Gilbert M (1995) The match/mismatch hypothesis and the feeding success of fish larvae in ice-covered southeastern Hudson Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 120:11–27
Fortier L, Barber D, Michaud J (2008) On thin ice: a synthesis of the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES). Aboriginal, Winnipeg
Fossheim M, Primicerio R, Johannesen E et al (2015) Recent warming leads to a rapid borealization of fish communities in the Arctic. Nat Clim Chang 5:673–677. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2647
Gaston AJ, Elliott KH (2014) Seabird diet changes in northern Hudson Bay, 1981-2013, reflect the availability of schooling prey. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 513:211–223. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10945
Geoffroy M, Robert D, Darnis G, Fortier L (2011) The aggregation of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the deep Atlantic layer of ice-covered Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea) in winter. Polar Biol 34:1959–1971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1019-9
Geoffroy M, Majewski A, LeBlanc M et al (2016) Vertical segregation of age-0 and age-1+ polar cod (Boreogadus saida) over the annual cycle in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 39:1023–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1811-z
Geoffroy M, Daase M, Cusa M, Darnis G, Graeve M, Santana Hernández N, Berge J et al (2019) Mesopelagic sound scattering layers of the high Arctic: seasonal variations in biomass, species assemblages, and trophic relationships. Front Mar Sci 6:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364
Gjøsæter H (1973a) Age, growth, and mortality of the myctophid fish, Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt), from western Norway. Sarsia 52:1–14
Gjøsæter H (1973b) The food of the myctophid fish, Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt), from western Norway. Sarsia 52:53–58
Gjøsæter H (1998) The population biology and exploitation of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Barents Sea. Sarsia 83:453–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1998.10420445
Gjøsæter H (2009) Commercial fisheries (fish, seafood and marine mammals). In: Sakshaug E, Johnsen G, Kovacs K (eds) Ecosystem Barents Sea. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, pp 373–414
Gjøsæter H, Bogstad B (1998) Effects of the presence of herring (Clupea harengus) on the stock-recruitment relationship of Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus). Fish Res 38:57–71
Gradinger RR, Bluhm BA (2004) In-situ observations on the distribution and behavior of amphipods and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) under the sea ice of the high Arctic Canada Basin. Polar Biol 27:595–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-004-0630-4
Gundersen AC, Stenberg C, Fossen I, Lyberth B, Boje J, Jorgensen OA (2010) Sexual maturity cycle and spawning of Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides in the Davis Strait. J Fish Biol 77:211–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02671.x
Hara TJ (1975) Olfaction in fish. Prog Neurobiol 5:271–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(75)90014-3
Harvey R, Batty RS (2002) Cutaneous taste buds in gadoid fishes. J Fish Biol 60:583–592. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2002.1875
Hay DE (1985) Reproductive biology of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 42:111–126. https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-267
Hedeholm R, Grønkjær P, Rysgaard S (2011) Energy content and fecundity of capelin (Mallotus villosus) along a 1,500-km latitudinal gradient. Mar Biol 158:1319–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1651-5
Helle K (1994) Distribution of early juvenile Arcto-Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua L.) in relation to food abundance and watermass properties. ICES Mar Sci Symp 198:440–448
Hop H, Gjøsæter H (2013) Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) as key species in marine food webs of the Arctic and the Barents Sea. Mar Biol Res 9:878–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2013.775458
Hop H, Trudeau VL, Graham M (1995) Spawning energetics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in relation to seasonal development of the ovary and plasma sex steroid levels. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:541–550. https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-055
Hovde SC, Albert OT, Nilssen EM (2002) Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in diet of northeast Arctic Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). ICES J Mar Sci 59:421–437. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1171
Hussey NE, Hedges KJ, Barkley AN et al (2017) Movements of a deep-water fish: establishing marine fisheries management boundaries in coastal Arctic waters. Ecol Appl 27:687–704. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1485
ICES (2018) Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG), 18–24 April 2018, Ispra, Italy. ICES C 2018/ACOM06 863
Irigoien X, Klevjer TA, Røstad A, Martinez U, Boyra G, Acuña JL, Bode A et al (2014) Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nat Commun 5:3271. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271
Jakobsen T, Ozhigin VK (2011) The Barents Sea - ecosystem, resources, management. Half a century of Russian - Norwegian cooperation. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim
Jönsson M, Varpe Ø, Kozłowski T et al (2014) Differences in lens optical plasticity in two gadoid fishes meeting in the Arctic. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sensory, Neural, Behav Physiol 200:949–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-014-0941-z
Jordan AD, Møller PR, Nielsen JG (2003) Revision of the Arctic cod genus Arctogadus. J Fish Biol 62:1339–1352. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00115.x
Kaartvedt S (2008) Photoperiod may constrain the effect of global warming in arctic marine systems. J Plankton Res 30:1203–1206. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbn075
Klemetsen A, Knudsen R, Staldvik FJ, Amundsen PA (2003) Habitat, diet and food assimilation of Arctic charr under the winter ice in two subarctic lakes. J Fish Biol 62:1082–1098. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00101.x
La Mesa M, Eastman JT (2012) Antarctic silverfish: life strategies of a key species in the high-Antarctic ecosystem. Fish Fish 13:241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00427.x
Luka GI, Ponomarenko VP (1983) Seasonal and daily vertical migrations and structure of capelin concentrations in the Barents Sea. Int Counc Explor Sea, Pelagic Fish Comm
Madsen ML, Nelson RJ, Fevolden SE et al (2016) Population genetic analysis of Euro-Arctic polar cod Boreogadus saida suggests fjord and oceanic structuring. Polar Biol 39:969–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1812-y
Mecklenburg CW, Lynghammar A, Johannesen E et al (2018) Marine fishes of the Arctic region, vol 1. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland
Methven DA, McGowan C (1998) Distinguishing small juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) by comparing meristic characters and discriminant function analyses of morphometric data. Can J Zool 76:1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-046
Meyer Ottesen CA, Hop H, Christiansen JS, Falk-Petersen S (2011) Early life history of the daubed shanny (Teleostei: Leptoclinus maculatus) in Svalbard waters. Mar Biodivers 41:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0079-3
Mowbray FK (2002) Changes in the vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) off Newfoundland. ICES J Mar Sci 59:942–949. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1259
Murzina SA, Meyer Ottesen CA, Falk-Petersen S et al (2012) Oogenesis and lipids in gonad and liver of daubed shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus) females from Svalbard waters. Fish Physiol Biochem 38:1393–1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9627-z
Murzina SA, Nefedova ZA, Falk-Petersen S et al (2013) Lipids in the daubed shanny (Teleostei: Leptoclinus maculatus) in Svalbard waters. Polar Biol 36:1619–1631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1381-x
Nahrgang J, Varpe Ø, Korshunova E et al (2014) Gender specific reproductive strategies of an arctic key species (Boreogadus saida) and implications of climate change. PLoS One 9:e98452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098452
Nahrgang J, Storhaug E, Murzina SA, Delmas O, Nemova NN, Berge J (2016) Aspects of reproductive biology of wild-caught polar cod (Boreogadus saida) from Svalbard waters. Polar Biol 39:1155–1164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1837-2
Nozères C, Archambault D, Chouinard P-M, et al (2010) Identification guide for marine fishes of the estuary and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence and sampling protocols used during trawl surveys between 2004 and 2008. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 2866:xi + 243
O’Driscoll RL, Parsons MJD, Rose GA (2001) Feeding of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in Newfoundland waters. Sarsia 86:165–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.2001.10420472
Olsen E, Aanes S, Mehl S et al (2010) Cod, haddock, saithe, herring, and capelin in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters: a review of the biological value of the area. ICES J Mar Sci 67:87–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp229
Paulson AC, Smith RR (1977) Latitudinal variation of Pacific herring fecundity. Trans Am Fish Soc 106:244–247
Pedersen SA, Riget F (1993) Feeding habits of redfish (Sebastes spp.) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in west Greenland waters. ICES J Mar Sci 50:445–459
Pekkoeva SN, Murzina SA, Nefedova ZA et al (2017) Ecological role of lipids and fatty acids in the early postembryonic development of the daubed shanny, Leptoclinus maculatus (Fries, 1838) from Kongsfjorden, west Spitsbergen in winter. Russ J Ecol 48:240–244. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413617030134
Pekkoeva SN, Murzina SA, Ieshko EP et al (2018) Ecological groups of the daubed shanny Leptoclinus maculatus (Fries, 1838), an Arcto-boreal species, regarding growth and early development. Russ J Ecol 49:253–259. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1067413618030074
Pepin P, Robert D, Bouchard C et al (2014) Once upon a larva: revisiting the relationship between feeding success and growth in fish larvae. ICES J Mar Sci 72:359–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu201
Planque B, Kristinsson K, Astakhov A et al (2013) Monitoring beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the north Atlantic, current challenges and future prospects. Aquat Living Resour 26:293–306. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr/2013062
Polyakov IV, Pnyushkov AV, Alkire MB et al (2017) Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Science (80-) 356:285–291. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai8204
Provencher JF, Gaston AJ, O’Hara PD, Gilchrist HG (2012) Seabird diet indicates changing Arctic marine communities in eastern Canada. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 454:171–182. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09299
Rass TS (1968) Spawning and development of polar cod. Rapp Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Cons Int pour l’Exploration la Mer 158:135–137
Raymond JA, Hassel A (2000) Some characteristics of freezing avoidance in two osmerids, rainbow smelt and capelin. J Fish Biol 57:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1606
Renaud PE, Berge J, Varpe O et al (2012) Is the poleward expansion by Atlantic cod and haddock threatening native polar cod, Boreogadus saida? Polar Biol 35:401–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1085-z
Rose GA (2005) Capelin (Mallotus villosus) distribution and climate: a sea “canary” for marine ecosystem change. ICES J Mar Sci 62:1524–1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.008
Rose GA (2007) The contemporary ecosystems. In: Rose GA (ed) Cod - The ecological history of the north Atlantic fisheries. Breakwater, St John’s, pp 53–165
Russkikh AA, Dingsør GE (2011) Chapter 5.5. Haddock. In: Jakobsen T, Ozhigin VK (eds) The Barents Sea - ecosystem, resources and management. Half a century of Russian-Norwegian cooperation, pp 271–280
Slotte A, Mikkelsen N, Gjøsæter H (2006) Egg cannibalism in Barents Sea capelin in relation to a narrow spawning distribution. J Fish Biol 69:187–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01085.x
Smedsrud LH, Esau I, Ingvaldsen RB et al (2013) The role of the Barents Sea in the Arctic climate system. Rev Geophys 51:415–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20017
Solemdal P, Knutsen T, Bjørke H et al (1997) Maturation, spawning and egg drift of Arcto-Norwegian haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Havforskningsinstituttets egg- og Larveprogr No 25:40
Stewart H (2005) The fish tale that is never told: a reconsideration of the importance of fishing in Inuit societies. Senri Ethnol Stud 67:345–361
Strand JET, Aarseth JJ, Hanebrekke TL, Jørgensen EH (2008) Keeping track of time under ice and snow in a sub-arctic lake: plasma melatonin rhythms in Arctic charr overwintering under natural conditions. J Pineal Res 44:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00511.x
Stransky C (2005) Geographic variation of golden redfish (Sebastes marinus) and deep-sea redfish (S. mentella) in the north Atlantic based on otolith shape analysis. ICES J Mar Sci 62:1691–1698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.012
Süfke L, Piepenburg D, Von Dorrien CF (1998) Body size, sex ratio and diet composition of Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1874) (Pisces: Gadidae) in the northeast water polynya (Greenland). Polar Biol 20:357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000050314
Svenning MA, Klemetsen A, Olsen T (2007) Habitat and food choice of Arctic charr in Linnévatn on Spitsbergen, Svalbard: the first year-round investigation in a High Arctic lake. Ecol Freshw Fish 16:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00183.x
Svetovidov AN (1948) Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Fishes, Gadiformes Vol IX, No. 4. Translated from Russian and published for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1962
Templeman W (1965) Mass mortalities of marine fishes in the Newfoundland area presumably due to low temperature. ICNAF Spec Publ 6:137–147
Toresen R, Østvedt OJ (2010) Variation in abundance of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) throughout the 20th century and the influence of climatic fluctuations. Fish Fish 1:231–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2000.00022.x
Valentini A, Taberlet P, Miaud C et al (2016) Next-generation monitoring of aquatic biodiversity using environmental DNA metabarcoding. Mol Ecol 25:929–942. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13428
Varpe Ø, Daase M, Kristiansen T (2015) Food for thought: a fish-eye view on the new Arctic landscape. ICES J Mar Sci 72:2532–2538. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv129
Vihtakari M, Welcker J, Moe B et al (2018) Black-legged kittiwakes as messengers of Atlantification in the Arctic. Sci Rep 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19118-8
Wagner HJ, Fröhlich E, Negishi K, Collin SP (1998) The eyes of deep-sea fish II. Functional morphology of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 17:637–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00003-2
Walsh SJ (1996) Life history and ecology of long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (F) in the Barents Sea. J Sea Res 36:285–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1385-1101(96)90797-2
Walters V (1961) Winter abundance of Arctogadus glacialis in the polar basin. Copeia 1961:236–237
Welch HE, Bergmann MA, Siferd TD et al (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic 45:343–357. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1413
Wheeland LJ, Robert D, Geoffroy M et al (2018) Commercial fisheries. In: Bell T, Brown TM (eds) From science to policy in the Eastern Canadian Arctic: an integrated impact study (IRIS) of climate change and modernization. ArcticNet, Québec, pp 475–491
Wienerroither R, Johannesen E, Dolgov A, et al (2011) Atlas of the Barents Sea fishes. IMR/PINRO Jt Rep Ser 1-2011 1–272
Woodgate RA, Weingartner TJ, Lindsay R (2012) Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column. Geophys Res Lett 39:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL054092
Yaragina NA, Aglen A, Sokolov KM (2011) Chapter 5.4. Cod. In: Jakobsen T, Ozhigin VK (eds) The Barents Sea - ecosystem, resources and management. Half a century of Russian-Norwegian cooperation, pp 225–270
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geoffroy, M., Priou, P. (2020). Fish Ecology During the Polar Night. In: Berge, J., Johnsen, G., Cohen, J. (eds) POLAR NIGHT Marine Ecology. Advances in Polar Ecology, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33208-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33208-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33207-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33208-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)