Biodiversity Journal, 2016, 7 (1): 103–115 M ONOGRAPH A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 3: on the Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) complex, with the description of a new species (Mollusca Gastropoda) Francesco Pusateri1, Riccardo Giannuzzi-Savelli2* & Stefano Bartolini3 via Castellana 64, 90135 Palermo, Italy; e-mail: francesco@pusateri.it via Mater Dolorosa 54, 90146 Palermo, Italy; e-mail: malakos@tin.it 3 via e. Zacconi 16, 50137 Firenze, Italy; e-mail: stefmaria.bartolini@libero.it * Corresponding author 1 2 ABSTRACT In the present work we present a complex of species of the family Raphitomidae (Mollusca Gastropoda) comprising three entities: two have multispiral protoconchs, Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884), the less known R. radula (Monterosato, 1884) and a new species with paucispiral protoconch. KEY WORDS Mollusca; Conoidea; Raphitomidae; new species; Mediterranean Sea. Received 02.03.2016; accepted 24.03.2016; printed 30.03.2016 Proceedings of the Ninth Malacological Pontine Meeting, October 3rd-4th, 2015 - San Felice Circeo, Italy INTRODUCTION the family of Raphitomidae is a well supported clade of the Conoidea (Bouchet et al., 2011). the genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 as currently conceived includes, based on our estimates, ca. 40 Mediterranean species, some of which are still undescribed. Propaedeutic to the general revision of the Mediterranean Raphitoma s.l., we have focused on several pairs of species, differing only or mostly in the size and shape of the protoconch (Pusateri et al., 2012, 2013). the specific distinction is based on the assumption that the dichotomy multispiral protoconch/planktrotrophic development vs. paucispiral protoconch/lecithotrophic development (Jablonski & Lutz, 1980) can be used in caenogastropods to recognise distinct sister species (Bouchet, 1989; Oliverio, 1996a, 1996b, 1997). Anyway, it should not be abused to create polyphyletic genera by artificially separating closely related species among different genera only based on their larval development (Bouchet, 1990). In the present work we present the results on a complex of species comprising three entities: two have multispiral protoconchs, R. pupoides (Monterosato, 1884), and the less known R. radula (Monterosato, 1884); the other was discovered while revising the materials in the Monterosato collection, where a lot (MCZR 16905) included some specimens with paucispiral protoconch, labelled by Monterosato himself “V. tomentosa/ Monts./Palermo”, never published, that we describe hereby as new to Science. ABBRevIAtIONS AND ACRONYMS. d = diameter; h = height; sh = empty shell(s); LMG-NS: Leeds Museums and Galleries - Natural Science; MNHN: Musée Nationale Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MRSNt: Museo Regionale Storia Naturale, terrasini, Italy; NMW: National Museum of Wales, United Kingdom; SMF: Senckenberg Museum, 104 FRANCESCO PUSATERI ET ALII Frankfurt/M, Germany; SMNH: Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; MCZR: Museo Civico di Zoologia, Roma, Italy; HUJ: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; ARD: Roberto Ardovini collection (Rome, Italy); BOG: Cesare Bogi collection (Livorno, Italy); DUR: Sergio Duraccio collection (Napoli, Italy); GeR: Alfio Germanà collection (trecastagni, Catania, Italy); GOR: Sandro Gori collection (Livorno, Italy); HOA: André Hoarau collection (Fréjus, France); MAC: Gabriele Macrì collection (Scorrano, Lecce, Italy); MAR: Alessandro Margelli collection (Livorno, Italy); PAG: Attilio Pagli collection (Lari, Pisa, Italy); PAO: Paolo Paolini collection (Livorno, Italy); PRK: Jakov Prkić collection (Split, Croatia); PSI: Peter Sossi collection (trieste, Italy); PUS: Francesco Pusateri collection (Palermo, Italy); SBR: Carlo Sbrana collection (Livorno, Italy); SeR: Gabriele Sercia collection (Palermo, Italy); SPA: Gianni Spada collection (vagrigneuse, France); SQU: ennio Squizzato collection (Loreggia, Padova, Italy); tIS: Morena tisselli collection (S. Zaccaria, Ravenna, Italy); tRI: Lionello tringali collection (Rome, Italy); vAZ: Angelo vazzana collection (Reggio Calabria, Italy). RESULTS Systematic Citation of unpublished names is not intended for taxonomic purposes. Familia RAPHItOMIDAe Bellardi, 1875 Genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 type species: Pleurotoma hystrix Cristofori et Jan, 1832 (nomen nudum, validated by Bellardi, 1847 as "Pleurotoma histrix Jan.") by subsequent designation (Monterosato, 1872: 54). Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Figs. 1–9, 24 Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi, 1836 non G.B. Sowerby I, 1834 nec Philippi, 1836 Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi, Weinkauff, 1868: 130 (see Remarks) Pleurotoma reticulatum var. rudis Sc., Petit de la Saussaye, 1869: 154 Pleurotoma (Defrancia) rudis Sc., Monterosato, 1875: 44 (see Remarks) Pleur. rude Scacchi, Aradas & Benoit, 1876: 249 n. 662 (see Remarks) Pleurotoma rudis Sc., Monterosato, 1878: 106 (see Remarks) Clathurella rudis Scacchi, B.D.D., 1883: 94 pl. 14 figs. 8, 9 Cordieria pupoides Monterosato, 1884: 132 [nomen novum] Clathurella pupoidea Monterosato, Locard, 1886: 114 [error pro pupoides] Clathurella pupoidea Monterosato, Locard, 1891: 66 fig. 52 [error pro pupoides] Clathurella rudis (B.D.D.), Carus, 1893: 426 Clathurella pupoidea de Monterosato, Locard & Caziot, 1900: 248 Clathurella pupoidea var. major, Locard & Caziot, 1900: 248 (nomen nudum) Clathurella pupoidea var. minor, Locard & Caziot, 1900: 248 (nomen nudum) Clathurella pupoidea var. ventricosa, Locard & Caziot, 1900: 248 (nomen nudum) Clathurella pupoidea var. curta, Locard & Caziot, 1900: 248 (nomen nudum) Clathurella pupoidea Mtrs., Kobelt, 1905: 351 Mangilia (Clathurella) pupoides Monterosato, Cipolla, 1914: 146, pl. 13, figs. 16 (fossil)-17 (recent) Cordieria pupoides Montrs., Bellini, 1929: 32 Philbertia (Philbertia) rudis Scacchi, Priolo, 1967: 697 Raphitoma (Cyrtoides) rudis (Scacchi), Nordsieck, 1968: 176 pl. 30, fig. 20 Raphitoma (Cyrtoides) rudis pupoidea (Monterosato), Nordsieck, 1968: 176 pl. 30 fig. 21 Raphitoma rudis pupoidea Monts, Parenzan, 1970: 207 pl. 44, fig. 842 Raphitoma (C.) pupoidea (Monterosato), Nordsieck, 1977: 52, pl. 16, fig. 126 (error pro pupoides) Raphitoma (C.) neapolitana Nordsieck, 1977: 52, pl. 16 figs. 124, 125 (nomen vanum) Raphitoma pupoides (Mts), terreni, 1981: 40 n. 328 Raphitoma pupoidea (Monterosato), Nordsieck, 1982: 272, pl. 101, fig. 98.11 Raphitoma neapolitana Nordsieck, 1982: 272, pl. 101, fig. 98.10 Raphitoma neapolitana form a Nordsieck, 1982: 272, pl. 101, fig. 98.10a Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 3: on the Raphitoma pupoides complex, with the description of a new species Raphitoma (R.) pupoides (Monterosato), van Aartsen et al., 1984: 91 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Orlando & Palazzi, 1986: 44 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), tenekidis, 1989: n. 58.50 Raphitoma (Raphitoma) pupoides (Monterosato), Sabelli et al., 1990–1992: 44, 216, 411 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Poppe & Goto, 1991: 174 Raphitoma (Cyrtoides) pupoides (Monterosato), Delamotte & vardala-theodorou, 1994: 287 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Cecalupo & Quadri, 1995: 109 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Giribet & Peñas, 1997: 53 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Marquet, 1998: 276 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Oztürk et al., 2004: 59 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Repetto et al., 2005: 220 fig. 910 Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi, Cretella et al., 2005: 125 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Cretella et al., 2005: 125 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato), Cossignani & Ardovini, 2011: 31, 328 Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884), Scuderi & terlizzi, 2012 (see Remarks) tYPe LOCALItY. Coast of Provence, France, Mediterranean Sea. exAMINeD MAteRIAL. type material: neotype, from “Artufel/Provenza” [Provence, M. Artufel legit] (18.7 x 7.7 mm) (MCZR 16492). OtHeR exAMINeD MAteRIAL. France. “Artufel/ Provenza” 3 sh (MCZR 16492, with Monts label “H. pupoides”); Marseille, 4 sh (coll. Locard MNHN); St. Raphael, 3 sh coll. Locard (MNHN), 1 sh (coll. Hoarau); Cassis, 2 sh coll. (Locard MNHN); Le Brusc, 4 sh (coll. Locard MNHN, 4 sh); Coste di Provenza, 2 sh (coll. Chaster NMW n. 01894); Bastia, 2 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR lot 16861). Italy. Gulf of Baratti, 7 sh (PAO), 1 sh (PAG); Punta Ripalti (elba Isl.), 2 sh -25 m (GOR); Lazio 1 sh (PAG); Circeo, 1 sh (tRI); Napoli, 1 sh (coll. Coen HUJ, n. 8082c sub nomine “Philbertia (Cordieria) cordieri cancellata”); Sorrento 105 (Napoli), 2 sh (DUR); Palinuro (Salerno), 1 sh (SPA); Scilla (Reggio Calabria), 4 sh (vAZ); Palermo, Sicily, 10 sh with Monterosato handwritten label “pupoides/Monts./Pal!!/et/v. decolorata, Pallary”, 1 sh with non-Monterosato label “Cordieria/pupoides Monts./dr. Golfo di Palermo” and 15 sh with non-Monterosato label “Cordieria/pupoides Monts./ drag. Golfo di Palermo” (MCZR 16492, with Monts label “H. pupoides”); Porticello (Palermo), 2 sh sub nomine R. reticulata (coll. MRSNt n. 4759); Isola delle Femmine (Palermo), 1 sh (SeR), 8 sh (PUS); trapani, 1 sh (SeR); Catania, 1 sh (GeR); Pozzillo Inferiore (Catania), 1 sh (PAG); Canale di Sicilia, 1 sh (tRI), 1 sh (coll. MRSNt n. 7312); Sicilia, 6 sh sub nomine R. purpurea (coll. MRSNt n. 29824); Jesolo (venezia), 1 sh (SQU). “Coste d'Africa”. 1 sh, coll. Monterosato MCZR, lot 16901. Croatia. Unprecised locality, 1 sh (DeL); Dalmatia, 1 sh (PRK). DeSCRIPtION. In squared parentheses data of the neotype. Shell of medium size for the genus, height 10–21 mm [18.7] (mean 15.05, std 3.81), width 5– 8 mm [7.7] (mean 6.57, std 1.27), cirto-pupoid, slender, h/d 2.1–2.57 [2.43] (mean 2.26, std 0.19). Protoconch multispiral, only part of the last whorl known, with traces of diagonally cancellate sculpture. teleoconch of 6–8 [7] whorls, evenly convex (more convex in juveniles). Suture fine and undulate. Axial sculpture of 12–24 [18] sligthly opisthocline, non-equidistant ribs, and interspaces broader than the ribs (with interspace width varying with shell size). Axial sculpture evident, but becoming obsolescent in largest shells. In particularly large shells (gerontic), axial ribs revert to same strength as the spiral cords on the last quarter of whorl. Spiral sculpture on the last whorl of 7–10 [9] cordlets, thinner that axial ribs. Cancellation squared in juveniles, becoming rectangular in adults. Secondary cordlets appearing occasionally and thereafter becoming as strong as the others. Subsutural ramp narrow, devoid of evident sculpture. Columella simple, slightly sinuous anteriorly, gently angled posteriorly. Outer lip thickened and crenulated externally, with 11–13 [12] strong inner denticles, the most posterior smaller, delimiting the wide and short anal sinus, the most anterior more robust and delimiting the funnellike siphonal canal. Siphonal fasciole of 6 nodulose cordlets, neatly spaced from the last spiral cordlet. Colour uniformly ligth chestnut brown in the back- 106 FRANCESCO PUSATERI ET ALII ground, with darker blotches, more evident in larger shells (>20 mm), and same darker colour bordering the siphonal fasciole and inside the aperture. violet hue on the first 3–4 whorls of particularly fresh specimens. Comma-shaped white spots on the subsutural ramp, arrow-like white spots inside some cancellation interspaces. Soft parts unknown. DIStRIBUtION. Western and Central Mediterranean. Adriatic. the records under this name from Greece by Koukouras (2010) and Delamotte & vardala-theodorou (1994: 287) were in turn based on tenekides (1989) who reported under this name another species (probably R. echinata). ReMARKS. the protoconch was always either lacking, broken or corroded in almost specimens studied. Anyway parts of the apical whorls showing traces of a diagonally cancellate sculpture, indicating a multispiral protoconch. Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi, 1836 was introduced with the following diagnosis: “testa fusca fascis pallidioribus, anfractibus rotundatis, cancellatis et muricatis; labro crasso interne striato, cauda vix ultra labrum producta. Alta lin. 10–11. P. echinatae similis; at labro crassiore, cauda breviore, et minus aspera; saepe fascis pallidioribus ornata. In sinu neapolitano et tarentino” (Scacchi, 1836), Fig. 17. Weinkauff (1868), Petit de la Saussaye (1869) and Aradas & Benoit (1876) considered it as a variety or synonym of R. echinata (as Defrancia reticulata Renier). Monterosato (1875, 1878) at first included it within Pleurotoma purpurea sensu Philippi non Montagu. thereafter (Monterosato, 1884), he separated to two species and introduced the replacement name Cordieria pupoides noticing an alleged homonymy with “P. rudis Broderip”. Actually, Broderip introduced, in 1834, Placunanomia rudis (a bivalve), the abbreviation P. rudis having possibly mislead Monterosato. However, Pleurotoma rudis Sacchi is preoccupied by P. rudis G.B. Sowerby I, 1834 (currently accepted as Crassispira rudis) and by P. rudis Philippi, 1836 (currently accepted as Clathromangelia granum (Philippi, 1844): note that Philippi’s work preceeds Scacchi’s one according to Cretella et al., 2005: 115), and the replacement name by Monterosato still holds valid. Regrettably, the type material of Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi is lost (Cretella et al., 2005: 123) and we have established hereby a neotype based on Monterosato’s material. the original material of Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi has gone lost. We designate, for the sake of stability, a shell from the Monterosato collection, upon which he based his concept of Cordieria pupoides, as the neotype of Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi. Some Authors (Bucquoy et al., 1883: 93) included, in the synonymy of R. rudis, Pleurotoma reticulata var. brevis Requién, 1848. However, this is a nomen nudum and thus, not available. Nordsieck (1977) used this name (brevis) and provided the first valid introduction, but referring to a distinct species. Nordsieck (1968: 176) split R. rudis Scacchi into four subspecies: R. rudis rudis, R. rudis pupoidea [sic!], R. rudis cylindrica and R. rudis intermedia. Descriptions of R. rudis rudis and R. rudis pupoidea [sic! error pro pupoides] are quite similar and migth be referred to the same species (R. pupoides). Concerning the two other “subspecies”, R. cylindrica (erroneously ascribed to Monterosato, actually introduced by Locard & Caziot, 1899) is a distinct unrelated species; “R. rudis intermedia n. ssp.” had a scanty description and was not figured. Subsequently, Nordsieck raised it to species level and provided a description and figure of R. intermedia (Nordsieck, 1977: 56, pl. 18 fig. 140). this is R. laviae, as confirmed by the study of a syntype (SMF, sine numero, with autograph Nordsieck’s label). to increase confusion, Nordsieck (1977: 52) also introduced R. (Cyrtoides) neapolitana as a replacement name pro Pleurotoma rudis Scacchi, 1836 non Broderip, evidently neglecting Monterosato’s introduction: R. neapolitana is thus not available. Material on which Nordsieck based his concept of R. neapolitana (SMF 340337, 3403379 and 340338) included small size specimens of R. laviae and R. bicolor. Raphitoma cfr. pupoides as figured by Cavallo & Repetto (1992: 147 fig. 401) and R. cfr. pupoides as figured by Cachia et al. (2001: 69 pl. 10 fig. 9) are not referable to the present species. Raphitoma pupoides as figured by Scuderi & terlizzi (2012: pl. xvIII n. 6) is rather to be referred to R. cordieri sensu Auctores. Raphitoma pupoides can be easily distinguished from R. echinata sensu Auctores by its cyrtoconoid not stepped outline and the shorter siphonal canal. Specimens of R. pupoides with strong sculpture on the last whorls may be confused with R. radula, which is however diagnosed by its more acute spire, the ligther colour without blotches or spots. Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 3: on the Raphitoma pupoides complex, with the description of a new species 107 Figures 1–8. Shells of Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884). Fig. 1: Lectotype: Provenza, (MCZR lotto 16492), h: 18.7 mm with label of the lot; Fig. 2: sine locus (MNHN-IM-2000-3240), h: 16.5 mm; Fig. 3: Palinuro, close-up of the sculpture; Fig. 4: Anzio, h: 20 mm; Fig. 5: Anzio, h: 17 mm; Fig. 6: Jesolo (venezia), h: 20 mm; Fig. 7: Saint-Raphael, est La Chrétienne (France), h: 15.7; Fig. 8: Isola delle Femmine (Palermo), juveniles, h: 9.1 mm. 108 FRANCESCO PUSATERI ET ALII Figure 9. Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884), Adriatic, h: 12 mm. Figure 10. Raphitoma radula (Monterosato, 1884), Palermo, coll. Melville-tomlin, NMW, h: 11.5 mm, with label. Raphitoma alida Pusateri et Giannuzzi-Savelli n. sp. - Figs. 11–15, 25 exAMINeD MAteRIAL. Holotype and 3 paratypes from Palermo (coll. Monterosato, MCZR 16905), with handwritten Monterosato label: “V. tomentosa/ Monts./Palermo”; 2 paratypes, Gulf of Palermo (PUS). OtHeR exAMINeD MAteRIAL. Italy. Gulf of Baratti, 1 sh (MAR), 1 sh (BOG); Livorno, 1 sh (BOG); Scilla (Reggio Calabria), 3 sh (vAZ); Palermo, 1 sh sub nomine ms. “perfecta” (coll. Monterosato, 16905); sine loco probably Palermo, 1 sh, (coll. Monterosato, MCZR 16905); Gulf of Palermo, 2 sh (PUS). “Coste d’Africa”. 1 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR 16905). DeSCRIPtION OF HOLOtYPe. Shell of medium size for the genus, height 17.1 mm, width 7 mm, fusiform-pupoid, slender, h/d 2.44 mm. Protoconch paucispiral, only protoconch I of of 1.5 convex whorls, height 540 μm, width 480 μm; sculpture orthogonally cancellate. teleoconch of 7 convex whorls. Suture not incised, evident. Axial sculpture of 16 sligthly opisthocline (somethimes orthocline), elevated and strong ribs, and interspaces twices as broad as the ribs. Spiral sculpture on the last whorl of 6 cordlets, thinner that axial ribs and interspaces twices as broad as the cordlets. Cancellation rectangular, with spinulose tubercles at the intersections. Secondary cordlets appearing occasionally and thereafter becoming as strong as the others. Subsutural ramp wide, devoid of evident sculpture. Columella simple, slightly sinuous anteriorly, gently angled posteriorly. Outer lip thickened and crenulated externally, with 9 strong inner denticles, the most posterior smaller, delimiting the wide and deep anal sinus, the most anterior more robust and delimiting the funnel-like siphonal canal. Siphonal fasciole of 7 nodulose cordlets, neatly spaced from the last spiral cordlet. Colour straw yellow, becoming gradually orange-brownish in the subsutural area, and with an orange-brown band visible inside the aperture. Comma-shaped white spots on the subsutural ramp, arrow-like white spots inside some cancellation interspaces. Soft parts are unknown. vARIABILItY. Paratypes shells: height 12–17 mm (mean 14.4, std 1.66), width 5.5–7 mm (mean 6.36, Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 3: on the Raphitoma pupoides complex, with the description of a new species 109 Figures 11–14. Shells of Raphitoma alida n. sp. Fig. 11: Holotype, Palermo (coll. Monterosato MCZ, lot 16905), h: 17.1 mm; Fig. 12: Paratype A, Palermo (coll. Monterosato MCZR, lot 16905), h: 14.8 mm; Fig. 13: Paratype e, Gulf of Palermo, (PUS n. 405), h: 12.1 mm (sz = subsutural zone; sc = secondary cordlet); Fig. 14: Gulf of Palermo, h: 12.8 mm. Figure 15. Raphitoma alida n.sp., protoconch of the holotype. 110 FRANCESCO PUSATERI ET ALII std 0.57), h/d 2.12–2.36 mm (mean 2.26, std 0.10); axial sculpture of 14–16 ribs; outer lip with 9–10 denticles. Soft parts are unknown. etYMOLOGY. From the two granddaughters of the authors (Alice Giannuzzi Savelli and Ida Pusateri), ali[ce]+ida, used as a noun in apposition. DIStRIBUtION. this new species is known only for the examined material, from tyrrhenian and Central Mediterranean. type locality is Palermo. ReMARKS. Raphitoma alida n. sp. differ from R. pupoides mainly in its paucispiral protoconch (v. multispiral in R. pupoides). Shells without protoconch of the new species could be confused with shells of R. pupoides with a non-obsolete sculpture on the last whorl; R. alida n. sp. can be distinguished by its different background colour (chestnut v. yellowish), 7 nodulose cordlet on the fasciole v. 6 less nodulose in R. pupoides, and the less pupoid and more fusiform outline. Some recent Authors (Nordsieck, 1968, 1977; Piani, 1980) erroneously ascribed to Monterosato a validly published “Raphitoma tomentosa”. Although the epithet “tomentosa” was evidently especially liked by Monterosato, he has never published such binomen. the epithet "tomentosa" was, for mysterious reasons, to be particularly dear and pleasing to Monterosato so that in schedis, gave this name to various entities: - Philbertia tomentosa, lot 16682 = some mixed specimens of R. philberti var. - D. tomentosa, lotto 16901 = 4 specimens of R. horrida. - P. tomentosa lotto 16696 = 5 specimens of R. lineolata. - Philbertia tomentosa, Monterosato’s label in coll Coen lot 1912 = 2 specimens of R. pruinosa. Nordsieck (1968: 177) reported Raphitoma philberti tomentosa with a useless scanty description (“kleiner, gedrungen mit konvexen Umgangen. Schlanker stiel. Hell reh-weiss”; small, stout, with convex whorls. Slender tail. Light fawn and white) and without any figure. Nordsieck (1977: 58 n. A149) again reported Raphitoma (Philbertia) tomentosa ascribing it to Monterosato, 1884, with an apparently good description and a figure (Nordsieck, 1977: pls. 19 n. 149). However, the four lots labelled under this name in the coll. Nordsieck inckluded the following materials: SMF 341803/1, labelled “Philbertia tomentosa Mtrs. egina”, one worn shell, 5.4 mm long, with two holes, protoconch missing, probably R. laviae; SMF 341804/1, labelled “Philbertia tomentosa Mtrs. Karpathos”, one very worn shell, 3.2 mm long, protoconch missing, probably R. bicolor juv.; SMF 341805/1, labelled “Philbertia tomentosa Mtrs, Cataldo (Brindisi)”, one very worn shell, 5.9 mm long, protoronch missing, indeterminable. Nordsieck (1977: 58) reported “Palermo, Cataldo”: although there is a beach called San Cataldo near terrasini (Palermo), it is more likely that the true locality was San Cataldo, not far from Brindisi; SMF 341802/5, labelled as “Philbertia tomentosa Mtrs., Ibiza”, 5 shells, 2.5–6.5 mm long, four too worn to be identified, one referable to R. bicolor juv., with a portion of multispiral protoconch. None of these shells matched the description, the size (7 x 3.2 mm) or the figure provided by Nordsieck, including the described paucispiral protoconch, whilst all but one shells (with traces of multispiral protoconch) lacked the apex. It is worthy of notice that Nordsieck's "descriptions" were not necessarily based (only) on actual specimens but frequently included also a compilation from literature. Same holds for his drawings, often compound artwork of actual specimens and figures from the literature. this explains why so rarely specimens can be found which match his figures (our unpublished observations and R. Janssen, SMF, personal communication). Nordsieck included this entity in the subgenus Philbertia, which in his scheme comprised species (R. philberti, R. laviae, R. lineolata, R. atropurpurea, R. densa, etc.) that have nothing to do with the R. pupoides-complex. Parenzan (1970: 212 n. 862) cited R. philberti var. tomentosa Monterosato evidently mutuating it after Nordsieck (1968). this name is anyway unavailable, having been introduced as a varietal name after 1960 (ICZN, 1999: art. 15.2). Raphitoma radula (Monterosato, 1884) [Cordieria] Figs. 10, 16–23, 26 Cordieria radula Monterosato, 1884: 132 Clathurella radula de Monterosato, Locard, 1886: 117 Clathurella radula de Monterosato, Locard, 1891: 67 Clathurella radula de Monterosato, Locard & Caziot, 1899: 250 Clathurella radula var. elongata, Locard & Caziot, 1899: 250 (nomen nudum) Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 3: on the Raphitoma pupoides complex, with the description of a new species 111 Figures 16–22. Shells of Raphitoma radula (Monterosato, 1884). Fig. 16: Lectotype, Palermo, (MCZR), h: 14.8 mm; Fig. 17: particular (sc = secondary cordlet); Fig. 18: Palermo (coll. Monterosato MCZR), Paralectotype A, h: 17 mm; Fig. 19: Isola d’elba, h: 18 mm; Fig. 20; Palermo (coll. Monterosato MCZR), Paralectotype F, h: 6 mm; Fig. 21: Antignano (Livorno), h: 9.9 mm; Fig. 22: Gulf of Palermo, h: 12.7 mm. Figure 23. Raphitoma radula, protoconch of paralectotype F. 112 FRANCESCO PUSATERI ET ALII Figures 24–26. Siphonal fasciole of Raphitoma pupoides (Fig. 24), R. alida (Fig. 25), and R. radula (Fig. 26). Clathurella radula var. fuscescens, Locard & Caziot, 1899: 250 (nomen nudum) Clathurella radula var. lutescens, Locard & Caziot, 1899: 250 (nomen nudum) Clathurella radula var. minor, Locard & Caziot, 1899: 250 (nomen nudum) Clathurella radula var. ventricosa, Locard & Caziot, 1899: 250 (nomen nudum) Cordieria radula Monterosato, Pallary, 1900: 256 Raphitoma reticulata radula Nordsieck, 1968: 175, pl. 29 fig. 94.16 Raphitoma echinata cordieri form d (radula) Monterosato, Nordsieck, 1977: 51 Cordieria radula (Monterosato), Sabelli et al., 1990: 217 tYPe LOCALItY. Palermo. exAMINeD MAteRIAL. Lectotype (here designated, 14.8 x 6.4 mm) Monterosato coll (MCZR 16476), with handwritten label by Monterosato “Cordieria/radula, Monts/Nomencl. p. 132/Palermo”; and 11 paralectotypes Monterosato coll (MCZR 16476) with handwritten label by Monterosato “C. radula/ Pal!!”. Spain. Alboran, -80 m, 1 sh, (SBR); Cadiz, 1 sh (MNHN). France. St. Henry (Marseille), 4 sh (coll. Locard MNHN); Marseille, 5 sh (coll. Locard MNHN); toulon, 1 sh (coll. Locard MNHN); St. Raphael, 1 sh (coll. Locard MNHN); Sète, 2 sh (coll. Locard MNHN). Italy. Secca delle vedove, -120/130 m, 2 sh (PAO); Castiglioncello (Livorno), 1 sh (MAR); Capraia Isl., 1 sh (BOG); Napoli, 2 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR, sine numero, sub nomine ms. var. aspera); Puolo (Napoli), 1 sh (DUR); Ischia Isl., 1 sh (tRI); Gulf of Palermo, 10 sh (PUS); Gulf of Palermo, 3 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR lot 16492, 3), 2 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR lot 17342); Porto di Palermo, 2 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR lot 16476); Palermo, 3 sh (coll. Melvilletomlin, NMW); Mondello (Palermo), 1 sh (coll. Monterosato sine numero, sub nomine “purpurea albina”); Sciacca, 1 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR lot 16492); Catania, (coll. Monterosato ex Aradas, MCZR, lot 16476, 2 sh). Algeria. Sine loco, 2 sh (coll. Monterosato, MCZR lot 16492); Orano, 1 sh (coll. Pallary MNHN). Croatia. Between Pula and Ligthouse of Porer, 1 sh, legit W. Koers (SMNH lot 70484). Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 3: on the Raphitoma pupoides complex, with the description of a new species DeSCRIPtION. In squared parentheses data of the lectotype. Shell of medium size for the genus, height 9–19 mm [14.8] (mean 13.81, std 2.90), width 4–8 mm [6.4] (mean 5.90, std 1.10), fusiform-pupoid, slender, h/d 2.2–2.5 [2.31] (mean 2.32, std 0.09). Protoconch multispiral of 2.7 convex whorls, height 580 μm, width 440 μm; protoconch I of 1.1 whorls, width 210 μm, with irregularly placed small tubercles and orthogonally cancellate sculpture; protoconch II of 1.6 whorls, with a diagonally cancellate sculpture. teleoconch of 7–8 [7] convex whorls. Suture not impressed. Axial sculpture of 12–17 [16] sligthly opisthocline, elevate, strong ribs, and interspaces as broad as the ribs (or sligthly broader). Growth lines visible between the ribs on the last whorl. Spiral sculpture on the last whorl of 5–6 [5] cordlets above the aperture, thinner than axial ribs, with interspaces three times as broad as the cordlets, and a secondary cordlet bordering the subsutural ramp. Cancellation squared. Secondary cordlets appearing occasionally and thereafter becoming as strong as the others. Subsutural ramp narrow, devoid of evident sculpture. Columella simple, slightly sinuous anteriorly, gently angled posteriorly. Outer lip thickened and crenulated externally, with 8–9 [9] (rarely up to 11) strong inner denticles, the most posterior smaller, delimiting the wide and deep anal sinus, the most anterior more robust and delimiting the funnel-like siphonal canal. Siphonal fasciole of 7–8 [7] nodulose cordlets, neatly spaced from the last spiral cordlet. Colour from uniformly whitish to very ligth chestnut brown, with darker subsutural ramp and darker band on the lower part of the last whorl. violet hue on the background in particularly fresh specimens. Comma-shaped white spots on the subsutural ramp, arrow-like white spots inside some cancellation interspaces. Soft parts are unknown. DIStRIBUtION. Provence, Western Mediterranean and tyrrhenian. A single record from neighbouring Atlantic (Cadiz). ReMARKS. Raphitoma radula could be confused with shells of R. pupoides with non-obsolescent sculpture, but it is easily diagnosed by its homogeneous ligth coloration with violet hue. It could me mixed with very ligth or albinistic shells of R. echinata (of similar size) from which it differs in the less elevate spirals, the shorter and more rounded aperture and the violet hue in fresh specimens. 113 Monterosato (1884: 132) introduced Cordieria radula for the erroneously identified P. purpureum sensu Philippi (non Mtg.), referring to the examen (ex typo) of a specimen provided by Philippi himself to Sylvanus Hanley. According to Clare Brown (Leeds Museum Discovery Centre) “Hanley’s collection came to us [LMGNS] in the 1950s after being broken up and many parts sold on. Sadly, it seems as if the Philippi P. purpurea didn’t make it to Leeds”. However, there is little doubt that the type material of Cordieria radula Monterosato consists of the type series at MCZR. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Roberto Ardovini (Rome, Italy), Cesare Bogi (Livorno, Italy), Philippe Bouchet (MNHN), Clare Brown (LMG-NS), Sergio Duraccio (Napoli, Italy), Jennifer Gallichan (NMW), Alfio Germanà (trecastagni, Catania, Italy), Sandro Gori (Livorno, Italy), virginie Héros (MNHN), André Hoarau (Fréjus, France), Piera Iacovelli (MRSNt), Ronald Janssen (SFM), Gabriele Macrì (Scorrano, Lecce, Italy), Alessandro Margelli (Livorno, Italy), Paolo Mariottini (Rome, Italy), Henk Mienis (HUJ), Attilio Pagli (Lari, Pisa, Italy), Paolo Paolini (Livorno, Italy), Jakov Prkić (Split, Croatia), Paolo Russo (venezia, Italy), Carlo Sbrana (Livorno, Italy), Gabriele Sercia (Palermo, Italy), Carlo Smriglio (Rome, Italy), Peter Sossi (trieste, Italy), Gianni Spada (vagrigneuse, France), ennio Squizzato (Loreggia, Padova, Italy), Morena tisselli (S. Zaccaria, Ravenna, Italy), Lionello tringali (Rome, Italy), evi vardala-theodoru (Athens, Greece), Angelo vazzana (Reggio Calabria, Italy), Anders Warén (SMNH), provided material and informations. the staff at the Museo Civico di Zoologia di Roma (MCZR), and particularly Director Claudio Manicastri and Curator Massimo Appolloni, continuously supported our researches. Gianni Repetto (Alba, Italy) provided precious bibliographic material. SeM photographs were done at the “LIMe” (Interdepartmental Laboratory of electron Microscopy) by Andrea Di Giulio (Dept. of Biology, “Roma tre” University, Rome). Marco Oliverio (Rome, Italy) for the critical review of the manuscript and for helpful suggestions. 114 FRANCESCO PUSATERI ET ALII REFERENCES Aartsen J.J. van, Menkhorst H.P.M.G. & Gittenberger e., 1984. the marine Mollusca of the Bay of Algeciras, Spain, with general notes on Mitrella, Marginellidae and turridae. Basteria, suppl. 2: 1–135. Aradas A. & Benoit L., 1872–1876. 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