Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench 1802
- Preferred Common Name
- black swallowwort
- Other Scientific Names
- Alexitoxicon nigrum (L.) St.-Lag
- Antitoxicum nigrum (L.) Pobed.
- Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz and Ghandhi 1994
- Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. 1805
- International Common Names
- Englishblack dog-strangling vineblack swallow-wort
- Frenchdompte-venin noir
- Local Common Names
- GermanySchwalbenwurz, Schwarzer
- EPPO code
- CYKLO (Cynanchum louiseae)
- EPPO code
- CYKNI (Vincetoxicum nigrum)
Pictures
Flowers
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flowers. June 2006.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Flowering vine
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flowering vine. Kidd Ln, Tivoli, New York, USA. June 2021.
©Elizabeth Axley (actuallyaxley)/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Invasive habit
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Invasive habit. Ottawa, Canada. June 2019.
©Tyler Smith/via iNaturalist - CC BY-SA 4.0
Invasive habit
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Invasive habit.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Flower
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flower. Exeter, Rhode Island, USA. June 2015.
©Doug McGrady/via Flickr - CC BY 2.0
Flowers and foliage
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flowers and foliage. Ottawa, Canada. June 2019.
©Tyler Smith/via iNaturalist - CC BY-SA 4.0
Flowers
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flowers. Concord, New Hampshire, USA. June 2009.
©Jomegat/via Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 3.0
Flowers
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flowers. Arouca, Portugal. May 2021.
©Carminda Santos (cminda)/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Flower
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flower close-up. France. May 2018.
©PhilippeGerbet/via Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 4.0
Fruit
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Fruit. October 2008.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Fruiting habit
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Fruiting habit. July 2007.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Seedpod
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Seedpod. UMCS Botanical Garden, Lublin, Poland. August 2015.
©Salicyna/via Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 4.0
Seeding habit
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Seeding habit. September 2008.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Flowers, leaves and vines
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Flowers, leaves and vines. Woodstock, Vermont, USA. June 2020.
©er-birds/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Seedlings
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Seedlings. July 2005.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Vincetoxicum nigrum
Vincetoxicum nigrum with purple flowers of 6 mm diameter.
Jenn Forman Orth
CABI
Roots
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Roots. June 2006.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Leaves
Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort); Leaves. June 2005.
©Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Distribution
Prevention and Control
Cultural Control
There are no reports of cultural control of V. nigrum, however grazing of the closely related V. hirundinaria by sheep has been investigated (Haeggström, 1990) and V. rossicum has been suppressed in cattle pastures in New York State, USA.
Mechanical Control
Mowing, pulling and other top destruction methods have poor long-term success for control of V. nigrum, as there is rapid regrowth from perennating buds. Effective timing of cutting, as fruit begin to enlarge, will prevent maturation of the seed crop and prevent successful recovery to form a new seed crop. Digging must remove the rhizomes and root crown.
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 4 October 2022
Language
English
Authors
Metrics & Citations
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