Com parative E,thnobotanical Studies of the Amerindian'Gfoups in CoastalEcuador By ANDERS S. BARFOD and IARS PETER I{IltST Biologiske Skrifter 46 Det Kongelige DanskeVidenskabernesSelskab TheRayalDanish Academyof Sciences and Lettns Kommissionrr: Munksgaard . Copenhagen 1996 Synopsis with the Colorados, the Cayapas and the Comparative ethnobotanical studies were conductecl in 1982-1987' almost 2000 vouchers campaiens field the Dttrine coaiqueres of coastal Ecuador. The material was icrentified to 113 families ancl were collectecl fbr rvhich 1510 uses were recordecl. in the collections was 930, roughlv estimated' Di396 genera. The number of species represented Annotated plants lists are presented for cateqories' usase stinction is macle between 73 clitferent records of use overall are snake bite curing and each of these. The usage categories with most Ecliis the farnil,v mostlv used in snake bite therapir' temperature reguratins baths. Gesneriaceae aspects of the ethnobotany of the Several category. usase ble fruits is the largest"non-medicinal Amerindian qroups in Coastal Ecttador' Most of Colorados stand o.r, ..rrrlpured with the other during the last 50 vears through contacts with the aberrant features have probably been acquired of the three grottps studied differ which situations socio-political culrures livins in the Andes. The plant resources' Distinction is made betrveen is stronely reflectecl in their use of the surrounding properties of the plant and cultural inherent two determinants of ethnobotanical practices: are bclth cited as evidence for past patterns usage and ..r.-,rr-ti"s exchanp;e. E,lements of curing level' cultural exchange at the local and regional KEYWORDS (Chachi); Coaiqueres (Awa); ethnobotany; etl-rnomediEcuador; Coloraclos (Tsatchela) ; Cavapas treatment; preparation; curinu ceremonies; shanaming; cine; ethnopharmacology; vernacular acculturation; conservation; clrrrent political siman; comparative aspects; classification of uses; tuation; crtltural exchange' ANDE,RS S. BARFOD Department of SYstematic BotanY Aarhus UniversitY Nordlandsve.j 68 DK-8240 Risskov LARS PE,TER K\TST Unit of ForestrY Hi gh sch ool Asricultural and Ro1,alVe terinar,v Rolighedsve.i 57 DK-1 87 I Frederiksberg C) Denmark Denmark 1996 O Det Kongelige Danske Viclenskabernes Selskab a-s Viborg Special-Trykkeriet by Printed in Denmark ISSN 0366-3612 ISBN 87-7304-27+9 Contents I. Introdtrction . II. Methods . Methodolosical problems 7 B III The region. I TV The indisenolrs peoples History ancl linguistic affinities. The Cayapas. The Coaiqueres . The Colorados 10 10 11 13 l5 V Results . M at er ia l s . Land-use materials Social prodtrcts Food . Animal foods and poisons M edic in a l u s e s . General system Most important families and usage categorles. Preparation and treatment . Curing ceremonies t7 I7 1B l8 1B 19 l9 21 21 29 23 \T Discussion The ethnobotany of the three indieenous groups of Coastal Ecuador compared. Comparison along a floristic sradient. Naming . T r eat me n t. Evidence of past cultural exchanse with inclisenous sroups outside Coastal Ecuador Curins rituals . Botanical evidence 25 26 26 VII General conclusions. 34 \TII Acknowledqements Jt) IX Figures1-20 37 X Tables1-82. 59 2R 9q 9q 30 32 o 7 XI Spanish abstract . 138 XII List of references 139 Appendix I. Index to scientific names 141 Appendix II. Annotated list of vernacular names 151 BS 46 I Introduction The ethnobotanical studies of the three remaining indigenous groups of Coastal Ecuador, the Colorados, the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres were initiated in 1982. The projecr had the following objectives: - to undertake a description of the ethnobotanical practices throughout Coastal Ecuador - to compare plant usage patterns across linguistic and cultural boundaries in Coastal Ecuador - to detect possible exchanges of plant knowledge at a regional level A comparative method was chosen because it would allow us to discuss human use of plants as a cultural feature in the sense that closely related indigenous groups also share many elements of their ethnobotany. The Coastal tribes in Ecuador were considered suitable in this context because they belons to the same linguistic group, they live in the same region and they show many other cultural affinities not related to plant use. Their history and present situations diffea however. A carefully rendered comparison could furthermore throw light on how ethnobotanical practices vary along biological gradients. Of special interest was the causal relationship between persistence of traditional ethnobotanical knowledqe and extrinsic factors such as acculturation and loss of biodiversity. Three institutions contributed with financial and logistic help to rhe project: the Deparrment of Systematic Botany, Aarhus University, Denmark; Museo Antropologico del Banco Central del Ecuador in Guayaquil, E,cuador; and Pontificia Universidad Catolica clel E,cuador in Quito (PUCE). The following staff members and students from the collaborating universities participared (appearing in alphabetical order): Eduardo Asanza, Anders S. Barfod, Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Lars peter Kvist Dorte C. Nissen, and Flemming Skov. Selected aspects of our data have previously been published. Holm-Nielsen et al. ( 1gB3) and Holm-Nielsen & Barfod (lgB4) presenr preliminary results including only few plant identifications. Kvist (lg8O, 1g8g) focuses on the treatment of snake bites and the use of the family Gesneriaceae. Balslev & Barfod (1982) and Barfod & Balslev (1988) discuss the use of palms. Kvist and Holm-Nielsen (lg87) compare selected aspects of ethnobotanical practices between the lowlands of Ecuador and adjacent countries. Kvist & Barfod (1991a) describe the curing rituals of the Cayapa Indians. Kvist & Barfod (1991b) discuss rhe use of medicinal plants in general and give a number of criteria that can be used to screen large ethnobotanical collections for potential drugs. This paper gives for the first time a comprehensive presentation of all data collected durirg repeated visits to the three indigenous communities in the coastal lowlands of Ecuador betw een 1982 and 1987 (Tabl e 1). BS 46 II Methods The fieldwork was conducted at various localities (Fig. 1). Most of the Cayapa collections were made near the village of Zapallo Grande located along Rio Cayapa close to its confluence with the smaller Rio Zapallo Grande (alt' 50 m . a. s . ,7 8 " 5 5 ' W 0 ' 4 5 ' N ). We w e re a ssi stedby several Cayapa informants but most ethnobotanical information was provided by Maclovio Anapa and Vicente Tapuyo. The first mentioned was in his late 40'ies at the time of the fieldwork. His skills and knowledge of plants were commonly recognized in the community' He lived near the Evangelical mission station in Zapallo Grande and considered himself a Christian. Vicente Tapuyo was younger and apparently not as knowledgeable on herbal practices as Maclovio Anapa. The Cayapas willingly demonstrated how the plants were prepared and used. We also attended a nocturnal healing performed by a shaman livine on Rio Bolborde (]rande' ibout 40 km. up river from Zapallo The Cayapas from Rio Bolborde occasionally visit the meclical clinic set up by missionaries in Zapallo Grande, one day's travel downstream' Otherwise they rely on plants for curing minor afflictions and ailments. The work with the Coaiqueres was concentrated in the San Marcos valley (also callecl Plan Grande) at 660 m'a's'' 78" 17' W 1 " 0 8 ' N ). T h e b ro th e rs H e rmano and Santiago Dinero and E,liasTai served as infbrmants most of the time. Hermano and Santiago Dinero were orphans and both in their 20'ies. They hacl an extended network of contacts in the community and both seemed well integrated. E,liasTai was about 50 years old' FIe was suffering from a liver ailment at the time of our visit but still managed to assistus on short field trips in the area. From what we were tclld in San Marcos, he was the person that people trusted the most when it came to healing' His "contra" was renowned, also snake remedy or outside San Marcos. The work with the Colorados was conducted in the reserve of (longoma at krn. 16 on the road frorn Santo Domingo to P uerto Li mon (al t. 200 m.a.s.,79" 2' W 0" 20'5) ' A shaman apprentice Mantrel Agtravil contributed, most of the information concerning plant use. He was approximately 25 years old' At times, he was assisted by his older brother Ramon and by his parents. Table 1 gives firrther details on the fieldwork. The first contact with the informants was established through the chief of the community or through the local representatives of the Amerindian orsanisation. One shortcominq of the str-rdyis that no woman participated in the fleld work. As a consequence, insufficient infbrmation was obtained on plant uses relating to the f'emale reproductive system. It should be noted that the informants were paid for their participation which consisted mostly in pointins out the useful plants in the field and providing infbrrnation. Communication was conducted in Spanish. Maclovio Afrapa and Vicente Tapuyo acted as interpreters during our visit to the communi ty i n R fo B ol bol de rt' l l et' e ottl r' ( )avap a is spoken. Evidently, individual expertise on plants varies among the members of'a given cornmunity' This applies both to overall knowledge and knowledge on certain usage categories or plant sroups. \Arhen it comes to ritual curins of serious and chronic ailments the shaman is the expert. Durins the later visits with the Cayapas we o b r a i n e d m u c h i n f < r r n t a t i o no n s h a m a n i s t i cr i t uals on which subject our infcrrmants were very knowledgeable. The Colorado informant was a shaman apprentice. He was the yottnuest of the informants to assistus. The ethnobotanical information that he providecl was particularly BS 46 consistent. He both recognised plants and recalled their uses faster than any other informant. He rarely revealed any details about shamanistic rituals, however, possibly because these are considered business secrets.The Coaiquer informants never told us much about their curins rituals. They indicated numerous plants as useful for chuturl, a grolrp of non-specific symptoms usually described as seneral indisposition and non-specific body pains. The Coaiqueres generally use the term chutun to designate all health problems that are caused by malevolent spirits. During fieldwork an effort was made to collect only fertile material with either flowers or fruits. Plants without utilitarian value were collected too because they represent an important aspect of an ethnobotanical pattern. Collections of sterile plants were generally avoided due to the difficulties involved in identifyirg them correctly. Exceptions were made with useful and valuable species that had never previously been observed in a fertile condition. The same applies to plants that were resarded as useful in the .juvenile stage only and for which the mature stase was unknown to the informants. A few, very rare and highly appreciated plants were never encountered in the field. The infbrmation about these was recorded unvouchered. One example is a plant renowned for its contraceptive properties that is found on the river banks. The descriptions obtained from the informants and others stronsly suggest that this is a fungus or achlorophyllous plant. Plant names were recorded fbllowins a simple system of our own. The accents are sim" ' " ilar to those used in French (accent 6gu ((\ (c) "'" and accent grave and in Spanish (fr). A after a vowel indicates that this is drawn out. A short, abruptly pronounced vowel is followecl "!". by an exclamation sign The specimenswere either dried directly on benchesheated by kerosene burners according to standard botanical procedures or pickled in 7 newspaper soaked in alcohol for later dryine in Quito. A minimum of four duplicates were obtained from each plant individual. The sets of duplicates were deposited in the following institutions: Herbario, Universidad Catolica in Quito (QCA), Museo Equatoriana de Ciencias Naturales, Quito (QCNE), Herbarium Jutlandicum at Aarhus University, Denmark (AAU). One set was sent to the specialistslisted under acknowledsements as gifts for determination. It should be noted that a few groups such as Piperaceae, and particularly Peperomia,have been incompletely identified due to lack of a modern taxonomic treatment. All comparisons conducted in this paper between the three indigenous sroups are based on a scientific hierarchical classification system and not vernacular names. The ethnobotanical information was recorded in a standardised way in order to obtain data that were comparable. The plant specimens were collected in the morning in the presence of the Amerindian informants. At the collection site, information such as the vernacular name, utilitarian value, preparation and ecolosv were recorded on a slip of paper that was kept with the specimen in a separate plastic bag. It should be noted that vernacular names have only been included in the Tables that comprise plant products that are exported from the region or of direct commercial interest: Table 2, timber trees and Table 24, edible fruits. A detailed study of the applicability of the plant names was not conducted. The validity of the names was assessedby cross checking information obtained for the same plant species during separate field campaigns. As many as thirty collections were made in one day. In the afternoon we set up ethnobotanical sessions during which the informants elaborated further on the plants encountered that day. The sessions usually attracted many other members of the community, especially children and their grandparents. Much valu- 8 able additional information was derived from these discussions. Representatives of the older generation told, for example, how some plants had been previously used. Our approach was not to press them for information. Our reasons for this were firstly that we considered the lack of information regarding specific plants to be an inherent and important part of the general ethnobotanical pattern. Secondly, we were not interested in explanations invented on the spot to satis$rour requests. Lack of precise information e.g. on preparation, is often an indication that a particular plant is rarely used or of little importance. The informants often related that a particular plant was visited by certain animals and especially birds. This information was recorded in a rather uneven and inconsistent way because we considered it to be outside the scope of the ethnobotanical project at hand. The Amerindians demonstrated. however. that they possessa profound knowledge of rain forest ecology that enables them to exploit their surroundings in a highly sophisticated manner. The comparative method applied in this paper may prove particularly interesting for scientists specialising in pharmacological aspects of ethnobotany, but only if fieldwork is planned carefully and according to a number of basic principles. Medicinal plants should be collected repeatedly at various localities and at different periods of time. Recollection of plants is an efficient way to test the skills of an ethnobotanical informant. The informants should elaborate on usage, preparation, dosage and prescriptions. Precise information is usually an indicator of the potency of a plant. Poisonous and psychoactive plants are always interesting, even if the effect is not exploited. The active use of the plants as indicated by the informant should be observed if possible. When this is not possible, as is usually the case with medicinal plants, a demonstration should be arranged that shows the preparation mode, dosage etc. Different informants should be BS 46 consulted when collecting data. Ideally, sessions should be arranged with the participation of many tribe members. Methodological problems It should be emphasised rhat, even if the ethnobotanical cclllection is comprehensive, the material is far from complete. Canopy trees are generally underrepresented in our collections, although a special effort was made to collect them with both the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres. Certain groups of plants are particularly well represented due to the bias of the researchers involved. The study was undertaken by botanists specialisine in Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, ferns, and Gesneriaceae. The ethnobotanist with a backsround in science typically produces detailed descriptions for the physiological or psychological imbalances that a given herbal treatment is intended to remedy. The recorded information will typically be broken down into narrow usage categories in accordance with western scientific traditions, but far removed from Amerindian reality. Usage categories that comprise plants exploited for their structural and nutritional properties are easily clefined because of tangible proof of their utility. More than half of the uses recorded are referred to medicinal usage cateuories, however, and the definition and classification of these represent a problem. A larse fraction of the ethnomedicinal plants that we collected with the Cayapas, Colorados and the Coaiqueres are used to treat weakly defined ailments that are difficult to describe within the conceptual framework of western medicine. Indigenous peoples often have an animistic approach to various diseases, especially those of internal organs. The way in which they locate and heal ailments is very different from western medicine. Perhaps the greatest challense for the ethnobotanist is to present the results of an investigation accord- BS 46 9 ing to western scientific standards and at the same time remain faithful to the realitv of the Indians. The usage catesories used in this paper ancl their hierarchical organisation are shown in Fig. 2. We have tried to aclapt the system susgested in l99l by Frances Cook and Laura FIastings in a proposal fcrr standard usage descriptors to the International Working Croup on Taxonomic Databases fclr Plant Sciences (TDWG). The most important deviations from Cook and Hastinss are the last five seneral cat- esories that include plants used for curing vaeuely clefined diseasesor symptoms. The traditional life of the coastal Indians in Ectrador is rapidly disappearins as their natural surroundings are impoverished by uncontrolled defcrrestation.Much of the ethnobotanical knowledge we have recorded will not be passed to the next generation and may even have been lost since we conducted our fieldwork a decade aso. Some clf the speciesthat we have collected with the Amerindians are endemisms on the verge of extinction. III The region Ecuador spans the equator in the westernmost part of South America. It has a surface of 273.000 km2 which is approxirnately the size of the state of Califbrnia or half the size of France. The biological diversity of the flora is among the greatest in the world. The flora on the mainland (excluding the Calapagos Islands) includes some 20,000 speciesof vascular plants accordins to Harlirg (1979) and Balslev ( 1 9 8 8 ). The Andean m()untains divicle the country into two lowland regions: the Amazon or el orienteto the East and the coastal plain c>rla co.sfa to the West. The entire Amazon resion was covered by rain forests, until recently. Renner e t al. ( 1990) inc l u d e d 3 1 0 0 s p e c i e si n a c h ecklist of the flowerine plants found at an elevation of below 600 rnetres in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The nearly 100.000 Amerindian peG ple that subsist in el oriente are distributed amons 5 linguistic sroups: (lofan, Siona-Secoya,Waorani, Lowland Quichua, and the.|ivaroan groups (Shuar, Achuar, Shiwira). The region is still sparsely populatecl by less than 5Va of the total Ecuadorian population. Flowever, colonisation is steadily increasing. The coastal plain covers 80,000 km2. It represents the phytose()graphic transition between the desert conditions existing along the pacific coast of Peru where the annual precipitation is less than 100 mm, and the ever wet climate of the Choco along the coast of Colombia where the annual rainfall may exceed 8.000 mm. The vesetation changes accordingly from dry deciduous lowland forest near the Peruvian border to lush pluvial rain forest on the Colombian border. For this reason several forest types, particularly deciduous and semideciduous forests, have a limited natural aeographical range on the coast and contain many endemic species. Since the 1950's a vast network of roads has been established and financed by export earnings from the petroleum industry in particular. Spontaneous colonisation as well as public programmes have caused conversion of fbrested public lands. Today, there is easy access to most regions along the coast. The exceptions are found in the northern provinces 10 BS 46 of Carchi, Imbabura and Esmeraldas but roads are currently under construction here too. During the last decade, the timber industry expanded dramatically in this region. The coastal plain was originally covered by forests, except for the driest areas in the southwest. Today, only 3Vo lnasnot been converted to farmland or secondary forest types according to a recent estimate by Dodson and Gentry ( 1991) . M os t o f th e d ry , mo i s t, a n d w e t forests have been cleared and virtually none have been left undisturbed. The pluvial forest only constituted an estimated l0% of the original forest cover but in terms of biodiversity it was the richest. About one quarter of this forest is still untouched. It represents the southernmost part of the Choco forest which is distributed along the Pacific coast of Colombia. Dodson and Gentry (1991) assessthe total number of species in the coastal lowlands below 900 metres to 6,300 of which 20Vo are endemic. The corresponding figures for the pluvial fbrest alone are 2,300 and 25% endemics respectively. The latter estimate is probably too high since many Ecuadorian species ranse into the fbrests of adjacent Colombia without having been recorded there. The perspectives of the remaining coastal forests are srim indeed. Flalf of the Ecuadorian population resides in the coastal lowlands, and since 1957 the population of Ecuador has increased from less than 4 million to approx. l1 rnillion. This rnearrs an annual increase of 2.8% which ranks amons the highest in South America. IV The indigenouspeoples History and linguistic affinities The highlands of Ecuador were occupied by the Incas only 80 years before the arrival of the Spanish in 1533. The Incas never invaded the coastal lowlands where several technologically advanced Amerindian sroups lived to the south and along the coast: the Esmeraldas, the Mantas, the Huancavilcas and the Punaes. Later, the Spanish occupation led to the disappearance of these cultures at such a speed that nothing is known today about their linguistic affinities (Murra 1946). In the humid inaccessible rain forests to the north three Arnerindian groups with sirnpler material cultures persisted. They all seem to have descended from cultures in the highlands. Due to isolation in remote and inaccessible areas they have preserved their native tonsue but they have probably lost many technologically advanced fea- tures during the process of adaptation to the new surroundings. Probably none of the groups settled in village situations after their migration to the lowlands. Today, it is typical for family units of up to 20 persons to live in larse huts scattered throughout the forest near small streams or alons rivers (FiS. 3). The tribal organisation is for the same reason weak. During colonial times and until the beginning of this century, the three groups maintained sporadic contact to Ecuadorian society. Visits to the surroundins Mestizo villases were most likely kept to a minimum and were reserved solely fbr the purpose of purchasins certain items such as machetes and pots and pans made of cast iron. After World War II, colonisation increased steadily in the coastal lowlands of Ecuador. Smallholders settled in areas that the Indians had always considerecl theirs. After BS 46 workins the land for a f-ewyears tl-re intruders then claimed ownership under Ecuadorian law. This did not cause open conflict because the Coastal Indians have no tradition for intertribal raids and for feucling with settlers fiom the outside. The Cayapa, the Colorado and the Coaiquer Amerindians are erouped by Mason (1950) in the Chibcha lansuase sroup. Before the expansion of the lnca empire, (]hibcha speaking people probably dominated the northern Andes resion. The groups that occupy the coastal lowlands of Ecuador today may have had close contact with Chibcha speaking cultures in the hishlands of northern Ecuador and southern Colombia, at that time. During the Inca occtrpation, Quichua replaced the native tonsues of the hiehlands of Ecuador. Later the presence of the Spaniards caused the annihilation of Chibcha in rnost parts of Andean Colombia. Only sroups that already lived or migrated to remote and inaccessible coastal and Amazonian lowlands were able to preserve their original laneuages. Barrett (1925) quotes Cayapa mythology accordins to which, the group was forced to rnigrate to the lowlancls by a strongenem).This enemy was undoubtedly the Incas or the Spaniards. The mythology of the Colorados also sussests that they orieinally lived in or in the proximity of the Andes. The relation amons the Chibchan subgroups is an unsettled issue. Cayapa and Colorado are mutually intelligible languages that accordins to Ehrenreich (1989) orisinated from the same stock about a millennium ago. The affinities of the Coaiquer lansuase are less clear. E,hrenreich (ibid.) sugsests that Coaiquer derived fiom Colorado and Cayapa an estimated two millenniums ago. Today, the geographical distribution of the (lhibcha languase group shows a major disjtrnction between Central America and Coastal Ecuador. The most important Chibcha speaking tribes are the Meskitos in Nicarasua, the Cunas of the Carib- l1 bean coast of Panama and ad.jacentColombia, the Arhuaco and Cogi of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia, and the Guambiana and Paez in the hiqhlands of Cauca in sotrth-western Colombia. The Ecuadorian Coaiqueres probably misrated to the lands they now occupy in the Province of Carchi in the early 1900's.Accordins to Kempf (1982), they came from the Altaquer and the Rfo Nulpe resions of south-western Colombia from which they migrated due to increasine pressure on their lzrnd, their cultural integrity and their political autonomy. The Cayapas may once have had contacts with a southern subgroup of the Choco Indians in adjacent Colombia, the Waunanas. Barrett (1925) claimed that several Clhoco shamans practised amons the Cayapas. The Choc6 language was previously supposed to be related t<l Carib btrt Ehrenreich (1989) considers it an independent lansuage that has been influenced by Chibcha. The Otovaleiios in the Anclean hishlands have been in close contact with the Colorados in Santo Domingo. Many of the rituals that the Colorado shamans perform during c u r i n q s e s s i o n sa r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e u s e d b y healers in Otavalo. The rituals were intrclduceC after Hagen visited the Colorado Indians in 1939 and gave a description of their healins rituals. The conspicuous sarong-like clothine that the Ccllorados use is manuf-actured and sold to them by the Otovalefros. The Cayapas The Cayapa Amerindians ref.er to themselves as Chachi.They constitute the larqest indieenous sroup in Coastal Ecuador numbering more than 6,000 (Carrasco 19BB). The Cayapas live along the Cayapa-Santiago river system in the Province of E,smeraldas, and the region is mainly covered by tropical rain fbrest. The ethnobotany of the Cayapas has remained undescribed. Barrett (1925) described the tradition- 72 al Cayapa culture with numerous details particularly concerning their material culture. Recent descriptions of their culture and situation are found in Carrasco (1988) and Medina V. (1eez) . Subsistence farming is the Agriculture Cayapas' most important occupation. A shifting slash-and-burn agriculture is usually practised. The most common components in the mixed fields are cassava,plantain, corn, beans, and taro. The crops that constitute the normal staple diet are listed in Table 23. Several varieties of cassava are often grown in the same field. They are distinguished by features of the leaves, the stems and the tubers. The latter differs in shape, colour and taste. Several cultivars of chilli pepper and Bixa are grown too. Other plants with utilitarian value are cultivated around Cayapa dwellings e.g. fibre plants, spices, ichtyotoxic plants and hallucinosenic plants. Domesticated animals other than poultry are rare. Hunting, fshing a,nd gathenng - These activities constitute an important part of Cayapa daily life. Most families have traps throughout the forest (Fig. 13.d). They are checked on a daily basis for smaller rodents and opossums. The traps are so numerous near villages that quarrels over property rights sometimes occur. ln Zapallo Grande we witnessed several incidents of this problem. Hunting with blowguns has nearly been abandoned. Ten years ago' blowguns were still manufactured for toys or for sale. Today, mostly rriluzzle loaders are used for hunting. Animals caught alive in the forest such as monkeys are often kept as pets. \t\4rile travelling in the forest, the Cayapas gather a multitude of plant products such as fruits, edible larvae (Fig. 12.c) and medicinal plants. If they pass a valuable tree they often mark it down fbr future exploitation. Fish traps are commonly used (see Table 33 and Fig. l4). Big fish are caught with large traps that are usually constructed so that they BS 46 become inundated at high water levels and exposed at low levels. The fish are lured into the trap using fruits or worms as bait. Removal of the bait releases a mechanism that closes the trap. The fish enter the cases underwater, and are collected when the water level recedes' Near Zapallo Grande, at the confluence of Rio Cayapa and Rio Santiago the water level varies one metre. At irregular intervals, the river rises several metres due to hear,y rains in the mountains. Fishing with spears is common. The spear pole is made of hear,y palm wood that is highly resistant to rot. The spear head is made of cast iron and fastened to the pole with a piece of string. Children in particular enjoys this kind of fishing. The Cayapas also fish with nets and with plant poisons. A detailed description of Cayapa fishing can be found in Mitlewski (1985). Cument political situation - The Cayapa community is subdivided into a number of centres that are united in a federation. Although this political structure has weakened the power of the traditional chief or ufii, the latter still plays an important role in legal matters and rituals. Conflicts and legal disputes are often solved within the Cayapa community. We witnessed a chief who acted as a go-between and decided which sanctions were to be implemented. Ten years ago, timber was mainly harvested adjacent to the rivers by independent lumber men and transported downstream as rafts (Fig. 5.b). The forests were left untouched just a few hundred meters away from the river. Timber companies have since bought concessions that cover vast areas and the forest has been cleared in areas surrounding the Cayapas. The intensive logging has led to a steady decrease in hunting and fishing yields. Malnutrition particularly among Cayapa children was already evident and widespread when we conducted our studies in the early 1980's but the situation has steadily worsened (Carrasco 1988, Medina V. 1992). Many Cayapas are now logging the for- BS 46 est to generate sufficient income to supplement their uniform diet of plantains and cassava. Only groups living along the smallest tributaries high up in the river system are not dependant on pecuniary economy. Logging is restricted inside the Co tacachi-Cayapa Ecological Reserve where few Cayapa families are settled. The reserve was established in l968 and covers an area of 204.420 hectares (Charvet & Leon 1992). It extends fiom the upper tributaries of the Cayapa river system to the Andes. Before the park was established in 1977, the Cayapas used to undertake hunting expeditions in these areas. This practice is now being abandoned due to park regulations. A number of tropical diseases constitute a constant threat to the health of the Cayapas. This is noteworthy since the Cayapas used to live in a remarkably healthy environment accor ding t o B ar re tt (1 9 2 5 ). T h e m o s t c o m m on diseaseis river blindness or onchocerciasis that was introduced to South America from West Africa decades ago. The majority of the Cayapa men are infected with the nematode that causes the disease. The vector is a sandfly that typically occurs near brooks in deep forest. Men have a higher risk of being infected because they spend more time in the forest. The disease will often cause blindness in later stages.Doctor teams based rn Zapallo Grande, where the evangelical mission station has an airstrip, have studied the disease, but administering a cure has so far been difficult and costly. The Coaiqueres The Coaiquer Amerindians refer to themselves as Awa. They live in the western foothills of the Andes on both sides of the border with Colombia, in inaccessible areas covered by moist, pristine forest (Fig. 5.a). The Coaiqueres remain the least known of the Ecuadorian indigenous groups. A roughly estimated 1,000 Coaiquer t3 Indians live in Ecuador chiefly in the Province of Carchi, but a few live in adjacent areas of the provinces Esmeraldas and Imbabura. Much larger numbers reside north of the border in the Department of Narino in Colombia. They are more acculturated here than in Ecuador and there are problems defining them as a ethnic group. Recent estimates of population size differ from 4,000 (Ehrenreich 1989) to 12,000 (Oroj uel a 1992) and 25.000 (Tel ban l 9B 8). The Ecuadorian Coaiqueres live scattered throughout the forest in family units ranginu from small to large. There are no navigable rivers in the area and all transportation takes place by foot on land. The individual huts are usually situated with several hours walking distance in between. There is a slightly higher concentration of dwellings in San Marcos (PIan Grande) and Cualpi Alto. The Coaiquer are linguistically related to the Cayapas and the Colorados but there is no evidence of recent contacts among any of these groups. In the Cayapa communities where we conducted our studies, most people were not even aware of the existence of the Coaiqueres to the north. In the early 1900's when the Coaiqueres settled in remote areas of Ecuador they deliberately withdrew from contacts and in this way they avoided integration. Today, they maintain their culture and autonomy. In 1950, Ferdon described the Coaiqueres as an isolated tribe that had not yet adapted to western culture. FIe mentioned that they often travelled long distances in the forest in bare feet carrying hear,y loads on their backs. He further noted that some members of the group still wore clothes made from tree bark (Fig. 9). Orejuela (1992) has provided sorne ethnobotanical information on the Colombian Coaiqueres. Hernando P. R. & Virsano B. (1992) describe the ethnobotany of a small community of acculturated Coaiqueres and peasant farmers in Altaquer. Kempf (1982) gives a thorough discussion of the socio-political role of the Coai- t4 quer medical system in Ecuador. She also provides details on the chutun curing ceremonies and nutrition. E,hrenreich (1989) qive a comprehensive description of Coaiquer culture in Ecuador. Villareal (1986) reports on the political situation of the Ecuadorian Coaiqueres' Agricutture-The Coaiqueres live from subsistence farming, hunting, fishing and gatherins' They manage a system of rotation which involves both slash-and-mulch fields and agroforestry on the abandoned frelds. The edaphoclimatic conditions in San Marcos are typical of the Choco pluvial fbrest. The annual precipitation probably exceeds five metres and tllere are no dry months. The soil is derived from volcanic deposits. It is grey and almost permanently water saturated. Soil samples from Gualpi Alto show a high content of quartz and feldspar, but low content of clay (Thomsen 1986) ' This generally indicates a soil susceptible to erosion. Patches of forest are typically cut using machetes and axes (Fig. 1 1) . The preferred site for clearing are late succesions of abandoned fields. The advantage is that the trees are smaller than in the surrounding forest and therefore easier to cut. The brushwclod is not burned, but left for mulching. In this way, the nutrients are released slowly from the deacl biomass. The crops are sown shortly af-ter cutting the forest and the seedlings will have to penetrate a layer of brushwood that is I m thick. The density of the crop plants is low. Several crops are usually mixed except fbr plantain and sugarcane which are grown in monocultures. The agricultural practices that we observed in San Marcos are very much like those described by Orejuela (1992) from the Colombian Coaiqueres further north. The slash-and-mulch farming system probably prevents soil erosion and protects the seedlings from mechanical damage caused by healy rains. The fields are abandoned after some years when most of the nutrients have BS 46 leaked from the brushwood. The land is left fallow and is often enriched with tree and bush crops, especially near the dwellings. Hunting, f,shing a,nd grt'thering - The Coaiqueres get most of their protein from domesticated animals such as pigs and poultry. Fluntine with mvzz.leloaders is also practised. These are often loaded with rniscellaneous pieces ofmetal and are quite dangerotts to handle. Some Coaiquer still use blowguns fbr birds and monkeys, but this practise is becomins rarer (Fig. 6.d). Rodents and opossums causht in traps constitute a valuable strpplement to the staple diet. Fishing is probably more important than hunting. The Coaiquer territory is dissected by an intricate network of streams. Fish are caught using nets, hooks or plant poisons much the same way as described for the Cayapas. Products gathered in the forest such as grubs, ants and edible plants constitute an important supplement to the diet. Current Ntotiticalsitutr'tion- In 1974, the presence of a Coaiquer community was officially acknowledged by the Ecuadorian authorities. The first efforts to intesrate the Indians into Ecuadorian society were made the followins year in San Marcos or Plan Grande. A school was constructed and a teacher appointed although not without some difficulty. Later a small church and a community house were constructed. \Ahile we conducted our fieldwork, a small clinic offering basic medical attention was installed in San Marcos. In an effort to assimilate the Coaiqueres, the Ecuadorian authorities have created a minga labour system and instituted an administrative system with a spokesmen ancl a capitan. The ca,pitan has been given some power through a system of sanctions and directives backed by the authorities (Kempf 1982) (FiS. 4). The scattered distribution of the population ancl the inhospitable environment have made the integration of the Coaiqueres a difficult task. 15 BS 46 The Coaiqueres constitute an unusually egalitarian people having no tradition for tribal organisation or authority, according to Kempf (1982). They seenl particularly susceptible to the negative effects of a rapid transition to modern society and acculturation. \Arhereas the Colorados and Cayapas are proud of their indigenous culture, the Coaiqueres appear shy and their self-esteem is generally low. To the outsider the Coaiqueres can seem almost ashamed of themselves. They usually avoid using their native tonsue in front of strangers. Instead they speak Spanish however poorly or they do not speak at all. Alcohol abuse is a problem. In the San Marcos area, sugar cane is a common crop. The juice is fermented into an ale-like beverage called guarapo. Guarapo is traditionally drunk in sreat quantities during ceremonies and mostly during these. In San Marcos we saw primitive wooden distilleries in the forest, however, that are used to further process guarapo into a very strong brandy called trago (FiS. 11) . Several times, we witnessed drunk Coaiqueres in Chical, a Mestizo village situated nearby. The colonisers generally despise the Coaiqueres whom they consider illegal intruders from Colombia. The fact is that most Coaiqueres frequently cross the San .fuan River which constitutes the border to visit family and attend markets in Colombia. Many of the Indians are not registered as voters in Ecuador and consequently, do not possess the official Ecuadorian identification card, the CE,DUIA. When we conducted our field work with the Coaiqueresbetween 1982 and 1985 their prospects for the future were grim. Plans to build a road from Maldonado to Tobar Donoso that was to cut through the core of the San Marcos area. have since been abandoned. Instead the territorial rights of the Coaiquer Indians have been secured under Ecuadorian law thanks to the intercession of international non-govermental organisations and officials in the Ecua- dorian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Coaiqueres have demarcated their territory by cutting a narrow strip of forest around it (Survival International 1989). Colonisers and developers in the Province of Carchi are pushing hard for a road that would link Chical with Lita. If these plans are carried out they will have an pronounced eff'ect on the economy of Carchi. A new road has recently linked Lita with San Lorenzo, the nearest harbour from which there is already a mayor export of asricultural products (Fig. 5.c). An improved infrastructure would invariably lead to waves of colonisation in the areas adjacent to Coaiquer territory. Currently the biggest threat to the Coaiqueres in Ecuador is acculturation. Secrecy and ostracism have been their main survival stratesv for centuries and it has worked this far. The problem today is that the Coaiqueres have nowhere else to go. Kempf (1982) gives details on the health situation in San Marcos (Plan Grande). In the beginning of the eighties, the most common symptoms of the traditional Coaiqueres were coughs, fever and headaches. Most symptoms were probably caused by intestinal parasites such as helmiths (roundworm, whipworm) and protozoans (amebiasis). Almost all Coaiqueres were inf-ected and about 70% had three to six diff'erent types of intestinal parasite. The infections contribute to malnutrition and discomfort. The Coaiqueres thus have very concrete reasons to avoid hard work: it makes them feel sick and tired. The Colorados The Colorados refer to themselves as'fsatchela. They live near Santo Domingo in seven reservations that cover about 100 km2 in total (FiS. I). Earlier during this century, the Colorados were threatened by extinction due to repeated epidemics (Santiana 1951). The population dropped to its lowest in about 1950, but has BS 46 16 since increased rapidly. Lopez (1986) estimates to the poptrlation size to 1,000, but according They low' is fieure this our Colorado contacts Inestimate that more than 3'000 Colorado dians live in the area todaY' This paper presents the first and only eththe nobotanical information collected with cultheir of treatment Colorados. The classic data ture is that of Flagen ( 1939) ' Earlier, some Karsten were provided by Rivet (1905) and (1924i. Juncosa (1988) has recently translated Spanthese .u.ly works on the Colorados into descripgSO) recent more a gives ish. Lopet (f tionoftheColoradocultureandtheirsituation in modern Ecuador' Agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathenng coff-ee' -or, Colorados grow cash crops such as their on palm oil cacao, bananas and African have who lands. Some are wealthy landowners the in employed Mestizos to work for them fields. Subsistence farming, fishing' huntins and gatherins is no lonser practised amof$ fbr the doloraclos since the resource basis these activities has disappeared' - The Colorados Current politicat situation to have apparently undergone the transition modern society without losing their cultural poweridentity. The Colorado orsanisation is write to learns ful. The younger generation Coaithe their native tottg.t" in school' Unlike Older queres, self-esteem is generally high' of town the in seen be often Colorados can clothtraditional their Santo Domingo wearing of viving. Around their waist they wear a piece decoratidly coloured cloth. The nude torso is edwithbodypaint.Thehelmetlikehairstyleis most unusual and spectacular (Fig' 8'a)' The Colorados have lived near Santo Domingo for at least 300 years. In the 50's, the entire i.gion experienced an economic boom and the rain forests have been converted into agri cultural land almost entirely' The edapho-climatic conclitions are ideal ftrr most crops' The rich soil is of volcanic origin' A short dry sea(Fig' son is experienced most years inJuneJuly jittle material original the of remains 1). Very culture.of the colorad.os. The tribe is fully inteTheir srated economically in modern Ecuador' ho.rr., combine traditional architectural design with mod'ern materials such as tin roofs uid bourds. They are surrounded by commodities such as cars' motor bikes, refrigerators' and television sets. Shamanism has been an important income for some Colorados. Colorado healers are considered to be amons the best in Ecuador' They receive patients from the Santo Domingo area andfrclmtherestofthecountryaswell.Travelall ling shamans have been known to practice ou., Ecuador and in other South American Incountries. \Arhen we visited the Colorado were there 1982-1985 dians during the period morethan50C ol oradoshanransoff.eri ngt heir services. Their number has decreased since' ThetradeofColoradoshamanshaslittleprospect for the future, since the choice of medicinal herbs will diminish with the disappearance of the rain forest. ThehealthsituationoftheColtlradosdoes not differ much from that of the Santo Domingo area in general. Throughout their reservaIior't, they have accessto clinics for medical attention. BS 46 I7 V Results A total number of 1991 vouchers were collected with the Colorados, the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres. The specimens collected have been identified to 113 families, 396 senera and 576 species (Table 75). Arough estimate of the total number of speciescollected is 930. The number of usesrecorded is 1510. It should be noted that the number of usesexceeds the total number of vouchers collected with the Colorados which is feasible due to independent resistration of uses for multiple purpose plants. Vernacular names were obtained for 1832 vouchers. This corresponds to 92% of the collections. The Colorado Amerindians named virtually all the plants whereas the Cayapas named only the useful plants. The Cayapas made an effort to explain to us the meanings of their plant names. These are mostly composed of a number of syllables which may indicate usage, the part of the plant used, srowth form, the name of the spirit that is believed to reside in the plant etc. This kind of plant nami.g is frequent among Amerindian people. For a general treatment on ethnobiological classificationwe refer to Berlin (1992). In Cayapa languase, -tchape indicates that the plant has edible leaves, -pistcha means that it has edible fruits, -chi means that it is a tree, and tapetndicates that it is a herb. Spanish has also been adapted in Cayapa plant names. The Spanish word -remedio is often used as a syllable when a plant is used medicinally. The Colorados construct plant names much the same way as the Cayapas, whereas the Coaiquer names usually consisted of one syllable only. The Coaiquer informants provided us with much fewer names. They even claimed to be ignorant of the names of some of the plants that they indicated as useful. The vernacular names they did use were mostly Spanish ones which may be a reflection of their reluctance to speak their own lansuage in front of outsiders. Our knowledge of their ethnobotanical practices is incomplete and the discussion in the next section will therefore focus on the Cayapas and the Colorados. The results of the ethnobotanical studies of the three remaining Amerindian sroups in Coastal Ecuador are presented in the Tables 281. The Figs. 3-19 illustrate selecreclaspects of the way plants are used on a daily basis. Annotated plant lists are presented in Tables 2-74 for each of the usage catesories. In the following parasraphs the most important results will be presented for the main usase categories: materials, land-use materials, social products, food, animal food, and poison (Fig. 2). The medicinal categories will be commented upon in further detail. Tables 75 and 76 present some basic statistical information regarding the material collected during the field campaip;ns. Materials (Tables2-15) The Colorados no lonser base their material culture on plant resources. Instead, they purchase items such as zinc roofs, rope, construction materials, television sets and vehicles in Santo Domingo. This is the reason that relatively little information concernins the Colorados is included in Tables 2-15. Some of the trees that were previously used for construction are no longer available due to deforestation. One particlllar aspect of Colorado material culture remains intact, however. The Colorados exploit more plants for dyes than their indigenous neighbours (Table 15). Although the Colorados are well integrated in Ecuadorian society they maintain their tribal identity which BS 46 1B also tlse a number of rians. The (loloralclos t":it and bocly is a consequence of is reflectecl in spectacrtlar shrubs for hedqes which sarong-like need to dernarcate and i'-' uiuiaty coloured intensive land-use ancl the ;"i*itg '.t.rtnir"r[. the oppol'epresent Coaiqueres The private ProPerty ctrlture depends site extreme' T'heir nraterizrl surrortndinq ftrrest' almost entirely on the decades they have However, within a few Socialproducts (Tables18-22) and do not use clothing style work' we verified adopted western Several times cluring field make them coulcl that this category were surany kind of' painting that plants representing grorlP' The Cayapa inforstand out as an ethnic roundecl by strong taboos' their of most lc-'st have of ctlllectinu plants The Coloraclos mry mants were gt:"t'iity afraicl be should it but such as culture' traditionul -ut"tial o'ia"t-'t physiological effects Streptochrt'cte fr"J".i"g <>f use the agents'.These noted that they share hallucinosenrc anci anti-fertilitv The spikes lt:tu:.ut spirits and cavapas. strons the sodiroctnnwith or.'b"litved to house (Table 1l ) ' ff"",, hair facial bv shamans' With the a depilatory to remove are most ,af"lf handlecl are also in srowth hair encotrnter such tabooPlants said to stimulate Colorados' we did not groups indigenous the a result of accrrlcommon usage among related f'earswhich is probably be t. remains It 13). E'hrenreich (1989) ' the of coastat u..,ua,rr irlute turation. According t; fertility regulating demonstratedwhetheranyoftheseherbal f)oaiqueres clo '"ti" ttse ethnobotanical Other Another posefficient' treatments are or hallucinogenic plants' the Caya;*,1 Colorados' the are taboo-ridden and similarities between sibility is that these plants rathreqional indicate example of the secrecy pas and the Ct'uiqueres. that it may be another Ca'stil'la rc applies This er than local "*lft""ge'r of this srouP' is used to waterproof wliith latex elasticrt',the which is used tcr canoes und Coi* lachryma-jobi necklaces' procluce beads for making Foocl (Tables 23-30) diff-erent species pro\Are recorded about 100 the Amerindians' The ducing eclible truits for 16-17) (Tables from fewer species Land-use materials Clolorados collect fnrits number considerable a The Cayapas cultivate thantheCoaiquerand'theCayapas(Table24). ornamental value' wilcl plantt i" thtt-' of plants because of their Furthermore they use fewer they but flolorados' the to a general change tn The same applies to traditional clishes due as pLlrposes other for exception is noticeuse ornamental plants the diet (Table 25) ' One numerous the among have preserved well. These are often able, however' Th; Colorados baths (Tain. employed. plant based beverplants that are lrerbal the use of *urr,o of their traclitional that probable i' act as stimulants or bles 73 and 7a) ' tt ;g;t; especially those that addirecent a temperal"l". (Table ornamental plants constitlrtes aim at raisinj the bocly inspired practices the unuslj habit tion to the ethnomedicinal 28). The Oayapas '(Tablehave :ll:,^t o'-td Aftitan EcuadoMestizos *ith 26) ' Many different specres by conta.t, ing no*"rs taste of the flowers is are used in this way' The sweet and candy-like' often described as very similarities knorvleclgc as l'oruLrvhetr One of the nrore remarkable ;G;tu t"f.t trr cthnobot''rnical i:- the sroups Ectlaclof Amerinclian the coast2rllrlwlancls berween the three it's r:rnge i, t""'lttt:tf to c' g' (Table 25) ' The Cayaurore lviclclv clistlibuted' use of terns as vesetables or. When knowleclqe is ttse thc telnt rcgional' across the Anrlcs' we rvill BS 46 pas and the Coaiqueres prepare the young fronds with fat and salt in many of their traditional dishes. l9 tures. In particular the perception of the function and position of the organs varies from our concepts. Amerindians focus on symptoms and their localisation to cure diseases.This is quite unlike western medicine that constantly seeks Animal foods and poisons to explain the causal relation between symp(Tables 3l-34) toms and disease. An example would be the The Cayapas and the Coaiqueres frequently most frequently treated condition amons the use fruits as bait when fishine. They also have Coaiqueres called Chutun. The description we detailed knowledse about the interaction were able to obtain resembled influenza sympbetween potential game and specific species of toms: general indisltosition with an aching body plants in the forest. The infbrmants often and often uith fner. Later, we learned that chupointed out fruiting trees that are frequently tun is a condition caused by malevolent spirits visited by birds such as the roucan or the jungle and that it encompasses various kinds of sympchicken. The Colorado informants rarely mentoms. The Colorados use a system of low and tioned ecolosical observations that could be high temperature to explain many diseases. relevant to fishine or hunting. Few of the aniThe term temperatureshould not be understood mals that were traditionally hunted are left in literally and does not necessarily relate to fever the deforested area and the Colorados no longconditions. It is used as a measure of physiologer depend on wildlife as a protein source. It ical imbalances. Numerous plants are used to should be noted that no direct inquiries were coolor warm the body, accordingly. made on plant-animal interactions during Cardio-uascular system (Tables 35-35) The fieldwork. Often, this kind of relationship was Cayapas in particular use many plants in these mentioned when no other utilitarian value four usage catesories. This reflects the fact that came in mind. the Cayapas often cite anaemia as the cause of The Colorados, Cayapas and Coaiqueres fatigue. It is noticeable that there is almost no have apparently all used the latex of lVaucleopsi.s overlap in the plant spectra for the three indigfor arrow poisons traditionally. We did not colenous groups. lect this tree with the Cayapas, but detailed deDigestiue system(Thbles39-45) - All Amerindiscriptions by the informants indicate that they an groups in Coastal Ecuador use numerous use l,{aucleopsis too. Santesson (1936) reported plants for digestive purposes, but they have few that the Cayapas and the Choco of western Coof these in common. The only shared pattern lombia use the latex of Ogcodeia,a synonym of is the use of ferns and Piper for stomach disorI'{aucleopsis (Berg 1972). \,Vhen asked abour arders (Table 4l). Most of the representatives of row-poisontree our Colorado informant went these two plant groups are very abundant and awayto collect material from the only l{aucleop availability could be the reason for their popusisthat was known to still exist in a remote part larity in this context. of the Colorado territory. We received the colSeveral species are listed for just one of the lected material, but never saw the tree. three groups, despite the fact that outside Coastal Ecuador these are widely used and often cultivated. This applies to Spilanthes(Table Medicinaluses(Tables35-74) 39), 7)ngiber fficinale (TabIe 39) , Chenopod,ium Diseaseis diagnosed and explained in a fundaamhrosioides(Table 41) , Erythroxylum noaogratamentally different fashion by Amerindian culnense (Table 4l), Sltigelia (Table 4l), Jatropha L - BS 46 20 curcas (Tables 43 k 44), Ficus insipida (Table 44) and Scoparia dulcis (Table 44) ' External system(Tabtes 45-55) The Cayapas and t h e C o l o ra d o s b o th u s e th e fami l i es A r-aceae and Cyclanthaceae for treating ant bites' A similar pattern is found in the Amazon region (Kvist & Holm-Nielsen 1987) ' Piper tricuspe is used for insect bites in seneral' The Cayapas often cultivate this particular species near their dwellings. A similar practise has been observed amons the Cunas in Panama (Duke 1970) ' One of the more remarkable aspects of the ethnobotany of the Amerindians of Coastal Ecuador is the large number of plants used to treat snake bites. Snakes represent a constant health problem particularly around villages surrounded by undisturbed forest' Larrick et al. (1978) estimated that nearly half of the Waorani Amerindians in the Amazon region of E,cuador have been bitten by u snake at some point in their life. During our travels in Coastal Ecuador we observed many people with large bluish-black scars from the bites chiefly of the Equis snake, Bothrops atrox' lt ts nevertheless a surprising fact that more plants are used for treatment of snake bites than for any other purpose (Fig. 20). Snake bite plants constitute the largest usage category among the Coaiquer and the Cayapas and the second largest cateuory among the Colorados only surpassed by herbal baths (Table 81)' The large proportion of plants used for treating snake bites may relate to the animistic belief of the Amerindians. Snakes are believed to be the dwelling place of particularly malevolent and potent sPirits. Most treatments that aim at curing snake bites are purely topical (Table 48) ' Systemic treatments are practised by the Colorados and to a lesser extent by the Cayapas (Table 49) ' The Cayapas and the Coaiquer often vary their therapiesinaccorclancewiththeparticular species of snake responsible for the bite' The iolorado informants on the contrary often re- k lated that a particular herbal treatment was good for snake bites in general, no matter the ipecies involved. The choice of which plants to .rr. in a siven situation ranges from being rather random to very specific. The lists of snake bite plants comprise a total of 26 plant families and vascular cryptograms. Two families and the vascular cryptograms are represented with more represelltatives than any other family (Table 48-50). The Gesneriaceae (Table B0) and the vascular cryptogalns (Table 78) are commonly used for snake bites by all three groups, whereas the Piperaceae (Table 79) is used by the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres only' The Coaiqueres use Gesneriaceae for socalled dry baths that are applied to miscellaneous eczemas (Table 55). The ash from the burned plant is rubbed on the affected area of the skin. This kind of preparation was not observed at the Cayapas and the Colorados' Apart from the use of Gesneriaceae for eczema' no other family is particularly dominant in the usage categories comprisins cuts, swellings, ab,..rr"r, and fungal infections (Table 51-55) ' Few plants in the lists were shared among the three indigenous sroups. One exception is the genus Acatyphawhich was used to treat cuts by ill tht." groups (Table 51). The treatment of fungal infections (Table 54) is discussed in Kvist & Flolm-Nielsen (1987). The most common fungal infection causes a symptom called manchas blancaswhich refers to white' usually concentric circles on the skin where the pigment has been cl estroyed.The trse o[ t he var iegated leaves of Calatheametallica for this specifi. ptt.pose is probably based on the so-called Doctrine of Signatures. Tlnts principle has influenced folk medicine all over the world and is also widespread among Amerinclian sroups in South America. The signaturerefers to the correspondance between certain physical plant features and the medicinal purposes fbr which it is valuable. A good example is a species of Monolena that we collected with the Cayapas' It BS 46 lras long, red, worrn-like peduncles that are trsed accordinuly ftrr curins intestinal wclrms (see Table 44\. Muscular-skeleta,lsy.slem(Ttthles5 6-5 7), neraous slstetn (table 5B), reprorLuctiuesystem(tables59-51), respirntorl system(Tnbles52-65), sensorj slstem (Tables 55-57) a,nd uriner\ s),st(m ('fables 58-59) There are no apparent patterns ernerging from the list of plants in these usase categories. The rationale behind many of the applications is probably the Doctrine of Sisnature. Some examples are given in the lesends to the Tables. For a general discussion of herbal treatments of eye ailments, see Kvist & Holm-Nielsen ( 1e87) . General system (Tables 70-71) A number of'r,veaklydefined pains and fevers are treated with herbs. The plant choice is rather arbitrary and varies from time to tirne. The plant sroups used nlost frequently are the abundant ones and those that are eas,vto collect, viz. plants in the under storey belonging to vascularcryptoganls, ArAceae, Gesneriaceae, Melastcxnataceae, Piperaceae, Rubiacezre and Solanaceae.A minor number of plants are used in systernic treatments (Tables 70-71). The Colorados use nurnerous plar-rtsin their bath treatments (Table 73). A third of all the plants collected with this group were used for this purpose. Up to 20 different plants are mixed in a single bath. Most important families and usagecategories Fig. 19 shows the most irnportant families of plants used by the three ethnic sroups. Table 77 lists the families that were rnost valuable tcr the three Amerindian groups based on the number of uses. It shor.rldbe noted that several identical records of use of the same plant acrossthe indigenous sroups are registered for 2r each of these separately. For each ethnic sroup, bclth total and relative fisures fbr the number of uses registered within a given family are shown. The farnilie circumscription fbllows the taxonomic system used at Herbarium Jutlandicum (AAU) where the first set of oqr collections is deposited. Here, the plants are organised accordine to Willis (1966) with a few exceptions. The importance of ferns and socalled fern allies has been emphasised by treating these as a separate unit at the family level. Eight plant groups are listed amons the 10 most valuable for all three indigenous sroups: vascular cryptogams, Piperaceae, Gesneriaceae, Solanaceae,Araceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, and Asteraceae. Tables 78-80 compare the usase patterns of the three most frequently used plant groups for each of the three Amerindian tribes, vlz. the vascular crypto€larns, the Piperaceae and the Gesneriaceae. Identical usase of a particular plant species by separate indieenous groups contributes to the fisures for each of these. Fig. 20 shows the breakdown of recorded uses by usage catesories for all three ethnic sroups. Several iclentical records of use clf the salne plant across the indigenous grollps are counted once. The two most important usage categories are those of snake bites and baths regulating body temperature respectively. Both comprise topical treatments only. The most important systernic treatrnent only rank number ten overall. The choice of plants for systemic treatrnents is obviously narrow because of the serious side-effects that plants may have when t a k e n i n t e r n a l l y .E d i b l e l i u i t s c o n s t i t u t e a v e r v large usase catesory. Ahnost a hundred different speciesare used by the three groups. Table Ul lists the ten most important usage catesories fbr each of the three indieenous groups studied. It sives the total and relative figures for the number of uses resistered within a given usase category. As in Tables 77-80, identical usase of a particular plant speciesby several in- 22 disenous groups contributes to the individual figures for these. If proportionality is assumed between the number of plants used for a certain practice on one hand and how common this practice is on the other hand, then snake bites would be the most common ailment followed by the three usage categories classified under General System: topical therapy to treat miscellaneous pains (Table 72), reuulation of body temperature (Table 73) and vaguely defined symptoms (Table 74). Hereafter several minor ailments follow such as skin reactions, wounds, and stomach infections. Snake bites indeed constitute a major health problem. The most common snake is the Equis (Bothrops atrox). It causes more deaths than any other snake in the coastal lowlands of Ecuador although it is not as poisonous as e. g. the Bush master (Lacheis muta). The purpose of topical treatments of snakebites is both to prevent and heal necrosis around the bite and to expel the snake's spirit that has entered into the body of its victim. Skin reactions (Table 55), wounds (Table 51), and stomach infections (Table 41) are amons the most common health problems especially in isolated communities that do not have access to prescription medicine. Other common ailments are physical traumas such as swelling from bruises (Table 52) and injured joints (Table 57), intestinal parasites (Table 44), colds and influenza (Table 65) and fungal infections (Table 54). The fungal infection menrioned earlier causing manchas blnncas is particularly common. A number of physical imbalances related to internal'organs may also be widespread but they are difficult to diasnose for a botanist with no background in medicine. Some of the symptoms referrecl to the General System category used in this paper may well be related to specific diseases,particularly topical treatment of miscellaneous pains (Table 72) and topical treatment of vaguely defined pains (Table 74). Information on plants used by BS 46 women only in connection with birthgiving and menstruation (Table 59-60) and ro regulate f-ertility (Table 19) are difficult to obtain due to taboos and a reluctance to dicuss one's intimate life with representatives of the opposite sex. More studies concentrating on this aspect in particular are needed. Preparation and treatment Medicinal plants are prepared in various ways. Leaves and twigs are either used as is, or ground into a paste. Further processing often involves boiling. The insoluble residues are either separated by decantation or included in the preparation. In other cases,extracts of the plant material are produced using cold or lukewarm water. Yet another kind of preparation involves burning the plant followed by an application of the ash. In decreasing order of importance treatments include: drinking; bathine; compresses made from either the fresh leaves or a paste produced from these; compresses made from the left-over plant residue from decoctions or extracts; massasing with the twigs; showering with extracts or decoctions; so-called dry bathing where ash from a particular plant is sprinkled all over the body or on the affected area of the skin only. Showering implies that the liquid is sprayed all over the patient from the mouth of another person. A common practice among the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres is massage using twigs from shrubs or trees. Treatmentwith plant paste compressesis also quite common (Fig. 15). Both crude and boiled material are used. Compresses are in some casesremoved after a short time, in other casesthey are held in place by a bandage and worn for days. Pieces of cloth or leaves are used to make the bandages. Symptoms related to the external system are usually treated topically. This applies to skin reactions that are caused by contact allersies, for instance. Symptoms related to inner organs are BS 46 treated both systemically and topically. Systemic treatments are generally used when symptoms are confined to a particular function of the body. Couehs and diarrhoea are, for example, very often treated by drinking decoctions or extracts. Topical treatments are frequently used when symptoms are not ref-erred to any particular organ sroup. Combination of general symptoms such as fever, pain and fatigue are often treated topically, as well. Curing ceremonies From the Cayapa Amerindians we obtained the most detailed information about shamans and the ceremonies that they perform. The curins systemsof the Colorados and the Coaiqueres are similar in many aspects.Accordinp; to the animistic belief of the Cayapas,numerous spirits reside in nature e. g. in animals, in plants, in stones,and in hills and they are all potentially harmful. A spirit may enter the human body as one passesits dwellins or as one sleeps. \Arhen a person dreams, the Cayapas believe that the soul departs from the body leaving it open to invasion by other spirits (Barrett 1925). Dead corpsesof animals and humans alike are considered a potential danser because spirits may depart from these and beein to travel about in the village in search of a new dwelling. If they enrer a human body they could cause chronic disease or severehealth threats. Curing rituals aim at expelling the malevolent spirits and transferrins them to another dwelling. Only an experienced shaman can accomplish this transfer which is considered highly risky. He will rransfer the malevolent spirit from the patienr ro his own body, and later to a third dwelling place. If he is roo weak he may fail to make the second transfer of the spirit and become a victim himself. The shaman either conducts the curing sessionpersonally or guides it from nearby. The number of plants that is included in ritualistic curing is variable from just one or a f-ewto several. Flallucin- 23 ogenic plant druss are frequently used to induce strong visions that enable the shaman to see and talk to his tutelary spirits. Animistic belief also influenced rhe field work. Particularly powerful plants are supposed to house spirits that may become malevolent if collected and handled by laymen. For this reason we often experienced some reluctance on the part of the Cayapas who assisted us when we asked about plants that they used for contraception, abortion, arrow poisons, mental disorders etc. These plants are not considered harmful to the shaman as long as he possessesthe protection provided by his tutelary spirits. An example would be an incident where one of us nearly stepped on a highly poisonous and aegressiveEquis snake. Accordine to the Cayapas the snake had appeared because we had upset its spirit by collecting large quantities of plants used to treat snake bites. They declared that if we met a second snake that day under dangerous circumstances, we would have to stop the off-ensive plant collectins. Otherwise we would meet a third snake that would strike us. After the Cayapas had killed the snake we parricipated in a ritual aimed at expelling and scaring its spirit away fiom the village and into the forest. Smoke from cigarettes was exhaled upon the dead snake along with the exclamation of loud conj urati ons (Fi S . 16). B arrert (1925) descri bes other exorcistic rituals durins which tobacco smoke was exhaled on objects in Cayapa dwellings presumed to house spirits. In October 1983, we attended a nocturnal curins ritual amons the Cayapas that live along a small tributary about 40 km upstream from the villase of Zapallo Grande. The curing took place in the dwelling of a middle-aged shaman called Maritimo. The families of both the shaman and the patient were present. No local inhabitants spoke Spanish and all communication between them and us went through our informants from Zapallo Grande who had ar- L- 24 ransecl the visit. The patient was an approx' 35 rivy"ui old man. He apparently suffered from er blindness or onchocerciasis, the parasitic is diseasedescribed earlier in this paper which introbeen has caused by u nematode that BS 46 apa word for expel, followetl by huii' Lt c>ne point, the wif'e and the fotrr children of the paii"t t were also massaged. The next mornins we were infbrmecl that the shaman had transferred the malevolent spirit strccessfirlly' He would expel the spirit from his own body during a ritual performed the following night, but we did not attend this ritual. \A'ewere infcrrmecl that dr.rrinq this second night he would not drink ayahuasca btrt onlv trago (sttuar cane ducedfromAfrica.Theritrrallastedtheentire nis h t fro m 8 P.-. to 6 a .m ' tn" atmosphere cluring the curius session was surprisinuly Llnceremoniotts' The first three hours comprised a preparatory phase brandy). pinde' durinq which the shaman slowly drank In adclition to the nocturnal crtring sessions This is the Cayapa name for the hallucinosenic performecl in hortses, other rituals were perdecoction prepared from the malphigiaceous iormed at particular sites adiacent to rivers or liana Banisteriopsis ca'a,pioften and rnixed with in the forest. These rituals were guided by o other plants having psycho-act.iveeffects' It is shaman who had previously instmcted the famknown as ayahuasca in Quichua' Durinq these ily members about their functions' We athours the shaman whistled, sans and occasiontended such a cttring that took place on a riverally rattlecl with twigs from a common riverbank (Fig. 10). It involved a family of four perbank tree Pithecellobium tongtfolium (the only sons and. lasted for two hortrs' The patient dicl other plant used durins this nocturnal ritual). not participate activelv. His wife and children About l1 p.-. the next phase of the curing ses-arsug.d him lvith plants collected by the shasion started. Waves of hallucinations now inman the same morning. A plant decoction was creasingly influenced the shaman, and he was prepared in a big pot. After this had cooled it ready to lo.ut. ancl identify the malevolent was- used first to bathe the patient, then to spirit. A candle was lit, ancl he arranged a numbathe his wife and the children' Most of the deb.. of obiects that were considered to house coction was potlred with a calabash and the of his tutelary spirits on a low table in front rest was sprayed by mouth' The shaman did him: black, flat and rounded riverbed stones' not take any plant clrugs on this occasion' He weathered stone sculptures of possibly pre-Coplaced himself in a squat position a little relombian origin, an antique Spanish sable' a moved from the family with his ceremonial carplastic candlestick holder shaped like a staffand.threeblackanclsmoothvolcanic toon character (Batman), and a polished staff stones in front of him. In his riqht hand he the of clark hardwood with a handle carved in helcl a bunch of twies. During the entire ritual s h a p e o f a m o n k e y (F i g ' l 0)' H e chanted' hesanginalorvvoice_almostlikeaChristian shouted out conjurations and whipped the obmass.A ti rregttl ari nterval sheshoutedollt conbefore jects in front of him with the twigs' Just jurations like ushnii and hit the river stones Lia.tignt, the visions allowed him to identify hard with his twies' to and lcrcate the malevolent spirit' Now he had The Cayapas draw a parallell bet'i'veenthe inexpel ancl transfer the spirit to himself' He extestinal system ancl the river since both are ttnitinguished the candlelight, and the rest of the directional ancl closed. Consequently' they ,rig"ht the shaman was very active chanting and blame ailments related to the intestinal system ,rtlr.ugir-rs the body of the patient with the on spirits from the river. An efficient cure contwigs. Eu.ty now ancl then he criecl out conjusists of chasing the harrnful spirits back to the r a ti o n s ]l l k e u s h -n i i w h i c h i s a vari antoftheC ay- BS 46 25 river. Virtually all plants growing between the lowest and highest water level of the river are considered to be useful for this purpose. As part of the preparation the plants are soakecl in a small, water fillecl hole or pond dug by hand situated close to the river (FiS. 10). This explains the casual collection of river plants used to massageand bathe the patient. Other curins rituals aim to return malevolent spirits to the forest, and therefore take place here. The shaman acts merely as a suide and usually does not participate actively in the cerem()ny. A kind of a plant steam bath is set up. The forest floor is cleaned for herbs and shrubs. A shallow hole is dug in the ground and filled with water. A rack strong enough to hold the weight of an adult person is constructed above this hole and covered with leaves and twigs collected in the understorey near the site. Beside the hole a fire is lit, and a number of stones are heated. The hot stones are then dumped in the water filled hole and a dense steam is produced that passes through the herbs on the rack. The patient receives the steam bath while squattinu on top of the rack. VI Discussion The ethnobotanical practices throughout Coastal Ecuador have been described in the preceding sections of this paper and in the lesends of the Figures and Tables. The present study had two more objectives that will be discussed in this section: comparison of plant usage patterns in Coastal Ecuador across linsuistic and cultural boundaries and the detection of possible exchanses of plant knowledse at the reeional level. In this discussion we will focus on medicinal uses which are particularly interesting to compare because they are determined by an intricate combination of cultural variables ancl properties inherent to the plant. The three Amerindian sroups all make a clear distinction between medicinal plants that are commonly used ancl plants that are trsed exclusivelyby shamans. Minor health problems are not credited to spirits and can be treated by any member of the community. This applies to bruises, light burns, rashes, funeal diseases, acute headaches, indigestion and so forth. Usually, it is the older people who are most knowledgeable about plant treatments. The forest adjacent to the dwelling is searched thoroughly for herbs. Some plants are held in higher esteem than others. The choice of which plants to collect is often made as a tradeoff between the plant's value for the treatment, it's immediate availability and the seriousness of the affliction. Valuable herbs may be stored in alcohol for later use. Snake bite remedies are prepared in this way and stored for years. It is generally easy for the ethnobotanical researcher to relate to these casesof palpable ailments and physical trauma. The plants used during ceremonies guided by the shaman are not chosen because of their phvsiological effects. The choice, which is rather arbitrary, is based on cultural variables such as tradition and Doctrine of Signature. Shamans migrating to other resions will preserve their curins ceremonies but they are forced to choose new plants from an exotic flora. The performance of the rituals is consequently a more stable trait than the spectrum of plants used. More studies are needed in order to derive specific hypotheses about the accidental 26 BS 46 The ethnobotany of the Colorados deviates in several aspects from their neighbouring groups in lowland E,cuador. The most important group of useful plants, vascular cryptogams, is used mainly for preparins baths that aim at regulating body temperature. Plant baths are used more rarely by the Cayapas and the Coai queres. Another difference is the use of vascular cryptogams for systemic treatment of snakebites by the Colorados, a practise that was not recorded among the other groups. The Colorados further stand out in the way they use the family Piperaceae. This sroup of plants is very important for the Coaiqueres and the Cayapas for topical treatment of snakebites. The Colorados do not use Piperaceae to treat snakebites at all. It is further notable that the Coaiqueres do not use Piperaceae for regulating body temperature. They very rarely practice this healing system which probably has it roots atnottg Atnerindian groups in the highlands such as the Otavalos. For all three indigenous groups, the family Gesneriaceae is important fbr treatment of snakebites, especially in topical therapy. The Coaiqueres also use the family for treating rashes for which purpose the leaves are burned and the ash applied to the skin. Vascular cryptogams, Piperaceae and Gesneriaceae are gen- ble 81). \Ahen the usage patterns of the three most important plant sroups, vascular cryptogams (Table 78), Piperaceae (Table 79) and Gesneriaceae (Table B0) are considered across the three sroups, the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres show many similarities, whereas the Colorados differ. These results reflect the differences between the current cultural and socioeconomic situations. The Colorados, who are by far the most acculturated group, also have the most aberrant ethnobotany whereas the Coaiqueres and the Cayapas display more or topical treatless the same patterns. Sna,kebites, menl is the largest usase category fbr both of the latter. Although, they do not appear in the same order, the other usages listed are shared by the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres with only two exceptions. The ninth largest category on the Coaiquer hst, Fodder and fish bait, is not among the ten largest usases for the Cayapas and Stomachinfections,which is number B in the list for the Cayapas, does not appear on the list for the Coaiqueres. These minor differences probably fall within the variation which can be ascribed to sampling error. We consider the aberrant position of Colorado ethnobotany as a phenomenon that has developed over the last 50 years. The palms, for example, no longer rank amons the top-10 plant groups for the Colorados (Table 77).These plants are mainly exploited for their structural properties and they disappear from the ethnobotany early in the process of acculturation. A recently acquired feature of Colorado ethnobotany is plant bath therapy. This usase category is now the most important. erally used for more purposes by the Cayapas than by their neighbours. \Arhereasfew plants are used the same way at the specific level, it is noticeable that eight of the l0 most frequently used plant groups at the family level are the same among all three indigenous groups (Table 77), and six of the most important usage categories are the same (Ta- Com,parison along a floristic gradient Knowledge that is generated within a narrow social context for example based on experiments will add distinctive features to an ethnobotanical pattern, whereas knowledge that has been exchanged across cultural boundaries will have the opposite effect. Evaluating component of ethnobotanical patterns that are testable with rigorous methods such as inferential statistics. The ethnobotany of the three indigenous groups of Coastal Ecuador compared BS 46 the relative roles of these tw<t determinants of ethnobotany is complicated at best. An indirect method would be the comparison between the plants enumerated under a given usage category for different linguistic groups that are distributed alons a floristic gradient. Coastal Ecuador is characterised by several steep floristic gradients. One gradient rllns north to south and parallel to the Andes whereas another one is directed east-west,fiom the Andes to the sea. In the foothills of the Andes climatic conditions often vary radically fiom one valley system to another, a phenomenon that causes pronounced local diff-erences in floristic composition of the vegetation. Dodson and Gentry (1978) stated that only 37Voof the tree species recorded by Little and Dixon (1969) in their list of woody angiosperms for Esmeraldas were found at the Rio Palenque Science Centre and that most of the tree specieswhich occur at the Science Centre were absent from Little and Dixon's list. For the non-woody flora and especially the weedy plants, we expect the differences to be less pronounced. The degree of consruency between the lists of plants used fbr the same purpose by any two indigenous groups increaseswith the taxonomic level chosen fcrr the comparison. Closely related species may vicariate for each other in the sense that they are trsed in the same way by two indigenous groups and probably have the same effect. These coinciding patterns will not be registered as similar at the species level, however. We estimate that less than 5% of the plants in our material are shared between any two of the three cultures studied. Similarity can not be expressed in exact figures at the species level due to the high number of unidentifiecl specimens in genera such as Anthurium, Pepera mia, and Piper that are not sufficiently known taxonomically. It is possible that the low percentase is a collection artefact, although a more likely explanation is that it reflects the pronounced floristic differences that exist in 27 the vegetation surrounding the three groups. From Dodson and Gentry's paper cited above, it follows that less than a third of the woody species surrounding the Cayapas and the Colorados are the same. The differences between their ethnobotanies are noteable since these two groups speak mutually intellisible languages and are known to have maintained contact fclr centuries. The forests surrounding the three indigenous groups were not subjected to detailed vesetation analysis and thus, it is not possible to make precise comparisons between the taxonomic patterns of the plants recorded as useful on one hand and the floristic composition of the surrounding forest on the other hand. Fig. 18 compares the most important eroups of plants used by the Colorados with the family composition of the surroundins forest vegetation. If plants are not actively searched for, but instead collected randomly according to their availability, some congruency is expected. This requires that diversity of most families is proportional to their availability, knowing quite well that this does not apply to families with many epiphytic representatives such as Orchidaceae. The Colorados were chosen because a flora exists covering the Rio Palenque area nearby (Dodson & Gentry, l97B). The families in the flora have been reorsanised to fit the taxonomic circumscriptions of this paper. The yearly precipitation at the Rio Palenque Science Centre is about 2650 mm which is almost equal to that of the Santo Domingo area (See climatic diagram on Fig. 1). The two family spectra show a surprisingly high degree of consruency. The families primarily used are senerally also the ones represented by the highest number of species in the flora. This applies to vascular cryptogams, Gesneriaceae and Piperaceae. The very diverse orchid family is, not surprisinuly, little exploited since most species are rare epiphytes from the forest canopy. The purely graphic comparison in Fig. l8 indicates 28 that plant choice has a strong random element to it. This applies particularly to the usage catesories under General systemsthat include the highest number of plants (Table 72-74). \Arhen useful plants become rarer due to deforestation, alternatives are sought out based on simple cost-benefit considerations. Further desradation of the resource basis will eventually lead to acculturation. The material culture will usually disappear first. This is clearly the case with the Colorados where only the older generation remembers how to exploit the structural and nutritional properties of plants. For the younger generation this knowledge is irrelevant, particularly since many of the plants in question can no longer be found in the area. The Colorados have the least elaborate plant classification system of the three ethnic groups if percentage of plants that are named is used as an indirect measure (Table 76). Of the vouchers collected with this tribe only 32% were named. The corresponding figures for the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres are 93% and 56% respectively. However, the Colorados also stand out from the other two tribes studied by providing both an Indian and a Spanish name for almost half of the named plants and by using many plants for multiple purposes. Ir'/aming One of the aims of botanical science is to name plants unambiguously and to classify them in a hierarchical system that ideally reflects phylogeny. Scientific plant names are binomial, being composed of a senus name followed by a species name. The names typically describe an important aspect of the plant, its distribution, or simply comrnemorate a famous colleague. The Amerindian groups in Coastal Ecuador use non-hierarchical classification, although they do recosnise that certain groups of plants such as palm trees are similar, however, this is not the main criterion for their naming. Inclusive categories are only erected to accommodate BS 46 variation at lower taxonomic levels such as varieties of Cassava.In many cases there is not a one-to-one correspondence between plant species and name. Plants that are obviously different but used for the same purpose may have the same name, whereas plants with multiple purposes may be named differently depending on the particular use in mind. The same plant may also change name as it passesthrough the different life stages from seedling to mature tree. The geographical distribution of the names is variable, too. Some plants are used and named locally by just one household whereas others are widely used and known under the same name throughout a resion. The names of ritual plants that are collected more or less randomly in certain habitat types are usually not very specific nor constant. There are ways to verify indirectly the stability of a ser of names provided by u given informant. Plants should be recollected during repeated field campaigns in the same area eventually usine different informants. Sessionsshould be set up with several members of a community to see whether a plant name is in seneral use or has been constructed ad hoc. Despite these ambiguities, Amerindian plant classification is by no means arbitrary. The system is in fact flexible and reflects the social situation of the Amerindians. People dispersed in small and isolated communities will invariably develop individual ethnobotanical practices and namine systems.Plant names are adjusted to the context in which they are used. The identity can be specified to a higher or lesser desree by varying the number of syllables in the name. The descriptive plant names that combine several syllables are similar to the phrase names used in pre-Linnean classification in Europe prior to the lBth century. The advantage of combining several descriptive syllables is that the identity of the plant referred to is embedded in the name. \Arhen applied, the name will immediately in- BS 46 voke an image for the recipient if he or she is knowledgeable about plants. Durins our ethnobotanical sessionswith the Cayapas,we often overheard discussions that demonstratecl the flexibility of these descriptive phrase names. It was clear that, sometimes the informants were uncertain or disasreed upon the identity of a given plant that we had collected earlier the same day. In some cases,the collection did not include sufficient infbrntation on e.s. location and growth fclrm of the plant. In other cases, however, naming differecl throughout the community. As a result of these discussions,either two names were given to the plant, or a name wasasreed upon which combined the syllables of both of these. Cross checks of plants collected repeatedly clurine the various fielcl campaigns revealed that plant namins was stable in general. Even some of the longer names were used in a consistent way. Treatment Both systemic ancl topical treatments of the external system may produce physiological effects. It is unlikely, however, that topical treatments of symptoms relating to the inner organs will have any effect, at least when measured by western stanclards.Amone the Amerindian groups in CloastalE,cuador, this treatment is performed exclusively by shamans. The shaman is consulted when a cliseasedevelclpsinto a permanently debilitatins condition. The Amerindians of Coastal Ecuador often explain disease as malevolent spirits inhabiting the body as mentioned previously. Healins implies that the identity of the spirit is known and thar its abode in the body has been localised. It is believed that only the shaman possessesthe powers to expel the spirit. The plants that he uses in this specific context are considered worthless in the hands of persons other than him. !\rhen the same plants are used fbr a clifTerent purpose, however, there is no constraint as to who may use them. Curing ceremonies per- 29 formed by shamans are purely ritual in most cases; whatever effects they may produce are probably psychological or psychosomaric. The shaman's function is often as a spiritual advisor, rather than as a doctor. Certain plants are lesspromising than others fiom an ethnopharmacolosical point of view. This applies to the majority of the plants used by the sharnan and to plants that are used accorclins to the Doctrine of Signature. It is also clubious whether plants that are used for topical treatment of- symptoms of inner organs have any measurable effect. Yet, even when all these apparently physiologically inactive plants are excluded, a large number of plants still rernains. Several hundred in the case of the Coaiqueres, the Cayapasand the Colorados. lJsually, it is not economically feasible to analyse all these plants for active compounds. Instead, the ethnobotanical data should be screened against a number of additional criteria. The plants that comply with most of these should be given highest priority. Table 82 shows a list of species that remained after screenins the collections in the present stucly fbr physiolosically active plants. The indirect criteria used were: plants collected repeatedly with same inforrnation; plants used separately and not as part of a herbal mixture; plants provided with precise information on usaee, dosage and contraindications; plants with a usase pattern that apparently has been independently acquired by lineuistically or geographically isolated cultures; plants indicated as being poisonous. Evidence of past cultural exchange with indigenous groups outside Coastal Ecuador Exchange of knowleclge is an important variable that determines ethnobotanical practices in an intricate manner. The regional distribution of ethnobotanical practices partly reflects culttrral processes of the past. Carefully con- 30 BS 46 Stout 1948, Trupp 1981), as well as among the Cunas further to the north in Panama and nearby Colombia. Furthermore it is noticeable that both the Cayapa and the Choc6 Indians include antique Spanish sables among their preferred paraphernalia. With the Coaiqueres this kind of exchange is more unlikely. According to Kempf (1982) most households have at least one male member that is trained as a shaman and often as a matter of social obligation. Curing rituals The training is rather informal, comprised of Travelling and migrating shamans often play instruction lasting only three days. Curing is reethnobotanical an active role in spreading garded as bothersome work and the shamans knowledge. The curing ceremonies of the ethdo not enjoy any special status. nic groups of Coastal Ecuador are dynamic, The Cayapas share some elements of the decultural features. Many similarities between the scribed shamanistic rituals both with the Colopractises of the different peoples reflect recent rados and with the Otavalos, who are geographcontacts, and rituals can change dramatically ically the nearest indigenous people in the Anin just a few decades as exemplified by the Coldean highlands. This applies particularly to the orados. On the other hand, some similarities use of paraphernalia and the way that these are between the practises of different peoples may handled during the healing sessions.Colorados also reflect century old contacts, or even com(Hagen 1939) and Otavalos (Lopez 1986) also grouP. one ethnic mon descent from organise their paraphernalia at a low table in Comparison of the curing rituals performed front of them, and they attach special importoday with those described in the anthropologtance to rounded, black river stones of volcanic ical literature of the beginning of this century origin. All three peoples believe that these is a way of testins whether ritual healing and asstones house powerful spirits useful to the shasociated plant uses are stable features that man as tutelary spirits. This reflects that volcarathcharacterise the various communities, or noes are important in their mythology. During er that they are a dynamic cultural feature that the healing rituals that we attended among the varies in both time and location. An additional Cayapas the name of the vulcano Imbaburawas benefit would be insight into the way new plant repeatedly used as a conjuration. Imbabura is Barrett a community. by uses are implemented the nearest r,'ulcano of the western Andean cor(1925) noticed that a number of Choc6 shadillera and it is considered a sacred mountain mans practised among the Cayapas in l90B-9. by the Otavalos. According to the mythology of The direct contact probably ceased more than the Colorados numerous spirits reside in the a half century ago. There exists evidence of of Cotopaxi and Chimborazo south of vulcanos sessions curing During today. Choc6 influence The way that all three groups organImbabura. staff Cayapa shamans still possess a hardwood ise their alter and worship the vulcanoes may rewith a carved wooded figurine. The staff is conflect pre-colombian contacts between the ansidered to house their personal tutelary spirit. cestors of the Cayapas, Colorados and Otavalos Wood figurines are otherwise unknown among but possibly ata time when the former two groups people, Amerindian Ecuadorian lowland nearer the highlands and when they all lived very similar figurines are standard paraphermay have spoken related Chibcha languages. nalia among Choco shamans (Wassen 1935, ducted comparative analyses could contribute to an understanding of the relative roles of endemic ethnobotanical elements versus diffusion of knowledge across ethnic barriers. Usage patterns that cannot be predicted from inherent f.eatures of the plant and that occur repeatedly across cultural barriers, strongly suggest past exchange of knowledge. BS 46 Curing rituals and certain ethnobotanical patterns suggest the presence of both ancient and recent contacts between the cultures in Coastal Ecuador. The Cayapas currently interact with the African Ecuadorian colonisers who have settled throughout their territory. This ethnic group constitutes a majority in the Ecuadorian Province of Esmeraldas. The first Africans fled from slavery and miserable livins conditions and founded colonies in the coastal areas of western and northern South America. In Ecuador, they settled in the northern part of the coastal plain. The colony continued to attract emigrants of African origin even after slaverywas abolished. The curing ceremony that we attended in 1983, took place in a fairly isolated Cayapa community. The rituals that we saw performed have probably changed little since the begining of this century. In contrast, a comparison with older and more recent literature suggests that the Colorado rituals have changed dramatically. Karsten (1924) described a nocrurnal curing ritual in which the shaman used three black stones, a drum, a rattle, and a number of candles. Everybody who attended drunk nepe(the Colorado name for Ayahuasca) and danced around the patient. At the end of the session the shaman presented a spine of the chonta palm (Bactris gasipaes) and claimed he had extracted it from the patienr. The spine was supposed to be a magic arrow that had caused the disease. Magic arrows are important in the mythology of indigenous highland people, e.g. the Otavalos, and this ritual also suggests early Colorado contacts with the highland. Since then the Colorados have integrated additional practices from highland indigenous healers, e.g. to rub the affected area of the patient with an egg in order to transfer the malevolent spirit from the patient to the egg (Trupp r e 8 1. ) In recent decades, so-called warm and hot plant baths have become an important ele- 31 ment of Colorado curing ceremonies. Earlier authors reporting on the Colorados (Hagen 1939; Karsten 1924; Rivet 1909) do not mention this practise which apparently has developed since. The warm baths are similar to the steam bath that was demonstrated to us by the Cayapa Amerindians, whereas the cold baths often take place in small ponds close to the river (Lopez 1986). The steam bath rirual was probably introduced to the Cayapas by the Colorado shamans very recently. We only observed it in Zapallo Grande which has extended contacts with the exterior. In remote and isolated Cayapa communities such as along the Rio Bolborde we never heard of such practices. The exact origin of the plant baths is uncertain but again it may have been inspired by contacts with indigenous healers in the Andean highlands. Illness is generally explained by a disharmony between the cold and the luarm. principle. To stay healthy, highland indisenous people must maintain a balanced diet of items considered as cold and u)arm, respectively. The Colorados and the Cayapas have adapted only the part of this philosophy that relates ro the bath treatment of certain ailments. The African Ecuadorian population on the coast also have their own shamans, and live intermixed with the Cayapas along the lower parts of the Cayapariver sysrem. Barrem (1925) noticed that in these communities shamans with a good reputation occasionally treat patients of the other ethnic group, and this is still the case. To what extent this has influenced the Cayapa curing rituals is unclear, but one introduction from the black population is the marimba a keyboard instrument - which is found in many Cayapa houses, as well as among Colorados and Coaiquer. Apart from this example, it is difficult to trace how the Coaiquer rituals have been influenced by other groups and vice versa. The Coaiqueres do not use hallucinogenic plants during curing ceremonies, but everyone present drinks trago fF 32 (sugar cane brandy). This distinguishes them from all other Amerindian sroups in Coastal Ecuador (Kvist & Flolm-Nielsen 1987; Naranjo 1983 ). D a n c i n g to ma ri m b a mu si c i s an i mportant part of Coaiquer curing cerernonies (Kempf 1982). In seneral, the function of the shamans is less specialised compared to the Cayapas and the Colorados. According to Ehrenreich ( 1989) , skilled shamans were not among the Coaiqueres that settled in Ecuador at the beginning of this century. In the San Marcos valley, one adult male member of almost every householcl has been trained as a s ham a n (K e m p f 1 9 8 2 ). BS 46 part of the explanation. Other species <-sfCo luntnea and Gesneriaceae serve the same purpose without har,'ingvariesated leaves.The Amerindians rarely make mistakes when distinguishinu between the Gesneriaceae and other morphologically sirnilar sroups such as the Acanthaceae that are not used fbr treating snake bites. A number of Gesneriaceae are used for treating snake bites by the African Ecuadorian population that lives on the pacific coast of Colombia along Rio Tataboa west of Cali (Kvist, unpublished dara fiom lggl). The Choc6 and Cluna Amerindians of western Colclmbia and Panama have been reported to use some C esneri aceae too (D uke 19 70, lgTb: Botanical euidence Forero P. 1980). This is in contrast to the AmerA few examples of botanical evidence of old indian groups of the Amazon resion who rarecultural connections exist. This applies in parly use Gesneriaceaefrrr snake bites (Kvist l986, ticular to some domesticated plants. P.sychotria 1989). Two Gesneriaceae were clairned to be uiridis is cultivated by the Cayapas who mix the particularly valuable. One is Chrysothemisfrieleaves with the stems of Banesteriopsis caapi dnchsthaliana,which is used in snake bite therawhen they prepare pinde (ayahuasca).It is not py by both the Cayapas in Ecuador and the Cunative to the coastal resion of Ecuador and na and Choco Amerindians of Panama (Duke may have been introduced from Amazonian 1970, 1975). The other one i s a hybrid of KohEcuador (Rivier & Lindsren 1972). Psyr:hotria leria grown as a febrifuge both by the Colorauiridis has hallucinosenic eff'ects in itself and is dos and the Cayapas. It is widely cultivated in used for this reason by Amazonian Amerindinorth-western South America. ans. The fish poisons Clibadium asperum and Plants that are used for poisonins fish are Lonchocarpus nicou may also have been introgenerally known in South America as barbasco. duced to the coast. The Colorados grow both The little known barbasco, Saltium peruuianum, plants that according to Murra (1948) were is shared between the Colorados and Coaiintroduced from the Amazon region alons queres. All the Amerindians of Coastal Ecuawith other ichtyotoxic plants. dor use Phylktnthus anisolol.zswhich serves the The importance of the Gesneriaceae fbr same purpose. Species of Phylkntthus are senertreating snake bites is puzzling. In the case of ally used for fish poison in South America. Onthe genus Columnea the Doctrine of Signatures ly the Colorados use Lonr:hocarpu.ssNt.and Clibamay provide some of the explanation. The repdium sp. as barbasco. They are often cultivated resentatives of the largest section of Cloastal around the dwellinss. Both species have unEcuador all have leaf apices and leaf margins doubtedly been introduced frorn the Arnazon that are bright red on the lower leaf surf-aces where they are comrnonly used for fishing. A (Kvist & Skog 1993). The Amerindians draw a cornprehensive discussion of fish pclisons or parallel between these leaf variegation patterns barbasco amons South American Indians can and the bites of the haemolytic vipers which ofbe firund in Acevedo-Rodrisuez (1990). ten cause excessive bleeding. But this is only The plant uses classified under social prod- c)c) JJ BS 46 has ucts generally suggest that little exchange of takeriplace between the Amerindian groups exCoastal Ecuador. A f'ew plants are however revast a throughout ways ploited in similar from caapi gio". This applies to Banesteriopsis as *fri.n the hallucinogenic decoction known Ayahuasca in Quichua is prepared' Ayahuasca drinking is widespread among Amerindian (Rivier people in north-western South America add not do it Li"agt en 1972). The Colorados preparations other plants to their Ayahuasca to whereas the Cayapas mix in plants allegedly adjusttheeffectortoremovethebittertaste. Oie of the plants that the Cayapas use in this in way is Psyciotria uiridis. Only the Cayapas hallucinoa coastal Ecuador use Brugmansictas is g e n i c plant . T he r an q e o f th i s u s a g e p a tte rl r iestricied to people living in or near the Andean cordilleras (Lockwood 1979) ' It is a very in powerful and dangerous drug that is used by performed ionnection with certain rituals shamans.All the Amerindian groups in Coastal Ecuador use Brugmansia for medicinal purhowever (see Tables 36, 52, 53' 55' 72) ' poses, ^several Amerindian people in western AmazoniaproduceanextractfromtheseedofPersea amuricanawhich is used as a contraceptive or sometimes,as a sterilising agent (Kvist & HolmN i e l s en1987) . Exchanges between the Colorado' Cayapa in and Coaiq.t.t Amerindians are suggested to remove particular by the use of Streptochaetct' iacial hair (the former two groups), the use of ferns to promote hair growth (all three groups), the use of ferns mixed with fat for iood (the latter two groups) and the use of Sapiumas a fish poison (the former two groups) ' The use of numerous plants and particularly the Gesneriaceae as snake bite remedies also unite the three Amerindian groups of Coastal Ecuador. The African Ecuadorian populations along the Pacific coast to the north and to a lessei extent the Choco and the Cuna Amerindians share this practise too' Regional exchanges along the Pacific coast, from Ecuador and north to Panama, are also indicated by the use of the latex of I'{aucleopsisfor arrow poison and by the cultivation of Piper tricuspe that is used. to kill lice etc. Regional contacts across the Andes to the western part of the Amazon Basin are suggested by the use of several hallucinogenicsandfishpoisonsaSwellasthetrseof Persea americana for contraception' Finally' a considerable number of medicinal plants used by the Amerindian people in Coastal Ecuador are also widely used throughout northern South America. Some of these were mentioned by Kvist & Holm-Nielsen (1987): Aclepin'scurassauica, cassia reticulata, chlorophora tinctoria, Ficus insipid,a, Jatropha curcas, Paspalum conjuga' tum, Sciparia, dulci.sand Zingiber officinale ' F 34 BS 46 I'II General conclusions A comparison of the results obtained from the three sroups of coastal Indians in Ecuador is complicated. Not only is the level of ethnobotanical knowledge variable within a single indigenous community, but certain aspects may even differ within the same village or across senerations in the same household. The sample size is too small to give a precise description of the enormous variation encountered. More information is needed on ethnobotanical practices within-communities and between-communities. A number of general conclusions can be inferred from the results obtained, however. Certain usase patterns are likely to develop due to inherent features of the plants. This is certainly the case with plants exploitecl for their chemical, nutritional or structural properties. Experiments with the surroundins flora are constantly being conducted. New fiuits are discovered; previously unknown medical properties of a plant are realised; fibre plants are tested that have not been used before; etc. The present study clearly demonstrates that independently acquired knowledee is an important determinant of usase patterns but that exchanse of knowledge across linguistic barriers is also important. Knowledge that is senerated within a narrow social context, for example based on experiments, will add distinctive features to an ethnobotanical pattern, whereas knowledge that has been exchansed acrosscultural boundaries often will have the opposite effect. It is surprising that more exchange apparently has occurred at the regional level than locally between three geographically adjacent and culturally related ethnic srolrps. The category to which most uses have been referred overall is topical treatment of snakebites. Other important usase categories are topical treatment of ailments of a general na- ture such as miscellaneous pains and indisposition. The Colorados use numerous plants in baths that aim at resulatine body temperature. Palms constitute the most important eroup of plants exploited for their structural properties. Most species are used fbr multiple purposes. The importance of palms rapidly decline with increasing acculturation and integration into a market economy. Three sroups of plants invariably rank amons the fbur most important based on an utilitarian criterion: vascular cryptogams, Piperaceae and Gesneriaceae. These families are mainly exploited ethnomedicinally. The desree of congmency between the plants listed under given usase catesories for different indigenous sroups increases with the taxonomic level chosen fbr the comparison. \Arhereas less than five percent of the plants rouuhly estimated are shared between the three sroups at the species level, similar patterns appear when comparisons are conducteC at the family level. We have identified a wicle range of usase patterns at this level rangins fiom very constant in both time and space to recently acquired and quite labile. This applies particularly to the ethnomedicinal applications. The usage patterns of medicinal plants are a function of both cultural variables and variables inherent to the plant. For plants with obvious beneficial eff'ectson an ailment, a use will have a better chance of developing and can more or less be predicted in commlrnities that constantly experiment with the surrotrnding flora. For species that are used as part of a cultural pattern, other f-actorsinfluence the plants chosen for curing. Common species are more likely to be used than rarer species. Terrestrial herbs are lnore likely to be used than e.g. epiphytes because the latter are more difficult to BS 46 35 collect. \Arhereas some plants apparently are collected more or less at random others are collected according to the The Doctrine of Sisnature which invariably adds a certain desree of predictability to the selection of medicinal plants. The plant usage patterns of the three Amerindian groups studied stronuly reflect their present cultural and socict-econonlicsituation. The Coaiqueres live in an undisturbed environment surroundecl by a very diverse fbrest. They have been isolatecl from clther cultures until recently. Their ethnomedicine is apparently less constant and rnore experimentine when compared with the other Amerindian groups studied. Althoush the material culture of the Coaiqueres seems simple, they have thoroush ecolosical insight that enables them to manage a fiasile ecctsystemin a sustainable manner. The Colorados represent another extreme. This sroup is senerally well intesrated into the Ecuadorian society.They live in an area where most of the forest has been cleared. Very little remains of their orisinal material culture. Colorado ethnomedicine is elaborate ancl is based on a sophisticated classiflcation system.A number of shamans and sharnan apprentices practice outside clf the comlnunity in most regions of Ecuador and even abroad. These have probably included several exotic elements in the orisinal ethnomeclicine. The ritual curins resembles that of the Qrrichua speaking tribes of the Andean highlands. This applies especially to the body temperature curing system. The Colorados deviate in many aspects from their indigenous neighbours in their ethnobotanical practices. Most Cayapas are settled in villages along the Cayapa and Santiago rivers. Their territories were recently opened to the operation of loeging companies. Impoverishment of the plant resources is occuring at an alarming rate. The ethnobotanical knowledge basis varies from one community to another. The Cayapas we worked with had an intimate knowledge about the plants that surround them. Their material culture has chaneed little since Barrett described it in 1920'ies, but it is in the process of disappearins. Cayapa ethnomedicine and the naming of plants is just as sophisticated as that of the Colorados. Several thines prevent us fiom makins conclusions on the relative roles of cultural variables and plant inherent variables on ethnomedicinal practices. Basically we clo not know whether a plant has the allesed effect or not or whether it is more powerful than any other randomly selected plant. We often assume that people use the plants that serve their prlrpose best. But this may not be the case with many medicinal plants and plants that are used durins curing ceremonies. The opposite is also possible that otherwise useful species are avoidecl because of taboos. VIII Acknowledgements Without the unconditionitl lrelp and wArn] frienclship off-erecl by the informants nlentioned in Table 1 this stucly would not have been possible. It should be stressedthat all in[ellectual rights to thet infitrmation presentecl in this paper rernain with the indieenous communities in Ecuador. Mr. and Mrs. Rev. Meisenheimer are thankecl fbr accomrnoclation r,vhile stayinu in Zapallo Grande. We also thank our fielcl companions Dorte C. Nissen, Laurrtz. B. 36 Holm-Nielsen, Eduardo Asanza and Flemming Skov who, besides their dedication to the fieldwork, encouraged us all the way. We thank Dir. Oluf Holm for establishing the first contacts with the Colorados and for maintaining an ever so strong interest in our work. He has contributed with many interesting discussions in his office at the Anthropological Museum in Guayaquil. The work was supported financially by Museo Antropologico in Guayaquil and the Department of Systematic botany at Aarhus University which is gratefully appreciated. We received valuable advise on medical matters from the phycisian Dominick Rizzi. Pamela Hall commented on the manuscript and Denise San chez Barfod provided linguistic assistance. The abstract was translated to Spanish byJuan Manual Macia. Thanks is due to the following experts who helped in the identification of the collections (appearing in alphabetical order): Acevedo, R. (Sapindaceae), Alverson, B. (Bombacaceae), Andersson, L. (Heliconiaceae, Marantaceae), Barnaby, R. (Menispermaceae, Caesalpiniac eae ), B e rg , C . C . (Mo ra c e a e , U rti caceae), Boom, B. (Rubiaceae), Callejas, R. (Piperaceae), Croat, T. (Araceae), Daly, D. (Bursera- BS 46 ceae), D odson, C . H . (Orchi daceae), Eliasson, U. (Phytolaccaceae), Eriksson, R. (Cyclanthaceae), Escobar, L. (Passifloraceae), Frp<ell, P. (Malvaceae), Gale, N. (Rubiaceae), Gentry, A. (Bignoniaceae), Harley, R. M. (Lamiaceae), Holm-Nielsen L. B. (aquatic plants), Huft, M.J. (Euphorbiaceae), Hunt, D. R. (Commelinaceae), Il ti s, H . H . (C appari daceae),.f @r gensen, P. M. (Passifloraceae), Judziewicz, E,. (Poaceae), K napp, S . (S ol anaceae),K ui j t,J. ( Lor anthaceae), Lrpaard, S. (Poaceae, Cyperaceae), Leeuwenberg, A.J. M. (Apocynaceae), Liesner, R. (Lacistemataceae), Lourteig, A. (Onagraceae), Luteyn, J. (Ericaceae, Campanulaceae), Luther, H. (Bromeliaceae), Maas, P..1.M. (Zrngiberaceae), Madsen, J. (Cactaceae), Miller, J. (Myrtaceae), Moran, R. (Pteridophytes), Mori, S. (Lecytidaceae), Nissen, D. C. (Pteridophytes), Ollgaard, B. (Pteridophytes), Palacios, W. (Meliaceae), Pedersen, T. M. (Amaranthaceae), P enni ngton, T. D . (S apotaceae) ,PI owman, T. (E,rythroxylaceae, Solanaceae), Renner, S. (Melastomaceae), Stolze, R. G. (Pteridophytes), Stihl, B. (Theophrastaceae), Taylor, C. M. (Rubiaceae), Todzia, C. (Chloranthaceae), Wasshausen, D. (Acanthaceae) , Zardrnt, E . (Onagraceae). IX Figures r-20 Photos bv A.S. Barfod and L.P. Kvist rn o\ o\ ! ,9 -' o v € L Maclovio Anapa (left) and the shaman Maritimo involved in an ethnobotanical discussion. Their contribution to this studv was invaluable. - BS46 39 c u p ri tr./n \\Y E / 4 . > \ / J . / - - 9 N Y n r d , q c I F ;: '* - E x n < O : . - o n 7 , . r Y v . - u e -1 t- r) : i u a - ^ > a ,!.t q - . J = v q _ c E d - > o,l J ; c ^ N - a v ! 00 r'.r !P o E E o o P 3 a o o o o ^ ^ ^ ^ - F u - c i E ; x o z = :J1 . o o i 6'. N c c U 5 = O 5n* F = F{ o r q. :, UJ: a hn =l N 1 , .)i rli N r l : r - v a x v X ^ . E P ; r/.) .z , Y: L d ! t { a o o tr o J o L r.l b0 I e X y . = E 3 ,!) a ! o > ( - - ^ 6 d J r R J q . ) F ' . a 4 F 40 BS 46 Fig. 2. Barfod & Kvist, februar 1995 structural riu"E x< materials sanitaryf chemical landuse social materials products ritualf complimentary animal food porson digestive external medicines muscular- skeletal reproductive respiratory sensory urinary systemic general topical Tlmber (t. 2) Fuels(t. 3) Weapons and uaps (t. 4) Muslcal lnstruments (t. 5) Kltchen utenslls (t. 6) Unprocessedas rope (t. 7) Thatching and wrappers (t. 8) Jewelry (t.9) Plaltlng and textlles (t. f 0) Dlptlatorles (t. 1f ) Latex (t. 12) Soap and shampoo (t. f 3) Perfumes (t. 14) Dyes (t. 15) Ornamental plants (t. 16) Hedges(t. 17) Halluclnogens (r. 18) Antiferttllty agents (r. 19) Rltual ornaments (t. 20) Maglc plants (t. 21) Pedagogy(t.22) Staple dlet (t. 23) Edlble frults and seeds (t. 24) Vegetables(t. 25) Edtble flowers (t.26) Larvae from palms (t.27) Beverages(t. 28) Food flavourlng (t. 29) Food colourlng (t. 3O) Fodder and flsh batt (t. 31) Wtldllfe atrracrants (t. 32) Utllttarian polsons (t. 33) Notorlous polsons (t. 34) Anaemla (t. 35) Blood clrculation (t. 36) Gangrene (t. 37) Blood tapplng (t. 38) Gums and teeth (r. 39) Llver and spleen (t. 40) Stomach lnfectlons (t. 41) Antlemetics (t. 42) Laxatlves (t. 43) IntesUnal parasltes (t. 44') Deflclency symptoms (t. 45) Ant bltes (t. 46) Insect bltes. General(t,47) Snake bltes. Topical (t. 48) Snake bltes. Systemlc (t. 49) Snake bltes. Others (t. 50) Wounds (t. 51) Swelllngs from brulses (t. 52) Abcessesand tumors (t. 53) Fungal lnfectlons (t. 54) Skln reactions (t. 55) Rheumatlsm (t. 56) InJured Jotnts (t. 57) Nervous system (t. 58) Menstruation (t. 59) Btrthglvlng (t. 60) L a c t a t i o n( t . 6 1 ) Nosebleed(t. 62) Pulmonary dlsease(t. 63) Resplratory dlsorders (t. 64) Colds and lnfluenza (t. 65) Eye lnfectlons and vlslon (t. 66) Ear lnfectlons and hearlng (t. 67) Urlnatlon (t. 68) Kldney (t. 69) General. Systemlc I (t. 70) General. Systemlc II (t. 71) General.Toplcal | (t.72) General. Toplcal II (t. 73) General. Toplcal III (t. 74) Fig. 2. The usage categories used in this paper and their hierarchical orsanisation. ln parentheses is referred to the Table fbr the usase category in question. BS46 41 b r i # ffi w 3;t ffi;Wr* Fig. 3. Cayapas. - A. Zapallo Grande. Cayapa children playing with the children of semlers.The vast majority of the population in the Province of Esmeraldas are of African origin. The Afiican Ecuadorians settle ever more deep inside the Cayapa territory. In most communities, the two ethnic groups live in peaceful coexistence but social friction's do surface at times - B. A traditional Cayapa dwelling on posts. Note the palm thatch and the open design. The only room with walls in the hut is fbr sleeping. - Cl. A modern Cavapa house at the evangelical mission station in Zapallo Grande. The architectural design corresponcls to that fbund elsewhere in rural Ecuador. Note the zinc roof and the general emphasis on privacy, quite unfamiliar to traditional Cayapa culture. , F- 42 BS 46 Fig. 4. Coaiqueres. - A. The forest surrounding the Coaiqueres in the Ecuadorian Province of Carchi is very humid and species rich. This picture shows one of the wettest localities on the San Marcos Gualpi Bajo trail in 600 m's altitude. The structure of the forest is characteristic having few tall, large diameter trees. The trees are dispersed in comparison to typical lowland forest and heavily loaded with epiphytes. - B. Don Ignacio, Capitan of the Coaiqueres in the San Marcos valley where the largest concentration of Ooaiqtreres south of the border with Colombia is found. - C. The remnants of presumablv an outpost erected by the Incas in Quinyul. This may indicate the western limit of the Inca occupation in Carchi. - D. View from rhe highest point at 1000 m's altitude on the Pailon-(]ualpi Alto trail. In the foreground is a Coaiquer dwelling. BS46 43 A Fig. 5. - A. Pluvial fbrest at darvn near Gualpi in the Coaiquer territory. - B. Timber harvesring along the Rio Cayapas and its tributaries. Independent lumber men harvest timber far up in the Cayapa river system and float the trtrnks downstream to the sar,vmillsnear Borbon tied together in eigantic rafts. Selective cutting of timber trees occurs illegally within the limits of the Cotocachi-Cayapa National Parc. - C. Road builcling 5 km rvest of Lita. This road has opened new land to Lrncontrolled colonisation and conversion of the forest into fielcls and pastures. V 44 BS 46 Fig. 6. Plants used for their structural properties. - A. The house of the canoe builders in Zapallo Grande, a mixed Cayapa-African Ecuadorian community near an evangelical mission. The canoes in fiont of the dwelling are made of a yet unidentified species of Lauraceae called djuin-chi and a species of Protium called .supkt-chi.- B. The Coaiquer Indians frequently cross the Rio SanJuan usinp; rafts made of Ochroma,pyramidale. The river constitutes the border with adjacent Colombia. - C. Sapotaceous species are used fbr firewood by the Coaiqueres and the Cayapas.The wood is flammable when green. - D. The Coaiqueres still use blowguns when huntins canopy species such as monkeys and many species of birds. 45 BS46 Thatch ,/ n^t^.L^^ rEd vardu ^^ )P. Walls lriarteadeltoidea Floor lriafieadeltoidea / Ladder. Bambusa guadua -quinaria posts Carapaguianensis Thatch Phytelephasaequatorialis Walls Bactrisgasipaes i l Walls B a m b u s ag u a d u a Fig. 7. - Plants usecl for their stnrctural properties. Clonstnrction. Three types of huts all constructed on posts. The upper one is the tr:rditional Coaiquer dwelling with Cakttheathatch. The midclle one is the traditional Cayapa hut with palrn thatch. The open desiun is characteristic of both of these. They are typical of 'fhe architecture of tire bottom Cayapa hut large larnily trnits that live scattered ir-rthe forest or along rivers. is the result of lif-e in a village situirtior-r.The desisn is more private and a door is present. The traditional thatch is maintained. Barnboo rvalls like those seen here are frequently' found in the hottses of the African Ecuadorian settlers too (drawings bv K. Thomsen and K. \{brrn). BS 46 46 Fig. B. Plants used for their structural properties. - A. The Marimba is common among all the indieenous groups of Ecuador. It lr,asprobablf introduced via the African Ecuadorians from the Caribbeans. The keys are made of the hear,y and durable wood frorn certain palm species and the tubes underneath anrplifying the sound are produced from the internodes of Bambusagundua. - B. The Cayapas use Cttrclulouicapalmnta for a wide range of plaited items that are used in daily life such as containers, mats, fans etc. Thev also prodtrce handicrafts that are sold to tourists. - C. Phytelephasaequatorialis thatch. The leaf rachis is split longitudinally and the half.s are placed on top of each other and fastened to the rafters with pieces of liana. The pinnae are sometimes braided in ceremonial houses. - D. Fibres are extracted from a leaf of Aechmeamttgdalena usins a stick or wooden mallet. They are used to make a fine bttt strong string that is very suitable for fishinq nets. BS46 Fig. 9. Bark cloth (A-C) and Latex (D). - A. The moraceous species Poulsenia annata is usecl ro make bark cloth. The fibres are clerived from the inner bark as shown on this picture. - B. After extraction the fibres are freed from the bark b1'poundine, usually with a wooden stick. - C. Bark cloth as shor,vnhere is treated like f'elt. Several pieces c:rn be joined simply by putting one piece on top of the orher ancl pouncling them rrntil thev become inseparable. - Latex. D. A latex is extracted from the inner bark of Ca.stilh elu.sticu(Moraceae). It is usecl fbr r,vaterproofing of canoes and for making blowsun pipes airtieht. 47 r- v 48 BS 46 Fig. 10. Sharnanism and ritual healing. Cayapa. - A. The shaman's altar. Note the nicely arranged iterns that supposedly house the porverfirl tutelary spirits. In the foreground is the bottle containing pindi. The patient is sleeping on the floor surrounded by his family members after a nocturnal healing. B. A shaman assistsar a curing ritual perf<rrmed in the morning on a riverbank. He does not participate directly in the healing but sits at a clistanr:ewhile mernbers of the family perfbrm the rituals. The shaman is surrouncled by his tutelary spirits which dwell in his wooclen cane and in the river stones in the basket. C. The Cayapas draw a parallel between the stomach ancl the river; both systemstransport matters in an unidirectional, closed way. PIants that grow near the river and especially rheophytes are considered beneficial for stomach conditions. As part of the preparation the plants are soaked in a small water filled hole made b,vhand and situated close to the river. D. Plant material coller:ted bv the shaman fbr the riverbat-rk ritual. It is usecl for a decoctions applied to the patient and fbr nlassase. The plants allegedly have no effect lr,hen usecl by layman. BS46 Fig. 11. Coaiqueres. Asricrtlture. - A. Slash-and-mulch fielcl about eight months after clearing. (lorn has been sown directlv in the up to one rneter deep brushrvood and the scatterecl plants are now visible. In the backsround is a banana fielcl. Note also the sinsle individual of the palm tree Wcuiniu quinariathat has been left for later use as firnber in h<tttseconstnrctions. - B. Sugarcane is often cultivatecl by tlie Coaiqueres. A big part of the harvest is used to make a f'ermentecl drink called uoaripo. This can be further processeclinto trago or brancly in primitive tvooden distilleries. Here two men share a clrink early in the morning in San Marcos. Behind them, in fiont of the church, there is a susarcane fielcl. - (1. Clearing made frrr slash-and-mulch asricttlture. Species <>fVismialvith whitish or f'errtrgineons trndersicles of the leaves are rvell represeltecl on this plot probably becartse the forest is in a vorrng succesional stase after a previous clearins. 19 50 BS 46 Fig. 12. - A. Clusia sp. (voucher no. 48932) is one of the many plants referred to as uikllifb ttttract,ants(see Table 32) by the Coaiqueres. Birds feed on the fruits and thereby act as the clispersal agent. The categor)' contprises both plants attracting game and plants interacting with animals in a particrtlar way. B. The secds of the cycad Zamia lindeniior sn-oa,ltrt-chiareground into a flour used for a special kind of breacl bv the Ciai'apas. - Cl.The larvae of the Curculionid beetle, RhynrhophorusNtalmarun, is considererl a grcat delicacy by the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres. It is collected on the partly decomposed stem of certain species of'palms such as lriarteaancl lluctns. -D. IriurLeadeltoideaisa truly multiple purpose palm. It serves as t.irnber for constntction, traps, lveapons ancl rnusical instruments. The palm heart is eaten ancl, edible larvac are collecteri fiom decomposing stems. BS46 II 52 BS 46 -b'r,t Water So that fish fhaf suri-r dn',n -*_=_- .rr.,"t,ffi;ffiffi .i."Ji".lf:::Hiff[Ti:,:l*:::::::i.i:'.1]1"1.'lJ.;;;ffi;;ffiin."J"lffi'Ji 3fi1'J;Jll1,''xlTo"lil1j:T'_":l*',::::i.fij::r:il;;rl;;i.;:#;'::?#ii, The il:';ff fish f:','H:#,L1,"."1;;,i:.1:i:::il,y::,:1..:il;:JlT,1fi,;;ilili51fii rrap shownin rhe pi.,.,r" is useclro c.,ecr ,n. p;,;;;ilJJ:il?:: clam. F tl-^ outlet in the far end of the BS46 53 Fig. 15. Medicinal plants. Prerparation. - A. A nurnber of'plants are used to treat funeal infection, in this case betrveen the toes. Typically the leaves are grorttrd into a sreen paste that is appliecl clirectly to the skil either heatecl or cocllecl.- B. Bottles containins alcohol extracts of plants usecl fnr sn;tke bitcs zrrecomrnon. They are often proclucecl irtrcl solcl b,v certain tribe rnembers t.hat have gained a reprrtation as snakebite healers. - Cl. A pl:rnt paste ttsed :rs a comprcss to stop bleeclins and to prevent inf'ections in u,otrnds. - D. A plant decoction is drunk fbr inrligestion. F' 54 BS 46 Fig. 16. Medicinal plants. Snakebites. - A. (iral (Micrunts.sp.). Several plants:rre gsecl ro treat the bites of this snake. The poison is ncttrotoxic ancl has an immediate effect Lrnlikc the haemo6,tic p.,isol <tf the r.,ipers. - B. Clasterantlm.s cornllimts. Representatives of Clesneriaceae are-.generallv trsecl to trcat snake bites. Thisspeciesistrsedforthellquissnake (Bothropsatrox)lt,t,thcCiavapas.Thelcar,esarernacerateclinto:rpasre that is used fbr rnaking a conrpress placed on the bite. - C. An liquis snake has.just been killecl apcl the r'zrlevolent spirit is beinq expelletd. This is done bv blorving sntoke on it uncl r.rsing r'11r'r.jtrrati6ps like rrliilD which probably mimics the sottnd of it's clepartttre. - I). Oauend.i.shia ptrntdifitlin.This spgcies oftel clecor.ates Cayapa hrtts where curing ritttal are performccl bv a shaman. The plant allcuecllv ilcrc;rses cSances e{'strccessftrl healing by oustine malevolent spir-irs. _"| BS46 cc Fig. 17. Medicinal plants. Miscellaneorrs. - A. Palicourea{uiunen.si,.s. Tl'ris species attracts rvilcllife especi:rlly' birds zrnd is usecl for rittralistic tr-eatlnents of vagnelv clefinecl or nonspecific sympton)s. B. CoLum,nea lililoba. The irsh of this species is trsed fbr a topical lrcalment o[- a skirr reaclir.rrr :illegeclly causerl b,v the plant itself. - C. Species ctf Dichori.sandrn are used for snake bites, firr firngal inf'ect.ions, fbr injured .joints, for colds and influenza problems. ancl for trrination 7* BS 46 56 Verbenaceae Theophrstaceae Fig. 18. Barfod & Kvist, februar 1995 Sapotac@e Pontederiaceae Phytolaccacea€ Oxalidaceae Onagraceae Olacaceae Myreinacea€ Musaceae Menisp€rmaceae Lythraceae Loganiaceae Hydrocoaylaceae Hydrangeac€ae Cyperaceae Cycadaceae Caryophyllaceae Cannac€ae Caesalpiniac€ae Boraginaceae Araliaceae Apiaceae Anacardiaceae Agavaceae Sterculiaceae Sapindaceae Rutaceae Myrtaceae Mim6aceae Malpighiaceae Lcythidaceae Heliconiac€ae Flacourtiac€ae Convolvulaceae Commelinac€ae Bromeliaceae Annonaceae Amaryllidaceae Amaranthac€ae Scrophulariaceae 0rchidaceae Nyctaginaceae Meliaceae Marantaceae Lauraceae Cucurbitaceae Bombacaceae Begoniaceae Aristolmhiaceae Loranthacea€ Caricrceae Capparidaceae Bixacea€ Bignoniaceae Ap@ynaceac Zingiberaceae Poaceae Cyclanthaceae Urticaceae PNiflorac€ae Monimiaceae Lamiaceae Malvaceae Fabaceae Acanthaceae Costaceae Meliltomataceae Moraceae Arecaceae Araceae Euphorbiaceae Asteraceae Rubiaceae Gesneriaceae Solanaceae Piperaceae VNcular cryptogams I 100 120 140 Fig. 18. Clolorados. Comparison of the most important families of usefirl plants with the composition of'the surroundine flora. Dark bars show the number of times that representatives of a given familv have been recorded as useful in this study. Note that multipurpose species may contribute more than once to the figures. \A4rite bars show the number of species representing a given family in the Flora of Rio Palenque (Doclson and Cientry, 1978). Only families with more than I ethnobotanical record have been included. BS46 57 Vibcs€ Rhammc€e i-r, Ponl€d€riacec F Polygalaca€ Loganlaca€ Haemodomcea€ Dimcorecoe Cyc.dac€a€ Ch€nopodlaca€ Canmcee llur*raceae Agavacea€ n + lr J Rubcee I Phyiolaccacee Olacac@e f F F Ir Nychglmcee Malplghl,rcea€ Icaclnaceae Convolvulaccae Eoraglnacea€ Arali{ceae Apbceae Anaerdlaca€ Stercullacs€ Potrulacac@e Mynlnaceae Myrlsttcaccae Lythrace€ Carl€cea€ Aris(olchlacee Alstrftm€ri,ca€ Oxalldaccae Menlsp€rmacea€ Rombacacee Annomceae L€cythldsceae Hellconlsc€ae Cyp€racac F i g . 1 9 . B a r f o d & K v i s r . l ' e b r u a r1 9 9 5 f1 I t: + +- tr H : ; fE Cappsrldaceae Rlxacea€ Monimlaceae Campanulacec Sapobc€ae Mvtuc€ac Ca€salplnleca€ Amryllldacec€ Sapindacee Padnoracee -_ F r+ 1-------1 l,oranthaceae Lauracee Amaranthaceae Mellaceae Flacourtla(€ae Mlmsacea€ Meranbceae IriBnonlacee Poac€e Regohlac€s€ Urticacea€ f= rt I Rrom€liac€ae V€rb€naca€ Cyclanthrc€e Cucurblhc€aG Commelinac€sc Zlnglh€mc€ae :-l - [-r Malvacea€ Erlcac6€ Scrophularlacer€ [-t Orchidaca€ l'ahaca€ Cosbcea€ Apmynac€a€ Momc€a€ Cluslarca€ Acanthacea€ Lamlacea€ i--- i -l-l -- :-, Euphorblacs€ Pep€rohiaceae Ar€€ceec Aslcracae Melastomahc€ae Rublaceae Arece€ Solsnoc€se Piperacee . i F i g . l ! ) . N l o s t i t r r p t l t - t a t t tf a t r t i l i e s .A l l t h l e e i n c l i s e l l o u s s r o u p s . H i s t o g r a r n s h o l v i n g t h e n u r p b e r o f ' 1 s e s h a * ing been recorded for the representatir,'esof a given family. Onlyfamilieswith more than 1 ethnobotanical record have been included. Note that multipurpose species mav contribute more than once to the fisures. Identical use of a siven plant species by two or three indigenous groups is only recorded once. r- BS 46 5B EarinfrcdoN, heulng Luadv€s Food colourlng Lrtex Musical lrctruments Pulmonary disss Delidency symptom poisoN Notorlou Antiferdlity agents Hedges WeapoB and traps N6e ble€d Lactadon Bl@d dr0ladon Lsrvce from palm Thatching, wrspp€n Fuels BirthgiYlng Kldncy IN6t blt€s Andemed6 Halludnog€ro Ant bltes Food flavourlng Ritual ornments Dy6 Gum md teeth Gangren€ Staple dl€t Maglc plants and vlslon Eyelnfetlorc Snake blte. Othen. Perfum6 JewelrY Rsplratory dlerdem InJued Jolnts paraslt6 Int6dnsl Anaemle Edlblc floral prrts Pedsgogy C€neral. Systemlc. II Menstrua6on Abc6s€s, Utilitarlsn NenoN tumors trplens system Fodder snd osh bslt Urlnsdon Fugd lnfedoN Unprcrss€d s rop€ Colds and lnllu€nza Liver snd splen condldoN Soap, shmpm Beverag€s Plaitlng, texdl€s Generd. Syst€mlc. I Rheumdsm Swellings from brulss Ornamental plants Snske bite. Systenlc Vegetrbls Siomach tnfecdoN Wounds Sklnrescdom Tlmbcr Cam attrstNnts I G€n€rsl. Toplol. Gener&I. Toplcal. F/lble III lrulrs General. Toplel. II Snake bit6. Toplcd 60 80 100 120 140 Fig. 20. Most irnportant uses.All three indigenous groups. Histograrn sholving the total number of nses har. ing been recorded in a given usase category. Note that multipurpose species may contribute to ser,eral usase categories. Identical use of a siven plant species by tr,voor three indigenolrs groups is only recclrded once. X Tables1-82 n ,'F, b ; x < 5 < 0O cA 6-,I <) Y O (o c $ d O CJ O -S c o o) O cD o + f@ O rO (O f€ + o\ o'I I\ O $ d'$ -( o O $ -i 6i a A O $ @ Ci t\ o $ $ + rO $ -f .n lti O O i ro IO ol + .# $ $r O cC $ c (O 6.t O o + O6A (06.r O= oo .#$ 6\ O{ Cj O o (o ii o € oO !i d e{6p OC O)O) $$ O O O (O O O{ # c (O 'i 19 O (o a ! l t t q ) ^ bD:ji v Eh, r < ! x = E = x= r. E ^ = E U l - v l - e E O U l l ? ' - i e i , i = - 2x : . : 7 d Q 5 U . e i o i , i =: : . c 6 U O O c ' :. ; - 5 _ E = FcQ .i v -o a s = fi ; s 3 a -i 6 o v) (t a = a! = .1 v (! U i ?on N U - ' : ! 2. br: = = d- o- c i N ,! .q e c N 6 J O s N a N F e U ? U d .- cd g v ON u ^ :c O ^ o a ! 5 * ; J Eq ) a d . . : dil . ; 49 2 a s ! :. : z c N J = tr.s qr yJ, i ca .\ - bri .-. a IO i . ) i= d= .a, .q - - N 1 : a ,1 a ? * ! ! ? ! ! A o icr 2 0 l Z t ? 3 q o o o ? o ) " . , i - c i i i - I t X i H r - z - 1 o i ; Z d i o ? -u 45o -€ c Gx Z a ^ J I U c = q ; F, a d q ! 6 \4 ' . d , " 3 " 8 V ; a F a ! ; !t ' - .Y 7 2 S a \ : : : q ': - E x Z -a ' Y . : , 2 E q F ci ; o cu a o E = N = z z ? ei :: + t? y+ ge t 3t 3C v i gr ! a U 3 ; : o : & L U ri ^ A bb - T .'t a a : ; . - aV . X a T -' - -' : E BS 46 62 are indicatecl the informants did not elaborate fttrther exTable 2. Timber. For construction ancl carloes. \{rhere no uses provide details concerning common trses,durability' comments cept that the species collected served as a timber tree. The Note that some of the Anlerindian{Iarnes are is included. name vernacular the Finally value and preparation of the wood. (see also Figs. 3-7)' of mixecl o.igi" with Spanish syllables incorporated name" [language] / (AAU voucher) Tribe Use/comments,/"local Anacardiaceae Tapirira guianensis Cayapa /valvable/"Sajo pal/ $8277) Annonaceae Guatteria sP. I Coaiquer G. sp.2 Cayapa / /"Guasca negra" fSpanish] / (41655) Htrts/ /"Pa-chi" [CaYaPa] / $0736) Catoblastus aeqrtalis Iriartea deltoidea Coaiquer Posts in huts//"Gualte Socratea exorrhiza Cayapa S. exorrhiza \Arettinia quinaria Coaiquer W. quinaria Coaiquer deparar" Ispanish]/ (60002) Huts,//"Boun-chi" ICayapa] / (60097) "Pifr-ua-chi" Huts// ICayapa] / (60098) Huts//"Gualte crespo" ISpanish] / (60007) "Palmira" [Spanish] Posts in huts/ /"Ban-chi" [Cavapa], (41074) "()ualte bola" fspanish] / (60005) / / Bombacaceae Matisia coloradorttm Colorado Hnts/ / D a c r y o d e sg r a n a t e n s i s Protium colombianum Coaiquer / / P.tp' Cayapa Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia sp. Swartzia sp. I Coaiquer S .s p . 2 Coaiquer S .s p . 3 Coaiquer / /"Acorosillo" Clusiaceae Clusia sp. Coaiquer / /"Mancha Arecaceae Cayapa Cayapa Burseraceae Marila laxiflora Vismia sp. genus indet. Euphorbiaceae Hieronima chocoensis Coaiquer Coaiquer "D6do" de arriva" fSpanish], "Sajo-chi" fCaya- [Spanish] / (40015) "Pvlgande" [Spanish] / (al 676) / /"Anime" [Spanish] / (41659) Canctes//"Supla-chi" lCayapal / (41006) / /"Forda" fspanish] / (41674) "Palo chiso" ISpanHuts//"Chiparo" ISpanish] or ( 4 1 6 0 7 , 4 1 6 5 6 ) ishl / Posts in huts/last up to 20 years/"Palo chiso" ISpanishl / (al66e) Coaiquer Coaiquer Coaiquer [Spanishl / (a8789) ropa" lspanish] / (41662) (416i5) /hard,and durable/"Ambour6" ISpanish]/ (48832) ropa" / fspanish] / /"Mancha / /"Sangrrado" fspanish]/ (al665) Genus indet. Cayapa [Coaiquerl/ G1657) / /"Motrlon" "Nagarichi-tap6" [Cay aPa) / (40507) Htrts, canoes/ / Gl}al) [Cayapa)/ / /"Pin-sa-chi" Walls of huts, never floors/ /"llase-chi" [Cayapa]/ (41038) Fabaceae Dussia sp. Coaiquer / / H. laxifolia Sapium sp. Coaiquer Cayapa Cayapa " Acctronsillo" [Spanish] / (al 656) BS 46 Tabel 2 - Continued Tribe Use/comments/"local name" Ilanguae.e] (AAU voucher) / Tetrathylaciurn macrophyllurn Oayapa Hippocastanaceae Billia colornbiana Placed across tirnber trails to facilitate sliding of' trttnks/ / / (48425) Ooaiquer / / Cayapa Huts, mosr commonly used timber/ /,,OhantLl" [Spanish], "Marra tchape" fCayapa] / (41076) Ooaiquer / /'\ara blanco" [Spanish]/ (4t67t) "Chachajo" / / fSpanishl / GI67 b) Partictrlarly oars/ / "Satrda-polo-chi" or,,Djeiva_chi,' ICaya_ pal / (a1008) Flacourtiaceae "Cc>roslllo" [Spanish] / (41663) Humeriaceae Humiriastrunt procenlnl Lauraceae Ocotea ira O. sp. I Genus indet. f)avapa Cenus indet. Oa_vapir (]enus indet. Cenus indet. Cancres/hard and verv durable/"Djui-ch 1,, lCavapal / (11027) Ooaiqtrer Ooaiqtrer / /"Goaripo" [Spanish]/ (41661) / /"Malde" fSpanish] / (41670) Lecythidaceae Eschweilera sp. 1 E. sp. 2 Coaiquer (ioaiquer Ooaiquer / /"'tete" [Spanish]/ (41668) "Tedpu" / /"Tete fSpanish], [Coaiquer]/ (489911) Melastomataceae Blakea punctulata Coaiqtrer Genus indet. Ooaiquer Meliaceae Carapa guianensis Coaiquer Guarea sp. Trichilia poeppigii Ooaiquer Genus indet. B Cavapa Cayapa Huts/ / / (41613) / /"Chicharo" [Spanish]/ (41666) /last rrp to 30 years/"Aray" Ispanish] / (41667) /verv valuable/"Bu-chui" IOayapa] / (482t7) "Chalde " Hrrts// fSpan ish] / GI67 2) Finer rvoodrvorks/ /"Inun-chi" [Cayapal ,,C,eclor,,/ fspanish] (1822e) Moraceae Brosimurn utile Castilla elastica Ficus cervantesiana F. insipida Cayapa Oavapa Czryapa Oavapa F. maxima Cayapa Perebea xanthochyma Cayapa Huts, nrainll'for floors/ / / Gl0Z7) / /"Oavchu" [Spanish] / (48214,48994) Boards or for canctes//"Bi-chi', [Cayapa]/ (40765) / / / (40e00\ Cut up fcrr boards//"He-aJa-pi-chi,' ICayapa] / (4g203) Canoe paddles/ / " Ya-mu-ki -chi,, [Cayap a] / Gg20l) Myristicaceae Dialyan thera gordoniaefolia D. sp. I D. sp. 2 Cay'apa D.sp.3 Ca1'apa Ooaiquer Ca1'apa / /"Oansare" fspanishl/ erc64) //"Mo-chi" fCavapa], "Cangare" [Spanish] / (402b4) Floors/very durable/"Mo-chi" ICayapa] (41049) / "Chu-:rin-clii" "Chalveande" /yalvable / ICayapa], (Span_ ishl / (aB2e0) Olacaceae Heisteria sp. Ca1'apa Minquartia guianenses Several uses/r,ery |-tard/ "Shtri-1un-eui-chi" IOava_ pal / (a0358) C)avapa All parts of huts/ /taluable and durable/ ,Ouan-acan_chi_ha_ ki" IOavapa], "Guayacan" [Spanisl:l/ (41023,48400) --Y--- fl BS 46 64 Tabel 2 - Continued Tribe Use/comments/"local Cayapa Ceilings, stairways, fences/,/"Ba-ki-tape" ICayapa], [Spanish] / (48371) Cephaelis gentryi Cayapa Axe handles/ / Isertia pittieri Cayapa Pentagonia sp. Cayapa / /"Tu-main-chi" "Ma-kari-chi" / / Cupania cinerea Cayapa Floor inhuLs/ /"Kelan-boe r-chi" [Cayapa] / (41046) Sapotaceae Pouteria torta Coaiquer P. collina Coaiquer / / Cestrum baeniuii Coaiquer / / Tiliaceae Apeiba sp. Cayapa Canoes/not very valuable/ / m o n o " I S p a n i s h ] / ( 4 8 19 8 ) name" flanguage] / (AAU voucher) Poaceae Bambusa guadua "Caia" Rubiaceae "Tu-main-chi" fCayapa] / (48108) [Cayapa] / (40827) [Cayapa] / (41 035) Sapindaceae / /"Piast" [Spanish] / (41629) "Caimittllon" [Spanish] / (al 673) Solanaceae "Chalmolan" [Spanish] / (aI650) "Han-ap6-chi" [Cayapa], "Pefra- Table 3. Fuels. A few trees were pointed out as being particularly useful for firewood because thev are flamable when green (Fig. 6). A wide variety of other woody species are used as well but they need to be dried first which is difficult under humicl tropical conditions. Tribe Use/comments,/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa Charcoal/wood Cayapa Fire wood/excellent/ Cayapa Fire wood, charcoal/flamable when green/ (41017) Fire wood/flamable when ereen/ (41673) Fabaceae genus inclet. hard,/ (48063) Mimosaceae Inga edulis (48200) Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum argentum Pouteria collina Coaiquer BS46 65 Table 4' Weapons and traps. To make a blowsun two narrow boards, 3-5 meters long and semi-circular in cross section ( 5 X 2.5 cm) are prepared from the outer strongly sclerified layer of the palm stem. The central bore of the blowgun is macle by carving a straight furrow on the flattened sides to be joined. The Cayapas use straps of rubber extracted fron Cnstilla elasticato unite the two pieces of wood and to asslrre that the pipe is airtight. The Coaiqueres wind a plant fiber tightly around. the blowgun and rub it with beewax. The beewax is further heated over a fire until black (Fig. 6). For blowgun clarts both groups use the thick and stiff fibres extracted from the desintegrated leafsheaths of,/esseni.s bataua. A srnal pellet of kap'k from Ceibaltentandra is wound around the proximal end of the dart. The orher end is dipped in plant p,riro. (see Table 33) ' Palmwood is very durable and fishtraps that are constmcted in rivers partly under *ui". rnay last for several years. For Cayapafishing techniques see also Mitlewski ( lg85). Tribe Use/(AAU vtxrcher) Bactris gasipaes Cayapa B. setulosa Coaiquer Iriartea deltoidea Cavapas Jesseniabataua J. bataua Coaiquer Blowguns, fishtraps, spears/ (001 I 3) Blorvguns, fishtraps, spears/ (000 I 0) Blorvguns, fishtraps, spe-ars,/(48409, 60097) Blowgun darts/ (60006) Blowgun darts/ (60079) Arecaceae Cayapa Table 5' Musical instruments. Three palm species in particular are the source of the wood lsed fbr marimba keys. It is the strongly sclereified, black and lieary tissues toward the periphery of the stem which are exploited (Fig. g). Tribe Use/(AAU voucher) Bactris gasipaes Cayapa B. setulosa Coaiquer Iriartea deltoidea L deltoidea Coaiquer / / / / Arecaceae Cavapa ( 6 0 11 3 ) (600I 0) (not vouchered (6007e) Vitaceae Cissussp. Cayapa Fruits drieclwith seedsinside;offered to children as ratr_ b/ G0486) Table 6' Kitchen utensils. Bowls. Calabash trees are often cultivatecl close to drvellings. The woody pericarp of the f.rit is used to produce a number of household utensils such as bowls, scoops, spoons etc. Coconut shells sometimes serl,e the same purpose. Tribe (AAU voucher) Crescentia cujete Colorado C. cujete Cavapa (10728) (40453) Bignoniaceae 7 BS 46 66 stems, climbing rhizomes, or aerial roots are Table 7. unprocessed as rope. This categor,v comprises plants of which the removal of leaves and side branches' This is e. g. is cleaning onlv preparation ihe used as rope in heary cluty contruction. before rlsage' in c'ntrast to plants of which the fibres are extracted and often further processed voucher) Tribe Part of plant/trse/(AA'U Oayapa Rhizome/rope Philoclendron subhastattrm P. sp. I Cayapa P .s p . 2 P. sp. 3 Oayapa Carapa Aerial rooL/ / (48179) Ae rial root/tving logs together/ (40849) Aerial root,/string, poor qualitl'/ (48241) Aerial rooL/ rope / (48403) Destnoncrts sp. Cayapa S t e r n , / r c l p ei n h o t t s e c o n s t r t t c t i o n / ( 4 8 1 9 7 ) Bignoniaceae Paragotria pyrarnidata Ca,vapa Stem/rope for fastening c:rnoes and tyinq logs ttlsethe r l ( 4 8 4 13 ) Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia sp. Coaiquer Rocrts/ strin S/ (al 436) Cyclanthaceae Asplundia sp. I Oai'aPa A. sp.2 Cayapa A, sp. 3 Cavapa Stem/tying logs together in constructions/ Sten/ / (48124) Aerial root/string, not valuable/ (4837 I ) l.udovia integrifolia Cavapa Aerial root/very str()ng rope/ (48281) Fabaceae Dioclea sp. Coiliquer Stem/tving of logs,/ (4 I 646) Rhamnaceae C)otrania sp. Cayapa Stem/rope used fbr tving bambo() stelns tosether in cons r r u c t i o n s , /( 4 1 0 8 0 ) Vascular cryptogams Blechnum volubile in hottse construction/ $0763) Araceae Clayapa Arecaceae (40829) often processecl befbre beins placed orr t h e Table g. Thatching and wrappers. The leaves of Phltetepha.saequatoriali.sare ntly to soften the tissues and assure that apPare roof. one such treatment consists of intrndating the leaves for several weeks eugs of unpleasant inse cts (Figs' 7 k the of removal the be coulcl explanation the pinnae remain flat upon clrying. Another B) Tribe Use/ (AAU l'ottcherr) Cayapa \A'rapping marerial/ / (40886) Oa,vapa Cayapa \A'rapping material/ T h a t c h / ( 6 0 1 11 ) Coaiquer Thatch/ (no voucher) Araceae Anthtrrium asplundii Arecaceae Cleonclma sp. Phyteleph as aequatorialis Maranthaceae Calathea sp. (60004) BS46 67 Table 9. Jewelry. The vascular bundles of a number of ferns serve as string in necklaces made of seeds, fruits or flowers. Tribe Part used/use/ (AAU voucher) Vascular bundles/string in necklaces,/ (4U399) Rhizome/for necklaces/ (40828) Rhizome/for necklaces/ (40899) Vascular cr;ptogams Adiantum macrophyllum Oayapa A.rp' Cavapa Pteris sp. Tectaria sp Cayapa Cayapa Thelypteris sp. Cavapa /necklaces, earrings/ (48286) Vascular bundles/string in necklaces/ (48398) C)avapa Flowers/sarlands/ ( 40439 ) Oa,vapa Fnrits/pearls in necklaces/ (48190) Coix lachryma-jobi Cayapa C. lachryma-jobi Coaiquer Fruits/pearls in neckl aces/ (40540) Frrrits/pearls in neckl aces/ (4 I 480) Apocynaceae Mandevilla doclsonii Fabaceae Genus A Poaceae Sapindaceae Paullinia fascescens Oavapa Seeds/pearls in necklaces, one side red and one side black,z (48426) Table 10. Plaiting and textiles. Natural fibre s are typically fieecl from the plant tissues by pounding with a srick (Fig.B). An exception is Cnrdukruicuprilmata fiorn which lone strips are torn fiorn the outer layers of the petiole. These are used for making mats, fans and other lvoven items (Fig. B). To make bark cloth of Poulseniaermata, a large piece of bark is removed from the tntnk. The fibres are derived from the inner bark as sholvn on Fig. 9. According to Ferdon (1956), the Coaiqueres wore bark clothins until very recentll'. The traditional clothing of both the Cayapas and Colorados were probably made of cotton. \,\'estern clothes tvpically made of svnthetic fabrics are usually the first sign of acculturation. Natural fibres are replacecl by nylon in fishing nets and plaitecl items such as harnmocks. Nvlon is inexpensive, toueher than plant fibres ancl more resistent to decar.'. Tribe Part of plant/purpose/ Oayapa /strine for construction/ (48060) Heteropsis oblongifolia Coloraclo Philodendron verrucosurn C)ayapa /baskets/ (40001) /strins, not very strong/ (48l9l ) (AAU voucher) Vascular cryptogams Blechnr.rm volubile Araceae Arecaceae Astrocary:m standleyanlrnl Desmoncus serifera Oenocarpus mapora Coaiquer Leaves,/hammocks/ ( 60078) Stem/baskets/ (41455) Cayapas l.eaf base/baskets/ ( 60 I 02) Coaiquer Stern/baskets / (487 87 ) Oavapa Leaves/widely used previouslv for fishing nets/ (48386) Oay'apa Oayapa Petiole/baskets, mats and fans/ (40419) Aerial roots/baskets/ (4828I ) Cayapa Bignoniaceae Amphilophium paniculattrnr Bromeliaceae Aechmea magdalena Cyclanthaceae Carludovica palmata [.uclovia intesrifolia Y BS 46 68 Tabel l0 - Continued Tribe Part of plant,/purpose/ (AAU voucher) Gyssopium barbadense Cayapa Cotton/previously Marantaceae Calathea sp. Cayapa Ischnosiphon leucoPhaeus Cayapa Petioles/ h ats/ (40 467) Stem/hats / (407 80, 48902) Poulsenia armata Cayapa Bark/bark cloth/ (48343, 48985) Sapindaceae Paullinia sp. Coaiquer Stem/string for tying logJstogethet/ (414358) Cayapa Cortex/string previously used for manv PtlrPoses e' g' hammocks/ (48433) Malvaceae Moraceae IJrticaceae Cecropia sp. used for making clothing/ (40584) grasses in the understorey of the rainforest is used to Table 11. Dipilatories. one representative <lf the few, non-bambusoid over the skin. Hairs are caught between the glumes and torn out. remove facial hair. The narrow cylindrical spike is passed is efficient, though painful' treatment Lfiom our own experiments that the Tribe (AAU voucher) Colorado (402\2,407\4) (40315,4L079,60108) Poaceae Streoptochaet.a sodiroana S. sodiroana Cayapa species is either used as a waterproof-er or as rubTable 12. Latex. The latex extracted from the stem of certain moraceous ber (Fig. e ) . Tribe Moraceae Brosimum utile Castilla elastica Cayapa C. elastica Coaiquer Cayapa Comments/ (AAU voucher) Latex useclto waterproof canoes/(41037) Rubber/ (48214) Rubber/ (48994) BS46 69 Table 13. Soap and shampoo. Washine hair with herbal preparations may not serve a hygienic purpose only. The infbrmants related several times that a particular hair wash also enhanced hair growth. Vascular cryptogams Elaphoglossum herminieri E.rp. Nephrolepis sp 1. N. sp.2 Tribe Part of plant/prepararion/comment/ Cayapa Leaves/sround in cold water/ stimulate hair srowth/ (40533) Cayapa Coaiquer Leaves/ /stimulate irair growth / (40826) Leaves/boiled/stirnulate hair growth/ (48837) Crude leaves//stimulare hair growth / (48845) C)oaiquer Polypodium sp. I P. sp. 2 Cayapa Trichomanes coralliatum Genus A (Aspleniaceae) G. B (Polypodiaceae) Coloradcr Cayapa Cavapa Oayapa (AAU voucher) / /stimulate hair srowth/ (40795) / / / (48436) / /stilnulate hair growlb/ 40147 Leaves/fre sh / / (48301) Leaves/fresh/ / 98303) Agavaceae Dracaena fragrans Ciavapa Leaves,/grouncl in cold water,/ previouslv used for soap/ (11046) Anthurium spp. Cayapa / /stimll.late hair growrh/ (40417,48106, 48342) Capparidaceae Podandrogyne brachvcarpa Colorado / /wash of body/ (40017) Colorado / /stinulate Phytolacca rivinoides Colorado P. rivinoides Coaiquer / /wash/ (40003) Fruits,/crushed in water/detergent for washing clothes/ (48830) Coloradcr / /soap for washing the bocly,z(40012) Coloradcr / /makes hair srow faster/(40076) Araceae Malvaceae Sida acuta hair growrh/ (4003t,) Phytolaccaceae Piperaceae Piper marginatum Rubiaceae Hamelia macrantha BS 46 70 Table 14. Perfumes. A distinction is not always made between aphrodisiacs and perfumes. The Cayapas believe that some plants used for perfume also have magical effects that can be directed exclusively to the desired person. (AAU voucher) Tribe Part of plant,/preparation,/comments/ Alstroemeriaceae Bomaria edulis Cayapa B'rp. Cayapa Frdts/ /aromatic smell/ (40lll4) Fruits/perfume extracted/strong smell that can be detected from a long distance/ (48059) Hyptis mutabilis Colorado Entire plant/body Melastomataceae Miconia sp. Coaiquer Flowers/perfume Orchidaceae Vanilla planifolia Cayapa Flowers/ / / (40340) Peperornia sp. I Clolorado P.sp.2 Cayapa I n f l c r r e s c e n c e // / ( 4 0 1 6 9 ) Leaves/woman's body rubbed/ men/ (40506) P .s p . 3 Cayapa Leaves,/cmshed and mixed with another rtnidentified ingredient/ aphrodisiac/ (48076) Solanaceae Solanum sp. Cavapa Flowers,/cmshed and body rubbed/ / (40522) Lamiaceae rubbed/ / (40039) extracted/very pleasant smell/ (41 6l 0) Piperaceae irressistible to youns Table 15. Dyes. This category comprises plants that are used for dying both clothing and skin. Colorados mainly use llixn orellrtnaand. ()enipa americanafor their traditional bodypaint. They also use Bixa orellana for creating the clistinctive, red, cap-like hairstyle (Fig. 8) . Tribe Part of plant,/preparation/ purpose/ (AAU voucher) Colorado Leaves/ground in water/dyes fabrics black/ (40198) Leaves/ground in water/dves fabrics black/ (40207) Leaves/ground in water/dyes fabrics black/ (40205) Arecaceae Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Ceonoma cuneata S y n e c a nt h u s w a r s c e r v i c z i a tnt s Colorado Coloradcr Bixaceae Bixa orellana Colorado B. orellana Coaiquer Oxalidaceae Oxalis sp. Coaiquer Leaves/ground rvhile fiesh/dying etc./ (41580) Piperaceae Piper sp. Cayapa Leaves/ground while fresh into a paste/ colottrs applied directly to paint various items/ (41026) Colorado Seeds and ptrlp of fruits/crushed stripes on skin/ (49120) Frtrits/,/clYes hair red/ (40045) Fruits//dyes wood red/ (48897) of fabrics, skin, Rubiaceae Genipa americana and juice extracted/black BS46 71 Table 16. Ornamental plants. A number of plants are cultivatecl as ornaments surrounding the houses in Cayapa villages. Nearly all of the plants that the Colorados grow as ornaments are also usecl in their ritual baths and are not listed below. Tribe (AAU voucher) Amaranthaceae Amaranthus sp. (4U3el) Cuphea strisulosa Cavapa (40546) Colorado (40623) Malvaceae Hibiscus sp. I Pavonia fnrticosa Cayapa Cavapa (40429,40464) (40555) Cayapa (40556) Cayapa (4058e) Cayapa (48364) Cavapa Cayapa (40588) (405e0) Cayapa (48378,48380) Cayapa (40463) Apocynaceae Allamancla cathartica Clolorado (40504,40779) (414r.]e) Ooaiquer (40642) Colorado Polemoniaceae Polemonium sp. Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina Ochnaceae Sarrvagesiaerecta Asteraceae Dahlia sp. Mimosaceae Calliandra an gustifolia Araceae Anthurium anoreanum (AAU voucher) Cayapa Amaryllidaceae genus indet. Tribe Lythraceae (iavapa (48362) Cannaceae Canna indica x generalis Cayapa (40530) Commelinaceae Callisia repens Cayapa (483e4) Polygalaceae Polygala mollaginifolia P. panicr"rlata Portucalaceae Portulaca spp. Rubiaceae Cyclanthaceae (48850) Ixora sp. Euphorbiaceae Scrophulariaceae Acalypha sp. Colorado (40648) Alonsoa sp. Cayapa (40560) Coloradcr (40641) Solanaceae Solanurn jarnicense Cayapa (4046e) Coaiquer (41639) Cyclanthus sp. Ooaiqtrer Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea sp. Zingiberaceae Lamiaceae Coleus x hybridus Cavapa (48357) Hedychitrrn coronarium Table 17. Hedges. Onl;- the Coloraclos plant hedges around their clwellings and between fielcls. The most imporrant spec i e sa r e l i s t e d b e l o r , r ' . Tribe (AAU voucher) Euphorbia cotinifolia Coloradcr (40177) Fabaceae Erythrina eclulis E. srnithiana Coklraclo (40646) (40632) Euphorbiaceae Colorado Y 72 BS 46 Table 18. Hallucinogens. This category comprises very powerful and dangerous plants. For some of them it is important to prepare mentally for the strong psycho-active effects that they provoque. This is particularly true for Banesteriopsiscaapii . The Cayapas use this species as the main ingredient in the hallucinogenic decoction named pindi. Other complimentarv plants are added to modif the effects or to remove the bitter taste. The Cayapas believe that only the shaman has the power to control this plant. It takes several years for a shaman apprentice to prepare for the visions that the plant drug induce. The Colorados call the hallucinogenic decoction of Banesteriopsiscaapii for nepd Usually, they prepare it with no other plants. Traditionally, nepi is used by all male members of the tribe. It is notable that the Colorados use Banesteriopsiscaapii as a laxative too (Table 43) . Brugmansia aersicoloris an extremely powerful and dangerous plant drug that according to our knowledge is no longer in use among the Cayapas. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa Leaves/ boiled with stems of Bnn esteriop sis caapiil decoction drunk/makes the decoction taste less bitter/(40535) Banisteriopsis caapii Cayapa Bark/grated, boiled/5 teaspoonfuls drunk in evening with sugar cane brandy/induces visions, shaman only/ (40299, B. caapii Colorado Stem/grated and boiled,/some pllassesdrunk warm,/induces visions/ (40722) Piperaceae Piper variegatum Cayapa Leaves/ground, mixed with hot water/ drunk/induces lucinations / (40325) Cayapa Leaves/boiled Cayapa Leaves/ground in cold water/a teaspoon of the extract drunk/to induce strong hallucinations/ (40581, 41050) Cayapa Leaves,/boiled with stems of Bnnesteriopsiscaapi/ drunk/ enables the shaman to see the spirits clearly/ (483\7) purpose/ Acanthaceae Justicia sterea Malpighiaceae 40582) hal- Rubiaceae Psychotria viridis with stems of Banesteriopsiscaapi/ drunk/to enhance the hallucinogenic effect and make the decoction taste less bitter/ (40595, 48368) Solanaceae Brugmansia versicolor Thymelaeaceae Schoenobiblus panamensis BS46 -lo t3 Table 19. Antifertility agents. This category includes contraceptives, abortifacients and agents that cause permanenr sterilization in women. Due to strong taboos we only learned a few things about the plants that are used for these purposes. More work is needed. Information was obtained on two additional antifertility plants that have not been included in the list below. One is allegedly very powerful and highly acclaimed. We never saw it during our fieldwork despite our efforts. According to the description it is a rare fungus or achlorophyllous plant that is found where trees have recently been uprooted. The other plant is a particular coconut variety that bears small aborted fruits. The liquid end.osperm from these is said to have antifertility effects which is probably an example of the Doctrine of Signature. Tribe Part of plant/ prep aration / tr eatment/ purpose/ (AAU voucher) Colorado Pods,/boiled,zdrunk,zinduces abortion/ ( 40895 ) Colorado Seeds,/boiled/decoction of 1 seed drunk once a day/prevents pregnancy. Will eventually cause sterilisation/ (49l lU) Colorado Rhizome/ground, Fabaceae Desmodium uncinatum Lauraceae Persea americana Zingiberaceae Renealmia sp. boiled/a glass of decoction drunk daily for ayear/causes sterilisation / (49121) Table 20. Ritual ornaments. During curing rituals performed by the shaman, the patient's house is often decorated. with ornaments that are believed to oust evil spirits and thereby increase the chances of being healed. Plant ornaments are also hung above the bed of mentally disturbed persons. Tribe Comments/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa Decoration in connection with curing ceremonie s/ G0277) Coaiquer Hung above patient during curing Cavendishia engleriana Coaiquer C. grandifolia Coaiquer c.rp. Coaiquer Psammisia ferruginea Coaiquer Hung above bed/(a8925) Hung above bed/(48965) Hung above patient during curing ceremonies/(a8806) Hung above patient during curing ceremonies/ (487g2) Gesneriaceae Besleria solanoides Coaiquer Araceae Anthurium sp. Bromeliaceae Guzmania testudinis ceremonies/ (48856) Ericaceae Hung above patients suffering from mental disorders (48735) l I l BS 46 74 Table 21. Magic plants. The Colorados use a number of plants to improve their luck. The Cayapas o{ten carry a little bag with magic plants that are supposed to bring luck during hunting. (AAU voucher) Tribe Part of plant/comments/ Odontonema strictum Colorado Flowers// (40023) Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia pichingensis Colorado Leaves/magicritual saiclto clean the hortsefrrr bad hrck/ (40718) Asteraceae genus indet. Colorado Flowers// (40024) Malvaceae Hibiscus sp. Colorado with other species/ (40027) Flowers,/mixecl Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa Colorado Flowers// (40025) Peperomiaceae Peperomia sp. Colorado Leaves// (40638) Rubiaceae Amphidasya sp. Cayapa Stem stripped for leavesand kept in a specialsackduring hunting, said to help finding animal and make the hunt successful/(40339,4l 059) Apocynaceae BS46 l3 Table22. Pedagogy. This category comprises plants that are used to improve misconduct by children. Many are usecl according to the Doctrine of Signature and thus have a psychological effect. The calming effects of some species can not be ruled out, however. Tribe Comments/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa On the first Monday after full moon the mouth is washeci with a cold exrract of the leaves,/(48144) Phyllanthus stipularis Cayapa Applied to eyes of childen who cry too much and cannor sleep/ (40392) P'rp. Cayapa Twigs placed on forehead, said to promote sleep,/(48231) Colorado Stringed and worn around neck. For chilclren that cry too much/ (40060) Cayapa Feet rubbed with fnrits to encc)urage walkins of children,/ (48032) Acacia riparia Cayapa The eyes are covered by a piece of fiesh leaf, said to encourage sleep/(40483) Mimosa pudica Cayapa Green leaves placed on forehead, said to promore sleep,/ (48324) Cavapa In the morning the mouth is washed with a cold extract of ground leaves to prevent dirty language and desobidience/ (48226) Coaiquer Creen leaves soaked in water, skin rubbed to stop weeping of children / (41508) Cayapa Mouth rubbed with leaves at dawn after full moon to prevent bad language and desobidience/ (40297) Acanthaceae Justicia pectoralis Euphorbiaceae Flacourtiaceae Carpotroche platyptera Melastomataceae Triolena sp. Mimosaceae Rubiaceae Borreria ocymoides Urticaceae Urera caracasana Verbenaceae Aegiphila sp. BS 46 /6 fields (Fig. 1 1) ' Plantains Table 23. Staple diet. Listed below are only rhe sraple crops of slash-and-burn or slash-and-mulch much cacao and cultivate colorados The cayapas. the and coaiqueres the both of crops and corn are the most important coffee. The Alrican oil Palm is widely cultivated in the region. Tribe Common name in English/(AAU Colocasia esculenta Cayapa Taro/ (48145) Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas All groups Sweet potato/ (48305, 40422) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea esculenta Cayapa Yams/(48331) Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculentum AII groups (lassava/ (48330, 48329) Phaseolus vtrlgaris Cayapa Bean/ (40516) Musaceae Musa x paradisica All groups Plantains/ (not votrchered) Saccharum officinarum All groups Zeamays All groups Sugarcane/ (not vouchered) Corn/ (40525) voucher) Araceae Fabaceae Poaceae species are cultivated in orchards near Table 24. Edible fruits and seeds. The fmits of numerous plants are eaten. Some a wide variety of fruits. houses or in fallows. When travelling in the forest, the Indians usually collect and eat voucher) Tribe Comments / local name/(AAU Actinidiaceae Saurauia brachybotrYs Coaiquer Sweet/ Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin Colorado S. purpurea Cayapa Cultivated/"Ciruela" ISpanish] / (491 00) "Hocos boca" Highly esteemed, cultivated/"Ovo" ISpanish], (481'40, 40428) [Cayapa] / Annonaceae Annona muricata Cayapa Rollinia mucosa Cayapa R. mucosa Coloradcr R. mucosa Coaiquer Apocynaceae Bonafousia longitubulosa Coaiquer "Moquillo" ISpanish] / (41621) " "Oa-n a-sa-tap6 I lCay apa) / Hi ghly esteeme d, cultivated/ (48103) "chichibilia-fin-chumo-boca" ICayaMuch eaten, cultivated/ pal / (a0608) "Chirirnoya" ISpaCultivatedz"'Pastanu" IColorado], nishl / (40046) "(lhirimoya" ISpanish] / (48989) ICoaiquer], /"Churimono" B.rpp' Ciayapa Tabernaemontana tetrastachYa T.tpp. Cayapa Cayapa Srveet ancl rich/"Oyap saya" [Coaiquer / (41632) Sweet and acid/"Do-pistcha" fCayapa] / (48057,48206) "Do-pistcha" ICavap a] / (407 50,40775) / "Do-pistcha bamo boca" [Cayapa]/ Sweet//"Do-pistcha" or gentrs indet. Cayapa (40351 , 40426, 40517 , 40732, 40739) Sweet, keeps up to 3 weeks/"Do-pistcha" [Cayapa] / (41044) BS46 Tabel 24 - Continued Tribe C o r n m e n t s / local name/ (,\{U voucher) Cavapa E d i b l e m e s o c a r p , /( 0 0 0 7 8 ) Boilecl or eaten fiesh,/(00113) Boilecl/.Pi-cani-chi" ICav:rpa] / (60 I l0) / / (600t 0\ Arecaceae Astrocary.um standleyanun-r Bactris easipaes Cavapa B. setosa B. setulosa Desmoncus serifera Euterpe chaunostachvs Cayapas Geonoma cuneata Phytelephas aeqtrarorialis Cavapa Wettinia qtrinaria Cayapa Socratea exclrrhiza Svnecanth us warscewiczianus S. warscewicziantrs Ooaiquer Oayapa Coaiquer Coaiquer Oavapa Ooaiquer Cayapa C n r d e / " B o r a n e g r a <[ S p a n i s h ] / ( 4 1 4 5 5 ) Cr-ude/"Marnba-san-chi" ICayapa] / (601 03 "Yo , / " Y a h - a l - c h i "o r ya chi" fCayapa] (407b2,48351, 60099) Liquid endosperm and inner mesocarp,/.|)in_chi" [(]aya_ p a l l ( 6 0 11 1 ) "palmira" Cnrcle endohausrorium/"Ban-chi,' ICa,vapa], [ S p a n i s h ] / ( 4 1 0 74 , 6 0 1 t 2 ) B o i l e d / " G u a l t e c r e s p o " I s p a n i s l i ]/ ( 6 0 0 0 7 ) /"Bc>ranegra" ISpanish]/ glabb) BoiIed/ / (60076) Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia pilosa Colorad<r / " l v u q u n t o " [ C o l o r a c l o ] , " ( ] r e n a d i l l a d e r o s : r ' ,[ S p a n i s h ] / (40235) Quararibea coloraclonrm Q. cordata Colorackr Q. soeuenii Q. soeeenii Cayapa "Declo" / [Coloraclo] / (1001b, 4013 1) (lultivated,z "Sapote tape " Cay apa) ( I / 40580 ) /"C)6 sapote" [Cayapa]/ (40772) Coaiqucr /"Zapote" Campanulaceae B r r r m e i s t e r ar r r l q a r i s Oavap:r /"Sjchi-vesj-tchap6" ICayapa] / (4t01t) Carica papaya Coloraclo Carica papaya (la1'ap:r C t r l t i v a t e d , / " P a p a v o "I C o l o r a c l o ] , , ' p a p a y : r , ' Ispanish] / (4015e) "Papal Cultii.'atedl la finchuno boca,,/ ( 40485 ) Bombacaceae Oayapa [Spanisl'r]/ (41860) Caricaceae Clusiaceae Chrvsochlamys depenclens Clusiir sp. I C. sp.2 Cayapa Rheedia edulis R. edulis Cavapa Oayapa Cavapa Coaiquer Tovomitopsis Cavapa Rheedia sp. genus indet. Cayapa Cayapa A chilclrens favorite/"Nan-boca,, ICa1,apa] (40409) / "4ba -boca" ICay'apa]/ (40908) / "A -ba n-cho-boc a,, Wh ite flesh of rnzlrrrre fruits/ fC,ayapa]/ (48234) Sweet ftrste/"Madrr)iio" ISpanish] / (41b7 5, 41342) Sweet and rasreful/ "Sji-pi stc ha-ka-bo cac a,, fC,ayapa] / (48363) Acid, with susar or salt,/"N:rn-bo!-chi" ICavapa] / (4BlgZ) "Madroiio" / Ispanish] / (40324) "Niang-boca" / IOa1'apa]/ (60 I 00) Cucurbitaceae Luffa aegyptica Cayapa R v t i d o s t v l i sc a r rh a g i r r e r r s i s Cayapa Boilecl. (lultivated but uncornm.n/ dio-tape" fCavapa] / (40b97) / " C h i n - l a q p e " I C a y a p a ]/ ( a 8 0 5 I ) "Tebab. quillachi-r-eme. BS 46 78 Tabel24 - Continued Tribe Comments / local name/ (AAU voucher) Cycadaceae Zamra lindenii Cayapa Seeds grounded to flour for special bread/"Sa-oa-pa-chi" fCayapa] / (48155) Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthus bipartitus Colorado /"Pinta" Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea sp. Coaiquer /"Chirma" Coaiquer /"Guish" Carpotroche platYPtera Casearia sp. Colorado /'\ehicz" Genus A Genus B Cayapa fColorado] / (40221) ICoaiquer] / (48826) Ericaceae Psammisia caloneura Flacourtiaceae Cayapa Coaiquer [Coaiquer], "Ava de monte" [Spanish] / (48920) IColorado] / (40060) /"Pique lanboca" [Cayapa] / (40445) "Ya-sa-te-pistcha" ICayapa] / (48 I 69) / silvestre" ISpanish] / (48702) /"Morcillo Gesneriaceae "Abanchola finchuno Codonanthe crassifblia Cayapa Columnea tenella Coaiquer White berries collected from ground/ bugu" fCayapa] / (40479) / / (41577) Lacistemataceae Lacistema aggregata Coaiquer Taste like mango/"Pailde" Lauraceae Persea americana Colorado Cultivated/'Alin" (4e118) Malpighiaceae Bunchosia cornifolia Cayapa / / (4803r) Melastomataceae Ossaea micrantha Colorado /"Pichi ri chide" [Spanish]/ (40162) Meliaceae Carapa guianensis Coaiquer /"Aray" [Spanish]/ (41667) Menispermaceae Cissampelos tropaeolifolia Cayapa /"Pin tsu ruro chua" fCayapa]/(40851) Mimosaceae Inga edulis Colorad<r I. edulis Cayapa L marginata Cayapa I. ruizana Cayapa I. spectabilis Cayapa Myrsinaceae Cayapa Ardisia romeroi A. ronseroi Cayapa A.rp. Cayapa ICoaiquer] / (48796) IColorado], "Aguacate" ISpanish],/ "Guaba"fSpanish] (40042) / Cultivated/"Pitsa"fColorado], "sichijaquCultivatedmany cultivars/"Pu shill6" [Cayapa], "pichiche" ie" f Cayapal, [Cayapa)/ (40353,40450,40778, 48200) /"Pichillo" ICayapa]/ (40733) /"Minga shi chi tap6" [Cayapa)/(40898) (40772) " 40906) ,/"Ibpo-chin-boca-(tap6) ICayapa)/ G05a2, "Ka-bo-chin-boca-tap6" lCay apa)/ Tasteful and sweet/ (48325) /"Yasa shi pij cha" [Cayapa)/ (a0817) BS46 79 Tabel24 - Continued Tribe (lomrnents / local name/ (AAU voucher) Psidium sp. Cayapa /"Yunqui rap6" [Cayapa) / (40404) Passifloraceae Passiflora auriculata (lolorado /"Wero quinro" fColoraclo], "Grenadilla cle loro,, [Spa_ nishl/ (402ltl) Cultivated,/"Maracuya" ISpanish] / (40026) "Shin lape" [Cayapa]/ (40387) Ctr ltivated / "Cho-roro-fi n-choni-boca', Caya pa] I / ftO b}g) Cultivated/"Na wa quinto" IColoraclo], "grenaclilla. ISpa_ nishl / (10174) Myrtaceae P. edulis Colorado P. foetida Cayapa P. malifbrmis P. quadrangularis Coloraclo P. quadrangularis Ca,vapa P.tp. Coaiquer Cayapa Sweet and tasteful,/"Bancle-cho-roro-chua" fCayapa],,,Bad_ ea" [Spanish]/ (4035b, 4U187, 48429) "Grenadilla" / ISpanish]/ (aBBb7) Rhamnaceae Gouania lupuloides Oayapa Sweet tasre/"Shui pu chua,' [Cayapa] (40744) / Rubiaceae Pentagonia grandiflora Coaiquer P. macrophylla Cayapa Sweet taste/"Cham" [Coaiqu erl / .!lbgg) /"Pe-dju-pisrcha-tap6" lCayapal / (404b1, 48361 ) (40375) P. sp. 1 Cayapa P.sp.2 Cayapa Sabiceavillosa Arachnothrlx inconstans Coaique r Ooaiquer Crude/P6-dju-pistcha-tape" ICayapa] (4t001) / Taste like apple/ (41623) "Mocillo" / lspanishl / (48768) Rutaceae Citrus sp. Coloradcr Cultivated/"Lansa" IColoraclo], "Naranja" (4072r) ISpanish] / Sapindaceae Allophylus sp. Talisia sp. Coloradcr Cayapa ,/"Unilo piyo" lColoradol / (40lgl) /' A-chi-boca" [Cavapal / G0BZ0) Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum argenteum Pouteria caimito P. collina P. torta Colorado Cayapa (loaiquer Coaiquer Cultivated/"Caimiros"IColorado]/ (40289) /"A-cuita" [Cayapa]/ (4041b) "Caimitillon" / ISpanishl/ GI67 Z) /"Piast" [Spanish]/ (41629) Solanaceae Cestrum baenitzii Physalis angulara Coaiquer Cayapa P. pubescens Solanum candidum S. canense S. mammosum Coaiquer S. quitoensis S. sessiliflorum Cayapa s.sp.2 Cayapa Coloraclo Coloraclo C)oaiquer Coaiquer "Chalmolan" / Ispanish]/ (al 650) Sweet,/"Ba-pist-chi" or "papicha-finoboca_chi" ICayapa]/ (40609,48385) ,/"Casena"[Cayapa]/ (40311) /"Uwica" [Colorado]/ (4016b) (40016) "Estacr,rdo" / ISpanishl/ eUbZ) Crrltivated/"Naranjilla"ISpanish)/ (4lbg6) "Larajilla / tape" [Cayapa]/ (40509) /"Yalte" [Spanish]/ (4gBZg) BS 46 80 Tabel24 - Continued Tribe Comments / local name/ (AAU voucher) Sterculariaceae Herrania baluensis Colorado /"Apilon" (40666) H. baluensis Thcobroma bicolor Cayapa Oayapa T. gileri Cayapa /"'6, cacabc' chi" [Cayapa]/ (a0a16) /"Chis po yo" [CaYaPa]/ (40418) Taste like cacao/"L'lyoko-pistehi" iCayapal / (48430) [Colorado] , "Cacao de monte" [Spanish] / IJrticaceae "U1'2 Pourouma guianensis Colorado Sweet like candy/"Lati" nishl/ (10677) P. hirsutipetiolata Cayapa Sweet/"Yapistchi" ICayapa], Verbenaceae Aegiphila sp. Coaiquer / " M a n g a m o r a ' I S p a n i s h| / ( 4 8 7 7 1 J \ [Coloraclo], "Palo de monte" [Spa- diura" ISpanish] / (41009) collected from the wilcl in their traditional dishes' TheTable Zb. vegetables. Especially the Cayapa Indians use many leaves se are typically prepared with porc rind before serving' Tribe Vascular cryPtogams Dennstaedtia sp. 1 Cayapa D. sp.2-3 D. sp.4 Coaiquer Diplazium fraseri Dryopteris sp. Hypolepis hostilis Cayapa Nephelea cusPidata genus indet, (PolYPodiac.) senus indet. (Dennstaedtiac.) Cayapa senus indet. (HvmenoPhYllac. ) Coaiquer Araceae Anthrtrittm lancea Cayapa Coloradcr Coaiquer Cayapa Part of plant/preparation/ (A\U voucher) fatl (48299) Juvenile fronds/boiled with Fronds/boilecl with fat and salt/ (48847' 48884) (49036) Juvenile fronds/boiled/ with fatl (48049) fronds/ground Juvenile Fronds/boiled with fat and salt/ (4BBB7) Froncls/rnidrib boiled with fat or black protttberances on stem sratecl and usecl like noodles in soups,/ (40527,41070, 48176) Cayapa Cayapa Rhizornes/grated and boiled / (40442) (40431 ) Juvenile fronds/boilecl/ with fatl (4fl0'1il) fronds/grouncl Juvenile juvenile fronds/boilecl with fat and salt/ (48848) A. versicolor A. sp. 1 Cayapa Cayapa Froncls/cut into pieces and boilecl with fatl (4104U) fatl (4809U) .|uvenile fionds/boiled with Juvenile fronds/boiled/ (40357) A .s p . 2 Cayapa Juvenile fronds/dried/ Arecaceae Aiphanes selatinosa B a c t r i sg a s i p a e s Coaiquer Palrnheart//(60003) B. setosa B. setulosa Euterpe chaunostachYs Cayapa Oayapa Coaiquer Palmheart//(60113) Palm heart/ / (60110) Palm heart/ / (60010) Coaiquer Palmheart//(6000\) E. chaunostachYs Geonoma sp. Ciayapa Palmheart//(60103) Coaiquer Palmheart//(48916) Iriartea deltoiclea .fesseniabataua Cayapa Palmheart//(60097) Coaiqtrer Oayapa Palmheart//(60006) Prestoea se-iuncta Socratea exorrhiza Cayapa Palmheart//(60107) Palm heartt / $01tl7 ) (40850) BS46 8l Tabel25 - Continued Part of plant/preparatiorr/ (AAU voucher) Asteraceae genus inclet Clolorado Fronds// (40103) Oayapa Petioles/peeled, pith with salt or sugar/raste very acidic/ ( 4 8 4 2 1) Burmeistera vulgaris Cavapa B'tpP. Oa-vapa f.eayes,/prepared with fat/ (41 03 1 ) Leaves/boiled or crushed and fiiecl/ (40343, 4097B, 4t3070; (loloradcr Leaves,/boiled/ (400tt8,40158, 40195) C)oaiquer Pith of stem/fresh/(48860, 48907, 4U917) Rytidostylis carthaginensis Ciayapa genus indet. Coaiquer Leaves/with fat / (48365 ) Distal l0 crn of shoots/bolled/ (41579) Begoniaceae Begonia sp. Campanulaceae Caricaceae Carica spp. Costaceae Costusspp. Cucurbitaceae Leclthidaceae Gustaviadodsonii C.a sp. Cayapa Oayapa Leaves/boiled/ (403a0) Cavapa Young apical leaves/fresh or boiled/ (48181) Cayapa Yotrng shoots/with salt/fiorn fielcls/ (40461, 48053) Cavapa Leave s/ bo ile d / (40 45 1) Leaves/boiled with fat/ (48141) Marantaceae Calathea lutea Melastomatceae Anthrostema ciliatum Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca rivinoicles Table 26. Edible flowers. Only the Oayapas inclucle flowers, flowerbuds and inflorescences in their diet. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/commenrs/ S c h l e g e l i ac h o c o e n s i s Cavapa S. fastigiata Cayapa / / / (18404) White part of flowers/cnrcIe/ / (41009) (AAU voucher) Bignoniaceae Ericaceae Cavendishia spp. Psammisia attaberrans Cayapa P.tp. Cayapa F\owers/ / as vitamins/ (40309, 40520) Flowers/with salt/verv tasty/ (48250) Flor'vers/crude/srveer taste/ (48061 ) Gesneriaceae Drvmonia coriacea (iayapa Flowers//srveet taste/ (40550) Cavapa Inflorescences/boiled / / (40433) Cavap:r Flower buds/ suckecl/like cancly/ (40297 ) Amphiclasya sp. Cavapa Pentaeonia sp. Oa,vapa Flowers/with salt/r,erv tasr,v/(,1824U) Oalp<, receptacle,//srveet and rich/ (4 I 082) C.ryapa Marantaceae Calathea sp. Melastomataceae Blakea subconnata Rubiaceae BS 46 82 (Fig' 12) ' ear rhe larva of a weevil' Ilhynthopttrus pnlmarwz palms. The cal,apas ancl the coaiqueres Table 2T.Larvaefrom intense' an by producing Pungent presence of several palm species. It reveals-its. The larva is collectecl from clecayir-rg,t.*, on the spot (the raw eaten either is It delicacy' a from some distance. The larva is considered Ltc uc detected call be can that [nat odor oclor ...qn-lik e afiertast.e. aftertaste' except for a soap-like rather'eutral or brought home for fiying. The taste is removed) first are mandibles (AAU voucher) Tribe Arecaceae Bactris g;asiPaes Cayapa B. setulosa Iriartea deltoidea Coaiquer L deltoidea Socratea exorrhiza Cayapa S. exorrhiza Cayapa Wettinia quinaria W. quinaria Coaiquer Coaiquer Coaiquer Cayapa ( 6 0 1l 3 ) (60010) (not vouchered) (600e7) (60007) (not voucherecl) (60005) (60112) ism,:rd;.bet*::l:l:,0|.1:':-tl1::i::::t::::'.Tli]llLt::Jf;:jig distinction arbitrarv A somewhat rable28.Beverases. andareprepared or decocrions hereareusedrbr inrusions ;r;;i;;;;t;il;d a*r:il Hl.i::',:Tnt:J;"?.iil The rhe -^trr-ae ^f inrnrnrfor tnanv Colorados. cororados' tnanv ror income or solrrces areimportant il;il;;J.u.uo il:,1il#J:T:j:,:ffiHJfi,;#:11"..i two cash crops' Cayapas rarelv sell their surplus of these (AAU voucher) Tribe Part of plant/preparation/comments,/ Mendoncia sP. Cayapa (40813) Stem/clried, mixed with sugar cane brandy / / Capparidaceae Capparis ecuadoriana Coloradcl Woocly stem/ground, Euphorbiaceae Acalypha sP' Colorado / /warmdrink Lamiaceae (loleus x hybridus Coaiquer Acanthaceae boiled/ stimulant/ (40097) to fight cold chills/ (40725) Colorado Leaves/ ground/for fatigue/ (41 47 6) only / (40544) Leaves/boiled, mixed with sugar/for taste l.eaves/boiled/hot drink/ (406 I 6) Colorado Wood/boiled/said Colorado Cavapa Leaves/boilecl/warms the body/ (40 102) Leaves/boiled/like teal (40855 ) Passifloraceae Passif'lora fbeticla Colorado Leaves/boilecl / / (40660) Rubiaceae Coffea arabica Cayapa Colorado crop/ (40470) / /for domestic trse ancl as cash (40645) croP/ cash / / Colorado Fruits//fbr Hyptis caPitata Ocirnum camPechianum Leclthidaceae Grias peruviana Cayapa Orchidaceae Epidendron difforme Scaphyglottis Prolifera C. arabica Rutaceae Citrtrs sp. I C. sp.2 Cayapa to give strensth/ (40220' 40121) a juice/ (40720) ( Leaves/boilecl with sugar'/ stimulant/ 48 194) BS46 83 Tabel28 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/comments/ Cestrum sp. Colorado Solanum candiclum S. sessiliflorum Colorado Stem/boile d/ for warming the body/ (40092) Frttits/ / juice/ (40656) Fruits/ /j uice/ ( 40509) (AAU voucher) Solanaceae Cayapa Sterculiaceae Theobroma cacao T. cacao Cayapa Colorado / /for domestic use and as cash crop/ (40460) / /cash crop/ (40618) Table 29. Food flavouring. One of the favorite flavours is that of Eryngium.foetirtum which is widely used in soups. All groups cultivate a number of chili pepper varieties. Tribe Part of plant/ use/commenrs/ Genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/added to corn flour for a betrer taste/ (40482) Apicaceae Eryngium foetidum Cayapa Leaves/ spice in soup/(48926,483b9, 40427) Cucurbitaceae Rytidostylis carthaginensis Cayapa L.eaves/ / cultivated/ (40607, 40462) Coaiquer Leaves/for soups/cultivated/ ( 48982 ) Cayapa L e a v e s // / ( 4 B l 0 l ) Cayapa Leaves/for soups/cultivated / ( 40559 ) Capcicum frutescens Colorado C. fiuctescens Cayapa C. fructescens Coaiquer Fruits/spice/cultivate d / (40201) Fruits/spice/several culrivars collected/ (404b6, 40565, 40566, 40586) Fruits/spice/cultivared/ ( B99BB) (AAU voucher) Araceae Lamiaceae Ocimum sp. Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca rivinoides Portulacaceae Talinum paniculaturn Solanaceae Table 30. Food colouring. Onlv two species of lJixa are usecl fbr this purpose. The red dye is exrracred from inside the fleshy capsule. Bixa orellana has been approved as a food additive in the industrialized world where it is used to colour butter. among other things. Tribe Part/ use/ cultivated/ (AAU voucher) Bixa orellana B, orellana Colorado B. platycarpa Cavapa Fruits/for food/cultiv ated/ (4004-r, 40704) Fruits/for soups/manycultivars/(40472,40474, 40602) Seeds/todye food yellow/(40810) Bixaceae Cayapa BS 46 B4 Table 31. Fodder and fish bait. Fruits fiorn clifferent plants are trsed as fish bait by the Cayapas and the Coaiqueres. They often constitute the natlral fbocl fbr fish in the periodically floodecl f orest. Pseuderanthenumrs also f'ed to chickens fbr me"sabalo" is probably :r representative of the Benus Br)cnn. alicinal purposes. The fish locally named Comruents/ (AAU r otrcher) Acanthaceae Coaiquer Leaves ttsed to feed chicken/(4U935r) Anthrtrium sp. ()oaiquer Philoclendron sp. Coaiquer Fnrits usecl as fish baitl (4U782) Fruits uscd:rs fish bait,/(41652) Charnaedorea pinnatifions Coaiquer Fruits used to f'eed chicken/(a890tl) Asteraceae Wulffia baccata Ciavapa For f'eeding domisticated irnimals / (48167) Clusiaceae Tovomitopsis sp. C)oaiqr.rer Fnrits used as fish bait/ (41616) Coaiquer Coaiquer Boiled fruits used as fish baitl (41631) Fruits used as flsh bait,z(48772) Flacourtiaceae Carpotroche platvptera Cayapa Seeds uses for fishins Moraceae Ficus insipicla Cayapa Fnrits used as fish bait,/(41080, 4fi0r56) Rubiaceae Raritebe palicotrrc'oicles Cavapa Fruits used as fish baitl (48066) Sapindaceae Oupania citrerea Cayapa S e e d su s e d a s f i s h b a i t l ( 4 1 0 4 6 ) Solanaceae S o l a n tt r t t t o t t t c r l i s t ' t ' i atlt m Coaiquer Frr.ritsused as frsh baitl (41601) Pserrderanthentrtn tnicranth ttm Araceae Arecaceae Euphorbiaceae Alchornea sp. Hierolrinta clt<lcoensis "sibalo"(40U73, 40366) Table 32. Wildlife attractants. The Coaiqueres ancl the Cavapas possess cletailed knorvledge on the behaviortr and the ecoon a silogl o1thet anin-ralsthev hunt. C)trr inforrnarlts often told trs abotrt the animals that rvere known to feed specifically rnind' t.he infrlrnrilnt's to the calne other use no When systematicallv. collected not was u.ii plor-rtspercies.This information mentioned' often was attractant as a game irnportance plant's Acanthaceae Ruellia ttrbillora Apoclmaceae Manclcvilla dodsonii Tabernaemontana heteroPhvlla (AAU vortcher) Tribe Anirnals/comments/ Oavapa Birds/visit flowers/ (48402 ) Cayapa Bircls/r'isit fl owers/ (48307) Birds/eat Irvits/ / (48123) Oal,apa Araceae Anth ttrirtm cattlttrrhizttln Cayapa A. gracile A. spp. Cayapa (la,vapa Birds/eat fi-uits/ (48243) Birds/ezrt berries/ ( 4f1232) Birds/e:rt berries/ (48095, 48239) BS 46 ti5 Tabel32 - Continued (dA.U voucher) Tribe Animals/comments/ Ph ilocle r-rdro n verrLlcosum Cayapa Xanthosoma daguense X. sagittifolia Cayapa Birds,/eat fiuits/ (48 l9 I ) Birds, turtles/eat rhizomes/ (48l89) genus indet. Cayapa Turtles,/feed on yolng leayes and caught at night in slashand-burn fields using flashlights/ (48332) Bircls/ eat frtrits/ (48246) Coaicltrer B i r c l s / e a t f r u i t s / ( 4 1 6 0 6 , 4 B 7 l B , 4 8 U 0 3 ,4 8 9 1 3 ) Coaiquer Cayapa Birds ("eallina de monte") /fruits/ Birds/eat fruits/ (4827 3) Coaiquer Bircls/eat fruits/ (4885 I ) Schleeelia dresleri Ca,vapa S. fastigiata Cavapa Birds/visit fl or,vers/( 48404) B i r d s / v i s i t f l o w e r s / ( 4 8 1 11 ) Bromeliaceae ( ' r r z r n a n r ri a s c l r e r z e r i a n a Oayapa Opossums/eat leaves/ (48395) Burmeistera sp. I Cayapa B.sp.2 Coaiquer B .s p . 3 Coaiqtrer Birds/visit fl owers/ (48 I 02) Birds/eat fruits/ (48696) Birds/eat fruits/ (487 07 ) Capparidaceae Oapparis sp. Oayapa Squirrels/eat fruits/ (48l l9) Clusiaceae Clusia sp. I Coaiquer genus indet. Coaiquer Bircls/eat fruits/ (48932) Birds/eat fiuits/ (48835) genus indet. Coaiquer Rircls/eat fruits/ (48962) R y ti d o s t rl i s c ar t h a g in c n s i s Ca,vapa Birds/eat fruits/ ( 4832U) Cyclanthaceae Asplundia sp. Oavilp:r B i r d s / e a t f n r i t s / ( 4 8 17 5 ) Colorado Parrcrts/eat leaves/ (4007 7 ) Tetrathylacium macrophvllum Cayapa Birds/eat fmits/ (484211) genus inclet C:ryapa Bircls/suck sap from fruits/ (48 I 7l ) Cayapa Araliaceae Schefflera spp. Arecaceae Chamaedorea pinn atifions Hi'ospathe elegans (48908) Asteraceae \&'ulffia baccata Bignoniaceae Campanulaceae Cucurbitaceae Euphorbiaceae Cleiclion castaneifbliurn Flacourtiaceae Gesneriaceae Drymonia coriaceir Cayapa Hummingbircls/visit D. sernrlata Cay'apa Humrninebirds/r'isit Cayapa Htrnr rni n gbi rcls/r'isi t flowe rs an cl fnri tsl (4827 4) fl orvers/ ( 48083) flowers/ (4808I ) Heliconiaceae Heliconia wagneriana BS 46 86 Tabel32 - Continued Tribe Animals/ comments,/ (AAU voucher) Discophora guianensis Cayapa Many different birds/eat fruits/ (48168) Marcgraviaceae Marcgravia sp. Cayapa Birds/ripe fruits/ / (48337) Melastomataceae Blakea punctulata Coaiquer B. punctulata Coaiquer B. subconnata Conostegia montana Cayapa Miconia oraria Tococa spadiciflora Cayapa T. symphyandra Topobea calycularis Coaiquer T. caudata Coaiquer Mammals/eatbark/ (41613) Birds/eat fruits/ (48987) Birds,/visitfl owers,/(48336) Birds/ eat fruits/ (48785) Birds/eat fruits/ (48216,48339) Birds/eat fruits/ (4870I) Birds/eat fruits (48725) Birds/eat fruits/ (48901) Birds/eat fiuits,/ (48797,489I 8) Menispermaceae genus indet Cayapa Toucans,/eat frwits/ / (48237) Moraceae Ficus obtusifolia Colorado F. schippii Cayapa Birds/eat frgs/$00a7) Many different birds/eat t\gs/ (48424) Myrtaceae genus indet. Cayapa Many different birds/eat fruits/ (48401) Coaiquer Lizards/ eat infl orescences/(4B9BO) Birds,/visitinfl orescences/(48338) Icacinaceae Coaiquer Coaiquer Coaiquer Piperaceae Peperomia omnicola Piper sp. Cayapa Rubiaceae Cephaelis sp. I Cayapa C.sp.2 Coaiquer Isertia pittieri Palicouria gtrianensis Cayapa P..pp. Coaiquer Psychotria brachiata P. racemosa Cayapa Cayapa Birds/eat fruits/ (48208) Birds/eat fruits/ (48904) Squirrels/eatfmits/ (48278) Hummingbirds/visit fl owers/ (48205) Birds/eat fruits/ (41619,48721,48727) Hummingbircls/visitflowers/ (48l 12) Birds/eat fruits/ (482I 5) Sapindaceae Paullinia nobilis Cayapa Birds/visit flowers/ (48341) Cayapa Cayapa Birds/eat fruits/ (48I 66) Bird ("paleton")/eat fruits/ (48867) Birds/eat fruits/ (489I 4) Birds and squirrels/eatfruits/ (48405) Cayapa Birds/visit flowers/ (48306) Coussapoa contorta Coaiquer Birds and fish/eat fruits/ (41626) Zingiberaceae Renealmia cuatrecassii Coaiquer Parrots,/eatfruits/ (415BB) Solanaceae Cestrum sp. Lycianthes sp. Solanttm triplincrr itrm genus indet. Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum repandum Cayapa Coaiquer Coaiquer {Jrticaceae I BS46 87 Table 33. Utilitarian poisons. For hunting, fishing, or pest control. The identity of the arrow poison tree of the Clolorados is uncertain since u'e only obtained sterile material. Accordins to the Cayapa informants, a species of l{aucleopsi.s has prev! ouslv been rtsed for arrow poison. In tropical South America the common word for fish poison plants is "barbasco". Leaves, stems roots or fiuits fiom these plants are crushed and thrown into the water. The fish are immediately paralyzed and rnay eventrtally die of asphp<iation. The water is typically led through manmade dams on the riverbank (Fig. la). The fish are collected at the outlets of these dams. The active compounds in the fish poison are saponins that are unharmful to humans. Use/part of plant/comments/ (d{U voucher) Asteraceae Clibaclium sp. Colorado "Barbasco " / leaves/ crushed/,/ ( 49095 ) Cannaceae Canna sp. Colorado Previously used to kill enernies/sap/ verv poisono u s / ( 4 9 0 5 1) Euphorbiaceae P. anisolobus Cayapa P. anisolobus Coaiquer Sapium peruvianum Cayapa S. peruvianunr Coloradcr "Barbasccr" /leaves/ crushecl,/(40010, 491 02) /leaves/ crushed/ (40394, 48370) "Barbasco " / leaves/ crushed/ ( 4BBB0) "Barbasco" and thrown in river verv effi/bark/ground cient/ (48414,41041) "Barbasco " / bark / cr ushed/ ( 49098) Colorado "BarbASCo" / root/ grou ndl (49 107 , 49705) Phyllanthtrs anisolobus Coloradcr "Barbasco" Fabaceae Lonchocarpus sp. Moraceae Castilla elastica Coloradcr Ficus obtusifolia Coloraclo Naucleopsis amara Coaiquer N.rp. Colorado Latex trsed as apoison/ / causes an intense allergic reaction on the skin/40096 Latex poisonous/ / / (40047) Arrow poison/latex/ / (48972) Previously rrsed for arrow poison/latex/ / (49112 ) Oxalidaceae Biophytum dendroides Cayapa Polygonaceae PolypJonum hydropiperoides Oavapa Prer,iouslv used in warfare/ / entire plant verv poisonous( 40577) "Barbasco" /leaves/very strong/ (40494, 40497, 48412) Solanaceae Solantrm mamnlosum Coaiquer Insecticicle to control cockroaches/frtrit/ / (41452) Table 34. Notorious poisons. This cat.egory comprises all plants inclicated as being poisonous and not servir-rgan)' purpose. Tribe Clornments/ (AAU voucher) Ooaiquer (lauses rash particularlv in chilclren / (41433) Solanum sp. C)oaiqtrer Fruits said to be poisonous/(48817) Ijrticaceae genus inclet Cavapzr Causes itchins of skin/ (4U050) Oxalidaceae Oxalis sp. Solanaceae I BS 46 88 Table 35. Anaemia. Symptoms such a fatigue are often referred to as anaemia by the Cayapas. The treatment is tvpically s,vstemic. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/ Polypodium piloselloides Cayapa /ground, (40302) Tectaria nicotianifolia Oavapa Thelypteris sp. Cai'apa Leaves/ground and mixed with a cup of water/2 teaspoonfi.rlstaken 3 times aday/ (40411) Leaves/ground, colcl extract/ / (48222) Trichomanes elegans Cayapa Leaves/sround, hot water aclclecl// (40882) Cavapa [.e ave s,/bo ile d / bath / ( 48064 ) Cassia papillora Oayapa l,eaves,/ground rvith cold water/ massa€leor extract drtrnk/ (40757,40543) Senna dariensis Cavapa (AAU) voucher Vascular crlptogams mixed with tepicl water,/taken 4 times a day/ Begoniaceae Begonia serniovata Caesalpinaceae Leaves,/qround in cold water/l cup is taken at noon after bath in the river/(41087) Costaceae Costus lirna Piperaceae Peperornia sp. I Cayapa Pith of stem/ground, mixed with water/cold bath/ (48093) Cavapa P. urocarpa Cayapa l.eaves/ground, heated in water// (40506) l,eaves,/grouncl, boilecl/2 teaspoonfuls taken 2 tirnes a d a y l ( 4 0 5 3 1) Table 36. Blood circulation. Plants belonging to this categorv are used to treat symptoms allegedly caused by poor blood circul:rti<rn. It is notable that one particnlar kind of syrnptom l-rasthe same narne as the snake Luchei,snruta,which produces a hemol,vtic poison. Bignoniaceae (lrescentia cr{ete Tribe Part of plant/preparation,/ (AA.U voucher) Colorado Fruits/juice mixecl with salt/drtrnk/ circnlation / (40728) Coaiqtrer Sap/mixed rvith hot n'ater/drunk/cliilcl rash/ (41504) Coaiqtrer Lear,'es/ground with a little water/ dmnk/sy'rnptoms > g u a r n u c a < . (/ 4 8 9 3 0 ) Coaiquer Root/qroun d with water/drunk/ ca" / GBq24) treatrnen t/ comm en ts/ improves bacl blood Sapindaceae Allophyltrs exelsus cliseasecausins Solanaceae Brugmansia versicolor called Zingiberaceae Renealmia sp. symptorns called >Ffuamu- BS 46 89 Table 37. Gangrene. PIants in this category are trsed to treat various ailments rangine fiom minor afllictions to very seri11ls health threats such as lymphingitis. Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/ trearmen r/ symproms/ (AA.U voucher) Begonia semiovata Cavapa Leaves/ground eventually mixed with urine/compress/f'ev e r a n d s w o l l e n l e g s , p o s s i b l yb l o o d p o i s o n i n g / ( 4 1 0 2 9 , 48276) B.rp. Ciayapa Leaves,/ground, soaked in water with a Iittle urine/lorver part of body washecl,upossibly eangrene/(48310) Coaiquer Leaves/ /rubbing (414e6) Cayapa Leaves,/ground, rnixed with urine / batl-r/ ganurerne, blooclp o i s o n i n g / ( 4 8 0 9 7 , 4 8 14 6 ) Clayapa Leaves/ /tc> bathe legs of old people rvith uangrene/ / (40877) Cavapa Florvers/ground, heatecl/applied to wounds/to cure a disease causing heall' eczema and wounds / ( B35tr) Begoniaceae Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia sp. of skin/infection of arreries (phlebitis) / Costaceae Costus spp. Gesneriaceae Monopyle sodiroana Lamiaceae Hyptis capitata Table 38. Blood tapping. Blood tapping was probably once used by sorne shamans to cure various ailments. \4/e never witnessed such a practice, holever, ancl dotrbt that it is very comrnon. The Heliconiuleaf is tightly rolled to fbrrn a slencler tube. This is placed near the incision in order to collecr the bloocl. 'Iribe (AAU voucher) Heliconiaceae Heliconia lonsa Cayapa (48180) BS 46 90 Table 39. Gums and teeth. The plants inclucled in this catesory are all used to fight inf-ectious conditions of the mouth or to relieve toothache. No information was obtained regarding plants used for preventive measures. and purpose/ Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment (AAU voucher) Vascular cry)togams Trichomanes polypoclioides Coaiquer Leaves/grotrnd to a paste/applied to aching gums/ (48839) Amaranthaceae Achyranthusaspera Coaiquer Leaves/ground in a cup of cold water/gargling fbr toothache/ (41649) Coaiquer Rhizome and leaf:sheaths/clied or taken fresh/ftrr toothache/ (41604) Coaiquer Flowers/crude/cherved Cavendishia complecteus Coaiquer Leaves/boiled/placecl on.jaw f or toothache/ (a1502) Menispermaceae Cissampelos tropaeolifblia Coaiquer Leaves,/ground while fresh, mixed with fat,/placed on aching gums,/ (41472) Portulacaceae Portulaca sp. Cayapa Leaves/crushed/appliecl Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Colorado Rhizome/ground, Amaryllidaceae genus indet Asteraceae Spilanthes sp. for toothache / (41485) Ericaceae to aching g;ums/ (48379) sap extracted/for toothache/ (491 16) Table 40. Liver and spleen. The informants did not make a clear distinction between the kiclney (urinary system, Table 69) and the liver (digestive system). We have tried to separate the two categories here to reveal eventrral differences in rtsage patterns for the two organ grottps. Tribe Part of plant/ preparation / treatntent/ purpose,/ (AAU voucher) Vascular cryptogams Polypoclium phyllitidis Cayapa Saccoloma elegans Cayapa Leaves,/ground, mixed with water/drr"rnk before meals/ pain, liver and spleen/(40806) Petiole/soaked in water, slime extracted and mixed with wadiseases/ (48223) Leaves,/ground, mixed with cold water/2 glassesa day, morning and evening/pains in spleen and swelled liver/ ( 4 0 3 18 , 4 0 8 6 7, 4 8 0 6 9 ) Vascular bundles extracted/soaked in water/inftrsion drunk 3 times daily/ swelling and pains of liver/ (4829fl) terldrunk/liver Thelypteris gigantea Cayapa T. reticulata Cayapa Araceae 3 tirnes claily/liver Monstera sp. Cayapa Leaves/ground with cold water/drtrnk pains/ (40436) Asteraceae genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/boiled/ I cup of hot mixture drunk/liver (40574], pains/ BS46 91 Tabel40 - Continued Tribe Part of plan t,/ prep ar atiorr / tr eatmen t,/ purpose/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa Sap/extracted/drunk Colorado Sap//drunk/liver Cayapa Leaves/ground in hot water,/45 tea-spoonfuls drunk at dawn/liver pains/ (40564) Colorado l,eaves/ground, sap mixed with water/drunk/ ney diseases/ (40216) Colorado Latexlmixed Commelinaceae Tripogandra serrulata cold/liver diseases/ (48089) Costaceae Costus sp. and kidney pains/ (40678) Lamiceae Salviacoccinea Monimiaceae Siparuna sp. liver and kid- Moraceae Brosimum utile with waterldrunk/pains in liver ar-rdkidney/ ( 4 e r1 0 ) Piperaceae Piper sp. Colorado Leaves/ground and mixed with water/ drunk/pains ver/ (49043\ Colorado Leaves/ground/drunk /liver and kidney diseases/ (49044) Lindernia crustacea Colorado Leaves/boiled,/drunk cool/liver pains/ (40636) Urticaceae Pilea spp. Colorado Leaves/boiled or sap mixed with water/ drunk/liver (40062, 40t07, 402t7, 40682) in li- Rubiaceae P s y c h o t r i aw i l l i a m s i i Scrophulariaceae pains/ Table 41. Stomach infections. Symptoms accompanied by diarrhoea and abdominal pains. A potion is prepared from the plant in nearly all cases.Diarrhoea is a common health problem, especially among children. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment (AAU voucher) Vascular cryptogams Asplenium sp. Colorado Bolbitis nicotiafolia Cayapa Campyloneuron sp. Lomariopsis.japrrrenis L. nigropaleata Colorado Leaves/ground in cold water/drunk,/ (49032) Leaves/ /warm extract drunk 3 times a day/stomach pains in connection with colds, particularly for children/ (48219) Leaves,/ ground/ drunk / (49037 ) Cayapa Leaves/ / cold extract drunk/ (401 63) Vascular bundles/boilecl/drunk 3 times a day to treat stomach pains of children / (48284, 48125) L. nigropaleata Colorado Rhizome/ground Pityrogramma calomelanos Coaiquer Thelypteris torresiana genus indet. (Polypodiaceae) Cayapa Colorado and boiled /drunk/ Leaves/boiled/drunk / ( 48752) and purpose/ (40020) Coaiquer Leaves/body massage/for diarrhoea/ (481 30) Leaves/boiled/drunk / (487 57 ) Cayapa Leaves/ground, mixed with a little water / drunk/ (40398) Acanthaceae Sanchezia parviflora BS 46 Tabel4l - Continued and purpose/ Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment (AAU voucher) Cavapa Leaves/ground, mixed with cold water/drunk/ Eryneium foetidum Colorado Root/boiled/drunk/ (40038) Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia sp. Cayapa Stem/ground/drunk a day/ (40523) with sttgarcane ruln, 2 teaspoons twice Colorado warm / (4003L\) Roots/boiled/drunk l.eaves/sap / / (40037) f.eaves/boiled/ drunk / (40647 ) Amaryllidaceae Crinum amabile (40547) Apiaceae Asteraceae senus indet. genus indet. genus indet. genus indet. Colorado Coloradcr Colorado Leaves/sap squeezed ottt and boiled/ ab<lttt I slass drunk,/ (40707) Bignoniaceae Schlegelia sp. Cayapa Flowers/grorttrd with water/drunk/ Bromeliaceae Guzmannia linsulata Cayapa Leaves,/boiled/drunk (48377) (iuzmaniamelinonis Cayapa G..p. Cayapa genus indet. Cavapa Leaves/boiled/drunk befbre meals/ (40885) / /drunk 3 times aday/ (41019) Leaves/boiled,zsmall cup drunk 3 tirnes clatly/ (48396) Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Cayapa /bolled/7 Commelinaceae Tripogandra serrulata Ca,vapa Leaves/ground, sotne water aclded/extract taken 3 times daily before meals/ (41032) Costaceae Costus sp. Ooaiquer Flowers/ground/taken Cucurbitaceae Gurania sp. Cayapa l,eaves,/decoction from fresh leaves/ drunk in the morning and the evening/ (48107) Erythroxylum novogranatense Coaiquer Leaves/infusion/drunk/ Flacourtiaceae genus indet. Coaiquer L,eaves/crtrshed,juice dissolved in rvater,/ (40329) colcl in the morning befbre eating/ ctrp drunk / (40575,40857) with a little water/ (1I457) Erythroxylaceae (4 I 584) dmnk/(41509) Gesneriaceae Alloplectussprucci Colorado Leaves/ground, water aclded/drunk/ flaemodoraceae Xiphidium caerttleum Cayapa l,eaves,/grortnd, mixed with warnr water,/drunk/ (49052) G0374) BS 46 Tabel4l 93 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment (AAU voucher) Hyptis obturiflora Cayapa Ocimunr campechianum genus inclet. (loloradcr genus inclet. C:ryapa Leaves/qround, water added,/dmnk adults/ (10294\ L e a v e s / b o i l e d / d r u n k h o t l ( 4 0 6 16 ) / bolled / drunk/ (40854) (4086 I ) Leaves/boiled/drunk/ and purpose,/ Lamiaceae Cavapa 4 times a day, only by Loganiaceae Spiuelia sp. Cavapa Leaves,/ground and boiled in a little water/drunk day, onlv by children / (40293) Colorado l,eaves/bolled/at Clidemia discolor Cayapa Leaves/mixed with a little tepid warer/ clrunk 4 times a dav/ (10307) Orchidaceae Vanilla odorata Clayapa Leaves/boiled/extract evening,/(48236) Peperomia sp. Piper multiplinerviurn (krlorado / / a cold clrink made / (40137) Roots/boiled/drunk/ (40059) P. sp. I P. sp. 2 Coaiquer (lolorad<r Leaves/boiled/drunk / (41 600) Leaves/ ground, water addecl,/dmnk fiesh/ ( 49043 ) Rubiaceae Bertiera guianensis (bloradcr Stenr/boile rl/ drunk/ (40069, 40156) Leaves/ground, water added/dnrnk fresh/ (49044) /ground with tepid warer/drunk/ 90322) 3 tirnes a Loranthaceae genus indet. least I cup dnrnk / (40634) Melastomataceae taken cold in the morning ancl the Piperaceae P s y c h o tr i a r v i l li a m s ii P.rp. Coloraclo Colorado Oayapa Scrophulariaceae Lindernia sp. genus inclet. Coaiquer genus indet. Cav:rpa Lear.'es/boiled for 2 hours/drunk d a y l ( a 10 2 8 ) genus indet. Oavapa genus indet. Cia,vapa ,4BI48) /boilecl in ca. 3 liter warer/dmnk over a day/ Leaves/qround, mixed with warm water/drunk, onlv by aclults/ (40300) Cavapa l,eaves,/clecoction or infusion / (48722) / bolled / dnrnk/ (408 12) at regular interr,uls cluring Solanaceae Solanum canense Coloradcr [,eaves,/sapsqueezed out and rnixed with hot water/clrur-rk/ (40016, 40724) S. leptorhachis Cloloraclo Sterns/boiled/dnrnk/ S. confertiseriatlun Coaiquer Lezrves/sround/extract Oavapa Leaves/boiled and mixecl with 2 orher plants/drunk still hotl(41007) (40073) dmnk/ (48695 ) Verbenaceae genus indet. while BS 46 94 Table 42. Antiemetics. Prevent nausea and vomiting' Tribe Part of plant/ prep ^r ation / tr eatme n t/ commen ts/ (AAU voucher) Acanthaceae Ruellia riopalenquensis Cayapa Leaves/ground to a paste/mixed with wat.er and drunk for 3 days/for vomiting with blood / (40365,48238) Boraginaceae Cordia spinescens Coaiquer Leaves/ground in water,/extract drunk/ / (41498) Lamiaceae Hyptis verticillata Cayapa Leaves/ground in water/ a small cup drunk 3 times a day/ only for children/ (4 I 083) Poaceae Coix lachryma-jobi Coaiquer Fruits/crushed/taken (48716) Scrophulariaceae genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/bolled/3 Verbenaceae Verbena litoralis Cayapa Leaves/ground, mixed with water/drunk/ spoonfulls drunk/ / (48444) Table 43. Laxatives. It is notable that the Colorados use the strongly hallucinogenic Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas / (40401) liana Banesteriopsiscaapii as a laxative' treatment/ (AAU voucher) Tribe Part of plant/preparation/ Colorado Fruits,/ crushed,/ drunk / (40633) Colorado Stems/ground and boiled/some glassesof mixture drunk/ (40722) Malpighiaceae B a n i s t e r i o p s i sc a a p i with a small amount of water/ / BS46 95 Table 44. Intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasites such as tapeworm (Thenia sp.) and roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) are common health problems especially among children. In this category there are several examples of the Doctrine of Signature. One example is Monolena primulae.flora,which is probably used because the petiole resembles a red worm. Tribe Part of plan t/ prep aration / tr eatmen t/ commen ts/ (AA,U voucher) Vascular crn)togams fuplenium sp. Dicranopteris pectinata Thelypteris exuta genus indet. (Polypodiac.) genus indet. (Dennstaedtiac.) Coaiquer Cayapa Leaves/ /extract drunk / / (48744\ ////(48323) Coaiquer Leaves/boiled,/drunk / / (48804) Young leaves/boil ed / eaten / / (41617 ) Leaves/ground/drunk with a little water / / (48840) Coaiquer / bolled / dr unk / / ( 488 I 9 ) Colorado Fruits/sap squeezed outldrunk Monolena primulaeflora Coaiquer Petioles/ / eaten fresh/intestinal worms killed or expelled by vomiting/ (41 582, 48974) Moraceae Ficus insipida Cayapa Latex/ /3-4 drops of latex taken with a teaspoon of water twice a day/ / (40900, 48056) Cayapa l,eaves/boiled/5 Coaiquer Coaiquer Begoniaceae Begonia glabra Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas / / (40633) Melastomataceae Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis Table 45. Deficiency symptoms. The informants balanced diet. teaspoons of decoction drunk at dawn/intestinal worms expelled by vomiting/ (40567) related that the symptoms treated in this cataegory were caused by an un- Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/ Mikania sp. Coaiquer Leaves/ ground/juice Passifloraceae Passiflora auriculata Colorado P. quadrandularis Colorado Sap,/mixed with sugar cane brandy/drvnk/ Leaves/ /drunk hotl (40174) (AAU voucher) Asteraceae I drunk with water/ ( 4 I 50 I ) (40105) BS 46 96 Table 46. Ant bites. The large and aggres sive conga ants (Parapon?.rasp.) have a painful bite that is treated with plants lrom the families Araceae and Cyclanrhaceae. The crude sap is squeezed from the stem and applied directly to the bite. Tribe P art / pr epar ation / (AAU vouche r) Dieffenbachia seguine Cayapa Philodendron inequilaterum Colorado Leaves/sap extracted from petiole close to the leaf base/ (407 56, 48754, 48348) L,eaves// (40171) P'rp. Colorado Svngonium crassifolium Cayapa genus indet. Cayapa Leaves// (40115) Leaves/eround to a paste used as ointment/(40330) L e a v e s // ( 6 0 1 0 1 ) Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthus bipartitus Evodianthus firnifer Cayapa Colorado Root/ / (48078) Roots// (40050) Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/comments/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa to absorb pus from bites on Leaves/ground/compress/said "nacido") (40480) / less and arms (unidentifiecl insect called Piper augustum Cayapa P. tricuspe Cayapa hot compress/ removes larvae from Leaves/ground/humid, "t6bano") (40303) skin (disease called / Leaves/ground/hair wash/removes lice and heals a lice "rastransmitted fungal inf'ection that cattses a rash (called P. tuberculatum Cayapa Araceae Table 47. Insect bites. General. Cucurbitaceae Melothria perdula Piperaceae quinia")/ (40859) Leaves/ground/cold bath and hairwash/kills lice,/ (40455, 48375) Solanaceae Cestrum sp. Colorado Lycianthes amatitlanensis Colorado Leaves/borled/ /for bites in general that itchl (40164) Leaves/gJrouncl/compress/generally for bites that itch/ (40t72\ -'l f BS46 97 Table 48. Snake bites. Topical. Under purpose are listed the specific eff'ects that the treatment has according to the informants, e.g. to absorb the venom, reduce the swelling, stop bleeding, relieve the pain, prevent infections or to cool the infected area down. See also snake bites under table 49, and table 50. The vernacular names for snakes probably corresponcl to the following scientiflc names: ueryugos(l,guamaur or oalcama = Lacheis muta ; papagayo, dormilona = Bothro7s schlegeLii; equis = Bothro|s ntrox; coral= Micrutus sp.; Nrudredora=BothroPsbilineatus;uibora= Bothroqsnasuta.The coralsnake (Fir. 16) has a neurotoxic poison and electric shocks fiom generators are sometimes used as part of the therapy. Tribe Part of pl an t,/ pre p ar ation / tr eatnien t/ purpose / snake / (AAU voucher) Adiantum obliquurn Adiantum sp. Cayapa Asplenium sp. Blechnum sp. Colorado ress/ / / (48 I 33) bath / / / (40689) Leaves/boiled/warm bath / / / (40697) Leaves/ boiled/ tepid bath / / " e qtris"/ (4Bg 12) Leaves,/boiled/cool compress/swelling/ "c oral" / ( 48844) /boiled/coldbath/ / / (40145) Leaves,/boiled/tepid bath/ / "equis"/ (4894I ) Leaves/ground/sap used for compress/ / / (40649) /boiled/coldbath/ / / (40168) Leaves/bo lled / bath / / " equis" / (487 5 4) " / bolled / c ool comp r e ss/ / papagallo" / ( 48834 ) Leaves/boiled/comp r ess/ / " coral" / GBB46) Leaves/bolled / bath / / " eqtris"/ (48998) Leaves/boilecl/cool compress/ swelling/ "c ora|" / ( 48843 ) Leaves/ / c.old bath / / / (40196, 402 19) " / bolled / barh / / coral" / (487 65) Leaves,/ground/comp ress/ / " eqlis"/ (40878) Vascular cryptogams Campyloneuron sp. Ctenitis sp. Colorado Coaiquer Coaiquer Colorado Danaea sp. Coaiquer Dicranoelossum polvpodioides Diplazium sp. Colorado Hymenophyllum sp. Lycopodium sp. Nephrolepis sp.1 N. sp.2 Colorado Coaiquer Coaiquer Coaiquer Oleandra sp. Ooaiquer Ooaiquer Polypodium percussum Colorado Schizaea sp. Coaiquer Selaginella sp. Cavapa Stigmatopteris sp. Tectaria sp. Ca,vapa Leaves/ground/comp Leaves/boiled/warm T. gigantea Trichomancs collariatum Coaiquer T. elegans Coaiquer T. punctatum T. sp. I Cayapa T. sp.2 C)ayapa Ooaiquer /bolled/bath/ /"equis" / (48300) Leaves/bolled / bath / / " equis" / (48917) Leaves/ ground/compress/ absorbs venom/ "dormilona"/ (48294\ Leaves,/boiled/ compress/ / "equ is"/ (4 | 435A, 4BBII5) /boited/bath/ / / (40695) Leaves/ ground/compress/ / "cor al"/ (487 59) Leaves,/ground/compress,/ swelling/ "dormilo na" / (483 45) [.eaves/boiled/hot compress/ / / (41630) Leaves/ ground/compress/ swelling,/ "dormilona"/ ( 48408) Leaves/bo lled / bath / / " coral" / ( 4U950 ) Cayapa Le aves/ ground/ compress/ swelling / v1bor a / ( 40890 ) Coaiquer Corm/grounded,/com Anthurium bakeri A. scandens Coaiquer Monstera clubia Oavapa M. spruceana Cayapa Philodendron sp. fiavapa Svngonium sp. Xanthosoma daguense Cayapa genus inclet. Cavapa Leaves,/boiled/compress / / / (11 417) Leaves,/boiled/ massage/swelline / / (40 465) Leaves,/ground/compress/absorb venom/ "equis"/ (48 10b) "equis"/ Leaves/uround/compress/absorb (40843) venom,/ Lear,es/ boiled / massage/ swelling,/ "e quis "/ (483 47 ) Leaves/qround in cold water/compress/ /"equis" / (40768) Leaves/ ground/ compress/absorb venom/ "equis "/ (4827 0) [,e aves/ boiled/ rn assage/ swellin g / " e quis" / ( 40 7Bg) Thelypteris francoana genus indet. (Gleicheniac.) Coaiquer Oayapa Colorado Coaiquer Amaranthaceae Nternanthera sessilis Amaryllidaceae genus indet. press/ / / (487 12) Araceae Oayapa Cayapa BS 46 98 Tabel48 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/ treatment/purpose / snake/ (AAU voucher) Asteraceae Mikania sp. Colorado genus indet. Colorado Leaves/ / compress/,/ Leaves, flowers/bolled Bignoniaceae Schlegelia sulfurea Colorado /botled/bath/ Bromeliaceae Tillandsia sp. Cayapa / ground / compress/ / Cayapa Cayapa "equis"/ ( 48 I BB) Leaves/ ground/ compress,/ swellin g,/ "equis"/ (48090) / ground/compress/ / Costaceae Costus pulverulentus Colorado Roots/boiled/hot Cyclanthaceae Asplundia sp. Colorado Stem/boiled/bath/ Cayapa Leaves,/bo tled / bath / / Commelinaceae Dichorisandra hexandra genus indet. Ericaceae "puclreclora" / (40348) / bath / / / (407 02) / / (40127) "equis"/ ( 40t169 ) bath/ / / (401 16) / / (40118) " Coaiquer eqwts"/ ( 48376) "equis" (487 7 7 ) / Leaves/boiled/compress/ / Dalechampia sP. Cayapa Leaves/boiled/ massage / / Fabaceae senus indet. Cayapa / boiled / massage / / Macleania rotundifolia Sphyrospermum sP. Euphorbiaceae Gesneriaceae " "v errusosa"/ (482 I 3 ) equis"/ ( 48 I 95 ) " Leaves/bo iled / bath / / eqwis"/ (48 I 20) Leaves/boiled/ compress/ absorbs venom and lower swelling,/"verrusosa" / (40844,41081, 48082) / (48732, 48813) Leaves/boiled/compress//"equis" " Leaves,/bo lled / / / coral" / (487 34) (4101 I' / ground,/ compress/pain, swelling,/"vernruosa"/ AlloplectusPanamensis Cayapa A. sprucei Cayapa A. tetragonoides Besleria barbata Coaiquer B. barclayi Cayapa B.rP. Coaiquer Chrysothemis friedrichsthaliana Cavapa (lolumnea bilabiata Cayapa C. densibracteata Cayapa O. angustata Colorado C. dissirnilis C. kienastiana Cayapa Cayapa Leaves/boilecl/compress and massase/absorb venom/ "eqtris"/ (48084) Leaves/boiled/warm barh / / / (40709) "equis"/ (48 I 7B) Leaves/ ground/compress/ / "equis"7' Leaves/mixed with sugar cane brandy/clrtrnk/ / C. eburnea Cayapa (48383) Leaves/ ground/ compress/bleeding/ C. fililoba Coaiquer Coaiquer 48415) Le aves/ boiled/ compre ss/ swellin g,/ / (41 427 ) "verrueosa"/ ( 4036 1, Leaves/ grouncl/ compress/ swelling,/ 48080) f,eaves/ grouncl/ compress/ pain, swellins, absorb venom'/ "equis"/ (40519, 40600, 40816, 48416) "equis " (4087 0, / 48218) Leaves/boiled or fresh/compress, cold bath/ / A1641,48997) "equis" / BS 46 99 Tabel48 - Continued Tribe Part of plan t/ prep ar ation / tr eatment/ purpose / snake / (AAU voucher) C. parviflora Coaiquer C. picta Cayapa C. picta Coaiquer C rubriacuta Colorado " Leaves/fre sh / bath / / corzl" / ( 48937 ) Leaves/ground, boiled/compress or bath/stops bleeding,/ "equis"/ (40760, 40871, 48086) "equis " (487 Leaves,/fresh/,/ 30) / Leaves/boiled or sap extracted/compress or bath/ / / (40074,40675) C. rubriacuta Cayapa C. rubribracteata Cayapa C. spathulata Cayapa c.rp. Coaiquer Cremosperma hirsutissimum Coaiquer C. nobile Coaiquer C. reldioides Diastema affine Coaiquer Drymonia alloplectoides Cayapa D. coriacea Colorado D. macrophylla Colorado D. rhodoloma Colorado D. serrulata Cayapa D. serrulata Coaiquer D. turrialvae Coaiquer D. warszewicziana Colorado D. warszewicziana Cayapa D. warszewicziana Coaiquer Gasteranthus corallinus Cayapa G. crispus Gloxinia dodsonii Colorado Leaves/ground or boiled,z bath or compress/antivenom,/ " e q u i s " , /( 4 8 1 2 1 , 4 8 3 1l , 4 8 4 1 9 ) " Leaves/bo tled / bath / / equis" / (4899 I ) Leaves/ ground/ compress/venom / " e quis" / ( 48094 ) Leaves/boiled/bath/ / / (40701) Coaiquer Leaves/boiled/hot G. dodsonii Cayapa Kohleria x hybrid Cayapa Monopyle sodiroana Cayapa Leaves/ground or warmed/compress on bite, changed 3 times a day/ /"equis" / (40513, 48727) Neomortonia rosea Coaiquer Paradrymonia sp. I P .s p . 2 Coaiquer Coaiquer genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/boiled / bath / / / (4147 7) Leaves/boiled/compress/ / "equis"/ ( 48963) Leaves/fre sh / bath / / / (41635) Leaves/fresh/massage or bath/ / "equis"/ (4I005) Cayapa / / bath/ /"equis"/ (48417) Coaiquer Leaves/boiled/comp Coaiquer Leaves/boiled or ground/compress/stops bleeding, lower swelling and absorbs venom/"verrrogosa" and "equis"/ (40872,40880, 49739) Leaves,/ground in alcohol / bath / / "equis " / (48 420) "equis " (407 Leaves/ground/compress/bleeding/ 97 ) / Leaves/boiled,zhot compress/ / " equrs"/ (48739) Leaves/boiled or fresh/compress or bath/ /"coral" / (47422, 41437,48737) Leaves/boiled/compress/ / "equis" / (4897 6) Leaves/boiled/comp r ess/ / " equis"/ (48980 ) "equis"/ Leaves/boiled,/compress/ / ( 48990) Leaves/boiled or ground/compress or massage/stops "equis"/ (48212) bleeding/ Leaves/bolled / bath / / / (4067 3\ Leaves/boiled / bath / / / (40167 ) /boited/ bath / / / (40108) Leaves,/ground or mixed with sugar cane brandy/compress (to stop bleeding) or drunk, highly estimated/ / / (48393) Leaves,/ground/compress/ / "equis" / (487 7 3) Leaves/boiled/compress / / / (41 638) /boiled/ bath / / / (40080) compress/ / / (41462) Leaves,/ground/compress/ / "eqris" / (4827 9) Leaves/ground or boiled/compress or warm bath, applied twice to bite, highly valued/ / / (40576) Haemodoraceae Xiphidium caeruleum Lamiaceae genus indet. ress/ / / (41 41 6) BS 46 100 Tabel48 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/ treatment/ purpose/ snake/ (AAU voucher) Loganiaceae Spigelia anthelmia (iayapa S. anthelmia Colorado " Leave s/ ground/ compress/ swellin g,/ e qfis" / ( 4U3BB) (40142) / /coldbath/ / / Melastomataceae Aciotis caulialata Cayapa A. sp.1 Cayapa A. sp. 2 Cayapa Blakea subconnata Clidemia crenulata Coloraclo Miconia sp. Coaiquer Pilocosta oerstedii Ca,vapa Triolena barbeyana Cayapa T. obliqua Coaiquer T.tp. Coaiquer Orchidaceae Erythrodes ecuadoriensis Cayapa Cranichis sp. Coaiquer Scaphyglottis prolif'era Psygmorchis pusilla Clayapa Cayapa Cayapa Piperaceae "verrlrsosa" (407 45) / / / compress/ swelling/ "dormilona",/ venonr/ Leaves/ground/compress/anti (48316) "dormilona"/ (41 0 16) Leaves/ground/conipress,/swelling,/ Leaves,/ground/comp ress/ / / (40049) " Le aves/ ground/ cornpre ss,/swell in g / e quis" / (4807 7 ) "equis"/ cooling/"coral", Leaves/boiled/compress/fbr (48708) "dorm rlona" / (48387) Leaves/ground/cornpress/infection/ "verntgclsa"/ Leaves/ ground/compress,/infection, pain/ (40344,41084) Leaves/boiled/hot compress/ / / (41642, 41418) Leaves/boilecl/compress / / / (41 434) " "ve r r trgo sa / ( 40 7 BB) Le aves/ gro u n d / c o rn p re ss/,/ "slramaca" (18927) Leaves/fre sh/ bath/ / / "verrugosa",/ ( 48 I 96) Leaves/boiled,/ compress/ / "eqrt is"/ (41043) Leaves/ ground/ compress/ an tivenom/ Peperomia macrostachya P. serpens Oayapa P. serpens Coaiquer P. sp. I Cayapa "equis " (48202) Leaves,/boiled/ massaee/ / / "eqtris"/ (482 10) Leaves/sround/compress/swelling/ "equis "/ ( 4 14 19, 4flil25 ) / bolled / compress/ / " Leaves/boiled/coId bath / / ecluis"/ (48369) P. sp. 2 P .s p . 3 P .s p . 4 P .s p . 5 P. sp. 6 P. sp. 7 P.sp. B Piper angustum P. filistylum Coaiquer Leaves/bolled/ P.florencianum P. squarnulosuln P.sp. I P.sp. 2 P .s p . 3 P .s p . 4 P .s p . 5 P. sp. 6 P.sp. 7 P. sp. B P. sp. 9 Cayapa Cayapa Coaiquer Coaiquer Coaiquer Coaiquer Cayapa Coaiquer Cayapa Cavapa Cclaiquer Cayapa Oayapa Ooaiquer Coaiquer Cayapa Cayapa Cayapa Coaiqr.ret' Coaiquer bath/ / / (487 06) " Le ave s,/fre sh / cold bath / / c,ctral" / (487 19) "coral" (4il869) Leaves/fre sh /bath / / / /ground/ cornpress// / (41625) / b<>lled/ compress / / / (41 645) "equis "/ ( 48 I 93 ) Leaves,/sround/ compress/ swelling/ "equis", "oalcama"/ (48906) /boiled/ co mpress/ttsed cold/ "vibo ra" / (10 452, 40738 ) f.eaves/boiled/ compress/ / "viboLeaves/ground or boiled/cornpress/ venom,/"coral", ra" / (40746, 481 16) Leaves/rvarmed in hot water,/compress//"equis"/ (40338) Leaves/fresh'/ bath / / / (11640) "eqtris" (407 b2) Leaves/boiled/cornpress/ swelling/ / "equis"/ ( 40793) Leaves,/boiled/ compress/ swelling/ Leaves/boiled/compress / / / (41 420) Leaves/boiled/compress / / / (41421) "eqtris"/ (48 I 13) Leaves/boiled/compress/ / " l,eaves/ boiled/ hot compress/ / equis" / ( 48 I 5 7 ) " Leaves/ eroun d / com press,/veno m / equis" / ( 48 346 ) "eqtris"/ ( 48824) / botled / c<trnpress// "coral" (4tt85tt) / /bolled / cold r:ompress / / BS 46 101 Tabel48 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation / treatment/purpose/ (AAU voucher) P. sp. l0 Cavapa P.sp. 11 Ooaiquer P. sp. 12 P. sp. 13 Trianaeopiper sp. I Coaiquer [.eaves/boiled/ bath/ /"verrugosa" / (40369) l,eaves,/boiled/cool bath/ / "eqttis" / (48724) "equis"/ Roots/eround / bath / / (48909) T. sp.2 Cayapa Leaves,/boiled/hot compress/ / / (4l59g) Leaves,/boiled/ compress/r'enom / " equis"/ ( 4 I 068 ) Leaves/ground/cornpress,// "dormilona"/ (48 I 6l ) Colorado Roots/boiled/ Cayapa "equis" Leaves/sround/compress/ / / ft8230) " Leaves/boiled/ cold compress/ / c.oral"/ ( 48863) Coaiquer Cayapa snake/ Rubiaceae Sabicea villosa bath / / / (40184\ Scrophulariaceae senus indet. genus inclet. Ooaiquer Solanaceae Lycianthes amatitlanensis Coloradcr Solanurn medusocallx Coaiquer S. sp. I Coaiquer S .s p . 2 {renus indet. Cayapa Cayapa /bolted / bath / / / (40087) Leaves/fie sh / bath / / / (41628\ Leaves/boiled/hot compress/ / / (41648) Leaves/ground/compress/ swelling,/ "equis"/ ( 48406) Leaves,/boiled/ massage,// "equis " / (48240) Colorado Leaves/ / bath / / / (40708) Cayapa l.eaves/grorind/comp Cayapa Leaves/boiled/cool Theophrastaceae Clavija egeersiana IJrticaceae Pilea sp. I ress/ / / (40378) Zingiberaceae Renealmia oligosperma bath / / / (401 60) Table 49. Snake bites. Systemic. Decoctions drunk for snake bites. lrrylftrodes weberanaand Kohleria x @lridwere claimed to be particularly valuable. The latter is cultivated both by the Colorados and the Cayapas and it is often sold. See also snake bites under Tables 48 & 50. For snake nanles, see the legencl of Table 48. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/ (A{U voucher) Asplenium sp. I Colorado A. sp. 2 A. sp. 3 Coloradcr Rhizomes/boilecl/dru nk / / (4007 5\ Leaves/boiled/ / / (40697) Rhizome/boiled/drunk/ / (49035) Dicranoglossum polypodioides D. polypoclioides Colorado Colorad<r trearment/snake/ Vascular cryptogams Clolorado D..p. Colorado Trichomanes collariatrrnt €ienus inclet. (Polypodiaceae) Colorado Leaves/boilecl/drunk / / (40170) Leaves/ground/.juice drunk/ / (40649) /bollecl/ clru,nk/ / (40234) Cloloradcr /boiled/ drunk warrn/ / (40695) Leaves,/ground/drunk / / (49029) Colorado Rhizomes/boiled/dru Costaceae Costus pulverulentus nk / / (40176) BS 46 r02 Tabel49 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/ prep aration / tr eatment/snake/ (AAU voucher) Gesneriaceae Alloplectus dodsonii Cremosperma hirsutissimum Colorado Coaiquer Columnea angustata Colorado Roots/boiled,/ drunk/ / (40053) Leaves/ground in alcohol/drunk/ / (41426) Root/boile d / drunk/ / (49106) Leaves/ground/teaspoon taken twice a day/ / (48178) drunk twice a day/"equis" / (48218) Leaves/ground/extract C. dissimilis Cayapa C. eburnea Cayapa C. picta Colorado C. purpurimarginata Cayapa C. rubriacuta C. rubriacuta Colorado C. rubribracteata Cayapa C. spathulata Drymonia coriacea Cayapa Cayapa Cayapa D. serrrulata Colorado Cayapa Gasteranthus crispus Colorado G. oncogastrus Kohleria x hybrid Colorado D. rhodoloma Cayapa Melastomataceae Triolena barbeyana Colorado T. pustulata Colorado ////(40230) 3 times a day/ Leaves/ground, mixed with water/drunk "equis"/ (48085) Leaves/ /decoction or sap drunk/ / (40074) Leaves/ground/cold extract drunk 3 times a day/"equi s " , /( 4 0 8 8 0 , 4 8 0 8 8 , 4 8 1 2 8 ) "equis" (48420) with alcohol/ Leaves/ground/drunk / "equis"/ (48344) Leaves/ground, soaked in alcohol/ drunk/ Leaves/ground, mixed with water/cold extract drunk 3 times a dayl"equis" / (48092) Leaves/borled/ / / (40108) Leaves/ground, mixed with water or alcohol/extract "equis"/ (48087, 48393) 3 times a day/ Leaves/bolled/ / / (40701) / (40233) / /drunkwarm/ Leaves/ground or boiled/2 te/ / (40576,40723) drunk teasPoons taken twice after a bi- Leaves and roots/boiled,/drunkhot/ Leaves/boiled/drunk / / (40071) / (40094' 40157) Orchidaceae Erythrodes weberana Cayapa Stelis sp. Cayapa Leaves/ground, mixed with alcohol/ drunk/ / (40879) "equis" / Leaves/boiled/drunk once a day in the mornin g/ (48247) Oxalidaceae Oxalis microcarpa Colorado Leaves/boiled/l Coaiquer / /iuice cup drunk / / (40726) Piperaceae Peperomia sp. drunk/ / (41645) BS46 103 Table 50. Snake bites. Others. Plants in this category were indicated as useful for treating snake bites but the informants did not elaborate further on the treatment . The Cayapas use some yet unidentified saplings of shrubs or trees to prevent snakebites.See also snake bites under Tables 48 & 49. For snake names, see the legend of Table 48. Tribe commen t/ (AAU vorrcher) Campyloneuron angustif olium Nephrolepis pectinata Pteris pungens Colorado Selaginella sp. Coaiquer Ground and boiled / (49039) Previously used/ (481 35) / (48283) "equis"/ (48831 Boiled ancl used for ) Dracontium sp. Coaiquer Rhizome dried, grounded with alcohol/ (11597) Gesneriaceae Columnea nariniana Coaiquer Boiled, decoction used for Coaiquer B<riled, used for Peperomia sp. Coaiquer Piper sp. Coaiquer Leaves boiled and used for L e a v e sb o i l e d / ( 4 1 6 3 7 ) Vascular cryptogams Cayapa Cayapa Araceae "coral"/ (48U15) Melastomataceae Triolena obliqua "coral" / (48807) Piperaceae "equis" (48821) / family indet. I Cayapa Feet and legs rubbed to produce smell to protect against snakes ("equis") / (40317) 2 Ca,vapa .') Cayapa Legs rubbed to protect against snakes,/(40893) "equis" Feets rubbed to prevent bites of snakes/(48184) q Table 51. Wounds. Plants listed in this category are used to stop the bleeding of cuts, to promote healing and, to fight infections. Infected wounds are a major health problem. The Coaiqueres use the latex of Vismin (Sangre de gallina) as liquid bandages. It supposedly seals the wound fiom inf'ections and speeds recovery. \44ren no other use is indicated, the plants are ground into a green paste (Fig. 15). This paste is used as a compress on the bleedingwound and if necessarywith a piece of cloth wrapped around it to keep it in place. Under commentsthe type of wound which is treated is mentioned as well as the kind of effect that the t.reatment is expected to have. Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/ treatment/ comments/ (AAU v<-rucher) Vascular crlT)togams Danaea humilis Cayapa Polypodium percussunr Coloradcr Leaves/ground/ / / (48062) Leaves/ ground/ / cuts/ (40629) P. piloselloides Cayapa P. piloselloides Coloraclo Selaginella sp. Trichomanes nrembranacerlrrr Cayapa T. punctatunl Cayapa T. sp.l Cayapa T. sp. 2 Vittaria sp. Cavapa Leaves,/sroun d/ humid compress/ dee p woun ds/ (40 432, 4tl892, 48893) Leaves/ground/humid compress// (aBB38) Cayapa Le aves/ sround/ com press/ promote healing / (40842) Oayapa Leaves/dried and pulverised/ /make wounds heal faster, does not prevent inflammation/ (40475) Leaves/chewed/compress / / (40236) Leaves/ ground/ / cuts/ (40505) Le aves/ sroun d/ cornpre ss/ prom o te healin g / (40822) Leaves/ground/compress/said to absorb the infection/ (48345) BS 46 104 Tabel5l - Continued Tribe Part of plant,/ preparation / treatment/comments/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa Leaves/dried and pulverized /appliecl/ (40420) Ca,vapa Leaves/ground/compress/said night/ (48359) Coaiquer Stem/latex/applied (48e33) Cayapa Leaves/warmed/applied/lower Cayapa Leaves,/warmed by body heat (placed near heart),/applied directly/for inflammation and pains/ (40899) Mikania sp. Coaiquer Cayapa Wulffia baccat.a Cayapa Leaves/boiled,zapplie d / for infections/ ( 4 I 505 ) Leave s7iground/ compre ss/ for i nfe c tions/ ( 4 103 6 ) Lea,-es/ /mixed with 2 other plants/for inf'ections of deep wounds/ (48054) genus indet. genus inclet. Colorado Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera healing of wounds/ Apiaceae Eryngium foeticlum to absorb the pus over Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana macrocalp< while fiesh/wounds caused bv burns,/ Araceae Anthurium scandens swelling/ (40601 ) Araliaceae Dendropanax arboreus Asteraceae Erato polymnioides Leaves/ groun d/ compress,/ promote s healin g / (40 | 0 4) Leaves,/ground/wet compress,/ / (401 52) Colorado (lolorado Leaves/ground/compress/promotes Cayapzr Leaves/ground/wet Colorado h e a l i n g / ( 4 0 1 6 1) compress/against swelling and inflammation of cuts on the feet/ (40553) Leaves/boilecl,zapplie d/ for cleanins wounds/ (40662) Colorado Leaves/boiled/colcl compress/inflammation/ Colorado Leaves/ground/paste applied as plaster/for badly inflamed wounds/ (40057,40166) Clusia dixonii Coaiquer C. sp. I Coaiquer C. sp. 2 Coaiquer C.sp.3 Coaiquer Twigs/latex,zapplied while fresh/prornote healing / (48790) Trvigs/latex/ applied while fresh/ / (41456) Twigs/latex/applied while fiesh/promote healing / (487 Bl) Twigs/Iatex/applied while fresh/promote healin g,/ (48799) Vismia obtusa Coaiquer Fruit peel/latex/applied (414e4) while fresh/infected wounds/ Cayapa Entire plant/burned/ash (48068) appliecl/prevents infections/ Colorado Leaves/ / / healing of small wounds,/ (40005) genus indet. genus indet. Fienus indet. Begoniaceae Besonia glabra (40696) Capparidaceae Podandrogyne brevipeclunculata Clusiaceae Commelinaceae Geogenanthus rhizanthus Convoh'ulaceae Ipomoea sp. BS46 Tabel5l 105 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/ (AAU voucher) Colorado Leaves/ ground/ c ompre ss,/for bruise s,/ ( 4005 2 ) Colorado Leaves,/sap,zappliedwhile fresh/promotes Acalypha diversifolia Colorado A. diversifolia Cayapa Leaves/gro wd / / mainly cuts/ (4001 1, 40155) Leaves/eround//cuts / (40346, 407 35, 40875) Leaves/ ground/,/ cuts/ (40424, 40466, 40838 ) Leaves/ / / (40055) treatment/ commen tsl Cucurbitaceae Gurania eggersii Cycadaceae Zamia lindenii healin g / (40202) Euphorbiaceae A. villosa A. sp. I A. sp. 2 A.sp.3 A.sp.4 A.sp.5 A.sp.6 Cavapa Colorado (lolorado Cayapa Coaiquer Cayapa Cayapa Leaves/ ch ewed/ compre ss/ serious bleedin g/ (40228) Leaves/sround/ compress/ prevents infections/deep rvounds/ (41030) l,eaves/ grounci,z/ deep wounds/ (41 17 3) Leaves/qround/comp ress/ / (481 82) Leaves,/ground/compress/prevents inf'ections of deep wounds/ (48360) Fabaceae genus indet. Cayapa Leaves,/ground, mixed with Wuffia hnccata/compress/infections of deep wounds,/ (48058) Columnea kienastiarra Cavapa C. laevis (1. minor Coaiquer Leaves,/grouncl/ compress/ removes pains and prevents inflammation / (40458) Leaves/ ero un d/ cold cornpre ss/ for burn s/ (487 g 4) Leaves/dried and grotrnd/ / for infections/ (41428) Gesneriaceae Coaiquer Heliconiaceae Heliconia curtispatha Cayapa Young leaves/ritual healing//wound covered with a leaf and through this the shaman uses his mouth to suck trp the inf'ection/ (10434\ Meliaceae Carapa guianensis Colorado Fruit/inrrer (10703\ (loloradcr Branches, tmnk/latex/applied ings/ (40664) Peperomia sp. Piper phytolaccaefolium Coaiquer Cayapa Leaves/ ground/compress/burn P. cararense Cayapa Entire plant,/dried and pulverized or burned/powder or ash applied clirectly,/promore healine of smallwounds/ ( 4 1 0 2 1, 4 8 t 7 4 , 4 8 2 4 4 ) P.rp. Cayapa Pothomorphe peltata Colorado Entire plant/burned,/ash appliecl directlv/ / (1b370) Leat,es/ /healing/ / (40004) parts grated and boilecl/applied to wound// Moraceae Brosimum utile directly/infections or swell- Piperaceae Leaves/ground/humid c.ha")/ (4046U) s/ (487 93) compress/cleep fissures ( "chan- BS 46 Tabel5l - Continued / treatment,/ comments,/ Tribe Part of plant/preparation (AAU voucher) Coffea arabica Colorado Fruit/crushed/compress/for Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis Colorado Root/ / / / (40028) Solanaceae Cuatresia riparia Colorado Leaves/ ground/warm (40655, 40687) Colorado Stem/ sap extracted by pressure/ applied directly/ inf-ections/ (40i91) Cayapa Leaves/ /leaves wrapped around/open wounds atjoints in connection with open fractures/ (40437) Cayapa Leaves/dried, crushed/applied wounds/ (41077\ Rubiaceae Cyphomandra hartwegii Solanum dolichorrhachis cuts/ (not vouchered) compress/ superfi cial wounds/ Verbenaceae Lantana sp. Table 52. Swellings from bruises. Unless otherwise mentioned, directly/bruises and small only the leaves are used for this purpose. Tribe Preparation/ treatment/ (AAU voucher) Anthuriurn scandens Cayapa A. sp. I Coaiquer A. sp. 2 Cayapa Boiled/compress that are changed every 6 hour/ (41040) /applied while fresh, mixed with chicken fat/ (41458) Boiled/used as a cold plaster/ (48075) Araceae Arecaceae Cayapa Stem ground and heated/appliecl to relieve the pain,/ (48351) Clibadium cuneata Sciadocephala schultze-rhonhofi ae Coaiquer genus indet. A genus indet. B genus inclet. C Cayapa Cavapa Heated in water,/wrapped around swelled tisstre/(48698) /applied while fresh like a plaster/(41481) ,zapplied warm / (40396) Warmed in water/applied after cooling/ (40863) Cayapa /plaster, changed often, said to dry up the swelling/ (48152) Begonia glabra Coaiquer Heated/applied while still hot/ (48818) Bromeliaceae genus indet. Colorado Stem sliced/applied to sole of feet/ (40197) Clusiaceae Clusia sp. Cayapa Boiled/wrapped Cayapa Entire plant ground and boiled/bocly mbbed to rernove swelling/ (40373) Geonoma cuneata Asteraceae Coaiquer Begoniaceae around swelling/ (48242) Costaceae Costus pulverulentus BS 46 r07 Tabel S2 - Continued Tribe Preparation/ trearmen t/ (AAU voucher) genus indet. Cayapa Grouncl with citrus leaves/ compress, said to absorb swelling/ (48350) Gesneriaceae Columnea eburnea C. gigantifolia Coaiquer Coaiquer Heated/wrapped Gloxinia dodsonii Cayapa Fabaceae around swelling/ (487 42) /affected area rubbed with fresh leaves/ (41b87) Boiled/whole body massaged/ (40367 ) Loranthaceae Phthirusa pyifolia Phoradendron chrysocladon Cayapa Cayapa Boiled/wrapped around swelling/ (4024b, 48151) Mixed with warm water/ / (40350) Melastomataceae Leandra granatensis Cayapa Ground, mixed with tepid water/bath, for blows of children/ (40326) Colorado Stenrs grotind/hot Coaiquer Dried/applied Brugmansia versicolor Cayapa Warmed/wrapped Jaltomata procumbens Colorado Orchidaceae Encyclia fragrans compress / (40668) Piperaceae Peperomia sp. to swelling/ (41b93) Solanaceae around swelling,/ (40581 ) Ground/compress,/ ( 400 I 3 ) r0B BS 46 Table 53. Abscesses and tumors. The informants did not make any distinction between the difl'erent conditions that can produce swelling in layers of the skin. Most plants are used for tumors, abscessesand postules, a few are used for acne. The leaves are used, where nothins else is indicated. A compress consistins of layers of ground leaves is nornially wrapped around the swelled tissrres. Tribe Preparation/ treatment,/ comments,z (AAU voucher) Cayapa Ground,/ compress/fbr swelling/ ( 48384) Sciadocephala sp. Cayapa Ground in cold water/compress replaced every 4 to 5 hours/ / (41024) Capparidaceae Podan dro gy-ne brevipe dun culata Colorado Ground/warm Oayapa Dried and crushed/ /for swelling/ (41075) swelling/ (48382 ) Ground/compress/for Acanthaceae .|usticia ianthina Asteraceae compress/ / (40209) Fabaceae Desmodium sp. genus indet. Cayapa Heliconiaceae Heliconia aemygdiana Colorado Fruits crushed/paste appliecl to aff'ected area with a leaf wrapped aronnd/ / (40120) Malvaceae P a v o n i ac a s t a n e i f t r l i a Cayapa Grorrnd,/compress/for Colorado Bracts used/ / / (401l7) Oxalis sp. Cayapa Grotrnd,/compress/for Solanaceae Brugmansia versicolor Witheringia solanacea Cayapa Boiled/used as a plaster/ / (41050) Boiled,/leaves used to wash hands, decoction used for bath/ (40376) acne/ (48204) Marantaceae Calathea marantifolia Oxalidaceae Oavapa acne/ ( 48333 ) BS46 109 Table 54. Fungal infections. The Spanish term fbr depigmentation of the skin is mnnchn.sbktnt:a,s.Plants used for such svmptoms are generallv sround and applied to the aflected area as a compress (Fig. 15). (AAU voucher) Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/ Colorado Bulb/burned/ash (40214) Cayapa Leaves/ grouncl/ compress/ ( 40594) Cordia spinescens Cayapa Leaves,/crushed to a paste and boiled /hot compress applied to affected area 3 times clally/ (40495, 40390, 41062, 48052) Commelinaceae Dichorisandra angustilblia (lolorado Leaves/ground and boiled/compress/ Cloloraclo / ground/ compress,/ (40100) Colorado Latex/ / especially for fungal infections affectins the f'eet/ (40177) Cayapa Leaves/warmed/humid Hyptis capitata Cayapa Leaves/ground/for Marantaceae Calathea rnetallica Cayapa Leaves/boiled or ground, eventually mixed with lime and s a l t / c o r n p r e s s o r o i n t m e n t , h o t o r c o l c l / ( 4 0 3 2 1, 4 0 3 4 9 , 48117,48245) Piper sp. Cayapa Leaves/dried ancl burned/ash area/ (40782) Rubiaceae Hamelia sp. Cayapa Leaves/ground in hot water/applied while still hot to inf'ections between toes/ (41051) Coloradcr / grouncl / appliecl to the skin/ (40 I 0 I ) Oayapa Leaves/sround to a paste/heated and applied to the skin/ (4830e) Cayapa Leaves,/boiled/rubbins tions/ (40356) Amaryllidaceae Urceolina srandiflora applied to affected area of the skin/ Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra Boraginaceae (40698) Cucurbitaceae Cayaponia glancltrlosa Euphorbiaceae E u p h o r b i a c o t i n i [ <r li a Fabaceae Cassiareticulata compress/ (40568) Lamiaceae nrbbing of the skin/ (40389) Piperaceae applied to aft'ected Solanaceae Jaltomata procumbens Ulmaceae Trema integerrima Verbenaceae Cornutia sp. betlveen toes and fingers {br infec- BS 46 110 Tabel. 55. Skin reactions. Allergies, eczema, and dandruff. The Coaiquers use a number of plants for treating eczemas that allegedly are caused by the plant itself. They do not necessarily believe that the patients have been in physical contact with the plant itself. The plant may house a powerful spirit that can cause the disorders from a distance. The malevolent spirits are driven out using the plants in which they are believed to dwell. Typically, the leaves are burned and the ash is applied to the affected area of the skin. The Spanish term for this treatment is Bafin de seco. Tribe Preparation,/treatment/symptoms/ Coaiquer Boiled/applied Cayapa Dried, pulverized/applied (AAU voucher) Acanthaceae Dicliptera sp. to skin/ / (48770) Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera to skin/ / (40420,40499) Araceae to skin/ / (41503) to skin/rash/ (48717) Coaiquer Dried/applied A. sp.2 Coaiquer Monstera lechiriana Coaiquer Leaves, dried/applied / / / (41633) genus indet. Coaiquer / / / (48711) genus indet. Colorado genus indet. Colorado Ground,/humid compress/break-out caused by lice or fun"rasquinia" (40152) gi, a symptom called / (40 I 04) Ground / / itching/ Begoniaceae Begonia glabra Colorado Boiled/applied B. semiovata Coaiquer Boiled/decoction B.rp. Coaiquer Boiled/applied Tovomita sp. Coaiquer Boiled/decoction Commelinaceae Aneilema umbrosum Geogenan thus rhizanthus Cayapa Cayapa Ground/sap applied to skin/ / (40296) Leaves ground/face and arms rubbed/for "svrna" (40319) called / Costaceae Costus laevis Cayapa Sap extracted/cold Cucurbitaceae Melothria pendula Colorado Ground/ / allergic reactions,/ (40098) Acalypha villosa Cayapa genus indet. Coaiquer Ground/compress / / (40838) Sap extracted/applied to skin/ / (41491) Desmodium adscendens Coaiquer Dried/applied Gesneriaceae Alloplectus sprucei Cayapa A. sprucei Coaiquer to skin/ / (40342) Ground/applied Burned,/"bafro de seco",/for diseasescaused by the same species/(48795) A. teuscheri Coaiquer Burned/"baiio de seco",/for conditions caused by the same species/(48961) Besleria barbata Coaiquer Burned,/"bafro de seco"/for conditions caused by the same species/(48802) Anthurium sp. I Asteraceae to skin after cooling/ / (40696) applied to skin/ / (41479,48704) to skin/ / (48783) Clusiaceae used for bath/ / (41453) type of eczema bath/ / (41002) Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae to skin/ / (41578) BS 46 Tabel55 - Continued Tribe Preparation/ treatment/symptoms/ Columnea byrsina Coaiquer Burned/"baiio de seco",/for conditions caused by the same species/(48731) C. fimbricalp< Coaiquer Burned/"baiio de seco"/fbr conditions caused by the same species/(48971) C. lehmannii Coaiquer Burned/"bafro de seco"/for conditions cirused by the same species/(48983) C. minor Coaiquer C. minutiflora Coaiquer / /plant irritant/ (48740) / / plant ir ritant / ( 48970) Ground, sap extracted/hair wash/ eczema/ (48741) /rtrbbecl with warm leaves/ / (40359) Ground in water,/cure dandruff / / (48741) C. parviflora Coaiquer C. rubriacuta Cayapa (AAU voucher) C. rubricalp< Coaiquer C. fimbricalp< Coaiquer Burned/"bafro de seco"/for conditions caused by the same species/ (411923) C. sp.1 Coaiquer Burned/"baiio Cremosperma congmens Coaiquer Burnecl/"bafro de seco"/for conditions caused by the same species/(48979) C. humidum Coaiquer C. muscicola Ooaiquer Burned/"baiio de seco"/for conditions caused by the same species/ (48977) Burned/"bafro de seco"/for conditions caused by the same species/ (48978) Drymon ia warszewicziana Coaiquer Burned/"baio Gasteran thus oncogastrus Gloxinia dodsonii Cayapa Coaiquer /fresh leaves used for rubbing of skin/ / (41000) Burnecl/"baflo de seco",/for conditions causecl by the same species,/(48729) Nautilocalr.x sp. I Coaiquer Burned,/"bafro de seco"/for conditions caused by the same species/(48936) N. sp. 2 Coaiquer Burned/"bafro de seco"/for conditions causecl by the same species/(48964) de seco",/fbr conditions caused by the same species/(48733) de seco"/for conditions caused by the sarne species/(48728) Lamiaceae Hyptis capitata Cayapa Cround,/rubbing of skin/for symptom called ,,nigua" (an eczema) / (40389) Melastomataceae Aciotis caulialata Clidemia serpens Ooaiquer Cayapa Boilecl/applied to affected area of the skin// (41479) Cround/for rubbing of skin/ / (40371) Meliaceae Carapa guianensis Colorado Inner parts of fruit grated and boiled/applied fectecl area of the skin/ / (40703) Piperaceae Peperomia urocarpa P.rp. Cayapa Cayapa Piper cararense Cayapa Grotrnd and mixed with lukewarm warer / / / (40201:. Ground/for rubbing of skin/ / (40313) Dried and ground to powder/applied to affected area of the skin/,/(41021) P'.p. Cayapa Cround, boiled/decoction ro the af_ drunk 3 times a day/ / (402gb) BS 46 112 Tabel55 - Continued Tribe Preparation/ treatment/ symptoms/ (AAU voucher) Coaiquer Burned/smoke Rubiaceae Sabicea villosa blown on skin// (41506) Solanaceae Ground,/compress / / (40624) to affected area of the skin/for itching ecze- Brugmansia versicolor Cestrum sp. Colorado Colorado Boiled/applied ma/ (40164) Cuatresia riparia Colorado Jaltornata procumbens L y c i a n t h e sa m a t i t l a n e n s i s Colorado Witheringia solanacea Colorado allerg / (40099, 40687) Ground/compress/for Ground/ compress,/for allergy / ( 40 10 1 ) Ground,/ compre ss,/for itchin g e czema / (401 7 2) Ground/compress,/for itching eczema and allergies/ W. solanacea Cayapa w.rp. Cayapa Colorado (40009, 401r0) Ground, mixed with cold water/1 bath a day/ / (41053, 4 8 11 5 ) Ground and soaked in water/bath, immediately after wash of body with soap/ / (48349) IJrticaceae Pouzolzia sp. Verbenaceae Aegiphila sp. Lantana sp. Cayapa (]round and warmed/compress/ Coaiquer Cayapa B o i l e d / d e c o c t i o n u s e d f o r b a t h , / s e v e r ee c z . e m a /( 4 1 5 1 l ) Dried, crushed/applied to affected area of the skin,// (41077\ / $0a77) Table 56. Rheumatism. Rheumatic pains are generally treated by macerating plants to a paste which is spread around the affected joints as a plaster. In all the caseslisted below, it is the leaves that are used. Tribe Preparation/ treatment/ (AAU voucher) Vascular crn)togams Selaginella sp. I Colorado S .s p . 2 Colorado Boiled/decoction Colorado /applied while warm to treatjoints/ Colorado / / (40046) Cayapa Ground/used Clibadium sp. I C. sp.2 Ca,vapa C.sp.3 Cayapa Heated/applied to skin/ (40347) Ground in warm water/wrapped around affected joint/ (40807) Ground with a little bit of water / compress,/ (41025) C.sp.4 Cayapa genus indet. Cayapa Ground while fresh/compress/ (48209) Boiled/compress/ (40554) Colorado / / (40045) Boiled,/decoction used for bath/ (40093) used for warm bath/ (40186) Agavaceae Cordyline terminalis (40640) Annonaceae Rollinia mucosa Araceae Anthurium gracile for rubbing the skin/(40320) Asteraceae Cayapa Bixaceae Bixa orellana BS46 113 Tabel56 - Continued Tribe Preparation/ treatment / (AAU voucher) Columnea rubriacuta Colorado Boiled/decoction Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus Cayapa Cround and boiled/compress / (40320,48150) Encyclia frasrans Colorado Erythrodes sp. Cayapa Cround, warmed/compress/ (40668) Ground,/used for rubbing of skin/ (40352) Gesneriaceae used for bath and drinking/ (4067b) Orchidaceae Piperaceae Piper angtrstum P. imperiale Colorado Colorado drunk/ (40090) /warm leaves wrapped around the legs, especially below the k n e e s , /( 4 0 1 9 9 ) P. trianae Cayapa Pothomorphe peltata Trianaeopiper sp. Cayapa B o i l e d / k n e e s r u b b e d / ( 4 10 2 0 ) Ground,/humid compress/ (40393) Cayapa /fresh leaves used for rubbing of.joints/(48104) Cavapa Boiled/used for massage/ (405a0) Cayapa Cround/compress (only used by African Ecuadorians according to the Cayapas ) / G060a) Coaiquer Fresh leaves ground/compress/ Colorado Ground/warm 40712) Boiled/decoction Poaceae Coix lachrymajobi Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Verbenaceae Lantana (41 468) Zingiberaceae Renealmia oligosperma leaves wrapped around joints/ (40160, BS 46 Lt4 Table 57. Injured joints. The leaves are invariably used in this category. Tribe Preparation/ treatment/ (AAU voucher) Cayapa Heated/wrapped Cayapa Ground/compress/ Dichorisandra hexandra Cayapa Boiled/wrapped Gesneriaceae Columnea longinervosa Coaiquer /applied while fresh to injured joint/ (41507) Oryctanthus occidentalis Phthirusa pyrifolia Coaiquer Ground/juice Cayapa Boiled/wrapped Phoradendron piperoides Cayapa Vascular crlptogams genus indet. (Aspleniaceae) around joi nt / (48437 ) Araceae Anthurium trinerve ( 40808 Commelinaceae around swelled joint/ (48407) Loranthaceae extractecl and dnrnk/ (41510) around joint,z (48 15 1) Boiled/wrapped around swelled joint and worn for some days/ (48367) Orchidaceae Sobralia macrophylla Cayapa Notylia rimbachii Cayapa Boiled/compress on swelling/ (48091 ) /fresh leaves wrapped around-joint, said to lower swelling,/ Pleurothallis picta Cayapa Ground/ compress/ (48432) (48r43) Table b8. Nervous system. Anaesthetics, epilepsy, cramps, dizziness and mental disorders. This is one of the the more weakly clefined catesories. It includes a number of symptoms that, apparently, are related to the nervous system. Tribe Vascular crnrtogams Selaginella geniculata Part of plant/preparation,/ (AAU voucher) treatment,/purpose / Cayapa Leaves/ground in water/placed on forehead/convulsions Selaginella sp. Colorado w i t h l o s s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s( e p i l e p s y ? ) / ( 4 1 ] 1 3 1 . 4 8 2 0 7 ) disorders/ (491 l5) /ground, water addecl/drunk/mental Asteraceae genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/ground, water aclded/placed on forehead/to nervolrs persons/ (48443) Bromeliaceae Guzmania spmcei Coaiquer Leaves/ / colcl bath,/mental disorders/ (48693) Lamiaceae Ocimum sp. Cayapa l,eaves/ground/placed sons/ (48445) Melastomataceae Clideniia crenulata Cayapa Ossaea laxiventtla Cayapa / /body patted with plant/ dizziness/ (41060) / /r:sed in ritual of shaman/cramps and epilepsy/ G8173) on forehead/to calm nervous per- Moraceae Maclura tinctoria Clarisia racemosa Scrophulariaceae genus indet. Clolorado L.atex/ / achin g tee th / local an aesth e tic / ( 49 060 ) Latex / / achin g teeth/local anaesthetic / ( 407 I 3 ) Cayapa Leaves,/boiled / drunk,/ n e rvous con di tion s/ (48414) Colorado calm BS 46 ll5 Tabel58 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/ (AAU voucher) Solanum schlectendalianum Cayapa / /used for rituals of shaman/conlulsions sciousness (epilepsy?)/ (48233) Urticaceae Pilea sp. Colorado Roots/boiled/drunk/calming disorders/ (40185) Urera baccifera Colorado Leaves/ /massage/calming effect on people with mental disorders/ (40669) treatment/purpose/ Solanaceae Table 59. Menstruation. Vascular cryptogams Thelypteris sp. with loss of con- effect on people with mental Most of the plants in this category are used to prevent excessive bleeding due to menstruation. Tribe Part of plan t/ prep aration / ff eatmen t/ purpose / (AAU voucher) Colorado Rhizome/boiled/drunk,/stops ingl (40138) Colorado Leaves/boiled,/drunk/stops (40663) Cayapa Leaves/boiled/l Cayapa Leaves/infusion from fresh leaves/3 cups a day (morning, noon, evening/infections of vagina and lower parts/ (41071) Colorado Roots and flowers/boiled/drunk/stops bleeding/ (40635) Colorado Roots////(40031) Colorado Roots////(40029) Colorado Roots/boiled/drunk/stops (40650) C'olorado Roo tslboil e d / drunk / / ( 40669) Colorado Roots,/boiled/ eaten/alleviation of menstrual pains/ (40208) Cavapa Flowers/dried, pulverized and, mixed with water/extract drunk 3 times a day,/stops excessive menstrual bleedine,/ excessive menstrual bleed- Boraginaceae Cordia spinescens excessive menstrual bleedins/ Clusiaceae Tovomita weddelliarra cup drunk in morning, said to be bitter and somewhat intoxicating/said to induce the first menstruation of young girls, and to reduce bleeding of olderwomen/ (48335) Cucurbiataceae genus indet. Lamiaceae Hyptis capitata excessive mensrrual Llthraceae Cuphea strigulosa Malvaceae Pavonia fruticosa Marantaceae Calathea metallica excessive mensrrual bleeding/ {Jrticaceae Urera baccifera Verbenaceae Verbena litorales Vitaceae Cissus sp. (40500) BS 46 116 Table 60. Birthgiving. The use of Heteranthera ren{ormis to promote the healing of the umbilical cord is probably an example of the I)octrine of Sisnature. The leaf petiole of this plant somewhat resembles an rrmbilical corcl in the wav that it is attached to the kidney shaped leaf. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/purpose/ (AAU voucher) Alstromeriaceae Bomarea sp. Cayapa Leaves/ground and boiled/rnixtr"tre drttnk with salt and lime/stops excessive bleeding trnder birthrrivins / (40331) Cucurbitaceae ()urania rnesistantha Cayapa Leaves/boiled/ drunk every m ornins,/ relieves pain after birthgiving/ (48308) Marantaceae Oalathea sp. Cayapa Young leaves//boiled/relieves (40435) Cissampelos sp. Cayapa Leaves,/ground, water aclded/cold extract drunk 3 timcs daily/pains and indisposition before birthgiving / (18153) Pontederiaceae H c t e r a n t h e r a r e t t i f rr r m i s Cayapa Leaves/warmed/applied H. renifrlrmis Coaiquer pain after birthgiving/ Menispermaceae to umbilical cord for four days after birthgiving/promotes healing/ (403UU, 4U390) /heated/applied to scar from umbilical corcl/to prevent inl ' c c t i o n sa n d m a l l o r m a t i o n / ( 4 8 7 7 b ) Table 61. Lactation. The plant usages listed in this category are prob:rbly entirely a product of the Doctrine of Sisnature. Plants with rnilky latex are thus believed to stimulate womens' milk production while nursing. Tribe Part of plant,/ preparations/ treatment/ ptrrpose,/ (A\U voucher) Odontadenia macrantha Cayapa Leaves/boiled/drunk/initiates ving/ (40895) P r e s t o n i ap o r t o h e l l e n s i s Cayapa P. rotunclifcrlia Cayapa L,eaves/boiled/breasts rubbccl 3 times a clay/stirnulate rnilk production / (40831, 41052) Le aves/ boile d/ breasts por.rncled softly wi th twi gs/ in itiate s milk secretion after birthgivine / (40786) Apocynaceae milk secretion after birthei- Asclepiaceae Cayapa Leaves/boiled, salt aclded/breasts rubbed for one hour/initiates milk secretion after birthsiving/ (48334) Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/ rtse/ (A\Lt vottcher) Convohrrlaceae Ipomoea sp. Cayapa Flowers/crude/placed Gesneriaceae Dryrnonia alloplectoiedes Coloradcr R o o t s / b o i l e d / d e c o c t i o n c l r u n k / ( 4 0 0 6 1) Peperonria pellucicla Cayapa P.rP. Cavapa Leaves/ground, mixed with hot lvater,/nose drop/ (48287) Leaves/grouncl and heated/nose drop/ (48314) Fischeria aequatorialis Table 62. Nosebleed. ir-rnostrils / (4047 6) Piperaceae BS 46 117 Table 63. Pulmonary diseases. The distinction between this cateeory and Coughs and othsr respiratory disorders(Table 64) is not clear. The present category inclucles plants that are used to treat severe health problems apparently related to infectious conditions of the lunss. Tribe Part of plant /preparation/ (AA.U voucher) Blechum bror,vnei floloradcr Razisea sp. Cayapa / bolle d / bath of torso/ pneumoni a / (40783) Leaves/crushed in c<lld water,/extract drr.rnk 3 times :r daylsevere lung infections, coughing of blood/(41056) Ruellia riopalenquensis Cayapa treatment/ purpose/ Acanthaceae Leaves/sround and dissolved in a glass of water/extract drtrnk twice a clay/ for aching lungs, caughinu of blood/ (40365, 48067) Table 64. Respiratory disorders. Under this categorv are listed plants that are used to treat symptoms of the respiratory svstem especially coughs and chest pains. Note that plants usecl for the curing of common colds and influenza are not included here, but in Table 65. Vascular crn)togams Lomariopsis nieropaleata Tribe Part of plant,/preparation/treatment/comments/ (AAU voucher) Cav:rpa Ce n tral part of rhizome / l>oile d/ drun k/ respiratorl' problems/ (40333) Apocynaceae Mandevilla hirsuta Cayapa Leaves/boilecl/throat sofily pounded/fbr babies that cough blood,u (40800) Fabaceae Colorado Roots/ / / chest pains/ (40022) Cavapa L,eaves/eround to paste, water aclded,/drunk in morning/ coughs, taste verv bitter / (40 410,407 41,47022, 48 I 68) Cayapa Roots/sround, ntixed rvith water/dmnk/cough blood,/ (40362) Oayapa Leaves/ground, juice extracted/drunk once a day in the morning before eating/ fcrr symptoms like those of tubercuIosis/ (48289) Eugenia sp. (bloraclo Fruits/ /breathing Schrophulariaceae qenus indet. Ooaiquer /ground under water/extract drunk/fbr Iungs/ (41461) Witherineia solanacea Cayapa f,eaves/sround, mixed with lukewarm water/dmnk a day/Ior coughs r,vith bloocl / (40308) Verbenaceae Aegiphila alba Oayapa Leaves/ground/compress on breast/febrifuge applied to coughing patients/ (40538) Desmodium adscendens Icacinaceae Discophora guianensis Marantaceae Calathea metallica with Meliaceae genus inclet. Myrtaceae clifficulties / (40044) aching Solanaceae 5 times 118 BS 46 Table 65. Colds and influenza. Plants used for conditions with symptoms atypical of cold and influenza are included in Table 64. Tribe Part of plant/ prep ar ation / tr eatmen t/ commen t/ (AAU voucher) Polybotrya caudata Coaiquer Cayapa Stem,/crushed, juice extracted,/drunk/fbr colds/ (41499) Vascular bundles/boiled/small cup drunk 3 times a day/for severe throat infections/ (41058) Polypodium fraxin ifolium Cayapa /boiled/drunk/removes nose,/ (40798) Tectaria acutiloba Cayapa Leaves/boiled/drunk/ Asteraceae genus indet. Colorado Leaves/chewed/throat Vascular crnltogams Lycopodiella trianae ant) /inflamed Commelinaceae Dichorisandra sp. mucus from throat and remove mucus/ ( 40825 ) gargled with juice (taste unpleasthroat/ (40 I 52) colds/ (47484) Coaiquer Leaves/ / eaten fresh/for Costus sp. Coaiquer Stem,ujuice extracted,/drunk pure/for Lamiaceae genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/boiled,/drunk/to Costaceae colds/ (41585) speed up recovery after influenza or colds/(40861) Malvaceae Urena lobata Colorado Roots/boiled/decoction Coaiquer /burned/smoke drunk/for colds/ (40041 ) Monimiaceae Siparuna sp. inhaled/relieves congestions/ (48903) Piperaceae / for colds / ( 40079) while still hot (also used for bath)/ Peperomia sp. Colorado Leaves/boiled/drunk Piper sp. Colorado Leaves/boiled/drunk for colds/ (40670) Cayapa Leaves/boiled/drunk /throat infections, mainly used by African Ecuadoreans/ ( 40599 ) Cayapa /boiled/ /small cup drunk for colds twice a dayl(60106) Cayapa Leaves/herbal infusion/one colds/ (40548) Plantaginaceae Plantago major Poaceae Pharus latifolius Verbenaceae Lantana sp. cup drunk burning hot/for BS 46 Table 66. Eye infections and vision. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/use/ Cayapa Leaves/ground with a little water/eyedrops tion/ (40335, 40853) Costus laevis Colorado C. pulverulentus Colorado Leaf rachis / juice/applied to infecred, swollen eyes/ (40678) / juice/applied to inflammared eyes, also for improving vi- c..p. Colorado Stem/juice extracted by grinding/ a n d s w e l l e d e y e s /( 4 9 1 1 3 ) Cnreraceae Fimbrisrylis clichotoma Cayapa Leaves/cold extract/applied (48353) to aching, red, swollen eyes,/ F. miliacea Cayapa Leaves/cold extract/applied (48358) to aching, red, swollen eyes/ Cayapa Leave s/ eroun d, mixed wi th luke-w ar m water / eyedrops/ (40314) Cayapa Stem/juice squeezed our/eyedrops for aching and inflammated eyes/ (40399, 41015, 48147) Colorado Rhizome/ground, (49116) (AAU voucher) Amaryllidaceae Urceolina grandiflora for infec- Costaceae sion/ (40700,49103) applied to inflammated Melastomataceae Aciotis caulialata Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Table 67. Ear infections and hearing. Earaches and improvement purpose because of its ear shaped leaves. juice extracted /to treat blindness/ of hearing. (rurania spinulosa is probably used for this Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/ treatment/purpose/ (AAU voucher) Coaiquer Stem/juice/ear Cayapa Leaves/ boi led,/ eardrops/ earach e / (487 56, 48 I 70 ) Acanthaceae genus indet. drops / deafness/ (41482) Cucurbitaceae Curania spinulosa BS 46 r20 Table 68. Urination. Plants that are used for various complications related to urination are included here. Tribe Part of plan t/ prep ar ation / tr eatme n [/ purpose / (AAU voucher) Colorado Leaves,/ground in water/dmnk/for (4e037) Bomerea edulis Cayapa Leaves/boiled/glass drunk 3 times a day before meals/infections of urinary tract/ (41039) Bignoniaceae Mansoa hymenaea Colorado Stems, leaves,/ground, mixed with water/drunk/urination pains rvith blood,z (49089) Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata Colorad<r Leaves/ground/drunk,/promotes pain/ (40779,49096) Dichorisandra hexandra Cayapa Leaves/ boi le d/ drunk/ urin ation pain s,/ (4037 2) Costaceae Costus laevis Colorado .luice/ /drtrnk/ C a v e n d i s hi a e n g l c r i a t r a Cavapa Leaves/ground/boiled/3 Gesneriaceae Diastema alfine Colorado Leaves,/ground/drunk / / (49ll,l) Coloradcr Colorado (a0693) .|uice/mixed with water,/drunk/bladder infections/ with Leaves/ground, mixed with water/ drunk/urination pain/ (49088) Scaphvglottis graminifolia Cayapa Leaves/boiled/4 teaspoons 3 times a day/painftrl urination ( g o n o r r h o e a ?) / ( a 8 3I 8 ) Piperaceae Piper sp. Colorado Leaves,/sround while fresh/drunk Colorado Le aves/ sro un d while fie sh / drunk fr esh/ / (49 0 44) Vascular cr)?togam Campyloneuron sp. urination problems/ Alstroemeriaceae urination and relieves Commelinaceae / (40678) Ericaceae Monimiaceae Siparuna sp. I S .s p . 2 teaspoons 3 times a day/ / (40537) Orchidaceae fresh/ / (49043) Rubiaceae P s y c h o t r i aw i l l i a m s i i 121 BS 46 Table 69. Kidney. Note that the informants did not make a clear distinction between the kidney (urinary system) and the liver (digestive system). Some of the plants listed in this table could also have been referred to Table 40. (AAU voucher) Tribe Part/ preparation/ treatment/purpose/ Vascular cryptogams Tectaria sp. Cayapa Leaves/ground with water,/drunk before morning meal/ (48435) Costaceae Costus laevis Colorado / /luice drunk/liver Monimiaceae Siparuna sp. J. Colorado S .s p . 2 . Colorado Leaves/sround, juice extracted and mixed with water/ drrrnk/liver and kiclney conditions / (10216) .|uice / mixed with water/ drunk/ kidney condition s/ (40693) and kidney pains/(10678) Moraceae Brosimum utile Colorado Latex/mixed with water/drunk/pains neyl (49110) Colorado Leaves/ground/drunk in liver and kid- Rubiaceae Psychotriawilliamsii /liver and kidney diseases/ (49044) Table 70. General. Systemic I. Miscellaneous pains. Headache conditions are also referred to this usage category. treatrnent/ type of pains/ Tribe Part of plant/preparation/ (AAU voucher) Vascular cryptogam Polypodium repens Thelypteris sp. I Coloradcr Coaiquer T. sp.2 Coaiquer Leave s/ ground, boile d / / mrscellane ous/ (4067 2) Leaves/boiled/eaten / back pains/ (41 594) Vascular bundles//eaten crude/back pains,i (487 45) Acanthaceae under water/extract drunk/head- genus indet. Coaiquer Entire plant/ground ache/ (41459) Amaryllidaceae genus indet. Coaiquer Corm and leafsheaths/ / eaten/miscellaneous/ (41 604) Capparidaceae Cleome sp. Cayapa l,eaves/boiled/a half, hot cup 3 times a day/miscellaneous, cultivated/ (40593) Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Cayapa /boiled/dmnk/stomach Cnreraceae Cyperus luzulae Colorado Roots/ / eaten/ headache/ ( 4003r ) Gesneriaceae Napeanthus robustrts Colorado Entire plant/ground o u s / ( 4 0 6 7 1) Melastomataceae Ossaea micrantha Colorado Leaves/boiled/ drunk/ loin pains / (40048) Oayapa Leaves/ground in cold water/dmnk/heart and headache/ (40857) in cold water/drunk/miscellane- Piperaceae Peperomia urocarpa pains/ (41018) r22 BS 46 Tabel T0 - Continued Tribe Part of plant,/preparation/treatment/type (AAU voucher) P. sp. I Cayapa l,eaves/ground in cold water/drunk, pains/ (40578) P .s p . 2 Cayapa Leaves/ground, mixed with water/drunk/heart of pains/ 2 teaspoons/heart pains/ (40777) P .s p . 3 Cayapa Piper hispidum P. imperiale P. mexiae P. sp. I P. sp. 2 Coloraclo Colorado ( 40 109 ) / boiled / drunk/miscellaneous/ Leaves,/ground, mixed with water frorn bamboo/heaclache/ (40341) Trianaeopipermexiae Colorado Leaves/boiled/drunk, Poaceae Lasiacissp. Coaiquer Caryops,/boiled/eatenlheadach Colorado Roots/boiled/drunk/ miscellaneous/ ( 40040) Fruits/ / eaten crude/miscellaneous/ (41 460) Solanaceae Browalliaamericana Physalissp. Witheringia solanacea Colorado Colorado Colorado Coaiquer Cayapa Leaves/ground, dissolved in water / | glass drunk/for children's pains/ (4807 2) / boiled/ drunk/ miscellan eous/ ( 40222) / boiled / drunk/miscellaneous,/ ( 4009 1 ) Leaves,/heated /drunk, warm/ miscellaneous/ (40206) hotlmiscellaneous,/ (40667) e / Gl a69) Leaves,/ground/juice, drunk with water/dizziness and headache/ (40328) Table 71. General. Systemic II. Febrifuges. Tribe Part of p I an t/ p re p ar ation / tr e atlrler,t / (AAU vo u c h e r ) Colorado / boiled / drunk/ (40095) Justicia sp. Coaiquer Entire plan t/ grouncl, juice extracted,/drunk/ Asteraceae genus indet. Cayapa Flowers/dampened,/ placed in rectum/ (4055 4) Colorado / /cold drink/(40140) Struthanthus sp Colorado Leaves/boiled/ drunk / (40084) Piperaceae Peperomia pteroneura Colorado / /drvnk/ genus indet. Cayapa genus indet. Cayapa Leaves/ground, water added/ / (40400) / /cold drink,z(40685) Vascular crnrtogams Polypodium phyllitidis Acanthaceae ( 4 I 483 ) Gesneriaceae Diastema affine Loranthaceae (40089) Rubiaceae Solanaceae Solanum con [ertiseriatum S. nudum Coaiquer Cayapa Leaves/ ground/ extract drunk/ ( 48695 ) Leaves/ground in colcl water/1 small cup clrunk 2 tirnes a day (important not to drink more)/ (41078, 48271) Cayapa l,eaves/boiled/l Verbenaceae Lantana sp. warm cup drunk / (40518) r" BS46 r23 Table 72. General. Topical I. Compresses, baths, massage. Miscellaneous pains. External treatments for internal pains. Leavesare used except in a few cases.The normal treatment comprises the bathing of the entire body or the specific part of the bodywhere the pain is centred. The preparation, soahedinpond, is ritualistic and described in the text (p.25). The water in which the leaves have been soaked is used to prepare the bath. Tribe Part of plant/preparation/purpose/additional (AAU voucher) Vascular cryptogarns Adiantum petiolatum Cayapa A.rp. Coaiquer Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (40571) Leaves/boiled/back pains/ / (48953) Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (48320) Asplenium laetum Cayapa Blechnum sp. I Coaiquer B.sp.2 Coaiquer Campyloneurum sp. Dennstaedtia sp. Elaphaglossum sp. Coaiquer Hemidictlum Colorado marginatum Coaiquer Coaiquer Polypodium repens Pteris sp. Colorado Tectaria ucusa Thelypteris francoana Oayapa T. resinifera Cayapa Cayapa T. sp. I Cayapa Cayapa treatments/ Leaves/ ground/back pains / / ( 48940) Leaves/boiled/back pains / / ( 48945 ) Leaves/boiled/back pains / / (487 49) Leaves/boiled, cooled /sorebody/ / (4BSB9) Leaves/ground/headache and nosebleed/compress on forehead/ (48842) Rhizomes//headache / / (40134) Leaves/boiled/sore body / / (4067 2) Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (48224) Leaves,/soaked in pond/stomach ache/ (4BZZZ) Leaves/with cold water/sromach ache/ / (40570) Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (48296) T. sp. 2 T. sp. 3 Coaiquer Coaiquer Leaves/soaked in pond/stomach ache/ / (48411) Leaves/ground with water/headache/ / (48761) Leaves/sround with water/headache/ / (4B7GZ) T. sp. 3 Coaiquer Leaves/boiled/ Trichipteris bipinnata genus indet. (Aspleniaceae) Coaiquer Cayapa back pains / / (48952) Leaves/boiled,zback pains / / (489 43) Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (48297\ Coaiquer Leaves,/ground/heada Alternanthera porrigens Coaiquer Leaves/ground (41620) Gomphrena globosus Cayapa Leaves/ /chestpains/ Cayapa Leaves/warmed/ Prestonia rotundifolia Colorado Thevetia peruviana Cayapa Leaves/boiled, cooled / sore body / / (4067 4) Leaves/ / chest pains/ / (40545) Acanthaceae Aphelandra attenuata che / / ( 48898 Amaranthaceae in water/headaches caused by colds/ / / (40561) Amaryllidaceae Crinum amabile stom ach ache / / ( 40496) Apocynaceae Araceae Anthurium falcatum A. napaeum Colorado Philodendron sp. Cayapa Leaves//sore legs/ / (40304) / /sore body/ / ft0676) Leaves/warmed in hot water/sore body/ / (40310) Cayapa Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (601 15) Pseudelephan topus puratis Cayapa Tagetes sp. Cayapa Cayapa Leaves/ boiled/ misce llan eous pains / / (48381 ) Leaves,/ground in cold water,/headache/ / (40488) Le ave s/ gr oun d in cold water / he adache / / (40 5 63) Cayapa Arecaceae Geonoma linearis Asteraceae genus indet. r24 BS 46 Tabel 72 - Continued Tribe Part of plant,/ preparation/ purpose/ additional treatmen ts/ (AAU voucher) Begonia serniovata Cayapa Leaves/ground with hot water/back pains / / (10298) Bromeliaceae genus indet. Colorado Leaves/ground,/sore soles of the feet/ / (40043) Cassia reticulata Colorado c.tp. Coaiquer Leaves/ ground,/ back pains / / ( 40625 ) Leaves/ /sorelegs/ / (41465) Campanulaceae Burmeistera sp. Coaiquer f,eaves/trseclfresh,zback pains/ / (4 I 463) Chloranthaceae Hedyosmum scoterrimum Coaiquer Leaves,/used fresh/back pains/ / (41474) Costus laevis Cayapa Interior of stem//sore Cyperaceae Eleocharis retroflexa Cayapa Leaves/ground/stom Thibaudia paniculata Coaiquer Sphyrospermum cordifolium Cayapa Leaves and flowers/ / s<>rebody / / (41175) Leaves/ground/chest pains / / (40830) Begoniaceae Caesalpinaceae Costaceae body / / (40312) ach ache / / (48327 ) Ericaceae Gesneriaceae A l l o p l e c tr r s p a n a n t e n s i s Columnea rubricallx Coaiquer C. tenella Oremosperma congruens Coaiquer L.eaves//miscellaneous pains/ / (4ll870) Leaves,/ground in water/sore body/ / (41466) L.eaves//stomach ache/ / (41577) Coaiquer Cayapa Leaves/ground in water/headache/ / (41591) Flowers, leaves/sround,/sore body / / (40327 ,41000) Colorado Entire plant/ground (40671) Cayapa Leaves/ /stomach ache/ / (48228) Oai,apa Leaves//so re body / / (40305) Hyptis mutabilis Coloraclo H. verticillata Coaiquer / /sorebody/ / (40039) Leaves/ground while fiesh/stomach H.rp. Coaiquer Entire plant/burned, Cuphea tetrapetala Cayapa Twigs//stomach C. tetrapetala Coaiquer ache/ / (40402, 40552) Twigs,z/ headache/body paclcled/ ( 48699 ) Cayapa Leaves/sround/heada Coaiqtrer Leaves/fresh/stornach ache/placed on aching part of stomach (48723) Gasteran thLrsoncogastrus Napeanthus robustus Heliconiaceae Heliconia latispatha Coaiquer in cold water/headaches and othersT 7 Icacinaceae Discophoragrrianensis Lamiaceae ash bath/tired, ache/ / (4i429) swollen legs/ / (48720) Lythraceae Malvaceae Hibiscus sp. che / / (40579) Melastomataceae Diplarpea paleacea t25 BS46 Tabel T2 - Continued additional treatments/ Tribe Part of plant/ preparation/purpose/ (AAU voucher) Miconia theaezans Coaiquer M.rp. Coaiquer Leaves/lightly dried/stomach ache/ / (41495) Leaves/boiled and cooled/ne ck pains/ / (41500) Menispermaceae Cissampelos tropaeolifolia Colorado / /sorebody/ / (40030) (loloraclo Latex/ /liver and kidney parns/ / (40664) Peperomia sp. I Cayapa P .s p . 2 Piper eustylum Coaiquer P. obliquum P. sp. I Clolorado Le aves/ ground, wi th water/ che st patns / / (407 84) Leaves/ drie d, alcohol adde d,/ hea dache / / (41 45 4) / /sorebody/ / (40237) / borled / s<>rebody / / (402 10) [.eaves/ ground/ heada che / / (487 26) P .s p . 2 P .s p . 3 Coaiqtrer Moraceae Brosimum rttile Piperaceae Colorado Coaiquer Coaiquer Leaves/ /so re body / / (48853) Leaves/ /headache/ / (48BOl) Rubiaceae Gonzalagunia cornif olia Harnelia axillaris genus indet. genus indet. Cayapa Cayapa Cayapa Coaiquer ache/ / (48227) ache/ / (48225) / /sorebody/ / (40292) L.eaves//fresh on foreheacl withfat/ / (41497) / /stonach / /stomach Solanaceae Brugmansia versicolor Physalis sp. Coaiqr.ter Solanum lepodotum Cayapa S. mammosum Cayapa Leaves/ /headache/ / (41618) Leates/ /headache/ / (4BB0l) Leaves/ /headache/forehead massaged, body tapped/ (40306, 40536) Mature fruits//sore body / / (40487) S. schlechtendahlianurn Cayapa Leaves/ /headache/ Zingiberaceae Renealmia cylindrica Oayapa l,eaves,/ground in cold water/for headache, but entire body bathed/ / (41042) C)oaiquer / (41067) BS 46 L26 The Colorados use many Table 23. General. Topical II. Compresses,baths and massage.Regulation of body temperature. the body temperacalienteraises de Bafi'o allegedly reduces fever, whereas plants in ritual bath triatments. The Bafr,od,efresco that are not imbalances other to treat used be also can system bath cold and ture of patients experiencing cold. This warm boiling, but the by prepared sometimes d,efrescoare Bafi.o in used The plants patient. the rr. of temp.r"t related to the body ritual performed. Afew plant spebath is usually cold or lukewarm. The actual effect of the bath treatment depends on the cited is supposedto raise (+) treatment the whether indicated purposeis cies are used both in cool and warm baths. Under or lower (+) the temPerature. Vascular cryptogams Adiantum macrophyllum Asplenium serratum Blechnum volubile Bolbitis nicotianifolia Dennstaedtiaarborescens Diplazium cristatum D. striatastrum D. striatum D. sp. 1 D. sp. 2 Elaphoglossumsp. Hemidictyrm marginatum Huperzia linifolia Lonchitis hirsuta Lomariopsisjapurensis L. nigropaleata L. nigropaleata Pollpodium crassifolium Polypodium phyllitidis P. piloselloides Saccolomaelegans Selaginellasp. 1 S. sp. 2 S .s p . 3 Tectaria nicotianifolia Thelypteris sp. 1 T.sp.2 T.sp.3 Trichomanessp. Dennstaedtiasp. Acanthaceae Aphelandra sp. Odontonema strictum Pseuderanthemumlanceolatum Raziseaspicata Sancheziaparvifolia Tribe Part of plant / pr ePar^tion/purpose and additional treatment,/ (AAU voucher) Colorado / /+/ (40111) Leaves//+/ (40717) Leaves/ground/ +/ (49038) / /=/ (40146) / /+/ $0085) Rhizomes/ /+/ (40149) Leaves//+/(40051) Leaves/grornd / +/ (49041) / /+/ $02rb) / /+/ $0238) Leaves//+/ (40133) Entire plant/ /+/ (40128) /boiled, warm foot bath/+/ (40610) Entire plant/ /+/ (40130) Leaves//+/ (40163) / /+/ G022e) Leaves//+/ (40223) / /+/ (4063e) /bolred/+/ (40095) Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Cayapa Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado / /+/ G06r7) / /+/ G0225) Shoots//+ / (40200) Leaves/ground, boiled /+/ G9033) / ground, boiled / +/ (49042) / /+/ (40144,40686) Leaves//=/ (40132) Leaves/ground/ +/ (49030) Leaves/ground/ +/ (49031) / /+/ G0086) Leaves/ground/ +/ (49036) s..p. Coaiquer / /:/ (40710) Leaves//=/ (40023) / /+/ (40211) Entire plant/ground / +/ (40083) Leaves//+/(40189) Leaves/bolled/ +/ (41464) Amaranthaceae Alternanthera mexicana Colorado Leaves//=/ (40653) Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica Colorado / /+/ (4071e) Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado BS46 727 Tabel T3 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/purpose and adclitional treatment/ (AAU voucher) Anthurium napaeum Clolorado A. ortegeanum Colorzrclo A. oveophilum A. trinerve Colorado / /+/ G0676) Leaves/ /=/ (40202) Roctts/ /-/ (40129) A. sp. I Colorado / /= or +/ (40741,40231) /botlecl/ = / (40136) A. sp.2 Colorado / /:/ G0r50) A. sp. 3 Cayapa Monstera adansonii Colorado Leaves/ground, boilecl / + , also massage/ (40737) l,eaves/grol.:rnd/ = / (49054) Philodendron tenLle Coloraclo / /:/ G0226) Colorado / /+/ G06r2) Coloraclo Leaves/ /-/ Colorado Colorado Leaves/ /=/ (40024) Sap/squeezed out of plant/+/ (40337) L e a v e s // + / ( 4 0 1 9 0 ) Coloraclo Lear,'eslsrrnnd/ + / (49059) (lolorado L.eaves//+/ (40704) Colorado L.eaves/- or +/ (10131, 40187) Araceae Colorzrclo Araliaceae Nothopanax fruticostrs Aristolochiaceae A r i s t o l t - r c h i pa i c h i n g e r r s i s (40718) Asteraceae genus indet. genlls indet. genus indet. Coloracio Begoniaceae Beeonia sp. Bixaceae Bixa orellana Bombacaceae Matisia coloradorurrr Commelinaceae Aneilema umbrosum (lolorado Leaves/ /=/ (40033) Geogenanthus rhizanthus (lokrrado / /+/ G0r06) Cyclanthaceae Asplundia sp. Coloradcr Yotrng leaves/ / =/ (40i8il) Euphorbiaceae Acalvpha sp. I Coloraclo A. sp.2 Colorado Codiaeum variegatum Colorado / /+/ G0657) / /+/ G0725) Leaves/ /=/ (40615) Fabaceae Crotalaria nitens Desmodium adscendens Coloraclo Coloraclo Gesneriaceae Nloplectus sprucei (loloraclo Columnea kienastiana Cavapa C. spathulata Ca1'apa Diastema scabrurn Drymonia rhodoloma Colorado D. turrialvae Colorado G a s t e r a nl h u s t ' < l r a l l i n r r s Colorado Cloloraclo Leaves/ / +/ (40727) Roots//+, also compress on breast/(40032) Leaves/sap squeezed out/ = / (40706) I-eaves,/boiled extrac t / + / (1Bl 62) Leaves/bolled/+, also massase for seneral indisposition in the morning/(40481) Leaves/ground / - / (49092) Leaves/ /-/ (40716) / /+/ G0224) +/ (40665) 128 BS 46 Tabel T3 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/purpose and additional treatrnent,/ (AAU voucher) Monopyle sodiroana Cayapa Napeanthus robustus (lolorado Leaves/ /to feverish malaria patients, the leaves are alscr warmed in water and wrapped around feet/ (40316) Leaves/eround/lower stomach temp./ (49108) Coloraclo Y o u n g l e a v e s // = / ( 4 0 1 1 9 ) Hydrocotyle leucocephala Colorado Entire plant/ /+/ (40193) Lamiaceae Hyptis obtasiflora Colorado L e a v e s // + / ( 4 0 1 8 0 ) Colorado Leaves/ /+/ (40715) Phthirusa pyrifolia Coloradcr Leaves/boiled/increase Oryctan thus occiclentalis Colorado stomach temp./ (40056) L,eaves,/boilecl/increase stomach temp./ (40058) Malvaceae Hibiscus radiatus Clolorado / /+/ (40ffi7) H. rosa-sinensis Colorado / /+/ G013e) Malachra ruderalis Cayapa Malvaviscus pendulifl orus Coloraclo Leaves/boiled / + / (40557, 40860) L,eaves//=/ (40027) Calathea metallica Colorado Roots/ /=/ (40204) Melastomataceae Miconia venulosa Cayapa Ossaea laxivenula Cavapa O. micrantha Colorado Leaves/ground in tepid water / / (40324) Leaves/grovnd/ /=, also used for compress/ (40364,41013) Leaves/boiled / + / (40 I 62 ) (loloradcr / /+/ $0006) Colorado Leaves/ /=/ (40042) Colorado Leaves/ /+/ (40643) Ardisia sp. Colorado L.eaves//+/ (10192) Myrtaceae genus indet. Colorado Leaves/boiled/increase Colorado Colorado Leaves/grotrnd/ = / (49090) L.eaves//+/ (40025) Colorado L . e a v e s/ - / Colorado Roots/ /=/ (40178) Heliconiaceae Heliconia curtispatha Hydrocotylaceae Lauraceae Persea arnericana Loranthaceae Marantaceae Meliaceae Trichilia pallida Mimosaceae Inga edulis Monimiaceae Siparuna laurifolia Mpsinaceae stornach temp./ (49094) Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea sp. Mirabilis jalapa Olacaceae Heisteria sp. (40064) Onagraceae l,uclwigia erecta r29 BS46 Tabel T3 - Continued Tribe Part of plant,/preparation/purpose and additional treatment/ (AAU voucher) Coaiquer [,eaves/boiled, cold decoction/ + / GB7 09) Peperomia pernamboucensis P. urocarpa Colorad<r (lolorado Leaves,/sround/ + / (49053) Leaves/ / = / (40067, 401 35) P. sp. I Colorado P. sp. 2 Colorado / /+/ $0143) Leaves/ /=/ (40169) Piper aueustum P. augustum Oavapa P. hispidum P. imperiale Clolorado Cayapa P. multiplinervium Colorado / /+/ (a069a) P. trianae Coloradcr Leaves/sround/ + / (49055) P. sp. I Cai'apa Leaves,/boiled/+, also wrapped around arms and leus/ P. sp. 2 P. sp. 3 Cayapa Cavapa Leaves//+, also wrapped around arms and legs/(4Bl58) Leaves/sround, boiled or fresh/=/ (40776) P. sp. 4 Colorad<r / /+/ $0683) P. sp. 5 Colorad<r / /+/ $067e) P. sp. 6 Colorado P. sp. 7 Coloradcr P. sp. 8 Coloradcr P. sp. 9 Clolorado Leaves/ /+/ (40711) Leaves/g;round, boiled /+/ G9056) /,/increase stomach temp. / (40227 ) l,eaves,/boiled/increase stomach temp./ (40699) Trianaeopiper killipi i Cayapa L,eaves// + , also wrapped around arms and legs/ (40755) (lolorado Fresh roots/ /=/ (40182) Colorado Leaves/ /=/ (40070) Cephaelis gentryi Coaiquer Chimarrhis sp. Geophila herbacea Coloraclo Leaves/clried befbre water is aclded/: / (41493) Leaves/ /=/ (10112) Leaves/ /-/ (10641) Gonzalagunia sp. Hamelia a,xillaris Colorado (loloradcr H. axillaris Cayzrpa Hoffmannia sp. P s y c h o t r i ah o f f i m a n s e g g i a r r a Coloraclcr (blorado P. macrophvlla Coloraclcr P. stenostachya Colorado $0151) / /+/ $0153) L e a v e s // = / ( 4 0 0 6 5 , 4 0 0 7 2 , 4 0 1 1 4 ) Leaves/ /=/ (40066) P. sp. I Cloloraclo (lolorado Leaves/ /-/ (40068) L.eaves// =/ (40082) (lolorado / /+/ $0212) / /+/ G0232) / /+/ G0685) Orchidaceae Malaxis sp. Piperaceae Colorado Twigs/ /=, also massase/ G0a52) / /increase stomach temp./ (40090) Leaves/ / + / (40194, 4068 I ) Leaves/bolled/+, (405e6) also wrapped around arrns ancl leus/ (4 0 7e0) Poaceae Panicum fiondescens Pontederiaceae genusindet. Rubiaceae P. sp. 2 P.sp.3 P.sp.4 genusindet. Ccllorado Colorado (lolorado Leaves/ /+/ (40661) L e z v e s / / - , a l s o m a s s a g e /( 4 0 0 5 4 , 4 0 6 2 6 ) Twigs/ /+/ (40484) / /:/ BS 46 130 Tabel T3 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/purpose and aclditional treatmen t,/ (AAU votrcher) Oitrtrs sp. 1 Coloradcr C. sp.2 Ruta sp. Colorado Oayapa Leaves/ /=/ (40720) Leaves/ /-/ (40721) Rutaceae Leaves,/ground in cold water,/hear,y headaches, also compress on forehead/ (40558) Sapindaceae Alloph,vlus sp. Solanaceae Bnrnfelsia grirndifl ora Cestnrm racemosllnl C. sp.1 Coloraclo L e a v e s // + / ( 1 0 1 8 1 ) (lolorado (lolorado Leaves/crushed, colcl water/ + / $0021) L,eaves/=/ (40081, 40176) l.eaves,/fresh in cold water/=/ (48900) Coaiquer C. sp.2 Colorado S o l a nt r m c o n [ e r t i s e r i a tt t m Colclracio Leaves//+/(40688) Leaves/ /=/ (40630) S. dolichorhachis Clolorado Leaves/boiled, warm decoction vsecl/ + / (40154) S.rp. Coloraclo / /+/ (406s1) IJrticaceae Pilea sp. Colorado / /+/ G0008) Renealmia cylindrica Cayapa R. oligosperma Colorado Leaves/ground,mixed with water/+/ (40833) Leaves/boiled/+/ (40160) Zingiberaceae Table 74. General. Topical III. Cornpresses, baths, lnassage, smoke, steam. Ritual treament of vauuely defined or non-spe"chutnn" fbr general symptoms such as indisposition and body soreness cific symptoms. The Coaiqueres often use the term not tu-rlike influenza symptoms. It is a condition allegedly caused by malevolent spirits. Accordine to Kempf ( 1982) chutun has an important socio-political role and comprises all kinds of serious ailments. Healine of chutun is done exclusively bv the shaman. Tribe Part of plant,/ preparation / treatrnen t/ purpose,/ (AA.U voucher) Vascular crn)togams Pi tyrourarnma calornelanus Oayapa Tectaria incisa Oayapa Thelvpteris curta Cayapa Frorrds/bo llecl/ bath / / (48221) Froncls//m assage/ / (40501, 40902) / /massage/ / (48129) Acanthaceae Justicia pectoralis Ruellia tubiflora Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Ooaiquer Cayapa Twigs,z/humid, massag,e/ / (487 15) //massage / / (48402) ()oaiquer Leaves/soaked in water/ bath or, infusion sprayecl on patient fronr the mouth /"c.hutul"/ (41649, 48877) Cavapa / /massage/ / (41054) //massage/mainlv fever and vomiting/ (48073) //massage/for most diseasesparticularlir those with headaches and high fever/ (48118, 48249) Araceae Anthurium subcocrulescens A. falcatum Cayapa A. trisectum Cayapa Arecaceae S y n c c a nt h r r s w a r s c e ni c z i a t tu s Ca-vapa //// (60117) 1 BS 46 131 Tabel T4 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/tre^tlrrent/ (AAU voucher) Erechtites valerianifolia Pollalesta sp. Coaiquer Pseudelephantopus sp. I Pseudelephantopus sp. 2 Coaiquer "chutun"/ (48866) Crude leaves/ /bathl Le aves/ brrrne d/ smoke in hale d/for he adache / ( 41 492) "chutun " (41609) Root//bath/ / " Root/crud e / bath / chutun"/ (487 I 3) purpose/ Asteraceae Coaiquer Coaiquer Bixaceae Bixa orellana Cayapa Seeds/extract/sprayed on patient from the mouth// (40472\ Capparidaceae Podandrogyne brevipedunculata Cavapa / /massage/ / (40866) Coaiquer Leaves/fre sh / bath / Cayapa Leaves,/ground/compress on forehead/ / (48149) Colorado [.eaves/ boiled/steam Commelinaceae Dichorisandra " chutun "/ ( 48706) Crassulaceae Kalanchoe sp. Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthus bipartitus bath / / (40221) Cnreraceae Cvperus odoratus Coaiquer Roots/chewed fresh or dried/sprayed on patient from the "chutun "/ (41624) mouth/ Gesneriaceae Columnea fililoba C. kienastiana Coaiquer C. mbriacuta Coaiquer i rrm C r e m o s p e r m a h i r s u t i s sm Coaiquer Leaves/fresh or boile d/bath / "chutun"/ (41 641, 48997) Leaves//sprayed on patient from the mouth or, massage// (40605) " " Le ave s,/fre sh / bath / ch u tu n / ( 41 432, 47 622) L e a v e s , / f r e s h / m a s s a g e / " c h u t u n "/ ( 4 1 5 8 1 , 4 l 6 l I ) C. nobile Coaiquer Leaves/fresh/ massage,/"chutun" / (47651) Gasteranthus oncogastrus Cayapa Gloxinia dodsonii Coaiquer / /spraved on patient from the mouth,/for fever/ (40734, 48126) Leaves/fresh,/massage / "chutun " / (47602) Cayapa Lamiaceae Hyptis sp. Coaiquer Ocimum campechianum Cayapa genlls inclet. Cayapa Leaves,/burned,/smoke bath / / (48852 ) Leaves/ground/comp ress/ / (40395 ) Leaves,/fre sh / bath / / ( 48 I 42 ) Coaiqtrer //massage /"chttun" Cavapa Leaves/fre sh / bath / / ( 40860 ) Clidemia purpurea Cayapa C. septuplinervia Cayapa Conostegia centronioides Cayapa Twigs/fresh/massage / / (40896) Twigs or leaves/ / massage or hot bath/ / (40510) Leaves or trvigs//sprayed on patient from the mouth or massase/ / (40528, 40779) C. dentata Cavapa Miconia barbinervis Cayapa M. erioclada Cavapa Lythraceae Cuphea tetrapetala / (41423) Malvaceae Malachra ruderalis Melastomataceae / /massage/ / (48100) Twigs/ /massase/ / (48431) Twigs/ /massage/ / (40569) BS 46 132 Tabel T4 - Continued Tribe Part of plant/preparation/treatment/ (AAU voucher) M. gracilis Cayapa M. lugonis Cayapa M. nen'osa Cavapa M. trinervia Cayapa / /nassage/ / (41033) Twigs/,/massage / / (40769) L e a v e s / f r e s h / m a s s a u e/ / ( 4 1 0 14 , 4 8 0 9 9 ) Twigs/ /massage / / (40489) ptrrpose,/ Mimosaceae Trvigs/ /massage / / (48288) Leaves/ground/bath or massase at full moon/also said tcr prevent aging/(40403) Pithecellobiurn longifolium Cavapa Zygiz longifblia Cayapa Myrtaceae (lalyptranthes sp. Myrcia sp. I Cavapa M. sp.2 Cavapa Leaves/bo llecl/ bath / / $l 0 ab) "chutun "/ ( 4 I 6 I 4) Leaves,/bo ilecl/ bath / Twiss/ / massage/ / (407 43) Genus A Cavapa l,eaves//m assage/ / (4840 I ) P. brachypodon Cayapa (layapa P. dryaclum Coaiquer Trvigs/ /massage / / (407 49) Leaves,/ground with water, glorving stones added/steam bath/ / (40881) "chutun " (41 6 | 2) / / borled / bath / P. hispidurn Cavapa Leaves/ /infitsior-r sprayed on patient Iiom motrth or, bath/ / (40748) P. imperiale Colorado P. rnultiplinerviurn Coaiquer P. peltata Cavapa P. sp. I Coaiquer P. sp. 2 P. sp. 3 Coaiquer Leaves/heated,/cornpress on lolver part of legs/ / (40199) ",/ " Le aves/ fre sh / bath / chu tr.rn (11 47 l, 48 78 6 ) Leaves,/sround/ cornpress or massase,/,/( 40393, 48 I 59 ) "ch1 Leaves/fiesh,/ cold batl-r/ tnn" / ( 4 I 590 ) "/ " ( 4 I 65B ) Leaves/fic sh / bath / chutun "chutun "/ ( 4f1697) Leav es/ / bath/ "chutu n" / G87 03) Leay es/ / bathl "chr.rtun"/ (48873) Leaves/fresh/bath/ "chutun"/ (48836) Leaves/fre sh /bath/ Leaves//spraved on patient from rnouth/ / (48163) Coaiquer Piperaceae Piper ansustunl P .s p . 4 Ooaiquer Coaique r P. sp. l-r Ooaiquer P. sp. 6 Coaiquer P. sp. 7 Cayapa P .s p . 8 Cavapa P .s p . 9 P. sp. l0 Cayapir Trianaeopiper Coaiquer Leaves//sprayed on patient fronr rnorrth/exorcistic ritual perfbrmed to expel malevolenl spirits,z/(48164) [,eaves//sprayecl on patient lionr mouth/ / (48392) //rnassage / / (40323) " "/ (41 425) / / bath / chutun Ca1'apa ,//rrrassage / / (1058b) Cephaelis sp. Harnelia sp. Cayapa Ooaiquer //rnassaee / / (41047) l,eaves, branches/burned/ Palicorrrea conf-erta Oa,vapa //nrassaue / / G05I8) l.eaves/fiesh/cornpress// (4 I 003) Twiss//rnassage/ / (48I I2) Ca,vapa Poaceae A n r n r l i n c l l al l e r l e r o t t i a t t a Rubiaceae P. guianensis Cayapa Psychotria brachiata Cavapa P. caenrlea Cal'aPa P. hofl'manseggiana Cayapa P. macrophylla Cayapa P. .p. Cayapa sm<>kebath / / (,1I 608 ) ,/,/rnassage/ / (18172) Trvigs/,/massage / / (483 I 11) Trvigs//massage / / (48 1ti5 ) //massage / / (11055) BS46 133 Tabel T4 - Continued Tribt: Part of plant/preparation/treatment/ (A{U voucher) Scoparia sp. Genus A ()ozriquer Genus B Ooaiqrrer "chutun "/ (4I431 ) ",/ ( [,eaves/fie sh / bath / chutun 4 I 430) Leaves/fie sh / bath / " chutun "/ (11 124) purpose/ Scrophulariaceae ()oaiquer [,eaves/fiesh/bath/ " Solanaceae Cestrum racernosurll Oavapa c.rP. Oavapa Solanum nudum Cavapa genus inclet. Cayapa Lear,es/ / m assage/ / (48304) Leaves//sprayed on patient fiom motrth/ / (48114) Oavapa Leaves/ grotrncl/massa ge / / (a0538, 48427) Npinia purpurata Oavapa Hedrchirrnl coronorirrnr Coaiquer Renealmia sp. Cavapa genlls indet. Ooaiqrrcr Lear,esl/spraved on patient fiom mouth/ / (40551) Rhizomes/ ground/ bath/clisease called "{ruamoczl"/ (487 BB) //nrzrssaue / / (48235) "chutun "/ (48694) Leaves/ / cold bath/ //rnassaee / / (40391) //massage / / (48275) Verbenaceae Aeeiphila alba Zingiberaceae Table. 75. Details on the identification of'the material collected Vouchers iclentifiecl to famih' Vouchers identifred to genus V o u c h e r si d e r r t i f i e d t o s p e c i e s Vouchers not iclentifiecl (to farnil,"") E s t i m r r t c dn o . o l s p c c i c s 1480(in I l3 farnilies) 1377(in 396 genera) 955 (in 576 species) l9 930 Table 76. Details on vernacrtlar nirming broken down for tl're three ethnic eroups Number o{' votrchers collect.ccl Number of uses registereclr Number of vouchers cll'nanred plants Number of'','ouchers rvith morc than one name2 Number of narness Coaiquer Ca1'apa Coloradcr 49ti 369 28l 32 235 r072 718 997 l6 819 421 423 t34 63 litl I 199i l5l0 t112 ln r 235 Note that. several llses were inclicaterl for some vouchers. Spcciersfbr lvhich a particular Llsaqepattern has been registered repeatedly rvithin the same cthnic group are onlv counted once r'vhercasiclentical uses of the sante plant b,vntore than one ethnic group are register-eclfor erachof these separatelv. Sometimes a Spanish narr)e u,asgir.en besides the local narne. N ( ) t e t h a l t h c s a r t t t ' l l a n t ( ' i s o r n e l i r r t ersr s e dl o r r r r o r et h a r ro n e s o c c i t ' s BS 46 I34 down fbr the three ethnic groups' of number of uses registered' Data broken T a b . 7 7 . M o s t important farnilies in terms Gesneriaceae Vascular crYPtogams Piperaceae Arecaceae Solanaceae Melastomataceae Clusiaceae Araceae Asteraceae Rubiaceae Remainins lamilies COLORADO C,AYAPA COAIQUER Vascular crYPtogams 55 (r5 %) Piperaceae ( r 1 V o ) 4r Gesneriaceae 3 5 ( 1 0% ) Araceae 20 (5 %) 20 (5 7r:) Arecaceae 1 6 ( 4 % ) Rubiaceae 1 5 ( 4 % ) Melastomataceae r o ( 3% ) Solanaceae r0 (3 7o) 9 (2 7o) r38 (37 %) Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae Remaining families 66 (9 7o) 5 7( 8% ) 4 7( 7% ) a 3( 6 7 o ) 34 (5 % ) 3 4( 5 % ) 2e (4 % ) 2e (4 % ) 19 (3 7o) 1 5( 2 % ) 3ab$B 7o) Tab. 78. Vascular cryPtosams' Usage category General. ToPical. II (t' 73) Snake bites. ToPical (t' 4tt) General. ToPical. I (t. 72) Vegetables(t.25) Wounds (t.51) Stomach infections (t' 4l) Soap, shamPoo (t. l3) Snake bites. SYstemic (t. 49) Jewelry (t. 9) Intestinal Parasites (t' 44) Anaernia (t.35) Liver and sPleen (t' 40) Snake bites. Others (t. 50) Colds and influenza (t' 65) General. SYstemic' I (t' 70) General. ToPical. III (t' 74) Rheumatisrn (t.56) Nervous system (t. 58) Unprocessed as roPe (t' 7) Plaitins and textiles (t. 10) Gums and teeth (t. 39) Injured joints (t. 57) Menstruation (t. 59) RespiratorY disorders (t' 64) Urination (t.68) Kidney (t.69) G e n e r a l . S Y s t e m i cI I ( t ' 7 l ) Piperaceae Solanaceae Gesneriaceae Rubiaceae Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae Araceae Moraceae Melastomataceae Remaning families 62 (r57o ) 36 (e %) 2 7( 6% ) 27 (6 %) 2 2( 5% ) 20 (5 %) 1 6( 4 % ) 1 2( 3 % ) r o ( 2% ) I (2 7a) rB2(43%) 423 718 369 I Vascular cryPtogams three ethnic eroups' UsaglePatterns broken down for the Coaiquer T4 10 4 Cayapa 30 27 20 l1 10 9 I B 5 5 4 4 4 4 29 1 6 8 6 B F7 2 I 2 4 o J 2 2 Colorado I 6 ft 5 I + A T A T I 2 I J I 2 ; o J 1 I ; J ; 1 T t- I I 1 I I I I I 2 2 I I 1 I I I I 1 I I ; t> I 169 I BS 46 135 Tab. 79. Piperaceae. Usage patterns broken down for the three ethnic groups. Usage category Snake bites. Topical (t. 48) (]eneral. Topical. II (t. 73) General. Topical. III (t. 74) Ceneral. Systemic. I (t. 70) General. Topical. | (t.72) Rheumatism (t.56) Stomach infections (t. 41) Wounds (t.5l) Skinreactions (t. 55) Perfbmes (t. 14) Insect bites. Cl.eneral (t. 47) Game attractant (t. 32) Coaiquer Cayapa l5 l5 6 B 4 I + ; I I C l . e n e r a lS . y s t e r n i c .I I ( t . 7 l ) ; I 30 20 l8 10 7 5 4 4 4 q J J 2 2 2 I 2 ; g 2 2 1 I I Hallucinogens (t. 1B) Magic plants (t.21) Fungal inf'ections (t. 54) Urination (t.68) J q J Soap, shampoo (t. 13) Dyes (t. 15) Liver and spleen (t. 40) Snake bites. Systernic (t. 49) Swelling from bruises (t. 52) I4 I 6 2 2 3 4 c) Anaemia (t.35) Snake bites. Others (t. 50) Nose bleed (t. 62) Colds and influenza (t. 65) I I J Colorado 2 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I> 128 I l I 1 ; 136 BS 46 Tab. 80. (]esneriaceae. Usage patterns broken down for the three ethnic groups. Usage category Coaiquer Cayapa 18 l9 I 27 5 4 2 2 I 2 Snake bites. Topical (t. 4f3) Skinreactions (t. 55) Snake bites. Systemic (t. 49) General. Topical. II (t. 73) General. Topical. III (t. 74) General. T<rpical. I (t.72) Wounds (t.51) Swellings fiom bruises (t. 52) Edible fruits and seeds (t. 24) Colorado .| .') o I 7 6 1 1 I J 2 2 I I Masic plants (t. 21) Edible flowers (t. 26 Gangrene (t.37) I I 1 I I Stomach infections (t. 4l) Snake bites. Others (t. 50) I I I I I I Rheumatism (t.56) Injured joints (t. 57) Nose bleed (t. 62) 6 J 2 Game attractants (t. 32) Ritual ornaments (t. 20) I 46 22 17 9 I 1 I Urination (t.68) General. Systemic. I (t. 70) G e n e r a l . S v s t e m i c .I I . ( t . 7 1 ) ; I I 1 I 1 II I I 129 Tab. 81. Most important Lrsasecatesories. Data broken down for the three ethnic groups. CAYAPA CONQUER Snakebites. Topical (t. 48) Skinreactions (t. 55) 5ti (16 7o) Snakebites. lbpical COLORADO (t. 48) 32 (9 7c,) 32 (9 ok) Eclible frtrits and seecls(t. 2,1) Timber (t.2) 3l (8 %) (;anle attractants (t. 32) General. Topical. III (t. 7.1) 3l (8 7o) (]eneral. Topical. I (t. 72) Edible frtrits and seeds (t. 24) 24 (7 %,) Timber (t. 2) Game attractants (t. 32) 22 (6%,) 12 (3 o/,') \4buncls (t. 5l) Ger.reral.Topical. I.(t. 72) \tbrrncls (t. 5l ) (]eneral. Topical. III (t. 74) Stornach inf'ections (t. 4l) Vegetables (t. 25) 9 (2 7o) Vegetables (t. 211) Foclder and fish bait (t. 3l) 8 (.2 %,) Skinreactions (t. 115) remaining uses 110 (30 %) 369 remaining uses 72 (ro 7a) 58 (8%) 5 3( 7 % ) 40 (6 o/o) 34 (5 7a) 32 (4 %) 2e (4 %) 27 (4 To) 24 (3 %) l8 (3 Vr,) 331 (46 o/o) 718 Gerreral. Topical. II (t. 73) Srrakebites. Topical. (t. 'ltt) \\btrnds (t. 5l) 127 (30 %) 21 ( 6 7o) 21 (5 o/(,) Stomach inf'ections(t.,11) 19 (1 Vc,) Srrakebites. Systemic (t. 49) 19 (4o/c;) Eclibfc frtrits and seeds (t. 24) 18 (4 %) G e r r e r a l .T o p i c a l . I I ( t . 7 3 ) 12 (3 %) Ber,erases (t. 28) \1 (3 7o) S k i n r e a c t i o r r s( t . 1 1 5 ) 11 (3 7a) Gerteral. Systernic. I (t. 70) remaining trses 11 (3 7,t) 150 (36 %) 423 r37 BS 46 active compounds baTable g2. Thirty-rwo plants thar we consider particularly promising in the search for physiologcally gto Amerindian three of the stuclies ethnobotanical the on sed Scientific n:une Use Scientific nanne Use Aca\pha diar.sfolia wounds laxative A. aillo.sa Begonia gkrbra Chenopodium ambrosioides wounds Jatropha cur(as Nnut:kopsis sp. Paspalum conlugn'tum Perseaamcricann P hilo rl endron i n equi laterum Plryllanthu s anisolobus contraception rheumatism fungal skin disease Piper tricuspe lice cure P.tPlt. eyeinf'ection Polygonum hydropipnoides Sa(tium peruuianum pain killers fish poison Maclura tinctona Clarisia racemlst Clibadium sp. ConJia spinesce.ns Costuspuluerulentus rash stomach ache dental pains dental pains Cuatreca,siariparia C ; r l a n t h u sb i p u r l i t u s Desmodium uncinatum rash Dielfenbachia seguine D i.sroph ora gt i a n en.si.s antbites coughs Solanum ctnensc Spihnthes nlba Drymaria, cordata I-icusinsipida urination pains intestinal parasites LIrt:eolina grandi flora Witheringin, solanacea antbites aborticide Schoenobiblussp. Scoparia dulcis arrow poison eye infection antbites fish poison fish poison hallucinogenic intestinal parasites stomach ache clental pains eye infections rash BS 46 138 XI Spanishabstract en espafi,ol SYnoPsis utilizan' Esto la mayorfa de las plantas que comparaal Se presenta un estudio etnobotlnico componente sefrala hacia un importante y los Coacategolas do entre los Colorados, los Cayapas en azar en los usos, especialmente de Ecuador' Duun 5% de iqueres del occidente costero s6lo que. notable E,s ,iu, g"n"rales. 1987' se y 1982 entre campo de rante el trabajo por los tres las piantas ritiles son compartidas de los cuadiferencias colectaron caii 2000 pliegos testiuo' las refleja grupos indigenas, lo que material identiles se registraron 1510 usos' El ju composici6n floristica del bosque seE" y 396 gdneros frcado pertenece a 113 familias situacion sociocundario respectivamente' La representadas especies de numero EI es distindistintos. polftica de los tres grupos estudiados 73 categoias de distinguen Se 930' en en el uso se estima iu, po. lo que se refleja intensamente para cada cateEsto se uso. Se citan listados de plantas vegetales' que hace" a. los recursos etnobot6'niq-"' goria. Se presentan varios modelos palmas' las upti.u particularmente t:" de mayor familias 10 las entre 8 los ciian S" para Zo.. constituyen un recurso importante criptogaindigenas: grupos tres los Colpara valor qur los Cayapas'y los Coaiqueres' mientras Soladel uso mas vasculares, Piperuttae' Gesneriaceae' importancia La oradts lo utilizan poco' Melastomataceae el aucon naceae, Araceae, Rubiaceae' rapidamente de las palmas se plrdi6 de uso que represen.la y Asteraceae. La categorias integraci6n mento de la aculiuraci6n y su son las de registros de cantidad mayor entan diferenciacioeconomia de mercado' Se hacen y las de determicuracion de mordeduras de serpientes etnobotanicas pr6cticas nes entre dos corporal' El y plantas banos pararegular la temperatura las de propias nantes: las propiedades uniquaColorados los por de las ultimo es pra;iicada el intercambi; cultural' Los elementos m6s empleaetnobomente. Gesneriaceae es la familia modelos ceremonias de curaci6n y los de serpiente' de un inda para combatir las mordeduras t6nicos se citan como evidencias no medicinales' usos de categoria la de Dentro a un nivel local tercambio en el pasado cultural extensa' La m6s la es comJsdbles la de frutos y regional mas importante categoria medicinal sistemica el resto' Varios tiene un rango de 10 sobre los Colorados de aspectos de lI etnobotanica Palabras clave otros grupos de la destaca se se compara con Ecuador;Colorados(Tsatchela);Cayapas de los caraetde la costa de Ecuador' La mayoria (Chachi) ; Coaiqueres (Awa) ; etnobotlnica; durante adquiridos sido han cteres aberrantes denominaci6n nomedicina; etnofamacologia; de contactos con ceremonilos fltimos 50 afros a trav6s venecula; tratamiento; preparaci6n; encomparaticulturas andinas' Hay una correspondancia as de curaci6n; chaman; aspectos por familisituatre la perdida de usos de las plantas vos; classificacion de usos; aculturacion; en los famlias de floristica as y Ia composici6n cultural' ci6n polftica actual; intercambio se encuentran alrededores del bosque' donde BS 46 139 XII List of references Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. 1990. The occurrence of Piscicides and Stupefactants in the Plant Kingdom. - Iu Prance, C. T. and Balick, M.J. (eds.), New Directions in the Study of Plants and People: Research Contributions from the Institute of Economic Botany, Adv. Econ. Bot. 8:l-23. Balslev, H. 1988. Distribution patterns of Ecuadorian plant species. Taxon 37 :567-57 7 . Balslev,H. & Barfod, A. 1987. Ecuadorian palms - an overview. - Opera Botanica 92:17-35. Barfod, A. & Balslev, H. 1988. The use of palms by the Cayapas and Coaiqueres on the Coastal Plain of Ecuador. - Principes 32:29-42. Barrett, S. A. 1925. The Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. - Indians Notes and Monographs. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York 40:l476. Berg, C.C. 1972. Olmedieae, Brosirneae (Moraceae). - Fl. Neotr. 7. Cafradas C., L. 1983. El mapa bioclimatico v ecologico del Ecuador. - MAG, Quito, Ecuador, 209 pp. Carrasco, E. 1988. El pueblo Chachi. El jeengume ayanza. - ABYA-YAIA, Quito, Ecuador, 219 pp. Charvet, P. S. & Leon, S. 1992. Acciones de desarollo y 5"reasnaturales protegidas en el Ecuador. 6. Reserva Ecol6gica Cotacachi-Cayapas.- Fundaci6n Natura, Quito, Ecuador Berlin, B. 1992. Ethnobiological Classification. - Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Darlic M., V. 1988. Estadisticas del Ecuador. - ILDIS, Quito, Ecuador. Dodson, C. H. & Gentry, A. H. 1978. Flora of the Rio Palenque Science Center, Los Rios, Ecuador. - Selbyana 4:l-628. 1991. Biological extinction in western Ecuador. - Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 7 B (2) :273-295. Duke, J.A. 1970. Ethnobotanical observations on the Choc6 Indians. - Econ. Bot.24:344366. 1975. Ethnobotanical observations on the Cuna Indians. - Econ. Bot. 29:278-293. Ehrenreich,.J. 1989. Contacto y conflicto. El impacto de la aculturacion entre los Coaiquer del Ecuador. ABYAYAI-A, Quito, Ecuador, 303 pp. Original title: Contact and conflict: An ethnographic study of the impact of acculturation, racism, and benevolent ethnocide on the egalitarian Coaiquer Indians of Ecuador, Ph.D. 1985 New School for Social Science. Ehrenreich, J. and Kernpf, J. 1978. Informe etnol6gico acerca de los indios coaiquer del Ecuador Septrentrional. - Instituto Otovaleiio de Antropologia , Centro Regional de Investigaciones 6, Ibarra. Ferdon , E. N.Jr. 1950. Studies in Ecuadorian Geography. Monograph of the School of American Research no. 15. - Santa Fe. New Mexico. Forero Pinto, L.E. 1980. Etnobotanica de las comunidades indigenas Cuna y Waunana, Choco, Colombia. Cespedesia I (33-34) : I l5-325. Hagen, V. W. von 1939. The Tsatchela Indians of Wesr.ern Ecuador. - Indian Notes and Monographs. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation 5l:1-79. Harling, G. 1979. The vegetation tvpes of Ecuador - a brief survey. - Pp. 165-174 in Larsen, K. & Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (eds.), Tropical Botany. Academic Press, London. Hernando P. R.,J. & Virsano B., S. 1992. Medicina tradicional clel pueblo de Altaquer. - ARYA-YAI-A, Quiro, Ecuador. Holmgren, P. K., Holmgren N. H. and Barnett, L. C. (eds.) 1990. Index Herbariorum. Part I: The Herbaria of the World (8. ed) - New York botanical Garden, 6g3 pp. Holm-Nielsen, L. 8., Kvist, L. P. and Aguavil, M.i983. Las investigaciones etnobotanicos entre los Cayapas y los Coaiqueres. Primer informe preliminar. - Misc. Antropol. Ecuatoriana 3:89-1I 6 Holm-Nielsen, L. B. & Barfod, A. 1984. Las investigaciones etnobotanicos entre los Cayapasy los Coaiqueres. Segundo informe preliminar. - Misc. Antropol. Ecuatoriana. 4:107-128. Juncosa, J.E. (ed.) 1988. Tsachila. Los clasicos de la etnografia sobre los Colorados (1905-1950). - ABYAYAIA, Quito, Ecuador, 162 pp. Karsten, R. 1924. The Colorado Indians of western Ecuador. - Ymer, Tidskrift utgiven af svenska sallskapet for Antropologi och Geografi, Arg. 19:137-152. Kempf, J. 1982 The dynamics of Culrure and Health: Disease and Curing among the Ecuadorian Coaiquer Indians under the Impact of Acculturation. - Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the State University of New York atAlbany,260 pp. Kvist, L.P. 1986. Gesneriads and snakebite. - The Gloxinian 36(l):9-13. 1989. - Popular names and medicinal uses of Columnea ( G e s n e r i a c e a e ) .- T h e G l o x i n i a n 3 9 ( 2 ) : 2 1 - 2 b . Kvist, L. P. & Barfod, A. S. 1991a. The curing rituals of the Cayapa Amerindians of Coastal Ecuador, and their BS 46 t40 exchange of rituals and meclicinal plant with other ethnic groups in the region. - -1n:Rios, M & Borgtoft Pedersen, H. (eds.), Las plantas ,v el hornbre, ABYA- 291 - U.S. Governrnent Printing OiTice, \Alashington D. C. Naranjo, P. 1983. Ayahuasca. Ethnornedicina y rnitologia. - YAIA, Qrrito, Ecuador, pp. 149-164. 1991b. Curins of inf'ections, synlptoms or spirits? Some reflections on ethnomedicinal research based on a project in north-western Ecttador. - Memorias 3'' Simposio Colombiano de Etnobotanica. INCIVA, Cali, (lolombio, pp. 190-205. Ediciones Libri Mtrncli, Qrrito, Ecuador. Orejuela, J.E. 1992. Traditional productive systen) of the Awa (Coaiquer) Indians of south-rvestern (lokrmbia neighbouring Ecuador. Pp. 58- U2 in Redfbrd, K.H. & Padoch, C. (eds.) Kvist, L. P. & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1987. Ethnobotanical aspects of lowland Ecuador. - Opera Botanica 92:83107. Kr.ist, 1,.P.& Skog, L.E. 1993. The genus Columnen (Gesneriaceae) in Ectraclor.- Allertonia 6:327-400. l.arrick, .f.W., Yost, J.A. & I{aplan, .}. 1978. Snake bite among the \A'aorani Inclians of eastern Ecuador. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Mecl. Hyg. 72:542-543 Little, L.E. 6 Dixon, R.G. 1969. Arboles comlrnes de la Provincia de Esmeraldas. - FAO/SF: 76/ECU 13, Rome, 536pp. Lockwor d, T.E. 1979. The ethnobotanv of Brugnransia. -.f . E t h n o p a r m a c . | : l 4 7- 7 6 4 . L,opez, F.F. 1986. Etnologia Ecuatoriana. I Colorados. Instituto Ecuatoriana de Credito Educativo y Becas, Quito, Ecuador, 150 pp. Martinez,I. P. 1986. Los Cavapas en el siglo X\rl. - Misc. Antropol. Ecuatorian a 6:23 | -252 Mason, J. A. 1950. The languaees of Sotrth American Ind i a n s . - I n : S t e w a r c l J, . H . ( e d . ) , H a n d b o o k o f S o t r t h American Inclians 6 - U.S. Government Printing Office, \Alashington D. C. Medina V., H. 1992. Los Chachi. Supervivencia y ley tradicional. - ABYA-YALA, Quito, Ectrador, 141 pp. Mitlewski, B. 1985. Pesca Cayapa. - Misc. Antropol. Ecuatoriana 5:63-85. Murra,.J. 1946. The historic tribes of Ecrtador. - In: Stewarcl, -|. H. (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians 4:785-B2l - U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. (1. 1948. The Cayapa and Colorado. - In: Steward, J. H (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians 4:277- Renner, S.S., Balslel', H. & Holm-Nielsen, 1,.B. 1990. Flowering plants of Amazonian Ecuador - A checklist. .{{U Reports 24, Unir.'ersitl' of Aarhtrs, Denrnark, 24r PP. Rivet, P. 105. Les Indiens (lolorados, R6cit cle voyase et etucle ethnologique. -.|. Soc. Am. Paris 2:177-208. Rivier, L. & & Lindgren, J.A. 1972. Avahuascir, the South American hallucinogenic clrink. Ethnobotanical and c h e m i c a l i n v e s t i s a t i o n s .- E c o n . B o t . 2 6 : 1 0 1 - 1 2 9 . Santesson, C.G. 1936. Pfeil- uncl Fischsift aus Kolumbiean und Ekuador. - Etn. Studier 2:15-29. Stout, D.B. 1948.The Cuna, the Choco. - In: Stervard,J.H. (ed.), Handbook of Sotrth Anreric:rn Indians 4:257276. - LI.S. Governrnent Printing Oflice, Washington D.C. Survival International. 1989. no. 24. Telban, B. 1988. Grupos etnicos de Colombia. Etnoqrafia y Bibliografia. - ABYA-YALA., Quito, Ecuadoq 525 pp. Thomsen, K. 1986. Reporte sobre esttrdios cle los arboles y las palnieras en el t.erritorio de los Awas, provincia del Carchi, Ectrador. - Misc. Antropol. Ecuatoriana 6:27-47 Trupp, F. 1981. The last Indians, Sotrth American (lultural heritage. - Perlinser Verlas, Worgl, Austria. Villareal C. A. 1986. La crisis de la sobrevivencia del pueblo Awa. - Instituto Latinoamericano de inl'estisaciones Sociales y Instituto de estudios ecuatorianos, Quito. \Alassen,H. 1935. Notes on southern groups of Choc6 Indians of Colombia. - Etnol. Studier l:35-182. Willis, J. C. 1966. A dictionary of the Flowerins Plants and Ferns (7. ed.). - Carnbridge University Press, L.onclon. BS 46 r41 App"ndix I Index to scientificnames Scientific names arransed alphabeticallv according to 1), genus name and 2), specific epithet. The numbers in bolcllace refer to the tables 2-74 that list vouchers for each usage category. In parentheses, after usage category, is cited the voucher specimens from which the information comes. The family to which a senlls belonss is indieated in parentheses after the specimen citations. Abelmoschus moschatusMedik. 56 (40336,48150) (Malvaceae). AcalyphadiversifbliaJacq.5l (40875,40346,40735,40155, 40011);A. villosaJacq.5l (40466,40424,40838); 55 (41491); A. spp. 16 (40648); 28, 73 (40725); 5l (40228, 40055, 48360, 48192, 4t473, a1030); 73 (40657)(Euphorbiaceae). AchyranthesasperaL. 74 (48877);39,74 (11649);51, 55 (40420)(Amaranthaceae) . Aciotis caulialata(R. & P.)Triana55 (41478);48 (40745); A. .p. 48 (48316,41016);66 (40314)(Melastomaraceae). Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass.52 (41481) (Asteraceae). A d i a n t u m m a c r o p h v l l u m S w .I ( 4 8 3 9 9 ); 7 3 ( 4 0 1 1 1 ) ; A . o b liquum Willd. 48 (48133); e pedolatum Desv. 72 (40571);A. spp. 9 (40828); 48 (40689) (Pteridaceae). Aechmea magdalena Andre ex Baker l0 (4U386) (Bromeliaceae). Aegiphila alba Moldenke 73, 74 (40538);74 (48427); A. sp. 2 4 ( 4 8 7 7 9 ) ; A . s p . 5 5 ( 4 1 5 1 1 )( V e r b e n a c e a e ) . Aiphanes gelatinosa Moore 25 (60003) (Arecaceae). Alchornea sp. 3l (41631) (Euphorbiace:re). Allamanda cathartica L. l6 (40504); 16, 73 (40719) (Apoc,vnaceae). Allophylus exelsus Radlk. 36 (41504); A. sp. 24, 73 ( 4 0 18 1 ) ( S a p i n d a c e a e ). Alloplectus dodsonii Wiehl. 49 (40053); A. panamensis Morton 48 (48120);72 (18870); A. sprucei (O. Kunt z e ) W i e h l . 4 l ( 4 9 0 5 2 ) ; 4 8 ( 4 1 0 8 1, 4 0 8 4 4 , 4 8 0 8 2 ) ; 5 5 (40342,48795) ;73 (40706); A. tetraeonoides Mansf. 48 (48732, 48813); A. teuscheri (Ra,vm.)Wiehl. 55 ( 4 8 9 6 1) ( G e s n e r i a c e a e ). Alonsoa sp. l6 (40560) (Scrophulariaceae). Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.)K. Schum. 74 (4055I) (Zingiberaceae). Alternanthera mexicana (Schlecht.)Hieron. 73 (40653); A. porriuens (|acq.)Krntze 72 (41620); A. sessilis (L.)R. Br. 48 (40890) (Arnaranthaceae). Amaranthus sp. l6 (48391) (Amaranthaceae). Amphiclasya spp. 2l (40339, 4i059); 26 (482a0; (41643) (Rubiaceae) 74 Amphilophium paniculatum (L.)H.B.K. l0 (aB7B7)(Bignoniaceae). Aneilema umbrosum (Vahl)Kunth 55 (40296): 73 (40033)(Commelinaceae ). Annona muricataL. 24 (48103)(Annonaceae). Anthurium anoreanum Linclen 16 (41489); A. asplundii Croat8 (40886); A. bakeriHook. f .48 (41417) ; A. caulorrhizum Sodiro 32 G824U: A. falcatum Sodiro 74 (48073); 72 (40304); A. gracile (Rudge) Schott 32 (48232);56(40320);A.lanceaSodiro25 (410a8);A. napaeum8ng1.72,73(40676);A. ortegeanumSodiro 73 (40202);A.oveophilumSodiro73 (40129);A.pallicliflomm Engl. 13 (48106);A. scandens(Aubl.) Engl. 52 (41040);5l (40601);48 (40465);A. subcoerulescensEnsl. 74 (47054);A. trinerveMiq. 57 (a0808);73 ( 4 0 2 3 1 ) ; 7 3( 4 0 1 a 7 ) ; A .t r i s e c t u mS o d i r o7 4 ( 4 8 1 1 8 , 48249);A. versicolorSodiro 25 (48098);A. spp. 13 (40477, 48342);20 (40377); 25 (40850, 403b7);3r ( 4 8 7 8 2 ) ; 3 2 ( 4 8 2 3 9 ,4 8 0 9 5 ) ; 5 2 ( 4 1 4 5 8 ,4 u 0 7 5 ) ;5 5 (41503);73 (40136,40150,40737)(Araceae). Antrophyum intramarginale (Baker exJenman) Kartez 5l (40842)(Vittariaceae ). Apeibasp. 2 (48198)(Tiliaceae). Aphelandra flammea Wassh. 72 (a8B9B); A. sp. 73 (407I 0) (Acanthaceae) . Arachnothyrx inconstansStandl. 24 (48768)(Rubiace:re). Ardisia romeroi Cuatr. 24 (40542, 40906); A. ronseroi Schuta24 (48325);A. spp. 24 (40817);73 (a0192) (Myrsinaceae). AristolochiapichingensisH. Pfeifer21,73 (40718);A.pilosaH.B.K. 24 (40235);A. sp. 4l (40523)(Aristolochiaceae). Arrhrostema ciliatum R. & P. 25 (48053, 40461)(Melastomataceae). Arundinella berteroniana (Schult.)Hitchc. & Chase 74 ( 4 0 5 8 5()P o a c e a e ) . Asplenium hallii Hook. & Grev.44 (48744);72 (48297);A. purpurascensMett. 73 (40149,40215,49035); A. serratum L. 73 (40717);al (49032);A. triculum Lellinger 48 (48765);A. spp. 48,49 (40697);49 (a0075) (Aspleniaceae). I 742 BS 46 A s p l u n d i as p p . 7 ( 4 0 8 2 9 ,1 8 1 2 4 , 4 8 3 7 1 ) ; 3 2( 4 9 1 7 5 ) ;4 8 (4011B); 73 (40lBB)(C1'clanthaceae). Astrocaryurnstzrndleyanum BailevL0, 24 (60078)(Arecaceae). (60113); B. setosa B a c t r i s g a s i p a e sK t r n t h 4 , 5 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 7 M a r t . 2 4 , 2 5 ( 6 0 1 1 0 ) ; B . s e t u l o s al ( a r s t e n 4 , 5 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 27 (60010) (Arecaceae). Banrbusir guacltra Kunth 2 G8374) (Poaceae). B a n i s t e r i o p s i sc a a p i ( S p n r c e & C r i s e b . ) M o r t o n 1 8 ( 4 0 2 9 9 , 40582); 18, 43 (10722) (Malpighiaceae). Bauhinia sp. 2 (41674) (Oaesalpiniaceae). Besonia glabra Aubl. 44 (48819); 51, 55 (a069tr); 52 (4BBI B) ; B. semiovata l.iebrri. 35 (48064) : 37 (41029, 48276); 55 (41479, 18701): 72 (40298); B. spp. 25 ( 4 8 4 2 1 ) ; 3 7 ( 4 8 3 1 0 ) ; 5 5 ( 4 8 7 8 3 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 9 0 5 9 )( B e g o niaceac). Bertiera quianensis Aubl. 4l (40069, 40156) (Rubiaceae). Besleria barbata (Poepp.)Hanst. 48 (18734); 55 (a8802); B. barclayi 1.. Skog 48 (4l0tl, 48415); B.solanoides (liilathea lutea (Aubl.)Schtrltes 25 (48181); (1.r'narantifblia Standl. 53 (40117); (1.rnetallica Pl:rnchon & l,inden 5 4 ( 4 i 0 6 1 , 4 0 3 2 1 , 4 0 3 4 9 , 4 l J l 1 7 , 4 8 2 4 5 ); 5 9 ( 4 0 6 5 0 ) ; 6 4 ( 4 0 3 6 2 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 0 2 0 4 ) ; C a l a t h e as p p . l 0 ( 4 0 4 6 7 ) ; 6 0 (40435) ; 26 (40433) (Marantaceae) . Calliandra angustilblia Spnrce ex Benth. 16 (40556) (Mimosaceae). ( l a l l i s i a r e p e n s I - . l 6 ( 4 U : 1 9 4 () C o r n n r e l i n a c e a e ) . Calyptrantlies sp. 74 (41045) (Nlyrtaceae). a.nsustifbliurn (Srv.)Fee 50 (a9039); tl. spp. 41, 68 (49037); 48 (,18fi44);72 ft87a9) (Polvpo- Campl'loneuron diaceae). (lanna inclica x generalis Bailey 16 (,10530); C. sp. 33 (4905I ) (Oann:rceae). Capparis ecuadoriana Iltis 28 (40097) (Cappariclace:re). C a p s i c u r n f i u t e s c e n s t . . 2 9 ( 4 0 2 0 1 , 4 0 4 5 b , 4 0 1 1 t r 54, 0 5 6 6 , 40586, 48988) (Solanaceac). Carapa srrianensis Aubl. 2, 24 (41667); (1. me€istocarpzr Krrnth 20 (48735); B. sp. 48 (41427)(flesneriaceae). B i l l i a c o l o m b i a n a P l . & l . i n c i 2 ( 4 1 t ' , 6 3 )( H i p p o c a s t a n a - Gentry & Dodson 51, 55 (40703) (Meliai:eae). C a r i c a p a p a y a L . 2 4 ( 4 0 1 5 9 , 4 0 4 8 1 1 )C ; arica spp. 25 (40088, 40 I 58, 40195) (Oaricaceae). (l:irh.rdovica palmata R. & P. l0 (40419) (Cyclanthaceae). ceae). Bicrphytum clendroides (H.B.K.)D.C. 33 (40577) (Oxalicla- Oarpotroche pl:rtyptera Pittier 22,24 (40060); 3l (40366, 40873) (Flacr>urtiaceae). ceae). Bixa orellana L. 15 (48897); 15, 30, 56 (40045);30,73 (40704); 30 (10472, 10473, 40474,40602); B. plat y c a r p a R . & P . e x ( ) . D o n 3 0 ( 4 0 U 1 0 )( B i x a c e a e ) . Casearia sp. 24 (40415) (Flacourtiaceae). Cassia papillora Britt. & Rose 35 (40543, 407!t7); C. retictrlata Willd. 54 (40568); 72 (a0625); C. sp. 72 ( 4 1 4 6 5 ) ( C a e s a l p i n i a c e a e ). Blakea punctulata (Triarra)\Alurdack 2, 32 (al6l3); 32 (4U9u7); B. subconn:rta Bers ex Triana 26 G0297); 3 2 ( 4 U 3 3 6 ); 4 8 ( 4 0 0 4 9 ) ( N l e l a s t o n r a t a c e a e ) . Castilla elastica Sesse 2, 12 (48214); l2 (48994)(Morac e a e) . Catoblastus inaequalis (Cook & Doyle)Burret 2 (60002) Bleclrnrrm r,olubile Kaulf . 7 (40763); l0 (48060); B. spp. 48 (48942);72 (48940), 48945) (Blechnaccae). Blechum brownei.fuss.63 (40183) (Acanthaceae). Bolbitis nicotianifolia (Sw.)Chins. 4l (48219); 73 (401a6) (Dryopteridaceae) . Bornarea edulis Anclre ex Poir. 14 (40814); 68 (41039); B. spp. 14 (4U059);60 (40331) (Alstroemeriaceae). Bonafbtrsia lonsitr.rbtrlosa R. & P. 24 (11632) (Apocvnaceae). Borreria ocyrnoides (Borm.) D.C . 22 (48226) (Rubi:rceae). Bougainvillea sp. 73 (49090) (Nvctaginaceae). Brosimum utile (H.B.K.)Pittier 2, 12 (41037); 40, 69 ( 4 9 1 l 0 ) ; 5 1 , 7 2 ( 4 0 6 6 4 )( M o r a c c a c ). Browallia americana L. 70 (10040) (Solanaceae). Bnrsmansia versicolor L:rgerh. 36 (4i1930); 18, 52 ( 4 0 ] 1 8 1 ) ; 7 2 ( 4 1 6 1 8 ) ; 1 8 , 5 3 ( 4 1 0 5 0 ); 5 5 ( 4 0 6 2 4 ) ( S o l anaceae). Brrrnfelsiarrrandiflora D. Don 73 (40021)(Solanaceae). B u n c h o s i : r c o r n i f i r l i a H . B . K . 2 4 ( 4 8 0 3 1) ( M a l p i g h i a c e a e ) . Btrrnreistera rulgaris Wimrn. 24, 25 (41031); B. sp. 25 (48070, 10343, 40876); B. sp. 32 (41463, 48102, 48696, 48707 ) (C:rr-npanulaceac) . (Arecaceae). C a v e n c l i s h i ac o n p l e c t e n s H e m s l . 3 9 ( 4 1 5 0 2 ) ; C . e n e l e r i a na Hoer. 20 (48925); 68 (40537); O. urandifblia Hoer. 20 (48965) (Ericaceae). Cayaponia slandulosa (Poepp. (40 i 00) (Oucurbitaceae ) & Encll.)Coun. 54 C e c r o p i a s p . l 0 ( 4 U 4 3 3 )( U r t i c a c e a e ) . O e p h a e l i s u e n t r y i D w r y e r2 ( 4 8 1 0 8 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 1 1 9 3 ) , O . s p p . 3 2 ( 4 8 2 0 8 , 4 8 9 0 4 ) ; 74 ( 4 1 0 4 7 ) ( R u b i a c e a e ) . ( l e s t r r r m b a en i t z i i l , i n g e l s 2 , 2 4 ( 4 1 6 5 0 ) ; C . r a c e r n o s t r m R . & P . 7 3 ( 4 0 0 8 I ) ; 7 4 ( 4 0 3 9 1 ) ;( 1 . s p p . 2 8 ( 4 0 0 9 2 ) ; 3 2 (48166); 47, 55 (a016a); 73 (406u8, 48900); 74 (4827 5) ( Solanace:rer). Clhamaedore:rpinnatifrons (lu.q.)Oerst. l5 (40198); 31, 32 (48908) (Arecaceae). Ohenopoditrrn ambrosioitles I-. (40857) (Ohenopodiaccae) . 4l (4057ir), 41, 70 C l h i r n a r r h i ss p . 7 3 ( 4 0 1 1 2 ) ( R u b i a c e a e ) . Chrysochlamys clependens Tr. & Pl. 24 (40409)(Oltrsiaceae). (lhrvsophyllum arsenteurlr .facq. 3 (41017); 24 (40289) (Sltpolaccltt'). BS 46 (ihrysothemis {iieclrichsthalian:r (Hanst.)H. E. Moore 48 ( 4 0 3 6 1 , 4 8 0 8 0 ) ( C l e s n e r i : r c e i i e.) C i s s a n r p e l o st r o p : r e o l i f b l i a D ( 1 . 2 4 ( 4 0 U 5 1 ) ; 3 9 ( . t t a 7 2 ) ; 7 2 (40030);O. sp. 60 (4ttl53) (Menispernr:rceae). C i s s u ss p . l 0 ( 4 0 4 8 6 ) ; 5 9 ( 4 0 5 0 0 ) ( V i t a c i : a e ) . C i t r t r s s p p . 2 4 , 7 3 ( 1 0 7 2 1 ) ; 2 8 ( . 1 8 1 9 4:)2 8 , 7 3 ( 4 0 7 2 0 )( R u taceae). C l a r i s i ar a c e m o s a R . & P . 5 8 ( , 1 0 7 1 3 ) ( M o r a c e a e ) . C l a v i j a e g g e r s i a n a M c z . 4 8 ( 4 0 7 0 U )( T h c o p h r a s t a c ea c ) . C , l l e o r n es p . 7 0 ( 4 0 1 1 9 3()C a p p a r i c l a c e a e ) . C l i b a d i u m s p p . 3 3 ( 4 9 0 9 1 1 ) 5; 2 ( 4 u 6 9 U ) ; 5 6 ( 4 0 3 4 7 , 4 0 8 0 7 , 4 I 021-r,48209) (Asterircezre) C l l i c l e n r i ac r e n u l a t a ( i l e a s o n 4 8 ( , 1 8 0 7 7 ) ; 5 8 ( 4 1 0 6 0 ) ; ( 1 . c l i s (Triana)Cogn. 4l (,10307); O. pru'pr.rreaD. Don 74 (40896); O. scpttrplincrvia Cogn. 74 ( 4 0 5 1 0 ) ; O . s c r p c n s ( T r i a n a ) ( l o s n . 5 5 ( , 1 0 3 7 1 () N 1 c l a - color slornalaceae). ( l l u s i a r l i x o n i i L i t t l e 5 l ( 4 8 7 9 0 ) ; O l t r s i z rs p p . 2 ( 4 I 6 6 2 ) ; 2 a (4090i:i, 48231); 32 (48932); 5l (41456, 48781, 48799); 52 $82a2) (Olusiaceae). flodiaetrrn variasattrnr (t..)Blurne 73 (40615) (Fltrphorbiaceae). Cloclonarrthe crassifolia ( F'ockc) Morton 24 ( 10 17 l'l) ( Ciesneriacezrc'). C o f I e a : r r a b i c i rL . 2 8 ( 1 0 4 7 0 , 4 0 6 4 5 ) ( E u p l x r r b i a c e z r e ) . C l o i x l a c l r r y r n a j o b i L . 9 , 5 6 ( . 1 0 5 , 1 0 ) : 4 2( 1 8 7 l t i ) ; C . s p . 9 ( 4 1 4 8 0 )( P o : r c c a c ) . (bleus x hybridus \trss 16 (4ft357); 28 (41476)(L:rrniaceae). ( l o l o c a s i a e s c u l e n t a ( L . ) S c h o t t 2 2 ( 4 u 1 4 1 1()A r a c e a e ) . ( b l u m n e a : u r s u s t a t a ( W i e h l . ) 1 . . S k o g 4 9 ( , 1 0 7 0 9 ,4 9 1 0 6 ) ; (1. bilabiat:r Seern.48 (40519, 40600, 40816, 4U416); (1. bvrsina (\\Iiehl.) Iivist et t.. Skog 55 (a8731); (1. densibracteat:r Kvist & L. Skos 48 (4808,1); (1. clissiniilis (1. Mortor-r 48,49 (48178); C. eburnea (\\'ieh l . ) K ' , ' i s tc t [ , . S k t x r 4 8 ( 4 0 t ' ] 7 0 ) ; 4 8 , 4 9 ( a 8 2 l t 3 ) ; 5 2 (48712); C. fililoba Kvist et L. Skos 48,74 (41641, ,18997); O. firnbricah'x Kr.'ist et L. Skog 55 (.18923, 4 U 9 7 1, 4 8 9 7 7 ) ; ( 1 . s i s : r n t i f b l i a K v i s t e t [ . . S k o g 5 2 (415U7); (1. kienastiana Resel 48 (48383); 51 ( 4 0 4 i r t t ) ; 7 3 ( . 1 8 1 6 2 ) ; 7 4 ( , 1 0 6 0 i r ) ;C l . l a e r , i s l h ' i s t e t 1.. Skos 5l (487!)a); (1. lchnrannii Mansf. 55 (1. lonsinen'osa lk'ist et t.. Skop; 57 ( , 1 1 5 0 7 ) ;( i . m i n o r - ( H o o k . ) l { a n s t . 5 l ( 4 1 4 2 U ) ; 5 5 ( 4 8 7 , 1 0 ) ;O . r n i n r r t i f l o r a K r , ' i s tc t [ - . S k o s 4 8 ( 4 8 9 3 7 ) ; (4il9il3); 55 (4U970); O. nariniana (Wiehl.) Ik,ist et L. Skos 5 0 ( 4 i t 8 1 5 ) ; O . p i c u r K a r s t . 4 8 ( 4 i 1 7 3 0 ,4 0 7 6 0 , 4 0 8 7 1 , +808ti); 49 (40230); (i. purpurirnarsin:rta Kvist et L. Skos 49 (480U5); (i. nrbriactrt:r (Wiehl.) l('ist et L. Skos 48 (40872,48738);48,49 (40074),40880);48, 5 6 ( 4 0 6 7 5 ) ; 4 9 ( 4 8 0 1 3 8 ,4 8 1 2 8 ) ; 5 5 ( 4 0 3 5 9 ) ; 7 4 (11432,41622); (1. rtrbribracteata llvist & [,. Skog 4 8 , 4 9 ( ' 1 8 4 2 0 ) ;4 9 ( 4 8 0 8 7 ) ; O . n r b l i c n l l x [ ( l i s t & [ . . 143 Skog 55 (4874\);72 (41466);C. spathulataMansf. 48 (40797);49 (48344);73 (40a81);C. tenellaKvist et L. Skog 24,72 (41577);C. spp. a8 (a8739);55 (48733)(Gesneriaceae) . (lorrosteeiacentronioidesMarkgrat 74 (40528,40779);C. montana (Sw.)D.Don ex DC. 32 (48785)(Melastornakrceae). Clcrrdiaspinescens L. 42 (41498); 54 (40390, 40495,41062, 48052); 59 (40663) (Boraginaceae) Cord,vline terrninalis (L.) Kunth 56 (40640) (Agavaceae). Cornutia spp. 22 (40397); 54 (40356)(Verbenaceae). C o s t r r sl a e v i s R . & P . 2 5 ( 4 8 9 0 7 ) ; 3 7 ( 4 8 0 9 7) ; 4 0 , 6 6 , 6 8 , 6 9 ( 4 0 6 7 u ) ; 5 5 ( 4 1 0 0 2 ) ; 7 2 ( 4 0 3 7 2 ) ; C l .l i m a K . S c h u m . 3 5 ( 4 U 0 9 3 ) ;C . p t r l v e r t r l e n t u sP r e s l 4 8 , 4 9 ( 4 0 1 l 6 ) ; 5 2 (40373); 66 (40700, 49103); C. scaber R. & P. 37 ( 4 8 1 4 6 ) ;C . s p p . 2 5 ( 4 8 8 6 0 , 4 8 9 1 7 ) ; 4 1( 4 1 4 5 7 ) ; 6 5 ( 4 1 1 1 t t 5 )6;6 ( 4 9 11 3 ) ( C o s t a c e a e ) . Ootrssapozrcontorta Cuatrec. 32 (11626) (Urticaceae ). (lranicliis sp. 48 (48927)(Orchidaceae). Crernosperma consruens Cl. Morton 55 (a8979); 72 (41591); C. hirsutissirnunrBenth. 48 (41422,41437, 48737);49 (41126);7a G1581, 41611);C. rnuscicola livist et 1..Skog 55 (48978); C. nobile C. Morton 48 ( 4 8 9 7 6 ) ; 7 4 ( 4 1 6 5 1 ) ; O . r e l c l i o i c l e sK v i s t & L . S k o g 4 8 (48980) (fi.esneriaceae). C l r e s c e n t i : rc u j e t e L . 6 ( 4 0 4 5 3 ) ; 6 , 3 6 ( 4 0 7 2 8 ) ( B i g n o n i a c e ae). (lrinurn arrrabile l)on ex Ker-(l,arvl.4l (40547);72 (Arnarl'lliclaceae) . (lrotalaria nitens H.B.K. 73 (40727) (Fabaceae). ft0196) (ltenitis sp. 48 (40145) (Dryopteridaceae). (luatresizr riparia (H.B.K.)I{unziker 51 (40655); 55 ( , 1 0 0 9 9 )C ; . s p . 7 2 ( 4 U 8 0 1 )( S o l a n a c e a e ) . Ctrpania cinerea Poepp. & Endl. 2,31 (41046)(Sapindaceae). Crrplrea tetrapetala Kohne 72 (40102, 40552,48699); 74 (11423); C. strieulosaH.B.K. l6 (40546);59 (40031) (l.rtlrraceae). (lvathula achyranthoicles (H.B.K.)Moq. 55 (40499) (Arnaranth:rceac). C v c l a r r t h t r sb i p a r t i t u s P o i t . l 6 ( 4 8 8 5 0 ) ; 2 4 , 7 4 ( 4 0 2 2 1 ) ; a O (48078) (Clvclanthaceae) . (lvclodirrm trianae (Mett.) A. R. Srn. 4l (48757) (Drvoptericlaceae). Cvperus luzulae (L.)Rctz. 70 (40035); (i.odoratus 1.. 74 ( 4 16 2 4 ) ( C 1 ' p e r a c e a e.) Cvphom:rndra hartwegii (Miers.)Dun. 5l (40i91) (Sol:inirccae). Dacr-v<rdesgranatensis Cluatrec. 2 (4167 6) (Burser:rccae). Dahlia sp. 16 (40642) (Asteraceae). Dalechanrpia sp. 48 (48?13) (Euphorbiaceae). D a n z r e : rh u r n i l i s M o o r e 5 l ( 4 8 0 6 2 ) ; D . s p . 4 8 ( 4 t 3 9 4 1 ) ; 57 (4,3437) ( Nlarattiaceae ) . BS 46 144 Dendropanax arbonerts (L.)Decne. 5l (40899) (Aralia- Eleoclrzrris retroflexa (Poir.)Urban 72 (18327)(C_vperar- ceae). ceae). Dennstaedtia zrrborescens (Willcl.)Maxon 73 (400f15); D. spp. 25 (4888a); 72 (48889) (Dennstaecltiiiceae). D e s r n o d i u n r a d s c e n d e r - r s( S w . ) D C . 5 5 ( 4 1 5 7 8 ) ; 6 4 ( 4 0 0 2 2 ) ; 73 (40032); D. sp. 53 (41075) (Fabaceae). Desnroncus cirrhifera Gentrl' & Zarclini l0o 24 (ala55); D. s p . 7 ( 4 8 1 9 7 ) ( A r e c a c e a e ). f)ialyanthera sorcloniifblia \Alarb. 2 (41664); D. spp. 2 ( 4 0 3 5 4 , 4 1 0 4 9 , 4 8 2 9 0 ) ( M y r i s t i c a c ea e ) . Diasrema affine Fritsch 48 (a8990); 68 (491I I ); 7l (40140); D. scabnrrn (Poepp.)Benth. ex. \{'alp. 73 ( 4 9 0 9 2 ) ( C e s n e r i a c e a e) . Dichorisandra anqtrstifblia Linclen & Rodig. 54 (40tt98); D. lrexandra (Atrbl.)Standl. 48 (4U188);57 (18407); 6 8 ( 4 0 3 7 2 ) ; D . s p . 6 5 ( 4 1 ' 1 8 4 )( C o m m e l i n a c e a e ) . I)icranopteris pectinata (Willd.)Und. 44 (483?3) (Gleicheniaceae). 48, 49 Dicranoglossurn polypocliodes (Hook.)Lellineer ( 4 0 6 4 9 ); 4 9 ( 4 0 1 7 0 , 4 9 0 2 9 ) ; D . s p . 4 9 ( 4 0 2 3 4 ) ( P o l - v podiaceae). Dieffenbachia dasuensis Engl. 3l (41652); D. segtrine (facq.)Schott. 46 (40756, 48154,48348) (Araceae). D i o c l e a s p . 7 ( 4 1 6 4 6 ) ( F i r b z r c e a e. ) D i o s c o r e a e s c u l e n t a B u r k . 2 3 ( 4 8 3 3 1 ) ; D. 'p. 24 (48826) ( D i o s c o r ea c e a e ) . Diplarpezr paleacea lriana ex (losn. 72 (48723)(Melastom a t a c ea e ) . Diplazir.rm cristatum (Desr'.) Alstor-r 72 (48320); l). mocccn i a n u m ( S o c l i r o ) C l .C h r . 2 5 ( 4 8 0 4 9 ) ; D . s t r i a t a s t n t m Lellinger 39 (a023U); a8 (a0168); 73 (40051, 4904I ) (Dryopteridaceae) . f)iscophora guianensis Miers. 32, 64 (4Bl68); 64 (40410, 407 41, 41022) ; 72 (40305) (Icacinaceae). Dracontium sp. 50 (41597) (Aracezie). Drymaria cordata (1..) Willd. 68 (40179, 49096) (Carvophyllaceae). D r y m o n i a a l l o p l e c t o i d es H a n s t . 4 8 ( 4 8 2 1 2 ) ; 6 2 ( 4 0 0 6 1 ); D . c o r i a c e a ( O e r s t . e x H a n s t . ) W i e h l . 2 6 ( 4 0 1 1 5 0 ) ;3 2 ( 4 8 0 8 3 ) ; 4 8 ( 4 0 6 7 3 ) ; 4 9 ( 4 8 0 9 2 ) ; O . e c u a d o r e n s i sW i - Encyclia fragrans (Srv.)l,ernee 52, 56 (4066f]) (Orchidaccae). Epidendnrrn difforme.f acq. 28 (40102) (()rr:hidaceae). Erato polvmnioides DC. 5l (41505) (Asteraceae). Erechtites valerianifolia (\\krlf.)D(-,. 74 (48866) (Aster:rce- ae). Ervrrsitrnr lbeticlurn L.29 (10127,48926); 29, 51 (a8359); 4l (40038) (Apiaceae). E r y t l i r i n a e c h r l i sT r i a n a l 7 ( 4 0 t 4 6 ) ; E . s n r i t h i a n a K r u k o f f 17 (40632) (Fabaccac). Erythrodes ecuadorensis (l.rav 48 (4078U); E. rveberana C l r a y4 9 ( 4 0 U 7 9 ) ; E . s p . 5 6 ( 4 0 3 5 2 ) ( O r c h i c l a c e i r e ) . Firythroxvlurn novogranatense Hierou in Engl. 40 ( 4 I 5 8 4 ) ( E r y t h r o x v l a c e a e ). F l s c h r v e i l e r ac o r i a c e a ( D C l . ) B e r s e x M a r t . 2 ( 4 8 9 9 5 r ) ;l i . s p . 2 (41668) (Lecythidaceae). Etrsenia sp. 64 (40044) (Myrtaceae). E r r p l r o r b i z rc o t i n i f b l i a L . 1 7 , 5 4 ( 4 0 1 7 7 ) ( L , u p h o r b i a c e : r e r ) . E u t e r p e c h a t r n o s t a c h y sB u r r e t 2 4 , 2 5 ( 6 0 1 0 3 ) ; 2 5 ( 6 0 0 0 1 ) (A'ecitceae). E r . ' o d i a n t h u sf t r n i f e r ( P o i t . ) l . i n c l m . 4 6 ( 4 0 0 1 1 0()C y c l a n t h a cerac). Ficus calclasiana Dusancl 33 (,10096); F. cervantesian:r S t a n c l l e r& ' L . O . W m s . 2 ( 4 0 7 6 1 1 )F; . i n s i p i d a W i l l c l . 2 , 44 (40900); 3l (a1080); F. rnaxima P. Miller 2 ( 4 8 2 0 3 ): 3 1 , 4 4 ( 4 8 0 5 6 ) ; F . o b t u s i f b l i a H . B . K . 3 2 , 3 3 ( 4 0 0 1 7 ) ; F . s c h i p p i i S t a n c l l .3 2 ( 4 8 1 2 4 ) ( M o r a c e a e ) . F - i m b r i s t y l i sc l i c h o t o m a ( L . ) V a h l . 6 6 ( , 1 8 3 5 3 ) ; p . r n i l i a c e a ( L . ) \ A r a h l .6 6 ( 4 f t 3 1 1 8()O v p c r a c c a c ) . Fischeria ireqtratori:rlis Spelhnan 6 I ( 4tt3i34)(Asclepeclizrceae). Gasteranthus corallinus (Fritsch)Wichl. 48 (,18094); 73 (40665); C).crispus (Mansf.)Wiehl. 48, a9 (a0701); (]asteranthus ol-lcoqastnls (Hanst.)Wiehl. 49, 73 (40233); 55, 72 (,11000); 72 (40327): 7+ (40731, 4 U 12 6 ) ( ( ) e s n e r i a c e a e ). Genipa anrericana 1,. l5 (49120). ( ] e o s e n a n t h t r s r h i z a n t h u s ( U l e ) B n r e c k n e r 5 l ( 4 8 0 6 1 3 ) 5; 5 e h l . 4 8 ( 4 8 3 11 ) ; D . m a c r o p h v l l a ( O e r s t . ) H . E . M o o r e 4 8 ( 4 0 1 6 7 ) ; D . r h o c l o l o r n aW i e h l . 4 8 , 4 9 ( 4 0 1 0 8 ) ; 7 3 (40716); D. serrtrl:rta(facq.)Mart. 32 (48081); 48 ( 4 0 3 1 9 ); 7 3 ( 4 0 1 0 6 ) ( O o r n n r e l i n z r c e a e ) . Cl.eonoma cuneata H. A. \Alencll. 15 (40207); 24 (40753, 60099);24,52 (4fl35l); G. uracilisH. A. Wencll.ex Spnrce 24 (60099, trOl04, 60118); (i.. linearis Brrrrct (18773); 48, 49 (48393); D. ttrrrialvae Hanst. 48 (4163t]); 73 (40224); D. warszewicziana Hanst. 48 ( 4 0 0 U 0 ,4 8 1 2 1 , 4 8 , 1 1 9 ,4 U 9 9 1 ); 5 5 Q B 7 2 B ) ( G e s n e r i a - 72 (601l5); 74 (60115); Ci. spp. 8 (60004), 25 ( 4 8 9 1 6 )( A r e c a c c a c ) . ()eophila sracilis (R. & P.) D(1. 73 (4064,1)(Rubiaceae). ceae). Dryopteris sp. 25 (48887) (Dr,vopteridirceae). Dussia sp. 2 (41656) (Fabaceae). (Barv & Fee)Moore Elaphoelossr.rrn herminieri (40533);E. spp. l3 (40u2ti);72 $BBa\; (Drvoptericlaceire ) . l3 73 (a0133) G l o x i n i a d o c l s o n i iW i e h l . 4 8 ( 4 1 4 6 2 ) 1 8 2 7 9 ) ; 5 2 ( a 0 3 6 7 ) ; 5 5 ( 4 8 7 2 9 ); 7 4 ( 4 1 6 0 2 ) ( ( ) e s n c r i a . c c a . c ) . ( i , c r r n p h r e n aq l o b o s u s L . 7 2 ( 4 0 5 6 1 ) ( A r n a r a n t h z r c e a e ) . fiorrzalaguniir cornifolia (H.B.K.) Standl. 72 (a8227); (). sp. 73 (40661) (Rtrbizrceae). (Malr.accae). Gossypiunr barbaclense 1.. l0 (401-rtt4) BS 46 t45 Cotratria lrrptrloicles (1..)Urban 24 ( 4 10 8 6 ) ( R h a n r n a c e a e ). ( ] u a r e a s p . 2 ( 4 8 2 1 7 )( M e l i a c e a e ) . (40741); (). sp. 7 C l ' r r a t t e r i as p p . 2 ( ( 4 0 7 3 6 , 4 l 6 5 5 ) ( A n n o n a c e a e ) . Clurania eggersii Sprague & Hutch. 5l (40052); G.nregistantha.f. D. Srn. 60 (48308); G. spinulosa (Poepp. & E n d l . ) ( b s n . 6 7 ( 4 8 1 5 6 , 4 8 1 7 0 ) ; C i . .s p . 4 l ( 4 8 1 0 7 ) (Cucurbiftrccae) . (l.ust"avia c l o c l s o n i iM o r i 2 5 ( . 4 0 3 4 0 ) ; ( i . s p . 2 5 ( a i l l a l ) ( L e cy'thidaceaer). (]rrznrania lingulata (I-.)Mez 4l (48377); G. melinonis Rerg e l 4 l ( 4 0 8 8 5 ) ; ( ] . s r : h e r z e r i a n : rM e z 3 2 ( 4 8 3 9 5 ) ; G . spnrcei (Andrc) 1..8.Snrith 58 (48693); fl.. testudinis L.B. Srnith & R.W. Retrd 20 (48856); G. sp. 4l ( 4 I 0 I 9 ) ( B r o r n e l i a c e a e ). Srv. 72 (a8225); 73 (40054, 10484, 40626); H. m:rcr:rntha l.ittle 13 (40076); H. sp. 52 ( 4 1 0 5 1 ) ; H . s p . 7 4 ( 4 1 6 0 U )( R u b i z i c e a e ) . Heclvchitrm coronariurn Koenis 16 (41ir39); 19 (49121); 7 4 ( 4 8 7 B B )( Z i n u i b e r a c e a e ) Hanrelia axillaris Hedyosmum scoterrir-nrrnr Stancll. 7 2 (11,174)( Chkrran thaceire). H e i s t e r i a s p p . 2 ( 4 0 3 5 8 ); 7 3 ( 4 0 0 6 4 ) ( O l a c a c e a e ) . Heliconia aernvscliana Burle-Marx 53 (40120); H. ctrr. t i s p a t h a O . ( } . .P e t e r s .S l ( 4 0 4 3 4 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 0 1 1 9 ) ; H . l a tisp:rtha Benth. 72 (4U228); H. longa (Griggs) Winkl. 38 (48180); H. stricta Huber 32 (18274) (Musaceae). (L.)Presl 72 ,40l3a); 73 Hemidictl'rrm marsinatum ( 4 0 I 2 8 ) ( D r v o p t e r i c l i r c e a e ). Herrania balaer-rsisPretrss. 24 (10416, 40666) (Sterculia- c e a e) . Heteranthera renilormis R. & P. 60 (40388, 48390, 18776) ( P o n t e d e r i a c e a e ). Hcteropsis obkrneifbli:r Kunth l0 (40001) (Araceale). H i b i s c u s r a c l i a t t r s C a v . 7 3 ( 4 0 6 3 7 ) ; H . r o s a - s i n e n s i sL . l 6 (40429,40461); 73 (40139); H. sp. 72 (40579) (N{alr'aceae). Hieroninra chocoensis (hatr. 3l $8772); H. laxillora (Tull) Miill. 2 (40507) (Etrphorbiaceae). H o f f m a n n i a s p . 7 3 ( , 1 0 1 5 1 )( R u b i a c e a e ) . H t r m i r i a s t r - u r np r o c e r t r r n ( L i t t l e ) C u a t r . 2 ( 4 1 0 7 6 ) ( H o u r n i riaceae). linifblia (L.)Trevisan 73 (40610)(l,vcopocliaceae). Hvdrangea sp. l6 (40641) (Hlclrangeace:re). Hvdrocotyle leucocephala (1.& S. 73 (40193) (Apiaceae). Hvmenophyllurn sp. 48 (487 51) (Hvrnenophvllaceae). Huperzia 59 (40635); H. mutabilis (A. Rich.)Briq. 14, 72 (40039);H. obtusifloraPresl37 (48720);41(40294); 73 (40180); H. verticillataJacq. 42 (al0B3); 72 (41 429); 74 (48852)(Lamiaceae). Ichnanthus axillaris (Nees) Hitchc. & Chase 48 (48090) (Poaceae). Impatiensbalsaminat.. l6 (48362)(Balsaminaceae). Inga edulis M:rrt. 3, 24 (48200);24 (40353,40450,40778); 24,73 (40042);I. marginataWilld. 24 (40733);I. ruizianaDon. 24 (40898);I. spectabilis(Vahl)Willrl.24 (40772);I. sp. 35 (41087)(Mimosaceae). Ipomoeabatatas(L.) Larn. 23 (48305);I. spp.51 (a0005); 62 (40476) (Oonvolvulaceae) . IriarteacleltoideaR. & P. 2, 4, 5,25,27 (60097);4 (48409) (Arecaceae). Ischnosiphon leucophaeus (P. & E.)Koern. 10 (40780, 4f1902)( Marantaceae) . I s e r t i a p i t t i e r i S t a n c l l .2 ( 4 0 8 2 7 ) ; 3 2 ( 4 8 2 7 8 ) ( R u b i a c e a e ) . Ixora sp. l6 (40463) (Rubiaceae). Jaltomirt:r procumbens (Car:)Clentr,v52 (40013); 54, 55 (40I0I) (Solanaceae). .fatroplra clrrcas Wall. 43, 44 (40633) (Euphorbiaceae). . J e s s e n i ab a t a u a ( M a r t . ) B u r r e t 4 ( 6 0 0 7 9 ) ; 4 , 2 5 ( 6 0 0 0 6 ) (Arecaceae). . | r r s t i c i ac o r n a t a ( l - . ) L a n r . 2 2 ( 4 8 1 4 4 - ) ; 7 a ( 1 8 7 1 5 ) ; . | . i a n t h i n a \ { r a s s h .5 3 ( 4 8 3 8 4 ) ; . f . s t e r e a 1 8 ( 4 0 5 3 5 ) ; . J . s p . 7 1 ( 4 14 8 3 ) ( A c a n t h a c e a e ). Kalanchoe sp. 74 (48149) (Crassulaceae). Kolrleria spp. 48, 49 (40576); 49 (40723) (Gesneriaceae). L,acistema aggregata (Berg) Rtrsbr, 24 (48796) (l,acistemaceae). Lantana spp. 51, 55 (41077); 56 (41468); 65, 71 (4054U) (Verbenaceae). L a s i a c i ss p . 7 0 ( 4 1 4 6 9 ) ( P o a c e a e ) . Leandra sranatensis (]leason 52 (40326) (Melastomaraceae). Linclernia cnrstacea (L.) F. Muell. 40 (40636); t.. sp. 4l (187 22) ( Scrophulariaceae ) . Lindsaezr quadrangularis Radcli 72 (48953) (Adianthaceae) Lonrariopsis japurensis (Mart.)J. Sm. 4l (48125); 41, 73 (40163); 73 (49038); f.. nigropaleata Holtttrm 4l ( , 1 0 0 2 0 ,4 i l ? 8 4 ) ; 6 4 ( 4 0 3 3 3 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 0 2 2 9 ) ( D r y o p r e r i daceae). l.crrrchitis hirsuta L. 25, 73 (49036); 73 (a0130)(Dennstaedtiaceae). Lonchocarpus nicou (Aubl.) DCl. 33 (49107); t,. sp. 33 ( 4 9 1 0 5 )( F a b a c e a e ) . l.uclovia intesrifolia (\4loocls.)Harl. 10, 7 (48281) (Cyclan- H y o s p a t h e e l e s a n s M a r t . 3 2 ( 4 1 J 2 7 3()A r e c a c e a e ) . Hvpolepis hostilis (Kze.)Presl25 (40/t27,41070); H. repens (L.) Presl 25 (48048, 4U299) (Dennstaedtia- Lndrvisia erecta L.73 (40178) (Onagraceae). l.uf fa aeer''pticaMill. 24 (40597) (Cucurbitaceae). ceae). H v p t i s c a p i t a t a J a c c l .2 8 ( 4 0 1 1 4 1 ) ; 3 7( a 8 3 5 t r ): 5 4 , 5 5 ( 4 0 3 8 9 ) ; L 1 ' c i a n t h e sa m a t i t l a n e n s i s ( C o u l t . & . 1 . D . S m . ) B i t t e r 4 7 , 5 5 (10172); 48 (40087) (Solanaceae). thaceae). T t46 BS 46 Lvcopocliella trianae (Hieron.)B. @lls. 65 (41499) (L_vcopodiaceae). Lvcopodium sp. 48 (48ll34) (Lvcopodiaceae). Macleania rotunclifolia Sodiro & Hoer. 48 (48376) (Ericaceae). Macltrra tinctoria (L.) Steud. 58 (49060) (Moraceae). Macrothelypteris (Gaucl.) torresiana Chins (4903 I ) (Thelvptericlirceae) 73 Malachra rtrderalis Gtirke 73 (40557); 73, 74 (40860) (Malvaceae). Malaxis sp. 73 (48709) (Orchidaceae). Malvaviscus pendulilkrnrs f)C. 21, 73 (40027) (Malvaceae). Manclevilla dodsonii Gentr,v I (40439); 32 (48307); l,l hirsuta (Rich.)K. Schum. 64 (40800) (Apocvnaceae). Manihot esculenta (lr-antz 23 (48329, 48330)(Euphorbia- Nautilocalr,x sp. 55 (48936, 48964) ((iesneriirceae). Neornortoni:r rosea Wie hl. 48 (11477) (Ci.esncriaceae). Nephele:r cuspidaur (Krrnze)Tryon 25 (48176)(Cyatheaceae). Nephrolepis pectinata (Willcl.)Schott 48 (48846); 50 (48135); N. pelrclula (Radcli)J. Srn. 48 (4899U); N. spp. 13 (48837, 48845) (Dzrvalliaceae). N o t h o p : r n a x l r u c t i c o s u s ( [ . . ) M i c 1 .7 3 ( 4 0 6 1 2 ) ( A r a l i a c e a e ). N o t _ v l i :r i m b a c h i i S c h l r r . 5 7 ( 4 8 1 4 3 ) ( O r c h i d a c e a e ) . O c i r n u m c a m p e c l - r i a n u r nM i l l . 2 8 , 4 1 ( 4 0 6 1 6 ) ; 2 9 ( a 8 9 8 2 ) ; 74 (40395); O. sp. 58 (48445) (Larniirceae). O d o n t : r c l e n i a m a c r a n t h a ( R . & S . )M e f . 6 l ( , 1 0 8 9 5 ) ;O . s t r i c tum (Nees.)Kuntze 21, 73 (40023) (Apocynaceae). Oenocarpus mapora Karst. l0 (60102) (Areczrceae). Oleanclra sp. l3 (48303); 48 (48843) (Drvoptericlacezre). ceae). Mansoa hvrnenaea (DCl.) Gentry 68 (49089)(Bignoniaceae). Marcgraviir sp. 32 (48337) (M:rrcuraviaceae). O s s a e al a x i v e n u l a W u r d a c k 5 8 ( 4 8 1 7 3 ) ; 7 g ( 4 0 3 6 4 , 4 1 0 1 3 ) ; O. micrantha (Sw.)Macf.ex Cogn.24,73 (401tr2); 70 I\{arila laxiflora Rusby 2 (41615) (Clusiaceae). M a t i s i ac o l o r a d o r u r n B e n t h . 2 , 2 4 ( 4 0 0 1 5 ) ; 2 + , 7 3 ( a 0 1 3 1 ) ; 73 (40187); M. soegenii (luat. 24 (41660) (Bombaca- (,10048)(Mclastornataceae) . Oxalis nricrocarpa Benth. 49 (40726); O. spp. 15 (41580); 3 4 ( 4 1 1 3 3 ) ; 5 3 ( 4 t 3 3 3 3 )( O x a l i d a c e a e ) . ceae). Melothria perclula L. 47 (40480); 55 (40098) (Ctrcurbitace- Palicoru'ea conf'erta (Benth.)Sanclrv. 74 (40518); P. suianensis Atrbl. 32 (48205); 74 (11003); P. spp. 32 ( 4 16 1 9 , 4 8 7 2 1 , 4 8 72 7 ) ( R u b i : r c e a e ). ae). Mendoncia sp. 28 (40813) (Acanthaceae). Miconia barbinervis (Benth.)Triana 74 (48431); M. erioclada Triana 74 (40569); M. goniostigrna Triana 72 (41500); M. sracilis Triana 74 (41033)l M. nervosa (Smith)Triana 74 (41014, 48099); M. oraria \A/urclack 32 (48216, 4tt339); M. theaezans (Bonpl.) Ccrgn. 72 (41495); M. trinen'ia (Sw.)D. Don ex Lou c I . 7 4 ( 4 0 4 8 9 ) ; M . r , e n u l o s aW u r d a c k 7 3 ( 4 0 3 2 4 ) ; M . s p p . 1 4 ( 4 1 6 1 0 ) , 4 8 ( 4 t 3 7 0 8 )( M e l a s t o r n a t a c e a e ) . M i k a n i a s p p . 4 5 ( 4 1 5 0 1 ) ; 4 8 ( 4 0 3 4 1 1 )5; l ( 4 1 0 3 6 ) ( A s t e r a ceae). Mimosa elliptica H.B.K. 22 (40483); M. puclica L^ 22 (48324) (Mimosaceae) Minquartia guianensis Aubl. 2 (41023); 2 (48400)(Olacaceae). Mirabilis.jalirpa L. 21, 73 (40025) (Ni,ctaginaceae). Monolena primulaeflora Hook. f .44 (41582,48974) (Melastomat.aceae) Monopyle socliroana Fritsch 37 (a0877): a8 (40513, 4 8 1 2 7 ); 7 3 ( 4 0 3 1 6 ) ( G e s n e r i a c e a e ) . Monstera adansor-rii Schott 73 (a9054); M. lechiriana Schott 55 (41633); M. spmceana (Schott) Eneler 48 ( 4 0 8 4 3 ) , 4 8 1 0 5 ) ; M . s p . 4 0 ( 4 0 4 3 6 )( A r a c e a e ) . M v r c i a s p . 7 4 ( 1 0 7 4 3 , 4 1 6 1 4 )( M y r t a c e a e ) . O r y c t a n t h u s o c c i c l e n t a l i s ( L . ) E i c h l . 7 3 ( 4 0 0 5 f 1 )( L o r a n t h a ceae). P a n i c u m f i o n c l e s c e n s G . .M e e . 7 3 ( 4 0 1 8 2 ) ; P . t r i c h o i d e s S r v . 74 (48489) (Poaceae). P a r a d r y m o n i a s p . 4 8 ( 4 1 6 3 5 , 4 8 9 6 3 ) ( ( ) c s n e r i a c e a e ). Parasonia pvrarnidata (t.. Rich.) Rtrr. 7 (48413) (Bignoniaceae). Paspalum conjugatum Bersius 66 (40399, 41015, 18147) (Poacerzre). P a s s i f l n r aa u r i r : u l a t a H . B . K . 2 4 ( 1 0 0 2 6 , 4 0 2 1 8 ) , 4 5 ( 4 0 1 0 5 ) ; P . f b c t i c l aL . 2 4 ( 4 0 3 8 7 ) ; 2 8 ( 4 0 6 6 0 ) ; P . r n a l i f o r m i s L . ; . q u a d r : r n s u l i r r i sL . 2 4 ( 4 0 3 5 5 , 4 U 1 8 7 , 2 4 ( 4 0 1 1 3 9 )P 48429);24,45 (10174); I'. sp. 24 (48857) (Passifloraceae). Parrllinia firscescens Ktrr-rth. I (4U426); P. r-robilisRacllk. 32 ( 4 8 3 4 1) ; P . s p . l 0 ( 4 1 4 3 5 8 ) ( S z r p i n d a c e a e ) . Pzrvoniacastaneifblia St.-Hil. & Naudin 53 (4U20,1):P. fiutic o s a ( M i l l . ) F a w c e t t & R e n d l e l 6 ( 4 0 1 1 5 5 ) ; 5 9( 4 0 0 2 9 ) (Malvaceae). Pecluma consimile (Mett.) M. (). Price l3 (48436) (Polvpocliaceae). Pentasonia erancliflorir Stancll. 24 (al1199); P. rnacrophy'lI r r r nB e n t h . 2 4 ( 1 0 4 5 1 ,4 8 3 6 1 ) ; P . s p p . 2 ( a l 0 3 5 ) : 2 a ( 4 0 3 7 5 ,4 1 0 0 1 ); 2 6 ( 4 1 0 8 2 )( R u b i i i c e a e ) . (40671); 73 (49108) Peperorni:r macrostachya (Vahl)A. Dietr. 48 (a8202); P. ornnicola DC. 32 (48986); P. panarnensis DC. 2l (40638); P. pellucida (L.) H.B.K. 62 (48287); P. per- N a u c l e o p s i sa m a r a D u c k e 3 3 ( 4 8 9 1 2 ) ; N , s p . 3 3 ( 4 9 1 1 2 ) (Moraceae). nambucensis Miq. 73 (49053); P. pteroneura DC. 7l ( 4 0 0 8 9 ) ; P . s e r p e n s ( S r v . ) l - o t r c l .4 8 ( 4 1 4 i 9 , 4 8 2 1 0 , 4 B B 2 l 1 )P ; . urocarpa F. & M. 35 (40531); 55 (40301); Napeanthus robustus Fritsch 70,72 (Cesneriaceae). 747 BS 46 48113, 48157, 48346,, 48724, 48824, 48858, 48909) ; ; . s p p .1 4 ( 4 8 0 7 6 ) ; 1 4 , 3 5 7 0 ( 4 1 0 1 u ) ; 7 3( 4 0 1 3 5 ) P 50 (41637);5r (40370);5a G0782);55 (a02e5): 65 ( 4 0 5 0 6 ) ;1 4 , 7 3 ( 4 0 1 6 9 ) ;a l ( 4 0 1 3 7 ) ;4 8 ( 4 1 5 8 9 , (a0670); 70 (40109, 40341); 72 (48726, 48853, 48906); 4t625, 48193,48369,48705, 48719,481169, 48861); 73 (40679, 40683, 40699, 40711, 40776, ; 0 ( 4 8 8 2 1 ) 5; l ( 4 8 7 9 3 ) 5; 2 ( ' 1 1 5 9 3 ) ; 4 8 , 4 9 ( 4 1 6 4 5 )5 40790, 49056, 48158); 74 (40323, 41590, 41658, 5 5 ( a 0 3 1 3 ) ;6 2 ( 4 l l 3 1 a ) ;6 5 ( 4 0 0 7 9 ) ;7 0 ( 4 0 5 7 8 , 48163, 48164, 48392, 48697, 48703, 48836, 40777, 48072);72(4078{;73 G0143)(Piperaceae). 4 t 1 8 7 3 )( P i p e r a c e a e ) . Perebeaxanthochl'maIierst.2 (4ti201)(Moraceae). P e r s e aa m e r i c a n a| ' . . 1 9 , 2 4 ( 4 9 1l 8 ) : 7 3 ( 4 0 7 1 5 ) ( L a r r r a - P i t c a i r n i a s p p . 7 ( 4 1 4 3 6 ) ; 3 7 ( 4 1 4 9 6 ) ( B r o m e l i a c e a e ) . ceae). Pharus latifblius L. 65 (60106) (Poaceae). Phaseoltrs vulg;aris L. 23 (40516) (Fabaceae). ineqrtilaterum Liebrn. 46 (40171); P. steyermarkii Bunt. 32, 64 (41 168); P. strbhastatum Engl. 7 (48179); P. tenue C. Koch & Augustin 73 (a0226);P. verruc()sum Mathieu ex. Schott 10, 32 (a8l9l); P. Philodendron spp. 7 (40849, 4824r); 46 (401rb): 72 (40310)(Araceae). Phoradendron chrysocl;rdon Gra,v 52 (40350); P. piperoides (Kunth)Trel. 57 (48367) (Loranthaceae). Phthirtrsa pvrifolia (H.B.K.)Eichl. 52 (40345); 52, 57 ( 4 8 1 5 1 ); 7 3 ( 4 0 0 5 6 ) ( L o r a n t h a c e a e ) Phyllanthus anisobolttsM. Are. 33 ( (40010, 10394,48370), 4BBB0, 49102); P. stipr.rlaris (Raf.)G. lt'ebster 22 (40392) ; P. sp. 22 (48231) (Euphorbiaceae). Phr,'salisangulata L.. 24 (40609, 48385); P. pubescens 1,. 24 ( 4 0 3 1 1 ) ; P . s p . 7 0 ( 4 1 4 6 0 )( S o l a n a c e a e ) . Phvtelephas aequatorialis Sprtrce 8, 24 (6011l) (Arecaceae). Phvtolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche 13 (40003, 48830); 25 (40454); 29 (4810i) (Phy'tolaccaceae). Pilea spp. 40 (40062, 40107,40217,40682);48 (40378);58 ( 4 0 1 8 5 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 0 0 0 8 )( U r t i c a c e a e ) . Pilocosta oerstedii (Triana)Almeda & Whiflin 48 (48387) (Melastomataceae) . Piper arboreum Aub. 47 (40455); P. angttsturn Rudge 47 (40303)i 48, 73 G045\; a8 (40738)i 56, 73 (a0090); 74 (40749); P. brachypoclon Benth. 74 (40881); P. cararense T. & Y 5l (48174,48244);51, 55 (41021);P. drvadum DC.74 (41612);P. eustyltrm (40237); P. filistylurn DC. 48 (10746, P. florencianrtm Trel. & Ytrnck. 48 (40338); P. hispidum Sw. 70 (40222); 73 (40194, 40681);74 (40748); P. irnperiale (Miq.) DC. 56, 74 (40199); 70(a0091); 73 (40596); P. mareinattrm Jacq. 13 (40012); P. rnultiplinenium DC. 4l (40059); 73 Diels 72 48ll6); (406t]4) ; 74 (11471, 4B7BO); P. obliquttm R. & P. 72 (40210); P. peltatum l.. 74 (48159); P. phytalaccaelbliurn Opiz in Prcsl 5l (40468); P. squamttlosttm DCl. 48 (41640); P. triar-raeDC. 56 (41020); 73 (49055); P. tricuspe (Miq.) DC. 47 (40859); P. tti; . spp. 15 (41026); 18 b e r c u l a t u m . l a c q . 4 7 ( 4 t i 3 7 1 1 )P (41600)i 10, 4L, 68 G0325); 32 (a8338); al (49043); 48 (40369, 40752, 40793, 41120, 41421, Pithecellobium longifolium (Mirnosaceae). Pityrosranrma calomelanos (48221) (Ptericlaceae). (H.B.K.)Standl. 74 (4B2BB) (L.)t,ink 4l (18752): 74 Plantaqo major L. 65 (40599) (Plantaginaceae). Plerrrothallis picta Lindl. 57 (18432) (Orchiclaceae). Plrrmeria rubra L. 54 (40594) (Apocynaceae). Podandrogyne brachycarpa (D. C.)\Alood. 13 (40017); P. brevipedunculata Cochrane 5l (40057, 40166); 53 ( 4 0 2 0 9 ); 7 4 ( 4 0 8 6 6 ) ( C a p p a r i d a c e a e ) . Polemonium sp. l6 (48364) (Polemoniaceae). P o l l a l e s t a s p . 7 4 ( 4 1 4 9 2 ) ( A s t e r a c e a e) . Polybotrya caudata Kunze 65 (41058); P. lechleriana Mett. 25 (48848) (Dr1'opteridaceae) . Polygala nrollaginifolia St. Hill. l6 (405il8); P. paniculata L. l6 (40590) (Polygalaceae). Polyeonum acuminatum H.B.K. 33 (4U412) ; P. hydnrpiper o i d e s M i c h x . 3 3 ( 4 0 4 9 1 , 4 0 4 9 4 )( P o l y g o n a c e a e ) . Polypodium crassifoliunt L. 73 (40639) ; P. fraxinifolium Jac q . 6 5 ( 4 0 7 9 8 ) ; P . p e r c u s s u m ( l a r ' .4 8 ( 4 0 1 9 6 , a 0 2 1 9 ) , 5l (40629); P. phyllitidis L. 40 (40u06); 7r, 73 (,10095);P. piloselloides L. 35 (40302); 5l (40236, 40475);73 (40617); P. repens Aubl. 70,72 (a0672); P. .pp. 13 (40795) (Polypodiaceae). Portulaca oleracea L. 56 (4060a); P. spp. 16 (48378, 48380); 39 (a8379) (Porttrlacaceae). P o t h o m o r p h e p e l t a t a ( L . ) M i q . 5 l ( 4 0 0 0 4 ): 5 6 , 7 4 ( 4 0 3 9 3 ) (Piperaccac). Poulsenia armata Miq l0 (48343, 48985) (Moraceae). Pourotrma guianensis Aubl. 24 (40677); P. hirsutipetiolata Milclbr. 24 (41009) (Urticaceae). Pouteria caimito (R. & P.)Radlk. 24 (40415); P.collina (Lit tle)Penn. 2,3,24 (41673); P. torta (Mart.)Radlk. 2, 24 (41629) (Sapotaceae) . Pouzolzia sp. 55 (40477) (Urticaceae). Prestcreasejuncta Bailey 7, Z5 (60\0 7) (Alecaceae). (40831, Prestonia portobellensis (Beurl)Woodson 6l 41052): P. rotundifolia K. Schum. ex Woodson 6l (40780) ; 72 (4067 4) (Apocynaceae) . Protiurn amplum Cuatr. 2 (41659); P. sp. 2 (41006)(Btrrseraceae). Psamrnisia attaberrans 26 (48250); P. caloneura A. (1. Srnith 24 (48920); P. f'errusinea A. (1. Smith 20 (48792); P. spp. 26 (40309, 40520, 48061)(Ericaceae). 148 BS 46 Pseuclelephantopus puratis (l,ess.)Cronq 72 (48381); P. s p p . 7 4 ( 4 1 6 0 9 , 4 8 7 1 3 ) ( A s t e r a c e a e ). S c a p h y e k r t t i sg r a m i n i f o l i a ( R . & P . ) P . & E . 6 8 ( 4 U 3 1 8 ) ; S . prolifera (loen. 28 (40855); a8 (aBl96)(Orchicla- Pseuderanthemum lanceolatum (R. & P.)Milbr. 73 (40211); P. micranthunr Leonard 3l (48935)(Acanthaceae). Psidiunr euajava L.24 (41335); P. sp. 24 (40104) (Myrtace- ceae). Schefflera sp. 32 (41606), 48718, 48u03, 48gl3)(Araliaceae). ae). Psychotria brachiata Sw. 32, 74 (48112); P. czrerulea R. & P. 74 (18172); P. hoflmannsessiana (Wild. ex R. & S.) ) ;. m a c r o p h y l l a R . & M . A r g . 7 3 ( 4 0 1 5 3 ) ; 7 4 ( , 1 8 3 1 1 1P P. 73 (40065, 40072,40114): 74 (48165), P. racemosa (Aubl.)Raeusch. 32 (48215); P. stenostachya Standl. 7 3 ( 4 0 0 6 6 ) ; P .v i r i d i s R . & P . l 8 ( 4 0 5 9 5 , 4 8 3 6 8 ) ; P . r v i l - Schlegeliadresleri Gentry 26, 32 (48404) (Bignonizrceae). Schleselia fastisiata Schery 26 (41069); 32 (4Blll); 48 ( 4 0 1 2 7 ) ; S . s p . 4 l ( 4 0 3 2 9 )( B i e n o n i a c e a e ) . Schoenobiblus panamensis Standl. in (483 I 7) (Tl-rymelaeaceae). L.O. Sciadocephala schultze-rhonnotiae 52 (4l4Ul); (11024) (Asteraceae). Scoparia dulcis L. 44 (40567); 5l ( 4 1 4 3 I ) ( S c r o p h u l a r i a c e a e ). Wrns. l8 S.sp. 53 (4002U); S. sp. 74 lianrsii Standl. 40, 41, 68, 69 (49044); P.spp. 4l (a0322); 7l (40400); (40068, 40082, 40232); 73 ( 4 0 2 1 3 ); 7 4 ( 4 1 0 5 5 )( R t r b i a c e a e ) . Selaginella seniculata (Presl)Spring 58 (48131, 48207); S. spp. 48 (40878);50 (48831);5l (40505);56 (40093, P s y g m o r c h i s p u s i l l a ( L . ) D o d s o n & D r e s s l e ra 8 ( a 1 0 4 3 ) ( O r chiclaceae). Pteris propineua Asardh 72 (48224); P. sp. 9 (40889) (Pte- 40186); 58 (49115); 73 (40200, 49042) (Selaginellaceae). Senna dariensis B. & R. 35 (41087) (Oaesalpiniaceae). ridaceae). Qrrararibea cordata (H.B.K.)Vischer 24 (40580); Q. soegenii (Ouatr.)A. Robyns & S. Nielsson 24 (40773) (Bombacaceae). S i d a a c L r t aB u r m . f . 1 3 ( 4 0 0 3 6 ) ( M a l v a c e a e ) . Sipanrna laurifolia (H.B.K.) DC. 73 (40643); S. spp. 40, 69 (40216);65 (48903);68 (49088);68, 69 (40693)Mo- Raritebe palicoureoicles Wernh. 31 (48066) (Rubiaceae). R a z i s e as p i c a t a O e r s t . 7 3 ( 4 0 0 i 1 3 ) ;R . s p . 6 3 ( 4 1 0 5 6 ) ( A c a n thaceae). Renealmia cuatrecassii Maas 32 (41588); R. cylindrica Sobralia rrracrophylla Rchb. f. 57 (48091); S. sp. 74 (48694) (Orchidaceae). Maas & Maas 73 (40833);74 (18235);R. ciolichocalp< Maas 36 (48924); R. oligospernra K. Schum. 48, 5 6 , 7 3 ( 4 0 1 6 0 ); 5 6 ( 4 0 7 7 2 ) ( Z i n e i b e r a c e i r e ) . nirniaceae). Socrateaexorrhiza (Mart.) H. A. \4/end1.2,24, 27 (60007) (Arecaceae). Solanum candidum l,indl. 24 (10165); 28 (40656); S. cirnense Rydb 24,41 (40016);41 (40721);S. conf.ertis e r i a t t r n rB i t t e r 3 1 ( 4 1 6 0 1 ) ; 7 l ( , 1 8 6 9 5 ) ; 7 3 ( 4 0 6 3 0 ) ; R h e e c l i a e d r . r l i s( S e e m . ) P l . & . - 1 r . 2 4 ( 1 1 5 7 5 , 4 8 3 6 3 ) ; R . s p . 24 (40334, 41342) (Cltrsiaceae). S. dolichorhachis Bitter 14 (40522); 5l (40437);73 ( 4 0 6 9 1 ) ; S . . j a r n a i c e n s eM i l l e r 1 6 ( 4 0 4 6 9 ) ; S . l e p i d o - Rollinia rnlrcosa flacq.)Baillon 24 (40608, 4B9Bg); 24, 56 (40046) (Annonaceae). tum Dunal 72 (40306), 40536, 41067); S. leptorhachis Bitter 4l (40073); S. mamn)()surn L. 24, 33 (41452); 72 (404U7); S. medusocalyx Bitter 48 R u d g e a s p p . 2 ( 4 1 6 7 2 ) ; 5 8 , 7 3 ( 4 9 1 0 1) ( M e l i a c e a e ). Ruellia pennellii I-eonard 42 (4U238);63 (48067);. R. riopalenquensis \Arassh.25 (40365); R. tubiflora H.B.K. 32, 7 4 (48402) (Acanthaceae) . Ruta sp. 73 (40558) (Rtrtaceae). R y t i c l o s t y l i sc a r t h a e i n e n s i s ( J a c q . ) K u n t z e 2 4 ( 4 8 0 5 1 ) ; 2 5 (48365) ; 29 (40462, 40607) (Cucurbitaceae). S a b i c e av i l l o s a W i l l d . e x R . & P . 2 4 ( 4 1 6 2 3 ) ; 4 8 ( 4 0 1 8 a ) ; 5 5 ( 4 1 5 0 6 )( R u b i a c e a e ) . Saccoloma eleqans Katrlf. 40 (48223); B G0225) (Dennslaedtiaceae). Salvia coccinea-f ass.ex Murr. 40 (40564) (Lamiaceae). Sanchezia parviflora Leonard 4l (40398); 73 (40189); S. sp. 73 (41464) (Acztnthaceae). Sapirrm penn'ianum (Mcbr.)Jabl. 33 (48414,49098); S. sp. 2 , 3 3 ( 1 1 0 4 1 )( E t r p h o r b i a c e a e ) . Satyria srandifirlia Hoer. 20 (48806) (Ericaceae). Satrratria brachvbotr-vs Trrrcz. 24 (41621) (Actinicliaceae). S a u v a s e s i ae r e c t a 1 , . l 6 ( 4 0 i r 8 9 )( O c h n a c e a e ) . (41628); S. nudum Dunal 7l (41078, 48271):74 (4U304); S. quitoense Lam. 24 (41586); S. scl-rlectendalianum \&'alp. 58 (48233); S. sessiliflortrm Duna|24,28 (40509); S. spp. 24 (48829);34 (48817); 4 8 ( 4 1 6 4 8 ,4 8 4 0 6 ) ; 7 3 ( 1 0 1 5 4 )( S o l a n a c e a e ) . Spartirrrn.junceuml. 23 (41525) (Fabaceae). Sphvrosperrnum cordifoliurn Bcnth. 72 (40830); S. sp. 48 (48777) (Ericaceae). S p i g e l i a a n t h e l m i a L . 4 8 ( 4 0 1 4 2 , 4 B 3 B B ) ;S . s p . 4 l ( 4 0 2 9 3 ) (Loganiaceae). S p i l a n t h e s s p . 3 9 ( 4 1 4 8 5 ) ( A s t e r a c e a e ). S p o r r d i a sr n o r n b i n L . . 2 4 ( 4 9 1 0 0 ) ; S . p u r p u r e a L . 2 4 ( 4 0 1 2 8 , 4Ul 40) (Anacardiaceae) . Stelissp. 49 (48247) (Orchidaceae). Strcptochaeta sodiroana Hackel ll (40212, 40315, 40714, 4 1 0 7 9 , 6 0 I 0 B ) ( P o a c e a e ). Stromanthe sp. (48634) (Marantaceae). S t n r t h a n t h l r s s p . 7 1 ( 4 0 0 U 4 )( L o r a n t h a c e a e ) . BS 46 S r v a r t z i as p p . 2 ( 4 1 6 0 7 , 4 1 t , 6 9 , 4 8 7 8 9 ) ( M i n r o s a c e z r e ) . Sr,rrecanthrrs warscer,viczianus \\rencll. l5 (10205); ( 6 0 1l 7 ) ( A r e c a c e ; r e ) . 149 74 Svttgonitrm cr:rssifbliunr (Engl.)Croat 46 (,10330);S. nracrophyllunr Engl. 48 (40768) (Ar-aceae). Tabernaemorlt.ana columbiensis (Alloree) Leerrrvenberg 24 (40351, 10426, 40732,40739, 48057,48206); T. 'L heterophvlla \hhl 32 (4U123); rnacrocallx Muell. 'f. Arg. 5l (48933); tetr:rstachvaH.B.K. 24 (0750, 40775); T. sp. 24 (40517) (Apoo,'nace:re). T a s e t e s s p . 7 2 ( 4 0 4 8 U )( A s t c r a c e a e ) . Talinrun panictrlatunr (facr1.)(]aertn. 29 (40559) (Porttrlacace:re). T a l i s i a s p . 2 4 ( 4 0 U 2 0 )( S a p i n c l a c e a c ) . Tapirira gtrianensis Aubl. 2 (18277) (An:rcarcliaceae). TecLrria acutiloba (Hicron.)M:rxon 65 (40825); T. incisa ()av. 74 (4011014 , 0902); T. nicotianifcrli:r (Baker)C. (llir. 35 (40411); 73 (a014,1, ,10680); T. uctrsa 72 ( 4 8 3 2 2 ) ; T . s p p . I ( , 1 8 2 8 6 ) ;4 8 ( 4 8 9 4 7 ) ; 6 9 ( 4 i 1 , 1 3 5 ) (Drvoptericlace:re). (40206, 40667); T. spp. 48 (41068, 48161); 56 ( 4 8 1 0 4 ) ; 74 ( 1 1 1 2 5 ) ( P i p e r a c e a e ) Trichilia pallida Srv.73 (40006) (Meliaceae). Trichipteris bipinnata Tryon 72 (48943) (Cvatheaceae). Trichomanes coralliatum V. D. Bosch. Lg (40147);48, 4g ( 4 0 6 9 5 ) ; T . e l e e a n sR i c h . 3 5 ( 4 0 8 8 2 ) ; 4 8 ( 4 8 7 5 9 ) ; T . rnernbranacelrm [.. 48, 5l (48345); 5l (40822); T. polypoclioicles. 39 (a8839); T. spp. 48 (41630, (40132, 4UU3B, 48tl92, 4U893); 73 48408); 5l (400U0) (Hvrnenophyllaceae) . Triofcna barbevana Cosn. 22 (48032);48 (40344, 41084); 49 (40094, 40157); T. obliqua (Triana)Wurdack 48 ( 4 1 4 1 8 , 1 1 6 4 2 ) ; 5 0 ( 4 8 8 0 7 ) ; f . p u s r . u l a r aT r i a n a 4 9 (40071);T. sp. 48 (41431) (Melastomataceae). Tripogzrndra serrulatzr (Vahl)Handlos ( 4 I 0 3 2 ) ( C o n r r n e l i n a c e a e ). Tropaeolum repandtun 40 (4U089); 4l Heilb. 3? (48306) (Tropaeolace- ae). Urce olina grancliflora (Planch. & Lincliu.)Traub. 54 ( 4 0 2 1 4 ) ; 6 6 ( . 1 0 3 3 5 ) ,4 0 8 5 3 ) ( A r n a r y ' l l i d z r c e a r e ) . Tetratlrylacium rnacrophvlltrrn Pocpp. 2, 32 (48125) (Flacourtiaceere). Thelypteris curta (Christ)Reecl 74 (48129); T. clentara (Forsk.)St..fohn 72 (4841l);T. exutaA. R. Smith 44 ( 4 8 8 0 , 1 ) ;T . f a l c a t a ( L . ) P r o c t o r 4 0 ( 4 8 2 9 8 ) ; T . f i a n c o - L J r e n : rl o b a t a I - . 6 5 ( 4 0 0 4 1 ) ( M a l v a c e a e ) . Urera baccifera (L.)Gaucl. 58, 59 (40669); U. caracasana (facq.)Griseb. 22 (41508) (Urticaceae). Vanilla odorata Presl 4l (4ll23ti); V. planifblia.|ackson 14 (40340) (Orchiclacezre). i r n a ( F o u r n . ) R e e c l 4 8 ( , 1 8 2 9 4 ) ; 7 2 ( 4 0 5 7 0) ; T . e e r n mtrlifera (Hicron.) A. R. Srn.48 (48300);T. sisantera (Mett.) R. M. Trvon 40 (40318, 40867, ,18069);48 ( , 1 1 4 3 5 A ) , 4 l l F l i l 5 ) ;T . l i n e u l a t a ( ( i . C h r . ) C . V . M o r - Verbenzr litoralis H.B.K. 42 (10401); 59 (a0208) (Verrbenac e a e) . V i s r n i a o b t t r s : rS p r u c e 5 l ( 4 1 4 9 4 ) ; V . s p . 2 ( 4 8 8 3 2 ) ( C h r s i a ce:re). \ A ' e t t i r r i aq u i n a r i a ( C o o k & D o v l e ) B u r r c r 2 ( 4 1 0 7 4 ) ; 2 , 2 4 , 2 7 ( 6 0 1 1 2 ); 2 , 2 7 ( 6 0 0 0 5 ) ( A r e c a c e : r e ) . ton 35 (48222);T. linkiana (O. Presl) R. NI. Tr.von 70 (48745);T. poiteana (Bor1,) Pnrcror I (48398);T. resinif'era (Desv.) Proctor 72 (48296); T. torresiana (Claud.)Alston 4l (48130); T. ubanii (Socliro) A. R. S r n . 7 3 ( 4 9 0 3 0 ) ; T s p p . 5 9 ( , 1 0 1 3 8 ) ;7 0 ( 4 1 5 9 4 ) ; 7 2 ( 4 8 7 6 1, 1 8 7 6 2 , 4 8 9 r . r 2 ) ;7 3 ( 4 0 1 3 2 ) ( T h e l v p t e r i d a c e ae). Theobroma bicokrr H. & F.24 (,104111T ) ;. c a c i r o L . 2 8 (40460, 40618);T. sileri (luatrec. 24 (4U,130)(SterctrIiace:rc). Thevetia peruviana (Pers.)K. Schurn. 72 (10515) (Apocvnirceae). T h i b a t r c l i a p a n i c u l : r t a A . C l .S r n i t h 7 2 ( 1 1 4 7 5 ) ( F l r i c a c e a e ) . T i l l a r - r d s i an a r t h e c i o i c l e s P r e s l 4 8 ( 4 0 8 6 9 ) ( B r o r n e l i a c e a e ) . "lbcoca spaclicifkrra Triana 32 (4t3701); T. sl,nrphvandra (Triana) Oogn. 32 (187 25) ( Mc l:rstonratzrceae ). T o p o b e a c a u d : r t a \ { r r r c l : r c k 3 2 ( 1 8 7 1 ) 7 , . 1 U 9 1 8 ) ;T . s p . 3 2 (4890I ) (Melastomataccae). .Ii'. Tovomita r,veclclellianaPl. & 59 (4833ir); T'. sp. 55 ( 4 14 5 3 ) ( C l t r s i a c e ; r e.) T o v o n t i t o p s i ss p p . 2 4 ( 1 8 1 9 2 ) ; 3 l ( . 1 1 6 1 6 () O h r s i a c c a e ) . T r e r n a i n t e g e r r i r n a 5 4 ( 4 t 3 3 0 9 )( U h n a c e r a e) . Trianaeopipcr uarciae Trel. & Yunck. 73 (40227); T. killipii Trel. 73 (.10755); T. nrcxiac T'rel. & Yrnck. 70 \AIitheringia solanacea l.'Her. 53 (a0376); 55 (40009, 4 0 1 1 0 , 4 1 0 5 3 , 4 8 1 l 5 ) ; 6 4 ( 4 0 3 0 8 ) ; 7 0 ( a 0 3 2 8 ) ;W . s p . 55 (48349) (Solanaceae). \ 4 r t r l f 1 i ab a c c a t a ( L . f . ) K u n t z e 3 2 ( 4 8 1 6 7 ) ; 3 3 ( 4 8 8 5 1 ) ; 5 l (48054) (Asteraceae). Xanth<rscrrna d : r s u c n s e E n g l . 3 2 ( 4 8 1 8 9 ); 4 8 ( 4 8 2 7 0 ) ; X . s a sittifolia (t..)Schott. 32 (48332);X. sp. 48 (48347) ( A r a c ea e ) . Xipliicliurn caenrleum Aubl. 4l (40374);48 (48417)(Haemodoraceltt'). Zantia linclenii Resel 24 (48155); 5l (40203) (Cvcadaceac). Z e a r n a y sL . 2 3 ( 1 0 5 2 5 ) ( P o a c e a e ) . Zingibcr officinale Roscoe 39, 66 (491l6) (Zinuiberaceae). Zvuia lorrgifcrlia (H. & B.) Br. & Rose. 74 (40403) (Mimosaceac ) . Genus indet: A c a n t h a c c a e 6 7 ( 4 1 4 8 2 ); 7 0 ( 4 1 4 5 9 ) . A r n a r r . ' l l i d a c e a e1 6 ( 4 0 6 2 3 ) ; 3 9 , 7 0 ( 4 1 6 0 4 ) ; 4 8 ( 4 8 7 1 2). Apocl'rraceae 24 (11041) . Araceae 29 (40482);32 (4824il; aG (60101); 48 (4078e); 5 5 ( 4 r J 7 1l ) . A s p l c n i a c e a el 3 ( 4 8 3 0 1 ) . r 150 Asteraceae21,73 (40024); 25 (40103);40 (4057\; al (40034A,40037, 40647,40707);48 (40702);Astera, 0 5 5 3 ,4 0 6 6 2 ) ;5 1 , 5 5 ( 4 0 1 0 4 ) 5 ; 1, c e a e5 l ( 4 0 1 6 1 4 ; 2 (403964 , 0 8 6 3 ,4 8 1 5 2 ) ; 5 6 , 7 l 5 5 , 6 5 ( 4 0 1 5 2 )5 ( 4 0 5 5 4 ) ;5 8 ( 4 8 4 4 3 ) ;6 5 ( 4 0 1 5 2 ) ; 7 2 ( 4 0 5 6 3 ) ; 7 3 (40024,40I 90, 40337). Bromeliaceae 4l (48396);52 (40197);72 (400a3). C l u s i a c e a2e ( 4 1 6 6 5 ) 2; 4 ( 6 0 1 0 0 )3; 2 ( 4 8 8 3 54, 8 9 6 2 ) ) . Cornrnelinaceae 48 (48090). Crrctrrbitaceae 25 (41579);59 (41071). Dennstaedtiaceae 44 (48840). Euphorbiaceae2 (41038). F a b a c e a3e ( 4 8 0 6 3 ) ; 9( a 8 1 9 0 ) ; 4 8( 4 8 1 9 5 ) ; 5 1( a 8 0 5 8 ) ; 5 2 (4i13505 ) ;3 ( a B 3 B 2 ) . Flaccrr.rrtiac eae24 (48169,48702);32 (4817| ) ; a1 (a1509). ()esnerizrceae 48 (41005). Cleicheniaceae 48 (4f3950). L a r r r i a c e a4el ( 4 0 8 5 4 ) ;4 1 , 6 5 ( 4 0 8 6 1 ) ,a 8 ( a l a l 6 ) ; 6 5 ( 4 0 8 6 1 ) ; 7 a$ 8 1 a 2 ) . BS 46 , 1 0 2 74, 1 6 6 1 ,1 1 6 7 04, 1 6 7 5 ) . l . a u r a c e a 2e ( 4 1 0 0 8 1 Loranthaceae 4l (40634). Melastornataceae 2 (416t0) . Meliaceae2 (48229);6a (a8289). Menispermaceae32 (48237). Mvrtaceae32,74 (48401);73 (a9094). Polypodiaceae; 25 (40431);aa Q1617). R u b i a c e a el 5 ( 4 9 1 2 0 ) ;7 l ( 4 0 4 0 0 ) ; 7 1 , 7 3 ( a 0 6 8 5 ) ;7 2 (40292,41497). Scrophulariaceae 4l (40300,40812,4102U,48148); 42, 58 (48444); a8 (a8?30,48863);64 (41461);7a ft1421, 41430). Solanaceae 32 (48405); 48 (48210); 7a (a8l la). Urticaceae34 (48050). Verbenaceae 4l (41007). Zingiberaceae74 (48694). Family indet. 50 (403t7,40893,48l84) ; 151 BS 46 II Annendix r Annotated list of vernacular names --I "k" "c" and The letters The spelling usecl is an approximation nsing sounds rnainlv fiom English. oriSpanish of or syllables are pr.()nouncecl in the sanle way-,btrt the fbrmer is only ttsecl in names "h"; ,J" otherwise it is pronouced as a in Spanish names is pronouncecl like an Enslish gin. The "q" ,.cl.j,,inE,n.qlish.The use of isiestrictecl to the Spanish names. An exclamation after avorvel ' ""' ..!,,, indicates that the vowel is inclicates an:rbnrpt pronotrnciation of this. An elevatecl period, "accent ..accent ln a few Coaiquer nitused. (d) been have (e) srave" arld i:gu" long. Thc French .,h" clf the vernacular nadivision A svllabic sotrncl. aspirated an indicates in parenthescs nles an rnes has been given tcl facilitirte comparison' Cayapa A ari A len tape Al bal kaka Al ka kien chi re,'reoro rape A ba.n ch. puka A ba.n p.ka A bo chli tape A chi puka A chide A clju clju koro tape A clo pistcha A clrin A f;r chi A ka ma hal chi A pe plnchi A pi chua rape A pi chui tape A pisch chua A pistch chu hal ki A pistcha collariatum (40147) (,10769) lugonis Miconia L . a r n i a c e a e( 4 8 1 4 2 ) (]urania sp. (48107) Achr.rtele Actrra tape Clusia sp. (48234) clusia sp. (4090tt) Alloplecttrs panat-nensis (40846) Talisia sp. (40820) Bertiera procunrbens (40156) Agan killan chi tape Ai chi bu cria Clttztnania scherzeriana (48395); (]' Anis tape sp. (41019) Anotade Taber'aenlorlrarzr retrasrachya ( 4 0 7 5 0 ) ( 4 8 Piperaceae (40295) Al.sophila cuspiclata (411176) Aji Alia no pu fin dtrmi Alui tape Xanrhos.rna clastrense (48i89) Etrphorbiaceac (40839) (]trrania rnacrophvlla (40731); G. spinulosa (40731) Tectaria incisa (401-r0l) c l u c u r b i t z r c e a e( 4 1 0 7 1 ) Clrrania spintrlosa (4s 170) Clurania spintrlosa (48156) A terlpo tap€ P e p e r o r n i a u r o c a r p a( 4 0 5 3 1 ) ; P . s p . ( 4 0 7 7 7 ), P . s p . ( 4 t J 3 l 4 ) Anrhuriunr r,ersicolor (48098) 6 4 ) Ar:i ; P . Ari pi boka Ari pi chi tape Ari pi puka As katcha renreclio Ficus insipida (41080) Razisea sp. (a105tr); Ruellia pen- S tape As kin llullo As kin llullo tape Asa a ke uarin hodro remedio tape Asan shiili Asoka tap6 Atchtt ban tape p nellii (48067); (a8238) cavenclishia sp' (40754) Ipomoea sp' (40476) Tovomita weddelliana (48335) Drvmonia alloplect.ides (40061) Asteraceae (40574) E'laphoglossttm herminieri (40533);E'sp' (40826);E'sp' (48301) Atchtr boa tape Atrir zrtnbi chi A va,vatape Abanch.la fi'chtrno Clodonanthe crassifolia (40179) Ba ta ba ha! ki Ba vero tape Polysonum hvclropiperoicles (40494) Bixa orellana (40045) Ban chi Achiote Piper brachypodon (40BBl); P' sp' ' ( 4 8 3 9 2 ) Hemidictyum marginaturn (4013,1) Ficus maxima (4u056) Ficus i'sipida (40900) Cl.eonoma cuneara (48272); (4it35l) Anthttrittnr aspltrnclii (40886) bustr tap€ Pavonia fruticosa (40555) Salvia coccinea (40564) Piper marsinatum (40012) Anpo pin ha! tap6 1 Terracera sp. (408g2) Anthuritttn pallicliflorum (48106); Asplenium serratturl (48258) Abill. (40017) Adiantum petiolatum (4057I); Thelypteris fiancoana (40570) (lleome sp. (40593) Farnilv-indet. (41004) Capsicum frutescens (40201) ralinum panictrlaturn (40559) Aga remedio tap6 A pistchtr ptrka A tchu ban tape A vikinr. tchape A y,ahal chi Bixa orellana (40474) Discophora gttianensis (40305) Podandrog,vne brachvcarpa Achiote enzrno 'frichomales Ba ki tape Ba pist chi Babarro Babo kasta(h) Polypodiurn loricilbrme (40795) Heliconia longa (48180) Guadua angustifblia (48374) Physalis angulata (4U385) I'iper sp' (48158) Streptochaeta sodiroana (41079) \Alettinia qtrinaria (41074) Phytolacca rivinoides (40003) Scoparia clulcis (4002u) BS 46 752 P h y t o l a c c a r i v i n o i d e s ( 4 8 1 0 1) Balanclo remedio tap€ Plumeria rubra (40594) Psychotria viridis (40595) Ballusa tap6 Bakalao tape Ceclro Cha dja pollo llullu Cha shi ta tape Bandi tururu chua Passiflora quadrangularis (481 87) ; Chachi chi ha! ki Chalviande Barbasco Basu remedio tape &8429\ Phvllanthus anisolobus (40010) Tectaria mexicana (48262); Thelypteris sp. (48298); Tripogandra serrulata (41032) Che ba tape Basu sji mul ko Begonia sp. (48421) Basu tap6 Campyloneurum phyllitidis (401106); Thelypteris gigantea (40867); (a8069) Chanilla piechiga Chanul Chi chi bilia Meliaceae (48229) Amaranthus sp. (48391) Paspalum sp. (41015) Poulsenia armata (48343) Dialyanthera sp. (48290) Alonsoa sp. (40560) Humiriastrum procerurn (4 1076) C o r d i a s p i n e s c e n s( 4 1 0 6 2 ) Rollinia mucosa (4060ti) finchuno puka Chi chua ama Chi dja pdpd Asplundia sp. (40829) Tectaria brauniana (4B2BO) kino tape Hvptis verticillata (41 083) Pteris sp. (40889) Chi ha pdpd kino tape Acliantum sp. (a082tt) Urticaceae (48050) Adiantum isthmicum (48261 ) ; A. macrophyllum (48399) ; Thelypteris poiteana (48398) Chi ka shu Musci spp. (40903); (41057); (481l0) Bi ta chua Carpotroche platyptera (40873) Desmoncus sp. (48197) Chi ka shu tap6 Bi vino tap6 Scrophulariaceae (48444) Antrophl'um (40842) Billo tape alato Polygonum hydropiperoides ( 4 0 4 e 1) Chi ki tutu Trichomanes membranaceum (40822) Pithecellobium loneifolium (48288) Chi nu tchumo Scrophulariaceae (48230) a bakaka Chi nu tchumo Philodendron sp. (401105) Bi bina tape Bi ke pan tsumi tap6 Bi ken sumo tape Bi kini Bi pistcha puka tape chuno tape Bish chi tap6 Bish kino hoke Piper phytolaccaefolium (40468) kuneu tap6 pinchori tape Bish pe remedio tap6 Cyathula achyranthoides (40499) ; Microsramma piloselloides (40475); Piper cararense (al021); Bitchi puka Bo chua llullu intramarginale (48174): G82a9; P.sp. (40782) Dendrcrpanax sp. (407 42) Marsdenia sp. (a8122) Chi ta may chimo Araceae (48246) kungo papa Chiaimayo Chiar llangia tap6 Chicha tap6 Rollinia mucosa (40046) Bomarea edulis (41039) Araceae (40482) Chichi ha Clhide ari Anthurium sp. (40136) Asplenium hallii (a0148) Chikaso tap6 Selaginellasp. (40505); rnusci Chilma (40573) Dioscorea sp.(a8331) Bo shi chi Hyospathe elegans (48273) h'rga edulis (48200) Bolon ge djo djo Fungi (41073) Bonban Borachera Oryctanthus sp. (40002) Bnrgmansia versicolor (41 050) Chimba chua Bomarea edulis (40U14);Dichori- Botonsillo Bovi n chi Asteraceae (40554) Iriartea deltoidea (48409) Chimi tchumo sandra hexandra (40824) Philodendron sp. (40730) Bu ma chi Coussapoa rotundata (40757) Razisea spicata (40083) Chimpalo Solanum canense (40016) Chin lak pe R y t i d o s r y il s c a r t h a g i n e n s e ( 4 8 0 5I ) Chin remeclio tape (lhinba tchuba tape Chino tchumo Oxalis sp. (a8333) Bo chui kano chi Budu shinu Bui tape Bulla tape Buru sino Buru sino tape Buru tape Cafe chi kushorol Polvgonum acuminatum (4841 2) Aegiphila alba (40538); G8427) Casteranthus oncosastrus (40233) Sanchezia parvifolia (401 89) Spieelia anthelmia (40142) Cofl'ea arabica (4017 0) kungu ha!ki ko dju dju Chino tchumo Capitan chua tape Guadua angustifbli a (4837 4) Mendoncia sp. (40813) Capitan shuba miro Aristolochia sp. (40523) Chirma Cafra gulachi Carbonero Oarlen tap6 Anthurium sp. (a0799) kungu hoki Chiyacu tap6 Cucurbitaceae (48305) Selaginellasp. (40093); S. sp. (40186) Chu ai n chi Dialyanthera sp. (48290) Fabaceae (48063) Desmodium axillare ( 40022\ Solanum dolichorhachis (40522) Anthurium sp. (48074) BS46 Chu chu maseranu 153 P r e s t o n i a p o r t o b e l l e n s i s ( 4 0 8 3 1) Fischeria aequirtorialis ( 48334) Passiflora rnalifbrmis (40539) Dtr chi chirno puka Brugmansia versicolor (41050) Eugenia sp. (40044) Bixa orellana (40474) I)u ma pe tap6 Du sirrpi Selaginella sp. (48254) Selaginellasp. (40200) Odontaclenia macrantha (40895) Rytidostvlis carthasinense (48365) Fabaceae (4t305tt) Fabaceae(48382) E ki cljo chua E lon be po tape Paragonia pvramidata (48413) Abehnoschrrsmoschatus (48150) Pavonia castaneilblia (48204) tap€ Chu mas6 geno chua Chu roro Dorkila finchuno puka Chu! maseranu tape Chuan himu tchape Chun djui ha! Chun djui hal tape Col de monte C z r r i c ah i s p i c l u r n ( 4 0 1 9 5 ) ; C . s p . (40088);C. sp. (401:rB) Concha mula Hyptis obtusif'lora (40 I B0) Brtrnfelsia srandiflora (4002I ) Acliantum rnacrophylltrrn (401 I I ) Sida acuta (40036) Culi tape Cunta ha sa pihan De ui De sa remedio tape Dedo Tcctaria draconopterri (4tt435) M a t i s i a c o l o r a d o r t r m ( 4 0 0 1 5 ); ( 4 0 1 3 1 ) ;( 4 0 1 8 7 ) Dds tape S e l a g i n e l l a a n c e p s ( 4 8 1 3 1) ; S . g e n i culata (48207) Di ki chu ama A s p l u n d i a s p . ( 4 i J l 7 1 1;) P h i l o c l e n c l r o n s p . ( 4 0 f 1 4 9 ) ;P . s p . ( 4 8 4 0 3 ) Dio tape fin chuncr Dishan tap6 luli f)apsicum frutescens (405ti6) H i b i s c u s r o s a - s i n e n s i s( 4 0 1 3 9 ) (llusia sp. (48242); Phthimsa pvri- Dja hin chi remedio tape Dja pd chi remedio tape Dja pe mayteno tape Dja pdi n chi remedio tap6 Dja pdno Donga hal ki folia (48151) Notvlia rimbachii (48143) EI ta ke E ke ua tape Elnrrsano tape Embacha chuno tape Polygala paniculata (40590) Sida acuta (40036) Escaba Esir kva tape Eskito tape Fe ko killan chi remedio tape Dja pin sa chi Djeiba chi Dju dju koro tape Djuin chi Djuin tap6 chi Do mai n chi Farnily indet. (41085) Fiban penpo Firrra pin Asteraceae(40161) Stelis sp. (48247) Manihot esculenta (48329) Fiba bar6 himu yambo Dioscorea sp. (48331) Fiba hal ki Calathea lutea (4B1Bl) Fiba ljuin chi tape Clostuslima (48093) remedio tape Firnu chui n tape Firnu pin rernedio tap6 Rutaceae (48199) Alloplectus panamensis (4i3120); Araceae (407U9); Columnea bilabiata (40816); C. densibracteata (48084); C. dissimilis (4Bl 78) ; C. picta (48086) ; C. purpurimarginata A n t h u r i u m s c a n c l e n s( 4 1 0 4 0 ) Anthurium scandens (40601 ) ; Fab a c e a e ( 4 8 3 5 0 ); P l e u r o t h a l l i s p i c t a (48432) (4U085);C. nrbriactrta (4B0BB); ( 48 12U) ; Dichorisandr:r hexandra Phoradenclron piperoicles (48367) ( 4 f 3 18 8 ) ; D i p l a z i u m s a n d e r i (48263);D. seemannii (48255); Prestoeadecurrens (48354) C o s t u s s c a b er ( 4 8 1 4 6 ) D r y m o n i a w a r s z e w i c z i a n a( 4 8 1 2 1) ; Gasteranthus corallinus (48094) ; l,atrraceae (4100U) Bromeliaceae (48396) Latrraceae (41027) Monopyle sodiroana (aBl27) ; Monstera sprlrceana (4ti105); Peperonria macrostachya (48202) Finrrr pin tap6 Palicourea guianensis (41003) I s e r t i a p i t t i e r i ( 1 0 8 2 7 ); ( 4 8 2 5 1 ); Do pish chi Tabernaem()n tana te trastachva (40775) Do pistcha Tabernaemor.lt:rna sp. (4015I 7) bamo puka ( 4 8 3 7 6 ) ; P e p e r o m i a s p . ( 4 8 1 9 3 ); P . sp. (48369); Xanthosoma daguense (48270) Fimu pin tap6 ku Do pistcha chi Tabernaemontana columbiensis Do pistcha Tzrl>ernaemon tana columbiensis (40732); (40739); (41014); (48057) Tectarianicotianilblia(40144) (4820ri) Columnea spathulata (4$a4-) D r y m o n i a e c u a d o r e n s i s ( 4 8 3 11 ) ; D. serrulata (48393); Fabaceae (48 I 95 ) ; Macleania rotundifblia (48278) Do tape Trema integerrirna (48309) Tripouandra serrulata (48089) Portr.rlacasp. (a8379) Fe de pin tap6 Fi ba n go cho mayteno tape Dja rin chi remedio kola Cordia spinescens (48052) Crinum amabile (40496); (40547) mun chi bulo chora asa - delan Columnea rtrbribracteata (4it087); Drynionia coriacea (48092) mala pike ktrshnu taPe Finrtr pini chi pi peno tape Xiphidium caeruletrm (48417) 154 BS 46 Fo horo chi remedio tape Erythrodes sp. (407tt8) Halki tala tchumo llullu tap6 Fu chun chili S a b i c e av i l l o s a ( 4 0 1 8 4 ) Solanum sp. (4ti406) ; Stigmatopte- Halki tape Fumu pin remeclio tape Furnu pin tape bai mo mo mu ili ke mayteno tape Furnrr pin tape ris sp. (48300) .fusticia ianthina (48384) P i l e a s p . ( 4 0 0 6 2 ) ;P . s p . ( 4 0 1 0 7 ) Bromeliaceae (40197) Halina dja karno tape Pharus latifblius (48096) Apeiba membranacea (4tl I 98) Han ape chi Hanben tchuba tap6 D a l e c h a m p i a s p . ( 4 0 5 2 9 ) Habo chi wila He gugu chi tape Fumu pu tape Spigelia anthelmia (4B3BB) Columnea kienastiana (48383) He kin llullu ptrka Fumu pu tape sautal Gloxinia dodsonii (48279) He mu tui n chi pepa illi ish karapa - to btrshno tape Fumu tchumo po pin ha! tape Furi firrica Ga k6 tala tchumo Solanaceae(48240) Jaltomata procumbens (4001 3) ; (40101) He kin llullu Capi tape Bertiera procumbens (40834) Casearia sp. (408tr4) He tape rnincha Miconia trinervia (40489) rokola tap6 H€ tape mincha rokola hubi kichono tape H6 uai sa tap6 Pseuderanthemtrm leptclrhachis ( 4 0 8 2 1) Mimosa elliptica (40483) Coix lacrymajobi (40540) He uayusa tape . fu s t i c i a s p . ( 4 8 3 1 3 ) Lomariopsis nip;ropaleata (4ti284) ; Tectaria acutiloba (40825) Polypodium fraxinifblium (40798) Cephaelis sp. (41047); Psychotria A l p i n i a p u r p u r a t a ( 4 0 5 5 1) .facaratia spinosa (407U5) Psychotria caemlea (40740) G6 mu tu ha fionzalagunia cornifolia (4 0 7 8)r Ge sapote ()6 shi bish tchape Gola chi Grama Granadilla Qtrararibea soegenii (407 7 3) Burmeistera sp. (40771) Dimerocostus strobilaceus (40583) Cyperus luzulae (40035); Panicum frondescens (40182) Passiflora quadrangularis (40 I 74) He yai chua He yai remedio tape Hd bo chui tape macrophylla (a8165) He llullu bo chtri tape Ruellia tubiflora (48402) He ne chinch Solanaceae (4ti405) He shi vesh tchape He yai chua He a la pi chi Bunneistera sp. (48102) Polybotrya caudata (48257 ) Ficus rnaxima (48203) H6 ambi chi Heliconia stricta (4827 4) Danaea moritziana (48282) Ceogenanthus rhizanthus (48068) He ari tchape Gualte \Alettinia oxycarpa (60000) ; (48355) He eski tchu Guava Irrga edulis (40042) Eugenia sp. (,10044) He ko bin pistcha Guayaba Guayacan chi G r r a y a c a nc h i h a l k i Guayacin Cual.usa tape Gudo chaino puka Guin tape Guto killan chi Minquartia guianensis (41023) Minquartia guianensis (48400) Minquartia gtrianensis (4U400) Psychotria viridis (4836U) Bixa orellana (40602) He sanjuanilla Begonia sp. (48310) Plantaso major (40599) He n bo chui tap6 He n chi chua ama Ha na ko lush tape Salpichlaena volubilis (48060) Perebea xanthochyrna (4820 1 ) Cestrum sp. (48166) Ha peno Anthuriurn trinerve (40808) mayteno tape Ha pistchi Ha sa shi pistcha Ha sa ti pistcha Ha sa ti pistcha puka tchu tape H6 yai renredio chua Hd kin llullu chua He kongo chi Hd pistchu tape remeclio tape Ha kino chua Ha mu ki chi Miconia erioclada (40569) Scoparia sp. (48366) Ge ba pai chi C]6 bo chui tap6 Gasan funilla Monstera adansonii (40493) Drymonia coriacea (40819) D r y m o n i a m a c r o p h y l l a ( 4 0 5 2 1) He mush tu ha tapc llullu tape Gacho dar tap6 Ludwigia octor,'alvis(40858) Pourourna hirsutipetiolata (41 009) Ardisia sp. (a0817) Flacourtiaceae (48 169) Farnily indet. (41010) Dicranopteris pectinata (48323) Lomariopsis.japurensis (48 I 25 ) Piper sp. (48338) Xzrnthosoma sp. (48347) Sabicea villosa (48280) nokososo tape He n dji chu chua He n clo pistcha Pharus latifolius (60106) Psvchotria caerulea (48172) Asplundia sp. (aBl24) Menispermaceae (48237 ) Tabernaenlontar)a heterophvlla (48123) He n modiulla tape He n pash ba! ke l.ozania kltrgii (4051 I ) .fusticia cornata (48144) He n tala o pin bisj Trichomanes ankersii (48285) chi kera tchumo tape He n tape Hekin clio tchuba Miconia barbinerr,is (4ti43 I ) Malpighizrceae (40524) BS 46 I{elen anpura Helen ara Helen bonba Helen clini Helen ehivilzr Helen na sunbtr Helen paki Helen p:ipui Helen pula Helen uinca Hen pistcha tape Hen ballosa tapi: T'rianaeopiper. mexiae (40206) l)ipl:rziurn srriarunr (400 I g) Stnrthanrhus sp. (40084) f'ilea sp. (40008) Aechrnea ansustifi)lia (40043) Epridenclrtrrn cliffirrrne (40 10Z) Pepcrornia rrrocafpa (40135) Peperomia urocarpa (40067) (iayaponia coriacea (40078) Ps1'chotria rnacrophylla ( 40065) Clurania spin trlosa (40534) . f r r s t i c i as p . ( 4 0 : i 3 5 ) pincleno punchtrmi Hen bo chui tape P z r l i c o t r r e ac o n f ' e r r a ( 4 0 5 1 8 ) ; R a r i tebe axillare (4105b) Hen bu chi tape Podanrlroel'n e brer,ipeclrrnctrlata (40.366) I{en chilla tape Tillanclsiasp. (40869) Hin ki cliu rchub:r E c t o z o r n : rp a r , o n i i ( 4 0 5 I 5 ) Hen kin llullu tapc D r v m o n i a c o r i i r c c a r( 4 0 5 I 4 ) Hen pi chun puka Cavaponia sp. (405I2) Hen tape chi Hen tape Hdn tape rniro sulachi Hieve estrellas Hin bo chui tapi: Ho chi Ho da lia side Ho horo pin tape (lliclcrnia septuplinen'ia (4051 0) ; O s s a e al a x i v e n u l a ( 4 10 l 3 ) Miconia gracilis (41033);M. nervo_ sa (4101.1) C l o n o s t e s i ac e n t r o n i o i r l e s ( 4 0 5 2 8 ) ()uphea srrisukrsa (40031 ) P s v c l t orI i l r l r o f [ i n a nrr s e c g i a n a ( 4 8 3 15 ) Brosirnum rrtile (41037) (lcstrtrm meualophvlhrrn (40007) Scaphl'glouisprolifera (48I96) ; 'Iric hornzrnes clir,'ersifi-ons A l l o p l e c t u s s p n r c e i ( 4 1 0 8 1) ; (.1U0U2); Triolena barbcvana (41084) Acalvpha sp. (413182) S p o n c l i a ss p . ( 4 8 1 4 0 ) Hohoro remeclio tap6 Besleri:r barclayi (4841 I-r) Hopi uallu tape r\calvpha sp. (41030) Hungu ba chua Philoclenclron \rernlcosurtr (4g I g 1 ) Hupi rrirllu tzrpe Acalypha dir,ersifblia (,10735) Ish ba vi urpe M e l i a c e r a e( 4 U 2 ? 9 ) Philoclendron rhockraxis (4824I ) A s p l u n r l i a s p . ( , 1 8 3 7 1) O s s a c am i c r a n r h : r ( 4 0 0 4 8 ) (blunrnea kienasriana (48162); Cl. pis biserrata (48259) l , o n c h i t i s h i r s t r t a ( , 1 0I 3 0 ) ba n tape Ka atchu ba n tape Ih clju dju koro rape I L ag o l a n c h i t a p e Ib hin tape Anthuriurn sp. (a8342);pecluma consimile(48430) Guzmania linetrlata (a8377); Til_ landsia monodelpha (a8253) C o s r u sp u l v e r u l e n t u s ( 4 l 0 l Z ) Conostesia centronioides (40770): (4077e) Ka llornr ll.llo ch.a Fabaceae(48rg0); pa'llinia firscescens (48426) Ka rna ka I{a ma pe tap6 Ka pala tape Ik patash pa hiilki Xanthosoma sagittifolia ( 4g332) A l t e r n a n t h e r a s e s s i l i s( 4 0 9 9 0 ) Anthurium rrisecrum (48249) Piper ansusrunr (40719); p. sp. (407 90) ; Trianaeopiper killipii (40755) Ko pii chin sa Tonin:r fl uviatilis (40796) Kit pu chin puka Arclisia romeroi (40906) K:r pu chin puka tape Arclisia romeroi (40b42); (48325) Ka shi ta Fimbristvlis miliacea (48358) rernedio tape Kir shi ta tape I{a shui bo chua Paspalum conjuuattrrn (48I47) P a r - r l l i n i an o b i l i s ( 4 U 3 4 1) Ka! ztr tape Ka chirn ba chuzr Ka lechuka tape Ka tdnrpo tap6 um cajenense (40tt40) Fimbristylis dichoroma (48353) ; Kl,llinga purnila (48272) ; Rh,vncho_ spora r:rdicans (48373) P h y l l a n t h u s s p . ( 4 8 2 3 1) Vanilla odorara (48236) Heteranrhera reniformis (4f3390) Peperornizr urocarpa (,1l0l g) ; p. sp. (a078a); s p a t h r r l : r r a( 4 0 4 8 1) ; H r r p c r z i z rl i n i I i r l i a ( 4 0 t i 1 0 ) ; ( a 8 2 9 2 ) ;N e p h r . o t e Ishan ara fabonsillo l(a aiioiio archrr Ka rrarn bio chi Ho pi uallu Hocos ptrka nun chi pi di ki chua anra pi cli ki drra anra Iszrn tape Ishki djo djo Itaki tape Iyu kinto Peperomiasp. (40143) Peperomiapreroneura(a00g9);p. sp. (40137);Psychotriasp. (40068); P. sp. (40213);P. sp. (40222) Fungi (41072) Desmodiurnadscendens(40532) Aristolochiapilosa (1022b); Sola_ nurn sp. (40154) Phytolaccarivinoides (40003) Oleandralehmar-rnii (48303) I(a tiu tiu kuru tap€ C a t o p s i s s e s s i l i f l o r a( 4 0 g 0 1 1 ) Ka tiu tiu tape ( i a t o p s i s s e s s i l i f k r r a( 4 0 9 0 1 ) I(r rirrktirr krrru tape Anthurium sp. (40759); Antrophv_ (4rJ260) Ho honr Lrpe Ishan sunba Ishan tape Ka yrrn tapc h . a r il o < l i o k a r d o r a l r c Mimosa pudica (48324) Clrrzmania linsulirra (40b72) Kafir murzr I{alabos tape I(an sd tape Karan tape llerar Streptochaerasocliroana (402I 2) Hr.'ptis capitata (48356) Katsir nroca Piper sp. (48l 117) D e s m o d i u r n a d s r : e n d c n s( 4 0 0 3 2 ) Anthtrrium falcarum (40204) Urceolina grancliflora (40211) BS 46 156 Ke ba tape Ke pi puka Kd yui chua Kelan boe chi Kene dana de monte Kere na Kere pi puka Ki pe pu chi tape Kimbi llullu C o r d i a s p i n e s c e n s( 4 0 4 9 5 ) ; C a s s i a reticulata (40568) Chimarrhis sp. (401I2) Kuta ma chi Alloplectus sprtrcei $07 6a) ; (10844) Kuta manchi Polybotr,va caudata (41 058) Cupania cinerea (41046) La pa Columnea nrbriacuta (40872) Panicum frondescens (40182) Bixa orellana (40473) Peperomia urocarpa (40067) Hofl'mannia sp. (40151); Psychotria sp. (40082); Rubiaceae (40066) Lama pu tchuba tape Solanum jamaicense (40469) Cyperus luzulae (40035) Lapa Solanum sessiliflorum (40509) Lara.jilla tap6 Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (40153) Lash muchi Pachira aquatica (40498) Palicourea guianensis (48205) kushnu chi Kimide Kin llu chua Kin llui puka Kin llullo C e s t r u m r a c e m o s u n r( 4 0 1 7 6 ) : Hamelia macrantha (40076) Schlegelia dresleri (48104) Strychnos sp. (40883) Psammisiasp. (40520) finchuno puka Kin llullu Psammisiasp. (a0309); Schlegelia fastigiata (41069) Kin llullu tape Blakea subconnata (40197); Drymonia alloplectoides (40845) Amphiclasya sp. (48248); Psammisia attaberrans (48250) Kin lui chua Lama fin tchumo ma Leche brava Lesa tape Limon shilli Linum sillo tap6 I,juin tap6 Bixa platycarpa (40810) Ficus caldasiana (40096); F. obtusifolia (40047) Senna dariensis (40543) Ipomoea sp. (40005) Hvptis capitata (40544) Begonia sernio\rata (41029) ; (48064); (a8276); Monopyle sodi- Llu chua auca roana A0877) Ludovia integrifolia (48281) Geonoma linearis (60115) l.lullpo pi chui tap6 Dennstaedtia bipinnata (4tt256) Llupu dds tape Llupu pi shungui tap6 Columnea picta (40871) Sapium peruvianum (48414) l,lupu pin sa chi Llupu ua ko tape Piper sp. (48346); P. filistylum (481l6) Llyoko pistehi Theobroma gileri (48430) Phyllanthus anisolobus (48370) Blakea subconnata (48336) Drymonia serrulata (40603) Lon bo tape Kinbi susno tape Kindo Kine tap6 Hamelia macrantha (40503) Peperomia sp. (40169) Lu ocoshili ayan Luban buli Urticaceae (40478) Ltrban koko lan Kinli cosno tape Drymonia coriacea (40550) Blakea subconnata (40049) Luban luli Lycianthes amatitlanensis (401 72) ; Witheringia solanacea (40009) ; (40110) Luki mona Lulu tape Mirabilis jalapa (40025) Cuphea strisulosa (40546) Pseudelephantopus puratis (48381) Couania sp. (41086) Hypolepis hostilis (40527) Lr.rn tap6 chi Ma kari chi Allamanda cathartica (40504) Pentagonia sp. (41035) Ma pini ari Ma sju ke mo chi Asplenium purpurascens (402 I 5) Flacourtiaceae (48l71 ) T r i a n a e o p i p e r s p . ( 4 8 1 6 1) Hypolepis hostilis (4i070); H. repens (48048); (48299) Chrysophyllum arsenteum (4101 7) Malanga Malva tape Xanthosoma sagittifolia (48332) C,vphornandra hartwegii (4019 I ) Malachra ruderalis (40860) Diastema affine (40140) Lycianthes synanthera (401 1 3) Mama.juana Asteraceae (40037) Man cebolla tape Piper imperiale (40091 ) Piper hispidum (40194) Man ni ka chi Urceolina srandiflora (40853) Tetrathylaciurn macrophyllum (48425) Piper marginatum (40012) sp. (48095) Anthurium caulorrhizum (48243) ; Man samballo tape Kin mullu chua Kinbi finchuno tape Kirdo Kiri tape Ko cha ni ka tape Ko chua Ko pin pistcha Ko piua do chi Kono tape Kota tap6 Kototo anpo ha Kototo anpo Kronocio Ku dju dju Ku d.ju dju tape Luban pinion Luli chide Ma pe remedio tape finchuno Ko pin pistcha Lu ano Anthurium Malu side Mana tchape Gossypium barbadense (40584) Trichomanes sp. (40086) Malvaviscus penduliflorus (40027) Euphorbia cotinifolia (4017 7) Solanum lepiclotum (40306) S c i a d o c e p h a l a s p . ( 4 10 2 4 ) Humiriastrum procerum (41076); I-antana sp. (41077) ; \A'ulffia baccata (48167) A.'p. (48239) Kuehua chi Kuru paja Heliconia curtispatha (401l9) trinerve (40231) Odontonema strictum (40023) (lostus pulverulentus (401 I 6) Anthurium Manga bullcr Mansamollo Asteraceae (48152) Asteraceae (40863) BS 46 r57 Mape remedio tape Maracuya Aciotis sp. (41016) Passiflora edulis (40026) Na tsetsero Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Mashu kino chi Mashu kino tape Miconia oraria (48339) Psychotria cooperi (40862) Na ua kinto (401e8) Passiflora (40174) quadrangularis Na hino Sobralia macrophylla (48091 ) Mata palo chi Mata palo Ficus schippii $Ba2a) Loranthaceae (40056) ; Oryctanthus occidentalis (40058) Araceae (60i01) mayteno tap6 Nan bo! chi Mavo tape DiefTenbachia seguine Q07 56) ; (48154); (a8348) Naines Memo kinto Melothria pendula (40098) Mihano tape S c h o e n o b i b l r r sp a n a m e n s i s (483I 7) Mil pesos Mincha rro sala pusis no tape Monstera spruceana (40i143) Hamelia axillaris (40484) Mincha rro kola Psychotria brachiata (48l 12) Mayo ban vino tape Mincha rro kola hambi kino tape Mincha rro kola man da ham biken homo tape Moli Moragia Morin Mu Mudo tape Mulu fin tchtrrno Kalanchoe sp. (48149) Ruta sp. (40558) tchuba tape Mutondo puka Mutu mu tape Na ari Na bonban Na disku Ne chin chi Ne chin puka Ne chin puka tap6 Nelo ha Randia sp. (a8119) Siparuna eggersii (40BlB) Meliosma sp. (40526) Anthurium sp. (40150) Solanum lepidotum (aI067); S. schlechtendalianum (48233) Fabaceae (48063) Clusiaceae(60100) Cuphea tetrapetala (40552) kino tap6 _ Nillo tape tchumo Nincha rosula bale pu mangan chino tape O kera tchumo kea ka tap6 Poaceae (40587) Clolumnea kienastiana (40605) Coleus x hybriclus (4U357) Dialvanthera sp. (41049) Fictrs caldasiana (40096) Hyptis obtusiflora (40294) O kera tchtrrno llullu O kera uaku tape Polemonium sp. (48364) Callisia repens (48394) OI dja ha! chi Begonia semio\,ata (40298) Bixa orellana (40045) O kera llullu tap6 O kera tchurnu Calathea inocephala (48252) Portulaca sp. (48378) Portulaca sp. (4tt380) Aneilema umbrosum (40033) ; Hydrocotyle leucocephala (40193) Phaseolus vulgaris (405 I 6) llullu tape O n gala hen tap6 Oa chambi tape Oa lan tap6 CUSSAS Mulu kera pi Hyeronima laxiflora (40507) Tovomitopsis sp. (40823) Cucurbitaceae (40891) Ni tsala kino chi Niane boka Nicha roca la habi C l i t r r - rs p . ( a B l 9 4 ) \\'ulffia baccata (48054) remedio tape Missokillan chi tape Mo chi Naka richi tap6 Nan puka tape Ne chim bo (lestrum sp. (a8275) Mish kin tape Malachra ruderalis (40557) Naka kushnu tape Nemo tape Insa ruiziana (40t398) Calyptranthes sp. (41045) Tovomitopsis sp. (48 I 92) Cyclanthus bipartitus (48078) Witheringia solanacea (40308) C i s s a m p e l o ss p . ( 4 8 1 5 3 ) ; G u r a n i a megistantha (48308) Miconia nervosa (48099) Minga shi chi tape Mish eue chi Mish timu tape Mish yo kia Nan remedio tap6 Naba tape I)esmodiurn axillare (40606) Oa na sa tap6 Solantrm marnmoslrm (40487) Piper tricuspe (40859); P. tubercu- Oa nano latum (4i1375) Oa do tape Oco tun Asplenitrm hallii (40075) Loranthaceae (40056) O s s a e al a x i v e n u l a ( 4 8 1 7 3 ) Witheringia solanacea (48l 15) Calathea metallica (aBl 17); (48215) Annona muricata (48103) Danaea humilis (,18062) mayteno tap6 Onclo tape Clidemia crenulata (41060) Capparis ecuadoriana (40097) Amphidasya sp. (41059) Onia tape ba n vino tape micharo kola Conostesia dentata (48100) Na ishan tape R e n e a l m i a o l i u o s p e r m a ( 4 0 16 0 ) Lomariopsis japurensis (40 I 63) Na ka llullu o kera Impatiens balsarnina (48362) Opode Cestrum sp. (401tr4) Costus laevis (48097) tchumo Na pata barojo Na sun pi de Na tini Pa ban go! la ljuin Curania pedata (40052) (luatresia riparia (40099) chi remedio tap6 Pa chi Pileasp. (40185) Pa uatucle Guatteria sp. (a0736) Cleiclion castaneifolium (40077) BS 46 158 Pabano tape Pachino tape Bixar orellana (.4047 2) Piper sp. (41021r) Pala tape Ch e n opodiutn arnbrosi oicles (40f157) Anthtrriurn sp. (40737); A. falca- P:rlrnira t t r m ( 4 8 0 7 3 ); A . s u b c o e r t t l e s c e n s ( 4 1 0 5 4 ) ;A . t r i s e c t u m ( 4 8 1 l B ) \Arettinia quir-raria ( 4 | 07 4) Paiko tape Pi chui tapc Anrndinella berteroniana (4Oir8ir) rnenecha l'ranbi kino tsorni tape Pi chr.rn puka Pi fichi chi llulhr Pi ishan ari Pi peno tape Pi shun oui tap6 Oa,v:rponiasp. (4079 1) (lallianclra angustifolia (40556) Bolbitis nicotiilnifbliunr (40 I 46) Xiphicliurn cirertrletrrn (48,1I 7) ( l o l u r n n e a p i c t a ( 4 0 7 6 0 ) ; C l .r t r b r i a cuta (40880) Palo de mahaguzr Poulsenia arrnata (48343) Palo cliura Potrrourna hirsrrtipetiolata (4100e) Pl-r-vllanthusanisolobus (400 I 0) Pi tape Psvchotria caenrlea (40014) Pi tchape Tect:rria yiyipara (,111322) ; Tl-relypt e r i s s er r a t a ( 4 U 4 1I ) Iriartea deltoicleir (48409) Ocinrurn sp. (4t3445) Clariczrpapava (40485) Piba loke cusl-rnatape Scapl'rvgkrttisproliferii (40855) ()eophila herbacea (,10592) Pibato tchumo Paltr P:rrnbil Papa chinga tap6 Pirpallarfinchrrn<r ptrka Papaya Papav6 C l a r i c ap a p a y a ( 4 0 1 5 9 ) (larica papava (401 119) P a p i c h a f i n o p t r k a c h i Phvsalis ansulnta (40609) Pseudcranthern ttm lanceolaturn Para amp:r ( 4 0 2 1l ) Rollinia rnucosa (,10046) Pzrstanu Pata baroj<r Podandrogyn e brer,ipedr.rnctrlata (40057) Pipcr irnperiale (40596) lechuua tap6 Pichi ancr (l:rlatl'rca rnirrantifolia (401 I 7) Pichi ri chi cle O s s a e ar n i c r a n t h a ( 4 0 I 6 2 ) Za ntia lin<ler.rii (40203) Pichi ri chi Pichi ri cle Pichinga tape Pichiva Piclia chi Bertiera procrrnrbens (40069) S c r o p h u l z r r - i a c c a c( 4 I 0 2 u ) Heteropsis oblongifcrlia (4000I ) P c r t r z o l z i as p . ( 4 0 4 7 7) remedio tape Pika Acah'pha sp. (40055); A. sp. ( 4 0 2 2 8 ) ;A . s p . ( 4 0 2 2 f 1 ) Par,onia fiuticosa ( 40029) Asteraceac (48443) V r : r b e n : r c e a e( 4 1 0 0 7 ) Pika ha Acalvpha sp. (400t15) Ltrdrvigia erecta (40ir02) Piketa tchtrmo tape ( ) o n z : r l : r q u n i ac o r n i f o l i a ( 4 0 5 9 1 ) Pe cl.jupistch:r Pcntasonia rnacroph-vlla (4836I ) Pent:rsonia sp. (4l0it2) Pe cljrr pistcha tape Pe rnolsc P e n t a g o n i as p . ( 4 1 0 0 1 ) (lostr.rsptrlvenrlenttrs (40 I 73) Pikini tape Pilir rntr chi Urera sp. (40471) F i c t r st r i a n a e ( 4 0 8 0 3 ) Ficus obttrsifblia (40047) Pd pin remedio tape A d i a n t u m o b l i q u u m ( 4 8 13 3 ) Pteris pungens (482611) Pirni chui n chi Myrcia sp. (40743) Pin dik tape Pi pun chi Discophora gui:rnetrsis (407 11) Pin ka suzrnu tape Aster:rceae (40ir113) Fanrilr, inclet. (40[J93) Pe tirn Verbena litoralis (4020U) Hyptis rnutabilis (40039) Desmoditrrn axill:rre (40022) Blakea subconnata (10297 ) Pin lla chi Paur pii tap6 Patscl ava P€ clju tap€ Pe oy chi tap6 P d c l j t rp i s t c h a c h i PE pin tap6 Pe tup Pega pegir Pei ka Pefr:r rnono Per-rpcr Pcnpo tape Peo tapc Peseulo tape Petik tap6 Pi ari Pi cha pi Pi chi Pi chin ga Pi chui tape Piketa tchurn<r llullu tap€ Pilucle Pin remeclio tape S o c r a t c i re x o r r h i z a ( 4 U 4 1 0 ) Besleria barclar''i (41 01 1) ; Ohr,vsot h e r n i s f i i e c l r i c h s t h a l i a n a ( 4 U 0 8 0 ); r\peiba rnembran:rcea ( 48 I 9[t) Aster.aceac (,10104) C l i c l e r n i a c r c : n r r l a l : r( a 8 0 7 7 ) ; Clolurnne:r bilabiata (40ti00) ; ( i e s n e r i i r c e a e ( 4 10 0 5 ) ; I c h n : r n t h u s A s t e r a c e : r e( 4 0 1 9 0 ) ( l l i b a c l i t r r n s p . ( 4 0 t t 0 7 ); ( 4 10 2 5 ) pallens (48090); Kohlcria sp. ( 4 0 5 7 6 ); M o n o p v l e s o d i r o a u i r Hibiscus sp. (40579) Asteraceae (401163) T l i e l y p t e r i s s p . ( 4 0 13 8 ) Tectaria incis:r (40902) ( 4 0 5 13 ) ; P i p e r z r n s u s t r . r n(r4 0 7 3 U ); S e l a g i r r e l l as p . ( 4 0 f 1 7 8 ) S a p i t r r n s p . ( , 1 10 , 1 1) Pin sa chi Pin tapi: Ficus cervantesiana (40765) Scrophulariact::re (1081 2) Pin tape capitin Diplazitrrri bombonasae (48320) ; Elcocharis retroflexa (48327 ) ; The- Pin tape lvpteris resinil-era (48296) ; Satrvasesia erecta (48326) A c i o t i s c z r t r l i u l a t a( 4 0 7 1 5 ) (lornrnelinaceae (.1U4B I ); Erythnrdes weberana (40879) N e p l r n r l e p i s p e c t i n a t a ( ' 1 8I 3 5 ) ; P i per filistvlum (40746) ; Psysrnorchis p r r s i l l a( 4 l 0 ' 1 : 3 )S: rn q o t t i t t t nt n r t crophvlltrnr (407trb7 BS 46 Pin tsu ruro chua Pincla tape Pinde tchuba Pini ara Pini nicaca 159 Cissampelos tropaeolifolia (40tt5 1) Clolumnea bilabiata (40519) Bar.risteriopsiscaapi (40582) (ltenitis sp. (40145) Puyan oco molo Podandrogyne brevipedunculata (40166); (40209) Raca pies Triolena barbeyana (48032) Scrophulariaceae (40300) (lolocasia esculenta (48l 45) Ranelis Dicranoslossum sp. (40234) Dicranoslossum polvpodioicles (40 I 70) ; Drymonia rnacrophvlla ( 4 0 16 7 ) ; D . w a r s z e r v i c z i a n a( 4 0 0 U 0 ); Rascadera l , y c i a n t h e sa m a t i t l a n e n s i s ( 4 0 0 8 7 ); Rojina Portulaca oleracea (40604) Piper angustum (40303) Pleopeltis percussurn (401 96) ; Triol e n a b a r b e y a n a ( 4 0 0 9 4 ) ; ( a 0 15 7 ) Rosaflor Asteraceae (40024) Rueil Pinion roja Pinta Errplrorbia cotinifolia (10177) Clvclanthus bipartitus (4022|) Sa he Peperomia urocarpa (40301 ) Microgramma piloselloides (40302) Pipeso Asplunclia sp. (401ttlt) Pipetio Capsicunr fiutescens (40565) Luclwigia erecta (401 7U) Sa oa pa chi Sa pichua tap6 Zamia lindenii (48155) Microgramma reprans (48 I 83) Pini tape Pipili tape Pique ta tchumo llullu Pique ta tchumo llullu tape Pique ta tchumo tap6 Pischtinea tchape Pischus finchuno Pisgo pirno tape Pish chua tap6 Pishillo Pisi chua llLrllu pistcho fino pi chua Pispata tchumo tape Pitsa Piya Pii,a ha Po koi tape Po pin ha tape Po pin tape P6 rernedio tap6 Pochiski Ponpo ktrchu Posude Psychotria santarernic a $0 ag2) kino tape Sabi ballo tap6 Sajo chi Hzrmelia patens (40897) Sajo de arriva Sarnbi oai llullu Ltrclwigia erecta (40490) San fania chi San fania Sanjuania tape Scrophulariaceae (48 148) Zea rnays (40525) Drymonia alkrplectoides (4050tt) Manclevilla hirsuta (40800) Insa semialata (40733) M a n d e v i l l a d o d s o n i i ( a 8 3 0 7 ); Tropaeolum repandum (4ti306) (lomrnelina clifTusa(40598) Irrqa eclulis (40042) Acalypha cliversifblia (4001 I ) Acalvpha cliversifblia (40 I 115 ) Harnelia sp. (41051) S o l a n a c e a e( 4 i l l 1 4 ) Piper sp. (48163) D e s r n o d i t r r n a x i l l a r e r( 4 10 7 5 ) Erynuium fbeticltrrn ( 4003U) Geosenanthus rhizanthus (40 I 06) Cestrum sp. (40092); Solantrm leptorhachis (40073) Pu chua Re o machi renedio tape Reuma tap6 San tap6 San tap6 chi San tape Sancona Sanda polo chi Santa maria Santa maria tape Sao jtranillos Sapo Sapote tape Sapu djui tape Sard sa chua Sebero puka tape Seiton tape Sek tape Schleeelia fastisiata (4lll I I ) Piper hispidtrrn (407 48) Piper sp. (40776) S€n gi chi Puban kura Pukano mavtein Inga eclulis (40778) Siparuna sp. (40216) Elaphoglossum sp. (40809) Shi bish tchape Shi nroc<r sumo tape Pui tap6 Pteris punsens (48?ft3) Shi vesh tape Shi vesh tchzrpe Shil'ingola tape Drvmonia sernrlata (40804) Myrtaceae (48401) Shili anpo Pu pin ha Pu pin ha tape Pu shillo Pulu chua Puno chui chi hal ki Punta lansa Puv pa tapa C o l u m n e a p i c t a ( 4 0 2 3 0 ) ; C j .r u b r i a ctrta (40074) Asteraceae (40037\ Shan tape Shia remedio papa Shili ara Trianaeopiper sp. (48104) C i s s u ss p . ( a 0 4 8 6 ) Tapirira guianensis (48277) Tapirira guianensis (48277) Santalaceae (48423) Renealmia cylindrica (41042) Renealmia cylindrica (40833) Renealnria cylinclrica (48235) Aechmea magdalenae (483tt6) Discophora suianensis (41022) Discophora suianensis (48lGB); Meliaceae (48289) S o c r a t e a e x o r r h i z a ( 4 8 4 10 ) Lauraceae (41008) Ipomoea sp. (40005); Porhomorphe peltata (40004) Piper peltatum (48159) Renealmia oliuosperrna (a0160) C l a r i c as p . ( 4 0 i 5 8 ) Quararibea cordata (40580) (]asteranthus ()ncosastrus (4 I 000) Marcsravia sp. (a8337) (lanna inclica x seneralis (40530) Urena lobata (40041) Brorvallia americana (40040) Cecropia sp. (48433) CampvloneurLrm phyllitidis (400e5) Burmeistera sp. (40876) Arthrostema ciliarum (48053) Burmeistera vulsaris (4103I ) Burmeistera sp. (48070) C l o s t u sl a e v i s ( 4 1 0 0 2 ) Xvlaria sp. (a8352) Piper eustvlum (40237) I)ennstaedtia arborescens (400t15): l,ornariopsis nigropaleata (40020) ; (40223\ BS 46 160 Shili aya Shili ayan Heisteria sp. (40064); Schlegeliafastisiata (40127) Anthurium trinerve (40141) Tdmpo remedio tape Tdmpo tape Peperomia pellucicla (48287) Peperornia sp. (40506); P. sp. ( 4 0 5 7 8 ) ;P . s p . ( 4 8 0 7 2 ) ;P . s p . (4U076) ; Sphvrosperrnurn cordifolium (40830) Guzmania melinonis (40885) Shili mira Philodendron inequilaterum ( 4 0 r7 1 ) Shili penpo Shili pese Asteraceae (40103) Asplundia sp. (40118) Tenba yu ki ha Shili peso Shili shinpi Evoclianthus funifer (40050) Tenco shili Tia mu ki chi Tiban ara Cissampelos tropaeolifolia ( 40030) Perebea xanthochvrna (40tt35) Diplazium cristatum (40i49) Shui pu chua Shui tungui chi Clorrania lupuloides (407 44) Heisteria sp. (40747) Tirn bu rukula ha Salpichlaena volubilis (407 63) Silantro Silla killan Eryngitrm foeticlum (4003f1) Solanum lepidoturn (40536) Tiu pin tape Microgramma pikrselloides (40236) rerneclio tape Cvathula achyranthoides (400 I B) Sji pistcha ka bo kaka R h e e d i a e d u l i s ( 4 8 3 6 3 ) Funsi (41034) Sjia papa Clidernia cliscolor (40307) Soe (]asteranthlrs oncosastrus (40734) ; Soko bo chui tape Sino tape (48126) Soko oa! ko tape Sopo Sopo oal ko tape Piper sp. (4Bl l3) Carica sp. (40088); (40195) Piper tyianae (41020) Spa lau gilla Scaphvglottis graminifolia (483 1B) remeclio tape kino chua Tiu pin tiu Tir"rtirr kuru tape To ari (40238) To kimide To pinktr To pirin To ua ara Tokillade agua Tokiya de vehago Tolonbo ha Toma be remedio tape remedio tape Stira pi killan Su pu uactr tape Drymaria cordata (401 79) Piper sp. (40752); (40793) Suambe chua Supla chi Mikania sp. (41036) Protium sp. (41006) Supo hopi trallu Supo hopi uallu tap6 Acalypha villosa (40838) Acalypha sp. (48360) Supu pi shungui tape C o l u m n e a e b u r n e a ( 4 0 8 7 0 ) Asteraceae (40152) Ta cantsa Farnily inclet. (40894) Ta pi chi kino chua Topin remeclicr Scoparia dulcis (40567) Cuphea strisulosa (4003 1) Tsabo tap6 Tsantsalo Tselen shilial,an Tsoda Tsrrprrm prrka tape Tape finchuno Rvticlostvlis quadrifida (40607) Prestonia portobellensis (41052) Tun ban chi Td chinga tape Te pui pu pin ha Family indet. (10848) Senna dariensis (40751) Te sa tape Tebaho killan Thevetia peruviana (40545) chi tap6 Tebgo killan chi LufIa aegJptiaca (40597) remedio tape Tebajo killan chi tape Chenopodium (40575\ ambrosioicles Temba ho killan chi remedio Gomphrena slobosa (40561); Larniaceae (40854) Temba ho killan chi remedio tap6 l,amiaceae (40861) Aciotis sp. (48316); Pilocosta oerstedii (48387); Trichornarles sp. (48408) Tu rnai n chi Tumu pin tap6 Ischnosiphon leucophaeus (40780) Eryneium fbetidum (48359) Hemiclictyum marsinAturn (40 I 28) Asplunclia sp. (40 litti) Evodianthus frrnifer (40050) Calathea metallica (40204) Thelypteris francoana ( 48294) Brugmansia versicolor (4058 I ) Mirabilis.jalapa (40909) (iustavia sp. (48141) Te tera ( l e s t r u m r a c e m o s u m ( 4 0 0 8 1) Piper hispiclum (40222) ()eonoma cuneata (40207) Toma b6 tape Tonua tape Ta de llullr-r Tan tchap6 finchttno Tcho maceranu tap6 (lolumnea nrbribracteata (48420) Capsicum fiutescens (40566) Bromeliaceae (40729) D i p l a z i u m s t r i a t u m ( 4 0 1 6 U ); Tun Cavaponia slandulosa (40I 00) Philodenclron sp. (40115) (irias penrviana (40220) Annona sp. (4086f1) Oephaelis gentryi (48108) Drynonia (4B4le) warszewicziana Passiflora rnacrophvlla (40tttr5) C a p s i c u m { i u t e s c e n s ( 4 0 2 0 1) Ua anpo ha Piper sp. (40109); P. imperiale ( 4 0 1 9 9 ); P . o b l i q t r u r n ( 4 0 2 1 0 ) Ua anpo Piperr angustum (40090) Piper mtrltiplinervium (40059) Diplazium striattrrn (40051 ) ; Szrc- Ua anpo shibi Ua ar:l c<rloma elesans (40225) Ua bonban Or-vctanthus occiden talis ( 40058) Ua curan tape Ua ga la pu chi Blechunr brownei (40183) Grias penrviana (40832) Ua halki tape Pilea sp. (40217) Ua ishan tape E l a p h o g k r s s u r n s p . ( 4 0 13 3 ) ; T h e l , v p t e r i ss p . ( 4 0 1 3 2 ) Hamelia axillaris (40054) Ua kere nayzr BS 46 Ua ko tape Ua mana shuba Ua pichiano Ua pini ha Ua pini tap6 Ua shinpi Ua tovali Ua tsero tap6 Ua tsetsero Ua unna pini ari Ua chambi tape Ua chambi Uai toto tap6 161 Piper filistylum (107 46) ; Trianaeopiper sp. (41068) Peperomia sp. (40079) Heliconia aemygdian a (40120) Alloplectus dodsonii (40053) D r v m o n i a r h o d o l o m a ( 4 0 10 8 ) Pleopeltis percussum (40219) Ya peno maiten sumo tape Dendropanax arboreus (40899) Yu ban go cho Yu pei n chi remedio tape Yucca blanco Manihot esculenra (48330) Dichorisandra hexand ra (48407 ) Yucca rojo Yuka bare himu tchap6 Zapata chi Drymonia turrialvae (40224) Trianaeopiper earciae ( 40227 ) S v n e c h a nt h u s w a r s c e w i c z i a nu s (40205) Zapata Lomariopsis nigropal eata (4022g) Witherineia sp. (48349) Witherinsia solanacea (41 0b3) Trichomanes membranaceum (48345) A chide Achiote Asteraceae (40024) Aguacate Ualan tape Uali ha C a l a t h e as p . ( 4 1 0 6 1 ) Al6n Anthurium Alanko oveophilum G0I2g) ; Philodendron renue (4022G) Albaka Ardisia sp. (40192) Scleria prerora (40802) Panicum sp. (aB32B) Alena sili Ano tap6 Anotada Euphorbiaceae (41038) Trichilia pallida (40000) Apilon Uero kinto Passiflora auriculara (40105) : (40218) Ara Asususili Ugachi tape Ugala tap6 Lantana sp. (40548) Dracaena fragrans (40541 ) Raritebe palicoureoides (48066) Psvchotria macrophyl la (4007 2) ; ( 4 0 1l 4 ) ) Uam bio tape Uanmo es tape Uase chi Uenbanna Ui pistchia boka Uinca Ukera chuno tape Ukera tape Un sa lala he tape Unga lala upi uallu tape Uni ha chi Unilo piyo Ustin tape Uvica Vehika Veloha Veneno tape Viki chua ama Sauvagesiaerecra (40589) ) Polygala mollaeinifolia (a0588) ) Clidemia purpurea (40896) ) Acalypha diversifolia (40875) ) Apira tape Baku Crescentia cujere (40728) Clibadium sp. (4909b) Amaryllidaceae (40623) Barbasco de hoja Baren apisu Betende gigantape Betia olorosa Bitu baca Bobo Bonban Cacao de monte Anthrrrium orregeanlrm (40202)) Biophvttrm dendroide s G0b77)) Cafe Philodendron subhasratum (4Bl7e) chi Ya hino rnayteno tape Danaea sp. (48a37) Sclerothrix fasciculara (406b4) Herrania balaensis (40666) Crotalaria nitens (40727) Gasteranrhus crispus (40701) Banisteriopsis caapi (40722) Cacao Cyclanthus bipartitus (a0837) ; Geonoma cuneara (10753) : ( 6 0 0 9 9 ) ;( 6 0 1 1 8 ) Ocimum campechianum (40616) Aristolochia pichingensis (407 I ti) Asteraceae (40602) Atolon S o l a n u m c a n d i d u n i ( 4 0 1 0 5 )) Carpotroche plaryprera (a0060) ) Ya hal chi Persea americana (4gl l8) Persea americana (4071 5) Auedo tap6 Ayahuasca Buru sinc-r Cacao ara Anthurium lancea (41048) Anthurium sp. (40850) Diplazium rnoccenianum (48049) Bertiera guianensis (4g0gl ) Bixa orellana (40704) P e r s e aa m e r i c a n a ( 4 9 l l 8 ) Saccoloma eleg;ans (49040) Prestonia rotunclifbli a (4067 a) Erythrina edulis (40646) Tococa spadiciflora ( 0B7a) ) A l l o p h y l u s s p . ( 4 0 1 8 1 )) T r i c h o m a n e s e l e g a n s ( 4 0 8 8 2 )) Viki mo tape Viki mo tchape Viki mo tchap6 Solanum nudum (48271); (a830a) Solanum nudum (41078) Colorado Uaita Ualina Manihot esculenra (48329) Manihot esculenra (48330) Rytidostylis carrhaginense (48428) Campano Chide ard Chide lapa Chide bun Chimpalo Chonta Chonta dura Cop6l Senna rericulata (10OZb) Aristolochia pichingensis (407 I B) Hedychium coronarium (49lZ1 ) Clarisia racemosa (40712); (49109) Loranthaceae (40634) Gasteranthus corallinus (40665) Asplenium serrarum (40717) Herrania balaensis (40666) Theobroma cacao (40618) Coffea arabica (40645) Brugmansia versicolor (40624) Lonchitis hirsuta (49036) Pleopeltis percussum (40629) Dicranoglossum polypodioides (4064e) Sapiumperuvianum(49098) Solanum canense(10724) Bactrissp. (49123) Bactrissp. (49122) Protium colombianum (49097) r62 BS 46 Cura paja Ciruela Tectaria nicotianifolia (40686) Spondias mombin (49100) Lim6n Dela Canna sp. (49051) Alloplectus sprucei (49052) Alternanthera mexicana (40653) Napeanthus robustus (49 108) Asteraceae (40647); Dahlia sp. Loba tape Acalypha sp. (a0725); Piper sp. (40711) Loki Brugmansia versicolor (a0624) Carapa mesistocarpa (40703) (40642); Fabaceae (a0620); Hydrangea sp. (40641) Lu koko lan Luban tap6 Dicranoslossum polypoclioides (4064e) Lindernia crustacea (40636) Luisa Denki tipe Descansel de monte Doril ajdn Epe tap6 Crama de palo Halki tap6 Hake tape Helen descansel Helen llaten Helen mudu tape Helen paki Helen puban kara Helen punpis tape Acalvpha sp. (a06a8) Alternanthera mexicana (40653) Encyclia fragrans (40668) Ceophila gracilis (40644) Peperomia panamensis (a0638) Siparuna eggersii (40643) Asteraceae (40707) Helen santa maria ha Piper multiplinervium (40684) Hierba luisa Cymbopogon citratus (491 l4) Hierba rnaldita Gasteranthus crispus (4070I) Hoja de sapo Begonia glabra (40696); Trianaeopiper mexiae (40667) Isan ha tap6 Isan tape Ishan luli Kafu mura Kaheli Kai no aeria Kaku sili Kantsa mula tape Karan tape repens (4067 2) Alloplectus sprucei (40706) ; Niphidium crassifolium (40639) Campyloneurum Bougainvillea sp. (49090) Streptochaeta sodiroana (407 | 4) Clibaclium sp. (a9095) Costus sp. (40678) Dryrnonia rhodoloma (40716) Hyptis capitata (40635) Desmodium uncinatum (40614) Lim6nsillo Lonco Lu clico Luli chide Luli tap6 Meli Citrus sp. (a0720) Piper sp. (a0683) Cordyline terminalis (40640) Costus sp. (40678) Amaranthus quitensis (406?7); Hibiscus radiatus (40637) Cymbopogon citratus (491 l4) Nothopanax fruticosus (4061 2) Asteraceae (40702) Rubiaceae (49120) Mamajuana de monte Asteraceae 40707) Mo du! tape Diastema scabrum (49092) Modo tap6 Hydrocotvle leucocephala (40628) Mor6l bobo Moril Mudruha Muhu Na ari Na disku Na isun ja Na kerena Na kirni chi de Na kirni de Na koko lan Na kolotu empoya Na kototo ha Na licade Na mira Clarisia racemosa (40713) Maclura rincroria (49060) Myrtaceae (49094) Bixa orellana (40704) Lomariopsis japurensis (49038) ; Thelypteris urbanii (49030) Renealmia oligosperm a @07 12) Codiaeum variasatum (4061 5) Hamelia axillaris (40626) Asclepias curassavica (4061 l ) Conzalagunia dodsonii (40661 ) Costus pulverulentus (40700) Piper sp. (40699) Trianaeopiper mexiae (40667) Picramnia cooperis (40659) Monstera adansonii (49054) Urceolina grandiflora (491 19) Peperomia panamensis (40638) Na sili ara Na sili inpo Lantana sp. (40622) Trichomanes collariatum (40695) Piper sp. (49099) Bomarea edulis (40651) Gurania macrophylla (40692); Solanum dolichorhachis (40691) Na sili kototo ha Na sirnpi Piper hispidum (40681) Musci (40680) Na tarali allar Campyloneurum repens (49037) Diastema affine (491 I 1) Aspleniurn serratum (49032) Ni pini Napeanthus robustus (40671 ) Dicranoglossum polypodioides (49029) Naranja Citrus sp. (40721) Piper sp. (49043) Aphelandra sp. (40710) Naranjilla de monte Nep6 Passiflora fbetida (40660) Cordia spinescens (40663) Rubiaceae (40685) Ortiga Pajarito Solanum candidum (40656) Banisteriopsis caapi (40722) Urera baccif-era (40669) Psvclrotria williamsii (49044) Citrus sp. (40721) Pi av6 Lansa Lati Pourouma guianensis (40677) Pini kola Lengua de culebra Campyloneurum angustifolium (49039) ; Dicranoglossum polypodioides (49029) Pini kolosica Katsa moca Kere dora Kika kala sili Kinfo aran sili Kolin ari chili Kono tape Koril ahen Kostoto tape Kototo tap6 Krana chia de m()nte Kuchi Kuku pi piyan ha Kuru bi bien Na pen po Pe cotamoja Pini ha Loranthaceae (40634) Begonia elabra (40696) Bactris sp. (49122) Drymonia coriacea (4067 3) C o s t u ss p . ( 4 9 1 1 3 ) Pini luli Clavija eegersiana (40708) Gurania mesistantha (49050) Pini sili Columnea ansustata (40709) BS 46 Pini tape Pinin tipa 163 Kohleria sp. (40723) ; Oxalis microcarpa (40726); Oolurnnea angustata (49106) Uvica Pourouma guianensis (40677) Solanum candidum (40656) Voche kinto Passiflora foetida (40660) OarnpvloneLlrun] angustifolium Ye sili Mendoncia brenesii G0705\ Uva de monte (4e03e) Pinion Postrde Ptrban kura Ptrnta lansa .fatropha curcas (40633) (lestnrm sp. (40688) Sipartrna sp. (40693) (loltrmnea eburnea (49057); C. rubriacuta (40671'r) Coaiquer Achiote Achutillcr Acoronsillo Bixa orellana (48897) Allophylus excelsus (41504) Dussiasp. (41656) 4ii Sa lie Begonia sp. (49059) Macltrra tinctoria (49060) Capsicum frutescens (48988) ; Solanum sp. (41648) Sirn fania San juar-rilla roja Rerrealmia olig;osperma (407 72) Oorclyline ternrinalis (40640) Ajo Amaryllidaceae (41604) ; Amaryllidaceae (48772\ Sande Shili arl B r o s i r n u m u t i l e ( 4 9 11 9 ) Microsramma piloselloicles ( 4 0 6 17 ) ; T r i c h o m a n e s c o l l a r i a t u n r Al galga Alrnurillo Cranichis sp. (a8927) Nephrolepis pectinata (48846) Marila laxiflora (4161 5) (4 e 0 2 8 ) Anime Vitaceae (40631) Piper sp. (401170) Anisillo Piper sp. (49058) Piper sp. (40679) Arccr Lonchocarpus sp. (49107) Asplenitrm pteropus (40697) Bqiu Ranto tape Shili a,van Shili empo ha Shili impo Shili kototo anpo ha Shili ha hili Shilina ari ha Shiri pi ki hen tape Sino tape Strn pide Tancare Teptrn Tia kutu pe Tia kuttr tape Tichi vil6 Tini Tiolon To ari Ambour6 Ar.,)' Ava de monte Balbacha Drymaria corclata (49096) Heliotropitrrn rufipilum (40613) ( l u a t r e s i a r i p a r i a ( 4 0 6 5 5 ); ( a 0 6 8 7 ) Balbasallcr Selaginellasp. (49033) N a u c l e o p s i s s p . ( , 1 9 1l 2 ) Urera baccifera (40669) Bandai Erythrina smithiana (10632) Diplaziurn striatastnun (49041 ) Behay Balbasco Bara blanco Barbascillcr Bialbena Botonsillo Tirm vaca Anthtrriurn sp. (40652) Brosirnurn utile (49110) Zingiber oflicinzrle (491 16) L)a anpcl h:t Piper sp. (49056) Ua ar:i Asplenium purpurascens (49035) I)ichorisandra angustifolia (40698) Tstrla sili Tirga Ua clcm<r Ua dishtr Ua halki tape Rernealmia alpinia (,19093) Pilea sp. (40682) Psarnmisia caloneura (48920) Diastema affine (48990) Hymenophyllaceae (48838) ; Hy- (48834) Oarapa mesistocarpa (40703) Ocimum carnpechiantrrn (40616) S e l a g i n e l l i rs p . ( 4 9 0 4 2 ) Bicundo con duende Tona ara ha Meliaceae (41667) Danaea sp. (a8883) rnenophyllum microcarpum (48956) Lvcopodiurn sp. P e p e r o m i z rp e r n a m b u c e n s i s (49053) Acli:rnturn trichochlaenum ( 406U9) To kinclo Protium amplum (41659) Piper sp. (a1421) Bolccr Bora negra joosia sp. (a8969) P s e r d e l e p h a n t o p r r sp r r r a t i s (48713) C o r d i a s p i n e s c e n s( 4 1 4 9 8 ) Ocotea ira (41671) Pseudelephantopus sp. (41609) Dioclea sp. (41640) Acanthaceae (41459) ; Lycopodiella trianzre (41499) Cuzmania resttrdinis (48U56) Peperomia sp. (48906) Desmoncus cirrhifera (41455) Caballo de monte Spilanthes sp. (41485) C a s s i as p . ( 4 1 4 6 5 ) Claimitillon (larnate Porrteria collina (4167 3) Clusia dixonii (48833) (lafra asrio Costussp. $1a57);C. sp. (a8860); C . r p . ( 4 8 9 1 7 ) ; C . l a e v i s( 4 8 9 0 7 ) Candelelio Columnea minor (41428) Ua ka avi Uzr kototo tape B a c t r i ss p . ( 4 9 1 2 3 ) Piper trizrnae (49055) Cangare Dialyan thera gordoniifolia (41664) Lla luli Allarnanda cathartica (4071 9) Carillo Ua ptrban ktrr:r S o l a nr r n r c o n f e l t i s e r i a t r r m (40630) Anthurium napaeum (40676) Cleiclion castaneifolium (40658) Malaxis sp. (48709); Miconia goniostigma (48854) Caruavale S e l a g i n e l l as p . ( 4 8 8 3 1 ) Castilla elastica (4U994) Lauraceae (41675\ Ua tarali allan Uatucle Cauchcr Chachajo 764 Chaguar6 BS 46 C r e m o s p e r m a h i r s r r it s s i m u m ( 4 1 6 11 ) ; C u p h e a t e t r a p e t a l a ( 4 8 6 9 9 ): S c r o p h r r l a r i a c e a e Escudera Estacudo Solanum mammosum (41452) (41 430) ; Scrophulariaceae (41 424) Flor de duende Flora amarilla Psammisia ferruginea (48792) Stenospermation densiovulatum (48B5e) Chaua Ruagea sp. (41672) Cestrum baenitzii (41650) Pentasonia srandiflora (4i599) Justicia comata (48715) Chicharo (ihilangua Melastomataceae (4 I 666) Elaphoelossum sp. (48842) Chilungua Gualbadea Chirnbore Erynuiurn foetidum (48926) C e p h a e l i s c o y e t e n s i s( 4 8 9 3 1 ) Chiparo S w a r t z i as p . ( a l 6 0 7 ) Guandd Chira rau Ocimum campechianum (48982) Erechtites valerianifolia (48tt66) Dioscoreaceae (48826) Guaral Cuaripo C r e m o s p e r m a c o n g r u e n s ( 4 1 5 9 1) Psammisia ulbrichiana (41 487) Capsicum fiutescens (48988) Guaya busai Tabernaemontana macrocalp< (48933) Guayusa Hedyosmum sp. (48769);H. scorerrimum (41474) Gueche grande Alloplectus panamensis (a8870) Peperomia serpens (48825); Piper sp. (48697); P.sp.(48703); P. sp. Chalde Chalmolan Cham Chiraran Chirma Chorillo Chu kin llullu Chuil Chulku Chundul Peperomia sp. (a1645) C,vperus odoratus (41624) Forda Gia Goaralla Stenospermation angustifirlium (48872) Grenadilla Passiflora sp. (ait857) Disterigma sp. (4t3966); Psamrnisia Cuasca negra Churimoya Trichomanes sp. (48894) R o l l i n i a m L r c o s a( 4 B g 8 9 ) Rollinia mucosa (48989) Coca Erythroxylaceae (41 584) Coldillo Cremosperma reldioides (48980) Columnea lehmannii (48983) Guetch Alloplectus tetragonoides (4BBl 3) ; Cremosperma nobile (aB97tr); Guildd Churillo Churimonu Concedillo Contra Corillo Corosillcr Crista de gallo Cuerda Dai n Descansel Detr Deu(f)l Deuendi Dia ku(h) D.jet Du Duende Duencle ku(h) Dundu Escadera Escobilla Guech6 C}rin ganul Guinul Billia colombiana (41663) Anthurium andreanum (41 489) Guish ko .fusticiasp. (41483) Palicotrrea sp. (48727) Hymenophyllum microcarpum (48e56) Satyria srandifolia (48806) Clalathea timothei (48960) Diplazium lechleri (48948) Besleria barbata (18734) debilis (48968) C l u s i as p . ( 4 8 7 8 1 ) ; C . s p . ( 4 8 9 3 2 ) Araceae (48711) Lauraceae (41661) Guatteria sp. (41655) (4u824);P.sp. (48853);P.sp. ( 4 8 8 5 8 ) ; P . s p . ( 4 B t ' ] 6 1 ) ;P . s p . (48873) Drymonia serrulata (a8773); D. ttrrrialvae (41 638) ; Paradrymonia sp. (41635) Desmodium adscendens (41578) Pitcairnia sp. (41496) Pseuderanthemum micranthum (48935) Erato polymnioides (41 505) Bauhinia sp. (a1674) Oleandra sp. (4tt843) Cuish Clolumnea rubriacuta (41622): Piper dryadum (41612) Triolena spicata (4U905) Solanum triplinervium (48914) Thelvpteris gigantea (48885) Costus sp. (48917); Psammisia caloneura (48920) Gulpe piguil Cu1'u Ha teu Havilla Hierba buena Hierba de monte Hierba laisa Hierba nionte Hoja de mal viento Hoja de r,ulle Hoja vercle Imbien Calathea micans (48959) Dennstaedtiaceae (48840) Dennstaedtia sp. (48884) Pitcairnia spectabilis (48972) Dioclea sp. (41646) Diplarpea paleacea (48723) Solanum medusocalyx (al 628) Aphelandra flammea (48898) S a b i c e av i l l o s a ( 4 1 5 0 6 ) Sancheziasp. (4146a) Gurania sp. (48981) ( l a v e n d i s h i a c o m p l e c t e n s ( 4 15 0 2 ) Alloplectus teuscheri (48961 ) P h y s a l i ss p . ( 4 1 4 6 0 ) Cavendishia grandifolia (.18965) Cavendishia srandifolia (48965) Isha Lasiacis sorshoidea (41 469) Anthurium sp. (48811);A. caulor- .fapate de monte Kachu rhizum (48878); Philodendron sp. (48827) Kamna pij Cyclanthus bipartitus (48850) Columnea sp. (a8739);C. rubriacuta (48738) Ludwigia alfinis (48864) Kog(h) Sphvrospermum dissimile (48922) Inya Drymonia warszewicziana (48991 ) Cestrum sp. (48900) 7 BS 46 165 Rhvnchospora sp. (48973) Piper sp. (a8724) Danaea sp. (48941); Blechnum sp. (48942); Thelypteris sp. (48952) Ovo Lagalto Curania sp. (488tr8) Pailde Lecha Blechnum sp. (48940) Asplenium hallii (48744) ; C,vathea bipinnata (48943) ; Dennstaedtia sp. (48889) ; Lindsaea quadrangula- Paja ris (41i953) Coleus sp. (48875) Papal.uela Siparuna sp. (48903) Dryopteris sp. (aBBB7) Pasino Monolena primulaefl ora (4897 4) Rheeclia edulis (41575) Ped pe Pi Poulsenia armata (48985) C o l u m n e a f i m b r i c a l r a <( 4 8 9 7 1 ) ; C . Piast rninutiflora (48970) ; Cremosperma consruens (48979); Piper sp. ( 4 16 0 0 ) : S c r o p h r r l a r i a c e a e Piganore Koltadera Kramna kun Ku(h) Lecho Lengua tigre Limon Llullu Lombrice Madroiio Mahana Maip6 Mal viento Malde Mama juana (4U863) ; Triolena obliqua (487 14) Hyptis verticillata (48852) Indet to family (41670) Oyap saya Pagamde Palo chiso Pande Parma Pausoi Piau PU Pilmo Pilp6 Clibadium sp. (48698) Peperomia sp. (a8869) Pirama Mancha ropa Clusia sp. (41662); Visrnia obtusa (41494) Pita Mancha sopa Manga mora Vismia sp. (48832) Aegiphila sp. (a8779) Masamora Pite de monte Mayp6 Aegiphila sp. (4l5l l) f)oussapoa contorta (41 626) Dicliptera sp. (48770) Mentha Peperomia sp. (41647); P. sp. Platano (4 8 e 1 e ) Poleo Rhvnchospora sp. (48973) Arachnothrp< inconstans (48768) ; Pulsande Maiiana Mata palo Mo Mokillo Montana cu(h) Monte cush Monte de cu(h) Monte de uish Piiru cle monk Platanera Saurauia brachybotrys (41 621 ) (]leicheniaceae (48950) Puntero Trichornanes rieidum (48955) Araceae (4f1993) Elleanthus robustus (48984) Rascadera Rojo Morcillo Miconia goniostigma (41500) Flacourtiaceae (48780) Morcillo silvestre Flacourtiaceae (48702) Motilon Hieronima chocoensis ( 41657\ Solanum quitoense (41586) San pedro Paulinia sp. (41435) F a r n i l y i n c l e t . ( 4 16 0 3 ) Sangriado Monte hierba Naranjilla Oabo Oago Oaral Ortiga Ouish Ousma Ovilla Monstera lechleriana (41633) U r e r a c a r a c a s a n a( 4 1 5 0 8 ) Tococa svrnphyand ra (487 25) Myrcia sp. (41614) C l u a t r e s i as p . ( 4 8 8 0 1 ) Romerillo San.juanita Santa maria Saragosa Scoba de monte Taco taco Tau tarr Spondiassp. (48801) Bonafousialongitubulosa(41632) Anthurium sp. (48717); Araceae (48ee3) Lacistemaaggregata(48796) Ischnosiphonleucophaeus (48e02) Swartziasp. (41669) Clusiaceae(48835) Dracontium sp. (41597) Trichomanessp. (41630) Ericaceae(41470) Peperomiaomnicola (48986) Scopariasp. (41431) Columneafimbricalp<(48923) Pouteriatorta (41629) Nautilocalp<sp. (48936) Aiphanesmacroloba(48916) Columneapicta (48730);C. rubricalyx(48741);Gloxinia dodsonii (4872e) Blakeapunctulata (41613) Lindernia sp. (48722) Guzmaniaxamoena (48967) Pseudelephantopus puratis ( 4 8 7 13 ) Pitcairniaspectabilis(48972); Rennbergia morreniana (48958); Sphaeradenia killipii (48910) Pepinia hooveri (48975) Dichorisandrasp. G1489; Oryctanthusoccidentalis(415I0) Coletrsx hvbridus (41476) Peperomiasp. (48719);P.sp. ( 4 8 8 2 r) Dacryodesgranatensis(41676) (lhamaedoreapinnatifrons (48eoB) Anthurium sp. (41458); Philodendron sp. (48710) Clolumneaeigantifolia (41587) Hameliasp. (41608) Hedychium coronarium (41639); (48788); Renealmiacrralrecasasii (41588); R. dolichocalp<(48924) Coix lacryma-jobi(48716); C. sp. (41480) Familyindet. (41665) Piperaceae(41658);(41590) Columneanariniana(48815) Burmeisterasp. (41463) Hyptis obtusiflora (48720) Columnea minutiflora (48937) 166 TE Tedpu Telba BS 46 Piperaceae (48726) ; Urticaceae Ualbura (48e2e) Uamuga L,schrveilerasp. (48995) Ach,vranthes aspera (41 6a9) ; ( 4 8 8 7 7 ); A l t e r n a n t h e r a p o r r i u c n s Uande Uanto (4 r6 2 0 ) T6o pul uish Tepalo Tete Tigre Tinta Tobacccr Trensa Trinerol Tundu Tunta Uago Ualbil Ualbina Disterigmasp. (48966); Psarnmisia clebilis(4896U) Columnealonginervosa(41507) E s c h w e i l e rsap . ( 4 1 6 6 8 ) ; Es. p . (48ee5) (48991) Drymonia warszewicziana Phyllanthtrsanisolobus(4BBB0) Cavenclishia ensleriana (48925) (lalatheatinrothei (4U960) Menisperrnaceae(18774) Pollalesta sp. (41a92) Monnina sp. (4Utll6) M i k a n i as p . ( 4 1 5 0 1 ) C r e m o s p e r m lar i r s r ri st s i r rnr m ( 4 1 5 8 1 )P ; i p e rs p . ( a 1 6 3 7 )P ; .s p . ( 4 l l B 3 6I)P .m r r l t i p l i n e r v i t r m (41471\ Peperomiasp. (41625);Piper sp. (48909) Uilde Uindd Uish flor Campylonelrrlrnl sp. (4titt44) B r u s m a n s i a v e r s i c o l o r ( 4 16 I B ) Cllusiaceae (48799) ; Cllusia dixonii (48790); Tovomita sp. (41453) B r t r g m a n s i a v e r s i c o l o r ( 4 16 l f l ) ; D i chorisandra sp. (487C)6) Columnea laevis (48791) C e p h a e l i s F i e n t r y i ( 4 14 9 3 ) .|oosiasp. (48969) Uisit pipa Columnea sp. (48733); C. bvrsina ( 4 8 7 : tI ) : D r y r r r o r r i aw a r s z e w i c z i a r r a (48728) Urnbial Ur.rgtr Colurnnea lehmannii (4BgU3) Blotiella lindenian:r (48847) Uugu pigail Veneno Polybotrl.a lechleriana (48U4U) Naucleopsis amara (489 I 2) Verbena Psetrderantherntrrn micranthunt Verda Olf.ersia cervina (48939) Flacourti:rceae (41 509) ; Solanunr sp. (48829) (lucurbitaceae (41 579) (48e35) Yalte Yuyo Zapata Zapote Subniitted to the Academy Februarr' 1995. Published Ausust 1996. Solanum conf'ertiseriatum (,1160 1 ) : (486e5) M a t i s i a s o e g e n i i ( 4 16 6 0 )