Assembled information on Artrtemisia, the plant from which Ivermectin is made. This is the rough draft. For the more elaborate article , look here

From Stratosphere:

Artemisia L. is a genus of small herbs and shrubs found in northern temperate regions. It belongs to the important family Asteraceae, one of the most numerous plant groupings, which comprises about 1000 genera and over 20000 species. Artemisia has a broad spectrum of bioactivity, owing to the presence of several active ingredients or secondary metabolites, which work through various modes of action. It has widespread pharmacological activities and has been used as traditional medicine since ancient times as an anthelmintic, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, and antibacterial agent and for the treatment of malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation, and menstrual-related disorders. This review comprises the updated information about the ethnomedical uses and health benefits of various Artemisia spp. and general information about bioactive compounds and free radicals.Keywords Artemisia, bioactive compounds, artemisinin, essential oils

Artemisia L. is included in the tribe Anthemideae and comprises over 500 species, which are mainly found in Asia, Europe, and North America.^1–3 A large number of members of the Anthemideae tribe are important as flowers and ornamental crops, as well as medicinal and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils used in folk and modern medicine, and in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.^2,4 The genus Artemisia comprises a variable number of species found throughout the northern half of the world. The genus may be divided into sections Artemisia and Dracunculus.^5–7 Artemisia comprises over 400 species, many of which have an aromatic, bitter taste. Some say that it is named after the Greek Artemis, who was the goddess of the hunt, of forests, and of childbirth.^5,8,9

The large genus Artemisia from the tribe Anthemideae comprises important medicinal plants, which are currently the subject of phytochemical attention because of their biological and chemical diversity and essential oil production.² Artemisia generally has a broad spectrum of bioactivity, owing to the presence of several active ingredients or secondary metabolites, which work through various modes of action. Secondary metabolism in a plant not only plays a role in its survival by producing attractants for pollinators, but also acts as a chemical defense against herbivory and disease.^10,11 Artemisia essential oils, mostly distilled from the aromatic plants, contain a variety of volatile components such as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and aliphatic compounds.¹²

The 500 species of Artemisia are mostly perennial herbs dominating the vast steppe communities of Asia. Asia has the greatest concentration of species, with 150 accessions for China, 174 in the former Soviet Union, about 50 reported for Japan, 35 species of the genus found in Iran, and about 30 in Italy. Artemisia species are frequently utilized for the treatment of different diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation, and infections by fungi, bacteria, and viruses.^2,5

15 Different Types of Artemisia Flowers

Gardens and Landscaping / Flowers

Get to know the different types of Artemisia flowers that you can grow in your garden not just as an attractive foliage but also as aromatic medicinal, shrubs and herbs.

Artemisia is a diverse genus that comprises mostly of perennial and aromatic shrubs and herbs. Artemisia comes under the daisy family, Asteraceae, members of which are characterized by small flower heads and alternate leaves. Most of the species in the Artemisia genus are valued for essential oils or as ornamentals

Table of Contents

• Genus Artemisia
• Types of Artemisia
  • 1. Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum)
  • 2. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
  • 3. Western Mugwort (Artemisia ludoviciana)
  • 4. White Mugwort (Artemisia lactiflora)
  • 5. Roman Wormwood (Artemisia pontica)
  • 6. Silver Mound (Artemisia schmidtiana)
  • 7. Beach Wormwood (Artemisia stellerana)
  • 8. Artemisia chamaemelifolia
  • 9. Artemisia versicolor
  • 10. Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia annua)
  • 11. Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)
  • 12, Common Mugwort (Artemisia Vulgaris)
  • 13. Great Mugwort (Artemisia arborescens 
  • 14. African wormwood (Artemisia afra )
  • 15. Silvery Wormwood or Chinese mugwort, (Artemisia argyi ^[1] )
• Taking Care of Artemisia Plants

Genus Artemisia

The genus Artemisia has about 200 to 400 species. It consists of hardy plants that are rich in volatile oils. The plants in this genus range from tall shrubs to dwarf herbaceous plants. All members of this genus have alternative leaves small capitula, and tubular florets. They occur as racemose, pendant, paniculate, or capitate inflorescences. Rarely do they occur solitary. The leaves of Artemisia are fern-like and are covered with white hair.

Artemisias are found growing in temperate climates of Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere. They are commonly found in areas where there is a dry or semi-dry climate.

Artemisia offers a huge variety of herbs for herb lovers. They make outstanding ornamentals for the gardens and are also mainstays for craft shops. Artemisia species make beautiful herb gardens with their attractive foliage.

Although there are so many varieties of Artemisia, most of them do not have any showy flowers. Most of the species in the genus Artemisia have white or yellow colored flowers except for some exceptions. There are not many types of Artemisia flowers, however, there are many types of Artemisia that are more commonly known and more widely used than others.

Types of Artemisia

Artemisia genus consists of plants that are annuals, biennials, and perennials. Many species of Artemisia are woody or semi-woody. Some species are invasive, have creeping rootstocks. They have superb foliage that comes in numerous shapes like ferny, lobed, delicately lacy, or broadly strap-shaped. The colors of the foliage range from dark green to silver and grays, at times, sparkling white as well. The species with green foliage have smoother leaves while the gray species have woolly, hairy, or felted leaves.

Some of the most popular types of Artemisias have been listed down below. Some of the Artemisia species are ornamentals while some have traditional herbal uses.

1. Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum)

Southernwood is a sturdy shrublet that is native to southern Europe. They usually grow up to 3 feet or taller. The stems are yellowish-green and have an upright habit of growth. Southernwood has gray-green, aromatic leaves which are finely dissected into segments that are threadlike. The leaves remain fresh throughout the summer season. Its shapeliness can be maintained by pruning the plants hard in spring. They can be trained to form a low hedge.

Flowers of Southernwood are yellow-white in the color that blooms from late summer to fall. They grow in loose panicles. The flowers are small, nodding and inconspicuous.

Southernwood can be propagated by layering. The branch is pinned down and covered with soil. When the formations of roots begin, the rooted part is severed from the mother plant. The new plant is left undisturbed after the procedure until next spring, after which the plant can be moved to another location.

It attracts spittlebugs and tiny insects whose larvae reside in froth globs that are attached to the leaves of Southernwood, from where they feed on plant juices.

Southernwood is used as a filler in bouquets and in dried arrangements. It has a pungent aroma, similar to the sage that makes it a significant constituent of moth repellents.

Preparations of A. abrotanum L. (“southernwood”) have been used in traditional medicine for treating a variety of disorders, including upper airway diseases. Moreover it has been found to possess spasmolytic activity on the carbacholine-induced contraction of guinea pig trachea.^6,21 Nowadays, this perennial plant is used mainly for culinary or cosmetic purposes.²

2. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)

Wormwood is native to temperature North Africa and Eurasia. This type of Artemisia grows 2 to 4 feet tall. It has gray-green leaves that have a silky texture. The leaves are cut like that of carrot. It is well known for its anthelmintic character (a potent vermifuge) and as an important ingredient of absinthe liqueur. Although its leaves have a bitter taste, slugs still feed on them.

Wormwood flowers are pale yellow in color. they are tubular and are clustered in spherical heads that are bent down. These spherical flower-heads are clustered in branches panicles that are leafy. The flowers bloom from early summer to early autumn.

Lambrook Silver is a cultivar of common Wormwood that is silver. It grows to a height of 3 feet. It is extremely beautiful. It can be planted in front of a red brick wall or adjacent to plants that have red foliage to make a breathtaking sight.

Powis Castle is another cultivar of Wormwood that has silver colored, feathery leaves. Its leaves are finer as compared to Wormwood. Powis Castle is most probably a hybrid between latter species of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and Artemisia arborescens, which is evergreen Mediterranean species. It is not hardy beyond zone 6 but it can be wintered indoors.

Wormwood has a history if being used as a medicinal herb. It is poisonous in large quantities. It can cause convulsions, insomnia, and nervous disorders even in small quantities. This is due to the presence of thujone which is a brain stimulant, causing toxicity in excess. The smell of Wormwood is strong enough to onset headaches and nervousness.

One of the most known plants of the genus Artemisia is A. absinthium L., commonly known as “wormwood,” a yellow-flowering perennial plant distributed throughout various parts of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia, and several chemotypes have been recognized.¹³ The plant is used for its antiparasitic effects and to treat gastrointestinal problems, anorexia, and indigestion.¹⁴ The aerial parts are present in many gastric herbal preparations, in dietary supplements, and in alcoholic beverages, for example, absinthe products, which enjoy a resurgence of popularity all over the world.^2,15 Moreover A. absinthium and other plants of this genus were used to control pain in childbirth and to induce abortions.^5–17

In North African and Middle Eastern countries, A. abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. is used in folk medicine as an anthelmintic, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, and antibacterial agent.¹⁸ This plant grows abundantly in various parts of the Arabian peninsula and is locally known as “ather” (Saudi Arabia) and “boitheran” (Yemen).^2,19,20

Wormwood formulations

Wormwood stems, leaves, and flowers are usually dried for brewing into a tea. Plus, the herb can sometimes be found in supplement form and herbal blends.

For application on the skin, it’s extracted into an essential oil and diluted into lotions or ointments.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-is-wormwood#forms

Side effects:

One of the chemicals found in several Artemisia​ species is Artemisinin. Consuming the chemical and its related compounds is associated with risk of miscarriage, especially in the first three months of pregnancy. It has also shown to result in developmental abnormalities in animals, the TGA added

https://www.nutraingredients-asia.com/Article/2020/10/29/Miscarriage-risk-TGA-to-investigate-artemisia-species-permitted-for-use-in-supplements

3. Western Mugwort (Artemisia ludoviciana)

Western Mugwort is native to American West. It has erect stems and grows up to 3 feet in height. Its cultivars have silver leaves that make it valuable for dried arrangements and wreaths. They look stunning with pink colored flowers. their silver foliage is what makes them so popular.

Silver King is one of the cultivars of Western Mugwort. Upper stems have narrow leaves that are quite pale while the leaves on the lower part of the stems are more jagged and broader.

Silver Queen is a grayer cultivar of Western Mugwort. Its leaves are broader than the Silver King.

Valerie Finnis is another cultivar that is less known to herb growers. It is more elegant and neat than Silver King and Silver Queen. It is an upright plant which has leaves that are green-gray on the top and white on the lower side. The leaves that are lower on the stems are slightly woolly and greener in color.

The flowers of Western Mugwort are insignificant. They are used as ornamentals because of their sparkling, silver leaves.

Western Mugwort is a low maintenance plant that requires full sun for proper growth. It grows best in areas where the soil is sandy and well-drained. Their water requirements are low to medium.

4. White Mugwort (Artemisia lactiflora)

White Mugwort is a Chinese native plant that has erect, yellow-green colored stems. The plant can grow to a height of 6 feet. The leaves of White Mugwort are deeply cut, green in color, and lobed. From late summer to fall, White Mugwort produces fragrant, cream-colored flowers. because of its colors, the flowers are inconspicuous.

White Mugwort flowers are great as cut flowers. They are very commonly used in dried arrangements. White Mugrowt makes an eye-catching background for the plants that have gray leaves and colorful flowers. These types of Artemisia flowers are not as effective when paired with white colored flowers.

White Mugwort thrives in well-drained, medium moisture, and rich soil. It prefers growing in areas with full sun exposure or partial shade. They are tough plants and can tolerate drought.

Ghost Plant is a variety of White Mugwort that has upright, purple colored stems that has dark green leaves, flushed with purple color. it consists of a rich spray of creamy-white colored flowers.

Artemisia lactiflora (White mugwort)

Medicinal UsesWhite mugwort is a bitter aromatic tonic herb. The leaves and flowering stems are used internally in traditional Chinese medicine to treat menstrual and liver disorders[238].

https://pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+lactiflora

Artemisia mongolica (Fisch. ex Besser) Nakai has been used as a folk medicine for generations to cure inflammations and colds in Northwest China.⁵³

Artemisia pontica L. is well known in Bulgarian folk medicine as a sedative and an appetizer.⁵⁴

In the western Himalayas of northern Pakistan, A. roxburghiana Besser extract is used to treat fever, malaria, and intestinal worms. In Uttarakhand, India, A. roxburghiana is used in ethnoveterinary medicine to treat eye diseases, wounds, cuts, and external parasites.³⁵

Artemisia herba-alba Asso (syn. Artemisia maritima L., Artemisia brevifolia Wall.) is used in the traditional medicine of the Northern Badia region of Jordan, in the form of a decoction, against fever and menstrual and nervous problems.⁵⁵ Artemisia herba-alba, known also as desert wormwood (known in Arabic as “shih,” and French as “armoiseblanche”),⁵⁶ has been used in folk medicine by many cultures since ancient times and in Moroccan folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension and/or diabetes.^57–59 Artemisia herba-alba is widely distributed in North Africa and used traditionally by the Egyptians as a vermifuge in addition to its other medical and veterinary uses.⁶⁰ Herbal tea from this species has been used as analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and hemostatic agents.⁶¹ During an ethnopharmacological survey carried out among the Bedouins of the Negev Desert, it was found that A. herba-alba relieved stomach disorders.⁶⁰ This plant is also suggested to be important as a fodder for sheep and for livestock in the plateau regions of Algeria where it grows abundantly.⁶²

Artemisia sieberi Besser is a famous medicinal plant in Middle East traditional medicine as an anthelmintic. In external use, the flowering shoots and leaves were boiled in normal saline and the extracted solution was used for treatment of gangrenous ulcers, infectious ulcers, and inflammations. Artemisia sieberi is used as fodder for sheep and it is believed that it can increase weight and fleece of sheep. It was used as carminative, to relieve inflammation and abscesses and to prevent leprosy.

5. Roman Wormwood (Artemisia pontica)

Roman Wormwood is native to the southeastern part of Europe. It is an extremely delicate plant that can grow from 1.5 to 3 feet in height. It has ferny, triangular leaves that are gray-green in color. They grow vigorously with a spreading habit of growth. They make amazing ground covers due to their rapid growth. Some gardeners even term it as invasive.

These types of Artemisia flowers are brown in color and are very small. However, they are numerous. Flowers grow at the top of the stalks in the form of thick and long spikes.

The Roman Wormwood is an ingredient in vermouth and some alcoholic beverages. The leaves have an extremely fine and delicate texture that makes these types of artemisias good fillers for bouquets and dried arrangements. They are also used to make the base of miniature wreaths. Pressed leaves of Roman Wormwood are used as decorations for note cards, candles, and other crafts.

6. Silver Mound (Artemisia schmidtiana)

Silver Mound is known for its delicate, fine, and attractive foliage that has a mounding habit. It is native to Japan. It is low, silky cushion having extremely fine, glistening foliage that is white in color. the flowers of Silver Mound are not attractive or prominent.

The popular cultivars that are available are Silver Mound and Nana. Many people think Silver Mound and Nana are two different names of the same plant. However, Nana is just 4 inches tall whereas Silver Mound is usually a foot tall. Silver Mound is more popular, owing to its use as a low edging plant.

Silver Mound is an attractive plant early in the season but the centers gape open rather sloppily due to the heat of summers. This ruins the bushy effect that is associated with the Silver Mound.

7. Beach Wormwood (Artemisia stellerana)

Beach Wormwood is native to Japan, China, Russian Far East, Korea, and Aleutian Islands in the United States. It is an evergreen perennial plant that can grow 1 to 2 feet in height. Its leaves stay all year long while the flowers bloom from July to September.

It has a spreading growth habit due to which it is suitable to be used as ground cover. It cannot tolerate heat or humidity in summers, although it is hardy to Zone 2. They prefer growing in medium loamy and light sandy soils that are well-drained. It can grow in acidic, basic, and neutral pH. Beach Wormwood cannot grow in shade. They can tolerate drought.

Silver Brocade is a cultivar of Beach Wormwood that has felted, non-aromatic, lobed, white colored leaves and white felted stems.

8. Artemisia chamaemelifolia

It is native to Asia and Central Europe. It is a semi-woody species of Artemisia. They fall under hardiness zone 3. Artemisia chamaemelifolia grows to a height of 2 feet. it has finely cut, aromatic, and smooth foliage.

9. Artemisia versicolor

Artemisia versicolor is a mystery herb. Not much data is available on them, they are low growing plants that do not grow more than a foot tall. They have finely cut curly, pale gray-green foliage.

10. Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia annua)

The common name of Sweet Wormwood is sweet annie. It is also known as sweet sagewort, annual wormwood, or annual mugwort. It is an annual herbaceous Artemisia that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. It is native to Asia. It can grow to be as tall as 9 feet. it is fast growing species of Artemisia.

Sweet Wormwood contains artemisinin which is a leading treatment for malaria disease all around the world. This plant is grown only so that this compound can be derived in bulk.

Artemisia annua

Code : F1159 Artemisia annua

PROMOTION

L’armoise annuelle est une plante glabre originaire de Chine et naturalisée en Europe. Ses feuilles très divisées contiennent des substances actives efficaces pour lutter contre le paludisme et le cancer. Elle offre des tiges très ramifiées de 30 à 100 cm, pouvant atteindre plus de 3 m en culture.

Attention, les graines sont minuscules.

L’Artemisia annua fut la plante à l’honneur lors de l’édition 2019 de la campagne “Cultivons-Nous ! Pour la libération des plantes médicinales”.

À découvrir sur le blog de Kokopelli : “L’Artemisia : un grain de sable dans les rouages du cartel pharmaceutique”

En cinq étapes, découvrez dans cette vidéo les semis et repiquages, les récoltes des feuilles et des graines, ainsi que les utilisations et posologies de l’Artemisia :

https://kokopelli-semences.fr/fr/p/F1159-artemisia-annua

Traditional medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), A. annua is prepared with hot water to treat fever.^[8][23] Due to duplication in ancient TCM sources, A. annua is more commonly referred to as qinghao (Chinese: 青蒿; pinyin: qīnghāo), the modern Chinese name for Artemisia carvifolia, as opposed to its current Chinese name huanghuahao.^[37]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua

In terms of the climate A. annua prefers sunny and warm conditions. Its optimal growth temperature lies within 20 and 25 °C. Annual temperature sums of 3500–5000 °C (sum of temperatures higher 10 °C over one year) are required to guarantee a proper maturing. The rainfall during the growing season should not be less than 600 mm (annual rainfall higher 1150 mm). Especially the seedlings of A. annua. are susceptible to drought or water lodging. The mature plants on the other hand are quite resistant to those climate conditions. Nevertheless, the preferred soil conditions for A. annua are light soils with deep topsoils and good drainage properties.^[11] But it is reported, that the plant is adaptable to different soil types. Paired with the relatively low demand on the environment Artemisia annua can have characteristics of a neophytic plant.^[14]

A. annua is best sown in rows to facilitate removal of weeds, which has to be done mechanically or manually because herbicides are typically not used. It is recommended to sow 1.4 – 2 seeds per square meter.^[12] The fertilizer requirements are on a low level. Potassium should be used as base fertilizer. It is taken up by the plant during the whole growing season.^[11] Nitrogen is required during early branching stages, an amount of approximately 70 kg N/ha is sufficient for the plant.^[15] Phosphate on the other hand is required during the blooming stages. Phosphate fertilization can lead to a higher artemsinin content in the leaves.^[16] The application of salicylic acid on the leaves shortly before harvesting the plant also can raise its artemisinin content.^[17] Besides few viral diseases Artemisia a. has no major diseases that need to be controlled.

The harvest of the plant is best done in the state of flower budding. The whole plant is harvested and cut into branches which are dried in the sun or in an oven. The drying temperature should not exceed 40 °C. The dry branches are shaken or beaten to separate the leaves from the stem. The leaves are then packed into fabric bags and shipped to further processing.^[11] It is important that the temperatures during transportation and storage never get higher than 40 °C, otherwise artemisinin gets volatile and is lost into the air. The leaves should not be crushed before long time storage (1 year). The optimal storage conditions are either 20 °C with 85% relative humidity (RH) or 30 °C with 30–40% RH.^[11]

Artemisia annua L. (“sweet wormwood,” “qinghao”) has traditionally been used in China for the treatment of fever and chills. Though originally growing in Asia and Europe, the plant is cultivated in Africa and used as a tea for the treatment of malaria. Artemisinin has been identified as the antimalarial principal of the plant, and artemisinin derivatives are currently established as antimalarial drugs with activity toward otherwise drug-resistant Plasmodium infections.^2,23 Most importantly, however, A. annua is now known worldwide for its antimalarial properties. Other Artemisia species have also been used for the treatment of fevers and malaria. Artemisia absinthium and A. abrotanum were used to treat malaria in Europe, while A. afra in Africa.^5,16,24,25 The species A. annua and A. apiacea Hance are native to China. There has been some confusion about their ancient Chinese names. In older texts, qing hao (blue-green herb) and cao hao (herbaceous herb) were used interchangeably. The polymath Shen Gua (1031–1095) of the Song dynasty described two different varieties of qing hao, one with blue-green leaves, the other with yellowish-green leaves in autumn. Based partly on his description, the famous physician and natural historian Li Shizhen (1518—1593), whose cyclopedic Classified Materia Medica (Ben cao gang mu) was published posthumously in 1596, differentiated between qing hao (blue-green herb) and huang hua hao (yellow blossom herb).^5,26 Artemisia annua has been recognized as an important ethnomedicinal herb for 2 millennia. It has been included in ancient pharmacopeias of various Asian and European countries. The World Health Organization has recommended A. annua as an antimalarial drug.²⁷ Its most common ethnobotanical practice involves the use of whole plant decoction for the treatment of malaria, cough, and cold. Its dry leaf powder has been reported in the treatment of diarrhea.²⁸ The whole flowering plant is known to be anthelminthic, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, stimulant, tonic, and stomachic. The tincture was formally used to treat nervous diseases and crushed plants in liniments.²⁸ Artemisia annua tea infusion has been used for the treatment of malaria in African countries. As mentioned above, A. annua contains artemisinin, which provides a structural chemical base for combinatorial treatment therapy for worldwide antimalarial programs. Research studies also report that artemisinin is effective for killing human breast cancer cells.²⁸ Therefore, isolation and characterization of artemisinin has increased the interest in A. annua worldwide. Several ethnobotanical uses in Africa claim that the A. annua tea is also effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, research investigations are more focused to evaluate its antiviral potential against HIV, as it is a highly emerging disease throughout the world.²⁹

Artemisia Annua can grow to be 3meters tall.

They thought the working substance: was artemesinin. But there are species without this sunstance

400 substances that work.

The whole plant as an infusion works.

Steven Buener.

https://www.altheaprovence.com/artemisia-annua-armoise-annuelle-anti-malaria-et-anti-cancer/

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoise_annuelle

An essential oil in the leaves is used as a flavouring in spirits such as vermouth[269].

From wikipedia:

Description

Artemisia annua belongs to the plant family of Asteraceae and is an annual short-day plant. Its stem is erect brownish or violet brown. The plant itself is hairless and naturally grows from 30 to 100 cm tall, although in cultivation it is possible for plants to reach a height of 200 cm. The leaves of A. annua have a length of 3–5 cm and are divided by deep cuts into two or three small leaflets. The intensive aromatic scent of the leaves is characteristic.^[10] The artemisinin content in dried leaves is in between 0% and 1.5%.^[11] New hybrids of Artemisia annua developed in Switzerland can reach a leaf artemisinin content of up to 2%.^[12] The small flowers have a diameter of 2–2.5 mm and are arranged in loose panicles. Their color is green-yellowish. The seeds are brown achenes with a diameter of only 0.6–0.8 mm. Their thousand-kernel weight (TKW) averages around 0.03 g (in comparison, wheat has a TKW of approximately 45 g).^[10][13]

Agricultural practice

Artemisia annuaSeeds

The growing period of Artemisia annua from seeding through to harvest is 190–240 days, depending on the climate and altitude of the production area. The plant is harvested at the beginning of flowering when the artemisinin content is the highest.^[11] Dry leaf yields of Artemisia annua plantations vary between 0.5 and 3 tonnes per hectare.^[12]

Growth Phases[11]	Days after sowing
Seed germination	4–10
Appearance of 1st pair of leaves	15–30
Appearance of 2nd pair of leaves	21–50
Branching	60–90
Cessation of growth in height	170–200
Flowering	190–240
Full fruition	230–280
Withering	260–310

11. Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)

Tarragon is a popular culinary herb. It is native to Northern Hemisphere. It grows in hardiness zones 5 to 8. It can grow up to 3 feet tall. This type of Artemisia rarely produces any flowers.

Tarragon herb should be planted after the last frost has passed. It grows in areas that receive moderate sun with slight shade in the afternoon. It grows best in a well-drained, rich, and loamy soil.

There are many other types of Artemisias that have culinary and ornamental uses, but the ones discussed are the most common and well-known among all.

12. Artemisia vulgaris 

Subfamily: Asteroideae

Tribe: Anthemideae

Common names: Indian wormwood, mugwort, fleabane, felon herb, motherwort, sailor’s tobacco; bai ai (China); barha, pushpachaamara, tirunama (India); baru cina (Indonesia); bunga ayam (Malaysia); gilbas (Philippine); walkolondu (Sri Lanka); kot chulalamfwawan (Thailand); cuu ngai da (Vietnam)

Botanical description: It is a discrete herb which grows to height of 2 m by the roadsides and waste lands of Asia. The young stems are terete and pubescent and older stems are somewhat purplish. The leaves are simple, spiral, and exstipulate. The blade is 3–10 cm×1.5–10 cm, pinnately lobed, dark-green above, white–gray, and pubescent below. The inflorescences are pendulous and terminal racemes of very small whitish capitula (look like somewhat Chenopodium album L. from far). The flowers are greenish–yellow. The achenes are brownish and ellipsoid.

Medicinal use: Worms (India)

Antiparasitic pharmacology Ethanol extract of leaves given to mice orally at the dose of 1 g/kg/day for 4 days reduced P. berghei parasitemia by 87.3% (Bamunuarachchi, Ratnasooriya, Premakumara, & Udagama, 2013). Ethanol extract of roots was lethal for Meloidogyne megadora with the LC₅₀ of 55.67 mg/mL, after 12 hours (Costa, Santos, & Ryan, 2003).

Commentary: Essential oil secreted by this herb contains mainly thujone, 1,8-cineole, and β-pinene (Judžentienė & Buzelytė, 2006) as well as traces of artemisinin (Mannan et al., 2010). This essential oil may, at least partially account, for the anthelminthic property, since essential oil of Artemisia annua L. displayed nematocidal effects (Shakil, Prasad, Saxena, & Gupta, 2004). Artemisia annua L. has been used in China since beginning of time to treat malaria (local name: “Qinghaosu”), because it contains the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin which has been developed as an antimalarial drug. Artemisinin is found in Artemisia vulgaris L. and Artemisia indica Willd. (local name: “Pachha”) both traditionally used to treat malaria in India. Artemisia maritima L. (local name: “Ajawaayin”) is employed as anthelmintic in India as well as Artemisia absinthium L. (local name: “Afsanteen”) which is utilized as antimalarial in Turkey (local name: “Acıpelinotu”). Within the tribe Anthemideae, Tanacetum vulgare L. (local name: “Peilmundi”) affords an anthelmintic remedy in India.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/artemisia-vulgaris

Mugwort – aid for the feet
Posted by Nadine Lemmers – 1671 0

The mugwort plant can be found in rough places and along roadsides, preferring sandy soils and is common. Mugwort grows up to 120 centimeters in length and is red in color. The leaves are hairy and the flowers are yellow-brown.

mugwort
Mugwort, use from prehistory to the present
In prehistoric times, people probably ate mugwort as a vegetable, but it may also have been used to season food. The hairs on the underside of the leaf can be scraped off and used as tinder. All parts of the mugwort contain essential oils that can be used to control insects. Interestingly, the Mongols used the plant to repel mosquitoes by burning the leaves. The white smoke chased the mosquitoes away.

The Romans used the plant in their shoes against fatigue and pain in the feet, but this remedy remains in use: Dodonaeus mentions it in the 17th century. The plant was known to the Germans and Celts to aid in childbirth.

In the Middle Ages, people thought that the mugwort kept the devil at bay. In the garden, the mugwort can cause plants to grow less. The plant was smoked like tobacco instead of the expensive tobacco. Annoyingly, this plant can also cause an allergic reaction during flowering in August and September.

Medicine and aid?
Mugwort contains the following ingredients: tannins, bitters (sesquiterpene lactones), flavonoids, coumarin, triterpene, essential oil (up to 0.3 percent) with cineol, thujone (FLEISCHHAUER, ET.AL., 2017, p. 195) . Thujone is a toxic substance when ingested in large quantities and when ingested for a long time.

Mugwort as a tea has a relaxing effect on nervousness and sleep disorders. Mugwort should not be used in early pregnancy due to its stimulant effect. Mugwort helps with menstrual complaints, supports the pancreas and promotes digestion. Mugwort oil works for rheumatism and tired feet. Mugwort helps as a warm foot bath with warming properties for white water, chronic ovarian inflammation and abdominal or bladder catarrh
(FLEISCHHAUER, ET AL, 2017, 195).

In the past, mugwort root was used against epilepsy, cough, hysteria and cramps. The ground root has remained in use in herbal medicine.

Dried mugwort – ready to use.
Edible?
Leaves and young stems can be picked in April and May and are not yet bitter and slightly aromatic. Mugwort can be added fresh in salad or as a seasoning to dishes. Mugwort is tasty as a seasoning in egg dishes (omelette) and savory pies (quiche). These parts of the mugwort can also be made into liqueurs and teas. The top 10cm of the buds before flowering can be peeled and eaten as a vegetable. The leaves and tops can be dried without stems all year round and can be used as a herb
(FLEISCHHAUER, ET AL, 2017, 195).

From July to October, the lignified stem with flower can be used as a seasoning. Boil the stem with flour for flavor and remove the stem before serving
(FLEISCHHAUER, ET AL, 2017, 195). The seasoning can be used in dishes with meat, game and poultry, but also in sauces.

Mugwort can be used in place of wormwood absinthe when making absinthe.

Mugwort tastes sweet to bitter. In the second part of the year, the herb is very suitable in fatty dishes
(FLEISCHHAUER, ET AL, 2017, 195).

mugwort
mugwort

From the Hunebedcentrum you can walk the Bijvoetpad along dolmens and burial mounds. This route goes from Borger past Bronneger and Drouwen and back to Borger. The name is due to the fact that this mugwort is common along this route: the Bijvoetpad.

mugwort
Sources
FLEISCHHAUER, S.G., ET.AL., 2017. Edible Wild Plants. Turtle Books, Workum.

Bijvoet – hulpmiddel voor de voeten

Preparation – making mugwort tea
2 teaspoons chopped mugwort herb.
300 ml of boiling water.
Let it steep for 2-3 minutes.

https://www.evansnwatson.nl/pt/1388-bijvoet-kruid-gesneden-artemisia-vulgaris.html

The compositional variability of the essential oils of aerial parts of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), collected from fifteen wild populations in Lithuania is detailed. The most predominant components were davanones (13.8-45.5%, six oils), germacrene D (9.1-30.5%, four oils), 1,8-cineole (16.4%, one oil), camphor (18.9%, one oil), trans-thujone (8.9 and 10.9%, two oils) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (10.4%, one oil). To the best of our knowledge, the davanone chemotype for A. vulgaris oils is described for the first time. The toxicity of the mugwort essential oils was determined using brine shrimp (Anemia sp.) assay. LC0 values (10.3-23.1 μg/mL) obtained for the oils after 24 h of exposure revealed that the oils containing appreciable amounts of germacrene D, 1,8-cineole, camphor and davanone were notably toxic.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807041/#:~:text=The%20toxicity%20of%20the%20mugwort,and%20davanone%20were%20notably%20toxic.

13. Great Mugwort (Artemisia arborescens L. “great mugwort,” “arborescent mugwort”) is a morphologically variable species (or mixture of species) with grey-green to silver leaves. It is native to the various habitats of the Mediterranean region, where it occurs as a shrub growing up to 1 m in height. According to popular folklore, it is used as an anti-inflammatory remedy.^2,30

https://oshadhi.co.uk/great-mugwort-essential-oil/

14. African wormwood (Artemisia afra )

Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. is a well-known medicinal plant of South Africa, where it is known as “wilde als.” It is widely used for numerous ailments including colds, coughs, diabetes, heartburn, bronchitis, and asthma.^2,22

Artemisia afra, the African wormwood,^[4] is a common species of the genus Artemisia in Africa, with a wide distribution from South Africa, to areas reaching to the North and East, as far north as Ethiopia. Artemisia afra is the only species in this genus indigenous to the African continent.

Artemisia afra grows in clumps, with ridged, woody stems, reaching from 0.5 meters to 2 meters in height. The leaves are dark green, of soft texture, and similar in shape to fern leaves. The undersides of the leaves are a lighter green, and are covered with white bristles. Artemisia afra blossoms in late summer, producing abundant bracts of butter-colored flowers, each approximately 3 to 5 millimeters in diameter. Artemisia afra exudes a pungent, sweet smell when any part of the plant is bruised.

Artemisia afra grows across a wide geographic area, including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and Namibia. It grows primarily in areas that are damp, such as by the side of streams, and also in transitional areas between ecosystems.

15. Silvery Wormwood or Chinese mugwort, (Artemisia argyi ^[1] )

Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot is an herbaceous perennial plant with a creeping rhizome. It is native to China, Japan, and the far eastern parts of the former Soviet Union. In Japan, it is known as “gaiyou” and in China as “ai ye.” It is used in herbal medicine for pathologic conditions of the liver, spleen, and kidney.²

Artemisia argyi, commonly known as silvery wormwood^[1] or Chinese mugwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a creeping rhizome. It is native to China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and the Russian Far East (Amur Oblast, Primorye).^[2][3] It is known in Chinese as àicǎo (艾草) or ài yè (艾叶) or ài hao (艾蒿) and in Japanese as gaiyou. It is used in herbal medicine for conditions of the liver, spleen and kidney.^[4] It is a common flavoring and colorant in the Chinese dishqīng tuán (青团).

Description

Artemisia argyi is an upright, greyish, herbaceous perennial about one metre tall, with short branches and a creeping rhizome. The stalked leaves are ovate, deeply divided and covered in small, oil-producing glands, pubescent above and densely white tomentose below. The lower leaves are about six centimetres long, bipinnate with wide lanceolate lobes and short teeth along the margins. The upper leaves are smaller and three-partite, and the bracteal leaves are simple, linear and lanceolate. The inflorescence is a narrow leafy panicle. The individual flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical turned-down heads. The central flowers are bisexual while the marginal flowers are female. The petals are narrow and folded cylindrically and the bracts have a cobwebby pubescence.^[2] The whole plant is strongly aromatic.^[5]

Habitat

This wormwood is a xerophile, growing on dry mountain slopes, steep river banks, the edges of oak woods, coastal scrub, wasteland and along road and railway verges.^[2] The plants do better and are more aromatic when they grow on poor dry soil.^[6]

Medicinal use

Wormwood leaves are gathered on a warm dry day in spring and summer when the plant is in flower and dried in the shade. In traditional Chinese medicine, they are considered to have bitter, pungent and warm properties and to be associated with the liver, spleen and kidney meridians.^[7] The leaves are used as an antiseptic, expectorant, febrifuge and styptic.^[8] The herb is considered to increase the blood supply to the pelvic region and stimulate menstruation, help treat infertility, dysmenorrhea, asthma and coughs.^[7] Another use is in moxibustion, a form of healing in which the herb is burned in cones or sticks or as a compressed ball set on the top of an inserted acupuncture needle.^[7] Boiling water can be poured onto the ground up leaves and used in a decoction, alone or with other substances, and the fresh leaf can be crushed and blended and a juice extracted.^[7] A volatile oil can be extracted from the leaves and used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis for which purpose it is sprayed onto the back of the throat and brings rapid relief.^[9] The leaves have an antibacterial action and have been shown to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus dysenteriae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas.^[8]

Research

• Ninety–six volatile constituents have been identified from the leaves of A. argyi and certain other species of wormwood including alpha-thujene, 1,8-cineole, camphor and artemisia alcohol.^[10]
• Nearly fifty volatile constituents have been identified from A. argyi flowers and it is suggested that therapeutic use of the flowers may be just as effective as using the leaves.^[11]
• A methanol extract prepared from aerial parts of the plant strongly reduced the mutagenicity of Salmonella typhimurium.^[12]
• An extract of A. argyi was shown to have antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata which cause deterioration of fruit and vegetables in storage.^[13]
• Flavones isolated from an extract of the herb were shown to have an anti-tumour effect.^[14]
• A study examined the clinical efficacy of moxibustion, analyzed the chemical compositions of the leaf of different strains of A. argyi, examined the best mode of delivery and how to enhance the therapeutic effects of this treatment.^[15]

Traditional use

The fine fibers of the plant have been used as a binding agent for the seal stamping paste. It has the ability to hold the oil and cinnabar pigment without drying for decades. These fibers also allow the stamp image to remain stable without blurring. Traditionally, no other fiber surpasses Chinese Mugwort in these qualities. The stamps, held with deep esteem, have a history of thousands of years use in China. They adorn documents, calligraphy, and artwork. ^[16]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_argyi

Taking Care of Artemisia Plants

Artemisia plants are low maintenance and easy to grow plants. However, that does not mean they do not need to be taken care of.

• The foremost factor that affects the growth of Artemisia is the type of soil. They need well-drained soil for proper growth. They can grow well in rock gardens and areas with extremely sharp drainage, having long droughts. They will either dry out or rot if they are planted in moist clays or other heavy soil types. If Artemisias are grown in soil that is too moist, they grow very quickly but they flop and fall open. It is always recommended that Artemisia be planted in dry soils.
• Artemisia plants grow best in areas that have sun exposures and are warm. When they are planted in part shade, they are a higher risk of flopping and getting infected by the disease. In areas where there are humid summers, Artemisias can get foliar diseases that can result in a decline in the foliage (for which Artemisias are popular). it is important that the site of growth is well-ventilated and receives full sun.
• Some types of Artemisia grow so rapidly that they are considered invasive. They grow by underground stems or rhizomes. A check can be kept by planting Artemisias in containers or reining them in regularly by digging up runners.

Artemisas are not known for their flowers but for their aroma and for their foliage. Artemisias are one of those genera of plants that have stunning foliage. Types of Artemisia flowers aren’t many, as most of the types of Artemisias have inconspicuous, white or yellow flowers.

Bioactive Compounds and Health Benefits of Artemisia Species

authorsManisha Nigam, Maria Atanassova, Abhay P. Mishra, …First Published July 24, 2019 Review Articlehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19850354

Article information

Abstract

Traditional and Current Uses

Artemisinin and other phytochemicals

In 1971, scientists demonstrated the plant extracts had antimalarial activity in primate models, and in 1972, the active ingredient, artemisinin (formerly referred to as arteannuin), was isolated and its chemical structure described.^[8][18] Artemisinin may be extracted using a low boiling point solvent, such as diethylether, and is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves, stems, and inflorescences, and is concentrated in the upper portions of plant within new growth.^[8][19]

The first isolation of artemisinin from the herb occurred from a military project known as Project 523, following the study of traditional medicine pharmacopoeias performed by Tu Youyou and other researchers within the project.^[20] A. annua contains diverse phytochemicals, including polyphenols such as coumarins, flavones, flavonols, and phenolic acids which have unknown biological properties in vivo.^[21][22] Other phytochemicals include 38 sesquiterpenes.^[8] Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of artemisinin, and artesunate is a water-soluble derivative of artemisinin.^[8]

Malaria treatment

Research to develop antimalarial drugs led to the discovery of artemisinin in the 1970s by Chinese scientist, Tu Youyou, who shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[9][18][23] An improved extract was obtained by using a low-temperature, ether-based extraction method, further showing the artemisinin derivative, artemether, to be an effective antimalarial drug.^[8][18]

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge and has been produced as an antimalarial drug.^[8] The efficacy of tea, made with either water or urine and A. annua, for the treatment of malaria is dubious, and is discouraged by the World Health Organization.^[11][24] Research has found that artemisinin is not soluble in water and the concentrations in these infusions are considered insufficient to treat malaria.^[25][26][27] A 2012 review stated that artemisinin-based remedies are the most effective drugs for the treatment of malaria.^[28] A 2013 review suggested that although Artemisia annua may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidemia, it should be used cautiously during pregnancy due to a potential risk of embryotoxicity at a high dose.^[29]

The World Health Organization has approved riamet (Coartem), a combination of lumefantrine (120 mg) and artemether (an artemisinin derivative extracted with ether, 20 mg) in repeat treatments over two days, producing efficacy of up to 98% against malaria.^[8]

Mechanism

The proposed mechanism of action of artemisinin involves cleavage of endoperoxide bridges by iron, producing free radicals (hypervalent iron-oxo species, epoxides, aldehydes, and dicarbonyl compounds) which damage biological macromolecules causing oxidative stress in the cells of the malaria parasite.^[8][30] Malaria is caused by apicomplexans, primarily Plasmodium falciparum, which largely reside in red blood cells and contain iron-rich heme-groups (in the form of hemozoin).^[8][31] In 2015, artemisinin was shown to bind to a large number cell targets, indicating its potential for diverse effects.^[32]

Artemisinin resistance

Despite global efforts in combating malaria, it remains a large burden for the population, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.^[8][33] As of 2013, it seems that the pathogenic agent of malaria is becoming resistant to artemisinin-based drugs.^[34][35] Emergence of artemisinin resistance has been identified in Cambodia and the border of Thailand.^[36] Although WHO recommends artemisinin-based remedies for treating uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin resistance has become a concern.^[33] The causes that affected the emergence of artemisinin resistance include the use of artemisinin-based remedies.^[33] Encouraging herbal alternatives are in the pipeline, but a more dependable solution for the eradication of malaria would be the creation of an effective vaccination.^[33] (Yeah right, see note*) Resistance will likely spread to other endemic areas across the world.^[36]

Note: Vaccination is not preferable to herbs! Vaccinations go straight into the bloodstream, and for that reason alone they are worse. Big Pharma hates natural remedies and will go to great lengths to discredit them and push their toxic junk. Don’t fall for it. Herbal remedies are always preferable to pharmaceutics, for the reason alone that herbs have thousands of compounds that are effective. Pharmaceuticals have just 1, and therefor are toxic, have nasty side effects, and its easy for pathogens to build resistence to them. so after all that.they are ineffective as well.

Phytomedicine by a research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) led by biology and biotechnology professor Pamela Weathers demonstrates that treatment with the dried leaves of the plant Artemisia annua (DLA) can cure even drug-resistant malaria. The report adds to earlier research by the Weathers team showing that DLA was more effective than conventional malaria drugs in knocking out the malaria parasite (PLOS ONE, 2012) and that DLA is not prone to drug resistance (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015). With malaria still raging as one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases of the developing world, the research offers hope for an effective and low-cost treatment. Learn more: https://www.wpi.edu/

Artemisia biennis is a species of sagebrush known by the common name biennial wormwood.^[2]The powdered leaves of Artemisia biennis Willd. are used as spices and in folk remedies as antiseptics. They have been applied externally in salves and washes by the native inhabitants of North America for treating sores and wounds, and internally to treat chest infections.^2,31

Artemisia campestris L. is a perennial faintly aromatic herb, widespread in the south of Tunisia, commonly known as “tgouft.” The leaves of this plant are widely used in traditional medicine as a decoction for their antivenin, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, and antimicrobial properties.³² Artemisia cana Pursh is used as a spice and in folk remedies as an antiseptic.²

Artemisia douglasiana Besser (“California mugwort”) is a perennial herb that is native to the western United States, especially northern California, Oregon, and Washington. Artemisia douglasiana is used to promote menstruation, as a stimulant, tonic, to treat nervous disorders, and as a diuretic. The essential oil has been used for aromatherapy, inhaled for mental clarity and ease of mental distress; used as a massage for aching muscles and pain on the surface of the body; and as a bath or tonic.³³ In Argentina, A. douglasiana, which is adventitious and cultivated in the Cuyo region, is used in folk medicine and known under the common name of “matico.”. The popular use of the infusion of leaves of “matico” is to treat peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders.³⁴

Artemisia dracunculus L. (“tarragon”) is a perennial herb, which has a long history of use in culinary traditions. It also possesses a wide range of health benefits and has therefore been widely used as an herbal medicine. For example, in the Himalayas, extracts of A. dracunculus are used to relieve toothache, reduce fever, and as a treatment for gastrointestinal problems.³⁵ Two well-described cultivars (Russian and French) are used widely and differ in ploidy level, morphology, and chemistry. The botanical and chemical constituents are closely detailed in the literature, the latter mainly focusing on its essential oil composition, which give its distinctive flavor.^2,36

Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser is native to Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Nepal, and Thailand.³⁷ In Nepal, the leaf juice of A. dubia is used to treat cuts and wounds while the plant paste is used against fever.³⁸

Artemisia echegaray Hieron is commonly known in Argentina as “ajenjo” and is used as a natural food additive.² Decoctions of leaves and stems of A. frigida Willd. are used for coughs and diabetes² ; several native American tribes have used decoctions of A. frigida for menstrual irregularities.³⁹

Artemisia fukudo Makino is distributed along the shorelines of South Korea’s Jeju Island and in the south of the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and Taiwan. This plant is used as a flavoring agent and in a variety of cosmetics in Korea. It also has various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibacterial properties.⁴⁰

Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm. is a plant of the high-altitude regions of Asia. In Nepal, the fresh plant is ground into a paste and applied externally for headaches, boils, and pimples.³⁵ Artemisia haussknechtii Boiss. is used in dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal disorders by local people in the Western part of Iran (province of Kermanshah).⁴¹ In Nepal, A. indica Willd. is used to treat ringworm, cuts, and wounds, and as an anti-leech treatment.^35,38 Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura is a perennial herb easily found around Korea. It is called “hanin-jin” or “dowijigi” in Korean and is traditionally used for the treatment of various liver diseases, including hepatitis.²

Artemisia japonica Thunb. is distributed throughout continental Asia and Japan.³⁷ In northern Pakistan, the leaf extract is used to treat malaria and a paste of leaves is used externally on skin diseases.³⁵ Artemisia judaica L. is a perennial fragrant shrub that grows widely in the deserts and on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, and is a very common anthelmintic drug in most North African and Middle-Eastern countries where it is known by the Arabic name of “shih.”^2,22

The genus Artemisia is known to contain many bioactive compounds; artemisinin exerts not only antimalarial activity but also profound cytotoxicity against tumor cells^6,42 and arglabin is employed for treating certain types of cancer in the former Soviet Union.⁴³ Over the past decade Artemisia species have been used traditionally in various populations; thus, A. keiskeana Miq. has been used as a traditional Chinese drug for the treatment of gynecopathy, amenorrhea, bruise, and rheumatic disease.^6,44

The inhabitants of northeastern Mexico use an infusion of leaves from A. ludoviciana Nutt. as an antidiarrheal remedy,² while several Native American tribes of North America have used infusions for coughs, sore throats, and colds.³⁹ Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp., commonly called “Indian wormwood,” is widely found in the hilly areas of India, where it is used as insecticide.⁴⁵ A paste from the leaves of A. nilagirica is used externally to treat cuts and wounds and the leaves chewed to treat oral ulcers.³⁵

Artemisia princeps Willd. (“Japanese mugwort” or “yomogi”) is the best-known Artemisia in Japan, where it is a fundamental ingredient of the Japanese confection “kusa-mochi.” This plant has also been used in traditional Asian medicine for the treatment of inflammation, diarrhea, and many circulatory disorders.²

Artemisia rubripes Nakai has been used as a traditional Korean medicine for stomach ache, vomiting, diarrhea, and as a hemostatic agent.⁴⁶ Artemisia rutifolia Stephan ex Spreng. is distributed in Afghanistan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russian Federation, and Tajikistan. A tea from the herb is taken to treat asthma, as an anti-inflammatory and diuretic; the fresh herb is used as an analgesic for toothache; a decoction of the herb is gargled for treatment of angina, stomach problems, and heart problems.^14,47

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (“red stem worm wood”) is a faintly scented annual herb which is widespread and common throughout the world, particularly in southwest Asia and central Europe. The success of A. scoparia may be attributed to the presence of phytotoxins, the volatile essential oils, in addition to other nonvolatile secondary products. It has been established that aerial parts of A. scoparia yield a volatile essential oil that has medicinal value. It possesses insecticidal, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cholagogue, diuretic, purgative, and vasodilatory activities and is also used for the treatment of gall bladder inflammation, hepatitis, jaundice, malaria, and diabetes.^2,35,48

Artemisia spicigera K. Koch, named locally as “yavs¸an,” is widespread in Central and Eastern Anatolia in Turkey, at an altitude between 1000 and 2500 m.⁴⁹

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. “big sagebrush” is one of the most widely distributed and ecologically important shrub species in Western North America. This species serves as a critical habitat and food resource for many animals and invertebrates.³² Several North American native tribes have used infusions of A. tridentata to treat bronchitis and pneumonia.³⁹

Artemisia vestita Wall ex Besser has been utilized for the treatment of fungal infections such as tinea, tympanitis, and thrush.^2,6,23

Artemisia vulgaris L., commonly known as “mugwort,” is a perennial weed growing wild native in temperate and cold-temperature zones of the world such as in Asia, Europe, and North America.^50,51 The plant is widely used in the Philippines, where it is locally known as “herbaka,” for its antihypertensive actions. It has also been suggested to have other medicinal activities such as anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, carminative, and anthelmintic properties, and has been used in the treatment of painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) and in the induction of labor or miscarriage.⁵⁰ Artemisia vulgaris has been known not only as an edible plant but also as a folk medicine resource. Mugwort is used to flavor tea and rice dishes in Asia and as a culinary herb for poultry and pork in Western cultures.⁵¹ In Oriental medicine, mugwort has been employed as an analgesic agent and in conjunction with acupuncture therapy.^51,52 Considered an emmenagogue, an inducing agent of menstrual flow, mugwort has been traditionally employed to bring about regular menses in cases of amenorrhea or menorrhagia.⁵¹

Is Artemisia the same as mugwort?Artemisia vulgaris, the common mugwort, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is one of several species in the genus Artemisia commonly known as mugwort, although Artemisia vulgaris is the species most often called mugwort.

From wikipedia:

Artemisia vulgaris, the common mugwort,^[2] is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is one of several species in the genus Artemisia commonly known as mugwort, although Artemisia vulgaris is the species most often called mugwort. It is also occasionally known as riverside wormwood,^[3] felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor’s tobacco, naughty man, old man or St. John’s plant (not to be confused with St John’s wort).^[4] Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs.

Distribution

Artemisia vulgaris is native to temperate Europe, Asia, northern Africa and Alaska and is naturalized in North America,^[5] where some consider it an invasive weed. It is a very common plant growing on nitrogenous soils, like weedy and uncultivated areas, such as waste places and roadsides.^[6]

Uses

Traditionally, it has been used as one of the flavoring and bittering agents of gruit ales, a type of non-hopped, fermented grain beverage. In Vietnam, mugwort is used in cooking as an aromatic herb.

In China, the crunchy stalks of young shoots of Artemisia vulgaris, known as luhao (Chinese: 芦蒿; pinyin: lúhāo), are a seasonal vegetable often used in stir-fries.^[7]

In Nepal, the plant is also called “Titepati” (Tite meaning bitter, pati meaning leaf) and is used as an offering to the gods, for cleansing the environment (by sweeping floors or hanging a bundle outside the home), as incense, and also as a medicinal plant.^[8]

The dried leaves are often smoked or drunk as a tea to promote lucid dreaming. This supposed oneirogenic effect is believed to be due to the thujone contained in the plant.

Description

Artemisia vulgaris is a tall herbaceous perennial plant growing 1–2 m (rarely 2.5 m) tall, with an extensive rhizome system. Rather than depending on seed dispersal, Artemisia vulgaris spreads through vegetative expansion and the anthropogenic dispersal of root rhizome fragments.^[9] The leaves are 5–20 cm long, dark green, pinnate and sessile, with dense white tomentose hairs on the underside. The erect stems are grooved and often have a red-purplish tinge. The rather small florets (5 mm long) are radially symmetrical with many yellow or dark red petals. The narrow and numerous capitula (flower heads), all fertile, spread out in racemose panicles. It flowers from mid-summer to early autumn.^[10]

A number of species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) such as Ostrinia scapulalis feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant.^[11]

From Healthline:

Mugwort: A Weed with Potential

What is mugwort?

It’s a yellow dye, an insect repellant, an ingredient in food dishes, and a possible treatment for conditions ranging from flatulence to infertility. Not bad for something many Americans consider a noxious weed. It’s related to ragweed and may cause allergies similar to ragweed, which may explain why American gardeners try to kill it whenever possible. But mugwort gets more respect in other parts of the world, where it has been used for centuries.

A member of the daisy family, mugwort, or Artemisia vulgaris, is native to Asia and Europe. It can reach up to 6 feet in height and has yellow or reddish-brown flowers in the summer. Its leaves have a silvery fuzz on their underside and it has a sage-like smell and slightly bitter taste.

In the past, mugwort was revered. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals before marching to ward off fatigue. It was also thought to protect people from wild animals and evil spirits. People placed it under their pillows to induce vivid dreams and planted it around their houses and gardens to repel moths.

What is mugwort used for?

Moxibustion

In traditional Asian medicine, mugwort or wormwood is used in a process called moxibustion. Mugwort or wormwood leaves are formed into sticks or cones about the size and shape of a cigar, and then burned on or over an acupuncture point to release energy.

Moxibustion has been practiced for more than 3,000 years in China, and advocates claim that it can strengthen and warm your blood and life energy, and treat inflammations and cancers. This study shows how moxa smoke can improve the autonomic nervous system and induce a relaxing effect on the body.

Moxibustion is also used to treat menstrual cramping and to help a baby in the breech position turn. According to this studyTrusted Source, the practice does appear to increase fetal movements, helping the baby turn to a normal head-down, or cephalic, position. However, the authors conclude that more research needs to be done to determine moxibustion’s real effectiveness.

Other uses

Mugwort can also be used to stimulate a women’s menstrual cycle. It can bring on delayed menstruation and in the past was used to induce abortions. Pregnant and breast-feeding women are advised to avoid the herb because of this potential risk.

In European and American herbal practices, mugwort is used to treat stomach and intestinal problems such as:

• colic
• gas
• diarrhea
• constipation

It’s also used to ease:

• headaches
• nosebleeds
• chills
• fever
• nerve problems
• insomnia

Some who use it also claim that it has antibacterial and antifungal properties, but these claims remain unstudied.

What are the side effects of mugwort?

Mugwort can cause allergic reactions leading to sneezing and sinus-related symptoms, and it can cause contact dermatitis, or rashes, in some people.

In the United States, mugwort is sold as a dietary supplement and homeopathic preparation, and is considered safe for most people. However, people with allergies to the following should avoid it:

• peaches
• apples
• celery
• carrots
• sunflowers
• several other plants

How is mugwort used?

Mugwort is available as:

• dried leaves
• extracts
• tinctures
• teas
• pills

It can also be used as a poultice, or paste. It’s also available as an herbal incense, but many U.S. cities and states have outlawed these products.

There are no proven safe or effective doses of mugwort and it’s recommended that children don’t use it.

https://www.healthline.com/health/mugwort-weed-with-potential#how-is-mugwort-used

Bioactive Compounds From Artemisia

Bioactive compounds are experiencing a growing interest in wide range of applications: geo-medicine, plant science, modern pharmacology, agrochemicals, cosmetics, food industry, nano-bio-science, and so on.^63–65

Bioactive compounds in plants are classified according to different criteria. A presentation based on clinical function–their pharmacological or toxicological effects–is relevant for the clinician, pharmacist, or toxicologist. An approach based on biological effects is complicated by the fact that the clinical outcome is not exclusively connected to biochemically closely related compounds; even biochemically different molecules might produce similar clinical effects. A botanical categorization based on families and genera of the plants producing the bioactive compounds might also be relevant, as closely related plant species most often produce the same or chemically similar bioactive compounds. However, there are also ranges of examples that species even genetically less related produce similar secondary compounds. The main focus are the bioactive chemical compounds; therefore, it is useful to categorize them according to biochemical pathways and chemical classes.^66–68

Artemisia species represent rich sources of various types of biologically active compounds accountable for numerous pharmacological activities. Differences in qualitative and quantitative composition of bioactive compounds might be correlated with environmental conditions, species variation, geographic, climatic, and genetic conditions, plant age, soil, phase of vegetation, anatomical part of plant, harvesting season, and method of harvesting.^69–72

Tables 1 and 2 present detailed list of the chemical constituents and essential oil components of various Artemisia sp., respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

Table 1 List of the Chemical Constituents of Various Artemisia Spp.

Table 1 List of the Chemical Constituents of Various Artemisia Spp.View larger version

Table 2 List of the Constituents of Essential Oils in Various Artemisia Spp.

Table 2 List of the Constituents of Essential Oils in Various Artemisia Spp.View larger version

Figure 1 Some nonvolatile constituents of Artemisia spp.

Figure 2 Structure of some volatile constituents of Artemisia spp.

Conclusion

Artemisia species are widely used in traditional medicine all over the world with different and well-known therapeutic applications. They exhibit anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antimalarial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. These diverse biological activities are manifested by different compounds whose main components are essential oils and polyphenols. Artemisia holds a great potential for human health and its therapeutic effects should be more strictly and intensively analyzed. Preclinical and clinical research needs to be done on the use of these plants and further indepth investigations are urgently necessary to study all bioactive compounds and their biomolecular mechanisms at the cellular and tissue levels.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very thankful to all the authors whose work has been cited in this paper.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Authors’ Note

Sergey Plygun is now affiliated with Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Orel, Russia and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland. Javad Sharifi-Rad is now affiliated with Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Lucile Cornet-Vernet, la femme qui croyait en l’artémisia

https://maison-artemisia.org/en/home/

Here are the artemisinin contents of the different artemisia variants:

Table 2

Extraction yield, componential composition, and artemisinin content in Artemisia species.

Species	Yield of Hexane Extract, %	Number of Components	Content of Artemisinin in Dry Weight Plant, %
Artemisia annua	5.80 ± 0.05	83	0.45 ± 0.03
Artemisia vachanica	8.09 ± 0.1	90	0.34 ± 0.02
Artemisia vulgaris	2.32 ± 0.02	95	0.18 ± 0.01
Artemisia makrocephala	3.01 ± 0.02	94	0.20 ± 0.01
Artemisia leucotricha	3.19 ± 0.03	75	Not detected
Artemisia dracunculus	3.78 ± 0.04	100	0.07 ± 0.01
Artemisia absinthium	5.41 ± 0.0.5	98	0.09 ± 0.01
Artemisia scoparia	3.39 ± 0.02	90	0.11 ± 0.02

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6473495/

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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1934578X19850354

Sources

Stratosphere

Artemisia Annua

https://palmiersetcompagnie.fr/produit/artemisia-annua-armoise-annuelle/
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoise_annuelle

https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+annua

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua

https://kokopelli-semences.fr/fr/p/F1159-artemisia-annua

Artemisia Vulgaris (Mugwort)
https://www.healthline.com/health/mugwort-weed-with-potential#how-is-mugwort-used

Artemisia lactoflora (white Mugwort)

https://pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+lactiflora

Antiparasitic Asian medicinal plants in the Clade Campanulids

Christophe Wiart, in Medicinal Plants in Asia and Pacific for Parasitic Infections, 2021

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_argyi

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