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7>:9    1 A Compendium of Crustaceans of Pakistani Waters Living in Partnership QUDDUSI B. KAZMI Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi Assisted by NASIRA KHATOON Department of Zoology, University of Karachi    2 Dedication To my caring husband, Prof. Dr. M. Afzal Kazmi whose unwavering support and patience have meant everything to me. Thank you for sharing my life, my dreams, and aspirations. “Several of the species treat their fellow inhabitants of the sea with little ceremony, and make up for smallness of size by ferocity of behaviour. It is only to be hoped, as indeed it may be considered certain, that their living victims are immeasurably less sensitive to pain than ourselves.’’ Thomas R. R. Stebbing A History of Crustacea, 1893.   1 CONTENTS Foreword .............................................................................. Preface .............................................................................. Acknowledgments ....................................................................... General Introduction. .................................................................... Lay out of the compendium .......................................................... Symbiotic Crustacean species in the Pakistani region ................... Class Maxillopoda ........................................................................ Order Kentrogonida .................................................................. Family Sacculinidae............................................................ Family Peltogastridae ......................................................... Family Lernaeodiscidae ...................................................... Family Parthenopeidae........................................................ Order Akentrogonida ................................................................ Family Clistosaccidae ......................................................... Order Pedunculata .................................................................... Family Lepadidae ............................................................... Family Poecilasmatidae ...................................................... Order Sessilia ........................................................................... Family Archaeobalanidae ................................................... Family Chelonibiidae .......................................................... Family Platylepadidae......................................................... Class Ichthyostraca ....................................................................... Order Arguloida ....................................................................... Family Argulidae ................................................................ Order Harpacticoida ................................................................. Family Tegastidae .............................................................. Family Thalestridae ............................................................ Family Peltidiidae ............................................................... Family Tisbidae .................................................................. Family Laophontidae .......................................................... 5 6 7 9 18 20 20 21 21 23 24 25 25 25 26 27 28 37 37 40 43 44 44 44 57 57 58 59 60 61   2 Family Porcellidiidae .......................................................... Family Miraciidae............................................................... Order Poecilostomatoida........................................................... Family Sapphirinidae .......................................................... Family Clausidiidae ............................................................ Family Chondracanthidae ................................................... Family Ergasilidae .............................................................. Family Bomolochidae ......................................................... Family Shiinoidae ............................................................... Order Cyclopoida ..................................................................... Family Lernaeidae .............................................................. Order Siphonostomatoida ......................................................... Family Caligidae................................................................. Family Pennellidae ............................................................. Family Pseudocycniidae ..................................................... Order Monstrilloida ................................................................. Family Monstrillidae........................................................... Class Ostracoda ............................................................................ Order Myodocopida .................................................................. Family Cylindroleberididae ................................................ Family Sarsiellidae ............................................................. Class Malacostraca ....................................................................... Order Amphipoda ..................................................................... Family Ampithoidae ........................................................... Family Corophiidae ............................................................ Family Hyalidae ................................................................. Family Maeridae ................................................................. Family Cyproideidae........................................................... Family Leucothoidae .......................................................... Family Dexaminidae ........................................................... Family Ischyroceridae......................................................... Family Podoceridae ............................................................ Family Caprellidae.............................................................. 62 63 64 64 64 66 68 70 72 72 72 81 81 95 97 98 99 102 102 102 103 104 104 106 107 108 110 111 112 115 116 117 118   3 Family Phronimidae............................................................ Family Oxycephalidae ........................................................ Order Tanaidacea...................................................................... Family Pagurapseudidae ..................................................... Order Isopoda ........................................................................... Family Joeropsididae .......................................................... Family Santiidae ................................................................. Family Sphaeromatidae ...................................................... Family Limnoridae ............................................................. Family Paranthuridae .......................................................... Family Bopyridae .............................................................. Family Aegidae .................................................................. Family Cymothoidae........................................................... Family Corallanidae............................................................ Family Gnathiidae ............................................................. Family Cirolanidae ............................................................. Order Decapoda ...................................................................... Family Penaeidae ................................................................ Family Homolidae .............................................................. Family Dromiidae ............................................................... Family Dorripidae............................................................... Family Inachidae ................................................................ Family Majidae ................................................................... Family Epialtidae ................................................................ Family Calappidae .............................................................. Family Tetralidae ................................................................ Family Trapeziidae ............................................................ Family Pilumnidae ............................................................. Family Eriphiidae ............................................................... Family Portunidae............................................................... Family Xanthidae ............................................................... Family Pinnotheridae .......................................................... Family Varunidae ............................................................... 120 122 123 123 124 124 126 127 130 132 138 178 179 198 199 202 203 204 205 206 209 211 214 216 222 222 223 225 227 227 230 236 241   4 Family Plagusidae............................................................... Family Alpheidae................................................................ Family Hippolytidae ........................................................... Family Palaeomonidae ........................................................ Family Gnathophylidae ....................................................... Family Scyllaridae .............................................................. Family Diogenidae.............................................................. Family Coenobetidae .......................................................... Family Paguridae ................................................................ Family Porcellanidae .......................................................... Order Stomatopoda ................................................................... Family Takuidae ................................................................. Family Squillidae ................................................................ Crustacean parasites from Galathoeids of IIOE Material .............. EPILOGUE AND HUMAN RELATED ISSUES......................... REFERENCES ............................................................................. 244 245 251 256 259 260 263 276 278 279 281 282 283 284 293 298 Extract from a single author is plagiarism that from two is comparative study and from three or more is research. (Unknown)   5 FOREWORD In the field of research in biological sciences, there is dearth of authentic reference books. The information regarding specific groups of animals such as crustaceans is found scattered in national and international research journals. There was a strong need to compile and publish such data in the form of a reference book. This task has been completed by the author in the form of this invaluable publication. In this contribution the author reports and discusses parasitism, commensalism and other associations in Pakistani crustaceans, both from marine and freshwater zones. These involve several new records and new species. The compendium describes different groups of crustaceans symbiotic with marine algae, wood, invertebrates (polychaetes;corals;jelly fish; molluscs; caridean shrimps; crabs and crinoids etc), vertebrates(turtles, snakes and fresh and marine water fishes). In the result of the processing of the samples and compilation of literature in the country, 270 species are described, nineteen of them were found in Pakistan for the first time, and six are new for science species are described. For each species the localities and general distribution data, synonymy, hosts and for many species additional notes and descriptions (where necessary) are provided. The compendium is illustrated by line drawings text figures and plates with colour photographs of live specimens. This volume increases the knowledge about the crustacean fauna of Northern Arabian Sea in general, but in particular the information about the crustaceans of Pakistan has been greatly enhanced. This compendium represents a valuable tool for the sampling of these animals and observations regarding their associations in particular habitat. I am sure this reference book will go a long way to facilitate the researches in the particular field of Carcinology for future scholars. Syed Iftikhar Husain Jafri Ex-Chairman Department of Freshwater Biology and Fisheries Sindh University, Jamshoro, Pakistan   6 PREFACE The Pakistani water bodies especially the coastal area is known to host a high diversity of marine habitats, and flora and fauna yet a region that remains understudied in terms of crustacean symbionts as parasites and commensals. It is suggested that the apparent rarity of these study of symbionts here is probably a spurious phenomenon resulting from inadequate collecting methods. However, there is an infinite variety of associations between different species of aquatic animals like the Crustacea and other organisms. The symbiotic life style is one of the greatest environmental adaptations of crustaceans. The aim of the present compendium is to update the information for the 270 symbiotic aquatic Crustacea from the Pakistani area, according to the recent taxonomic advances. It aims to bring together into one volume the disparate information of Pakistani marine and fresh water species, incorporating recent literature. This study adds the inter- organismal relationships in symbiont taxa living together to the 251 species previously known from Pakistan adding 19 new records and 7 of the species new to science. Identifications of hosts as cited in older literature are updated to current nomenclature. A result of study of crustacean parasites in the samples of galathoids collected by the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) 1965-66 is added as separate chapter. Key words: Pakistani symbiotic Crustacea (Maxillopoda, Peracarida, Eucarida), taxonomy, known species, new records, new species, hosts, marine and fresh water. QUDDUSI B. KAZMI Former Director, Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre and Professor Department of Zoology.   7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to show my enduring and deep gratitude my mentor, supervisor and caretaker, late Dr. Prof. Nasima M. Tirmizi, who always helped me elucidate my ideas about the systematics and behavior of the crustaceans of Pakistan. Drs. D.L. Adkison (current address unknown), J. Markham (Arch Cape Marine Laboratory) and C.B. Boyko (American Museum of Natural History, New York) were kind enough to spare some of their valuable times in helping with the identifications of Pakistani bopyrids and remedying my errors and omissions. Dr. Hans-U Dahms, Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany for identifying Parategastes specimen, Dr. R. Bourdon, Station Biologique, Roscoff, Finisterre, France for sending his identified bopyrids for reference material. Dr. Jens T. Hoeg, Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen helped in rhizocephalan identification, Dr. Torben Wolff, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark helped in asellotan isopod identification. I am thankful to Dr. F.A. Siddiqui of MRCC for identifying the hermit hosts.Dr. I.H. Jafri (Sindh University, Jamshoro) is acknowledged for sharing his papers on freshwater species not available to me, Mr. Moazzam Khan (WWF-Pakistan), Safia Khanum (CEMB) and Dr. Zafar Iqbal (The Punjab University) for providing photographs of associated crustaceans. I appreciate Mr. Muhammad Shamim of M.A.H. Qadri Biological Research Centre, University of Karachi in formatting the material used for this compendium. Few photographs are taken by Mr. Abrar Ali (MRC). Some of the photographs are taken by Ms. R. Naushaba (MRC) who is not a professional photographer, but they may be interesting, not necessarily scintillating.   8   9 GENERAL INTRODUCTION An animal community is bound together by the network of interaction that species have with one another. Several types of interactions occur. One interaction- symbiosis has for a long time attracted the attention of biologists because such interspecific interactions are essential for the foundation of many species, in shaping the social behaviour of aquatic benthic communities (Baeza, 2007; Thomsen et al., 2011). The term symbiosis was coined by de Bary in 1879. Symbiosis means living together. Traditionally the term has been used for the mutually beneficial relationship between two partners which are separate species, and as such it is still used in many textbooks. Some crustaceans have lifelong relationships with others. These relationships involve phoresy, parasitism, inquilinism, parasitoidism, commensalism, predation and mutualism. Mutualism and commensalism are different outcomes of parasitism. When a parasite lives with another organism, this can cause commensalism which is defined as two organisms that co-exist in the same space/area/location and one of the organisms benefit from the other while neither harming nor helping the other organism. Parasitism may also be related to mutualism which is nonlethal because both organisms benefit rather than one organism benefiting more than the other organism. The parasitism is “positive and negative” symbiosis. The relationship may be very intimate, the smaller partner may live on as an ectoparasite or as mesoparasite or an endoparasite– in the other, who provides “boarding and lodging”. The smaller partner is termed parasite, the larger one the host. The relationship is positive for the parasite, negative for the host. The parasite is completely dependent on the host, but the host can live quite happily without parasites Association may be (a) obligate associates found associated only with definite species of hosts (b) facultative associates may occur with more than one group of hosts or substrates, and (c) incidental associates are found only occasionally with hosts (Figs. 1-3).   10 F 1. Crustacean parasites on fish. Fig. 3a 3b Fig. 2. Crustacean epibion nts and an ascidian basibiont. Fig. 3a. Barnacles as epiibiont on Babylonia harbouring a hhermit crab. (Courtesy of Safia Khanum).3b.same on another shell.   11 In phoresy the lesser partner, phoront, may get a free ride on the larger one. In inquilinism the lesser partner may seek shelter with or in the larger partner. Epibiosis is an association of two organisms; the epibiont and the basibiont (Wahl, 1989). The term ‘‘epibiont’’ includes organisms that, during the settlement of their life cycle, are attached to the surface of a living substratum, while the ‘‘basibiont’’ lodges and gives support to the epibiont (Threlkeld et al., 1993). Two or more unrelated species with a close ecological relationship that evolve together, such that one species adapts to the changes of the other; thereby affecting each other’s evolution is called coevolution. Another factor determining symbiotic group sizes and movement patterns is predation. When predation outside the protecting host is high, symbiotic movement between hosts is reduced (Knowlton, 1980; Baeza and Thiel, 2007). There are much more interactions among marine species due to the absence of the greatest predator which is man. Marine species interact in a myriad of ways for protection, shelter, food, and more. Associations, competitions, symbiosis, commensalism, and parasitism are all categories in which these interactions occur having radical relationships in crustaceans from the shallowest to the deepest waters of our world. In marine systems the term ‘plant associates’ means the fauna associated with macroalgae and sea grasses and is usually called the phytal habitat. Some crustaceans prefer stranded seaweed rather than fresh ones. A few species have been found associated only with decaying wood; these also may be included in the phytal fauna. However, the phytal fauna is little different from the true benthos, most of the species do not show obvious morphological adaptations to the phytal habitat. But some show adaptations usually to enable the animal to attach itself more effectively to the plant. Many genera that contain species found among algae have other species living on or in the adjacent benthic sediment, many species are found equally often among algae and in sediments without associated plant growth, also, it is known that many of the   12 species washed from samples of macroalgae and sea grasses are actually associated with the sediment and detritus that becomes trapped in the interstices of the plant and thus are really part of the sediment fauna. Even many of the truly phytal species that do show adaptations to that environment have been shown to leave the plant for mating; this may partially explain the relative rarity of males in collections of these species. In phytal environments, harpacticoid copepods are regularly dominant taxa. Other groups are tanaids, isopods, amphipods, ostracods, cumaceans mysids and decapods (Sadiq, 1993; Baig and Zehra, 2006) (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Sea weed associated crustaceans: 1) Sea weed. 2) Amphipod. 3) Copepod. 4) Isopod. 5) Cumacean. 6) Caridean. 7) Brachyuran. 8) Tanaidacean. 9) Ostracod. The subphylum Crustacea is the largest group of aquatic arthropods made up of approximately 67,000 species. Recent studies using DNA sequences suggest that the subphylum Crustacea is paraphyletic, unranked clade, supported by several molecular studies comprising all   13 crustaceans and hexapods (Oakley et al., 2013). This new classification is not being commonly used since the exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled till recently. In traditional classification the subphylum is divided into 6 classes: Branchiopoda, Remipedia Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Ostracoda and Malacostraca. Of all the metazoans, the crustacean parasites are diverse and ubiquitous; these animals include some of the world’s strangest and even most disturbing parasitic arthropods. It is the crustaceans that probably form more associations with other classes than any other marine animals (Ross, 1983). Pakistani marine biologists were aware that the sea provides us with many examples of associations and partnerships. Over the last two decades different patterns have been studied randomly at the Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre (MRC), University of Karachi (see References). Symbiotic crustaceans show a great variation in social structures, from solitary and pair-living to living in large groups (Wirtz, 1997; Thiel et al., 2003; Baeza and Thiel, 2007; Baeza, 2008). The same species may differ in social structure, depending on its host (Dellinger et al., 1997). It appears to be the size and density of the host species that determines the social structure of the symbiont (Dellinger et al., 1997; Thiel and Baeza, 2001; Wirtz and d’Udekem d’Acoz, 2001; Thiel et al., 2003).Very small hosts harbour single animal, larger but defendable hosts are often occupied by a pair of associates (Knowlton, 1980; Dellinger et al., 1997; Baeza, 2008). When the hosts live in high densities, the symbionts may switch hosts easily in search of mates (Diesel, 1986). No parasitic Branchiopoda are known and in the class Ostracoda, none are definitely known to be parasitic. The line dividing commensalism from parasitism is definitely crossed by some groups. Among them, the copepods are dominant. They are the most speciose group of metazoan ectoparasites of fishes and a wide range of marine invertebrates, in every available phylum in the marine environment from   14 the sponges and cnidarians up to the echinoderms and chordates, including sea squirts, fishes and even mammals. They occupy a similarly wide range of microhabitats on their hosts, both as ectoparasites and as endoparasites. Among the branchiurans mostly occurring in fresh water, a few species of the genus Argulus are ectoparasites on the skin of marine fish infesting estuarine and coastal marine fishes but they do not occur in oceanic waters. Infestations with Argulus have been reported from marine fish farming .These animals cling tightly to fish scales with a set of antennae modified into huge, barbed suckers. Branchiurans feed on its blood and external tissues. They have rasping mandibles, which scrape tissues into the opening at the tip of the tubular sucking mouth. Among the Maxillipoda, the rhizocephalans which parasitize other crustaceans, are particularly fascinating because of their extreme sexual dimorphism, the extreme reduction of morphological complexity in the parasitic female, and their ability to change the behaviour of the host which benefits the parasite. Several barnacles live as associates. Among the malacostracans the Amphipoda is the order, according to most biology textbooks free-living , with some old and invariably cited exceptions such as the whale-lice on whales, Hyperia species on medusae and some Dexaminidae in sponges and tunicates, the Hyperiids, most of them are obligate symbionts of gelatinous zooplankton including medusae, ctenophores, siphonophores, heteropod mollusc, and salps, among the Gammaridea and Senticaudata a large number of species live in association with algae and a wide spectrum of invertebrates, fish or even sea turtles. Other associations have in the past been largely overlooked or looked upon as incidental, because amphipods generally become easily dislodged from their host on capture. Now reports of associations are published on Amphilochidae, Caprellidae and starfish, corals and anemones.   15 In Leptostraca the unusual marine rotifer Seison is often found epizoic. None has yet been discovered in Pakistan but it would be worth checking local Nebalia to ascertain their presence or absence. Although the great majority of mysids are strictly free-living, a small proportion of species exhibit diverse types of associations with other macro-invertebrates. A wide range of ecto- and endoparasites have been reported in Mysidacea. Choniostomatid copepods and epicaridean isopods, particularly of the family Dajidae, are common ectoparasites. Juvenile and small male dajids live in the host’s marsupium among the developing larvae. Sponges, cnidarians, gastropod shells and echinoderms are described as the main hosts of mysids in the literature; many can form dense concentrations among rocks and algal beds. Marine species can be found intertidally amongst coralline algae, crevices, holdfasts, and in rock-pools. The tanaids are either free-living, tube-dwelling, burrowing, or live in association with other organisms in a variety of relationships transporting the gastropod as hermit crab. Some live as epifauna on weeds and solitary corals (Sieg and Zibrowius, 1988), colonial corals and hydroids (Bacescu, 1981), live scallops (Brown and Beckman, 1992), oysters (Bamber, 1990), barnacles (Reimer, 1975), and even sea turtles (Caine, 1986). Some species are true symbionts, living together with gastropods (Howard, 1952; (Kazmi and Siddiqui, 2001), tube-dwelling sea cucumbers (Larsen, 2005), in the canals of sponges (Hassack and Holdich, 1987), and as cleaning commensals on mobile bryozoan colonies. Only a few species of tanaids are considered to be parasitic but none are obligate parasites. Another order of the Malacostraca-the Decapoda exists in a variety of relationships with other organisms-the corals, weeds, fish, anemones etc. The existence of biotic interaction between the crustaceans and Cnidarians has been known for a longtime (Guinot et al., 1995) Many diverse groups of decapods harbour parasites, other are themselves the parasites, the pinnotherid crabs enter their hosts as larvae and remain   16 there as they feed and grow in rectum may serve as host for bopyrids. Hosts are most commonly mussels such as oysters, but other species may make their homes in the body cavities of echinoderms such as sea urchins or sea cucumbers, the shells of gastropods, the tubes of certain worms or even the gills of sea squirts. The eumedonid crabs live with sea urchins. The crab Libinia spinosa of Epialtidae live in Scyphozoan Rhizostomeae.The xanthid crab and coral relationship is defined as obligate ectoparasitisim. The thalasinids live with commensal copepods. Some squat lobsters have adopted symbiotic lifestyle and other colonizes chemo-synthetic communities in the deep sea, some 42 species have putative partnerships with invertebrates. The malacostracan order Stomatopoda is known to have a commensal bivalve in their burrows. A number of important standard works and databases on crustaceans now include the pentastomids or Ichthyostraca as members of the subclass Maxillopoda. Pentastomids live in the upper respiratory tract of fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, where they lay eggs (Barnes, 1982). The special communities and relationships in Pakistani crustaceans are dealt herewith. Many of the references are antiquated, my efforts, therefore, are vital to preserve the available Pakistani scientific history of epibionts/symbionts.   17 Table 1. Crustacean groups that contain symbiont species. Group Example Association Hosts/associate Branchiopoda Cladocera Ectoparasites Hydra Maxillopoda Copepoda Endo/Ectoparasite other invertebrates and fish Maxillopoda Branchiura Ectoparasites Fish Maxillopoda Cirripedia Rhizocephala Endoparasite Crabs and shrimp Maxillopoda Cirripedia Ascothoracians Ectoparasites Echinoderms and anthozoans Maxillopoda Tantulocarida Ectoparasites Deep-sea crustaceans Maxillopoda Pentastomida Endoparasites Fish, reptiles, birds and mammals Malacostraca Isopoda Endo/Ectoparasite/commensal Fish Malacostraca Amphipoda Endo/Ectoparasite/commensal Salps, whales Malacostraca Decapoda Endo/Ectoparasite /commensal Invertebrates and fish Malacostraca Stometopoda Commensel Bivalves   18 LAYOUT OF THE COMPENDIUM This is an attempt to bring together all available published records on all Pakistani species of the crustaceans living in partnership and my new work arranged in phylogenetic order. Thus the elaboration of the compendium of the crustacean species of parasites, symbionts, and commensals reported from Pakistan was based on information collected from two sources. Firstly, using published records and papers derived of literature was sourced from both Pakistan and overseas. Secondly, through the fresh sampling. Synonymies are abbreviated, and for full synonymies work is sometimes referred in this way -for example- see Markham, 2010, for complete synonymy. The existing information on the Pakistani species recorded so far is compiled, presenting for each group an introductory note, for each species the alternate names and the names used in the Pakistani record, followed by the reports, if any, in recent most literature. Taxon authorities are omitted from the “Literature Cited’, included are the references pertinent to identification of a species, including all references from the Pakistani waters. For all the collated species, included are illustrations as well as description or redescriptions as needed, some are partially or completely described, sometimes it seemed unnecessary to reiterate the description or figure. Local host, if known and those known outside Pakistan are mentioned. For fish hosts, fish nomenclature is according to Fish Base (Froese and Pauly, 2000). An updated classification of Crustacea by Ahyong et al., (2011) is followed here, published subsequent to the classifications of Crustacea given by Bowman and Abele in 1982 and Martin and Davis (2001). I have used published illustrations of other authors, sometimes modifying them; the sources are credited. Additional figures/photos of the reported species are added to contribute to their identification by future workers. As the data were gathered from the literature since 1892 (Alcock, 1892), online sources, and my personal records, it is inevitable that some references will have been missed.   19 Abbreviations used for hierarchic presentation certain main levels are used consistently throughout. They are abbreviated as below in the taxonomic part. Class (CL.), subclass (S.CL.), infraclass (I.CL.), superorder (SUP.O.), order (O.), suborder (S.O.), section (S.), subsection (S.S.), superfamily (SUP.F.), family (F.), subfamily (S.F.) and genus(G.). The abbreviation Ov. indicates an ovigerous female. The size of the parasite/commensal is given when available as the total length (TL) from the anterior end to the posterior end; carapace length (CL) for all and shield length (SL) for paguroids are provided as an indicator of specimen size for the hosts. In my fresh collection, for the hermit crabs the shell were cracked using a vise and the crabs were removed for examination of parasites. In case of amphipods the whole host colony was collected in zip-lock plastic bags and brought back to the laboratory. The hosts were then dissected and commensal amphipods were removed from them or capturing amphipods individually in situ. Shrimps and Crabs were collected from the Karachi Fish Harbour and intertidal pools. All specimens were preserved in 2% seawater buffered formalin for morphological study. In total 189 species belonging to 78 families are included in this compendium, at the species level, with full authorities. Species newly collected in Pakistan waters as new records or new species marked by an asterisk are illustrated and described, some still not specified. These discoveries ultimately pave for the creation of database collection of Pakistani species. The material housed in the Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre (MRC), University of Karachi is incorporated. Material for the new study and specimens of the new species of marine species are deposited in the MRC. Available collection obtained through the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) of galatheids was examined for parasitized galatheids and chirostylids collected by the IIOE (1960-65 cruises) yielded an additional three parasites species new to the Indian Ocean representing substantial range extensions.   20 SYMBIOTIC CRUSTACEAN SPECIES IN THE PAKISTANI REGION CL. Maxillopoda Dahl, 1956: Barnacles, ostracods, copepods, and related parasitic groups – these are all examples of maxillopod crustaceans. They are a disparate lot; their classification is generally controversial, so here we give generally accepted one that is subject to change in which the Maxillopoda is no longer accepted (Oakley et al., 2013). Apart from some barnacles, most species are small or minute. Six sub classes: Thecostraca, Tantulocarida, Branchiura, Pentastomida, Mystacocarida, Copepoda are present, 3 occur here. S.CL. Thecostraca Gruvel, 1905: Divided into three infra classes: Facetotecta, Ascothoracida, Cirripedia are present, the last occurs here. I. CL. Cirripedia Burmeister, 1834: Three super orders: Ascothoracica, Rhizocephala, and Thoracica, the latter two occur here.The Ascothoracica are parasitic on zooanthids, antipatharians and echinoderms, although occur in the Indian Ocean but not yet collected from Pakistan. SUP.O. Rhizocephala Müller, 1862: A rhizocephalan consists of a sacshaped body, the externa, which is mainly involved in reproduction and is attached to the outside of the host’s abdomen. Adult Rhizocephala are sessile, adult females have lost all obvious crustacean morphological traits and consist of a sac-like part attached to the host with outgrowths of rootlets extending cancer-like into the host’s body. The males are reduced to dwarfs and live within the parasitic female. The rhizocephalan barnacles provide some of the most unusual examples of parasitism and adaptations of a host-parasite relationship. Rhizocephalans have little similarity with other cirripedes, or indeed other crustacean adults, as there are neither appendages nor segmentation (Høeg and Lützen, 1995, 1996).So lack of cirripede affinities in the recent mitochondrial genome study of rhizocephalans (Glenner and Høeg, 2002) resulted in to raise it   21 as an independent phylum that acquired cirripede larvae by horizontal gene transfer. The Rhizocephala comprise about 250 species parasites of other Crustacea, mostly they parasitize brachyuran and anomuran crabs, caridean shrimp, stomatopods, peracarids and even other barnacles. They extend into brackish waters, but only a few species occur on truly freshwater or semi terrestrial crustaceans, leading to marked changes in life history (Andersen et al., 1990). The rhizocephalans begin their lives as a free-swimming cyprid larva like any other barnacle, searching for a place to settle down and grow. Unlike other barnacles however, they attach within the body of a living host. Soon, the intruder reveals its presence to the outside world as a bulging sac- the externa, located where the host would normally carry a clump of eggs. Rhizocephalans are particularly fascinating because they induce marked behavioural changes in their hosts that can benefit host survival. They also have considerable economic importance causing mortality and castration, thus reducing the profitability of crustacean fisheries. Sometimes highly degenerate isopods are attached to the externa of a rhizocephalan, as hyperparasite. And just as the crab is castrated by its parasite, the parasite is rendered sterile by these hyperparasites. Divided into 2 orders -Akentrogonida, Kentrogonida, both are found here. O. Kentrogonida Delage, 1884: Three families- Lernaeodiscidae, Peltogastridae and Sacculinidae, all three are found here. F. Sacculinidae Lilljeborg, 1860: Includes 7 genera and at least 53 species and subspecies. The Sacculinidae are parasitic barnacles that infect crabs (Høeg and Lützen, 1995, 1996; Walker, 2001). The cyprid larvae of Sacculinidae are dioecious, only the female cyprid infects the crab by settlement on the external cuticle or the gill filaments. The female cyprid then metamorphoses into a kentrogon which has a retracted hollow stylet (Glenner et al., 2000; Glenner, 2001), subsequently injected   22 through the stylet into the haemolymph of the crab absorbs nutrients from the host’s haemolymph ((Bresciani and Høeg, 2001). G. Sacculina Thompson, 1836: Sacculina are internal parasitess (called the "interna"), cuticular tumors t which grow inside their crustaceaan hosts. These tumors can deveelop a system of branching roots thatt ramify throughout their host craab’ bodies and absorb its nutrients. The liife cycle of Sacculina, therefore, comprises two stages: the endo- annd ectoparasitic stage (Boschmaa, 1955). Sacculina leptodiae Guéérin-Gavinet, 1911 (Figs. 5-6) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Sacculina rotundata, Boschma, 1931 Sacculina leptodiae Guérrin-Gavinet, 1911; Boschma, 1969; Moazzzam and Moazzam, 2004 Sacculina sp. Siddiqui an nd Ahmed, 1993 Fig. 5. 5 Sacculina leptodiae (Externae). Fig. 6. host.   23 Pakistani host: Leptodius exaratus (crab) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Hosts: Leptodius gracilis, Leptodius exaratus, Thalamita stimpsoni, Pseudozius caystrus and possibly Camposcia retusa and Carupa laeviuscula. Sacculina sp. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Sacculina Tirmizi and Ghani, 1996 Pakistani host: Macromedaeus quinquedentatus (crab) G. Heterosaccus Smith, 1906 Heterosaccus ruginosus Boschma, 1931 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Heterosaccus ruginosus Boschma, 1931; Moazzam and Moazzam, 2004 Pakistani host: Portunus sanguinolentus (crab). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Hosts: Lissocarcinus pulshellus, Lissocarcinus orbicularis, Thalamita prymna and Th. crenata. F. *Peltogastridae Lilljeborg, 1859: They belong to the bizarre parasitic barnacles, comprise 14 genera, one occurs here which is yet to be confirmed. G. *Peltogaster Rathke, 1842 *? Peltogaster paguri Rathke, 1842 (Fig. 7) Material: Two gravid female externae under abdomen, 4mm, 7-6-2008, Manora. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Peltogaster pagur࣓Kazmi and Siddiqui, 2013 (abstract only)   24 The body is elongated, cylindrical, and 3 times longer than the width. The mantle aperture is an elevated terminal and often lobate structure. Stalk is narrow, about half way from the mantle opening. A prominent fusiform dark shield is present around the stalk on the body. Fig. 7. Peltogaster paguri (Externae). Pakistani host: Two females hermit crab Areopaguristes perspicax (SL2.5-3mm), there was a branchial pseudonine bopyrid genus Parapagurion, living in the right branchial chamber. Other diogenids in the same lot had either rhizocephalan or bopyrid. The peltogastrid is larger than the bopyrid in size, so this was the case of simultaneous sacculization and bopyrization. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, north Atlantic. Hosts: Pagurus gracilipes, P. bernhardus, P. prideauxii, P. pubescens, P. cubanensis. Anapagurus chiroacanthus, A. laevis, attached to the abdomen. F. Lernaeodiscidae Boschma, 1928: one of the smallish families of Rhizocephala contains three genera , one is found here. G. Septodiscus Van Baal, 1937 Septodiscus flabellum Van Baal, 1937 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Septodiscus flabellum௅Moazzam and Moazzam, 2004 Pakistani hosts: Petrolisthes rufescens and Petrolisthes boscii (false crabs)   25 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, Pacific Ocean. Hosts: Petrolisthes carinipes, P. lamarckii, P. hastatus, P. molukkensis and P. japonicas (Van Bal, 1937). F. ?*Parthenopeidae Rybakov and Høeg, 2013 (Fig. 8) ?Genus Parthenopea Pakistani host: Callichirus masoomi (mud shrimp) Fig. 8. Parasite with host, pointed by an arrow. Note: The position of the parasite underneath one of the first three abdominal segments does suggest a rhizocephalan parasite. “The presence on Callianassa {now Callichirus} could suggest that it is a species of the rhizocephalan genus Parthenopea, which is presently monotypic: Parthenopea subterranea. This enigmatic rhizocephalan has been recorded both from Scandinavian waters and the Mediterranean, but never outside Europe” (Hoeg, pers. comm). The status of the parasite of Callianassa needs further corroboration. O. *Akentrogonida Häfele, 1911 F. *?Clistosaccidae Boschma, 1928 G. *?Clistosaccus Lilljeborg, 1860 (Fig. 9) Clistosaccus sp. Material: Two externae (1 spent, 1ov.) 6-2-2008, 7-6-2008, Manora Pakistani host: Areopaguristes perspicax (hermit crab)   26 Fig. 9. Clistosaccus sp. A broad, elongated, cylindrical sack, hanging off the abdomen of parasitized hermit crab, filled with reproductive tissues and eggs is enclosed in chitinous armour. The stalk is broad arising from the posterior end. SUP. O. Thoracica Darwin, 1854: According to revised classification by Buckeridge and Newman (2006) 5 orders are included in the superorder Thoracica; they are Lepadiformes, Ibliformes, Cyprlilepadiformes, Scalpelliformes and Sessilia. They have unaccepted order Pedunculata. Here I am following ITIS classification where Order Pedunculata is under this superorder. O. Pedunculata Lamarck, 1818. Pedunculata is now an invalid taxon whose members are now placed in Thoracica. The traditional classification includes four suborders in this order, one is included here. S.O. Lepadomorpha Pillsbury, 1916: Three families are included, only one occurs here. Not only found growing on the hard surfaces of inanimate objects. They also grow on living mangrove trees; on mollusc shells and on the exoskeleton of crabs. They are also found on living creatures such as turtles, snakes and whales (Fig. 10).   27 Fig. 10. Barnacles on turtle and snake. Platylepas ophiophila on scales and Conchoderma virgatum on tail (Coutesy of Moazzam). F. Lepadidae Darwin, 1852, G. Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1767 (Fig. 11) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lepas anserifera௅Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978 Pakistani host: Floating subjects Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-west Pacific. Hosts: Floating subjects including whales.   28 Fig. 11. Lepass anserifera on a wooden log, Bulleji.1995. F. Poecilasmatidae An nnandale, 1909: Eight genera are foundd, 3 are reported from here. G. Octolasmis Gray, 1825: Species participate in interestiing and sometimes deleterious epizoic associations with other marinne nonbarnacle animal speciess (Foster, 1987). Often a hundred or m more are present and up to over 1000 specimens have been observed conngesting the respiratory gill surfacces of a single crab Scylla serrata, thus rreducing its available respiratory area (Voris et al., 2000) with the result that the host is debilitated and may die (Gannon and Wheatley, 19992).The b chamber of host crab allows acccess for inhalant aperture of the branchial the cyprid to attach to th he inner sides of the gills, where up to 90% % of the individuals can reside. Species S of Octolasmis can reinfest crabs quickly after ecdysis. Octolasmis grayi (Darw win, 1851) (Figs. 12 and 13) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Octolasmis grayii var. pernuda p Annandale, 1909; Moazzam annd Rizvi, 1978, 1982.   29 Dichelaspis grayi Darwinn, 1851 Dichelaspis lepadiformiss Gruvel, 1900 Dichelaspis pellucida Daarwin, 1851 Pakistani host: Sea snak ke Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Inndo-west Pacific. Hosts: Eighteen species of snakes. Fig. 12. Octolasmis grayii. Fig. 13. Host with parasite marked by ann Arrow. Octolasmis lowei (Darw win, 1852) (Fig. 14) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Dichelaspis lowei Darwin, 1851 Octolasmis lowei௅Moazzzam and Rizvi, 1978; Kumaravel et all., 2009; Shahdadi et al., 201 14. 2-3mm. It has a musccular peduncle without plates, a fleshy caapitulum with 5 calcareous plates is embedded in the surface, which suppoort it and protect vital organs such as the feeding apparatus enclosed byy it. The calcareous plates includee 2 scuta, 2 terga, and 1 carina, which aree visible to the unaided eye but arre more easily recognized with magnificattion. Fig. 14. Octolasmis lowei.   30 Pakistani host: Lobster Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: This is the most cosmopolitan species of the genus :Malay Archipelago, Chennai, Singapore; Australia, Japan, Formosa, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and Mediterranean. Hosts: Palinuridae and Scyllaridae, the brachyuran families: Calappidae; Glyphocrangonidae; Hepatidae; Leucosiidae; Menippidae; Portunidae; Mithracidae; Parthenopidae; Pisidae; Raninidae and Xanthidae (Jeffries and Voris, 2005). Octolasmis geryonophila Pilsbry, 1907 (Fig. 15) Fig. 15. Octolasmis geryonophila. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Octolasmis aymonini geryonophila Newman, 1961 (see for complete synonyms); Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978. Pakistani host: Lobster Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Western Atlantic Ocean. Indo-west pacific. Hosts: Deep sea variety of crustaceans (isopods, brachyurans) gills. Octolasmis cor (Aurivillius, 1892) (Figs. 16-17)   31 Fig. 16. Octolasmis cor. Fig. 17. host. Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Dichelaspis cor Aurivilliius, 1892 Dichelaspis coutierei Gruuvel, 1902 Dichelaspis maindroni Gruvel, G 1902 Lepas sp. Hashmi and Zaaidi, 1965 Octolasmis cor Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978; Mushtaq and Mustaquim, 2009; Rezaie-Ataghholipour et al., 2013; Shahdadi et al., 2014. Pakistani hosts: Scylla serrata, Thalamita crenata, Portunus seegnis (= P. pelagicus Tirmizi andd Kazmi, 1983; Lai et al., 2010). Moazzzam and Rizvi (1978) mentionedd that the identification of stalked barnnacle as Lepas by Hashmi and Zaaidi (1965) was not correct and the speciees should be referred to Octolasmiis cor, which is the most common species along the Karachi coast. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific, Persian Gulf. Hosts: Atttached to the gills of decapod crustaceans, Scylla tranquberica. Octolasmis bullata (Aurrivillius, 1894) (Figs. 18-19) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Octolasmis angulata form ma bullata௅Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978 Octolasmis bullata࣓Liu and Ren, 2007; Li et al., 2014 Pakistani hosts: Pan nulirus sanguinolentus (crab) polyphagus (lobster) and P Portunus   32 1-3 mm. Labrum haas strong teeth, arranged in two rows. P Palpus is bluntly conical with brisstles at the top and along the inner marggin. The outer margin carries some scales. The mandible has four teetth and a pointed inner angle whicch is bifid. The maxilla one has a straigght front edge without a notch. Th he maxilla two is broad with a distinct froont edge with rounded corners. Margins M of antenna two have long spine likke hairs. The species is rather variiable. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Arabbian Sea, China. Hosts: Panuliru us polyphagus, Panulirus stimpsoni, P Portunus sanguinolentus . Fig. 18. Octolasmis bullata. b Fig. 19. Host. Octolasmis warwickii Gray, 1825 (Fig. 20) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Dichelaspis equine Lancchester 1902 Octolasmis warwickii௅M Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978; Jeffries et all., 1982; Jones et al., 2000; Shahdadi S et al., 2014 Pakistani host: Crab. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Hosts: Antipatharians, Limlus, L molluscs, fishes, sea snakes and attached externally on the caraapace, antennae, and proximal segm ments of locomotory appendages of decapods, (Jones et al., 2000), on Poortunidae D Leucosiidae, Majidae, Mennippidae, (Scylla tranquberica), Dorippidae, Panuliridae, Scyllaridae and a Xanthidae.   33 Fig. 20. Octolasmis warwickii. Octolasmis angulata (Aurivillius, 1894) (Figs. 21-22) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Dichelaspis angulata Aurivillius, 1894 Dichelaspis aperta Aurivillius, 1894 Dichelaspis cuneata Aurivillius, 1894 Dichelaspis transversa Annandale, 1906 Octolasmis angulata࣓Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978; Yan et al., 2004; Mushtaq and Mustaquim, 2009; Chan, 2012 (description); RezaieAtagholipour et al., 2013; Shahdadi et al., 2014; Ihwan et al., 2014 Pakistani hosts: Thalamita crenata, Scylla tranquiberica and Panulirus polyphagus. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Tropical to subtropical oceans. Australia, Taiwan, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Oman, Iran, Malay Archipelago. Hosts: Charybdis callianassa, Charybdis truncata, Charybdis helleri, Charybdis vadorum, Ch. feriata, Portunus pelagicus, Scylla olivacea, Scylla tranquebarica. Scylla paramamosain, Calappidae, Palinuridae, Majidae, Menippidae and Xanthidae.   34 Fig. 22. Octolasmis angulata. a Fig. 21. Host. G. Poecilasma Darwin, 1852 Poecilasma kaempferi Darwin, D 1852 (Fig. 23) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records Poecilasma kaempferi ka aempferi Jones et al., 2000 Poecilasma aurantia Darrwin, 1851 Poecilasma kaempferi? Gruvel, G 1905; Annandale, 1909 (in part); Krüger, 1911; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921; Chan et al., 2009 Poecilasma dubium Hoekk, 1907 Poecilasma kaempferi no ovaeangliae Pilsbry, 1907 Poecilasma kaempferi var. v dubium Krüger, 1911; Moazzam annd Rizvi, 1978. Trilasmis kaempferi࣓Shaahdadi et al., 2014 Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere an nd of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan, tropical and a subtropical oceans. Hosts: Attached to the body of deep sea decaapods at 185-914 m. Epizoic on Macrrocheira kaempferi, Neolithodes,, Geryon trispinosus, echinoderms (W Williams 1986; Chan et al., 2009)..   35 Fig. 23. Poecilasma kaempferi. G. Temnaspis Fischer, 1884: Fischeriella nom. nov. was a replacement name for the genus Temnaspis Fischer, 1884 (Jones and Özdikmen, 2008).I have used the old name. Temnaspis tridens (Aurivillius, 1893) (Fig. 24) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Dichelaspis occlusa Lanchester, 1902 Poeeilasma iridens Aurivillius, 1894 Octolasmis tridens Nilsson-Cantell, 1934; Hashmi and Zaidi, 1965; Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978, 1982; Kumaravel et al., 2009 Dichelaspis (Dichelaspis) tridens Stubbings, 1936 Trilasmis (Temnaspis) tridens Stubbings, 1961 Temnaspis tridens௅McLaughlin et al., 2005 Pakistani host: Lobster Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Hosts: Mostly found attached to the mouthparts, along the inner carapace margin, on proximal leg segments, on the bases of epipodites, podobranchs and arthrobranchs, and lining the excurrent branchial passages of the decapod crustaceans mostly families Portunidae, Scyllaridae, and Menippidae (Jeffries et al., 1982).   36 Fig. 24. Temnaspis tridens. Temnaspis minutum (Gruvel, 1902) (Fig. 25) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Poecilasma minutum Gruvel, 1902 Trilasmis minuta࣓Moazzam and Rizvi, 1978; WoRMS, 2015 Pakistani hosts: Attached to the body of different decapods. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Hosts: Information not available Fig. 25. Temnaspis minutum.   37 O. Sessilia Lamarck, 1818 S.O. Balanomorpha Pilsbry, 1916 SUP. F. Balanoidea Leach, 1817 F. Archaeobalanidae Newman and Ross, 1976-comprising on five sub families G. Conopea Say, 1822: Currently, there are 21 described species of Conopea. There is very little data on host associations. All species of Conopea live in an obligate commensal symbiotic relationship with either a gorgonian or an antipatharian. The barnacle lives almost completely covered by host tissue, the basis of its shell clasps the axis of the host, with only the opercular opening exposed. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Conopea calceola (Ellis, 1758) Balanus calceolus Ellis, 1758 Conopea calceola௅Kazmi, 2001; Carrison-Stone et al., 2013; Shahdadi et al., 2014 Pakistani host: Commensal with gorgonids at 21-14m depth. 4-9mm Note: Standing et al. (1983) have shown that gorgonians produce barnacle settlement inducers as well as inhibitors. Therefore locating a living gorgonian can be challenging for a small barnacle larva. When barnacle larvae locate and settle onto a gorgonian they may be recognizing the substratum, the presence of conspecifics, or both. It has been shown that barnacle larvae can determine where to settle by recognizing pheromone cues from their cohorts (Dreanno et al., 2007) or chemical cues from their host (Pasternak et al., 2004; Nogata and Matsumura, 2005). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-West Pacific, West Africa and Mediterranean. Hosts: Attached to horny coral.(Jones et al., 2000), Eunicella singularis (Gorgonia) (Peirano et al., 2013).   38 Fig. 26. Conopea calceola. G. Acasta Leach, 1817 Acasta sp. (Figs. 27-28) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Acasta sp. Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1995 Note: Commensal, embedded in sponge on hairs on the appendages of Camposcia retusa. Of barnacles, sponge-inhabiting taxa like Acasta, which are commensal or symbiotic with other marine organisms, may need to produce chemicals to prevent the host overgrowing them. Pakistani host: Camposcia retusa Fig. 27. Acasta sp.   39 Fig. 28. Host and its associaates. 1. calcareous tube; 2,4. seaweeds; 3. sponnge; 5, 6. gastropod shells; 7. bivalve shell; s 8. metallic chain; 9. Acasta sp; 10. Barnaclle. SUP. F. Coronuloidea a Leach, 1817: They are specializedd sessile crustaceans that live as obligate commensals of sea turtles, siirenians, whales, other crustaceans and sea snakes (Ross and Newman, 19667) (Fig. 29). Fig. F 29. Chelonibids on whale.   40 F. Chelonibiidae Pilsbry, 1916 divided into two subfamilies S. F. Chelonibinae Pilsbry, 1916 G. Chelonibia Leach, 1817: Chelonibia is a genus in the monotypic family Chelonibiidae. Its members are epizoic and live attached to manatees, turtles, marine molluscs, sea snakes and crabs in all tropical and subtropical oceans. In a few instances, they have been found on alligators and inanimate substrates, but they are not found in the typical habitats of barnacles – on rocks, docks or boats. Chelonibia patula (Ranzani, 1818) (Fig. 30) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Coronula patula Ranzani, 1818 Chelonobia patula࣓Javed and Mustaquim, 1994; Ozcan, 2012; Shahdadi et al., 2014 Pakistani hosts: Charybdis helleri, Portunus segnis Note: It typically does not cause harm to its host. However, the weight of a heavy infestation may burden a crab; encrusted appendages can hamper its movement and the extra weight can increase vulnerability to predation (Overstreet, 1983). Infestations on crabs occasionally become so great that the barnacles weigh as much the crab. Over all the ectosymbiotism of C. patula affects the health, growth rate and economical value of the crabs. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere :Occurs worldwide in warmer seas. Hosts: Lobsters,Charybdis fruciata, Portunus segnis, Portunus sanguinolentes, Portunus validus, Arenaeus cribrarius, Callinectes bocourti, C. danae, C. amnicola, C. exasperatus, C. larvatus, C. sapidus, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Libinia dubia and Scylla serrata, Hydrophis cyanocintus, Limulus polyphemus, gastropod specifically Busycon spp, Caretta caretta, Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota and inanimate substrata.   41 Fig. 30. Chelonibia patula on host. Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 31) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lepas testudinaria Linnaeus, 1758 Chelonibia testudinaria௅Mustaquim and Javed, 1993; Bugoni et al., 2001; Pereira et al., 2006; Shahdadi et al., 2014 Described material: Two males, 3 ov. females. New material: 8-8-1995, Sand Spit, back of dead turtle. 25 mm. Shell is flattened, oval, white, and smooth, each side of plates is deticulated. Scutum is white and smooth, triangular; tergum is flattened, rectangular. Maxilla is globular; maxillule is without a notch, cutting edge is straight; mandible has 5 teeth, lower margin is short; mandibulatory palp is rectangular; labrum is clefted and is provided with numerous sharp teeth. Rami of cirrus I are sub-equal, armed with serrulate setae, intermediate segment of cirrus VI has 3 long serrulate setae. Pakistani hosts: Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta (Turtles) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Worldwide. Hosts: Eretmochelys imbricata, Lepidochelys olivacea, Lepidochelys kempii, Natator depressus, Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia mydas, Alligator mississippiensis.   42 Fig. 31. Chelonibia testudinaria on host skin. Chelonibia caretta (Spengler, 1790) (Fig. 32) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Chelonibia caretta௅Rizvi and Moazzam, 2006; Kitsos et al., 2005; Badillo, 2007; Shahdadi et al., 2014 Pakistani host: Eretmochelys imbricate (Turtle), found attached to or embedded in the carapace. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and else where: Indo Pacific, Persian Gulf and Tropical Atlantic. Hosts: Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas Fig. 32.Chelonibia caretta on host skin.   43 F. Platylepadidae Newman and Ross, 1976- divided into four subfamilies G. Platylepas Gray, 1825 Platylepas ophiophila Lanchester, 1902. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Platylepas ophiophilus Lanchester, 1902 Cryptolepas ophiophilus Kruger, 1912 Platylepas hexastyles Dong et al., 1980 Platylepas ophiophila࣓Utinomi, 1970 Platylepas krügeri Broch, 1931. Platylepas ophiopholis Nilsson-Cantell, 1938; Chan, 2014 Platylepas ophiophia Ren, 1980; Liu and Ren, 2007. Pakistani hosts: Enhydrina schistosa, E. valakadyn, Hydrophis gracilis and Disteira major (sea snakes). Found attached or embedded to the scales at the tail. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Borneo; west Irian; Sea of Japan; Indonesia; northern Australia; western Australia; India; Malacca Strait; Manila; South China sea; Bay of Bengal, Arabian sea. Hosts: Sea snakes Lapemis curtus, L. hardwickii, Aipysurus laevis, A. duboisii, A. eydouxii, Hydrophis elegans, Astrotia stokesii, Disteira kingie, D. Major, Green turtle. Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Platylepas hexastylos࣓Chan et al., 2009; Shahdadi et al., 2014 Pakistani host: Not exactly found in Pakistan but specimens were found attached to the front limb scales of the green turtle Chelonia mydas from Gwatr, Mekran Coast (25° 16'N, 60° 44'E) (Shahdadi et al., 2014),most likely to be occurring here also.   44 Shell with obvious external growth lines, median sulcus clear from ventral view, labrum with three teeth on each side. Largest specimen with basal diameter 8.0 mm. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: USA, IndoPacific. Hosts: Attached to sea turtles. SUP.C. Oligostraca Zrzavy, Mihulka, Kepka, Bezdek and Tietz, 1998 C. Ichthyostraca Zrzavý, Mihulka, Kepka, Bezdek and Tietz, 1997 S. CL. Branchiura Thorell, 1864 O. Arguloida Yamaguti, 1963: The subclass Branchiura comprises about 175 species classified in six genera placed in a single order Arguloida and a single family Argulidae, ranging in length from a few millimeters to about 30 mm. All argulids are described as almost entirely as obligate ectoparasites of fish, but they are also frequently encountered swimming freely in the water column as they seek out new hosts, mates or when females detach from their hosts to deposit eggs, females deposit their eggs on stones and other objects. Many authors have commented on the lack of specificity of argulid parasites, sharing the opinion that individual species from this group can infect a wide range of host species (Kearn, 2004).However, some apparent host preferences have been demonstrated by Valtonen et al., (1997), Mikheev et al., ( 2000) and Pasternak et al., (2000). There are several reports of hundreds of Argulus species occurring on a single fish. F. Argulidae Leach, 1819 G. Argulus Muller, 1785: The genus Argulus contains about 129 valid species and occurs in marine, estuarine, and freshwater habitats. Argulid females are generally larger than males, and the growth of the parasite may be influenced by the size of the host. Adults use suction discs for host attachment, whereas larvae utilize larval hooks (Pasternak et al., 2004; Oktener et al., 2007; Moller et al., 2008). From Pakistan the genus   45 Argulus having 6 species is recorded. Two species from plankton are unnamed given here as sp 1 and sp 2. * Argulus sp.1 (Fig. 33) Fig. 33. Argulus sp. 1. Pakistani host: Not known *Argulus sp. 2 (Fig. 34) Since the specimen was with ripe ovaries, it is presumed that it might have left the host for the purpose of egg laying and caught free in the plankton. Pakistani host: Not known Fig. 34. Argulus sp. 2.   46 Argulus sp.3 (Fig. 35-36) Argulus sp Ghani and Ali, 2003 Pakistani host: Pampus argenteus (fish) Note: There are probabilities that the undetermined species 3 is Argulus quadristriatus Ameer Hamsa, 1997 since it resembles Argulus quadristriatus found in neighboring waters of India. Fig. 35. Argulus sp. 3 (after Ghani and Ali, 2003). Fig. 36. Host. Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 (Fig. 37) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Argulus japonicus௅Amin, 1981; Kazmi, 2003a; Yamaguchi and Shimizu, 2013 Not Argulus japonicus Jafri and Ahmed, 1991. Material :from a household aquarium Pakistani host: Carassius sp. (fish)   47 4-9 mm long and 3-6 mm wide. The tail is stumpy; suckers are ribbed, with rods exhibiting 5–9 imbricate plates, emerge from the maxillules; long mouth tube juts out ventrally from the head and can be fully retracted into the body; First antenna displays a knob at the anterior edge and the second antenna comprises two knobbed sections in the basal part and three sections in the distal part. Swimming legs are flagellated. There is a preoral spine on the ventral midline and post-antennal spines. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: originally described from China, but spread to Japan, Europe, Africa, Australia, and North America. Hosts: Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus rubrofuscus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo gonius, Labeo bata,Silurus asotus and Rhodeus ocellatus. Fig. 37. Argulus japonicus. Argulus sindhensis Mahar and Jafri, 2011 (Figs. 38-39) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Argulus sindhensis Mahar and Jafri, 2011 Pakistani host: Labeo rohita (fish) The carapace is oval shaped, longer than wide, with different ratio in males and females; it does not cover the legs. On the dorsal side of carapace in the middle, there are two vertical, parallel ridges, starting from the level of eyes to the origin of first pair of legs. On the ventral side, along the margin of carapace, few rows of sharply pointed spines are present from sucker to the level of first pair of legs; the posterior lobes of carapace are rounded. The mesial sinus is broad in both the sexes. Anterior   48 and posterior respiratory areas are sub-equal in length; both are long, narrow and slightly curved. Anterior end of outer area is club shaped and slightly touches the anterior end of the posterior respiratory area. Abdominal lobes in the female are short while in the male they are long and pointed. In female the abdominal lobes are 1.75 times longer than wide. Outer margin of lobes is curved; terminal portion is sub acute, with a short anal sinus, having small uropodes. Outer margin of lobes bear short, scattered setae. A pair of oval seminal receptacles is present. Body of male is narrower than that of female, carapace oval in shape and does not cover the last thoracopod. Both the respiratory areas are of almost equal width. Ventrally anterior half of the carapace bears many rows of small spines. Abdominal lobes are long and pointed, 2.4 times longer than wide .Outer margin is slightly curved. Anal sinus is much shorter as compared to that of female, having small uropods. Antennule is two segmented; terminal segment of the antennules has few very short spines in distal half and also some short terminal setae. Antenna is four segmented; terminal segment is provided with three spines. Two post antennal, long and blunt spines located in the medial position. Compound eyes are located at the base of post antennular spines. No median eye is present. A pair of suckers is present consisting of nineteen ribs. Each sclerite contains 5-6 imbricate plates. The maxilipedes are stout and five segmented .The first leg is similar to that of female. On the ventral margin of second segment of 2nd leg a row of small spines present. Second segment of 3rd leg bears a pair of rounded adhesive pads on the dorsal side and a long pad on ventral side. No notatory lobe is present in second segment of 4th leg as found in female (Adapted from Mahar and Jafri, 2011). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not outside Pakistan   49 Fig. 38. Argulus sindhensis (after Mahar and Jafri, 2011). Fig. 39. Host. Argulus indicus Weber, 1892 (Figs. 40-43) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Argulus indicus Jafri and Ahmed, 1991; Lopez, 2001 Described material: Males 3.68-5.36 mm x 2. 76-4.35 mm; females 4.44-5.54 mm x 3. 77-4.15 mm Pakistani hosts: Labeo rohita, Gibelion catla and Cirrhinus mrigala (fish) Carapace is ovate, considerably narrows anteriorly with broad lateral lobes which fall slightly short of the abdomen, just reaching it or slightly overlapping it. Cephalic area is broadly triangular, distinctly separated   50 from the rest of the carapace and projecting a little anteriorly. Anterior respiratory area is minute just anterior to the very large and oblong posterior one; second maxilla is slender, basal plate with three large teeth. The anterior surface of first antennae lacks knob or hook lacking. Basal plate of second maxillae is not lobed; tips of maxillary teeth are blunt, ribs of suction cup composed of three rods. Swimming lobe of fourth appendage is boot-shaped (After Lopez, 2001). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Philippines. Hosts: Oreochromis mossambicus, Carassius sp., Cyprinus carpio, Channa striata, Channa gachua, and fresh water turtle Lissemys punctata. Fig. 40. Argulus indicus (after Jafri and Ahmed, 1991). Fig. 41. Host 1.   51 Fig.42. Host 2. Fig. 43. Host 3. Argulus bengalensis Ramakrishna, 1951 (Figs. 44-45) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Argulus bengalensis Jafri and Mahar, 2009 Pakistani host: Cirrhinus reba (fish) Carapace sub ovate in female, oval in male, longer than wide; abdomen wider than long in female, in male abdomen longer than wide Respiratory areas banana shaped. Posterior respiratory area much smaller, located in the inner curve of anterior area; maxiliped stout with granulated surface, basal segment having three obtuse spines, last pair of thoracic leg in female bears notatory lobe, having a rounded portion and a pointed curved spine; 3rd pair of thoracic leg in males bears a large adhesive disc on ventral side, while the 4th pair has a small rounded adhesive disc on dorsal side. Anterior respiratory area minute, in the central mesial notch of the posterior one; ribs of suction cups with 5 to 6 imbricate plates of which the basal one is the longest; basal plate of second maxilla with three strongly pointed spines.   52 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Bangladesh. Hosts: Cyprinus carpio, irrhinus mirgala and Eutroplichthys vacha. Male Female Fig. 44. Argulus bengalensis (after Jafri and Mahar, 2009). Fig. 45 Host.   53 Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figs. 46-47) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Argulus argulus Leach, 1814 Argulus armiger Müller, 1785 Argulus charon Müller, 1785 Argulus delphinus Müller, 1785 Argulus rothschildi Leigh-Sharpe, 1933 Argulus viridis Nettovich, 1900 Monoculus foliaceus Linnaeus, 1758 Monoculus gyrini Cuvier, 1798 Ozolus gasterostei Latreille, 1802 Argulus foliaceus࣓Jafri and Ahmad, 1991; Bhatti and Minhas, 2000; Chandra, 2006; Iqbal et al., 2013.Barzegar and Jalali, 2014 Pakistani hosts: Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus (fish) 3.7 mm; body is oval and flattened dorso-ventrally. Anterior end of cephalothorax forming broad protrusion is delimited laterally by shallow grooves. 2 complex faceted eyes are present. Cephalothorax is covered with a wide convex scutum and its posterior margin is indented. Anterior portion of cephalothorax forms a broad protrusion with shallow groove. Antennae I is modified. First maxillae are usually modified as powerful suctorial organs, which are clearly visible at ventral surface. The second maxilla is 5 segmented. There is dense ornamentation on it. Each thoracic segment bears a single pair of biramous swimming legs, the first 2 pairs of which in both sexes have a backwardly projecting process or flabellum. Urosome consisting of rounded lobes that are covered marginally with small spines. The posterior incisures of the urosome do not reach to the center. Note: Since this is an obligate parasite of fish found in temperate region, its occurrence in south-east Asia was considered highly unlikely (Kabata, 1985). Now it is one of the most widespread crustacean ectoparasites of freshwater fish in the world in terms of both distribution and wide variety   54 of fish it infests. This sppecies has low host specificity, so it can infect a variety of fish within itss habitat (Harrison et al., 2006; Pasternaak et al., 2000; Taylor et al., 20066; Žiliukienơ et al., 2012). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: N Nearctic i advertently introduced to other coontinents and palearctic region in along with its host thro oughout temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia, and North Americca, Philippines. Hosts: Cyprinidae, Salm monidae, Gobiidae, Gasterosteidae and Acipensenidae, parasitizes B Ballerus ballerus, Anguilla ang guilla, Blicca bjoerkna, Carassius aauratus, Lepomis gibbosun, Leu uciscus idus, Liza abu, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Perca fluviatilis, Ru utilus rutilus, Salmo trutta, Scaardinius erythrophthalmus, Silurus glanis, Sander lucioperca, Tincaa tinca, Trachurus trachurus, Labeo calbasu, Gasterosteus acculeatus, halcalburnus chalcoides, Capoeta ccapoeta, Cyprinus carpio, Ch Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Mastacembelus mastacembelus;; Anura (frogs and toads), Esoxx lucius, Abramis brama, Vimba vimbba and Coregonus peled. (courtesy of Iqbal) Fig. 46. Argulus foliaceus (after Jafri and Ahmad, 1991). Fig. 47. Host.   55 S. CL. Copepoda H. Milne-Edwards, 1840: About 6000 valid species are known, which live in symbiotic associations. Most of these are probably parasitic but the precise nature of the relationship with the host has yet to be elucidated for the majority. Because of this uncertainty, such forms are typically referred to using the neutral term ‘associates’ in the literature. Six groups of typical parasitic life histories were recognized by Baer (1952): 1) all larval stages free swimming, only adults parasitic, 2) first larval stage and final adult stage free swimming, 3) one half of life cycle free swimming, 4) Nauplius and mature adults free swimming, all other stages parasitic, 5) part of larval development taking place within egg, third metanauplius and copepodid only free swimming, 6) first copepdid stage briefly swims freely then becomes parasitic. It is evident that commensalism and parasitism have evolved independently several times in the subclass. It also has a range of associations from external and internal parasitism to varied forms of commensalism. Out of eleven copepod orders four of which are either wholly parasitic (order Monstrilloida), largely parasitic (orders Siphonostomatoida and Poesilostomoida) or contain some parasitic forms (order Harpacticoida). The body form of fish parasites varies from cyclopiform through to highly metamorphic .Copepods are known to be associated with all the major groups of marine vertebrates and invertebrates and aquatic plants. Their associations with cnidarians are among the best studied, although most of these copepods are symbiotic on benthic forms (i.e., Alcyonacea, Actiniaria, and Gorgonacea, among others) (Humes, 1985). There are only a few isolated records of copepods associated with epipelagic scyphomedusae, and all of these refer to strictly associated, non-planktonic forms (Boxshall and Halsey, 2004). Records of planktonic deep living copepods symbiotic on bathypelagic hydromedusae are also known (Gasca et al., 2007). Species of limpets, opisthobranchs, shipworms, Bucciniids serve as hosts of copepods. There are 40 species of copepods belonging to 20 genera and nine families   56 involved in association with decapods. These species have been found on four species of lobsters, 30 species of hermit-crabs and 23 species of brachyuran crabs. In general, the symbiotic copepods of Pakistan are poorly known, particularly those occurring in association with marine invertebrates, certainly, those parasitic on marine fishes are better known than those parasitic or commensal on/in other hosts .There are at least 27 families which parasitize fishes .Parasitic families frequently inhabit relatively sheltered microhabitats on their hosts including the gill chambers, rectum and nostrils, although some species may occur on the outer body surface, on the fins or around the eyes. They usually attach using clawed antennae, but some also display modifications of the ventral body surface and limbs that allow them to generate suction onto the surface of the host. One group of copepods females develop into the huge, warty pustules. Somehow, the copepod causes the tissues of her host to grow a protective bag or gall around her body, lined with veins from which she somehow obtains blood. Somehow such actual feeding mechanism isn't fully understood. Joining the female in her anal skin-bag can be anywhere from one to several dozen tiny, arrow shaped males who spend their lives squished between the gall wall and their mate, competing with each other to fertilize her eggs. In the marine intertidal zone many harpacticoids live in association with seaweeds, sea grass blades, marsh grass stems, macroalgal fronds, and floating algae (neuston) and are highly specialized for life on the surface of the fronds. Members of the Porcellidiidae, Peltidiidae, and Tegastidae are especially adapted to this environment. Phytal or epibenthic species display a host of body shapes including lateral and dorsal-ventral compression of the body, extremely rounded or broadened cephalosomes and larger overall size (Noodt, 1971). Harpacticoids are also found in burrows in wood inhabited by Limnoria spp., where the nature of the association is unclear (Hicks, 1988). Faunal community   57 structure has been believed to be governed by plant diversity (Parker et al., 2001). I. C. Neocopepoda Huys and Boxshall, 1991 SUP. O. Podoplea Giesbrecht, 1882 Key to orders of Podoplea containing associated species (after Gotto, 1993) 1. Buccal cone present, variously developed …. Siphonostomotoida Buccal cone absent ………………..………...………..………… 2 2. Mandible if present, basically of biting type ………….………… 3 Mandible if present, basically falcate ..………. Poecilostomotoidea 3. Antenna one lacking an exopod .………………..……. Cyclopoida Antenna one with prominent exopod ...…….……… Harpacticoida O. Harpacticoida Sars, 1903: A few of them are planktonic others live in association with other organisms (invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds). There are 40 species, 20 genera and 9 families involved in association between harpacticoids and decapod crustaceans present in Indo-Pacific .Adult population with nauplii and copepodid stages associated with decapods indicates an early obligate association (Hendrickx and Fiers, 2010) but no such report is present here. F. Tegastidae Sars G.O., 1904: Copepods of the family Tegastidae are characterized by a laterally compressed amphipod-like body, a modified male genital area, and nauplii possess a claw-like mandible (Lang, 1948, Ivanenko et al., 2008). All tegastid species have been found in shallow water habitats in association with algae, bryozoans and/or cnidarians, some listed as parasitic to corals. Currently 59 species belonging to 6 genera, namely Tegastes, Smacigastes, Parategastes, Syngastes, Feregastes and Arawella have been described world over. Only one genus is recorded from here.   58 G. Parategastes Sars G.O., 1904 Parategastes sp. (Fig. 48) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Parategastes sp Kazmi and Naushaba, 2001 Described material: One specimen (sex undetermined) collected during spatial diversity of meiofaunal study. Head and last thoracic segment is large, produced ventrally, tapering to point; almost the whole surface is areolated. The seventh thoracic and first abdominal forms a genital complex produced ventrally into a large, elongated prominence; Maxilliped is 3-segmented, subchelate; syncoxa is elongated with 1 distal seta; basis has rows of spinules. Pakistani associate: Unknown Fig. 48. Parategastes sp. F. Thalestridae Sars, 1905 Note: Several thalestrid species have been reported to excavate galleries or form gall-like swellings within the macroalgal tissue. G. Paradactylopodia Lang, 1944 Paradactylopodia brevicornis (Claus, 1866) (Fig. 49) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Dactylopus brevicornis Claus, 1866   59 Dactylopusia brevicornis Claus, 1866 Paradactylopodia brevicornis࣓Huys, 2001; Kazmi and Muniza, 2013 (Abstract). Material: 18, all females, 20-11-1993 Jiwani, Pakistani basibiont: Sargassum Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan; Bay of Bengal, European waters, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Kenya, New Zealand, Japan. Host: Frond holdfast of Laminaria ochroleuca. Fig. 49. Paradactylopodia brevicornis. F. Peltidiidae Claus, 1860: The Peltidiidae are a world-wide distributed family of 100 pelagic, phytal and benthic species. Their often bright colours and typical dorso-ventrally depressed body shapes seem to characterize the Peltidiidae as an exclusively plant substrate-associated family. G. Eupelte Claus, 1860 Eupelte gracilis Claus, 1860 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records.   60 Eupelte gracilis Kazmi and Muniza, 2013 (Abstract) Material: One specimen, 20-11-1993, Jiwani Pakistani basibiont: Sargassum Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: North Atlantic. Host: Weeds. F. Tisbidae Stebbing, 1910 G. Sacodiscus Wilson C.B., 1924 Sacodiscus littoralis (Sars G.O., 1904) (Fig. 50) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Aspidiscus littoralis࣓Sadiq, 1993 Sacodiscus littoralis Huys, 2001 Material: Abundant Pakistani basibiont hosts: Algae Sargassum swartzii, Padina pavonia, Endarchne binghamies, Stockeyia indica, Iyengaria stellata and Colpomenia sinousa. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: North Atlantic Ocean. Hosts: Ulva lactuca, Fucus serratus (Hauspie and Polk, 1974). Fig.50. Sacodiscus littoralis.   61 *G. Scutellidium Claus, 1866 *Scutellidium sp. (Fig.51) Material: Abundant, 20-6-1993, Jiwani, Baluchistan Pakistani basibiont: Sargassum Male Female Fig. 51 Scutellidium sp. F. Laophontidae Scott T., 1904 G. Laophonte Philippi, 1840 Laophonte cornuta Philippi, 1840 (Fig. 52) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Laophonte cornuta cornuta Philippi, 1840 Laophonte cornuta dentioperculata Lang, 1936 Laophonte cornuta nigrocincta Nicholls, 1944 Laophonte forcipata Claus, 1866 Laophonte cornuta௅Sadiq, 1993; Kazmi, 2004b Pakistani basibiont: Laurentia Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan. Both Krishnaswamy (1957) and Murty (1983) collected adults and developmental stages from sponges and occasional specimens in algal washings. Hosts: Halophila ovalis, Ulva fasciata, Caulerpa   62 taxicola, Graclaria orticata, Amphiroa fragilissima. Sub and eulittoral weed and reef (Por, 1964). Fig. 52. Laophonte cornuta. F. Porcellidiidae Boeck, 1865 G. Porcellidium Claus, 1860 Note: This genus and three other of the family are known to live in close association with Paguridae; one species is associated with sea urchin. The genus currently contains 64 species. With all but two generally regarded as marine algae and sea grass-dwellers. Porcellidium viride (Philippi, 1840) (Fig. 53) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Porcellidium fimbriatum௅Tirmizi and Sadiq, 1995 Porcellidium viride࣓Kazmi, 2004 Material: Abundant, females 0.6-0.8mm, males 0.45-0.5mm, 2004. Pakistani basibionts: Corallina, Sargassum, Caulerpa, Colpomenia and Ulva Note: There is a confusion between “viride” and “fimbriatum “(Harris, 2014). Lang (1948) lumped together P. fimbriatum and P. lecanoides under the one name P. viride Philippi. Other authors recognize P. fimbriatum as a valid species. Kazmi (2004) identified her Porcellidium as P. viride. The identification needs verification, but most probably this is P. viride since the body shape has ratio of L/W ” 1.5 while in Porcellidium fimbriatum this ratio is L/W > 1.7(Harris, 2014) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan. Hosts: Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata, Ulva lactuca   63 Fig. 53. Porcellidium viride. F. Miraciidae Dana, 1846: The family Miraciidae consists of 426 species/subspecies which are classified into 50 valid genera most of which transferred from the former family Diosaccidae by Willen (2002). G. Metamphiascopsis Thompson and Scott, 1903 Metamphiascopsis hirsutus hirsutus (Thompson and Scott, 1903) (Fig. 54) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Dactylopusia hirsutus Thompson and Scott, 1903 Metaphiascopsis hirsutus࣓Lang, 1948; Sadiq, 1996 (unpublished thesis data); Nurul Huda and Zaleha, 2009. Pakistani basibionts: Corallina sp., Hypnea maciformis Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Bay of Bengal, Sri Lanka, Europe, and Algeria. Host: Halimeda Fig. 54. Metamphiascopsis hirsutus hirsutus.   64 O. Poecilostomatoida Thorell, T 1859 Mostly parasites and com mmensals of fishes and invertebratees. F. Saphirinidae Thorelll, 1860 G. Sapphirina Thompso on, 183 Note: Sapphirinid Copeppods are often associated with clams andd salps in distribution (Hardy, 1936 6), spend part of their life as parasite andd part of their life as predator i..e., they are parasitoid; 63 species aree known worldwide, only one species is reported from here. Sapphirina gemma Danaa, 1849 (Fig. 55) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Sapphirina Edwardsii Haaeckel, 1864 Sapphirina gemma࣓Munniza, 1988 (unpublished thesis data); Kazmi, 2004; Vives and Sh hmeleva, 2010 Pakistani basibionts: N Not specified as present specimen was collected c from preserved plankton samples Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific, M Host: Commensal in SaIpaa Red Sea, Atlantic, and Mediterranean. Fig. 55. Sapphirina gemma. F. Clausidiidae Embleto on, 1901 G. Conchyliurus Bocq quet and Stock, 1957: Species of thhe genus Conchyliurus are excluusive associates of marine bivalves liiving in   65 intertidal and shallow coastal waters. Eleven species are included in the genus. Conchyliurus maximus Reddiah, 1961 (Figs. 56-57) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Conchyliurus maximus࣓Khan, 1977; Chad, 2014 Pakistani host: Adult parasitic in mantle cavity of Sanguinolaria diphos. 2.5 mm; Body form is somewhat elongate; first antenna is six segmented; second antenna is four segmented, with a claw on third segment; labrum has two globular expansions with denticulate margins; mandible has three terminal elements. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Host: Sanguinolaria diphos. Fig. 56. Conchyliurus maximus. Fig. 57. Host.   66 F. Chondracanthidae Milne Edwards, 1840: Chondracanthidae is one of the major families of Copepoda, comprising more than 150 species. Flat fish are the most preferred hosts of chondracanthids. G. Protochondracanthus Kirtisinghe, 1950 Protochondracanthus alatus (Heller, 1865) (Figs. 58-59) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Chondracanthus alatus Heller, 1865 Chondracanthus angustatus Heller, 1865 Protochondracanthus psettodis Kirtisinghe, 1950, Ghani and Ali, 1996; Ostergaard, 2003 Protochondracanthus alatus௅Yamaguti, 1963; Ho, 1970, Purivirojkul and Areechon, 2008; Abd El-Mohsen et al., 2013 Female: A pair of vermiform processes in oral region is found at bases of maxillae. First pediger is transformed into a short neck, bearing a pair of tripartite, lateral processes on both sides. Remaining pedigers are fused into a long cylindrical trunk, bearing a pair of long, lateral processes in front, another pair of short posterior processes at end, and a vermiform process at midposterior end. The abdomen is distinctly wider than long. Caudal ramus is in a form of spiniform process armed with three setae and a small tubercle. Egg sac is longer than body. The fleshy basal portion of antennule bear s a vermiform posteroventral process and a small knob-like setiferous terminal process; armed with 11 on basal portion and ten on terminal process. Antenna is two-segmented. Mandible is two-segmented; terminal blade with a row of 36 teeth on convex (inner) side. Maxillule is tipped with a lobe and two short setae. Maxilla is two-segmented. Maxilliped is slender and three-segmented; first segment largest but unarmed, second segment with spinules in terminal and subterminal regions, and third segment drawn out into a pointed process with two rows of spinules in basal region in addition to a single, subterminal spinule. Long, lateral process in anterior region of trunk tipped with four tubercles with each bearing a spinule at tip.   67 Male: the body has a swollen cephalosome. First two pediggers are separated, but remaining g pedigers fused with genitor-abdominal somites. Caudal ramus is a short, spiniform process with six short setae in basal region and spinules inn distal region. Antennule is filiform, armed. Antenna is two-segmentted; terminal hook with a small outer knob in basal region. Mandible has h a row of about 25 teeth on convex m margin of terminal blade. Maxillu ule is tipped with a blunt knob and tw wo setae. Maxilla as in female. Maaxilliped is as in female only stubbier. Pakistani host: Psettodees erumei (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Japan, Singapore, India, Medditerranean, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Hosts: Hippoglossus nolako, Epinephelus Ep chlorostigma, Acanthopagruss berda, Acanthopagrus bifasciatu us, Arius thalassinus, Cephalopholis hem mistiktos, Cheimerius nufar, Epiinephelus tauvina, Epinephelus chlorrostigma, Halichoeres stigmaticus, Johinus maculates, Lethrinus neebulosus, Lutjanus ehrenbergi, Lutjanus malabaricus, Nematalosa nasus, P gaterinus, Plectorhinchuss pictus, Parastromateus niger, Plectorhinchus Pomadasys argenteus, Epinephelus chlorostigma, Scombeeromorus commerson, Seriolinanig gro fasciata, Siganus canaliculatus, Ty Tylosurus crocodiles and Psettodess erumei. Fig. 58. Protochondracantthus alatus. (after Ghani and Ali, 1996). Fig. 59. Host.   68 F. Ergasilidae Burmeister, 1835: The copepod family Ergasilidae is one of the major families of the Cyclopoida (Ho et al., 1992, Boxshall and Montú, 1997) and is known to contain 26 genera and over 260 known species that are ectoparasites of teleosts mostly in freshwater, but also in brackish, and coastal marine waters (El-Rashidy and Boxshall, 1999). Neoergasilus ferozepurensis Kumari et al., 1988 on Strongylura strongylura is reported from Indian Punjab (River Sutlej, Ferozpur), is expected to occur here also. G. Ergasilus Nordmann, 1832: Ergasilus has a direct life cycle using only the freshwater fish as a host. It can spend prolonged periods swimming free. It is not too host specific. Both sexes are free swimming, after mating male dies. Only female ergasilids enter the gill cavity of the fish, where they creep to the gills and attach using their large clasper-like claws which are second antennae trans formed into; the males free-living. The genus Ergasilus comprises more than 80 species, widespread in marine and freshwater habitats in many parts of the world (Kabata, 1985). They are sexually dimorphic. Though small-sized, Ergasilus spp. can become very harmful to the host, damaging the gills as a result of their attachment and feeding activities. In heavy infections, large areas of the gills may become eroded and respiration severely impaired (Kabata, 1970). Ergasilus pakistanicus Jafri, 1995 (Fig. 60) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Ergasilus pakistanicus Jafri, 1995 Pakistani host: Mestacembalus armatus (fish) Cephalothorax is barrel shaped, longer than wide, depressed laterally at both ends, few small humps are present on the anterior margin. The thorax is made up of three free segments which gradually decrease posteriorly. Ovisac is elongated; last two abdominal segments are complete bifurcated (Adapted from Jafri, 1995).   69 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not outside Pakistan. Fig. 60. Ergasilus pakistanicus (after Jafri, 1995). Ergasilus sp. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Ergasilus sp. Khan et al., 2003 Pakistani hosts: Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix- Silver Carp Note: E. punjabensis Battish on Wallago attu and Ompok malabaricus is reported from Indian side of Punjab (Ferozpur, River Sutlej). The present status of this species of Ergasilus in not known. G. Nipergasilus Yamaguti, 1939 G. Nipergasilus parabora El-Rashidy and Boxshall, 2000 (Fig. 61) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nipergasilus parabora El-Rashidy and Boxshall, 2000 Material: Eight females Pakistani host: Valamugil cunnesius Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Host: Valamugil cunnesius   70 Fig. 61. Nipergasilus parabora (after El-Rashidy and Boxshall, 2000). F. Bomolochidae Sumpf, 1871 G. Nothobomolochus Vervoort, 1962: Flattened antennules and first swimming legs function as part of the sucker rim that forms the seal against the mucous-covered skin of the host. Primary attachment is by claws, the suckers provide a secondary attachment mechanism. Nothobomolochus triceros (Basset-Smith, 1898) (Fig. 62) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Bomolochus triceros Bassett-Smith, 1898; Pillai, 1965a, 1969. Bomolochus managatuwo Yamaguti, 1939 Nothobomolochus triceros௅Vervoort, 1962; Pillai, 1965b; Ghani and Ali, 2003; Chinglong and Ho, 2004, Khosheghbal and Pazooki, 2015. Described material: 10 Females TL 2-3.5mm Pakistani host: Pampus argenteus (fish) N. triceros can be easily distinguished by the nature of its antennule. The three basal segments are partially fused, with a stout chitinous plate carrying three long slender chitinised processes. The outer processes are apically drawn out whereas the median is apically blunt and shorter than the former. In addition to these the antennule carries on its basal part twelve stout strongly hirsute setae and three modified setae; the one nearest the chitinous plate is long. The cephalothorax is much broader   71 than long. The second thoracic segment is transversely rectangular and the third transversely oblong. The fourth segment is partially overlapped by the third. Abdomen is four-segmented and its first segment is slightly broader than the fifth thoracic segment. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Persian Gulf, North Pacific Ocean: Taiwan, and Japan. Hosts: Lobotes surinamensis gill cavity, Pampus argenteus, high host specificity towards Pampus argenteus (El-Rashidy and Boxshall, 2014) Fig. 62. Nothobomolochus triceros (after Ghani and Ali, 2993). G. Hermilius Heller, 1865: This genus is exclusively parasitic on the gill filaments of marine fish of Ariidae known to occur in the tropical and subtropical of the world ocean, seven of the eight species occur on the Indian Ocean cat fish. Hermilius longicornis Basselt- Smith, 1898 (Fig. 63) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Harmilius longicornis௅Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Ho and Kim, 2000 Pakistani host: Arius sp. on gill filaments Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Sri Lanka, and Persian Gulf. Hosts: Plicofollis dussumieri, Arius thalassinus, Arius acutirostris.   72 Fig. 63. Hermilius longicornis (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Ho and Kim, 2000). F. Shiinoidae Cressey, 1975- a monogeneric family. G. Shiinoa Kabata, 1968 Shiinoa occlusa Kabata, 1968 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Shiinoa occlusa௅Cressey and Cressey 1981, Walter and Boxshall, 2015 Pakistani host: Scomberomorus commerson Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Pacific and Eastern Atlantic. Hosts: Acanthocybium solandri, Grammatorcynus bicarinatus, Gymnosarda unicolor, Scomberomorus commerson, Scomberomorus guttatus, Scomberomorus niphonius, Scomberomorus queenslandicus, Scomberomorus tritor O. Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1834: There are 18 families in the order mostly parasites and commensals of fishes and invertebrates. F. Lernaeidae Cobbold, 1879. Note: The disease Lernaeosis caused by these parasites is reported to cause severe economic losses in fisheries sector of Pakistan (ABDA/NACA, 1991) G. Lernaea Linnaeus, 1758: They are parasitic on fresh water teleosts. Only the worm-like females, which have horn-like processes or anchors   73 on the cephalothorax, are parasitic. The encephalic horns enable the parasite to fix itself into the host muscle tissues, attaching on the outside surface of host body by boring into the underlying muscle tissues, although the greater part of the parasite body remains outside the host. Heavy infestation by Lernaea is fatal to the host. Lernaea multilobosa Jafri and Mahar, 2003 (Figs. 64-65) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaea multilobosa Jafri and Mahar, 2003 The cephalic horns bear a considerable number of finger-like lobes, the 5th leg is distinctive, 6th leg is vestigial, anal laminae and setae on the abdomen are absent. Pakistani host: Salmostoma bacaila (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not reported outside Pakistan. Fig. 64. Lernaea multilobosa (after Jafri and Mahar, 2003).   74 Fig. 65. Host. Lernaea polymorpha Yü ü, 1938 (Figs. 66-67) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Lernaea polymorpha௅Sh hariff,1981; Tasawar et al., 1999, 2007; Iqbal et al., 2012; Kanwal et e al., 2012. Pakistani hosts: Labeo rohita, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Gibelioon catla, Cirrhinus mrigala Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: T Thailand; Malaysia; China. Hosts: Cyprinus carpio, Puntius gonnionotus, bilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Hypophthalmichthys nob Fig. F 66. Lernaea polymorpha. Fig. 67. Host.   75 Lernaea lophiara Harding, 1950 (Fig. 68) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaea lophiara࣓Tasawar et al., 1999; Kanwal et al., 2012; Lopez, 2001 Pakistani hosts: Labeo rohita, C. idella, C.mrigla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Gibelion catla Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Thailand. Hosts: Puntius gonionotus, Lethrinops lthrinus, L. praeorbitalis, Haplochromis prostoma, H. breviceps, Rhamphochromis lucius, Pseudotropheus tropheops, Diplotaxodon argenteus, Tilapia melanopleura, Labeo cylindricus, Variorhinus nyasensis, Anabas testudineus, Glossogobius giurus, G. biocellatus, Aristichthys nobilis, Lebistes reticulatus, Ophiocephalus striatus, Oxyeleotris marmorata, Oreochromis mossambicus, Therapon plumbeus and Chanos chanos. Fig. 68. Lernaea lophiara (after Yamaguti, 1985). Lernaea oryzophila Monod, 1932 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaea oryzophila࣓Tasawar et al., 2007, 2011; Kanwal et al., 2012 Pakistani hosts: Labeo rohita, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus mrigala, Gibelion catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.   76 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cochin, China, and Thailand. Hosts: Philypnus marmoratus, Hampala macrolepidota, Puntius gonionotus, Cyprinus carpio, Gobius sp., Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Gibelion catla. Lernaea arcuata Soejanto, 1965 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaea arcuata࣓Tasawar et al., 2000, 2007 Pakistani hosts: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Gibelion catla Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indonesia, Thailand. Host: Puntius gonionotus Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (Figs. 69-71) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaea cyprinacea࣓Tasawar et al., 1999, 2000, 2007; Minhas et al., 2001; Khan et al., 2003; Chandra, 2006; Iqbal et al., 2012; Kanwal et al., 2012 Pakistani hosts: Labeo rohita, Gibelion catla; Ctenopharyngodon idella; Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cirrhinus mrigala, Aristichthys nobilis. Note: This species is one of the more common and well described species. Epizoic algae on this parasite from Gibelion catla was reported by Mahar et al., 2008. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Europe, Scandinavia, France, Italy, and Germany, America, Japan, throughout Central Asia as well as in the southern regions of West Siberia,Iran,Philippines. Hosts: In more than 100 fish species belonging to 25 different families (Kabata, 1988); Carissus auratus, Carassius carassius ,Anguilla japonica, Gobio gobio, Cyprinus carpio, Puntius partipentazona, Anabas testidineusm, Channa striata, Chanos chanos, Glossogobiub biocellatus, Glossogobius giurus, Terapon plumbeus,   77 Capoeta aculeata, Capo oeta damascina, Alburnus alburnus, Hem mibarbus labeo, Zacco temminkii,, Silurus asotus, Oreochromis niloticuss, Mugil cephalus, Tilapia zilliii, Aphanius vladykovi, Aristichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Chalcalburnus mossulensis, Chonddrostoma michthys molitrix, Leuciscus ppersidis, regium, Hypophthalm Mastacembelus mastaceembelus, Pseudorasbora parva, Schizothorax sp. and Amphibian Rana boyylii. Fig. F 69. Lernaea cyprinacea. Fig. 70 0. On host 1 (courtesy of Z. Iqbal). Fig. 71. Host 2.   78 Lernaea ctenopharyngodonis Yin, 1961 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaea cyprinacea Sharif and Sommerville, 1989 Lernaea quadrinucifera Poddubnaja, 1973 Lernaea ctenopharyngodonis࣓Tasawar et al., 1999, 2000, 2007; Iqbal et al., 2012, Raissy et al., 2013. Pakistani hosts: Gibelion catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (fish). Ctenopharyngodon idella, Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: China. Host: Adult parasitic on Ctenopharyngodon G. Catlaphila Tripathi, 1960 Catlaphilla elongataTripathi, 1960 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Catlaphilla elongata-Ho et al., 2009 Pakistani host: Gibelion catla (fish) The maxilla is modified and armed with a robust hook for attaching to the host; the antenna is non prehensile; first and second pedigers are fused to form a narrow neck; the third and fourth pedigers are fused to form a large trunk; abdomen is long, 3-segmented; leg 1 with 2segmented rami and legs 2-4 with 2- or 3-segmented, reduced rami (From Ho et al., 2009). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Host: Gibelion catla. G. Lamproglena Nordmann, 1832: The species complex currently comprises 43 nominated species of the genus is very confusing; all of them are gill parasites of fresh water fish. Two species are reported from Sindh waters and six species by Kumari et al., (1989) on Labeo bata from Indian Punjab (Ludhiana).   79 Lamproglena chinensis Yu, 1937 (Fig. 72) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lamproglena chinensis࣓Jafri and Mahar, 2009; Raissy et al., 2009 Lamproglena ophiocephali Yamaguti, 1939 Pakistani host: Channa striata (fish) In adult female, cephalothorax is longer than wide and includes the first thoracic leg. Cephalothorax separated from trunk by deep constriction. Another constriction separates the anterior and posterior portion of cephalothorax. Trunk unsegmented externally, oval in shape, twice longer than wide. Trunk length 1/3 of total length. Four pairs of thoracic legs located on trunk. First pair of legs is located at the junction of cephalothorax and trunk. 5th leg is present on a separate small segment of the trunk. Genital segment, slightly wider than long and bears a pair of oblong shaped seminal receptacles. A pair of long ovisacs attached in gravid females. These contain oblong shaped, uniseriate eggs. Length of ovisac varies according to the number of eggs present. 18–30 eggs ovisacs of various females. Abdomen three segmented, length about half of total body length, length about seven times of width. First two segments together are less than the length of last segment, last segment narrower than the first two, last abdominal segment slightly bilobed and bears a pairs of caudal ramii. Tips of rami slightly tapering. Each ramus has a small conical spine and seta. First antenna, uniramous and unsegmented, bears a few setae on outer margin. Second antenna poorly developed. Mouth parts cyclopoid type. First maxilliped, one segmented stout, with a prehensile claw, second maxilliped, strong, two segmented and prehensile, terminal segment bears four claw like spines which are sub equal in size outer spine is the largest, 2nd, 3rd and 4th spines are gradually smaller in size. All spines are slightly curved. Four pairs of biramous legs present, 5th legs uniramous. Exopod and endopod of legs 1–4, two segmented, exopod with small terminal spines and few short setae, while endopod bears a row of short spines on inner margin. 5th leg   80 has a slightly bilobed basipod. Outer lobe bears a long seta, while the inner lobe has two short setae. A small spine is also present on the basipod (Adapted from Jafri and Mahar, 2009). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Iran. Hosts: Anabus testudineus, Capoeta aculeata, Capoeta damascina and Capoeta capoeta, Ophiocephalus argus, Barillus hardmandi, Channa striata. Fig. 72. Lamproglena chinensis (after Jafri and Mahar, 2009). Lamproglena notopterai Jafri and Mahar, 2006 (Figs. 73-74) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lamproglena notopterai Jafri and Mahar, 2006 Described material: One male, sex not confirmed, TL 3.6mm Pakistani host: Notopterus notopterus (fish) The cephalothorax is much longer than wide, head region is separated by a distinct notch, external segmentation is absent, and notches are present in anterior and posterior parts. Genital segment is wider than long, somewhat spherical in shape. The abdomen is quite long, unsegmented, consisting of anterior barrel shaped part and posterior cylindrical narrow part; the posterior end of abdomen is bilobed, with a   81 pair of small lobe -like caudal rami. The fist antennae are three segmented; first maxilliped is prehensile, two -segmented; second maxilliped is much reduced. Two pairs of vestigial unequal thoracic legs are present in the anterior half (Adapted from Jafri and Mahar, 2006). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: No where outside type locality. Fig. 73. Lamproglena notopterai (after Jafri and Mahar, 2006). Fig. 74. Host. O. Siphonostomatoida Thorell, 1859: Mostly parasites and commensals of fishes and invertebrates. F. Caligidae Burmeister, 1834 G. Caligus Muller, 1785: Two hundred and thirty nine species are members of Caligus (Ho, 2000a) which can cause severe economic losses to fin-fish aquaculture, particularly of salmonids (Boxshall and Defaye, 1993, Pike and Wadsworth, 1999). Caligids typically attach to the host using a combination of claws and suction. Despite bodily   82 modifications most caligid adults are freely motile over the surface of their hosts and adults of several species are routinely taken in plankton samples (Manora Channel 18-5-1994 -30-5-1995). Caligus punctatus Shiino, 1955 (Fig. 75) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus punctatus࣓Tirmizi and Sadiq, 1996; Maran et al., 2009 Material: Four females 2.5-2.7mm, 2males TL 2.6-2.9mm, Manora Channel, 18-5-1994 Pakistani hosts: Not known. The present specimens were collected in the plankton Note: Pale yellow pigmentation all over the body Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Japan. Malaysia, Taiwan, Korea. Hosts: Lateolabrax japonicus, Epinephelus malabaricus, Chanos chanos, Acanthopagrus latus, Oreochromis aureus, Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii, Lates calcarifer, Liza macrolepis, Mugil cephalus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Rhabdosargus sarba, Terapon jarbua, Trachinotus blochii. Female Male Fig. 75 . Caligus punctatus. Caligus diaphanus Nordman, 1832 (Fig. 76) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus isonyx Scott, 1894   83 Caligus diaphanus Nordman, 1832; Yamaguti, 1986; Niazi and Ahmed, 1973 Pakistani host: Pampus argenteus, gill cavity. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mauritania, British Isles, Atlantic coast from Spain to Norway, western Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea; India, Sri Lanka; Panama, Ghana. Hosts: Chelidonichthys uculus, Terapon puta, Chelidonichthys capensis, Chelidonichthys lucerna, Eutrigla gurnardus, Gadus morhua, Lates calcarifer, Lepidotrigla cavillone, Lithognathus mormyrus, Pagellus acarne, Pagellus bogaraveo, Pagellus erythrinus, Platichthys, lesus, Pollachius virens, Scomberomorus tritor, Trachinotus botla, Trachurus trachurus, Trigla lyra and Trigloporus lastoviza. Fig. 76. Caligus diaphanus (After Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Caligus robustus Basset-Smith, 1898 (Figs. 77-78) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus robustus࣓Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Ho and Lin, 2007; Pilla et al., 2012 Caligus mercatoris Capart, 1941- Hayes et al., 2012 Caligus oligoplitisi Carvalho, 1956- Hayes et al., 2012 Caligus validus Pearse, 1952 Pakistani hosts: Argyrops spinifer and Caranxs sp. gill cavity.   84 4-5 mm. Second antenna is two segmented, basal segment is with one adhesion pad. First leg basipod is large with one short plumose seta in the inner proximal region and vestigial endopod is oblong with two spines. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean, European waters, Jamaica, Brazil, Florida, Bermuda Texas and Mauritania, Taiwan. Hosts: Carangoides bartholomaei, Caranx crysos, C. hippos, C. melampygus, C. ignobilis, C. sexfasciatus, C. sansun, C. leptolepis, Lutjanus analis, Chorinemus tala, Mugil, Oligoplites palometa, Oligoplites saliens, Oligoplites saurus and Selene setapinnis Fig. 77. Caligus robustus ( after Morris and Cressey, 1986). Fig. 78. Host. Caligus platytarsis Basset-Smith, 1898 (Figs. 79-80) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus platytarsis Bassett-Smith, 1898; Pillai, 1965; 1969 Caligus bombayensis Rangnekar, 1955; Niazi and Ahmed, 1973 6mm; abdomen is long, apparently one-segmented, setae are found on the fourth legs. Furca has two terminal knobs. Pakistani hosts: Mugil cephalus and M. speigliri (Fish)   85 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Muscat. Host: Mugil cephalus Fig. 79. Caligus platytarsis (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Fig. 80. Host. Caligus longicaudus Basset-Smith, 1898 (Figs. 81 and 82) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus longicaudus Basset-Smith, 1898; Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Dojiri and Ho, 2013 Pakistani hosts: Megalaspis cordyla, Rastralliger kanagurta and Chirocentrus dorab Fig. 81. Caligus longicaudus (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973).   86 Fig. 82. Host. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Inndia, Sri Lanka. Hosts: Trichuruss haumelia, Chirocentrus dorab. Caligus dakari Van Ben neden, 1892 (Fig. 83) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Caligus mauritanicus Brrian, 1924 Caligus dakari࣓Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Boxshall and El-Rashidyy, 2009 Pakistani hosts: Arius malabaricus m Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Inndia, Sri Lanka and Africa, Euurope. Hosts: Argyrosomus regius, Pllicofollis dussumieri, Ariopsis feelis, Caranx rhonchus, Pseudotolithus moorii, Pseudotolithus elonga atus, Dentex dentex, Dentex ggibbosus, Plectorhinchus mediterra aneus and Lichia amia. Fig. 83. Calig gus dakari (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Caligus cunicephalus Gnanamuthu, G 1950 (Figs. 84-85) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Caligus cunicephalus࣓Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; not Pillai, 1963   87 Pakistani host: Lepturaccanthus savala Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Indiia. Host: Trichiurus lepturus. Fig. 84. Caligus cunicephalus (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Fig. 85. Host. Caligus cordyla Pillai, 1963 1 (Fig. 86-87) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Caligus cordyla࣓Niazi an nd Ahmed, 1973; Boxshall and Huys, 20007 Pakistani host: Magalasspis cordyla, gill cavity Found elsewhere and oof their hosts there and elsewhere: Inddia, New Caledonia, Papua, Taiwaan. Host: Megalaspis cordyla Fig. 86. Calig gus cordyla (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973).   88 Fig. 87. Host. G. Parapetalus Steenstrup and Lutken, 1861 Parapetalus hirsutus (Basset-Smith, 1898) (Fig. 88-89) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Tripartia hirsutus Bassett-Smith, 1898 Caligus hirsutus Yamaguti, 1985 Parapetalus hirsutus௅Kirtisinghe, 1950; Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Leong, 1985; Lin and Ho, 2000 Pakistani host: Eleutheronema tetradactylum, gill cavity Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Sri Lanka, India, Java, Taiwan, and China. Hosts: Polydactylus plebeius and Eleutheronema tetradactylum Fig. 88. Parapetalus hirsutus (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Fig. 89. Host.   89 G. Sinocaligus Shen, 1957 Sinocaligus formicoides (Redkar, Rangnekar and Murti, 1949) (Figs. 90-91) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus formicoides Redkar, Rangnekar and Murti, 1949 Parapetalus formicoides Rangnekar and Murti, 1950 Pseudopetalus formicoides Niazi and Ahmed, 1973 Sinocaligus denticulatus Shen, 1957 Sinocaligus formicoides௅Dojiri and Ho, 2012 Pakistani host: Sardinella longiceps, gill cavity. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Hosts: Adult ectoparasitic on Dussumieria acuta and Sardinella fimbriata. Fig. 90. Sinocaligus formicoides (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Fig. 91. Host. G. Synestius Streenstrup and Lutken, 1861 Synestius caliginus Steenstrup and Lutken, 1861 (Fig. 92) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records.   90 Synestius caliginus࣓Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Leong, 1985; Lin C -L and Ho, 2000; Purivirojkul and Areechon, 2008; Dojiri and Ho, 2012 Pakistani hosts: Parasromateus niger and Pampus argenteus, gill filaments. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Batavia, Java, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Persian Gulf, China, Taiwan, and Thailand. Hosts: Lutjanus sebae, Parastromateus niger. Fig. 92. Synestius caliginus (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). G. Caligodes Heller, 1868 Caligodes laciniatus (Kroyer, 1863) (Fig. 93) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Caligus laciniatus Krøye, 1863 Sciaenophilus laciniatus Krøyer, 1863 Caligodes laciniatus௅Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Boxshall, 2001; Aneesh et al., 2013, 2014 Pakistani hosts: Tylosurus strongylurus and T.leiurus Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Europe, Florida; Mississippi; Caribbean Sea; northern Brazil; West Africa; west coast of Mexico; Peru; Hawaii; Japan; Maldives Island; India; Philippines; Haiti; Virgin Island; Red Sea; Trinidad; Venezuela; Gulf of Aden; Zanzibar; Madagascar; Arabian Gulf; Sri Lanka; Gulf of Thailand; Samoa; Panama; Cocoas Island and Taiwan. Hosts: Platybelone argalus argalus, Tylosurus crocodilus crocodiles, Strongylura leiura,   91 Strongylura strongylura, Tylosurus acus acus, Tylosurus acus imp mperialis, Tylosurus choram. Fig. 93 Caligoddes laciniatus (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). G. Lepeophtheirus Nord dman, 1832 Lepeophtheirus plotosi Barnard, B 1948 (Figs. 94-95) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Lepeophtheirus plotsoi௅N Niazi and Ahmed, 1973 Pakistani host: Plotosuss lineatus Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewheree: South Africa. Host: Plotosus liineatus Fig. 94. Lepeophttheirus plotosi (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973). Fig. 95. Host.   92 G. Paralebion Wilson, 1911: Four species are found in the genus. Paralebion elongatus Wilson, 1911 (Fig. 96) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Paralebion elongatus௅Benz et al., 1992; Ali, 1995; Dojiri and Ho, 2013 Fourth pairs of legs are uniramous and 4-segmented; other legs are biramous; maxillary hook and furca are present, the latter is double Pakistani host: Unspecified marine fish. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Chesapeake Bay, Galapagos Is. and Gulf of Mexico. Host: Sharks, Carcharias obscures, C. commersoni, C. limbatus, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, Negaprion brevirostris, Carcharinus leucas, Triaenodon obesus. Fig. 96. Paralebion elongatus. Paralebion aliuncus (Rangnekar, 1955) (Fig. 97) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diphyllogaster aliuncus Rangekar, 1955; Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Ghani and Ali, 2003; Boxshall and Chad, 2014 Paralebion aliuncus Pillai and Padmanabhan, 1963 Pakistani hosts: Pampus argenteus, Parastromateus niger 5-7mm .The body is, elongated, cyclopoid. Antenna one is with an outwardly curved spines on the base which is projecting beyond the broad rostrum,the basal segment is with four strong outwardly directedspines,the remaining segments bear plumose setae and spines.   93 The second antenna is with a pectinate portion and claw like setae. First maxilla is with three strong setae; the second maxilla terminates into three setal processes. The thoracic legs are with well-developed thee segmented exo and endopodites. The fifth thoracic leg is uniramous and two -segmented. The telson is biramous,each ramus bears one very large and strong seta and two small setae on the lateral sides; in the middle of each ramus there is single outward seta. In females the genital segments are enlarged. These segments have long posterior variable processes extening up to the telson. The first maxilliped is with two strong claws,the firt leg bears a rudimentary exopodite; fourth legs are uniramous. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Host: Pampus argenteus. Fig. 97. Paralebion aliuncus (after Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Ghani and Ali, 2003). G. Gloiopotes Steenstrup and Lutken, 1861 Gloiopotes ornatus Wilson, 1905 (Figs. 98-99) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Gloiopotes ornatus Wilson, 1905; Siddiqui and Bilqees, 1995 Pakistani host: Thunnus albacares 10mm. First and fourth legs are uniramous; hook and furca present on maxilla; both compound in females; genital segment with a pair of serrate syliform appendages.   94 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewheree: India, Atlantic. Hosts: Specific on swordfish and spearfish: Tetrrapturus amplus, Makaira mitusskurii, M. nigricans, Carcharhinus pllumbeus, Istiophorus albicans, Kajjikia albida. Fig. 98. Gloiopottes ornatus (after Siddiqui and Bilqees, 1995). Fig. 99. Host. Gloiopotes americanus Cressey, C 1967 (Fig. 100) Alternate names and Pakistani P record. Gloiopotes americanus Cressey, C 1976; Siddiqui and Bilqees, 19955; Dojiri and Ho, 2013 Pakistani host: Thunnuss albacores (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Atlantic. A Host: Sailfish Istiophoruus americanus. Fig. 100. Gloiopotess americanus (after Siddiqui and Bilqees, 1995)).   95 G. Tuxophorus Wilson, 1908 – Six species are included in thee genus, kistan. one is reported from Pak Tuxophorus cervicornis Heegard, 1962 Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Tuxophorus cervicorniis࣓Australian Museum Marine Inveertebrate Collection, 1950; Heegard, H 1962;Cressey and Cressey, 1980 Pakistani host: Scomberromorus commerson Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: A Australia Host: Scomberomorus coommerson. F. Pennellidae Burmeisster, 1834 G. Lernaeenicus Le Sueeur, 1824: Thirty two species are includeed in the genus, two are found heere. The third is a new record from here,, will be published separately. Lernaeenicus hemirham mphi Kirtisinghe, 1933 (Figs. 101-102) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Lernaeenicus hemirham mphi࣓Niazi and Ahmed, 1973; Ghani aand Ali, 1996; Gopala Krishhnan et al., 2010; Vijayakumar et al., 20133 New material: 5-3-2003 3, 2013 Pakistani hosts: Hyporrhamphus xanthopterus, Thryssa, Polyydactylus sexfilis Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Inndia, Sri Lanka, Hawaii, South Australia. Hosts: Hemirhamphus interrmedius, Hemiramphus far, Hemirramphus lutkei, Hyporhamphus xanthopteerus. Fig. 101. Lernaeen nicus hemirhamphi. Fig. 102. On host tail.   96 *Lernaeenicus sp. near seeri Kirtisinghe, 1934 (Figs. 103-104) Material: Three females Pakistani hosts: Scomberomarus guttatus Fig. 103. Lernaeenicus sp. near seeri. Fig..104. Lernaeenicus sp on host. (Courtesy of M. Moazzam). Lernaeenicus longiventris Willson, 1917 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lernaeenicus longiventris࣓Masood et al., 2015 Pakistani host: Mugil cephalus Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mauritania, Atlantic. Host: Mullets.   97 F. Pseudocycniidae Wilson, 1922 G. Pseudocycnus Heller, 1865 Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1865 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pseudocycnus spinosus Pearse, 1952 Pseudocycnus thunnus Brandes, 1955 Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Ceressey and Ceressey, 1980 Pakistani host: Thunnus albacares ,Thunnus tonggol Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan.. Thailand; Peru, Seychelles Island, Somalia, Australia (Queensland), Philippines, Caroline Is.Florida, Hosts: 12 species of scombrids Thunnus thynnus, T. alalunga, T. albacares, T. obesus, T. Tonggol, Euthynnus alletteratus, E. affinis, Coryphaena sp, Katsuwonus pelamis, Sarda sarda, S. chiliensis, Coryphaena hippunus G. Cybicola Bassett-Smith, 1899 Cybicola armata (Bassett-Smith 1899) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Helleria armata Bassett-Smith, 1898 Paracycnus lobosus Heegaard, 1962 Pseudocycnoides armatus (Bassett-Smith, 1898) Pseudocycnoides lobosus (Heegaard, 1962) Pseudocycnoides rugosa Kensley and Grindley, 1973 Pseudocycnus armatus (Bassett-Smith, 1898) Pseudocycnus lobosus (Heegaard, 1962) Pseudocycnus rugosus (Kensley and Grindley, 1973) Cybicola armata࣓Cressey and Cressey, 2014 Pakistani host: Scomberomorus commerson Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, India, Sri Lanka, Gulf and Thailand, Australia, Honkong, S. Africa.   98 Host: Scomberomorus commerson, S. guttatus, S. koreanus, S. concolor, S. lineolatus, S. multiradiatus, S. plurilineatus, S. queenlandicus, S. semifasciatus. G. Pseudocycnoides Yamaguti, 1963 Pseudocycnoides armatus (Bassett-Smith, 1898 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Paracycnus lobosus Heegaard, 1962 Pseudocycnoides armatus (Bassett-Smith, 1898) combination), Cressey and Cressey, 1980 Pseudocycnoides lobosus (Heegaard, 1962) Pseudocycnoides rugosa Kensley and Grindley, 1973 Pseudocycnus armatus (Bassett-Smith, 1898) Pseudocycnus lobosus (Heegaard, 1962) Pseudocycnus rugosus (Kensley and Grindley, 1973) (superceded Pakistani Host: Scomberomorus commerson. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea (Suez), Malagasy Republic, India , Sri Lanka, Natal ,Gulf of Thailand, Australia (NSW and Queensland), Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, Hong Kong, Sumatra, China. Hosts: Scomberomorus guttatus; S. semifasciatus; S. lineotatus; S. koreanus, S. queenslandicus; S. plurilineatus. O. Monstrilloida Sars, 1901: The order Monstrilloida represents one of the most intriguing taxa among the Copepoda. They are endoparasites of marine invertebrates (pyramidellid and vermetid gastropod and polychaetes) during their postnaupliar and juvenile stages but also have three free-living phases, an infective naupliar stage, a final copepodite stage that leaves the host but soon moults, and non-feeding adults lacking mouthparts. Some species were observed as nodules on the mantle of molluscs or swellings of the body surface of polychaetes. Recently (Suárez-Morales, 2010), a species of Monstrilla was recorded infecting   99 the mantle of the commercially valuable bivalve, the brown mussel Perna perna in Brazil. It was found with a high prevalence in this cultured population and a recent episode of mortality of this mussel (almost 20%) was partially attributed to this Monstrilla. If correct, this would be the first report of a monstrilloid's negative effect on a population of commercially valuable invertebrates. In general, they are rare; a reduced number of specimens can be obtained occasionally during plankton samplings from shallow coastal environments, particularly at night. There are, however, reports of relatively high local concentrations of monstrilloids in reef-related areas, where they can be highly diverse (Suárez-Morales, 2011). F. Monstrillidae Giesbrecht, 1892 Note: One hundred and twenty species of seven valid genera are currently recognized, but some species have been synonymized or are deemed as invalid so the number of valid species is somewhat smaller. Because of their relative rarity in plankton samples and the taxonomic complexity of the group, there are large geographic areas in which the monstrilloid copepod fauna remains practically unknown (SuárezMorales, 2011). In the plankton samples it is difficult to link males and females of a species as they are mixed with those of other species in the water column. G. Monstrillopsis Sars, 1921. Twelve species belong to Monstrillopsis. Monstrillopsis dubia (Scott, 1904) Fig. 105 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Monstrilla dubia࣓Zubairi and Khan, 1973 Monstrillopsis dubia௅Suárez-Morales and Ivanenko, 2004. Pakistani host: Not known Note: It is considered that M. dubia and related forms represent a species complex with subtle morphological differences and a wide distribution.   100 The once purportedly cosmopolitan M. dubia is now known to contain at least three different species (Suárez-Morales and Ivanenko, 2004). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan Fig. 105. Monstrillopsis dubia (after Zubairi and Khan, 1973). G. Cymbasoma Thompson, 1888: Comprises 41 species, about one-third of all recorded monstrilloid species. Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson, 1888 (Fig. 106) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Thaumaleus rigidus Thompson, 1888; Dias, 1996 Monstrilla rigida Bourne, 1890 Monstrilla ostroumowi Karavaev, 1894 Cymbasoma rigidum࣓Khan et al., 1975 Threlkeld, 1977; Grygier, 1995; Suarez-Morales, 2001, 2011; Bernier et al., 2002; Vives and Shmeleva, 2010. Pakistani host: Endoparasitic naupliar on polychaetes and gastropods and planktonic adult. 1-7mm. Cephalosome: Female cephalic segment is as long as rest of body, dilated in the middle. Male cephalic segment is without indentation near anterior end. An innermost fifth leg seta is almost as long as the other two, long elements on the second antennular segment present, two knob-like processes are present on the posterior margin of the genital somite. Legs 5in female is narrow. The genital segment of female is shorter than rest of abdomen, ovigerous spines are about half body length. Anal segment has a suture in dorsal view. The caudal rami have 3   101 strong setae, outer seta is attached to prominent projection; maale has 4 furcal setae. Note: The uncertainty oof the identity of the original specimen and the geographic amplitude oof the records of C. rigidum suggest that the nominal species repreesents a taxonomic complex with several undescribed taxa (Suárezz-Morales, 2006). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Atlantic, A Pacific and Indian Ocean ns; absent from the eastern Pacific, centrral south Atlantic and Polar seaas. Hosts: The serpulid polychaete Saalmacina dysteri and the spionid polychaete Polydora giardi. Fig. 106. Cym mbasoma rigidum (after Khan et al., 1975). Cymbasoma williamsonii Khan, 1975 (Fig. 107) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Cymbasoma williamsonii Khan, 1975a Note: Endoparasitic naup pliar and planktonic adults. Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside type locality. Fig. 107. Cym mbasoma williamsoni (after Khan, 1975).   102 Cymbasoma tirmiziae Khan and Kamran, 1975. (Fig. 108) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cymbasoma tirmiziae Khan and Kamran, 1975; Grygier, 1995 Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Northern Arabian Sea. Fig. 108. Cymbasoma tirmiziae (after Khan and Kamran, 1975). CL. Ostracoda Latreille, 1802: The phytal species are included here. The abundance of ostracodes differ significantly among algal types, with structurally complex algae bearing many more ostracodes per gram of algae than simple forms. Although most ostracode species are recovered from multiple kinds of algae, different algae harbour distinct assemblages ostracode samples, turf-forming algae are more species rich than samples from other kinds of macroalgae.Since turf-forming algae are easily damaged by human trampling, this component of ostracode biodiversity may be particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts on the intertidal habitat (Frame et al., 2007). O. Myodocopida Sars, 1866 F. Cylindroleberididae Mueller, 1906: Currently there are 219 described species in 32 genera. G. Cylindroleberis Brady, 1867: There are currently 14 species in the genus. Cylindroleberis bacescui Kornicker and Caraion, 1975 (Fig. 109)   103 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cylindroleberis bacescui࣓Sadiq, 1993 Material: A large series, all females Pakistani hosts: On all local algae Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mauritania, Italy. Host: Not known. Fig. 109. Cylindroleberis bacescui. F. Sarsiellidae Brady and Norman, 189 G. Ancohenia Kornicker, 1976: Ancohenia could be collapsed in future into Chelicopia (Churchill et al., 2014) Ancohenia robusta (Brady, 1890) (Fig. 110) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pleoschisma robusta Brady, 1890 [probably only part]. Sarstella robusta Brady, 1897 Eusarsiella robusta Poulsen, 1965 Ancohenia robusta࣓Kornicker, 1981; Sadiq, 1993 Material: A large series of both sexes Pakistani hosts: Algae- Colpomenia sinousa, Sargassum virgatus, Ulva fasiata, Caulerpa taxifolia, Iyengaria stellata and Padina pavonia. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: North Pacific Ocean. Host: Not known   104 Fig. 110. Ancohenia robusta. CL. Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 SUP. O. Peracarida Calman, 1904 O. Amphipoda Latreille, 1816: In Amphipoda the associations are of at least three types. 1). Amphipods living among the epifauna of crab carapaces, 2). Egg predators, and 3). Direct associates on the surface of the host, probably mainly commensals. Perhaps no Amphipoda except the cymid amphipods are the true parasites living on whales and are the only parasitic crustaceans which cannot swim during any part of their life cycle. (Fig. 111) Fig. 111. Cymid amphipod. The gammarids amphilochids and stenothoids and caprellids live with decapods and medusa, the medusae are either Hydromedusae or Rhizostomeae. The amphipods seem to feed on secretions from their hosts (Vader, 1983). Some amphipods-the hyperiids live inside host organisms such as salp tunicates, sponges, and sea anemones and are considered commensally symbionts using the salp test as a protective house, the host gains little or no advantage. Such an association may be epifaunal or endofaunal. In the latter instance the amphipod can be a parasite or commensal (Vader and Krapp-Schickel, 1996), not harming their hosts (Vader and Beehler, 1983). Some species are parasites or predators of heteropod molluscs and jellyfish in the plankton (Laval,   105 1980). The relationship is nearly always detrimental to the host, although Vader (1983) categorized the different types of hyperiid relations as ectocommensalism, endocommensalism, protection, and micropredation, while hyperiids also obtain buoyancy and transportation. Caprellid amphipods are exclusively marine, most prefer low intertidal zones and subtidal waters among eelgrass, sponges, foliose invertebrates like hydroids and bryozoans, and this suggests that these amphipods use their hosts more as a substratum than as a partner in some interdependent association. They are typically seen attached to substrate by their grasping pereopods. Patton (1968) described the caprellid, Caprella grahami as a commensal on the starfish Asterias. Some amphipods are found almost exclusively on algae, but the nature of the relationships between amphipods and the algae is uncertain. Many species are found on more than one species of alga. From Pakistan Ahmad (1976) gave 12 species mentioning of specimens clinging to the fronds of algae, gave no more details. Members of some families build tubes, nests, or columns from strands of material secreted from glands in their anterior legs, variously incorporating mud, sand, shell, bryozoans fragments, and other particles from their habitats. One corophioid amphipod occurs only on the hermit crab, where up to 50 at a time live among the dense setae on the host’s chelipeds, walking legs, and carapace (Moore, 1983).One gammarid was collected (26 March, 1994) from Thais shell harbouring Diogenes planimanus. Amphipoda includes, currently, about 7,000 species grouped into four suborders: Senticaudata, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea and Ingolfiellidea, according to Lowry and Myers (2013). S.O. Senticaudata Lowry and Myers, 2013: The suborder Senticaudata was split off from the formerly suborder Gammaridea by Lowry and Myers in 2013. It encompasses the previously recognized Caprellidea and Corophiidea.It includes almost all freshwater species as well as a number of marine benthic taxa.   106 I. O. Corophiida Leach, 1814 (sensu Lowry and Myers, 2013) P. O. Corophiidira Lowry and Myers, 2013: Earlier Myers and Lowry (2003) proposed a phylogeny and classification for the suborder Corophiidea divided into two infraorders, the Corophiida and the Caprellida. In their new classification, the superfamily Caprelloidea contains five families: Caprellidae, Caprogammaridae, Cyamidae, Dulichiidae and Podoceridae. The family Cyamidae is a compact family, associate with whales; they are cosmopolitan found in all major zoogeographic zones. Despite its name, whale lice they are not true lice. Whale lice are found in skin lesions, genital folds, nostrils and eyes of the order Cetacea. Though cosmopolitan but not reported from Pakistan, however samples were collected from Cape Monze from a stranded whale (Moazzam, pers. corresp). The harmless parasites ride the whales their entire lives; their evolution reflects the evolution of the whales (Seger and Rowntree, 2012). SUP. F. Corophioidea Leach, 1814 F. Ampithoidae Boeck, 1871: The amphipods from the family Ampithoidae are among the most abundant associated to the phytal substrates (Nelson, 1979; Edgar, 1983; Duffy, 1990). The taxon contains 13 genera and two subgenera which are divided between two subfamilies – the Ampithoinae and the Exampithoinae (Myers and Lowry, 2003).The Amphithoinae contains 12 genera, only one is present here. G. Cymadusa Savigny, 1816: The genus is composed by 36 species. Cymadusa filosa, recorded from Pakistan, is in fact a species complex, and this situation has confused the generic concept (Peart, 2004). According to Peart (2007a), species of Cymadusa tend to be bigger, brighter and more colorful than other amphipods. Cymadusa filosa Savigny, 1816 (Fig. 112) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Ampithoe filosa Savigny, 1816   107 Cymadusa australis Barnard, 1940 Cymadusa coei Kunkel, 1910 Cymadusa hirsute Chevreux, 1900 Grubia filosa Savigny, 1816; Ahmad, 1976 Cymadusa filosa௅Javed, 1983; Sadiq, 1993; Peart, 2004; Bano and Kazmi, 2012 Pakistani hosts: All local algae, common on Iyengaria stellata, Padina pavonia, Colpomenia sinousa, Stockeyia indica, Sargassum virgatum. Note: Cymadusa filosa has long been considered a polymorphic, pantropical species complex (Ledoyer, 1984; Barnard and Karaman, 1991; Peart, 2004). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Circumtropical (Griffiths, 1973). Hosts: Sargassum binderi and Ulva lactuca, weaving nest (tubes) out of algal fronds. Fig. 112. Cymadusa filosa. F. Corophiidae Leach, 1814 G. Monocorophium Bousfield and Hoover, 1997 Monocorophium acherusicum (Costa, 1853). Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Corophium acherusicum࣓Ahmad, 1976; Horton et al., 2013 Monocorophium acherus Bousfield and Hoover, 1997. Pakistani host: Not known   108 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan. Hosts: Among alga Zostera marina, tunicates, polyzoa. Monocorophium insidiosum (Crawford, 1937) (Fig. 113) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Corophium insidiosum Crawford, 1937 Monocorophium insidiosum࣓Bano and Kazmi, 2012; Bakir, 2012 Pakistani Associates: in mud tubes on algae. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Northern Arabian Sea. Hosts: Phyllochaetopterus socialis, weeds, hydroids. Fig. 113. Monocorophium insidiosum. I. O. Talitrida Rafinesque, 1815. Includes one pavorder, 4 superfamilies and 15 families P.O. Talitridira Rafinesque, 1815 SUP. F. Talitroidea Rafinesque, 1815 F. Hyalidae Bulycheva, 1957 - divided into two subfamilies G. Protohyale Bousfield and Hendrycks, 2002: The genus is subdivided into four subgenera, dominates the phytal communities of the rocky intertidal zone in abundance. Protohyale rubra (Thomson, 1879) (Fig. 114) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nicea rubra Thompson, 1879 Protohyale rubra Bousfield and Hendrycks, 2002   109 Hyale rubra࣓Sadiq, 1973; Barnard et al., 1993 Material: A large series, males only Pakistani hosts: Padina pavonia, Colpomenia sinousa, Stockeyia indica, Sargassum virgatum, Ulva fasiata Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: California, Chile, South Africa, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. Hosts: Ulva rigida, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Gigartina chamissoi, Pterocladia capillacea, Glossophora kunthii also occurs in sea grass meadows (Heterozostera tasmanica) (Gonzalez, 1990) Fig. 114. Protohyale rubra. G. Apohyale Bousfield and Hendrycks, 2002 Apohyale ayeli (J.L. Barnard, 1955) (Fig. 115) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Hyale ayeli Barnard and Karaman, 1970; Sadiq, 1993 Apohyale ayeli࣓Bousfield and Hendrycks, 2002 Material: Large series, both sexes Pakistani hosts: On all local algae, more occasionally on Stockeyia indica. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Host: Thirty seven algal species given but not given specifically for A.ayeli (Coles et al., 1998). Fig. 115. Apohyale ayeli.   110 I. O. Hadziida Karaman, 1932: Comprises of one pavorder, two superfamilies and 12 families. P.O. Hadziidira Karaman, 1932 SUP. F. Hadzioidea Karaman, 1943 (Bousfield, 1983) F. Maeridae Krapp-Schickel, 2008 G. Elasmopus Costa, 1853: It contains 95 species in the world and 50 species in the Indo Pacific; it is one of the most diverse maerid genera in the Indopacific tropics. Elasmopus pectenicrus (Bate, 1862) (Fig. 116) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Moera pectenicrus Bate, 1862. Elasmopus serrula Walker, 1904. ? Elasmopus brasiliensis Oliveira, 1951 Elasmopus pectenicrus࣓Barnard, 191; Ahmad, 1976; Sadiq, 1993; Krapp-Schickel and Ruffo, 1990; Appadoo and Steele, 1998; Appadoo and Myers, 2003; Lowry and. Hughes, 2009; Bano and Kazmi, 2012 Material: Numerous specimens of both sexes Pakistani hosts: Padina pavonia, Caulerpa racemosa, Stockeyia indica, Ulva fasiata Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate seas. Hosts: Hydroids and crinoids, epibenthic, occasionally found on the carapace of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta (LeCroy, 2000). Fig. 116. Elasmopus pectenicrus.   111 S.O. Gammaridea Latreille, 1802 F. Cyproideidae J.L. Barnard, 1974: The Cyproideidae is a welldefined family of 18 genera and 43 species living mainly in the IndoWest Pacific have been described as of 2008. They are small, brightly coloured amphipods, often associated with other invertebrates such as hydroids, sea fans, bryozoans, sponges, soft corals and crinoids (Potts, 1915; Moore, 1992; Ortiz and Sanchez-Diaz, 2000), but some also naturally found in association with marine algae, intertidal rocks, or coral debris (Barnard, 1972; Moore, 1981; Lowry and Stoddart, 2003). G. Cyproidea Haswell, 1879: Of the eleven cyproideid genera known from the Indo-West Pacific, the Cyproidea is the most widely distributed genus. So far, only six species of Cyproidea have been described, only one from Pakistan. Cyproidea ornata Haswell, 1879 (Fig. 117) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cyproidea crinita Spandl, 1924 Cyproidea ornata࣓Sadiq, 1993; Lowry and Stoddart, 2003; Bano and Kazmi, 2012 Material: Few males only Pakistani hosts: Stockeyia indica, Iyengaria stellata, Sargassum virgatum, S. swartzii Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific, extending to South West Africa. Host: Dictyotalean alga. Fig. 117. Cyproidea ornata.   112 F. Leucothoidae Dana, 1852: It contains 163 species in five genera and can be found inhabiting sessile invertebrate hosts worldwide as endocommensal associates of sponges, ascidians, and bivalve molluscs, where they utilize the feeding current produced by their hosts to feed (White, 2011; White and Reimer, 2012). G. Leucothoe Leach, 1814: Leucothoe is a cosmopolitan genus, currently comprised of 125 species that have been reported from wide variety of hosts, including sponges, bivalves and ascidians (Crowe and Thomas, 2002; Horton et al., 2013), where they find a stable microhabitat that provides feeding shelter from predation. Most authors have suggested that these amphipods are obligate symbionts of these hosts; they may also be found in fine sand or mud, or in association with algae, corals, or coral rubble. Two species of the genus Leucothoe are reported from Pakistan. Leucothoe furina (Savigny, 1816) (Figs. 118-119) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lycesta furina Savigny, 1816 Leucothoe hornelli Walker, 1904 Leucothoe furina௅Kazmi, 1993,1995; Azman and Othman, 2013 Pakistani hosts: Tunicate and among the eggs of Dorripoides crab Up to 12-18 mm. First coxal plate is prolonged anteriorly, rounded; first four plates have rounded distal margin. Posterodistal angle of third epimeral plate is quadrate or with minute blunt tooth. Eyes are large, irregularly rounded, bright red in colour. Palp of the mandible is stout. Antenna 1 is about one-third of body length, articles 1-2 of peduncle are of sub equal length, distal angle of article I acute, flagellum of about 15 articules. Antenna 2 is little shorter than 1, peduncle article 4 is longer than 5, its flagellum of about 7-articles, accessory flagellum is minute. The carpal process of gnathopod I is smooth, and curved distally, inner margin of the propodus is minutely toothed, the dactylus is shorter than propodus. Carpus of gnathopod 2 is broad, densely setose, margin is   113 lobed and crenulate, propodus is extremely large and robust; anterodistal angle is acute, palm is irregularly toothed, dactylus is long and curved; propodus is larger in male than female and margin is more strongly sculptured. The pereopods are slender. The telson is about three times as long as wide, with acute apex. Uropod 1 is spinose. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan -Sri Lanka, Maldives, Red Sea, Suez, South Arabian coast, Thailand, Gamier Archipelago, East Indies and Australia. Hosts: Branchial sacs of tunicates, Rhabdocynthia, Phallusia nigra, atrial siphon of Polycarpa aurita, branchial sac of Cnemidocarpa irma, Phallusia depressiuscula (Nayar, 1966), Ecteinascidia thurstoni, sea anemones (Ortiz, 1975), sponges (Connes, 1967), bivalve molluscs (Ortiz, 1975), brachiopods (Vader, 1970), Actinaria Bolocera luediae (Vader, 1980), live corals (Porites sp., Montipora sp., Acropora sp.). Leucothoe furina shows a high tendency toward inquilinism, but with very low host specificity with a preference for Polycarpa sp. Fig. 118. Leucothoe furina. Fig. 119. Host. Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard, 1789) (Fig. 120) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Gammarus spinicarpus Abildgaard, 1789 Cancer (Gammarus) articulosus Montagu, 1804 Leucothoe articulosa Bate, 1862 Leucothoe antarctica Pfeiffer, 1888 Leucothoe spinicarpa௅Ahmed, 1976; Crowe, 2006; Chavanich et al., 2007.   114 Pakistani host: Not recorded 10 mm. The coxal plate 1 is prolonged anteriorly, rounded; distal margin of plates 1-4 rounded. Posterodistal angle of epimeral plate 3 is quadrate. Eyes are large, irregularly rounded, bright red in colour. Antenna 1 is about one-third of body length, articles 1-2 of peduncle are subequal in length, article I has an acute distal angle, flagellum is made of 15 -articles. Antenna 2 is little shorter than 1; flagellum has nearly 7 articles. Gnathopod I carpal process is spiniform, smooth, curved distally, propodus inner margin is minutely toothed, and dactylus is shorter than the propodus. Carpus of gnathopod 2 has a broad, densely setose, posterior lobe, propodus is extremely large and robust; its anterodistal angle is acute, palm is irregularly toothed; dactylus is long and curved; propodus is larger in male than female and margin more strongly sculptured. The pereopods are slender. Telson is about three times as long as wide, the apex is acute. Note: Crowe (2006) made no attempt to resolve the many records of L. spinicarpa from around the world. It is widely regarded to be part of a species complex with cosmopolitan distribution. Now this concept is vanishing and the Southern Ocean records of Leucothoe spinicarpa were analyzed to belong to several southern species (Krapp-Schickel and De Broyer, 2014). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Introduced cosmopolitan. Host: Ascidian Phallusia nigra- the amphipod spends its entire life cycle inside the host (Thiel, 2000); this interaction provides not only food, but refuge for the juvenile amphipods, that can grow nearby the adults of the same species. Furthermore, within this microhabitat, parental care may occur in amphipods both in embryonic and post embryonic stages (Cantor et al., 2009).Other ascidians are Microcosmos exasperates, Styela plicata, Ascidia nigra, Clavelina oblonga and stolonal ascidians. This species shows a high tendency toward inquilinism, but with very low host specificity. L. spinicarpa usually lives in sponges (Connes, 1967) or tunicates, but it has also been   115 found in bivalve molluscs (Ortiz, 1975), brachiopods (Vader, 1970) and algae. Fig. 120. Leucotho spinicarpa (Goole image). SUP. F. Dexaminoidea Leach, 1814 F. Dexaminidae Leach, 1814 G. Polycheria Haswell, 1879: Members of genus Polycheria have a muddled taxonomy, they are cosmopolitan associates of tunicates and sponges, individuals live in tunicate domiciles excavated by them. There is no evidence that amphipod consumes its host ascidian tissues but this burrowing association with tunicate may provide an important structural or chemical refuge from prospective fish predators. *Polycheria atolli Walker, 1904 (Figs. 121-122) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Tritaeta antarctica Walker, 1904 Polycheria atolli௅Foster, 2008 The antennal seta is short, there is no apical seta on the inner plate of maxilla 1; dorsal keel on urosomite 1 is weakly developed; apical article of the maxillipedal palp is short and subtriangular. Urosomal segments have dorsal carinae, segments 2 and 3 are fused; pereopods are chelate; uropods 1 and 3 are subequal, 2 is much shorter with outer ramus half the inner; telson is cleft up to base. Pakistani host: unknown ascidian, the amphipods were observed harbouring in the excavations made on host, leaving some appendages and red eyes exposed.   116 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: A Antarctic and southern Oceans, tropical Indian Ocean. Hosts: Compound ascidians and sponges (G Griffiths, 1976). Fig. 121. Polycheria atolli. Fig. 122. Host. P.O. Caprellidira Leaach, 1814 (sensu Lowry and Myerss, 2013) divided into seven superffamilies SUP. F. Photoidea Boecck, 1871 F. Ischyroceridae Stebb bing, 1899 G. Ericthonius Milne-E Edwards, 1830 Ericthonius brasiliensis (Dana, 1852) (Fig. 123) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Erichthonius brasiliensiss Dana, 1852; Duffy, 1990; Kazmi, 1995 Podoceros brasiliensis௅A Ahmad, 1976 Pakistani host: Associatted with caprellids in algae Found elsewhere an nd of their hosts there and elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in tropicaal and temperate seas. Hosts: Calcareouus green   117 algae Penicillus capitattus, or tubes of Erichthonius are attaached to hydroids or ephemeral and filamentous algae. Host of ectopparasitic Sphaeronella danica Hannsen, 1897 Fig g. 123. Ericthonius brasiliensis. SUP. F. Caprelloidea L Leach, 1814, consisting of five families F. Podoceridae Leach, 1814 1 G. Laetmatophilus Bru uzelius, 1859: The genus contains 15 species worldwide. Laetmatophilus paradurbanensis Bano and Kazmi, 2004 (Figgs. 124125) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Laetmatophilus paradurb banensis Bano and Kazmi, 2004 The pereon is depresssed, with 5-7 segments; urosome is maade of 2 segments. Accessory flaagellum is absent; epistome is produceed; inner plate of maxilla 1 is greeatly reduced, non-setose, outer plate iss with 9 spines; maxilla 2 is wiithout facial setae; maxilIiped palp 4 iis blunt; gnathopod 2 of female is nearly as large as that of the malee; brood plates are preset on peereopods 2-4; uropod 2 is without raami, the uropod 3 is absent. Pakistani hosts: Camposcia retusa (crab), Muricella (gorgonid). Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside type locality.   118 Fig. 124. Laetmatophilus paradurbanensis. Fig. 125. Host. F. Caprellidae Leach, 1814: The caprellids inhabit mainly coral rubble, sediments and hydroids, rather than algae (Guerra-García, 2006) G. Pseudocaprellina Sundara Raj, 1927 Pseudocaprellina pambanensis Sundara Raj, 1927 (Fig. 126) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pseudocaprellina pambanensis௅Sadiq, 1993; Guerra-Garcia 2002, 2004; Zeina et al., 2013. The body is elongate stick-like and the abdominal appendages are reduced. Head is generally fused with pereonite 1; gnathopods 2 being the largest used in defense, feeding and substrate attachment. Gills on pereonites 3 + 4, rarely on pereonite 2. Pereopods 5-7 much smaller than 1 + 2, used for clinging to the substratum. In females, öostegites develop on pereonites 3 + 4. Pakistani host: All local algae   119 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indoo Pacific, Red Sea associated with brown, red and green macro-algae macrooalgae Fig. 12 26. Pseudocaprellina pambanensis. G. Hemiaegina Mayer, 1890 Hemiaegina minuta Maayer, 1890 (Fig. 127) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Hemiaegina minuta Maayer, 1890; Sadiq, 1993; Guerra-Garcíaa, 2003, 2004, 2006; Bano and a Kazmi, 2012; Zeina et al., 2013. Hemiaegina quadripuncttata Sundara Raj, 1927 Hemiaegina costai Quiteete, 1972 Pakistani host: Cnidariaan colony Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Woorldwide. Associates: brown algaae Coulpomenia peregrine and Horm mophysa cunieformis (Müller, 19990). Fig. F 127. Hemiaegina minuta.   120 SUB.O. Hyperiidea Milne Edwards, 1830: Hyperiids have developed a benthic-like existence on the pelagic substratum provided by gelatinous zooplankton (Laval, 1980). They are known to be associated, parasites and commensals, of marine gelatinous macro zooplankton. The hosts include siphonophores, medusae, salps and ctenophores, which the hyperiids use for transportation and protection (Gasca et al., 2007). The relationship between host and amphipod seems uncertain, but the consistent pairings of some species found only on the jellyfish indicate commensalism. Species of the family Phronimidae apparently eat the viscera of pelagic tunicates, siphonophores, and heteropods and use the prey’s transparent covers as a refuge against predators and for rearing their eggs. Two families are included in this study. I.O.Physocephalata Bowman and Gruner, 1973, divided into five superfamilies F. Phronimidae Rafinesque, 1815,a small family of two genera G. Phronima Latreille, 1802: The Phronimidae live in transparent "barrels, “open at both ends, made by remodeling pyrosomes or siphonophores. Females of the genus Phronima attack salp Abyla or Abylopsis, using their mouth and claws to eat the animal and hollow out its gelatinous shell. The nectophore of the siphonophore is fashioned into a barrel. By holding the abdomen outside of one of the barrel entrances and beating the pleopods, the Phronima can propel the barrel through the water as the larvae develop, providing them with fresh food and water . The genus Phronima contains 6 species, one is reported from here. Phronima bowmani Shih, 1991 (Fig. 128) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Phronima colletti Bovallius 1887; Bano and Kazmi, 2005, 2012 Phronima gasti Dudich, 1926 Phronima bowmani Shih, 1991 Phronima dunbari Shih, 1991   121 Pakistani host: Not noted Length to 18 mm (females), to 9 mm (males). The body is delicate and thin, particularly in females. The antennae in males are well developed. Antennae I have a five to six-segmented flagellum; antennae II are approximately 1.5 times longer and the flagellum 11 to 17-segmented. The head is generally bent ventrally. Pereopods III-IV are thin and approximately 1/3 longer than pereopods V. The 2nd segment of pereopods V is at least ¼ shorter than that of pereopods III and considerably shorter than the 2nd segment of pereopods IV. The length and breadth of the 4th segment of pereopods V are equal in females, while in males the width is greater than the length due to the strongly bulged posterior margin, with the result that the maximum width of the segment is seen in its proximal third; the width of the 5th segment is more than its length in males while in females the segment is almost rectangular and generally narrower than in males, the posterior proximal angle of the 5th segment projects roundly along the posterior margin of the 4th segment; the anterior distal tooth is somewhat higher than the medial protuberance; the medial protuberance of the distal margins is not high with three-four close-set denticles on the posterior side, the medial denticle is developed in both sexes; the 6th segment does not project beyond the anterior margin of the 5th segment. The first pair of gills is greatly reduced and approximately half the second pair in size. The exopodite of uropod II is equal in length to the endopodite or slightly longer. The basipodites of all uropods have parallel margins. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean. Hosts: Salpa aspera, Diphyes, Chelophyes appendiculata.   122 Fig. 128. Phronima bowmani. F. Oxycephalidae Bate, 1861 G. Oxycephalus H. Milne-Edwards, 1830 Oxycephalus clausi Bovallius, 1890 (Fig. 129) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Oxycephalus clausi௅Barnard, 1937; Nayeem et al., 1993;Nair, 1995 Oxycephalus tuberculatus Bate, 1862 Oxycephalus piscator Claus, 1879 Oxycephalus erythraeus Cecchini, 1929 Oxycephalus mancinni Cecchini, 1929 Pakistani host: Sampling disturbs natural associations so host is not defined. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, north and south Atlantic, Tropical and south Pacific and Indian Ocean. Hosts: Ctenophores, heteropods, salps and tunicates Eurhamphaea vexilligera, Mnemiopsis mccradyi, Bolinopsis vitrea, Ocyropsis crystallina crystalline, Pterotrachea hippocampus, Pegea socia and Salpa cylindrica (Madin and Harbison, 1977). Fig. 129. Oxycephalus clausi.   123 O. Tanaidacea Dana, 1849: 1 A minor order having about 12000 species in four suborders. Som me Tanaidacea occur on hydroids, bryyozoans, coralline algae, barnaclees or other epibenthic organisms, others ooccur on mud. Most live either in i tunnels or in tubes cemented togethher from particles of detritus. Shelll inhabiting tanaidaceans are found in thhe family Pagurapseudidae also reccorded from here. S.O. Apseudomorpha Sieg, S 1980 SUP. F. Apseudoidea L Leach, 1813 F. Pagurapseudidae Laang, 1970: Divided into three subfamilies G. Pagurapseudes Whitelegge, W 1901 .Members of this genus, Pagurapseudes, live coiled inside tiny gastropod shells with theeir claws protruding like minute heermit crab. Fig. 130. Tanaid in gastropod shell. Pagurapseudes setulosa Kazmi and Siddiqui, 2001 (Fig. 131) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Pagurapseudes setulosa Kazmi and Siddiqui, 2001 Pakistani host: Small gaastropod shells, shell species not noted. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside type locality.   124 Fig. 131. Pagurapseudes setulosa. O. Isopoda Latreille, 1817: Isopods are the most diverse in form and the most species-rich crustaceans of the superorder Peracarida. Isopods are common inhabitants of nearly all environments –terrestrial,marine and fresh water; include more than 10,000 described species, in 10 suborders. A number of isopod groups have evolved a parasitic lifestyle. The suborder Cymothoida is exclusively parasitic, while the sub order Flabellifera is partly parasitic. In marine farms and reef aquaria, parasitic isopods can become a pest. many isopods are commensal, many species show strong preference for living upon algae. S.O. Asellota Latreille, 1802: The Asellota are known to associate with other isopods; they have radiated widely from deep sea. The present family Joeropsididae is one of the shallow water marine families. SUP. F. Janiroidea Sars, 1897 F. Joeropsididae Nordenstam, 1933 G. Joeropsis Koehler, 1885 Joeropsis karachiensis Kazmi and Yousuf, 2003 (Figs. 132-133) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Joeropsis karachiensis Kazmi and Yousuf, 2003 Pakistani host: Serpulid reef wrongly given as sabellid reef for holotype (correction courtesy of J.Mustaquim)   125 3.0mm. Body is paraallel-sided, Antero-lateral angles of cephhalon are not very acute; cephalonn wider than long, with pigmented dorsso-lateral eyes. Rostrum is dome shaped, with transparent scales sub apiccally and L margin of the pereonites are smooth, few fringe of hair apically. Lateral setae are present in the su ub marginal area, and lateral margin of plleotelson with has 4-5 denticles. Antenna 1 is made up of 2 pedunculaar and 4 s has few granules, the basal pedduncular flagellar segments, its surface segment is the longest, its i margins is produced into transparent ffringe of shallowly rounded teeth and few setae; this membrane extends to other joints; penultimate flageellar joint is provided with 2 strongly deeveloped asthetascs, ultimate joint is small, with 7 small and large setae. Anntenna 2 consists of 6 segments; basal segment is the longest. All pereoppods are ments, the similar without any armaature except for few setae on all the segm dactylus terminates into three ungui. The laterodistal lobes of pIIeopod 1 marginal are triangular, blunt; meesiodistal lobes triangular, with 12-13 m setae. The medio distal an ngle of uropod is acute, inner ramus bearss 6 setae, outer ramus is shorter witth 9 long and short setae. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside type locality. Figg. 132. Joeropsis karachiensis. Fig. 133. Host.   126 Joeropsis curvicornis (Nicolet, 1894) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Joeropsis patagoniensis Richardson, 1909 Jaera curvicornis Nicolet, 1849 Joeropsis curvicornis࣓Ghani, 2003 Pakistani hosts: Gellidum pusilum, Laurencia obtusa Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific, Chile, Sri Lanka,New Zealand,Antartica. Host: No information F. Santiidae Wilson, 1987: The Santiidae is a small family of the Asellota with 28 species in five genera. G. Halacarsantia Wolff, 1989: Species of Halacarsantia are tiny (0.62– 0.85 mm) and include seven marine species (Shimomura and Bruce, 2012). The genus is known from tropical and coral-reef habitats (Wolff, 1989). Halacarsantia sp. (Fig. 134) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Halacarsantia sp. Kazmi, 2001 Material: One female 4.5mmTL Body is depressed, the pereonite 3 is the broadest of all pereonites, setae on body moderately long; head has large, broadly rounded frontal lobe with eleven setae, the eye lobes are clear, pleonite is dorsally invisible, article 2 of antenna 1 has a lateral projection, article 3 of antenna 2 having lateral projection with single seta, pereopods are robust short, pereopod 1 having one claw, and uropods are uniramous. Pakistani host: Sea weeds. Note: The present material is near to Halacarsantia ovata Shimomura and Ariyama, 2004 from Japan, H. justi Nolff,1989 and H. colombiensis Wolff and Brandt, 2000 from Columbia. The Pakistani specimen differs from described species (Wolff, pers comm.)   127 Fig. 134. Halacarsantia sp. S.O. SphaeromatideaW Wägele, 1989, divided into two superfamillies SUP.F.Sphaeromatoideea Latreille, 1825 F. Sphaeromatidae Lattreille, 1825: This is a large family. Somee species of spheromatoids are asssociated with limpets, chitons and som me with wood as borers. Boring g sphaeromatid isopods may destroy exxpanded polystyrene foam floats under docks. This boring damage was oobserved in multiple sites in Asiia, Australia, Panama and the USA. A An adult isopod expels thousand ds of microplastic particles when creeating a burrow. G. Sphaeroma Latreillee, 1802: The genus Sphaeroma is cosm mopolitan and contains several wood-borers w of economic importance, aabout 25 present of valid species have been reported from the Indiann Ocean. Mangrove boring Sphaeroma terebrans, S. triste and algal S.walkeri are reported from here. Sphaeroma terebrans Ba ate, 1866 (Figs. 135-136) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Sphaeroma terebrans࣓B Barkati and Tirmizi, 1990, 1991; Hosssain and Bamber, 2013 Pakistani host: Live Aveecinnia branches.   128 Note: The burrowing activities of Sphaeroma terebrans hinder the growth of mangroves, and its wood boring activities limits mangroves to the upper limits of the intertidal zone. Fig. 135. Sphaeroma terebrans. Fig. 136. Host wood damaged. Sphaeroma triste࣓Heller, 1868 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Sphaeroma triste Nooruddin, 1960; Singh and Sasekumar, 1994; Poore, 2002 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Nicobar, Malaysia, commensal Iais singaporensis Menzies and Barnard in corals Sphaeroma walkeri Stebbing, 1905 (Fig. 137) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Sphaeroma walkeri࣓Nooruddin, 1960; Ghani and Ali, 2001; KhalajiPirbalouty and Wägele, 2010 Material: No new material.one male TL33mm ,27-10-1989, Paradise Point; one male TL 16mm ,10-12-1989, Bulleji; one male TL 9mm ,29-91989, Bulleji Pakistani hosts: Red algae Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indigenous to the Indian Ocean, introduced to old world and new world ports. Hosts:   129 In sand tubes of sabellid worms, in the calcareous tubes of Serpulid worms, dense vegetationn (Grcilaria verrucosa, Cystoseira barbatta). F 137. Sphaeroma walkeri. Fig. G. Paracilicaea Stebbiing 1910: The genus Paracilicaea inclludes 20 Indo-Pacific species of infratidal or subtidal habitat. These aare often recorded in association with w corals, sponges or sea plants. Paracilicaea keijii Javed d, 1990 (Fig. 138) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Paracilicaea keijii Javedd, 1990; Benvenuti and Messana, 2000 Pakistani hosts: All locaal algae Found elsewhere and off their hosts there and elsewhere: Somaliia. Host: Pocillopora coral. Fig. 138. Paracilicaea keijii. G. Paraimene Javed an nd Ahmed, 1988: The genus is found froom coral rubble encrusted with coralline algae. Paraimene tuberculata Javed J and Ahmed, 1988 (Fig. 139) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records.   130 Paraimene tuberculata Javed J and Ahmed, 1988; Sadiq, 1993; Orttiz et al., 2012 Pakistani hosts: Ulva fasiata, f U. indica, Stockeyia indica, Sargassum swartzii, Padina pavonnia, Codium iyengarii, C, latum,Colppomenia sinousa; Sarconema furccatum and Cystoseira indica. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside Pakistan Fig g. 139. Paraimene tuberculata. G. Paracerceis Hansen, 1905 Paracerceis sculpta (Holmes, 1904) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records Paracerceis sculpta௅Yaasmeen and Javed, 2001; Ariyama andd Otani, 2004 Pakistani host: Algae atttached to poles of the wharf Found elsewhere an nd of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mediterrnean, Europe, Northeast N Pacific from Southern Califfornia to Mexico, but has since been b introduced to many other countriees Host: Algae and sponges F. Limnoriidae White,, 1850 The family Limnoriidae are mosstly pale white and small crustaceeans, 6 mm in length have various speciees which bore into marine plants as a tunnels into wood, seagrasses or macrooalgae as well as submerged intactt wood or timber. There are three knownn genera, Paralimnoria, Limnoria a, and Lynseia in 56 species. Little iss known which species is actuallyy involved in Pakistan.   131 G. Limnoria Leach, 1813 Approximately 20 species constitute the genus. Two species, L. bombayensis and Limnoria lignorum are reported from Pakistan. However identification of L. lignorum is unlikely from Pakistan as most wood boring limnoriids were called L. lignorum. L. lignorum, is a coldwater, high-latitude species. Some authors argue that L. lignorum has worldwide distribution. However, this is unclear as reports from different locations may be based on specimens of other species (Holthuis, 1949). Furthermore, Cookson and Cragg (1991) did not give it in the Indo-Pacific list of species of Limnoria. Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799) (Figs. 140-141) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cymothoa lignora Rathke, 1799 ?Limnoria lignorum࣓Anwarullah, 1971 In favourable conditions can be present in large numbers, with densities of as many as four hundred individuals per 1 in3 (16.4 cm3) of wood. Pakistani hosts: Not specified Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: A world-wide distribution. but the history of its introduction and spread have been significantly complicated by centuries of cross oceanic travel in the hulls of wooden ships. Host: marine plants as well as submerged intact wood or timber wood borer. Fig. 140. Limnoria lignorum. Fig. 141. Marine piling damaged.   132 Limnoria bombayensis Pillai, 1961 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Limnoria bombayensis௅Anwarullah, 1971 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Western Indo-Pacific. Host:mangrove forest wood S.O. Cymothoida Wägele, 1989 SUP. F. Anthuroidea Leach, 1914 F. Paranthuridae Menzies and Glynn, 1968 G. Paranthura Bate and Westwood, 1866 Paranthura latipes Barnard, 1955 (Fig. 142) Paranthura latipes -Javed and Yasmeen, 1992; Sadiq, 1993; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2012 Pakistani hosts: Halimeda tuna, Stockeyia indica, Caulerpa taxifolia, Chaetomorpha antenna, Bryopsis plumose Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mozambique. Host: Not known. Fig. 142. Paranthura latipes. I. O. Epicaridea Latreille, 1831: Infraordinal status of Epicaridea is provisional pending further analyses of relationships with other cymothooids. Epicaridea is a former suborder of Isopoda, now treated as part of the suborder Cymothoida. About 704 species have been recorded. They represent a diverse group of highly derived taxa in two super families and 10 families. Epicaridean isopods are ecto parasitic on other crustaceans namely ostracods, copepods, barnacles and malacostracans.   133 Host specificity is highly variable. The epicarideans bring change in the host by the energy burden they impart on hosts, which can sometimes be compounded by multiple isopod infestations on a single host. In addition to these major potential impacts on host reproduction, parasitic isopods may also affect the morphology and perhaps also the behaviour of hosts. Of the 95 known families of Isopoda only a few are holoparasitic ectoparasites namely, Bopyridae, Cryptoniscidae, Cymothoidae, Dajidae, Entoniscidae, Gnathiidae and Tridentellidae. Three taxa Bopyroidea, Cryptoniscoidea and Cymothooidea, including Gnathiidae are composed of parasites that attach either permanently or during larval stages to their hosts, some cymothooids such as Aegidae are temporary ectoparasites or micropredators of fish. A lack of sampling is suggested to reflect fewer parasitic species records from here rather than a true representation of the number of associates. New material is being described at coarse taxonomic levels for the time being. Unidentified epicaridean sp. Microniscus stage (Figs. 143-144) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Microniscus larva Kazmi and Muniza, 1995 Material: Manora Channel, 12-4-1995 Note: Bopyrid Isopoda have complex life cycles with three distinct larval stages, females brood epicaridean larvae that locate, transform, and feed on copepods as microniscus larvae, and transform yet again into cryptoniscus larvae that seek out the definite host where the final metamorphosis occurs to the adult form. It is the larval stage of a cymothoiidean; at this point it is not possible to match the present species even to family, and it may not all even be Bopyroidea. Pakistani host: Intermediate host calanoid copepod Eucalanus pileatus.   134 Fig. 143. Microoniscus stage of unidentified epicaridean sp. 144. Same with host. Unidentified cymothoiidean sp. (Fig. 145) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Juvenile gnathid Kazmi and a Naushaba, 2001 Note: Reviewing the phootograph it may be referred to either as a male of family Hemioniscidae (Cryptoniscoidea) or could belongg to a cryptoniscus larval stagee of Cabirops (Family Cabiropidae), but it could as easily belong to almosst any others species of Pakistani bopyridds. Fig. 145. Unidentified U cymothoiidean sp. (larva).   135 SUP. F. Bopyroidea Ra afinesque, 1815: The members of Bopyriidae that branchially infest deecapods cause large swellings of their branchiostegites. Crypton niscoids can also cause swellings in certaain hosts such as pedunculate barn nacles. Morphological impacts extend to changes in secondary sexual charracteristics, including feminization of maale hosts. Unlike most other isopods, which have direct developm ment, all h three to four larval stages (epicaridium, epicaridean bopyrids have cryptoniscium, micronisccus and bopyridium, if the latter is conssidered a separate larval stage) annd a life cycle involving two hosts (Fiig. 146), approximately 600 species of Decapoda are infested by Bopyroideea. Fig. 146. Life cycle of a bopyrid (after Williams and Boyko, 2013)..   136 Fig. 147. Zoogeographic diistribution of parasitic bopyrid isopods associated with crustacean hosts: numbers of species/genera shown within marine eccoregions: Ecoregional abbreviations, shown s in parentheses in part A (ANT, Antarcttic; ANZ, Australia/New Zealand; AR RC, Arctic; ARS, Arabian Sea; CAR, Wider C Caribbean; EAF, East Africa; EAS, East E Asian Sea; INO, Central Indian Oceaan; MED, Mediterranean; NEA, North h East Atlantic; NEP, North East Pacific; NW WA, North West Atlantic; NWP, North h West Pacific; SAT, South Atlantic; SEP, South East Pacific; SPA, South Pacific; WAF, West Africa (after Williams and Boyko, 2012). Of the three familiess of the superfamily the Bopyridae is byy far the largest family, currently y divided into eight subfamilies and com mprising 605 described species (W Williams and Boyko, 2012;Boyko et al,2013). Key to families and subfamilies s of Bopyroidea based on female characters (modified froom Markham, 1985 and Boyko et al., 20113.) 1a. Vermiform, pereopoods and antennae lacking (endoparasitic)). …….. ……………………… …………………………………….*Entonniscidae 1b. Not vermiform; moddified isopod body with pereopods and aantennae present (ectoparasiticc) …………………………………….…… …… 2 2a. Uropods with lateraal plates; numerous filamentous rami exxtending from lateral plates …………………………………………... … **Ionidae 2b. Uropods without lateeral plates …….. Bopyridae ........…………….. 3 3a. Pleomeres with exten nded, digitate or tuberculate lateral plates, usually directed anterolaterallly from pleon …………………….. Kepooninae 3b. Pleomeres with sho ort, simple, non-digitate or tuberculatee lateral plates, usually directeed laterally, or lateral plates lacking …… ……… 4   137 4a. Marsupium not much enlarged beyond margins of pereon, composed of five pairs of loosely fitting subequal oostegites; pleopods, when present, not pedunculate ...……………………………………….… 5 4b. Marsupium enlarged beyond at least one side of pereon, formed of close-fitting oostegites, usually fewer than five pairs of oostegites, unequal in size; pleopods and lateral plates, when present, pedunculate .........................................................................................8 5a. Coxal plates and frontal lamina of cephalon greatly enlarged, giving anterior portion of body a semicircular aspect ……...….. Orbioninae 5b. Coxal plates and frontal lamina not greatly enlarged, body more linear in appearance ………………………………………………. 6 6a. Marsupium completely closed by oostegites.………….. Pseudioninae 6b. Marsupium with variably sized median exposed space between oostegites ………………………………………………………….. 7 7a. Head oval or fusiform, never fused with pereon; lateral plates pedunculate; pleopods knob-like, uniramous …………….. Argeiinae 7b. Head subrectangular or subtriangular, often fully or partially fused with pereon; lateral plates, if present, not pedunculate; pleopods flaplike, usually biramous ……………………………………. Bopyrinae 8a. Body symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical; brood pouch symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical (if asymmetrical then expanded on one side at posterior margin), formed by oostegites from both sides of body...9 8b. Body highly asymmetrical; brood pouch greatly expanded and formed by oostegites from one side of body ……….. Hemiarthrinae 9a. Body symmetrical, lateral margins of cephalon not overlapped by forward curved lateral portions of posterior pereomeres; lateral plates and pleopods falcate ………………………………... *Phyllodurinae 9b. Body asymmetrical, lateral margins of cephalon overlapped by forward curved lateral portions of posterior pereomeres; lateral plates   138 and pleopods variably foliose (thin elongate to very broad) …... …………………………………………………………….Athelginae (* not found in Pakistan) F. Bopyridae Rafinesque, 1815: The family currently contains over 500 described parasitic specis on decapod hosts they are mainly found in marine Decapoda, but occur also in decapods from brackish and freshwater, and on land. Almost all known species except very few infest their hosts externally. The larval parasite generally infests a young decapod and metamorphoses to an adult female, which soon completely fills out the branchial cavity and stays there for the rest of its life, which may be several years, the carapace bulges in the branchial region to accommodate the parasite. A second intruder metamorphoses to a male [protandrous hermaphrodite] and attaches to the female. After moulting, when the carapace is still soft. Adult males are much smaller than the females and are usually found attached between her pleopods. The male has apparently has no contact with the host. Whether males are hyperparasites on the female, or do not feed at all, is not known. Females feed on host haemolymph by piercing a blood sinus usually on the inside wall of the gill cover or ‘branchiostegite’ and harms it to a variable degree in different species, including, in some cases, parasitic castration, but generally, the harm seems small and the host survives to reach normal size for the species (Rasmussen et al., 2008). The female Bopyridae attaches with head towards the posterior end of its host and ventral side towards the branchiostegite, to which it attaches by its pereopods. The body is dorsoventrally flattened and asymmetric according to the form of the left or right branchial cavity. They are true parasites, living as bloodsuckers. In those bopyrids that do not survive as long as the host, signs of the branchial enlargement frequently remain. Most bopyrids are restricted to a single, or a few species of decapods as their hosts, but bopyrids of different species, genus or, even family may occur as a parasite in same species of decapods. A determination of the parasite genus cannot be based on the species of host. One aspect in   139 bopyrids is interesting that it is common in them for one genus of host to harbour parasites in several genera in different subfamilies. Bopyrids are not known to cross over infraordinal host division. Most of the bopyrids live in the branchial cavity of Caridea, in Anomura and in Brachyura, only approximately 15% of described species occur on Brachyuran hosts, among which the Ioninae and Pseudioninae are known to infest the branchial chambers of brachyuran crabs; carideans are mostly infested by Bopyrinae and Argeniinae, those found on deep-water species are often Pseudoninae. Markham (1986) reported all the ratios of bopyrid parasitic species to host decapod species to be about 10%, except within the Brachyura whose ratio is 52%, and he suggested this reflects the principle those parasites do not range as far as their host species. Three subfamilies of bopyrid isopods are known to infect hermit crabs. Members of the subfamily Pseudioninae infect the branchial cavities of hermit crabs while the subfamily Althelginae is dorsoabdominal parasites of hermit crabs. The subfamily Bopyrophryxinae is represented by one species described from Indonesia which inhabits the branchial cavity and extends onto the abdomen of infected hermit crabs. Markham (2003) has provided a worldwide list of hermit crabs and their allied groups reported as hosts of isopod Bopyridae. In the penaeid shrimps the swelling caused by the bopyrids is a problem in commercial shrimp fisheries where mechanical sorters select small parasitized shrimps with much larger unparasitised shrimps, and as a consequence staff has to be employed to remove the parasitized shrimps from the premium grades (Owens, 1993). Bopyrids may cause a slight decrease in host growth (Somers and Kirkwood, 1991), or in the case of male shrimp, a slight increase, and may cause small changes in the host’s secondary sexual characters but the most dramatic changes are in the host’s reproductive capability. Males are less affected. When the parasites are removed, females recover, sometimes partially and often totally.   140 The double branchiaal infestation seen in the decapod hosst is not unusual for bopyrids (Bonnier, 1900; Bourdon, 1968; Roccataglliata and Lovrich, 1999; Kazmi and a Boyko, 2005; Vinuesa and Balzi, 20010), but single infestations are the t norm. Codreanu (1961) has stresseed close similarities in bopyrid faauna of Europe and Indo-West Pacific reggion. S. F. Argeininae Markh ham, 1947 G. Argeiopsis Kensley, 1974 1 Argeiopsis kensleyi Boyko and Kazmi, 2005 (Fig. 148-149) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Bopyrid Kazmi, 1996 Argeiopsis kensleyi Boyk ko and Kazmi, 2005; Schram and Klein, 22010 Described material: Onne ov. female TL 5mm and one male 1.0mm, Pacha, 20-1-1996 MRC ISOPOD-12 I Pakistani host: Micro oprosthema? validum female CL 5m mm, left chamber. Pakistani work kers have identified the host as the only sttenopoid occurring here as Micro oprosthema validum but their specimenss are not M. validum, they repressent an undescribed species of Microprrosthema (Ref. Goy and Martin, 20 013) Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside type locality. F 148. Argeiopsis kensleyi. Fig.   141 Fig. 149. Host carrying parasite (Marked by an arrow). S. F. Athelginae Codreanu and Codreanu, 1956: Members of the bopyrid isopod subfamily Athelginae are ectoparasites found on the abdomen of hosts, nearly all being hermit crabs (one species is known from another anomuran host, a lithodid crab). Males of the Athelginae are diagnostic for that subfamily, but difficult to distinguish by genus. There are eight athelgine genera with a total of 41 currently recognized described species (Boyko and Williams, 2009; Markham, 2010). Three genera are reported from Pakistan. *G.? Pseudostegias Shiino, 1933: The genus Pseudostegias contains eight described species, some authors (Shiino, 1933; Lemos de Castro, 1965) have incorrectly described species of Pseudostegias as lacking 5th pleomere lateral plates, although all species in this genus possess such plates in the form of either a pair of globose processes or a pair of discs, these structures are modified lateral plates (Page, 1985). The shape of this plate is considered to be diagnostic in species of Pseudostegias, since it has been shown to be constant within species juveniles and adults (Markham, 1985). The two larger digitiform lateral projections under the fifth oostegites in Pseudostegias setoensis have not been recorded before and their function is unknown. These could be of taxonomic importance in Pseudostegias and should be considered in future studies. (An et al., 2011).Pakistani material is only tentatively placed in the genus Pseudostegias as I could not see 5th pleomere lateral plates in any form. This is the first record of the Pseuostegias Shiino from the hermit crab   142 genus Areopaguristes and from Pakistan. Examination of these specimens showed that they may belong to the athelgine genus Pseudostegias, but cannot be placed into any described seven species. Therefore a new name is given to the Pakistani material. *Pseudostegias ashooae n .sp (Fig. 150) Material: Holotype 1 ov.female, TL 7mm, MW4.5mm; allotype 1 male, 62-2008, Manora Pakistani host: Areopaguristes perspicax (hermit crab), SL 2.5mm, also infested with rhizocephalan, det.of host F.A.Siddiqui Female holotype: The pleon is deflected to the left. The body outline is narrow and elongated. The pereon is tapering posteriorly. Pleon 1-4 pleomeres have extended lanceolate, biramous pleopods; pleotelson has a pair of large lanceolate, distally rounded, uniramous uropods. Male allotype: Head is sub rectangular, incompletely fused with 1st segment of pereon, truncate anteriorly, broadest near posterior edge though slightly narrower than front of first pereomere nearly completely fused with it, anterior corners rounded. Dark circular eyes are present near poster lateral corners. Pereon is nearly parallel sided, all pereomeres are sharply separated; pereomeres 2-6 are broadest, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. Pleotelson is produced medially, slightly widest immediately behind anterior edge, tapering smoothly posteriorly, it is overall shaped as broadly rounded triangle. All indications of appendages are completely absent. Antennae are prominent, tending well beyond sides of head, distal article of each tipped by thick tuft of long setae, some setae also on penultimate article of each antenna. Pereopods slightly larger posteriorly, all of similar structure and proportions, with all articles distinct; dactyli being somewhat smaller posteriorly, each reflexing into receptacle on surface of propodus surrounded by row of overlapping corneous plates. Notes: I describe this as new species Pseudostegias ashooae and compare to its congeners P.dulcilacuum Markham, P.hapalogasteri   143 Shiino and P. setoensis Shiino. S The new species resembles femalles of P. hapalogasteri in havin ng uropods shorter than pleopods and P. dulcilacuum Markham,, 1982. It is believed that Pseuddostegias dulcilacuum is a junior synonym of Pseudostegias setoensis buut further d the extent of variation in thee species research is required to determine (An et al., 2011) Etymology: The speciess name is after the nickname Ashoo of m my elder daughter Aysha. female uropods and pleopods fifth p pleopod Last female leg male Fig g. 150. Pseudostegias ashooae. G. Allathelges Kazmi an nd Markham, 1999 Allathelges pakistanensiis Kazmi and Markham, 1999 (Fig. 1511) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. “An abdominal parasite”” Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1996 Allathelges pakistanenssis Kazmi and Markham, 1999; Kazzmi and Yousuf, 2013   144 Material: No new materrial, 1 female TL 7mm holotype, 1 male T TL 2mm allotype, larvae 10-2-19994, Manora Island (MRCC ISOP-4) Pakistani host: Areopa aguristes perspicax (Hermit crab) dett.of host F.A.Siddiqui Found elsewhere and oof their hosts there and elsewhere: Not reported outside Pakistan. Larva Fig. 151. Allathelges pakistanensis (after Kazmi and Markham, 19999). G. Parathelges Bonnierr, 1900 Parathelges neotenuicaaudis (Shyamasundari, Hanumantha R Rao, Ra Jalajakumari and Mary y, 1993) (Fig. 152) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Athelges neotenuicaudis Shyamasundari et al., 1993 Markham, Parathelges neotenuicaaudis࣓Kazmi and Markham, 1999; M 2003; Kazmi and Yousuf, Y 2013   145 Described material: One O female, TL 10mm, MW 5mm, 1 male, TL3mm, 23-12- 1996, New N Pacha(MRC ISOP-5); one female, onne male, 22-4-2000, New Pacha Pakistani hosts: Paguruus kulkarnii and Clibanarius virescence (Hermit crabs). Det.of hosts F.A. Siddiqui. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Indiia. Host: Pagurus kulkarnii male female Fig. 152. Parathelges neotenuicaudis. S. F. Bopyrinae Rafineesque, 1815: Thirty three genera and m more than 100 species mainly infesting the carideans. *G. Bopyrina Kossmann, 1881: It contains 7 species, all of whicch infest kham, 1985). hippolytid shrimps (Mark * Bopyrina ocellata (Czeerniavsky, 1868) (Figs. 153-154) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Bopyrus ocellatus Czern niavsky, 1868 Bopyrus virbii Walz, 18881 Bopyrina ocellata formaa pontica Czerniavsky, 1881 Bopyrina ocellata formaa mediterranea Czerniavsky, 1881   146 Bopyrina virbii Giard and Bonnier, 1890 Bopyrina ocellata௅Bourdon and Bruce, 1983a; Shimomura et al., 2006 Bopyrina giardi Bonnier, 1900 Material: 1 ov. female TL 2.5mm, dextral, 20-3-2006, Gharo, Sindh;1female, data not noted. Pakistani hosts: Latruetes cf. anoplonyx left gill chamber and Hippolyte ventricosa. Female: Body is oval, asymmetrical, body distorted, one side is swollen. Thoracic segments are distinct dorsally, lateral margins of segments on longer side of the body are separate and expanded, lateral margins on reduced side are curled dorsally, exposing pereopods to dorsal view; coxal plates are absent. Maxilliped has a palp. Pereopods are smaller on reduced side. The oostegites are small, they do not completely enclose the brood chamber, only fringe the brood chamber; first oostegite is enlarged on reduced side, distal margin is fringed with setules. Pleone is made up of 6 segments, fused dorsally and well defined laterally by incisions .The female has only 3 or 4 pairs of uniramous pleopods, the most posterior of which may be represented only as small swellings .Uropods are absent. Note: It is with reservations that I identify these specimens with B. ocellata (Czerniavsky) and place them provisionally in Bopyrina because the females show distinct analogies with that of B. ocellata (Czerniavsky). The females are in unsatisfactory condition, considerably damaged and unaccompanied by males. Since it is the only record of the genus from Pakistan Sea it was worth including. Although there is some doubt that this form represents a new species, its generic position will remain uncertain until a male has been found .The females show diminution in the number of pleopods. However, Chopra (1923), Shiino (1934) and Bourdon (1968) have indicated that this character is subject to variation since there are differences in Japanese, European, Indian and American forms (Shino, 1933). This is   147 its first report from thhe hippolytid genus Latreutes.This hipppolytid genus is infested with Probopyrus P latreuticola(Gissler) in Florida. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: A wide known range, from Britain thorough the Mediterranean and Blaack Sea, A Hosts: Hippolyte longirostris, H. to India, Japan and Australia. inermis, H. varians, H ventricosa, H. leptocerus, H.cf.comm mensalis, H.armoricana and Hepttacarpus geniculatus. Right pereomeres (froom Latreutes) Fig. 153. Bopyrina ocellata.   148 Fig. 154. Host Hippolyte carapace showing buldge due to parasite (marked by an arrow) G. Parabopyrella Markham, 1985: This is a large genus(28spp). An et al., (2013) divided the genus fmalesinto 3 groups.It is documented that no Parabopyrella species significantly affects the host female sexual system but does not cause castration which involves associated phenomena i.e., gonads of a female host do not mature and parasitized males are feminized. Almost all the species of Parabopyrella are known from alpheid hosts with only four species known from hippolytids. Parabopyrella indica (Chopra, 1923) (Figs. 155-156) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Bopyrella deformans indica Chopra, 1923; Monod, 1933: Qazi, 1959 Parabopyrella indica௅Markham, 1980; Kazmi et al., 2002; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: 1 female, 1 male 29-5-1995, Sand Spit; 1 female, 1 male, 201-1996, Pacha; 1 female, 1male, Manora 10-5-1997. Pakistani hosts: Alpheus inopinatus (right chamber)r, Synalpheus tumidomanus (left chamber) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Hosts: Synalpheus huluensis = Synalpheus tumidomanus, S.niladensis   149 m telson male maxillipede first oostegite female Fiig. 155. Parabopyrella indica. Fig. 156. Hosst carrying parasite (marked by an arrow).   150 Parabopyrella nierstraszi (Chopra, 1930) (Figs. 157-158) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Bopyrella nierstraszi Chopra, 1930 Not Bopyrella mortenseni [sic} Qazi, 1959 Parabopyrella nierstraszi࣓Kazmi et al., 2002; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: It has been collected several times, but not recently, 1 female, 1 male, 14 -3-1995, Somar Goth; 1 female, TL 5.8mm, MW 4.5mm, 29-5-1995, Sand Spit (illustrated); 1 female with 25000 larvae, 1 male, 18-1-1996, Manora; 1 female, 1 male, 4-7-1996, Bulleji; 2 males, 2 females, 8-7-1997; 2 females, 1 ov. TL 8-10mm, MW 6-8mm, 2 males 1.5-2.5mm MW0. 6-1.0mm ?-9-1997 (illustrated). Pakistani hosts: Alpheus (multiple species), Synalpheus tumidomonas, right or left chamber. Note: The differences probably reflect individual variations rather than taxonomic differences. Qazi (1959) s’ work was suffering from misidentification. His synonymy and extended host and geographical range for Bopyrella mortenseni (now =Parabopyrella mortenseni) was not accepted by Markham (1985), same is followed here. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Bay of Bengal. Host: Lysmata vittata Parabopyrella saronae (Bourdon and Bruce, 1979) (Figs. 159-160) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Bopyrella saronae Bourdon and Bruce, 1979; Ghani and Tirmizi, 1993; Kazmi, 1996 Parabopyrella saronae -Markham, 1985; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013   151 male on female abdomen females f first oostegite legs male maxiliped Fig.. 157. Parabopyrella nierstraszi. Fig. 158. Hosst carrying parasite (marked by an arrow). Material: It has been coollected several times. No new material, 1 female, 10-4-1977; 2 females 112mm, 2 males 2.8-3mm, 19-12-1989, Sonari (MRC-ISOP-1); 3 femalles, 8mm, 1 male 2.8mm Paradise Pointt (MRC-   152 ISOP-2);1 female, 1 malle, 22-11-1995; 1 female 12 x 8mm, 1 m male, 151-1996, Bulleji, left cham mber; 1 female, 1 male, 15-2-1996. Pakistani host: Saron marmoratus, parasite noticed in 1977 but left unidentified till reported in 1993 (Ghani and Tirmizi, 1993) Notes: All infested Saroon specimens were incidentally males; soome had parasite in left branchiaal chamber and some on the right sidee. In the parasitized males the exttraordinary bushy setae on their third maxxillipeds, shorter first legs and redduced appendix masculinae were noticed (Kazmi, 1996). The host specim mens discussed by Kazmi (1996) show w some deviations from Saron marmoratus of Chace (1997) resembbling S. neglectus; as the parasitee is said to be host specific it needs furthher study (Bourdon, pers comm. QBK).Here Q it can be added that distincct colour variants of Saron were observed o resembling to Saron sp. 8 of D Debelius (2001:140). It needs a scientific explanation. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Kenya, Persian Gulf. Host: Saro on marmoratus. Fig. 159. Parabopyrella P saronae male and female. Fig. 160. Host.   153 * G. Bopyrella Bonnier, 1900 *Bopyrella tanytelson Markham, 1985 Fig 161 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Bopyrella tanytelson Markham, 1985; Huang, 2001 Material: One female, one male, 22-4-2000, New Pacha; one female, one male, 3-12-2005, Bulleji (illustrated). Pakistani host: Alpheus right chamber. Because of loss of appendages, the host was not identifiable to species, but as a parasite of many species of Alpheus, Bopyrella is to be expected on this host. Female: The eyes are not visible. The maxillipede has a non-articulating setose palp. There are five pairs of oval pleopods, overlapping each other, not covering the whole pleonal surface. Male: Head is semi-circular anteriorly, markedly narrower than pereomere 1 and partly set; the eyes are as scattered pigment spots near posterolateral corners. Pereomeres all are well separated, first four of nearly same width, fifth is slightly broader, and last two are slightly narrower. The pleon is made up of 5 pleomeres distinct laterally but incompletely separated dorsally and ventrally except the first one. First pleomere is broader than pereomeres, last 4 pleomeres are shorter than pereomeres; they become progressively narrower posteriorly, giving pleon triangular outline. The terminal pleomere is extended but posteriorly indented, uropods are absent. Note: Initially the material was identified as belonging to the genus Probopyria Markham, 1985 but later on was thought to be a possible species of Bopyrella. The specimens are close to Bopyrella tanytelson described by Markham (1985) on Alpheus, however, there are differences between Pakistani and Thai material. The present record extends its range northeast to the Arabian Sea. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: China, Thailand. Host: Alpheus.   154 fem male male maxillipedd F 161.Bopyrella tanytelson. Fig G. Probopyrus Giard an nd Bonnier, 1888: It is one of the most cconfused genera of the family Bopyridae. Its hosts are all in thee family Palaemonidae except thaat reported by Shireen (1997) from Pakisstan on a marine Penaeidae. Chopra, 1923) Probopyrus prashadi (C Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Palaegyge prashadi Ch hopra, 1923; Shireen, 1997 (unpublishhed data thesis); Kazmi and Yousuf, Y 2013 Material: No new material, two females TL11-13mm, two malees TL 4m, 12-35mm, 16-11-1991; two ffemales TL11-13 mm, two males TL5mm 1992, Karachi. Pakistani host: Parapenneaopsis stylifera Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewheree: India, Bangladesh. Hosts: Maccrobrachium lamarrei; Palaemon spp. male female Fig. 161. Probopyrus prashadi.   155 Probopyrus pica (Choprra, 1923) (Fig. 162) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Palaegyge pica Chopra, 1923-Qazi, 1959 Probopyrus pica࣓Nierstrrasz and Brandis, 1929; Kazmi and Yousuuf, 2013 Material: No new materrial Pakistani host: Palaemo on sp. (Shrimp). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indiaa. Hosts: Leptocarpus potamiscus,, Palaemon. Fig. 162. Probopyrus P pica (after Chopra, 1923). *Probopyrus alcocki (Ch hopra, 1923) (Fig. 163) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Palaegyge alcocki Choprra, 1923 Probopyrus alcocki௅Nierrstrasz and Brandis, 1929 Bopyrid - Yaqoob, 2006 Material: One female, 1 male, no data Pakistani host: Macrobrrachium malcomsonii Note: Yaqoob (2006) mentioned of an unnamed bopyriid from Macrobrachium malcom msonii from Pakistan. This report of paarasite is assumed to be for Proboopyrus alcocki.   156 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Bangladesh Host: Macrobrachium malcomsonii. The host is also reported to have cymothoid infestation as exceptional (Marriappan et al., 2003) male female Fig. 163. Probopyrus alcocki. S. F. Keponinae Boyko, Moss, Williams and Shields, 2013 G. Hypocepon Nierstrasz and Brender a Brandis, 1930 Hypocepon enoeensis Nierstrasz and Brender à Brandis, 1930 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Hypocepon enoeensis࣓Siddiqui, 2012 Pakistani hosts: Nepinnotheres villosulus in Meretix casta var ovum, Protapes cor, Amianlis umbonella, Gastrana multantgula, Marcia marmorata, Tellinimectra angulata, Anadara antiquata Note: The bopyrid parasite of pinnotherid host specimen of my collection was lost during this study. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indonesia. Host: Nepinnotheres villosulus in Pinna and Meleagrna. * G. Cancricepon Giard and Bonnier, 1887: There are eight species in this genus.The Pakistani species is a new one. *Cancricepon pilumnopeusiae sp nov. (Figs. 164-165) Material: 1 ov. female holotype TL 3.5mm (without uropods), cream, male allotype TL 2mm, off-white with black dots, Kaka Village, Sandspit 5 October, 2006   157 Pakistani host: Pilumno opeus convexus (crab), subadult female CL L6mm Female holotype: The body is asymmetrical. The pereomeres 3–5 are with prominent mid-dorssal projections. Male allotype: The heaad is suboval, distinctly separated from the first pereomere. The eyes aree small. The pereomeres 3–5 are almostt equally wide, having truncate margins. m All pereopods are relatively siimilar in size and structure. The pleon p is made up of 6 pleomeres; last ppleomere has an anal cone on mediian portion; the uropods are absent. Notes: This is the first record of this genus and the first recordd of this host bearing parasitic isoopod from Pakistan. Cancricepon were rrecorded infesting hosts from six families of brachyurans (Xaanthidae, nidae, Dacryopilumnidae, Ocypodidaae and Goneplacidae, Pilumn Eriphiidae). A new taaxon, Cancricepon pilumnopeusiae n. sp., is described based on speciimens parasitizing Pilumnopeus convexuss. This new species does d lie in the group of species (C. xanthii (Richardson), C. knudseeni (Danforth) and C. choprae (Nierstrrasz and Brender a´ Brandis)) aamong the eight species in having midd dorsal projections on last three preomeres and resembles C. multituberrosum of An et al., (2012) in haviing biramous pleopods whose endopoddites are smaller than the exopodites and are lobate. Etymology: The speciffic name pilumnopeusiae is the genitive form of host generic name. female, dorsal vieew ventral view Fig. 1164. Cancricepon pilumnopeusiae. male   158 Fig. 165. Host. *G.? Apocepon Nierstrasz and Brender à Brandis, 1930 * Apocepon sp. (Fig. 166-167) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Dactylocepon sp., Kazmi et al., 2002 Material: One male 4mm, 1 female in fragments, Karachi Fish Harbour, 12 March, 1983, right gill chamber. Pakistani host: Coleusia biannulata, male, CL, 21mm Notes: Earlier Kazmi et al. (2002) included this male specimen under Dactylocepon .According to Dr. Adkison (pers. comm.) the sixth pleomere of the male is most unusual for Dactylocepon. The generic placement is difficult since keponine genera are diagnosed based on the medial bosses of the female. As the female was in fragments, more material is required for confirmation. Now I place it under Apocepon considering that all the three species of the genus Apocepon are parasites of hosts with the Leucosiidae. An et al. (2006) reported A. leucosiae infesting Leucosia anatum (Herbst) from the South China Sea. S. F. Orbioninae Codreanu, 1967: All isopods of the subfamily Orbioninae are branchial parasites of penaeid shrimps with eight genera known to date (An et al., 2013), only Parapenaeon is recorded from Pakistan and one Parapenaeolla lamellata Bourdon, 1979 (now= Parapenaeonella distincta Shiino, 1949) infesting Metapenaeus monoceros by Bourdon (1979) from the Arabian Sea (west coast of India).   159 G. Parapenaeon Richardson, 1904 Parapenaeon expansa Bourdon, B 1979 (Fig. 168) Alternate names, updated d and Pakistani records. Epipeneon qadrii Qazi, 1959; Ahmad, 1978; Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1994 Epipenaeon japonica Thiielemann, 1910 Bopyrid Tirmizi and Bash hir, 1973 Parapenaeon japonica௅M Markham, 1994 (see for complete synonnymies); Kazmi and Tirmizi,, 1994; Fatima, 2001; Kazmi et al., 20002; Ayub and Ahmed, 2004; Kazmi K and Yousuf, 2013. Parapenaeon expansa An n et al., 2015 female last leeg antennae female pleopods maxilliped Fig. 166. Apocepon sp. male female first leg   160 Fig. 167. Host carrapace carrying parasite (marked by an arrow). Material: No new material. It has been collected several tim mes. One female TL17mm, 1 malee 4mm 26-7- 1966; 1 female TL2 1mm, 1 male TL mm, May, 1993; 1 female f TL 15mm, 1 male TL 5mm 8-7--1993; 1 female TL 19mm, 1 malee TL 7mm, 15-7-1993 Pakistani hosts: Penaeus P merguiensis, Penaeus m monodon, Parapenaeopsis stylifera a, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis, and Parapennaeopsis hardwickii Notes: P. expansa havee been described often and well enouggh as P. japonica, it is therefore not described here. Kazmi and Tirmizzi (1994) recognized Epipenaeon qadrii Qazi, as separate species as theyy missed Markhams’ (1982) repoort in which he considered it as synonyym of P. japonica. An et al. (2015) considered Pakistani P. japonica repoorted by Kazmi and Tirmizi (1979) actually is P. expansa. I have taken tthe other Pakistani reports the sam me. No marked change was w observed in weight of the shrimps inffected by P. japonica; however, a single male shrimp infected with bopyrid possessed a female likee rostrum and all the infected male andd female shrimps were found too be sexually immature (Ayub and Ahmed, 2004).This was previoously also noticed in a male (CL27m mm) of P.merguiensis, its petasm ma , appendix masculinae and coxal out--growths of legs were under developed as compared to uninfested male of tthe same size, female like thelical lateral plates were also seen on the last thoracic sternite. (see Tirmizi and d Bashir, 1973)   161 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Japan, Penaeus Australia. Hosts: Pennaeus japonicus, Penaeus teraoi, P latisulcatus, Penaeus lo ongistylus, Penaeus plebejus, Penaeus indicus, Penaeus merguiensis, Peenaeus penicillats Females male gs. 168. Parapenaeon expansa . Fig   162 *Parapenaeon sp. (Fig. 169) f TL 15mm, MW 9mm Material: No data, one female Pakistani host: Not reco orded Note: The present undesscribed species is near to P. consolidata given in An et al., (2015, key) maxilliped male antennae first oostegite female leg Fig. 169. Parapenaeon sp. S. F. Pseudioninae Codreanu, 1967 *G. Parapagurion Shiiino, 1933: It is a small genus with oonly two species: P. calcinicola Shino and P. imbricata Markham. Thee present material will represent th he third species, being new to science. *Parapagurion farooqi n sp. (Fig. 170) Material: Female, holottype, TL 3.5mm, gravid, allotype, male, T TL 2mm , 7-6-2008 Manora Islandd Pakistani host: Areop opaguristes perspicax female SL 2.5m mm, also infested by a rhizocephallan det. of host F.A. Siddiqui Female holotype: Neaarly symmetrical. Pereon broadest aree across pereomere 3. Narrow ccoxal plates and round dorsolateral bosses are present on both sides of pereomeres p 1–4. Oostegites incompletelyy enclose   163 brood pouch. All pereopods are visible in dorsal view, similar in structure but larger posteriorly, all with minute dactyli. Pleon is made up of 6 pleomeres, all bear prominent lateral plates, first three bear biramous pleopods, last three have uniramous pleopods and uropods. Prominent anal cone is present between widely separated uropods, with them creating trifid posterior margin. Male allotype: All body regions and segments are distinctly separated. Head is suboval, its convexly curved posterior margin is slightly embedded in first pereomere. Small round dark eyes are seen near posterolateral corners. Pereon is widest across pereomere 3, tapering smoothly posteriorly, all pereomeres are laterally separated. Pleon is abruptly narrower than pereon, tapers smoothly posteriorly. Five pairs of flaplike pleopods extend medially. Sixth pleomere is produced into triangular uropods. Etymology: The species name is after the name of my elder son Farooq Note: Only two species are included in the genus, one from Japan and one Caribbean Sea. This will be the first record of the genus from the western Indian Ocean. The male of the new species differs from the known species in having the terminal pleomere extending laterally, and not into three points or single median cone. female male pleopods Fig. 170. Parapagurion farooqi. pleon   164 *G. Pseudionella Shiino, 1949: Distribution of described species of Pseudionellla Shiino is from Venezuela, North Carolina, Brazil, Columbia, Japan, South China Sea, and Easter Island. This will be its first record from the Indian Ocean. Pseudionella species predominantly infest hosts belonging to the family Paguridae, only P. akuaku being known to infest a diogenid hermit crab (An et al., 2013). There are till now five species in the genus. This will be the sixth one. *Pseudionella raboae n. sp. (Fig. 171) Material: One female holotypeTL 4mm, 1 male allotype 7-5-2007, Bulleji; paratypes 1 ov. female TL 4mm, 1 male, 11-4-2008, Bulleji. Pakistani hosts: Areopaguristes perspicax, 2 males 3-4mm SL. det. of host F.A. Siddiqui Female holotype: Body is twisted, broad at pereon and narrow at pleon and elongated, has seven laterally distinct pereonites and five pleonites and a pleotelson. The head is deflected to the left. The lateral plates are very short. The antennae have three articles, all segments provided with fine scales bearing setae. The well-developed oostegites enclose a marsupium, oostegites sparsely covered in minute tubercles. The pleopods are lamellar in five pairs and the uropods are uniramous. Male allotype: The eyes are present. The antennae are made of of 3 and 4 articles, respectively; distal setae are present on first two segments of antennules and scales on two basal segments. The head is narrow. There are seven pereonites and five distinct pleonites ending in a pleotelson; pereon widest across pereomere 4, tapering smoothly anteriorly and posteriorly, the first is not separated from head and last two are also not separated; all pereomeres laterally separated by deep anterolateral notches ;the pleon is abruptly narrower than pereon, tapering smoothly posteriorly. The sixth pleomere is produced into uropods bearing sparse setae posteriorly. The posterior projections of terminal pleomere are simple. Etymology: After the nick name Rabo of my younger daughter Rabia.   165 antennule female male Fig. 171. Pseudionella raboae. G. Aporobopyrus Nobili, 1906: There are 21 species the world over (William and Madad, 2010). Aporobopyrus is the largest genus of bopyrids all found parasitizing porcellanids, with only two species parasitizing non-porcellanid hosts. Aporobopyrus ryukyuensis Shiino, 1939 (Fig. 172) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Aporobopyrus rukyuensis Shiino, 1939; Markham, 1980; Schotte, 1995; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 "Bopyrid." Ahmed and Mustaquim, 1974 Pakistani host: Petrolisthes boscii (false crab)   166 Notes: Aporobopyrus ryukyuensis has been very well described by the original author, discussed and illustrated, Bourdon (1976), Markham (1982), so a redescription is not included here. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Japan. Hosts: Petrolisthes hastatus, P. lamarcki, P. fimbriatus and P. asiaticus female male Fig. 172. Aporobopyrus ryukyuensis. Aporobopyrus megacephalon (Nierstraz and Brender a Brandis, 1929) (Figs. 173-174) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pleurocryptosa megacephalon Nierstraz and Brender a Brandis, 1929; Ahmed and Mustaquim, 1974; Bourdon, 1976; Kazmi et al., 2002 Aporobopyrus megacephalon -Adkison, 1988; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: No new material. 1 female TL 6.5 mm, MW 4mm, 1 male TL 2mm, MW 1.75mm, 1995, left gill chamber, with cryptoniscus larvae, Sindh Pakistani host: Petrolisthes rufescence (false crab) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Gulf of Thailand and Hong Kong. Host: Pachycheles pectinicarpus   167 male, dorsal male ventral Fig. 173. Aporobopyrus megacephalon. Fig. 174. Host. G. Progebiophilus Codreanu and Codreanu, 1963 Progebiophilus assisi Kazmi and Bourdon, 1997 (Figs. 175-176) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Progebiophilus assisi Kazmi and Bourdon, 1997; Markham and Boyko, 2005; Kazmi et al., 2012; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: No new material. 1 female TL 7mm, 1 male TL 3mm, Bulleji, 12-12- 1996 (MRC ISOP-6); 1 ov. female TL 5mm, 1 male TL2 mm, Pacha, 21-10-1995.   168 Pakistani host: Upogebia assisi, female right gill chamber (ghost shrimp) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not outside Pakistan. female Fig. 175. Progebiophilus assisi . Fig. 176. Host. G. Upogebiophilus Nobili, 1906 Upogebiophilus sp. (Figs. 177-178) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Upogebiophilus sp. Ghani, 1995; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: One female, 1 male, November, 1988, Pacha Pakistani host: Upogebia quddusiae (ghost shrimp)   169 male, anterior and posterior Fig. 177. Upogebiophilus sp. (After Ghani, 1995). Fig. 178. Host. G. Asymmetrione Codreanu, Codreanu and Pike, 1965: The genus Asymmetrione now contains eleven species. Two are reported from here, both are new to science. Asymmetrione sp.1 (Fig. 179) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Asymmetrione sp., Kazmi et al., 2002, Kazmi and Yousaf, 2013. Material: One female 8.5mm, Ibrahim Hyderi, 7-8-1995; one female TL 5.42 mm, MW 3.56 mm, head length 1.44 mm, head width 1.44 mm, pleon length 1.29 mm, 1 male 2.2mm. 1-12-1997 Ibrahim Hyderi. Female: The body is sinistral. All body regions and segments are distinct. The head is subquadrate. The antennae are well developed. The eyes are absent. The posteroventral border has lateral projections and irregularly shaped and toothed lobes on each side. The maxilliped is completely lacking palp and has a nonextending spur. Pereomeres are   170 irregularly shaped bothh laterally and transversely; coxal plaates are prominent on right side of o pereomeres. The oostegites completelyy enclose the brood pouch; the ooostegites 1-4 are subrectangular, with tubberculate surface and fringe of posterior p setae. All pereopods are of thhe same structure, somewhat beccome larger posteriorly. The pleomeres 1-5 bear similarly biramous pleoppods and a pair of similar biramous uroopods on pleomere 6. Male: The male has fivee articles in its second antenna, the pleom meres are tapered. p. 1 is clearly one of the less distorted sppecies of Notes: Asymmetrione sp the genus. It is being desscribed somewhere else as new species. Pakistani hosts: Diogen nes custos, right gill chamber; D. planimaaus right gill chamber det. of hostss F.A. Siddiqui. Fig. 179. Asymmetrione sp.   171 *Asymmetrione imrani n.sp. (Figs. 180-181) Material: Holotype female (not in gill chamber but attached to posterior margin of host carapace, when alive, host seemed to detaching it with its legs), allotype male in left gill chamber, 22-12-2003 Sandspit, boat collection, ISOP. 11. Pakistani host: Diogenes violaceus. Det. of host F.A. Siddiqui. Description of holotype female: the body is slightly distorted, longer than wide, right side is concave. The head is imbedded in pereon. The pereon has no constriction. The oostegites loosely enclose the brood pouch. The pereomeres are distinct on the left side. The eyes are present. The antennae are three and four segmented respectively both tipped with setae. The first pair of legs is extending beyond the head; the propodus of pereopods is produced into large flat section with depression to receive sharply pointed dactylii; all 6 pleomeres have lamellar lateral plates; the pleopods and uropods are biramous, all about the same size, lanceolate and crenulated. Male allotype: Pigment spots are observed. The male is elongated tapering to narrow posterior end. All the segments are distinct. There are 6 pleomeres, all with ventrally extended posterolateral corners; the uropods are absent but the posterlateral borders of last pleomere are extended posteriorly, with anal cone between them. Note: Of the eleven previously described Asymmetrione species the new species belongs to the group of seven dextral species, resembles A. dardani Bourdon, 1968 in having tubercles on the pleopods and A. sallyae (Williams and Schuerlein, 2005). Etymology: After the name of my younger son Imran.   172 head, antennae male lateral plates first oostegite legs Fig. 180. Asymmetrione imrani. Fig. 181. Asymmetrione imrani with host and separated. G. Aporobopyrina Shiino, 1934 Aporobopyrina lamellata Shiino, 1934 (Fig. 182) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Aporobopyrina lamellata࣓Bourdon, 1983; Markham, 1980; 1985, 2010; Schotte, 1995; Kazmi and Bourdon, 1997; Hussain, 2001; Kazmi et al., 2002; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013. Bopyrid Ahmed and Mustaquim, 1974   173 Material: No new material, 1female TL 6.5mm, MW 4mm, 1 male TL 2mm, MW 1.75mm, 1995, left gill chamber. Pakistani hosts: Petrolisthes rufescence, Pachycheles tomentosus (false crabs) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Australia and Thailand, Japan and Indonesia across the Indian Ocean. Hosts: All host species belong to the porcellanid genus Petrolisthes: P. lamarckii, P. penicillatus, P. coccineus, P. hastatus, P. scabriculus, P. pubescence.From Pakistan the genus is reported also from Pachycheles. Fig. 182. Aporobopyrina lamellata S. F. *Hemiarthrinae Markham, 1972: There are 27 genera and 55 spp., in the subfamily. The females are mostly ventral ectoparasites of caridean shrimps, to which they attach themselves with the pereopods of only one side, the opposite half of the body undergoing a pronounced hypertrophy and resulting highly asymmetrical body due to brood pouch greatly expanded and formed by oostegites from one side of body. The resultant asymmetry leads to a marked inequality of the oostegites on the ventral side, where they enclose an incubatory cavity which also extends over to the dorsal surface. The first four oostegites of the same side predominate; the fifth on that side being absent. The rule of ventral attachment seems to be universal among adults of the subfamily (Markham, 1972). The cryptoniscids of abdominal parasitizing species in   174 both Athelginae and Hemiarthrinae first lodge in the branchial chamber and subsequently move back to the abdomen (Pike, 1961) The species Diplophryxus jordoni Richardson infests Palaeomon semmelinki in Thailand (Markham, 1985); I have examined the species Palaeomon semmelinki in hundreds of specimens recently but surprisingly did not find any infested specimen. *G.? Apophrixus Nierstrasz and Brender à Brandis, 1931 *Apophrixus afzali n. sp (Figs. 183-184) Material: One female, holotype, TL 5mm, 1 male, allotype, TL 0.1mm, larvae, Port Bin Qasim, 8-8-2008. Pakistani host: Alpheus sp. (probably new) TL15mm, CL5mm (pistol shrimp) Female holotype: The head is distinct but other body regions and segments are obscure; head is deeply embedded in pereon and tapers posteriorly. Both second oostegites are arched far beyond the anterior margins and are tightly pressed; body is greatly distorted. The eyes are present. The pereomeres are distinct on shorter side; only five tiny pereopods are present on long side of body; fourth or fifth pereopods are smaller than the proximal pereopods tightly bunched. The pleon is made up of five pleomeres, distinct laterally. The pleotelson has a serrated tip lacking appendages; lateral plates on pleomeres are oval, lamellar, projecting freely. There are four(or five) pairs of uniramous pleopods, similar to lateral plates. Male allotype: 2 or 3 small pigment spots are present. The cephalon is fused with the first thoracic segment; the thoracic segments are distinct; the anterior margin of cephalon is slightly convex. The abdominal segments are completely fused in one piece, rounded on the sides and ending in anal cone; the pleopods and uropods are absent. Notes: The two specimens of Aprophrixus (1 female, 1 male) were collected in 2008 by me during an ecological survey from Port Bin   175 Qasim, Karachi. The isopods were found infesting an undescribed species of alpheid shrimp, Alpheus and were tentatively thought to be a possible species of Aprophrixus Nierstrasz and Brender à Brandis, 1931 by spending some time examining the female, limiting my examination and illustrating to easily visible external characters in order to not to damage the specimen. The presence of seven pereopods on short side of body and 5 on long side allows only a tentative identification as Aprophrixus. Only two species of Apophrixus are described worldwide: Apophrixus consrictus Markham, 1982 and Apophrixus philippinensis Nierstrasz and Brender a Brandis, 1931. Based upon this examination the specimens were most likely a new species, one which was similar in general appearance to Aprophrixus consrictus thus representing the third species of the genus, as well as the first record of the subfamily as Aprophrixus in Pakistan. Etymology: After my husband’s first name Afzal   176 male seventh leg female pleopods antenna male legs sixth leg second leg Fig. 183. Apophrixus afzali. Fig. 184. Host.   177 SUP. F. Cymothooidea Leach, 1814: One major isopod group the Cymothooidea are exclusively parasitic and infests both marine and freshwater fishes, both as immature forms and adults initially enter their hosts through the gills, beginning as males but changing sex as they grow older. Eight families are included in the superfamily,four are present here. Key to the Pakistani families of the Superfamily Cymothooidea 1. Pereopods 4-7 prehensile (dactyls longer than propodi); antenna reduced, without clear distinction between peduncle and flagellum; maxillipedal palp of 2 articles ……………………….. Cymothoidae - Pereopods 4-7 ambulatory (dactyls shorter than propodi); antenna not as above, with clear distinction between peduncle and flagellum; maxillipedal palp of 2 or 5 articles ………………………………... 2 2. Maxilliped, first and second maxillae with stout recurved, apical spines; mandible without 1acinia or molar process; first maxilla reduced to a single slender stylet ………………………… Aegidae - Maxilliped and second maxilla without stout, recurved, apical spines; mandible with or without lacinia and molar process; first maxilla not a slender stylet ………………………………………... 3 3. Mandible with lacinia and molar process generally reduced, vestigial, or absent; mandibular incisor narrow; first maxilla with outer lobe simple or falcate; second maxilla reduced; pereopods 1— 3 usually prehensile (occasionally ambulatory) ……... Corallanidae - Mandible with distinct 1acinia, and large bladelike molar process; incisor generally broad, 3-dentate; first maxilla not as above, outer lobe often bearing several (10—14) stout spines; second maxilla with palp and exopod present; pereopods l—3 always ambulatory ……….………………………………………………... Cirolanidae   178 F. Aegidae White, 1850: The Aegidae includes the isopods whose adults are temporary parasites of marine, brackish and fresh water fish, feeding on their host's blood before dropping off to digest the meal. They are most often captured free living on the ocean bottom (often in large numbers) .Brusca (1981) more appropriately considered them “carnivorous scavengers and micropredators.” Some aegids may be associated fairly regularly with groups of specific species of fishes in given localities. Aegids are some of the largest known isopods, attaining lengths to at least 60 mm, but taxonomically not large, only 8 genera are included. G. Alitropus H. Milne-Edwards, 1840 Alitropus typus (Milne-Edwards, 1840) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Alitropus dimorphus Pillai, 1954 Alitropus foveolatus Schiödte and Meinert, 1879 Rocinela simplex Chilton, 1926 Alitropus typus௅Feroze et al., 2008; Rameshkumar and Ravichandran, 2010b; Mitra and Roy, 2011;Ahmed et al,2016 Pakistani hosts: Labeo gonius, Labeo bleekri, Labeo calbasu, Cyprinus Notopterus notopterus, Wallago attu, Chana marulies, Chanada baculis, chapra, Puntius sophore (fish) rohita, Cirrinus mrigala, Mystus carpio, Crossocheilus lalius, Ompok pabda, Sperata sarwai, Xenentodon cancilla, Gudusia Note: It is a notorious species which parasitizes fishes in South Asia in fresh and brackish waters. The harmful effect of parasitic isopods on their hosts includes destruction of host tissue resulting from the pressure of the parasite's body. When found in the gill cavity, the isopod can impair respiration by causing atrophy of the gills. In the mouth cavity, the isopod prevents normal feeding. In young fish, the attached isopod can weigh down the fish and prevent normal behavior such as swimming and   179 food gathering (Kabata, 1985). The parasites attack fish to feed but retain their free-swimming capability as adults. They do not appear to be protandrous hermaphrodites. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Southeast Asia, European waters. Hosts: Tilapia mossambica, Channa striatus, Cirrhina molitorella, Giuris margaritacea, Oreochromis niloticus, Ophiocara aporos, Apogon thermalis, Therapon plumbeus, Chanos chanos and crayfish. F. Cymothoidae Leach, 1818: Representatives from the family Cymothoidae are obligate parasites of both marine and freshwater fishes and there are currently 40 recognized cymothoid genera and more than 380 species worldwide. Cymothoids make up about 62% of isopods associated with fishes (Bunkley-Williams and Williams, 1998). Some are highly host specific, even in the manca stage, some reasonably speciesspecific. Some of these parasitic cymothoids have been reported to parasitize the same host fish species for over 100 years, showing this species specificity. They are found from various parts of the fish (Fig. 185), on the skin, on the fins, in the buccal or branchial cavities, sometimes in a pouch, burrow beneath the skin where they live in a pocket or capsule formed within the musculature of the host, their position is thus often highly specific (Tsai et al., 1999). For instance, adult Ceratothoa, Cymothoa, and Irona are commonly found in the buccal cavity, whereas Nerocila, Renocila, and Anilocra adults generally infest the skin (Brusca, 1981; Jones et al., 2007). However, several species show a poor host specificity and the mancae may attach and feed on optional intermediate hosts belonging to different fish families (Sarusic, 1999) and sometimes even on several other organisms (Trilles and Öktener, 2004; Wunderlich et al., 2011). The stages normally found are the non-swimming, permanently attached mature females, often with a small male nearby. Cymothoids are protandrous hermaphrodites. The first male to parasitize a fish changes into a female. Males attaching to the same fish remain as males. Cymothoids harm the fish in several ways.   180 Mancae, the larvae feed voraciously and easily kill fry and fingerlings through the tissue damage they cause. Permanently attached adults stunt the growth of fish and retard or inhibit reproduction. Those in the gill chamber are usually associated with stunted gills, partly from pressure atrophy and partly from damage associated with feeding and attachment. They have also been frequently associated with anaemia. Those in the mouth affect the development of oral structures and may completely replace the tongue .Though cymothoids penetrate the skin with their pereopods and mouthparts, and the tissue-inhabiting forms maintain a small opening to the outside. Double and triple parasitisms infection of fish simultaneously by a cymothoid isopod and a copepod was observed (Rajkumar et al., 2006). No clear distribution pattern is apparent for the freshwater cymothoids. South America has a greater diversity than any other region of the world. G. Anilocra Leach, 1818: More than 50 species are found in the world; in Pakistan 2 species have been reported. Anilocra dimidiate Bleeker, 1857 (Figs. 186-187) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Anilocra dimidiata࣓Bruce and Nelson, 1988; Shireen, Rameshkumar et al., 2011; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 2001; Material: One female 35mm x 10.25mm, 9-5-1993 Pakistani host: Without a reference to the host. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Queensland, Australia, Java Sea, Mozambique Channel, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka and India. Hosts: Sardinella longiceps, Nemipterus, Psetus evansi.   181 I G J H Fig. 185 Different attachment sites of cymothoids: A. External or scale aattaching , B.flesh-burrowing , C, E, F. buccal dwelling and D. gill attaching (A-F from m Smit et al., 2014. G – J courtesy of M Moazzam)   182 Fig. 186. Anilocra dimidiate (after Shireen, 2001). Fig. 187. Host. Anilocra cavicauda Richardson, 1910 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Anilocra cavicauda௅Karim, 1975; Bruce and Harrison-Nelson, 1988; Poore and Houston, 2002 Pakistani host: Nematolosa nasus (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Phillipines, China. Host: Samida tumbil G. Catoessa Schiodte and Meinert, 1884: Only four species of Catoessa occur in the world- Catoessa scabricauda, C. ambassae, C. gruneri and C. boscii, all four are widely distributed. This isopod genus is a buccal parasite, attaches to the lateral internal face of the buccal cavity, with the isopod dorsal surface medial.   183 Catoessa ambassae Bruce, 1990 (Fig. 188) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Catoessa ambassae௅Ghani and Ali, 1998; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Pakistani hosts: Carangoides malabaricus, Chorinemus tala and Chorinemus lysan (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: New South Wales. Host: Ambassis jacksoniensis attaching in buccal cavity. female male Fig. 188. Catoessa ambassae (after Ghani and Ali, 1998). * Catoessa gruneri Bowman and Tareen, 1983(Fig. 189) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Catoessa gruneri Bowman and Tareen, 1983; Bruce, 1990 Material: Nine females TL 12-21mm, five males TL 12-14mm 15-11994, 14-2-1994,Karachi FishHarbour Pakistani hosts: Selar malam, Chorinemus tala, Caranx djidaba (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Persian Gulf. Hosts: Leiognathus fasciatus, Leiognathus dau, Therapon puta. G. Cymothoa Fabricius, 1787: The genus Cymothoa can be considered to be relatively poorly known in the western Indian Ocean. Cymothoa eremita (Brunnich, 1783) (Fig. 190) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani record.   184 Cymothoa eremita௅Shireen, 1999, 2000, Ramesh Kumar et al., 2012; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013; Sethi et al., 2013. Material: Female TL 32.00mm male TL12.00mm. Pakistani host: Parastromateus niger (Fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: From the Western Indian Ocean to the Western Pacific. India, Japan, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea and Philippines. Hosts: Liza vaigiensis, Arothron leopardus, Hime japonica, Pampus argenteus, Pampus cinereus, Parastromateus niger, Peprilus paru, Psettodes erumei, Siganus canaliculatus, Plectorhinchus nigrus and Sphyraena obtusata, y (Trilles, 1994). On Crangoides oblongus (Sethi et al. (2013).It seems that its parasitism depends particularly on the season and on the host sex (Rameshkumar et al., 2012). Oktener (2008) reported C. eremita as a parasite of dolphin, Coryphaena apus, in a list of dolphin parasites. Fig. 189. Catoessa gruneri female. Fig. 190. Cymothoa eremite female. G. Elthusa Schiodte and Meinert, 1884 Elthusa raynaudii Milne Edwards, 1840) (Fig. 191) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records.   185 Livoneca Raynaudii Milne-Edwards, 1840 Livoneca raynaudi Nierstrasz, 1915; Barnard, 1920; Pillai, 1954 Elthusa raynaudii Bruce, 1990 (for complete synonyms and description); Shireen, 2001; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: Five ov. females, one male Pakistani host: Nematolosa nasus (fish). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: S. Africa, Chile, Japan, Australia, Uruguay, St. Paul Is, Amsterdam Is., South Wales coast. Hosts: Physiculus sp., Graigmin, Zenopsis nebulosus, Pseudolabrus tetricus, Pseudolabrus miles, Meuschenia freycineti, Pseudophycis bachus, Cyttus transversa, Gnathanacanthus goetzei, Hemiamphus intermedius, Pellona brachysoma and Stolopherus commersoni. This isopod naturally occurs in the gill chamber of fishes however, a female Elthusa raynaudii was found accidentally attached on the roof of the mouth facing inward in a lantern shark, Etmopterus sp. in Taiwan (Williams et al., 2010). female male Fig. 191. Elthusa raynaudii (after Shireen, 2001). G. Joryma Bowman and Tareen, 1983 Joryma engraulidis Barnard, 1936 (Fig. 192) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Joryma engraulidis࣓Shireen, 2000 (description); Selvamathi, 2003; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013. Veerappan and   186 Material: Three females 16-25mm, one male TL10mm Pakistani hosts: Sardinella spp. (fish). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Honduras. Hosts: Thryssa dussumieri, Anchoviella zollingeri. Fig. 192. Joryma engraulidis (After Shireen, 2000). Joryma sawayah Bowmanand Tareen, 1983 (Fig. 193) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Joryma sawayah௅Ghani and Shireen, 2000; Sethi, 2012; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Pakistani hosts: Sardinella spp. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Kuwait, Persian Gulf, India. Host: Pellona ditchela female male Fig. 193. Joryma sawayah (after Ghani and Shireen, 2000). G. Mothocya Costa in Hope, 1851 Mothocya karobran Bruce, 1986 (Figs. 194-195) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records.   187 Mothocya karobran Brucce, 1986; Schotte et al., 1995 onward; Kaazmi and Yousuf, 2013; Ram meshkumar et al., 2014 Pakistani host: Strongyllura strongylura (fish). Found elsewhere and oof their hosts there and elsewhere: Inddia, New South Wales and Queensland. Eastern and northern Australia. Hosts: Tylosurus gavialoides, Sttrongylura strongylura. Fig. F 194. Mothocya karobran. Fig. 195. Host. Mothocya renardi (Bleeker, 1857) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Livoneca Renardi Bleekeer, 1857. Irona Renardi. Schioedtee and Meinert, 1884 Livoneca renardi Gerstaeecker, 1881 Irona melanosticta Barnaard, 1914 Irona renardi Karim, 197 75 Mothocya renardi-Brucee, 1986; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013; Aneessh et al., 2013   188 Mothocya renardi can be distinguished by the large size (24–36 mm in length), narrow pleon and long narrow uropods, which extend well past the posterior margin of the pleotelson. Pakistani host: Mackeral Fish and Rachycentron canadum Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: South Africa, India, Indonesia, Australia, Thailand, N.S. Wales, Japan, Philippines, Madagascar; Kuwait, Kenya, Mozambique and Papua New Guinea, China. Hosts: Strongylura leiura, Strongylura strongylura, Strongylura incisa, Strongylura anastomella, Strongylura ciconia, Tylosurus crocodilus, Tylosurus choram, Hyprampus sajori and Tylosurus gavialoides. G. Nerocila Leach, 1818: Nerocila is a large genus including at least 65 species living attached on the skin or on the fins of fishes. The eyes, which are obvious in the larval and young forms, in the adults as a rule gradually disappear, this being obviously in connection with the assumption of a parasitic life. Nirocila sundaica Bleeker, 1857 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Rameshkumar et al., 2014, insectoid. Info. Pakistani hosts: No information Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Asia Hosts: Ilisha melastoma, Otolithes ruber, Sardinella fimbriata, Thryssa mystax, Epinephelus, Terapon. Nerocila phaiopleura Bleeker, 1857 (Figs. 196-197) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nerocila (Nerocila) phaiopleura -Bowman and Tareen, 1983 Nerocila phaiopleura௅Shireen, 2001(description of female); Ravichandran and Kumar, 2004; Rameshkumar and Ravichandran, 2010a; Trilles et al., 2013; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013; Raja et al., 2014.   189 Pakistani hosts: Chiroceentrus nudus, Sardinella sindensis (fish) Material: Collected several times, 1 ov. female TL 24mm, 18-1-1992, 1 ov. female TL 23 mm, 23-2-1993; 1ov. female TL 24mm, 12--3-1992; 35mm, 27-5-1992; 1 ov. female TL 19mm m, 30-62ov. females TL 20mm-3 1992; 1ov. female TL 200mm, 27-8-1992; 2ov. females TL 23-24m mm, 264-1993; 3-6-2004,no furtther details. Note: Pelagic while youn ng, parasite as adults. The male is very sm mall. Found elsewhere and off their hosts there and elsewhere: Indiaa, Bay of Bengal, S. Africa, Persiaan Gulf, W. Australia, Hong Kong, East coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Th hailand. Hosts: Chirocentus dorab, Rasstrelliger kanagurta, Dussumieria acuta, Gazza minuta, Leiognathus spplendens, Sardinella longiceps, Sarrdinella gibbosa, Sardinops melanosticta, Clupea, Engraulis japonica, E. australis, a Selaroides leptolepis, Sphyraenna jello, Thryssa mystax, Illisha melasoma, Parastmateus niger, Stolephoruss indicus, Liza argentea, Cnidogla annus macrocephalus, Carangoides malaabaricus, Tenualosa ilisha,Histophoorus gladius. Fiig. 196. Nerocila phaiopleura. Fig. 197. Attached on host   190 Nerocila orbignyi (Guerin Meneville, 1832) (Fig. 198) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Ichthyophilus orbignyi Guerin-Meneville, 1832 Nerocila maculate H. Milne Edwards, 1840 Nerocila neapolitana Schiodte and Meinert, 1879 Nerocila orbignyi௅Bruce, 1987 (full synonyms); Shireen, 1997 (unpublished data); Ramdane et al., 2007; Kayıú and Ceylan, 2011; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013; Al-Zubaidy and Mhaisen, 2013; Ozcan et al., 2014 Material: A large collection, twenty seven ov. females TL 8-25mm Pakistani hosts: Tachysurus maculates, Pseudarius jella, Chirocentrus nudus, Aroides dussumieri, Neyuma thalassinus (fish) Note: It is a euryxenic species which may develop in or on unrelated host species. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Atlantic, Mediterranean, South Africa, Pacific, Turkey, Red Sea, Algeria, and India. Hosts: Plicofollis dussumieri, Dicentrarchus labrax, Callorhynchus milli, Acanthopagurus australis, Chrysophrys auratus, Pseudocaranx dentex, Mola mola, Sillago bassensis, Pomatomus saltatrix, Pagrosomus auritus, Crenimugil labrisus, Acanthopagus butcheri, Girella tricuspidata, Solea solea, Liza aurata, L.ramada, Mugil cephalus, Chelon labrosus, Alosa agone, Trigla lyra, Symphodus tinca, Serranus scriba, Serranus cabrilla, Diplodus vulgaris, Scorpaena porcus, Crenilabrus pavo and Moolgarda seheli. N. orbignyi generally infects fishes of the family Mugilidae (Trilles, 1994; Öktener and Trilles, 2004; Kayis and Ceylan, 2011).   191 Fig. 198. Nerocila orbignyi. Nerocila kisra Bowman and Tareen, 1983 (Figs. 199-200) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nerocila (Emphyla) kisra Bowman and Tareen, 1983 Nerocila kisra Bruce, 1987; Shireen and Ghani, 2000; Oktener and Trilles, 2004; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013. Material: Three ov. females 18-1-1992; ten ov. females 23-2-1992; two ov. females 11-4-1992; four ov. females 9-5-1992; one ov. female 30-61992; two ov. females 30-7-1992; six ov. females 27-8-1992; one female TL 25.00 mm 30-4-1995, Korangi Creek. Pakistani hosts: Johnius sina, Otolithes ruber, Pomadasys maculates, Johnius axillaries, Johnius argentatus, Pristipoma hasta. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: ArabianPersian Gulf. Hosts: Helotes and Therapon Fig. 199. Nerocila kisra.   192 Fig. 200. Attached to Host. Nerocila barramundae Bruce, 1987 (Fig. 201) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nerocila barramundae࣓Shireen and Ghani, 2000; Beesley and Houston, 2002; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013. Material: Twenty five females TL 8-21mm; new material 1 specimen 20-3-2006, Gharo backwaters Pakistani hosts: Arius jella, Netuma thalassina, Plicofollis dussumieri (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Karumba, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland. Hosts: Lates calcarifer, Lobotes surnamensis. female Fig. 201. Nerocila barramundae (after Shireen, 2000). Nerocila depressa Milne Edward, 1840 (Figs. 202-203) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nerocila dolichostylis Koelbel, 1879 Nerocila pigmentata Bal and Joshi, 1959; Karim, 1975   193 Nerocila depressa௅Bruce and Harrison-Nelson, 1988; Shireen, 2001 (description of female); Trilles et al., 2013 (full synonyms); Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: No new material, few females, TL 17-25mm Pakistani host: Coila dussumieri (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Hong Kong, Thailand. Hosts: Sardinella albella, Sardinella gibbosa, Sardinella fimbriata, Cyclocheilichthyes apogon, Opisthopterus tutoor. Fig. 202. Nerocila depressa (after Shireen, 2001). Fig. 203. Host. Nerocila sigani Bowman and Tareen, 1983 (Fig. 204) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nerocila (Nerocila) sigani Bowman and Tareen, 1983 Nerocila (Nerocila) aress Bowman and Tareen, 1983 Nerocila sigani௅Kensley,2001; Ghani, 2003; Rameshkumar et al., 2012; Trilles et al., 2013; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013. Material: One ov. female TL 28mm, 12-3-1999   194 Pakistani host: Netuma thalassia (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: IndoPacific. Hosts: Siganus oramin, Sciaenia dussumieri, Argyrosomus hololepidotus, Formio niger, Pennahia macrocephalus, Atrobucca nibe, epinephalus tauvina, Acanthopagurus latus, Nemipterus talu, Terapon theraps. Fig. 204. Nerocila sigani (after Ghani, 2003). Nerocila serra Schiodte and Meinert, 1881 (Figs. 205-206) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Nerocila Serra Schiodte and Meinert, 1881 Nerocila serra௅Karim, 1975; Bowman and Tareen, 1983; Shireen and Ghani, 2000; Trilles et al., 2013; Saravanakumar et al., 2012 Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: Five ov. females TL 23-27mm; new material 3-6-2004 Note: Transparent white. Pelagic while young, adult parasitic on fish Pakistani hosts: Pomadasys maculatus, Arius jella, Netuma thalassinus, Hexanematichthys sagor, Osteogeneiosus militaris (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indonesia, India, St. Lucia, South Africa, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia, Australia and Queensland. Hosts: Arius maculatus, A. sagor, Plicofollis dussumieri, Hydrophis obscures, massive infestation of the sea snake, Enhydrina schistosa during the monsoon period (Saravanakumar et al., 2012).   195 Fig. 205. Nerocila serra (after Shireen and Ghani, 2000). Fig. 206. On host. G. Norileca Bruce, 1990 Norileca borealis Javed and Yasmeen, 1999 (Figs. 207-208) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Norileca borealis Javed and Yasmeen, 1999; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: Two females, 1 ov., TL 25mm, 2 males TL 23-26mm, 9-51993 Pakistani host: Rastrelliger kanagurta (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not outside Pakistan   196 Fig. 207. Norileca borealis. Fig. 208. Host. Norileca indica (Milne Edwards, E 1840) (Fig. 209) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Livoneca indica Milne-E Edwards, 1840 Lironeca indica Trilles, 1976, 1 1979 Livoneca ornata Helier, 1868 Norileca indica௅Bruce, 11990; Ghani and Shireen, 1995 (descriptiion); Yu and Li, 2003; Yam mauchi et al., 2005; Ramesh Kumar et al., 2013, 2014; Kazmi and Yousuf, Y 2013; Neeraja et al., 2014. Material: A large collection, thirty five females TL 13-32mm, thirteen him Hyderi;new material 26-6-2001. males TL 10-24mm Ibrah Pakistani hosts: Rastrellliger kanagurta, Decapterus russelli (fishh) Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: A Australia, India, Sumatra, China, Thailand, T Indonesia, Philippines, New Guuinea, off Mozambique. Hosts: Herklotichthyes H sp., Selar crumenophtthalmus, Coryphaena hippurus.   197 female (courtesy of Moazzam) male Fig. 209 Norileca indica (after Ghani and Shireen, 1995) Norileca triangulata (Richardson, 1910) (Fig. 210) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Livoneca triangulata Richardson, 1910.-Nierstrasz, 1931 Norileca triangulata௅Bruce, 1991; Ghani and Ali, 1998; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: Three females TL 13-26mm; 18-7-2005 Pakistani host: Rastrelliger kanagurta (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Philippines Island, Queensland. Hosts: Parexocoetus brachypterus, Sardinella gibbosa. (Photo courtesy of Moazzam) Fig. 210. Norileca triangulata (after Ghani and Ali, 1998).   198 F. Corallanidae Hansen, 1890: The Corallanidae are mostly free living but have a few representatives that are parasites of fish, such as the present genus Argathona which is common in the nasal passages of serranids and lutjanids. They also feed on Leatherback turtles (Williams et al., 1996), green turtle (Monod, 1975). They show many morphological adaptations towards an increasingly parasitic life style. G. Argathona Stebbing, 1905 Argathona muraeneae Bal and Joshi, 1959 (Fig. 211) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Argathona muraeneae࣓Bruce, 1982 (genus inquirenda); Delaney, 1989; Ghani and Shireen, 1995 (description); Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Material: No new material ,1 female TL 16mm, 24-12-1992; 1 female TL 15mm, 30-12-1992; 4 females TL 15-17mm, 14-1-1993; 1 female TL 16mm, 9-1-1994; 5 juveniles TL 5mm, 2 females TL 12mm, 27-1-1994. Pakistani hosts: Epinephelus chlorostigma and Argyops spinifer (fish) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Hosts: Gymnothorax favagineus, Gymnothorax favagineus, Muraena tessellate. Fig. 211. Argathona muraeneae (after Ghani and Shireen, 1995). G. Lanocira Hansen, 1890: There are ten species of Lanocira, all species occur within the tropics with the exception of one record from southern Chile (Delany, 1989).Two occur here. Bruce and Sidabalok (2011) suggested that ‘the record of L. gardineri from Karachi (Javed and Yasmeen, 1992) is probably undescribed species as there are several   199 points of difference between their figures and description, most notably in the relative length of the uropodal rami and in having an anteriorly acute rostrum”. Yasmeen and Javeds’ (2000) another species Lanocira wowine from Pakistan seems not to differ from Lanocira gardineri and is placed in its synonymy (Bruce and Sidabalok, 2011). Same is followed here. Lanocira gardineri Stebbing, 1904 (Fig. 212) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lanocira gardineri Stebbing, 1904, Bruce and Sidabalok, 2011 Lanocira wowine Yasmeen and Javed, 2000; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Non Lanocira gardineri Javed and Yasmeen, 1992 (misidentification, probably undescribed species) Lanocira capensis Barnard, 1914 Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean. Hosts: Sponges, Sabellaria tubes, ascidians, corals. Fig. 212. Lanocira gardineri. F. Gnathiidae Leach, 1814: The family Gnathiidae comprises 12 genera known mostly from marine environments .Gnathiids are a small, relatively homogeneous group of isopods that are temporarily parasitic as juveniles on teleosts and elasmobranchs. Strong sexual dimorphism is characteristic of the family Gnathiidae where sessile males live with a harem of females while juvenile praniza stages are ectoparasites of fish.   200 Adult males develop formidable jaws, adult females resemble juveniles. The adults do not feed. Resting larvae and adult stages are found in small groups in marine cavities such as in mud banks, in dead barnacles or coral, or in sponges, tunicates and tubes of serpulid worms (Wagele, 1988). Eggs are brooded in the ventral brood pouch and they hatch to produce a ‘zuphea’ or unfed juvenile. These leave the place, a cavity, and seek a fish to which they attach and engorge themselves on the host’s blood; their mid-section becomes greatly distended and, the parasites, now are called ‘praniza’ and may appear reddish. After several hours or days the praniza leave the host and enter a cavity in the water where they digest the meal and eventually moult to the second zuphea stage. This is repeated twice more until the third stage praniza leaves the fish to seek a cavity to mature. On teleosts, praniza may remain for only a few hours while they feed. Praniza on elasmobranchs however may remain for weeks. The prevalence of gnathiids is often underestimated because many species leave their host immediately the host is captured, and others only feed on fish at night. The taxonomy of gnathiids is solely based on the morphology of the adult males since they are more frequently encountered than the other life stages, therefore female and larval gnathiid descriptions are sometimes absent from species descriptions. Anatomical observations cast doubt on the classification of Gnathiidae as Cymothoida, in agreement with recent phylogenetic studies (Wilson et al., 2011). G. Paragnathia Omer-Cooper, 1916 Paragnathia sp. (Fig. 213) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Paragnathia cf. formica -Kazmi and Yousaf, 2007 Paragnathia sp. Ghory et al., 2010 Material: Praniza stage TL 1.48mm - 1.51mm, Ghora Bari (Makri Creek), May 29 2006   201 Praniza greyish with only five pairs of ambulatory pereiopods. Late pranizas with the pereon segments 3 to 5 fused and inflated, particularly in females, which incubate the eggs internally. Eight-segmented antennal flagellum and telson with rounded posterior border. Pakistani hosts: Fish juveniles. Since the fish were dead and the gnathids were detached it is not clear that praniza were detached from buccal cavity or body and that the larvae belonged to cohort of one female or different females. Note: The present material is close to P.varanus Svavarsson and Bruce, 2012. Praniza larva. Zuphea larva Fig. 213. Paragnathia sp. *G. Gnathia Leach, 1814 *Gnathia sp. 1 Material: 3-12-2005, Bulleji Pakistani host: Unknown Gnathia sp. 2 (Fig. 214) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Gnathia sp. Shireen (unpublished data), 1997 Material: One praniza stage TL2mm   202 Pakistani host: Plectorhinchus schotaf Note: Gnathia arabica was reported coast of northern India, implying that its range includes the coast of Pakistan (Schotte, 1995), then Kensley (2011) reported 11species from the western Indian Ocean; the larvae could be of any of these. Fig. 214. Gnathia sp. 2 (after Shireen, 1997). F. Cirolanidae Dana, 1852: The Cirolanidae are scavenging marine animals which can sometimes swarm in vast numbers and are familiar as pests that attack damaged or dying fish, sharks or spiny rock lobsters and can cause collapse of commercial fisheries. G. Cirolana Leach, 1818: The genus Cirolana, the largest genus in the family includes 129 species (Bruce and Schotte, 2013). Some species are carnivorous (C. fluviatilis), inflicting serious mortalities in a tropical cage-rearing system. Cirolana manorae Bruce and Javed, 1987 (Fig. 215) Cirolana manorae Bruce and Javed, 1987; Sadiq, 1993; Kazmi and Yousuf, 2013 Pakistani hosts: Sargassum swartzii, Padina pavonia, Ulva fasiata, Colpomenia sinousa, Stockeyia indica, Laurenia obtusa Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Host: Not specified.   203 Fig. 215. Cirolana manorae. SUP. O. Eucarida Calman, 1904 O. Decapoda Latreille, 1803 Decapod crustaceans form symbiotic relationships with a variety of invertebrate hosts (Bruce, 1976; Ross, 1983) specially with certain sessile invertebrates such as sponges (Porras et al., 1996; Caruso et al., 2005), corals and anemones, on or under the bell of jelly fish, sometimes as phyllosoma larvae, worm tubes (Nalesso et al., 1995; Nascimento and Torres, 2006), echinoderms (Wirtz et al., 2009) and bryozoans (Morgado and Tanaka, 2001). Many symbiotic decapods are kleptoparasitic, feeding on particles gathered by the host, and occasionally even feed on host tissue Some crab species despite not being a typical crustacean occurring in association with sea anemones, they evidently possesses the ability to protect itself from the stinging cells of the anemone (Fautin et al., 1995). Some of them may simply be parasites or hosts of barnacles, isopods, amphipods and weeds. Parasitic crustaceans may offer insight into the evolutionary histories of their decapod host and vice versa. Fish eggs and larvae can be found as parasite in the gill chamber of King crabs. Pearl-like structures have been found embedded in the muscles inside the claw of a lobster, caridean and Penaeus indicus could be only an ingrowth of chitin due to some vagary of the process of regeneration.   204 S.O. Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 F. Penaeidae Rafinesque, 1815: Penaeids are mostly benthic and mainly found on soft bottom of sand and/or mud, but a few species are pelagic and others are known to inhabit coral reefs and sea grass, for example, some Metapenaeopsis species. There is no such information present about the Pakistani Metapenaeopsis (M. stridulans and M. mogiensis). Post larvae and juveniles of some species are found exclusively in see grass beds (Coles and Lee Long, 1985); Penaeus monodon appears to select muddy mangrove channels and often associates with marginal or floating vegetation (de Freitas, 1986). Penaeid genus Funchalia were found inside living Pyrosoma atlanticum. S.O. Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 I. O. Brachyura Latreille, 1803: The infraorder Brachyura contains about 93 families. Some crabs (Jellyfish crab Ethusa spp.) sometimes carry jellyfish on their backs to serve as a very effective protective shield; young crabs and some juvenile fish, can live unharmed among a jellyfish’s venomous tentacles. There, protected from prey, they feed on jellyfish leftovers like zooplankton or larval fish and remove parasites from their accommodating hosts. Dorippe frascone, the urchin crab or carrier crab, often has a symbiotic relationship with a long-spined sea urchin and carries one around on its carapace, these long, hollow spines may provide protection to the crab by reducing the risk of predation by fish while not being too heavy to carry. The urchin obtains benefit by being transported to new feeding grounds. Three other families of brachyuran crabs are closely associated symbiotically with various species of echinoderms, viz. the Eumedoninae, Portunidae and Pinnotheridae. Some dromiids crabs have taken to molluscan protection too. Their backs are shaped so as to fit snugly into half of a clam shell, the hind legs grasp the shell. Genus Lybia, a xanthid carries intentionally living anemones as a means of defense for which their claws are adapted. The   205 anemones are used not only defensively but also gather food particles with their tentacles which the crab scrapes off for its own use. A crab carapace is a biologically active surface -a mobile platform. The decorator crabs (Superfamily Majaoidea) actively select rocks and specific species of symbionts to facilitate camouflaging their carapaces. The algal growth gives a furry appearance, which also helps it blend into its environment and hide from predators. Six families are found associated with the mangal ecosystem-the Grapsidae (Nanosesarma), the Portunidae (Scylla and Portunus), the Ocypodidae (Serenella, Illyoplax, Macrophthalmus,Uca, Metaplax, Dotilla, Nasima and others), xanthid genera Eurycarcinus, Epixanthus, Heteropanope, Ozius, Pilumnius, Myomenippe and leucosid genus Ebalia. In the landward fringe Cardisoma have been reported from Pakistan (Kazmi and Perveen, 2005). None of genera are restricted to the mangal environment, and many are only occasional visitors therefore not all are dealt herewith. An association between Grapsus strigosus now=Grapsus albolineatus Latreille, in Milbert, 1812 and Enteromorpha procera is mentioned by Hameed et al. (2001). At other places the crab is given associated with coral reef. The calappid Matuta planipes inhabits sandy seagrass beds. S. Podotremata Guinot, 1977 SUP. F. Homolodromioidea Alcock, 1899 F. Homolidae De Haan, 1839: Members of the Homolidae have their last pair of walking legs in a sub-dorsal position, which allows them to hold objects in place over the rear half of the carapace. The objects carried include sponges, black corals and gorgonians, and this behaviour may be a defense mechanism against predators. Some species have been observed carrying living sea urchins in a symbiotic relationship which allows them to benefit from the protection of the urchin's dangerous spikes.   206 G. Homolax Alcock, 1899 Homolax megalops (Alcock, 1894) (Fig. 216) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Homola megalops Alcock, 1894; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1986 Material: No new material, small collection of 1976 from offshore waters, without any indication of carried material. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean. Commensal: Octolasmis stellata on gills (Annandale, 1909). Fig. 216. Homolax megalops. SUP. F. Dromioidea De Haan, 1833 F. Dromiidae de Haan, 1833: They are small or medium-sized crabs which get their name sponge crabs from the ability to shape a living sponge or ascidian into a portable shelter for themselves. A sponge crab cuts out a fragment from a sponge and trims it to its own shape using its claws. The sponge grows along with the crab, providing a consistent shelter. The crab's camouflage is so good that it is almost impossible to spot unless it moves. The disguise usually tastes bad and provides additional protection by discouraging predators from taking a bite out of the crab even if it is discovered. The figure given below explains the manner in which a dromiid crab puts on the sponge coat. (Fig. 217).   207 Fig. 217. Manner in which a dromiid crab puts on the sponge coat (after Schmitt, 1973). G. Ascidiophilus Richters, 1880 Ascidiophilus caphyraeformis (Richters, 1880) (Fig. 218) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pseudodromia integrifrons Henderson, 1888; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Pseudodromia murrayi Gordon, 1950 Ascidiophilus caphyraeformis Lewinsohn, 1977 Pakistani host: Unidentified sponge Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean. Associates: an intimate association with ascidians or sponges wherein almost the whole body of the crab is tightly enclosed in a compound ascidian (Henderson, 1892; McLeay, 1993). Fig. 218. Ascidiophilus caphyraeformis enclosed in sponge associate.   208 G. Conchoecetes Stimpsson, 1858 Conchoecetes artificiosu us (Fabricius, 1798) (Fig. 219) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Conchoeodromia alcocki ki Chopra, 1934 Dromia artificiosa Webeer, 1795 (nomen nudum) Dromia artificiosus Fabrricius, 1798 Dromia conchifera Hasw well, 1882 Conchoecetes artificiosu us࣓Alcock, 1901; Ahmed et al., 1972; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Material: One male on nly, CL 20.5mm, Karachi Fish Harbouur(MRC BRAC -18) Pakistani associates: Unnidentified sponge Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean. The species of Conchoecetes are unusual in that theey carry bivalve shells as camoufflage (Morton and Morton, 1983; McLay, 1993; Ng et al., 2000). Fig. 219. Co onchoecetes artificiosus carrying sponge. G. Lewindromia Guinott and Tavares, 2003 Lewindromia unidentataa (Rüppell, 1830) (Fig. 220) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Cryptodromia incise Zarrenkov, 1971 Cryptodromia unilobata Campbell and Stephenson, 1970   209 Cryptodromiopsis unidentata Rüppell, 1830 Dromia unidentata Rüppell, 1830 Dromidia unidentata hawaiiensis Edmondson, 1922 Dromidia unidentata࣓Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Lewindromia unidentata࣓McLay, 1993; Yaldwyn and Webber, 2011 Material: One male, CL 10.75mm, housed in the British Museum (BM No. 1903, 7.29.7) Pakistani associate: No record Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. It covers its back with colonial anemones (Day, 1974) or an ascidia or a mass of sponge on its back (Sakai, 1976), an anthozoa, Octocorallia or Acyonaria (Lewinsohn, 1984). Fig. 220. Lewindromia unidentata enclosed by sponge. S. Eubrachyura de Saint Laurent, 1980 S.S. Heterotremata Guinot, 1977 SUP. F. Dorippoidea MacLeay, 1838 F. Dorippidae Macleay, 1838: These are the species of crabs that have learnt to place anemones on their backs, using the stinging tentacles of the anemone to fend off potential predators. The relationship between this and its anemone is the most intimate, the anemone actually growing with the crab. This specialized defence of certain species often used by those that have little or none of their own is called inquilinism. These crabs can carry sea urchins or may hold half a bivalve in which a small   210 fish, a small crustacean, or some other small animal is enclosed or to which an anemone is attached. It seems likely that the association starts with a young crab holding a small bivalve shell, or part of one, on which the anemone settles; when, during growth, the base of the anemone starts to extend beyond the shell, the part of the base not touching the shell hardens and takes over the role of the shell. G. Dorippoides Serène and Romimohtarto, 1969 Dorippoides nudipes Manning and Holthuis, 1986 (Fig. 221) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Dorippe (Dorippoides) fucchino (sic) Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1983 Dorippoides facchino Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988; Kazmi, 1995 Dorippoides nudipes insectoid info. Material: Several specimens; 6-1994 ;1 male CL 32 mm, 1 female TL 33mm, Korangi Creeks, 17-4-1995. Pakistani associate: The male crab carried Spisula sp.; the female carried Anadara, sea anemone. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean. Associates: Henderson (1893), Alcock (1896), Serene and Romimohtarto (1969) noted the species is protected by valve of Lamellibranch to which an actinian is attached. Fig. 221. Dorippoides nudipes carrying sea anemone/shell.   211 G. Neodorippe Serene and a Romimhtarto, 1969 Neodorippe callida (Fab bricius, 1798) (Fig. 222) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Neodorripe callida࣓Man nning and Holthuis, 1981; Sin et al., 20099 Dorippe astuta Alcock, 1896; Hashmi, 1963; Ahmed et al., 19772; Khan and Ahmad, 1975 Dorrippe (Neodorippe) astuta௅Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988; Kazm mi, 1994, 1995 Note: N. callida holds mangrove m leave over its back as a mobille hiding place, with its two prehensile p posterior short legs that aare bent permanently over the bacck. These legs are tipped with hairy padss to cling onto the leaf; it may alsso "carry" a clam shell that can weigh uppto 2.06 grm and everage size of o 2mm, a flat piece of wood or otherr bits of flotsam. It swims with tthe leaf under it, to hide from aquatic ppredators below. If it senses dangeer from above, however, it will quickly fllip under the leaf. During the day, it often hides under the leaf, half burieed in the sand or mud (Serene andd Romimohtarto, 1969; Khan and Ahmaad, 1975; Ng et al., 1986). Weightts of the selected shell are not related to tthe body weight of the crabs; theyy prefer larger but lighter shells. Fig. 222. Neoodorippe callida carrying a mangrove leaf. SUP. F. Majoidea Samoouelle, 1819 F. Inachidae McLeay, 1838. 1 Note: These crabs stick k the ascidians, algae or sponges to the hooked hairs on their exoskeleton ns.   212 G. Camposcia Latreille, 1829 Camposcia retusa Latreille, 1829 (Fig. 223) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Maia retusa Latreille, 1829 Camposcia retusa௅Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1983, 1988; Jeyabaskaran et al., 2000 Material: Fairly common in fish trash Pakistani Epibionts: It is called decorator spider or valcro crab.It decorates itself with various objects that it finds on the sea floor. These objects can consist of sponges, rocks, shells, corals, snipped-off fragments of local seaweeds and other objects, in order to blend in with the environment. These decorations make it less likely to be spotted by predators and also make it easier to stalk its prey. These are stuck firmly onto the fine, hooked hairs which densely cover its body and legs and thus act like the 'velcro' after which it is named. According to Stimpson (1907) the thick growth of ulvae indicates the sluggish habit of crab. For seaweeds to stay alive, they must see the sunlight, and for this reason camouflage crabs are often found in the open where they can easily be stepped on. The attached sponges and algae often continue to grow. Tiny animals like amphipods might settle on the sponges. When sessile organisms are scarce, the Decorator Crab may attach shell fragments and small stones to itself as well, have been seen with anything from steel chain, plastic to paper on it (Fig. 23). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean. Commensal epibionts: Weeds, sponges, zoophytes, amphipods, barnacles. Host of: Pinnotherion setoensis (Shiino, 1942).   213 Fig. 223. Camposcia retusa. G. Achaeus Leach, 18177 Achaeus lacertosus Stim mpson, 1858 (Fig. 224) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Achaeus breviceps Hasw well, 1880 Achaeus spinifrons Sakaii, 1938 Achaeus lacertosus࣓Tirm mizi and Kazmi, 1988; Poore, 2004 Pakistani symbionts: Algae A and invertebrate colonies Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Tropical f clinging to gorgonian colonies (Chhhapgar, Indo-Pacific. It may be found 1957) or inhabits weedy rocky bottom (Sakai, 1976). F 224. Achaeus lacertosus. Fig.   214 F. Majidae Samouelle, 1819 1 G. Schizophrys White, 1847 Schizophrys aspera (H. Milne M Edwards, 1834) (Fig. 225) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Schizophrys aspera௅Hasmi, 1963; Ahmad et al., 1972; Tirm mizi and baskaran et al., 2000 Kazmi, 1986; Jeyab Found elsewhere and off their hosts there and elsewhere: Wide sspread in Indo-Pacific, Suez. Assocciates: Basibiont to Barnacles, sometimes covered with ascidians (Jeyabaskkaran and Ajmal Khan, 2000). Protozoa E Ephelota gemmipara; Hydrozoa Obelia geniculata, O. dichotoma; Poolychaeta B Hydroides elegans; Cirriipedia Balanus amphitrite, B. eburueus; Bryozoa, Bugula neritina; Tunicattes Styela partita, S. canopus, Ciona inteestinalis, Microcosmus pupa, Polyyclinum constellatum (Ibrahim, 2012; El-S Serehy et al., 2012). F 225. Schizophrys aspera. Fig. G. Cyphocarcinus A. Milne-Edwards, M 1868 Cyphocarcinus sargassu umi Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1995 (Fig. 226)) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Cyphocarcinus sargassumi Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1995; Kazzmi and Naushaba, 2000 Pakistani hosts: Gorgonnian coral Muricella sp., Sargassum weedds. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Nott outside type locality.   215 Fig. 226. Cyphocarcinus sargassumi on gorgonian branch. G. Pseudomicippe Heller, 1861: The genus Pseudomicippe is represented by 11 species, only one occurs here. Pseudomicippe griffini Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1999 (Fig. 227) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Pseudomicippe griffini Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1999; Simoes et al., 2001 Described Material: One male, CL 20mm, 16-5-1987; one ov. female CL 22 mm, 26-3-1986, Bulleji; one spent female CL 16mm, 17-10-1993, Sonari Pakistani hosts: Sargassum and Jania. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Yemen Host: not mentioned Fig. 227. Pseudomicippe griffini   216 F. Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 G. Hyastenus White1847: The abdomen of Hyastenus is commonly covered with polychaetes, followed by barnacles while tunicates dominate on mouth parts, carapace and limbs (Ibrahim, 2012). Hyastenus pleione (Herbst, 1803) (Fig. 228) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer pleione Herbst, 1803 Hyastenus pleione࣓Kohli, 1922; Tirmizi and Serene, 1971; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Pakistani associates: Hydroids and algae. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Hosts: Found in the coral reef densely covered by seaweeds (Jeyabaskaran et al., 2000). Fig. 228. Hyastenus pleione. G. Doclea Leach, 1815 Doclea muricata (Herbst, 1788) (Fig. 229) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer muricatus Fabricius, 1787. Inachus muricatus Weber, 1795 Maia muricata Bosc, 1802 Maia hybrida Bosc, 1802   217 Phalangipus hybridus Laatreille, 1828 Doclea hybrida Alcock, 1895 Doclea hybrida Sankolli and Shenoy, 1975 Doclea muricata௅Tirmizzi and Kazmi, 1988 Pakistani epibionts: Accorn barnacles Note: The epibionts cou uld represent more weight for the crab annd could reduce its mobility by modifying m the hydrodynamic equilibrium m of their appendages. These circuumstances could cause crabs to be vulneerable to their predators (Williamss and McDermott, 2004). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean. Associates: not known. k Fig. 229. Docleea muricata infested with epizoic barnacles. Doclea aduncus Wagneer, 1986 (Fig. 230) Doclea aduncus Wagnerr, 1986; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988; Imraan et al., 2014 Described Material: Fiish Harbour, Karachi; 30 January 1984; RMNH 36241 (holotype); 30 October O 1966 (paratype).Manora; 7 Junne 1977; RMNH 36242: 1 9 (parattype); 7 June 1977; 1 juv. Pakistani Basibiont: The T carapace of one male (holotype) shhows an impression marking the pplace where a sea anemone was situated. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Thee species so far has only been founnd from Pakistan.   218 Fig. 230. Doclea aduncus. G. Acanthonyx Latreille, 1828: In the Indian Ocean, five species of Acanthonyx have been found to occur, viz., A. limbatus Milne-Edwards, A. elongatus Miers, A. inglei Tirmizi and Kazmi, A. consobrinus MilneEdwards and A. euryseroche Griffin and Tranter. Acanthonyx limbatus A. Milne-Edwards, 1862 (Fig. 231) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Acanthonyx limbatus௅Tirmizi and Serene, 1971; Timizi and Kazmi, 1988; Naderloo and Turkay, 2012 Material: Several females and males Pakistani hosts: Sargassum virgatus, Padina pavonia, Codium iyngarii, Ulva fasiata, Gracilaria Note: Specimens colour matches with algae. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. Hosts: Sea weeds and pearl oysters. Fig. 231. Acanthonyx limbatus.   219 Acanthonyx inglei Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 (Fig. 232) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Acanthonyx aff. elongatus Tirmizi and Serene, 1971 Acanthonyx elongatus inglei Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Acanthonyx inglei Ng et al., 2008 Acanthonyx elongates Hameed et al., 2001 Material: Very common. Pakistani hosts: Sargassum tenerrinum, Sargassum virgatus, Caulerpa taxifola, Padina pavonia, Ulva fasiata, Spathoglossus variabile, Gracilaria andersoni. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not outside Pakistan. Fig. 232. Acanthonyx inglei. G. Menaethius H. Milne Edwards, 1834 Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825) (Fig. 233) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pisa monoceros Latreille, 1825 Menaethius monoceros௅Hashmi, 1963; Khan and Ahmed, 1975; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Pakistani epibionts: Weeds and invertebrates   220 Note: Highly polymorphic. The carapace is usually encrusted with weeds, and usually overgrown with sponges and hydroids. The crab takes the colour of fronds of Sagassum in which it inhabits (Henderson, 1892). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Hosts: Among the branches of Sagassum (Gohar and Alkholy, 1957). It is common in reef (Henderson, 1893), also Mangal-associated (Cooper, 1997). Fig. 233. Menaethius monoceros. G. Simocarcinus Miers, 1879 Simocarcinus simplex (Dana, 1852) (Fig. 234) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Huenia simplex Dana, 1852 Simocarcinus simplex࣓Tirmizi, 1978; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988 Material: No new material, one male, TL 13mm, Mekran, 21-11-1976 Pakistani host: Weeds Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Host: Reefs. Fig. 234. Simocarcinus simplex.   221 G. Stilbognathus von Martens, 1866 Stilbognathus? curvicornis (Herbst, 1803) (Fig. 235) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer Cervicornis Herbst, 1803 Stenocionops cervicornis Henderson, 1893; Alcock, 1896. Ophthalmias cervicornis Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1988. Stilbognathus cervicornis Griffin and Tranter, 1986 Stilbognathus sp. Kazmi, 1995 Stilbognathus? curvicornis Kazmi and Tirmizi, 1999 Material: One male, May, 1994, Sand spit; one spent female TL 75mm, 11-8-1994, Bulleji Pakistani commensals: Zoophytes and brown weed Note: It might turn out be a new species which I wish to name after Dr. V.Neumann (Germany) in recognition of his help to me regarding identification of Pakistani majids Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mozambique Channel, Mauritius, India, Japan, Indonesia, and Hawaiian Islands. Commensals: Living sponge, or alternatively a piece of soft coral as camouflage Fig. 235. Stilbognathus? curvicornis.   222 SUP. F. Calappoidea de Haan, 1833 F. Calappidae Milne-Edwards, 1837 G. Calappa Weber, 1795 Calappa gallus (Herbst, 1803) (Fig. 236) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer gallus Herbst, 1803 Calappa gallus௅Timizi and Kazmi, 1988; Takeda and Shikatani, 1990; Jeyabaskaran and Ajmal Khan, 2000. Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Florida keys to Bahia, Brazil, Bermuda, Atlantic Coasts of Africa, Red Sea, India, Japan. Host: Coral reefs (Sakai, 1976). Fig. 236. Calappa gallus. SUP. F. Trapezioidea Miers, 1886 F. Tetraliidae Castro, Ng and Ahyong, 2004 G. Tetralia Dana, 1851: The genus Tetralia currently consists of 10 species. Tetralia crabs are obligate symbionts of species of scleractinian corals of circumtropical distribution. (Galil, 1987). Tetralia glaberrima (Herbst, 1790) (Fig. 237) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer glaberrimus Herbst, 1790. Trapezia integer Latreille, 1828   223 Tetralia glaberrima௅Alcock, 1898 (part); Castro et al., 2004; Trautwein, 2007 Tetralia armata Dana, 1852 Tetralia serratifrons Jacquinot, 1842-1853 (1852) The exorbital width is less than the maximum width of the carapace. The proximal part of the supero-external margin of the palm of the larger cheliped has a tomentose cavity more or less developed. The cutting margin of the fixed finger of the smaller cheliped is denticulate. The first pleopod of the male has, on the distal third of both its margins, a tuft of more than 50 spines (movable) more or less entangled and of about the same size. (Serène, 1984). Pakistani host: Coral of unkown identity Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Throughout the Indo-West Pacific region, Red Sea, Persian Gulf. Host: Coral Acropora. Fig. 237. Tetralia glaberrima. F. Trapeziidae Miers, 1886: The species of the family are known as obligate commensals of anthozoans throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific ocean (Serene, 1984). The World Register of Marine Species lists three subfamilies and seven genera. G. Trapezia Latreille, 1825: The crab can best be identified to the species level by the colour patterns they display .These crabs depend on their Pocilloporid host for food and shelter, and in return they have been reported as defending Pocilloporid corals from predation. The genus includes 22 described species.   224 Trapezia cymodoce (Herbst, 1801) (Fig. 238) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer cymodoce Herbst, 1801 Trapezia cymodoce ௅A. Milne Edwards, 1873 - Alcock, 1898 - Castro, 2003 (full synonymy); Khvorov et al., 2012 Note: Trapezia cymodoce is an obligate commensal of branching corals Pocillopora sp. The crab feeds on the mucus produced by the coral, gathering these with the minute comb-like structures at the tips of their legs. In turn, it protects the coral from predators such as the Crown-ofThorns sea star. It discourages the sea star by using its sharp pincers to nip at the sensitive tube feet of the sea star. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific: from Red Sea, Oman and east Africa to Japan, Australia and Polynesia. Hosts: Pocillopora, Seriatopora, and Stylophora. Fig. 238. Trapezia cymodoce G. Quadrella Dana, 1851: All eight species of Quadrella so far known are symbionts of alcyonaceans, antipatharians, and ahermatypic scleractinian corals. Quadrella reticulata Alcock, 1898 (Fig. 239) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Quadrella coronata var. reticulata Alcock, 1898 Quadrella reticulata reticulata -Serène, 1968 Quadrella reticulata௅Serène, 1973; Castro, 1999; Castro et al., 2004; Naderloo and Sari, 2005b; Kazmi and Moazzam, 2012   225 Quadrella boopsis (not Alcock, A 1898) Galil, 1986. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific: north Indian Ocean ,Peersian Gulf and the west Pacific Oceann. Host: Antipathes. Only one paiir lives on a single host coral. Fig. F 239. Quadrella reticulata. SUP. F. Pilumnoidea Saamouelle, 1819 F. Pilumnidae Samouellle, 1819 G. Harrovia Adams and d White, 1849 Harrovia elegans de Maan, 1887 (Fig. 240) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Harrovia elegans࣓Tirmizzi and Kazmi, 1982a; Chia and Ng, 1998 Pakistani host: No in nformation on host accompanying the species though comatulid crinoids were once a prominent component of the benthic fauna of Mekran n coast (the collection site)forming dense beds on shallow reefs (Moazzam, pers. comm.). Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: F From the Indian Ocean to Indoneesia and various parts of the western Pacific. Hosts: Wholly symbiiotic with echinoderms, lives on crinoids Comanthina schlegeli, Comanthus (Comanthus) parvicirrra and Comanthus (Cenolia) japponica. Jones and Sankarankutty (1960) rrecorded one specimen per crinoidd.   226 Fig. 240. Harrovia elegans. G. Pilumnus Leach, 1815 Pilumnus vespertilio (Fabricius, 1793) (Fig. 241) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer vespertilio Fabricius, 1793 Pilumnus vespertilio௅Alcock, 1898; Sakai 1976; Tirmizi and Ghani, 1996; Jeyabaskaran et al., 2000 Pakistani host: Information lacking Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: South Africa, East coast of Africa, Red Sea, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Hawaii, India, Mauritius, Taiwan, China. Hosts: the dead coral beds of Acropora and Montipora species, Ectoprocta Schizoporella and Sargassum covered areas. Common in the reef (Henderson, 1893). Fig. 241. Pilumnus vespertilio.   227 SUP. F. Eriphioidea McLeay, 1838 F. Eriphiidae MacLeay, 1838 G. Eriphia Latreille, 1817 Eriphia sebana (Shaw and Nodder, 1803) (Fig. 242) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer sebana Shaw and Nodder, 1803. Eriphia laevimana Latreille, 1817 Eriphia sebana௅Sakai, 1976; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1983; Ng et al., 2001 Pakistani host: Information lacking Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: East Africa, Samoa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Japan, Oman, and Red Sea. Host: Corals (Henderson, 1893) Fig. 242. Eriphia sebana. SUP. F. Portunoidea Rafinesque, 1815: From convoluted history of the classification of the group, it shows that the superfamily is diverse (Karasawa et al., 2008). F. Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815 Notes: The portunid crabs may be ectosymbionts, living externally on the sea cucumber, usually near the mouth or anus or they may be hosts for barnacles and isopods and other invertebrates, there are positive correlations between intensity of infection and host size. Juveniles of Charybdis feriata ride on the oral arms of the rhizostome scyphozoan seem to become hitchhikers for dispersal, frequently encountered as a symbiont on rhizostomes such as Rhopilema esculentum, R. hispidum,   228 Mastigias sp., Stomolophus meleagris, Nemopilema nomurai and Versuriga anadyomene in Asian waters (Towanda and Thuesen, 2006; Ohtsuka et al., 2009). In total, 20 species of Thalamita and 7 species of Charybdis can be classified as “rock, rubble and reef dwellers” (Galil and Vannini, 1990). G. Charybdis De Hana, 1833 Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig.243) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Charybdis (Goniosoma) cruciata-Hashmi, 1963 Charybdis feriata௅Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1996 Pakistani host: Corals (mostly crab lives in shallow sandy or rocky areas). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: tropical Indo-West Pacific from East Africa the Persian Gulf through to Indonesia and Japan, and throughout most of Australia. crab lives in shallow sandy or rocky areas. Commensal host: Scyphozoan Jellyfish Stomolophus nomurai. Fig. 243. Charybdis feriata. Commensal with the Scyphozoan Jellyfish. *Charybdis sp. (Fig. 244) Material: One unidentified male, 16-11-1993, Bulleji Note: An unidentified Charybdis and an ophurid Ophiopeza fallax were collected from the same spot were, both had similar colour schemes of   229 cream and reddish bands. A similar case of commensal association is described by Sillman et al. (2003) Fig. 244. Charybdis sp. and host. G. Thalamita Latreille, 1829: Thalamita species are facultative inhabitants of coral reef habitats but also live on rocky bottom or mussel clumps. Three of the species Thalamita admete (Herbst), Thalamita prymna (Herbst ) and Thalamita crenata Rüppell which also occur here. Thalamita prymna (Herbst, 1803) (Fig. 245) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer prymna Herbst, 1803. Thalamita prymna௅Mustaquim and Rabbani, 1976; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1996a; Apel and Spiridonov, 1998; Vannini and Innocenti, 2000; Poore, 2004; Spiridonov and Neumann, 2008. Note: Information of their association with local reefs is lacking. My specimens were generally obtained from rocky shore or from trawl catch; it is possible, that they were obtained from small living coral colonies which were situated in the littoral collection sites. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea and throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. Hosts: Mostly found on rocky shores but frequently recorded from coral-associated habitats “in a dense stand of Acropora”, sea grass meadow inside the coral reef: Stylophora pistillata, Acabaria and Tubastrea (Spiridonov and Neumann, 2008).   230 Fig. 245. Thalamita prymna. G. Portunus Weber, 1795 Portunus segnis (Forskål, 1775) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Portunus pelagicus࣓Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1996 Portunus segnis Özcan, 2012 Notes:On morphological, biogeographical and molecular grounds P. segnis has recently been defined as a separate species to Portunus pelagicus and is now placed with three other species in the P. pelagicus species group. Pakistani hosts: Reefs, mangrove and sea grass and algal beds. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, restricted to the Western Indian Ocean. Hosts: green alga (Caulerpa prolifera) and seagrass (Posidonia oceanica). SUP. F. Xanthoidea MacLeay, 1838 F. Xanthidae MacLeay, 1838: Currently, 13 subfamilies are recognised in the brachyuran family Xanthidae: Actaeinae, Antrocarcininae, Chlorodiellinae, Cymoinae, Etisinae, Euxanthinae, Kraussiinae, Liomerinae, Polydectinae, Speocarcininae, Xanthinae, Zalasiinae and Zosiminae.Four are dealt here as associated from Pakistan.   231 S. F. Cymoinae Alcock, 1898 G. Cymo De Haan, 1833: The facultative coral-symbiotic crab genus Cymo occurs predominantly in acroporid and pocilloporid scleractinians (Castro, 1976; Serène, 1984; Goh et al., 1990). It currently includes eight species. The coral gains protection and house cleaning services while giving up a few polyps, mucus and captured/settled food particles in exchange for those services by the crab, the coral seems little harmed by this. Cymo andreossyi (Audouin, 1826) (Fig. 246) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pilumnus andreossyi Audouin, 1826. Cancer (Cymo) Andreossji-de Haan, 1833-1849 (1833) Cymo andreossyi࣓Alcock, 1898; Jeyabaskaran and Ajmal Khan, 2000 Cymo Andreossii Kossmann, 1877. Cymo andreossyi var maculata S. pentagonalis Klunzinger, 1913 The carapace is relatively broad furnished with acute granules (sometimes spinose). All regions of the carapace are indistinct and smooth. The almost straight margin of each frontal lobe is covered with numerous small, acute granules that are also found on the exorbital angle. The surface of the carapace is furnished with similar but blunt granules near the antero-lateral margins. The chelipeds have some coarse granules mixed with small ones, particularly on the superior and external surfaces of the larger cheliped, carpus and palm. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, Persian Gulf; Dares Salaam; Coëtivy Islands; Mayotte; Madagascar; Mauritius; Sri Lanka; Andaman Islands; Nicobar Islands; Japan; Taiwan; China; Malaysia; Philippines; Indonesia; New Britain, Fiji; Samoa; Tahiti. Hosts: both the live and dead branches of coral Pacillopora, Acropora and Montipora.   232 Fig. 246. Cymo andreossyi. S. F. Chlorodiellinae Ng and Holthuis, 2007 G. Chlorodiella Rathbun, 1897 Chlorodiella nigra (Forskål, 1775) (Fig. 247) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer niger Forskal 1775 Chlorodius niger Alcock, 1898 Chlorodiella nigra௅Sakai, 1976; Tirmizi and Ghani, 1996; Neumann and Spiridonov, 1999. Pakistani host: Information lacking Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Madagascar and South Africa to Hawaii, Sydney, and Tuamotu. Hosts: Facultative dweller of branching corals of the species Acropora, Montipora and Echinopora. Abundantly seen in dead corals than in live (Borrodaile, 1903). Fig. 247. Chlorodiella nigra.   233 S. F. Xanthinae MacLeay, 1838 G. Leptodius A. Milne-Edwards, 1863: Two species are found in Pakistan. Of which L.exaratus (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) is commonly found in crevices of rocks or under stones between low and high tide marks, mostly occurs in the crevices of dead corals and live branching (Jeyabaskaran and Ajmal Khan, 2000).It is a host for Sacculina (Siddiqui and Ahmed, 1993), the other is L. gracilis recently reported from Pakistan (Kazmi and Moazzam, 2012). Leptodius gracilis (Dana, 1852) (Fig. 248) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Chlorodius gracilis Dana 1852 Xantho exaratus gracilis Miers 1884 Leptodius gracilis௅de Man 1887; Sakai 1976; Kazmi and Moazzam, 2012. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Japan, Hawaii, Red Sea, Kenya, Singapore, Carolinas, and Marshall, Tahiti and Cocas Keeling. Hosts: Found in large numbers in the coral reefs having thick vegetation of seaweeds like Sargassum and Turbinaria species. Fig. 248. Leptodius gracilis. S. F. Zoziminae Alcock, 1898 G. Platypodia Bell, 1835 Platypodia cristata (A. Milne Edwards, 1865) (Fig. 249) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Lophactaea cristata A. Milne Edwards 1865; Alcock 1898   234 Platypodia cristata௅Galil and Vannini 1990; Jeyabaskaran and Ajmal Khan, 2000; Trivedi et al., 2012 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Western Indian Ocean islands, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Red Sea, lndia. Host: Mostly found in coral reefs. Fig. 249. Platypodia cristata. G. Atergatis De Haan, 1833 Atergatis integerimmus (Lamarck, 1801) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Atergatis integerimmus Alcock, 1898; Khan, 1977b; Tirmizi and Ghani, 1996; Al-Sinawi et al., 2012 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific, Iranian Gulf, Oman. Host: Coral reef (Stephensen, 1945) Atergatis ocyroe (Herbst, 1801) (Fig. 250) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Atergatis floridus࣓Alcock, 1898; Tirmizi and Ghani, 1996 Atergatis ocyroe௅Ng and Davie, 2007; Ghotbeddin and Naderloo, 2014 Pakistani host: Not observed Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean, Red Sea. Hosts: Coral reef (Henderson, 1892).   235 Fig. 250. Atergatis ocyroe. G. Xanthias Rathbun, 1897 Xanthias sinensis (A. Milne Edwards, 1867) (Fig. 251) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pseudozius sinensis M.Milne Edwards, 1867 Xanthias sinensis࣓Simoes, 2001 Lioxantho asperatus Alcock, 1898 Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, Somalia, Oman, Lackshwadeep and China. Host: Corals. Fig. 251. Xanthias sinensis. G. Etisus H. Milne Edwards, 1834 Etisus laevimanus Randall, 1840 (Fig. 252) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records.   236 Etisus laevimanus- Alcock Vachhrajani, 2013 and Anderson, 1894; Trivedi and Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Seychelles, Red Sea, India, Oman, Maldives, Lackshwadeep, Torres Strait, and Hawaiian Island. Host: Corals (Henderson, 1892). Fig. 252. Etisus laevimanus. Subsection Thoracotremata Guinot, 1977 SUP. F. Pinnotheroidea De Haan, 1833 F. Pinnotheridae De Haan, 1833: Pinnotherids are small crabs symbiotic to a variety of invertebrates infesting bivalves and sea squirts, unusually in gastropods. Pinnotherid species use a setae comb ventrally on the claw to brush mucus and the accumulated food particles from the bivalve gills. Thus, the pea crabs can be regarded as truly parasitic in their relations to bivalves - at least in the case of the adult female, which is an obligate symbiont (Sun et al., 2005) and is morphologically strongly adapted to the parasitic life phase. The male instead is in part free-living and just a facultative commensal. Owing to the described damages to their hosts, pinnotherids can have a negative commercial impact on aquaculture and fisheries of bivalves (Navarte and Saiz, 2004).   237 G. Nepinnotheres Manning, 1993 Nepinnotheres villosulus (Guérin, 1831) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pinnotheres villosulus Guérin, 1831 Nepinnotheres villosulus௅Siddiqui, 2012, Jahangir et al., 2015 Described material: Sonmiani, May-April, 2009 Pakistani hosts: Meretix casta var ovum, Protapes cor, Amianlis umbonella, Gastrana multantgula, Marcia marmorata, Tellinimectra angulata, Anadara antiquata. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indonesia. Hosts: Pinna, Meleagrna. G. Arcotheres Manning, 1993. The genus Arcotheres Manning, 1993, includes several Indo-West Pacific crabs endosymbiont in the mantle cavity of bivalves. Arcotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936) (Fig. 253) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pinnotheres tivelae Gordon, 1936- Moazzam and Rizvi, 1985 Arcotheres tivelae௅Naderloo and Turkay, 2012 Pakistani hosts: Tivela pandorsa (bivalve) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Persian Gulf. Host: Amiantis umbnella Fig. 253. Arcotheres tivelae. (After Moazzam and Rizvi, 1983)   238 Arcotheres placunae (H Hornell and Southwell, 1909) (Fig. 254) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Pinnotheres placunae Ho ornell and Southwell, 1909; Hashmi, 19663; Khan and Ahmed, 1975; Tirmizi T and Ghani, 1996 Arcotheres placunae௅Daavie, 2009 Material: Two females 24-1-1973, Pasni; one male, three femalees, 14-31985, Korangi Creek; onne female 26-9-1987, Korangi Creek. Note: A. placunae descrribed by Tirmizi and Ghani (1996, fig 33H) as P. placunae has questionable identification. (Naderloo and Turkay, 22012). Pakistani hosts: Femaales live inside the mantle cavity of Placuna placenta, Tivela ponderoosa, Meretrix meretrix, Marcia cor, while males are generally free living. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean: India, Iran. The crab’s markedly dorsoventrally flattened body enables it to live in Plaacuna placenta which itself is greatly fflattened indicating host specificcity (Silas and Alagarswami, 1966). Hosts: Placuna placenta, Amiaantis umbonella. Jose and Deepthi (20055) report from Perna viridis needss verification (Ng and Kumar, 2015). Fig. F 254. Arcotheres placunae. *Arcotheres aff. alcocki (Rathbun, 1909) (Fig. 255) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Pinnotheres parvulus (no ot Stimpson, 1858) Alcock, 1900b Pinnotheres alcocki Rath hbun, 1909   239 Arcotheres alcocki௅Ahyong and Ng, 2007; Watanabe and Hemi, 2009. Material: Fifty five females, Korangi Creek Note: All the females (except one) lie in the group of A.guinotae Campos, A.simlis Berger, A .alcocki and A.vicaji (Chhapgar) but closest to A.alcocki Pakistani commensal: Placuna placenta in mantle cavity, generally 2-3 females were found in one shell, however up to 7 crabs were also taken out at a time. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, China, and Gulf of Thailand, Mergui archipelago, Philippine Islands, and Indonesia. Host: Anadara granosa, Cvtheria, Mytilus. Fig. 255. Arcotheres aff. alcocki. G. Sindheres Kazmi and Manning, 2003 Sindheres karachiensis Kazmi and Manning, 2003 (Figs. 256-257) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Sindheres karachiensis Kazmi and Manning, 2003 Described material: female 3.25 x 5mm, Bulleji, 21 August, 1997 Carapace is fragile; its greatest width is posterior to mid-length. The front is very slightly produced beyond outline of carapace. The propodus of maxillipede 3 is stout; length is about twice its height. The movable fingers of chela is more than half the length of palm, latter is about 0.6 times height; the movable finger has a proximal tooth and approximated cutting edge with a row of more than 22 anteriorly directed spines, fixed finger is armed with a triangular tooth proximally, 2 + 1 2 anteriorly   240 directed teeth on approximated cutting edge, and rows of setae. Walking W legs are slender, propodii of leg 2 is about five times and leg 3 abbout four times longer than high; their t relative lengths increase from leg 2 to leg 4. Leg 4 does not extend to dactylus of leg 3; carpus is shorter than the L 1 – Leg 4 are setose on posterior margin, propodus on all legs; Leg dactylus of right leg 2 is setose on anterior and posterior margins. Leg 1 3 dactyli are subequal, daactylus of leg 4 are short. Pakistani host: Female inside i the mantle cavity of Gastrochaenaa sp. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Foound not outside Pakistan. Fig g. 256. Sindheres karachiensis. Fig. 257. With host. G. Indopinnixa Mannin ng and Morton, 1987: Naruse and Maaenosono (2012) suggested that Inddopinnixa will probably have to be redefiined. Indopinnixa aff.sipuncu ulata Manning and Morton, 1987 (Fig. 2258) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records.   241 Indopinnixa sipunculata Manning and Morton, 1987- Rahayu and Ng, 2010 Indopinnixa aff. sipunculata Kazmi and Moazzam, 2012 Material: One subadult female Carapace regions are poorly defined without a defined cardiac ridge, anterolateral border marked by a crest, border form a slender shoulder. Telson is rounded, spatulate resembling that of a male. Merus is broad of third maxilliped; terminal segment of palp is long, provided with long setae on margin and on diagonal crest. Chelipeds are subequal, dentition on fingers is almost lacking. Leg 3 is much stouter; leg 4 is much smaller than the others. The first pleopod abruptly narrows distally, its tip is pointed and slightly curved. Pakistani associates: Unknown Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Hong Kong. Host: Associated with sipunculids. cheliped carepace Fig.258. Indopinnixa sipunculata. SUP.F. Grapsoidea MacLeay, 1838 F. Varunidae H. Milne-Edwards, 1853 S. F. Gaeticinae Davie and Ng, 2007 G. Sestrostoma Davie and Ng, 2007: Three species of the genus Sestrostoma have been recorded worldwide (Ng et al., 2008): Sestrostoma balssi (Shen), S. depressum (Sakai), and S. toriumii   242 (Takeda).The members of the genus Sestrostoma occur in the burrows of thallassinids, annelids, callianassids and echiurans (Anker et al., 2005). These crabs are at least occasional kleptoparasites, and may steal appreciable quantities of food from the host. Sestrostoma balssi (Shen, 1932) (Fig. 259) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Acmaeopleura balssi Shen, 1932; Ghani and Tirmizi, 1991 Sestrostoma balssi௅Davie and Ng, 2007; Marin et al., 2011 Material: Two females, Bulleji, 1991 no new material Pakistani associate(s): Upogebia quddusiae (ghost shrimp) Note: Identity of S. balssi reported by Ghani and Tirmizi (1991) as A. balssi was doubted by Davie and Ng (2007) but they deferred giving it a new name. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Japan, China, Korea, and Madagascar. S. balssi may also be free-living (Itani et al., 2002). Hosts: Symbiotic with Upogebia major and U. Issaeffi. Fig. 259. Sestrostoma balssi.(after Ghani and Tirmizi,1991) G. Planes Bowdich, 1825 Planes major (MacLeay, 1838) (Figs. 260-261) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Nautilograpsus angustatus Stimpson, 1858 Nautilograpsus major MacLeay, 1838 Planes cyaneus௅Tirmizi et al., 1982   243 Varuna atlantica Mellis, 1875 o Planes major is variable, and camoufllages the Note: The colouration of crab against the Sargasssum weed it often lives on. The base ccolour is yellow to white, often w with large patches of brown, although thhe colour pattern tends to match thhat of the substrate on which the crab iis found, the colouration is only ab ble to change slowly after a change of subbstrate. Fig. 260. Planees major. (courtesy of Moazzam) Fig. 261. With epibiont. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Indoo-Pacific and Atlantic. Hosts: Liv ving on a wide variety of floating substraata, such as drifting algae (Sargassum), scyphozoans (Velella), gastropods (Janthina sp.) and the shells of cephalopods Spirula (Chacee, 1951; Geiselman, 1983; Daveenport, 1994), loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) clinging with thhe walking legs, onto the underside of thhe turtle around the tail, cloaca, and hind limb. It is also possible that eepibiotic m sea turtle (Pons et al., 2011). crabs clean epibiota from   244 SUP.F.Grapsoidea McLeay, 1838 F. Plagusiidae Dana, 1851 G. Plagusia Latreille, 1804: The genus can often be seen clinging to flotsam and marine animals Plagusia squamosa (Herbst, 1790) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer squamosus Herbst, 1790 Grapse tuberculatus Latreille, in Milbert, 1812 Plagusia depressa tuberculata Lamarck, 1818, Crosnier, 1965 Plagusia orientalis Stimpson, 1858 Plagusia tuberculata Lamarck, 1818 Plagusia squamosa࣓Schubart et al., 2001, Ng et al., 2008 Note: There is a paucity of information concerning the occurrence of P. squamosa as commensal of other marine animals. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Eastern Tropical Pacific, Indian Ocean. Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Mediterranean. Host: Lepidochyles olivacea, living in sympatry with Planes (Frick et al., 2011). I. O. Caridea Dana, 1852 Notes: De Grave and Fransen (2011) provided a complete checklist of caridean shrimps with 389 genera and 3438 species. Carideans live with Porifera, Hydrozoa, Alcyonacca, Actinaria, Scleractinaria, Annelida, Decapoda, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Crinoidca, Echinoidea, Asteroidea, Ascidacea and Pisces. Bruce (1976) reported 62% of total carideans contained species known to associate with other animals, this association is rarely reported in deep-sea and fresh water environments. Caridean shrimp and anthozoan symbioses are usually viewed as commensalistic, as the shrimps derive benefits like food scraps and protection from their hosts, without having any obvious effect on them (Shick, 1991). A few associations have been found to be mutualistic, e.g., the shrimp Alpheus   245 that associates with the anemone, in fact the shrimp chases away the polychaete Harmodice that would otherwise prey upon the anemone (Smith, 1977). The association between the shrimp Periclemenes brevicarpalis and its host anemones has been found to be intermittently parasitic. In laboratory studies, P. brevicarpalis has been seen to tear tentacles from its host for food when deprived of other food sources (Fautin et al., 1995). A commensal shrimps on crinoids at the Pasni coast, Mekran were difficult to identify without microscopic examination. The colouration of the species matched its host crinoid (Moazzam, pers comm.). Sillman et al. (2003) describe a commensal association between Alpheus heterochaelis and the black-clawed mud crab (Panopeus herbstii). Mud crabs did not prey on the snapping shrimp although they regularly consume similarly sized crustaceans. Of particular ecological interest are the only two freshwater commensal species: Limnocaridina iridinae Roth-Woltereck from the mantle cavity of a unionid clam from Lake Tanganyika and a Caridina species from Lake Towuti in Sulawesi living with freshwater sponges. Symbiotic species occur among Pakistani families Alpheidae, Pandalidae, Hippolytidae and Palaemonidae. SUP. F. Alpheoidea Rafinesque, 1815 F. Alpheidae Rafinesque, 1815 Note: Although the Alpheidae are one of the most species-rich shrimp families, a few freshwater species are known. Alpheidae is of particularly interest to the biologists because associations occur in many aspects in this family, such as interspecific communication, protandric hermaphroditism, host protection and eusociality. Alpheid shrimps are actually second in number and diversity of associations after the palaemonid subfamily Pontoniinae. At least 20 species of alpheids are known as infaunal symbionts of burrows of other burrowing animals. Many shrimp in the family have symbiotic relationships with organisms like sponges, cnidarians,   246 echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans, and gobiid fish (Zeng and Jaafar, 2012). Alpheid shrimp and gobiid partnerships are widespread across the tropics; Alpheus brevirostris species group contains the majority of gobyassociated species. Gobies have good eyesight and warn the shrimp of any nearby predators in the exchange of the food that Alpheus shrimp provides to their host, gobies. The partnering between these two creatures is only that of a watchman and housekeeper and do not compete for food symbiosis between gobies and pistol shrimp. About 130 species of gobies are associated with about 20 species of Alpheus shrimp. The majority of these are found in the Indo-Pacific and adjacent regions. There are goby generalists that live together with different shrimp, but there are also specialists living with just one species (Karplus et al., 1981). The genus Synalpheus includes more than 150 species that inhabit the interstices of coral rubble, the internal spaces of sponges, and, in the IndoPacific, the arms of crinoid echinoderms. Sponge-dwelling shrimp in the genus Synalpheus, living in colonies, have in particular helped in studying the evolution of social biology and host use in marine invertebrates. It has been shown that colonies contain in hundreds of individuals, but only one reproductive female. The genus Athanas is mostly free living but also includes a number of symbiotic taxa associated with various marine invertebrates-, stomatopods, mud shrimps, hermit crabs, fan clams, feather stars, brittle stars, and sea urchins (Duris and Anker, 2014). G. Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 Alpheus barbatus Coutière, 1897 (Fig. 262) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Alpheus barbatus௅Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012 Note: The present specimens belong to pantropical A. barbatus species complex (A. barbatus clade of Anker et al., 2007). They also resemble A. aequus, that also belongs to the same species complex and A. aequus may be just variation of A. barbatus (Kim and Able, 1988). Anker et al. (2005) also reported association between A. barbatus and echuirans   247 Ochetostoma in the western Pacific, for Pakistani specimens no such observation was made, allthough the same echuirian genus occurs here. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Tropical Indo-West Pacific from the Red Sea to Madagascar, Japan and A Australia Hosts: This species has been so far thought to be a free-living species, but many examples werre observed to dwell commensally in tuunnels of echiurans, Chetostoma sp. s or Ikedesoma sp., which live in creevices or under stones on the reaar reef flats (Nomura, 2000). The shrim mp uses echiuran dwellings as sh helter and may occasionally directly proofit from the echiurans feeding acctivities, so the relationship between the echiuran e and the shrimp can be deescribed as facultative commensalism. It hhas been collected among roots of Syringodium and Cymodocea (Bannner and Banner, 1983). Fig. 262. Alpheus barbatus. Alpheus splendidus Cou utière, 1897 (Figs. 263-264) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Alpheus splendidus࣓Kazmi and Kazmi, 1979; 2012 Note: A slender bright yellow y band from rostrum to the telson, bbordered with two brown bands,, the rest of the body reddish except for two straight white lines contiguous c to the brown bands maakes the identification easy. It is a species complex, in particular the Indoo-Pacific material. Pakistani host: Sea urchhin and goby   248 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, Indo-Pacific. Host: Goby. Fig. 263. Alpheus splendidus. Fig. 264. Alpheus splendidus with associate urchin and goby. Alpheus strenuus strenuus Dana, 1852 (Fig. 265) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Alpheus strenuus var. angulaatus Coutiere 1905 Alpheus doris White 1847 Alpheus strenuus௅Kazmi and Kazmi, 1979 Alpheus strenuus strenuus Banner and Banner, 1982; Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012 Note: Banner and Banner (1982) separated Alpheus strenuus into A. strenuus strenuus and A. strenuus cremnus on the basis of a few   249 morphological differences, and also suggest that ecological diffferences may separate the subsppecies, with A. s. strenuus on coral reeefs and islands in clean sand and d cleaner waters and A. s. cremnus more ccommon in muddy and estuarine environments. e Found elsewhere and oof their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-West Pacific and Indian Oceaan. Hosts: A. strenuus strenuus shares iits home not only with fire worm ms in the genus Eurythoe, but occasionallly brittle stars and lives in tubes constructed c of dense coralline algae (Bannner and Banner, 1982) .Symbiotiic poecilostomatoid copepods on the caraapace of this snapping shrimp are also observed (Anker, 2010) Fig. 265. Alpheus strennus strennus. Alpheus rapax Fabriciu us, 1798 (Fig. 266) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Alpheus rapax࣓Kazmi an nd Kazmi, 2012; Zeng and Jaffar, 2012 Note: Interphyletic com mmunication is known to occur in a behaavioural, mutualistic symbiotic asssociation with goby and this species (Z Zeng and Jaffar, 2012). I did not observe o this in the field. Found elsewhere and of their mutuals there and elsewheree: IndoPacific. Commensal: Psilogobius mainland. Fig. 266. Alpheus rapax.   250 Alpheus edwardsii (Aud douin, 1827) (Fig. 267) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Alpheus audouini Coutièère, 1905 Alpheus edwardsii௅Kazm mi and Kazmi, 1979; 2012. Found elsewhere and of o their mutuals there and elsewhere: Tropical Indo-Pacific, Persian Gulf. G Host: Reef (Henderson, 1892), primarily p intertidal rocks. Fig. 267. Alpheus edwardsii. G. Synalpheus Spence B Bate, 1888 Synalpheus neptunus neeptunus (Dana, 1852) (Fig. 268) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Alpheus neptunus Dana, 1852 Synalpheus neptunus nep eptunus- Davie et al., 2002; Kazmi andd Kazmi, 2012 Alpheus minor neptunus (Miers 1884) Synalpheus theano (sensuu Banner and Banner 1966). Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their mutuals there and elsewheree: Indowest. Hosts: Reef and sp ponges Coscinoderma aff mathewsi, Axim missa aff cavernosa and Ircinia spponges (Henderson, 1892, Didderen et al.,, 2006).   251 Fig. 268. Synalpheus neptunus neptunus. F. Hippolytidae Bate, 1888: The Hippolytidae is the fourth largest family within the Caridea, currently containing over 330 described species in 37 genera, and the classification of this family has been rather controversial (Grave et al., 2014). Best known association of decapods crustaceans with other animals are those between Hippolytidae and sea anemone. G. Laureutes Stimpson, 1860 Note: May be commensal with other marine invertebrates, particularly cnidarians, or free-living among algae or sea grasses common in Sargassum in some tropical zones. Latreutes anoplonyx Kemp, 1914 (Figs. 269-270) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Material: 2 ov. females and one juvenile Latreutes anoplonyx௅Kazmi, 1971, Kazmi and Kazmi, 1979, 2012; Kazmi, 1996; Tahira and Kazmi, 2006; Grave and Fransen, 2011 Pakistani host: Catostylus mosaicus (may be C.perezi Ref. Gul et al., 2013) Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Hosts: The association of L. anoplonyx with medusa is well known since it was reported by Kishinouye (1902). Acromitus flagellatus, Mastigias papua, Nemopilema nomurai, Rhizostoma sp., Rhopilema esculentum, R.   252 hispidum, Phyllorhiza punctata and Versuriga anadynomene (Bruce, 1995; Hayashi et al., 2004). Fig. 269. Latreutes? anoplonyx. Fig. 270. Latreutes? anoplonyx on host. Latreutes mucronatus (Stimpson, 1860) (Fig. 271) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Latreutes gravieri Nobili, 1904 Latreutes mucronatus var. multidens Nobili, 1905 Latreutes natalensis Lenz and Strunck, 1914 Rhynchocyclus mucronatus Stimpson, 1860 Latreutes mucronatus࣓Ghani and Tirmizi, 1991; De Grave, 2007; Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012 Pakistani host: No information available.   253 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific and Persian Gulf. Hosts: Tetrostoma setouchiana (Ohtsuka et al., 2011), among leaves of seagrass beds or algae. Fig. 271. Latreutes mucronatus. G. Gelastocaris Kemp, 1914: Highly specialized epibiotic symbiotic species of the genus Gelastocaris paronae is found here. It lives in sponge, a perfect shelter of the inhabitants by toxicity of the sponges from large predators is provided. Gelastocaris paronae (Nobili, 1905) (Fig. 272) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Latreutes Paronae Nobili, 1905. Gelastocaris paronae࣓Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012. Material: One female, 13mm TL, 27-3-1980, its exact depth of capture cannot be precisely determined. Note: The amount of morphological variation in the few available descriptions of this shrimp may indicate merely a very plastic species, possibly with different sponge host associations may be represented. Pakistani host: The associate species in the case of the present specimen were not recorded. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-west Pacific, Persian Gulf. Commensals: various sponge hosts (Xestospongia, Axinella species), where its colour and patterns almost completely camouflage it, camouflage is so effective that it appears to literally melt into its host.   254 Fig. 272. Gelastocaris paronae on host. (Google image) G. Hippolyte Leach, 1914: Of species occurring in the Indo-West Pacific the genus is poorly understood. d'Udekem d’Acoz (1999) re-described Indo-West Pacific species including Hippolyte ventricosa H. Milne Edwards, 1837 in details. However, there are still many taxonomic problems in this genus and the Pakistani specimens remain to be verified. The genus Hippolyte is only found associated with pelagic Sargassum, well known for its ability to cling to its algal habitat. Hippolyte is coloured in such a way that it seems to be broken up into 2 parts (cephalothorax-abdomen), each of which looks very like a vesicle of Sargassum (Gurney, 1936). Hippolyte ventricosa H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 (Figs. 273-274) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Virbius australiensis Stimpson, 1860 Hippolyte orientalis Heller, 1862 Caridina cincinnuli Haswell, 1882 Hippolyte ventricosus H.Milne- Edwards, 1837; Kemp, 1916 Hippolyte ventricosa࣓Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1984; Bruce, 1986; Chace, 1997; Udekem d’ Acoz, 1999; Kazmi and Kazmi,2012 Hippolyte acuta Rathbun, 190; Edmondson, 1946 Pakistani host: Collected the specimens with the weed washed ashore. The species changes the body colour according to its habitat; when obtained from green algal belt, they were green and grey in colour, when   255 they were captured from Sargassum belt, the body was of a brownish black. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-WestPacific and Mediterranean region; Udekem d’ Acoz, (1999) opines that the species is only known with certainty from India; most other IndoPacific records are probably based on other.He did not mention Pakistani record of the species (Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1984) Host: flotsam in the high sea. Fig. 273. Hippolyte ventricosa. Fig. 274. On host. G. Lysmata Risso, 1816: Recent cladistics analysis suggests the genus should be included in the family Lysmatidae (Bracken et al., 2009). It contain about forty described species which usually live on rock and coral reef or sponges. Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860) (Fig. 275) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Hippolysmata vittata Stimpson, 1860 Nauticaris unirecedens Bate, 1888 Lysmata (Hippolysmata) vittata࣓Kubo, 1951 Hippolysmata (Hippolysmata) vittata௅Karim and Rehman, 1974; Bruce, 1986 Lysmata vittata࣓Chace, 1997; Kazmi, 2003b; Kazmi and Kazmi, 2004, 2012   256 Pakistani associates: Not noted Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Host: Coral reefs. Fig. 275. Lysmata vittata. SUP.F. Palaemonoidea Rafinesque, 1815 F. Palaemonidae Rafinesque, 1815 Note: Several species are dispersed by means of floating objects such as macroalgae, often associated with wood or sea grass (Emmerson, 1986), this suggests that rafting provides a likely additional mode of longdistance dispersal in this group. S.F. Pontoniinae Kingsley, 1879 Recent studies on Indo-Pacific shrimps of the subfamily Pontoniinae have indicated that the vast majority of species live in permanent commensal association with another marine invertebrate. The relationship between the commensal pontoniine shrimps and their hosts is the issue of most concern. G. Anchistus Borradaile, 1898 Anchistus custos (Forskal, 1775) (Fig. 276) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Anchistia aurantiaca Dana, 1852 Anchistus inermis Barnars, 1950 Cancer custos Forskål, 1775 Harpilius inermis Miers, 1884   257 Pontonia inflata H. Miln ne Edwards, 1840 [in H. Milne Edwardds, 18341840] Pontonia pinnae Ortmannn, 1894 Pontonia spinax Dawydo off, 1952 Anchistus custos௅Tirmizzi and Kazmi, 1982; Chace and Brucee, 1993; Grave and Fransen, 2011; Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012. Described material: On ne female, one male, orange-red, female darker than male; one spent feemale, 28-5-1994, Bulleji, with a black leathery rounded fish egg embed dded in the merus of right cheliped. Pakistani host: Commen nsal with pinnid, Atrina (155mm) Note: Rumphius (1705) mentions the commensalisms between Anchistus A custos and Pinna and callled the shrimp the pinna guards. No tisssue harm to the host is observed so that A. custos nicely fits the definition of a commensal. Hipeau-Jaacquotte (1973) studied territorialitty and interspecific aggression among A. custos and two other ponntonines: Paranchistus ornatus Holthuis and Conchodytes biunguuiculatus (Paulson).He observed that t Paranchistus ornatus Holthuis is regularly r expelled by Anchistus cuustos and Conchodytes biunguiculatus ddisplaces both of these species. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, and Persian Gu ulf. Hosts: Pinna bicolor, P. saccata, P.m muricata, P.artropurpurea, Atrina vaxillum and Vasum sp. The association with the gastropod Vasum must be considered to be highly aberrant (Brucee, 1996). Fig. 276. Ancchistus custos, taken out from host shells.   258 G. Cuapetes Clark, 1919: Cuapetes now includes 24 species, some are free living and some commensally associated with other invertebrates. Cuapetes elegans (Paul’son, 1875) (Fig. 277) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Anchistia elegans Paulson, 1875. Periclimenes elegans࣓Kazmi and Qureshi, 1974; Kazmi and Kazmi, 1979; 2004a Periclimenes (Falciger) dubius Borradaile, 1915 Periclimenes (Ancylocaris) elegans࣓Kemp, 1922. Periclimenes (Harpilius) elegans࣓Holthuis, 1952. Kemponia elegans࣓Bruce, 2004; Li, 2008 Cuapetes elegans࣓Okunu, 2009; Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012 Pakistani host: No commensalism was reported from Pakistan. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, India, Bay of Bengal, Sri Lanka, Andaman Is., Nicobar Is., Malay Archipelago, Hong Kong, Philippines, Ryukyu Is., Japan, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Solomon Is., Caroline Is., Marshall Islands, Society Is., Tuamotus, Hawaiian Is. Host: Occurs in coral reef habitat of Pocillopora damicornis (Bruce, 2004). Fig. 277. Cuapetes elegans. S.F. Palaemoninae Rafinesque, 1815 G. Palaemon Weber, 1795 Paleomon pacificus (Stimpson, 1860) (Fig. 278) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records.   259 Leander pacificus Stimpson, 1860 Palaemon pacificus࣓Holthuis, 1950; Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1984; Chace and Bruce, 1993; Li et al., 2004, Kazmi and Kazmi, 2012 Pakistani host: Seaweeds in low tide zones. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Host: Sea grass Zostrea capensis (Emmerson, 1986). Fig. 278. Paleomon pacificus. F. Gnathophylidae Dana, 1852. G. Gnathophyllum Latreille, 1819 Gnathophyllum americanum Guérin-Méneville, 1855 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Gnathophyllum americanum௅Chace and Bruce, 1993; Ali, 2006. Pakistani associates: not noted Note: It is likely that a complex of sibling species occurs (Davei et al., 2002). Often associated with echinoderms but not permanently associated, most likely micropredators rather than symbiont tending towards parasitism (Bauer, 2004). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Circumtropical. Hosts: Sea anemone Stichodactyla haddoni or echinoids, asteroids and opiuroids.   260 I.O. Achelata Scholtz and Richter, 1995 F. Scyllaridae Latreille, 1825 S.F. Arctidinae Holthuis, 1985 G.Scyllarides Gill, 1898 Scyllarides tridacnophaga Holthuis, 1967 (Fig. 279) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Scyllarides tridacnophaga௅Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1983;Sultana et al,2009 Pakistani host: Not noted. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Red Sea, East Africa, Gulf of Aden, Yemen and the west coast of Thailand. Host: reef . Fig. 279. Scyllarides tridacnophaga. I. O. Anomura MacLeay, 1838 SUP. F. Paguroidea Latreille, 1802: Hermit crabs (Superfamily Paguroidea) are adapted to use empty gastropod shells as shelter from biotic factors, preventing mechanical damage to their soft abdomen (Angel, 2000; Barnes, 2003), and as protection against predation (Leonard et al., 2001). Shell utilization appears to be based on a complex and interactive factors, including shell weight, architecture, volume, height, width, colour and aperture size (Garcia and Mantelatto, 2000, 2001). Almost all 1100 species of hermit crab are mobile while sheltered (Figs. 280, 281). Only one genus lives without gastropod shell.   261 Fig. 280. Hermits in shells The well-known sym mbiosis has been observed between annemones and hermit crabs in wh hich latter carry former on their shellss. These associations are mutuallistic because both the crab and anem mone can protect each other from m predation; the hermits will often pickk up sea anemones and ‘plant’ them t on their backs, and when they m move to another shell, will take thheir resident anemone with them. Most frequently herm mit crabs use the shells of gastropods (Fiigs. 280281) although the shellss of bivalves and scaphopods and evenn hollow pieces of wood and stoone while plastic shelters are even propposed as alternative shelters for hermit crabs, while others live in im mmobile domiciles provided by calcareous tubes of polychaetes or vvermetid ponges are used by some species. Severaal hermit gastropods, corals, or sp crab species use “vacanccy chains” to find new; when a new, biggger shell becomes available, herm mit crabs gather around it and form a kind of queue from largest to smallest. s When the largest crab moves into the new shell, the second biiggest crab moves into the newly vacateed shell, thereby making its previous shell available to the third crab, annd so on (Randi et al., 2010). A heterogenous h habitat wit more niches proovides a wider choice of shells for the hermit crabs, minimizing interrspecific competition for the availlable shell resources. While unreliable rep ports have suggested that hermit crabs may be capable of removing liive gastropods from their shells to acccess the essential shell resource, no systematic experiments have been coonducted to investigate this possibility. Recently I have sighted that in one   262 collection sample the gaastropod (Bullia) was accessed by a herm mit crab with gastropods’ body still left intact inside the shell. Most of the Pakistani hermit crabss have no information on their associated gastropods ,also there is no information even in literature . The other associates include species found on the shells occuupied by hermit crabs (epibioticc species), species boring into thesee shells (endolithic species), and d species living within the lumen of the t shell (either free living or attaached to the shell), species attached to the hermit crabs themselves, and hypersymbionts. h In total over 550 inverttebrates, from 16 phyla are foun nd associated with over 180 species off hermit crabs. According to Coonover (1979) there is a significant diifference between the epifauna off empty shells and shells with hermit craab. Some organisms like calyptraeeid genus Crepidula has been noticed inn lumen of Tonna both with its ssoft body intact (31-8-1995, Ibrahim Hyydery) or shell occupied with herm mit crab (30-8-1995, Ibrahim Hyderi). Fig. F 281. Hermit crab in shell. Fig. 282. Communities off hermit crab associates with the gastropod shelll (after Kazmi, 19966; after Williams and McDermott, 2004).   263 Among the associates, 114 appear to be obligate commensals of hermit crabs, 215 are facultative commensals, and 232 are incidental associates (Fig. 282). The taxa exhibiting the highest number of associates are crustaceans. Other very close symbiotic relationships are known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs forming bryoliths (Klicpera et al., 2013). The scale worms, barnacles and amphipods are suspected egg predator found living in the lumen of shells near the abdomen of hermit crabs, spionid worms bore hermit crab shells, holes created by polydorids, reduced the shell strength and increased successful predation on hermit crabs by other Decapods; the nature of the symbiosis is mutualistic, with nereid worms gaining food and protection from hosts, while hosts could possibly benefit by the worm removing parasites such as bopyrids and rhizocephalans before they have had a chance to parasitize hermit crabs; among cnidarians there are examples of mutualism whereby anemones and hydractinians provide protection from predators such as crabs, octopus and fish to host hermit crabs. A non obligate and non symbiosis is seen between a Dardanus and Porcellana. Symbiotic alpheid is reported inside the large strombid shell occupied by Dardanus (Marin, 2010). Key to families of Paguroidea of the Pakistan coast 1. Antennular flagella truncated at tip; terrestrial or semiterrestrial .… ……………………………………………………...... Coenobitidae - Antennular flagella terminating in a filament; marine.…................. 2 2. Outer maxillipeds usually contiguous at base; chelipeds equal or subequal, or left distinctly the larger ………................... Diogenidae - Outer maxillipeds widely separated at base; left cheliped never larger than right, right usually much the larger................... Paguridae F. Diogenidae Ortmann, 1892 G. Calcinus Dana, 1851 Calcinus latens Randall, 1840   264 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pagurus latens Randall, 1840. Calcinus abrolhensis Morgan, 1988 {6} Pagurus cristimanus H. Milne Edwards, 1848 Calcinus intermedius De Man, 1881 Calcinus terraereginae Haswell, 1882 Calcinus latens௅Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Naderloo, 2012 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific region, Maldives, Seychelles, Australia, and east coast of Africa, Gulf of Oman, Aden and Red Sea. Shells occupied: Nassariidae, Planaxidae, Neritidae, Strombidae, Cerithiidae, Columbellidae, Conidae, Cymatiidae, Cypraefdae, Melongenidae, Thaididae, Trochidae, and Turbinidae. Associations: coral reef, sea grass in mangrove areas. Calcinus elegans (H. Milne-Edwards, 1836) (Fig. 283) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pagurus elegans H. Milne Edwards, 1836 ? Pagurus fasciatus Bell, 1853 Calcinus elegans Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003 Pakistani shells occupied: Turbo coronatus Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Hawaiian Island to East Africa. Shells occupied: Nassariidae, Muricidae, and Strombidae. Fig. 283. Calcinus elegans in host shell.   265 G. Clibanarius Dana, 1852: As of 2009, about 60 species are recognized in Clibanarius. Clibanarius aequabilis Dana, 1852. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Pagurus aequabilis Dana, 1851; Ahmed and Khan, 1971; Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003; McLaughlin et al., 2010. Pakistani shell occupied: Nerita textiles. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: European waters; Sri Lanka, Mergui, Malaysia, Tahiti. Shell occupied: Stramonita haemastoma showing tendency to choose those with a larger internal volume and weight (Lopez, 2008). Clibanarius arethusa de Man, 1888. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Clibanarius arethusa௅Ahmed and Khan, 1971; Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003; Chan, Tin-Yam, 2012 Pakistani shells occupied: Drupa granulate, Monula amygdala Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Mergui Archipelago, India, Vietnam and Taiwan. Shells occupied: Trochus spp., Murex virgineus and Turbo spp. Host: Shallow coral reefs. Clibanarius clibanarius (Herbst, 1791). Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer clibanarius Herbst, 1791 Clibanarius vulgaris Dana, 1852 Pagurus clibanarius࣓Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982 Clibanarius clibanarius McLaughlin et al., 2010 Pakistani shells occupied: Hexaplax kusterianus, Cymia cornifera and Melongena bucephala   266 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Andaamans to Tahiti. Shells occupied: Different species of Murex, Bursa, Babyylonia or nd Subramanian, 1982). Turitella (Varadarajan an Clibanarius infraspinatu us Hilgendorf, 1869 (Fig. 284) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Clibanarius infraspinatuus௅Ahmed and Khan, 1971; Tirmizi and S Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Siddiqu ui and Kazmi, 2003; Chan, Tin-Yam, 20112 Pakistani shells occupiied: Tonna, Telescopium, Hexaplax kustterianus, Cymia cornifera Associates: Crepidula species, 30-8-1995, Ibrahim Hyderi Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: R Red Sea, Northern Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Peninsular Malaysia, aand East Australia. Shells occupieed: Tonna dolium, Turbo. Fig. 284. Clibanarius C infraspinatu with host shell. Clibanarius padavensis de Man, 1888 Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Clibanarius padavensis௅ ௅Ahmed and Khan, 1971; Tirmizi and S Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Siddiqu ui and Kazmi, 2003. Pakistani shells occupieed: Cerithids, Telescopium telescopium, T Turitella cochlea   267 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific: India, Singapore, Thailand, Australia and New Caledonia. Shells occupied: Turritella attenuata, Thais bufo, Natica didyma, Murex tarpa, Babylonia spirata, Hemifusus spp., and Oliva spp. Clibanarius signatus Heller, 1861. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Clibanarius semistratus Heller, 1862 Clibanarius signatus࣓Chopra and Das, 1940; Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003; Abd El-Wakeil et al., 2010 Pakistani shells occupied: Clypeomorus sp., Tenguella granulate, Cantheus undosus Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Oman and Red Sea. Shells occupied: Nerita spp., Oliva sp., Conus sp., Strombus sp., Terebralia sp., Turritella sp., Trochus sp., Clanculus sp., Cerithium caeraleum, Lunella coronate, Planaxis sulcatus, Conumurex persicus, Semiricinula konkanensis, Priotrochus kotschyi, Nassarius spp., Clypeomorus persica, Thais savignyi, Tenguella granulata, Cantheus undosus. Clibanarius striolatus Dana, 1852. (Fig. 285) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Clibanarius striolatus࣓Alcock, 1905 Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981, 1982; Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003; Chan, 2012 Pakistani shell occupied: Drupa Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Seychelles eastward to Tahiti, Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Shells occupied: Cerithiidae, Neritidae, and Planaxidae, Clypeomeorus batillariaeformis. This species hosts rhizocephalan Septosaccus and Peltogaster.   268 Fig. 285. Clibanarius striolatus in host shell. Clibanarius virescens Krauss, 1843. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pagurus virescens Krauss, 1843. Clibanarius virescens௅Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981; 1982; Rahayu, 2000 Pakistani shells occupied: Bursa sp., Nerita sp., Turbo sp., Cymatium sp., Drupa, Morula, Clypeomonus spp. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Australia, Japan, Cebu and Fiji Islands, Hong Kong, East and south Africa, Oman, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf and Red Sea. Shells occupied: Ceriithidae. Seventeen gastropod species with Burnupena lagenaria predominating (Wait and Schoeman, 2012); Burnupena cincta and Burnupena pubescens, Cypraea, rarely Cymatium dolarium and Stramonita capensis. Clibanarius nathi Chopra and Das, 1940. (Fig. 286) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Clibanarius nathi Chopra and Das, 1940; McLaughlin et al., 2010 Pakistani shell: Not noted Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Taiwan, Red Sea, Iran. Shells occupied: Cerithium caerulium, Rhinoclavis sinensis, Clypeomorus sp., Murex sp., Turbo intercoastaliis and Nucella sp. (Vaghela and Kundu, 2012).   269 Fig. 286. Cliba anarius nathi in host shell. (Google image) G. Dardanus Paulson, 1875 1 Dardanus setifer (H. Miilne Edwards, 1836). Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Pagurus setifer H. Milnee Edwards, 1836; Alcock, 1905. Dardanus setifer௅Tirmizzi and Siddiqui, 1982 McLaughlin et al., 22007. Pakistani shells occupieed: Not noted. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Northern N Arabian Sea, India easttward to Hong Kong, Australia, south aand east Africa. Shells occupied: Cymatium. Hosts: Seagrass roots, soft corals. Dardanus pedunculatuss (Herbst, 1804) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Cancer pedunculatus Heerbst, 1804 Pagurus asper De Haan, 1849 Dardanus haani Rathbun n, 1903 Neopagurus horai Kamaalaveni, 1950 Dardanus pedunculatus௅௅Rahayu, 2000; Ali, 2006; Poupin et al., 22013 Pakistani shells occupieed: Not noted. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Southern S Japan, Kii Peninsula, Tosa Bay, Kyushu, and Okinawa; Taiwan; Philippines; Seychelles;; Amboina; Timor; Hawaii; Australiaa. Shell occupied: Turban shell nearly always carries sea anemones on iits shell,   270 to protect itself from its main predator Octopus. The anemone attached to the shell provides camouflage, protection, and the two invertebrates share food. When the crab leaves its shell and finds a new, larger shell it transfers the anemone on to it or select a larger anemone (Cowles, 1919, Ross, 1975). Dardanus guttatus (Olivier, 1812) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. ? Pagurus catephractus Boone, 1935 Pagurus guttatus Olivier, 1812 Dardanus guttatus௅Holthuis, 1953; Ali, 2006; Poupin et al., 2013 Pakistani shells occupied: Not observed. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Shells occupied: Conidae which probably accounts for the marked compression of the body on reef slope. G. Diogenes Dana, 1852. Diogenes is currently represented by 61 species (Komai et al., 2012), most of which are distributed in shallow waters in the Indo-West Pacific region. Diogenes alias McLaughlin and Holthuis, 2001 (Fig. 287) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diogenes diogenes Alcock, 1905 Diogenes alias McLaughlin and Holthuis, 2001; Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003 Pakistani shells occupied: Babylonia and Tibia Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: East coast of Indian Peninsula, S. China Sea, Indonesia. Shells occupied: Not known.   271 Fig. 287. Diogenes alias. Diogenes avarus Heller,, 1865 (Fig. 288) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Diogenes pugilator Nobiili, 1906. Diogenes avarus௅Alcockk, 1905; Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981; Sidddiqui et al., 2004; McLaugh hlin et al., 2012. Pakistani shells occupieed: Rhinoclavus sinensis, Natica didymaa, Natica josephinae Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian Ocean, Kuwait, Red Sea, Mergui, Viet Nam, Philippine Island, Indonesia, Australia. Sheells occupied: Umbonium vestiarium, Ceerithidea cingulata, Mitrella blaanda, Semiricinula konkanensis, Clypeeomorus persica, Clypeomorus bif ifasciatus, Nassarius arcularia, Osilinus kotschyi and Planaxis sulcatus. Cerithium C spp., Turrebralia spp., Pyrenne zebra, Trochus firmus, Clancculus gennesi, Potamides conicus, Terebra bathyrhaphe, Bullia tra anquebarica, Ancilla farsiana, Eucheluss asper, Turicula nelliae, Duplicaaria duplicaria, Thais lacera, Lunella cooronata, Polinies mammilla, Arch hitectaria laevigata, Turritella fultoni and Nerita polita. Fig. 288. Diogenes avarus.   272 Diogenes custos Fabriciius, 1798 (Fig. 289) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Pagurus custos Fabriciuss, 1798 Diogenes custos௅Siddiq qui and Kazmi, 2003; Siddiqui et al., 2004; McLaughlin et al., 2010. 2 Diogenes affinis Hendersson, 1893. Diogenes? affinis Tirmizzi and Siddiqui, 1982 Pakistani shells occu upied: Anachis fauroti, Babylonia spirata, Bufonaria echinata, Bu ullia tranquebarica, Bullia mauritianaa, Bullia melanoides, Bursa spin nosa., B. granularis, Cantharus erythroostomus, Cantharus undosus, Cerithida C cingulata, Latirus bonniae, Morula granulata, Nassarius diistortus, Nassarius hirtus, N. albescens,, Natica alapapilionis, Nevrita diidyma, N. peselphanti, Oliva gibbosa, P Polinices mammilla, Ptychobela op pisthchetos, Thais carinifera, Thais lacerra, Thais rudolphi, Thais rugosa, Thais tissoti, Tibia curta, Tonna luteeostoma, Turricula amicta, Turriccula javana, Turritula bandorensi (Fatimaa, 2007); ovigerous females show preference on Bullia indusindic, B. kurraachensis, B.melanoides, Turbo bru unneus and Surcula javana (Shazia et al., 2013). Shell associate: Siphopa atella walshi (Shazia, 2012). Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Bay of Bengal and Northern Araabian Sea and Australia. Shells occupied d: Natica spp. and Murex rapax. Fig. 289. Diogenes custos.   273 Diogenes dubius Herbst, 1804 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Cancer dubius Herbst, 1804 Pagurus dubius Herbst, 1804 Diogenes dubius௅Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003 Pakistani shells occupied: Not observed Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-west Pacific. Shell occupied: Umbonium monilifeum. Diogenes lophochir Morgan, 1989. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. ? Diogenes costatus௅Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1982 Diogenes lophochir௅Siddiqui et al., 2004 Pakistani shells occupied: Not observed. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Dubai, Western Australia: Singapore. Shells occupied: Murex tarpa. Diogenes tirmiziae Siddiqui and McLaughlin, 2003 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diogenes tirmiziae Siddiqui and McLaughlin, 2003; Naderloo et al., 2012; Naderloo and Türkay, 2012; Naderloo et al., 2013. Pakistani shell occupied: Rhinoclavis sp. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf. Shells occupied: Nassarius arcularia. Diogenes guttatus Henderson, 1888 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diogenes guttatus௅Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981; Siddiqui ad McLaughlin, 2003; Siddiqui et al., 2004; McLaughlin et al., 2010.   274 Pakistani shells occupied: Not identified. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf. Shells occupied: Nassarius arcularia. Diogenes karwarensis Nayak and Neelkantan, 1989 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diogenes karwarensis࣓Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003; Kazmi et al., 2007 Pakistani shells occupied: Not known. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India, Akola, Kuwait. Shells occupied: Euchelus asper, Vaceuchelus angulatus, Osilinus kotschyi, Priotrochus obscurus. Cronia konkanensis, Trochus firmus, Nassarius himeroessa, Nassarius persicus, Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithium caeruleum, Ancilla farsiana and Clavetula naverchus. Diogenes klaasi Rahayu and Forest, 1995 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diogenes klaasi௅Siddiqui et al., 2006; Reshmi and Bijukumar, 2011; Naderloo, 2012. Pakistani shells occupied: Bullia persica. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indonesia, western Thailand, India, and Iran. Shells occupied: Cerithiacea cingulata, C. batillariaeformis and Turris nelliae. Associated with bed of Saccostrea cucullata Diogenes planimanus Henderson, 1893 (Fig. 290) New material: Ibrahim Hyderi 30-8-1995 Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Diogenes custos var. planimanus Henderson, 1893 Diogenes planimanus௅Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981; Siddiqui et al., 2004 Pakistani shells occupied: Neverita, Thais (Fatima, 2007).   275 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: N Northern ngal, Malaysia, Thailand, and northern A Australia. Arabian Sea, Bay of Ben Shells occupied: Neveritaa didyma, Polinices tumidus, Bullia tranquuebarica, Babylonia spirata and Thais lacera, Murex, Natica. Fig. 290. Diogenes planimanus in host shells. Diogenes violaceus Hen nderson, 1893 Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Diogenes violaceus࣓Ahm med and Khan, 1971; Tirmizi and Siddiquui, 1981, 1982 Pakistani shells occupieed: Natica. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Maddagascar, India. Shells occupied: Bullia. B Diogenes canaliculatus Komai, Reshmi and Kumar, 2013 Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. ? Diogenes bicristimanuss࣓Tirmizi and Siddiqui 1981, 1982; Sidddiqui and Kazmi, 2003. Diogenes fasciatus௅Sidddiqui et al., 2004 Diogenes canaliculatus Komai, K Reshmi and Kumar, 2013 Pakistani shell: Not obsserved. Found elsewhere and of o their hosts there and elsewhere: Indiia. Shell occupied: Tusk shell. G. Areopaguristes Rahaayu and McLaughlin, 2010   276 Areopaguristes perspicax (Nobili, 1906) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Paguristes jousseaumei var. perspicax Nobili, 1906 Paguristes perspicax Nobili, 1906; Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1979, 1981, 1982; Titgen, 1982; Jones, 1986; Apel, 2001 Stratiotes perspicax Nobili, 1906 Areopaguristes perspicax࣓McLaughlin, et al., 2010; Naderloo et al., 2012; Naderloo and Türkay, 2012; Naderloo et al., 2013. Pakistani shells occupied: Nassarius. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Northern Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and Red Sea, Madagascar and Bay of Bengal. Shells occupied: Damaged and eroded shells of Conumurex spp., and Conus spp. Trochus firmus, Cerithidea cingulata, Nassarius himeroessa, Potamides conicus, Cronia konkansis and many others. F. Coenobitidae Dana, 1851: Hermit crabs of the family Coenobitidae have succeeded in invading the terrestrial environment. G. Coenobita Latreille, 1829 Coenobita perlatus Milne Edwards, 1837 (Fig. 291) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Coenobita perlatus var. affinis Miers, 1880 Coenobita perlata H. Milne Edwards, 1837 Coenobita perlatus Ahmed and Khan, 1971; McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998. Pakistani shell occupied: Rhinoclavis. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indo-Pacific. Shells occupied: Turbo petholatus, Turbo fluctuosus. Turbo imperialis, Turbo argyrostomus/ T. setosus/ T. sparverius/ T. tumidulus, Turbo marmoratus.   277 F 291. Coenobita perlatus. Fig. Coenobita rugosus Miln ne Edwards, 1837 Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Coenobita subrugosa Neeumann, 1878 Coenobita rugosa var. wagneri w Dofl ein, 1900 Cenobita rugosa H. Miln ne Edwards, 1837 Coenobita rugosus௅Ahm med and Khan, 1971; Tirmizi and Siddiquui, 1981, 1982; Reay and Haiig 1990. Pakistani shells occupieed: Not noted. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Bay of Bengal, west coast of America, A East and west coast of Africa aand Red Sea. Shells occupied: Neritidae N seldom Buccinidae Rhinoclavis ssinensis. Cerithium columna, Nerrita pli cata, Cyma tiwnnicobarium, C Cerithium nodulosum, Nerita politta, Cym atium muricinum, Cantharos uundosus, Peristernia nassatula, Rhinoclavis R articulatus, Turbo setosuss, Turbo argyrostomus, Nassariu us graniferus, Strombus gibberulus, C Cerithium brevis, Peristernia collumbarium, Vasum, Morula fiscella, Terebra maculata. Coenobita scaevola Forsskal, 1775 (Fig. 292) Alternate names, updaated and Pakistani records. Cancer scaevola Forskåll, 1775 Coenobita rugosa var. Jo ousseaumei Bouvier, 1890   278 Coenobita rugosa var. granulata Bouvier, 1890 Coenobita scaevola࣓Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981; 1982; Apel, 2011; Seyfabadi et al., 2013. Pakistani shells occupied: Not noted. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Northern Arabian Sea, Oman, Gulf of Aden and Red Sea. Shells occupied: Juveniles and small adults in: Nerita spp., Neverita sp., Policies sp., Turritella sp., and Bufunaria sp., Cerithium caeruleum shell and the adults go for Turbo radiatus and Nerita longii (Seyfabadi et al., 2013) Hexaplex sp., Thais spp., Babylonia sp., Turbo sp., and Rapana sp. Fig. 292. Coenobita scaevola. F. Paguridae Latreille, 1802 G. Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 Pagurus kulkarnii Sankolli, 1961 (Fig. 293) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pagurus kulkarnii Tirmizi and Siddiqui, 1981; Moradmand and Sari, 2007 Pakistani shells occupied: Drupa granulata. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Shell occupied: Bursa.   279 Fig. 293. Pagurus kulkarnii. Pagurus nisari Siddiqui and Komai, 2008 (Fig. 294) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Pagurus nisari Siddiqui and Komai, 2008 Pakistani shells occupied: Pyrene sp., Clypeomorus sp., and others. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Not reported outside type locality 24°50, 54N’, 66°43.00E Fig. 294. Pagurus nisari and host shell. F. Porcellanidae Haworth, 1825 Note: Most of the known porcellain crabs in the tropics are free-living. However, commensal or ectosymbiont relationships are common in this family, with species frequently living in association with sponges, and on a variety of cnidarians such as Pennatulacea (sea pens), hard and soft corals, gorgonians, alcyonarians and ascidian. Some Porcellanidae are associated with polychaetes, algae, holothurians, others living with some large hermit crabs commonly found within the   280 shell carried by hermit crabs. But report on our following two species Polyonyx loimicola and Polyonyx hendersoni belonging to commensal group has no information from Pakistan (Tirmizi et al., 1989), they did not indicate where their specimens were collected from, or their possible hosts. G. Polyonyx Stimpson, 1858 Polyonyx loimicola Sankolli, 1965 (Fig. 295) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Polyonyx loimicola࣓Tirmizi et al., 1989; Prakash et al., 2013. Pakistani host: Not known Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: India. Host: Found under stones from the tube of tube-worm Loimia medusa. Fig. 295. Polyonyx loimicola. Polyonyx hendersoni Southwell, 1909 (Fig. 296) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Polyonyx hendersoni௅Tirmizi et al., 1989; Siddiqui and Kazmi, 2003; Hiller et al., 2010; Prakash et al., 2013. Pakistani host: Tirmizi et al., 1989 did not indicate their possible host. Note: Werding (2001) commented on the taxonomy of several species of the genus. He suggested that P. hendersoni and P. splendidus should be assigned to a separate genus.   281 Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and Australia, India. Host: Found in the water ducts of sponge (Demospongiae). Fig. 296. Polyonyx hendersoni. S. CL. Hoplocarida Calman, 1914 O. Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817 Note: Folliculinid protozoan, caprellids, bryozoans, molluscs have been recorded on thoracic legs and abdominal gills. Several Divariscintilla species on Lysiosquilla scabricauda, Pseudopythina subsinuata on Miyakea nepa and Harpiosquilla raphidea have been reported in literature outside Pakistan in host burrows or attached to body, Acanthosquilla vicina is known to live with Balanoglossus. SUP. F. Gonodactyloidea Giesbrecht, 1910: Gonodactyloidea includes the majority of coral reef such as Porietes and sea grass and rocky shore stomatopods, most notably of the families Gonodactylidae, Protosquillidae and Odontodactylidae. Reef-dwelling stomatopods are especially sensitive to adverse conditions such as the introduction of petroleum, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Censuses of stomatopod populations on coral reefs are undertaken frequently in the world to estimate the health or contamination of the reefs. In Pakistan six genera in three families Protosquillidae Manning, Gonodactylidae Giesbrecht, Takuidae Manning in Gonodactyloidea occur (Kemp, 1913; Beg, 1954; Timizi, 1966; Tirmizi and Manning, 1968; Tirmizi   282 and Kazmi, 1980) (Fig. 297) but no observation of them inhabiting corals is available. Cavities of mantis shrimps can be identified by a collection of shell fragments near the entrance of their home (Debelius, 2001). Fig. 297. Representatives of Pakistani Gonodactylidae, Takuidae and Protosquillidae respectively. F. Takuidae Manning, 1995 G. Mesacturoides Manning, 1978 Mesacturoides fimbraitus (Lenz, 1905) Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records Mesacturoides raymondi Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1980 Pakistani Associate: not known. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Indian ocean. Hosts: Lives in association with Dardanus lagopodes shells (Vannini et al., 1993); reported for the parasitic gastropod, Caledoniella montrouzieri Souverbie, lives at the base of dead Pocillopora and live Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, and Tubipora (Cappola and Manning, 1993).   283 F. Squillidae Latreille, 1802. Note: Pseudopythina subsinuata (Lischke) has been found by Morton (2009) in Hong Kong waters commensally associated with Oratosquillina interrupta and O. perpensa,in Pakistan one instance of symbiosis is reported. G. Clorida Eydoux and Souleyet, 1842 Clorida sp. (Fig. 298) Material: One specimen. Alternate names, updated and Pakistani records. Clorida௅Tirmizi and Kazmi, 1984 Pakistani associate: unidentified bivalve attached to last thoracopod. Fig. 298. Clorida sp.   284 Crustacean parasites from Galathoeids of IIOE Material Introduction: Nearly all bopyrids occurring on galatheids and chirostylids are members of the subfamily Pseudioninae and live ectoparasitically in the branchial chambers of hosts where they modify the shape of the branchiostegite, giving the host a lopsided appearance; they are known to be infested by 11 genera (Boyko et al., 2012). Bourdon (1972) pointed out that galatheids constitute a group particularly exposed to bopyrid infestation and that approximately 60 species of galatheid are known to host bopyrid isopods. Material: Although the Pakistani material forms the core of that studied for the present compendium but those collected from the Indian Ocean are also included here. The following bopyrid and rhizocephalan material originated from the host galatheids and chirostylids obtained by R/V Anton Bruun during IIOE Expedition (1963-64), loaned out from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington to the MRC, Karachi University. In the galatheid samples, infestation rate by the bopyrids was estimated 2.056%, in 11 specimens over 535 specimens. The low prevalence could not be related to any particular reason which caused it.The galatheids were described by Tirmizi and Javed (1993) but they observed bopyrids in only four specimens of three species (Galathea lenis, G. australiensis, Munida andamanica), others were overlooked by these authors. When the process of returning galatheids was half way the parasites were noticed by me, while coincidentally I was working on local bopyrids. The galatheids still in hand were rexamined the infested specimens belonged to Galatheidae Samouelle, Munididae Ahyong, Baba, Macpherson and Poore and Chirostylidae Ortmann. I have found specimens of bopyrids infesting individuals of the 7 host species. One has been already reported (Kazmi and Boyko, 2005). The host species were Galathea balssi (male, IIOE St.202C Cr.4B), G. australiensis (M5 IIOE), G. lenis (left chamber St. 401B, Cr.8), Munida heterocantha (=M. oritea right chamber St. 22   285 (b)-63), M. arabica (St. 447 Cr.-9), M. andamanica (3 males St. 397C cr. 8) and Chirostylus micheleae.Bopyrid parasites from these are recorded and two rhizocephalans, one on unidentified host. Parasites from Galathea australiensis from St M-5, Doty-S-I, a non IIOE project (1967) in Botic Island, Philippines and from M. arabica and G. lenis of IIOE are dislodged and missing. In those bopyrids that do not survive as long as the host, signs of the branchial enlargement remained. It is probable that any of the remaining parasites belongs to a new species; I do not know whether all are different as some are juveniles. An interesting observation is the single Munida andamanica with a parasite in both sides (see Kazmi and Boyko, 2005 (Fig. 299). Fig. 299. Munida andamanica, carrying double parasite (after Kazmi and Boyko, 2005) Actually, the absence of decapods with both sides infested may be explained by presuming that the parasite is harmful to its host by sucking blood and reducing gill function, and with both sides infested, the host would not survive long enough for the parasite to manifest its presence by a swelling of the carapace after the next ecdysis (Fig. 300). Sex reversal in galatheids has been reported in response to parasitic infestation (Wenner, 1982; Attrill, 1989).   286 Fig. 300. Galathea australiensis carrying parasite (after Tirmizi and Javed, 1993). S. F. Pseudioninae Codreanu, 1967 G. Pseudione Kossmann, 1881 Pseudione minimocrenulata Nierstrasz and Brender a Brandis, 1913 (Fig. 301) Alternate names and updated records. Bopyrid species Tirmizi and Javed, 1993 Pseudione minimocrenulata࣓Kazmi and Boyko, 2005 Material: 1 mature female TL 12.0 mm, 1 mature male TL 4.0 mm, left branchial cavity; 1 mature female TL11.5 mm, cryptoniscid larva, 1 mature male TL3.5 mm, right branchial cavity; 1 mature female TL 8.0 mm, 1 mature male TL3.5 mm, 1 mature female TL 9.5mm, 1 mature male TL4.0 mm from right and left, respectively, branchial cavities IIOE, R.V. Anton Bruun, cruise 8, st. 397C, off Mozambique, 600–665 m, 29 Sept. 1964; 1 juvenile female TL 2.1 mm, 1 male larva (illustrated) St. 447 Cr.9, CL without rostrum 8 mm. Data lost of second juvenile pair except that found from a rupture in the middle of host carapace. IIOE host: Munida andamanica, CL without rostrum 8mm. It is also infested by Aporobopyrina javaensis from Java, Pseudione andamanica from Madagascar, and Aporobopyrus retrorsa from the Philippines (Boyko, 2004). Pseudione andamanica infested Munida   287 incerta from Madagascar (Bourdon, 1976) but not Munida incerta found in IIOE collection Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Madagascar, Indonesia, Kie island, West Indies. Hosts; Munida flinti, M. incerta. male juvenile females Fig. 301. Pseudione minimocrenulata.juvenile females and males ?*Pseudione crenulata G. O. Sars, 1899 (Fig. 302) Alternate names and updated records. Pseudione crenulata Castriota et al., 2010. Material: 1 ov. Female dextral TL 5 mm, MW 3 mm, 1 male TL 1.25 mm; 1 ov. Female dextral TL 5 mm, MW 3.25 mm; 1 ov. Female dextral, TL 4mm, MW 3 mm; 1 ov. female, dextral, TL 1.5 mm illustrated CL 7 mm right chamber; 1 female TL 4 mm, 1 male left chamber. IIOE hosts: Munida arabica, right chamber, female CL 5mm St 447, Cr.9; Munida arabica left chamber; Galathaea balssi St 202 Cr4B. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Norway; Mediterranean, Europe. Hosts: Munida tenuimana. M. rugosa, M. intermedia. This will be the first report of the parasite from the Indian Ocean.   288 Female antennule first oostegite maxilliped leg male Fig. 302. ?Pseudione crenulata. Aporobopyrus retrorsa Richardson, 1910 (Fig. 303) Alternate names and updated records. Pseudione retrorsa Richardson, 1910; Nierstrasz and Brender à Brandis, 1923 (list); Shiino, 1958. Pseudione lenticeps Shiino, 1958, 1972 (list). Aporobopyrus lenticeps Adkison, 1988 (new combination). Aporobopyrus retrorsa௅Boyko, 2004 (new combination, synonymy); Kazmi and Boyko, 2005; Williams and Madad, 2010; Boyko and Williams, 2011; Boyko et al., 2012 (list); An et al., 2012. Material: One female, one male. IIOE hosts: Munida arabica, no further details. Found elsewhere and of their hosts there and elsewhere: Aporobopyrus retrorsa parasitizes at least seven species of galatheids from Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan (Boyko, 2012), An et al., 2012), this is the first report from the Indian Ocean.   289 male female antennules legs antenna maxilliped male oostegites leg Fig. 303. Aporobopyrus retrorsa.   290 Undetermined juvenilee pseudoine bopyrid near Pleurocrypteella (Fig. 304) Alternate names and updated u records. Bopyrid Timizi and Khan n, 1979 IIOE host: Female Chirrostylus micheleae CL+R 5mm Anton Bruuun R/V St. No. 420A, Cruise 8 Off O NE Coast, Somalia, Indian Ocean, deppth m, 6 November 1964; Chirosstylus micheleae c.l. + r. = 6 mm, St. N No. 444, Cruise 9, 09°36'N 051°O Ol'E-O51°03'E, depth 80 m, 16 Decemberr 1964. female malee Fig. 304. Unddetermined juvenile near Pleurocryptella. Undetermined male (Fig. 305) Material:one male,withoout data Fig. F 305. Undetermined male.   291 SUP.O. Rhizocephala Müller, 1862 F. Undetermined family Material: One specimen attached to ventral side of first abdominal somite. IIOE host: Unidentified galatheid, St. M3c. Note: One specimen of IIOE galatheid was infested by an unidentified rhizocephalan, as the material is returned to the Smithsonian Institution so no further investigation could be made. There are probabilities that the rhizocephalan belongs to either Peltogastridae or Lernaeodiscidae which occur in the deep sea. The hosts involved in the two families belong to the anomurans including the Galatheidae. Tirmizi (1966) noted Galacantha trachynotus Anderson, taken by the John Murray Deep Sea Expedition in the northern Arabian Sea was infected with a large rhizocephalan emerging between abdominal somite 4 and 5. retinaculum Fig. 306. Undetermined rhizocephala on host abdomen indicated by an arrow F. Peltogastridae Lilljeborg, 1859 G.? Cyphosaccus Reinhard, 1958 (Fig. 307) Material: Two externae on second and third abdominal somite, St397 Cr8 Alternate names updated records. Spermatophores Tirmizi and Javed, 1993   292 Fig. 307. ? Cyphosaccus (after Tirmizi and Javed, 1993). IIOE host: Munida andamanica, Note: Tirmizi and Javeds’ (1993) figure of spermatophoresmost probably are not spermatophores, since the spermatophores in anomuran crabs are said to consist of a stem and an ampulla composed of two halves joined along their lateral ridges and during copulation the spermatophores are randomly placed on the sternum of the female, near the genital opening, by the fifth pereiopods of the male. Figure given by Timizi and Javed (1993) as spermatophores does not mach this description. Here the body have the appearance of a 2-pronged fork; the posterior arm is almost as long as the anterior one is s lender at the point of origin, both arms gradually become broader towards the tip terminating in a nipple like protuberance as found in Cyphosaccus. One species Cyphosaccus cornutus Reinhard has been recorded from the Western Indian Ocean.   293 Epilogue: The present review of associations between crustaceans and other organisms is admittedly incomplete. I guess of the existence of a number of other such associations. Many areas in the Indian Ocean and fresh water bodies around it have received no sustained taxonomic attention and remain very poorly known regarding the symbiotic crustaceans. Anyhow shallow depths i.e. intertidal to shelf of our region have received considerable attention but with several species remaining to be discovered. Out of nearly 425 crustaceans occurring here only 190 live as symbionts. Even rough estimates of the richness of most symbiotic groups in our ocean are premature for the following reasons: species numbers of host groups, in particular in the deep sea are not known; most host groups have been examined only insufficiently for symbionts or not at all; even in some of the best known groups, species richness is only poorly understood. Lack of symbiotic groups is likely a sampling artefact and it has been predicted that the Central Indian Ocean and East Asian Sea hold a wealth of undescribed species, reflecting our knowledge of host diversity patterns. Increasing knowledge of the biodiversity of symbiotic crustaceans will provide a baseline against which changes in marine biota can be detected. The present collections of bopyrid no doubt represent only a portion of actual bopyrid fauna in the Arabian Sea. Several species of parasitic copepods are invasive and colonized various species of fish hosts in many parts of the world. Among them are species of Lernaea and Lamproglena of the Lernaeidae and Caligus of the Caligidae. Most of these exotic invaders are freshwater species and spread by anthropogenic translocation of fish stocks for aquaculture. They are expected here as already invasive Caligus foiaceus and Lamproglena have reached in Pakistan. The present unidentified species may also be invasive ones although it is assumed that species are native, nevertheless there are   294 extensive evidences in literature to the contrary (Carlton, 2009). This perception can lead to the underestimation of the scale of invasions by non-native species. There are few copepod taxonomists in Pakistan who mostly worked on Calanoide, the great gaps in our knowledge copepod diversity are in the orders Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Siphonostomatoida, and Poecilostomatoida, especially concerning copepods as symbionts and parasites, these can be filled only by sampling little-studied environments, namely phytal, freshwater, deepwater, damp-terrestrial groundwater, and offshore islands. Sampling of benthopelagic and deep-sea habitats will yield records of hitherto undiscovered families and orders. Because copepods are ecologically and economically so important, there is tremendous scope to understand their impact on the other organisms with which they live in association, some of which are directly exploited by humans. It is hoped that this review provides a springboard for future studies on the multitude of questions regarding the natural history, ecology, and symbiotic relations of crustaceans and their associates. Thus far largely the domain of parasitologists and pathologists, the diseases of aquatic particularly the marine organisms must also become a focal point of ecological research. Human related issues: Parasitic crustaceans impact a variety of commercially important hosts, including fish, brachyuran crabs and shrimp or are prey for commercially important species. Although they do not pose a medical threat to humans, their presence in the hosts can negatively impact saleability of infected hosts such as fish, crab and shrimp. The parasites can shut down reproduction of hosts but most host populations do not appear to be strongly impacted, as the parasites are typically found in low prevalence. Parasitic isopods can also be found on shrimp sold in the aquarium trade and used as bait. Some parasitic species on mud shrimp have significant ecological and economic implications for humans because the host mud shrimp is an ecosystem   295 engineer and has impacts on bivalve fisheries through its activities in influencing sedimentation. Parasitic isopods also have been used as biological indicators of disturbed habitats and may make hosts more susceptible to environmental toxins particularly the cymothoid infestation has a potential to be a useful marine ecosystem health indicator in a changing environment. Biting cirolanid isopods are economically important as scavenging animals in warm waters which can sometimes swarm in vast numbers and are familiar as pests that attack damaged or dying fish, particularly at dusk or at night on fish trapped in fishing nets, and some are capable of stripping a fish to the bones in a matter of hours. At times they may become a problem to commercial fisheries. A single trap set overnight can yield as many as 30,000 individuals, which suggests that cirolanids must be of some ecological significance (Fig. 308). Fig. 308. Cirolanid isopods (courtesy of Moazzam). They occasionally attack divers working as jetty cleaners although generally this presents more a minor nuisance rather than a real danger? The isopods may eat away exposed skin. Cirolana kokuru was once involved in a police investigation of a tragic multiple murder– suicide. When the bodies were found, these isopods had chewed their way into the corpses.   296 The sphaeromatid isopods can cause loss of aquaaculture/ commercial/ recreationaal harvest. They may be found in high ddensities up to 12, 521 per squ uare meter heavily fouling mariculturre cages (Molnar et al., 2008). T They are threats to the wellbeing of manngroves. The continual loss of mangroves m as a result of Sphaeromatids activity, erosion, and human innterference, may well decrease the exxtent to which these vital channnels can be used as nurseries by comm mercially important species. The limnorid isopods Limnoria causes desstruction to marine timber structu ure such as jetties and piers (Fig. 309). Fig. 309. Isopodds Limnoria caused destruction to marine timbber. Wood is rather scarrce in the sea except in harbours. But seea weeds of some kind are availabble practically everywhere in the littorall region. This practice of boring into sea-weeds obviously helped Limnnoria to enjoy a very wide disstribution .Sea weed boring limnoridss attack holdfasts and their activ vities can cause sea weeds to come addrift and enzyme produced by th hem my be a source of biofuel. They damage ship hulls, pilings and other wooden structures in contact w with sea water. Damage is most pronounced near the low tide levvel and typically occurs at depthhs of 0–30 m sea water. The possibility of rapid population increase due to a high potential of dispersal, throughh rafting m attack and shipping, ensure L. lignorum invasive success. L. lignorum occurs on the surface of the wood, which makes the woodd highly porous and friable causiing further deeper erosion. The deteriorration is a matter of considerabble economic importance in some partts of its   297 range L. lignorum may be replaced by other species, such as L. quadripunctata. Its replacement may be related to significant warming of coastal waters either due to climate change or to local factors. The Oniscid isopods (Woodlice) (Fig. 310) are terrestrial, they can also invade homes en masse in search of moisture and their presence can indicate dampness problems. 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