Abstract
Cultural Heritage wood exposed in saline and brackish waters may be subjected to severe damage by marine borers in a relatively short time compared to fungi and bacteria. This chapter discusses the wood-boring molluscan families Teredinidae, Pholadidae and Xylophagaidae and the crustacean families Limnoriidae, Sphaeromatidae and Cheluridae.
An introduction of each family is first provided which includes aspects of taxonomy and phylogeny grounded on molecular data and morphological features’ analyses. Elements of animals’ morphology and physiology are then examined. Their body plan, size, shape, segmentation, bearing appendages etc. are illustrated. Animals’ reproductive systems and fertilization modes in both dioecious and hermaphroditic taxa are presented and the life histories of oviparous or larviparous species are described. Behavioural features associated to populations’ growth, such as mating, parental care and migration tactics, to wood detection, such as chemoreception and mechanoreception and to wood settlement, such as phototaxis, thigmotaxis and geotaxis are also considered.
Marine borers’ distribution, habitat and niche are then explored with special reference to environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and depth and to the biota with which may have symbiotic relationships. Factors related to the wooden substrate, such as species, grain orientation, lignification, water content, preservatives’ treatment, presence of decaying fungi, which are influencing their colonizing behaviour, development and boring activity are also mentioned.
Finally, wood boring mechanisms and feeding habits are elucidated for seston feeders using wood solely as a shelter and for xylophagous borers utilizing it as a source of nourishment. Animals’ adaptations for settlement and boring are explored and decay patterns and burrows morphology are exemplified. Wood digestive mechanisms, employed by wood feeders are also discussed, along with the lignocellulose enzyme systems used, produced either endogenously or by symbiotic microorganisms harbouring animals’ digestive truck.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Family: Teredinidae; Superfamily: Pholadoidea; Order: Myida; Superorder: Imparidentia; Infraclass: Euheterodonta; Subclass: Heterodonta; Class: Bivalvia; Phylum: Mollusca; Kingdom: Animalia.
- 3.
Waterborne chemical cues are used for several interactions among marine organisms such as communication, habitat selection, mating, kinship recognition, symbiotic relationships and predator–prey interactions (Decho et al. 1998).
- 4.
A byssus is a bundle of threads secreted by a gland in many species of bivalve molluscs during their post-larva life, which functions to attach the organisms to the solid substrate.
- 5.
Taxobases are characteristics on which the taxonomic position of a group of organisms is based (Davis and Meyer 2009).
- 6.
Family: Pholadidae; Superfamily: Pholadoidea; Order: Myida; Superorder: Imparidentia; Infraclass: Euheterodonta; Subclass: Heterodonta; Class: Bivalvia; Phylum: Mollusca; Kingdom: Animalia.
- 7.
Lithophaga dactylus is not a recognized species. It is belived that corresponds to Lithophaga llithophaga:Mytilidae, (syn. Lithodomus dactylus), rather than the Pholas dactylus:Pholadidae, which was scarce in the Mediterranean (Knight 1984).
- 8.
Family: Xylophagaidae; Superfamily: Pholadoidea; Order: Myida; Superorder: Imparidentia; Infraclass: Euheterodonta; Subclass: Heterodonta; Class: Bivalvia; Phylum: Mollusca; Kingdom: Animalia (MolluscaBase 2020).
- 9.
Distel et al. (2011) have introduced the term “xylotrepetic” attempting to describe the boring activity. The Greek suffix “trepetic” refers to the creation of a hole; however, Xylophagaidae may burrow into wood from side to side and thus the term “xylodiatretic” is adopted herein.
- 10.
Family: Limnoriidae; Superfamily: Limnorioidea; Suborder: Limnoriidea; Order: Isopoda; Superorder: Peracarida; Subclass: Eumalacostraca; Class: Malacostraca; Superclass: Multicrustacea; Subphylum: Crustacea; Phylum: Arthropoda; Kingdom: Animalia.
- 11.
The correct term for cephalon would be “cephalothorax” as the first thoracomer is fused with the actual head (Kuhne 1971).
- 12.
Synonym to “pereiopods” and to “pereopods”.
- 13.
Setation (chaetotaxy, trichiation) is the arrangement of hairs on the body of an arthropod.
- 14.
The behaviour of aquatic organisms to orient into a current.
- 15.
The motion of a motile organism or cell in response to light is phototaxis and to the force of gravity is geotaxis. Taxis towards the source of stimulation is positive and away from it is negative.
- 16.
The motion or orientation of an organism in response to a touch stimulus.
- 17.
Family: Sphaeromatidae; Superfamily: Sphaeromatoidea; Suborder: Sphaeromatidea; Order: Isopoda; Superorder: Peracarida; Subclass: Eumalacostraca; Class: Malacostraca; Superclass: Multicrustacea; Subphylum: Crustacea; Phylum: Arthropoda; Kingdom: Animalia.
- 18.
A biramous appendage branches into two rami, and each ramus may consists of a series of segments.
- 19.
Cutting process or incisor process is the biting portion of the gnathal lobe of mandible (McLaughlin 1980).
- 20.
Family: Cheluridae; Superfamily: Cheluroidea; Parvorder:Corophiidira; Infraorder: Corophiida; Suborder: Senticaudata; Order: Amphipoda; Superorder: Peracarida; Subclass: Eumalacostraca; Class: Malacostraca; Superclass: Multicrustacea; Subphylum: Crustacea; Phylum: Arthropoda; Kingdom: Animalia
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Pournou, A. (2020). Wood Deterioration by Marine Borers. In: Biodeterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46504-9_5
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