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Hexapoda: A Drosophila’s View of Development

  • Chapter
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 5

Abstract

By any criterion, Insecta (as a subtaxon of Hexapoda) is the most successful taxon on the planet (see Chaps. 2 and 3 for the inclusion of the various subtaxa in Hexapoda versus Insecta). The number of described insect species nears one million, and they are found in almost every ecosystem, forming the major component of animal biomass in most. Within the insects, the largest group comprises the holometabolous insects. In the holometabolous insects, the outcome of embryogenesis is a larva, which normally has a relatively simple morphology, with no wings or reproductive organs and either no legs or rudimentary legs. The larva goes through several molts, pupates, and undergoes metamorphosis within the pupa, finally hatching from the pupa as an adult with limbs, wings, and reproductive organs. Most of the remaining species belong to the hemimetabolous insects, a paraphyletic group wherein the outcome of embryogenesis is a nymph, superficially similar to an adult, but with no wings or reproductive organs. The nymph undergoes several molts, each being slightly larger and closer in shape and size to the adult, with the final adult molt developing wings and reproductive organs, without going through a pupal stage or undergoing a dramatic metamorphosis. Finally, a small group of insects undergoes ametabolous development, wherein there is no terminal adult stage, and the animal continues to molt even after developing reproductive organs. These insects are all primitively wingless.

Chapter vignette artwork by Brigitte Baldrian.© Brigitte Baldrian and Andreas Wanninger.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although technically incorrect, the shorthand notation Drosophila rather than D. melanogaster has become accepted in the EvoDevo literature, and it is used herein.

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Acknowledgments

VH wrote most of the text of this chapter and prepared the figures. He warmly thanks ADC for writing the introductory sections and contributing to other sections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Volker Hartenstein

  2. The Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Campus Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91004, Israel

    Ariel D. Chipman

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Correspondence to Volker Hartenstein .

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  1. Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna Faculty of Life Sciences, Wien, Austria

    Andreas Wanninger

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Hartenstein, V., Chipman, A.D. (2015). Hexapoda: A Drosophila’s View of Development. In: Wanninger, A. (eds) Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 5. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1868-9_1

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