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New Zealand Thecate Hydroids Part III.—Family Sertulariidae By Patricia M. Ralph [Received by the Editor, March 22, 1960] Abstract Records 13 genera and a total of 52 species of New Zealand sertularid hydroids; Thyroscyphus (1 species); Parascyphus (1 species); Crateritheca (3 species); Stereotheca (1 species); Diphasia (1 species); Idiellana (1 species); Salacia (4 species); Amphisbetia (6 species); Sertularia (3 species); Dynamena (1 species); Dictyocladium (1 species); Symplectoscyphus (17 species); Sertularella (12 species); describes, keys and discusses the systematic status of the New Zealand species of this family resulting in the following changes:—Stereotheca insignis (Thompson, 1879) Stereotheca acanthostoma (Bale, 1882) and Stereotheca crenata (Bale, 1884) recognized as species of the genus Crateritheca Stechow, 1921; (S. acanthostoma, and S. crenata not known from New Zealand): species previously recorded in New Zealand hydroid literature as belonging to the genus Thuiaria Fleming, 1828 recognized as species of genus Salacia Lamouroux, 1816; S. bicalycula (Coughtrey) as recognized by Bale (1924) a synonym of S. buski (Allman), S. buski var. tenuissima (Trebilcock, 1928) a synonym of S. bicalycula (Coughtrey); Sertularia minima Thompson, 1879; Sertularia operculata Linnaeus, 1758, Sertularia fasculata (Kirchenpauer, 1864), Sertularia bispinosa (Gray, 1843), Sertularia trispinosa (Coughtrey, 1875) Sertularia episcopus (Allman, 1876) recognized as species of genus Amphisbetia, L. Agassiz, 1862, Sertularia divergens Busk, 1852 recognized as Sertularia tenuis Bale, 1884 and Sertularella procera Trebilcock, 1928 as Symplectoscyphus procerus (Trebilcock); Symplectoscyphus delicatulus (Hutton, 1872) a synonym of Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray, 1843); Symplectoscyphus johnstoni as recognized by Totton (1930) a new form Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma subtropicus; Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus nom. nov for “Sertularella johnstoni” (in part) as recognized by Bale (1884) not Sertularella johnstoni (Gray, 1843); Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876, var. flucticulata Trebilcock, 1928, a synonym of Sertularella integra Allman, 1876. Diphasia subcarinata (Busk, 1852); Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni Totton, 1930; Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus nom. nov for “Sertularella johnstoni” (in part) as recognized by Bale 1884 not S. johnstoni (Gray, 1843); Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) and Sertularella intricata Billard, 1919 are new records from New Zealand. One new species of Sertularella is described. Introduction Species of the family Sertulariidae dominate the New Zealand hydroid fauna, both with regard to the number of species described and the frequency with which they are taken. Fifty-three species of Sertularians are known from New Zealand waters. This is about twice the number of species of the second largest family of New Zealand hydroids, the Plumulariidae (34 species) to be described in Part IV. The combined number of species from the six families Campanulariidae (18 species), Campanulinidae (4), Lafoeidae (14), Lineolariidae (1), Syntheciidae (5) and Haleciidae (11) is fifty-three, one more than the number of species at present known for the family Sertulariidae in New Zealand. Sertularians are to be found in our waters from the intertidal belt down to 435 fathoms, and vary in size from those with tiny stems 0.5 cm in length to those with very long stems 120.0 cm in length. Tall stems often grow close together in clumps so that it is possible to gather our sertularians by the handful, something

that can be said of very few other New Zealand hydroids. The taller sertularians are found mostly in deeper water below the intertidal region, and are at present best known from drift specimens, as dredging has not been of regular occurrence until recently round our coasts. Another feature of the New Zealand sertularian fauna is the number of species it contains that are restricted either to the New Zealand area, and these are in the majority, or, to the Southern Hemisphere. Twenty-four species are known only from the New Zealand area and 20 species are variously found in other regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Of the remaining nine species only two are cosmopolitan, while the other seven have a scattered distribution in both Southern and Northern Hemispheres. All the species of the genus Salacia Lamouroux and Dictyocladium Allman recorded from New Zealand are restricted to this country. The species of the other eleven genera known from New Zealand are distributed as follows: two of the three species of Crateritheca Stechow are known only from New Zealand, the third also from Tasmania; the single known species of Stereotheca Stechow and Diphasia A. Agassiz also from various other Southern Hemisphere waters; five of the six species of Amphisbetia L. Agassiz have a Southern Hemisphere distribution, and one is cosmopolitan; two of the three species of Sertularia Linnaeus are known from both Southern and Northern Hemisphere waters and one from the Southern Hemisphere only; nine of the 17 species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher known only from New Zealand and the remaining five from other Southern Hemisphere waters also, eight of the 12 species of Sertularella Gray are known only from New Zealand, six from Southern Hemisphere waters, one also from low latitude Northern Hemisphere waters, and one is cosmopolitan; the single species of Thyroscyphus Allman and Parascyphus Ritchie from New Zealand are recorded also from other localities in both the Southern and Northern Hemisphere. The high proportion of endemic sertularian species in New Zealand is in large measure a reflection of the number of species that have been taken only once in our waters, and this factor is in its turn a reminder of the small amount and infrequent sublittoral collection. Consequently, as well as there being a high proportion of endemic sertularians the known latitudinal range of many species is not great. A good example of species that have been taken only once and have a very short latitudinal range are the six species described as new by Totton (1930) from material taken in three localities by the “Terra Nova”—viz., off Cape Maria Van Diemen, off North Cape, and off The Three Kings Islands. Five of these species are assigned to the genus Symplectoscyphus and one to the genus Sertularella. Because of the very small latitudinal range known at present for many New Zealand sertularians it has been possible to demonstrate changes in erect stem and/or hydrothecal characters from south to north of the range for only two or three species. This contrasts with previous findings for New Zealand hydroid species, particularly those of the family Campanularidae (Ralph, 1956 and 1957) in which readily recognizable stem variation is demonstrated relative to the latitudinal range. Another feature of the New Zealand sertularians that is contrary to findings for the other hydroid families described in Parts I and II is the small number of cosmopolitan species. From a fauna of 52 species, ten are cosmopolitan, and one of these, Amphisbetia operculata has been recorded only twice from New Zealand and may have been confused with the closely allied Amphisbetia fasciculata, a species now well known from South Island waters. The practice has been followed here of assigning species to the genus Amphisbetia L. Agassiz, 1862, that are like Sertularia except that the two marginal teeth are much larger and frequently sharply pointed, and the abcauline opercular component to the hydrotheca is immovable, not movable as in Sertularia: and, species to the genus Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 that are

like Sertularella except that the hydrotheca has three marginal teeth not four; the erect stem frequently gives rise to tendrils, and the gonotheca often possesses transversely ridged walls, and the aperture at the end of a tube-like neck. Previously most writers on New Zealand sertularians have assigned species possessing the above characters to Sertularia and Sertularella respectively. Often it is the commonest species that provide the greatest problem with respect to systematic status. The status of several common New Zealand sertularians has been under discussion from the time of their original description. This is true of Sertularella simplex (Hutton), Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray), Symplectoscyphus delicatulus (Hutton) and Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey). The present material has enabled new descriptions and figures of these species to be made and a decision given on material previously of doubtful status. Consequent on the new knowledge of S. johnstoni and S. subarticulatus gained from the present material it has been possible to give a decision on the status of Sertularella divaricata Busk, 1852, Sertularella divaricata (of authors, not of Busk), and Sertularella subdichotoma. The sertularians in the present collection referred to in this paper have been taken from all round the New Zealand coast, but more especially from latitudes south of Auckland, including Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands. Measurements of size, slide number and figures given for the species here are derived from the author's personal collection of thecate hydroids unless otherwise stated. This collection is lodged with the Zoology Department, Victoria University of Wellington. Where species have many synonyms, only an abbreviated list is given, but a reference source for fuller synonymy is included. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Professor L. R. Richardson for his continued encouragement and helpful advice; the Governors of the “Musgrave Fund”, Cambridge University, England, for financial assistance which greatly facilitated field collection; The Nuffield Foundation, London, for the opportunity to work at the British Museum (Natural History); Dr. W. J. Rees and Mr. E. White, of the British Museum (Natural History); special thanks for assistance and allowing the author to examine hydroid material while holding a Nuffield Travelling Fellowship at the Natural History Museum; Dr. C. W. Brazenor, National Museum, Melbourne, for the loan of specimens; Dr. P. L. Kramp, Universitets Museum, Copenhagen, and Dr. F. S. Russell, Marine Biological Station, Plymouth, England, and Dr. Maurice Blackburn, University of Hawaii, for literature; the library staff of this University, and Miss M. Wood, Secretary of the Royal Society of New Zealand, for helpful co-operation in obtaining literature; the Directors of the Dominion Museum, Wellington, the Auckland Institute and Museum, the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, and the Otago Museum, Dunedin, for loan of their hydroid collections; Miss Pamela Pennycuik, University of Brisbane, Australia; Dr. Elizabeth J. Batham, Marine Biological Station, Portobello, Dunedin; Professor G. Knox, Mrs. K. Kiddle, and Mrs. S. Rind, Canterbury University, Christchurch; Mr. R. Kulka and Mr. C. Trevarthen, Auckland University, Auckland; Mr. W. H. Dawbin, Sydney University, Australia; and Mr. J. Garrick, Victoria University, Wellington; and to many other friends who from time to time have given valuable help in collecting material. Family Sertulariidae Hincks, 1868 Hydrotheca typically bilaterally symmetrical with mouth closed by an operculum composed of from one to four components: hydrotheca usually attached for some or all of its adcauline length to the stem, but the hydrotheca may be free for all the adcauline length and carried on an apophysis of the stem (Subfamilies Thyroscyphinae

and Parascyphinae); marginal teeth present, with rare exceptions (e.g, Sertularella edentula Bale) from one to sixteen in number; diaphragm usually present in hydrotheca; gonotheca simple, without accessory protective structures, but sometimes showing sexual differentiation; reproductive zooid producing a fixed sporosac. Key to the Genera of the Family Sertulariidae in new Zealand 1 (4) Hydrothecae free from the stem, not attached, and usually arising from an apophysis of the stem. 2 (3) Hydrothecae with well-developed diaphragm, distinct annular thickening a little inside the margin and usually a ring of thickened perisarc at some distance above the diaphragm, but this latter may be reduced to a number of knots Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877 3 (2) Hydrothecae with small or incomplete diaphragm, without the distinct thecal thickenings described for Thyroscyphus Parascyphus Ritchie, 1911 4 (1) Hydrotheca attached to the stem on the adcaulme side either completely or partially and not held free from the stem. 5 (8) Hydrotheca with more than four marginal teeth. 6 (7) Hydrotheca with prominent intrathecal, adcauline, inwardly directed projections; usually two external ridges on the abcauline wall; internal to, and underlying these ridges there may be narrow projections; margins of the hydrothecae in the distal stem and branch region with well defined teeth, but in the middle regions of the erect stem and branches the margin may be undulated, and in the proximal region the margin may be almost smooth; a large marginal adcauline sinus without teeth Crateritheca Stechow, 1921 (in part) 7 (6) Hydrotheca without prominent intrathecal adcauline projections, lacking ridges on the free adcauline wall; margin of hydrothecae in all regions of stem and branches with well-defined teeth; adcauline marginal sinus small and without teeth Stereotheca Stechow, 1919 (in part) 8 (5) Hydrotheca with 4 or less than 4 marginal teeth 9 (14) Hydrotheca with an operculum of a single component. 10 (13) Hydrotheca with one adcauline component 11 (12) Hydrothecal margin often shaped like the mouth of a pitcher and frequently slightly oblique, usually without distinct teeth, and hydranth without an abcauline caecum Diphasia A. Agassiz, 1865 12 (11) Hydrothecal margin with large adcauline sinus divided by a medium tooth, two poorly developed lateral teeth and hydranth without an abcauline caecum Idiellana Cotton and Godfrey, 1942 13 (10) Hydrotheca with one abcauline component. Margin of hydrotheca usually with 2 teeth lateral in position, but these frequently not prominent. Salacia Lamouroux, 1816 14 (9) Hydrotheca with operculum of more than one component. 15 (20) Hydrotheca with operculum of two components and two marginal teeth and occasionally three marginal teeth, and if the latter, two of the teeth are larger than the third, which is found in the adcauline position. (Fig. 10, h.)

16 (19) Hydrothecae usually in opposite or subopposite pairs but may be alternate, not grouped, usually one pair per internode, and rarely one hydrotheca per internode as in Amphisbetia episcopus (Allman), (Fig. 11, a); nodes on stem and branches almost without exception, well defined 17 (18) Hydrotheca with the abcauline component not moveable. (Species of this genus usually have two very large lateral teeth (Fig. 8, j) and occasionally a third small adcauline tooth—e.g., Amphisbetia trispinosa Coughtrey, 1874 Amphisbetia L. Agassiz, 1862. 18 (17) Hydrotheca with the adcauline component of the operculum moveable (Species of this genus usually have two lateral teeth and occasionally a third very small adcauline tooth—e.g., Sertularia marginata) Sertularia Linnaeus, 1758. 19 (16) Hydrothecae opposite, alternate, or grouped with a series of two or more pairs on the same internode and when the latter usually all of the hydrothecae of one side are in contact in succession and pairs of each group unequal in size; 2 abcauline teeth and a smaller median tooth, hydranth without an abcauline caecum Dynamena Lamouroux, 1816. 20 (15) Hydrothecae with operculum of three or four components, and marginal teeth 3 to 4 in number, the number of teeth being in accordance with the number of opercular components present but the marginal teeth may be poorly developed and exceptionally marginal teeth are lacking, as in Sertularella edentula Bale (Fig. 25). 21 (22) Hydrothecae either alternate or subopposite, in two lateral longitudinal, rows or spirally arranged, stems frequently zig-zig, seldom straight, simple or branched, when branched branches usually alternate. 22 (21) Hydrothecae not strictly alternate, on more than two sides of the stem, appearing in several series as the axis twists between successive pairs alternatively to right and left so that only those of every other pair are in alignment Dictyocladium Allman, 1888. 23 (24) Hydrothecae with three marginal teeth; stems usually branched and with tendrils between the branches of erect stems, gonotheca frequently pyriform, with transverse ridges and the aperture at the end of a distal tube-like neck Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 24 (23) Hydrothecae with four marginal teeth; stems simple or branched, sometimes a few tendrils between the branches of erect stems; gonotheca sub-circular to ovate, with or without transverse ridges and aperture may or may not be at the end of a distal neck Sertularella Gray, 1847 Thyroscyphus Allman, 1877 Erect stems without distinct nodes; hydrotheca with operculum of four valve-like components and with four low marginal teeth; operculum and teeth best observed in young hydrothecae so that hydrothecae on the older regions of the stem may appear to lack both operculum and marginal teeth. Species of the genera Thyroscyphus and Parascyphus described below, have in the past been regarded by writers on New Zealand hydroids (Bale, 1924 and others) as members of the Family Campanulinidae. Following Splettstosser (1929) they are now more generally recognized as members of the Family Sertulariidae.

Only one species of Thyroscyphus is recorded from New Zealand waters, namely T. fruticosus (Esper, 1788). It is a rare species in this country, having been taken only once, and described by Thompson in 1879. T. fruticosus is best known from Southern Hemisphere tropical and subtropical waters. It is not represented in the present collection and the description of the erect stem given below is from a specimen in the hydroid collection of the British Museum (Natural History) kindly shown me by Dr. W. J. Rees. Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper, 1788–1839). Fig. 1a. 1830. Laomedea fruticosa Esper, p. 162, tab. 34. 1879. Sertularella fruticosa (Esper). Thompson, D'Arcy, p. 100., Pl. XVI, figs. 2, 2a. 1884. Sertularella fruticosa Kirchenpauer, p. 52. 1890. Campanularia fruticosa (Esper). Marktanner-Turneretscher, p. 205. 1890. Campanularia thyroscyphiformis Marktanner-Turneretscher, p. 206. 1896. Campanularia fruticosa Farquhar, p. 460. 1929. Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper). Splettstösser, pp. 7–30, 122. Figs. 1–24 (for full synonymy and discussion). 1932. Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper). Leloup, p. 158. 1946 Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper). Vervoort, p. 306. —— Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper). Fraser, p. 283. Erect stem polysiphonic or simple, tall, up to 34.0 cm in height; branched, branches alternate, but irregular, and irregular secondary branching may occur, stem and branches in one plane; nodes of main stem and branches poorly developed, hydrothecae carried on a short apophysis of the stem or branch, alternate, more or less tubular, but the upper adcauline wall somewhat convex, hydrothecae large, 1.0 mm to 1.4 mm in length meeasured from the Text-Fig. 1. —a, Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper). A portion of an erect stem from Singapore . b, Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux). A portion of the erect stem from off North Cape, New Zealand.

margin to the apophysis; about 0.70 mm in maximum diameter; hydrothecal margin with four low rounded teeth and an operculum of four components, but teeth and operculum usually only recognizable in young hydrothecae: young immature gonothecae “elongated, ovate, with smooth surface; they are rounded at the top and are not provided with a ring of thickened periderm there. The length of these probably male gonothecae varies from 1.1 to 1.4 mm, the diameter is about 0.52 mm” (Vervoort, 1946, p. 306.) Locality. Type locality (?): “New Zealand”, no exact locality given by D'Arcy Thompson. Distribution. West Australia; Dutch East Indies; Borneo; Bay of Bengal; Gulf of Manaar; Gulf of Suez; Adriatic, Philippines, Ceylon; Paumben, India; Zanzibar; Fiji, Aru Island; Portuguese East Africa. Parascyphus Ritchie, 1911 Erect stems with distinct nodes, sometimes annular, and more than 1 annulation separating each internode; hydrothecae elongate, usually carried on a well-defined apophysis of the stem; aperture closed by an operculum of 3or 4 components; margin with 3 or 4 low teeth; hydranth with blind caecum. (Data from Splettstosser, 1929). Only one of the two species of this genus is found in New Zealand waters. This is Parascyphus simplex Lamouroux 1816; it is not represented in the present collection, and is rare in our waters, but is better known than T. fruticosus as it is recorded from three localities. One of these is in the far north of the North Island and the other two from the Cook Strait area between the North and South Islands. It is probable that P. simplex will also be found in South Island waters as the species is described elsewhere from higher latitudes namely Gough Island, Tasmania and other Australian waters. Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux, 1816). Fig. 1b. 1816. Laomedea simplex Lamouroux, p. 206. 1894. Campanularia tridentata Bale, p. 98, PI. III, fig. 3. 1901. Thyroscyphus tridentatus Hartlaub, p. 369, Pl. 21, fig. 14; pl. 22, fig. 23. 1911. Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Ritchie, p. 160. 1915. Thyroscyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Bale, p. 245 1924. Thyroscyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Bale, p. 236 (for early synonymy). 1928. Thyroscyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Trebilcock, p. 8. 1929. Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux). Splettstösser, p. 126. (discussion of systematic status and synonymy). 1930. Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Totton, p. 179, text-fig. 29a, b. 1938. Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Blackburn, p. 321. 1947. Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Kramp, p. 13–14. 1950. Thyroscyphus simplex (Lamouroux) Hodgson, p. 10, fig. 22. Erect stem usually simple and without branches, but some New Zealand specimens show a single short branch in the middle region; stem up to 1.2 cm in height; stem divided into internodes 0.42 to 0.55 mm in length, and 0.12 to 0.22 mm in diameter; internodes bearing a short apophysis on which the hydrotheca is carried; hydrothecae alternate, the lower abcauline wall straight or concave, the upper adcauline wall strongly convex; hydrothecae approximately 0.55 mm in length measured from the margin to the apophysis; 0.22 mm in maximum diameter; hydrothecal margin with three pointed teeth; and an operculum of three components; gonotheca borne proximally on the erect stem, ovate, elongate smooth, with a rounded top and a small circular aperture, margin of aperture thickened but not elevated; gonotheca about 1.20 mm in length and 0.70 mm in diameter. Locality. Type locality, Australia . French Pass (Hartlaub, 1901); Island Bay, Wellington (Trebilcock, 1928); “Terra Nova” Stn 134, off North Cape, 11–20 fathoms (Totton, 1930). Distribution: Tasmania; Australia; Gough Island; Clyde Sea area, Scotland; Barrier Plateau; New Zealand. The dimensions of the erect stem quoted above are those given by Totton (1930) for his specimens from off North Cape, and those of the gonotheca by Trebilcock (1928) for his Island Bay specimens. New Zealand specimens of P.simplex have shorter stems and in general, smaller hydrothecae than those described by Hodgson (1950) for his Tasmanian material.

Crateritheca Stechow, 1921 (Modified) Erect stems monosiphonic, pinnately branched, branches opposite to sub-opposite, hydrothecae in not less than two, and up to 11 longitudinal rows on stem and branches; hydrotheca with from 5 to 16 marginal teeth, with two adcauline intrathecal folds, two dependent folds and/or a projection, flanking the hydropore, and two intrathecal folds, usually smaller and thinner than the adcauline folds, on the abcauline wall; externally, on the abcauline wall, commencing just below the margin and extending the whole or part of the length of this wall, there are usually two prominent ridges. These may be duplicated internally as narrow, thin, abcauline ribs: gonothecae where known, tall, tubular, from approximately 3.5 mm to 8.0 mm in length with a distal terminal aperture and the male gonothecae smaller than the female. Species of the genus Crateritheca are among the larger branched New Zealand hydroids, as erect stems are tall and stiff from 7.0 cm to 20.0 cm. C. novae-zelandiae is unique in our hydroid fauna in possessing hydrothecae that are disposed all round the stem in several (5 to 11) longitudinal rows. Stechow (1924) recognized this distinctive feature when he named Thompson's (1897) Pericladium novae-zelandiae as the type of his new genus Crateritheca. Crateritheca was known only from a small amount of New Zealand material of C. novae-zelandiae until Totton (1930) showed that Stereotheca zelandica (Gray, 1843) was congeneric. C. novae-zelandiae is rare, being known only from off Cape Maria van Diemen. There are a few stems in the present collection. Adequate material of C. zelandica, however, from several North Island localities, allows an amplified description of the genus to be given, as well as demonstrating that Stereotheca insignis (Thompson, 1879), Stereotheca acanthostoma (Bale, 1882) and Stereotheca crenata (Bale, 1884) are congeneric. (I am grateful to the Director of the National Museum, Melbourne, Australia, for the opportunity of examining the Australian species S. acanthostoma and S. crenata). Stereotheca billardi and Stereotheca pluridentata, other Australian species, are known to me only from the literature, but it seems very likely from Bale's remarks (1915, p. 261 et seq.) that these species are also congeneric. It is also probable that Stereotheca huttoni, a New Zealand species described by Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890) is a synonym of Crateritheca insignis. Another species of Stereotheca, namely S. elongata (genotype of Stereotheca Stechow, 1919) is one of the commonest sertularians round our coasts, but this species has both stem and hydrothecal characters that distinguish it from species of Crateritheca. The hydrotheca of Stereotheca elongata lacks intrathecal folds, external abcauline ridges, and is inoperculate; and the stem has a different growth habit. None of the species of Crateritheca or Stereotheca elongata have been recorded from Northern Hemisphere waters. Figure 2 shows hydrothecae from the pinnae of the five species here recognized as belonging to the genus Crateritheca—VIZ., C. novae-zelandiae (Fig. 2a), C. zelandica (Fig. 2, b), C. acanthostoma (Fig. 2, c), C. crenata, (Fig. 2, d and e), and C. insignis (Fig. 2, f). Intrathecal folds are well developed in all the species, and it will be seen that these intrathecal folds may form a partition separating off a basal compartment (Fig. 2, e) from the main cavity of the hydrotheca. Hydranths were very poorly preserved or absent in all the New Zealand material examined, and only one hydranth in the Australian material was sufficiently well preserved for a sketch to be made. (Fig. 2, e). Some of the characters of the hydrotheca are variable and the variation is related to the position of the hydrotheca on the erect stem; i.e., according to whether the hydrotheca is situated in the proximal, medial or distal region. For example, the hydrothecae on the proximal parts of the stem and branches (Fig. 4, b) have the margin almost entire and smooth; while those in the medial region (Fig. 4, a) have the margin undulated, and those in the distal region (Fig. 4, c) have well developed marginal teeth. Also the abcauline intrathecal folds are sometimes reduced in size in hydrothecae on the lower stem and branches. Thus the younger

Text-Fig 2.—Hydrothecae from the branch region of the species here recognized as belonging to the genus Crateritheca. a, C. novae-zelandiae; b, C. zelandica; c, “Stereotheca” acanthostoma; d, “Stereotheca” crenata; e, “Stereotheca” crenata, an atypical hydrotheca and hydranth; f, “Stereotheca” insignis hydrothecae in the distal stem region are the ones that demonstrate most clearly the characteristic marginal teeth and intrathecal folds of the genus Crateritheca. The hydrothecae of the New Zealand species of the genus seem to vary more than those known from Australia. Key to The Species of Crateritheca in New Zealand 1 (2) Hydrothecae disposed in from 5 to 11 longitudinal rows right round the stem and branches; branches sub-opposite; hydrotheca with 5 rounded marginal teeth; gonotheca unknown C.novae-zelandiae (Thompson, 1879) 2 (1) Hydrothecae not disposed in several rows round the stem, but in 2 longitudinal rows.

3 (4) Hydrothecae attached for nearly all their adcauline length; margin with seven bluntly pointed teeth; female gonotheca very tall, conspicuous, tubular, up to 8.0 mm in length, with truncate distal end; sometimes a longitudinal groove down one side and submarginal intragonothecal folds present on the opposite side to the groove; male gonotheca smaller, about 3.5 mm in length, tubular, but tapering towards the distal end and with a smaller circular aperture flush with the surface C. zelandica (Gray, 1843) 4 (3) Hydrothecae attached for about half or less than half their adcauline length, the free portion turned outwards from the stem in a smooth concave curve, margin with 7 pointed teeth; female gonotheca, tall, up to 5.0 mm in length, tubular, but tapering at the proximal end into a short pedicle; distal end usually with two divergent spines. C. insignis (Thompson, 1879) Crateritheca novae-zelandiae (Thompson, 1879). Fig. 3, a-c. 1879. Pericladium novae-zelandiae Thompson, p. 112, pl. XIX, fig. 3. 1879. Selaginopsis novae-zelandiae Thompson, p. 113. 1896. Selaginopsis novae-zelandiae (Thompson). Farquhar, p. 465. 1921. Crateritheca novae-zelandiae (Thompson). Stechow, p. 259. 1930. Crateritheca novae-zelandiae (Thompson). Totton, p. 207. Erect stems tall, up to 20.0 cm in height; pinnately branched; branches alternate to sub-opposite up to 3.0 cm in length, the first branch from 3.0 to 5.0 cm above the hydrorhiza, both branches and main stem circular in cross section; proximal and medial nodes on main stem distinct; internodes of main stem irregular in length, shortest at the base, where they are about 5.0 mm in length, from approximately 7.0 to 9.0 mm in the central region, and distal region; in the latter region, however, the nodes are poorly developed; nodes of branches, in general not well developed except at the junction of the branch with main stem, but an occasional node at irregular intervals can be seen along the branch; hydrothecae arranged all round the stem and pinnae in longitudinal rows, present on all parts of stem and branches except for a short portion at the base of the pinna where it loins the main stem; first hydro-theca of pinna on the lower side of branch; the hydrothecae are arranged spirally at the base of a branch, but this spiral arrangement cannot be seen further out on the branch and the hydrothecae appear to be in longitudinal rows; about 5 to 6 longitudinal rows of hydrothecae on the pinna and about 9 to 11 on the main stem; hydrotheca attached to the stem for the whole of its adcauline length; hydrotheca short, 0.40 mm measured from margin to base, narrow at the base, 0.093 to 0.12 mm in width, widening gradually to the margin, which is from 0.25 to 0.31 mm in diameter; margin with a prominent outward flare from the stem; five distinctly rounded marginal teeth; two large submarginal intrathecal adcauline folds, two almost opposite folds on the intrathecal abcauline wall and two dependent folds flanking the hydropore; externally the wall of the hydrotheca has two undulating ridges which are duplicated internally as thin narrow ribs; hydranth unknown; gonotheca unknown. Locality. Type locality, Pandora Bank, off Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand; drift, Cape Maria van Diemen, (R. Kulka), 18/2/52, 625. (Known only from New Zealand and from the above locality.) The drift specimen in the present collection from the original locality allows the above augmented description of this rare species to be given. The cylindrical stem and pinnae closely set all round with several rows of hydrothecae give the colony a distinctive appearance. The hydrorhizae of the present specimen form a tangled mass 5.0 cm by 3.0 cm, and as far as can be ascertained this mass represents the rooting stock of about 15 erect stems. Three of these stems are almost complete, and the tallest 20.0 cm in height. Crateritheca zelandica (Gray, 1843). Fig. 3, d-k. 1843. Thuiaria zelandica Gray, p. 294. 1876a. Thuiaria dolichocarpa Allman, p. 270, pl. XIX, figs. 3, 4–4a. 1883. Thuiaria zelandica var. valida Quelch, p. 249. 1885. Thuiaria hippisleyana Allman, p. 146, pl. XIX, figs. 1–3.

Text-Fig. 3.—a-c, Crateritheca novae-zelandiae (Thompson). a, portion of a pinna towards the distal end; b, junction of a pinna with main stem; c, hydrothecae. d-k, Crateritheca zelandica (Gray). d, distal tip of a pinna; e-g, to show variation in margin; h and i, female gonothecae; j and k, male gonothecae. 1-m, Crateritheca insignis (Thompson). 1, main stem hydrotheca; m, portion of an erect stem to show branching habit and gonothecae.

1896. Thuiaria zelandica Gray. Farquhar, p. 464. 1924. Stereotheca zelandica (Gray). Bale, p. 251. 1930. Crateritheca zelandica (Gray). Totton, p. 206, pl. III, figs. 1–3, text-fig. 49 (synonymy and discussion). Erect stems up to 13.5 cm; pinnately branched, occasionally bipinate; branches up to 3.0 cm in length, first branch about 2.0 cm above the hydrorhiza; branches opposite; main stem oval in transverse section, and averaging 1.0 mm in diameter; nodes on main stem distinct, internodes irregular in length, averaging about 0.50 mm; usually no fewer than 4 pairs of hydrothecae per internode; nodes not distinct on pinnae and internodes irregular in length, with from three pairs of hydrothecae to 8 pairs per internode; small tubercles scattered on the external surface of the internodes of the stem and branches; hydrothecae in two longitudinal rows on the stem and branches, subopposite, attached to the stem or branch for the whole of the adcauline length; more or less tubular but curving outwards just below the margin; 0.35 to 0.40 mm in length and 0.15 to 0.20 mm in greatest width, which is at the margin; margin with seven bluntly pointed teeth; but these clearly seen only on hydrothecae in the distal region of the stem and branches, in the medial region the margin is undulated and in the proximal region may be entire; two large submarginal adcauline folds, two almost opposite the abcauline wall and two dependent folds on the abcauline side of the hydropore; externally the abcauline wall has two strongly undulated ridges from the margin almost to the base, and these are duplicated internally as narrow, thin intrathecal ribs; hydranth unknown; gonotheca sexually dimorphic, female very long, 7.0 to 8.0 mm in length, more or less tubular, approximately a millimeter, or slightly less in greatest width, tapering proximally into a narrow pedicel; distal end truncated with a wide aperture occupying the total width, which is about 0.80 mm; a notch on one side and internally opposite the notch two folds very similar to those of the adcauline wall of the hydrotheca (Fig. 3, h-i), male gonotheca much smaller, about half the length of female, but almost the same width, oval in general outline when fully grown, or with a somewhat truncated distal end when young; aperture circular, flush with the surface, not occupying the whole of the distal end. Locality. Type locality, North Island, N.Z. (Gray): “Terra Nova”, Station 90, off Three Kings Islands, 100 fathoms (Totton, 1930); “Terra Nova”, Station 144, off Cape Maria van Diemen, 35–40 fathoms (Totton, 1930); Manakau Harbour, Auckland (R. Kulka), 13/8/50, 642; Port Waikato, Auckland Harbour, 40 fathoms (H. J. Chapman), 7/8/56, 622; Tolaga Bay, drift (P. M. R.), 15/2/53, 372; Palliser Bay, Cook Strait, Brit. Mus (Nat. Hist.) specimen (Totton, 1930). Distribution. Known only from New Zealand waters. This is a better known species than C. novae-zelandiae but is not recorded from South Island waters. The very long tubular female gonothecae of this species are unique among New Zealand hydroids and are sufficient to distinguish it quickly from other thecate hydroids known from this country. The present specimens are mostly from beach drift material, except the specimen from Auckland Harbour, taken in approximately 40 fathoms by Mr. H. J. Chapman. This fertile stem is 10.5 cm in length, and the size and shape of the gonotheca determine it as female in sex although no coenosarc remains. Stems from Manakau Harbour, Auckland, are male in sex and the gonothecae in general similar to those described by Totton (1930, p. 207), having obovate terminal ends and a small circular aperture flush with the surface. (Fig. 3, k.) There is, however, a thickened ring of perisarc (Fig. 3, k) about one-third of the way down the gonotheca from the aperture, and the gonotheca seems easily broken in this region. Many gonothecae have been observed in which only the basal two-thirds remains. Several gonothecae, however, appear to be younger than those on Totton's material from Palliser Bay, Cook Strait, and show a more truncated distal end (Fig. 3, j). Two or three of the female gonothecae examined show clearly the longitudinal notch noted by Totton (1930). The function of the notch and the intragonothecal folds has not been determined. An upright stem, however, may be generated from this latter structure. Erect stems arising from a gonotheca are a conspicuous feature of the present material of Crateritheca insignis from the Chatham Islands. (Fig. 3, m.)

Crateritheca insignis (Thompson, 1879). Fig. 3, 1-m; 4, a-d 1879. Sertularia insignis Thompson, p. 109, pl. XIX, fig. 1, 1a. 1890. ? Sertularia huttoni Marktanner-Turneretscher, p. 233, pl. IV, fig. 7. 1915. Levinsenia insignis (Thompson). Bale, p. 261. 1924. ? Stereotheca huttoni Mark.-Turneretscher. Bale, p. 252. 1924. Stereotheca insignis (Thompson). Bale, p. 252. 1950. Sertularia insignis Thompson Hodgson, p. 29, fig. 52. Erect stems up to 7.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, pinnately branched, branches opposite, up to 1.5 cm in length, main stem and branches oval in cross-section, nodes on main stem distinct; stem internodes usually with one pair of proximal hydrothecae about one-third the way up the internode, a distal pair of opposite branches and another pair of opposite hydrothecae in the axil of the branches, but this arrangement variable; nodes on pinnae distinct; but internodes variable in length with from 2 pairs to 6 pairs of hydrothecae per internode; hydrothecae more or less tubular in strictly opposite pairs on the main stem, subopposite on the branches; 0.40 mm to 0.62 mm in length, and 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm in width at the margin; about half the adcauline side attached to stem or branch and the free portion of this side turned outwards from the stem in a smooth, concave curve; two well defined intra-thecal adcauline folds in the proximal region of the attached wall; two abcauline intrathecal folds, and two dependent folds on the abcauline side of the hydropore; abcauline wall of hydrothecae has two lateral ridges and these are duplicated internally as 2 narrow ribs; margin of hydrotheca with 7 pointed teeth, a median abcauline and 3 lateral teeth on either side; marginal teeth best seen on hydrothecae of the distal stem and branches; hydrothecae in the median and proximal regions possess undulated or almost smooth margins; hydranth unknown; gonothecae (?) female, elongate, tubular, from 4.0 to 5.0 mm in length and 0.80 to 1.0 mm in greatest width, with a pair of prominent distal spinous processes 0.25 mm to 0.60 mm in length; spinous processes frequently open at the tip; stem and branches may arise from the spines and also from the side of the gonothecae; aperture more or less circular, between the spines, and flush with the surface of the gonotheca, and approximately 0.40 mm. in diameter; occasionally a longitudinal notch on one side of the gonotheca. Locality. Type locality, Georgetown, Tasmania: Russell, Bay of Islands (R. Kulka), –/5/50, 626; Anawhata, Auckland (C. Trevarthen), 11/1/50, 627; Petre Bay, Chatham Islands, Station. 31, 20 fathoms (Chatham Expedition, 1954), 31/1/54, Chat. Exp. Slide No. 9. Distribution. New Zealand, Tasmania. There seems little doubt from Marktanner-Turneretscher's description and figure of the hydrotheca of Stereotheca huttoni that this species is a synonym of Crateritheca insignis. Bale is of this opinion but hesitates to recognize S. huttoni as a synonym of C. insignis as the gonotheca of S. huttoni is unknown. As noted above, the generation of erect stems from the gonothecae (Fig. 3 m) is of common occurrence in C. insignis. The stems arise more especially from the intrathecal folds just below the aperture, but also from the sides of the gonothecae. The status of S. huttoni is still doubtful because not only is the gonotheca unknown, but also internal hydrothecal folds characteristic of the genus Crateritheca as now understood are not described by Marktanner-Turneretscher for S. huttoni. Material in the present collection is principally from waters within the bounds of the Subtropical Convergence. Specimens from the Chatham Islands are tallest, up to about 7.0 cm in height. Five of the eleven gonothecae examined were damaged, but the other six showed erect stems arising from the gonothecae. Some of these stems were short, about 0.75 mm in length, and others taller, up to 1.5 cm in length. There is always a short basal region 3.0 mm to 6.0 mm in length, without hydrothecae. Not all the gonothecae of C. insignis examined have distal spines, but lack of spines is not confined to gonothecae from any one locality. The gonothecae of the present material are probably female, as several specimens (from various localities), possess a longitudinal groove and internal submarginal folds similar to those of the female gonotheca of C. zelandica.

Stereotheca Stechow, 1919 Erect stem monosiphonic, pinnately branched, branches opposite, subopposite, or alternate; hydrothecae inoperculate. (?), rather tubular, marginal teeth well developed, more than four in number and up to sixteen; internal and external walls of the hydrotheca, smooth; gonotheca simple, with a truncated distal end which may have two spines arising from the shoulders; walls of gonotheca smooth. Two species of this genus were known previously from New Zealand—viz., S. huttoni (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) and S. elongata (Lamouroux, 1816). S. huttoni is regarded here as a probable synonym of Crateritheca insignis Thompson. S. elongata, however, is distinct, as it lacks the intrathecal, folds and external abcauline ridges characteristic of species of Crateritheca. It is one of the commonest sertularians round our coasts but is one that is most frequently taken in beach drift rather than in the living condition. It can be quickly recognized even without the aid of a hand lens, by its rigid dark, yellow-brown, regularly branched stem. The branches alternate and the stem is zig-zag in form. All the branches are approximately the same length throughout with the exception of those at the stem tip where they are slightly shorter. The most extensive beds of this species appear to be in the area of Cook Strait and Dunedin. Stereotheca elongata (Lamouroux, 1816). Fig. 4, e-k. 1816. Sertularia elongata Lamouroux, p. 189, pl. V, fig. 3. 1843. Dynamene abietenoides Gray, p. 294. 1872. Sertularia abietenoides (Gray). Hutton. p. 257. 1890. Sertularia elongata Lamouroux. Marktanner-Turneretscher, p. 230. 1896. Sertularia elongata Lamouroux. Farquhar, p. 461. (Synonymy.) 1915. Levinsenia elongata (Lamouroux) Bale, p. 261. 1915. Sertularia elongata Lamouroux. Bale, p. 277. (Synonymy.) 1924. Stereotheca elongata (Lamouroux). Bale, p. 252. 1928. Stereotheca elongata (Lamouroux). Trebilcock, p. 23. 1950. Stereotheca elongata (Lamouroux). Hodgson, p. 23, figs. 38, 39. Erect stems up to 10.0 cm. in height; regularly branched and the branches may have secondary branches at the tip; branches strictly alternate, about 5.0 mm in length, nodes well defined on main stem and branches, oblique, and sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes on the main stem regular in length, each bearing a proximal branch with a single hydrotheca in the axil, and a distal pair of subopposite hydrothecae, a pair, or, two pairs of subopposite hydrothecae per internode on the branch; a node between the stem and the first hydrotheca on the branch; main stem internodes 0.70 to 0.80 mm in length, and 0.20 to 0.30 mm in width; branch internodes 0.50 to 0.70 mm in length, and 0.10 to 0.20 mm in width; hydrothecae tubular, attached for half or slightly more than half their adcauline length; total length of hydrotheca measured from the base to the margin is from 0.35 to 0.43 mm and they are 0.10 to 0.15 mm in width at the margin; aperture facing upwards, but somewhat obliquely placed with regard to the long axis of the stem or branch and with the downward slope towards the stem or branch; margin with six sharply pointed teeth more or less evenly disposed on the sides of the cup, but those of one side larger than those on the other and the median tooth of the larger group considerably greater in length than all the other teeth (Fig. 4, k); walls of hydrotheca smooth: gonothecae ansing from just below the base of one of the subopposite pairs of hydrothecae on the main stem and occasionally from below the hydrotheca at the base of a branch; gonotheca compressed, narrow proximally, but distally, distinctly truncated, 1.5 to 2.0 mm in length; two processes usually arise from the truncated distal end and these are of variable length, from tiny dome-like thickenings to long spines 1.5 mm in length; aperture circular and operculate, about 0.40 mm in diameter; a short neck about 0.10 mm in depth surrounds the aperture; inner neck region armed with very small teeth. Locality. Type locality, “Mers de l'Australasie” (Lamouroux, 1816): Auckland (Jaderholm). 1917; Auckland (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890); Medlands, Great Barrier Island (R. Kulka), –/11/50, 640; Te Awaiti, East Coast North Island (J. H. Sorensen) 17/5/51, 160; Castlecliff Beach, Wanganui (P. M. R.) 2/2/53, 314; Wellington, (as Sertularia abietenoides— Canterbury Mus. Slide No. 22): Makara Beach (V. Cassie) 25/8/52, 301; Island Bay, Cook Strait (M. Aiken) –/2/51, 295; Island Bay (Trebilcock, 1928); Palliser Bay, Cook Strait

Text.-Fig. 4.—a-d, Craterintheca insignis (Thompson). a, a stem internode; b, hydrothecae on branch from the proximal region of the stem; c, hydrothecae from the tip of a branch from near the distal stem region; d, gonotheca. e-k, Stereotheca elongata (Lamouroux). e, portion of main stem showing internodes and branches; f, stem internode; g, abnormal incomplete separation of two gonothecae; h-j, gonothecae, to show variations in spine length; k, branch hydrotheca.

(Patangarua Pinnacles) (B. Holloway), 9/4/50, 144; Kaikoura Coast (P. M. R.) 13/11/51, 218; Spencer Park Beach, Christchurch (M. Aiken) –/5/57, 619; Taylor's Mistake, Christchurch (E. N. B.) 17/2/22, 132; Lyttelton Harbour (Bale, 1924) as Sertularia elongata—Canterbury Mus. Slide No. 20; Lyttelton Harbour (Sertularia abietenoides—Canterbury Mus. Slide No. 21; Little Papanui, Otago on Gigatina (E. J. Batham) 3/8/53, 426; north of Taiaroa Heads, about 40 fathoms (E. J. Batham) 27/11/53, 641; St. Clair, Dunedin, and Bluff (Trebilcock, 1928). Distribution. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, South Africa. The species is best known from the Cook Strait area and from the east coast of the South Island, but specimens from as far north as Great Barrier Island, latitude 36° S. have been taken. There is no significant difference in either the size or the shape of hydrothecae or gonothecae of S. elongata over its New Zealand latitudinal range. Bale (1924) describes his material from Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand, as small, “not differ (ing) in any respect from the small form (averaging 2.0 cm in length) abundant on the Southern Australian coast”. Examination of Bale's (1924) microslide of S. elongata from Lyttelton Harbour, however, indicates that S. elongata from this region is taller than Bale supposed as the mounted portions of the erect stem described by Bale are 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm and clearly part of a tall stem. Material of S. elongata in the present collection from the neighbouring vicinity of Taylor's Mistake is tall, similar to other mature specimens from New Zealand in which the stems range in height from about 3.0 to 10.0 cm. The known New Zealand material of S. elongata therefore seems to be taller than much of Bale's South Australian material. This is further supported by Trebilcock's (1928) observations on his New Zealand specimens of S. elongata (from Island Bay, Cook Strait, and the South Island localities of Dunedin and Bluff), which he describes as robust and more freely branched than the average known size of South Australian specimens. None of the present specimens are, however, as tall as the specimens of S. elongata described by Thompson in 1879. Some of these had a stem approximately 12.0 cm in length. A variable feature of the New Zealand specimens of S. elongata is the length of the processes arising from the distal shoulders of the gonotheca. These range from barely perceptible swellings to long spines 1.50 mm in length. Diphasia L. Agassiz, 1862. Erect stems branched, monosiphonic, branches opposite, subopposite or alternate; hydro-theca with margin often shaped like that of a pitcher, and oblique; marginal teeth often indistinct; operculum of one adcauline valve-like component; hydranth without an abcauline caecum. There is only one species of the genus Diphasia found in New Zealand waters, namely, Diphasia subcarinata, and this is the first record of the species from New Zealand . Diphasia subcarinata (Busk, 1852). Fig. 5, a and b. 1852. Sertularia subcarinata Busk, p. 390. 1884. Diphasia sub-carinata (Busk). Bale, p. 102, Pl. IV, fig. 1, Pl. XIX, fig. 18. 1950. Diphasia sub-carinata (Busk). Hodgson, p. 20, figs. 34, 35. Erect stems up to 5.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, pinnately but irregularly branched, branches up to 2.5 cm in length and alternate; nodes on main stem and branches distinct; main stem internodes regular, 0.68 to 0.75 mm in length and 0.25 to 0.35 mm in width measured at the node; branch internodes regular, 0.70 to 0.90 mm in length, and 0.37 to 0.45 mm in width measured across the base of a hydrothecal pair; one pair of opposite hydrothecae per internode on the branch; hydrothecae not in contact front or back, more or less tubular but slightly expanding towards the margin; about half the adcauline side attached to stem and branches; free adcauline side abruptly divergent, sloping slightly upwards; total abcauline length of hydrotheca 0.93 to 0.99 mm; free adcauline length 0.43 to 0.56 mm, attached adcauline length 0.53 to 0.62 mm; aperture broad, 0.25 to 0.31 mm in diameter and facing upwards; operculum of one large adcauline component; margin

Text.-Fig. 5.—a and b, Diphasia subcarinata (Busk). Hydrothecae: c-e, Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux). (All figures drawn from Australian material.) c, gonotheca; d. distal portion of a stem and branches; e, hydrotheca from stem. with three teeth, two rounded laterals, about 0.06 mm above the margin, and a smaller median tooth in the adcauline sinus; sometimes a median external ridge on the abcauline wall: gonothecae “in one or two rows at the lower part of the hydrocaulus, ovate, with a narrow tubular orifice, the surface furnished with numerous slightly curved spines which are wanting near the peduncle and over the greatest part of one side which is adpressed to the hydrocaulus” (Bale, 1888.). Type Locality. Bass Strait, 45 fathoms: east of Otago Heads, approx. 40 fathoms (E. J. Batham) 16/8/55, 631; north of Taiaroa approx. 40 fathoms (E. J. Batham) 27/11/53, 632. Distribution. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. This species is not well known from New Zealand. The present specimens are comparable in erect stem length and hydrothecal dimensions to Hodgson's Tasmanian material. The hydrothecae of Hodgson's specimens, however, seem to be without the median external ridge on the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca. This ridge is a prominent feature of the hydrotheca of the present specimens and also of Bale's Australian specimens from Victorian waters. Idiellana Cotton and Godfrey, 1942 Hydrotheca with large adcauline sinus divided in two by a median tooth, and two poorly developed lateral marginal teeth; operculum of a single large abcauline flap-like component; hydranth without an abcauline caecum. Only Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux) is recorded from New Zealand waters, but there are no specimens of this well known species in the present collections. The descriptions and figures given below are from microslides of Australian material kindly loaned me by the National Museum, Victoria.

Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816). Fig. 5, c-e. 1816. Idia pristis Lamouroux, p. 199, Pl. 5, fig. 5. 1852. Sertularia pristis (Lamouroux). Busk, p. 389. 1888. Idia pristis Lamouroux. Allman, p. 85, pl. XXXIX, fig. 1–10. 1919. Idiella pristis (Lamouroux). Stechow, p. 106. 1924. Idia pristis Lamouroux. Bale, p. 249. (synonymy). 1942. Idiella pristis (Lamouroux). Blackburn, p. 116. 1959. Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux). Pennycuik, p. 193. Erect stems up to 11.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, pinnately branched, branches up to 2.0 cm in length and alternate; nodes on main stem distinct, slightly oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions, stem internodes 0.87 to 1.50 mm in length and 0.50 to 0.93 mm in width measured at the node; internodes of stem with a pair of opposite hydrothecae above the node and one in the axil of the branch; nodes of branch rather indistinct, only one or two per branch; 4 to 20 hydrothecae per internode on branch, and internode 1.25 to 3.0 mm in length and 0.21 to 0.45 mm in width measured at the node; hydrothecae on branches alternate, all in contact—that is, each one attached to that over and below it and to the one on the opposite side, all hydrothecae attached to the front of the branch; hydrothecae tubular, about half the adcauline wall free from the stem and branches, but the length of free addable wall variable, diverging from the stem or branch, sometimes almost at right angles; free adcauline length 0.5 to 0.27 mm and fixed adcauline length 0.31 to 0.37 mm; hydrothecal abcauline length, 0.37 to 0.43 mm; marginal teeth three in number, two in a more or less lateral position and a median poorly developed adcauline tooth often difficult to distinguish; aperture about 0.12 mm in diameter; an external ridge may be present on the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca from base to margin; gonothecae carried on the front of the stem; large, nearly as wide as long, 1.52 to 1.80 mm in length and 1.14 to 1.25 mm in greatest diameter, about six prominent longitudinal ridges running from base of gonotheca to truncate region of distal end; aperture circular and terminal, 0.47 to 0.56 mm in diameter, a short tubular neck 0.19 to 0.25 mm in length surrounds the aperture; margin of aperture everted. Locality. Type locality, Australasian seas (Lamouroux). Distribution. Australia, New Zealand, Asiatic waters, Western Atlantic (Dry Tortugas to Puerto Rico). Salacia Lamouroux, 1816. Hydrotheca with an operculum of one abcauline valve arising from the base of a deep embayment; when present, marginal teeth two in number; male and female gonothecae similar in form. The four species of Salacia previously described from New Zealand waters were recorded as species of the genus Thuiaria Fleming, 1828—namely, “T.” bicalycula (Coughtrey, 1876), “T.” buski (Allman, 1876), “T.” farquhari Bale, 1924 and “T.” spiralis Trebilcock, 1928. Following the now generally accepted classification of Stechow (1923) for hydroids with the above characteristics these species are here recognized as species of the genus Salacia. With the exception of S. spiralis they are represented in the present collection. None of these species are recorded elsewhere, and they are best known in our waters from localities below 40° S. and particularly from the Foveaux Strait oyster beds. The erect stem of S. farquhari is readily distinguished from that of S. spiralis, and the stems of both these species are clearly different from those of S. bicalycula and S. buski. The stem of S. spiralis is noticeably twisted so that the branches come off all round the stem (Fig. 7, k) and not alternately or subopposite as in the other New Zealand species. The stem of S. farquhari is short, rarely above 1.0 mm in length, and the internodes are distinctive, being constricted to almost a point at both the proximal and distal ends (Fig. 7, c). There has in the past been discussion (Bale, 1924 and Trebilcock, 1928) on the status of S. bicalycula and S. buski. Both writers regard them as separate species and the present material confirms their opinion, but here, the species are distinguished principally on characters other than those used by Bale and Trebilcock, and some material that these authors regarded as S. bicalycula (cf. Bale, 1924) and S. buski var. tenuissima (cf. Trebilcock, 1928) are here differently assigned.

Bale, in order to distinguish S. buski from S. bicalycula, relied on the arrangement of the hydrothecal pairs on the branches—namely, almost touching in S. buski and widely separated in S. bicalycula. Basing his identification on this character, he recognized his material from Cape Maria van Diemen as S. bicalycula. This now seems to be an incorrect identification because comparison of many stems of Bale's material with first, Coughtrey's description and figures of S. bicalycula (Coughtrey, 1876a, pl. III, figs. 8, 8′, 8″, 8″′, and 9; apparently drawn from specimens collected in the Foveaux Strait area) demonstrates that Bale's specimens are not S. bicalycula but a slender form of S. buski in which the pairs of hydrothecae are set more widely apart than those described originally for S. buski. The distance between pairs of hydrothecae on the branches and other features used by Trebilcock (1928) to distinguish S. bicalycula from S. buski are therefore not reliable as they are based on Bale's misconception of the characteristics of S. bicalycula. The greater amount of material now available for study shows that the structure of the internodes is a constantly recognizable feature distinguishing these two species. First, the internode of S. bicalycula is not the same width throughout, but tapered or constricted in the proximal half (Fig. 6, a, b and e). The internode of S. buski (Fig. 7, d and h) on the other hand, is the same width throughout and not constricted, except as is usual, at the node. Secondly the hydrothecae on the internode in S. bicalycula (Fig. 6, f, h and j) extend laterally well beyond the internode, while in S. buski (Fig. 7, d and f) they extend little if at all beyond the internode. Of further assistance in identification of the two species is the frequency with which secondary branching occurs. Secondary branching is of common occurrence in S. bicalycula, and tendrils between branches of the erect stems of the colony are well known; while secondary branching in S. buski is of infrequent occurrence and tendrils between the branches are rare. The features of the internode described here for S. bicalycula and S. buski determine the material identified by Bale (1924) as “T” bicalycula (Coughtrey) to be a slender form of S. buski (Fig. 7, e) and Trebilcock's (1928) “Thuiaria” buski var. tenuissima to be a small (35.0 mm) probably young, slender S. bicalycula. There is considerable variation in the erect stem and hydrothecal size in both S. bicalycula and S. buski (Fig. 7, d, e and h). For example in S. bicalycula specimens from the Cook Strait and Otago areas (Fig. 6, d and e) possess internodes that are longer and hydrothecae that are larger than those on stems taken from the type locality of Foveaux Strait. Stems from Cook Strait have hydrothecae that are twice the size of those in the present collection from Foveaux Strait. Apart from possessing long internodes and large hydrothecae, however, the Cook Strait and Otago specimens are typical S. bicalycula. Key to the Species of Salacia in New Zealand 1 (2) Stem twisted “in a loose but fairly regular spiral”; sparingly branched, the branches not lying in a single plane but following the twisting of the stem and given off in all directions, branches borne on an apophysis of the main stem and scparated from it by a distinct node, stem and branch nodes slightly oblique; gonotheca ovoid, large, 2.7 mm in length, aperture carried on a very short note. S. spiralis (Trebilcock, 1928) 2 (1) Stem and branches not arranged in a spiral, branching alternate to subalternate and frequently irregular. 3 (4) Stem and branch internodes constricted and tapering above and below pairs of hydrothecae (Fig. 7, a and c), one to three, usually two pairs of hydrothecae per stem internode; one to two

Text.-Fig. 6.—Salacia bicalycula (Coughtrey). a, portion of main stem and branch after Coughtrey (1896), Pl. III, fig. 8. (scale as recorded by Coughtrey—i.e., × 80. This is doubtful and more probably × 40). b-e, portions of main stem and branches from various N.Z. localities, b, from Foveaux Strait oyster beds; c, from off Cape Saunders, Otago; d, from Otago, Canyon A; e, from Cook Strait; f, junction of main stem and branch; and g, hydrotheca from Foveaux Strait material; h, junction of main stem and branch, and i, distal portion of hydrotheca from Otago, Canyon A; j, junction of main stem and branch, and k, distal portion of hydranth from Cook Strait.

pairs per branch internode; nodes oblique sometimes indistinct; hydrothecal pairs strictly opposite, in contact in front; margin with two large lateral teeth: gonotheca ovate, with slight annular undulations in the distal region; an internal circlet of thick, irregularly shaped teeth projecting inwards from the short neck region … … … … S. farquhari (Bale, 1924). 4 (3) Stem and branch internodes either not constricted and tapering (except at the node), or, constricted and tapering between pairs of hydrothecae; from 1 to 6 pairs of hydrothecae per stem internode and from 4 to 18 per branch internode. 5 (6) Stem and branch internodes constricted and tapering in the proximal half (Fig. 6); pairs of hydrothecae extending well beyond the internode on stem and branches, and pairs of hydrothecae widely separated from each other. (Fig. 6); branches separated from the stem apophysis by an oblique node; two lateral teeth on the margin of the hydrotheca; gonotheca, ovoid, approximately 2.5 mm in length, aperture surrounded by a very short neck; internal irregularly shaped teeth at the base of the neck … … … … S. bicalycula (Coughtrey, 1876) 6 (5) Stem and branch internodes not constricted and tapering in the proximal half except at the node; pairs of hydrothecae extending little or not at all beyond the internode, and pairs of hydrothecae on the branches variable in position, either close together, almost touching, or clearly separated, this latter condition most frequently seen on slender stems; gonotheca as in S. bicalycula … … … … S. buski (Allman, 1876) Salacia spiralis (Trebilcock, 1928). Fig. 7, j-I. 1928. Thuiaria spiralis Trebilcock, p. 21, pl. VII, fig. 3–3e. Erect stems up to 16.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, branched, branches pinnate, usually arranged in a regular spiral; stem and branch nodes oblique, often difficult to distinguish; stem internodes with from 1 to 5 pairs of hydrothecae; branch internodes with from 1 to 11 pairs of hydrothecae, occasionally without nodes; branches diverging from main stem at about an angle of 60°, carried on an apophysis of the stem, and the apophysis separated from the base of the branch by a clearly defined oblique node, branches may give rise to secondary branches; hydrothecae in strictly opposite pairs, contiguous for about half their length in front, widely separated at the back, particulaily those on the main stem; branch pairs closer together, and not so widely separated at the back; about one-third or less of the adcaulinc wall free from the stem or branches; hydrotheca in general tubular, but narrowing towards the margin; aperture facing forwards and upwards; margin with two lateral teeth, and the abcauline sinus with thicker border than the adcauline: gonotheca borne on the front, and at the base of the branch, large, ovoid, 2.50 to 2.70 mm in length and 1.10 to 1.30 mm in greatest diameter; aperture terminal surrounded by a very short neck; flattened, and inwardly projecting, small teeth usually present on inner rim of the neck. Locality. Type locality, “New Zealand”, Trebilcock gives no specific locality: species known only from New Zealand. Trebilcock recognizes his “Thuiaria” spiralis as allied to S. bicalycula and S. buski, but considers that these latter species differ from “T.” spiralis in lacking an oblique joint between the pinna and the stem apophysis. All the present specimens of S. bicalycula and S. buski have an oblique joint between the branch and stem apophysis Salacia spiralis (Trebilcock) is not represented in the present collection. Salacia farquhari (Bale, 1924). Fig. 7, a-c. 1924. Thuiaria farquhari Bale, p. 244, fig. 10. 1928. Thuiaria farquhari Trebilcock, p. 19, pl. VII, fig. 4. Erect stem short and stiff up to 1.5 cm in height, monosiphonic, branched, branches pinnate but irregularly alternate and stem sharply constricted at the node; nodes on stem

and branches well defined; secondary branches may occasionally be present; internode on both stem and branches with from 1 to 3, but usually two, pairs of strictly opposite hydrothecae; internodes from 0.43 to 0.89 mm in length and 0.093 to 0.187 mm in width measured at the node, but greatest width of internodes is across the base of the hydrothecae and from 0.21 to 0.35 mm, branches carried on a short apophysis of the stem (0.12 to 0.187 mm in length) and separated from branch by an oblique node, hydrothecae more or less tubular proximally, becoming narrower towards the distal region which curves outwards and forwards; margin thin and with two prominent lateral teeth about 0.12 mm in length; abcauline wall 0.33 mm in length measured to the margin; diameter at margin about 0.14 mm, adcauline wall free from stem or branches, 0.16 to 0.21 mm in length; adcauline wall fused to stem or branches, 0.25 to 0.31 mm in length; hydrothecae contiguous for 0.12 to 0.18 mm; gonotheca ovoid, 2.0 to 2.12 mm in length and 1.12 mm in greatest width: wall with about six annular undulations; aperture terminal, about 0.31 mm in diameter, surrounded by a short neck approximately 0.12 mm in depth; a submarginal ring of internally projecting teeth. Locality. Type locality Lyttelton Harbour (selected type microslide, Canterbury Museum Slide No. 39), Syntype, Cant. Mus. Slide No. 40: mouth of the Clarence River, east coast South Island, (P.M.R.), 14/11/51, 211; Timaru, Cant Mus Slide No. 41; Bluff on ascidian (Trebilcock, 1928). Species known only from New Zealand. S. farquhari is not known north of 43° S., latitude and in general, the perisarc of the stem, of the branches, and of the hydrothecae is thick (Fig. 7, c). The specimens with the thickest perisarc come from the more southerly areas of its range. Not any of the present material is fertile, but the stem characters readily determine it as S. farquhari. The description and Figure 7, b of the gonotheca is from the type slide. Salacia bicalycula (Coughtrey, 1872). Fig. 6; Fig. 7, i. 1876. Hydrallmania bi-calycula Coughtrey, p. 301. 1876a. Hydrallmania (?) bicalycula Coughtrey, p. 29, pl. III, figs. 8 and 9. 1896. Hydrallmania (?) bicalycula Coughtrey Farquhar, p. 465. 1923. Salacia (?) bicalycula (Coughtrey). Stechow, p. 213. 1924. Not Thuiaria bicalycula (Coughtrey). Bale, p. 243, fig. 9. 1928. ? Thuiaria buski var. tenuissima. Trebilcock, p. 20, pl. VII, fig. 2. Erect stems stiff to flexuous and may be very tall, up to 12 inches in height (Coughtrey, 1876a), but more frequently four to five inches in height; monosiphonic, branched, up to six pairs of opposite hydrothecae at the base of the stem before the first branch is given off, secondary branching of fairly common occurrence (particularly in specimens taken in the oyster beds of Foveaux Strait) and tendrils frequently observed in these specimens, nodes on the stem and branches oblique, often not readily recognizable; internodes of stem and branches very variable in length; from one to six pairs of hydrothecae per internode on the stem and from two to eight on the branches, but usually four to six pairs per internode; region of stem or branch between pairs of hydrothecae constricted about the middle (Fig. 6, f), or gradually widening from the proximal region towards the base of the hydrothecal pair above (Fig. 6, j); hydrothecae extending well beyond the border of the stem or branch (Fig. 6, e); branches usually arising from the stem at an angle a little less than a right angle and carried on an apophysis of the stem (Fig. 6, h) which is from 0.50 to 1.0 mm in length, and separated from the branch by an oblique node (Fig. 6, h and j); branch internodes from approximately 2.0 to 5.0 mm in length and 0.12 to 0.5 mm in width measured across the base of the hydrothecae; hydrothecae more or less tubular proximally, becoming narrower toward the mouth; distal region curves outwards and slightly forwards so that one side of the stem can be distinguished from the other; margin often multiple, with two bluntly rounded (equally spaced) lateral teeth; length of abcauline wall, 0.30 to 0.45 mm, length of free adcauline wall 0.12 to 0.25 mm; length of adcauline wall fused to stem or branch 0.28 to 0.56 mm; hydrothecae contiguous in front for 0.18 to 0.29 mm of their length; diameter of hydrothecae measured at the margin 0.12 mm to 0.18 mm; a submarginal internal ridge of thick perisarc may be present in the abcauline sinus between the teeth; distance between pairs of hydrothecae on the stem measured from base to base 0.75 to 1.60 mm, and distance on the branch between pairs, 0.50 to 0.90 mm: gonotheca ovoid, walls smooth, 2.26 mm to 3.0 mm in length and 1.10 to 1.40 mm in greatest width; aperture terminal, approximately 0.40 mm in diameter and surrounded by a short neck about 0.03 mm in depth; an internal ring present of irregularly shaped submarginal teeth.

Locality. Type locality not named, but first locality published by Coughtrey is Bluff Harbour, Foveaux Strait, in 1 to 2 fathoms: Off Palliser Bay, Cook Strait, Station 98 (V.U.W., Zoo. Dept), 29/8/57, 671; off Cape Palliser, Cook Strait, Station 55 40–100 fathoms (V.U.W., Zoo. Dept.) 23/6/56, 459; Menzies Bay, Banks Peninsula (G. Knox), 9/5/51, 231; Timaru Harbour (G. Knox), –/5/52, 401; Marine Biological Station reef, Otago Harbour (E. J. Batham) 16/4/53, 397; Otago, Canyon E, 54/7 (E. J. Batham) 16/1/54, 607, Otago, Canyon A, 55/5 (E. J. Batham), 14/8/55, 612; 8 miles east south-east from Cape Saunders, Otago, 40 fathoms (E. J. Batham), 9/1/54, 609; oyster beds, Foveaux Strait (R. Zander), –/8/56, 681. Species known only from New Zealand. This is one of the better known and widely distributed species of Salacia in New Zealand waters and is one of the common thecate hydroids found in the oyster beds of the Foveaux Strait area. The variation of the erect stem characters, in particular the length of branch internodes and size of hydrothecae have been noted in the above discussion on the status of the species. The present specimens from the type locality of Foveaux Strait are all infertile, but those from off Otago, and Cook Strait, show the gonothecae to be generally similar to those described originally by Coughtrey. The present gonothecae are, however, more oval in outline than those figured by Coughtrey (Pl. III, fig. 8″′). Bale (1924) remarks that Coughtrey's figure of the gonotheca, if correct, is “more pyriform than those of allied forms, in all of which the widest part is near the middle”. It therefore seems that Coughtrey's figure is of an abnormal gonotheca. Also, it is probable that the size scale of all Coughtrey's figures of S. bicalycula is incorrect (“all objects that are magnified are to 80 diameters”). Coughtrey describes the hydrothecae on his specimens from Foveaux Strait as large, but the scale given by Coughtrey determines the length of the hydrothecae as only 0.25 mm and the length of the gonotheca, including the tall collar, as approximately 0.62 mm. Even the smallest hydrothecae on the present material from Foveaux Strait readily recognizable from Coughtrey's description as S. bicalycula, are almost twice the estimated length of the hydrothecae figured by Coughtrey. As printed here, figure 6a of S. bicalycula (after Coughtrey's pl. III, fig. 8) is approximately half the size of Coughtrey's original. Salacia buski (Allman, 1876). Fig. 7, d-h. 1876. Desmoscyphus buskii Allman, p. 265. 1896. Desmoscyphus buskii Allman, Faiquhar, p. 465. 1923. Salacia buski (Allman). Stechow, p. 213. 1924. Thuiaria buski (Allman). Bale, p. 237. 1928. Thuiaria buski (Allman). Trebilcock, p. 19, pl. VII, fig. 1. not T. buski var. tenuissima Trebilcock, p. 20, pl. VII, fig. 2. Erect stems, tall, up to 17.0 cm in height, stiff, monosiphonic, branched, branches irregularly alternate; nodes on stem and branches oblique, and usually easily observed, stem internodes bearing from one to six pairs of opposite hydrothecae, width across a pair of stem hydrothecae may be less than that across the whole stem (Fig. 7, h) particularly in the proximal regions of stem—e. g., width across base of hydrothecae approximately 0.50 mm and across stem 0.68 mm; stem internodes decrease in length from the base of the stem to the tip; stem internodes from 1.0 to 5.0 mm in length and 0.40 to 1.0 mm in width; pairs of hydrothecae protruding little if at all beyond the stem and branches (Fig. 7, d, and h); region between pairs of hydrothecae with straight (not constricted) sides except at the node, hydrothecal pairs on the branches ranging from almost touching those above and below them (Fig. 7, h) to clearly separated (Fig. 7, d, and e), thus distance between branch hydrothecae from approximately nil to 0.20 mm; stem hydrothecae 0.25 to 1.0 mm apart measured from the distal region of one pair to the base of the pair above, branches carried on a short apophysis of the stem (Fig. 7, h) which is from 0.30 mm to 0.75 mm in length; apophysis separated from the basal pair of branch hydrothecae by a conspicuous oblique node; branch internodes variable in length with from four to eighteen pairs of hydrothecae but five to six pairs per internode of frequent occurrence; hydrothecae tubular proximally, gradually narrowing towards the mouth; hydiothecae frequently contiguous for approximately three-quarters

Text.-Fig. 7.—a-c, Salacia farquhari (Bale). a, basal stem region, b, gonotheca from Bale's original material, c, portion of main stem, d-h, Salacia buski (Allman), d, portion of main stem and junction of branches with main stem, from Cook Strait, e, from Cape Maria van Diemen (this figure is from a portion of the specimen described by Bale (1924) as Thuiaria bicalycula); f, pair of hydrothecae with hydranths of Bale's Cape Maria van Diemen specimen; g, hydrotheca; h, portion of main stem and branches; i, Salacia bicalycula (Coughtrey), gonotheca, j-l, Salacia spiralis (Trebilcock). j, hydrothecae; k, portion of erect stem; l, gonotheca.

of their length; distal region free and curves outwards and slightly forwards (Fig. 7, f); margin thin, with two lateral teeth; internally there is frequently a submarginal median thickening in the abcauline sinus (Fig. 7, f); abcauline wall 0.37 to 0.45 mm in length; length of hydrothecal wall fixed to stem or branch 0.25 to 0.45 mm; diameter at margin 0.093 to 0.15 mm; gonotheca ovoid, walls smooth, 2.25 to 2.75 mm in length, and 1.06 to 1 30 mm in greatest width which is about the middle; aperture terminal, 0.43 to 0.50 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a narrow collar approximately 0.03 mm in depth; internally at the base of the collar, a ring of irregularly shaped, inwardly directed teeth. Locality. Type locality “New Zealand” (Allman, 1876): Cape Maria van Diemen (Bale (1924), as Thuiaria bicalycula); Te Kaminaru Bay (West Coast, North Island) (L. B. Moore) 14/6/42, 126; Island Bay, Cook Strait on Pyura pachydermatina (M. Aitken) –/–/–, 451; off Palliser Bay, Cook Strait, Station 96, about 150 fathoms) (V.U.W. Zoo. Dept) 28/8/57, 586; East Papanui Inlet, 40 fathoms (D. H. Graham) 23/4/30, 38; Foveaux Strait oyster beds, North of Ruapati Island, 12 fathoms (G. Knox) –/5/53, 404; Island Bay and Bluff (Trebilcock, 1928). Species known only from New Zealand. This species has the longest latitudinal range of the New Zealand species of Salacia—viz, from Cape Maria van Diemen in the far north approximately (34° S.) to Foveaux Strait in the far south (approximately 47° S.). It is not surprising that within that range some variation occurs in the erect stem. There is variation in the length of the internode, and the distance between pairs of neighbouring hydrothecae. As yet the species is not sufficiently well known to say with certainty if these differences are restricted to any one locality, or water mass, and thus worthy of varietal rank, but the evidence suggests that slender, flexuous, stems in which the hydrothecal pairs are separated from those above and below them (Fig. 7, e) occur in the more northerly regions of the latitudinal range. Thicker and less flexuous stems in which the hydrothecal pairs are closer together but still clearly separated from those above and below them are known from the Cook Strait area intermediate in the latitudinal range (Fig. 7, d), and tall, thick stems (10.0 cm) in which the pairs of hydrothecae are set very closely together (Fig. 7, h) are best known from South Island latitudes. However, tall thick stems are also known from one west coast North Island area. Some of the stems in this very well grown colony from Te Kaminaru Bay showed hydrorhizae supporting the stems for a short distance, and one stem in which an accessory tube arose below a hydrotheca, ran downwards, closely applied to the stem, and mingled with the tangled mass of hydrorhizae. It seems likely, then, that colonies of tall, closely packed stems of S. buski may become polysiphonic. Another feature of this colony from Te Kaminaru Bay is the distinct annulation of the wall of some gonothecae. Further material of S. buski will in all probability demonstrate an even wider range of variation than the present specimens. Amphisbetia L. Agassiz, 1862 Erect stem branched or simple, monosiphonic; hydrothecae either in opposite, or sub-opposite pairs, or, alternate; margin usually with two large abcauline teeth between each of which there is a distinct sinus; occasionally a small median tooth in the middle of the adcauline sinus; operculum with an adcauline and abcauline component, of which the latter is immoveable, hydranth with an abcauline caecum. Agassiz's (1862) genus Amphisbetia recognised by Stechow (1923) is now in general usage (Vannucci, 1954, Millard, 1957 and 1958 and others) for sertularians that are similar to the genus Sertularia except that the abcauline component of the operculum is fixed, not movable as it is in Sertularia, and the two abcauline marginal teeth are very large and rather sharply pointed (Fig. 10, c). Several of the best known New Zealand sertularians previously recorded as species of Sertularia (e.g., the commonly found Mussel's Beard hydroid, Sertularia bispinosa) are now found to have the characters of Amphisbetia and are here described under this genus.

Key to the New Zealand Species of Amphisbetia 1 (10) Hydrothecae with two large abcauline marginal teeth. 2 (7) Hydrothecae attached for all or nearly all their adcauline length; adcauline wall not abruptly contracted below the margin. 3 (4) Proximal hydrothecae close together but not in contact on front of stem, and separated at back; distal hydrothecae always in contact in front of stem and widely separated at the back; erect stems tiny, up to 9.0 mm, rarely branched. A. minima (Thompson, 1879). 4 (3) Hydrothecae lateral in position, not in contact in front, in either proximal or distal stem region. 5 (6) Hydrothecae with one marginal tooth clearly larger than the other; stem regularly and dichotomously branched, hydrocaulus not distinguished into main stem with long internodes and branches with short internodes A. operculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 6 (5) Hydrothecae with marginal teeth nearly equal; erect stem conspicuously divided into a main stem and primary branches in which the internodes are longer and thicker than the internodes of the smaller branches A. fasciculata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) A. fasciculata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) 7 (2) Hydrothecae not attached for all, or nearly all of their adcauline length. 8 (9) Adcauline wall of the hydrotheca free for approximately one-quarter of its length; hydrothecae in strictly opposite pairs and abruptly contracted below the margin on the adcauline side; one marginal tooth usually smaller than the other tooth; no distinction into main stem and principal branches A. bispinosa (Gray, 1843) 9 (8) Adcauline wall of the hydrotheca free for approximately one-half to two-thirds its length; hydrothecae alternate, one per internode; marginal teeth of approximately equal size, very large and broadly rounded (Fig. 11, e), stem simple, not branched A. episcopus (Allman, 1876) 10 (1) Hydrothecae with three marginal teeth, two long outer abcauline teeth of approximately equal length, and a median tooth in the adcauline sinus about half or less than half the outer teeth in length A. trispinosa: (Coughtrey, 1875). in var. inarmata (Trebilcock, 1928) the gonothecae lack the two distal spines present on the gonothecae of A. trispinosa var. trispinosa. Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) Fig. 8, a-h. 1875. Synthecium gracilis Coughtrey, p. 286, Pl. XX, figs. 26–31. 1876. Sertularia pumila Linnaeus Coughtrey, p. 301. 1879. Sertularia minima Thompson, p. 104, Pl. XVII, fig. 3. 1885. Sertularia crinoidea Allman, p. 141, Pl. XVI, figs. 1–2. 1896. Sertularia minima Thompson Farquhar, p. 462. 1913. Odontotheca minima (Thompson) Levinsen, p. 308. 1923. Amphisbetia crinoidea (Allman). Stechow, p. 199. 1923. Nemella (Amphisbetia) minima (Thompson). Stechow, p. 202. 1924. Sertularia minima Thompson. Bale, p. 248 (synonymy). 1950. Sertularia minima Thompson. Hodgson, p. 23, figs. 41, 42. 1957. Amphisbetia minima (Thompson). Millard, p. 221. Hydrorhiza reticulate, frequently with internal inwardly directed thickened pegs of perisarc (Fig. 8, b); erect stems up to 9.0 mm in length, simple, not branched; divided into regular internodes, by very oblique nodes; one pair of strictly opposite hydrothecae per internode;

internodes 0.45 to 0.50 mm in length, 0.05 to 0.10 mm in width measured at the node; hydrothecae not in contact in front in the proximal region of the stem, barely touching in central region and in contact on the distal region; hydrothecae widely separated at the back in all regions of the stem, and attached for all or nearly all of the adcauline length; two lateral marginal teeth, the tooth nearest the stem the smaller; operculum of two components, one attached submarginally in the region of the adcauline sinus, the other similarly attached in the abcauline sinus; aperture of hydrotheca facing upwards and outwards; length of hydro-theca 0.25 to 0.35 mm, width measured at aperture across base of teeth about 0.10 mm; nematothecae may be present in the proximal region only on a few internodes, or, present on all internodes, nematothecae tubular and slightly flared at the margin, approximately 0.03 mm in length and 0.01 mm in width: gonotheca, usually one only, borne at the base of the stem below the first pair of hydrothecae; subspherical to elongate obovate in shape, with smooth walls; 1.50 to 1.75 mm in length, about 1.0 mm in greatest width; terminal aperture operculate, 0.43 to 0.50 mm in diameter; surrounded by a collar, 0.01 to 0.03 mm in depth; collar frequently with small internal teeth on lower rim. Locality. Type locality, Gulf of St. Vincent, South Australia: Russell, Bay of Islands (R. Kulka), 21/8/50, 628; Leigh, North Auckland, drift (P.M.R.) 11/2/53, 347; Cheltenham Beach, Auckland, drift (P.M.R.) 10/2/53, 350; Great Barrier Island (R. Kulka) –/11/50, 630; Paraparaumu Beach, drift, W. Coast N. Island (P.M.R.) 5/1/52, 272; Island Bay, Cook Strait on Ecklonia holdfast (H. Clark) 1/8/57, 643; Mouth of Clarence River, drift (P.M.R.), 13/11/51, 213; Taylor's Mistake (C. Trevarthen) 16/12/50, 629; Lyttelton Harbour, Canterbury Museum Slide No. 25; Menzies Bay, Banks Peninsula, G. Knox, 9/5/51, 717; Reef, Porto-bello Marine Biological Station (E. J. Batham) 26/3/51, 178; Channel between Quarantine Island and Portobello M.B.S. (P.M.R.) 13/11/51, 259; Dunedin, Canterbury Museum Slide, No. 24 (as S. pumila); Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island, drift (Mrs. Willa) 10/9/56, 502, Port Hutt, Chatham Islands, Station 50, 3 to 4 fathoms, “Chatham Expedition 1954”, Chatham Expedition Slide No. 10, Island Bay, St Clair, and Bluff (Trebilcock, 1928). Distribution. Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; Lord Howe Island; Ker-madec Islands; Suez, South Africa; Falkland Islands, Chile. This is the smallest common species of Amphisbetia round our shores. The present material is from a wide range of New Zealand latitudes. In general North Island material is more variable in stem height, and in hydrothecal size than South Island material. Nematothecae were present almost without exception on the proximal internode (Fig. 8, b), at the base of the stem, but they may also be found on internodes higher up the stem. Gonothecae were found on stems from August to March, and the majority had very small teeth inside the bottom rim of the collar, but specimens from Dunedin Harbour were without these teeth. The majority of specimens possess hydrorhizae thickened internally throughout with perisarc pegs, but a few hydrorhizae had irregularly scattered pegs and others again were without perisarc pegs. Colonies without intrahydrorhizal pegs, however, are in the minority. No constant relationship to environmental conditions could be found to account for the variability of size, lack of teeth on the gonothecal collar, or variation in hydrorhizal peg-like thickenings. Ritchie (1911) considers that the presence of intrahydrorhizal pegs is due to wave action. Amphisbetia operculata. (Linnaeus, 1758). Fig. 8, i-k. 1852. Sertularia operculata. Linnaeus. Busk, p. 387. 1890. Sertularia operculata. Linnaeus. Marktanner-Turneretscher, p. 231. 1896. Sertularia operculata. Linnaeus. Farquhar, p. 462 (synonymy). 1923. Amphisbetia operculata. (Linnaeus). Stechow, p. 200. 1924. Sertularia operculata. Linnaeus. Bale, p. 246 (synonymy). 1942. Sertularia operculata. Linnaeus. Blackburn, p. 113. 1957 .Amphisbetia operculata. (Linnaeus). Millard, p. 221. Erect stems up to 25.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, dichotomously branched with little or no distinction between the dichotomies (Fig. 8, d and k); nodes transverse and prominent in all regions, internodes 0.43 to 0.75 mm in length, and 0.09 to 0.21 mm in width measured at the node; each internode with one pair of opposite hydrothecae about the middle; hydrothecae

Text-Fig. 8—a-h, Amphisbetia minima (Thompson) a, erect stem; b, distal four pairs of stem hydrothecae; c, proximal four pairs of stem hydrothecae and a portion of the hydrorhiza showing internal chitinous pegs; d-f, hydrothecae to show variation in shape, size, margin, etc., g, gonotheca, h, aperture of gonotheca to show internal teeth round the inner edge of the neck, i-k, Amphisbetia operculata (Linnaeus) i, portion of dichotomously branched stem (after Allman (1888), pl. XXX, fig. 1) j, a pair of hydrothecae from a specimen from Griffiths Point, Victoria, Australia, k, portion of a dichotomy to show internodes and gonotheca of specimen from Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia.

tubular, opposite on all parts of the erect stem, 0.25 to 0.28 mm in length measured base to margin; and 0.093 to 0.14 mm in width at the margin; members of a pair of hydrothecae lateral in position on the stem not in contact front or back; all or nearly all the adcauline length attached and immersed in the stem; margin with two sharply pointed lateral teeth, the outer the larger, and frequently incurved, approximately 0.15 mm in length; aperture facing upwards and closed by two opercular components: gonotheca obovate, with smooth or slightly undulated walls; large, 1.25 to 1.70 mm in length and 0.50 to 0.75 mm in diameter, aperture terminal, more or less circular, 0.20 to 0.37 mm in diameter; operculate, and surrounded by a collar 0.03 to 0.06 mm in depth. Locality. Type locality not specified; New Zealand (Jaderholm, 1917); Port Chalmers, Otago (Jaderholm, 1926); Auckland Islands (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890). Distribution. Essentially cosmopolitan. There is no specimen in the present collection of this well-known species, and the above description was made from micro-slides of Australian material kindly loaned me by the National Museum, Melbourne. The only New Zealand mainland locality on record for this species is Port Chalmers, Otago (Jaderholm, 1926). Marktanner-Turneretscher's record of the species is from Auckland Islands, approximately 280 miles to the south, one of the outlying New Zealand Subantarctic Islands. Amphisbetia bispinosa and Amphisbetia fasciculata have in the past been misidentified as Amphisbetia operculata. As known at present in New Zealand, however, both of the former species can be separated from A. operculata. The hydrothecae of A. bispinosa have a greater length of the adcauline wall free from the erect stem than those of A. operculata, and this free region of the former species is incurved (Fig. 10, b and c) so that it is concave, not straight in outline. The greater length and concave shape of the free adcauline wall distinguishes all the New Zealand material recognized here as A. bispinosa from A. operculata. Further, the distal end of the gonotheca of A. bispinosa is more truncate and usually carries two well-developed spines. This distinction between the gonothecae of the two species is, however, less reliable for separating the species than the distinction between the hydrothecae as the gonothecae of A. bispinosa may lack spines. Examination of Australian material of A. operculata from Griffiths Point, Victoria, showed gonothecae with thick, undulated walls very like those of some specimens of A. bispinosa in which the spines were absent. A. operculata and A. fasciculata are not as readily distinguished as are A. operculata and A. bispinosa. The growth habit of the fully grown erect stem, is the character that identifies A. operculata from A. fasciculata. A. fasciculata as at present known in New Zealand shows a very well developed main stem giving rise firstly to primary branches and these in turn to smaller secondary branches (Fig. 9, c). The internodes of the main stem and primary branches range in size from 1.25 to 3.0 mm in length and possess a single pair of hydrothecae and/or branch at the distal end (Fig. 9, d). The readily recognizable separation of the erect stem into a main stem and branch system in A. fasciculata is not shown either by any of the Australian specimens of A. operculata examined or other described material of the latter species. The hydrothecae on some North Island specimens of A. fasciculata have a somewhat greater length of the adcauline wall free (up to half its total length; Fig. 9, b) than in A. operculata, but this is not a constant distinction, and much South Island material, particularly that from Portobello, Otago Harbour, has the hydrotheca attached almost to the margin as in the Australian specimens examined of A. operculata The gonothecae of A. fasciculata and A. operculata have similar characters. It is possible that both Jaderholm and Marktanner-Turneretscher misidentified their material from southern New Zealand and that their material was similar to that recognized here as A. fasciculata Kirchenpauer, not A. operculata. Jaderholm's

Text-Fig. 9.—a-e, Amphisbetia fasciculata (Kirchenpauer). a, a portion of main stem and branch; b, a pair of hydrothecae; c and d, portions of erect stem to show mode of branching; e, gonotheca of “Sertularia ramulosa” Coughtrey, now recognized as A. fasciculata.

material came from Otago Harbour, a locality from which large 1.⅓ metre colonies of A. fasciculata are well known. Amphisbetia fasciculata (Kirchenpauer, 1864). Fig. 9, a-e. 1864. Dynamena fasciculata Kirchenpauer, p. 12, Fig. 7. 1875. Sertularia ramulosa Coughtrey, p. 283. 1879. ? Sertularia operculata Linnaeus. Thompson, p. 106 (in part). 1896. Sertularia ramulosa Coughtrey. Farquhar, p. 462 1923. Amphisbetia ramulosa (Coughtrey). Stechow, p. 200 1924. Sertularia fasciculata (Kirchenpauer). Bale, p. 246. (Synonymy.) Erect stems up to 1⅓ metres in height, monosiphonic; a recognizable main stem and branch system; nodes on stem and branches transverse and easily observed; internodes of main stem and primary branches conspicuous, 0.14 to 0 40 mm in width, and 1.25 to 3.0 mm in length; most long internodes carry a single pair of hydrothecae at the distal end, and from below these arise the lateral primary branches which divide extensively and dichotomously (Fig. 9, c), the basal pair of hydrothecae of a dichotomy are frequently displaced to become sub-opposite in position; internodes of smaller branches about 0.12 mm in width at the node and 0.68 to 0.80 mm in length; hydrothecae tubular, frequently attached to the stem for almost all their adcauline length, but may be attached for only half the adcauline length; 0.29 to 0.35 mm in length, measured from the base to the margin, and 0.12 to 0.17 mm in width at the margin; margin with two abcauline teeth of almost equal size; hydrothecae not in contact on either the front or the back of the stem or branches: gonotheca obovate, smooth, large, 1.0–1.25 mm in length, 0.62–0.75 mm in width; aperture terminal, more or less circular, 0.27–0.37 mm in diameter; operculate, and surrounded by a very low collar about 0.01–0.03 mm in depth; inner border of collar with small teeth. Locality. Type locality, Sydney, N.S.W. (first cited location); South Island, New Zealand (Kirchenpauer, 1864); Manakau Heads (H. J. Chapman) –/–/–, 637; Paraparaumu beach, drift (P.M.R.), 22/10/50, 662; Tolaga Bay, drift (P. M.R) 20/11/50, 10; “Alert” Station 54–22, Otago, Canyon A, 300 fathoms (E. J. Batham) 4/7/54, 513; Portobello Reef, drift (Hurndell) –/–/50, 67; Oreti Beach, Invercargill (drift) (G. Knox), 20/5/53, 413; Dunedin, Canterbury Museum Slide, No. 27 (as S. ramulosa); Lyttelton Harbour, Cant. Mus. Slide, No. 26 (as S. ramulosa). Known only from New Zealand. This species grows to the greatest height of any New Zealand thecate hydroid; long loose trailing drift masses with stems up to 1 1/3 metres in length have been taken from Otago Harbour in the area of the Portobello Marine Biological Station. In general appearance A. fasciculata is not unlike the well-known Northern Hemisphere Sertularia cupressina which is dyed and used commercially for decorative purposes. The greater length of the main stem internodes of A. fasciculata, however make it unacceptable for commercial use. The relationship of A. fasciculata to A. operculata and A. bispinosa, other closely allied species, is discussed under A. operculata. Most of the present specimens of A. fasciculata are from the Otago area. Amphisbetia bispinosa (Gray, 1843) Fig. 10, a-e. 1843. Dynamena bispinosa Gray, p. 294. 1884. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Bale, p. 68, Pl. VI, fig. 2, Pl. XIX, figs. 4, 5. 1885. Sertularia unilateralis Allman, p. 139. 1896. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Farquhar, p. 462. 1923. Amphisbetia bispinosa (Gray). Stechow, p. 199. 1924. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Bale, p. 248 (synonymy). —– Sertularia unilateralis Allman Bale, p. 248. 1928. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Trebilcock, p. 22. 1942. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Blackburn, p. 113. 1946. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Vervoort, p. 319. Erect stems up to 12.0 cm in height; monosiphonic, dichotomously branched with no distinction into main stem and branches, but bifurcations of the dichotomy are sometimes of unequal length and thickness; nodes transverse and readily recognizable in all regions; internodes 0.50–0.80 mm in length and 0.10–0.15 mm in width measured at the node; one pair of opposite hydrothecae per internode; hydrothecae tubular, strictly opposite in all regions, 0.25–0.35 mm in length, measured from base to margin and 0.10–0.20 mm in width at margin;

Text-Fig. 10.—a-e, Amphisbetia bispinosa (Gray). a, a portion of erect stem to show arrangement of nodes and internodes; b, portion of a dichotomy; c, a single internode and a pair of hydrothecae; d and e, gonothecae, to show the range in the length of the two distal spines; f, Amphisbetia trispinosa var. inarmata (Trebilcock)—gonotheca (after Trebilcock, 1928, pl. V, fig. 4); g and h, Amphisbetia trispinosa var. trispinosa (Coughtrey). g, gonotheca; h, a single internode with a pair of hydrothecae.

two-thirds of the adcauline side attached to stem; free adcauline portion abruptly contracted below the margin so that the free portion is concave, not straight in outline; margin with two prominent sharply pointed abcauline teeth of unequal size, the tooth nearer the stem being the smaller; average length of teeth 0.20 mm, aperture facing upwards; members of a pair of hydrothecae not in contact at front or back, lateral in position on stem; hydranths with about 16 tentacles and an abcauline caecum: gonotheca arising from the internode below a hydrotheca; somewhat compressed laterally, the narrower sides usually terminating in two spines, but these may be lacking; length excluding spines 1.50–2.0 mm and 0.80–1.0 mm in greatest width measured at the truncated distal end between the base of the spines; spines 0.05–0.10 mm in length; walls smooth or somewhat undulated; terminal aperture more or less circular, 0.30–0.80 mm in diameter; mouth operculate, and surrounded by a narrow collar approximately 0.03 mm in depth, the inner border of the collar usually with well developed but small teeth. Locality. Type locality, “New Zealand” (Gray, 1843); Manakau Harbour (R. Kulka), –/9/50, 655; Raukokore (Bay of Plenty) (L. B. Moore) –/–/–, 124; Tolaga Bay, drift (P.M.R.) 20/11/50, 9; Clifton Beach, Hastings, drift (B. Carrodus) 15/1/52, 275; Waimarama Beach, drift (L. B. Moore) –/3/42, 122; hull of “Paritutu”, New Plymouth Harbour dredge (J. H. Sorensen) 5/5/54, 435a; Wellington, Canterbury Museum Slide No. 28; Menzies Bay, (G. Knox) 9/5/51, 230; Taylor's Mistake (G. Knox) –/–/–, 228; Taylor's Mistake (Bale, 1924) Canterbury Slide No. 29; Causeway, Heathcote (G. Knox) 2/4/49, 236; Little Papanui, Otago (E. J. Batham) 14/5/53, 398; Foveaux Strait oyster beds (J. C. Yaldwyn) 3/10/51, 204; West Coast, N.Z. (Vervoort, 1946) Woodpecker Bay, west coast South Island (G. Knox) 3/1/52, 391; Timaru beach, drift (E. W. Bennett) 12/6/27, 47. Distribution. New Zealand; Australia; Lord Howe Island; Indian Ocean; east coast of South America. Amphisbetia bispinosa (previously Sertularia bispinosa) is a very common species found all round our coasts, and frequently attached to mussel shells. As noted above, the general habit of A. bispinosa is similar to A. operculata and the species are identified by differences in the adcauline wall of the hydrotheca and the gonotheca. After examination of Allman's “Sertularia” unilateralis, Bale (1924, p. 248) recognized this species as distinct from A. bispinosa. Bale found that the forks of the dichotomy in “S” unilateralis were unequal in length and breadth, while those in his specimens of “S.” bispinosa were approximately equal. Nevertheless, he thought that “S” unilateralis might be found to be a variety of S. bispinosa. The present material ranging from Tolaga Bay in the North Island to Stewart Island, approximately 600 miles to the south, indicates that “S.” unilateralis is a synonym of A bispinosa. In the majority of specimens the forks of the dichotomy are of equal length and thickness but there are some in which the length and thickness varies very slightly, and again others, in which one fork of the dichotomy is almost twice the thickness of the other and a little longer. Specimens from only two localities, however, out of the 14 examined—viz., Tolaga Bay and Paraparaumu Beach, possessed stems in which there was a clear distinction into a large and small fork (Fig. 10, b) but these stems showed clearly the hydrothecal and gonothecal characters of A. bispinosa. It seems reasonable to conclude from the present material that “S.” unilateralis is a synonym of A. bispinosa. The latter species shows greater variety in its erect stem habit than was previously recognized. The erect stems of some colonies possess very thick perisarc, and there is some evidence that the degree of thickness in A. bispinosa is relative to the amount of exposure to wave action, as thick perisarc seems to occur in localities where wave action is known to be vigorous. The length of the spines on the gonothecae is very variable, ranging from absence of both spines, to small knobs, to long spines, approximately 0.30 mm in length. No erect stems have been observed in which all the gonothecae are without spines.

Amphisbetia episcopus (Allman, 1876). Fig. 11, a-c. 1872. Sertularia fusiformis Hutton, p. 257. 1876. Sertularia longicostata Coughtrey, p. 300. 1876a. Sertularella episcopus Allman, p. 263, Pl. XIII, figs. 5–7. 1923. Amphisbetia episcopus (Allman). Stechow, p. 199. 1924. Sertularia episcopus (Allman). Bale, p. 245 (synonymy). Erect stems up to 2.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, simple, not branched; nodes distinct and oblique; internode about 0.50 mm in length and about 0.20 mm in width bearing a single hydrotheca at the extreme distal end (Fig. 11, a), hydrothecae alternate, fixed and free adcauline side forming one convex curve; abcauline side slightly convex; large, 0.55 mm to 0.85 mm in length, and 0.30 to 0.40 mm in greatest width; approximately one third to one half of the adcauline side attached, free portion turned outwards from the stem at an angle of about 50° margin with two very large bluntly rounded teeth of unequal length, the tooth nearer the stem being the smaller; teeth rising about 0.25 mm above the hydrothecal aperture; border of the teeth and margin of hydrotheca substantially thickened (Fig. 11, b); the adcauline component of the operculum arises from a well defined submarginal thickening in the region of the adcauline sinus; the abcauline component of the operculum is larger than the adcauline and covers more than half the mouth opening; hydranth unknown: gonotheca three-sided, arising from the proximal region of the internode, and usually at the base of the stem; large, approximately 1.60 mm in length, elongate, narrowest at the distal end and about 0.60 mm in greatest width, which is approximately the middle of the gonotheca; aperture subterminal, approximately 0.10 mm in diameter, and situated between two very short, thick prongs which are about 0.093 mm × 0.18 mm. Locality. Type locality, Lyall Bay, Cook Strait (Hutton, 1873): 90 fathoms, Palliser Bay (J. H. Sorensen) 13/7/51, 167; on crayfish appendage, Palliser Bay (R. Zander), 6/9/56, 492; Makara Beach on holdfast of Ecklonia (V. Cassie), 25/8/52, 303; Wellington, as Sertularia longicostata (Coughtrey, 1876) Canterbury Museum Slide No. 23; Kaikoura Coast, drift (P. M. R.) –/11/51, 299. Distribution. New Zealand, South-West Chile, Straits of Magellan. Because of the alternate arrangement of the hydrothecae, this species has sometimes in the past been assigned to the genus Sertularella, but as Bale (1924) points out, this character is inadequate on its own for assigning species to Sertularella, and he regards it as a species of Sertularia because it possesses two large lateral teeth, and other features recognized as characteristic of Sertularia. As noted above, it is now regarded as a species of Amphisbetia. At present A. episcopus is the only species of the genus in New Zealand in which the hydrothecae alternate on the stem. The well developed sub-marginal thickening of the adcauline sinus from which the adcauline component of the operculum arises may have been the structure that Ridley (1881) described as a marginal tooth in the adcauline sinus. Ridley also describes a tooth in the abcauline sinus and considers the species quadridentate. Later writers have been unable to find these teeth in the sinuses, and they are absent in the present specimens. Only fragments of coenosarc remain in the gonothecae of the present specimens. A. episcopus is not a well known sertularian, and in New Zealand has a short distribution range of approximately 100 miles, from the inter-island Cook Strait region southward to Kaikoura. Amphisbetia trispinosa (Coughtrey, 1875) var. trispinosa. Fig. 10, g-h. 1875. Sertularia trispinosa Coughtrey, p. 284. Pl. XX, figs. 14–16. 1896. Sertularia trispinosa Coughtrey. Farquhar, p. 462 (synonymy). 1923. Amphisbetia trispinosa (Coughtrey). Stechow, p. 200. 1924. Sertularia trispinosa Coughtrey. Bale, p. 248 (synonymy). Erect stems up to 6.0 cm in height, monosiphonic, dichotomously branched with little or no distinction between stem and branches, the bifurcations of the dichotomy, however, sometimes of unequal length; nodes straight and prominent in all regions; internodes 0.45 to 0.50 mm in length and about 0.10 mm in width, and with one pair of opposite hydrothecae about half way along the measured; hydrothecae more or less tubular, opposite in all regions; 0.25–0.35 mm in length, measured from base to margin and 0.10–0.20 mm in width at margin; members of a pair lateral in position and not in contact either in front or at the back;

about 7/8 of the adcauline side of the hydrotheca attached to the stem and immersed in it; free adcauline region abruptly contracted below the margin; margin with two prominent, sharply pointed abcauline teeth and a much smaller median tooth in the adcauline sinus; largest tooth 0.09 to 0.14 mm in length; hydrothecal aperture facing upwards and outwards; hydranth with about 12 tentacles and an abcauline caecum, gonotheca arising from below a hydrotheca, laterally compressed, with the narrow sides produced into 2 spines up to 0.50 mm in length; distal end truncate, gonothecae large, from 1.15 to 1.19 mm in length, and about 1.0 mm in width; walls smooth to slightly undulated, aperture terminal more or less circular, about 0.40 mm in diameter, operculate and surrounded by a collar about 0.03 mm in depth, inner border of collar usually with clearly defined small teeth. Locality. Type locality, not stated by Coughtrey (1875); New Zealand, Jaderholm (1917), Clarence River beach, drift (P.M.R.) 13/11/51, 214; North-East Heads, Lyttelton Harbour, 23 fathoms (D. H. Graham) 30/4/30 (37); Lyttelton Harbour (Canterbury Museum Slide No. 48); Timaru Beach, drift (E. W. Bennett) 12/6/27 (48), Timaru (Canterbury Museum Slide No. 31); Oreti Beach, drift (G. Knox) 20/5/53, 414; Little Papanui, Otago, on stalk of Pyura pachydermatina (E. J. Batham) 3/8/53, 422; Dunedin (R. Kulka) —/12/50, 667; Reef, Portobello Marine Biol. Stn. (E. J. Batham) 26/3/51, 184; north Ruapati Island, Foveaux Strait, 12 fathoms (G. Knox) —/5/53, 407; intertidal, Stn. 26, Waitangi, on stalks of Pyura spp. (Chatham Expedition, 1954) 30/1/54, Chath. Exped. Slide No. 12. Distribution. New Zealand, South Australia, Straits of Magellan. This species is similar in general habit to A. bispinosa A. trispinosa var. trispinosa is at present known only from South Island waters. Amphisbetia trispinosa var. inarmata (Trebilcock, 1928). Fig. 10, f. Erect stem as above for A. trispinosa var. trispinosa but the gonotheca lacks the two distal spines. Locality. Type locality, Island Bay, Cook Strait (Trebilcock, 1928); and known only from New Zealand. There are no specimens of A. trispinosa var. inarmata in the present collection. Some material of A. trispinosa var. trispinosa however, does show colonies in which the erect stems have a few gonothecae without spines, but there is no material in which all the gonothecae lack spines as described for the variety inarmata. Sertularia Linnaeus, 1758 Erect stems branched or simple, monosiphonic, hydrothecae either in opposite, or subopposite pairs or alternate, margin usually with two abcauline teeth between each of which there is a distinct sinus, occasionally a small median tooth divides the adcauline sinus; operculum with an adcauline and abcauline component, of which the latter is moveable; hydranth with an abcauline caecum. Only three of the species previously recorded from New Zealand as Sertularia appear to have an operculum characteristic of this genus in which the abcauline component is a moveable unit. The New Zealand species with this feature are S. tenuis Bale, 1884; S. marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) and S. unguiculata Busk, 1852. Key to the species of Sertularia In New Zealand 1 (4) Stem internodes more or less equal in length throughout and when branched with a branch and a pair of hydrothecae above the branch and one in the axil. 2 (3) Hydrothecae elongate, narrowly tubular (Fig. 11, b) a half or more of the adcauline side free; those on the branch and upper part of the stem in contact in front, separate at the back; two small marginal teeth of approximately equal size S. tenuis Bale, 1884 (= S. divergens Busk, in part). 3 (2) Hydrothecae broadly tubular; free portion of adcauline side approximately half the total length and bends sharply away from the stem in a convex curve, an inwardly directed thickening of perisarc in the curve of the abcauline wall (Fig. 12, c); of the two lateral marginal teeth the tooth nearer the stem is the smaller; an inconspicuous median adcauline tooth present S. marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864).

4 (1) Stem internodes of variable length; first in the proximal stem region, long internodes with two branches and the hydrothecae so arranged that there are on one side of the stem two hydrothecae above, and one below the branch and on the other, three hydrothecae all above the branch (Fig. 13, a); secondly, short internodes with a branch and three hydrothecae, one in the axil of the branch and a subopposite pair above; hydrothecae broadly tubular, no internal inwardly directed perisarc thickening on the abcauline side, outer tooth usually the larger (Fig. 13, c) Sertularia unguiculata Busk, 1852. Text-fig. 11.—a-c, Amphisbetia episcopus (Allman). a, erect stem and gonotheca; b, hydrotheca; c, distal end of gonotheca. d-g, Sertularia tenuis Bale. d, portion of erect stem; e, portion of branch; f, pair of hydrothecae; g, gonotheca (d, f and g, from Australian material).

Sertularia tenuis Bale, 1884. Fig. 11, d-g. 1884. Sertularia tenuis Bale, p. 82, Pl. V, figs. 4 and 5, Pl. XIX, fig. 16. 1852. Sertularia divergent Busk, p. 392 (non Sertularia divergent (Lamouroux, 1816) p. 180, pl. 5, fig. 2, a, B. 1884. Sertularia divergens Busk. Bale, p. 81, Pl. V, fig. 3; Pl. XIX, Fig. 16. 1913. Sertularia tenuis Bale. Bale, p. 129. 1928. Sertularia divergent Busk. Trebilcock, p. 23. 1942. Sertularia tenuis Bale. Blackburn, p. 114. Erect stems slender, simple or branched, up to 2.5 cm in height, monosiphonic, branches up to 4.0 mm in length; branches alternate and an oblique node between the stem apophysis and base of the branch; stem and branch nodes distinct and oblique; stem internodes 0.87 to 0.89 mm in length and 0.06 to 0.12 mm in width (measured at the node) and bearing either a single pair of hydrothecae, or a branch with a pair of subopposite hydrothecae above it and one in the axil; each branch internode carrying one pair of hydrothecae; branch internodes 0.50 to 0.56 mm in length and 0.06 to 0.07 mm in width measured at the node; hydrothecae narrowly tubular, a half or less than half the adcauline wall attached to the stem, free portion diverging widely from stem; hydrothecae 0.30 to 0.37 mm in length measured from base to margin and 0.04 to 0.06 mm in width at the margin; hydrothecae subopposite on main stem in region of branches, opposite elsewhere, and in opposite pairs on the branches; opposite pairs in contact in front, separate behind; margin with two small lateral teeth, the outer usually the larger and about 0.03 mm in length; operculum with two components: gonotheca arising from near the base of the main stem; obovate in general outline, 1.50 to 1.6 mm in length and about 0.80 mm in greatest width; walls smooth; aperture terminal, operculate, more or less circular, 0.37 to 0.43 mm in diameter surrounded by a low collar 0.03 mm in depth; inner margin of collar with small teeth. Locality. Type locality Williamstown, Victoria, Australia; Stewart Island, on oyster shell (Trebilcock (1928) as S. divergens); between South East and Pitt Island, Station 37, 30 fathoms (Chatham Expedition, 1954), 2/2/54, Chatham Expedition Slide No. 14. Distribution. Essentially cosmopolitan. Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864). Fig. 12, a-g. 1864. Dynamena marginata Kirchenpauer, p. 13, fig. 8. 1885. Sertularia amplectens Allman, p. 141, pl. XVI, figs. 3–4. 1899. Desmoscyphus inflatus Versluys, p. 42, figs. 11–13. 1923. Amphisbetia marginata (Kirchenpauer). Stechow, p. 200, 201. 1913. Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer). Bale, p. 125, Pl. XII, fig. 9 (synonymy). 1930. Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer). Totton, p. 204. fig. 486. (Not Sertularia marginata Allman now S. striata, see Totton, p. 206). (Synonymy.) 1942. Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer). Blackburn, p. 114. 1957. Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer). Millard, p. 224, fig. 13. Hydrorhiza reticulate, sometimes with peg-like internal thickenings or perisarc; erect stems up to 2.5 cm in height, monosiphonic, either without branches or pinnately branched, and these have secondary branches; when branched, branches alternate up to 8.0 mm in length; usually basal region of main stem up to 3.0 mm in length, without hydrothecae (Fig. 12, a) and with one or two transverse nodes and a distal oblique hinge joint; one to four pairs of opposite hydrothecae between hinge joint and first branch; this arrangement of hydrochecae and branches at the base of the stem is very variable and there may be a branch immediately above joint and no hydrothecae; nodes on stem and branches distinct, oblique, dividing these structures into regular intervals; each internode of stem bears a branch, with an axillary hydrotheca and two alternate or sub-opposite hydrothecae above but occasionally variations of this arrangement occur, in which either the internode lacks a branch and has a pair of hydrothecae, or has a branch and is without hydrothecae; hydrothecae in opposite pairs in non-branched regions of stem—i.e., at the proximal end, between the hydrorhiza and the first branch, and on the branches; branches borne on an apophysis of the stem and there is a transverse node between the stem apophysis and the branch; first internode of branch athecate, other internodes of branch with a pair of opposite hydrothecae, hydrothecae restricted to the front of the stem, the members of a pair usually but not always touching when opposite; in simple stems the hydrothecae are frequently not contiguous, hydrothecae short narrow at the base broad in the central region and narrowing again towards the mouth, attached for half or more than half the adcauline side; aperture facing outwards and slightly upwards; a distinct intra-thecal thickening extending horizontally inwards across the theca and originating about the middle of the

Text-fig. 12.—a-g, Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer). a, proximal region of a stem from St. Heliers Bay, Auckland; b, nodes and internodes of stem and branches; c, hydrothecae; d, gonotheca; e, basal region of an unbranched stem; f, type of basal region of most frequent occurrence in branched stems; g, non-branched erect stem. h, Sertularia “amplectens” Allman; basal region of stem of specimen from Murray Id., Torres Strait 1, Sertularia “inflata” (Versluys), basal region of stem of specimen from the Sargasso Sea. (S. “amplectens” and S. “inflata” recognized here as synonyms of S. marginata).

abcaulme wall; margin with two prominent lateral teeth and a very low tooth in the middle of the adcauline sinus; operculum of two components, the adcauline the smaller, and divided by a median line; hydranth with about 20 tentacles and a readily distinguished abcauline caecum: female gonotheca oblong, slightly compressed with from six to nine protruding transverse ridges upturned at the free edge; distal end produced upwards into two incurved spine-like structures; aperture narrow, slit-like; length of gonotheca approximately 1.60 mm, width excluding annulations, 0.75 mm, width including annulations 0.85 mm; width at distal end between spines 0.40 mm; length of spines approximately 0.20 mm. Locality. Type locality, Pacific Ocean; off North Cape 11–20 fathoms (Totton, 1930); Long Beach, Russell, intertidal pool on algae (P.M.R.) 27/11/50, 27, St. Heliers, Auckland (R. Kulka), –/–/–, 634. Distribution. Australia, New Zealand, East Africa, West Africa, Cape Verde Islands, ? Azores, Mediterranean, West Indies, Brazil,? Carolina, South Africa. Through the courtesy of the National Museum, Melbourne, Australia, I have been able to examine some of Bale's microslides of S. marginata from the Port Phillip area. The characters of Bale's specimens and those of the present collection differ but slightly from those described recently by Millard (1957) from South Africa. The New Zealand material is more nearly comparable in size, stem, and hydrothecal structure, however, to the Australian material than to the South African. Branched stems from South Africa may show secondary branching. This feature is not found in either the Australian or New Zealand material so far cxamined. As elsewhere, simple non-branched stems and branched stems are found in New Zealand material. In the present collection, however, simple stems are shorter only up to 6.0 mm in length, than in some other waters (e.g., up to 3.0 cm in South Africa (Millard, 1957)). Simple stems possessing the characters of S. marginata are not now regarded as separate species from those with branched stems (Millard, 1957). Short non-branched stems (6.0 mm in length) and taller branched stems are found in the present collection from the same locality— viz., Russell, Bay of Islands. All the shorter stems appear to have been in active growth and juvenile. Sertularia amplectens Allman 1885 (Fig. 11, h) is recognized by Bale (1913), and others as a synonym of Sertularia marginata. Totton (1930) doubts the synonymy of the two species, as S. amplectens is smaller in size, often less than 1.0 cm in height, with the proximal region of the stem (before branching commences) very short, 0.45 to 0.7 mm in length, and this proximal region is usually without hydrothecae. Length of stem is often an unreliable character for separation of species and some of the shorter branched stems 6.0 mm to 9.0 mm in the present collection recognised here as S. marginata have a short, approximately 1.25 mm athecate proximal region before the first branch is given off (Fig. 12. a). The nature of the proximal stem region is very variable in all the present and Australian specimens of S. marginata Before the first branch is given off, the proximal region may either be completely without hydrothecae or have a short basal region without hydrothecae. (0.75 to 1.25 mm in length), and then from one to five pairs of hydrothecae. This latter condition is the one most frequently observed. From the evidence of the present material, Australian specimens, the South African material described by Millard (1957) and from a specimen of S. amplectens kindly shown me by Dr. W. J. Rees of the British Museum (Natural History), this latter species is a synonym of S. marginata. Sertularia inflata (Versluys, 1899) (Fig. 12, 1) seems also to be a synonym of S. marginata. The characters of the branched portion of the stem and those of the hydrothecae are as described for S. marginata, and the distinction between the two species again rests on the character of the proximal stem region below the first branch. This region in S. inflata is longer, up to 4.0 mm, than in S. amplectens, and also without hydrothecae. The variability of this region of

the stem in New Zealand, Australian and South African material is described above, and because of this wide variation S. inflata is recognized here as a synonym of S. marginata. Sertularia unguiculata Busk 1852. Fig. 13, a-d. 1852. Sertularia unguiculata Busk. p. 394. 1896. Sertularia unguiculata Busk. Farquhar. p. 163. 1923. Amphisbetia unguiculata (Busk.). Stechow. p. 200. 1924. Sertularia unguiculata Busk. Bale. p. 248. 1930. Sertularia unguiculata Busk. Totton. p. 203. fig. 18a (synonymy). 1942. Sertularia unguiculata Busk. Blackburn. p. 113. 1950. Sertularia unguiculata Busk. Hodgson. p. 26. fig. 45. 16. Erect stems up to 5.0 cm in height. Monosiphonic. pinnately branched, branches altenate up to 8.0 mm in length: proximal stem without hydrothecae or branches for up to 2.30 mm in length, then above this region up to three subopposite pairs of hydrothecae before branching commences; nodes on stem and branches distinct: main stein internodes of two lengths, long internodes bearing on one side a branch with two subopposite hydrothecae above it and one below it and on the other side a pinna with three hydrothecae in a longitudinal row above it; long internodes 1.12 mm to 1.25 mm in length and 0.21 to 0.50 mm in width measured at the node; short internodes bearing a branch with a hydrothecae in the axil and two subopposite hydrothecae above; short internodes 0.56 to 0.58 mm in length and 0.14 to 0.19 mm in width measured at the node; short internodes most frequently found in the distal third of the stem: branches with pas of opposite hydrothecae: nodes transverse and more or less distinct; proximal internodes of branch often bear several paus of hydrothecae. while those in the distal region usually have a single pa of hydrothecae per internode: internodes 0.43 to 0.87 mm in length and about 0.25 mm in width measured at the base of the hydrothecae; hydrothecae tubular but with slight constriction immediately below the margin; about half, or less than half of the adcauline side attached to the stem and branches: abcauline length 0.25 to 0.31 mm adcauline length free from stem or branch about 0.13 mm; adcauline length fused to stem or branch 0.25 to 0.27 mm; greatest width 0.13 to 0.15 mm: diameter at margin about 0.093 pairs of hydrothecae contiguous from 0.12 to 0.19 mm of their adcauline length: aperture facing slightly upwards and forwards: margin with two large teeth, the outer usually the larger and recurved: gonotheca, asing from the main stem; obovate, large. 1.3 to 1.45 mm in length and about 1.0 mm in greatest diameter: aperture terminal. operculate wide. 0.30 to 0.40 mm in diameter and surrounded by a low collar about 0.04 mm in depth; inner margin of colla with small teeth. Locality. Type locality, Bass Strait, Tasmania; N. Z. (Jadeholm, 1917), off Cape Maria Van Diemen, 35–40 fathoms, and off North Cape, 11–20 fathoms (Totton, 1930): Long Beach, Russell (R. Kulka) 21/8/50, 666; Narrowneck, Auckland (R. Kulka) 6/5/50, 633; Akito, East Coast Wairarapa (L. B. Moore) –/1/42, 127; Opunake Beach, drift (P.M.R.) –/2/53, 310, Cook Strart, Station 55 (V.U.C. Zool. Dept.) 23/2/56, 588; Menzies Bay on Corella (G. Kno) –/5/48, 244, Lyttelton, 1920, Canterbury Mus Slide No. 30; Gladstone Pier, Lyttelton Harbour (G. Knox) 25/6/53, 410; “Alert” Staton 20, West Coast Fiord (W. H. Dawbin) –/–/–, 614; Foveaux Strart, 15–20 fathoms (G. Knox) –/–/52, 308, Petre Bay, Station 31, 20 fathoms (Chatham Expedition, 1954). 31/1/54, Chatham Expedition Slide No. 13. Distribution. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. The erect stem of this species is described as very variable (Bale (1914) and Totton (1930)). Specimens in the present collection, however, ranging from Russell, Bay of Islands, approximately 35° S. latitude, and Foveaux Strart, approxiately 47° S. latitude, show very little variation either in erect stem height or form. The tallest stems are about 5.0 cm and these come from Russell, Bav of Islands. Totton's specimens came from about 80 miles to the north of Russell, and were 7.0 cm in length. All the erect stems in the present collection show long and short stem internodes as described by Hodgson for his Tasmanian material, and they are of similar length and diamet at the node to Hodgson's material. Some stems, however. have much thicker perisarc than others, the range of thickness being from 0.012

Text-fig. 13.—a-d, Sertularia unguiculata Busk. a, portion of stem to show nodes, internodes, and origin of branches; b, basal region of erect stem; c, hydrothecae; d, gonotheca. e, Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis and Solander). f-i, Dctyocladum montferum (Hutton). f, portion of stem and branches; g, portion of branch to show arrangement of hydrothecae; h, hydrotheca; i, gonotheca with eight annulations.

to 0.062 mm. Thick and thin stems occur variously within the latitudinal range. The internodes at the distal tip of the stem frequently have the proximal pair of hydrothecae—i.e., those above the hydrotheca in the axil of the branch, opposite in position not subopposite as in other short, internodes Sertularia unguiculata is one of the commoner New Zealand species of Sertularia. Dynamena Lamouroux 1816 Hydrothecae alternate, opposite or grouped, margin with two teeth and a median adcaulne tooth; operculum with two components, the adcaune component being shaped like a pent-roof; hydranth without an abcauline caecum. Only Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander) is recorded from New Zealand. This essentially cosmopolitan species is not represented in the present collection, and it is not well-known from New Zealand waters, being recorded once only from “a few fragmentary specimens” from Stewart Island by Trebilcock in 1928. The grouping of the pairs of hydrothecae on the internode is distinctive and this suggests that the species has not been overlooked and is rare in our waters. Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander, 1786). Fig. 13, e. 1786. Sertularia quadridentata Ellis & Solander, p. 57, Pl. V, fig. G. 1884. Pasythea quadridentata (Ellis & Solander). Bale, p. 112, pl. VII, fig. 3. 1925. Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander). Billard, p. 194. 1928. Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander). Trebilcock, p. 23. 1942. Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander). Blackburn, p. 113. Erect stems about 1.5 cm in height, monosiphonic, simple without branches, nodes distinct and oblique; internodes regular, hydrothecae in opposite pairs, one, two or three pairs per internode, each pair in contact with the pair above and below on the same internode, and pairs also contiguous at front, separate at the back, hydrothecae attached for about half the adcaue length, divergent at an acute angle from the main stem but the distal pair on the internode not as acutely divergent as the lower pairs, aperture narrow, facing outwards, margin with two teeth and a median tooth in the adcauline sinus, gonotheca, subglobular, with close, transverse annulations throughout, aperture terminal, surrounded by a slight collar (Data from Bale, 1884, p. 112.). The erect stem figured here is from the British Museum (Natural History) hydroid collection. Locality. Type locality, near Ascension Island, on oyster shells, Stewart Island (Trebilcock, 1928). Distribution. Widely distributed in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Dictyocladium Allman, 1888. Hydrothecae with three teeth, of which two are lateral in position and the other median in the adcauline sinus; operculum with three components; axis of stem and branches twisted alternately to right and left between each successive pair of hydrothecae, giving the appearance of four longitudinal rows; gonotheca usually developed from a tubercle on the inner surface of a branch and at its base, wall spirally folded. Dictyocladium moniliferum (Hutton, 1873). Fig. 13, f-i. 1873. Sertularia monilifera Hutton, p. 257. 1876. Thuraria cerastium Allman, p. 271, pi. XVIII, figs. 3,4. 1924. Selaginopsis monilifera (Hutton). Bale, p. 237 (synonymy). 1930. Dictyocladium moniliferum (Hutton). Totton, p. 202, Fig. 47. (Discussion and synonymy.) Erect stem up to 2.0 cm in height, subdichotomously branched, branches up to 1.0 cm in length; tendrils, sometimes bearing hydrothecae, are of frequent occurrence between branches (Fig. 13, f), nodes not distinct, axis of stems and branches twisted alternately to right and left between each successive pair of hydrothecae so that there appears to be four longitudinal rows, hydrothecae more or less tubular, 0.56 to 0.80 mm apart, measured from base to base; attached for about one-third of their adcauline length, free length of adcauline wall from 0.12 to 0.14 mm (excluding multiple margins), fixed adcauline length 0.37 to 0.51 mm; abcauline length 0.35 to 0.50 mm (excluding multiple margins), and 0.50 to 0.60 mm in length including multiple margins, diameter at margin about 0.12 mm; margin frequently multiple; greatest diameter about 0.18 mm; margin with three well-formed teeth, two

abcauline teeth and a median tooth in the adcauline sinus; operculum with three components (often damaged): gonotheca arising from an apophysis on the inner surface of a branch at its base; large, from 2.0 to 2.65 mm in length and 1.12 to 1.45 mm in width; female (?) with 8 prominent spiral folds; male (?) with 17–21 spiral folds; height of folds from 0.093 to 0.187 mm; distal aperture in gonothecae with approximately eight folds carried on a broad dome (Fig. 13, i) which may be almost hidden by the last two folds; aperture on a narrow, slightly flaring tube 0.18 to 0.25 mm in length, 0.22 mm in diameter at the distal end, and 0.18 to 0.21 mm at proximal end, in gonothecae with from 17 to 21 narrow folds (Fig. 13, f.) Locality. Type locality, Willington (Hutton, 1873) Canterbury Museum Slide No. 33; off North Cape 11–20 fathoms “Terra Nova” Station 134, and off Three Kings Island, 100 fathoms, “Terra Nova” Station 90 (Totton, 1930); Whatipu, Auckland (R. Kulka) –/4/50, 663; off Cape Palliser; Cook Strait, Station 55 (V.U.W. Zool. Dept.) 23/2/56, 585; “Alert” Station 20 (W. H. Dawbin) –/–/–, 617; St. Clair, Dunedin, on Carpophyllum (R. Kulka). Species known only from New Zealand. Species of Dictyocladium have their hydrothecae arranged on the erect stem in such a way that they can be readily recognized—viz.: The axis twists between each successive pair of hydrothecae alternately to right and left, so that there appear to be four longitudinal rows. D. moniliferum displays this characteristic arrangement particularly well. Although its latitudinal range is extensive from approximately 33° S. to 50° S. the species is not well known, and it still cannot be said with certainty if the broadly ovate gonothecae with eight widely spaced folds are female, and the narrowly elongate, ovate, gonothecae with from 17 to 20 narrowly spaced folds are male. Erect stems in which the gonothecae have eight folds are now known from the same area (Cape Palliser, present collection) as those with 17 to 21 folds (Palliser Bay, Totton (1930)). This suggests that the differences in the gonothecae are more likely to be related to a difference in sex rather than to a varietal difference. The Genera Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 and Sertularella Gray, 1847 Stechow (1923) proposes to avoid confusion between species of sertularellid hydroids by referring those with three marginal teeth on the hydrotheca to Marktanner-Turneretscher's (1890) genus Symplectoscyphus of which the genotype is Symplectoscyphus australis; and those with four marginal teeth to Gray's (1847) genus Sertularella of which the genotype is Sertularella polyzonias. This certainly does avoid confusion as Stechow intended, and for the present is the scheme adopted here. In the key identification below, species with the following characteristics in addition to the possession of three hydrothecal marginal teeth are recognized as Symplectoscyphus: erect stems either monosiphonic or polysiphonic, simple or branched; tendrils often present between the branches of the erect stem and branches of neighbouring stems; hydrothecae in two series or occasionally spiralled, and occasionally they possess three internal submarginal teeth in the embayments between the marginal teeth: gonothecae varying in shape from subglobular to elongate, pyriform; walls smooth to completely annulated, and when annulated the annulations often with a free frilly border; a tubuliform aperture at the distal end. Species with the following characteristics in addition to the possession of four hydrothecal marginal teeth are recognized as Sertularella: erect stems monosiphonic or polysiphonic, simple or branched; tendrils between branches mostly absent, but if present not numerous; hydrothecae in two series, often with three internal submarginal teeth, two in the lateral embayments on either side of the median adcauline tooth (Fig. 22, c) and one below the outer abcauline tooth; gonothecae

varying considerably in shape, with or without a tubuliform aperture at the distal end; walls with or without annulations, but if annulated without a free, frilly border. Key to the species of Symplectoscyphus And Sertularella In New Zealand It is convenient, in view of the general similarity of some species of Symplectoscyphus with those of Sertularella, to key out the species of these genera together. In order to facilitate identification when only a portion of an immature stem is available for study, the features of the hydrotheca have been selected wherever possible, for the mutually exclusive pairs of characters employed in the key. 1 (56) Hydrothecal margin with teeth. 2 (35) Hydrothecal margin with three teeth. 3 (34) Hydrothecae in two series. (Fig. 14, h.) 4 (9) Hydrothecae fused to the stem and branches for less than half (approximately one-third) their adcauline length (Fig. 14, b). 5 (8) Hydrothecae in both series directed towards one side of the stem and branches (Fig. 14, a and c), so that the two planes in which the hydrothecae lie are approximately at right angles to each other. 6 (7) Hydrothecae arising from the front of the internode; the two planes in which the hydrothecae lie at approximately right angles to each other, in the known New Zealand material (Fig. 14, a and b), but elsewhere, hydrothecae have been observed that are in the same plane (see 8 below); hydrothecae more or less tubular, walls smooth, margin slightly thickened; lateral marginal teeth longer and larger than the median adcauline tooth; abcauline length of the hydrotheca approximately 0.30 mm; stem small, up to 3.2 cm, simple, or irregularly branched (Fig. 14, a) Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928) 7 (6) Hydrothecae not arising from the front of the internode, more lateral in position, but angle between the two series as in S. macrogonus —i.e., approximately at right angles; hydrothecae more or less tubular, walls smooth, marginal teeth well developed and of approximately equal size; three inconspicuous internal submarginal teeth; abcauline length of hydrotheca approximately 0.40 mm; stem small, up to 1.5 cm; branched, branches alternate, arising below almost every stem hydrotheca (Fig. 14, f). Sym. fuscus (Trebilcock, 1928) 8 (5) Hydrothecae in one plane not directed towards one side of the stem and branches (Fig. 14, h); hydrothecae lateral in position on stem and branches; branches regularly present, and not arising below each stem hydrotheca; hydrothecae large, approx. 0.76 mm in length; a characteristic constriction on the proximal region of the free adcauline side of the hydrotheca (Fig. 14, f); marginal teeth small, approximately equal in size Sym constrictus Totton, 1930 Branches not regularly present; hydrothecae small; abcauline length about 0.30 mm Sym. macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928) (See 6 above.)

9 (4) Hydrothecae fused to stem and branch for more than a third of their adcauline length (Fig. 14, h and 15, d). 10 (11) Hydrothecae immersed in the stem and branches for nearly all their adcauline length (Fig. 14, g and h); lateral marginal teeth broadly rounded and rather more conspicuous than the median adcauline tooth; usually a well developed fenestra below each hydrotheca except that in the axil of the branch (Fig. 15, a); tall, mature erect stems, polysiphonic Sym. subarticulatus (Coughtrey, 1875) 11 (10) Hydrothecae fused to the stem and branch for approx. half their adcauline length (Fig. 15, d and i). 12 (13) Hydrothecae very large (Fig. 15, e) with an abcauline length of from 0.80 mm to 0.90 mm; abcauline side concave; free, and fixed portion of adcauline wall forming a smooth convex curve; median adcauline tooth recurved (Fig. 15 e); erect stem, but not branches of tall mature colonies polysiphonic Sym. columnarius (Briggs, 1914) 13 (12) Hydrothecae smaller, with an abcauline length of up to 0.40 mm but frequently less, from 0.20 to 0.30 mm. 14 (15) Hydrothecal walls with from three to four external ridges (Fig. 15, k); internally, three large thin vertical, bracket-like submarginal teeth alternating with the marginal teeth in position Sym. indivisus (Bale, 1882) 15 (14) Hydrothecal walls smooth. 16 (25) Nodes readily recognizable on stem but best seen between each successive branch hydrotheca; nodes marked by an oblique constriction (Fig. 16, m) 17 (24) Abcauline side and free adcauline side of hydrotheca approx. parallel and approx. straight, although the adcauline side may bulge very slightly as it becomes free of the stem or branch (Fig. 16, b); aperture facing upwards rather than outwards; median tooth strongly recurved; internodes of stem and branches may be twisted at the node (Fig. 16, a and d). 18 (21) Hydrothecae small, abcauline length approx. 0.20 mm; stems small, up to 1.0 cm, simple, rarely branched. 19 (20) In lateral view the attachment line of the hydranth caecum can be seen forming a low diagonal from the back of the base of the hydrotheca to the abcauline wall (Fig. 16, b): gonotheca subglobular, tapering slightly to a short pedicel; walls smooth; aperture on a narrow tubular neck Sym. rentoni (Bartlett, 1907) 20 (19) In lateral view the line of attachment of the hydranth caecum can be seen forming a steep diagonal from the back of the base of the hydrotheca to a point about a third up the abcauline wall (Fig. 16, f): gonotheca ovate, with from 6 to 8 transverse annulations; aperture on a short broad neck which arises within the most distal annulation Sym. pygmaeus (Bale, 1882)

21 (18) Hydrothecae considerably larger, with an abcauline length from 0.30 to 0.35 mm. 22 (23) Stem tall, up to 22.0 cm; branched; polysiphonic, both main stem and principal branches of the proximal region with accessory tubes; principal branches alternate, others irregular and arising on all sides except in the distal region where they again become alternate; tendrils frequently present: gonothecae carried on the branches, obovate, with from 8 to 10 ridges; the ridges occur on the front and round the sides, but not the back (except in the distal region) which is somewhat flattened and pressed firmly against the stem; distal portion not projecting forward, aperture on the end of a narrow, long tubular neck, the margin of which is slightly flared outwards (Fig. 16, h) Sym. procerus (Trebilcock, 1928) 23 (22) Stem of medium height, up to 7.5 cm; branched; monosiphonic, rarely with secondary branches; tendrils present; branches usually regularly arranged, alternate, with three hydrothecae, one above the other between every branch of that side (Fig. 16, n); gonothecae on stem, and proximal branch internodes, and arising from below a hydrotheca; pyriform, with from 8 to 10 transverse ridges; the ridges occur only on the front and round the sides except in the distal region, where they become annular because the adcauline side of the gonotheca is pressed firmly against the stem for two-thirds of its length; aperture at the end of a tubuliform neck which has a slightly flared margin Sym. pseudodivaricatus nom. nov. for Sertularella johnstoni as recognized by Bale (1884), p. 109; not Sertularella johnstoni (Gray, 1843) 24 (17) Abcauline side and free adcauline side of hydrotheca not parallel or approximately straight (Fig. 17, c); width at the aperture less than the width in the middle region of the hydrotheca; aperture facing outwards rather than upwards; median adcauline tooth may be slightly recurved; stem rarely twisted at the nodes; gonothecae pyriform, but flattened on the adcauline side and pressed firmly against the stem; distal end truncated, sloping obliquely forwards; aperture at the end of a short eccentrically placed tube-like or conical neck (Fig. 17, i); 8 to 10 high ridges on front and sides in the proximal and middle regions, extreme distal ridges annular; a length to breadth ratio approx; 2:1 Sym. johnstoni forma johnstoni (Gray, 1843) In forma subtropicus n. forma there are three small internal submarginal teeth, and the gonotheca is elongate oval in shape with a length to breadth ratio of 3:1 (Fig. 18, 1 and n) Sym. johnstoni forma subtropicus n. forma 25 (16) Nodes not well defined on stems or branches (Fig. 18, e and h).

26 (29) Internodes narrow and long, from two to three times as long as the free adcauline length of the hydrotheca (Fig. 18, e). 27 (28) Internodes approx. 0.12 mm in width measured at the node; free adcauline region of hydrotheca straight; abcauline side slightly concave (Fig. 18, e); a fenestra below most hydrothecae; stems very short, up to 5.0 mm in length, usually simple, but may be branched; gonothecae small, 0.66 mm in length, “flattened, smooth or irregularly undulating; aperture central on short tube” Sym. epizooticus Totton, 1930 28 (27) Internodes approx. twice the width (0.25 mm) at the node (Fig. 18, f) as Sym. epizooticus; hydrotheca similar to that of Sym. epizooticus; stems short, up to 1.5 cm in length, branched, “multipinnate”, gonothecae large, 1.10 mm in length, “ovate with 11 or 12 well marked annulations; terminal tube central, flared, like the mouthpiece of a telephone. Sym. tuba Totton, 1930 29 (26) Internodes short and broad (Fig. 18, i) little if any longer than the free adcauline hydrothecal wall. 30 (31) Aperture of the hydrotheca facing straight outwards in a plane almost parallel to the long axis of the stem or branch (Fig. 18, i and j); fixed and free adcauline wall forming a smooth convex curve; gonotheca fixed to the stem except at the distal end, laterally compressed, 16 to 18 well developed ridges the distal 2 or 3 of which have a free frilled margin; aperture excentric, surrounded by funnel-shaped, slightly flaring tube Sym. Spiritualis, Totton, 1930 31 (30) Aperture of hydrotheca facing upwards—that is, angled in relation to the long axis. 32 (33) A notch (Fig. 19, g) immediately above the hydrotheca at the junction of the free adcauline side with the branch; stem up to 4.0 cm in length, branched, and branches may have secondary branches; gonotheca ovate, not compressed laterally, with from 11 to 12 high ridges over the entire length, ridges forming complete annulations only in the distal region where the gonotheca is not closely pressed against the branch; aperture surrounded by broad, cylindrical tube with approximately the same width as length Sym. Confusus, Totton, 1930 33 (32) No notch (Fig. 19, b) immediately above the hydrotheca; stem straggling, up to 7.0 cm long, branching by false dichotomy and with tendrils between the branches; gonotheca obovate, with spirally folded walls; folds about eight in number and with a free frill; aperture surrounded by a narrow tubular neck with flared opening; gonotheca dimorphic, ? (female) with deeper frills and larger mouth tube Sym. vanhoeffeni,, Totton, 1930 34 (3) Hydrothecae not in two distinct series, but forming an irregular spiral (Fig. 19, d) approximately every fourth hydrotheca completing one turn, giving the appearance of three irregular series stem simple or with few irregular branches; small, up to 5.0 mm in length; hydrotheca tubular, marginal teeth pointed; readily observed operculum of three components; gonotheca usually from the interior of a hydrotheca, ovate, with 8 to 10 ridges; aperture on a short tubular neck Sym. irregularis (Trebilcock, 1930)

35 (2) Hydrothecae with four marginal teeth (Fig. 21, f). 36 (47) Hydrothecae with three well developed internal sub-marginal, bracket-like teeth, two in the sinus between the lateral marginal teeth and the third below the outer marginal tooth (Fig. 21, f). 37 (40) Hydrothecal walls smooth or slightly and irregularly undulated, not ridged. 38 (39) Hydrothecae arising from the distal end of the internode, just below the node above (Fig. 21, b and d); hydrothecae broadest about the midle, then narrowing considerably towards the margin on both the adcauline and abcauline side; margin with a slight outward flare (Fig. 21, f); gonotheca ovate, tapering towards the distal end into a neck which is surmounted by three or four spines, but these latter may be absent; walls usually with three or four annulations Sertularella simplex (Hutton, 1873) 39 (38) Hydrothecae arising at the extreme distal end of the internode, the node and the free adcauline wall forming one smooth convex curve (Fig. 21, h and j) so that the stem is clearly zig-zag; hydrothecae broadest about the middle, only the abcauline wall with a distal concave curve; free adcauline wall convex; margin slightly everted (Fig. 21, h); gonotheca ovate, with three or four broad but shallow undulations; distal end usually truncated and flat, with central aperture, but occasionally more elongate and 3 or 4 blunt knobs around the aperture S. crassiuscula Bale, 1924 40 (37) Hydrothecal walls with transverse ridges. 41 (44) Hydrothecae with several complete (annular) ridges (Fig. 22, f). 42 (43) Hydrothecae small, with an abcauline length from 0.40 to 0.55 mm; with three or four annular ridges; widest part approx; in the middle, then both free adcauline wall and abcauline wall narrowing in a concave curve towards the margin (Fig. 22, c); margin slightly flared; gonotheca ovate, tapering towards the distal end into a neck which is surmounted by three or four vertical spines; walls usually with three or four annulations. S. robusta Coughtrey, 1876. 43 (42) Hydrotheca large, with an abcauline length of 0.80 mm; usually with 4 to 6 ridges; shape of hydrotheca (Fig. 22, h) very similar to S. robusta; gonotheca ovate, tapering towards the distal end into a broad neck; 4 or 5 deep annulations mainly on the upper half of the gonotheca; top of gonotheca flat, and quadrate, and from each of the corners a long outwardly directed bluntly pointed spine (Fig. 22, e and g) S. richardsoni n.sp.

44 (41) Hydrotheca ridged on the free adcauline wall and the sides but not the abcauline wall. 45 (46) Hydrotheca large, abcauline length up to 0.80 mm; free adcauline wall convex; abcauline wall slightly convex, to straight; hydrothecal walls relatively thin (Fig. 23, c); gonotheca “elipsoidal”, large, approx. 2.0 mm in length, “marked in somewhat more than the distal half by shallow annulations, terminating by a tubular 4-toothed orifice”. S. integra Allman, 1876. 46 (45) Hydrothecae large, abcauline length 0.80 to 1.0 mm in New Zealand material, shorter (0.56 mm) elsewhere; free adcauline wall convex proximally, narrowing concave towards the margin; abcauline wall usually straight; length is to breadth as approx. 2 : 1; margin slightly everted (Fig. 23, e); 4 to 6 deep adcauline ridges extend about half-way round the hydrotheca; walls of hydrotheca (Fig. 23, e) relatively thick; gonothecae elongate oval in shape, tapering towards the distal end, 1.4 mm in length; from 6 to 8 ridges mainly in the distal half; aperture at the end of a short wide neck which is surmounted by from 3 to 4 short blunt spines. S. intricata Billard, 1919. 47 (36) Hydrothecae without internal submarginal teeth. 48 (49) Hydrotheca fused to stem and branch almost to the margin (Fig. 23, h); basal region of hydrotheca produced into a chitinous spur which may cross to become united with that of the opposite hydrotheca (this spur very poorly developed in some varieties) S. quadridens forma quadridens (Bale, 1884) 49 (48) Hydrotheca fused to stem and branch from one-half to two-thirds of the adcauline length. 50 (53) Hydrothecal walls smooth or indistinctly ridged towards the margin. 51 (52) Hydrothecae “diverging for about half their length; rather large, barrel-shaped, tumid, smooth or indistinctly wrinkled towards the mouth; margin thickened, flexuous”; stem simple, small, approx. 5.0 mm in length; gonotheca one per stem, at the base; “globular to ovate in shape, strongly corrugated with transverse folds” S. exigua Thompson, 1879 52 (51) Hydrothecae “upper third divergent, large, urceolate, somewhat tumid, smooth; one to each internode; stem flexuous, branched, branches alternate, secondary branches often present, internodes short; joints oblique and conspicuous; gonothecae long, ovate, smooth, with a distinct four-sided neck; orifice quadrangular with four teeth” S. ramosa Thompson, 1879. 53 (50) Hydrothecal walls not smooth or indistinctly wrinkled towards the mouth; free adcauline wall distinctly ridged or corrugated; erect stems polysiphonic and tall (15.0 cm in length or taller).

54 (55) Free adcauline wall corrugated (Fig. 24, c); hydrotheca large, abcauline wall 0.60 to 0.74 mm in length; gonotheca elongate oval, narrowing to a short, broad neck at the distal end; with two distal ridges or almost smooth (Fig. 24, g); 3 to 4 short terminal spines S. geodiae Totton, 1930 55 (54) Free adcauline wall with three or four ridges which extend round the sides of the hydrotheca (Fig. 24, d); abcauline wall approx. 0.60 mm in length (New Zealand specimens larger than known elsewhere); gonotheca elongate oval, narrowing to a short, broad neck at the distal end; 5 to 7 annular ridges (Fig. 24, e and f); usually 2 short terminal spines S. gayi (Lamouroux, 1821). 56 (1) Hydrothecae without marginal teeth; hydrothecae completely or almost completely immersed in the stem and branches (Fig. 24); gonothecae very large, 4.3 mm in length, a rounded cone in shape, with a distinct longitudinal depression on the side opposite the aperture S. edentula Bale, 1924 New Zealand Species of the Genus Symplectoscyphus Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928). Fig. 14, a and b. 1928. Sertularella macrogona Trebilcock, p. 11, P1. I, figs. 4–4d. 1957. Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock), Millard, p. 219. A small sertularian, variable in erect stem habit with either a simple stem, a stem with a few irregular branches, or occasionally a stem that branches freely so that a shrubby colony results; when a shrubby colony anastomosing tendrils often arise from within hydrothecae uniting the colony in a dense meshwork; erect stem up to 3.20 cm in height; from one to four oblique annulations between hydrorhiza and the first internode bearing a hydrotheca; nodes slightly oblique and of regular occurrence; internodes 0.20 to 0.35 mm in length and 0.13 to 0.20 in greatest width; the two series of hydrothecae at a variable angle to each other, ranging from exactly opposite and in the same plane to inclined towards one another, forming an angle between them that may be as small as 45°; angle of the hydrothecal aperture also variable occasionally at right angles to the stem but more frequently directed away from the stem; approximately two-thirds of the adcauline side of the hydrotheca free of the stem or branch; the points of attachment of the hydranth caecum marked by a faint circular band of tiny chitinous processes; in lateral view the processes appear as a low diagonal line from the back of the base, across the hydrotheca to the abcauline wall; hydrothecae more or less tubular, but the adcauline side often slightly convex and the abcauline slightly concave; the margin may be thickened; the margin with three broadly rounded, but often not equally developed teeth, the two outer teeth being conspicuously larger than the inner median adcauline tooth and sometimes one of the outer teeth larger than the other; three internal submarginal teeth may be present alternating with the marginal teeth; hydrothecae with multiple margins fairly well known; operculum with three components; length of adcauline wall free from the stem or branch approximately 0.16 to 0.24 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch approximately 0.08 to 0.17 mm; abcauline length of hydrotheca 0.24 to 0.32 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.20 mm, width at the aperture 0.11 to 0.17 mm: gonothecae large in relation to the hydrothecae, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in length and 0.45 mm to 1.14 mm in greatest width, often arising from inside a broken hydrotheca, but also from the front of the stem below a hydrotheca, and usually found on the basal third of the stem; obovate, flattened and slightly depressed distally; arising from the centre of the depression and terminating in a circular aperture is a narrow tube with slightly converging sides; tube 0.10 to 0.12 mm in length, 0.09 to 0.10 mm in diameter at the opening. Locality. Type locality, St. Clair, Dunedin (Trebilcock, 1928); Kaikoura, drift (P.M.R.) 13/11/51, 213; Taylors Mistake, Christchurch (G. Knox) –/–/–, 223; Little Papanui, near N.E. end of beach, among Mytilus canaliculus in Durvillea zone (E. J. Batham), 3/8/53, 704. Distribution. New Zealand, South Africa . The above description of S. macrogonus incorporates the characteristics observed by Millard for the species in South African waters where it is of fairly common

Text-Fig. 14.—a and b, Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock). a, erect stem and gonotheca; b, hydrotheca; c-e, Symplectoscyphus fuscus (Trebilcock). f, Symplectoscyphus constrictus Totton (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 31). g-h, Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey). g, stem and branch hydrothecae; h, portion of erect stem to show branching habit.

occurrence, as well as those known for New Zealand specimens. As yet, S. macrogonus is not well known from our waters, being found only on the east coast of the South Island but the present material extends the previously known range northwards by approximately 300 miles. New Zealand specimens differ in several respects from South African specimens. First, shrubby colonies with anastomosing tendrils between the branches have not been taken in New Zealand, secondly, the hydrothecae are all inclined toward one another and thus to one side of the stem in New Zealand specimens, and thirdly, in our waters the hydrothecae lack internal submarginal teeth. It is anticipated that as S. macrogonus becomes better known in New Zealand, some, or all of the variations shown by Millard's South African specimens will be found. Accordingly, S. macrogonus is identified in the above key in two places. Symplectoscyphus fuscus (Trebilcock, 1928). Fig. 14, c-e. 1928. Sertularella fusca Trebilcock, p. 13, pl. V, figs. 2–2b. A small sertularian with an erect stem up to 1.5 cm in height, usually regularly branched with the branches arising below almost every hydrotheca on the stem, except the first; three to four undulations between the hydrorhiza and the first hydrotheca; branches alternate, but directed towards one side (“front”); the angle between the branches 45° or less; nodes on stem and branches regular, readily recognizable, and oblique; internodes each bearing a single distally placed hydrotheca on the branches, usually a branch and a hydrotheca on the stem; stem internodes 0.90 to 1.0 mm in length, and approximately 0.27 mm in width; branch internodes 0.3 to 0.4 mm in length and 0.20 to 0.27 mm in width; hydrothecae alternate, but both series directed towards one side, the angle between the two series usually being a little less than 90°; two-thirds or slightly more of the adcauline side of the hydrotheca free from the stem or branch; adcauline side of hydrotheca a smooth convex curve, abcauline side almost straight; margin of hydrotheca slightly thickened especially on the adcauline side and with three well developed rounded teeth, the median adcauline tooth slightly recurved towards the stem; three, internal poorly developed inconspicuous submarginal teeth; operculum with three components; length of adcauline wall free from stem and branch 0.30 to 0.40 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch 0.10 to 0.15 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.35 to 0.40 mm in length; greatest width of hydrotheca approximately 0.30 mm, width at the margin approximately 0.20 mm; gonotheca, oval, but truncated and flattened at the distal end, and the side against the branch somewhat compressed; gonotheca arising below the first hydrotheca of a branch and carried on a very short pedicel; walls smooth or slightly undulated; length of gonotheca approximately 1.2 mm, greatest width 0.65 to 0.80 mm; greatest width of flattened distal end approximately 0.30 mm; (?) aperture at distal end. Locality. Type locality, St. Clair, Dunedin, in intertidal rock pool (Trebilock, 1928): Little Papanui, Dunedin, among Mytilus canaliculus near N.E. end of beach (E. J. Batham), 3/8/53, 703. This species is known only from New Zealand. There is one fertile stem with two (?) female gonothecae in the present collection. This is the first record of gonothecae, and the fact that no aperture could be found in the distal end suggests that they are not fully grown. Symplectoscyphus constrictus Totton, 1930. Fig. 14, f. 1930. Symplectoscyphus constrictus Totton, p. 181, pl. I, fig. 3; text-fig. 31. A sertularian of medium height, stems up to 7.5 cm in length, with a few accessory tubes at the base; regularly and alternately branched; separating each alternating pair of branches is a pair of alternating hydrothecae, and in the axil of each branch another hydrotheca; nodes not well developed, oblique; internodes rather long, 0.76 to 1.0 mm in length and narrow, approximately 0.25 mm in greatest width; internodes so angled that the stem and branches are zig-zag; hydrothecae large, narrowly tubular, approximately two-thirds of the adcauline side free from the stem and branch; a characteristic constriction of the free adcauline wall close to its junction with the stem or branch; length of hydrotheca (measured middle of margin to middle of base) approximately 0.75 mm; length of free adcauline wall, 0.62 to 0.65 mm in length, length of fixed adcauline wall 0.25 mm approximately; length of abcauline wall approximately 0.63 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.27 mm; width at aperture 0.23 to 0.25 mm; margin of hydrotheca with three roundly pointed teeth, the two outer teeth being slightly larger than the inner median tooth; operculum with three components; hydranths with a prominent and approximately sixteen tentacles: gonotheca unknown.

Locality. Type locality: off Three Kings Islands, New Zealand in 300 fathoms (Totton, 1930). This species is known only from New Zealand and has been taken only once, from the type locality. Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey, 1875). Figs. 14, g and h; 15, a-c. 1873. Thuiaria articulata of Hutton, p. 258, not T. articulata of Johnston, p. 84. 1875. Thuiaria subarticulata Coughtrey, p. 287, pl. XX, figs. 32–34. 1918. Sertularella subarticulata (Coughtrey). Briggs, p. 36 (synonymy). 1924. Sertularella subarticulata (Coughtrey). Bale, p. 242 (discussion). 1928. Sertularella subarticulata (Coughtrey). Trebilcock, p. 12, pl. VII, fig. 7–7b. 1930. Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey). Totton, p. 182. 1946. Sertularella subarticulata (Coughtrey). Vervoort, p. 317 (discussion). A tall, up to 20.0 cm sympleotoscyphid with regularly branched erect stem, conspicuously thickened basally where the stem and main branches are polysiphonic; primary branches may have irregular secondary branches; nodes oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions and readily observed on the main stem, but not very clearly defined on the branches; the stem apophysis carrying the main branches, marked off from the basal internode of the branch by a clearly defined node; each stem internode with three hydrothecae and a branch, two alternating hydrothecae below the branch and one above in the axil of the branch; stem internodes best measured in the monosiphonic regions of stem, 1.0 mm to 1.4 mm in length and 0.30 to 0.50 mm in greatest width; branch internodes quite irregular with from two to four alternating pairs of hydrothecae; branch internodes 1.0 to 1.9 mm in length, 0.40 to 0.50 mm in greatest width; hydrothecae closer together on the branches than on the stem; distance apart of hydrothecae on branches from almost nil to 0.30 mm (Fig. 14, h) distance apart of hydrothecae on stem, from 0.40 to 0.50 mm (measured from margin of one hydrotheca to the base of the next above); hydrothecae immersed in the stem and branches for at least two-thirds of their adcauline length, sometimes almost to the margin; stem hydrothecae in general have a greater length of the adcauline wall free than those on the branches; adcauline wall convex, abcauline wall slightly concave; often a fenestra below the base of the hydrotheca (Fig. 15, a); three readily recognizable sharply pointed marginal teeth, one in the median adcauline position and two outer teeth somewhat forward of lateral in position; shallow, wide embayments between the teeth; operculum with three components; length of adcauline wall free from the stem and branches 0.01 to 0.06 mm in length, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branches 0.35 to 0.40 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.27 to 0.35 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.17 to 0.25 mm; diameter at margin approximately 0.16 mm: gonothecae ovate arising mainly from the stem below a hydrotheca but also from the basal internode of a branch; five to eight, (?) ten, conspicuous deeply flared annulations which can be followed readily round towards the back of the gonotheca, but fade to almost nothing on the back which is closely pressed against the stem or branch; a short distal tubular neck with a flared trumpet-shaped mouth; length of gonotheca 1.1 to 1.4 mm; total width 0.7 to 0.8 mm; mouth approximately 0.20 mm across; tube, approximately 0.15 mm in length. Locality Type locality: Oamaru (Coughtrey, 1875); “New Zealand” (Allman, 1876 as Thuiaria bidens); Lyall Bay, Wellington (as Thuiaria articulata, Hutton, 1873); Kaikoura, drift (P.M.R.) 13/11/51, 216; Timaru (von Lendenfeld, 1885 as Sertularia fertilis); Timaru “N.Z.”, 1921, Canterbury Museum Slide No. 37; Governor's Bay, Lyttelton Harbour (E. W. Bennett) –/–/23, 692; Timaru Beach, drift (E. W. Bennett), 12/6/27, 50; off Moeraki, 40 fathoms (P.M.R.) 11/2/51, 59; East Otago Heads (E. J. Batham) –/–/–, 689; North Reef, Otago, 100 fathoms (D. H. Graham) 12/9/32, 80; Otago, Canyon A, “Alert” Stn. 54–13 (E. J. Batham) 2/3/54, 608; Little Papanui, Otago Peninsula (E. J. Batham) –/–/–, 687; East Papanui Inlet (D. H. Graham), 23/4/30, 36; Amuri (Otago Museum) –/–/–, 100; St. Clair, Dunedin, drift (R. Kulka) 25/2/51, 696; oyster beds, Foveaux Strait (R. Zander, G. Knox, J. C. Yaldwyn), –/7/55, –/5/53, 3/10/51, 679, 405, 207; Doubtful Sound, between Banza and Goal Island (W. H. Dawbin) 7/1/52, 278. Distribution. New Zealand; Australia; Lord Howe Island. Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus as at present known in New Zealand is essentially a South Island species. It has been recorded only once in the North Island as a drift specimen from Lyall Bay, Wellington (Hutton, 1873), but is one of the common hydroids of the Foveaux Strait oyster beds and much material has also been taken in the Otago and Timaru areas of the South Island. Large clumps

of stems are of common occurrence and the almost total fusion of the adcauline wall of the hydrothecae to the stem and branches at once distinguishes this species from other New Zealand species of Symplectoscyphus. The erect stem in size and habit is very similar to that of Sertularella edentula and the later species also has almost the whole of the adcauline wall of the hydrothecae fused to the stem and branches, but the hydrothecal margin is without teeth in S. edentula and its gonothecae are quite unlike those of Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus. The status of S. subarticulatus is discussed together with that of Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus, and Symplectoscyphus johnstoni, on pages 811 and 812. Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs, 1914). Fig. 15, d-h. 1914. Sertularella columnaria Briggs, p. 293, fig. 1. 1923. Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs). Stechow, p. 171. 1924. Sertularella columnaria Briggs. Bale, p. 239. 1930. Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs). Totton, p. 180, pl. I, fig. 10; text-fig. 30 a-c. 1930. Symplectoscyphus columnarius Hodgson, p. 37, fig. 65. This species is one of the taller symplectoscyphids round our coasts with an erect stem up to 6.5 cm in length, regularly branched in one plane and with conspicuous tubular hydrothecae held well out from the stem and branches; erect stems are polysiphonic at the base, and usually arise from a rooting mass of horizontal tubes; branches are regular in arrangement, alternate and up to 2.9 cm in length; nodes on the stem are usually easily recognizable, oblique, and sloping alternately to right and left; on the branches the nodes are not readily observed, but their position is often marked by a slight constriction in the branch surface; stem inter-nodes, except perhaps the basal two or three, are regularly arranged with a branch and two hydrothecae on one side (one in the axil of the branch) and one hydrotheca on the other, stem internodes 1.04 to 1.16 mm in length, and 0.40 to 0.43 mm in width; branch internodes 0.73 to 0.90 mm in length and 0.35 to 0.43 mm in width; hydrothecae large, tubular, with from one-third to one-half the adcauline length free of the stem and branches and with a distinct outward curve; abcauline side slightly convex; margin with three well formed pointed teeth separated by deep embayments; multiple margins often present; operculum of three components; usually a fenestra below the base of each hydrotheca; length of adcauline side fixed to stem or branch 0.40 mm to 0.70 mm, length of adcauline side free 0.60 to 1.0 mm; abcauline side 0.80 to 1.0 mm in length; width of hydrotheca at margin 0.40 to 0.60 mm; hydrothecae 0.70 to 1.0 mm apart on the branch measured base to base; hydranth with approximately 16 tentacles and a promment abcauline caecum; gonothecae very large, approximately 3.20 mm in length, oval in general outline, when viewed laterally is seen to be slightly flattened, 1.30 to 1.68 mm in width and with three distal widely spaced deep corrugations; aperture distal and terminal on a short tubuliform neck that flares out slightly from base to mouth; tube approximately 0.55 mm in length, mouth opening approximately 0.45 mm in diameter. Locality. Type locality, East of Cape Pillar, seven miles, Tasmania, 100 fathoms (Briggs, 1914): “New Zealand”, 1920 Canterbury Museum Slide No. 43 (as recorded by Bale, 1924): off Three Kings Islands, “Terra Nova” Stn 90, 100 fathoms (Totton, 1930); between Port Waikato and Manakau Harbour, west coast, North Island (H. J. Chapman), 7/8/56, 621; off Palliser Bay, Cook Strait, Stn. 78, 435 fathoms (V.U.W. Zoo. Dept.), 23/12/56, 558. Distribution. Tasmania; New Zealand. The above description is a compilation of data from Briggs (1914), Totton (1930) and specimens in the present collection. Briggs' and Totton's specimens are of an approximately similar size and are in a range between between Bale's smaller specimens and those from Cook Strait in the present collection. These latter specimens possess large hydrothecae (abcauline length up to 1.0 mm) and a greater length of free adcauline wall than that previously recorded for the species Other material in the present collection however, from the Auckland area some 400 miles to the north of Cook Strait has a similar size range to Briggs' and Totton's specimens. Thus the largest specimens come from the southern limit of the latitudinal range of S. columnarius and if this species responds in a similar manner to the influence of the major water masses round our coasts, as has been demonstrated previously (Ralph, 1956, 1957) for several other New Zealand hydroids, then it

can be predicted that Bale's small specimens from a hitherto unknown New Zealand locality came from an enclosed water mass within the most northern latitudinal range of the species. S. columnarius is not known from South Island waters. Symplectoscyphus indivisus (Bale, 1882). Fig. 15, i-k. 1882. Sertularella indivisa Bale, p. 24, pl. XII, fig. 7. 1884. Sertularella indivisa Bale, p. 105, pl. III, fig. 5; pl. XIX, fig. 27. Sertularella mülleri Kirchenpauer, p. 49, pl. 16, figs. 7–7b. 1885. Sertularella mülleri Kirchenpauer. von Lendenfeld, p. 478. 1915. Sertularella indivisa Bale. Bale, p. 253 (synonymy). 1923. Symplectoscyphus indivisus (Bale), Stechow, p. 192. 1950. Sertularella indivisa Bale. Hodgson, p. 31, figs. 55, 56 (synonymy). A small symplectoscyphid with an erect stem up to 1.2 cm in height, usually without branches; nodes oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes well defined, carrying one hydrotheca at the distal end; hydrothecae with a broad base narrowing con- Text-Fig. 15.—a-c, Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey). a, hydrotheca; b and c, gonothecae. d-h, Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs). d, portion of monosiphonic region of erect stem to show habit; e, hydrothecae; f, hydrotheca showing hydranth and operculum; g and h, gonotheca (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 30, a). i-k, Symplectoscyphus indivisus (Bale). i, hydrotheca; j, gonotheca; k, portion of erect stem.

siderably and fairly sharply on both adcauline and abcauline sides, towards the margin; walls with two or three annulations, but these vary considerably in the degree to which they are developed, and occasionally the walls of the hydrothecae are almost smooth (Bale, 1884); approximately half the length of the adcauline wall attached to the stem; length of adcauline wall fixed to stem approximately 0.25 mm; length of abcauline wall approximately 0.35 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.18 to 0.20 mm; three marginal teeth and three small internal submarginal teeth, not readily observed: gonotheca ovate but tapering at either end; carried on a very short pedicel; the walls with from three to four, transverse, widely spaced, annulations; aperture terminal, almost square, about 0.25 mm wide and margin of aperture with from three to six teeth; gonothecae usually found at the base of the erect stem or on hydrorhiza; length of gonotheca approximately 1.25 mm, width approximately 0.75 mm. Locality. Chatham Islands (Kirchenpauer (1884) as Sertularella mülleri). Distribution. Essentially cosmopolitan. Kirchenpauer's is the only record of S. indivisus from New Zealand waters. The figures drawn here for the species are from some of Bale's “Endeavour” material taken in Oyster Bay, Tasmania, at 60 fathoms (Canterbury Museum Slide). Bale (1915), remarks that his specimens from Oyster Bay are a thin and delicate form of S. indivisus. Hartlaub (1900) regarded Sertularella exigua Thompson as a synonym. This does not seem correct as it is generally agreed that S. exigua has four marginal teeth not three as in Symplectoscyphus. Symplectoscyphus rentoni (Bartlett) and Symplectoscyphus pygmaeus (BALE). The two small species of Symplectoscyphus now to be described, and known only from Australia and New Zealand, are very similar in erect stem habit and in the shape and size of their hydrothecae. In the absence of their gonothecae, which are distinctive, they can be distinguished on the position in the hydrotheca of the circle of attachment points of the hydranth caecum. In lateral view the line of points in S. rentoni forms a low diagonal from the back of the ledge at the base of the hydrotheca to the abcauline side (Fig. 16, a) while in S. pygmaeus the line is on a much steeper diagonal and reaches about one-third of the way up the abcauline side. Both species are known from meagre material in New Zealand. S. rentoni is represented in the present collection by four tiny (3.0 mm) infertile sterns. Stems with gonothecae have not yet been taken in our coastal waters. S. pygmaeus is not represented in the present collection. It was recorded first by Bale (1882), and later by Trebilcock (1928), growing on other hydroids, from Bluff. S. pygmaeus is better known than S. rentoni in the Australian area, where the latter is mainly found in Victorian waters. Symplectoscyphus rentoni (Bartlett, 1907). Fig. 16, a-c. 1907. Sertularella rentoni Bartlett, p. 43, figure of stem and gonotheca. 1919. Sertularella rentoni Bartlett. Bale, p. 337. 1923. Symplectoscyphus rentoni (Bartlett). Stechow, p. 172. 1928. Sertularella rentoni Bartlett. Trebilcock, p. 10, pl. I, fig. 3. A small symplectoscyphid with an erect stem up to 1.0 cm in length; stem frequently simple, but may have a few irregular branches; nodes, internodes, and hydrothecae of branches similar to those of the stem; two or three oblique annulations between the hydrorhiza and the first internode bearing an hydrotheca; nodes, steeply oblique and twisted; internodes each with a distal hydrotheca; internodes 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm in length, and approximately 0.12 mm in greatest width; a distinct swelling on abcauline side of the internode just above the node; hydrothecae small, tubuliform but the upper adcauline side somewhat convex and the lower abcauline side slightly concave; walls of hydrothecae thin but margin frequently a little thickened; no floor to hydrotheca, and hydranth supported by a small ledge formed from the adcauline wall; line of points of attachment of the hydranth caecum, when viewed laterally, forms a low diagonal that extends from the back of the ledge supporting the hydranth to the abcauline wall (Fig. 16, b); hydrotheca with three bluntly pointed marginal teeth, one median adcauline tooth which is slightly recurved towards the stem, and two lateral teeth; operculum with three components; half, or less than half the adcauline wall free from stem and branches; length of free adcauline wall, approximately 0.15 mm, length of fixed adcauline wall approximately 0.07 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.25 to 0.27 mm; greatest width, approximately 0.12 mm and width at aperture approximately 0.10; a fenestra

is often present below the base of the hydrotheca: gonothecae “large rotundate with depressed area around top, from which arises a short tubular neck with entire margin” (Bartlett, 1907); length of gonotheca approximately 1.25 mm excluding the terminal tube and width approximately 1.25 mm; length of terminal tube approximately 0.25 mm in length. Locality. Type locality, Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia (Bartlett, 1907): Island Bay, sublittoral, on seaweed (V. Cassie) 23/6/51, 186; St. Clair, Dunedin, intertidal rock pool (Trebilcock, 1928). Distribution. Australia, New Zealand. Symplectoscyphus pygmaeus (Bale, 1882). Fig. 16, d-f. 1882. Sertularella pygmaea Bale, p. 25, pl. XII, fig. 9. 1884. Sertularella pygmaea Bale. Bale, p. 108, pl. III, fig. 8, pl. XIX, fig. 19. 1896. Sertularella pygmaea Bale. Farquhar, p. 464. 1923. Symplectoscyphus pygmaeus (Bale). Stechow, p. 172. 1924. Sertularella pygmaea Bale. Bale, p. 239 (synonymy). 1928. Sertularella pygmaea Bale. Trebilcock, p. 10. 1942. Sertularella pygmaea Bale. Blackburn, p. 115. 1950. Sertularella pygmaea Bale. Hodgson, p. 36, figs. 63–64. Stem simple, twisted at the base, short, up to 1.0 cm in length nodes steeply oblique and twisted, dividing the stem regularly into internodes carrying a distal hydrotheca; internodes 0.27 to 0.33 mm in length; hydrothecae small, more or less tubular, but free adcauline side slightly bulged as it leaves the stem, and abcauline side slightly concave; no floor to the hydrotheca, and hydranth supported by a small ledge formed from the adcauline wall; line of points of attachment of the hydranth caecum when viewed laterally forms a steep diagonal that extends from the back of the ledge to approximately one-third of the way up the abcauline wall (Fig. 16, f); hydrotheca with three bluntly pointed marginal teeth, one median adcauline tooth which is slightly recurved towards the stem, and two lateral teeth; operculum with three components; half, or slightly less than half the adcauline wall free from the stem; length of hydrotheca 0.23 to 0.27 mm; width of hydrotheca 0.13 to 0.15 mm: gonothecae approximately three times the length of the hydrothecae, usually two or three in number and found towards the base of a stem; the walls with close transverse annulations, approximately eight in number, over the entire length of the gonotheca; aperture on a short tubular neck, which arises from within the uppermost annulation; the narrow spaces between the annulations sometimes closely striated; length of gonothecae 0.75 to 0.80 mm and width approximately 0.46 mm. Locality. Type locality, Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia (Bale, 1882): Bluff (Trebilcock, 1928); New Zealand (Bale, 1924). Distribution. Australia, New Zealand. The data for the above description are after Bale (1884), Hodgson (1950), and a specimen kindly lent me by the National Museum, Victoria. Trebilcock (1928) gives no information on his New Zealand specimens. Symplectoscyphus procerus (Trebilcock, 1928). Fig. 16, g and h. 1928. Sertularella procera Trebilcock, p. 11, pl. I, figs. 5–5d. A tall, up to 22.0 cm, freely branched symplectoscyphid, tapering very gradually towards the apex; main stem and principal branches polysiphonic except in the distal region; “main stem and branches giving rise on all sides to irregularly placed pinnae (the longest of which attain a length of about 1.3 cm), except at the distal part where the pinnae all lie in the same plane and are more or less regularly alternate; pinnae sometimes strengthened in their proximal part by a tube running out from the fascicled stem or branch, but otherwise, not fascicled. themselves pinnate or bipinnate, or with somewhat irregular sub-dichotomous ramifications; the more regular forms with the sub-pinnae alternate; usually three hydrothecae (including one in the axil) between every two sub-pinnae or subdichotomous branches; internodes of stem and main branches usually bearing three hydrothecae; those of the pinnae and sub-pinnae bearing only one each; pinnae not terminating in stolons; hydrothecae tubular or subconical, both series directed strongly to the front, curved outwards, somewhat abruptly; margin with three conspicuous teeth, one superior and two lateral, and an operculum of three pieces; no internal submarginal denticles; points of attachment of caecum hydranths extending very obliquely across the hydrotheca, reaching to nearly half way up in the front; a fenestra is sometimes present at the base of the hydrothecae, but more often absent: gonothecae borne on the pinnae, large, obovate, surrounded by a number of prominent annular ridges, except on the proximal part of the back which is smooth and adpressed to the pinna; distal portion of gonotheca not projecting forward; rising from the centre of the flattened

Text-Fig. 16.—a-c, Symplectoscyphus rentoni (Bartlett). a, portion of erect stem; b, hydrotheca; c, gonotheca (after Bartlett, 1907). d-f, Symplectoscyphus pygmaeus (Bale). d, portion of erect stem; e, gonotheca; f, hydrotheca. g-h, Symplectoscyphus procerus (Trebilcock). g, hydrothecae; h, gonotheca; (g and h after Trebilcock, 1928, pl. I figs. 5 and 5d). i-n, Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus nom. nov. (for Sertularella johnstoni as recognized by Bale, 1884—not S. johnstoni (Gray, 1843). i, branch hydrothecae; J, hydrotheca showing operculum; k and h, gonothecae; m and n, portion of erect stem to show habit.

end surrounded by the distal ridge a narrow, long, expanding tube; aperture usually central, rarely slightly eccentric” (Trebilcock, 1928.) Locality. Type locality, Bluff (Trebilcock, 1928); Stewart Island (Trebilcock, 1928). The species is known only from New Zealand. This species is not represented in the present collection. The range of sizes given below were calculated from Trebilcock's pl. I, figs. 5–5d. Internode (pinna): Length, 0.25 to 0.37 mm; width, 0.12 to 0.20 mm. Hydrotheca: Fixed adcauline length, 0.17 to 0.20 mm; free adcauline length 0.20 mm, adcauline length, 0.18 mm; width (greatest) 0.18 mm. Gonotheca: Number of annulations, 10; length (total), 1.3 mm; width, 0.75 mm; distal tube length, 0.08 mm, width at aperture 0.04 mm. Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus nom. nov. Fig. 16, i-n. 1884. Sertularella johnstoni Gray. Bale, p. 109, pl. III, fig. 7; pl. XIX, fig. 21; not S. johnstoni Gray, 1843, p. 294. 1914a. Sertularella divaricata (Busk). Bale, p. 20, pl. II, fig. 7 only; not S. divaricata (Busk, 1852); and (?) not S. divaricata (Busk) of Bale and other authors, excluding the above. Erect stem monosiphonic up to 7.5 cm (Bale, 1884) in height; shorter stems fairly straight and rather rigid (Fig. 16, n), taller stems more flexuous (Fig. 16, m); branched, branches regularly arranged, alternate ascending; secondary branches occasionally present; branches rather similar in form and thickness to the stem, but main stem generally has a thicker perisarc than the branches; one hydrotheca in the axil and two alternating hydrothecae above it between each alternating branch; tendrils of fairly common occurrence between branches of erect stems; the intertwining of the branch tendrils combined with the tangling of the hydrorhizae often forms the colony into a dense tuft; nodes on stem and branches readily recognizable as a rather steeply oblique constriction, which may form a complete ring round the stem and branches or the constriction may on occasion be incomplete and the nodes slightly twisted; internodes of stem 0.30 to 0.40 mm in length and 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm in width at the node and 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm in greatest width; branch internodes 0.26 to 0.35 mm in length, and 0.20 mm to 0.30 mm in greatest width; hydrothecae approximately tubular, usually directed towards the front of stem and branch; half or slightly less than half the adcauline wall free from the stem and branch; margin with three well developed pointed marginal teeth, the median adcauline tooth recurved towards the stem or branch; margin thickened (in New Zealand specimens), down to the level of the line of origin of the three components of the operculum, at which level the thickening ceases abruptly; no submarginal internal hydrothecal teeth; viewed laterally the attachment line of the hydranth caecum can be seen running in a diagonal from the back of the base of the hydrotheca to a point about half-way up the abcauline side; a fenestra below each hydrotheca except the hydrotheca in the axil of the branch; length of adcauline wall free from the stem and branch 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch 0.20 mm to 0.27 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.35 mm to 0.39 mm in length; width of hydrotheca at aperture 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm; and greatest width 0.20 mm to 0.22 mm; gonothecae arising from the fenestra at the base of the hydrotheca, and found on one side only, so that when gonothecae are present the stem has a distinct “front” (on which are the gonothecae) and a back (where they are absent); gonothecae pyriform; when viewed from the side, the lower half or less of the inner surface is seen to be flattened and the back to fit neatly against the stem or branch; the front of the gonothecae is rounded in a convex curve, and both the front and the sides have from seven to nine widely and evenly spaced prominent transverse ridges; the distal ridges form complete rings because the back stands away from the stem in this region of the gonotheca; distal end a little flattened, but without the pronounced forward slope characteristic of S. johnstoni; aperture terminal on a tubuliform neck with slightly flared margin; the neck may be slightly eccentrically placed on the summit of the gonotheca; length of gonotheca 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm and 0.50 to 0.80 mm in greatest width; length of terminal neck approximately 0.05, width of neck at flared margin approximately 0.08 mm. Locality. Type locality, Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia (Bale, 1884): Little Papanui, Otago Peninsula, intertidal on Mytilus canaliculus and Gigartina sp. (E. J. Batham), May and August, 1953, 399, 427. Distribution. South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand. The characters shown by the New Zealand specimens from Little Papanui, assigned here to Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus clearly identifies them with material from Queenscliff, Australia, that Bale 1884, 1887 and 1894 regarded as

Sertularella johnstoni (Gray) but later (1914a) recognized as Sertularella divaricata (Busk). It has now been established that S. divaricata as described by Bale and others is not S. divaricata (Busk.) (cf. Totton, 1930, Vervoort, 1946). The status of S. divaricata (Busk) and S. divaricata as recognized by Bale is discussed elsewhere in this paper. The status of Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray) And Symplectoscyphus delicatulus (Hutton) Prior to 1930 Sertularella delicatula (Hutton) (here recognised as Symplectoscyphus delicatulus) was generally regarded as a synonym of Sertularella johnstoni (Gray), (here recognized as Symplectoscyphus johnstoni) a medium sized hydroid (up to 10.0 cm in height) with alternate branching, hydrothecae with three pointed marginal teeth and annulated gonothecae with the aperture carried on a small conical tube-like neck eccentrically placed on the sloping truncated distal end. In 1930 Totton described S. johnstoni as distinct from S. delicatulus, as he considered that the former possessed the following distinguishing features: three small, but well formed internal teeth and a more elongate compressed gonotheca with a greater number of transverse annulations than those of S. delicatulus. Examination of type material of S. johnstoni (Fig. 17, a, c and i) failed to demonstrate the presence of internal hydrothecal teeth or the compressed elongate gonothecae recognized as characteristic of the species by Totton and re-examination of type material of S. delicatulus (Fig. 17, b, e and g) once again demonstrated that this species should be regarded as a synonym of S. johnstoni. The gonothecae found on the type material of S. delicatulus show greater resemblance to the gonothecae described by Totton for S. johnstoni than do those of the type material of the latter species. Material in the present collection further demonstrates that S. johnstoni is a species showing a wide range of variation in its hydrothecal and gonothecal characters. It does seem, however, that Totton (1930) was correct in assigning his Cape Maria van Diemen specimens with internal hydrothecal teeth, etc., to S. johnstoni, but not in using either the presence of internal teeth in the hydrotheca or the characters of the gonotheca to distinguish S. johnstoni from S. delicatulus. Specimens in the present collection also from Cape Maria van Diemen, have one or two branch hydrothecae in which there are small papilliform internal hydrothecal teeth (Fig. 18, l) branch nodes that are marked by a shallow constriction, and a gonotheca which has a length to breadth ratio similar to that figured by Totton for his material from this area. Other sertularian species are known (e.g., Sertularella spiralis of Totton (1930), p. 199) and Symplectoscyphus macrogonus, (see above) in which specimens possessing internal teeth and those without, are regarded as the same species. Similarly in this paper, Totton's specimens, and those in the present collection from Cape Maria van Diemen are recognized here as Symplectoscyphus johnstoni. Nonetheless it is probably significant that the specimens taken at Cape Maria van Diemen, the northern limit of the known range of S. johnstoni in New Zealand waters can be distinguished from those in higher regions of the range. Accordingly, Cape Maria van Diemen specimens which possess internal submarginal teeth in the hydrotheca, branch nodes that are marked by a shallow constriction, and gonothecae that are longer in relation to their width than specimens from other New Zealand areas are distinguished as the new form Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma subtropicus. Frequently the wall of the hydrotheca is thickened from the margin to the submarginal origin of the operculum (Fig. 17, c) where the thickening ceases abruptly. The amount of thickening is variable, and on occasion the thickening is such that it forms a narrow inwardly directed submarginal ring. It is from this ring that the small papilliform internal hydrothecal teeth project. (Fig. 18, 1.)

Text-fig. 17.—a-n. Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma johnstoni (Gray, 1943). a, portion of erect stem of lectotype; b, Sym. “delicatulus” (Hutton), portion of erect stem of lectotype; c, hydrotheca of lectotype of Sym. johnstoni; d, hydrotheca of Sym. johnstoni in the present collection; e, Sym. “delicatulus”, hydrotheca from lectotype; f, hydrotheca of material identified by Vervoort (1946) as Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer and recognized here as Sym. johnstoni (after Vervoort, 1946, fig. 5, b); g, Sym. “delicatulus” gonotheca of lectotype; h-j, gonothecae; h, from specimen in collection from off Otago coast; i, gonotheca of lectotype of Sym. johnstoni; j, gonotheca from Wellington of Sym. johnstoni (Canterbury Museum slide No. 47); k, gonotheca of material recognized by Vervoort as Sertularella subdichotoma (after Vervoort, 1946, fig. 5, c); 1, portion of erect stem in the present collection from north of Taiaroa Heads, Otago, to show habit; m, Sym. “subpinnata”, a synonym of Sym. johnstoni, portion of erect stem from Wellington; Canterbury Museum slide No. 46; portion of erect stem of Sym. johnstoni from Wellington, Canterbury Museum slide No. 47.

Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma johnstoni (Gray, 1843). Figs. 17, a-n; 18, a-c. 1843. Sertularia johnstoni Gray. p. 294. 1873. Sertularia subpinnata Hutton, p. 256. Sertularia delicabula Hutton, p. 256. 1876. Sertularella johnstoni (Gray). Coughtrey, p. 299. Sertularella johnstoni (Gray). Allman, p. 261, pl. XIII, figs. 1–2. 1885. Sertularella capillaris Allman, p. 133, pl. VIII, figs. 1–3. 1884. Sertularella purpurea Kirchenpauer, p. 49, pl. XVI, figs. 3, 3a, 3b. 1890. Symplectoscyphus australis Marktanner-Turneretscher, p. 235, pl. IV, figs. 9, 9a. 1923. Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray). Stechow, p. 172. 1924. Sertularella johnstoni (Gray). Bale, p. 239 (synonymy and discussion.) 1930. Symplectoscyphus delicatulus (Hutton). Totton, p. 183, Text-fig. 33. 1946. Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer. Vervoort, p. 314, fig. 5. Erect stem monosiphonic up to 10.0 cm (Allman) in height; stem flexuous, usually regularly and alternately branched, but branching may be irregular and then branching tends to be subdichotomous, occasionally when irregularly branched one branch forking from the base of the stem as long as the stem itself, otherwise branches about 1.0 cm in length and pinnately arranged; angle at which branches placed in relation to stem variable from approximately 60° to 90°; stems with branches placed at a wide angle and with long stem internodes, very flexuous; tendrils between branches of erect stems of a colony of frequent occurrence and this characteristic together with the twisting and crossing of the hydrorhizae often produces a tangled mass of stems “as large as one's fist”; main stem readily distinguishable as the perisarc is thicker, and the internodes usually longer and broader than those of the branch; nodes somewhat variable usually regularly and clearly marked on both stem and branches by an oblique constriction, which may form a complete ring round the stem or branch; occasionally the stem is twisted at the node; thin straggling stems often have poorly developed nodes; three hydrothecae of the stem between each branch, one in the axil, and two alternating above it; stem and main branches zig-zag; stem internodes often with two alternate hydrothecae (Fig. 18, a); stem internodes 0.40 mm to 0.80 mm in length, and 0.10 to 0.13 mm in width at the node and 0.20 to 0.25 mm in greatest width; branch internodes somewhat shorter and narrower, 0.30 mm to 0.40 mm in length and 0.10 to 0.20 mm in greatest width; hydrothecae usually inclined to the side of the stem or branch, but occasionally directed slightly to the front; approximately half the adcauline side free of the stem and branch; hydrothecae conical, considerably narrower at the aperture than in the middle which is generally the region of maximum diameter; free adcauline side a low convex curve, abcauline side, slightly bulged at the base, narrowing towards the margin or frequently with a submarginal convexity; margin with three well developed pointed teeth, and three quite deep embayments between the teeth; the median adcauline tooth may be slightly recurved; margin may be thickened down to the level of the line of origin of the three components of the operculum at which level the thickening ceases abruptly; viewed laterally, the attachment line of the hydranth caecum can be seen running in a steep diagonal from the back of the base of the hydrothecae to a point about half way up the abcauline side; a fenestra below each hydrotheca except the hydrotheca in the axil of the branch; length of adcauline wall free from the stem and the branch 0.10 to 0.16 mm; length of the adcauline wall fixed to the stem and branch 0.15 to 0.22 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.25 to 0.35 mm; width of hydrotheca at aperture approximately 0.10 mm greatest width of hydrotheca 0.15 mm to 0.20 mm: gonothecae arising from the fenestra at the base of the hydrotheca, and found on one side all the way up the stem and all the way along the branches, so that when gonothecae are present the stem has a distinct “front” (on which are the gonothecae) and a back (where they are absent); gonothecae pyriform; when viewed from the side the gonothecae have a clearly recognizable back which is flattened for two-thirds of its length, more or less smooth (Fig. 17, j) but fitting neatly and tightly against the stem or branch (Fig. 17, h) and occasionally fused to them; the distal third does not fit tightly against the stem; the front of the gonotheca is rounded in a convex curve, and both front and sides have from 8 to 14 evenly spaced transverse ridges; the proximal ridges may be rather indistinct; the distal three or four ridges form complete rings; distal end truncated and sloping obliquely forwards, and subcircular, rather than circular, in outline; the first ridge forms a small frill round the edge of the flattened end of the gonotheca; aperture on the top of a short conical tube-like neck that is eccentrically placed (towards the front) on the flattened forwardly sloping distal end; length of gonothecae 0.85 to 1.5 mm and width 0.40 to 0.70 mm; length of terminal tube approximately 0.05 mm and diameter of aperture approximately 0.06 mm. Locality. Type locality, “New Zealand” (Gray, 1843): “New Zealand” (Allman, 1876; Thompson, 1879); off Ponui Island, Hauraki Gulf, 10–15 fathoms (V.U.W. Zoo. Dept., “Northern Prawn” Exped.) 29/8/56, 575; off Cape Palliser,

Cook Strait, 40–100 fathoms (V.U.W., Zoo. Dept.) 23/2/56, 578; Island Bay, Cook Strait, on Pyura pachydermatina (M. Aiken), 17/12/54, 450; Makara Beach, drift (V. Cassie) 2/6/52, 296; Palliser Bay, drift (Mrs. R. M. Lowry) –/12/50, 115; off Cape Campbell, 41° 50′ S., 174° 26′ E, –/7/56, 698; Wellington, Canterbury Museum Slide Nos. 46 and 47 as S. johnstoni, and S. johnstoni var. subpinnata respectively; Kaikoura drift (P.M.R) 13/11/51, 219; Diamond Harbour, Lyttelton (E. W. Bennett) –/11/27, 42; Glastone Pier, Lyttelton Harbour (G. Knox) –/–/–, 222A; The Point, Menzies Bay, Christchurch, on Corella (G. Knox) 30/8/51, 244; Timaru Beach, drift (E. W. Bennett) 12/6/27, 51; off Moeraki, 40 fathoms (P.M.R.) 11/2/51, 61; off Karitane, Otago, 10 fathoms, trawler “Grace” (Hanson Bros.), 30/11/51, 265; Otago, Canyon A, Station 55–4, 80–100 fathoms (E. J. Batham), 14/8/55, 600; Otago, Canyon C, Station 55–8 (E. J. Batham) 16/8/55, 603; Otago, Canyon B/C 55–9, 300 fathoms (E. J. Batham) 16/8/55, 604; off Taiaroa Head, Dunedin, S. 8° E. (E.J. Batham) –/–/–, 694; Dunedin (R. Kulka), –/–/50, 695; Dunedin (Hilgendorf, 1896); East Papanui Inlet, Otago, 40 fathoms (D. H. Graham) 23/4/30, 39; Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island, sub littoral fringe (G. Knox), 6/11/51, 286; Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, 18 fathoms, “Alert” Station 20 (W. H. Dawbin) 12/1/52, 616; North Point, Chalky Inlet, West Coast Fiords, 6–12 fathoms (C. W. “New Golden Hind” Exped.) 4/2/46, 192; Chatham Islands (Kirchenpauer, 1884). Distribution. New Zealand, Chatham Islands. Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma subtropicus n. forma Fig. 18, 1-n. 1930. Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray). Totton, p. 181, text-fig. 32, a-c. Erect stem up to 3.0 mm in height, shorter than that of S. johnstoni forma johnstoni and the nodes marked by a shallower constriction than in the latter form; stem otherwise of the same branching habit, and hydrothecae of the same shape and size range as in forma johnstoni, but in addition, many of the hydrothecae of forma subtropicus possess three internal submarginal papilliform teeth: gonothecae, elongate oval, a length to breadth ratio of approximately 3 : 1 in contrast to the length/breadth ratio of forma johnstoni which is approximately 2 : 1. Locality. Type locality, Cape Maria van Diemen, 35–40 fathoms (Totton, 1930) : Cape Maria van Diemen (R. Kulka) 18/2/52, 693. Known only from New Zealand waters. The status of Symplectoscyphus divaricatus (Busk, 1852) Determination of the status of Symplectoscyphus divaricatus (Busk, 1852) has been long delayed. The problem is complex and bears directly on the determination of three other species, all of which are described here—namely, Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey, 1876); Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray, 1843) and Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884). Fortunately, material in the present collection and other specimens kindly made available to me for study have made it possible to give a decision on the status of all the above species. Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus and Sym. divaricatus are not known from New Zealand waters. It became clear in 1930, when Totton found the holotype of “Sertularia” divaricata that much material had been incorrectly identified as this Southern Hemisphere species of Busk's, but it has not been possible to assess the status of this material as the holotype of Symplectoscyphus divaricatus was described briefly in 1930 as a species with a polysiphonic stem closely related to Coughtrey's “Thuiaria” subarticulata. It is here demonstrated that the latter common New Zealand symplectoscyphid is not a synonym of Symplectoscyphus divaricatus Busk. Sym. divaricatus (Fig. 20, a and b), is a less robust species than Sym. subarticulatus (Fig. 14, g and h), has the hydrothecae spaced further apart, the three hydrothecal marginal teeth better developed and has twice or more than twice the length of

the adcauline wall free from the stem and branches. The type material of Sym. divaricatus lacks gonothecae. The gonotheca of Sym. subarticulatus is ovate, with from five to eight conspicuously flared annulations and the aperture on a short tubular neck with a flared trumpet-shaped distal end. Bale (1914, a) gave a list of the species he recognized as synonyms of Sym. divaricatus (Busk). None of these are known to possess a polysiphonic erect stem as shown by the holotype of S. divaricata Busk and Vervoort (1946) suggested that it might be necessary to substitute a new specific name for Bale's monosiphonic Australian material. The necessity of renaming the latter material has now arisen, but, substitution of a single name is not possible as it has become evident that Bale included more than one species under the name of Sym. divaricatus. Some of the material Bale regarded in 1914a as a synonym of Sym. divaricatus was originally described by him in 1884 as Sertularella johnstoni (c.f., p. 109, pl. III, fig. 7; pl. XXX, fig. 21; et sequi—1887, and 1894). This latter should not be identified as Sym. johnstoni because the hydrotheca in Bale's material was tubular, not conical as in the New Zealand Sym. johnstoni. The distal region of the gonotheca of Sym. johnstoni further distinguishes it from the gonotheca of the material Bale described as S. johnstoni in 1884. But neither is Bale's S. johnstoni a synonym of Sym. divaricatus as now known and described here below. Therefore, the new name Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus is proposed for the material Bale (1884) originally described as S. johnstoni and subsequently (1914a) as Sertularella divaricata. There is a symplectoscyphid in the present collection taken from three New Zealand localities that is identified here as Sym. pseudodivaricatus (Fig. 16, i-n). As far as can be ascertained, other specimens which Bale (1914a, p. 20) recognized as synonymous with Sym. divaricatus (Busk), are neither synonyms of that species nor of the material regarded here as Sym. pseudodivaricatus, but synonyms of Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884). A British Museum (Natural History) specimen labelled Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer, and taken in Bass Strait has been examined, as well as a specimen labelled by Bale, Sertularella divaricata, taken from Port Stephens in 1882. There is little doubt (Fig. 20) that these two specimens are one and the same species and to be recognized as Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884). Totton (1930, p. 188) named Kirchenpauer's Australian (Bass Strait) material as the holotype of S. subdichotomus and the description given here for this species is from a British Museum (Natural History) specimen from the type locality. Reference to Figure 20, however, demonstrates the striking similarity of the distal monosiphonic region of the stem of Sym. divaricatus to the stem of Sym. subdichotomus. Undoubtedly this similarity is the reason why Bale did not hesitate to regard the latter species as a synonym of Sym. divaricatus (Busk). The species are recognized here as distinct only because first, the stem of the holotype is polysiphonic, not monosiphonic, as in Sym. subdichotomus and secondly, the holotype of the former species is infertile. If a polysiphonic stem characteristic of Sym. divaricatus is found in which the gonothecae are similar to those known for Sym. subdichotomus then the latter species should properly be regarded as a synonym of Sym. divaricatus (Busk, 1852). It is not unlikely that the form and size of the erect stem of Sym. divaricatus varies with environmental conditions in the latitudinal range. Other hydroids—e.g., Halecium delicatulum Coughtrey, are known in which polysiphonic stems are found principally in high latitudes of the distribution range, while monosiphonic stems are best known from lower latitude (Australian and New Zealand) subtropical waters (Ralph, 1958). It seems significant that the polysiphonic Sym. divaricatus is known only from high latitude Subantarctic waters and the monosiphonic Sym. subdichotomus from lower latitude Australian waters.

From the above it will be realized that until all the material recognized by authors as Sym. divaricatus is re-examined it will not be possible to fully set in order the synonymy of either Sym. subdichotomus or Sym. pseudodivaricatus. However, some material described as “Sertularella subdichotoma” need not be re-examined as Vervoort's (1946) excellent description of a hydroid from Timaru, New Zealand, leaves no doubt that it is Sym. johnstoni (Gray) as now understood, and not Sym. subdichotomus. The present collection shows the latter species to be a common, rather variable, widely distributed endemic New Zealand symplectoscyphid. Symplectoscyphus divaricatus (Busk, 1852), Fig. 20, a-b. 1852. Sertularia divaricata Busk, p. 388. 1930. Symplectoscyphus divaricatus (Busk). Totton, p. 182. Proximal and medial erect stem polysiphonic; branched, branches usually regularly alternate with three hydrothecae between each branch—one in the axil and two alternating hydrothecae above it, but sometimes as many as five alternate hydrothecae between one branch and the next; tendrils present between branches; secondary branches may be present; a node between the stem apophysis carrying the branch and the first hydrotheca of the branch; nodes oblique, marked on the stem and branches by a constriction of very variable depth; length of internode clearly seen only when the nodal constriction is well developed; hydrotheca more or less tubular, carried at the distal end of the internode; width of the hydrotheca at the aperture approximating the maximum width; abcauline side with a slight outward bulge proximally, but concave distally; adcauline side more or less straight proximally, a low convex curve distally; hydrothecal aperture usually facing upwards; approximately one quarter of the adcauline side free from the stem and branches; slope of the free adcauline wall often parallel to the slope of the node; margin of hydrotheca with three well developed, sharply pointed teeth, the inner adcauline tooth usually straight, not recurved; a fenestra below many hydrothecae; no fenestra below the hydrotheca in the axil of a branch: gonotheca unknown. Locality. Type locality, Patagonia (Busk, 1852); Straits of Magellan. Species known only from these localities. Measurements below from British Museum (Natural History) Slide No. 1899.7.1.6624. Length of stem fragment: 8.0 mm, length of stem internode, 1.20 to 2.0 mm; length of branch internode approximately 2.0 mm; width of stem internode (at node) 0.175 to 0.20 mm; width of branch internode (at node) 0.10 to 0.12 mm; abcauline length of hydrotheca 0.25 to 0.29 mm; free adcauline length, 0.09 to 0.13 mm; fixed adcauline length, 0.29 to 0.31 mm; width of hydrotheca at aperture, 0.10 to 0.15 mm; maximum width, 0.15 mm; distance apart of stem and branch hydrothecae measured from margin to base of hydrotheca above, 0.40 to 0.70 mm. Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884), Fig. 20, c-j. 1884. Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer, p. 46. pl. XVI, fig. 1–1b. and, Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer. Brit Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Reg. No. 1956.10.23.135, from Bass Strait. 1884. Sertularella divaricata (Busk). Bale, p. 110, pl. III, Fig. 9; pl XIX, fig. 20. and Sertularella divaricata (Busk). Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Reg. No. 19, 10.14.11, from Port Stephens, 1882. Erect stem monosiphonic, up to 3 or 4 inches (Bale, 1884), straggling, branched; branches usually regularly alternate, but they may show subdichotomous ramifications; three hydrothecae between each branch, one in the axil and two alternate hydrothecae above it; tendrils present between branches; secondary branches may be present; a node between the stem apophysis carrying the branch and the first hydrotheca of the branch; nodes oblique, marked on the stem and branches by a constriction variable in depth from shallow (Fig. 20, h and i) to well developed (Fig. 20, e and f); length of the internode clearly recognizable when nodal constriction is deep, otherwise not well defined; stem nodes best seen between every second hydrotheca; hydrotheca more or less tubular, carried at the distal end of the internode; width of hydrotheca at the aperture approximating the greatest width; adcauline side convex; abcauline side slightly concave; hydrothecal aperture usually facing upwards; approximately one third of the adcauline side free from the stem and branches; slope of the free adcauline wall often parallel to that of the node above; margin of hydrotheca with three well developed bluntly pointed teeth, the inner abcauline tooth usually slightly recurved towards the stem;

Text-fig. 18.—a-c, Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma johnstoni (Gray) to show angle of branching; c, portion of stem of material recognized by Vervoort as Sertularella subdichotoma here regarded as a synonym of Sym. johnstoni (after Vervoort, 1946, 5, a). d-e, Symplectoscyphus epizooticus Totton (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 36, a and b). f-g, Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 37 a and b). h-k, Symplectoscyphus spiritualis Totton. 1-n, Symplectoscyphus johnstoni forma subtropicus, n. forma 1, mouth of hydrotheca to show internal teeth. m, hydrotheca (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 32, a). n, gonotheca (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 32, b).

a fenestra below each hydrotheca except that in the axil of the branch: gonothecae, borne on the stem and at the base of the branches; ovate, but tapering fairly sharply proximally towards its attachment point; walls with approximately nine well developed transverse annulations, but the latter tend to fade out on the side of the gonotheca against the stem; wide circular, terminal aperture, sometimes slightly eccentrically placed; operculate; a rather short tube surrounds the aperture; margin of tube may be slightly flared. Locality. Type locality, Bass Strait, Australia (cf. Totton, 1930, p. 188): Port Stephens, Australia. Species not known from New Zealand waters. The following measurements are from Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Slide No. 1956.10.23.135. of S. subdichotoma from Bass Strait, and Slide No. 19.10.14.11 of S. divaricata from Port Stephens. The latter material recognized here as a synonym of Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer). Reg. No. 1956.10.23.135 19.10.14.11 Length of stem fragment 7.00 mm 12.00 mm Internode: Length (stem) 0.40–0.80 mm 0.67–1.50 mm Length (branch) 0.30–0.40 mm 0.40–0.50 mm Width (stem) 0.20 mm 0.15–0.30 mm (at the node) (branch) 0.15 mm 0.12–0.15 mm Hydrotheca Abcauline length 0.25–0.30 mm 0.375 mm Free adcauline length 0.10–0.15 mm 0.10–0.13 mm Fixed adcauline length 0.25–0.30 mm 0.275–0.30 mm Margin width 0.17 mm 0.17 mm Maximum width 0.20 mm 0.20 mm Gonotheca Length 1.20 mm 1.40–1.60 mm Maximum width 0.90 mm 0.90 mm Aperture width 0.25 mm ? female 0.15 mm ? male Distal region term tube width 0.10 mm approx. 0.06 mm (damaged) Prox region term tube width 0.25 mm approx. 0.15 mm Terminal tube length 0.35 mm 0.25 mm The symplectoscyphid species Symplectoscyphus epizooticus, S. tuba, S. spiritualis and S. confusus These species of Symplectoscyphus have several features in common. They were all described from “Terra Nova” material as new by Totton (1930); they have not been recorded since, except S. spiritualis, which is represented in the present collection; they have relatively small (up to 4.0 cm) monosiphonic erect stems; they come from the same area in the far North, three of them S. confusus, S. epizooticus and S. tuba from the same locality, off the Three Kings Islands, and S. spiritualis from a few miles to the south, off North Cape; they have hydrothecae that are of the same general shape, approximately the same size (0.32 to 0.37 mm in length); and have approximately half the adcauline stem free from the stem and branch, and finally they have gonothecae that are very similar in shape and also size except those of S. epizooticus that are about half the size (0.66 mm) of those of the other three species. Totton, however, thinks the gonothecae of S. epizooticus were not fully grown. The inclination of the hydrothecal aperture to the stem, features of the internode, and the type of annulation and distal tubuliform aperture of the gonotheca seem reliable for identification of the species. Symplectoscyphus epizooticus Totton, 1930, Fig. 18, d and e. 1930. Symplectoscyphus epizooticus Totton, p. 185, pl. I, figs. 5, 6; text-fig. 36 a-b. The distinctive appearance of this simple or occasionally branched small, approximately 5.0 mm long symplectoscyphid is due to the length and great slenderness of the internodes;

the stem internodes are from about 0.70 mm in length and 0.12 mm in greatest width, and carry a distal hydrotheca; a slight constriction indicates the position of the nodes; hydrothecae with approximately half the adcauline wall free from the stem and branches, free adcauline wall almost straight, making an angle of approximately 125° with the fixed adcauline wall; abcauline wall slightly concave, margin of hydrotheca with three pointed teeth; no internal submarginal teeth; aperture of hydrotheca facing upwards rather than outwards; a fenestra below the base of most hydrothecae, length of free adcauline wall approximately 0.23 mm, length of fixed adcauline wall approximately 0.20 mm, length of abcauline wall approximately 0.20 mm, greatest width 0.15 mm, width at aperture 0.13 mm gonotheca (?) juvenile, small, flattened approximately 0.66 mm in length and approximately 0.34 mm in width; walls smooth or irregularly undulating; aperture central; 0.07 mm in diameter, on short tube. Locality. Type locality. Off Three Kings Islands, 300 fathoms (Totton, 1930). Species known only from the type locality. Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930, Fig. 18, f and g. 1930. Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, p. 186, text-fig. 37, a-b. Erect stem small straggling and multipinnate; up to 1.5 cm in length and like S. epizooticus possessing long and relatively slender internodes; the latter are, however, approximately twice the width (0.25 mm) of those of S. epizooticus; a slight constriction indicates the position of the nodes; hydrothecae with approximately half the adcauline wall free from the stem and branches; free adcauline wall almost straight, making an angle of approximately 122° with the fixed adcauline wall; abcauline wall slightly concave, margin of hydrotheca with three pointed teeth; no internal submarginal teeth; aperture of hydrotheca facing upwards rather than outwards; a fenestra below the base of most hydrothecae; length of the free adcauline wall approximately 0.20 mm, length of fixed adcauline wall approximately 0.20 mm; length of abcauline wall approximately 0.22 mm; greatest width 0.17 mm, width at aperture 0.14 mm; gonothecae ovate with 11 or 12 well developed broad annulations; aperture at end of large terminal funnel, the distal end of which is flared, “like the mouthpiece of a telephone”; gonotheca approximately 1.10 mm in length, and 0.59 mm in greatest diameter; diameter of external opening 0.25 mm and diameter of internal opening 0.11 mm. Locality. Type locality, off Three Kings Islands, 100 fathoms (Totton. 1930). Species known only from the type locality. Symplectoscyphus spiritualis Totton, 1930, Fig. 18, h-k. 1930. Symplectoscyphus spiritualis Totton, p. 184, Text-Fig. 34. Erect stems up to 4.0 cm in length, straggling, branched, and primary branches sometimes with secondary branches; tendrils connect the branches of erect stems; nodes absent or marked by a very slight constriction; hydrothecae with approximately half the adcauline length free of stem and branch; free and fixed adcauline wall forming one smooth convex curve (Fig. 18, j); abcauline wall concave; margin of hydrotheca with three pointed teeth; no internal submarginal teeth; aperture of hydrotheca facing outwards; a fenestra below some of the hydrothecae; length of the free adcauline wall 0.15 mm to 0.20 mm; length of fixed adcauline wall approximately 0.20 mm; length of abcauline wall approximately 0.25 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.20 mm, width at aperture 0.10 mm: gonothecae elongate oval, laterally compressed, the back of the gonotheca fixed against the stem except at the distal end. 16 to 18 transverse ridges covering the entire length and all round the gonotheca, except at the back where it is fixed to the stem; distal two or three ridges complete annuli with free, frilled margin, distal end not enlarged; aperture funnel shaped, slightly flaring and eccentrically placed; length of gonothecae 1.27 to 1.54 mm; and width 0.55 mm; external diameter of funnel 0.15. internal diameter 0.06 mm. Locality. Type locality, off North Cape, 11–20 fathoms (Totton, 1930); off Karitane, Otago, 10 fathoms (trawler “Grace,” Hanson Bros.) 30/11/51, 265. Species known only from New Zealand. The stems of the present specimens are about half the length of Totton's material and infertile, but they can be readily identified as S. spiritualis. The internodes and hydrothecae are of almost identical size when compared with Totton's material. This new record of the species in New Zealand extends its range southwards by 10° from approximately 34° S. to 44° S. Symplectoscyphus confusus Totton, 1930, Fig. 19, g. 1930. Symplectoscyphus confusus Totton, p. 184, pl. I, fig. 4, b; text-fig. 35. Erect stems up to 4.0 cm in length, branched, and primary branches sometimes with secondary branches, nodes marked by a very slight constriction; hydrothecae with half or a

little more than half the adcauline side free from stem and branch; free adcauline wall straight; a notch (Fig. 19, g) immediately above the hydrotheca at the junction of the free adcauline side with the stem; abcauline wall very slightly concave; margin of hydrotheca with three bluntly pointed teeth; no internal submarginal teeth; aperture of hydrotheca facing upwards rather than outwards; length of free adcauline wall approximately 0.23 mm; length of fixed adcauline wall approximately 0.23 mm; length of abcauline wall approximately 0.25 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.19 mm, width at aperture 0.19 mm: gonothecae elongate ovate, not compressed laterally, transversely ridged except on the back where they are adnate to the stem; the distal three or four ridges only form complete annuli; ridges wide, evenly spaced and from eleven to twelve in number; margin of annulations not produced into a free frill; aperture terminal on a cylinder the diameter of which is approximately equal to its length; external aperture of cylinder 0.17 mm in diameter slightly wider than the internal aperture which is 0.13 to 0.14 mm, length of gonothecae 1.25 to 1.34 mm and 0.59 mm in width. Locality. Type locality, off Three Kings Islands, 300 fathoms (Totton, 1930). Species known only from New Zealand waters. Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni Totton, 1930, Fig. 19, a-c. 1910. Sertularella subdichotoma Vanhöffen, p. 326, Fig. 41, a-c (not Sertularella subdichotoma, Kirchenpauer, 1884, p. 46, pl. XVI, Figs. 1–1b). 1930. Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni nom. n. Sertularella subdichotoma as recognized by Vanhöffen, 1910. Totton, p. 187, Text-Fig. 38, a-d (synonymy and discussion). Erect stems of this symplectoscyphid are from small to medium height, up to 2.5 cm in New Zealand, and 7.0 cm in the Antarctic, and of straggling habit, branched, and branches Text-fig. 19—a-c, Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni Totton. a, portion of erect stem to show branching; b, hydrotheca: c, gonotheca; d-f, Symplectoscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock). d. erect stem, e, gonotheca; f. hydrotheca. g, Symplectoscyphus confusus Totton (after Totton, 1930, text-fig. 35).

falsely dichotomous, anastomosing tendrils between branches; distal branches with secondary branches; nodes marked by a slight constriction of the stem or branch, and most readily seen in the region of the axillary hydrothecae on the stem; distance between axillary hydrothecae on the stem approximately 1.75 mm measured from the node above axillary hydrotheca to the node above the next axillary hydrotheca on the stem; greatest width of stem internodes 0.20 mm: internodes on branches approximately 0.40 mm in length, and 0.10 to 0.15 mm in greatest width; separating each alternating pair of branches is a pair of alternating hydrothecae, and in the axil of each branch a hydrotheca; hydrothecae with approximately half the adcauline length free from the stem and branch; aperture facing upwards rather than outwards, but this character is rather variable and some hydrothecae face outwards; free and fixed adcauline wall forming a continuous smooth convex curve; abcauline wall with submarginal concave curve, otherwise more or less straight from base to margin; margin with three well developed pointed teeth and margin slightly thickened particularly on the abcauline side; no internal submarginal teeth; length of free adcauline wall rather variable in length, 0.17 to 0.30 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem or branch, approximately 0.20 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.20 mm; width at the margin 0.11 to 0.13 mm; a fenestra below the base of many stem and branch hydrothecae; gonothecae—male and female gonothecae, elongate ovate; walls folded into a frilled spiral of about eight turns; aperture terminal on a well developed tube; distal end of tube flared; (?) female with larger mouth tube and deeper frills; length of gonothecae approximately 1.6 mm, width approximately 0.70 mm (excluding the frilled spiral fold); length of terminal tube in male, 0.15 to 0.20 mm, diameter of tube at mouth 0.13 to 0.16 mm; depth of frill approximately 0.13 mm; length of terminal tube in female gonotheca, 0.30 to 0.37 mm, diameter of tube at mouth 0.25 to 0.28 mm, depth of frill approximately 0.18 to 0.23 mm. Locality. Type locality, Antarctic “Gauss” Station 350–400 fathoms (Vanhöffen, 1910): Otago, Canyon A, 80–100 fathoms (E.J. Batham) 14/8/55, 701. Distribution. Antarctic, New Zealand. Previously this species was known only from Antarctic waters. The present New Zealand specimens number only six small stems, two of them possessing a single male gonotheca of the same size range described by Totton (1930) for the species. The size range of the hydrothecae on the New Zealand specimens is also similar to that known for Antarctic material. The erect stems of Antarctic specimens are, however, up to three times the length of those in the present collection. The habit of the erect stem of S. vanhoeffeni is strikingly similar to that of Symplectoscyphus johnstoni, but the nodes are marked only by a slight constriction of the stem or branch in the former, whereas in the latter there is not only a well developed constriction but also a thickening of the perisarc, which is clearly seen in stained material in the region of the constriction. Symplectoscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock, 1928), Fig. 19, d-f. 1928. Sertularella irregularis Trebilcock, p. 13, pl V., figs. 1–1b. A tiny symplectoscyphid as at present known, but with an erect stem of unusual and distinctive character, with the hydrothecae arranged not in two series but in an irregular spiral, so that approximately every fourth hydrotheca completes one turn. This gives the appearance of three irregular longitudinal series. The hydrorhiza is somewhat flattened, approximately 0.10 mm in greatest width, and there are three or four oblique annuli at the base of the stem between the hydrorhiza and the first internode bearing a hydrotheca; the stem is simple, or sparingly branched, up to 0.50 mm in length; nodes marked by a fairly well developed slightly oblique constriction; internodes short, approximately 0.15 mm in length; hydrothecae with two-thirds of the adcauline length free from the stem or branch, more or less tubular, walls slightly converging towards the mouth; the adcauline side forming a smooth convex curve the abcauline side, more or less straight for the greater part of its length, but with a distinct submarginal concavity; margin with three well formed pointed teeth, one median and adcauline and two lateral in position, operculum with three components, length of adcauline wall free from stem and branch, approximately 0.20 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch, approximately 0.09 mm; length of abcauline wall approximately 0.21 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.13 mm, width at the aperture 0.10 mm; hydranth, with about 16 to 20 tentacles, and a poorly developed abcauline caecum: gonothecae. ovate, with from 8 to 10 evenly spaced and well formed transverse annulations, without a flange, distal end terminating in a short tube; the margin of the mouth of the tube often slightly flared; gonothecae arise either from inside a hydrotheca or from the stem; length of gonotheca 0.90 to 1.0 mm in length; maximum width 0.60 mm; terminal tube approximately 0.07 mm long and 0.13 mm in width.

Text-fig. 20.—a and b, Symplectoscyphus divaricatus (Busk, 1852). a, portion of stem; b, hydrotheca, from British Museum (Nat. Hist.) material Reg. No. 1899, 7.1.6624. c and d, “Sertularella” subdichotoma Kirchenpauer, 1884 (after Kirchenpauer, 1884, pl. XVI, 1 and 1, b. e-g, “Sertularella divaricata” Busk, as recognized by Bale (1884), from Port Stephens, Australia, B. M. (Nat. Hist.) Reg. No. 19.10.14.11—here regarded as Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer). h-j, “Sertularella” subdichotoma Kirchenpauer, from Bass Strait, Australia, Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 1956. 10.23.135.

Locality. Type locality, St. Clair, Dunedin, intertidal (Trebilcock, 1928); Woodpecker Bay, West Coast, South Island, intertidal (G. Knox) 3/1/52, 395. Species known only from New Zealand. Descriptions of the Species of Sertularella in New Zealand The Status of S. simplex, S. robusta and S. integra Previously a decision on the status of Sertularella simplex (Hutton), Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, and Sertularella integra Allman has been difficult. S. robusta has been confused with S. simplex and S. tenella. S. robusta is very similar to S. tenella in growth form, and general structure, but the former species has three well developed, submarginal, bracket-like teeth in the hydrotheca. Internal teeth are lacking in S. tenella. S. integra was essentially unknown, no material having been identified with it since Allman recorded and briefly described the species in 1876. Bale (1924) did, however, after examination of British Museum (Natural History) material, note that the margin of S. integra possessed teeth, and was not entire as described by Allman. Further examination of material of S. integra from the Natural History Museum shows that there are four marginal teeth. Specimens in the present collection from several New Zealand localities can be identified as S. integra, and these specimens also indicate that S. robusta var. flucticulata Trebilcock, 1928, is a synonym. Adequate material now makes possible a decision on the status of S. simplex and S. robusta. S. robusta was one of the three forms originally assigned to S. simplex (Hutton) by Coughtrey, in 1875 (pl. XX, Fig. 9–10) but subsequently (1876) he recognized specimens in which the hydrothecal wall had complete transverse, thickened annulations as distinct, and described them as S. robusta. Trebilcock (1928) described some sertularellid stems in which the hydrothecal annulations were complete but very thin and faint, and others in which there were thick well developed ridges that extended part of the way only round the hydrotheca. Specimens showing the above characters Trebilcock recognized as new varieties of S. robusta—S. robusta var. quasiplana with faint but complete annulations and S. robusta var. flucticulata with distinct ridges but incomplete annulations. Two years later Totton (1930) discussing S. robusta and Trebilcock's findings remarked that “it seems possible after all that S. simplex and S. robusta are only varieties of one species”. The present material demonstrates that S. simplex and S. robusta are distinct species. In S. simplex the hydrothecal wall is usually thin and quite smooth (Fig. 21, f) although the walls of some hydrothecae on a stem may show irregular very shallow undulations (Fig. 21, e): in S. robusta the hydrothecal walls are usually thicker and completely ringed by three or four perisarc thickenings (Fig. 22, b) even if, as in the variety quasiplana, the rings are only faintly visible (the writer has often found it difficult to see the annulations in unstained specimens mounted in canada balsam or polyvinyl alcohol). Apart from their distinctive hydrothecae S. simplex and S. robusta are alike in the size range of their erect stems, the general barrel-shape of their hydrothecae; the relationship of the hydrotheca to the internode, and in their gonothecae. It could be noted here, however, that solitary hydrothecae may occur among a group of erect stems. An aberrant solitary hydrotheca was found among stems of S. simplex from St. Heliers Bay, Auckland. This solitary hydrotheca possessed annulations (Fig. 21, a) rather similar to S. robusta, while the erect stem immediately adjacent to it and others on the same hydrorhiza had hydrothecae with smooth walls typical of S. simplex. There was no bud visible on the solitary hydrotheca such as might be expected if it were to continue normal development into an erect stem, and from this fact it was concluded that this solitary annulated hydrotheca was atypical and not significant for determination of the specific status of the material.

From the foregoing discussion on the status of S. simplex and S. robusta it will have been noted that only specimens in which the ridges on the hydrothecae form complete rings are recognized here as S. robusta. Specimens in which the ridges on the hydrothecal walls do not form complete rings are assigned to either S. integra Allman, or, to Sertularella intricata Billard. These species are described and further discussed later in the paper. There is one other species of Sertularella now known from New Zealand waters which may be confused, in the absence of gonothecae, with S. robusta. This is S. richardsoni, a new species from South Island waters (Fig. 22, f). The hydrothecae, however, of S. richardsoni are much larger, often twice as large as those of S. robusta and the gonothecae of the former are distinctive (Fig. 22, e). Sertularella simplex (Hutton, 1873), Fig. 21, a-g. 1872. Sertularia simplex Hutton, p. 257. 1875. Sertularia simplex Hutton. Coughtrey, p. 283 (in part), pl. XX, Figs. 8–11. 1876. Sertularia simplex (Hutton). Coughtrey, p. 300 (in part). 1876a. Sertularia simplex (Hutton). Coughtrey, p. 27. 1901. Sertularella fusiformis Hincks var. nana Hartlaub, p. 372, Pl. 21, Fig. 18. 1924. Sertularia simplex (Hutton). Bale, p. 240, fig. 7 (synonymy and discussion). 1928. Sertularia simplex (Hutton). Trebilcock, p. 15, pl. VI, figs. 1–1d, 2–2e. A small hydroid with erect stems up to 15.0 mm in length, but frequently approximately 10.0 mm in length; taller stems may be branched, and tendrils between erect stems and branches occasionally occur; usually one or two oblique annulations between the hydrorhiza and the first internode bearing a hydrotheca; nodes regular and oblique, readily recognized, sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes somewhat variable in length and width; long internodes 1.0 mm in length and 0.20 mm in width are known, but the greatest number of stems have internodes 0.45 to 0.55 mm in length, and 0.175 to 0.25 mm in width; nodes, internodes, and hydrothecae of branches similar to those of the main stem; branches with up to six hydrothecae but usually less than this number present; hydrothecae rather variable in the angle at which they diverge from the stem, as they may be directed slightly forwards, or to the side; arising distally on the internode slightly below the node above (Fig. 21, d and e); hydrothecae rather barrel-shaped, narrowest just below the margin and broadest just below the mid line; walls thin and smooth, or occasionally slightly undulated but not ridged; adcauline wall fixed to stem or branch for half, or a little less than half of its length; margin with four evenly spaced teeth; three well developed submarginal teeth; operculum with four components; length of adcauline wall free, 0.20 to 0.30 mm; length of adcauline wall fixed to stem or branch, 0.20 to 0.30 mm; abcauline length 0.40 mm to 0.52 mm; greatest width 0.20 to 0.25 mm; hydranth with about 12 tentacles and a well developed abcauline caecum: gonotheca, general outline oval, but tapering somewhat distally and surmounted by three or four bluntly pointed spines, but this apical region is variable in form and may be truncated and without spines; gonotheca with very short, sometimes annulated pedicel; wall of gonotheca with three to four widely spaced annulations; these latter also vary and may not be complete rings, or the annulations barely perceptible; total length of gonotheca, including pedicel, approximately 1.50 mm, pedicel approximately 0.20 mm in length; greatest width of gonotheca 0.55 to 0.80 mm; aperture approximately 0.15 mm in diameter, spines approximately 0.10 mm in length. Locality. Type locality, Lyall Bay, Wellington (Hutton, 1873). Pohutukawa Flat, Little Barrier Island, on boulders (M. Aiken) –/8/52, 517; Narrow Neck, Auckland drift (P.M.R.) 10/2/53, 355; St. Heliers Bay, Auckland (R. Kulka) 3/1/50, 685; Muriwai Beach, Auckland, drift (P.M.R) –/2/53, 322; Te Mata, Coromandel Peninsula (P.M.R.), 25/11/50, 24; Makara Beach, Wellington, drift (V. Cassie), 25/8/52, 305 and 307; Wellington (? Hutton) –/–/– Canterbury Museum Slide No. 45; Wharf Piles, Nelson Harbour (G. Knox), 4/11/52, 280; Kaikoura, drift (P.M.R) 13/11/51, 212; Ripa Island, Lyttelton Harbour (G. Knox) 17/2/22, 131; Heathcote Estuary, Christchurch, on Mytilus (P.M.R.) 15/11/51, 245 and 248; Taylor's Mistake, Banks Peninsula (G. Knox) –/–/–, 224; Sumner, Christchurch (Hartlaub, 1901); St. Clair, Dunedin (Trebilcock, 1928); Little Papanui, Otago Peninsula, on Mytilus edulis (E. J. Batham) 3/8/53, 691. Species known only from New Zealand waters. In some colonies, as has been noted above, stems of S. simplex may have a few hydrothecae in which the walls are irregularly and shallowly undulated. This

Text-fig. 21.—a-g, Sertularella simplex (Hutton). a, portion of colony from St. Heliers Bay, Auckland, showing solitary aberrant hydrotheca with faint annulations; b, erect stem from St. Heliers Bay; c, small erect stem from Lyttelton Harbour; d, portion of erect stem; e, portion of erect stem, showing hydrothecae with irregularly undulated walls; f, hydrotheca showing internal submarginal teeth; g, gonotheca. h-n Sertularella crassiuscula Bale. h; hydrotheca and hydranth; i, erect stem; j, portion of erect stem to show relationship of the hydrotheca to the internode and node. k-m, distal end of gonotheca to show variation; n, typical flat-topped gonotheca.

feature is not restricted to any one locality, as colonies with this type of stem are known both from Little Papanui, Otago Peninsula, and the Heathcote Estuary, Christchurch. In both these areas, however, the colonies were growing on the shells of Mytilus. Sertularella crassiuscula Bale, 1924, Fig. 21, h-n. 1901. Sertularella solidula Bale. Hartlaub, p. 371 not S. solidula Bale (Bale, 1882, p. 24). 1924. Sertularella crassiuscula Bale, p. 240, fig. 8 (Discussion and synonymy). A small hydroid with a simple, or occasionally branched, zig-zag erect stem, up to 2.0 cm in height; branches when present, two or three in number, short, up to about one-third the stem in length, and so far observed only in specimens taken from the Chatham Islands; nodes distinct, oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes of stem and branches readily recognizable with a single hydrotheca arising at the extreme distal end of the internode, so that the line formed by the node and the free adcauline wall is one smooth convex curve (Fig. 21, h and j); length of internode variable, some stems have short internodes (0.380 mm in length) other stems have much longer internodes (0.63 mm in length); internodes 0.31 mm to 0.375 mm in width; hydrothecae with approximately one half fixed to the stem and branch; free adcauline wall a smooth convex curve; the lower abcauline wall almost straight from stem to margin but with a sharp submarginal contraction where the wall is especially thick; margin with four shallow but readily observed teeth; operculum with four components; three internal, large, submarginal, vertical, bracket-like teeth, two of which are within the adcauline embayments of the margin and the third below the outer marginal tooth; length of fixed adcauline wall, 0.25 to 0.30 mm, length of free adcauline wall, 0.20 to 0.35 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.40 to 0.45 mm; maximum width of hydrotheca 0.30 to 0.40 mm, width at the aperture 0.20 to 0.23 mm; hydranth with approximately 12 tentacles; gonothecae ovate, but with truncated distal end; with three or four widely spaced shallow annulations; occasionally two or three low dome shaped prominences about the terminal aperture; length of gonothecae 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm, greatest width 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm; width of truncated distal end 0.35 mm to 0.47 mm. Locality. “New Zealand” (Hicks Collection, British Museum); Russell, Bay of Islands intertidal rock pool (M. Laird, M. Aitken), –/2/51, 11/8/56, 112 and 488; Leigh (drift), (P.M.R.) 11/2/53, 346; Cheltenham Beach, Auckland (drift) (P.M.R.) 10/2/53, 351; Bethells, Auckland (R. Kulka) 1/1/50, 675, St. Heliers, Auckland (R. Kulka) 3/6/50, 677; Great Barrier Island (R. Kulka) –/11/50, 676 Ohope Beach, Whakatane (P.M.R) 12/2/53, 327; Paraparaumu Beach (drift) (P.M.R.) 22/3/51, 141; Palliser Bay, Cook Strait (Mrs. Lowry) –/12/50, 117; Karaka Bay Beach (drift) (P.M.R) –/6/53, 388; Cook Strait, Island Bay Bank, 60–70 fathoms (N.Z. Geological Survey) 14/9/50, 673 and 151; Cook Strait, Station 48, 41° 31′ 30 lat, 174° 48′ long. 70 fathoms (V.U.Z.) 22/2/56, 563: French Pass, Cook Strait (Hartlaub, 1901, as S. solidula); Taylors Mistake, Banks Peninsula, (G. Knox) –/–/–, 227; Akaroa, Banks Peninsula (Chas Chilton—as described by Bale, 1924) –/11/03, Canterbury Museum Slides No. 34, 35, 36; Timaru, on sponges –/–/–, Cant. Mus. Slide No. 44; Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island (drift) (Mrs. Willa) 10/9/56, 500; Port Hutt, Chatham Islands (intertidal), (“Chatham Exped.” 1954) 8/2/54, Chatham Exped. Slide No. 15. Species known only from New Zealand. In general, specimens taken from the Cook Strait area southwards are taller, have larger hydrothecae, and longer internodes than those taken northward of this area. Specimens from the Bay of Islands, the known Northern limit of the range of S. crassiuscula have hydrothecae (0.37 mm in length) and stem internodes (0.38 mm in length) while those from Cook Strait possess hydrothecae about 0.5 mm in length, and stem internodes approximately 0.60 mm in length. Other specimens from the harbour waters of Port Hutt in the Chatham Islands also have small hydrothecae (0.35 mm) and short internodes (0.40 mm). As with some other New Zealand hydroids, it would appear that small specimens of S. crassiuscula are found in harbour waters in the more northern regions of the latitudinal range, while large specimens occur in offshore waters and in the southern areas of the range.

The gonothecae of S. crassiuscula (Fig. 21, k-n) could be confused with those of S. simplex when the gonothecae of the latter species possess a truncated distal end without spines, or very low, dome-like prominences. The erect stems of the two species, however, are quite distinctive in growth form. The stem of S. crassiuscula is markedly zig-zag, and the line formed by the node and the free adcauline wall of the hydrotheca is one continuous smooth convex curve (Fig. 21, h and j). The relationship of the line of the node to the free adcauline wall in S. simplex is not so arranged as the hydrotheca leaves the internode below the node (Fig. 21, b) and comes out from the stem at a much more acute angle. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876, Fig. 22, a-d. 1875. Sertularia simplex Hutton (in part) Coughtrey, p. 283, figs. 9 and 10. 1876. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, p. 300. 1876a. Sertularella simplex (Hutton) (in part) Coughtrey p. 27, Pl. 3, Fig. 3. 1885. Sertularella microgona von Lendenfeld, p. 416, pl. VII, figs. 1–3. 1894. Sertularella angulosa Bale, p. 102, pl. IV, fig. 6. 1901. Sertularella tenella Alder. Hartlaub, p. 370 (but not S. tenella Alder, or other authors). 1905. Sertularella tenella Alder. Jaderholm, p. 31 taf. XII, fig. 8 (but not S. tenella Alder of other authors). 1924. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. Bale, p. 240 (synonymy and discussion). 1928. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. Trebilcock, p. 16, pl. VI, fig. 3–3c (discussion). 1928. Sertularella robusta var. quasiplana Trebilcock, p. 18, pl. VI, figs. 4–4a. 1930. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. Totton, p. 195 (synonymy and discussion). 1942. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. Blackburn, p. 115. 1950. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. Hodgson, p. 33, fig. 58. 1959. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. Pennycuik, p. 195, pl. VI, fig. 3. A small sertularellid with erect stem up to 15.0 mm in length but often less, about 8.0 to 10.0 mm; stems usually simple, but they may be branched; usually one or two oblique annulations between the hydrorhiza and the first internode bearing a hydrotheca; nodes, regular, distinct, and oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes somewhat variable in length and width, 0.35 to 0.70 mm in length and 0.20 to 0.30 mm in greatest width measured just below the base of the hydrotheca; greatest number of stems with internodes 0.45 to 0.50 mm in length and approximately 0.25 mm in width; hydrothecae fixed to stem and branch for approximately half their adcauline length, hydrothecae broadest about the middle, narrowest just below the margin, in general outline barrel-shaped; and with three to four complete annulations which may be poorly developed and difficult to observe or very well developed into ridges; length of adcauline wall free from stem 0.30 to 0.40 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem approximately 0.25 mm, length of abcaule wall 0.40 to 0.55 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.25 to 0.35 mm, four readily recognizable marginal teeth; four opercular components; three submarginal internal vertical, bracket-like teeth, two within the adcauline embayments, and the third below the outer marginal tooth; hydranth with approximately twelve tentacles' gonothecae ovate but tapering towards the distal end, and with short proximal pedicel; walls usually with three to four well developed, complete annulations, but these are variable in development and sometimes not easily observed; aperture terminal, usually surrounded by three or four vertical spines, approximately 0.1 mm in length but the spines may be mere dome-like prominences; pedicel approximately 0.20 mm in length, total length of gonothecae, 1.40 mm to 1.70 mm; width 0.90 to 1.0 mm; and aperture approximately 0.20 mm in diameter. Locality. Type locality “Foveaux Strait oyster bank” (Coughtrey, 1876); near North Cape, Station 134 “Terra Nova” 11–20 fathoms (Totton, 1930); Whatipu, Auckland (R. Kulka) March, 1950, 683 and 684; Cheltenham Beach, Auckland, drift (P.M.R.) 10/2/53, 349; Hawke Bay, “Kotuku” Expedition, Station 17 (J. Garrick) 22/5/52, 444; Palliser Bay, Wellington, on crayfish appendage (R. W. Zander) 6/9/56, 494; off Kahu Rocks, 20–30 fathoms between Wellington and Cape Terawhiti (F. Abernethy) 18/10/56, 516; Paraparaumu Beach, west coast, North Island, drift (P.M.R) 5/1/52, 271; Breaker Bay, Wellington, drift (V. Cassie) 4/5/52, 293; “Chatham Expedition, 1954,” Station 14, Hanson Bay, 27/1/54, Chat. Exped. Slide No. 16; “Chat. Exped. 1954” Station 26, Port Waitangi, 30/1/54, Chat. Exped. Slide No. 18; Reef, intertidal, Portobello Marine

Biological Station (E. J. Batham) 14/2/51, 69; Bluff, on oyster shells (Trebilcock, 1928); Dunedin, and Foveaux Strait (Coughtrey, 1875 and 1876). Distribution. New Zealand, Australia; Tasmania; Tierra del Fuego (Jaderholm (1905) as Sertularella tenella); Indonesia (Billard (1925) as Sertularella microgona von Lendenfeld and Sertularella angulosa (Bale)). Sertularella richardsoni n.sp., Fig. 22, e-h. A sertularellid with large annulated hydrothecae standing well out from the stem; stems arising from intertwining hydrorhizae approximately 0.25 mm in width; a portion of non-annulated stem 0.50 to 1.1 mm in length between the hydrorhiza and the first stem hydrotheca; stem 3.0 to 4.0 cm in length, simple, or sparingly branched; branches two or three in number, up to 1.30 cm in length, and like the mam stem in general structure; a thickened ring of perisarc surrounds the base of the branch at its junction with the stem (Fig. 22, f) Text-fig. 22.—a-d, Sertularella robusta Coughtrey. a, aperture of hydrotheca showing part of operculum, and the internal submarginal teeth; b, portion of erect stem; c, hydrotheca; d, distal end of gonotheca. e-h, Sertularella richardsoni n.sp. e, gonotheca; f, portion of erect stem to show branching; g, gonotheca; h, hydrotheca.

nodes, regular oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions, marked by a slight constriction of the stem and branch, and usually an annular swelling immediately above the nodal constriction (Fig. 22, h); stem internodes approximately 1.40 mm in length, and 0.15 mm in width at the node, and 0.25 mm in maximum width; occasionally growth at the distal end of the stem is irregular and very long, atypical (3.0 mm in length) internodes occur; branch internodes are approximately 0.70 mm in length, and 0.25 mm in width at the node and 0.30 mm in maximum width; hydrothecae large, free adcauline wall and abcauline wall both convex for the greater part of their length, but narrowing rapidly and curving inwards towards the quadrate mouth (Fig. 22, h); margin with an outward flare and with four evenly spaced pointed teeth at the angles of the margin; three internal submarginal, vertical, flat, bracket-like teeth, two in the lateral embayments between the teeth, and one below the outer tooth; aperture facing outwards and upwards, and closed by an operculum with four components; walls of hydrotheca, with four to six ridged annulations; two-thirds or a little less than two-thirds of the adcauline wall free from the stem and branch; length of adcauline wall free of stem and branch 0.50 to 0.70 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch 0.25 to 0.30 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.70 mm to 0.80 mm (branch hydrothecae and hydrothecae in the axil of a branch have the longest abcauline wall, approximately 0.80 mm in length); greatest width of hydrotheca (approximately the middle of the hydrotheca) 0.35 mm to 0.40 mm; width of hydrothecae at margin 0.17 to 0.30 mm; (sometimes, atypical hydrothecae, in which the wall is only partially ridged and the abcauline wall almost straight, occur here and there among the typical annulated hydrothecae); gonothecae found mainly on the basal third of the stem and arising from the side of the internode opposite the hydrotheca (Fig. 22, e); ovate, but tapering proximally to a short pedicel approximately 0.15 mm in length, and tapering distally to a non-annulated neck; surrounding the base of the gonotheca pedicel at its junction with the internode, is a thickened ring of perisarc (Fig. 22, e and g); walls with four or five, widely but evenly spaced ridged annulations, mainly on the upper half of the gonothecae; neck region with a quadrate flat top in the centre of which is the aperture, and from the corners of which arise a long, outwardly directed (horizontal) bluntly pointed spine; aperture with (?) operculum of four components; eggs liberated into an external marsupium (Fig. 22, e) for development to planula larva; length of gonothecae 2.0 mm to 2.50 mm, and 1.10 mm to 1.30 mm in greatest width; flat, quadrate end of neck 0.25 to 0.30 mm in width; spines 0.25 to 0.35 mm in length. Type specimen, Microslide No. 702A, Zoology Department, Victoria University of Wellington. Locality. Type locality, ± 5 miles north of Taiaroa Heads, Otago, 16–20 fathoms: also, Otago, Canyon A, “Alert” Station 55–4, 80–100 fathoms, 14/8/55, 706; Canyon B/C, “Alert” Station 55–9, 300 fathoms, 16/8/55, 709; and Canyon E, “Alert” Station 54–7, 105–115 fathoms, 16/1/54, 710. (Collector, E. J. Batham.) The general habit of the erect stems and the structure of the hydrothecae in S. richardsoni (of which there are some 60 stems in the present collection) are strikingly similar to those of S. robusta. The difference in stem and hydrothecal size, however, is considerable, and features other than that of size distinguish the two species. The stems of S. robusta are a quarter to one-third the size of those of S. richardsoni, and the size of the hydrothecae of the former species is in keeping with its shorter stem length and is approximately half the size of the hydrothecae in S. richardsoni. As known, branching of the stem is the exception not the rule in S. robusta, whereas in S. richardsoni most stems have from one to three irregularly spaced branches. The nodes in S. robusta are usually a deep, steeply oblique, frequently twisted annular constriction (Fig. 22, b), while in S. richardsoni the nodes are marked by a shallow, rarely twisted constriction (Fig. 22, f and h). The base of the stem in S. robusta has two or three oblique annulations between the hydrorhiza and the first hydrotheca. Annular rings between the hydrorhiza and first hydrotheca are rare in S. richardsoni, but as yet this species has been taken only in the area of the type locality, so it is highly probable that the stems in the present material do not show the full varietal range of the species. The gonothecae of S. robusta and S. richardsoni while of generally similar appearance, as both are oval, annulated, and have a broad distal neck surmounted by spines, the considerable difference in the overall size of the gonothecae and the arrangement and size of the spines, readily distinguishes the two species. The gonothecae

of S. richardsoni are approximately twice the size of those of S. robusta, and the neck terminates in a flat quadrangular area in the centre of which is the gonothecal aperture, and from the corners of which the long, narrowly based, and outwardly directed spines arise. As known there are always four horizontal terminal spines in S. richardsoni. In S. robusta the terminal area of the neck is somewhat variable in shape, roughly quadrate when the terminal spines are four in number, and roughly triangular when there are three terminal spines, and quite irregular in shape when the spines are reduced to dome-like prominences. The terminal spines of S. robusta when well developed are more broadly based and vertical (Fig. 22, b) not narrowly based and horizontal as in S. richardsoni. Sertularella inconstans Billard, 1919, is a species in which the transverse annular ridges on the hydrothecae change progressively in structure from the proximal region to the distal region of the stem. Proximally the ridges form complete rings; medially the ridges are absent from the abcauline wall which is in this region straight, not convex as in the proximal region; and distally the ridges are very poorly developed and are found only on the free adcauline wall. A few hydrothecae on some stems of S. richardsoni have been observed that are very similar to those described for the medial and distal stem regions of S. inconstans, but in the former species they are of irregular occurrence and not restricted to a particular region of the stem. Moreover, in S. richardsoni, the hydrothecae are usually on weak straggling stems, suggesting that they are hydrothecae arising from atypical growth. The gonotheca of S. richardsoni further distinguishes the species from S. inconstans (cf. Vannucci, 1949, p. 243, pl. II, fig. 35). Sertularella integra Allman, 1876, Fig. 23, a-d. 1876. Sertularella integra Allman, p. 262, pl. XIII, figs. 3, 4. 1924. Sertularella integra Allman. Bale, p. 242 (discussion). 1928. Sertularella robusta (Coughtrey) var. flucticulata Trebilcock, p. 18, pl. VI, figs. 5, 5a. Erect stem up to 2.5 cm in height, simple, or branched, but branches are irregularly disposed; nodes, distinct, of regular occurrence, oblique sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes rather variable in length from 0.45 to 0.85 mm, but width less variable, from 0.35 to 0.40 mm; the majority of stems have internodes 0.60 mm in length and 0.37 mm in width; hydrothecae somewhat barrel-shaped, becoming gradually narrower towards the aperture; approximately one half of the adcauline side free from the stem and branch; free adcauline side clearly marked with from four to seven ridges, which extend round the hydrotheca for a variable distance, sometimes reaching the lower abcauline side where they fade out, but more often not traceable for more than half-way round the sides of the hydrotheca (Fig. 23, b), ridges much more prominent on adcauline side of hydrotheca even if traceable to lower abcauline side; margin with four shallow poorly developed teeth; teeth thin and subject to damage, so that the margin may appear to be without teeth; three internal thin, vertical, bracket-like submarginal teeth, two in the adcauline embayments and one below the outer marginal tooth; length of free adcauline wall 0.50 to 0.65 mm; length of fixed adcauline wall 0.30 to 0.40 mm; length of abcauline wall 0.70 to 0.90 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca 0.45 mm to 0.60 mm, width at aperture 0.35 to 0.40 mm; hydranth with approximately 20 tentacles and a well developed abcauline caecum; gonotheca ellipsoid, to broadly ovoid, but tapering gradually at the distal end, arising from just below a hydrotheca on stem or branch and carried on a short pedicel; walls marked by four or six widely spaced shallow annulations, covering as a rule a little more than the distal half of the gonotheca; aperture terminal, approximately 0.30 mm in diameter, and bordering the aperture four spines about 0.10 mm in length; terminal region rather variable, however, sometimes rather truncated and with very low spines; length of gonotheca 2.0 mm to 2.25 mm; width approximately 1.40 mm. Locality. Type locality “New Zealand” (Allman, 1876); off Cape Palliser, Cook Strait, 40–100 fathoms (V.U.W. Zoo. Dept.) 23/2/56, 579; off Moeraki, 40 fathoms (P.M.R.) 11/2/51, 62; off Taiaroa Heads, 40 fathoms (E. J. Batham) –/–/–, 686; Foveaux Strait, oyster beds (J. C. Yaldwyn) 3/10/51, 205; Bluff, Foveaux Strait (Trebilcock, 1928), Stewart Island, on oyster shells (Otago Museum) –/–/–, 72. This species is known only from New Zealand.

After examination of material of S. integra from the hydroid collection of the British Museum (Natural History) as well as specimens in the present collection, from Foveaux Strait that can be identified with it, there is little doubt that Trebilcock's (1928) S. robusta var. flucticulata from Bluff (Bluff Harbour opens onto Foveaux Strait) is a synonym of S. integra. The erect stems of Trebilcock's specimens, however, are shorter, and branch more freely and the hydrothecae are slightly smaller than those in the present material from the same area. Trebilcock remarks that the teeth on the hydrothecal margin are rarely well developed, and often no more than slight waves. Observation of specimens from several localities in the present collection show that the hydrothecal margin is thin and readily damaged, and it is easy to see why Allman described an “orifice destitute of teeth”. Bale (1924) was the first to note that S. integra had teeth on the margin of the hydrotheca but he was not sure of the number of teeth. A few hydrothecae of Allman's specimens clearly show four low teeth on the margin. The hydrothecae on a few stems from the present collection show a feature not previously described and clearly seen also in the material examined of Allman's S. integra. On the abcauline side just below the margin are a series of very fine striae. These striae can be traced about halfway round the hydrotheca. They may be artifacts. Sertularella intricata Billard, 1919, Fig. 23, e-g. 1919. Sertularella intricata Billard, p. 20, fig. ID. 1925. Sertularella intricata Billard, p. 145, pl. VII, fig. 7, text-fig. XV. Erect stems up to 2.5 cm in height, not branched, or sparingly branched; usually one or two oblique annulations between the hydrorhiza and the first internode bearing a hydrotheca; hydrothecae, large and prominent on the stem; from one to two branches of fairly frequent occurrence and occasionally there are tendrils between branches and between branches and the stem; nodes are regular, oblique and usually readily seen sloping alternately in opposite directions; internodes somewhat variable in length and width from 0.50 to 0.80 mm in length and 0.25 to 0.40 mm in width measured just below the hydrotheca; greatest number of stems have internodes about 0.60 mm in length and 0.40 mm in width; hydrothecae large, carried distally on the internode, from one-third to one-half of the adcauline side free from the stem and branch; aperture facing upwards; hydrothecae divergent, laterally directed, broadest just above the base; free adcauline wall convex proximally but narrowing distally below the margin; abcauline wall most frequently straight, but may be slightly convex in the region of the base; four or seven, usually very well developed ridges on the free adcauline wall, but the ridges fade out on the sides of the hydrotheca or on the abcauline wall; length of adcauline wall free from stem and branch 0.50 to 0.70 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch 0.25 to 0.35 mm; length of abcauline wall, 0.70 to 1.0 mm; greatest width of hydrotheca, 0.30 to 0.40 mm; margin everted and carrying four well developed teeth; three internal, submarginal, vertical, bracket-like teeth, two in the adcauline embayments and one below the outer marginal tooth; operculum with four components: gonotheca—” Les gonothèques sont annelées, sauf à leur base elles se terminent par un col plus étroit et l'orifice est pourvu de trois points assiz développées et d'une quatrième à peine visible, parfois les trois pointes existent seules; ces gonothèques vues de profil montrent à la base un court pédoncule recourbé, qui est masqué dans une vue de face”. (Billard, 1925). Locality. Type locality, Indonesia 5° 43′. 5N., 119° 40′ E., 522 m (Billard); Whatipu, Auckland (R. Kulka), 1/1/50, 690; Island Bay, Wellington, drift (H. Clark) 1/8/57, 644; off Cape Palliser, Cook Strait, 40–100 fathoms (V.U.W. Zoo. Dept.) 23/2/56, 580; Brothers Island, Cook Strait, intertidal (R. Barwick) 4/9/57, 665. Distribution. Indonesia, New Zealand. The present material identified as S. intricata is infertile. Recognition is therefore based on the characters of the erect stem which are similar to those described by Billard for S. intricata from Indonesia. It should be noted, however, that the hydrothecae of the New Zealand specimens are larger than those of Billard's. From previous findings on other New Zealand hydroids this difference in size is probably related to the fact that New Zealand is the southern limit of the known latitudinal range of S. intricata.

Text-fig. 23.—a-d, Sertularella integra Allman. a, portion of erect stem, and c, hydrotheca from specimen in collection of British Museum (Nat. Hist.); b, hydrotheca; and d, gonotheca from Foveaux Strait material. e-g, Sertularella intricata Billard. e, portion of erect stem showing aberrant smooth-walled hydrothecae; f, typical hydrotheca; g, portion of erect stem. h, Sertularella quadridens Bale (from material taken at Pt. Curtis, Australia).

The Species Sertularella quadridens, S. exigua and S. ramosa The three following species of Sertularella are not represented in the present collection. S. quadridens (Bale) was briefly described by von Lendenfeld (1885) from Timaru, New Zealand. It has not been taken since in our waters. The hydrothecae of S. quadridens are rather variable in size and structure. Ritchie (1910) and Billard (1925) identify distinct varieties. The form recorded from New Zealand is here assumed to possess the erect stem characters of S. quadridens forma quadridens (Bale, 1884) as von Lendenfeld (1885) only describes the gonothecae of his Timaru specimens. The description below of the species is from Bale's Australian material. The hydrothecae of this form are distinctive with “the inner and lower angle of the hydrotheca produced into a chitinous spur which projects into the cavity of the stem or pinna, often crossing it and becoming united to the opposite hydrotheca”. It should be noted, however, that von Lendenfeld's figure 9 of a portion of the stem of New Zealand material does not show the hydrothecae with spurs. This is probably because von Lendenfeld's figure shows the stem as an opaque object (possibly a dry specimen) not a mounted transparent object. S. exigua and S. ramosa are known only from their original descriptions by D'Arcy Thompson in 1879 and his descriptions and illustrations of the species are given here. Sertularella quadridens forma quadridens (Bale, 1884), Fig. 23, h. 1884. Thuiaria quadridens Bale, p. 119, pl. VII, fig. 5–6. 1885. Thuiaria quadridens Bale. von Lendenfeld, p. 915, pl. XL, fig. 9. 1888. Thuiaria uincta Allman, p. 68, pl. XXXII, fig. 2, 2a. 1910. Sertularella quadridens (Bale). Ritchie, p. 818, pl. LXXVII, fig. 12a, 12b; Text-fig. 79 (discussion and synonymy). 1924. Sertularella quadridens (Bale). Bale, p. 242 (synonymy). 1925. Sertularella quadridens (Bale). Billard, p. 150, fig. XIX, A, (synonymy and discussion). 1959. Sertularella quadridens (Bale). Pennycuik, p. 195. “Hydrocaulus 1 to 2 inches in height, stem flexuous, indistinctly jointed; each internode bearing a single hydrotheca on one side and a pinna between two hydrothecae on the other; pinnae alternate, not close, narrow at point of junction with stem, jointed at irregular intervals. Hydrothecae alternate or sub-alternate, the two series not in contact, large swollen, curved outwards adnate almost to the margin, or with a free contracted portion of variable length (in those on the stem sometimes more than one-third their height); those on the pinnae crowded or with short intervals between them; aperture looking outwards and a little upwards, with four equal teeth, one superior and one inferior, and two lateral; the inner and the lower angle of the hydrotheca produced into a chitinous spur (sometimes branched) which projects into the cavity of the stem or pinna, often crossing it and becoming united to the opposite hydrotheca.” (Bale, 1884): gonothecae, arising from the stem, below the hydrothecae and often carried on a short pedicel; elongate ovate, tapering slightly proximally and distally; walls with from 8 to 10 equally spaced ridged annulations; terminal aperture with four marginal teeth and closed by an operculum with four components (data from Billard, 1925). Locality. Type locality, Pt. Curtis, Queensland (Bale, 1884). Timaru, New Zealand (von Lendenfeld, 1885). Distribution. Queensland, Australia, Indonesia, Burma. Dimensions below of the hydrotheca of S. quadridens forma quadridens measured from some of Bale's Australian material; those of the gonotheca after Billard (1925). Hydrotheca Length of free adcauline wall 0.05 to 0.20 mm Length of fixed adcauline wall 0.50 to 0.55 mm Width at aperture 0.20 to 0.275 mm Maximum width 0.25 to 0.30 mm Length of abcauline wall 0.35 to 0.50 mm Gonotheca Length of gonotheca 1.850 to 2.00 mm Maximum width of gonotheca 0.820 to 1.025 mm

Sertularella exigua Thompson, 1879, Fig. 24, a. 1879. Sertularella exigua Thompson, p. 101, pl. XVI, fig. 3. “Hydrorhiza rather stout, creeping. Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about .2 inch, unbranched, much twisted at the base. Hydrocheca rather large, barrel-shaped, tumid, smooth or indistinctly wrinkled towards the mouth, diverging for about half their length; margin thickened, flexuous; aperture four-sided. Colour, whitish. Gonosome. A single gonangium to each hydrocaulus, attached close to the proximal end. Globular or obovate, strongly corrugated with transverse folds.” Locality. Type locality, “New Zealand” (Thompson, 1879). Species known only from New Zealand. Thompson remarks that the hydrothecae are of a very definite and characteristic form differing entirely from the varieties of S. simplex (?) figured by Coughtrey. As noted above, one of the varieties figured by Coughtrey (1875) was later identified by him as a distinct species with annulated walls, S. robusta. Material from the Heathcote Estuary, Christchurch, of S. simplex, however, in the present collection, has some stems in which a few of the hydrothecae are irregularly and indistinctly undulated—that is, similar to the hydrothecae described by Thompson for S. exigua. Furthermore, it is now known that the gonothecae of S. simplex may lack the terminal spines (Trebilcock, 1928; and present specimens) and thus show a striking similarity to those described and figured by Thompson for S. exigua. There is a strong possibility, therefore, that S. exigua is a synonym of S. simplex Coughtrey. However, internal submarginal teeth are not described for S. exigua, and as these teeth are characteristic of S. simplex it is best for the present to regard S. exigua as a closely allied, but separate species from S. simplex. Sertularella ramosa Thompson, 1879, Fig. 24, b. 1879. Sertularella ramosa Thompson, p. 102 pl. XVI, figs. 5, 5a. “Hydrorhiza consisting of short matted fibres. Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about 3 inches, strong and shrubby. Main stem flexuous, giving off alternate pinnae often themselves pinnate. Internodes short; joints oblique and conspicuous. Hydrothecae large, urceolate, somewhat tumid, smooth; upper third divergent, one to each internode; orifice four sided, with short rounded teeth at the angles. Colour brown. Gonosome. Gonangia, long, ovate, smooth, with a distinct four-sided neck; orifice quadrangular with four teeth.” (Thompson, 1879.) Locality. Type locality, “New Zealand” (Thompson, 1879). Species known only from New Zealand. Thompson regards S. ramosa as having affinities with S. polyzonias, Linnaeus and “still more with S. turgida Trask”. Of the more recently rescribed sertularellid from New Zealand S. geodiae Totton is rather similar to S. ramosa in stem habit, and some of the hydrothecae of S. geodiae have been observed with a smooth (Fig. 24, g) instead of an undulated free adcauline wall, and gonothecae with smooth walls and four terminal spines instead of the more usual number of three spines. Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930, Fig. 24, c and g. 1930. Sertularella geodiae Totton, p. 196, Pl. III, figs. 7, 8; Text-fig. 43. This is a tall, branched hydroid up to 15.0 cm in height; stems rigid, thick (up to 5.0 mm in diameter), arising from large rooting masses, the proximal and medial stem region and branches are polysiphonic, the distal stem and branches monosiphonic; branching is usually regular and alternate, and the branches at right angles approximately to the stem; stem and branch nodes little constricted and thus not readily recognizable, but can be seen to be oblique, sloping alternately in opposite directions; limits of stem internodes not always clearly defined; three hydrothecae between each branch, one of these being in the axil of the branch (Fig. 24, g); stem internodes approximately 1.4 mm in length, and branch internodes approximately 1.2 mm; basal internode of branch rather long, proximal hydrotheca of branch about 1.75 mm distant from the stem; hydrothecae large, somewhat urn-shaped, half to one third of the adcauline wall free, convex, and undulated (Fig. 24, c), abcauline wall slightly swollen proximally, narrowing gradually towards the margin; four evenly spaced marginal teeth, and an operculum with four components; internal submarginal teeth absent; length of adcauline wall free from stem and branch, approximately 0.50 mm; length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch approximately 0.60 mm; abcauline length approximately 0.70 mm:

Text-fig. 24.—a, Sertularella exigua Thompson (after Thompson, 1879, pl. XVI, fig. 3). b, Sertularella ramosa Thompson (after Thompson, 1879, pl. XVI, fig. 5). c, Sertularella geodiae Totton. d-f, Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). d, hydrotheca; e, gonotheca; f, portion of erect stem; g, Sertularella geodiae Totton, portion of erect stem showing gonothecae; h-i, Sertularella polyzonias (Linnaeus). (From specimen taken off Rame Head, Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. material.)

gonothecae usually arising just below a stem hydrotheca; large, carried on a very short pedicel; ovate, in general outline but distal end tapering and surmounted by three or four broadly based spines; walls in distal region transversely wrinkled; gonothecae 1.90 to 2.0 mm in length; 0.95 to 1.10 mm in greatest width; terminal aperture approximately 0.30 mm in diameter, spines, about 0.10 mm in length. Locality. Type locality, North Cape, New Zealand, 70 fathoms (Totton, 1930): also “Terra Nova” Station 90, off Three Kings Islands, New Zealand (Totton, 1930). The species is known only from northern New Zealand waters. Sertularella geodiae is similar in the general habit of its erect stem to the widely distributed Sertularella gayi and Sertularella polyzonias. They can be distinguished one from the other, however, by differences in the free adcauline wall of their hydrothecae, and also, by the number of transverse annulations on their gonothecae. S. polyzonias has a smooth free adcauline wall (Fig. 24, h), S. geodiae usually has the free adcauline wall slightly undulated (Fig. 24, c) and S. gayi, has the free wall showing well developed ridges (Fig. 24, d). The gonothecae of S. polyzonias examined by the writer possess well formed, deep transverse annulations over the greater part of the wall surface, while the distal annulations are best developed in the gonothecae of S. gayi and only one or two poorly developed distal annulations are known for the gonothecae of S. geodiae. The number of spines surrounding the aperture on the three species seems quite variable but typically they number four in S. polyzonias, two in S. gayi, and three in S. geodiae. There may, however, be four spines in S. geodiae, and if as frequently happens in the New Zealand specimens of S. gayi, one or both spines are partially split, the gonothecae of this species appear to possess three or four spines instead of the usual two. Sertularella gayi forma gayi (Lamouroux, 1821), Fig. 24, d-f. 1821. Sertularia gayi Lamouroux. p. 12, pl. 66, fig. 8, 9. 1868. Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). Hincks, p. 237, pl. 46, fig. 2, 2a. Text-fig. 29. 1904. Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). Nutting. p. 78, pl. XIV, figs. 1–7 (synonymy). 1907.Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). Billard, p. 184, fig. 9A. 1947. Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). Kramp, p. 14. A tall, branched sertularellid up to 15.0 cm in height, with a rigid thick stem; the proximal and medial stem and branches are polysiphonic, the distal monosiphonic; branching is usually regular and alternate; nodes of stem and branches oblique but little constricted and often not readily recognizable, and thus limits of internodes not always clearly defined; usually three hydrothecae between each branch, one of these being in the axil of the branch; stem internodes (in distal monosiphonic region) 0.90 to 1.0 mm in length and 0.30 to 0.50 mm in greatest width; branch internodes rather variable in length, from 0.55 to 2.0 mm and 0.30 to 0.50 mm in greatest width; basal internode of branch rather long with proximal hydrotheca of branch from 1.5 to 2.0 mm distant from the stem; hydrothecae large, broad at the base, narrowing gradually towards the margin; approximately half the adcauline wall free of the stem or branch, convex and with three or four distinct ridges; abcauline wall smooth and slightly concave, four evenly spaced, pointed marginal teeth, no internal submarginal teeth, length of adcauline wall free from stem or branch 0.30 to 0.35 mm, length of adcauline wall fixed to stem and branch 0.50 to 0.55 mm, length of adcauline wall, 0.60 mm to 0.67 mm: gonothecae usually arising just below a stem hydrotheca; large, and carried on a very short pedicel, elongate ovate, tapering, proximally and distally, two bluntly rounded spines arising from the margin of the terminal aperture, walls with broadly spaced transverse annulations up to six in number mostly in the distal half of the gonotheca; gonothecae 2.0 mm to 2.6 mm in length, and 1.0 mm to 1.2 mm in greatest width; distal teeth approximately 0.20 mm in length; aperture approximately 0.15 mm in width. Locality. Type locality, Pirou, The Channel (Lamouroux, 1821): off Cape Campbell, approx 40 fathoms (J. Garrick) 1/6/56, 699; Otago, Canyon A, “Alert” Station 55–5, 250 fathoms (E.J. Batham) 14/8/55, 707; Otago, Canyon B/C, “Alert” Station 55–9, 300 fathoms (E.J. Batham) 16/8/55, 708. Distribution. Essentially cosmopolitan. The height of the erect stem and the size of the hydrothecae vary greatly in this well known and widely distributed species, and several varieties have been identified. The present specimens, about two dozen stems in all, possess the characters described

by Billard (1907) for S. gayi forma gayi In the New Zealand material of this form, one or both of the distal spines on the gonothecae are frequently partially and unequally split, so that the gonotheca appears to have three or four spines instead of the usual two. This is the first record of the species from New Zealand waters. Sertularella polyzonias Linnaeus, 1767, Fig. 24, h and i. 1924Sertularella polyzonias Linnaeus Bale, p. 242. This species is not known from New Zealand waters, and erroneously included in Farquhar's (1896) check list because at that time Sertularella simplex (Hutton) from Wellington was thought to be a synonym (Bale, 1924). A figure of S. polyzonias is included here for comparison as the erect stem and gonotheca is very similar in general form and appearance to that of Sertularella geodiae and Sertularella gayi, both of which are known from New Zealand. The species is further discussed under Sertularella geodiae Totton. Sertularella edentula Bale, 1924, Fig. 25. 1924. Sertularella edentula Bale, p. 237, fig. 6. 1930. Sertularella edentula Bale, Totton, pl 200, Pl III, fig. 6, Text-fig. 46. Erect stems up to 20.0 cm in height, the basal third of the stem polysiphonic, branched, branches regular and alternate, up to 5.0 cm in length, nodes on the lower regions of the stem distinct and oblique, nodes on the branches indistinct and irregular, internodes of stem from 2.0 to 2.5 mm in length with a single hydrotheca on one side and a branch between two hydrothecae on the other, stem internodes 1.0 to 1.5 mm in width, internodes of branch unequal, from 3.0 to 8.0 mm in length and with from three to eight subopposite pairs of hydrothecae per internode, branch internodes approximately 0.75 mm in width, stem and branches flattened laterally so that there are broad and narrow sides, the hydrothecae facing outwards on the narrow side (Fig. 25, h), hydrothecae subopposite to alternate, broadly tubular, but narrowing slightly towards the margin, fixed for the whole, or nearly all their adcauline length; slightly contracted below the margin on the abcauline side, floor of hydrothecae Text-fig. 25.—a-h, Sertularella edentula Bale a, branch hydrothecae and hydranth, b, hydrotheca, dotted line marks the position of the structure termed “diaphragm” by Bale (1924), c, aperture of hydrotheca to show portion of operculum, d, base of hydrotheca showing pendent folds flanking hydropore, e, portion of hydrotheca to show maximum length of adcauline wall free from stem, f, and g, gonothecae, h, portion of stem to show origin of branches.

rises slightly from the abcauline to the adcauline side and there are two lateral folds flanking the hydropore; margin, smooth, without teeth; operculum of three valves (Bale, 1924); a membranous “diaphragm” situated at a variable but small distance within the margin, continuous with a membrane lining the hydrotheca, and pierced by a circular central opening of very variable size; length of abcauline wall 0.50 to 0.70 mm; diameter at margin 0.37 mm to 0.50 mm; stem and branch hydrothecae approximately 1.0 mm apart, measured from base to base: gonothecae very large, borne on the main stem by a very short, but well formed stalk, approximately 0.25 mm in length; pyriform in general shape; from 4.0 to 4.30 mm in length and approximately 2.0 mm in greatest diameter; in profile view, a fairly deep longitudinal depression can be seen on the side opposite the aperture; aperture bean-shaped, approximately 1.0 mm in greatest diameter and closed by a slightly domed operculum. Locality. Type locality, “off Cape Maria van Diemen, ten miles North-West, 50 fathoms” (Bale, 1924), Canterbury Museum Slide No. 42: off Three Kings Islands. 100 fathoms (Totton, 1930). Known only from northern New Zealand. The above extended description of S. edentula has been made possible by the finding of Bale's original spirit specimen. The erect stem of the latter is now fragmented and the gonothecae broken from the main stem, but a sufficient number of large pieces remain to give further information on the characteristic features of the species. The length of hydrotheca projecting beyond the stem or branch appears to vary Bale (1924) describes and figures the hydrotheca as completely immersed in the stem right to the margin. (Bale, fig. 6a.) Totton's (1930) material, however, from off the Three Kings Islands, approximately 50 miles to the north, has hydrothecae that project slightly beyond the stem (Totton, fig. 46). Examination of Bale's spirit material shows a few projecting hydrothecae (Fig. 25, e), but in general they are as described originally by Bale. Hydrothecae on Bale's material vary little in size, and are somewhat smaller than the hydrotheca figured by Totton (1930, fig. 4b). The presence of an operculum can be demonstrated for a few hydrothecae in Bale's material (Fig. 25, c). Totton (1930) says “hydrothecae, inoperculate”. It seems probable that the operculum of three valves (Bale, 1924) often breaks away and is lost when the polyp emerges. Bale mentions “a diaphragm” slightly below the hydrothecal margin. The peripheral attachment of this structure can be seen in many hydrothecae (Fig. 25, b) and appears as a series of perisarc dots—i e., like spotwelding round the cup when the latter is viewed from the side. Bale regards this “diaphragm” as continuous with a membrane lining the hydrotheca. As far as can be ascertained at present the basal region of this membranous lining also forms the pendent folds (Fig. 25, b) round the hydropore. Bale's microslide (Canterbury Museum Slide 42) is of a portion of branched stem without a gonotheca. Three of the latter are now stained and mounted as Canterbury Museum Slide No. 42A, and the two slides are recognized here as the holotype material. The gonotheca has a short, but distinct stalk (Fig. 25, f). This has not been described before. Literature cited Agassiz, L., 1862. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America . Vol. IV, pp. 1–372. Boston. Agassiz, A., 1865. North American Acalephae. Illus. Cat. Comp.Zool.Harvard College . II, XIV + 234 pp. 360 Text-figs. Cambridge. Allman, G. J., 1876. Descriptions of some new species of Hydroida from Kerguelen's Island . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, Vol. 17, pp. 113–115. — 1876a. Diagnoses of new genera and species of Hydroida. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. London. XII: 251–284, pls. 9–23. — 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L.F. de Pourtales. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College 5 (2): 1–64, 34 pls. — 1885. Description of Australian, Cape and other Hydroidae, mostly new, from the collection of Miss H. Gatty. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. London. XIX: 132–161, pls. 7–26.

— 1888. Report on the Hydroida. Part II. The Tubularinae, Corymorphinae, Campanularinae, Sertularinae and Thalamorpha. Rpt. Sci. Res. H. M. S. “Challenger” Zoology. XXIII (LXX) + 90 pp. 39 pls. Bale, W. M., 1882. On the Hydroida of South-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. J. Micro. Soc. Victoria, II: 15–48, pls. 12–15. — 1884. Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. Pub Australian Museum, pp. 1–192, 19 pls. — 1887. The genera of Plumularudae with observations of various Australian hydroids Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria. XXIII: 73–110. — 1894. Further notes on Australian hydroids with descriptions of some new species. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (n. s.) 6: 93–117, pls. III-VI. — 1913. Further notes on Australian Hydroids. II. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (n. s.) XXVI: 114–147, pls. 12–13. — 1914. Further notes on Australian Hydroids. III. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (n. s.) XXVII: 72–93 pls. 11–13. — 1914a. Report on the Hydroida collected in the Great Australian Bight and other localities. Biol. Res. F.I.S. “Endeavour” 1909–14. II (I): 1–62, pls. 1–7. — 1915. Report on the Hydroida collected in the Great Australian Bight and other localities. Biol. Res. F.I.S. “Endeavour” 1909–14. III (6) :241–336, pls. 46–47. — 1919. Further notes on Australian Hydroids. IV. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (n. s.) XXXI (11): 327–361, pls. 16–17. — 1924. Report on some hydroids from the New Zealand coast, with notes on New Zealand Hydroida generally supplementing Farquhar's List. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55: 225–268, text-figs. 1–18. Bartlett, G.C., 1907. Notes on hydroid zoophytes. Geelong Naturalist. 2 ser. III (3): 35–45, 1 pl. Billard, A, 1907. Hydroides. Expéditions scientifiques du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman” VIII: 153–243. text-figs. 1–21. — 1919. Note sur quelques espèces, nouvelles de Sertularella de L'Expédition du “Siboga”. Arch. Zool. Exp., 58, notes et revues: 18–23, fig. I-III. — 1925. Les Hydroides de l'Expédition du “Siboga”, II. Synthecidae et Sertularidae. Siboga Exped. Leiden CIIb, pp. 115–232, pls. VII-IX, text-figs. I-LVIII. Blackburn. Maurice, 1938. The Hydrozoa of the Sir Joseph Banks Islands. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria. 50 (2) 312–328, figs. 1–10. — 1942. A systematic list of the Hydroida of South Australia with a summary of their distribution in other seas. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 66 (1): 104–118. Briggs, E. A., 1914. Hydrozoa from one hundred fathoms, seven miles east of Cape Pillar, Tasmania. Rec. Australian Museum. × (10): 285–301 pls. 25–26, fig. 1. — 1918. Descriptions of two new hydroids, and a rivision of the hydroid-fauna of Lord Howe Island. Rec. Australian Mus. XII (3): 27–47, pls. 5–6. Busk, G., 1852. An account of the Polyzoa and Sertularian zoophytes collected in the voyage of the “Rattlesnake” on the coast of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago, J. MacGillivray's “Narrative of the voyage of the ‘Rattlesnake’, commanded by the late Captain O. Stanley, during the years 1846–1850” London. I. App. 4, pp. 385–402. Cotton, B. C. and Godfrey, V.E., 1942. Idiellana, a new name for the preoccupied genus Idiella, Stechow (Coelenterata, Fam Sertulariidae). Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 7 (2): 234. Coughtrey, M., 1875. Notes on the New Zealand Hydroideae. Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 7: 281–293, pl. XX. — 1876. Critical notes on the New Zealand Hydroida. Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 8: 298–302. — 1876a. Critical notes on the New Zealand Hydroida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. XVII: 22–32, pl. 3. Ellis, J, and Solander, D., 1768. The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes collected from various parts of the globe. London, 4, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. Esper, E.J.C., 1778–1830. Pflan. Abb. nach der Natur. mit Faben erleuchtet (3), XXXIV., Nürnberg. Farquhar, H., 1896. List of New Zealand Hydroida. Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 28: 459–468. Fleming, J., 1828. A history of British animals. Edinburgh. Fraser, C. McLean, 1946. Distribution and relationship in American hydroids. Toronto Univ. Press. Toronto. pp. 1–464. Gray, J. E., 1843. Additional radiated animals and annelids. In: E. Dieffenbach's Travels in New Zealand. II, Fauna of New Zealand. London. pp. 292–295.

— 1847. List of the specimens of British animals of the collections of the British Museum. Part I, Radiated animals London, 1847. Hartlaub, C, 1900. Revision der Sertularella-Arten. Abh. Nat. Ver. Hamburg. XVI, 143 pp. 6 pls., 56 text-figs. — 1901. Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean. Zool. Jahrb. Jena Syst. XIV: 349–378, pls. 21–22. Hincks, T., 1868. A history of British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst. London. 338 pp., 67 pls. Hodgson, M., 1950. A revision of the Tasmanian Hydroida. Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for the year 1949. pp. 1–65 92 text-figs. Hutton, F. W., 1873. On the New Zealand sertularians. Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. V: 256–259. Jaderholm, E., 1905. Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, — Wiss. Ergeb. der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expodition 1901–1903, Stockholm, V (8), 41 pp., 14 pls. — 1917. Hydroids from the South Seas. Redogörelse för Norrköpings H. Allman Läroverk Läsaret 1916–1917, pp. 1–25. 2 pls. — 1926. Uber einige antarktische und subansche Hydroiden. Arkiv. för. Zool. 18A No. 14, pp. 1–7, 3 text-figs. Kirchenpauer, G. H., 1864. Neue Sertulariden aus vcischiedenen Hamburgischen Sammlungen nebst allgememen Bemerkkungen über Lamouroux's Gattung Dynamena. Verh. K. Leopold-Carol deuts. Akad. Naturf. Dresden, XXXI (3), 16 pp. — 1884. Nordische Gattungen und Arten von Sertulariden. Abh. Nat. Ver. Hamburg. VIII (3), 54 pp. pls. 11–16. Kramp, P.L., 1947. Hydroids collected by the “Skagerak” Expedition in the eastern Atlantic, 1946. Goteborgs Ventensk. Samh. Handl. Goteborg., F. 6, B5 (8): 1–16, 9 text-figs. Lamouroux J.V.F., 1816. Histoire des Coralligènes flexibles, vulgairement nommés Zoophytes. Caen. 560 pp., 19 pls. — 1821. Exposition méthodique des Generes de l'ordre des Polypiers, avec leur description et celle des principales espèces, figurées dans 84 planches. Pans. Leloup, E., 1932. Une collection d'hydropolypes appartenant a l'Indian Museum de Calcutta Rec Ind Mus Calcutta 34: 131–170, 28 figs. Levinsen, G.M.R., 1913. Systematic Studies on the Sertulariidac. Vidensk. Meddel. fra den naturh. Foren. i Kbhvn. lxiv: 249–323, pls. 4–5. Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae. 10th ed. Lipsiae. — 1767. Systema Naturae. 12th ed. Holmiae. Marktanner-Turneretscher, G., 1890. Die Hydroiden des K.K. naturhistorischen Hofmuuml;seums. Ann. Nat. Hist. Hofmus. Wein, V: 195–286, pls. III-VII. Millard, N. A. H., 1957. The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Ann. South African Mus. XLII (4): 173–243, 15 text-figs. — 1958. Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Ann. South African Mus. XLIV (5): 165–226, 16 text-figs. Nutting, C.C., 1904. American Hydroids. Part II. The Sertularidae. Smithson Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus. Special Bull., IV. 325 pp., 41 pls., 139 text-figs. Pennycuik, pamela R., 1959. Faunistic records from Queensland. Part V. Marine and brackish water hydroids. Papers Univ. of Queensland. 1 (6): 141–210, 4 tabs., pls. I-VI. Quelch, J.J., 1883. On Thuiaria zelandica Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) XI: 247–249. Ralph, patricia M., 1956. Variation in Obelia geniculata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Silicularia bilabiata (Coughtrey, 1875) (Hydroida, F. Campanulariidae) Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 84 (2): 279–296, 3 text-figs. — 1957. New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part I. Campanulariidae and Campanulinidae. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 84 (4): 811–854, 8 text-figs. — 1958. New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part II. Families Lafoeidae, Lineolariidae, Haleciidae and Syntheciidae. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 85 (2): 301–356, 18 text-figs. Ridley, St. O., 1881. Zoological collections made during the Survey H.M.S. “Alert'. Coelenterata, in Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1881; pp: 101–107. Ritchie, J., 1910. The marine fauna of the Mergui Archipelago, Lower Burma. The hydroids. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1910. pp. 799–825, pls. ixxvi and ixxv.

— 1911. Contributions to our knowledge of the hydroid fauna of the West of Scotland. Collections made by Sir John Murray, K. C. B., S. Y. “Medusa” Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. Edinburgh. 20, pp. 29–34; 159–164; 217–225. Splettstösser, W., 1929. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sertulariiden. Thyroscyphus Allm., Cnidoscyphus nov. Gen., Parascyphus Ritchie. Zool. Jahrb. Jena Syst., LVIII, pp. 1–134, 94 text-figs. Stechow, E., 1920. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. Zool. Jahrb. Jena. Syst. 42: 1–172. 56 text-figs. — 1921. Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Arch. Naturgesch. Berlin LXXXVII, A3, pp. 248–265. — 1923. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II Zool. Jahrb. Jena. Syst. 47: 29–270, 3 text-figs. — 1924. I. Wissenschafthche, Mitteilungen. I. Diagnosen neuer Hydroiden aus Australien Zool. Anz. Leipzig, LIX, pp. 57–72. Thompson, D'A. W. 1879. On some new and rare Hydroid Zoophytes (Sertulariidae and Thuiarndae) from Australia and New Zealand. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5): III. pp. 97–114, pls. 16–19. Totton, A. Knyvett, 1930. Coelenterata, Part V, Hydroida. Brit. Antarct. “Terra Nova” Exp. 1910, V (5): 131–252, 3 pls, 70 text-figs. Trebilcock, R. E., 1928. Notes on New Zealand Hydroida. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria. 41 (n.s.) (1), pp. 1–31, pls. 1–7. Vanhoffen, E., 1910. Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Sudp. Exped., 3 (4): 269–340, 49 text-figs. Vannucci, M., 1949. Hydrozoa do Brasil. Zoologia. Bolet. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo No. 14, pp. 219–259, 3 pls. — 1954. Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no Instituto Oceanográfico. II. Boletim Instit. Oceanográfico. S. Paulo. V (1 and 2): 95–149, 6 pls. Vervoort, W., 1946. Exotic hydroids in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Naturlijke Historie and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam. Zool. Meded. Ler. den. 26: 287–351, 10 text-figs. Versluys, J., 1899. Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueilles dans la Mer des Antilles. Mem. Soc. Zoolog. de France XII: 29–58, 24 text-figs. VON Lendenfeld, R., 1885. The Australian Hydromedusae Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. IX, for 1884, pp. 206–241; 345–353, 401–420, 467–492, 581–634, 908–924, pls 6–8, 12–17, 20–29, 40–43. Patricia M. Ralph, Zoology Department, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 196, Wellington, New Zealand.

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