Liver Flukes Fasciola hepaticaFasciola hepatica Fasciola giganticaFasciola gigantica Fascioloides magnaFascioloides magna Dicrocoelium dendriticumDicrocoelium.

Presentation on theme: "Liver Flukes Fasciola hepaticaFasciola hepatica Fasciola giganticaFasciola gigantica Fascioloides magnaFascioloides magna Dicrocoelium dendriticumDicrocoelium."— Presentation transcript:

1 Liver Flukes Fasciola hepaticaFasciola hepatica Fasciola giganticaFasciola gigantica Fascioloides magnaFascioloides magna Dicrocoelium dendriticumDicrocoelium dendriticum Clonorchis sinensisClonorchis sinensis

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3 Habitat: live in the duct system of the liver!

4 Between any three liver cells there is a bile capillary (Bile Canaliculus) Flukes feed on epithelial cells, blood, and mucous caused by destruction of these cells!

5 Fasciola hepatica “The Sheep Liver Fluke” Because sheep are the normal definitive host.Because sheep are the normal definitive host. In places where sheep are not raised can be found in cattle.In places where sheep are not raised can be found in cattle. Humans can become infected!Humans can become infected! 30 mm long

6 Fasciola gigantica Equivalent of F. hepatica in Southeast Asia, Hawaii, and Africa.Equivalent of F. hepatica in Southeast Asia, Hawaii, and Africa. Basically big species of F. hepatica.Basically big species of F. hepatica. 75 mm long 30 mm long

7 Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke or Giant Liver Fluke” Found in deer, moose, and elk.Found in deer, moose, and elk. Sometimes in cattle, bison, sheep, goats, llamas, and pigs.Sometimes in cattle, bison, sheep, goats, llamas, and pigs. Never found in people!Never found in people! 100 mm long!

8 Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke or Giant Liver Fluke” Domestic ruminants are aberrant hosts.Domestic ruminants are aberrant hosts. Common parasite in N. America especially in the Gulf coast, N.W., and Great Lakes area!Common parasite in N. America especially in the Gulf coast, N.W., and Great Lakes area!

9 Dicrocoelium dendriticum The Lancet Fluke Sheep, goats, deer, cattle, rabbits, and woodchucks.Sheep, goats, deer, cattle, rabbits, and woodchucks. Occasionally found in people.Occasionally found in people. 10 mm long

10 Dicrocoelium dendriticum The Lancet Fluke Cosmopolitan distribution but predominantly found in Eastern Europe.Cosmopolitan distribution but predominantly found in Eastern Europe.

11 Clonorchis sinensis “Chinese Liver Fluke or Oriental Liver Fluke” Carnivorous animals are definitive hosts.Carnivorous animals are definitive hosts. Dogs and cats (animals that eat fish-2 nd IH) also occurs in people.Dogs and cats (animals that eat fish-2 nd IH) also occurs in people. Also found in pigs, rats and camels (?)!Also found in pigs, rats and camels (?)! 8-25 mm long

12 Clonorchis sinensis “Chinese Liver Fluke or Oriental Liver Fluke” OrientOrient –Korea –Thailand –Vietnam –Japan –China

13 Life Cycles! Liver fluke of ruminants and man: Fasiola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and Fascioloides magna!Liver fluke of ruminants and man: Fasiola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and Fascioloides magna!

14 Life Cycles of Ruminant Liver Flukes First intermediate hosts are snails in the family Lymnaeidae (pond snails): these are aquatic and semi- aquatic snails.First intermediate hosts are snails in the family Lymnaeidae (pond snails): these are aquatic and semi- aquatic snails.

15 Liver flukes of ruminants (aquatic life cycle).

16 Eggs of Fasciola hepatica Eggs are 130-150 X 63-90 μm; golden brown, indistinct operculum, and unembryonated.

17 Miricidia develop in the egg (9-10 days) in the external environment, hatch and infect snail 1 st IH

18 In the snail they develop sporocysts, 2 redia generations which release cercariae into the external aquatic environment! (five to seven weeks)

19 Cercariae encyst as metacercariae on aquatic vegetation! Grass and water cress are typical 2 nd IH

20 What happens in the DH

21 Juvenile worms penetrate the small intestine: enter the coelom and creep over the viscera until contacting the liver capsule!Juvenile worms penetrate the small intestine: enter the coelom and creep over the viscera until contacting the liver capsule!

22 What happens in the DH Juvenile worms penetrate the small intestine: enter the coelom and creep over the viscera until contacting the liver capsule!Juvenile worms penetrate the small intestine: enter the coelom and creep over the viscera until contacting the liver capsule! They then burrow into the liver parenchyma: wander about for almost two months feeding and growing.They then burrow into the liver parenchyma: wander about for almost two months feeding and growing.

23 What happens in the DH Juvenile worms penetrate the small intestine: enter the coelom and creep over the viscera until contacting the liver capsule!Juvenile worms penetrate the small intestine: enter the coelom and creep over the viscera until contacting the liver capsule! They then burrow into the liver parenchyma: wander about for almost two months feeding and growing.They then burrow into the liver parenchyma: wander about for almost two months feeding and growing. Finally they enter the bile ducts: worms become sexually mature in another month and begin producing eggs. PPP- 8-10 wk. Live for 11 years!Finally they enter the bile ducts: worms become sexually mature in another month and begin producing eggs. PPP- 8-10 wk. Live for 11 years!

24 Fasciola hepatica “The Sheep Liver Fluke” Distribution is cosmopolitan, and they are found primarily in agricultural animals.Distribution is cosmopolitan, and they are found primarily in agricultural animals. In US and S. America commonly found in sheep and cattle.In US and S. America commonly found in sheep and cattle.

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26 Habitat Found In Flooded Pastures!

27 Life cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum The Lancet Fluke Terrestrial life cycle!

28 Terrestrial land snails 1 st IH Cercariae accumulate and produce mucus

29 Terrestrial land snails 1 st IH Ants 2 nd IH Slimeball! (500 cercariae)

30 Terrestrial land snails 1 st IH Ants 2 nd IH “Brainworms” Attachment to subesophageal ganglion

31 Terrestrial land snails 1 st IH Ants 2 nd IH Up to 50,000 worms in 1 DH!

32 Life cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum The Lancet Fluke Rabbits (also DHs)Rabbits (also DHs) –Intensity infections in sheep/goats Deer (also DHs)Deer (also DHs) –Disseminate between populations Sale/Trade of infected sheepSale/Trade of infected sheep –Establish entirely new populations

33 Life Cycle of Clonorchis sinensis “Chinese Liver Fluke” Aquatic life cycle!Aquatic life cycle!

34 Snails 1 st IH ingest eggs Miracidium Sporocyst Rediae Clonorchis sinensis

35 Cercariae Encyst under scale or in muscle of freshwater fish 2 nd IH Snails 1 st IH ingest eggs Miracidium Sporocyst Rediae Metacercariae Clonorchis sinensis

36 Egg production 1 month Cercariae Encyst under scale or in muscle of freshwater fish 2 nd IH Snails 1 st IH ingest eggs Miracidium Sporocyst Rediae Metacercariae Adult DH 3 months total Adults live 8 years Clonorchis sinensis

37 Eggs of Clonorchis sinensis Vase shaped, 26-30 X 15-17 µm long, golden brown with a distinct operculum and abopercular knob.Vase shaped, 26-30 X 15-17 µm long, golden brown with a distinct operculum and abopercular knob.

38 Commercial Fish Ponds Night soil!

39 What do liver flukes do to the host? Seldom kill host; but do interfere with health of the host.Seldom kill host; but do interfere with health of the host. More significant to us because of agriculture.More significant to us because of agriculture. If animals are infected, they are sick and don’t gain weight, won’t produce milk, etc.If animals are infected, they are sick and don’t gain weight, won’t produce milk, etc. In Gulf coast states up to 23% of meat is lost due to liver flukes!In Gulf coast states up to 23% of meat is lost due to liver flukes!

40 Pathological Damage Mechanical Damage: Worms get numerous and clog up bile ducts.Mechanical Damage: Worms get numerous and clog up bile ducts.

41 Pathological Damage Mechanical Damage: Worms get numerous and clog up bile ducts.Mechanical Damage: Worms get numerous and clog up bile ducts. –Hard to digest. –If bile can’t get out it will kill liver cells (necrosis of liver cells). –Calcium deposits in bile ducts  fibrosis, and lots of scar tissue eventually causing calcification of ducts, making them useless.

42 Fasciola hepatica Pipestem fibrosis

43 Fasciola hepatica

44 White areas show cirrhosis in infected liver!

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46 Big Picture for Major Pathology FIBROSIS!

47 2 ndary Pathology Metacercariae penetrate intestine and migrate through body cavity (they don’t have a map!) through diaphragm and enter liver from outside.Metacercariae penetrate intestine and migrate through body cavity (they don’t have a map!) through diaphragm and enter liver from outside. Most make it but some become lost and become ECTOPIC INFECTIONS!Most make it but some become lost and become ECTOPIC INFECTIONS! If encapsulated in wrong place (eyes, brain, skin, lungs) can cause seizures!If encapsulated in wrong place (eyes, brain, skin, lungs) can cause seizures!

48 Symptoms Adult liver flukes feed on bile duct epithelium and suck blood, so symptoms are anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia.Adult liver flukes feed on bile duct epithelium and suck blood, so symptoms are anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia.

49 Bottle Jaw

50 Symptoms Diarrhea, edema, and enlarged liver.Diarrhea, edema, and enlarged liver. Lower abdominal pain and discomfort (can last for up to 10 yrs after treatment and no probability of getting re-infected!Lower abdominal pain and discomfort (can last for up to 10 yrs after treatment and no probability of getting re-infected!