خرد هر کجا گنجي آرد پديد زنام خدا سازد آن را کليد.

Presentation on theme: "خرد هر کجا گنجي آرد پديد زنام خدا سازد آن را کليد."— Presentation transcript:

1 خرد هر کجا گنجي آرد پديد زنام خدا سازد آن را کليد

2 Plant Pathogens A B C E F virusesParasitic seed plants funginematodesbacteria

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8 Tinea Unguium – Nail Infection

9 Tinea Capitis Gray Patch

10 Candidiasis Thrush

11 The Characteristics of Fungi Heterotrophy - 'other food' *Saprophytes or saprobes - feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers) *Symbionts - mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism *Parasites - feeding on living tissue of a host. Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens.

12 Heterotrophic by Absorption Fungi get carbon from organic sources Hyphal tips release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae Product diffuses back into hypha and is used Nucleus hangs back and “directs”

13 Hyphae Tubular Hard wall of chitin Crosswalls may form compartments (± cells) Multinucleate Grow at tips

14 Hyphal growth Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi This wall is rigidOnly the tip wall is plastic and stretches

15 Mycorrhizae “Fungus roots” Mutualism between: *Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant) *Plant (carbohydrate for fungus) Several kinds *Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells *Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t penetrate cells Extremely important ecological role of fungi!

16 “Ecto”mycorrhizae Russula mushroom mycorrhizas on Western Hemlock root Fungal hyphae around root and between cells Mycorrhiza cross sections

17 Lichen internal structure Lobaria Lichens are nature’s biological monitors of pollution and air quality Thalli act like sponges Some species more sensitive to pollution Which species are present can indicate air quality Most resistant species can also be analyzed for pollutants, including bioaccumulation of heavy metals and radioactive isotopes

18 Generalized Life Cycle of a Fungus

19 اشکال تولید مثل غیر جنسی  آرتروسپور  تقسیم ساده سلولی  جوانه زدن  کلامیدوسپور  اسپورانژیوسپور  پیکنیدیوسپور  اسپورودوخیوم  آسروول  سینما

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21 Verticillium conidophores

22 Acervulus (i) SEM Macroscopic, note mucilage

23 Sporodochium (ia) Similar in appearance to acervuli, not as sunken Fusarium spp., Volutella spp.

24 Tubercularia (Nectria teleomorph) on twig Perithecia sporodochia

25 Synnema (ata; syn. Coremium, -a) compact or fused conidiophores, with branches and spores forming a headlike cluster. Ophiostoma and Leptographium species Tree pathogens Beetle pathogens Dutch Elm Disease

26 Pycnidium (ia) Closed sporocarp Contains conidia Flask shaped

27 Hyphal growth from spore Mycelia have a huge surface area mycelium germinating spore

28 Classification & Phylogeny motile spores zygosporangia asci basidia

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30 Symptoms of Plant Disease Lesions - leaf spots Chlorosis Lesions Necrosis

31 Symptoms of Plant Disease Blight Chlorosis Lesions Necrosis

32 Symptoms of Blight Extensive and Sudden necrosis

33 Symptoms of Plant Diseases Color Changes- Chlorosis Normal

34 Mosaic and Rugosity Symptoms

35 Symptoms of Plant Disease Change in shape - Rugosity

36 Symptoms of Plant Disease Changes in Tissue Shape and Size Hypertrophy (Overdevelopment: size & development) Gall

37 Nodules (left) caused by Rhizobium vs. Galls (right) caused by a pathogen Nodules - Rhizobium

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39 Zoosporic Fungi Phylum Chytridiomycota General Mycology Pl P 421/521

40 Chytridiomycota – “chytrids” Simple fungi Produce motile spores - zoospores Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats Could just as well be Protists Chytridium growing on spores Chytriomyces growing on pine pollen

41 Zoospore Microscopic (2-14 x 2-6 micron), uninucleate, unicellular, flagellated spore lacking a cell wall Formed in a zoosporangium by a process involving mitosis and cytoplasmic cleavage Zoospores do not feed, and rely on endogenous energy reserves Catenaria zoospore, from George Barron’s website

42 Zoospores Olpidium zoospores/D. J. S. Barr

43 Zoosporic fungi Kingdom Fungi *Phylum Chytridiomycota Kingdom Straminipila *Phylum Oomycota *Phylum Hyphochytriomycota *Phylum Labyrinthulomycota Protista *Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota *Phylum Myxomycota

44 Classification 123 genera, 900 species in 5 orders: *Chytridiales *Spizellomycetales *Monoblepharidales *Neocallimasticales *Blastocladiales

45 Potato wart - Synchytrium endobioticum E. Çakır

46 Olpidium Currently placed in Spizellomycetales Forms resting spores, zoosporangia in host cells Includes Olpidium brassicae, vector of Lettuce Big Vein varicosavirus www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu

47 Phylum - Zygomycota Kingdom Fungi

48 Life cycle of Rhizopus Asexual sporangium with spores inside Sexual zygsporangium with one zygospore

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51 Zygomycota Two classes: Zygomycetes – Trichomycetes –

52 Class - Zygomycetes Generally divided into 7 orders, we will discuss 3 Mucorales – mainly saprotrophs, many to one sporangiospore/sporangium Entomophthorales – mainly parasitic on arthropods, limited mycelium, one sporangiospore/sporangium Glomales – obligate biotrophs, form arbuscuar mycorrhizae

53 Mucorales Typically form aseptate hyphae, septa formed to delimit reproductive structures Some species form rhizoids

54 Rhizopus fruit rot

55 Entomophthorales Arthropod parasites, 240 spp. Asexual reproduction by one spored sporangiola (conidia) Mycelium exhibits limited growth in the body of the host, forms septa and fragments Entomophthora is a parasite of flies – seen when fly is stuck to window, white halo around it

56 Glomales Obligate biotrophs Biotrophic in the roots of higher plants, form arbuscular mycorrhizae Ca 90 spp. Now placed in a separate phylum by some – the Glomeromycota

57 Glomerales Form tree-like structures = arbuscules in cells of plant – exchange of nutrients between fungus and plant Form large spores in soil – zygospores, azygospores, and chlamydospores depending on species

58 Trichomycetes Second class in Zygomycota Small class, contains 3 orders All but a few species are obligate commensals in guts or on exoskeleton of arthropods Found in freshwater (mayfly, stonefly, midges) and terrestrial (millipedes)

59 Ascomycota – “sac fungi” Sexual Reproduction – asci (sing. = ascus) Asex. Reprod. – common Cup fungi, morels, truffles Important plant parasites & saprobes Yeast - Saccharomyces Decomposers, pathogens, and found in most lichens A cluster of asci with spores inside

60 Gametangia Male gametangia may be an antheridium or conidium- like structure – spermatium Female gametangium = ascogonium, may have a long projection, the trichogyne

61 Ascus types: Prototunicate Thin-walled ascus Ascospores released by breakdown of wall

62 Ascus types: Unitunicate Inner and outer ascus walls do not separate during ascospore release Ascospores released through specialized adaptation at ascus tip

63 Ascus types: Bitunicate

64 No Ascocarp (archiascomycetes) Cleistothecium(plectomycet) Perithecium(pyrenomycet) (pseudothecium or pseudoperithecium) Apothecium(discomycets)

65 Archiascomycetes--taxa Taphrinales *Taphrinaceae—T. deformans, peach leaf curl *Protomycetaceae -Protomyces Schizosaccharomycetales *Schizosaccharomyces—fission yeast *Saitoella—soil yeast *Pneumocystis—causal agent of virulent pneumonia (P. carinii)

66 No Ascocarp (the naked Asci) Peach Leaf Curl caused by Taphrina deformans

67 Saccharomycets مخمرهای واقعی فاقد آسکوکارپ Saccharomyces cervisiaeمخمر نان Candida albicans عامل بیماری تب برفکی در انسان

68 Budding Bipolar Multilateral

69 plectomycets Onygenales(Arthorodermataceae, Myxotrichaceae,Gymnoascaceae) Eurotiales – Trichocomaceae (Eurotium and Talaromycrs) Ascosphaerales

70 Ascomycota neurospora PENICILLIUM Aspergillus

71 Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger

72 Ascomycota neurospora Penicillium

73 Penicillium expansum Penicillium digitatum

74 Cleistothecia: Powdery Mildew fungi

75 Cleistothecia of Powdery Mildews Note appendages on cleistothecium

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77 Pyrenomycetes Hypocreales Melanosporales Miccroascales Phyllachorales Ophiostomales Diaportales Xylariales Sordaliales Melioales

78 Family Hypocreaceae Hypocrea Anamorph: Trichoderma, Verticillim, Gliocladium) Hypomyces (diverse anamorphs) *Many species as parasites of mushrooms

79 Family Nectriaceae Nectria galligena Nectria cinabarina(Tubercularia)

80 Sclerotia Stromata Peritheci a Ascospores Claviceps purpurea from Hanlin, 1990 Family Clavicipitaceae

81 Claviceps purpurea stromata and sclerotium (left), and perithecia (above)

82 Cordyceps militaris

83 Order Microascales Family Ceratocystidiaceae *Ceratocystis (Chalara anamorphs) *C. fimbriata *C. ulmi *C.virescens Family Microasaceae

84 Phyllachorales Glomerella (Colletotrichum) Polystigma Phyllachora

85 Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum lagenarium Phyllachora graminis

86 Polystigma ochraceum

87 Order Ophiostomatales Ophiostoma ulmi

88 Order Xylariales Dark, leathery, woody or carbonaceous perithecia usually embedded in well-developed stromata Two families: *Xylariaceae *Diatrypaceae

89 BiscogniauxiaRosellinia necatrix

90 Order Diaporthales Important genera: *Diaporthe (Phomopsis anamorphs) *Cryphonectria parasitica (Chestnut blight) *Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Take-all disease of wheat) *Magnaporthe grisea *Valsa (Cytospora anamorph)

91 Gaeumannomyces graminis Cytospora sp. Diaporthe vexans.

92 Cryphonectria parasitica

93  Blastomycetidae  Coelomycetidae  Hyphomycetidae Deuteromycetes

94 Reproductive Structures of Deuteromycetes (Agrios:442-444) Conidia on conidiophores Sporodochium Synemma Acervulus Pycnidium

95 Acervulus (i) Open sporocarp, pushes through epidermis or cuticle of host Contains conidia Sterile hyphae - setae Colletotrichum

96 Pycnidium

97 clamydospore

98 Chlamydospore -thick walled conidia that function as a resting spore -formed in hyphae or spore

99 Blastomycetidae فاقد ریسه و مخمری Sporobolomycetales, Sporobolomyces Blastospore شکل غیر جنسی بازیدیومایکوتا Cryptococcales, Candida ساپروفیت و پارازیت انسان

100 Coelomycetidae Sphaeropsidales Phomopsis Ascochyta Diplodia Cytospra Phoma Phyllosticts

101 Melanconiales Colletotrichum Marssonina

102 Hyphomycetidae Moniliales, Moniliaceae, Trichoderma Pyricularia oryzae (بلاست برنج)

103 Dematiaceae Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata

104 Helminthosporium oryzae Septoria tritici

105 Botrytis allii

106 Tuberculariaceae Fusarium solani

107 Fusarium oxysporum on tomato

108 Agonomycetales Rhizoctonia solani

109 Sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii

110 Rhizoctonia solani cold-wet soils

111 Sclerotium rolfsii on tomato

112 Sclerotium rolfsii on melon

113 Apothecium Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 2 apothecia emerging from a sclerotium Asci with ascospores

114 دیسکومیست (آسکومیست های آپوتسیوم دار) Monilinia fructigena

115 لوکولوآسکومیستها Dothiaceae Mycosphaerella rabiei Venturiaceae Venturia inaequalis

116 Mycosphaerella rabiei Ascochyta rabiei

117 http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pp/extension/tfabp/apscpm.shtml Apple scab Venturia ineaqualis

118 pseudothecium (specialized perithecium) Sub-cuticular growth of hyphae Venturia inaequalis causal agent of Apple Scab

119 Erysiphales Uncinula necator Blomeria graminis Phyllactinia corylea Leveillula tauricaa

120 Uncinula necator

121 Basidiomycota

122 Basidium sterigmata basidiospores Basidiomycetes

123 Basidiomycota Hymenomycetes Ustilaginomycetes Uridiniomycetes Hymenomycetes  Lycoperdales  Phallales  Nidulariales  Agaricales  Aphyllophorales

124 Agaricales Boletaceae Amantiaceae Agaricaceae Tricholomataceae Coprinaceae

125 Amantia virosa Amantia phalloides Amantiaceae

126 Agaricaceae Tricholoma magnivelare Pleurotus ulmarius

127 Tricholomataceae Armillaria mellea

128 Lycoperdales Puffballs

129 Puffballs Earthstars

130 Earthstars

131 Phallales Phallus ravenelii Nidulariales Cyathus striatus

132 Aphyllophorales Polyporaceae Gandermataceae Fistulinaceae Sparassidaceae Steraceae

133 Polypores

134 Urediniomycetes Uredinales

135 Urediniomycetes Uredinales Puccinia graminis Stem rust of small grains Uredium on grass Aecium on barberry Puccinia graminis f.sp. hordei (barley)

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137 Barberry: Alternate Host to Puccinia graminis Common shrub Introduced from Europe

138 Barberry Infection Spermogonium Aecium Aeciospores (n + n) Cross secction of leaf From: The Fifth Kingdom Online

139 Spermogonium Spermatia Receptive hyphae

140 Aecium and aeciospores

141 Uredia and Uredospores From: The Fifth Kingdom Online

142 From: Tom Volk webpage

143 2 - celled Teliospores of Puccinia graminis From: The Fifth Kingdom Online

144 Puccinia striformis Puccinia recondita

145 Uredospores of Bean rust Uromyces appendiculatus Uromyces appendiculatus uredospore germinating ona bean leaf 5 h after inoculation

146 Melampsora lini

147 USTILAGINOMYCETS Ustilaginales Ustilaginaceae  Ustilago, Sphacelotheca, Sporisorium Tilletiaceae  Tilletia, Urocystis, Entyloma, Entorrhizae Graphiolaceae

148 Ustilago maydis corn smut (Agrios 583-584) Overwinters as teliospores in debris Basidiospores produced in spring Infect all tissues Must fuse to form dikaryon to grow

149 Corn smut

150 http://www.apsnet.org/education/lessonsPlantPath/CornSmut/discycleFull.htm Corn smut Ustilago maydis

151 Ustilago maydis Teliospore Release 200 billion spores per gall!!

152 Loose Smut of Barley Ustilago nuda Agrios 584-588

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154 Stinking Smut or Bunt of Wheat Tilletia spp. (Agrios 588-593) Grow with tip of plant Oily smut kernels lead to explosions in combines Fishy smell

155 Disease cycle of Bunt of Wheat

156 Oomycota Oomycetes Peronosporales Phytiaceae – Phytium, Phytophthora Peronosporaceae Albuginaceae

157 Oomycetes: Sexual Reproductive Antheridium Oogonium Oospore

158 Hyphae of Oomycetes Hypha Coenocytic hyphae

159 Asexual Reproductive Structures of Oomycetes Sporangia

160 Zoospores Single cell, but membrane bound Product of mitosis Released from sporangium Motile Not long lived Sporangium Zoospores

161 Oomycetes: Pythium, Phytophthora & Aphanomyces

162 Diseases caused by Oomycetes Seed rots and Seedling Damping-off

163 Diseases caused by Oomycetes Damping-off

164 Bean root rot Pythium ultimum

165 Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot: Symptoms Leaves are small, yellowish, and sparse; fruit are small; often turn red prematurely. Bark and wood at crown is orange to brown and water-soaked; margin between diseased and healthy tissue is usually distinct.

166 Late blighted potato tubers Potato cull pile

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168 Peronospora tabacinaPseudoperonospora cubensis

169 Bremia lactucaePlasmopara viticola