Antebellum Reform.

Presentation on theme: "Antebellum Reform."— Presentation transcript:

1 Antebellum Reform

2 The Knickerbocker Group
Pioneers of distinctly American Literature (circa 1820s) notably Washington Irving, essayist and writer James Fenimore Cooper, novelist William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist Named “The Knickerbocker Group” in honor of Irving’s Knickerbocker’s History of New York (1809) Influenced Hawthorne, Longfellow and other American writers Irving Cooper Bryant

3 Knickerbocker Significance
Washington Irving First American man of letters for his essays Wrote short stories “Rip van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (1819) James Fenimore Cooper First American novelist of note Wrote novels The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans (1826) First writer to feature native Indians and the American wilderness William Cullen Bryant First American poet of note Wrote poems “To A Waterfowl” and “Thanatopsis” (1817) Served as editor of The New York Evening Post for almost 50 years Their literary “voice” and themes were distinctly American. Europeans acknowledged and appreciated their literary talents. New York became the literary center of America.

4 Washington Irving Born 1783-1859
Irving was a great writer. He mostly focused on American politics and religious disputes. Specifically the second great awakening which was a reform movement geared to abolish predestination beliefs.

5 Irving was in the Kenkerbocker group
He wrote The Sketch Book a group of his writings that where published by both American and British publishers. One of the more renowned literatures that Irving wrote is Sleepy Hollow. This happens to be one of my favorite books. Irving and two other writers were some of the most important figures during the late s.

6 James Fenimore Cooper Born in 1789 in New Jersey
Attended Yale university, but was expelled for a prank Married Susan Augusta De Lancey in1811 He lived in Europe with his family for seven years

7 Accomplishments Was the first American to make a career as a novelist
His books created the genre of frontier adventure tales One of his most known books was The Last Mohicans which was written in 1826 ~ took place during the third year of the French and Indian war some of the themes are: interracial friendship, religion, and nature

8 Herman Melville 1819 –1891 American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. Born and died in New York City Traveled

9 Herman Melville Best known for writing Moby Dick. Forgotten by the time he died.

10 Transcendentalism 1836-1860 Began in Unitarian church.
Renewal of Calvinism. “Man is one with the world” Independence.

11 Significance of Transcendentalism
Foundation of modern reform movements. Powerful democratic force. Suffrage of Women, Temperance for All, Rise of Free Religion. Differences. Ralph Waldo Emerson

12 Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson pioneered transcendentalism. He was against slavery and for freedom. Some of his views are that each person is directly associated with God and nature. He founded the Transcendental club in Emerson was a prominent lecturer, essayist, and poet of his time ( ). One of his famous poems was Nature which he wrote in 1836 expressing many of his transcendentalist thoughts.

13 Born in 1817 in Concord Massachusetts, died in May of 1862 to Tuberculosis
Studied at Harvard Influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson after reading his novel, Nature, which sparked his interest in Transcendentalism. Most known for his novel, Walden. Imposed ideas of a correct society and inner being through his writing

14 Walden Civil Disobedience
Thoreau left to seclude himself at Walden Pond Used his experience and views from Transcendentalism to write a novel Focused on the importance of nature and the human soul away from society Heavily controversial Stayed for two years (July 1845 – September 1847) Civil Disobedience Written after spending a night in jail during his stay at Walden

15 Margaret Fuller Her father was determined to give her the best education possible Member of the transcendentalist group Had a big influence on women's rights She also wrote many books

16 Margaret Fuller She visited Europe and met with famous writers there
She fell in love with one of the officers in the Italian Unification Movement She joined the movement but after it failed she planed to return to America On the way home her ship ran aground and she and her family drowned

17 Edgar Allen Poe 1809 Edgar Poe born in Boston to actors David and Eliza Poe, 19 January 1811 His mother dies in Richmond, VA, Dec. 8th Lived in England for five years 1825 Got secretly engaged 1826 Studied at UVA 1827 Leaves for Boston & Enlists in the Army Publishes Tamerlane & other poems in Boston 1829 Promoted to Sarg. Major Discharged in March 1831 Moves in with Aunt and cousins 1833 Short Story “MS. Found In A Bottle wins literary prize 1835 Hans Pfaal published in Southern Lit. Messenger Courts cousin, Virginia Clemm 1836 Marries Virginia Clemm, his cousin. 1839 Becomes Asst. Editor of Burton’s Gentleman Magazine in June 1840 Quarrels with editor of Burton’s Magazine, Publishes Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (2 vols.)

18 Life Summed Up 1842 Publishes: - The Pitr and the Pendulum
- The Masque of Red Death - The Mystery of Marie Roger 1843 Publishes three more stories and hisc riticak essay “The Rationate of Verse” 1846 Severals poems translated, very ciritcal in France. Writes two more publishing's, a short story, critical essay and 1847 Poe falls ill Completes Ulalume Poem 1848 Eureka philosophical essay Reads”ThePoetic Principle” to aa audience of 1800 people Writes the Bells 1849 In Richmond to lecture and see friends in Mid-Summer Engaged to widow Sara Shelton, (former fiancee) Leaves Richmond for New York, Sept. 27th Found delirious in Boston, Oct. 3rd Dies, Octorber 7th

19 Alexis De Tocqueville He was an Aristocratic Frenchman
July 29, 1805 – April 16, 1859 He was an Aristocratic Frenchman 1831 French government overthrown, new government put in place: Louis Philippe Tocqueville didn’t trust new government and wanted to go to America His excuse to get out of France was that he was studying the US Prison system Spent 9 months traveling US

20 Alexis De Tocqueville Interviewed presidents, lawyers, and bankers
He wrote Democracy in America : based on his findings and thoughts on America Wrote The U.S. Penitentiary System and its Application in France Influenced the prison reform in Europe

21 Anti-slaver Movement

22 William Lloyd Garrison
At the age of 13 Garrison became a writer Switched from colonization view point to abolition view point Was known as the voice of the abolition movement because of his publication, The Liberator "I am in earnest — I will not equivocate — I will not excuse — I will not retreat a single inch — AND I WILL BE HEARD" Garrison was not interested in compromise

23 Garrison Cont’d In 1832 he helped organize the New England Anti-Slavery Society and the following year he helped organize the American Anti-Slavery Society In 1840 a major rift in society resulted in the formation of 2 new societies - The Liberty party - The American and Foreign Anti- Slavery Society Even though the Emancipation Proclamation was a government decree, Garrison supported it wholeheartedly

24 David Walker Born on September 28, 1785 and died June 28, 1830.
He was born a free black man because his mother who was once a slave was freed. Became an abolitionist, which is someone who wanted to do away with slavery. In 1829, Walker wrote his famous pamphlet called, Walker’s Appeal in Four Articles. Southern states despised Walker. They put out a reward for his capture. Walker’s passing was very mysterious. Many thought he was poisoned, but it was never proven.

25 Walker’s Appeal in Four Articles
This was Walker’s opinion on slavery telling all slaves to turn to violence when trying to gain freedom. The pamphlet also warned all slave owners that there would be a bloody overthrow if they did not liberate their slaves. The views Walker presented in his 1829 pamphlet influenced the thinking of others and was thought to be a catalyst for the Nat Turner Rebellion of 1831.

26 Angelina & Sarah Grimke
Angelina was born February 20,1805 and Sarah was born November 26, 1792. The sisters were Quakers, and advocates of abolitionism and women’s rights. In 1819 they moved to Philadelphia to join Society of Friends Angelina published a letter against slavery in 1835; in the newspaper The Liberator The sisters moved to New York, and became the first lecture of the Anti-Slavery Society

27 Angelina & Sarah Grimke
Sarah Grimke wrote in a lecture “to rise from that degradation and bondage to which the faculties of our minds have been prevented from expanding to their full growth and are sometimes wholly crushed.” In 1838, Angelina married Anti-slavery campaigner Theodore Weld The sisters opened a progressive school in the Raritan Bay, New York During the Civil War, Angelina wrote a letter of support to Lincoln

28 Frederick Douglass -born a slave
-taught himself how to read- worked for everything he received -insightful young man, always longing for more

29 “If there is no struggle, there is no progress.”
1. Douglass, without any formal education, gained a reputation for his speaking skills and was known for his speaking out against slavery. 2. He enlisted black troops for the Union cause and spoke on behalf of women's rights. He was present at the first national women's congress held at Seneca Falls, NY, in 1848. 3. He led a distinguished life as a newspaper publisher, a United States marshal and recorder of deeds, and consul-general to the Republic of Haiti.

30 Charles Grandison Finney
Life: A clergyman, revivalist, and educator Studied law for several years in his life until a conversion experience. Used several new techniques called “New Measures”

31 Charles Grandison Finney (2)
Some practices were seen as controversial and questionable (Ex: Women praying out loud in a multi-gender crowd) Was against discrimination Became a theology professor at Oberlin College, and later president Was Presbyterian, but changed to Congregationalism

32 Nat Turner Born on October 2, 1800.
He believed that he was chosen by God to lead the slaves from bondage. He also believed in hearing divine voices telling him to lead the slaves. Turner saw the eclipse of 1831 as a sign to start a rebellion.

33 The Slave Rebellion Turner gathered followers in Southampton, Virginia, on August 21, 1831. Was joined by six other slaves to murder the Travis family. Rebellion resulted in the murder of sixty slave owners as well as 100 slaves and even harsher laws against slaves. Turner managed to hide for six weeks until he was discovered and later executed in Jerusalem, Virginia.

34 Horace Greeley Started the New York Tribune in 1841, which made him a major influence in national debate Supported the Whig Party- supporters of the American System Known for writing and campaigning against slavery, monopolies, and capital punishments

35 Horace Greeley Great reformer and idealist
One of the founders of the Republican party in 1856, and later the Liberal Republican party Received presidential nomination from the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties in 1872

36 Reforming Society

37 DOROthea DIX Born April 4th, 1802 She left her home at the age of 12
In 1821 she opened a school for girls in Boston In January 1843 she submitted to the Massachusetts legislature a detailed report of her thoroughly documented findings of the Institutions behaviors towards the mentally ill Helping to pass a bill for the enlargement of the Worcester Insane Asylum In the next 40 years Dix inspired legislators in 15 U.S. states and in Canada to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill

38 DOROthea DIX In 1861 she was appointed superintendent of army nurses for Civil War service

39 Noah Webster Born 16 October 1758
Writer and educator “Father of American Scholarship and Education” by Americanizing the English language Went to Yale when he was 16 His years at Yale coincided with the Revolutionary War. In order to earn a living, Noah taught school after graduating. Thought Americans should learn from American books so wrote his own textbook: A Grammatical Institute of the English Language.

40 Noah Webster Wrote the first American dictionary because Americans in different parts of the country spelled, pronounced and used words differently. He thought that all Americans should speak the same way. "color" instead of the English "colour” "music" instead " of "musick". Added American words that weren't in English dictionaries: "skunk” When finished in 1828, at the age of 70, the dictionary had 70,000 words in it. Other things include: worked for copyright laws, wrote textbooks, and edited magazines. At the time of his death in 1843 he was considered an American hero.

41 Horace Mann 5/4/1796 – 8/2/1895 MS House of Representatives: 1832-1837
Prominent leader in edu reform. Children have right to free learning

42 6 Main Points no longer ignorant public.
education should be paid for, controlled, and sustained by the public. this education will be provided in schools that have children from many different backgrounds. education non-sectarian. education taught by the spirit, methods, and discipline of a free society. education provided by well-trained, professional teachers.

43 Women Movements

44 The Seneca Falls Convention
Started in July 19-20,1848 Founders: Elizabeth Cady and Lucretia Mott. Reason for starting: because they felt like "all men and women had been created equal" and deserved equal rights.

45 Continued. . Cady didn’t want the rights of voting.
The speech was presented by Lucretia’s husband because no women felt comfortable presenting. At the closing session, Lucretia Mott won approval of a final resolve "for the overthrowing of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the securing to woman equal rights with men.” but not the rights for voting.

46 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
One of the leading figures in the early women’s movement Believed that women should have a strong political position in voting Worked alongside Susan B. Anthony in the late 1840s, to create the “Declaration of Sentiments” Eventually, established: - Property Rights for women - Equal guardianship of children - Liberalized divorce laws

47 Abolishment Actiavist
“There are certain natural rights as inalienable to civilization, as are the rights of air and motion to savage in the wilderness. The Prejudice against color, of which we hear so much, is no stronger than that against sex…The Negro’s skin and the women’s sex are both prima facie evidence that they were intended to be in subjection to the white Saxon man.” This stated quote derives from her speeches and acknowledges that she is not only fighting for women’s rights, slaves rights, but of equilibrium between us all During the Civil War, Elizabeth Stanton concentrated on efforts of abolishing slavery She also had strong opinions upon abortion, stating that children were there to help

48 Sojourner Truth Isabella Baumfree 1797-1883
Children: Peter, James, Elizabeth, and Sophia "I did not run off, for I thought that wicked, but I walked off, believing that to be all right." Found religion and began preaching

49 Achievements Achievements
Joined the Northampton Association of Education and Industry Worked with William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass Achievements 1854: Delivered her legendary speech Ain’t I a Woman? The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave 1981: induction into the national Woman's Hall of Fame Posthumously honored from

50 Susan Brownell Anthony
( ) Born in Adams, Massachusetts to a Quaker family She attended a boarding school in Philadelphia Growing up her family worked for temperance, the anti-slavery movement and signed the Declaration of Sentiments Her first public crusade was in New York on behalf of temperance She paved the way for the 19th amendment Susan died in 1906 of pneumonia and heart failure

51 Susan’s Accomplishments
Susan dedicated her life to woman’s suffrage In 1869 Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton founded the Woman’s Suffrage Association In 1872 she was the first person arrested, put on trial and fined for voting In 1890 she helped establish the National American Woman’s Suffrage Association, which focused on establishing the 19th amendment 14 years after she died the 19th amendment was passed She led the only non-violent revolution in Americas history

52 Amelia Bloomer Born in New York in 1818, Died at Council Bluffs in 1894 In school for 2 years Writer for her husband’s, Dexter Bloomer, paper The Seneca Falls Courier Married at age 22, 1840 In 1849 Amelia published her own newspaper, The Lily The newspaper discussed what Amelia thought to be women’s issue’s Traveled the country lecturing groups of men and women In the lectures she defended her attire, “bloomers” which were long full length pants gathered at the ankles, with a short skirt over them

53 Amelia’s Views Amelia supported women's rights
She was a part of many active groups that supported rights for women Amelia also supported prohibition She expressed her views through her writing and speeches

54 Religious Awakening

55 Joseph Smith As a 14 year-old, he wondered which religion he should take part in 1823, an angel, Moroni, told him about book of golden plates which he later translated by 1827 Founded the Latter Day Saint movement

56 Persecution 1831, Smith and his followers moved to Missouri, expelled in 1833 Next, they moved to Northern Missouri which led to their expulsion and Smith imprisoned Finally they moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, Smith formed a militia and even announced candidacy for president Smith was murdered while awaiting his trial for his polygamy

57 Brigham Young (1801-1877) 2nd president of the church
Year president: 1830-first came in contact with Mormon teachings Thought Joseph Smith was prophet of God “Mormonism has made me all I am; and the grace, the power, and the wisdom of God will make me all that I ever will be, either in time or in eternity”

58 Brigham Young 1835-appointed to the Quorum of 12 apostles
1838-took charge of Mormon exodus to Illinois Commited to polygamy, married 55 women Joseph Smith was assassinated in 1844 led migration west to Rocky Mountains, founded Salt Lake City appointed first territorial governor to Utah Good business man, most successful of his time Tried to protect Mormon practices 1877-died from appendicitis

59 The Shakers (1747-late 19th Century)
United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, or the “Shakers” was a religious group that organized in the 1700s. Started by James and Jane Wardley who were influenced by French prophets They broke off of the Quaker church They got their name “Shakers” because they would “tremble violently” when they were “moved by the spirit”. Mother Ann Lee lead a small group of Shakers from Europe to America. They were ordinary people who chose to give up their families, property, and worldly ties in order to be closer to God. They had individual villages located in NH, NY, OH, and IL. Mother Ann Lee

60 Shakers Shakers practiced celibacy, communal life, and confession of sin Strongly believed in equality, simplicity, and pacifism. Men and Women lived in separate houses and did not marry or have children. The group consisted of adults and orphans They focused their attention on high quality crafts and farm produce. Always gave to the poor There is one Shaker community left as of 2011 IMPORTANCE Most successful utopian society that has flourished in this country since before the Revolutionary War. They challenged the existing social and religious structure and economic order of the new nation. Shakers made important contributions to American culture in art, science, architecture, craftsmanship, business, music, education, government, medicine, agriculture, and commerce.

61 Philosophy of Brook Farm
Founded by George Ripley in April of 1841 Created a utopian microcosm of society Original Constitution stated goals based on transcendentalism: Individual freedom Humane relationships Harmony Connection of flesh and spirit Encouraged manual labor Enjoyment was the most important pursuit

62 Fourierism Eventually adopted beliefs of Fourierism
Three major aspects to economy: Reuniting social classes Voluntary system of labor Agriculture as the principal industry Worked to end division of educated and laboring classes Organized as a joint stock company Brook Farm Institute for Agriculture and Education New name referred to form of labor and culture