SnakeS World of the a Catalogue of living and extinct Species SnakeS World of the a Catalogue of living and extinct Species Van Wallach Kenneth L . Williams Jeff Boundy CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140108 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-0848-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com We dedicate this book with warm affection to Douglas Athon Rossman a.k.a. “Dag” Douglas Rossman, Photo Courtesy of the LSU Museum of Natural Science Emeritus Curator and Professor of Herpetology Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science Baton Rouge, LA (1963–1998) Doug directed all three of us in our graduate programs for either Masters (VW) or Doctoral (JB, KLW) degrees, was an excellent teacher, thoughtful advisor, and supportive friend, and made each of us better herpetologists with his encouragement, insightful advice, and constructive criticism exemplified daily by his dedication to scientific research. “Mon ami, there are only two kinds of snake: the good snake (dead) and the bad snake (trop vive!)” … old Cajun saying from the Bayou v Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................ix Collection Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................................ xxvii Valid Genera and Species A........................................................................................................................................................................................................2 B......................................................................................................................................................................................................87 C....................................................................................................................................................................................................129 D....................................................................................................................................................................................................204 E....................................................................................................................................................................................................249 F....................................................................................................................................................................................................290 G....................................................................................................................................................................................................294 H.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 313 I.....................................................................................................................................................................................................340 K....................................................................................................................................................................................................345 L....................................................................................................................................................................................................347 M...................................................................................................................................................................................................409 N....................................................................................................................................................................................................460 O.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 481 P.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 512 R.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 613 S.....................................................................................................................................................................................................646 T.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 681 U.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 761 V.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 771 W...................................................................................................................................................................................................778 X....................................................................................................................................................................................................780 Y....................................................................................................................................................................................................790 Z.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 791 Genera and Species Inquirenda........................................................................................................................................................796 Geographical References...................................................................................................................................................................822 Literature Cited..................................................................................................................................................................................835 Index....................................................................................................................................................................................................1141 vii Introduction Few works have attempted the challenge of cataloging all of the known species of snakes in the world, the most prominent being the British Museum catalogues of Boulenger (1893a, 1894a, 1896a) and those of F. Werner (1917b, 1921a–b, 1922a, 1923b, 1924c, 1929a) for Recent taxa and Rage (1984b) and Holman (1998a, 2000a) for fossil taxa. Until now no single work has treated all living and extinct snakes. The present work covers all living and fossil snakes described between 1758 and 2012, comprising 3783 species (3509 extant and 274 extinct species) allocated to 651 genera (539 extant and 112 extinct genera). Also included are the names of 54 genera and 302 species that are considered incertae sedis, nomina dubia, nomina nuda, nomina rejicienda, and nomina inedita, resulting in a grand total of 12,500 primary snake names. A summary of the main historical references follows. Worldwide works. The starting point of modern binomial nomenclature, Linnaeus’ 10th edition (1758), had four genera (Anguis, Boa, Coluber, and Crotalus) and 101 species of snakes. Laurenti (1768) increased the number of genera to 14 and the species to 104. Merrem (1820) recognized 330 species, placed in 22 genera. Duméril & Bibron (1844) recognized 25 genera and 64 species of scolecophidians and Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (1854) described 139 genera and 484 alethinophidian species, totaling 548 species in 164 genera (see Table I.1). The British Museum catalogues of Gray (1849) and Günther (1858) contained some 544 species and formed the foundation for Boulenger’s later, more comprehensive, work. Snakes were placed in 62 genera by Günther (1888). Jan (1863b) listed 789 snake species allocated to 232 genera. Hoffmann (1890) provided descriptions of all snake genera, listing the number of species in each genus and its geographical region. Boulenger’s British Museum (Natural History) catalogues (1893–1896) formed the first comprehensive summary of worldwide snakes, and continues to be a critical reference for any systematic work today. Boulenger recognized 1639 species (and 7335 total names) that he placed in 296 genera. Werner updated Boulenger’s catalogues in a series of six papers (1917–1929) that resulted in 338 recognized genera and 2242 species. McDiarmid et al. (1999) covered the Scolecophidia, Anilioidea, Henophidia or Booidea, Acrochordoidea, and Viperoidea with subsequent volumes to review the Colubroidea. Table I.1 summarizes the biodiversity of snakes as seen through herpetological publications. The checklists of Welch (1982, 1983, 1988, 1994a–b), Wilkey (2002a–b), and Brogard (2005) are of little value for any taxonomic work. Along this line, several Australian authors have a habit of universally recognizing every proposed name (Wells & Wellington) or cannibalizing molecular studies and phylogenetic analyses to attach names to every single clade (Hoser). Such works are not only superfluous but also detrimental and a hindrance to taxonomy and nomenclature and they violate clause 4 of the Code of Ethics (ICZN, 1999). They include Wells & Wellington (1984, 1985); Hoser (2000b-c, 2003f, 2004, 2009b-e, 2012b–am); and Wells (2007). The Australasian Journal of Herpetology, of which Hoser is the editor, reviewer, publisher, and sole author, is not considered a valid publication under the spirit of the Code and therefore all proposed names are nomina illegitima (see Wallach et al., 2009 and Kaiser et al., 2013). Taxonomic groups. Hahn (1980) compiled the first modern checklist of the Scolecophidia, with synonymies and ranges, followed by McDiarmid et al. (1999). Roux-Estève (1974) treated all African Typhlopidae. Venomous snakes of the world were covered by Golay et al. (1993), David & Ineich (1999), and McDiarmid et al. (1999). Regional works. North American snakes have been treated by Ernst & Ernst (2003) with an official list of species by Crother (2008). H. Smith & Taylor (1945) produced the only comprehensive work on Mexico, with later summaries by Smith & Smith (1993) and Flores-Villela (1993), and Liner & CasasAndreu (2008) providing a checklist of species and subspecies. Neotropical snakes of Central and South America were catalogued by Peters & Orejas-Miranda (1970) with Central American species updated by Köhler (2008). Snakes of the West Indies were enumerated by Schwartz & Henderson (1991). Tipton (2005) listed all the genera and species of the New World (North America, Mesoamerica, Caribbean, and South America). Snakes of Europe were listed by Mertens & Wermuth (1960) and Gasc et al. (1997). African snakes have been covered by the following: South Africa (Broadley, 1990), East Africa (Spawls et al., 2002), and West Africa (Chippaux, 2006). The treatises of Bourret (1936), M.A. Smith (1943), and Das (2010) covered Southeast Asia. Mengden (1983) and Cogger (2000) treated the Australian ophiofauna. Checklists. Recent authors who have provided lists of names of the worldwide serpent fauna include Sokolov (1988), Frank & Ramus (1995), Mattison (1999), and Delhay (2009). Photo books. There are some books that do not contain any taxonomic or geographical data but are worthy of citation as photo-essay books. These include Seba (1734–1735), Kundert (1974, 1984), Aramata (1990), Lacarrière & Ineich (1992), Lamar (1997b), Moncuit & Daoues (2002), Mocafico (2007), and Laita (2013). Methods Due to the length of this catalogue, verbiage has been kept to a minimum and a staccato style has been utilized. Only the most germane topics are briefly mentioned in Remarks but citations to relevant references are provided so that additional information can be traced when desired. The text is organized alphabetically throughout, both by genus and species. Valid genera are listed with author date, and family allocation parenthetically. If the generic name appeared in a work other than the author’s, that work is listed on a separate line (preceded by in). After each ix x Introduction TABLE I.1 Worldwide Snake Diversity Tabulations from 1758 to 2012 Author Year Genera Species Linnaeus Laurenti Merrem Duméril, Bibron & Duméril Jan Hoffmann Boulenger F. Werner Ditmars A.S. Romer (living) A.S. Romer (extinct) Halliday & Adler Sokolov Rage in Bauchot Frank & Ramus Mattison Delhay McDiarmid in McDiarmid et al. Present work (living) Present work (extinct) Present work Present work 1758 1768 1820 1844–1854 1863 1890 1893–1896 1917–1929 1933 1956 1956 1986 1988 1994 1995 1999 2009 2012 2012 2012 Valid Taxa inquirenda 4 14 22 164 232 402 296 338 333 377 26 417 433 428 440 466 479 506 539 112 651 54 101 104 330 548 789 1760 1639 2242 1653 — — 2389 2620 2600 2542 2969 2927 3217 3509 274 3783 302 genus, the type species and a generalized distribution are presented, with or without sources and taxonomic remarks. Extant and extinct species are numbered and listed in alphabetical order with the following information: original citation, synonyms and subspecies, type or types, type locality, and geographical and geological range. Relevant sources for each taxon (monotypic genus or species) are also provided, along with comments when necessary. When supplemental or revisionary information is presented in later publications we present it and list the original data under Remarks. Species and genera. Recognition of valid species and genera usually follows the latest revisionary works. In cases where polytypic genera have not been reviewed, the latest literature is utilized. When there is controversy over generic allocation or specific status of a taxon, we provide opposing views under Remarks. For the orthography of a taxon’s name, we employ the original spelling unless it was (1) a typographical or accidental error (so noted as nomen incorrigendum), (2) incorrectly formed according to the Rules, or (3) a name whose terminus does not agree with gender of the current genus. In the latter two cases the corrected form is used. The original names of valid species include subgeneric names in brackets (subgenera are not included among synonyms). Allocation of genera and species to families follows the classification in Table I.2, with †Ophidia being used for extinct families exhibiting a pre-Serpentes grade of evolution. Synonyms. We have attempted to list as many nominal taxa as possible. We list under Synonyms mainly primary synonyms, emendations (whether justified or unjustified), and incorrect and corrected original spellings of genera, species, and subspecies (not different combinations, typos, or lapsus calami). We do not differentiate between those forms considered junior synonyms and those currently considered valid subspecies. New combinations are cited only when the termination of the specific epithet is different than the primary names, and they are indicated by a dash between name and author. Incorrect secondary spellings are listed in the text but not in the Index (since they are unavailable names). Citations for all these names are included in the Literature Cited. Latin notations following names include these terms: incertae sedis (uncertain taxonomic status), lapsus calami (slip of the pen), nomen incorrectum (incorrect secondary spelling), nomen corrigendum (corrected original name), nomen dubium (dubious or questionable name), nomen emendatum (emendation), nomen illegitimum (illegal or invalid name according to the Rules, usually not a binomial or trinomial), nomen incorrigendum (incorrect original name), nomen ineditum (unpublished name according to the Rules), nomen nudum (an unavailable or invalid name, usually lacking a diagnosis), nomen oblitum (forgotten name), nomen praeoccupatum (occupied name), nomen protectum (protected name, applied to a junior synonym in preference to an unused senior synonym or nomen oblitum), nomen rejiciendum (rejected name by ICZN), nomen substitutum (substitute or replacement name), nomen suppressum (suppressed name for matters of priority), and partim (in part, when specimens belong to more than one taxon). A name may include several of the above categories, in which case only the most relevant is cited. A nomen emendatum that is also a nomen rejiciendum will be cited as the latter. For every valid species an abbreviated reference citation is provided along with pagination, figures, and plates referring to the new species. If a figure of a paratype is given (in the absence of a holotype figure) it is so indicated. The original combination of the name is given parenthetically when it is different from that currently employed. If the species was described in more than one publication, the other descriptions are listed in Remarks (listed as supplementary original description when its content is expanded over the initial description). Complete citations of all descriptions are in Literature Cited. Types. We have tried to determine the location of all primary types by making liberal use of all published type lists, correspondence with various museums regarding types, and visiting certain U.S. museums to examine specimens personally (mainly ANSP, CAS, FMNH, MCZ, SDNHM, USNM). The location of many type specimens remains unknown; types were generally not designated in earlier works and many types have subsequently been lost or destroyed. If the deposition of a type is presumed but not confirmed, the museum acronym is preceded by a “?” Whenever possible we have listed the status of the type (holotype, lectotype, neotype, or syntype), its location and registry number (including its original museum and number if now different), its total length and gender, and parenthetically the collector and date of collection. In cases where the current catalogue number or museum of deposition is different from that presented in the original description or subsequent publication, the original data are presented in parentheses following the current museum and number. If a third museum is involved, then the original and subsequent numbers are listed parenthetically. Museum acronyms follow, in most cases, Leviton et al. (1985, 1988). We have provided additional acronyms for institutions, private collections, and field series numbers. For simplicity in xi Introduction TABLE I.2 Number of Living and Extinct Genera and Species by Family Living Family †OPHIDIA †Pachyophiidae Nopcsa, 1923 †Lapparentophiidae Hoffstetter, 1960 †Najashidae Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006 SERPENTES incertae sedis †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter, 1961 †Dinilysiidae Romer, 1956 SCOLECOPHIDIA Anomalepididae E.H. Taylor, 1939 Gerrhopilidae Vidal et al., 2010 Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1891 Typhlopidae Gray, 1825 Xenotyphlopidae Vidal et al., 2010 ALETHINOPHIDIA incertae sedis ANILIOIDEA incertae sedis Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907 UROPELTOIDEA Anomochilidae Cundall et al., 1994 Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 Uropeltidae J. Müller, 1831 HENOPHIDIA PYTHONOIDEA Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 BOOIDEA incertae sedis Calabariidae Underwood, 1976 Boidae Gray, 1825 Erycidae Bonaparte, 1831 Ungaliophiidae McDowell, 1987 BOLYERIOIDEA Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 Xenophidiidae Wallach & Günther, 1998 CAENOPHIDIA incertae sedis ACROCHORDOIDEA †Palaeophiidae Lydekker, 1888 †Nigerophiidae Rage, 1975b Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 VIPEROIDEA †Anomalophiidae Auffenberg, 1959 †Russellophiidae Rage, 1975a Xenodermatidae Gary, 1849 Pareatidae Hoffmann, 1890 Viperidae Gray, 1825 HOMALOPSOIDEA Homalopsidae Jan, 1863 ELAPOIDEA incertae sedis Elapidae F. Boie, 1827 Atractaspididae A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 Prosymnidae Kelly et al., 2009 Genera Extinct Species Genera Species 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 1 10 1 6 2 1 1 19 1 4 1 12 11 1 0 0 1 18 15 112 260 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 6 1 1 9 3 10 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 1 7 3 2 2 1 42 0 1 37 17 3 0 0 3 3 0 18 11 1 0 0 13 3 0 29 32 1 2 2 1 0 34 2 2 0 7 0 0 1 16 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 5 0 24 5 1 0 0 6 3 48 0 0 19 16 329 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 13 17 2 71 13 13 1 55 5 354 76 71 16 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 (continued) xii Introduction TABLE I.2 (CONTINUED) Number of Living and Extinct Genera and Species by Family Living Family Psammophiidae Bonaparte, 1845 Pseudaspididae Cope, 1893 Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling, 1975 COLUBROIDEA incertae sedis Pseudoxenodontidae McDowell, 1987 Carphophiidae Zaher et al., 2009 Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838 Xenodontidae Bonaparte, 1845 Natricidae Boettger, 1883 Sibynophiidae Dunn, 1928 Calamariidae Bonaparte, 1838 Colubridae Oppel, 1811 Extinct Genera Species 10 2 20 4 2 4 37 60 38 2 8 108 61 2 83 9 11 10 388 325 228 11 88 739 presenting type numbers, we have eliminated all zeros preceding the number (i.e., 00289 = 289), all “R” designations for reptiles (including RENA at RMNH), and for BMNH numbers from the 1800s, we add the prefix “18” to complete the year. When two or more types are catalogued under one number, we refer to them informally with small lower case letters (i.e., 1460a–b) but when a museum has catalogued more than one specimen under a single number we use upper case letters (i.e., 1460A–B). If a type specimen is unknown, unlocated, missing, presumed lost, or lost, we cite just that it is lost; if destroyed it is so noted. If a type is not listed in a type list, we presume it to be lost. A number of museums have been destroyed by fire (CA, IB, MBL, MLS fide Almaça & Neves, 1987, Kumar, 2010, and Franco, 2012) or bombing during World War II (BSM, FMSM, ISM, KMJ, LM, LNHM, MSNM, MTD, NMB, NMSW, NMW, SMNS, USTL, ZIB, ZMH, ZMUH, and ZSM fide Klauber, 1952, W. Leviton, 1959b, Hellmich in Hoge, 1964a, Hahn, 1980, Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983, Böhme & Bischoff, 1984, W. Ladiges in L.D. Wilson, 1990d, M. Podestà in Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1994, Leonardi et al., 1995, Scali, 1995, Schlüter & Hallermann, 1997, Hallermann, 1998, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Fritz, 2002, Cadle, 2007, Franzen & Glaw, 2007, and Köhler & Güsten, 2007) and their types are so noted without further reference. Many types of earlier authors are unknown and it should be pointed out that the following people sent all or part of their collections to the MNHN (C. Peale, 1794–1798; Palisot de Beauvois, 1797–1798; R. Harlan, 1831–1839; C.S. Rafinesque, 1835–1839; and A. Dugès, 1853–1856). The Museum Drottningholmense, from which many Linnaean types originated, is abbreviated as Mus. Drottn. When a lectotype or neotype has been designated, we cite the authority in question. According to Art. 74.4 of the Code, we designate as lectotypes the descriptions and/or illustrations in older works such as M. Catesby, A. Seba, and P. Russell. Early authors, such as Cope and Hallowell, when describing a new species from a syntypic series, usually only presented data on one individual and did not mention the number of individuals upon which the description was based. It is preferable, therefore, to select the specimen described as the lectotype when it can be determined that more than one specimen was available (Art. 74B). Genera 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 16 Species 0 0 0 2 0 7 1 0 21 0 0 48 We have converted all non-metric measurements to the nearest mm when reporting the length of types. Whenever possible we used the conversion rate for that country. However, since the “line,” “inch,” and “foot” have ranged from 2.0–2.9 mm, 21.3– 30.0 mm, and 250–390 mm, respectively, in different countries we employed the standard metric conversion of 2.54 mm, 25.4 mm, and 305 mm, respectively, when unknown. When more than one measurement of length for a type specimen exists in the literature, we present the entire range of values. Usually subsequent measurements of the same individual reveal a shrinkage due to the preservative. If the tail is incomplete, we give the body length and refer to it as SVL or, if only the tip is missing, we list the entire specimen with a “+” after the length. We have included gender and measurements (to the nearest mm) of all available types for which those data have not been published. Since authors in the older literature normally listed measurements for the largest specimen, we cite the reported value as that of longest syntype. For the collector of the type specimen(s), we do not differentiate between the actual collector, a purchase from native collectors, or specimens in someone’s personal collection (but we use the term “coll.” after a name to refer to a collection, not to be confused with “collected by”). We merely list the person or collection responsible for procuring the specimens and when a donor separate from a collector is involved, “don.” is used to signify that. We refer to all local or indigenous collectors as “natives.” When the specific date of collection is unknown, but more inclusive dates are known, such as the dates of a voyage or expedition or the duration of residence of the collector in a certain country/ locality, we list the inclusive dates, with a specific Expedition and Voyage abbreviated as Exped. and Voy., respectively. Under each genus the type species is listed as the currently recognized name. See Williams & Wallach (1989) for more complete data on genera type species and designations. Type locality. The type locality is given verbatim and enclosed in quotes. Whenever it is not presented in English, we translate it in brackets with an “=” sign. In order to maximize the informational content of the type locality, we have included any and all data presented in the original description, including the title. Occasionally more information is presented on the type locality Introduction in the introduction or some other part of the work than in the designated “type locality.” Following the quoted type locality, in many cases, will be found in brackets the name converted into present day terminology and/or translated into English, more detailed geographical data, the latitude and longitude, and the elevation in meters of the type locality. When a type locality is in the vicinity of a municipality, the coordinates and elevation are included in parentheses after the town. All information within brackets has been determined from other sources, either published literature or personal resources. Elevations and geographic coordinates were determined from several sources: Operational Navigation Charts (ONC) and Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPC) published by the Defense Mapping Agency, travel books and road maps for various countries, the Falling Rain Genomics website Global Gazetteer (www.fallingrain.com), the Atlas of Living Australia website (www.biocache.ala.org.au), Google Earth, and such publications as Crawford-Cabral & Mesquitela (1989) for Angola. It should be noted that these amplified type localities presented in brackets by the authors are intended as aids and not as type locality restrictions. Type locality restrictions are not enclosed in quotes and are given in English (translated, if necessary). Any and all restrictions of type localities, although bearing no official status, are listed with the restricting authority. Valid restrictions are listed under the Type locality field but invalid restrictions are in the Remarks. The geographic coordinates of all possible type localities have been determined. This is obviously impossible for many older names with generalized localities. Whenever a specific type locality was located in a gazetteer, the latitude and longitude are presented in brackets following the name of the country. When the coordinates are preceded by “ca.,” it means they are derived from measurements of maps and only approximate, or else if the type locality is a general region the coordinates of the center of that region are listed. If the type locality could not be located but a locality near it was found, the latter’s coordinates are given immediately after that particular location parenthetically. When the type locality is near, around, close to, or in the environs of a specific location, we refer to it as the vicinity of that location. When an island is the type locality, the range of latitude and longitude coordinates may be given, preceded by “bet.” (= between). When the elevation of the type locality is known, it follows the country name and the latitude and longitude (if known). Whenever additional information on the type locality is presented elsewhere (such as corrections, more precise details, etc.), we list it as emended data, and may paraphrase or translate it in order to fit it into our format of most specific to most general geographic locality, elevation, and coordinates. Corrections (to type localities that are in error) and restrictions of type localities are so noted with the authority and source. For certain older type localities the political boundaries and names have changed and we attempt to provide the modern equivalent. For example, “Bengal” in the early 1800s consisted of the area currently known as Bangladesh and NE India (including Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and West Bengal provinces). With fossil species, we consider the geological age and stratigraphic horizon to be part of the type locality, and this information follows the geographical locality of the type specimen, regardless of the order of presentation in the original description. The type locality sequence for an extinct species is xiii thusly: geographical locality; geological period or epoch (geological age, formation or local fauna). Geological epochs (Cretaceous to Pleistocene) are listed, followed parenthetically with either the North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMA) for North America or the European Land Mammal Ages (ELMA) for the rest of the world and the Neogene Mammal (MN) and Paleogene Mammal (MP) biozones following Gradstein et al., 2004. Fossil times, in millions of years before the present (mya), are listed according to Gradstein et al., 2004, and the International Union of Geological Sciences for 2012. In reference to epochs, we utilize the adjectives “lower, middle and upper,” which define formations, in contrast to “early, middle and late,” which define ages. Lists of type specimen are available for the following museums: ADM (E.H. Taylor, 1933; H. M. Smith & Necker, 1943), AMS (Goldmann et al., 1969; Cogger, 1979; Shea & Sadler, 1999), ANSP (Roze, 1958; Malnate, 1971, 1989), BNHS (P. Das et al., 1999b), BYU (W.W. Tanner, 1970), CAS (Slevin & Leviton, 1956), CAS-SU (Leviton, 1953; Leviton & Banta, 1956), CIB (Guo et al., 2000), CM (McCoy & Richmond, 1966; McCoy & Censky, 1982), CMS (Kandamby, 1997), EHT-HMS (E.H. Taylor, 1944), FMNH (Marx, 1958, 1976), FMNH-PR (Bruner, 1991), HLD (J. Köhler & Güsten, 2007), IES (Chamizo-Lara et al., 2000), IMC (Sclater, 1891), IRNSB (Lang, 1990), IZUC (Cekalovic & Artigas, 1981), KU (Duellman & Berg, 1962), KU-VP (Schultze et al., 1985), LSUMZ (Rossman & Good, 1993), MACN (Amalia-Varela, 1999), MB (Bocage, 1896), MCZ (T. Barbour & Loveridge, 1929, 1946; Loveridge, 1961; Ross & Crumley, MS), MDUG (E.H. Taylor, 1933; H.M. Smith & Necker, 1943; Flores-Villela et al., 2010), MHNG (Mahnert, 1976; Schätti & Perret, 1997), MHNM (Olazarri et al., 1970), MHNN (Schätti, 1986), MMC (Clary & Martelli, 1995), MNCN (García-Díez & González-Fernández, 2013), MNHN (Guibé & Roux-Estève, 1972; Roux-Estève, 1979b, 1983), MNHNC (Donoso-Barros & Cardenas, 1965; Ortiz & Nuñez, 1986), MNKNU (Vedmederya et al., 2009), MNRJ (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955; Soares & Fernandes, 2001), MSNG (Capoccacia, 1961), MSNM (Scali, 1995; Leonardi et al., 1995), MTKD (Schüz, 1929; Obst, 1977; Fritz, 2002), MVZ (Crippen, 1962; Rodriguez-Robles et al., 2003), MZB (Iskandar & Mumpuni, 2003, 2005), MZUT (Elter, 1981), NHRM (Andersson, 1899; Deraniyagala, 1961a), NMBA (Kramer, 1978), NMP (Milkovsky et al., 2011), NMSW (Lampe, 1901, 1911), NMSZ (Herman et al., 1990), NMV (Coventry, 1970), NMW (Grillitsch et al., 1996; Tiedemann & Haupl, 1980; Tiedemann et al., 1994; Tiedemann & Grillitsch, 1999), NSMT (Ota, 1997; Ota & Endo, 1999), NTM (Horner, 1999), OMNH (Hatooka, 1996), QM (Mack & Gunn, 1953; Covacevich, 1971; Ingram & Covacevich, 1981; Covacevich & Couper, 1994), RMNH (Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983), SAMA (Houston, 1976), SDSNH (Sloan, 1965; Pregill & Berrian, 1984), SMF (Rüppell, 1845; Boettger, 1898; Mertens, 1922, 1952, 1967), SMK (Das & Leh, 2005), SMNS (Schlüter & Hallermann, 1997), SMW (J. Köhler & Güsten, 2007), SMWM (Irish, 1985), THNHM (Chan-ard & Makchai, 2011), UF (Christman in Gilbert, 1974), UIMNH (H.M. Smith et al., 1964; Phillips, 2003 (on internet)), UMMZ (J.A. Peters, 1952; Kluge, 1984), USNM (Cochran, 1961, J.W. Wright et al., 2008), WAM (Anonymous, 1961–1969), ZDKU (Vedmederja et al., 2009), ZFMK (Böhme, 1974, 2010; Böhme & Bischoff, 1984), ZMA (Daan & Hillenius, 1966; van xiv Tuijl, 1995), ZMB (Bauer, 1998; Das, 1999; Bauer et al., 2002; Hallermann, 2007), ZMH (Meerwarth, 1901; Hallermann, 1998, 2006), ZMUH (L. Müller, 1941), ZMUO (Pethon, 1969), ZMUU (Lönnberg, 1896; Dely, 1961a; Wallen, 1992), ZRC (Das, 2001), ZSI (Das et al., 1998; Das & Gayen, 2004), ZSM (Franzen & Glaw, 2007). The following sources contain additional information on types and type localities: Andreone & Gavetti, 2007 (M.G. Peracca types), Anonymous, 1958 (southern and East African types), Bauer et al., 1995 (W.C.H. Peters types), Crumley, 1990 (annotated account of types and type locality lists), Dowling et al., 1970 (annotated list of type specimen lists), Dowling & Gilboa, 1974 (annotated list of type specimen lists), Dunn & Stuart, 1951 (critique of type locality restrictions), V. FitzSimons, 1937 (A. Smith types), V. FitzSimons, 1958 (South African types), Flores-Villela et al., 2010 (A. Dugès reptile taxa), Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983 (Spix & Wagler types), Krecsák, 2007a (A.F.T. Reuss vipers), Liner, 1996a (Nuevo León, México types), Liner, 2000 (H. M. Smith types), J.A. Peters, 1955 (Ecuadorian types), Rodriguez-Schettino, 2000 (Cuban types), Savage, 1974 (Costa Rican types), H.M. Smith & Necker, 1943 (A. Dugès types), H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1950 (Mexican type locality restrictions), E.H. Taylor, 1933 (Alfredo Dugès Museum), E.H. Taylor, 1944a (E.H. Taylor and H.M. Smith types), and Toriba, 1993 (M. Maki types). In addition to the type lists we have made liberal use of numerous biographies, expedition and voyage accounts, online resources (i.e., Wikipedia, Google), and invaluable works such as Adler (1989, 2007, 2012), Bauer (2004), Beolens et al. (2011), Bokermann (1957), C.W. Myers (2000), Papavero (1971), Pietsch & Anderson (1997), Savage (1974), and Vanzolini (1977–1978) for determining localities and specific collection dates (or ranges of dates in the case of voyages, expeditions, or habitations of collectors). Distribution. We realize that a deficiency of this work is with the geographic ranges of individual species. We have tried to be as complete as possible but time constraints have prevented us from being able to search the entire literature and examine all the material in collections. Being based almost entirely upon literature records, there are undoubtedly errors of omission and commission and we would greatly appreciate being informed of corrections or additions to the listed ranges for a future edition. We have provided primarily a list of all countries from which each species is known, and secondarily a list of all known major administrative regions from which each species has been recorded. These regions include states, provinces, regions, districts, territories, counties, zones, municipalities, prefectures, governates, protectorates, divisions, parishes, and wilayas, in alphabetical order in parenthesis following country. Data has been compiled mostly from the published literature, but some has come from museum specimens examined and also unpublished information provided by colleagues or ourselves. Consistency of the names of the administrative regions presented a problem for many countries that have changed their names recently. We previously utilized such resources as Foreign Area Studies handbooks of the American University, MerriamWebster’s New Geographical Dictionary, U.S. Defense Mapping Agency gazetteers, and Department of Defense maps but recently switched over to Google Earth for current names. Recent name changes employed include Myanmar (Burma), Sulawesi Introduction (Celebes), Kalimantan (Borneo), Papua and West Papua (W New Guinea), and Burkina Faso (Upper Volta). Larger geographic regions are denoted as follows: North America = Canada, USA, and Mexico; upper Central America = Guatemala/Belize to Honduras; lower Central America = Nicaragua to Panama; Mesoamerica = Mexico plus Central America; Greater Antilles = Cuba Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico; Lesser Antilles = Windward Islands (Virgin Is. to Dominica) and Leeward Islands (Martinique to Grenada); Amazonia = Amazonian Basin of South America; Guianas = Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana; Latin America = Mexico, Central America, and South America; Eurasia = Europe and Asia; Middle East = Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan; Arabia = Saudi Arabian peninsula; Asia Minor = Turkey, Caucasus, and former SW Russian states; Southwest Asia = Iran to Pakistan; Indochina = Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; Southeast Asia = Myanmar, Thailand, and Indochina, whereas Southeastern Asia includes not only Southeast Asia but adjacent regions such as S China, India, West Malaysia, and W Indonesia; East Asia = China, Korea, and Japan; Malay Peninsula = S Myanmar, S Thailand, and West Malaysia; East Indies = Indonesia and Philippines; Borneo = Kalimantan, East Malaysia, Sabah, and Brunei; Greater Sundas = Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi; Lesser Sundas = S Indonesian islands; New Guinea = Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea; Austro-Papua = Australia and New Guinea; Indo-Australia = S or SE Asia, East Indies, New Guinea, and Australia; Sino-Australia = E Asia, East Indies, New Guinea, and Australia; and Australasia = Australia, New Guinea, and Pacific islands. Lastly, F.A.T.A. = Federally Administered Tribal Area in Pakistan. Questionable records or probable occurrences are discussed where appropriate with references, either under remarks or with a “?” preceding the name of the country or state. Records that are obviously erroneous (based on misidentifications or faulty data) are ignored, or so stated. For the distribution of a genus we present a general range by geographical area, country, or continent, whereas for the range of a species we list the separate countries from which it is recorded. For marine snakes, we list the bodies of water from which it is known under distribution, but under range we give the countries from whose shores or offshore regions the species has been found. In listing the geographical distribution, if a species occurs in at least half of the country the country is mentioned without directional adjectives. When a species is known from only a small area of a country, abbreviated prefixes refer to the generalized area (N = northern, E = eastern, S = southern, W = western, NE = northeastern, NW = northwestern, SE = southeastern, SW = southwestern, and cen. = central). Therefore, for example, West Virginia is West Virginia but W Virginia is western Virginia. Additionally, the abbreviation ext. (= extreme) is used when the species’ range occupies only a marginal portion of the country in question. In order to save space, only shortened versions of political units are used; such terms as Autonomous Region (in Guangxi Autonomous Region) and Territorio Federal (in Territorio Federal Amazonas) are omitted with the listings as China (Guangxi) and Venezuela (Amazonas). The terms Southern or Western in parentheses refer to provinces such as in Zambia, not to directions within the country, which would Introduction precede the country name, i.e., SW Zambia (Western, Southern). Countries are listed, in general, from west to east and north to south. Occasionally, in order to keep continuity from country to country, a different direction is followed. Following the geographic distribution is the elevational range in meters. We present the minimum and maximum values known to us, mainly from literature reports and Google Earth. In many cases the given range does not reflect the altitudinal range of the species itself, merely the reported ranges that we have found. Ranges are rounded off to the nearest five meters. NSL (near sea level) refers to values from 0–7 m and BSL (below sea level) is also indicated where appropriate. When one value is far outside the typical range we enclose it parenthetically (before the range when lower and after the range when higher) to indicate that it is either an aberrant figure or possibly was reported in error. Islands are listed in alphabetical order after the states or provinces. The abbreviation “Is.” is omitted from all major islands (i.e., Penang, Java, Sulawesi) and from all islands in Indonesia and Philippines. We do not differentiate between an archipelago, island group, or an island. Shortened versions of some country names are employed whenever possible such as Brunei Darussalam = Brunei, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea = North Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) = Congo, Lao Democratic People’s Republic = Laos, People’s Republic of China = China, Republic of Korea = South Korea, Republic of Yemen = Yemen, and Socialist Republic of Vietnam = Vietnam. Sometimes not only the name of the country wherein the type locality is found has been changed but also the state or province. This is a result of changing boundaries, and we have tried to list all locations as they are presently known. The Appendix provides the major references used for each country. Entries under each category are placed in alphabetical order. When an included article covers only a particular region of a country, that region is included in parenthesis after author and date. The disputed territories of Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and West Bank are included under Israel, and Hong Kong and Tibet (= Xizang) are included under China (but not Taiwan). When an original description is published more than once, the subsequent description is listed under Remarks as a reprinting of the original. When the original description is brief and a more complete description is then published, we refer to the latter as a supplemental original description. Living genera and species that are known from fossils have their fossil records listed after the distributions. Literature cited. We have personally examined originals (or copies thereof) of all generic and species descriptions in addition to all cited references unless noted as [not seen] after the citation. Reference citations for journals follow a standard format thusly: author, date of publication, title of article, journal title, city of publication, (date on volume or title page if different from date of actual publication; in controversial cases the actual publication date is cited in brackets after the citation), (series number or abbreviated name), volume (plus series if represented by a letter), (number, part or section), total pagination, number of figures in text and number of plates. Figures and pages that are numbered are so listed (i.e., figs. 1-3) but unnumbered figures and pages are cited differently (i.e., 3 figs. or 2 pp.) Thus, if a xv specific number is not provided, figures, plates, and pages are unnumbered. For books the format is: author, date of publication, title, publisher, city, total pagination, number of figures, number of plates, and (list of valid species described therein). An article in a book is presented in either of two formats. If the book is edited, the book title is given first, followed parenthetically by the editors. Otherwise, the author is presented first, followed by the book title. City of publication is given for all foreign journals and obscure domestic journals. If, however, the name of the city is part of the journal title, it is not repeated. When both names of Latin American authors (or those with a double surname) are given, we hyphenate the names. If only the first name is given followed by an initial of the second name, we omit the initial in citations of authors and collectors. When an author distributed advance copies of his paper (and the actual publication date precedes the printed date), we note this in brackets after the citation as a preprint. We list the titles of books and journal articles exactly as printed, including typographical and grammatical errors, with the sole exception that we have italicized all generic and specific Latin names. Publications in the Romance languages (French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, etc.) are cited in original form. Publications employing non-Arabic characters (Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Thai, etc.) have their citations transliterated into English with the title placed in quotation marks and the language of the article given parenthetically at the end of the citation. When more than one edition of a publication exists, the latest edition is cited in full and all previous editions listed in brackets in abbreviated form with only edition, date, pagination, and illustration data. If the work has a different title or authors, it is listed separately. For convenience, subsequent editions are cited in English by their number (second edition, third edition, etc.) rather than by their original designations (deuxième edition, revised, augmented, updated, etc.). Whereas the journal and book titles are listed verbatim, we have standardized certain notations: figures and plates are listed in Arabic numerals; figures denoted by letters are presented in lower case; numbers of a volume are separated by a dash; numbers, parts, or sections are included parenthetically following the number of the volume (only when both a part and a number are jointly designated do we separate them, in which case the part is listed between the volume and number). In citing figures and plates, when numbers are designated we report them as such (i.e., figs. 1-4); if unnumbered we merely list the total number (i.e., 4 figs.). For unnumbered figures, we count each individual illustration as a separate figure. When “figs.” or “illust.” are listed without reference to numbers, they were not counted. All line drawings, illustrations, and black and white photographs are listed as figures (plus maps or anything else listed in publication as a figure) unless several different types occur in the same publication. In that case, we list line drawings as figures, photographs as illustrations, and color photographs as colored figures. Plates include black and white or color photographs printed on a separate page as well as designated plates. Journal abbreviations and cities are listed as they were at the time of publication. Hence, certain journals have more than one title or place of publication in their history. Multiple works by an author in a single year are listed chronologically, at least within the same journal. xvi For all journals the series number is given only for series two and thereafter. If no series is listed then series one is implied. With only a few exceptions authors with multi-worded family names are listed alphabetically under the last name; prefixes such as “de,” “do,” “la,” “van den,” “von,” etc. are placed after the initials of the personal names (N. de Rooij = Rooij, N. de.). Authors whose prefixes are capitalized and therefore part of their surnames, are listed alphabetically under the prefix, such as De Betta, De Vis, De Waal, Lidth de Jeude, and Van Denburgh. All compound surnames are separated by a hyphen (i.e., Pérez-Higareda, Saint-Girons) and Spanish authors who append only an initial of the second family name are cited using just the first surname. Introduction In the citation of foreign journals or obscure domestic journals, the place of publication follows the abbreviated journal name; the city is omitted from domestic and well-known herpetological journals. Geographic names as nouns are written in their entirety; when used as adjectives they are abbreviated. Three unpublished manuscripts are worth mentioning as they are cited in the present work: H. Boie’s (1823–1825) “Erpétologie de Java” in RMNH, Leiden; J. Wagler’s (1825) “Amphibia. Ordo II. Serpentes” in MCZ, Cambridge; and T.E. Cantor’s (1834– 1837) “Drawings of animals” in RSL, Oxford. Cantor’s type specimens, colored sketches, and manuscripts were deposited in RSL (Cantor, 1839a: 31). Collection Acronyms ACVS: Arthur C.V. Schott field numbers, Mexico ADM: (= MDUG) AG: Academie Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (no longer extant) [destroyed by fire in 1906] AHCCCP: F.N. Chernyshev Central Museum of Geological Research, Leningrad, Russia (also used is CNIGR) AHU: School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China AIS: Académie Impérial des Sciences, St. Pétersbourg, Russia (no longer extant, now = ZISP) AK: André Koch field numbers AM: (= AMS) AMG: Albany Museum, Grahamstown, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa AMNH: Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA AMS: Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (includes MMS) AM-S: Arturo Muñoz field numbers AMSC: (= FPM) AMS-FN: Australian Museum field numbers ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ASB: Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, India (no longer extant, now = ASK) ASFS: Albert Schwartz field numbers ASIZB: Chinese Academy of Sciences [formerly Academia Sinica], Institute of Zoology [formerly Fan Memorial Institute of Zoology], Beijing, China ASK: The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, West Bengal, India (includes ASB & IMC) AWP: Angelo W. Palmisano field numbers BHSP: Paleontology Collection, Bosnia-Hercegovina Staatsmuseum, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina BK: Bio-Ken Snake Farm, Watamu, Kenya BM: Bratislava Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia [partially destroyed 9 Sept. 1944 during World War II] BML: (= MBL) BMNH: The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)], London, England, UK BMUW: Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA BNHM: (= BNHS) BNHS: Bombay Natural History Society, Museum, Mumbai [formerly Bombay], India BPBM: Department of Zoology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA BRT: (= USTL) BSCM: (= BSM) BSM: Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Science, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines (no longer extant) [destroyed January 1945 during World War II] BSMP: National Institute for Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines BSP: (= BSPG) BSPG: Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie, München, Germany BSPM: (= BSPG) BYU: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA CA: Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA (partially destroyed by fire Oct. 1871) CAD: Charles A. Domergue private collection CAS: California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, USA (includes CAS-SU) CAS-SU: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (former Stanford University collection, now in CAS) CBB: Colegio Biffi, Barranquilla, Colombia CBC: Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia CBF: Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Instituto de Ecología, Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia CC: F.C. Centeno & T.H. Condez field numbers CG: Chapman Grant private collection CGM: Cairo Geological Museum, Cairo, Egypt CHUNB: Universidade Nacional de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil CIB: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [formerly Academia Sinica], Chengdu, Sichuan, China (includes CIS, SBRI & SIBAC) CIB-FN: Chengdu Institute of Biology field numbers CIS: (= CIB) CIT: California Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, California, USA (no longer extant; now = LACM) CLB: Carlo L. Bonaparte private collection CM: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA CMR: Charleston Museum, Raleigh, South Carolina CMS: National Museum, Colombo, Sri Lanka (includes NMSL) CNAR: Colección Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad México, Distrito Federal, México (includes IBHUNAM, IBM & UNAM) CNHM: (= FMNH) CPC: Commonwealth Paleontological Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia xvii xviii CRE: Costa Rican Expeditions collection of Jay Savage (to be deposited in LACM) CRES: Centre for Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies, Hanoi National University, Hanoi, Vietnam (now = VNUH) CRUPF: Coleção Zoológica da Répteis da Universidade Federal de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil CSBR: Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve Collection, Sochi, Russia CSJ: Museo de Historia Natural, Colégio de San José, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia CSJP: Colégio San José de Pamplona, Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia CSNBR: Scientific Department, Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve, Sochi, Russia CTR: “Charles T. Ramsden” historical collection (in IES) CU: Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA CUP: Department of Paleontology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic CVRS: Centre Voltaique de la Recherche Scientifique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso CVULA: Colección de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela CWM: Charles W. Myers field numbers CWNU: China West Normal University, Nanchong, China CWW: Wolfgang Weyrauch field numbers CZACC: Colecciones Zoologicas de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Institute of Ecology and Systematics, La Habana, Habana, Cuba (includes IZAC) CZGB: Colecão Zoológica Gregório Bondar, Centro de Pesquisas-Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil DGM: Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, Setor de Paleontologia, Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DHMECN: División de Herpetología del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, Pichincha, Peru DML: (= WML) DP-FNSP: (= CUP) DPL: Dwight P. Lawson field numbers DRV: David R. Vieites field numbers DW: Dr. Wilson private collection DZUSP: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (= MZUSP) EBRG: Museo de la Estación Biológia de Rancho Grande, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela EBUAP: Laboratorio de Herpetología, Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico EC: Elliott Coues field numbers EHT: Edward H. Taylor private collection (specimens deposited primarily at CAS, CM, FMNH, KU & UIMNH) EHT-CC: Edward H. Taylor collection catalogue numbers EHT-HMS: Edward H. Taylor-Hobart M. Smith private collection (specimens deposited primarily at CAS, CM, FMNH, KU & UIMNH) EIS: Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts (no longer extant; now = Peabody Essex Mus.) Collection Acronyms EK: Eugen Kramer private collection ENS: Eric N. Smith field numbers EPN: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador FAT: Count Francisci Annibalis Turriani private collection, Museo Illustrissimi Turriano, Italy (no longer extant) FEW: Francis E. W. Venning specimen numbers FGZC: Frank Glaw field numbers FHGO: Fundación Herpetológica “Gustavo Orcés,” Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador FHSC: Vertebrate Paleontology Collection, Fort Hays State University, Fort Hays, Kansas, USA FK: Fred Kraus field numbers FM: Faizabad Museum, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India FML: Instituto Herpetológica, Fundación “Miguel Lillo,” San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina FMNH: Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA (includes CNHM) FMNHG: Field Museum of Natural History, Paleontology Collections, Geology Department, Chicago, Illinois, USA FMSM: Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Taiping, Perak, West Malaysia (no longer extant, now = NMM) [partially destroyed on 10 March 1945 during World War II] FPM: Museum of Natural History and Pathological Anatomy, Fort Pitt, Chatham, England, United Kingdom (no longer extant) FSL: (= UCBL) FU: Fujian University, Department of Biology, Shanghai, Guangdong, China FWP: Fred S. Parker field numbers GECM: Geographical and Exploring Commission of the Republic of México collection of the World Exhibition in New Orleans, LA, 1879–1885 [original collection destroyed by fire 29 Aug. 1884; second collection Oct. 1884–Jan. 1885] GIH: Geological Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary GM: Geiseltalmuseum, Martin-Luther-Universität, HalleWittenberg, Germany GMU: Department of Biology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China GNM: Göteborgs Naturhistoriska Museum [formerly Natur­ historiska Riksmuseet], Göteborg, Sweden (includes NHMG) GPIBO: Institut für Paläontologie, Rheinische FriedrichWilhelm-Universität, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany GSI/GC: Geologic Survey of India, Nagpur, India GSI/Pal/CR: Geological Survey of India, Nagpur, India GSNJ: Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey (now = New Jersey Geological and Water Survey) GU/RSR/VAS: Department of Geology, Vastan Lignite Mine collection of R.S. Rana, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttaranchal, India GVAG: Genevieve V.A. Gee field numbers HGIM: Hungarian Geological Institute Museum, Budapest, Hungary Collection Acronyms H-GSP: Harvard-Geological Survey of Pakistan Project (to be deposited in Islamabad Natural History Museum, Islamabad, Pakistan) HMG: Hunterian Museum of Geology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK HMS: Hobart M. Smith private collection (specimens deposited primarily at CAS, CM, FMNH, KU & UIMNH) HNC: Hof-Naturalien-Cabinete, Wien, Austria (no longer extant) HNHM: Hungarian Natural History Museum [formerly Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum], Budapest, Hungary (includes MNH) HNU: Animal Museum, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China HT: Harold Trapido field numbers HUJ: Department of Zoology, Hebrew University of Jersusalem, Jerusalem, Israel HUJP: (= HUJ-PAL) HUJ-PAL: Paleontological Collection, Department of Zoology, Hebrew University of Jersusalem, Jerusalem, Israel HvM: Hermann von Meyer personal collection IAV: Instituto de Animales Venenosas “Dr. Jorge W. Abaloz,” Santiago del Estero, Argentina IAvH: Colección Herpetológica, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia IB: Herpetological collection Alphonse Richard Hoge, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (destroyed by fire 15 May 2010) IBHUNAM: (= CNAR) IBI: (= MZUB) IBM: Instituto de Biología Herpetological Collections, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad México, Distrito Federal, México (= CNAR) ICN: (= ICNMNH) ICNMHN: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia ID: Indraneil Das field numbers IEBR: Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, National Center for Nature, Science and Technology of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam IES: Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Cuba IFAN: Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire [formerly Institut Française d’Afrique Noire], Dakar, Senegal IGB: Instituto Gabinetlo, Padova, Padua, Italy IITR: Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India ILS: (= MLS) IMC: Indian Museum, Calcutta, West Bengal, India (no longer extant, now = ASK) IMCS: Institut Miquel-Crusafont, Sabadell, Spain IMRC: (= IRMC) IMRKL: Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, West Malaysia INCDS: Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stirte Biologice, Bucharest, Romania xix IND: Laboratoria de Fauna, Division de Fauna Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables y Ambiente, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia INHMT: Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador INIGM: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciónes GeológicoMineras, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia INIRENA: Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico INM: Instituto Nacional de Microbiología “Gustav G. Malbrán,” Buenos Aires, Argentina IOAN: P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia IOC: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil IPS: Institut de Paleontología “Miguel Crusafont,” Sabadell, Cataluña, Spain IPUB: (= PIUB) IRD: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Dakar, Senegal IRMC: Imperiàle e Reale Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale della Capitale, Firenze, Italy (no longer extant) IRSNB: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium ISCM: Institut Scientifique Cherifien, Rabat, Moroccos ISFM: (= ISM) ISM: Institute of Science Museum, Taipei, Taiwan (no longer extant) ISMF: Instituto di Sanità Militare di Firenze, Firenze, Italy ITT: Instituto Technológico de Ciudad Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico IVO: Serpentario del Instituto Venezolano de Ofidiología, Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela IVP: Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil IVPP: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Palaeo­anthro­ pology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China IZAC: Instituto de Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias República de Cuba, La Habana, Habana, Cuba (= CZACC) IZPAN: Institute of Paleozoology, Polska Akademia Nauk [Polish Academy of Sciences], Warsaw, Poland IZUC: Instituto de Zoología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (no longer extant, now = MZUC) IZUCS: Collezioni Zoologiche [formerly Istituto di Zoologia], Università de Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy JA: Museo Jonae Alströmer, Sweden (no longer extant, now = NHR) JAC: Jonathan A. Campbell field numbers JD: John Dwyer private collection JDL: James D. “Skip” Lazell field numbers JEC: John E. Cadle field numbers JGF: J. G. Fischer private collection, Hamburg, Germany JH: Julius Hurter private collection, St. Louis, Missouri, USA JMR: Juan M. Renjifo field numbers, Colombia JPO: John P. O’Neill field numbers JRF: John R. Feick field numbers JRP: Jeff R. Parmelee field numbers JSH: Juan J. Silva-Haad field numbers JU: Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu, India xx JWM: Johann W. von Müller private collection KBIN: (= IRSNB) KIU: (= KUM) KIZ: Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [formerly Academia Sinica], Kunming, Yunnan, China KM: (= KMJ) KMH: Kim M. Howell field numbers KMJ: Kagoshima Museum, Kagoshima, Japan [partially destroyed during World War II] KSU: Museum of Natural History, Kharkov State University, Kharkov, Russia KU: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA KUM: Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University [formerly Kyoto Imperial University], Kyoto, Japan KUVP: Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA LACM: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA (includes CIT) LCB: Loren C. Binford field numbers LEG: Lawrence E. Griffin field numbers, Philippines LIV: (= WML) LM: Naturkundemuseum Leipzig [formerly Leipzig Museum], Leipzig, Germany [partially destroyed during World War II] LMB: Moravské Zemské Muzeum [Moravian Museum], Brno, Czech Republic LMK: Laurence M. Klauber private collection, San Diego, California, USA (now in SDSNH) LMNMO: Herpetological Collection, Landesmuseum für Natur und Mensch, Oldenburg, Germany LNHM: Lübeck Natural History Museum [formerly Lübeck Museum], Lübeck, Germany [destroyed 28 March 1942 during World War II] LNK: (= SMNK) LSNUI: Laboratoire des Sciences Naturelles, UniversitéIndochinoise, Hanoi, Vietnam (no longer extant, now in MNHN) LSUMG: Museum of Geology, Louisiana State University, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA LSUMZ: Louisiana Museum of Natural History [formerly Museum of Natural Sciences and Museum of Zoology], Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA MACN: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” [formerly Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires], Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (formerly MNBA) MAFR: Museum Adolphi Friderici Regis [also Museum Drottningholmense], Drottningholm, Sweden (no longer extant, now in NHR) MAGNT: (= NTM) MAS: Malcolm A. Smith private collection, London, United Kingdom MB: Museo Blochiano [Marcus E. Bloch private collection], Berlin, Germany (no longer extant; now = ZMB) MBH: Michael B. Harvey field numbers Collection Acronyms MBI: (= MZUB) MBL: Museu Bocage, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal (destroyed by fire 18 March 1978) MBLC: Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark MBLUZ: Museo de Biología de la Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela MBS: (= NMBA) MBUCV: Museo de Biología, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela MCG: Museo del Colegio San José de Guanentá, San Gil, Santander, Colombia MCN: Museu de Ciências Naturales, Fundaçao Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil MCNA: Museo de Ciências, Naturales de Alava, Vitoria, Spain MCNC: Museo de Ciências Naturales, Los Caobos (Plaza Morelos), Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela MCNG: Museo de Ciências Naturales de la UNELLEZ [formerly Museo de Zoología], Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela MCP: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS [Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul], Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil MCV: Museo Civico di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy MCZ: Department of Herpetology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA MCZ-FS: MCZ field series MCZ-SC: MCZ slide collection MCZ-VP: Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA MD: Museo Regional do Dundo, Chitato, Luanda-Norte, Angola MDG: Museum de Geer, Sweden (no longer extant; now in NHR) MDR: (= MAFR) MDUG: Museo de Historia Natural “Alfredo Dugès,” Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México MFAC: (= MRAC) MFB: (= CIB) MG: Museo Laurentii Theodori Gronovii [also Museum Gronovianum], Lugdunum Batavorum (= Leiden) (no longer extant; possibly in RMNH) MGF: Musée de Gannat, Gannat, France MGL: Musée Guimet d’Histoire Naturelle, Lyon, France (no longer extant, now = MMC) MGM: Madras Government Museum, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India MGPF: (= MGUF) MGPUF: (= MGUF) MGUF: Museo di Geologie e Paleontologie, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy MH: Museo Humphrediano, Strasbourg, France (no longer extant) (= MZUS) MHGI: (= HGIM) MHNCI: Museu de História Natural Cupão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Collection Acronyms MHNG: Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle Genève, Genève, Switzerland MHNJP: (= MUSM) MHNL: Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, Lyon, France (no longer extant, now = MMC) MHNLS: Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Fundación La Salle de Ciências Naturales [formerly Museo de Ciências Naturales], Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela. MHNM: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropología [formerly Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo], Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay MHNMF: Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Marseille, France MHNN: Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland (includes MZN) MHNPB: Museum d’Histoire Naturelle Pays-Bas, Leiden, the Netherlands (no longer extant, now = RMNH) MHNR: Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France MHNSM: Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Lima, Perú MHNSR: Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina MHNUC: Museo de Historia Natural Universidad del Cauca, Popoyán, Colombia MICP: Museo Instituo “Clodomiro Picado,” Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica MISGF: Museum of the Institute of Science of the Government of Formosa, Taipei, Taiwan (no longer extant) MJU: Museo Jenensis Universitatis, Germany (no longer extant) MLB: Museo Lugdunensi Batavorum, Leiden, the Netherlands (no longer extant) MLH: Museum Lampianum, Hannover, Germany (no longer extant, now = ZPW) MLP: Museo de La Plata, Universidad de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina MLPA: (= MLP) MLS: Museo de Historia Natural [formerly Museo del Instituto] de La Salle, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia (destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948) MLU: Institut für Zoologie und Zoologisches Sammlung, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany MM: Museum of Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco (no longer extant; now = ZSM) MMBR: Musée de la Mer, Brest, Finistèrre, France MMC: Muséum au Musée des Confluences, Lyon, France [to open in 2014] (includes MGL & MNHL) MMK: Museo de la Misión de Kavanayen, Kavanayen, Bolívar, Venezuela MML-PV: Museo Municipal de Lamarque Rio Negro, Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina MMS: Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (no longer extant; now in AMS) MMUS: (= MMS) MN: (= MNRJ) MNA: Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA MNBA: Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (no longer extant, now = MACN) xxi MNCN: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Madrid, Spain MNCR: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, San José, Costa Rica MNGL: (= MHGI) MNH: (= HNHM) MNHMU: (= MHNM) MNHN: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Ile-deFrance, France (includes LSNUI) MNHNC: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Zoología, Santiago, Santiago, Chile MNHNCU: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La Habana, Habana, Cuba MNHNM: (= MHNM) MNHNP: Mueo Nacional de Historia National Edificio Patria, Tacuan E/25 de Mayo/Cer. Cora, Asunción, Paraguay MNHNU: (= MHNM) MNHSR: Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael, San Rafael, Argentina MNK: Museo de Historía Natural “Noel Kempff Mercado,” Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia MNKNU: Museum of Nature, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine MNKR: (= MNK) MNRJ: Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Brazil MP: Museum Principis, Sweden (no longer extant; now in ZMUU) MPB: (= MHNPB) MPCA: Museo Provincial de Cipolletti “Carlos Ameghino,” Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina MPEG: Museu Paraense “Emilio Goeldi,” Zoologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil MPI: Museo di Pavia, Lombardy, Pavia, Italy MPSP: Museu Paulista, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (no longer extant; now = MZUSP) MRAC: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale [Koninklijk Museum voor Midden Afrika], Tervuren, Flanders, Belgium MRF: (= IRMC) MRSN: (= MSNTO) MSB: Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA MSK: Muhammed Sharif Khan private collection, Rabwah, Pakistan MSNG: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria,” Genova, Liguria, Italy MSNM: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy (includes MZUT) [partially destroyed in 1943 during World War II, including Jan’s (1853– 1866) collection of 1000 species, types, and catalogues] MSNTO: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Torino [formerly Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali], Torino, Piemonte, Italy (formerly MRSN) MSP: Madras Snake Park Trust, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India MSUVP: Vertebrate Paleontology Collection, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA xxii MT: Musée de Toulouse, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France MTD: Museum für Tierkunde, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Dresden, Saxony, Germany (formerly MTKD) [partially destroyed 13 Feb. 1945 during World War II] MTKD: (= MTD) MTR: Miguel T. Rodrigues field numbers MUSM: Museo de Historia Natural “Javier Prado,” Universidad Nacional Major de San Marcos, Lima, Lima, Perú (formerly MHNJP) MUVP: Vertebrate Paleontology Collection, Midwestern University, Snyder, Texas, USA MV: Museo Caesareo Vindobonensi, Wien, Austria (no longer extant) MVP: Museum of Vertebrate Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA MVZ: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA MW: M. Ward private collection, Australia MWNH: Museum Wiesbaden, Naturhistorische Landes­ sammlung, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany (formerly NMSW and SMW) [partially destroyed Aug. 1940– March 1945 during World War II but some types survived] MZB: Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Juanda 3, Kebun Raya, Bogor, Java, Indonesia MZFC: Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera,” Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico MZN: Musée Zoologique de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland (= MHNN) MZUB: Museo di Zoologia dell’Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (includes IBI) MZUC: Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Concepción, Chile MZUF: Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola,” Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Toscana, Italy (includes NHCL) MZUN: Museo di Zoologia di Napoli, Università degli Stdui di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Campania, Italy MZUS: Musée de Zoologique de la Ville de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France [partially destroyed in 1943–Aug. 1944 during World War II] MZUSP: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (includes MPSP) MZUSP-FN: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo field numbers MZUT: Museo Zoologico, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy (now in MSNM) NCF: Department of Forest Insects, Northwestern College of Forestry, Xian, Shaanxi, China NHCL: New Herpetological Collection of Benedetto Lanza, Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola,” Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Toscana, Italy (now in MZUF) NHMB: (= NMBA) NHMG: (= GNM) NHMV: (= NMW) Collection Acronyms NHMW: (= NMW) NHR: Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden (includes MAFR & MDR) NHRM: (= NHR) NK: (= MNK) NLO: Nikolai L. Orlov field numbers NMB: Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany (no longer extant, now = SNMBR) [destroyed 15 Oct. 1944 during World War II] NMBA: Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland NMBE: Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland NMC: National Museums of Canada, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada NMK: National Museum, Nairobi, Central, Kenya NMM: National Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, West Malaysia (includes FMSM and SM) NM/M: Umtali Museum, Umtali, Southern Rhodesia (no longer extant, now = NMZB) NMP: National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic NMSL: (= CMS) NMSR: (= NMZB) NMSW: Naturhistorischen Museums der Stadt Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany (= MWNH) NMSZ: National Museum of Scotland [formerly Royal Scottish Museum], Edinburgh, Scotland, UK NMT: National Museum, Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania NMV: Museum Victoria [formerly National Museum of Victoria], Melbourne, Victoria, Australia NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria NMWGP: Naturhistorisches Museum, Geologie-Palaontologie, Wien, Austria NMZB: Natural History Museum, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (includes NMZB-UM) NMZB-UM: Natural History Museum, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (Umtali Museum collection) NQT: Nguyen Quang Truong field numbers NRM: (= NHR) NRS: (= NHR) NSM: National Science Museum, Bangkok, Thailand NSMT: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan NTI: Animal Industry Branch, Northern Territory Administration, Alice Springs, Australia NTM: Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences [formerly Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory], Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia NTM A/S: Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, Alice Springs, Australia NUS: National University of Singapore, Singapore (no longer extant, now = ZRC) NWNH: Staatliches Museum Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany (= SMW) NWU: Natural History Museum, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA OEHW: Otto E.H. Wucherer private collection OF: MHNJP Ophidia collection numbers OGM: Olduvai Gorge Museum, Olduvai Gorge, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania Collection Acronyms OMNH: Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan ORSTOM: Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique Outre Mer, Paris, France OSGP: Olivier S.G. Pauwels field numbers OUM: Bodleian Library, Oxford University Museum, Oxford, England, UK PCM: Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (no longer extant) PEM: Port Elizabeth Museum, Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa PEPD: P.E.P. Deraniyagala private collection, Colombo, Sri Lanka PIAN: Paleontogichesky Institut [Paleontological Institute], Akademia Nauk, Moscow, Russia PIMUZ: Paläontologischesky Institut und Museum der Universität, Zürich, Switzerland PIUB: Paläontologisches Institut, Rheinische FriedrichWilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, North RhineWestphalia, Germany PK: P.J.R. Kok field numbers PM: Philadelphia Museum or C.W. Peale Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (no longer extant, 1846; now = MCZ) PMNH: (= YPM) PNM: Philippine National Museum, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines [destroyed January 1945 during World War II] PT: Proyecto Tupinambis, Argentina field numbers PTB: Prince Therese von Bayern collection (no longer extant, now = Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde, Munich, Germany) PU: Princeton University, Natural History Museum, Princeton, New Jersey, USA PUL: Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, USA (no longer extant) QCAZ: Pontífica Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador QM: Centre for Biodiversity, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia QMB: (= QM) QMF: Queensland Museum Fossil Collection, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia QMP: Quetta Museum, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan (no longer extant) QSMI: Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand RAN: Ronald A. Nussbaum private collection RBS: Robert B. Stuebing field numbers RCSM: Museum of Royal College of Surgeons, London, England, UK RE: Robert E. Elbel field numbers RGMC: (= MRAC) Rh-E.F.: Musée de Gannat, Gannat, France RLB: René L. Bourret field numbers RM: (= RMBR) RMAC: (= MRAC) RMBR: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Singapore, Singapore xxiii RMNH: Naturalis-Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum [formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie], Leiden, the Netherlands (includes MHNPB & ZMA) RMNH.RENA: (= RMNH) ROM: Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada RSI: Razi State Vaccine and Serum Institute, Tehran, Iran RSL: Radcliffe Science Library (formerly Bodleian Library), University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom (Cantor sketches in “Drawings of animals,” vols. 1–2) RSM: Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK RSR: Rajendra S. Rana private collection (included in GU/ VAS) RT: Richard Thomas private collection, San Juan, Puerto Rico RUSB: Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India SAM: South African Museum, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa SAMA: South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia SAMA-FN: South Australian Museum field numbers SBH: S. Blair Hedges field numbers SBRI: Sichuan Biological Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (= CIB) SCUM: Sichuan University Museum, Chengdu, Sichuan, China SDSM: Museum of Geology, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA SDSNH: San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park, San Diego, California, USA (includes LMK) SERI: (= CIB) SGDB: Geological collection of the opencast mine Bílina [Sbirky geologie, Doly Bílina], Czech Republic SHNBA: (= MACN) SIBAC: Southwest Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (= CIB) SIM: Smithsonian Institution Museum, Washington, D.C., USA (= USNM) SIPT: State Institute of Pedagogy, Tiraspol, Russia SJP: (= CSJP) SM: Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, West Malaysia (no longer extant, now = NMM) SMF: Mertens catalogue, Natur-Museum und ForschungsInstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. SMF-B: Oskar Boettger catalogue, Museum der Sencken­ bergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (= SMF) SMF-M: Robert Mertens catalogue, Museum der Sencken­ bergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (= SMF) SMF-R: Eduard Rüppell catalogue, Museum der Sencken­ bergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (= SMF) SMK: Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia SMNH: Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada SMNHC: Shanghai Museum of Natural History, Shanghai, Jiangxi, China xxiv SMNK: Staatliche Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe [formerly Landessammlungen für Naturkunde Karlsruhe], Karlsruhe, Germany SMNS: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart [Stuttgatd State Museum of Natural History], Ludwigsburg, Germany [partially destroyed Sept. 1944 during World War II] SMP: (= SMPSMU) SMPSMU: Shuler Museum of Paleontology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA SMW: (= MWNH) SMWN: Staatsmuseum-Windhoek [State Museum], Windhoek, Khomas, Namibia SNHM: Shanghai Museum of Natural Hisltory, Huanqpu, Shanghai, China SNM: Singapore National Museum, Singapore (no longer extant, now = ZRC) SNMBR: Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany (includes NMB) SNP: Sochi National Park, Sochi, Russia SP: Sabah Parks Zoological Museum, Gunung Kinabalu Park, Sabah, East Malaysia SPLUE: Paläontologische Sammlung, Friedrich-Alexander Universität [formerly Sammlungen des Palaon­ tologischen Lehrstuhls des Universität Erlangen], Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany SRAR: Society for Research of Amur Regiõn, Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia (no longer extant) STUM: Santo Tomas University Museum, Rizal, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines SU: Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA (no longer extant, now in CAS as CAS-SU) SUP: Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, the Philippines SYS: Museum of Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University [Zhongshan University], Guangzhou, China SZE: Sistematik Zooloji Enstitüsü, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey SZN: Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn,” Naples, Campania, Italy (includes UNZM) TCWC: Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA THNHM: Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, Bangkok, Thailand TIU: Science College Museum, Tokyo Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan TM: (= TMP) TMP: Transvaal Museum of Natural History, Northern Flagship Institution, Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa TMT: Georgian National Museum [formerly Tiflis Museum], Tbilisi, Georgia TNRC: Thai National Reference Collection, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Bangkok, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Thailand (= NSM) TST: T.S. Traill private collection TUB: Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany UA: Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar UADZ: Department of Zoology, University of Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru Collection Acronyms UANL: Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico UAZ: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA UBIPRO: Unidad de Biologia, Tecnología y Prototipos, Tlalnepantla, México, Mexico UCB: (= MVZ) UCBL: Département des Sciences de la Terre, Université Claude-Bernard, Lyon 1, Rhône-Alps, France UCBP: (= MVP) UCG: Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil UCM: Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA UCMP: University of California, Museum of Paleontology, Los Angeles, California, USA UCP: Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad del Cauca, Popoyán, Cauca, Colombia UCR: Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, San José, Costa Rica UCV: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Institue of Tropical Medicine, Caracas, Distrito Federal, Venezuela UF: Florida Museum of Natural History [formerly Florida State Museum], University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA UFAC-PV: Coleção de Paleovertebrados, Laboratório de Pesquisas Paleontológicas, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Blanco, Brazil UGVP: Vertebrate Paleontology Collection, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA UHESM: Hydroelectric Power Plant of Serra da Mesa Collection, Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil UIMNH: Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA ULABG: Colección de Anfibios y Reptiles del Laboratorio de Biogeografia, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela UM: Umtali Museum (no longer extant; now = NMZB) UMB: Überseemuseum, Breman, Breman, Germany UMMP: Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA UMMZ: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA UNAH: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Ciudad Universitaria, Tegucigalpa, Francisco Morazán, Honduras UNAM: Departmento de Zoologia, Universidad Nacional Autónomia de México, Ciudad México, Distrito Federal, Mexico (= CNAR) UNAM-LT: Estación de Biologia Tropical “Los Tuxtlas,” Universidad Nacional Autónomia de México, Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico UNAMV: (= UNAM-LT) UNM: (= MSB) UNNE-CHC: Coleccíon Herpetológica Corrientes, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina UNS: University of Natural Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Collection Acronyms UNSM: Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA UNZM: University of Naples Zoological Museum, Naples, Campania, Italy (no longer extant, now = SZN) UOMNH: University of Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, Oklahoma, USA UPNG: University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Central, Papua New Guinea UPR: University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico UPVI: Laboratorie de Paléontologie des Vertébrés, Université Paris VI, Paris, Ile-de-France, France UR: (= URJ) URJ: Agriculture and Home Economics Division, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Ryukyu Islands, Japan US: (= MZUS) USL: University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA USNM: National Museum of Natural History [formerly United States National Museum], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA USNM-FN: National Museum of Natural History field numbers USTL: Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier II, Languedoc, France [partially destroyed in 1944 during World War II] UTA: Collection of Vertebrates, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA UTEP: Laboratory for Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Centennial Museum, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA UU: Universiteitmuseum Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands UUZM: Zoological Museum, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA UV: Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle, Colombia UVC: (= UV) UVG: Uinversidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala UZM: (= ZMUC) UZMK: Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, København, Denmark VAS: (= GU/RSR/VAS) VLKE: Vernay-Lang Kalahari Exped., Namibia, Africa, Mar.– Sept. 1930 VM: Vladivostock Museum, Vladivostock, Primorsky Krai, Russia VNMN: Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam (includes CRES, VNUH) VNUH: (= VNMN) VPI: Vida Preciosa International, Boerne, Texas, USA VR: J. V. Rueda field numbers WAM: Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia WED: William E. Duellman field numbers WHC: William Hyde Cabinet, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania xxv WHM: William Hunter Museum, London, England, UK (now Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery) WHT: Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka WML: Clore Natural History Centre, World Museum Liverpool [formerly Derby Museum], Liverpool, England, UK (includes DML) WRH: W. Ron Heyer field numbers WS: W. Schultze private collection, Manila, Philippines YBU: College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China YPM: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (formerly PMNH) YU: Department of Zoology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China ZCIKU: (= MNKNU) ZDEU: Zoology Department, Ege University, Turkey ZDKU: Museum of Natural History, Kharkiv University, Kharkiv, Ukraine Forschungsmuseum [formerly ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschunginstitut und Museum] “Alexander Koenig,” Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany ZIAS: Zoological Institute, Academia Sinica [Chinese Academy of Sciences], Shanghai, China ZIB: Zoological Institute, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, German (no longer extant) [destroyed 7–9 March 1945 during World War II] ZIK: I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine ZIKP: Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine ZIL: (= ZISP) ZIMG: (= ZMG) ZIN: (= ZISP) ZIN PC: (= ZISP) ZISP: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg [formerly Leningrad], Russia (includes AIS, ZIL, ZIN & ZIN PC) ZIUS: Zoologiska Institutionen, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden ZM: Zoologisches Museum, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India ZMA: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie [formerly Zoölogisch Museum], Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (now = RMNH) ZMB: Museum für Naturkunde [formerly Zoologischen Museum], Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität-Humboldt zu Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany (includes MB) [partially destroyed 22–23 Nov. 1944 and 3 Feb. 1945 during World War II] ZMBP: Museum für Naturkunde [formerly Paläontologischen Museum], Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität-Humboldt zu Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany ZMG: Zoologisches Museum, Johann-Friedrich-BlumenbachInstitut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany xxvi ZMH: Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [formerly Zoologisches Institut und Museum], Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany [partially destroyed in July 1943 during World War II, including type collection and catalogues] ZMK: Zoological Museum, Kristiania, Oslo, Oslo, Norway (no longer extant, now = ZMUO) ZMMU: Zoological Museum of Mikhail V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University [formerly Imperial Moscow University], Moscow, Russia ZMT: S. Janashia State Museum of Georgia, Zoological Section, Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi, Georgia ZMUC: Vertebrater, Zoologisk Museum, Københavns Universitet, København, København, Denmark ZMUH: Zoologisches Museum, Universität Halle, Halle, Germany [partially destroyed in 31 March–5 April 1945 during World War II] ZMUL: Zoologiska Museet, Universitet Lund, Lund, Sweden ZMUO: Zoologisk Museum, Universitetets i Oslo, Oslo, Norway ZMUU: Zoologiska Museet, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (includes MP & MAF) ZMUZ: (= ZMZ) ZMZ: Zoologisches Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ZMW: (= NMW) Collection Acronyms ZPPAN: (= IZPAN) ZPUW: (= ZPW) ZPW: Zakład Paleozoologii, Instytut Zoologiczny, Uniwersytet Wroclawski, Wroclaw, Poland ZPWM: Zakład Mineralogii, Instytut Geologicznych, Uniwersytet Wroclawski, Wroclaw, Poland ZRC: Zoological Reference Collection, Department of Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore (includes FMSM, NUS, RM & SNM) ZSI: Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata [Calcutta], West Bengal, India ZSIC: (= ZSI) ZSM: Zoologisches Staatssammlung München [formerly Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates], München, Bayern, Germany (includes MM) [partially destroyed 24–25 April 1944 and 11 April 1945 [Spix collection] during World War II] ZSS: Zoologische Sammlung zu Stettin, Szczecin, Poland ZUEC: Departamento de Zoologia and Museu de História Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas “Adão José Cardoso,” Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil ZZS: (= ZZSD) ZZSD: Zaklad Zoologii Systematycznei i Doswiadczalnej [Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology], Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland Acknowledgments The number of people who have contributed to this effort over the past 30 plus years is so enormous that someone is likely to be forgotten. We thank everyone who has assisted us with literature, information or specimens. For the use of data from unpublished manuscripts (some now published) we thank: Kraig Adler, Dave Barker, Merel J. Cox, Patrick David, Michel Domínguez, Charles M. Fugler, Hugo von Habsburg und Lothringen, Blair Hedges, Robert W. Henderson, Barry Hughes, Malcolm J. Largen, Hy Marx, Dennis Parmley, Jean-Claude Rage, Jens. B. Rasmussen, Franklin D. Ross, Carlos Pérez-Santos, Alan Resetar, and Zbigniew Szyndlar. For assistance with data on type specimens we thank Aaron Bauer (W. Peters types), Patrick David (MNHN), Esther Dondorp (RMNH), Ned Gilmore (ANSP), Rainer Günther (ZMB), Marinus Hoogmoed (RMNH), Ivan Ineich (MNHN), Rahul Khot (BNHS), Mathias Lang (BMNH, MNHN), Franklin D. Ross (RMNH), and Andrew F. Stimson and E. N. Arnold (BMNH). For unpublished locality data on geographic regions we thank Natasha Carter (Australia), M.J. “Jack” Cox (Thailand), and Jayaditya Purkayastha (Assam, India). For assistance with nomenclatural problems and examination of MNHN types we especially thank Patrick David. For translation of critical papers we thank: Ingela ChefJohansson (Swedish, Norwegian, German), Roxane Coombs (French), Marina Dzidziguri (Russian), Katherine Hespe (German), Florence Kil-Bosso (French, German), Mathias Lang (German, Dutch), Herbert Levi (German), Angela Lim (Chinese), Shiu-Ping Osborn (Chinese), Jury Rudyakov (Russian), and Britta Weimann (German). For providing rare or much needed literature, we thank: Kraig Adler, David Auth, Aaron Bauer, Donald G. Broadley, Jonathan A. Campbell, Roger Conant, Jeanette Covacevich, James R. Dixon, Richard Etheridge, M.J. Fouquette, J. Alan Holman, Marinus Hoogmoed, Barry Hughes, Kathleen Kelly, G.R. McLachlan, K.-Y. Lue, Hidetoshi Ota, Paulo Passos, JeanClaude Rage, Alan Resetar, Janis A. Roze, Hobart M. Smith, Zbigniew Szyndlar, Paulo E. Vanzolini, John Visser, Harlan D. Walley, and Addison H. Wynn. For the use of personal libraries, we thank: Richard Estes, Richard Etheridge, Laurence M. Klauber, Ernie Liner, Gregory K. Pregill, Douglas A. Rossman, Karl P. Schmidt, and Ernest E. Williams. For access to and assistance in institutional libraries, we thank: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, California Academy of Sciences, Carnegie Museum, Field Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles County Museum, Louisiana State University, National Museum of Natural History, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego State University, University of Florida Department of Herpetology, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and University of Texas at Arlington. We are especially indebted to the staff of the Ernst Mayr Library (MCZ) for assistance with literature over the past two decades (Dorothy Bahr, Ronnie Broadfoot, Roxane Coombs, Dana Fisher, Connie Rinaldo, and Mary Sears). In particular we especially thank the staff of the rare book rooms and collections who have assisted us in our search for literature: Ewell Sale Stewart Library and Wolf Room (ANSP), Rare Book Room (FMNH), Special Collections (MCZ: Roxane Coombs, Dana Fisher), and Laurence M. Klauber Room (SDSNH: Judy Dyer). KLW acknowledges 1990 and 1995 summer fellowships from Northwestern State University and Fleming Thomas, who enjoyed the challenges given to him in finding rare articles via interlibrary loan. For opinions and advice on nomenclatural problems we earnestly thank: Patrick David, Jim Dixon, Carl Gans, Donald E. Hahn, Michael Harvey, Edmond V. Malnate, Paula Passos, Franklin D. Ross, Hobart M. Smith, and Larry D. Wilson. For advice on, and in some cases reading over, specific accounts we wish to thank: Donald Broadley on Adenorhinos, Atheris, Bitis, Montatheris, and Proatheris; Laurent Chirio on Prosymna; Patrick David on Opisthotropis and Amphiesma; Jim Dixon on Liophis; Michael Harvey on Dipsas; Travis J. La Duc on Adelphicos; Thales de Lema on Apostolepis and Phalotris; Rafaqat Mansoor on Spalerosophis; Zoltán Tamás Nagy & Josef F. Schmidtler on Eirenis; Jean-Claude Rage looked at fossil genera starting with “P” and also Simoliophis; Dean Ripa on Lachesis; Douglas A. Rossman on Adelophis, Helicops, Regina, Seminatrix, Storeria, and Thamnophis; Gernot Vogel on Boiga and Dendrelaphis; Larry D. Wilson on Geophis and Tantilla, and all the Central American species accounts, and Wolfgang Wüster on Naja. Last, heartfelt thanks from we three authors go to our academic advisor at LSU, Douglas A. Rossman, who made our graduate study a rewarding, educational, and enjoyable experience. xxvii Valid Genera and Species A ACALYPTOPHIS Boulenger, 1896a (nomen substitutum) (Elapidae) Synonyms: Acalyptus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Acolyptus – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Acalyphis – Fayrer, 1877 (nomen incorrectum), Acalyphus – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Acatyptus – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Pseudodistira Kinghorn, 1926, Agalyotophis – Maass-Berlin, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Acalyitephis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Acalypthopis – Rosenfeld, 1963 (nomen incorrectum), and Acalptophis – Minton & Dunson, 1985 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Acalyptus peronii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853. Distribution: Marine waters of Sino-Australia, including Arafura Sea, Coral Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea and Timor Sea. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, McDowell, 1972a, L.A. Smith, 1974, Cogger, 1975, Cogger et al., 1983a, Ehmann, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, O’Shea, 1996, Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Bauer & Sadlier, 2000, Ineich & Laboute, 2002, Wells, 2007, Xiang & Li, 2009, Zaher et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012, A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: A synonym of Hydrophis fide Sanders et al., 2013. 1. Acalyptophis peronii (A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853). Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris 23: 522. (Acalyptus peronii) Synonyms: Acalyptus superciliosus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Acalyptus superciliosus peroni Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, and Pseudodistira horrida Kinghorn, 1926. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7711 (F. Péron & C.A. Lesueur, 1800–1804). Type locality: “Nouvelle-Hollande?” [= Australia]. Distribution: Sino-Australia. Southern China (Guangdong, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, E Indonesia (West Papua: Joes Is.), Papua New Guinea (Western), Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, N Western Australia) and New Caledonia. ACANTHOPHIS Daudin, 1803c (nomen susbstitutum) (Elapidae) Synonyms: Acanthurus Daudin, 1803b (nomen praeoccupatum), Acantophis – Fischer von Waldheim, 1808 (nomen incorrectum), Acanthophis Leach, 1814 A (nomen praeoccupatum), Ophryas Merrem, 1820, Ophyrus – Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1824 in 1822–1831 (nomen incorrectum), Acantophis Gray, 1825 (nomen emendatum), Ophyas – Gray, 1825 (nomen incorrectum), Acantophis Berthold in Latreille, 1827 (nomen emendatum), Ophrias Cuvier, 1829 (nomen emendatum), Acantrophis – Cuvier, 1836 (nomen incorrectum), Orophias Oken, 1836 (nomen emendatum), Acanthopes – Swainson, 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Acauthophis – Steindachner, 1867 (nomen incorrectum), Acantopis – Senna, 1886 (nomen incorrectum), Acanthopsis Sherborn, 1902 (nomen emendatum), Acanthiophis – Nikolsky, 1916 (nomen incorrectum), Ancanthophis – Fairley, 1929 (nomen incorrectum), and Acanthopus – Trethewie, 1956 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Acanthophis cerastinus Daudin, 1803c. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Sources: F. Werner, 1923b, Storr, 1981b, Cogger et al., 1983a, Schwaner et al., 1985, Hoser 1989, 1995, 1998b, 2002a, 2012e, Hutchinson, 1990, Ehmann, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Greer, 1997, Keogh, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Fry et al., 2001, 2002, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Wüster et al., 2005, Sanders et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Acanthophis antarcticus (G. Shaw & Nodder, 1802 in 1789–1813). Nat. Misc. 13: pl. 535, 1 p. (Boa antarctica) Synonyms: Boa palpebrosa G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen oblitum), Acanthophis cerastinus Daudin, 1803c, Acanthophis brownii Leach, 1814, Boa ambigua Leach, 1814, Ophryas acantophis Merrem, 1820, Vipera sorda Salvado, 1851 (nomen nudum), Boa aculeata Boulenger, 1896 (nomen nudum), Acanthopus antarcticus – Trethewie, 1956 (nomen incorrectum), Acanthophis barkley – Mollier, Chwetzoff, Frachon & Ménez, 1989 (nomen incorrectum), Acanthophis schistos Wells & Wellington, 1985, and Acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni Hoser, 2002a. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 305–380 mm specimen, lost fide Cogger et al. (1983: 217). Type locality: “Australasia.” Distribution: Eastern and S Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, S South Australia, N Victoria, S Western Australia, Boxer, Fraser, Groote Eylandt Hareby, Figure of Eight, Hook, Reevesby and South Twin Peak Is.), NSL–350 m. Sources: F. McCoy, 1878f, Johnston & Ellins, 1979, Shine, 1980d, F. Parker, 1982, McDowell, 1984, G.R. 3 4 A Snakes of the World Johnston, 1987, Bush et al., 1995, O’Shea, 1996, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Wüster et al., 2005. Remarks: In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Boa antarctica Shaw & Nodder is designated a nomen protectum and Boa palpebrosa Shaw a nomen oblitum. 2. Acanthophis ceramensis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 31(1): 58. (Acanthophis cerastinus ceramensis) Synonyms: Acanthophis groenveldi Hoser, 2002a, and Acanthophis macgregori Hoser, 2002a. Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1863.2.28.34–36, one male, females, and juveniles (Stevens) 31 Oct.–18 Dec. 1859 or 26 Feb.–4 Apr. 1860. Type locality: “North Ceram” [= N Seram, Maluku, E Indonesia]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Maluku: Seram, Tanimbar). 3. Acanthophis hawkei Wells & Wellington, 1985. Aust. J. Herp. (Suppl. 1): 43. Synonym: Acanthophis woolfi Hoser, 1998b. Type: Holotype, NTM 3677, an adult specimen (H. van Dyk, 20 April 1977). Type locality: “1.5 miles south west of Brunette Downs Station Homestead, Barkly Tablelands. Northern Territory, Australia.” Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory), 215 m. Sources: Hoser, 1998b, Wickramaratna et al., 2003a and Wüster et al., 2005. 4. Acanthophis laevis Macleay, 1877. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (1877–1878) 2(1): 40–41. Synonyms: Acanthophis crotalusei Hoser, 1998b (nomen incorrigendum), Acanthophis barnetti Hoser, 1998b, Acanthophis crotalusi Wüster et al., 2001b (nomen corrigendum), and Acanthophis yuwoni Hoser, 2002a. Type: Holotype, AMS 31932 (formerly MMS 693), a 398+ mm specimen (W.J. Macleay, July 1875). Type locality: “Katow, New Guinea” [= Mawatta, S Western Prov., Papua New Guinea, ca. 9°05’S, 142°58’E, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Central, Eastern Highlands, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Morobe, National Capital District, Oro, Simbu, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West Sepik and Karkar Is.), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Goldman et al., 1969, O’Shea, 1996 and Wüster et al., 2005. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of A. praelongus fide Wüster et al., 2005. 5. Acanthophis praelongus E.P. Ramsay, 1877. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (1877–1878) 2(1): 72–73. Type: Holotype, AMS 451, a 419 mm specimen (W. Powell). Type locality: “Cape York, North Australia” [probably near Somerset, N Queensland]. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Extreme E Indonesia (West Papua, Kai Is.), Papua New Guinea (East Sepik, Western) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland, ext. N Western Australia), NSL–600 m. Sources: Storr, 1981b, O’Shea, 1996 and Wickramaratna et al., 2003a. 6. Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger, 1898d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2(7): 75. Synonym: Acanthophis armstrongi Wells & Wellington, 1985. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.62, a 530 mm female (E. Gerrard, 1850–1898). Type locality: “Station Point, Southern Central Australia.” Distribution: Western Australia (S Northern Territory, ext. SW Queensland, W South Australia, Western Australia), NSL– 895 m. Source: Schulz, 1990a. 7. Acanthophis rugosus Loveridge, 1948. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(2): 392–393. (Acanthophis antarcticus rugosus) Synonyms: Acanthophis lancasteri Wells & Wellington, 1985, Acanthophis cummingi Hoser, 1998b (nomen incorrigendum), Acanthophis lancasteri bottomi Hoser, 1998, and Acanthophis cummingae – Wüster et al., 2001b (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, MCZ 22812, a 595 mm male (P.T.L. Putnam, 1927). Type locality: “Merauke, southwest Dutch New Guinea” [= Merauke, SE Papua, ext. E Indonesia, 8°30’S, 140°24’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Eastern Indonesia (SE Papua), possibly S Papua New Guinea (Western) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, NW Queensland, NE Western Australia), NSL–1500 m. Sources: O’Shea, 1996, Hoser, 1998a, Aplin & Donnellan, 1999, Fry et al., 2001, 2002, Wickramaratna et al., 2003a–b and Wüster et al., 2005. 8. Acanthophis wellsi Hoser, 1998b. Monitor 9(2): 37–39, 2 photos. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Acanthophis wellsei Hoser, 1998b (nomen incorrigendum), Acanthophis wellsi Alpin & Donnellan, 1999 (nomen corrigendum), and Acanthophis wellsei donnellani Hoser, 2002a. Type: Holotype, WAM 8886, a 250+ mm juvenile (K.H. Burton, before 26 Nov. 1945). 5 Snakes of the World Type locality: “Wittenoom Gorge, WA, Lat: 22°15’ Long: 118°23’” [= Blue Asbestos Mine, Western Australia, Australia]. Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia), NSL–800 m. Sources: Aplin & Donnellan, 1999, Fry et al., 2002, Hoser, 2002a, Wickramaratna et al., 2003a and Wüster et al., 2005. Remarks: Taxonomic status unclear, possibly a synonym of A. pyrrhus. ACHALINUS W.C.H. Peters, 1869 (Xenodermatidae) Synonyms: Ophielaps Sauvage, 1877, Cochalinus Rhumbler, 1910, Achalinopsis Steindachner, 1913a, Ophiolaps – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Achalimus – Wang & Wang, 1956 (nomen incorrectum), and Achalinapsis – Wang & Wang, 1956 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Achalinus spinalis W.C.H. Peters, 1869. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Sources: Maki, 1931, Bourret, 1935a, Ota & Toyama, 1989a, Zhao & Adler, 1993 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Achalinus ater Bourret, 1937b. Bull. Gén. Instr. Publ. Hanoi 17(4): 72. (nomen substitutum) Synonym: Achalinus niger Bourret, 1935a (nomen praeoccupatum). Types: Syntypes (4), MNHN 1935.49 and MNHN 1938.128 [formerly RLB M.454, a 325 mm male, RLB M.455, a 349 mm female, RLB M.793, a 372 mm female, and RLB M.795, a 252 mm male] (R.L. Bourret, 1934), location of other syntypes unknown. Type locality: “Tonkin (Tam dao alt. 900m)” [Vietnam]. Distribution: Southern China (Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou) and N Vietnam (Vinh Phuc), 450–1100 m. Sources: Hu et al., 1973, Zhao & Jiang, 1977, Wen, 1983, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006 ,V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Original description in Bourret (1935a: 103, fig. 2). Types not in MNHN nor listed in MNHN catalogue fide David (in litt). A synonym of A. rufescens Boulenger fide M.A. Smith (1943: 127). 2. Achalinus formosanus Boulenger, 1908h. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2(8): 222. Synonyms: Achalinopsis sauteri Steindachner, 1913a, and Achalinus formosanus chigirai Ota & Toyama, 1989b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.7.78, an 853–860 mm female (A. Moltrecht, April 1907). Type locality: “Punkiho, Kagi district, Central Formosa” [= Punkiho, Chiayi Prefecture, cen. Taiwan]. Distribution: Taiwan (Chiayi) and S Japan (Ryukyus: Iriomotejima Is.). Sources: Maki, 1931, Ota & Toyama, 1989b and Xiang & Li, 2009. Remarks: Head of holotype illustrated by Ota & Toyama (1989a: fig. 2). 3. Achalinus hainanus C. Huang in S. Hu, Zhao & Huang, 1975. Acta Zool. Sinica 21(4): 380–381, 384 (English abst.), figs. 3a–c. Type: Holotype, ASIZB 1076, a 290 mm female (20 Jan. 1964). Type locality: “Chien Fung Ling, Hainan, altitude 800m” [China]. Distribution: Southern China (Hainan), 800 m. Known only from type locality. 4. Achalinus jinggangensis (Zong & Ma, 1983). Acta Herp. Sinica 2(2): 61–62, 63 (English abst.) 3 figs. (Achalinopsis jinggangensis) Type: Holotype, SNHM 82X118, a 460 mm female (native 17 Oct. 1982). Type locality: “Dajing Village, Jinggangshan, Jiangxi, alt. 940m” [China]. Distribution: Southern China (Jiangxi), 940 m. Known only from type series. 5. Achalinus meiguensis S.-Q. Hu & Zhao, 1966. Acta Zootaxon. Sinica 3(2): 162–164, pl. 1, figs. 4–5, pl. 2, figs. 4–6. Type: Holotype, CIB 639101, an adult female (X.-Y. Tang, 22 May 1963). Type locality: “Liang Ho Kou, Meigu Hsien, Szechwan, altitude 2,520 m” [= Sichuan Prov., China]. Distribution: Southwestern China (W Sichuan), 1200– 2520 m. Sources: Inger et al., 1990 and P. Guo et al., 1999b. 6. Achalinus niger Maki, 1931. Monogr. Snakes Japan: 60–61, figs. 27–28, pl. 19. Type: Holotype, NSMT H2562 (formerly KIU no. a), a 599–668 mm male (M. Maki, June 1925). Type locality: “Mt. Arisan, Central Formosa” [= Mt. Ali, ext. S Nantou Co., cen. Taiwan, ca. 23°35’N, 120°49’E, ca. 2000 m]. Distribution: Taiwan (Nantou), 2000 m. Sources: Huang, 1995, Ota, 1997 and Xiang & Li, 2009. 7. Achalinus rufescens Boulenger, 1888c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 2(7): 43. Synonyms: Achalinus meridianus M.A. Smith, 1923a, and Stoliczkaia kwangsiensis Fan, 1931. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.37, a 290 mm specimen (C. Ford, 1882–1888). Type locality: “Hongkong,” China. A 6 A Snakes of the World Distribution: Southeastern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Shaanxi) and N Vietnam (Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Hai Duong, Ha Ting, Lao Cai, Vinh Phuc), 600–1100 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Fang & Wang, 1983, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 8. Achalinus spinalis W.C.H. Peters, 1869. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1869(5): 436–437, pl., figs. 1a–c. Synonyms: Ophielaps braconnieri Sauvage, 1877, and Achalinus spinalis weigoldi Mell, 1931a. Type: Holotype, ZMB 6449, a 360 mm specimen (S. Braconnier). Type locality: “Japan.” Distribution: Northern Vietnam (Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phuc), SE China (Fujian, Gansu, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang) and Japan (Ryukyus: Amamioshima, Edatekushima, Ehime, Horshu, Kyushu, Okinawajima and Tokunoshima Is.), 150–1230 m. Sources: Maki, 1931, C.H. Pope, 1935, Moriguchi & Naito, 1979, Yamamoto, 1981, 1984, M. Mori, 1984, Inger et al., 1990, Ota et al., 1991, Zou & Chen, 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Yao, 2012. 9. Achalinus werneri Van Denburgh, 1912a. New Rept. Amph. Loo Choo Is.: 8. Synonym: Achalinus loochooensis Thompson, 1912. Type: Holotype, CAS 22064, a 337 mm specimen (J.C. Thompson a.k.a. V. Kühne, 26 April–1 May 1910). Type locality: “Nase, Amami O shima, Loo Choo Islands, Japan” [= Ryukyu Is.]. Distribution: Extreme S Japan (Ryukyus: Amamioshima and Okinawajima Is.). Sources: Barbour, 1917a, Maki, 1931, Koba, 1958, Takara, 1962 and M. Mori, 1986. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Van Denburgh (1912b: 254–255). ACRANTOPHIS Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866 (Boidae) Synonyms: Pelophilus Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen praeoccupatum), Acranthophis – Jan & Sordelli, 1860 in 1860–1866 (nomen incorrectum), and Pelophila Marschall, 1873 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Acrantophis dumerili Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866. Distribution: Madagascar. Sources: Guibe, 1949a, Stimson, 1969, Kluge, 1991, Glaw & Vences, 1994, 2007, Vences et al., 2001, Glaw, 2003 and Vences & Glaw, 2003. Remarks: A synonym of Sanzinia fide Kluge, 1991. A valid genus fide Vences & Glaw, 2003 and Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. 1. Acrantophis dumerili Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866. Icon. Gén. Ophid. 1(1): 1, pl. 2, figs. a–b, d, e–g, i–ii, n, p, r, v. Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Amérique Mérid.?” [= ? South America] (in error). Restricted to Amboasary, Madagascar fide Henkel & Schmidt (1995: 269). Distribution: Southern Madagascar (Atananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toliara), NSL–1325 m. Source: Matz et al., 1982. Remarks: Guibé (1949: 101) erroneously listed three MNHN syntypes. Vences & Glaw, 2003 considered Réunion (St. Denis) records erroneous. 2. Acrantophis madagascariensis (A.M. C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844). Erpét. Gén. 6: 524. (Pelophilus madagascariensis) Synonym: Sanzinia madagascariensis volontany Vences & Glaw, 2003. Types: Syntypes (3), MNHN 3133, MNHN 7275, and MNHN 8636, longest syntype 2620 mm (C.A.C.J. Bernier, 1831–1834). Type locality: “île de Madagascar.” Restricted to Mahajunga, Madagascar fide Henkel & Schmidt (1995: 270). Distribution: Northern Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga, N Toamasina, N Toliara), NSL–1075 m. Sources: Henkel & Schmidt, 1995, McKeown, 1998 and A. Mori et al., 2006. Remarks: Syntypes are MNHN 43 and MNHN 7329 fide Vences & Glaw (2003: 193). ACROCHORDUS Hornstedt, 1787 (Acrochordidae) Synonyms: Acrochordon Fischer von Waldheim, 1808 (nomen emendatum), Chersydrus Cuvier, 1817, Chersidrus Oken, 1817 (nomen emendatum), Verrucator Merrem in Kuhl, 1820 (nomen nudum), Acrocordus Gray, 1825 (nomen emendatum), Chersydreas Gray, 1825 (nomen emendatum), Chershydrus Bonaparte, 1831 (nomen emendatum), Scroggilurus Lesson, 1832 in Bélanger, 1831–1834, Verrucator Schlegel, 1837 (nomen nudum), Achrocordus – Swainson, 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Achrochordus J.T. Reinhardt, 1843 (nomen emendatum), Acrocordus Agassiz, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Chersydraeas Gray, 1849a (nomen emendatum), Potamophis P. Schmidt, 1852 (nomen praeoccupatum), Chersydraeus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 7 Snakes of the World 1854a (nomen emendatum), Acrochordas – Fitzinger, 1867 (nomen incorrectum), Chersydraeus – WestphalCastelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Chrysydrus – Boulenger, 1903f (nomen incorrectum), Acrochodon – Nutaphand & Tumvipart, 1982 (nomen incorrectum), Acrocodus – Nutaphand, 1991b (nomen incorrectum), and Acrocodus – Nutaphand, 1991b (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Acrochordus javanicus Hornstedt, 1787. Distribution: Indo-Australia. Fossil records: Lower Miocene, upper Miocene and lower Pliocene of Pakistan, India and Nepal. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1939, 1943, Bergman, 1958c, Hoffstetter & Gayrard, 1965, Hardaway & Williams, 1976, Groombridge, 1979, McDowell, 1979, 1986, S. Sharma & Nakhasi, 1980, Rieppel, 1988, Heise et al., 1995, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Gravlund, 2001, Kelly et al., 2003, Head et al., 2007 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Acrochordus arafurae McDowell, 1979. J. Herp. 13(1): 75–77, figs. 20b, 21b, 22b, 23b, 26b. Type: Holotype, AMNH 59887, ca. 840 mm male (skinned out behind head) (A.L. Rand [2nd Archbold-Rand Exped.], Feb. 1936–Jan. 1937). Type locality: “Papua New Guinea: Western Prov.: Lake Daviumbo” [= vicinity of Kaviananga, Fly River, W Western Prov., SW Papua New Guinea, 7°36’S, 141°18’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Eastern Indonesia (Papua), S Papua New Guinea (Central, Western), N Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland), NSL–215 m. Sources: Cogger et al., 1983a, Shine, 1985b, 1986a, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Hoser, 1989, D. Houston & Shine, 1993, 1994, O’Shea, 1996, Cogger, 2000 and Madsen & Shine, 2001. 2. †Acrochordus dehmi Hoffstetter, 1964. Bull. Soc. Géol. France (7) 6(4): 467–473, fig. 2a. Type: Holotype, BSPG 1956-II-64, one trunk vertebra (R. Dehm, T. zu Oettingen & H. Vidal). Type locality: “gisement de Chhoinja (form. Chingi, Miocène supérieur) couches des Siwaliks, au Nord du Pakistan occidental” [= upper Miocene of Punjab, N Pakistan, 33°03’N, 72°30’E]. Distribution: Upper Miocene (3.5–11.1 mya) of Pakistan, India and Nepal. Sources: Rage, 1984b, West et al., 1991, Rage et al., 2001, Head, 2005 and Head et al., 2007. 3. Acrochordus granulatus (J.G. Schneider, 1799). Hist. Amph. 1: 243–244. (Hydrus granulatus) Synonyms: Anguis granulatus acrochordus J.G. Schneider, 1801, Acrochordus fasciatus G. Shaw, 1802, Chersydrus annulatus Gray, 1849a, and Chersydrus granulatus luzonensis Loveridge, 1938d. Type: Holotype, LM, lost fide McDowell (1979: 79). Type locality: Unknown. Restricted to India fide M.A. Smith (1943: 134). Distribution: Indo-Australia. India (Andaman & Nicobars, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Northern, North-Western, Western), Singapore, Myanmar, S Thailand (Chumphon, Phang Nga, Phetchaburi, Phuket, Songkhla), Cambodia, Vietnam (Bac Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Dinh, Khanh Hoa), China (Hainan), Brunei, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Indonesia (Papua, West Papua, Ambon, Bali, Borneo, Flores, Java, Jobi, Komodo, Misool, Schouten, Sulawesi: Central, North, Southeast, Southwest, Sumatra, Ternate, Timor, Weh), Philippines (Bantayan, Cebu, Luzon, Masbate, Palawan, Panay), Papua New Guinea (Central, East Sepik, Gulf, Madang, Milne Bay, Western, d’Entrecasteaux Is., W New Britain, New Ireland, North Solomons), and N Australia (ext. NE Western Australia, ext. N Northern Territory, NE Queensland), NSL–165 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1938d, E.H. Taylor, 1965, McDowell, 1979, Voris & Glodek, 1980, Cogger et al., 1983a, Tweedie, 1983, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Ehmann, 1992, Dutta & Acharjyo, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, I. Das, 1994, Gaulke & Altenbach, 1994, David & Vogel, 1996, O’Shea, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Cogger, 2000, Ferner et al., 2001, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and A. Silva et al., 2010. 4. Acrochordus javanicus Hornstedt, 1787. Kon. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 8: 307–308, pl. 12. Synonyms: Acrochordus dubius G. Shaw, 1802, Acrochordvs iauanicus – Merrem, 1820 (nomen incorrectum), Verrucator merremii Merrem in Kuhl, 1820 (nomen nudum), and Potamophis javanica – P. Schmidt, 1852. Type: Holotype, not designated, ? NHR or ZIUS, a preserved skin (C.F. Hornstedt, 1702–1785). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Greater Sundas. Thailand (Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Nakhon Pathom), Singapore, Vietnam (Binh Phuoc, Can Tho, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City), Brunei, East Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, McDowell, 1979, 1999, Tweedie, 1983, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Hornstedt (1788: 284–285). Type specimen brought to Europe by Mr. Hornstedt and deposited in Museum of the King of Sweden fide Shaw (1802: 574); it was cooked and eaten fide Bergman (1958: 145). A 8 A Snakes of the World ACUTOTYPHLOPS Wallach, 1995a (Typhlopidae) Synonym: Martinwellstyphlops Hoser, 2012am (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Typhlops subocularis Waite, 1897b. Distribution: East Indies. Sources: Wallach, 1993a, 1995a, O’Shea, 1996, Wallach & Ineich, 1996, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Wallach et al., 2007 and Vidal et al., 2010. 1. Acutotyphlops banaorum Wallach, Brown, Diesmos & Gee, 2007. J. Herp. 41(4): 1692–695, figs. 2–4 (paratypes). Type: Holotype, PNM 9280 (formerly GVAG 219 & FMNH 259604), a 125 mm male (G.V.A. Gee, 28 March 2001). Type locality: “an irrigation ditch in a muddy area of water pools near Barangay Balbalasang, Municipality of Balbalan, Kalinga Prov., Luzon Island, Philippines (17º29’N, 121º03’E), 900 m above sea level.” Distribution: Northern Phillipines (Luzon), 900–1050 m. 2. Acutotyphlops infralabialis (Waite, 1918b). Rec. So. Aust. Mus. 1(1): 35–36, fig. 25. (Typhlops infralabialis) Synonyms: Typhlops bergi J.A. Peters, 1948, and Typhlops adamsi V.M. Tanner, 1951. Type: Holotype, AMS 4609, a 305–315 mm specimen (J. Caulfield). Type locality: “Malaita, Solomon Islands” [= Malaita Island, Solomon Islnads, bet. 8°18’–9°44’S, 160°34’–161°35’E]. Distribution: Eastern Papua New Guinea (North Solomons: Bougainville) and S Solomons (Guadalcanal, Malaita, New Georgia), 15–245 m. Source: Shea & Sadlier, 1999. 3. Acutotyphlops kunuaensis Wallach, 1995a. Asiatic Herpetol. Res. 6: 143–147, figs. 4a–b, 5. Type: Holotype, MCZ 76964, a 221 mm male (F.S. Parker, 19 Aug. 1963). Type locality: “Kunua, coastal northwestern Bougainville Island, North Solomons Prov., extreme eastern Papua New Guinea, 5°46’S, 154°43’E, elevation ca. 30 m.” Distribution: Extreme E Papua New Guinea (North Solomons: Bougainville), 30 m. 4. Acutotyphlops solomonis (H.W. Parker, 1939). Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. 15(60): 4–5, 2 figs. (Typhlops solomonis) Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2029, a 407 mm specimen (J.B. Poncelet, 2 June 1938). Type locality: “Buin, 10 miles inland on Bougainville, Solomon Islands” [= Buin, Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, 6°44’S, 155°41’E, elevation 50 m]. Distribution: Eastern Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay, North Solomons: Bougainville), NSL–50 m. 5. Acutotyphlops subocularis (Waite, 1897b). Rec. Aust. Mus. 3(3): 69–70, figs. 1–3. (Typhlops subocularis) Synonym: Typhlops keasti Kinghorn, 1948. Type: Holotype, AMS 2202, a 360 mm specimen (G. Brown). Type locality: “Duke of York Island” [Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch., Duke of York, New Britain, New Ireland, Umboi) and Solomons (Bougainville, Guadalcanal, Malaita, New Georgia). Sources: McDowell, 1974a and J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003. ADELOPHIS Dugès in Cope, 1879 (Natricidae) Type species: Adelophis copei Dugès in Cope, 1879. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico. Sources: Rossman & Wallach, 1987 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Adelophis foxi is nested within Thamnophis fide A. de Queiroz et al., 2002, and Zaher et al., 2012. 1. Adelophis copei Dugès in Cope, 1879. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 18(104): 265–266. Type: Neotype, MDUG, an unnumbered specimen, designated by H.M. Smith & Necker (1943: 182). Type locality: “Cupátaro, Mexico” [possibly = Tupátaro, N Michoacán, SW Mexico, 19°30’N, 101°30’W, elevation 2230 m] via neotype selection. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos), 1215–2580 m. Source: Dugès, 1887. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Dugès (1887: 18–20, pl. 3). Holotype lost fide Dugès (1887: 20). 2. Adelophis foxi Rossman & Blaney, 1968. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Louisiana St. Univ. (35): 1–6, fig. 3 (upper). Type: Holotype, LSUMZ 14330, a 419 mm female (D.A. Rossman & R.M. Blaney, 16 July 1966). Type locality: “meadow in pine forest (8,600 feet) 1/4 mi. E Mil Diez (approx. 2 mi. W El Salto), Durango, México.” Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (Durango), 1580– 2620 m. Known only from type locality. 9 Snakes of the World ADELPHICOS Jan, 1862b (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Rhegnops Cope, 1866, Rheynops – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Adelphisco – BriceñoRossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Adelphicus – W.W. Tanner & Avery, 1982 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Adelphicos quadrivirgatum Jan, 1862b. Distribution: Eastern Mexico and upper Central America. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1942d, J.A. Campbell & Ford, 1982, Cadle, 1984b, LaDuc, 1995, Kohler, 2001 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Adelphicos daryi J.A. Campbell & Ford, 1982. Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas (100): 3–5, figs. 2, 4 (upper), 5d. Type: Holotype, KU 187260, a 487 mm female (J.A. Campbell, 11 July 1980). Type locality: “San Jorge Muxbal, 5.5 km W San José Pinula, Department of Guatemala, Guatemala, elevation 1844 m.” Distribution: Southeastern Guatemalan (Guatemala), 1300–2135 m. 2. Adelphicos ibarrorum J.A. Campbell & Brodie, 1988. Herpetologica 44(4): 416–419, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UTA 18696, a 521 mm female (J.A. Campbell, 14 June 1987). Type locality: “3.0 km SSE Chichicastenango, in valley between Paxot and Caminibal, 2100 m, Departamento de Quiché, Guatemala.” Distribution: Southern Guatemala (Quiché), 2000–2100 m. 3. Adelphicos latifasciatum Lynch & Smith, 1966. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 69(1): 66–68, fig. 3c. (Adelphicos veraepacis latifasciatus) Type: Holotype, UIMNH 56147, a 333 mm male (T. MacDougall, 6–12 Sept. 1963). Type locality: “Sierra Madre north of Zanatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Oaxaca), 1000–2000 m. 4. Adelphicos nigrilatum H.M. Smith, 1942d. Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. 8: 182–185. (Adelphicos veraepacis nigrilatus) Type: Holotype, FMNH 100110, a 318 mm female (H.D. Thomas, 1937). Type locality: “San Cristóbal, Chiapas, Mexico.” [= 16°34’N, 93°50’W, elevation 680 m]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Meseta Central of Chiapas), 680–2900 m. 5. Adelphicos quadrivirgatum Jan, 1862b. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 19, pl. 7. Synonyms: Rhegnops visonbinus Cope, 1866, Rhegnops sargii J.G. Fischer, 1885b, Adelphicos quadrivirgatus acutirostrum Bocourt 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, and Adelphicos newmanorum E.H. Taylor, 1950a. Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Giava” [= Java, Indonesia] (in error). Restricted to Jicaltepec, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 348). Distribution: Mexico and upper Central America. Southeastern Mexico (E Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, N Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, S Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Belize (Cayo, Orange Walk), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Petén), Honduras (Atlántica, Comayagua, ? Colón, Copán, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Intibucá, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Bárbara, Yoro) and Nicaragua (Jinotega), NSL–1900 m. Sources: L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Canseco-Marquez et al., 2000, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Murillo et al., 2003, Mendoza-Quijano et al., 2003, 2005, McCranie et al., 2006, Sunyer et al., 2009 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Jan (1862c: 19, pl. 7). Adelphicos quadrivirgatum, A. sargii and A. visoninus valid species fide H.M. Smith et al., 2001, also supported by Mendoza-Quijano, 2003, 2005. 6. Adelphicos veraepacis L.C. Stuart, 1941b. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (452): 5–6. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 89073, a 355 mm male (L.C. Stuart, 21 April 1938). Type locality: “Cloud forest above Finca Samac, 7 km. west of Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Altitude, about 1500 m.” Distribution: Central Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Huehuetenango), 1200–2200 m. AELUROGLENA Boulenger, 1898e (Colubridae) Synonym: Aeluroglaena – Scortecci, 1939a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Aeluroglena cucullata Boulenger, 1898e. Distribution: Northeast Africa. Sources: Bogert, 1940, H.W. Parker, 1949, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Schätti, 1985a, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of Meizodon fide Schätti (1985a: 170). A 10 A Snakes of the World 1. Aeluroglena cucullata Boulenger, 1898e. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2(8): 132–133. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.87, a 375 mm female (E. Lort-Phillips, 1896–1897). Type locality: “Goolis Mountains, Somaliland” [= Qar Goilis Mountains, W Togdheer Region, NW Somalia, 9°52’N, 45°55’E]. Distribution: Eastern Ethiopia (Hararge) and NW Somalia (Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed), NSL–700 m. AFRONAJA Wallach, Wüster & Broadley, 2009 (Elapidae) Synonyms: †Palaeonaja Hoffstetter, 1939, †Paleonaja – Bogert, 1943 (nomen incorrectum), and Spracklandus Hoser, 2009c (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Naja nigricollis J.T. Reinhardt, 1843. Distribution: Africa. Fossil records: Lower Miocene to middle Pleistocene of Europe and Africa. Fossils unassigned to species include: lower Miocene (Orleanian, MN 3–4: 16.0–20.0 mya) of Austria, Saudi Arabia and Spain, upper Miocene (Turolian, MN 13: 4.9–7.3 mya) of Greece, middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2–4.2 mya) of Turkey, upper Pliocene (Villanyian, MN 16: 2.6–3.2 mya) of France, Greece and Spain, and middle Pleistocene (Ionian: 0.13–0.78 mya) of Greece. Sources: F. Werner, 1923b, Bogert, 1943, Klemmer, 1968, Broadley, 1968c, 1974, Minton et al., 1970, Golay, 1985, Szyndlar & Rage, 1990, Ulber, 1995, Golay et al., 1993, Keogh, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Slowinski & Keogh, 2000, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Wüster et al., 2007, Hoser, 2009c, 2012a, e, Wallach et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009, 2012. 1. †Afronaja antiqua (Rage, 1976). Géol. Méditerr. 3(2): 61–63, figs. 5–6. (†Naja antiqua) Type: Holotype, MNHN BML 903, one incomplete posterior braincase. Type locality: “Beni Mellal, Maroc, Miocène” [= Beni Mellal, Beni Mellal Prov., cen. Morocco, 32°20’N, 6°21’W, middle Miocene]. Distribution: Middle Miocene (Astaracian, MN 7/8: 11.1– 12.8 mya) of Morocco. Known only from type locality. Source: Rage, 1984b. Remarks: Naja incertae sedis fide Wallach et al. (2009: 32). 2. Afronaja ashei (Wüster & Broadley, 2007). Zootaxa (1532): 58–62, figs. 4–5. (Naja ashei) Type: Holotype, NMK S/3993 (formerly BK 100030), a 1507 mm female (R. Taylor, 29 Sept. 2004). Type locality: “Watamu, Kenya (3°21’S: 40°01’E).” Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southern Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu G5ofa, Hararge, Shoa, Sidamo), SW Somalia (Gedo, Jubbada Hoose), N Kenya (Coast, NorthEastern) and NE Uganda (Amudat), 300–1750 m. Sources: Wüster & Broadley, 2007 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Probably occurs in NE Tanzania and possibly in South Sudan and NE Democratic Republic of the Congo fide Wüster & Broadley (2007: 63). 3. Afronaja crawshayi (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1894b). Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1893) 62(1): 620. (Naja nigricollis crawshayi) Synonym: Naja nigricollis crawshawii – ManjunathaKini, Stefansson & Evans, 1987 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH, skin of an adult (R.C. Crawshay, 1890–1893, via H.H. Johnston). Type locality: “Lake Mweru, British Central Africa” [= Lake Meru, N Luapula Prov., ext. N Zambia]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Congo (Brazzaville, Plateau, Pool), S Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa), Tanzania, Angola (Benguela, Bié, Cuanza Norte, Huíla, Lunda Norte), W and N Zambia Luapula and N Malawi (Northern), 700–1700 m. Sources: Witte, 1953 and Broadley & Cotterill, 2004. 4. †Afronaja depereti (Hoffstetter, 1939). Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon 15(3): 66–67, pl. 2, fig. 16. (†Palaeonaja depereti) Type: Holotype, UCBL 92859A, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Pliocène ancien du Roussillon, Fort du Serrat-d’en-Vacquer, près Perpignan” [= Roussillon Basin, eastern Pyrénées-Orientales Department, S France, ca. 42°41’N, 2°53’E; Ruscinian (MN 15), lower Plíocene]. Distribution: Lower Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2–4.2 mya) of France and Spain. Fossil records: Upper Miocene (Turolian, MN 13: 4.9–7.3 mya) of Spain and middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2–4.2 mya) of France. Sources: Rage, 1984b and Szyndlar & Zerova, 1990. 5. †Afronaja iberica Szyndlar, 1985a. Estud. Geol. 41(5-6): 455–457, figs. 6–9. (†Naja iberica) Type: Holotype, MNCN Alg. I-31, one basiparasphenoid. Type locality: “Uppermost Miocene (NM 13) of Algora (Guadalajara, Spain).” Distribution: Upper Miocene (Turolian, NM 13: 4.9–7.3 mya) of Spain. Known only from type locality. Remarks: Naja incertae sedis fide Wallach et al. (2009: 32). 11 Snakes of the World 6. Afronaja katiensis (Angel, 1922). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 28(1): 40. (Naja nigricollis katiensis) Synonym: Naja trilepis Roman, 1968. Types: Syntypes (6), MNHN 1921.609–10 and MNH 1921.612–15 (Millet-Horsin, 1921). Type locality: “la région caillouteuse de Bélédougou, à Kati (12 kilomètres au nord de Bamakko), Soudan français” [= Bélédougou region of Mandika people near Kati (12°45’N, 08°04’W, elevation 425 m), S Koulikoro Region, SW Mali]. Distribution: West Africa. Senegal (Diourbel, Kaolack, Kédougou, Tambacounda), Gambia (Western), Guinea (Siguiri), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso), Ivory Coast (Bouna), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, SudOuest, Volta-Noire), N Ghana (Northern, Upper East, Upper West), N Togo (Savanes), Niger (Zinder), N Nigeria and N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord), 150– 700 m. Sources: Villiers, 1950a–b, 1975, Cansdale, 1954, Broadley, 1968a, Roman, 1968, 1973a–b, 1976, 1980, 1989, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Papenfuss, 1969, Hughes, 1983, Schätti, 1986c, Spawls & Branch, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2000, 2004, 2006b, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Nima Bélédougou located at 15°04’N, 7°18W, elevation 280 m. Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 153). 7. Afronaja mossambica (W.C.H. Peters, 1854). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1854(11): 625. (Naja mossambica) Synonyms: Naja nigricollis macombique – Zlotkin, Menashé, Miranda & Lissitzky, 1975 (nomen incorrectum), Naja massambica massambica – Grognet, Gatineau, Bougis, Harvey, Coudere, Fromageot & Ménez, 1986 (nomen incorrectum), Naja mocambique mocambique – Turell & Middlebrook, 1988 (nomen incorrectum), and Naja mosambica mosambica – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype ZMB 2811, a 604–1015 mm specimen (W.C.H. Peters, June 1843–Aug. 1847), designated by Golay et al. (1993: 188). Type locality: “Tette. Sena” [= Tete (16°10’S, 33°36’E, elevation 125 m), Tete Prov., and Vila de Sena (17°26’S, 35°02’E, elevation 50 m), N Sofala Prov., cen. Mozambique]. Distribution: East and S Africa. Southeastern Tanzania (Lindi, Morogoro, Mtwara, Ruvuma, Pemba, Zanzibar Is.), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambézia, Mozambique Is.), S Malawi (Southern), SE Democratic Republic of the Congo (S Katanga), SW Angola (Namibe), S Zambia (Central, Eastern, Luapula, Southern, S Western), NE Namibia (Caprivi, Okavango, Oshikoto), E Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, North East, North West, Southern), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Swaziland and South Africa (Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North-West), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962, 1974, Witte, 1962, V.J. Wilson, 1965, Broadley, 1971d, 1974, 1983, 1988, Visser, 1972, Stevens, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Visser & Chapman, 1978, Manaças, 1982, Auerbach, 1985, 1987, Patterson, 1987, Branch, 1988, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Boycott & Culverwell, 1992, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Wüster & Broadley, 2003, 2007 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 8. Afronaja nigricincta (Bogert, 1940). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 77(1): 89–90, pl. 1, fig. 1. (Naja nigricollis nigricinctus) Synonyms: Naja nigra A. Smith, 1838 (nomen praeoccupatum), Naja nigricollis fasciata Bocage, 1895 (nomen praeoccupatum), Merremia haemachates F. Werner in Schultz, 1910 (lapsus calami), and Naja nigricollis woodi Pringle, 1955. Type: Holotype, AMNH 51823, a 1100+ mm male (A.S. Vernay, H. Lang & R. Boulton [Vernay Angola Exped.], 6 July 1925). Type locality: “Munhino, Angola, 101 km. east of Mossamedes via railroad, 14° 55’S., 13° 0’E.” [= Munhino, Namibe Prov., SW Angola, 14°57’S, 12°58’E, elevation 435–470 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Africa. Southwestern Angola (Benguela, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda, Namibe), Namibia (Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Okavango, Omaheke, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa) and W South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape), 180–1630 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, Boycott & Haacke, 1979, Haacke, 1979, Buys & Buys, 1983, Branch, 1998, Broadley in Bauer & Branch, 2001 and M. Griffin, 2003. Remarks: Wüster et al. (2007: 445–446) recognized N. nigricincta as a distinct species and placed woodi as a subspecies. 9. Afronaja nigricollis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843). Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh. 10: 269– 272, pl. 3, figs. 5–7. (Naja nigricollis) Synonyms: Naja nigricollis fasciata Bocage, 1866a (nomen praeoccupatum), Naja nigricollis melanoleuca Bocage, 1895 (nomen praeoccupatum), Naja nigricollis occidentalis Bocage, 1895, Naja nigricollis atriceps Laurent, 1955, Naja nigrocollis – Bonta, Vargaftig, Bhargava & Vos, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), and Naja nigricolis – Teng, Kuo, Lee & Ouyang, 1987 (nomen incorrectum). A 12 A Snakes of the World Type: Lectotype, ZMUC 65204, a 1647 mm specimen (J.R. Chenon, 1826–1836), designated by F.W. Braestrup in Hughes & Barry (1969: 1027). Type locality: “Guinea” [= coast of Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1027]. Restricted to vicinity of Accra, Ghana fide J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes (1997: 14, 16). Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Southwestern Mauritania (Guidimaka, Hodh El Gharbi, Trarza), Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kédougou, Kolda, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thiès), Gambia (MacCarthy Island, Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bafatá, Bissau, Quinara, Bolama and Bubaque Is.), Guinea (Boké, Koundara, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western), Ivory Coast (Abengourou, Abidjan, Agboville, Bouaflé, Daloa, Lagunes, Toumodi), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Ségou, Sikasso), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Sahel, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Ghana (Accra, Volta, Western), Togo (Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Collines, Cotonou, Zou), S Niger (S Diffa, Dosso, Niamey, S Zinder), Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Gongola, Kwara, Oyo, Rivers), SW Chad (ChariBaguirmi, mayo-Kebbi Ouest), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Extreme-Nord, Est, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha), E Gabon (Haut-Ogooué), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale), SE South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), W Ethiopia (Gojjam), Somalia (Bay, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose), Kenya (Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North-Eastern, Rift Valley), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Nairobi, Northern, Western), Rwanda (Butare, Byumba, Kigali), Burundi (Bujumbura, Gitega, Muramvya, Ruyigi), Tanzania (Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Mara, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Singida, Tabora, Kagera), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Angola (Cunene, Huíla, Namibe) and Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), NSL–2500 m. Sources: Andersson, 1903, 1937, Aylmer, 1922, Loveridge, 1936b, 1955b, Monard, 1937, 1951, Bogert, 1940, Uthmöller, 1941b, 1950a, 1952b, 1954a, 1956b, Cansdale, 1954, Mertens, 1955, Laurent, 1956a, 1960, 1964a, 1973a, Vesey-FitzGerald, 1958, 1975, Condamin, 1959, Perret, 1961, Sweeney, 1961, Condamin & Villiers, 1962, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962, 1974, Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, V.J. Wilson, 1965, Menzies, 1966, Blackwell, 1967, Broadley, 1968c, 1971d, 1974, Leston & Hughes, 1968, M. Stewart, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Papenfuss, 1969, Roman, 1969, 1973b, 1976, 1980, Hulselmans & Verheyen, 1970, Hulselmans et al., 1970, Visser, 1972, Pitman, 1974, Courtois & Chippaux, 1977, Girardin, 1978, Russelot, 1978, Spawls, 1978, Visser & Chapman, 1978, Hakansson, 1981, Trape, 1981, Manaças, 1982, Buys & Buys, 1983, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, MacKay & MacKay, 1985, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Spawls & Branch, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997, Luiselli & Angelici, 2000, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Greenbaum & Carr, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Wüster & Broadley, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, and Auliya et al., 2012. Remarks: Probably occurs in SW Botswana fide Auerbach (1987: 199). 10. Afronaja nubiae (Wüster & Broadley, 2003). J. Zool. London 259(4): 348–351, figs. 1a–d, 3c. (Naja nubiae) Type: Holotype, YPM 3916, a 788 mm male. Type locality: “Kom Ombo (= Kawn Umû), Aswan Governorate, Egypt (24°28’ N, 32°57’ E)” [elevation 100 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. Southeastern Egypt (Aswan, Assiut, S El-Bahr El-Ahmar, SE New Valley, Qena, Sohag), Eritrea (Anseba, Gash-Barka, Northern Red Sea, Southern), Sudan (El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Al Khartum, Ash-Shamaliyah, Ash Shaqiyah, Janub Darfur), NE Chad (Ennedi) and cen. Niger (Agadez), 100–2000 m. Sources: Flower, 1930, Corkill, 1935, Marx, 1968, Spawls & Branch, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Chad and Niger populations are isolated fide Largen & Spawls (2010: 603) and this species may occur in other mesic habitats in the Sahara fide Wüster & Broadley (2003: 354). 11. Afronaja pallida (Boulenger, 1896a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 379. (Naia nigricollis pallida) Synonym: Naja mosambica pallida – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1895.6.14.28, a juvenile (E. LortPhillips, Spring 1985), designated by Bogert (1942b: 5). Type locality: “Inland of Berbera, British Somaliland” [= S of Berbera, Woqooyi Galbeed Region, NW Somalia, ca. 10°25’N, 45°02’E] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. Southern Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Hararge, Kofa, Shoa, Sidamo), Somalia (Awdal, Bakool, Bari, Galguduud, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed), E Kenya (Coast, Eastern, North-Eastern, Rift Valley, South Is.) and ext. N Tanzania (Arusha, Kilimanjaro), NSL–1500 m. 13 Snakes of the World Sources: Zavattari, 1930a, Broadley, 1968c, Lanza, 1972, 1983a, Spawls, 1978, Joger, 1984, MacKay & MacKay, 1985, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Wüster & Broadley, 2003 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 12. †Afronaja robusta (Meylan, 1987). Fossil Snakes Laetoli: 80–81, figs. 3.12a–c. (†Naja robusta) Type: Holotype, OGM LAET 3016, five middle trunk vertebrae, presumably from one individual. Type locality: “c. 8 km. w Endulen, northern Tanzania, Laetolil Beds. Locality 10, exact horizon unknown; Upper Pliocene.” Distribution: Upper Pliocene (Gelasian: 1.8–2.6 mya) of Tanzania. Known only from type locality. Source: Rage & Bailon, 2011. Remarks: Naja incertae sedis fide Wallach et al. (2009: 32). 13. †Afronaja romani (Hoffstetter, 1939). Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon 15(3): 57–64, pl. 1, figs. 1–16, pl. 2, figs. 1–13. (†Palaeonaja romani) Synonyms: †Palaeonaja crassa Hoffstetter, 1939, and †Naja austriaca Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985. Type: Holotype, UCBL 92856, a nearly complete skeleton (R. Hoffstetter). Type locality: “Vindobonien moyen de la Grive-SaintAlban” [= La Grive-St. Alban, Isère Dept., SE France; Astaracian (NM 7–8), middle Miocene]. Distribution: Lower Miocene (Orleanian, MN 4-5: 13.7– 16.9 mya) of France and Germany, middle Miocene (Astaracian, MN 7–8: 11.1–12.8 mya) of France, upper Miocene (Vallesian, MN 9: 9.7–11.1 mya) of Hungary and Ukraine, and upper Miocene (Turolian, MN 11: 7.8–8.7 mya) of Austria. Sources: Szyndlar & Zerova, 1990, Szyndlar, 1991b, Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993, Szyndlar, 1995, 2005, and Ivanov, 2000. Remarks: †Palaeonaja crassa Hoffstetter, 1939 and †Naja austriaca Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985 are conspecific fide Szyndlar & Rage, 1990. AFRONATRIX Rossman & Eberle, 1977 (Natricidae) Type species: Tropidonotus anoscopus Cope, 1861e. Distribution: Tropical W Africa. Sources: E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Menzies, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Dunger, 1972, Rossman & Eberle, 1977, Roman, 1980, Hughes, 1983, 2013, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trapé & Mané, 1995a, 2006b, Ineich, 2003, Luiselli et al.. 2003, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Zaher et al., 2008, Ullenburch et al., 2010, W. Böhme et al., 2011, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, and Chirio, 2013. 1. Afronatrix anoscopus (Cope, 1861e). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13(7): 299. (Tropidonotus anoscopus) Synonyms: Tropidonotus ferox A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863, Helicops gendrii Boulenger, 1910, and Natrix firestonei E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958. Type: Holotype, ANSP 6639, a 356 mm specimen (Baker). Type locality: “Cuba” (in error fide Loveridge, 1941a: 118). Corrected to Liberia fide Loveridge (1941a: 118). Distribution: West Africa. Southeastern Senegal (Kédougou), Guinea-Bissau (Southern, Western), Guinea (Boffa, Dalaba, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), S Mali (Sikasso), Sierra Leone, Liberia (Bong, Gbarpolu, Loffa, Montserrado, Margibi), S Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Daloa, Dix-Huit Montagnes, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Boulay Is.), SW Burkina Faso (Hauts-Bassins), S Ghana (Eastern), S Togo (Centrale, Plateaux), Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Borgou, Plateau, Zou), Nigeria (Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Cross River, Delta, Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba), W Cameroon (Adamaoua, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), and Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), NSL–1200 m. AFROTYPHLOPS Broadley & Wallach, 2009 (Typhlopidae) Synonym: Aspidorhynchus Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Acontias punctatus Leach, 1819. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: F. Werner, 1921a, Roux-Esteve, 1974, Wallach, 1993c, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Broadley & Wallach, 2009. 1. Afrotyphlops angeli (Guibé, 1952). Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris (2) 24(1): 79. (Typhlops angeli) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1951.1, a 365 mm specimen (M. Lamotte, 1943). Type locality: “Nzo (Mt. Nimba), 500 m.” [= Nzao, Nzérékoré Prefecture, Guinea, 07º44’N, 08º45’W, elevation 500 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Guinea (Nzérékoré), 500 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Angel et al., 1954 and Ineich, 2003. Remarks: A valid species fide W. Böhme, 2002; previously a synonym of Typhlops manni. A 14 A Snakes of the World 2. Afrotyphlops angolensis (Bocage, 1866b). J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa 1(1): 65–66. (Onychocephalus angolensis) Synonyms: Onychocephalus angolensis Bocage, 1866a (nomen nudum), Typhlops congicus Boettger, 1887c, Typhlops adolfi Sternfeld, 1910c, Typhlops dubius Chabanaud, 1917a, Typhlops lestradei Witte, 1933c, Typhlops ochraceus Laurent, 1952, Typhlops angolensis irsaci Laurent, 1954b (nomen nudum), Typhlops angolensis irsaci Laurent, 1956a, Typhlops angolensis polylepis Laurent, 1954b (nomen nudum), Typhlops angolensis polylepis Laurent, 1956a, and Typhlops angolensis symoensi Laurent, 1960. Type: Holotype, MBL T79.1134, a 470 mm specimen (F.A.P. Bayão, 1862–1866), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “le districto do Duque du Bragança, situado na latitude de Loanda, porém umas 75 leguas para o interior, Portuguesas Africa occidental” [= Duque de Bragança, Malanje District, Angola, 9°08’S, 16°04’E, elevation ca. 1100 m]. Distribution: Central and East Africa. Southern Cameroon (Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), S Central African Republic (BaninguiBangoran, Lobaye, Mbomou), Gabon (Haut-Ogooué, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), S Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Pool), Democratic Republic of Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, Katanga, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Angola (Huambo, Lunda Norte, Malanje), Uganda (Central, Western), W Kenya (Eastern, Nairobi, Western), W Rwanda, NW Burundi, NW Tanzania (Kigomo, Mwanza, Shinyanga) and NE Zambia (Northern), 500–2075 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, 1960, 1964b, Pitman, 1974, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Watkins-Colwell & de Leon, 2003, Branch, 2005, Herrmann et al., 2005, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels, 2008. 3. Afrotyphlops bibronii (A. Smith, 1846 in 1838– 1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 51, fig. 2, pl. 54, figs. 5–8, 2 pp. (Onychocephalus bibronii) Types: Syntypes (?), BMNH 1946.1.11.22 (formerly BMNH 1865.5.8.9), longest syntype 309 mm (A. Smith, 12 Aug. 1834–4 Jan. 1836), location of other syntypes unknown. Type locality: “country to the northward of Latakoo, South Africa” [= Kuruman, N Northern Cape Prov., South Africa fide V.F.M. FitzSimons (1962a: 67), 27°27’S, 23°26’E, elevation 1326 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Eastern Zimbabwe (Manicaland), SE Botswana (South East), Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZuluNatal, Free State, Transvaal), NSL–2000 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1998, 2001 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 4. Afrotyphlops blanfordii (Boulenger, 1889b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 4(22): 363. (Typhlops blanfordii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.67 (formerly BMNH 1869.11.4.36), a 320 mm specimen (W.T. Blanford, 1867–1868). Type locality: “Senafé, Abyssinia” [= Senafe, Southern Prov., SE Eritrea, 14°42’N, 39°25’E, elevation 2450 m]. Distribution: Eritrea (Anseba, Central, Gash-Barka, Northern Red Sea, Southern) and Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Gojjam, Gondar, Hararge, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo), 1000–2450 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893, Laurent, 1956a, 1964b, Largen 1978, 1997, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 5. Afrotyphlops congestus (A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844). Erpét. Gén. 6: 334–336. (Onychocephalus congestus) Synonyms: Onychophis barrowii Gray, 1845, Typhlops crassatus W.C.H. Peters, 1881, and Typhlops bocagei Bethencourt-Ferreira, 1905. Type: Holotype, not designated, FPM, an 800 mm specimen, lost fide A. Grandison in Roux-Esteve (1974a: 79). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Central Africa. Southeastern Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Cross River), S Cameroon (SW Adamaoua, Est, Centre, Littoral, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Central African Republic (Lobaye, Mbomou, Sangha), Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Sangha), Democratic Republic of Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Nord-Kivu, Oriental, Sud-Kivu), NW Angola (Cabinda), W Uganda (W Central, Western) and E Tanzania (Lindi, Tanga), NSL–1435 m. Sources: K.P. Schmidt, 1923, Mertens, 1965c, Meirte, 1992, Rödel et al., 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Branch, 2005, Herrmann et al., 2005, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels, 2008. 6. Afrotyphlops elegans (W.C.H. Peters, 1868a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1868(7): 450, pl. 2, fig. 1. (Typhlops [Ophthalmidion] elegans) Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB 6066, and ZZSDa–b, 390 mm, 335 mm and 260 mm specimens (H. Dohrn, 1865), latter two lost fide Bauer et al. (1995: 79). Type locality: “Prinzens-insel (Ilha de Príncipe) an der Westküste Africa’s” [= Príncipe Island, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa]. Distribution: São Tomé and Príncipe (Príncipe Is.). Source: Bocage, 1887c. 15 Snakes of the World 7. Afrotyphlops fornasinii (Bianconi, 1849a). Nouvi Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) 10: 107. (Typhlops fornasinii) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Typhlops fornasini Bianconi, 1849a (nomen incorrigendum), Typhlops fornasinii – Bianconi, 1850 (nomen corrigendum), Onychocephalus mossambicus W.C.H. Peters, 1854, Onychocephalus trilobus W.C.H. Peters, 1854, Onychocephalus tettensis W.C.H. Peters, 1860a, Typhlops bianconii Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, and Typhlops mossombicus – F. Werner, 1921a (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, not designated, MBI, a 72 mm specimen (C. Fornasini, 1842–1847). Type locality: “Mosambico” [= Mozambique]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Maputo, Bazaruto, Benguerua, Inhaca, Magaruque and Mozambique Is.), SE Zimbabwe (Masvingo) and NE South Africa (ext. NE KwaZuluNatal), NSL–65 m. Sources: Laurent, 1964b, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1998 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Original description repeated in Bianconi (1850: 183, pl. 6, figs. 1–1d). 8. Afrotyphlops gierrai (Mocquard, 1897b). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 3(4): 122–123. (Typhlops gierrai) Synonym: Typhlops guirrae – K.P. Schmidt, 1923 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 1897.24, a 469 mm specimen (A. Gierra, 1895). Type locality: “Tanga, dans l’Afrique orientale allemande” [= Tanzania]. Distribution: Tanzania (forests in Usambara and Uluguru Mountains), 600–1040 m. Sources: T. Barbour & Loveridge, 1928, Laurent, 1964b, J. Rasmussen, 1981 and Spawls et al., 2002. 9. Afrotyphlops kaimosae (Loveridge, 1935). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 79(1): 5–6. (Typhlops kaimosae) Type: Holotype, MCZ 40060, a 208–215 mm male (A. Loveridge, 7 March 1934) Type locality: “Kaimosi Forest, near Friends’ African Mission, Kakamega district, Nyanza Prov., Kenya Colony.” Distribution: Kenya (Nyanza). Known only from type locality. 10. Afrotyphlops liberiensis (Hallowell, 1848). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 59–60, pl., figs. 1–2. (Onychocephalus liberiensis) Synonyms: Onychocephalus nigro-lineatus Hallowell, 1848 (nomen incorrigendum), Onychocephalus hallowelli Jan, 1861b (nomen nudum), Onychocephalus kraussi Jan, 1861b (nomen nudum), Typhlops hallowelli Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Typhlops kraussi Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Typhlops kraussi Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, Typhlops liberiensis intermedia Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Typhlops hallowelli Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, Typhlops liberiensis intermedia Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860– 1866, Typhlops punctatus nigrolineatus – Chabanaud, 1917c (nomen corrigendum), and Typhlops leprosus E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958. Type: Holotype, ANSP 3243, a 618 mm specimen (T.S. Savage, 1840–1848). Type locality: “Liberia, Western Coast of Africa.” Distribution: West Africa. Guinea (Dalaba, Dix-Huit Montagnes, Faranah, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé, Yomou), Sierra Leone (Eastern), Liberia (Bong, Loffa, Margibi, Montserrado), SW Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Guiglo, Katiola, San Pédro, Tabou) and S Ghana (Accra, Ashanti, S Eastern, S Western), 30–600 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Ineich, 2003, W. Böhme et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. 11. Afrotyphlops lineolatus (Jan, 1864). Icon. Gén. Ophid.: 24. (Typhlops [Ophthalmidion] lineolatus) Synonyms: Typhlops lineolatus Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Typhlops boulengeri Bocage, 1893c, and Typhlops tornieri Sternfeld, 1910c. Type: Holotype, ZMUU 725 (A. Afzel, late 1700s–early 1800s). Type locality: “Sierra Leona” [= Sierra Leone]. Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Tambacounda, Thiès, Ziguinchor), Gambia (Kombo Saint Mary), Guinea (Dalaba, Dubréka, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Northern, Southern, Sherbro Is.), Liberia, Ivory Coast (Katiola, Odienné), Ghana (Eastern, Northern), Togo (Plateaux), SW Niger (Dosso), Nigeria (Kaduna), Cameroun (Adamaoua, Est, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), SW Chad (ChariBaguirmi), Central African Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Mbomou, Ouham), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Pool), Democratic Republic of Congo (BasCongo, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Angola (Benguela, Cabinda, Lunda Norte), SW Sudan (Gharb Darfur, Janub Darfur), South Sudan (Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Western Equatoria), S Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Sidamo), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western, Kome Is.), SW Kenya (Central, S Eastern, Nairobi, Nyanza, S Rift Valley, Western), N Tanzania (Arusha, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Mara, Morogoro, Mwanza, Piwani, Rukwa, Shinyanga, Singida, Tanga, Ukerewe Is.), NSL–2600 m. Sources: Jan & Sordelli, 1865 in 1860–1866, Bocage, 1895c, Laurent, 1956a, 1964b, Pitman, 1974, Largen, A 16 A Snakes of the World 1978, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, J.-F. Trape & RouxEstève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Holotype erroneously reported lost fide RouxEstève (1974a: 80), Hahn (1980: 62) and McDiarmid et al. (1999: 108) but was rediscovered by L. Wallin (in litt., 4 Feb. 1993). 12. Afrotyphlops manni (Loveridge, 1941a). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 91(3128): 118. (Typhlops manni) Type: Holotype, USNM 109634, a 343 mm specimen (W.M. Mann, 10 March–17 July 1940). Type locality: “Harbel, Republic of Liberia” [= Harbel, SW Grand Bassa Co., cen. Liberia, 06º17’N, 10º21’W, elevation 100 m]. Distribution: Central Liberia (Grand Bassa), 100 m. Known only from holotype. Source: W. Böhme et al., 2011. 13. Afrotyphlops nanus Broadley & Wallach, 2009. Zootaxa (2255): 32–33, fig. 5a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1897.11.17.16, a 125 mm male (C.S. Belton, 1896). Type locality: “Samburu, Coast Prov., southeastern Kenya (39º17’S, 3º47’E, elevation 295 m).” Distribution: Southeastern Kenya (Coast), 295 m. Known only from type locality. 14. Afrotyphlops nigrocandidus (Broadley & Wallach, 2000). Afr. J. Herp. 49(2): 166–167. (Rhinotyphlops nigrocandidus) Type: Holotype, ZMUC 52223, a 440 mm male (P. Gravlund & M. Anderson, 17 Jan. 1996). Type locality: “Kiranzi-Kitungulu Forest Reserve, Udzungwa Mountains, Iringa District, Tanzania (1500 m a.s.l., 08º09’S x 36º05’E).” Distribution: Southeastern Tanzania (Iringa, Morogoro), 1450–1750 m. Remarks: Probably inhabits Nguru and Ruhebo Mountains fide Broadley & Wallach (2000: 167). 15. Afrotyphlops punctatus (Leach in Bowdich, 1819). Miss. Cape Coast Castle-Ashantee: 493. (Acontias punctatus) Synonyms: Typhlops eschrichtii Schlegel, 1839 in 1837– 1844, Onychophis punctata Gray, 1845, and Typhlops milleti Chabanaud, 1920a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.47 (T.E. Bowditch, April, 1817–Oct. 1818). Type locality: “Fantee, Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee” [= Fantee tribal area, between Mansu and Fosu along Amissa (Oki) River, Central Region, S Ghana, elevation 160–180 m]. Distribution: West, Cen. and East Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Kédougou, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Gambia (MacCarthy Island, Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bissau, Cacheu, Tombali, Bolama Is.), Guinea (Conakry, Kindia, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), S Mali (Mopti, Sikasso), Sierra Leone (Northern, Southern, Western), Liberia (Margibi, Nimba), Ivory Coast (Bouna, Daloa, Ferkéssédougou, Katiola), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, VoltaNoire), S Ghana (Accra, Central, S Eastern, S Western), Togo (Plateaux), Benin (Atakora, Atlantique, Collines, Zou), SW Niger (Tahoua), Nigeria (Benue, Cross River, Delta, Gongola, Plateau), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, NordOuest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), S Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Gribingui, Haut-Mbomou, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha), N Democratic Republic of Congo (Equateur, Oriental), South Sudan, and Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Manaças, 1955, E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Pitman, 1974, Roux-Estève, 1974a, Roman, 1980, Hakansson, 1981, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, Rödel et al., 1995, W. Böhme et al., 1996, Spawls et al., 2002, Branch, 2005, Herrmann et al., 2005, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Chirio, 2009, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012, Chirio, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. 16. Afrotyphlops rondoensis (Loveridge, 1942). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 91(4): 256–257. (Typhlops tettensis rondoensis) Type: Holotype, MCZ 48066, a 228 mm specimen (A. Loveridge, 5 May 1939). Type locality: “Nchingidi, 2,700 feet, Rondo Plateau, southeastern Tanganyika Territory.” [= near Lindi, Tanzania, 09º36’S, 39º25’E, elevation 825 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Tanzania (SE Lindi, Mtwara), 375–825 m. Sources: Laurent, 1964b and Spawls et al., 2002. 17. Afrotyphlops schmidti (Laurent, 1956a). Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Belge, Sci. Zool. (48): 71–72, figs. 9–10, pl. 8, fig. 4. (Typhlops schmidti) Synonyms: Typhlops schmidti wilsoni Laurent, 1968a (nomen praeoccupatum) and Rhinotyphlops schmidti laurenti Wallach, 2003 (nomen substitutum). Type: Holotype, MRAC 17996, a 326 mm specimen (IRSAC, 11–14 Dec. 1950). Type locality: “Nyunza, 700 m., Terr. d’Albertville, Tanganika” [= Nyunza, Katanga Prov., Democratic 17 Snakes of the World Republic of the Congo, 05º57’S, 28º01’E, elevation 700 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Northeastern Angola (Moxico), SE Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga) and Zambia (Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Northern, North-Western, Western), 585–1655 m. Sources: Witte, 1962, Laurent, 1964b, 1968a, Broadley et al., 2003 and Wallach, 2003. 18. Afrotyphlops steinhausi (F. Werner, 1909b). Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 26: 209. (Typhlops steinhausi) Synonyms: Typhlops batesii Boulenger, 1911b and Typhlops steinhousi – Roux-Estève, 1965 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Neotype, MNHN 1964.139, a 420–425 mm male (R. Pujol), designated by Villiers (1968: 1308). Type locality: “Rép. Centrafricaine: Boukoko” [= Boukoko, Central African Republic, 3º54’N, 17º56’E, elevation 560 m] via neotype selection. Distribution: Central Africa. Southeastern Nigeria (Cross River), S Cameroon (Centre, Nord-Ouest, Sud, SudOuest), W Central African Republic (Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham), Congo and NE Democratic Republic of Congo (Orientale), NSL–800 m. Sources: Chirio & Ineich, 2006 and Chirio & LeBreton, 2007. Remarks: Two ZMH syntypes lost fide Hallermann (1998: 216), destroyed July, 1943 during World War II. Illustration of neotype head in Villiers (1963: figs. 1–3). 19. Afrotyphlops tanganicanus (Laurent, 1964b). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 130(6): 418–419. (Typhlops schmidti tanganicanus) Type: Holotype, MCZ 57439, a 390 mm female (C.J.P. Ionides, 11 March–26 April 1958). Type locality: “Liwale, Tanganyika” [= Liwale, Nachingwea District, Southern Prov., Tanzania, 09º,46’S, 37º56’E, elevation 470 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Tanzania (Tanga), 25–470 m. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. 20. Afrotyphlops usambaricus (Laurent, 1964b). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 130(6): 416–417. (Typhlops boulengeri usambaricus) Type: Holotype, MCZ 38699, a 384 mm specimen (R.E. Moreau. June 1955). Type locality: “Amani, Usambara Mtns” [= Amani, Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanga Region, Tanzania, 05°06’S, 38°38’E, elevation 750 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Tanzania (E Usambara Mountains of N Tanga), 750 m. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. AGKISTRODON Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Agkishodon – Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (nomen incorrectum), Scytale Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a (nomen praeoccupatum), Cenchris Daudin, 1803c, Cenchrus Link, 1807 (nomen emendatum), Scytalus Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (nomen emendatum), Tisiphone Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen praeoccupatum), Ancistrodon Wagler, 1830 (nomen emendatum), Tysiphone A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Agcistrodon – Bourret, 1935e (nomen incorrectum), Acontias Troost, 1836 (nomen praeoccupatum), Toxicophis Troost, 1836 (nomen substitutum), Tisphonus Swainson, 1839 (nomen emendatum), Angkistrodon Gray, 1842b (nomen emendatum), Agkistodon – Troschel, 1854 (nomen incorrectum), Ankistrodon – Chenu & Desmarest, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), Triphone – WestphalCastelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Aucistrodon – Velasco, 1890a (nomen incorrectum), Ancistrodoro – Velasco, 1890c (nomen incorrectum), Ancistradon – Velasco, 1897 (nomen incorrectum), Ancistrodonus A.L. Herrera, 1899 (nomen emendatum), Anxistrodon –Pavloff, 1926 (nomen incorrectum), Agkiotrodon – Takahashi, 1930 (nomen incorrectum), Toricophis – Haltom, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Agpistrodon – Tchang, 1932 (nomen incorrectum), Agkisirodon – Maki, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Aghistrodon – Wettstein, 1938 (nomen incorrectum), Hykistrodon – Anon., 1944 (nomen incorrectum), Agkystrodon – Matthey, 1949 (nomen incorrectum), Agkistron – K.L. Rogers, 1976 (nomen incorrectum), Agistodon – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen incorrectum), Seytale – Cherlin, 1983 (nomen incorrectum), and Aqistrodon – Nutaphand, 1990 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Agkistrodon mokasen Palisot de Beauvois, 1799. Distribution: North America and Mesoamerica. Fossil records: Upper Miocene of USA (Nebraska), lower Pliocene of USA (Nebraska), upper Pliocene of USA (Kansas, Texas), and Pleistocene of USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia). Fossils unassigned to species include upper Miocene (Clarendonian) of USA (Nebraska), middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Nebraska), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Alabama). Sources: Rendahl, 1933, Klauber, 1956b, 1958b, Paik et al., 1979, Chen et al., 1984, Chiasson et al., 1989, Maes, 1989, Conant, 1986, 1990, Gloyd, 1990, Gloyd & Conant, 1990, Kardong, 1990, Malnate, 1990, Minton, 1990, 1992, Knight et al., 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Holman, 1995a, 2000a, Parmley & Holman, 1995, Kraus et al., 1996, Cullings et al., 1997, Parkinson et al., 1997, 2000, McDiarmid et al., 1999, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Guiher & A 18 A Snakes of the World Burbrink, 2008, Parmley & Hunter, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Agkistrodon bilineatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 364. (Ancistrodon bilineatus) Synonyms: Ankistrodon bilineatum F. Müller, 1877 (nomen emendatum), Ancistrodonus bilineatus A.L. Herrera, 1899 (nomen emendatum), Arkistrodon bilineatus – Martin del Campo, 1953 (nomen incorrectum), Trigonocephalus specialis Recinos, 1954, Ancistrodon bilinaetus – Villa, 1962 (nomren incorrectum), Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus Gloyd, 1972a, Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi Villa, 1983 (nomen nudum), and Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi Conant, 1984. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1864.1.26.396, a 991 mm female (O. Salvin, 1857–1875). Type locality: “on the Pacific coast of Guatemala.” Distribution: Mexico and upper Central America. Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, SW Chihuahua, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, S Sonora, Yucatán, María Madre Is.), Belize (Belize, Orange Walk), Guatemala, El Salvador (Cuscatlán, La Libertad, Sonsonate), S Honduras (Choluteca, Copán, Valle), Nicaragua (Granada, Masaya) and NW Costa Rica (Guanacaste), NSL–1670 m. Sources: Villa, 1984, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, Blair et al., 1997, Lamar, 1997b, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, G. Köhler, 1999b, H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 2001h, G. Köhler et al., 2005, Lemos-Espinal & Smith, 2006b, Bryson & Mendoza-Quijano, 2007, N. Herrera et al., 2007, Suárez-Velázquez & Luna-Reyes, 2009 and McCranie, 2011a. 2. Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766). Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 373. (Boa contortrix) Synonyms: Agkistrodon mokasen Palisot de Beauvois, 1799, Agkistrodon mokason – Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (nomen incorrectum), Agkishodon mokasen – Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (nomen incorrectum), Cenchris mokeson Daudin, 1803c, Scytalus cupreus RafinesqueSchmaltz, 1818, Scytale mockeson – Say, 1819 (nomen incorrectum), Cenchris marmorata F. Boie, 1827, Acontias atro-fuscus Troost, 1836 (nomen incorrigendum), Toxicophis atro-fuscus Troost, 1836 (nomen substitutum), Trigonocephalus cenchris Schlegel, 1837, Cenchris atrofuscus – Gray, 1849 (nomen corrigendum), Trigonocephalus histrionicus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Ancistrodon contortrix Baird, 1854 (nomen emendatum), Agkistrodon contorting – Abbott, 1869 (nomen incorrectum), Agkistrodon contortirix – Keim, 1914 (nomen incorrectum), Agkistrodon mokasen laticinctus Gloyd & Conant, 1934, Agkistrodon mokeson austrinus Gloyd & Conant, 1943 (nomen substitutum), Agkistrodon mokeson pictigaster Gloyd & Conant, 1943, Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Gloyd, 1969, and Agkistrodon cortortrix makasen – Harding & Welch, 1980 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, not designated, (A. Garden, 1760–1761), location unknown. Type locality: “Carolina” [USA]. Restricted to Charleston, South Carolina, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 224). Distribution: Southern and E USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, ext. NW Florida, Georgia, S Illinois, S Indiana, SE Iowa, E Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, ext. SE Nebraska, N New Jersey, SE New York, North Carolina, S Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) and N Mexico (ext. NE Chihuahua, ext. N Coahuila), NSL–1525 m, usually below 500 m. Fossil records: Upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Nebraska), lower Pliocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Kansas), middle Pliocene (Blancan II, III) of USA (Kansas, Texas), upper Pliocene (Blancan V) of USA (Kansas, Nebraska), lower/middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Kansas), middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (West Virginia), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Georgia, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia). Sources: Gloyd & Conant, 1938, 1943, Fitch, 1960, Gloyd, 1969, Vial et al., 1977, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Tennant, 1997, Fitch, 1999, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, D. Schmidt, 2006b, Guiher & Burbrink, 2008, Douglas et al., 2009 and Ernst & Ernst, 2011. Remarks: Original description based on Catesby (1743(2): 56, pl. 56). Type not present in ZMUU fide Lönnberg, 1896 or NHR fide Andersson, 1899. Two western subspecies are distinct species fide Douglas et al. (2009: 1164). 3. Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède, 1789). Hist. Nat. Serp. 2: 130–131, 424–425. (Crotalus piscivorus) Synonyms: Crotalus aquaticus Bonnaterre, 1790, Scytale piscivora – Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801, Coluber tisiphone G. Shaw, 1802, Acontias leucostoma Troost, 1836, Toxicophis leucostoma Troost, 1836 (nomen substitutm), Toxicophis pugnax Baird & Girard, 1853, Ancistrodon piscivorus Cope, 1860 (nomen emendatum), Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Gloyd, 1969, and Agkistrodon piscivorus laurae Stewart, 1974 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “Caroline” [USA]. Restricted to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 225). 19 Snakes of the World Distribution: Southeastern USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, ext. S Illinois, S Indiana, ext. SE Kansas, W Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, S and S Missouri, E North Carolina, E Oklahoma, cen. & E South Carolina, W Tennessee, E Texas, SE Virginia), NSL–765 m. Fossil records: Lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Florida, Georgia, Texas). Sources: Wharton, 1960, 1966, 1969, Burkett, 1966, Mount, 1975, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Tennant, 1997, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Means, 2004c, Guiher & Burbrink, 2008 and Ernst & Ernst, 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1463 (ICZN, 1987). Florida subspecies possibly a valid species fide Douglas et al. (2009: 1164). 4. Agkistrodon taylori Burger & Robertson, 1951. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34(5): 213–216, pl. 25, figs. 1–2. (Agkistrodon bilineatus taylori) Synonyms: Agkistrodon bilineatus taylori H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1950 (nomen nudum), and Agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 2001h. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 10002 (formerly EHT 5514), a 465 mm male (E.H. Taylor, 9 June 1938). Type locality: “km. 833, 21 kilometers north of Villagrán, Tamaulipas, México.” Distribution: Northeastern Mexico (Hidalgo, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, N Veracruz), NSL– 1500 m. Sources: Tovar-Tovar & Mendoza-Quijano, 2001, Parkinson et al., 2000, Bryson & Mendoza-Quijano, 2007, Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010 and Ernst & Ernst, 2011. AHAETULLA Link, 1807 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Aaetula – Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1816 in 1822–1831 (nomen incorrectum), Dryinus Merrem, 1820 (nomen rejiciendum), Aaetula – Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822 in 1822–1831 (nomen incorrectum), Dryophis Dalman, 1823 (nomen rejiciendum), Passerita Gray, 1825 (nomen rejiciendum), Dryophis Schlegel, 1826a (nomen substitutum), Bryopsis – Schlegel, 1826b (nomen incorrectum), Tragops Wagler, 1830, Fragops – Bonaparte, 1833 (nomen incorrectum), Ahaetula Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835 (nomen emendatum), Passirita Swainson, 1839 (nomen emendatum), Herpetotragus Fitzinger, 1843, Tropidotragops Fitzinger, 1843, Driophis – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron., 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Dryiphis – Cantor, 1847 (nomen incorrectum), Dystyches Gistel, 1848 (nomen substitutum), Drijinus Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Tropidococcyx A.C.L.G. Günther, 1860, Tragophis Fitzinger, 1861, Ahoetulla – Westphal-Castelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Atraetulla – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Gephyrinus Cope, 1886, Dryphis – Velasco, 1892a (nomen incorrectum), Trygops – E. Bartlett, 1896 (nomen incorrectum), Dryopsis – Lidth de Jeude, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Drophis – Bourret, 1935 (nomen incorrectum), Passerina – Ladiges, 1939 (nomen incorrectum), Ahetulla – Angel, 1947 (nomen incorrectum), Drypohis – H.W. Parker, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), Ahaetullua – Groombridge, 1979 (nomen incorrectum), Ahaetulia – Murthy, 1985 (nomen incorrectum), and Achaetulla – B.D. Sharma in B.D. Sharma & Kumari, 1998a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Ahaetulla mycterizans Link, 1807. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1926b, 1943, Leviton, 1968a and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1308 fide Opinion 524 (ICZN, 1958a). 1. Ahaetulla dispar (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 303–304, pl. 23, figs. A, A’. (Tragops dispar) Types: Syntypes (6), BMNH 1946.1.9.37– 42, five females, one juvenile (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882). Type locality: “Anamallay Mountains, British India” [= Anamalai Hills, S Western Ghats, E Kerala /W Tamil Nadu States, SW India, ca. 10°22’N, 77°08’E]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Western Ghats of Kerala, Tamil Nadu), 610–1980 m. Sources: Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and Hutton & David, 2009. 2. Ahaetulla fasciolata (J.G. Fischer, 1885a). Arch. Naturg. 51(2): 66–68, pl. 5, fig. 4. (Tragops fasciolatus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.30, a female (F.J. Grabowsky, Jan. 1881–July 1884). Type locality: “Südost-Borneo” [= Southeastern Borneo or Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Southern Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Ranong), Singapore, West Malaysia (Perak), Brunei, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Indonesia (Kalimantan, Natuna, Sumatra), NSL–985 m. Sources: Smedley, 1932b, Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, Vogel, 1992, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Pauwels & Sumontha, 2007 and Onn et al., 2010. A 20 A Snakes of the World 3. Ahaetulla fronticincta (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 158–159. (Dryiophis fronticincta) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.8.24–25, a male and female (Luna), location of other syntype unknown. Type locality: “West Indies” (in error). Distribution: India (West Bengal) and Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon, Rakhine, Yangon). Source: Wogan et al., 2008. Remarks: Endemic to coastal Myanmar with Indian records needing confirmation fide Das (2010: 260).. 4. Ahaetulla mycterizans (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 226. (Coluber mycterizans) Synonyms: Natrix flagelliformis Laurenti, 1768, Coluber mycterizans G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber linkii Merrem, 1820, Dryiophis panthoronia H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Dryophis xanthozonia Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Dryophis hammatorhynchus Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen substitutum), Dryophis parvoninus Kuhl in F. Boie, 1827, Dryophis xanthozonia Kuhl in F. Boie, 1827, Herpetotragus boiei Fitzinger, 1861, Herpetotragus pavoninus Fitzinger, 1861, Herpetotragus russelii Fitzzinger, 1861, and Tragops javanicus Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-81 (formerly MAFR), a 730 mm male (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “America” (in error). Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Southern Thailand (Chumphon, Krabbi, Ranong, Trang), West Malaysia (Johor) and W Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), NSL–500 (1290) m. Sources: Wall, 1905g, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Malhotra & Davis, 1991, M.J. Cox et al., 1998 and Miralles & David, 2010. 5. Ahaetulla nasuta (Lacépède, 1789). Hist. Nat. Serp. 2: 100, 277–279, pl. 4, fig. 2. (Coluber nasutus) Synonyms: Ahaetulla mycterizans Link, 1807 (nomen praeoccupatum), Coluber nasutus G. Shaw, 1802, Dryinus oxyrhynchus Bell, 1825, Dryinus russellianus Bell, 1825, Dryophis passericki Schinz, 1833, Dryophis rostratus Schinz, 1833, Dryinus fuscus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Drijinus nasutus Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Dryophis mycterizans anomalus Annandale, 1906, Dryophis mycterizans cinereoventer Wall, 1908j, Dryophis mycterizans rhodogaster Wall, 1908j, Dryophis mycterizans tephrogaster Wall, 1908g, Dryophis mycterizans isabellinus Wall, 1910h, Dryophis mycterizans lepidorostralis Wall, 1910h, Dryophis mycterizans zephrogaster Wall, 1910h, and Dryophis mycterizans rhodonotus Wall, 1921g. Type: Holotype, not designated, lost fide M.J. Cox et al. (2013: 92). Type locality: “à Malabar, à Ceylan, à Pondichery, au Bengale, à Java, aux îles Philippines et aux Mariannes” [= India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines and Mariannas]. Restricted to Sri Lanka fide M.A. Smith (1943: 376). Distribution: Southern and SE Asia. India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North-Central, Northern, North-Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), Bangladesh (Chittagong), Nepal (Bardiya, Dang, Dhanusa, Gorkha, Kailali, Kapilbastu, Makwanpur, Rupandehi, Sunsari, Surkhet), Myanmar (Rangoon, Yangon), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Kanchanaburi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lopburi, Mae Hong Sam, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Phra Nakhon, Phuket, Prachuap Kiri Khan, Sara Buri), S Laos (Champasak), Cambodia (Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe) and S Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kom Tum, Ninh Thuan, Tay Ninh, Vinh Long), NSL–1830 m. Sources: Wall, 1905g, 1921g, Bourret, 1936b, Deraniyagala, 1955, E.H. Taylor & Elbel, 1958, E.H. Taylor, 1965, P. Silva, 1969, 1980a, Campden-Main, 1970a, Deuve, 1970, R. Sharma, 1971, 1976a, SaintGirons, 1972a, Daniel, 1983, Murthy, 1986, A. Silva, 1990b, 2009, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Malhotra & Davis, 1991, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, David & Dubois, 2005, N. Khaire, 2006 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 524 (ICZN, 1958). Among type locality restrictions (Sri Lanka, Guinea and Carolina) of M.A. Smith (1943: 376), only Sri Lanka is valid. 6. Ahaetulla perroteti (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 899–900. (Psammophis perroteti) Synonyms: Leptophis canarensis Jerdon, 1854, and Dryiophis tropidococcyx A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Types: Syntypes (5), MNHN 1208, longest syntype 500 mm (G.S. Perrotet, 1822–1832), location of other syntypes unknown. Type locality: “Indes-Orientales” [= East Indies, including India]. Distribution: Southern India (Western Ghats). Source: Ganesh & Chandramouli, 2011a. 7. Ahaetulla prasina (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 545. (Dryophis prasina) Synonyms: Dryiophis prasinus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Dryiophis rostratus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Dryophis prasinus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Dryophis rostratus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Dryophis rostrata 21 Snakes of the World Reinwardt in F. Boie, 1827, Dryophis prassinus – Wagler, 1830 (nomen incorrectum), Tragops prasinus laetus Cope, 1861c, Tragops prasinus citrina F. Müller, 1885 (nomen nudum), Dryophis prasinus flavescens Wall, 1910a, Dryophis griseus E.H. Taylor, 1922a, Dryophis preocularis E.H. Taylor, 1922a, Dryophis prasinus chinensis Mell, 1931a, Dryophis prasinus indicus Mell, 1931a, and Ahaetulla prasina suluensis Gaulke, 1994a, and Ahaetulla prasina medioxima Lazell, 2002. Types: Syntypes (2), RMNH 782 and RMNH 47582 (formerly RMNH 782) (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, Dec. 1825–Sept. 1827). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal), S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Hunan, Xizang, Yunnan), Bhutan (Mongar), Myanmar, Thailand (Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chumphon, Kanchanaburi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Loei, Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phang Nga, Phetchabun, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Ranong, Roi Et, Surat Thani, Tak, Trang, Trat, Uttarradit), E Cambodia (Kampot, Koh Kong, Mondolkiri), Laos (Champasak), N Vietnam (Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hua, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phuc, Con Dao Is.), West Malaysia (Kedah, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pinang, Sabah, Seribaut Arch.), Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan Is.), Indonesia (Bali, Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Riau Arch., Sibau, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumatra) and Philippines (Balabac, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Dinagat, Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sanga Sanga, Siasi, Sibutu, Tawitawi), 60–2100 m. Sources: Bergman, 1956a, Deuve, 1962e, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Leviton, 1968a, Tweedie, 1983, Matsui et al., 1984, Lazell & Lu, 1990, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Ross & Lazell, 1991, B.E. Smith, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Gaulke, 1994a, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Darevsky, 1999, Hnízdo, 2000, Orlov et al., 2000, Malkmus et al., 2002, Ao et al., 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, McKay, 2006, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, Zhao, 2006, Teynié & David, 2007, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Agarwal et al., 2010 and Wangyal, 2011. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825) and Russell (1801: pl. 25), with types in MNHN also. A subspecies of A. mycterizans (Linnaeus) fide Mahendra, 1984. Reinwadrt credited with authorship by Boie. RMNH 779 listed as syntype fide Cox et al. (2013: 96). 8. Ahaetulla pulverulenta (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 812. (Dryinus pulverulentus) Synonyms: Dryophis pulverulentus Jan, 1863b (nec A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b), Passerita purpurascens A.C.L.G. Günther 1864a, Ahaetulla pulverulenta xanthiscuta Deraniyagala, 1955, and Dryophis pulverulenta indica Deraniyagala, 1955. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7565, a 954 mm female (T. Leschenault, 1820–1821). Type locality: “Ceylan” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Sri Lanka and S India (Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu). Sources: P. Silva, 1969, Khaire & Khaire, 1993, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, David & Dubois, 2005, N. Khaire, 2006 and A. Silva, 2009. Remarks: Holotype collector listed as Reynaud fide Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (1854b: 812) AIPYSURUS Lacépède, 1804 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Hydrophus Fleming, 1822 (nomen emendatum), Stephanohydra Tschudi, 1837, Aspisurus Gray in Grey, 1841b (nomen praeoccupatum), Aipisurus Gray, 1846b (nomen emendatum), Hypotropis Gray, 1846b, Aepyurus Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Tomogaster Duméril & Bibron in Gray, 1849a, Aipyusurus – Bavay, 1869 (nomen incorrectum), Hypothropis Marschall, 1873 (nomen emendatum), Aepysurus F. Müller, 1878b (nomen emendatum), Pelagophis W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878, Oepysurus – Perrier, 1928 (nomen incorrectum), Aipysuru – BriceñoRossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Aspisurus – Boquet, 1948 (nomen incorrectum), Cupysurus – Boquet, 1948 (nomen incorrectum), Apysurus – Barrett, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Hipysurus – Barrett, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Aipsurus – Dowling in Dowling & Duellman, 1978 (nomen incorrectum), Smithohydrophis Kharin, 1981, Aepyrus – Mengden, 1985 (nomen incorrectum), Aipysaurus – K.L. Williams & Wallach, 1989 (nomen incorrectum), Aepyuurus – McCarthy in Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schätti & Toriba, 1993 (nomen incorrectum), and Oceanius Wells, 2007. Type species: Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804. Distribution: Marine waters of Indo-Australia, including Arafura Sea, Coral Sea, Flores Sea, South China Sea and Timor Sea. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1926a, Barme, 1968, L.A. Smith, 1974, Kharin, 1981, Cogger et al., 1983a, Schwander et al., 1985, McCarthy, 1986, Ehmann, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, A.R. Rasmussen, 1997, Kelly, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Kharin & Cheblyukov, 2006, Wells, 2007, Sanders et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. A 22 A Snakes of the World 1. Aipysurus apraefrontalis M.A. Smith, 1926a. Monogr. Sea Snakes: 24–25, fig. 13. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.94 (formerly MAS 9032 & BMNH 1926.2.16.5), a 565 mm male (M.A. Smith, 1925). Type locality: “Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea” [= Ashmore Reef, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Timor Sea, NW Australia, ca. 12°16’S, 123°00’E]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (NW Western Australia: Ashmore and Cartier Is.). Source: L.A. Smith, 1974. 2. Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869. Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie 15(5): 33–34. Synonyms: Aipysurus australis Sauvage, 1877, Pelagophis lubricus W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878, and Aepyrus duboisii – Ruiter, 1958 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, formerly MMBR, a 910 mm male (C.F. Dubois or A.J.C. Dubois), lost fide McCarthy in Golay et al. (1993: 222). Type locality: “L’ile Lifou, Nouvelle-Calédonie” [= Lifou Is., New Caledonia, 21°00’S, 167°15’E]. Distribution: Australasia. Papua New Guinea (Central: Yule Is.), Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), New Caledonia and Loyalty Is. Sources: David & Vogel, 1996, O’Shea, 1996, Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997, Bauer & Sadlier, 2000 and Ineich & Laboute, 2002. 3. Aipysurus eydouxii (Bibron in Gray, 1849a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 59. (Tomogaster eydouxii) Synonyms: Thalassophis anguillaeformis P. Schmidt, 1852, Thalassophis muraenaeformis P. Schmidt, 1852, Thalassiophis anguillaeformis A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Aipysurus margaritophorus Bleeker, 1858c (nomen nudum), Aipysurus anguilliformis – Krefft, 1869b (nomen incorrectum), Aepysurus anguilliformis – Boettger, 1892b (nomen incorrectum), Aepyurus eudouxxi – Ruiter, 1958 (nomen incorrectum), and Aipysurus eidouxii – Elter, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.86 (formerly BMNH III.10.1.a), a juvenile female. Type locality: “Indian Ocean.” Distribution: Indo-Australia. Thailand (Chanthaburi, Pattani, Phet Buri, Samut Songkhram, Songkhla), S Vietnam (Binh Thuan, Kien Giang), West Malaysia (Johore), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Papua), Papua New Guinea (Western), N Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia) and New Caledonia. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, B.L. Lim & Sawai, 1975, Tweedie, 1983, O’Shea, 1996. Li et al., 2005, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011 and Sanders et al., 2013. Remarks: Philippine records rejected fide E.H. Taylor, 1922a and Sanders et al., 2012. 4. Aipysurus foliosquama M.A. Smith, 1926a. Monogr. Sea Snakes: 22–24, fig. 12. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.96 (formerly MAS 9052 & BMNH 1926.2.16.7), a 545 mm female (M.A. Smith, 1925). Type locality: “Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea” [= Ashmore Reef, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Timor Sea, NW Australia, ca. 12°16’S, 123°00’E]. Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia, Ashmore and Cartier Is., Scott Reef). Remarks: Sanders et al. (2012: 18) erroneously listed four syntypes (BMNH 1946.1.1.86–88 and BMNH 1946.1.1.96) and one paratype (RMNH 6430). 5. Aipysurus fuscus (Tschudi, 1837). Arch. Naturg. 3(1): 335, pl. 8, figs. 1–7. (Stephanohydra fusca) Type: Holotype, ZMB 2824, a 774 mm male (J.L.Schönlein, 1830–1837). Type locality: “Celebes” [= Sulawesi, cen. Indonesia] (possibly in error fide Cogger, 1975: 80). Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia: Ashmore and Cartier Is.) and ? E Indonesia (Sulawesi). Remarks: M.A. Smith (1926a: 17) erroneously referred to BMNH 1926.2.16.1 as holotype. 6. Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 197, 210, pl. 56, fig. 3. Synonyms: Hypotropis jukesii Gray, 1846, Aipysurus fuliginosus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Aepysurus laevis – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Hipysurus laevis – Barrett, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Aepyurus laevis – C.J.P. Haas, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Oepysurus laevis – Parsons, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), and Aipysurus laevi – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Neotype, WAM 22384, an adult female, designated by L.A. Smith (1974: 99). Type locality: “Locker Island, off Onslow (Lat. 21°44’S, Long. 114°46’E), Western Australia” via neotype selection. Distribution: Australasia. Eastern Indonesia (Kei and Aru Is.), S Papua New Guinea, N Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, N Western Australia), New Caledonia and Loyalty Is. Sources: O’Shea, 1996, Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997, Burns & Heatwole, 1998, Bauer & Sadlier, 2000, Burns & Heatwole, 2000, Ineich & Laboute, 2002 and J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003,. 23 Snakes of the World 7. Aipysurus mosaicus K.L. Sanders, Rasmussen, Elmberg, Mumpuni, Guinea, Blias, Lee & Fry, 2012. Zootaxa (3431): 7–12, figs. 4a, 5a–b, 6a–c. Type: Holotype, SAMA 65222, a 549 mm male (B.F. Fry, Oct. 2000). Type locality: “Gulf of Carpentaria near Weipa, Australia” [= vicinity of Weipa, ext. N Queensland, ext. NE Australia, 12°40’S, 141°50’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Papua) and N Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Swain Reefs and Thursday Is.). Remarks: Collector of type listed as B.F. Fry fide Sanders et al. (2012: 7) but is probably co-author B.G. Fry. 8. Aipysurus pooleorum L.A. Smith, 1974. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 3(2): 97–98. (Aipysurus laevis pooleorum) Type: Holotype, WAM 21366, an adult male (W. Poole & W. Poole, Sept. 1963). Type locality: “Shark Bay, Western Australia” [= Shark Bay, W West Australia, W Australia, ca. 25°44’S, 113°34’E]. Distribution: Southwestern Australia (Western Australia). Source: Storr et al., 1986. 9. Aipysurus tenuis Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913a. Kon. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 52(3): 13–14. Types: Syntypes (3), NHR 2400a–c, longest syntype 1020 mm (E. Mjöberg, July 1911). Type locality: “Cape Jaubert, Australia” [= Cape Jaubert, Western Australia, Australia, 18°57’S, 121°33’E]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (N Western Australia). Source: Kharin & Cheblyukov, 2006b. †ALAMITOPHIS Albino, 1986 (†Madtsoiidae) Type species: †Alamitophis argentinus Albino, 1986. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Argentina, and lower Eocene of Australia. Sources: Albino, 1986, 1987b, 2011b and Scanlon, 1993, 2005. 1. †Alamitophis argentinus Albino, 1986. Actas IV Congr. Argent. Paleont. Bioestr. 2: 16–18, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MACN-RN 27, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Ladera sudoeste del Cerro Cuadrado, noreste de la Ea. Los Alamitos, Arroyo Verde, Dpto. Valcheta, Río Negro, Argentina. Sector medio de la Formación Los Alamitos, Campaniano-Maastrichtiano temprano, cretácico tardío.” Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (CampanianMaastrichtian: 65.5–83.6 mya) of Argentina. Source: Albino, 2000. 2. †Alamitophis elongatus Albino, 1994. Pesquisas 21(1): 59–60, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, MACN-RN 38, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “la ladera sudeste del Cerro Cuadrado, Estancia Los Alamitos, Dpto. Valcheta, sudeste de la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. La Formación Los Alamitos (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano Inferior).” Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (CampanianMaastrichtian: 65.5–83.6 mya) of Argentina. 3. †Alamitophis tingamarra Scanlon, 2005. Mem. Queensland Mus. 51(1): 224–228, figs. 6c, 7. Type: Holotype, QMF 19729, one middle-posterior trunk vertebra (H. Godthelp & M. Archer field crews, mid1980s– early 1990s). Type locality: “MP1 horizon, Main Quarry,Tingamarra, Boat Mountain, near Murgon, south-east Queensland (26°S, 152°E), Australia; Tingamarra Local Fauna, Early Eocene, 54.6+/-0.05 MYBP.” Distribution: Lower Eocene (Neustrian, MP 8: 54.6 mya) of Australia. Known only from type locality. Sources: Albino, 1987a, 1993. †ALBANERYX Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 (Boidae) Type species: †Albaneryx depereti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972. Distribution: Middle Miocene of France, and upper Miocene of Ukraine. Sources: Rage, 1984b, Zerova, 1989 and Augé & Rage, 2000. 1. †Albaneryx depereti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972. Ann. Paleont. (Vert.) 58(1): 105–107, fig. 9, pl. 1, fig. 6. Type: Holotype, MNHN LGA 1, one posterior caudal vertebra. Type locality: “La Grìve-Saint-Alban, Tortonien,” Isère, France (Astaracian, middle Miocene). Distribution: Middle Miocene (Astaracian, MN 7/8: 11.1– 12.8 mya) of France. 2. †Albaneryx volynicus Zerova, 1989. Vestn. Zool. 1989(5): 31–35, figs. 1–12. Type: Holotype, ZIKP 22-1089, one caudal vertebra. Type locality: “Middle Sarmatian (late Miocene), Gritsev, Ukraine, USSR.” A 24 A Snakes of the World Distribution: Upper Miocene (Vallesian, MN 9: 9.7–11.1 mya) of Ukraine. Known only from type locality. ALLUAUDINA Mocquard, 1894b (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Synonyms: Allusdina – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Allandina – Ditmars, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), and Alluadina – Phelps, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Alluaudina bellyi Mocquard, 1894b. Distribution: Madagascar. Sources: Guibé, 1958, Domergue, 1984c, Lanza, 1990a, Glaw & Vences, 1994, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Alluaudina bellyi Mocquard, 1894b. C.R. Séanc. Soc. Philom. Paris 1894(17): 9–10. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1893.214, a 312 mm male (C. Alluaud & Belly, 1892–1893). Type locality: “la montagne d’Ambre, vallée du Saccaranii [= Sakaramy], Madagascar.” Emended to Mararaomby, Madagascar fide MNHN catalogue. Distribution: Northern Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga, N Toamasina, 400–650 m). Sources: Raxworthy, 1988 and Ziegler, et al., 1997. 2. Alluaudina mocquardi Angel, 1939. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (2) 11(6): 536–538. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1939.53, a 500 mm male (R. Decary, 23 July 1938). Type locality: “une grotte totalement obscure de la Mananjeba (district d’Ambilobe), Nord de Madagascar.” Distribution: Northern Madagascar (Antsiranana). Remarks: Gender of holotype female fide Angel (1939: 11); Domergue (1984c: 544) showed it to have hemipenes. ALSOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Plesius Jan, 1857, Halsophis Cope, 1894c (nomen emendatum), Alsophys – Grant, 1946b (nomen incorrectum), and Asaophis – Grant, 1946b (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Psammophis antillensis Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Lesser Antilles. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1975, Cadle, 1984a, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988, 1991, R.W. Henderson & Sajdak, 1996, Rodríguez-Róbles & Greene, 1996, Vidal et al., 2000, Hedges et al., 2009, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Alsophis (sensu lato) split into several genera fide Zaher et al. (2009: 147). 1. Alsophis antiguae H.W. Parker, 1933a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 11(61): 158. (Alsophis leucomelas antiguae) Synonyms: Herpdodryas punctifer Martin, 1838, and Alsophis antiguae sajdaki R.W. Henderson, 1990. Types: Syntypes (2): BMNH 1946.1.4.46–47 (formerly BMNH = 1850. 50.4.29.1–2), two juveniles (Gardiner). Type locality: “Antigua, Lesser Antilles.” Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Antigua). Sources: Lazell, 1967, R.W. Henderson, 1990, Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1991, Henderson et al., 1996a and Daltry et al., 2001. 2. Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 155, 2: 214. (Psammophis antillensis) Synonym: Dromicus leucomelas A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 768, a 334 mm specimen (F.X. Donzelot, 1818–1826), designated by Brongersma (1937a: 5, figs. 1c–d). Type locality: “Guadeloupe,” Lesser Antilles via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante). Sources: Brongersma, 1937a, Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990 and Breuil, 2003. 3. Alsophis manselli H.W. Parker, 1933a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 11(61): 157 (Alsophis leucomelas manselli) Types: Syntypes, (13), BMNH 1946.1.4.53 (formerly BMNH 1899.6.29.18), a male (J.W. Gregory), BMNH 1946.1.4.57–62 (formerly BMNH 1931.10.18.179– 184) (Gomez), BMNH 1946.1.4.95 (formerly BMNH 1832.4.1.33) (Howes) and BMNH 1946.1.6.71–75) (formerly BMNH 1886.10.16.4–8), males and females (J.S. Hollings). Type locality: “Montserrat, Lesser Antilles.” Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Montserrat). Sources: A. Schwartz, 1966 and Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990. 4. Alsophis rijgersmaei Cope, 1870. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1869–1870) 11(81): 154–155. Synonym: Alsophis cinereus S.W. Garman, 1887b. Types: Syntypes (6), ANSP 5411–16, longest syntype 946 mm (H.E. van Rijgersma, 1863–1870). Type locality: “small island of St. Martins, in the Spanish West Indies” [= Saint-Martin, Lesser Antilles]. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, SaintBarthélemy, Saint-Martin). Sources: Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990, Powell, 1991, Powell et al., 1991, 1992, Howard et al., 2001 and Breuil, 2002, 2003. 25 Snakes of the World 5. Alsophis rufiventris (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 668–670. (Dromicus rufiventris) Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 3559–60 (formerly RMNH), two males, longest syntype 946 mm. Type locality: Unknown and “Brésil” [= Brazil] (in error). Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Nevis, Saba, Statia, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher). Sources: Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990 and Maley et al., 2006. 6. Alsophis sajdaki R.W. Henderson, 1990. Carib. J. Sci. 25(3–4): 119–122, figs. 1a, 2 (Alsophis antiguae sajdaki) Type: Holotype, KU 211059 (formerly ASPS V6789), an 857 mm female (R. Thomas, 11 Aug. 1965). Type locality: “Great Bird Island, St. George Parish, off of the northeastern coast of Antigua, Lesser Antilles.” Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Antigua: Great Bird Is.), NSL–25 m. Source: Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990. 7. Alsophis sanctonum T. Barbour, 1915. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 28: 78. Synonym: Alsophis leucomelas danforthi Cochran, 1938. Type: Holotype, MCZ 10689 (G.K. Noble, summer 1914). Type locality: “Terre d’en Haut, Iles des Saintes, near Guadeloupe, French West Indies.” Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Iles des Saintes: Ílet-àCabrit, Terre-de-Haut). Sources: Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990 and Breuil, 2003. 9. Alsophis sibonius Cope, 1879. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 18: 275–278. Type: Holotype, USNM 10138, a 640 mm specimen (F. Ober, 1876–1879). Type locality: “Island of Dominica,” Lesser Antilles. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Dominica). Sources: Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1990 and Muelleman et al., 2009. AMASTRIDIUM Cope, 1861a (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Fleischmannia Boettger, 1898, Mimometopon F. Werner, 1903a, Phrydops Boulenger, 1905b, Mimometophon – Dunn, 1931b (nomen incorrectum), Phydrops – Dunn, 1931b (nomen incorrectum), and Amatridium – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Amastridium veliferum Cope, 1861a. Distribution: Mesoamerica and Colombia. Sources: Dunn, 1925, 1954, Cadle, 1984b, L.D. Wilson, 1988d, Savage, 2002 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Amastridium sapperi (F. Werner, 1903a). Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 22(2): 349–350. (Mimometopon sapperi) Type: Holotype, formerly ZSM, destroyed 24–25 April 1944 during World War II. Type locality: “Guatemala.” Distribution: Mesoamerica. Mexico (Chiapas, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Belize (Cayo, Stann Creek, Toledo), Guatemala (Petén, Quiché) and Honduras (Cortés), NSL–1600 m. Sources: , L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1969, H.M. Smith, 1971, J.C. Lee, 1996, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, 2000, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Stafford et al., 2010, Townsend & Wilson, 2010, Wilson & Johnson, 2010 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: A valid species fide H.M. Smith, 1971 and Savage, 2002. 2. Amastridium veliferum Cope, 1861a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1860) 12(9): 370–371. Synonyms: Fleischmannia obscura Boettger, 1898, and Phrydops melas Boulenger, 1905b. Type: Holotype, ANSP 3738, ca. 379 mm male (R.W. Mitchell, 1857–1860). Type locality: “Cocuyas de Veraguas, N. Grenada” [= Cocuyas de Veraguas, a gold mine near the Río Concepción, N Veraguas Prov., cen. Panama, ca. 8°45’N, 81°00’W, elevation 100 m]. Distribution: Lower Central America and Colombia. Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas), N Panama (Colón, Veraguas) and NW Colombia (Chocó), NSL–1690 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, Villa et al., 1988, RuedaAlmonacid & Rueda-Martínez, 2004 and Solórzano, 2004 AMBLYODIPSAS W.C.H. Peters, 1857a (Atractaspididae) Synonyms: Choristodon A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (nomen praeoccupatum), Calamelaps A.C.L.G. Günther, 1866, Amplyodipsas – Jan & Sordelli, 1870– 1881 (nomen incorrectum), Calamelas – Rochebrunne, 1885 (nomen incorrectum), Rhinocalamus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c, Clothelaps Cope, 1895c, Calumelaps – Boulenger, 1908k (nomen incorrectum), Galamelaps – Bocage, 1897 (nomen incorrectum), Camelaps – Calabresi, 1927 (nomen incorrectum), Calemelaps – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Rinocalamus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Choristocalamus Witte & Laurent, 1947 (nomen substitutum), Amblyodipas – Underwood, 1979 (nomen A 26 A Snakes of the World incorrectum), and Calamelops – Misonne, 1980 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Calamaria microphthalma Bianconi, 1852. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Witte & Laurent, 1947, Broadley, 1971c, 1983, Underwood & Kochva, 1993, Ulber, 1994, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Amblyodipsas concolor (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept. (App.): 18. (Choristodon concolor) Synonym: Calamelaps mironi Mocquard, 1905a. Type: Holotype, RSM, a 190–191 mm specimen (A. Smith, 1831). Type locality: “Kaffirland to the eastward of the Cape Colony” [= KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa fide Loveridge, 1944b: 161]. Distribution: Northeastern South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, S Limpopo, E Mpumalanga), NSL–780 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1937, 1974, Haacke, 1982, Pienaar et al., 1983, Branch, 1988 and Boycott, 1995. Remarks: Recognized as a subgenus of Amblyodipsas (Choristocalamus). V.F.M. FitzSimons (1937: 263) discussed type specimen. This species probably occurs in S Mozambique fide Boycott (1995: 417). 2. Amblyodipsas dimidiata (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 1(3): 322–323, pl. 19, fig. c. (Rhinocalamus dimidiatus) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.2.93–95, longest syntype 394 mm. Type locality: “Mpwapwa, tropical Africa” [= Mpwapwa, Dodoma Region, cen. Tanzania, 06º21’S, 36º29’E, elevation 1000 m]. Distribution: Central Tanzania (Dodoma), 600–1000 m. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. 3. Amblyodipsas katangensis Witte & Laurent, 1942. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 36(2): 113–114. Synonym: Amblyodipsas katangensis ionidesi Loveridge, 1951a. Type: Holotype, MRAC 9321, a 300 mm specimen (R.P. Claquin, Nov.–Dec. 1922). Type locality: “N’Gayu, confluent du Luapula et de la Luombwa (Distr. du Haut Katanga), Congo belge” [= Ngayu, Katanga Prov., Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), N Zambia (Copperbelt) and E Tanzania (Lindi, Ruvuma, Tanga), 40–650 m. Sources: Broadley, 1971d, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley et al., 2003. Remarks: Possibly occurs in N Mozambique fide Spawls et al. (2002: 432). 4. Amblyodipsas microphthalma (Bianconi, 1852). Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Inst. Bologna 1: 167–170, pl. 8, fig. 1. (Calamaria microphthalma) Synonym: Amblyodipsas microphthalma nigra Jacobsen, 1986. Type: Holotype, IBI, a 311 mm specimen (C. Fornasini, 1842–1847). Type locality: “Inhambane, Mosambico” [= Inhambane, Inhambane Prov., Mozambique, 23º52’S, 35º23’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southern Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Maputo, Bazaruto and Inhaca Is.) and NE South Africa (NE KwaZulu-Natal, N Limpopo), 10–1415 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Pienaar et al., 1983, Branch, 1988, Broadley, 1990b and Marais, 2004. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Bianconi (1850–1870: 94–108, pl. 12, figs. 1, 1a–d). 5. Amblyodipsas polylepis (Bocage, 1873a). J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa 4(15): 216–217. (Calamelaps polylepis) Synonyms: Atractaspis hildebrandtii W.C.H. Peters, 1877d, Calamelaps miolepis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c, Calamelaps warreni Boulenger, 1908k, and Calamelaps mellandi Boulenger, 1915a. Type: Holotype, MBL 1878, a 443 mm female (J.A. d’Anchieta, 1861–1897); destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “Dondo, intérieur d’Angola” [= Dundo, northeastern Lunda Prov., ext.N Angola, 700 m, 07º22’S, 20º50’E, elevation 700 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Southern Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe), SE Kenya (Coast, Eastern, Manda Is.), SE Tanzania (Kigoma, Lindi, Manyara, Morogoro, Piwani, Ruvuma, Tanga), Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), W Angola (Benguela, Cuanza Norte, Cunene, Luanda), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, NorthWestern, Southern, Western, Chilubi Is.), S Malawi (Southern, Nchisi Is.), Mozambique (Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Sofala, Tete), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matebeleland North, Matebeleland South, Midlands), NE Namibia (Caprivi, Okavango), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Kweneng, North West), Swaziland and NE South Africa (Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Broadley, 1971d, FitzSimons, 1974, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 27 Snakes of the World 6. Amblyodipsas rodhaini (Witte, 1930a). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 19(1): 1–3, figs. 1–5. (Rhinocalamus rodhaini) Synonym: Calamelaps ventrimaculatus katangensis Witte, 1951 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Holotype, MRAC 3079, a 439 mm male (J.A.H. Rodhain, 1910–1911). Type locality: “toute probabilité du Lomami, Congo Belge” [= Lomami, Katanga Prov., Democratic Republic of the Congo, 05º29’S, 25º17’E, elevation 695 m. Distribution: Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), 590–1125 m. Source: Witte, 1951. 7. Amblyodipsas teitana Broadley, 1971c. Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia 4B(33): 661–662, fig. 12. Type: Holotype, MCZ 40705, a 434 mm female (A. Loveridge, 27 April 1934). Type locality: “Mount Mbololo, Teita Hills near Voi, Kenya, at an altitude of c. 1150 metres” [= Mt. Mbololo, Taita Hills, Coast Region, S Kenya, 03º17’S, 38º28’E]. Distribution: Southeastern Kenya (S Coast), 1150 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. 8. Amblyodipsas unicolor (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843). Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh. 10: 236– 238, pl. 1, figs. 1–3. (Calamaria unicolor) Synonyms: Atractaspis metallicus Rochbrune, 1886, Calamelaps feae Boulenger, 1906, and Calamelaps niangarae K.P. Schmidt, 1923. Type: Holotype, ZMUC, a 375 mm specimen, lost fide F.W. Braestrup in Hughes & Barry (1969: 1024). Type locality: “Guineakystein” [= Ghana coast or Danish settlement near Accra, Ghana, 05º33’N, 11º47’W, elevation 30 m fide J. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997: 16]. Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Senegal (Fatick, Kédougou, Louga, Ziguinchor), Gambia, GuineaBissau (Tombali), W Guinea (Télimélé), Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast (Bouaké, Bouna) Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volte Noire), Ghana (Accra, Ashanti, Northern), S Togo (Maritime), S Benin (Atakora, Atlantique, Zou), Nigeria (Anambra, Bauchi, Bendel, Benue, Gongola, Lagos, Plateau, Oyo, Western), N Cameroon (Nord), SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haut-Mbomou, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), SE Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kinshasa, Orientale), SW South Sudan (Western Equatoria), S Uganda (Central, Western) and W Kenya (cen. Rift Valley), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Roman, 1980, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Pauwels & Meirte, 1996, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2000, 2006b, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012 and Chirio, 2013. 9. Amblyodipsas ventrimaculata (Roux, 1907a). Rev. Suisse Zool. 15(1): 78–79, figs. 1–2. (Rhinocalamus ventrimaculatus) Synonyms: Calamelaps pellegrini Angel, 1921a, Calamelaps ventrimaculatus katangensis Witte, 1951, and Calamelaps ventrimaculatus websteri V.F.M. FitzSimons & Brain, 1958. Type: Holotype, MHNN 12 (formerly MZN 65), a 425 mm female. Type locality: “pays des Barotsé, Afrique du Sud” [= Barotseland, W Zambia]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), W Zambia (Western), W Zimbabwe (Matabeleland North, Matebeleland South), N Namibia (Caprivi, Khomas, Omaheke) and NW Botswana (Ghanzi, Kweneng, North West), 950– 1430 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, Broadley, 1959, 1971d, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. †AMEISEOPHIS Holman, 1976c (Colubridae) Type species: †Ameiseophis robinsoni Holman, 1976c. Distribution: Middle Miocene of USA, middle Miocene of USA, and upper Miocene of USA. Fossil records: Lower to upper Miocene of USA. Sources: Holman, 1978, 1998b, 2000a, Rage, 1984b and Parmley & Hunter, 2010. 1. †Ameiseophis robinsoni Holman, 1976c. Herpetologica 32(4): 421–422, figs. 1a–b. Type: Holotype, UCM 30222, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Split Rock Formation, Main Micro Locality, Second Bench, (Brachycrus Quarry) NW 1/4, sec. 36, T 29 N, R 90 W, Fremont County, Wyoming, USA; middle Hemingfordian through lower Barstovian (middle Miocene through upper Miocene).” Emended to Late Early to Early Middle Miocene (Middle Hemingfordian to Early Barstovian)-2. Split Rock Formation, Upper Units, Fremont and Natrona Counties, Wyoming fide Holman (2000a: 140). Distribution: Lower Miocene (Hemingfordian: 16.3–20.6 mya) of USA (Delaware, Wyoming), middle Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6–16.3 mya) of USA (Nebraska, South A 28 A Snakes of the World Dakota, Wyoming), and upper Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6–16.3 mya) of USA (Nebraska). Fossil records: Lower Miocene (Hemingfordian) of USA (Delaware), lower/middle Miocene (Arikareean/ Hemingfordian) of USA (Wyoming), middle Miocene (Barstovian) of USA (Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming), and upper Miocene (Clarendonian) of USA (Nebraska). Remarks: Revised diagnosis in Holman (2000a: 140). AMNESTEOPHIS C.W. Myers, 2011 (Dipsadidae) Type species: Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863a. Distribution: Brazil. Sources: Jan & Sordelli, 1866 in 1860–1866, Boulenger, 1894a, Amaral, 1930e–f, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Dixon, 1980 and C.W. Myers, 2011. 1. Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan, 1863a). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(2): 267. (Enicognathus melanauchen) Type: Holotype, RMNH 393, a 375 mm male. Type locality: “Bahia au Brésil” [= Bahia State, NE Brazil, or Salvador, E Bahia State, NE Brazil, 12°58’S, 38°31’W, elevation 30 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Bahia). Known only from holotype. Remarks: Photographs of holotype and illustrations of maxilla and hemipenis in C.W. Myers (2011: figs. 1–5). AMPHIESMA A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (Natricidae) Synonyms: Tropinotus Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822a (partim, nomen nudum), Tropidonotus H. Boie, 1826 (partim), Herpetoreas A.C.L.G. Günther, 1860c, Tropidonotis – Velasco, 1890d (nomen incorrectum), Hebius J.C. Thompson, 1913a, Amphieama – Maki, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Amphieasma – M.S. Khan, 1984a (nomen incorrectum), Paranatrix Mahendra, 1984, Asianatrix Hoser, 2012ag (nomen illegitimum), Elliottnatrix Hoser, 2012ag (nomen illegitimum), Greernatrix Hoser, 2012ag (nomen illegitimum), Sundanatrix Hoser, 2012ag (nomen illegitimum), Wellsnatrix Hoser, 2012ag (nomen illegitimum), and Wellingtonnatrix Hoser, 2012ag (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Coluber stolatus Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Asia and Indonesia. Sources: Jan, 1865d, Boulenger, 1893a, Rooij, 1917, M.A. Smith, 1943, Malnate, 1960a, 1962, McDowell, 1961, Toriba, 1994b, Wallach, 1998a, Ziegler & Quyet, 2006, David et al., 2007, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Gender of Amphiesma is neuter fide Toriba, 1994 and David et al., 1999. 1. Amphiesma andreae Ziegler & Le, 2006. Zootaxa (1225): 41–47, figs. 1–8. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 83747, a 609 mm male (T. Ziegler, H.-W. Hermann, N.T.Vu, K.Q. Le, T.H. Nguyen, X.C. Cao, M.T. Luu & H.T. Dinh, 8 Aug. 2004). Type locality: “adjacent to Phong Nha –Ke Bang National Park, Thuong Hoa commune, Minh Hoa district, Quang Binh Prov., central Vietnam … in a limestone forest valley at an elevation of 450 m.” Distribution: Central Vietnam (Quang Binh), 450 m. Known only from type locality. Probably occurs in Laos. Sources: Ziegler et al., 2006, David et al., 2007 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 2. Amphiesma arquus David & Vogel, 2010a. Russ. J. Herp. 17(2): 122–124, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, NMW 37943, a 609 mm male (F. Steindachner, 1878). Type locality: “Borneo,” possibly SE Kalimantan fide David & Vogel (2010: 124). Distribution: Indonesia (Borneo: ? SE Kalimantan). Known only from type specimen. Source: David & Vogel, 2010. 3. Amphiesma atemporale (Bourret, 1934f). Bull. Gén. Instr. Pub. Hanoi 13(4): 75, fig. 1. (Natrix atemporalis) Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 1935.77–78 (formerly RLB M.441, a 388 mm specimen (Ecole d’Agric.) [Tonkin], a 270 mm (svl) specimen (Serv. Geol. coll.), & a 121 mm (svl) specimen. Type locality: “Tonkin” [Vietnam]. Restricted to Tam Dao, North Vietnam fide Malnate & Romer (1969: 3). Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southeastern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Yunnan), Laos and ext. N Vietnam (Vinh Phuc), 800–915 m. Sources: Malnate & Romer, 1969, Karsen et al., 1986, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orlov et al., 2000, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I Das, 2010. 4. Amphiesma beddomii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 269, pl. 22, fig. E. (Tropidonotus beddomii) (nomen substitutum) Synonyms: Spilotes vittatus Beddome, 1863 (nomen praeoccupatum), and Rhabdophis beddomei F. Wall, 1923d (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.15.32, a 208 mm specimen (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882), designated by Boulenger (1893: 253). Type locality: “Nilgherries, India” via lectotype selection. 29 Snakes of the World Distribution: Southern India (Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), 310–2100 m. Sources: Wall, 1919b, Inger et al., 1984, Malhotra & Davis, 1991, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and N. Khaire, 2006. 5. Amphiesma bitaeniatum (Wall, 1925d). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1924–1925) 30(4): 806–807. (Natrix bitaeniata) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.58 (formerly BMNH 1925.4.2.18) (P.M.R. Leonard, 1924). Type locality: “Kutkai, North Shan States (4,500 feet), Burma” [= Kutkai, N Shan State, NE Myanmar, 23°27’N, 97°56’E, elevation 1350 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, W Yunnan), NE Myanmar (Kachin, Shan), N Thailand (Ching Mai), Laos and N Vietnam (Lao Cai, Son La), 1500–2375 m. Sources: Zhao & Adler, 1993, Xie et al., 1998, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 6. Amphiesma boulengeri (Gressitt, 1937). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 50: 125–127. (Natrix boulengeri) Type: Holotype, MVZ 23623, a 462 mm female (J.L. Gressitt, 5 Aug. 1936). Type locality: “Tai-yong, alt. 640 meters, E. Kwangtung Prov., southeastern China (lat. 23°34’N., long. 115° 55’E.).” Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southeastern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan), E Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si. Thammarat), Cambodia (Kampong Speu, Kampot, Pursat), Laos (Xiangkhouang) and N Vietnam (Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Guang Binh, Ha Giang, Ha Tay, Kon Tum, Lam Dong, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Quang Tri, Thai Nguyen, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phuc), 540–1000 m. Sources: Gressitt, 1941b, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, Grismer et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 7. Amphiesma celebicum (W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 13: 386– 387. (Styporhynchus celebicus) Type: Holotype, MSNG 30160, a 360 mm female (O. Beccari, 1874). Type locality: “Kandari (Ins. Selebes)” [= Kendari, Sulawesi, E Indonesia, 03°58’S, 122°36’E, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Sula), 20 m. Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. 8. Amphiesma concelarum Malnate, 1963. Notulae Nat. (360): 2–3. (Amphiesma pryeri concelarum) Type: Holotype, CAS 21905, a 786 mm male (J.C. Thompson a.k.a. V. Kühne, 23–24 May 1910). Type locality: “Miyako-shima, Miyako group, Riukiu Islands” [= Miyakojima, Ryukyu Archipelago, S Japan, bet. 24°43’–57’N and 125°14’–28’E]. Distribution: Southern Japan (Miyako Group, Ryukyu Arch.) Sources: M. Mori, 1986, Ota & Iwanaga, 1997 and Ota & Takahashi, 1997. 9. Amphiesma craspedogaster (Boulenger, 1899b). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 67(1): 163, pl. 17, fig. 1. (Tropidonotus craspedogaster) Synonyms: Tropidonotus gastrotaenia F. Werner, 1922a, and Natrix chrysarga chekiangensis Mell, 1931a. Types: Syntypes (6), BMNH 1946.1.12.63–68, longest syntype 635 mm (J.D. La Touche, spring 1896 or 1898). Type locality: “Kuatun, a village about 270 miles from Foochow, in the mountains at the North-west of the Prov. of Fokien, at an altitude of 3000 to 4000 feet or more, China” [= Guadun, ext. N Fujian, SE China, 27º45’N, 117º50’E, elevation 915–1200 m]. Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangzi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang) and N Vietnam (Vinh Phuc), 915–1290 m. Sources: Malnate, 1962, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Yao, 2012. 10. Amphiesma deschauenseei (E.H. Taylor, 1934). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 86: 300–301, figs. 2–4, pl. 17, fig. 5. (Natrix deschauenseei) Type: Holotype, ANSP 19927, a 455 mm specimen (R.M. de Schauensee, 1 Jan.–1 March 1933). Type locality: “Chieng Mai, North Siam” [= Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Prov., northwestern Thailand, 18°48’N, 98°40’E, elevation 840 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Thailand (Chiang Mai, Uthai Thani), Vietnam (Cao bang, Tuyen Quang), 300–840 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2012. Remarks: Vietnamese specimens referrable to another species fide P. David (in litt.) and V.S. Nguyen et al. (2009: 354). Occurs in China fide I. Das (2010: 331). 11. Amphiesma flavifrons (Boulenger, 1887b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20(116): 96. (Tropidonotus flavifrons) Types: Syntypes (4), MNHN 1889.211–13 and MNHN 1889.215, longest syntype 453 mm (J. Whitehead, 1885). A 30 A Snakes of the World Type locality: “Mount Kina Baloo, North Borneo” [= Mt. Kinabalu, N Sabah, NE East Malaysia, 6°05’N, 116°30’E, elevation 300–1800 m]. Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Kalimantan), 500–1300 m. Sources: Malkmus et al., 2002, David & I. Das, 2003 and Auliya, 2006. Remarks: BMNH 1891.2.25.3, a 330 mm specimen, is possible type fide P. Campbell (in litt.). 12. Amphiesma frenatum (Dunn, 1923a). J. Malay. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1(1): 3. (Natrix frenata) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.15.29, a 260 mm specimen (J.C. Moulton & H.W. Smith, Sept.–Nov. 1920). Type locality: “Mt. Murud, 2,000 ft., northwestern Sarawak, Borneo.” Distribution: East Malaysia (Sarawak), 610 m. Known only from type locality. Source: David & I. Das, 2003. 13. Amphiesma groundwateri (M.A. Smith, 1922a). J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 4(4): 205–206, pl. 8, fig. 2. (Natrix groundwateri) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.36, a 450 mm male (H.C. Robinson & C.B. Kloss, March 1919). Type locality: “Tasan, 40 kilometres S.W. of Chumpon, Peninsular Siam” [= Tasan, 40 km SW Chumpon (10°30’N, 99°11’E), S Thailand]. Distribution: Southern Thailand (Chumpon, 300–600 m). Known only from type locality. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965 and David & I. Das, 2003. 14. Amphiesma inas (Laidlaw, 1902). Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1901) 71(2): 576, pl. 35, figs. 3–4. (Tropidonotus inas) Type: Holotype, not designated, a 397 mm specimen (Laidlaw & Yapp, 1899–1900). Type locality: “Gunong Inas, Malay Peninsula” [at or near Sira Rimau, near the base of the mountain Gunong Inas in the northern part of Malaya fide E.H. Taylor, 1965: 831]. Distribution: Southern Thailand (Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Prachuap Khiri Khan) and West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak), 950–2000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, M.J. Cox, 1991b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, David & I. Das, 2003, I Das, 2010 and Grismer et al., 2010. Remarks: Figures of holotype mislabeled as fig. 2a, b fide Laidlaw (1902: 576). Holotype listed as BMNH 79 fide Cox et al. (2013: 371). 15. Amphiesma ishigakiense (Malnate & Munsterman, 1960). Proc. California Acad. Sci. (4) 31(2): 61–63, fig. 2. (Natrix pryeri ishigakiensis) Type: Holotype, CAS 21913, a 932 mm male (J.C. Thompson a.k.a. V. Kühne, 25 May–2 June 1910). Type locality: “Ishigaki-shima,Yaeyama group, Riukiu Islands” [= Ishigakijima, Ryukyu Arch., S Japan, bet. 24°20’–37’N and 124°04’–21’E]. Distribution: Southern Japan (Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Arch.). Sources: M. Mori, 1986 and Ota & Iwanaga, 1997. 16. Amphiesma johannis (Boulenger, 1908i). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2(8): 244. (Tropidonotus johannis) Synonym: Natrix nigroreticulata M.L.Y. Chang, 1932. Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.12.79, male, and BMNH 1946.1.21.88–89, longest syntype 910 mm (J. Graham, 1903–1908). Type locality: “Yunnan fu” [= Kunming, Yunnan, S China, 25°02’N, 102°43’E, elevation 1950 m]. Distribution: Southern China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan), 1830–1900 m. Source: Zhao & Adler, 1993. 17. Amphiesma kerinciense David & Das, 2003. Raffles Bull. Zool. 51(2): 414–416, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, ZRC 2.3521, a 516 mm female (D. Yeo & H.H. Tan, 12 June 1996). Type locality: “Sungai Jalnei Dalam, at base of Gunung Tugu (or Tujuh) [= Mt. Tugo or Tujuh] (01° 42’ 59.0” S-101° 21’ 43.1” E), Gunung Kerinci [= Mt. Kerinci], Sumatera Barat Prov., Sumatra Island, Indonesia.” Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Sumatra), 1400 m. 18. Amphiesma khasiense (Boulenger, 1890a). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 344. (Tropidonotus khasiensis) Synonym: Natrix gilhodesi Wall, 1925b. Types: Syntypes (4), BMNH 1946.1.12.80–82 and BMNH 1946.1.13.45, longest syntype 563 mm (T.C. Jerdon, 1836–1852). Type locality: “Khási Hills” [Meghalaya, India]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Northwestern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya Mizoran, Nagaland, West Bengal), SW China (Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan), Myanmar (Chin, Kachin), N Thailand (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Loei), Cambodia (Kampot, Koh Kong) and Laos (Phongsali), 400–2000 m. Sources: Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orlov et al., 2000, Chanhome et al., 2001, Ao et al., 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Pauwels et al., 2009b and I. Das, 2010. Remarks: Vietnam records listed by V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 are A. boulengeri fide David (in litt.). 31 Snakes of the World 19. Amphiesma leucomystax David, Bain, Truong, Orlov, Vogel, Thanh & Ziegler, 2007. Zootaxa (1462): 43–46, figs. 1–7. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 71702, a 595 mm female (T. Ziegler, 12 July 1997). Type locality: “southeastern border of the Ky Anh-Ke Go lowland forest protected area, surroundings 18°00’N-106º06’E, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh Prov., Vietnam, 125 m asl.” Distribution: Southeast Asia. Northeastern Cambodia (Ratanakiri), Laos (Khammouan, Xekong) and Vietnam (Da Nang, Gia Lai, Ha Tinh, Kon Tum, Nghe An, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue), 100– 1300 m. Sources: B.L. Stuart & Heatwole, 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, B.L. Stuart et al., 2010 and Cox et al., 2013. 20. Amphiesma metusia Inger, Zhao, Shaffer & Wu, 1990. Fieldiana: Zool. (58): 18–19, fig. 10. Type: Holotype, CIB (CIB-FN 36982), an 885 mm female (R.F. Inger, E.-M. Zhao, H.B. Shaffer & G.-F. Wu, 29 May 1987). Type locality: “Wa Shan (29°38”N, 102°56’E), Hongya County, Sichuan Prov., China, alt. 1200 m; in forest clearing.” Distribution: Southern China (Sichuan), 1200–1470 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality, Source: Zhao & Adler, 1993. 21. Amphiesma miyajimae (Maki, 1931). Monogr. Snakes Japan: 49–51, figs. 22a–d, pl. 15. (Natrix miyajimae) Type: Holotype, NSMT H2956 (formerly KIU no. b), a 392–393 mm male (Miyajima, May 1928). Type locality: “Taihoku, Formosa” [= Taipei City, Taipei Co., N Taiwan, 25°05’N, 121°34’E, elevation 50 m]. Distribution: Northern Taiwan (Taipei), 50–1000 m. Sources: Toriba, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Ota, 1997 and Xiang & Li, 2009. 22. Amphiesma modestum (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1875). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 43(1): 232. (Tropidonotus modestus) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.41, a 484 mm male (T.C. Jerdon, 1836–1852), designated by V.S. Nguyen et al. (2009: 356). Type locality: “Khasi Hills, India” [= Khasi Hills, E Meghalaya State, NE India, 25°35’N, 91°38’E, elevation 1370–1675 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Eastern India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland), SW China (Guizhou, Guangdong, W Yunnan), Myanmar (Kachin, Kayah), N Thailand, Cambodia (Kampot), N Laos (Xiangkhouang) and S Vietnam (Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Ha Tinh, Lam Dong, Lao Cai, Vinh Phuc), 600–1525 m. Sources: Deuve, 1970, Saint-Girons, 1972, Wen, 1983, Zhao & Adler, 1993, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010. Remarks: Records of this species from China and Vietnam (excluding above records) represent an undescribed species fide David (in litt.). 23. Amphiesma monticola (Jerdon, 1854). J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1853) 22(6): 530. (Tropidonotus monticolus) Type: Holotype, not designated, a 982+ mm specimen, lost fide M.A. Smith (1943: 308). Type locality: “Wynaad, S. India” [= Wayanad Distr., N Kerala State, SW India]. Distribution: Southern India (S Karnataku, Kerala, Tamil Nadu). Source: Whitaker & Captain, 2004. 24. Amphiesma nicobarense (Sclater, 1891a). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 60(3): 241–242, pl. 6, figs. 5a–d. (Tropidonotus nicobarensis) Synonyms: Tropidonotus nicobaricus Sclater, 1891a (nomen incorrigendum), and Tropidonotus nicobariensis Boulengere, 1893a (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, ZSI 8895, a juvenile (F. A. de Roepstorff, 1875–1883). Type locality: “Camorta in the Nicobars” [= Camorta Is., Nicobars, Andaman & Nicobars, E India, bet. 8°02’– 14’N & 93°27’–33’E, Bay of Bengal]. Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Camorta Is.). Known only from holotype. Sources: Biswas & Sanyal, 1980 and I. Das, 1999. 25. Amphiesma octolineatum (Boulenger, 1904a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13(74): 132. (Tropidonotus octolineatus) Synonyms: Tropidonotus pleurotaenia Boulenger, 1904a, Tropidonotus quadrilineatus Boulenger, 1904a, Tropidonotus parallelus sublaevis Despax, 1913, and Natrix septemlineata K.P. Schmidt, 1925b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.60, a 610 mm female (J. Graham, 1904–1904). Type locality: “Yunnan Fu (altitude about 6000 feet)” [= Kumming, Yunnan, China, 25°02’N, 102°43’E, elevation 1950 m]. Distribution: Southern China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan), 1830–2100 m. Sources: He, 1983, Zhao & Adler, 1993 and Zhao, 2006. A 32 A Snakes of the World 26. Amphiesma optatum (S.-Q. Hu & Zhao, 1966). Acta Zootaxon. Sinica 3(2): 160–161, 164, pl. 1, figs. 2–3, pl. 2, fig. 3. (Natrix optata) Type: Holotype, CIB 3624, adult male (C.-C. Liu, 9 Aug. 1940). Type locality: “Liang Feng Kang, Mt. Omei, Szechwan, altitude 700 m, China” [= Liang Feng Gang, Mt. Emei Shan (ca. 29°31’N, 103°20’E), Sichuan Prov., S China, elevation 700 m]. Distribution: Southern China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan) and N Vietnam (Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phu), 400–1100 m. Sources: Zhao & Adler, 1993, David et al., 1998, Xie et al., 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, 2003, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010. 27. Amphiesma parallelum (Boulenger, 1890a). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 345. (Tropidonotus parallelus) Synonyms: Tropidonotus dipsas J. Anderson, 1879, and Natrix clerki Wall, 1925b. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.53, a 545 mm male (J.D. Hooker, May–Dec. 1849), designated by Kramer (1977: 728). Type locality: “Sikkim, India” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoran, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal), E Nepal (Ilam, Lalitpur, Sankhuwasabha), SW China (Xizang, Yunnan), Thailand (UMMZ 138282) and N Myanmar (Kachin), 900–3050 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1913g, Kramer, 1977, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orlov et al., 2000, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Ao et al., 2004, Tiwari & Shah, 2004 and I. Das, 2010. Remarks: Photographs of lectotype in Kramer (1977: figs. 5–8). 28. Amphiesma pealii (Sclater, 1891a). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 60(3): 241, pl. 6, figs. 4a–c. (Tropidonotus pealii) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.13.43 and ZSI 4034 (formerly IMC), two males, longest syntype 508 mm (S.E. Peal, 1872–1891). Type locality: “Sibsagar district of Assam” [= Sibsagar Distr., N Assam State, NE India, ca. 26°59’N, 94°38’E, elevation ca. 100 m]. Distribution: Northeastern India (Assam), ca. 100 m. Known only from type locality. 29. Amphiesma petersii (Boulenger, 1893a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 1: 225, pl. 14, fig. 1. (Tropidonotus petersii) (nomen substitutum) Synonym: Tropidonotus maculatus W.C.H. Peters, 1871b (nomen praeoccupatum), and Tropidonotus sundanensis W.C.H. Peters, 1872d (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.47, a 370 mm male (A.R. Wallace, 1 Nov. 1854–25 Jan. 1856). Type locality: “Borneo” [= Sarawak, East Malaysia]. Distribution: Southeast Asia. West Malaysia, Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and W Indonesia (Sumatra). Sources: Harman, 1961, Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, 1994, Lim & Lim, 1992, David & Vogel, 1996 and David & I. Das, 2003, 2010. 30. Amphiesma platyceps (Blyth, 1854a). J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 23(3): 297–298. (Tropidonotus platyceps) Synonyms: Tropidonotus dipsas Blyth, 1854a, Zamenis himalayanus Steindachner, 1867, and Tropidonotus firthi Wall, 1914c. Type: Lectotype, ZSI 7482 (formerly IMC 7482), a 692+ mm specimen (W.S. Sherwill, 1843–1854), designated by Malnate (1966: 11). Type locality: “Darjeeling, Bengal” [=Darjeeling, West Bengal, N India, 27°02’N, 88°16’E, elevation ca. 2100 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northern Pakistan (W Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), N India (Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (Baitadi, Bajhang, Dolakha, Dadeldhura, Dolpa, Doti, Jumla, Kaski, Kavre, Lalitpur, Lamjung, Makwanpur, Manang, Mustang, Nuwakot, Panchthar, Rasuwa, Sankhuwasabha, Sindhupalchok, Solukhumbu, Taplejung) and SW China (Xizang), 1250–3700 m. Sources: Swan & Leviton, 1962, Malnate, 1966, Kramer, 1977, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, Zhao & Adler, 1993, M.S. Khan, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. Remarks: Photographs of lectotype in Kramer (1977: figs. 9–12). 31. Amphiesma popei (K.P. Schmidt, 1925a). Amer. Mus. Novit. (157): 3. (Natrix popei) Type: Holotype, AMNH 27763, adult male (C.H. Pope, Dec. 1922–July 1923). Type locality: “Nodoa, Hainan, China” [= Nada, Zhan County, Hainan Prov., S China]. Distribution: Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan) and Vietnam (Vinh Phuc), 600–800 m. Sources: Malnate, 1962, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Xie et al., 1998 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 32. Amphiesma pryeri (Boulenger, 1887f). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 55(1): 149, pl. 18, fig. 3. (Tropidonotus pryeri) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.7.63, a 770 mm male (H. Pryer, 1886), designated by Ota & Iwanaga (1997: 353). 33 Snakes of the World Type locality: “Loo Choo Islands” [= Ryukyu Arch., S Japan]. Restricted to Okinawa Island fide Malnate & Munsterman (1960: 52). Probably Anamioshima or Okinawajima fide Ota & Iwanaga (1997: 353). Distribution: Extreme S Japan (Ryukyus: Agunijima, Akajima, Amamioshima, Amurojima, Fukajijima, Gishifujima, Gushikawajima, Gusukujima, Hamahigajima, Hatejima, Haterumajima, Hyanzajima, Iejima, Iheyajima, Ikeijima, Ikemajima, Irabujima, Iriomotejima, Ishigakijima, Izenajima, Kakeromajima, Kerumajima, Kikaijima, Kohamajima, Korijima, Kubajima, Kudakajima, Kumejima, Kurimajima, Kuroshima, Maejima, Minnjima, Miyagijima, Miyakojima, Nakajima, Nakanogamijima, Nohojima, Ogamijima, Ohajima, Ojima, Okierabujima, Okinawajima, Sesokojima, Shimojishima, Taketomijima, Taramajima, Tokashikijima, Tokunoshima, Tonakijima, Tsukenjima, Ukejima, Yabuchijima, Yaguchijima, Yakabijima, Yanahajima, Yonagunijima, Yorojima, Yoronjima and Zamamijima Is.). Sources: Malnate & Munsterman, 1960, Malnate, 1962, 1963, M. Mori, 1982, Toriba, 1990a and Ota et al., 1991. 33. Amphiesma sanguineum (Smedley, 1932a). Bull. Raffles Mus (1931) (6): 116. (Natrix sanguinea) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.90, a 475 mm specimen (N. Smedley, 1931). Type locality: “Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malay Peninsula” [= Tanah Rata, Pahang State, cen. West Malaysia, 4°28’N, 101°23’E, elevation 1500 m]. Distribution: West Malaysia (Johor, Pahang, Selangor), 125–1750 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, Chan-ard et al., 1999, B.L. Lim et al., 2002, David & I. Das, 2003 and Leong & Diesmos, 2004. 34. Amphiesma sarasinorum (Boulenger, 1896c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17(101): 393–394. (Tropidonotus sarasinorum) Type: Lectotype, NMBA 986, a 530 mm male (P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1893–1896), designated by Kramer (1978: 662). Type locality: “Loka, Mount Bonthain, 1200 m, Celebes” [= Loka, Mt. Lompobatang, South Sulawesi Prov., SW Sulawesi, cen. Indonesia, 5°19’S, 119°54’E, elevation 1200 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Indonesia (SW Sulawesi), 1200– 1500 m. Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2008b. 35. Amphiesma sarawacensis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 40(1): 596. (Tropidonotus sarawacensis) Synonyms: Tropidonotus maculatus W.C.H. Peters, 1871b, and Tropidonotus saravacensis Boulenger, 1893a (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.13.12–14, two males and a female (A.H. Everett, 1869–1872). Type locality: “Matang in the district of Sarawak, western Borneo” [= Kampong Matang, First Division, Kidi Distr., W Sarawak, East Malaysia, 1°35’N, 110°14’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Borneo. West Malaysia (Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor), Brunei, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Indonesia (Kalimantan), 15–1700 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, Stuebing & Inger, 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002, David & I. Das, 2003, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Inger & Tan, 2010. 36. Amphiesma sauteri (Boulenger, 1909a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 4(24): 495. (Tropidonotus sauteri) Synonyms: Natrix copei Van Denburgh, 1909, Amphiesma sauteri bourreti Malnate, 1962, and Amphiesma sauteri maximus Malnate, 1962. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.13.38–39, a male and female (H. Sauter, 1902–1909). Type locality: “Kosempo, Formosa” [= Taiwan]. Distribution: Eastern Asia. Southeastern China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan, Laos and N Vietnam (Bac Kan, Ha Tay, Lang Son, Vinh Phuc), 500–1500 m. Sources: Malnate, 1962, Kuntz, 1963, Toriba, 1986, Inger et al., 1990, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Xie et al., 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: V.S. Nguyen et al. (2009: 359) erroneously listed CAS 18004 as holotype. 37. Amphiesma sieboldii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1860c). Proc. Zool Soc. London 28(1): 156–157. (Herpetoreas sieboldii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.16, a 917 mm male (H.R.A. von Schlagintweit, A. von Schlagintweit, & R. von Schlagintweit, 1854–1858). Type locality: “Sikkim, Himalaya (7500 feet above the level of the sea)” [= Sikkim State, NE India, elevation 2285 m]. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northeastern Pakistan (Punjab), N India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim), Nepal, Bhutan (Trashiyangtse) and N Myanmar (Shan), 1220– 3660 m. Sources: Malnate, 1966, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, M.S. Khan, 2002, Agarwal et al., 2010, Wangyal, 2011 and I. Das, 2012. A 34 A Snakes of the World Remarks: A synonym of A. platyceps Blyth fide Kramer, 1977. 38. Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 219. (Coluber stolatus) Synonyms: Coluber bilineatus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber cinctum Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber malpolon Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Elaps bilineatus Schneider, 1801, Coluber arboreus Merrem, 1820, Tropidonotus ruficeps W.C.H. Peters, 1869, Tropidonotus olivaceus Sclater, 1891, Tropidonotus stolatus erythrostictus Wall, 1911, and Natrix stolata chinensis Mell, 1931a. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-16 (formerly MAFR), a 490 mm male (Mus. Drottn.), lost fide Cox et al. (2013: 380). Type locality: “America” (in error). Corrected to Asia fide Linnaeus (1766: 380). Restricted to Dayao Shan, Guangxi, China fide Cox et al. (2013: 380). Distribution: Southern and SE Asia. Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh), India (Andamans & Nicobars: Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Kalutara), Nepal (Banke, Bara, Bardiya, Bhaktapur, Chitwan, Dang, Dadeldhura, Dhankuta, Dhanusa, Dolakha, Doti, Gorkha, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanapur, Kapilbastu, Kaski, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Lamjung, Mahottari, Makwanpur, Nuwakot, Parsa, Rasuwa, Rautahat, Rupandehi, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sindhupalchok, Sunsari, Tanahu, Taplejung), Macau, S China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Lanyu Is.), Taiwan, Myanmar (Yangon), Thailand (Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Loei, Lop Buri, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Saraburi, Si Sa Ket, Suphan Buri, Tak, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani), Bangladesh (Chittagong), Cambodia (Kampot, Pursat), Laos and Vietnam (Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Ninh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Cao Bang, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Hai Dong, Hai Phong, Hanoi, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh City, Lac Cai, Lang Son, Ninh Binh, Nghe An, Phu Tho, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thian-Hue, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Wall, 1911a, Kuntz, 1963, E.H. Taylor, 1965, P. Silva, 1969, Singh, 1972, Karsen et al., 1986, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, Easton & Leung-Va, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, I. Das, 1994, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Lazell, 1999, Orlov et al., 2000, M.S. Khan, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, Mahony et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, A Silva, 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009 and Masroor, 2012. 39. Amphiesma taronense (M.A. Smith, 1940c). Rec. Indian Mus. 42(3): 482–483. (Natrix venningi taronensis) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1940.6.1.93, a male (R. Kaulback, 1937–1939). Type locality: “Pangnamdim, Nam Tamai Valley, Upper Burma, 27°42’N, 97°54’E” [= Pangnamdim, N Kachin State, ext. N Myanmar, 27°44’N, 97°53’E, elevation 1000 m]. Distribution: Northern Myanmar (Chin, Kachin), 1000 m. Sources: I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: A valid species fide I. Das (2010: 335). 40. Amphiesma venningi (Wall, 1910j). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1910–19011) 20(2): 345–346. (Tropidonotus venningi) Synonym: Natrix nigriventer Wall, 1925b. Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.21.86, a 724–750 mm male, BMNH 1946.1.13.60, a 686 mm specimen, and BMNH 1946.1.13.49, a juvenile (formerly FEW XXXV, FEW XXXVI & BNHS) (F.E.W. Venning, 26 Sept.–8 Oct. 1908 and 1910). Type locality: “Haka Chin Hills” [= vicinity of Haka Station, Chin Hills, Chin State, NW Myanmar, elevation 1980 m]. Distribution: Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya), Bangladesh (Rangamati), N Myanmar (Chin, Kachin) and S China (Yunnan), 1040–1980 m. Sources: Venning, 1910, Kou, 1985, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Captain & Bhatt, 2002, Gayen, 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Zhao, 2006 and Reza, 2010b. 41. Amphiesma vibakari (H. Boie, 1826). Isis von Oken 18(2): 207–208. (Tropidonotus vibakari) Synonyms: Tropidonotus martensii Hilgendorf, 1876, Natrix vibakari ruthveni Van Denburgh, 1923, Natrix vibokari – Pavloff, 1926 (nomen incorrectum), Natrix vibakari nikolskii Emelianov, 1929, and Amphiesma vibakari danjoensis Toriba, 1986. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 1068, a 394–400 mm specimen (P.F.B. von Siebold, 1823–1826), designated herein. Type locality: “Decima, Japan” [= Dejima Is., previously in Nagasaki harbor, now part of Nagasaki, Japan, 32°45’N, 129°52’E, elevation 10 m] (possibly in error fide Siebold in Temminck & Schlegel, 1838: iii) via lectotype selection. Distribution: Eastern Asia. Eastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), E. Russia, Korea and Japan, NSL– 1800 m. Sources: Maki, 1931, Shannon, 1956, Malnate, 1962, Bannikov et al., 1977, Ota, 1983, M. Mori, 1984, Toriba, 1986, 1990a, Szyndlar & Hung, 1987, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Adnagulov et al., 2000 and San & Lee, 2007. Remarks: Original description reprinted in H. Boie (1827b: 252–254), in which J.C. Blomhoff is cited as 35 Snakes of the World collector, with syntype illustrated in Temminck & Schlegel (1838: pl. 5, figs. 1–8). RMNH has three paralectotypes (RMNH 47305–07) collected by Siebold in Japan. 42. Amphiesma viperinum (Schenkel, 1901). Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel (1901–1902) 13(1): 155–156. (Xenochrophis viperinus) Type: Holotype, NMBA 1495, a 250 mm male (A. von Mechel, 1895–1901). Type locality: “Indragiri, Sumatra” [= Indragiri Regency, Sumatra, W Indonesia]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (Sumatra). Known only from type locality. Sources: Malnate & Minton, 1965, David & Vogel, 1996 and David & I. Das, 2003. 43. Amphiesma xenura (Wall, 1907c). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1906–1907) 17(3): 616–617, pl., fig. 2. (Tropidonotus xenura) Type: Holotype, IMC, lost fide M.A. Smith (1943: 292). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), Bangladesh and Myanmar (Rakhine, Sagaing). Sources: Romer, 1945, I. Das, 2004b, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Wogan et al., 2008, Ali Reza, 2010 and I. Das, 2010. AMPLORHINUS A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Synonyms: Amblorhinus – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1894 (nomen incorrectum), Anoplorhinus – Boulenger, 1912 (nomen incorrectum), and Amplovihirus – BriceñoRossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Amplorhinus multimaculatus A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Sources: Boulenger, 1896a, Bogert, 1940, Broadley, 1959, 1983, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Branch, 1982, 1988, Cadle, 1994, Marais, 2004, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 1. Amplorhinus multimaculatus A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849. Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 57, 2 pp. Synonym: Dipsas smithi A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b. Types: Syntypes (5), BMNH 1946.1.2.71–75, three adult females, an adult male, and a juvenile female (A. Smith, 1828–1837), longest syntype 610 mm. Type locality: “Southern Africa” [= Cape of Good Hope fide Boulenger, 1896a: 125, and Cape Colony, South Africa fide V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a: 193]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Eastern Zimbabwe (Manicaland), Lesotho and SE South Africa (Eastern Cape, Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga), NSL–2590 m. AMPHIESMOIDES Malnate, 1961 (Natricidae) Type species: Tropidonotus ornaticeps F. Werner, 1924a. Distribution: Southeastern China and N Vietnam. Sources: Gressitt, 1941a, Malnate, 1961, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Zhao, 2006, David et al., 2007, Q.T. Nguyen et al., 2010b, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Shi, 2011. 1. Amphiesmoides ornaticeps (F. Werner, 1924a). Sitz. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Natur. Kl. Abt. 1 133(1–3): 30–31. (Tropidonotus ornaticeps) Synonym: Natrix andrewsi K.P. Schmidt, 1925. Type: Holotype, NMW 23415, an 840 mm female (A. Owston, 30 May 1903). Type locality: “Northern Hainan” [= N Hainan Is., Hainan Prov., SE China]. Distribution: Southeastern China (Fujian, E Guangxi, Hainan) and N Vietnam (Bac Giang, Hoa Binh, Nghe An), NSL–720 m. Remarks: Guangdong, China record rejected fide V.S. Nguyen et al. (2010: 50) and Li, 2011. †ANILIOIDES Auffenberg, 1963 (Boidae) Synonym: Aniloides – Estes & Báez, 1985 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: †Anilioides minuatus Auffenberg, 1963. Distribution: Upper Oligocene and lower Miocene of USA. Sources: Auffenberg, 1963, Holman, 1981b, 2000a and Rage, 1984b. 1. †Anilioides minuatus Auffenberg, 1963. Tulane Stud. Zool. 10(3): 164–165, fig. 12. Type: Holotype, UF 6151, one trunk vertebra (W. Auffenberg, 1954). Type locality: “Boulder Bar, Thomas Farm, Gilchrist County, Florida; Lower Miocene, Arikareean, Hawthorne formation.” Distribution: Lower Miocene (Hemingfordian: 16.3–20.6 mya) of USA (Florida). Known only from type locality. A 36 A Snakes of the World 2. †Anilioides nebraskensis Holman, 1976b. Herpetologica 32(1): 91–92, figs. 3a–d. Type: Holotype, UNSM 4519, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Loc. I, Lower Gering; University of Nebraska State Museum Locality MO-119 (NW 1/4, SE 1/4, sec. 32, T 20 N, R 52 W, 10.46 km S and 2.01 km W of Bayard, Morrill County, Nebraska, lower Eocene).” Distribution: Upper Oligocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska, Wyoming) and lower Miocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska). ANILIOS Gray, 1845 (Typhlopidae) Synonyms: Libertadictus Wells & Wellington, 1984, Sivadictus Wells & Wellington, 1985, and Austrotyphlops Wallach, 2006. Type species: Anilios australis Gray, 1845. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Sources: Krefft, 1869, Waite, 1918, F. Werner, 1921a, Kinghorn, 1929, Cogger et al., 1983a, Wells & Wellington, 1984, S.G. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Gow, 1989, Shine & Webb, 1990, 1993a, Ehmann, 1992, Greer, 1997, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Shea, 1999, Cogger, 2000, L.D. Wilson & Swan, 2003, Wallach, 2006, Wallach & Glaw, 2009 and Savage & Boundy, 2012. 1. Anilios affinis (Boulenger, 1889b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 4(23): 363. (Typhlops affinis) Synonyms: Typhlops unguirostris W.C.H. Peters, 1867d (partim), and Typhlops kenti Boulenger, 1914c. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.56 (formerly BMNH 1874.4.29.243), a 170 mm specimen (R.H. Beddome coll.). Type locality: “Queensland” [Australia]. Distribution: Eastern Australia (ext. N New South Wales, N Northern Territory, E Queensland), 60–235 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893, McDowell, 1974, S.G. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Shea, 1999, Gow, 1989, Weigel, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Swan et al., 2004, S.G. Wilson, 2005, Swanson, 2007 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. Remarks: Typhlops kenti a valid species fide Wells & Wellington (1985: 41). Head of type of Typhlops kenti illustrated by H.W. Parker (1931: 604). Waite (1894a: 11), Boulenger (1895g: 718), McDowell (1974a: 33), Cogger et al. (1983: 199) and Bauer et al. (2002: 166) discussed affinis-unguirostris types. 2. Anilios ammodytes (Montague, 1914). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 84(3): 642–643, pl. 1, figs. 8–10. (Typhlops ammodytes) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.23 (formerly BMNH 1913.10.16.1), a 230 mm specimen (P.D. Montague & L. Burns, 29 May–29 Aug. 1912). Type locality: “Hermite Island, Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia, approximately in lat. 20º 25’S., long. 115º 30’ E, 105 miles E.N.E. of North-West Cape, and 40 miles from the mouth of the Fortescue River” [Australia]. Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia: Barrow, Elphick Nob, Legendre, Lowendal and Varanus Is.), NSL–800 m. Sources: Waite, 1918, Storr, 1981d, Wells & Wellington, 1985, Storr et al., 2002 and S.G. Wilson & Swan, 2003. Remarks: Resurrected from the synonymy of Ramphotyphlops (= Anilios) diversus fide Wells & Wellington (1984: 105). 3. Anilios aspinus (Couper, Covacevich & Wilson, 1998). Mem. Queensland Mus. 42(2): 462–464, figs. 3–4. (Ramphotyphlops aspina) Type: Holotype, QM J51541, a 235.5 mm specimen (T. Pulsford, 1990). Type locality: “Margot Stn, 20km N Barcaldine (23º27’S, 145º16’E), CQ, Australia” [= cen. Queensland, NE Australia, elevation 280 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Australia (cen. Queensland), 280 m. Known only from type series. Sources: S.G. Wilson & Swan, 2003, Swan, 2005 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. 4. Anilios australis Gray, 1845. Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus.: 135. Synonyms: Onychocephalus verticalis A. Smith, 1846 in 1838–1849, Onychocephalus macrurus W.C.H. Peters, 1860a, Typhlops preissi Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, and Typhlops preyssi – Jan, 1861a (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.61, a 196 mm specimen (W. Buchanan, 1840–1845), designated by Cogger in Cogger, et al. (1983: 195). Type locality: “W. Australia” [= Western Australia, presumably Perth or adjacent regions fide G. Shea in Rabosky et al., 2004: 541]. Distribution: Southwestern Australia (SW Western Australia, Bernier, Dirk Hartog, Dorre, East Wallabi and Rottnest Is.), NSL–480 m. Sources: Waite, 1929, Storr, 1981d, Weigel, 1990, Bush et al., 1995, 2007, Swan, 1995, Shea, 1999, Bauer et al., 2002, Storr et al., 2002, Rabosky et al., 2004 and Swan et al., 2004. Remarks: Wells & Wellington (1985: 41) recognized Typhlops preissi as a distinct species and transferred it to Sivadictus. 37 Snakes of the World 5. Anilios batillus (Waite, 1894a). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) 9(1): 9–10, pl. 1, figs. 1–3. (Typhlops batillus) Synonym: Typhlina batilla Hahn, 1980a. Type: Holotype, AMS 42756 (formerly MM 3 & MM 669), a 320 mm female (W.J. Macleay & G. Masters, Jan. 1874). Type locality: “Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia” [= 35°07’S, 147°22’E, elevation 145 m] Distribution: Southeastern Australia (New South Wales), 145 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Goldman et al., 1969, Shea, 1999 and Swan et al., 2004. 6. Anilios bicolor (P. Schmidt in W.C.H. Peters, 1858a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1858(11): 509. (Onychocephalus bicolor) Type: Lectotype, ZMB 4721, a 275 mm specimen (M.P.F.P. Schmidt), designated by Wells & Wellington (1985: 41). Type locality: “Adelaide, S.A.” [= Adelaide, SE South Australia, S Australia, 34°56’S, 138°36’E, elevation 45 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Australia (W New South Wales, South Australia, NW Victoria, S Western Australia), NSL–635 m. Sources: Wells & Wellington, 1985, Bauer et al., 2002, Rabosky et al., 2004, Swan & Watharow, 2005 and Bush et al., 2007. Remarks: See Bauer et al. (2002: 161) for a discussion of publication date. Resurrected from synonymy of Anilios australis and placed in Sivadictus fide Wells & Wellington (1985: 41). 7. Anilios bituberculatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1863a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(4): 233–234. (Onychocephalus bituberculatus) Synonym: Typhlina bituberculata Cogger, 1975. Type: Lectotype, ZMB 4723, a 333 mm specimen (R.H. Schomburgk, 1849–1863), designated by Wells & Wellington (1985:40). Type locality: “Loos, 4.5km West of Gawler, South Australia” [= vicinity of Buchfelde, SE South Australia, S Australia, 34°36’S, 138°42’E, elevation 50 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Australia (New South Wales, S Northern Territory, SW Queensland, South Australia, NW Victoria, S Western Australia), NSL–920 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Weigel, 1990, Coventry & Robertson, 1991, Bauer et al., 1995, 2002, Swan, 1995, Shea, 1999, Storr et al., 2002, Swan et al., 2004, Swan & Ratharow, 2005, S.G. Wilson, 2005, Bush et al., 2007, Swanson, 2007 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. Remarks: ZMB 4723 was longest and first catalogued specimen of four syntypes, both good reasons why it is most likely selected lectotype by Wells & Wellington (1985: 40). 8. Anilios broomi (Boulenger, 1898f). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2(11): 414. (Typhlops broomi) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.64 (formerly BMNH 1898.9.6.2), a 125 mm specimen (R. Broom, 1894–1898). Type locality: “Muldiva, Queensland” [= Maldiva, near Cairns (16°55’S, 145°46’E), N Queensland, Australia]. Distribution: Northeastern Australia (E Queensland), 30–615 m. Sources: Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Shea, 1995, 1999 and S.G. Wilson, 2005. 9. Anilios centralis (Storr, 1984b). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 11(3): 313–314, fig. 1. (Ramphotyphlops centralis) Type: Holotype, NTM A/S 344.90 (formerly NTM 317), a male specimen between 165–306 mm (Conser. Comm. Northern Territory, Oct. 1976). Type locality: “Alice Springs, Northern Territory, in 23°42’S, 133°52’E, central Australia” [Australia, elevation 610 m]. Distribution: Central Australia (S Northern Territory, ext. N South Australia), 425–800 m. 10. Anilios chamodracaena (Ingram & Covacevich, 1993). Mem. Queensland Mus. 34(1): 182–184, fig. 3. (Ramphotyphlops chamodracaena) Type: Holotype, QM J40233, a 114–210 mm specimen (G. Ingram & P. Webber, 18 March 1982). Type locality: “N Camp ‘Beagle’, ca. 40 km N Aurukun (13°05’S, 141°59’E), Cape York Peninsula” [= N Queensland, NE Australia]. Distribution: Northeastern Australia (ext. N Queensland), NSL–120 m. Source: Cameron & Cogger, 2000. 11. Anilios diversus (Waite, 1894a). Proc. Linn. N.S.W. (2) 9(1): 10–11, pl. 1, figs. 4–6. (Typhlops diversus) Type: Holotype, QM J2943 (formerly D4432), a 212 mm specimen (F.W. Allpuss, 1 June 1887). Type locality: “Mowen, Central Railway, Queensland, Australia” [= Morven, 26°25’S, 147°07’E, elevation 510 m]. Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory, NW Queensland, N Western Australia, Bathurst, Bumage, Darch, Guluwuru, Mallison, Melville, Vanderlin and Watson Is.), NSL–285 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Swan, 1995, Shea, 1999, Storr et al., 2002, S.G. Wilson, 2005 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. A 38 A Snakes of the World 12. Anilios endoterus (Waite, 1918a). Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 1(1): 32–33, fig. 24. (Typhlops endoterus) Synonyms: Anilios australis Gray, 1845 (partim, a paralectotype), Typhlops leonhardii Sternfeld, 1919, and Typhlina endotera McDowell, 1974a. Type: Holotype, SAMA 88, a 235 mm specimen (F. Scarfe, 22 Jan. 1912). Type locality: “Hermannsburg, Central Australia” [= Mission Station Hermannsburg, Finke River, S Northern Territory, Australia, 23°56’S, 132°48’E, elevation 595 m]. Distribution: Central Australia (ext. NW New South Wales, Northern Territory, ext. SW Queensland, South Australia, E Western Australia), NSL–870 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Aplin & Donnellan, 1993, Shea, 1999, Swan et al., 2004 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. 13. Anilios erycinus (F. Werner, 1901a). Verh. Zool.Bot. Ges. Wien 51: 611, 1 fig. (Typhlops erycinus) Synonyms: Typhlops iridescens de Jong, 1930b and Typhlina erycina McDowell, 1974a. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 350 mm specimen, possibly ZMB 17665 or ZMB 18963 fide Bauer et al. (2002: 170), NMW fide Hahn (1980a: 41), or ZMH, destroyed fide Iskandar & Colijn (2001: 14). Type locality: “Deutsch-Neu-Guinea” [= German New Guinea or N Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (N Papua) and Papua New Guinea (Madang, Morobe, West Sepik, Western), NSL–165 m. Sources: Wallach, 1993b, O’Shea, 1996, and Kraus & Allison, 2006. 14. Anilios ganei (Aplin, 1998). Rec. West Aust. Mus. 19(1): 7–9, figs. 6–8. (Ramphotyphlops ganei) Type: Holotype, WAS 124835, a 258–355 mm (svl) female (B. Bush, 26 Sept. 1995). Type locality: “Cathedral Gorge, 30 km west of Newman, Western Australia, in 23º17’30”S, 119º28’E” [Australia]. Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia), 200–715 m. Source: Storr et al., 2007. Remarks: Collector of holotype L. Gane fide Storr et al. (2007: 25). 15. Anilios grypus (Waite, 1918a). Rec. So. Aust. Mus. 1(1): 17–18, fig. 7. (Typhlops grypus) Synonyms: Typhlops gryphus – Worrell, 1963 (nomen incorrectum), Typhlina grypa McDowell, 1974a, and Typhlina grypha – Hahn, 1980a (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, NMV D12351 (formerly NMV 7102), a 335 mm specimen. Type locality: “Australia.” Restricted to E Australia fide Storr (1981d: 249). Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, N Western Australia, Barrow, Faure, and West Intercourse Is.), 165–390 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Sadlier, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Shea, 1999, Storr et al., 2002, S.G. Wilson, 2005, Bush et al., 2007, and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. Remarks: Specific locality of holotype unknown fide Cogger et al. (1983: 196). Type possibly from E Australia based on its high ventral count fide Storr (1981d: 249). 16. Anilios guentheri (W.C.H. Peters, 1865). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1865(6): 259–260, pl. figs. 1, 1a–c. (Typhlops guentheri) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Typhlops güntheri W.C.H. Peters, 1865 (nomen incorrigendum) and Typhlops guentheri – Boulenger, 1893a (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.88 (formerly BMNH 1857.10.24.53), a 142 mm specimen (J.R. Elsey, Oct. 1855–June 1856). Type locality: “Nordaustralien” [= North Australia]. Restricted to the major campsite of the North Australian Expedition on the Victoria River, Northern Territory (ca. 15º40’S, 130º20’E) fide Shea & Homer (1996: 58, fig. 3). Distribution: Northern Australia (NW Northern Territory, N Western Australia), NSL–450 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Shea & Horner, 1996, Shea, 1999, Cogger, 2000, and Storr et al., 2002. 17. Anilios hamatus (Storr, 1981d). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9(3): 251–254, fig. 15. (Ramphotyphlops hamatus) Type: Holotype, WAM 69572, an 85–377 mm (svl) specimen (R.E. Johnstone, 6 May 1980). Type locality: “garden at Marandoo, Western Australia, in 22°38’S, 118°06’E” [Australia, elevation ca. 730 m]. Distribution: Western Australia (W Western Australia) NSL–440 m. Sources: Aplin & Donnellan, 1993 and Bush et al., 2007. Remarks: Aplin & Donnellan (1993: 250, fig. 3) detected three differentiated groups within the species. 18. Anilios howi (Storr, 1983). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 10(4): 315–317, figs. 1–2. (Ramphotyphlops howi) Type: Holotype, WAM 77226, a 210 mm specimen (P. Griffin, 22 April 1982). Type locality: “Walsh Point, Port Warrender/Mitchell Plateau area, Western Australia, in 14°34’ S, 125°51’E” [Australia, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Western Australia (N Western Australia), 35–230 m. Source: Storr et al., 2007. 39 Snakes of the World 19. Anilios kimberleyensis (Storr, 1981d). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9(3): 254–255, fig. 18. (Ramphotyphlops kimberleyensis) Type: Holotype, WAM 41456, a 220–296 mm specimen (J. Van Roon 5 June 1972). Type locality: “Bigge Island, Western Australia, in 14°32’S, 125°08’E” [Australia, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (N Northern Territory, N Western Australia, Bathurst, Bigge, Coronation, Hidden, Irvine, Koolan, Lachlan, Prudhoe, Sir Graham Moore, and South Maret Is.), NSL–455 m. Source: Storr et al., 2007. 20. Anilios leptosomus (Robb, 1972). J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 55(2): 39–40, figs. 1a–c. (Ramphotyphlops leptosoma) Type: Holotype, WAM 29623, a 250–282 mm male (R.B. Humphries, 3 Sept. 1967). Two specimens measured 250 and 282 mm, not indicated which was type. Type locality: “‘The Loop’, lower Murchison River, Western Australia,” [= ‘The Loop’ or ‘Natures Window’ in Murchison River Gorge, Kalbarri National Park, Western Australia, Australia, 27°29’S, 114°23’E, elevation ca. 200 m]. Distribution: Western Australia (W Western Australia), NSL–275 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d and Bush et al., 2007. 21. Anilios leucoproctus (Boulenger, 1889b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 4(23): 361. (Typhlops leucoproctus) Synonyms: Typhlina leucoprocta McDowell, 1974a, and Ramphotyphlops grovesi Wells & Wellington, 1985 (nomen nudum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.84 (formerly BMNH 1885.6.30.19), a 190–220 mm specimen (S. Macfarlane, 28 Aug.–28 Dec. 1875), designated by Wells & Wellington (1985: 40–41). Type locality: “Fly River, Papua New Guinea,” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Papua New Guinea (Western, Dauan Is.) and ext. NE Australia (ext. N Queensland, Badu, Moa and Murray Is.), 20–240 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, McDowell, 1974a, Parker, 1982, O’Shea, 1996 and S.G. Wilson, 2005. Remarks: Type locality restricted to mouth of Fly River fide McDowell (1974: 32). A member of Ramphotyphlops fide McDowell (1974: 31) and Wallach (2006: 14). 22. Anilios ligatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1879). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1879(8): 775, pl., figs. 3, 3a–c. (Typhlops ligatus) Synonyms: Typhlops curtus Ogilby, 1892, and Typhlina ligata McDowell, 1974a. Type: Holotype, ZMB 6231, a 245 mm specimen (Mus. Godeffroy). Type locality: “Port Mackay (N. O. Australien)” [= Mackay, Queensland, Australia, 21°09’S, 149°12’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northern and E Australia (N New South Wales, N Northern Territory, E Queensland, N Western Australia, Bathurst, Mooroongga and Raracala Is.), NSL–340 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Swan, 1990, Weigel, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Shea, 1999, Storr et al., 2002, Swan et al., 2004, S.G. Wilson, 2005, Swanson, 2007 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. Remarks: Wells & Wellington (1985: 41) recognized Typhlops curtus as a valid species and allocated it to Sivadictus. 23. Anilios longissimus (Aplin, 1998). Rec. W. Aust. Mus. 19(1): 4–7, figs. 5a–c. (Ramphotyphlops longissimus) Type: Holotype, WAM 120049, a 268 mm female (L. Whitsed, 22 May 1995). Type locality: “considerable depth below the ground in a well at Bandicoot Bay, Barrow Island, Western Australia in 20º54’S 115º22’E” [Australia]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (W Western Australia, Barrow Is.), NSL. Source: Storr et al., 2002. 24. Anilios margaretae (Storr, 1981d). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9(3): 259–260, fig. 23. (Ramphotyphlops margaretae) Type: Holotype, WAM 15710, a 306 mm specimen (W.H. Butler, 25 Aug. 1962). Type locality: “Lake Throssell, Western Australia, in 27° 25’S, 124°18’E” [Australia, elevation ca. 450–500 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Australia (S Western Australia), 450–500 m . Known only from type locality. 25. Anilios micrommus (Storr, 1981d). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9(3): 260–261, fig. 24. (Ramphotyphlops micromma) Type: Holotype, WAM 1341, a 205 mm specimen (W.R. Richardson, Oct. 1924). Type locality: “Leopold Downs, Western Australia, in 17° 52’S, 125°26’E” [Australia, elevation 280 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (N Western Australia), 280 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Storr et al., 2002. 26. Anilios minimus (Kinghorn, 1929). Rec. Aust. Mus. 17(4): 190–191, fig. 1. (Typhlops minimus) Synonym: Typhlina minima Cogger, 1975. A 40 A Snakes of the World Type: Holotype, AMS 9692, a 170 mm specimen (H.E. Warren, Dec. 1928). Type locality: “Groote Eylandt, Gulf of Carpentaria, North Australia, Australia” [= Northern Territory, elevation < 220 m]. Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory, W Queensland, ext. N Western Australia, Elcho and and Groote Eylandt Is.), 25–630 m. Source: Shea & Horner, 1996. 27. Anilios nema (Shea & Horner, 1996). The Beagle 13: 54–55, figs. 1–2. (Ramphotyphlops nema) Type: Holotype, NTM 21665, a 268 mm (svl) specimen (D. Low Choy, 8 Dec. 1995). Type locality: “Fannie Bay, Darwin, NT, northern Australia” [= Australia, 12°25’S, 130°50’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory), NSL–10 m. 28. Anilios nigrescens Gray, 1845. Cat. Spec. Lizards Collect. Brit. Mus. p. 135. Synonyms: Typhlops rüppelli Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Typhlops rüppelli Jan 1864c, Typhlops temminckii Jam. 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, Typhlops reginae Boulenger, 1889b, Typhlops ruppelli – Waite, 1918a (nomen incorrectum), and Typhlops rueppelli Hahn, 1980a (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.17 (G. Newport, 1840– 1845), designated by Cogger et al. (1983: 198). Type locality: “Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia” [= 33°49’S, 151°00’E, elevation NSL] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Australia (Australian Capital Territory, E New South Wales, SE Queensland, Victoria), NSL–1410 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, Loveridge, 1934, Rawlinson, 1966, Jenkins & Bartell, 1980, Griffiths, 1987, Hoser, 1989, Swan, 1990, 1995, Weigel, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Coventry & Robertson, 1991, Webb & Shine, 1992, 1993b, Shea, 1999, Swan et al., 2004 and S.G. Wilson, 2005. Remarks: A synonym of Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus fide Forcart (1953: 375). Ramphotyphlops reginae a valid species fide Wells & Wellington (1984: 105). 29. Anilios nigricaudus (Boulenger, 1895i). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 63(4): 867, pl. 49, figs. 1, 1a–b. (Typhlops nigricauda) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.33, a 315 mm specimen (K.T.F. Dahl, 1895), designated by Shea & Homer (1996: 58). Type locality: “Daly River, North Australia” [= Northern Territory, Australia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (NW Northern Territory, ext. N Western Australia), NSL–210 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Wells & Wellington 1984, Shea & Homer, 1996 and Cogger, 2000. Remarks: Shea & Horner (1996: 58) provided data to support full species status. 30. Anilios nigroterminatus (H.W. Parker, 1931). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 8(48): 605. (Typhlops niroterminatus) Synonym: Typhlops kenti Waite, 1918 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.58 (formerly BMNH 1931.10.10.1), a 270 mm female (B. Grey, 1929–1931). Type locality: “Roebuck Bay, N. W. Australia” [= Western Australia, 18°04’S, 122°17’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (N Western Australia), NSL–10 m. Sources: McDowell, 1974 and Shea, 1999. Remarks: Resurrected from synonymy of A. grypus fide Wallach in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 66). 31. Anilios pilbarensis (Aplin & Donnellan, 1993). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 16(2): 244–247, figs. 2a–c. (Ramphotyphlops pilbarensis) Type: Holotype, WAM 90864, a 241 mm male (J. Dell, 26 Sept. 1988). Type locality: “Site WS2, Woodstock Station, Pilbara region in 21°36’42”S 118°57’20”E, northwestern Western Australia, Australia.” Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia), NSL–685 m. 32. Anilios pinguis (Waite, 1897a). Trans. Roy. Soc. So. Aust. (1896–1897) 21(1): 25–26, pl. 3, figs. 1–4. (Typhlops pinguis) Synonym: Typhlops opisthopachys F. Werner, 1917a. Type: Holotype, SAMA 803, a 348 mm specimen (E.C. Stirling, 1890). Type locality: “South Australia” [Australia]. Distribution: Southwestern Australia (SW Western Australia), NSL–420 m. Sources: Waite, 1929, Storr, 1981d, Bush et al., 1995, Shea, 1999 and Bush et al., 2007. Remarks: Distribution restricted to SW Australia fide Storr (1981: 262) and Shea (1999: 50). 33. Anilios polygrammicus (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844). Abbild. Amph.: 40, pl. 32, figs. 35–38. (Typhlops polygrammicus) Synonyms: Typhlops bipartitus Sauvage, 1879, Typhlops torresianus Boulenger, 1889b, Typhlops florensis Boulenger, 1897d, Typhlops elberti Roux, 1911, Typhlops florensis undecimlineatus Mertens, 1927b, 41 Snakes of the World Typhlops florensis brongersmai Mertens, 1929a, Typhlops soensis de Jong, 1930a, and Typhlina polygrammica polygrammica Hahn, 1980a. Type: Holotype, RMNH 3712, a 282 mm specimen (S. Müller & H.C. Macklot, 1825–1829). Type locality: “Timor” [S Indonesia]. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Indonesia (S Papua, Flores, Komodo, Lombok, Moyo, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor), S Papua New Guinea (Western, Daru and Sturt Is.) and ext. E Australia (E New South Wales, E Queensland, Dunk, Lizard and Murray Is.), NSL–1200 m. Sources: Mertens, 1927b, 1929a, Brongersma, 1934, Forcart, 1953, Sadlier, 1990, O’Shea, 1996 and Lang, 2011. Remarks: Typhlops bipartitus a valid species fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 93). Java, Indonesia records doubtful fide Brongersma (1934:186). 34. Anilios proximus (Waite, 1893). Rec. Aust. Mus. 2(5): 60–62, pl. 15, figs. 3–4. (Typhlops proximus) Synonym: Typhlina proxima McDowell, 1974a. Type: Holotype, AMS 131704 (formerly AMS 6411), a 405 mm specimen. Type locality: “New South Wales, Australia.” Distribution: Southeastern Australia (E New South Wales, ext. SE Queensland, cen. Victoria), NSL–1010 m. Sources: Hoser, 1989, Swan, 1990, 1995, Weigel, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Coventry & Robertson, 1991, Shea, 1999, Swan et al., 2004 and S.G. Wilson, 2005. Remarks: Type locality listed as “New South Wales” fide Cogger et al. (1983: 198), based presumably on data for AMS 6411 as Waite listed both New South Wales and Victoria as localities for the type series of several specimens. 35. Anilios robertsi (Couper, Covacevich & Wilson, 1998). Mem. Queensland Mus. 42(2): 460–462, figs. 1–2. (Ramphotyphlops robertsi) Type: Holotype, QM J63736, a 290 mm specimen (L. Roberts, 10 Feb. 1983). Type locality: “Romeo Ck, via Shipton’s Flat (15º50’S, 145º14’E) NEQ” [= near Cooktown, northeastern Queensland, Australia, NSL]. Distribution: Northeastern Australia (ext. NE Queensland), NSL. Source: S.G. Wilson, 2005 36. Anilios silvia (Ingram & Covacevich, 1993). Mem. Queensland Mus. 34(1): 181–182, figs.1–2. (Typhlops silvia) Type: Holotype, QM J27387, a 175 mm specimen (J. Covacevich & P. Filewood, 3–6 February 1976). Type locality: “Seary’s Scrub, Cooloola NP (25°58’S,153°07’E), SEQ” [= Great Sandy Region, Cape York Peninsula, southeastern Queensland, Australia, NSL]. Distribution: Extreme E Australia (ext. SE Queensland, Fraser Is.), NSL–160 m. Source: S.G. Wilson, 2005. 37. Anilios splendidus (Aplin, 1998). Rec. Aust. Mus. 19(1): 1–2, figs. 2, 3a–b, 4a–c. (Ramphotyphlops splendidus) Type: Holotype, WAM 119900, a 512 mm female (T. Heger & N. Heger, 3 April 1995). Type locality: “Distribution’s residence, Milyering Well, Cape Distribution National Park, Western Australia in 22º01’S 113º56’E” [Australia, elevation NSL] Distribution: Northwestern Australia (ext. Western Australia), NSL. Known only from type locality. Source: Storr et al., 2002. 38. Anilios tovelli (Loveridge, 1945a). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 58: 111. (Typhlops tovelli) Type: Holotype, MCZ 48844, a 122 mm specimen (G.T.R. Tovell, 1944). Type locality: “Koonowarra Sports Ground, about five miles south of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia” [elevation ca. 30 m]. Distribution: Extreme N Australia (N Territory, Melville Is.), NSL–140 m. Source: S.G. Wilson & Swan, 2003. Remarks: Hahn (1980a: 47) erroneously listed holotype as MCZ 48845. 39. Anilios troglodytes (Storr, 1981d). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9(3): 263, fig. 27. (Ramphotyphlops troglodytes) Type: Holotype, WAM R51043, a 402 mm specimen (B.R. Wilson & S.M. Slack-Smith, 1 Sept. 1975). Type locality: “Tunnel Cave, Napier Distribution, Western Australia, in 17°37’S, 125°14’E.” [= Kimberley region, Australia, ca. 90 m]. Distribution: Northern Australia (NE Queensland, N Western Australia), 10–425 m. Source: Storr et al., 2002. 40. Anilios unguirostris (W.C.H. Peters, 1867d). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1867(11): 708–709, pl., figs. 3, 3a–c. (Typhlops unguirostris) Synonym: Typhlops curvirostris W.C.H. Peters, 1879. Type: Lectotype, ZMB 5884, a 450 mm specimen (A. Dietrich, 1863–1867, via Mus. Godeffroy), designated by McDowell (1974a: 33). A 42 A Snakes of the World Type locality: “Rockhampton, Queensland” [= Australia, 23°23’S, 150°30’E, elevation NSL] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland, N Western Australia, Crocodile, Groote Eylandt, Milingimbi and Yabooma Is.), NSL–700 m. Sources: Gow, 1977 and Storr, 1981d, Sadlier, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Shea, 1999, Bauer et al., 2002, Storr et al., 2002, S.G. Wilson, 2005 and Emmott & Wilson, 2009. Remarks: Hahn (1980: 48) erroneously reported a ZMB holotype. The second syntype (ZMB 63444, formerly ZMB 5884) was reidentified as Typhlops (= Anilios) affinis (Boulenger) fide McDowell, (1974a: 33). Types collected by A. Dietrich in NE Queensland for J.C. Godeffroy (Mus. Godeffroy, Hamburg) fide Bauer et al. (2002: 166). 41. Anilios waitii (Boulenger, 1895g). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (1894) (2) 9(4): 718. (Typhlops waitii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.7 (formerly BMNH 1869.7.27.3), an adult specimen. Type locality: “N.W. Australia” [= northwest Australia]. Distribution: Western Australia (S Northern Territory, NW South Australia, Western Australia), 245–1040 m. Sources: Storr, 1981d, Bush et al., 1995, 2007 and Storr et al., 2002. 42. Anilios wiedii (W.C.H. Peters, 1867a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1867(1): 24–25. (Typhlops wiedii) Type: Holotype, ZMB 5845, a 245 mm specimen (A. Dietrich, 1863–1867, via Mus. Godeffroy). Type locality: “Brisbane (N. O. Australien)” [= Queensland, Australia, 27°30’S, 153°01’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Eastern Australia (E New South Wales, E Queensland), NSL–1005 m. Sources: Waite, 1894a, Swan, 1990, Weigel, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Shea, 1995, 1999, Swan et al., 2004 and S.G. Wilson, 2005. Remarks: See remarks about collector under Anilios unguirostris. 43. Anilios yampiensis (Storr, 1981d). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9(3): 268–269, fig. 32. (Typhlops yampiensis) Type: Holotype, WAM 26839, a 128 mm specimen (F.C. Van Ingen, March 1966). Type locality: “Koolan Island, Western Australia, in 16° 08’ S, 123°45’ E” [= Yampi Sound, NW Kimberley, Australia, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (N Western Australia, Koolan Is.), NSL. Known only from type locality. 44. Anilios yirrikalae (Kinghorn, 1942). Rec. Aust. Mus. 21(2): 118, fig. 1. (Typhlops yirrikalae) Type: Holotype, AMS 12381, a 182 mm specimen (W.S. Chaseling, 1936–1939). Type locality: “Yirrikala Mission Station, near Caledon Bay, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory” [= Australia, 12°15’S, 136°53’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory), NSL. Known only from type locality. ANILIUS Oken, 1816 (Aniliidae) Synonyms: Scytale Gronovius, 1763 (nomen illegitimum), Tortrix Oppel, 1811b (nomen praeoccupatum), Helison Goldfuss, 1820 (nomen substitutum), Elysia Hemprich, 1820 (nomen substitutum), Ilysia Lichtenstein, 1823 (nomen emendatum), Torquatrix Haworth, 1825 (nomen substitutum), Ilyssa Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen emendatum), ? Rouleau Guérin-Méneville, 1829 in 1829–1844, Illyria J.P. Müller, 1832 (nomen incorrectum), Illisia Schinz, 1833 (nomen emendatum), Tortryx – Schinz, 1833 (nomen incorrectum), Anileus Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Hysia Gistel, 1848 (nomen emendatum), Jlysia Troschel & Ruthe, 1848 (nomen emendatum), Hysia – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Anilus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Inilius – Beebe, 1946 (nomen incorrectum), and Anileos – Vanzolini, 1977 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Anguis scytale Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Amazonia. Sources: Beddard, 1906, Roze, 1958b, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Chippaux, 1987, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, G. Köhler, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Boos, 2001, Franklin, 2001, N.J. Silva, 2001, Barrio-Amorgós et al., 2002, Abuys, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Duellman, 2005, Gower et al., 2005, Gómez et al., 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1527 fide Opinion 651 (ICZN, 1963b). 1. Anilius scytale (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 228. (Anguis scytale) Synonyms: Anguis annulata Laurenti, 1768, Anguis atra Laurenti, 1768, Anguis caerulea, Laurenti, 1768, Anguis corallina, Laurenti, 1768, Anguis fasciata Laurenti, 1768, Anguis rostratus Weigel, 1782, Coluber anceps Scopoli, 1788, Anguis ater Gmelin, 1789, Anguis corallinus Gmelin, 1789, Anguis rubra Bonnaterre, 1790, Anguis ruber Suckow, 1797, Anguis fasciatus J.G. Schneider, 1801, Anguis americanae G. Shaw, 1802, Tortrix coralinus Oppel, 1811b (nomen emendatum), Tortrix maculata Merrem, 1820, Angueis scytale – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), 43 Snakes of the World Ilisya scytale – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Anilius scytale phelpsorum Roze, 1958b. Type: Lectotype , NHR Lin-13 (formerly MAFR), a 530–630 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.), designated by McDiarmid et al. (1999: 157). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error) via lectotype selection. Designated to Equatorial America fide Chippaux (1987: 29). Distribution: Amazonia. Eastern Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caqueta, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo), SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Mérida, Monagas), Guyana (CuyuniMazaruni, Mahica-Berbice, Upper DemeraraBerbice), Surinam (Para), Paramaribo, Sipal), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), N Brazil (Amazonas, Ceará, Goías, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia), E Ecuador (? Monagas, Napo) and E Peru (Amazonas, Huanuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios), 30–700 m. Remarks: Official Specific Name no.1887 fide Opinion 651 (ICZN, 1963b). ANOMALEPIS Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866 (Anomalepididae) Synonyms: Anomalolepis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902 (nomen emendatum), Anaomalepis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Anomolepis – Jan, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), Anomalepsis – Kingsley, 1888 (nomen incorrectum), and Macphieus Hoser, 2012am (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Anomalepis mexicanus Jan 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866. Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Sources: Dunn, 1941, Robb & Smith, 1966, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Hahn, 1980a, Kofron, 1988a, Wallach, 1993a, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Tipton, 2005. 1. Anomalepis aspinosus E.H. Taylor, 1939b. Proc. New England Zool. Club 17: 92–93, pl. 5, figs. 4–7. Type: Holotype, MCZ 14782, a 126 mm specimen (G.K. Noble [Harvard Peru. Exped.], 22 Aug.–16 Sept. 1916). Type locality: “Perico, Peru.” [= Perico, Cajamarca Department, NW Peru, 05º20’S, 78º47’W, elevation 500 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Peru (Cajamarca), 500–1000 m. Source: Haas, 1968. 2. Anomalepis colombia Marx, 1953b. Fieldiana: Zool. 34(17): 197–198. Type: Holotype, FMNH 54986, a 172 mm specimen (K. von Sneidern, Jan. 1946). Type locality: “La Selva, Pueblo Rico, Department of Caldas, Colombia. Altitude 1,700 meters” [= Risaralda Department, 05º46’N, 75º46’W]. Distribution: Cordillera Central of W Colombia (Risaralda), 1700 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988. 3. Anomalepis flavapices J.A. Peters, 1957a. Amer. Mus. Novit. (1851): 3–6. Type: Holotype, USNM 196349 (formerly JAP 2613), a 146 mm specimen (Gray via G. Orcés). Type locality: “near Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas Prov., Ecuador.” [= 0º59’N, 79º42’W, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Coastal plain of NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Manabi), NSL. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1960 and Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991. 4. Anomalepis mexicanus Jan 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866. Icon. Gén. Ophid. 1(1): pl. 5, fig. 1, pl. 6, figs. 1a–c, g, n, p, r, v, x. Synonyms: Anomalepis mexicana Boulenger, 1893a, and Anomalepis dentatus E.H. Taylor, 1939b. Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Messico” [= México] (probably in error fide Kofron, 1988: 12). Distribution: Northeastern Honduras (Colón, Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua, NW Costa Rica (Guanacaste), W Panama (Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Is.) and NW Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca), NSL–725 m. Sources: Dunn, 1941, Kofron, 1988a, Villa et al., 1988, G. Köhler, 1999, 2001a–b, 2003, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, McCranie et al., 2006 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Expected to occur in Colombia and Ecuador (Dunn, 1944: 47; Kofron, 1988a: 11; Leenders, 2001: 215), elsewhere in Central America and possibly even Mexico (Savage, 2002: 554). Peruvian population possibly a separate species fide McCranie (2011: 41). †ANOMALOPHIS Auffenberg, 1959 (†Anomalophiidae) Synonym: †Onomalophis – Porter, 1972 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: †Anomalophis bolcensis Massalongo, 1859. Distribution: Lower/middle Eocene of Italy. Sources: Auffenberg, 1959 and Rage, 1984b. 1. †Anomalophis bolcensis (Massalongo, 1859). Spec. Photo. Anim. Plant. Foss. Veronensis: 15–16, pls. 3–4. (†Archaeophis bolcensis) Types: Syntypes (3), MCZ-VP 1001–03, portions of the anterior, middle and posterior parts of the vertebral A 44 A Snakes of the World column and their associated ribs, 480 mm, 330 mm and 270 mm specimens (O. di Canossa, 1850, via A. Agassiz). Type locality: “agri Veronensis;in calcareo eocenio numm. M. Bubulcae” [= La Pesciara (Monte Bolca), Veneto Prov., Italy, 45º36’N, 11º13’E; Ypresian, lower Eocene fide Rage, 1984a: 41]. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Ypresian: 48.6–55.8 mya) of Italy (Veneto). Known only from type locality. Remarks: Age is middle Eocene fide Auffenberg (1959: 15) and upper lower Eocene fide Tatarinov (1988: 113). ANOMOCHILUS Berg, 1901 (nomen substitutum) (Anomochilidae) Synonyms: Anomalochilus Lidth de Jeude, 1890 (nomen praeoccupatum), Anomachilus – Terent’ev, 1961 (nomen incorrectum), and Anomolochilus – Mahendra, 1984 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Anomalochilus weberi Lidth de Jeude in Weber, 1890. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia. Sources: Brongersma & Helle, 1951, McDowell, 1975a, Cundall et al., 1994, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Gower et al., 2005, I. Das et al., 2008a and I. Das, 2010. 1. Anomochilus leonardi M.A. Smith, 1940b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 6(35): 447–448, figs. a–c. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.4 (formerly BMNH 1940.4.20.1), a 228–271 mm female (G.R. Leonard, 1938–1940). Type locality: “Sungei Ngeram, near Merapoh, N. Pahang, Malay Peninsula, at about 800 feet altitude” [= West Malaysia, elevation 245 m]. Distribution: West Malaysia (N Pahang, Selangor), 230– 245 m. Sources: B.L. Lim & Sharef bin Kamarudin, 1975, Tweedie, 1983 and Stuebing & Goh, 1993. Remarks: Type locality listed as “Ngeram R., nr. Merapoh, N Pahang, Malaya, 500 ft.” in BMNH catalogue fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 128). 2. Anomochilus monticola I. Das, Lakim, Lim & Hui, 2008. J. Herp. 42(3): 585–588, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, SP 4594, a 520 mm female (B. Benedict, K. Yustic & L. Johhny, 3 March 2004). Type locality: “Kiau View Trail (06.00N, 116.32E; 1,513 masl; datum: wgs84), Gunung Kinabalu Park, Ranau District, Sabah, Malaysia (northern Borneo).” Distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah), 1450–1515 m. Sources: Stuebing & Goh, 1993, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2012. 3. Anomochilus weberi (Lidth de Jeude in Weber, 1890). Zool. Ergebn. Nieder. Ost.-Ind. 1(2): 181, pl. 15, figs. 1–3. (Anomalochilus weberi) Type: Holotype, RMNH 4329, a 362 mm male (M. Weber, Mar.–Nov. 1888). Type locality: “Sumatra: Kaju tanam” [= Kayutanam, Sumatera Barat, western Indonesia, 0°33’S, 100°20’E, elevation 122 m]. Distribution: Indonesia (Kalimantan, W Sumatra), 120– 145 m. Sources: Brongersma & Helle, 1951, Cundall & Rossman, 1994 and David & Vogel, 1996. ANOPLOHYDRUS F. Werner, 1909 (Homalopsidae) Type species: Anoplohydrus aemulans F. Werner, 1909b. Distribution: Western Indonesia. Sources: Haas, 1950, David & Vogel, 1996, J.C. Murphy, 2007b and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Homalopsidae incertae sedis fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 208). 1. Anoplohydrus aemulans F. Werner, 1909b. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 26: 214, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, ZMH, a 430 mm male (H. Hagedorn, 1908–1909), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Pudang, Distrikt Babongan, Sumatra” [= Ujungpadang, Bakongan District, Aceh Prov., Sumatra, W Indonesia fide Hallermann, 1998: 213]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (NW Sumatra). Known only from type specimen. ANTAIOSERPENS Wells & Wellington, 1985 (Elapidae) Synonym: Antairoserpens Wilson & Swan, 2003 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Cacophis warro De Vis, 1884. Distribution: Northeastern Australia. Sources: Mack & Gunn, 1953, Storr, 1979, Wells & Wellington, 1985 and Horner, 1998. 1. Antaioserpens warro (De Vis, 1884). Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 1(3): 139. (Cacophis warro) Synonyms: Pseudelaps albiceps Boulenger, 1898f, Denisonia rostralis De Vis, 1911, and Rhynchelaps fuscicollis Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913a. Type: Holotype, QM J188 (F.A. Blackman, 1855–1874) Type locality: “Warro Station, Port Curtis” [= Warro Station, near Port Curtis (23°53’S, 151°21’E, elevation NSL), E Queensland, E Australia]. 45 Snakes of the World Distribution: Northeastern Australia (E Queensland), NSL–500 m. ANTARESIA Wells & Wellington, 1984 (Pythonidae) Synonym: Rawlingspython Hoser, 2009b & 2012b (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Liasis childreni Gray, 1842a. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Sources: Wells & Wellington, 1984, L.A. Smith, 1985, K.L. Williams, 1987, Kluge, 1993b, D.G. Barker & Barker, 1994, Walls, 1998b, Hoser, 1999a, 2000d, 2003f, 2009b, 2012b, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Cogger, 2000, Torr, 2000, Fyfe & Green, 2003, Rawlings et al., 2008 and Schleip & O’Shea, 2010. 1. Antaresia childreni (Gray, 1842a). Zool. Misc. 2(Mar.): 44. (Liasis childreni) Synonym: Nardoa gilbertii Gray, 1842a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.16.78 (formerly BMNH IV.4.3a). Type locality: Unknown. “N.W. Australia” fide BMNH catalogue. Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland, N Western Australia, Angarbulumardja, Augustus, Barranyi North, Bathurst, Baudin, Berthier, Bickerton, Bigge, Brigadier, Byam Martin, Cape Wessel, Cassini, Centre, Champagny, Coronation, Darcy, Grant, Groote Eylandt, Guluwuru, Hayman, Heywood, Irvine, Koolan, Kingfisher, Lachlan, Long, Marchinbar, Maret, Maria, Melville, Middle Osborn, Milingimbi, Mornington, Muir, North East, North Maret, Saibai, Saint Andrew, Sir Graham Moore, South West, Storr, Sunday, Troughton, Truant, Wessel Marchinbar and Wulalam Is.), NSL–655 m. Source: Sonnemann, 2000. 2. Antaresia maculosa (W.C.H. Peters, 1873c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1873(10): 608–609. (Liasis maculosus) Synonym: Antaresia maculosus brentonoloughlini Hoser, 2003f. Type: Lectotype, ZMB 5948 (A. Dietrich, 1863–1872, via Mus. Godeffroy), designated by L.A. Smith (1985: 266). Type locality: “Port Mackay” [= Mackay, east-central Queensland, Australia, 21°09’S, 149°12’E] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Western) and E Australia (NE New South Wales, E Queensland, Badu, Curtis, Hammond, Hayman, Holbourne, Lindeman, Lizard, Magnetic, Marble and Moa Is.), NSL–700 m. Sources: Swan, 1990, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, B. Barnett, 1999a and O’Shea et al., 2004. Remarks: A synonym of Antaresia childreni (Gray) fide Cogger et al., 1983a. Papua New Guinea population possibly a separate species fide O’Shea et al. (2004: 226). 3. Antaresia perthensis (Stull, 1932b). Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. (8): 26, pl. 2, fig. a. (Liasis childreni perthensis) Type: Holotype, MCZ 24426, a 293–297 mm female (W.S. Brooks, 1927). Type locality: “Perth, West Australia” [Australia] (possibly in error fide L.A. Smith, 1985: 263). Distribution: Western Australia (W Western Australia, Depuch, Malus, Rosemary and West Lewis Is.), NSL– 1040 m. Sources: F. Mitchell, 1965, Hoser, 1999b, 2009a and J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003. Remarks: Type locality unknown fide L.A. Smith (1985: 263). 4. Antaresia stimsoni (L.A. Smith, 1985). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 12(3): 267–269. (Liasis stimsoni stimsoni) Synonyms: Antaresia saxacola Wells & Wellington, 1985 (nomen nudum), Liasis stimsoni orientalis L.A. Smith, 1985, and Antaresia saxacola campbelli Hoser, 2000b. Type: Holotype, WAM 63108, an 872 mm male (L.A. Smith & R.E. Johnstone, 6 April 1979). Type locality: “15 km SE of Nullagine, Western Australia, Australia, in 21°58’S, 120°12’E.” Distribution: Australia (NW New South Wales, Northern Territory, W Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Barrow, Bernier, Dirk Hartog, Dorre, Hermite and Rosemary Is.), NSL–805 m. Sources: Bush et al., 1995 and Shea & Sadlier, 1999. ANTILLOPHIS Maglio, 1970 (Xenodontidae) Type species: Dromicus parvifrons Cope, 1862b. Distribution: Hispaniola. Sources: A. Schwartz, 1971, A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1975, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988, 1991, Sosa et al., 1995, Rodríguez-Robles & Greene, 1996, Hedges et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid genus fide Grazziotin et al. (2012: 22) but a synonym of Hypsirhynchus fide Hedges et al. (2009: 9). 1. Antillophis parvifrons (Cope, 1862b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(1): 79. (Dromicus parvifrons) Synonyms: Dromicus protenus Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Dromicus protenus Jan, 1867 in Jan & Sordelli, 1866–1870, Leptophis frenatus J.G. Fischer, A 46 A Snakes of the World 1883, Leimadophis alleni Dunn, 1820a, Leimadophis parvifrons niger, Dunn, 1920a, Leimadophis tortuganus Dunn, 1920a, Leimadophis parvifrons lincolni Cochran, 1931, Dromicus parvifrons rosamondae Cochran, Cochran, 1934, Dromicus parvifrons paraniger R. Thomas & Schwartz, 1965, and Dromicus parvifrons stygius R. Thomas & Schwartz, 1965. Type: Syntypes (5), MCZ 3344a–b, MCZ 3602a–b, and FMNH 73373 (D.F. Weinland, 1859), longest syntype 673 mm. Type locality: “Hayti, near Jeremie” [= vicinity of Jérémie (18°39’N, 74°07’W, elevation 15 m), Grand’Anse Dept., SW Haiti]. Distribution: Hispaniola. Haiti (Artibonite, Centre, Grand’Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Sud, SudEst, Grand Cayemite, Grosse Caye, Petite Gonâve, Tortue and Vache Is.) and Dominican Republic Republic (Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabón, Distrito Nacional, Duarte, Elías Piña, El Seibo, Espillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Estrelleta, La Romana, La Vega, María Trinidad Sánchez, Monseñor Nouel, Monte Christi, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samaná, Sánchez Ramirez, San Cristóbal, San Juan, San Pedro de Macorís, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Valverde, Beata and Saona Is.), NSL–15 m. Sources: Cochran, 1941, R. Thomas & Schwartz, 1965, Maglio, 1970, A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1975, Sajdak & R.W. Henderson, 1982, Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988, 1991, Rodriguez-Robles & Greene, 1996, Hedges et al., 2009, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and Burbrick et al., 2012. Remarks: Lectotype listed in MCZ fide Marx (1958a: 480) but without catalogue number. A member of Hypsirhynchus fide Burbrink et al. (2012: 470) APARALLACTUS A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (Atractaspididae) Synonyms: Elapomorphus A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (nomen praeoccupatum), Uriechis W.C.H. Peters, 1854, Eucritus Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Elapops A.C.L.G. Günther, 1859a, Pariaspis Cope, 1860e, Cercocalamus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a, Metopophis W.C.H. Peters, 1870b, Apparalactus – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Rouleophis Chabanaud, 1917a, Guyomarchia Angel, 1923b, Aarallactus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Aparallaetus Witte & Laurent, 1943 (nomen incorrectum), Periaspis Loveridge, 1944 (nomen emendatum), Apparallactus – Dekeyser & Villiers, 1954 (nomen incorrectum), Aparrallactus – Anthony, 1955 (nomen incorrectum), Aparellactus – Witte, 1955 (nomen incorrectum), Pariapsis – E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958 (nomen incorrectum), Aparalactus – Guibé, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), and Plumridgeus Hoser, 2012ae (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Aparallactus capensis A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: F. Werner, 1924c, Loveridge, 1944b, Witte & Laurent, 1947, Cadle, 1983, Wallach, 1991, Underwood & Kochva, 1993, Cadle, 1994, Ulber, 1994, Kelly et al., 2003, 2009, Vidal et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 2147 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). 1. Aparallactus capensis A. Smith, 1849 in 1838– 1849. Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept. (App.): 16. Synonyms: Elalpomorphus capensis A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849, Cercocalamus collaris A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a, Aparallactus bocagii Boulenger, 1895, Aparallactus punctatolineatus Boulenger, 1895, and Aparallactus lübberti Sternfeld, 1910a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.62, a 166 mm female (A. Smith, 1831). Type locality: “country (Kaffirland) to the eastward of the Cape Colony, South Africa” [= KwaZulu-Natal Prov., NE South Africa fide V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a: 154]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), S Angola (Benguela, Bié, Cuanza Sul, Huíla, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Namibe), E Burundi, ext. SE Kenya (S Coast), SE Tanzania (Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mtwara, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Tanga, Mafia and Zanzibar Is.), Mozambique (Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete), Malawi (Central, Southern), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), N Namibia (Erongo, Otjozondjupa), E Botswana (Central, Gaborone, North East, South East, Southern), Swaziland and South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga), NSL–1700 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1937, 1974, Laurent, 1954a, Mertens, 1955, 1971, Broadley, 1959, 1971d, 1983, Sweeney, 1961, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Branch & McCartney, 1993, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003, Marais, 2004, Branch et al., 2005 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2783 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). 2. Aparallactus guentheri Boulenger, 1895d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 16(92): 172. Synonym: Aparallactus uluguruensis T. Barbour & Loveridge, 1929a. 47 Snakes of the World Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.88, adult male (A.A. Simons), designated by Broadley in Broadley & Howell (1991: 28). Type locality: “Lake Nyassa” [= Lake Nyassa, E Malawi] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Southeastern Kenya (Coast), E Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Piwani, Ruvuma, Tanga), Malawi (Central, Southern), Mozambique (Manica, Sofala) and E Zimbabwe (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central), 510–1385 m. Sources: Broadley, 1959, 1983, 1988, Sweeney, 1961, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, J. Rasmussen, 1981, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Boulenger (1896a: 259) listed Lake Nyassa syntype as a female. Broadley & Howell (1991: 28) listed lectotype designation from an uncited Broadley (1968) reference. 3. Aparallactus jacksonii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 1(3): 325, pl. 19, fig. e. (Uriechis jacksonii) Synonym: Aparallactus jacksonii oweni Loveridge, 1955a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.80, a 191 mm female (F.J. Jackson, 1887). Type locality: “Foot of Kilima-ndjaro, tropical Africa” [= base of Mt. Kilimanjaro, (03º04’S, 37º21’E), Kilimanjaro Region, NE Tanzania]. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. Southeastern South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), S Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Sidamo), S Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe), SE Kenya (S Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, S Rift Valley) and N Tanzania (Arusha, Iringa, Kilamanjaro, Manyara, Tanga), 320– 2200 m. Sources: Pitman, 1974, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Spawls et al., 2002 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Aparallactus j. oweni probably a valid species and also occurs in N Uganda fide Lanza (1990b: 434). 4. Aparallactus lineatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1870b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1870(8): 643–644, pl. 1, figs. 3, 3a–c. (Uriechis [Metopophis] lineatus) Synonyms: Uriechis anomala Boulenger, 1893c, Elapops heterolepis Mocquard, 1908, and Rouleophis chevalieri Chabanaud, 1917a. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMB 6913a–b, longest syntype 440 mm female. Type locality: “Keta (Guinea)” [= Keta, S Volta Region, ext. SE Ghana, 05º55’N, 01º00’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: West Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Liberia (Bong, Nimba), Ivory Coast (Aboisso) and SE Ghana (Accra, Volta), NSL– 700 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1938, Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Wallach, 1994, Hughes, 2003, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006 and W. Böhme et al., 2011. Remarks: MNHN 1885.698 listed as type fide MNHN catalogue. Type locality erroneously listed as Keta, Ivory Coast fide Witte & Laurent (1947: 108). Probably occurs in Togo fide and Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 353). 5. Aparallactus lunulatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1854). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1854(11): 623. (Uriechis lunulatus) Synonyms: Uriechis concolor J.G. Fischer, 1884a, Aparallactus concolor boulengeri Scortecci, 1931, Aparallactus liddiardae H.W. Parker, 1933b, and Aparallactus lunulatus scortecci H.W. Parker, 1949. Type: Holotype, ZMB 4810, a 415 mm female (W.C.H. Peters, June 1843–Aug. 1847). Type locality: “Tette, Mocambique” [= Tete, Tete Prov., Mozambique, 16°10’S, 33°36’E, elevation 135 m]. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Northern Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso (Est, Hauts-Bassins), N Ghana, N Togo (Kara, Savanes), Nigeria (Delta, Kaduna, Plateau), N Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, ExtremeNord, Nord), Central African Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Orientale), S South Sudan (Central Equatoria), Eritrea (Northern Red Sea, Southern), Ethiopia (Gondar, Hararge, Shoa, Sidamo), Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbreed), Uganda (N Eastern, Northern, Western), Kenya (Coast, Eastern, NorthEastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley), Tanzania (Arusha, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Piwani, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Lamu Is.), Zambia (Eastern, Southern), Malawi (Central, Southern), Mozambique (Manica, Maputo, Sofala, Tete), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Swaziland and NE South Africa (E Limpopo, E Mpumalanga), NSL–2400 m. Sources: Broadley, 1959, 1971d, 1983, Sweeney, 1961, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, 1974, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Hughes, 1983, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et al., 1983, Roman, 1984, Branch, 1988, Joger, 1990, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Marais, 1992, 2004, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Original description reprinted in W.C.H. Peters (1855: 52). Official Specific Name no. 2786 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). MNHN 1916.263 and MNH 1916.265 listed as types fide MNHN catalogue. A 48 A Snakes of the World Holotype is female fide R. Günther (in litt.). Probably occurs in ext. E Botswana fide Auerbach (1987: 172). Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 153). 6. Aparallactus modestus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1859a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 4(21): 161–162, pl. 4, fig. c. (Elapops modestus) Synonyms: Pariaspis plumbeatra Cope, 1860e, Elapops plumbeater Cope, 1861c (nomen emendatum), Elapops petersi Jan, 1862b, Aparallactus boulengeri F. Werner, 1896b, Aparallactus peraffinis F. Werner, 1897b, Aparallactus ubangensis Boulenger, 1897b, Aparallactus flavitorques Boulenger, 1901a, Aparallactus congicus F. Werner, 1902, Aparallactus dolloi F. Werner, 1902, Aparallactus batesii Boulenger, 1907a, Aparallactus christyi Boulenger, 1910b, Aparallactus nigrocollaris Chabanaud, 1917a, Aparallactus nigrocollaris roucheti Chabanaud, 1917a, Guyomarchia unicolor Angel, 1923, and Aparallactus graueri F. Werner, 1924a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.7, a 483 mm female (Rich). Type locality: “West Africa.” Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone, Liberia (Montserrado, Margibi), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), Burkina Faso, Ghana (S Volta), S Togo (Plateaux), S Benin (Cotonou, Maritime), S Nigeria (Cross River, Lagos), S Cameroon (Adamaoua, Est, Centre, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooué, Moyen-Ogooué, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Maritime, Wolen-Ntem), Congo (Cuvette, Kouilou, Niari, Plateau, Pool, Sangha), SW Central African Republic (Haute-Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu) and S Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western), NSL–1325 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1896a, Aylmer, 1922, Loveridge, 1941a, E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Knoepffler, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Roux-Estève, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, 2013, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1990, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006 Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, W. Böhme et al., 2011 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Boulenger (1896a: 263) listed a specimen from Niger. Possibly occurs in SW Kenya fide Spawls et al. (2002: 424). 7. Aparallactus moeruensis Witte & Laurent, 1943. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 37(1–2): 178–179. Type: Holotype, MRAC 240, a 389 mm female (C. Lemaire, 1899). Type locality: “Pweto (Distr. du Haut-Katanga), Congo Belge” [= Pweto, Katanga Prov., SE Democratic Republic of the Congo, 08º28’S, 28º54’E, elevation 950 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), 950 m. Remarks: A valid species fide Resetar (in litt.) and Wallach (1991: 475). 8. Aparallactus niger Boulenger, 1897a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19(110): 154. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.89, a 335 mm male (W.G. Clements, 1893–1897). Type locality: “Sierra Leone.” Distribution: West Africa. Guinea (Beyla, Dalaba, Kérouané, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Yomou), W Sierra Leone (Western), N Liberia (Nimba), SW Ivory Coast (Dix-Huit Montagnes) and Ghana, 500–650 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Hughes, 1983, Wallach, 1994, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006 and W. Böhme et al., 2011. Remarks: MNHN 1916.236 listed as type fide MNHN catalogue. 9. Aparallactus nigriceps (W.C.H. Peters, 1854). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1854(11): 623 (Uriechis nigriceps) Synonyms: Eucritus atrocephalus Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), and Uriechis atriceps Jan, 1862b (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, ZMB 4809, a 253–255 mm specimen, designated by Loveridge (1944: 212). Type locality: “Tette” [= Tete, Tete Prov., Mozambique, 16º10’S, 33º36’E, elevation 135 m] via lectotype selection (in error fide Broadley, 1983: 156). Distribution: Southern Mozambique (Inhambane), NSL– 10 m. Sources: Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988 and Marais, 1992, 2004. Remarks: Original description reprinted in W.C.H. Peters (1855: 52). 10. Aparallactus turneri Loveridge, 1935. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 79(1): 9–10. Type: Holotype, MCZ 30117, a 175 mm male (H.J.A. Turner, June 1932). Type locality: “Sokoki Forest, near Malindi, Coast Prov., Kenya Colony” [= Sokoke Forest, Coast Prov., SE Kenya, ca. 03º32’S, 39º49’E]. Distribution: Southeastern Kenya (E Coast), NSL–20 m. Sources: Spawls, 1978 and Spawls et al., 2002. 49 Snakes of the World 11. Aparallactus werneri Boulenger, 1895d. Ann. Mag. Nat.Hist. (6) 16(92): 172. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.2.97–98, a male and female, longest syntype 390 mm (F. Werner, 1895). Type locality: “Usambara, German East Africa” [= Usambara Mountains, N Tanga Region, NE Tanzania]. Distribution: Eastern Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Morogoro, Piwani, Tanga), NSL–1600 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1896a, J. Rasmussen, 1981, Broadley & Howell, 1991 and Spawls et al., 2002. APLOPELTURA A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen protectum) (Pareatidae) Synonyms: Aspidocercus Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen oblitum), Haplopeltura Boetger, 1892 (nomen emendatum), Hoplopeltura – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Haplopelturus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Aphopeltura – Nutaphand, 1991b (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Amblycephalus boa H. Boie, 1828. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and East Indies. Sources: Rooij, 1917, E.H. Taylor, 1922, 1965, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Iskandar & Colijn, 2001, I. Das, 2007b, 2010, 2012, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012q. Remarks: In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Aplopeltura Duméril is designated a nomen protectum and Aspidocercus Fitzinger a nomen oblitum. 1. Aplopeltura boa (H. Boie, 1828). Isis von Oken 21(10): 1035. (Amblycephalus boa) Type: Holotype, RMNH 984 (H. Boie, 15-29 July 1827). Type locality: “Parang, Java” [= Mt. Parang, Magetan Prov., cen. Java, S Indonesia, 7°44’S, 111°20’E, elevation 355 m]. Distribution: Southeast Asia and East Indies. Myanmar, S Thailand (Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phang Nga), West Malaysia (Perak), East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Bangka, Java, Kalimantan,Natuna Arch., Nias, Sumatra) and S Philippines (Balabac, Basilan, Mindanao, Palawan), NSL–1500 m. Remarks: Holotype not in RMNH. Occurs in Myanmar fide I. Das (2010: 344). APODORA Kluge, 1993 (Pythonidae) Type species: Liasis papuanus W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878. Distribution: New Guinea. Sources: Brongersma, 1956b, Whitaker et al., 1982, F. Parker, 1983, Kluge, 1993b, O’Shea, 1996, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Hoser, 2000b, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Rawlings et al., 2008 and Schleip & O’Shea, 2010. 1. Apodora papuana (W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 13: 400–401, pl. 3, figs. 1–1b. (Liasis papuanus) Synonyms: Liasis tornieri F.Werner, 1897c, Liasis maximus F. Werner, 1936, and Liasi papuano – F. Werner, 1936c (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, MSNG 29988, a 3450 specimen (L.M. Albertis, 14 May 1872). Type locality: “Ramoi presso Soron (Costa N.O. della N. Guinea) Nova Guinea austro-occidentali.” [= Ramoi, near Sorong, West Papua E Indonesia, ca. 0°53’S, 131°15’E]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (Papua, West Papua, Biak, Misool) and Papua New Guinea (Central, East Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Northern, Western, Fergusson Is.). Comment: A subspecies of Liasis olivaceus Gray fide Stull, 1935. APOSTOLEPIS Cope, 1862a (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Elapomojus Jan, 1862b, Rhynchonyx W.C.H. Peters, 1869, Elapomoius Senna, 1886 (nomen incorrectum), Elapomoius Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum), Elapohomoeus Berg, 1898 (nomen emendatum), Elapomajus – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Parapostolepis Amaral, 1930d, Parapostelepis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Rhynchonys – A.S. Romer, 1956 (nomen incorrectum), and Apostolepsis – Fugler, 1983 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elapomorphus flavotorquatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b. Distribution: South America. Sources: Strauch, 1884, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Lema, 1978d, 2001, 2002, 2005, Cadle, 1983, Harvey, 1999 and Hofstadler-Deiques & Lema, 2005. Remarks: Six new species from the Caatinga and Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and São Paulo states, Brazil being described by Lema et al. (pers. comm.). 1. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002a. Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS (Zool.) 15(2): 228–233, fig. 1 (paratype). Type: Holotype, MCP 8355, a 433 mm female. Type locality: “Parque Zoológico do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Goiás, Brasil.” Distribution: Central Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais), 1000 m. Sources: Lema, 2003b and Lema et al., 2004, 2005. A 50 A Snakes of the World 2. Apostolepis ambinigra (W.C.H. Peters, 1869). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1869(5): 438–439, pl., fig. 2–2c. (Rhynchonyx ambiniger) Type: Holotype, ZMB 6450, a 395 mm male. Type locality: “Paraguay.” Distribution: Southern South America. Southwestern Brazil, S Bolivia and Paraguay. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1972, Lema, 2001, 2002, 2003b and Lema et al., 2005b. 3. Apostolepis ammodites Ferrarezzi, Erritto-Barbo & España-Albuqueque, 2005a. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 45(16): 219–221, figs. 3–4, 7b. Synonym: Apostolepis bialbimaculata Lema & Renner, 2005. Type: Holotype, IB 65267, an adult female, destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Brazil: Tocantins: Palmas (10°02’S, 47°20’W, 230 m altitude).” Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Districto Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Tocantins), 230–860 m. Source: Lema & Renner, 2007. 4. Apostolepis arenaria Rodrigues, 1993a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1992) 54(2): 54–55, figs. 1–2. (Apostolepis arenarius) Type: Holotype, MZUSP 10027 (MTR 88.6819), a 564 mm female (M. Rodrigues, 5 Sept. 1988). Type locality: “Brasil: Bahia: Alagoado (9°29’S, 41°21’N)” [= 9°29’S, 41°21’W, elevation 485 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (cen. Bahia), 485 m. 5. Apostolepis assimilis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1861b). Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn (1860) 22: 235–236, pl. 4, figs. 1–5. (Elapomorphus assimilis) Synonyms: Elapomorphus assimilis J.T. Reinhardt, 1861a (nomen nudum), Apostolepis tertulianobeui Lema, 2004., and Apostolepis parassimilis Lema & Renner, 2012. Type: Holotype, ZMUC, a 575 mm specimen (native, 5 May 1852). Type locality: “Fazenda, Capão dos porcos, der ligger nogle Miil fra den lille Bye Brumado i Campos-Egnene af Provindsen, Minas geraes vest for Serra do espinhaçco” [= Capão dos Porcos Farm, west of Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais State, Brazil fide Lema, 2001: 33, ca. 17°30’S, 43°30°W, elevation 650 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo), Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina (Chaco, Formosa), 650–880 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1901b, Cei, 1994, Giraudo & Scrocchi, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Valdujo & Nogueira, 2001, Giraudo & Scrocchi, 2002, Lema, 2002, 2004a, 2005, Lema et al., 2004 and Ferrarezzi et al., 2005a. Remarks: Apostolepis tertulianobeui a valid species fide Lema (pers. comm.). 6. Apostolepis borellii Peracca, 1904a. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino 19(460): 422–423, 2 figs. Type: Holotype, MZUT 962, a 197 mm male (A. Borrelli, 1899). Type locality: “Urucum, Matto Grosso brasiliano” [= Maciço do Urucum, W Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 19°12’S, 57°36’W, elevation 725 m] Distribution: Central Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and SW Brazil (W Mato Grosso do Sul) 200–725 m. Sources: Amaral, 1925b, Parker, 1928, Ferrarezzi, 1993, Harvey, 1999 and Lema & Renner, 2006b Remarks: A valid species fide Lema (pers. comm.). A synonym of A. nigrolineata fide Harvey (1999: 399). 7. Apostolepis breviceps Harvey, Gonzales & Scrocchi, 2001. Copeia 2001(2): 502–504, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNK 1839, a 319 mm male (G. Sato, 16 Feb. 1999). Type locality: “in the vicinity of Cerro Cortado (i.e., within 5 km), Cordillera Prov., Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, 19°32’S, 62°18’W. Elevation at the type locality is approximately 400 m.” Distribution: Eastern Bolivia (SW Santa Cruz), 400 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Source: Lema, 2003b. 8. Apostolepis cearensis J. Gomés, 1915. Ann. Paul. Med. Cirurg. 4(6): 122–123, pl. 3, figs. 4–8. Synonyms: Apostolepis sanctae-ritae F. Werner, 1924 (nomen incorrigendum), Apostolepis amarali F. Werner, 1925, and Apostolepis sanctaeritae – Lema & Fernandes, 1997 (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, IB 882, a 490 mm male (F. Dias da Rocha, 1894–1915), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “State of Ceará, Brazil.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe). Sources: Freitas, 1999, Lema, 2002, 2004a, 2005, Ferrarezzi et al., 2005a and Lema & Renner, 2006b. 9. Apostolepis cerradoensis Lema, 2003a. Acta Biol. Leopoldensia 25(1): 124–126, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, UHESM 21800, a 347 mm male (N. J. de Silva, Jr.). Type locality: “canteiro de obras da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica Serra da Mesa, Minaçu, Goiás, Brasil.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Goiás). Known only from type locality. 51 Snakes of the World 10. Apostolepis christineae Lema, 2002c. Facena 18: 41–44, pls. 1–2. Type: Holotype, MCP 12515, a 352 mm female (C. Strüssmann, 20 Dec. 1987). Type locality: “Estação Ecológia da Sierra das Araras, Barra dos Bugres, Cáceres, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil (15º05’S-57º11’W)” [= elevation 175 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Mato Grosso), 175 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Lema, 2002d, Lema et al., 2005 and Lema & Renner, 2006. 11. Apostolepis dimidiata (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 47–48. (Elapomorphus dimidiatus) Synonyms: Elapomorphus erythronotus W.C.H. Peters, 1880a, Apostolepis nigriceps F. Werner, 1897a, Apostolepis barrioi Lema, 1978d, Apostolepis ventrimaculatus Lema, 1978d, and Apostolepis villaricae Lema, 1978d. Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, a 1473 mm female, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Brasile” [= Brazil]. Restricted to São Paulo, Brazil fide Lema (1986: 74). Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo), Paraguay (San Pedro) and N Argentina (NE Corrientes, S Misiones), 140 m. Sources: Lema, 1986, 1993, Cei, 1994, Moura-Leite et al., 1996, Giraudo & Scrocchi, 1998, Lema 2002, 2003a–b, Lema et al., 2004, 2005 and Ferrarezzi et al., 2005a. Remarks: Harvey, 1999 considered A. ventrimaculatus a synonym. 12. Apostolepis dorbignyi (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 130, 2: 30–31. (Calamaria d’orbignyi) Type: Holotype, MNHN 3664, a 411–433 mm male (A.C.V.M.D. d’Orbigny, 14 April 1830–27 June 1833 [Bolivia] or 2 July 1831–19 Oct. 1831 [Chiquitos] or 19 Dec. 1831–16 March 1832 [Moxos]). Type locality: “Chilé” [= Chile] (in error). Possibly Mato Grosso, Brazil or E Bolivia (Chiquitos or Moxos) fide Koslowsky (1898a: 31) and probably Bolivia fide Lema (2001: 35). Distribution: Southern Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, Tarija). Sources: Fugler et al., 1995, Harvey, 1999, Harvey et al., 2001, Lema, 2002, 2004a and Ferrarezzi et al., 2005a. Remarks: Holotype listed as female fide Guibé & RouxEstève (1972: 130). 13. Apostolepis flavotorquata (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 836–837. (Elapomorphus flavotorquatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Elapomorphus flavo-torquatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrigendum), and Apostolepis flavotorquata – Cope, 1862a (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 3665, a 500 mm specimen (F.L.N.C.L. Castelnau & E. Deville, June 1843–Aug. 1847), lost fide Lema (1978d: 29). Type locality: “l’intérieur de l’Amerique meridional” [= interior of South America]. Listed as “Bresíl” [= Brazil] fide MNHN catalogue. Distribution: Central Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Tocantins). Sources: Freitas, 1999 and Lema, 2002a. 14. Apostolepis freitasi Lema, 2004a. Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. PUCRS (Zool.) 17(1): 4–6, figs. 1a–d. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 6523, a 181 mm male (M. Locks, July 1991). Type locality: “Tanque do Aragão, Central municipality of Bahia state, Brazi.” Distribution: Eastern Brazil (Bahia). Known only from type locality. 15. Apostolepis gaboi Rodrigues, 1993a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1992) 54(2): 56–57, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, MZUSP 10290, a 238 mm female (G. Skuk, 12 Oct. 1990). Type locality: “Brasil: Bahia: Queimadas (10°23’S, 42°30’W)” [= elevation 400 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (cen. Bahia), 400 m. Known only from type locality. 16. Apostolepis goiasensis Prado, 1943. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1942) 16: 8, pl. 1. Type: Holotype, IB 10260, a 408 mm female (E. Garbe, 20 Jan. 1942), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Rio Verde, Estado de Goiás, Brasil” [= 17°47’S, 50°55’W, elevation 770 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais), 370–770 m. Sources: Harvey et al., 2001, Abes & Ferrarezzi, 2003, Lema, 2003b and Lema et al., 2004, 2005.. Remarks: Illustrations of holotype in Lema (2003b: figs. 1a–b). 17. Apostolepis intermedia Koslowsky, 1898a. Rev. Mus. La Plata 8: 30–31, pl. 1, figs. 4–7. Type: Holotype, MLP, a 228 mm specimen (C. Bach), lost fide Lema (2001: 36). Type locality: “Miranda, Matto-Grosso, Brasil” [= Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 20°15’S, 56°22’W, elevation 130 m]. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), 130– 155 m. Sources: Lema, 1993, 2002c and Albuquerque & Lema, 2012. A 52 A Snakes of the World 18. Apostolepis lineata Cope, 1887b. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24(125): 56. (Apostolepis erythronotus lineatus) Types: Syntypes (2), ANSP 11211–12 (H.H. Smith, 1882– 1886), with ANSP 11212 deteriorated and discarded fide Malnate (1971: 366). Type locality: “near the village of Chupada, thirty miles north-east of Cuyabá, and near the headwaters of the Xingu, Prov. of Mato Grosso, Brazil” [= Chapada fide Malnate (1971: 366) and Chapada dos Guimarães fide Lema (2001: 36), 15°27’S, 55°44’W, elevation 775 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Mato Grosso), 775 m. Sources: Lema, 1986, 2002c, Harvey, 1999 and Lema & Renner, 2004. Remarks: Harvey (1999: 393) reported poor condition of surviving type. Type locality listed as Chapada, a small village of Matto Grosso, Brazil, about twenty miles ENE of Cuyabá, on the plateau. The village itself is about 2,500 feet above sea level, or 1,800 ft. above Cuyabá; but collections are from all surrounding regions as low as 1,500 ft. fide H.H. Smith in Papavero (1971: 379). 19. Apostolepis longicaudata Gomés in Amaral, 1921. Ann. Paul. Med. Cirurg. 9(7–8): 110–111, pl. A, figs. 4–7. Type: Holotype, IB 1684, a 280 mm male (F. de Assis Iglesias, 1916–1918), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Engenheiro Dodt, povoação do municipio de Santa Philomena, Estado de Piauhy, Brasil” [= Engenheiro Dodt, Santa Filomena, Piauí State, Brazil, 9°07’S, 45°55’W, elevation 275 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (SW Piauí, Tocantins), 250–300 m. Source: Curcio et al., 2011. Remarks: The description heading cited Gomés, 1919, referring to the unpublished manuscript from a talk presented in 1918 at the Second South American Hygeine, Microbiology, and Pathology Conference. Brazilian specimens (Espírito Santo and Paraíba, 35–390 m) are listed as possible members of this species fide Curcio et al. (2011: 331). 20. Apostolepis multicincta Harvey, 1999. Copeia 1999(2): 397–399, fig. 9. Type: Holotype, MNK 729, a 384 mm male (L. Gonzales & I. Fernández, 1996). Type locality: “vicinity of Pampagrande, Provincia Florida, Departmento Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 18°5’S, 64°6’W, at an elevation of approximately 1290m.” Distribution: Eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), 1240–1800 m. Sources: Lema, 2002 and Embert & Reichle, 2003. 21. Apostolepis nelsonjorgei Lema & Renner, 2004. Biociências 12(2): 140–142, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UHESM 14414, a 264 mm female. Type locality: “Minaçu, Goiás, Brazil” [= 13°34’S, 48°13’W, elevation 430 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Goiás, Tocantins), 165–560 m. Sources: Curcio et al., 2011 and Recorder et al., 2011. 22. Apostolepis niceforoi Amaral, 1935c. Mem. Inst. Butantan 9: 221, pl., fig. 5. Type: Holotype, IB 9197, a 365 mm female (H. NicéforoMaría, 1908–1935), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “La Pedrera, near the VenezuelanColombian boundary, Colombia” [= Bajo Caquetá, Amazonas, SE Colombia, 1°19’S, 63°35’W, elevation 75 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas) and Ecuador, 75–90 m. Source: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988. Remarks: Possibly occurs in W Brazil fide Lema (2001: 37). 23. Apostolepis nigrolineata (W.C.H. Peters, 1869). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1869(5): 439. (Elapomorphus nigrolineatus) Synonyms: Apostolepis quinquelineata Boulenger, 1896a, and Apostolepis rondoni Amaral, 1925b. Type: Holotype, ZMB 6447, a 375 mm specimen. Type locality: “angeblich aus Guinea, wahrscheinlich aber aus Südamerica” [= lapsus calami for Guyana fide Lema, 2001: 37]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Amapá, W Amazonas, Ceará, Maranhão, W Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), NE Guyana (Demerara-Mahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara), Suriname (Brokopondo), and French Guiana, NSL–165 m. Sources: Amaral, 1978, Chippaux, 1987, Silva, 1993, Lema & Renner, 1998, Vidal et al., 1988, Harvey, 1999, Lema, 2001, Abuys, 2003, Lema & Albuquerque, 2010, Curio et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Possibly occurs in W Brazil (Acre) fide Lema (2001: 39). A synonym of A. flavotorquata fide Bauer et al. (1995: 71) but valid fide Curio et al. (2011: 329). Apostolepis quinquelineata and A. rondoni are valid species fide Lema (pers. comm.). 24. Apostolepis nigroterminata Boulenger, 1896a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 235–236, pl. 10, figs. 2–2c. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.77 (formerly BMNH 1881.5.13.76), a 217–223 mm male (W. Davis & H.J. Veitch). Type locality: “Cayaria, north-eastern Peru” [=Pucallpa, Ucayali Department, E Peru, 8°23’S, 74°33’W, elevation 150 m]. 53 Snakes of the World Distribution: Eastern Peru (Ayacucho, Ucayali) and NE Bolivia (Beni), 150–760 m. Sources: Harvey, 1999 and Lema & Renner, 2004. Remarks: Collector of type only W. Davis fide Harvey (1999: 400). 25. Apostolepis phillipsi Harvey, 1999. Copeia 1999(2): 402–404, fig. 11. Type: Holotype, UTA 43940, a 432 mm female (B. Phillips; 17 Sept. 1993). Type locality: “the grounds of Estancia El Refugio, Provincia Velasco, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 14°45’S; 61°00’W, 0.5–10 m elevation.” Distribution: Southeastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), <10 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Lema, 2002c, 2004b, Michels & Bauer, 2004 and Lema & Renner, 2006. 26. Apostolepis pymi Boulenger, 1903b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12(69): 353–354 Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.82, a 385 mm male (J. Pym). Type locality: “Brazil.” Restricted to Pará State, Brazil fide Lema (1997: 194). Distribution: Northern Brazil (Amazonas, Ceará, W Maranhão, Mato Grosso, E Pará, Rondônia). Sources: Lema, 1997, Lema & Renner, 1998 and Lema & Albuquerque, 2010. 27. Apostolepis quirogai Giraudo & Scrocchi, 1998. Herpetologica 54(4): 470–473, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, FML 6000, a 228 mm female (R. Martínez, 8 April 1995). Type locality: “PosaI. Das, Misiones, Argentina” [= 27°22’S, 55°54’W, elevation 110 m]. Distribution: Southern Brazil (NE Rio Grande do Sul) and NE Argentina (Entre Ríos, Misiones), 110 m. Sources: Lema & Cappellari, 2001, 2002, Lema 2003b and Lema et al., 2004, 2005. 28. Apostolepis serrana Lema & Renner, 2006b. Cién. Movimento 8(15): 14–15, 4 figs. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1972.430, a 337 mm male. Type locality: “Eastern Serra do Roncador, Rio das Mortes basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, at 1500 feet high; Cerrado domain, captured near the Indian village Pimentel Barbosa (12º51’ S - 51º46’ W).” Distribution: Central Brazil (Mato Grosso), 455 m. Known only from type locality. 29. Apostolepis striata Lema, 2004b. Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS, (Zool.) 17(2): 82–86, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, CHUNB 12794, a 261 mm male. Type locality: “Vilhena, estado de Rondônia, Brazil (12°54’5S-60°32’0W)” [= elevation 600 m]. Distribution: Western Brazil (Rondônia), 600 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Lema & Renner, 2002. 30. Apostolepis tenuis Ruthven, 1927. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (188): 1–2. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 64436, a 308 mm specimen (J. Steinbach, Aug. 1906–Nov. 1925). Type locality: “Buena Vista, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia” [= 17°28’S, 63°40’W, elevation 390 m]. Distribution: Central Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), 390– 415 m. Sources: Hartweg, 1932, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1972, Harvey, 1999 and Lema et al., 2004. 31. Apostolepis vittata (Cope, 1887b). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24(125): 56. (Rhynchonyx ambiniger vittatus) Type: Holotype, ANSP 11293 (H.H. Smith, 1882–1886). Type locality: “near the village of Chupada, thirty miles north-east of Cuyabá, and near the headwaters of the Xingu, in the Prov. of Mato Grosso, Brazil” [= Chapada fide Malnate (1971: 366) and Chapada dos Guimarães fide Lema (2001: 36), 15°27’S, 55°44’W, elevation 775 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Mato Grosso), Bolivia and Paraguay, 775 m. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1972, Harvey, 1999, Harvey et al., 2001, Lema, 2002c and Lema et al., 2005. Remarks: Type locality listed as “Chapada, a small village of Matto Grosso, Brazil, about twenty miles ENE of Cuyabá, on the plateau. The village itself is about 2,500 feet above sea level, or 1,800 ft. above Cuyabá; but collections are from all surrounding regions as low as 1,500 ft.” fide H.H. Smith in Papavero (1971: 379). APROSDOKETOPHIS Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010 (Colubridae) Type species: Aprosdoketophis andreonei Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010. Distribution: Somalia. Source: Wallach et al., 2010. 1. Aprosdoketophis andreonei Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010. Afr. J. Herp. 59(2): 99–102, 3 figs. Type: Holotype, MZUT 3484, a 392 mm female (Cesarini, 1922–1923) A 54 A Snakes of the World Type locality: “Addur” [= Xuddor, Oddur], Bakool Region, S Somalia, 04º07’N, 43º53’E, elevation approximately 500 m. Distribution: Southern Somalia (Bakool), 500 m. Known only from type locality. †ARCHAEOPHIS Massalongo, 1859 (†Palaeophiidae) Synonyms: Archacophis – Huene, 1956 (nomen incorrectum), and Archeophis – Cadle, 1982 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: †Archaeophis proavus Massalongo, 1859. Distribution: Lower Eocene of Turkmenistan, and middle/lower Eocene of Italy. Sources: Rage, 1984b and Scanlon & Lee, 2001. 1. †Archaeophis proavus Massalongo, 1859. Spec. Photo. Anim. Plant. Foss. Veron.: 14–15, pls. 1–2. Type: Holotype, ZMBP MB 1902.1357, a 955–980 mm skeleton with 565 vertebrae and impression of skin (O. Di Canossa, 1850). Type locality: “agri Veronensis, in calcareo numm. M. Bubulcae” [= la Pesciara (Monte Bolca), Veneto Prov., NE Italy, 45º36’N, 11º13’E; Ypresian, lower Eocene fide Rage, 1984a: 36]. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Ypresian: 48.6–55.8 mya) of Italy (Veneto). Known only from type locality. Sources: Janensch, 1904a–b, 1906b and A.H. Müller, 1968. Remarks: Age is middle Eocene fide Auffenberg (1959: 15) and upper lower Eocene fide Tatarinov (1988: 113).. 2. †Archaeophis turkmenicus Tatarinov, 1963. Paleont. Zhur. 1963(2): 114, figs. 3–5. Type: Holotype, PIAN 2030/1, four articulated trunk vertebrae (P.G. Danil’chenko, 1960–1962). Type locality: “Southwestern Turkmen, Kishlak Uilia; Lower Eocene, Donatins strata” [= Uylya-Kushlyk, Turkmenistan, 38º38’N, 55º48’E; Donatinsk formation, lower Eocene fide Rage, 1984b: 36]. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Donatins: 48.6–55.8 mya) of SW Turkmenistan. Known only from type locality. Source: Tatarinov, 1988. Remarks: Rage (1984b: 36) erroneously listed holotype as PIAN 2030/31. ARCHELAPHE Schulz, Böhme & Tillack, 2011 (Colubridae) Synonym: Maculophis Burbrink & Lawson, 2007 (nomen nudum). Type species: Coronella bella Stanley, 1917. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Sources: Bourret, 1934a, C.H. Pope, 1936, Rendahl, 1937, Hu et al., 1980, Tian et al., 1986, Schulz, 1992a, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orl 2 ov et al., 2000, Schulz et al., 2000, 2011, Helfenberger 2001, Orlov et al., 2003, 2010, Burbrink & Lawson, 2007, I. Das, 2010, 2012, Orlov et al., 2010 and Ryabov et al., 2011. 1. Archelaphe bellus (Stanley, 1917). J. No. China Br. Royal Asiatic Soc. (1916) 47: 84–85, 3 figs., pl. with photo. (Coronella bella) Synonyms: Coluber leonardi Wall, 1921b, and Elaphe leonardi chapaensis Bourret, 1934a. Type: Holotype, SMNHC 717-17-1-525, a 950 mm specimen. Type locality: “Kuatun hills, in north-west Fokien near the borders of Kiangsi Prov., China” [= Guadun, in Wuyishan Mtns., ext. N Fujian Prov., SE China, 27°45’N, 117°50’E, elevation 900–1200 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, W Yunnan), NE India (Nagaland), N Myanmar (Kachin), N Laos and Vietnam (Bac Phan, Bac Thai, NW Ha Tinh, Hoàng Liên Son, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Sa Pa, Vinh Phu), 1000–3000 m. Remarks: Holotype in FU fide Orlov et al. (2010b: 313). ARGYROGENA F. Werner, 1924a (Colubridae) Type species: Coluber fasciolatus G. Shaw, 1802. Distribution: Southern Asia. Sources: Wall, 1914b, M.A. Smith, 1928b, L.D. Wilson, 1967, Singh, 1972, P. Silva, 1980a, Khan, 1993, 2002, Captain & Thakur, 1999, R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007, M.A.R. Khan, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. 1. Argyrogena fasciolata (G. Shaw, 1802). Gen. Zool., Amph. 3(2): 528. (Coluber fasciolatus) Synonyms: Coluber hebe Daudin, 1803c, Coluber curvirostris Cantor, 1839, and Argyrogena rostrata F. Werner, 1924a. Type: Lectotype, a 600 mm specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 26–27, pl. 21) (native, 1781– 1791), designated herein. Type locality: “Vizagapatam, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E, elevation 25 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Pakistan (Balochistan, Sindh), India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Sri Lanka (Northern) and Bangladesh. 55 Snakes of the World Remarks: Original description based on P. Russell (1796: 26–27, pl. 21). Single record from Sri Lanka needs confirmation fide E.H. Taylor (1950: 546). 2. Argyrogena vittacaudata (Blyth, 1854b). Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 23(7): 740. Type: Holotype, a 483 mm specimen, lost fide I. Das et al. (1998: 157). Type locality: “vicinity of Darjiling” [= Darjeeling, West Bengal, India, 27º02’N, 88º16’E, elevation 2100 m]. Distribution: Northeastern India (West Bengal). Remarks: Related to Coluber (= Argyrogena) fasciolatus fide Blyth. ARIZONA Kennicott in Baird, 1859a (Colubridae) Synonym: Arizon – Goode, 1883 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Arizona elegans Kennicott in Baird, 1859a. Distribution: Southwestern USA and N Mexico. Fossil records: Upper Miocene of USA (Nebraska) and Pleistocene of USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas). 1. Arizona elegans Kennicott in Baird, 1859a. U.S.Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. (1858) 2(2): 18–19, pl. 13. Synonyms: Coluber arizonae Boulenger, 1894, Arizona elegans occidentalis Blanchard, 1924a, Arizona elegans blanchardi Klauber, 1946a, Arizona elegans candida Klauber, 1946a, Arizona elegans eburnata Klauber, 1946a, Arizona elegans expolita Klauber, 1946a, Arizona elegans noctivaga Klauber, 1946a, Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946a, Arizona elegans arenicola Dixon, 1960, and Arizona elegans australis K.L. Williams, Chrapliwy & Smith, 1961. Type: Lectotype, USNM 1722 (A.C.V. Schott [U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv.], 1852–1853), designated by Blanchard (1924: 4). Type locality: “Lower Rio Grande” [= lower Rio Grande River, SE Texas, S USA] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southwestern United States and N Mexico. USA (Arizona, S California, ext. E Colorado, W Kansas, ext. SW Nebraska, ext. S Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, ext. SE Utah) and Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, W Sinaloa, W Sonora, S Tamaulipas, Zacatecas), NSL–1830 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas). Sources: Klauber, 1946a, Fleet & Dixon, 1971, Dixon & Fleet, 1976, Van Devender & Bradley, 1994, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Keogh, 1996, P.R. Brown, 1997, Rodríguez-Robles & Jesús-Escobar, 1999, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, McCranie & Wilson, 2001b, Grismer, 2002 and Pyron & Burbrink, 2009. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2047 fide Opinion 717 (ICZN, 1965a). Lectotype closely resembles specimens from Terrel Co., Texas fide Dixon & Fleet (1976: 2). 2. Arizona pacata Klauber, 1946a. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(17): 379–380 (Arizona elegans pacata) Type: Holotype, SDSNH 17652, a 789 mm male (F.F. Gander, 16 Nov. 1941). Type locality: “Santo Domingo (lat. 25°30’N), Baja California, Mexico.” Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (ext. SW Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur). Source: Grismer, 2002. 3. †Arizona voorhiesi Parmley & Holman, 1995. J. Vert. Paleont. 15(1): 80–81, figs. 4a–b. Type: Holotype, MSUVP 1220, one trunk vertebra (UNSM & MSU field crews). Type locality: “Lemoyne Quarry fossil site (USNM locality Kh-101), is a north-facing road cut on Nebraska State Highway 92 in NE1/4, NW1/4, Sec. 3, 6.4 km W of Lemoyne, Keith County, SW Nebraska; middle Hemphillian mammal age (late Miocene).” Distribution: Upper Miocene (Hemphillian: 4.9–10.3 mya) of USA (Nebraska). ARRHYTON A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Cryptodacus Gundlach in W.C.H. Peters, 1861f, Arryton – Cope, 1860e (nomen incorrectum), Colorhogia Cope, 1862, and Arhyton – Auffenberg, 1958 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Arrhyton taeniatum A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Cuba. Sources: Grant et. al., 1959, A. Schwartz, 1965, Buden, 1966, Maglio, 1970, A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1975, A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1981, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988, 1991, Rodríguez-Robles & Greene, 1996, Vidal et al., 2000, Hedges et al., 2009, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Arrhyton ainictum A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1981. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 50(7): 216–217, fig. 2c, 3c. Type: Holotype, CZACC 4.4619 (formerly IZAC 4256), a 363 mm male (L. Zayas, 30 July 1974). Type locality: “Cueva del 18, Francisco, Camagüey Prov., Cuba.” Distribution: Cuba (Camaguey, Las Tunas). Source: Chamizo-Lara et al., 2005. A 56 A Snakes of the World 2. Arrhyton dolichura F. Werner, 1909b. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 26: 224–225. Type: Holotype, formerly ZMH, a 410 mm female, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Alabama (?)” [USA] (in error). Restricted to La Habana, Habana Prov., Cuba fide Grant et al. (1959: 130). Distribution: Cuba (Habana). Remarks: For explanation of species spelling see A. Schwartz & Garrido (1981: 220). 3. Arrhyton procerum Hedges & Garrido, 1992a. Herpetologica 48(2): 174–175, fig. 3a. Type: Holotype, MNHNCU 3285, a 371 mm male (E. Alfaro, 12 July 1990). Type locality: “11.4 km ESE Playa Girón, Matanzas Prov., Cuba, 0 m.” Distribution: Cuba (Matanzas), NSL. Known only from type locality. 4. Arrhyton redimitum (Cope, 1862b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(1): 81–82. (Colorhogia redimita) Synonym: Arrhyton vittatum landoi A. Schwartz, 1965. Type: Holotype, USNM 29769 (formerly USNM 5747), a 197 mm specimen (C. Wright, 1856–1862). Type locality: “Eastern Cuba” [Greater Antilles]. Distribution: Eastern Cuba (Granma, Guantánamo, Santiago de Cuba). Sources: A. Schwartz, 1965 and Lando & Williams, 1969. 5. Arrhyton supernum Hedges & Garrido, 1992a. Herpetologica 48(2): 171, fig. 1b. Type: Holotype, MNHNCU 2704, a 426 mm female (R. Thomas, 29 July 1989). Type locality: “the SW slope of El Yunque de Baracoa, Guantánamo Prov., Cuba, 136 m.” Distribution: Extreme E Cuba (Guantánamo), 135 m. Known only from type locality and Monte Libano. 6. Arrhyton taeniatum A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 244. Synonym: Arrhyton fulvum Cope, 1862b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.21.48, a 229 mm specimen (Zool. Soc. London). Type locality: “Cuba” [Greater Antilles]. Distribution: Cuba (Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantánamo, Habana, Holguin, Pinar del Río, Santiago de Cuba and Juventud Is.). 7. Arrhyton tanyplectum A. Schwartz & Garrido, 1981. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 50(7): 221–222, fig. 2e, 3e. Type: Holotype, AMNH 77782, a 542 mm male (A. Schwartz, 9 July 1957). Type locality: “cliffs at San Vicente, Pinar del Río Prov., Cuba.” Distribution: Extreme W Cuba (Pinar del Río). 8. Arrhyton vittatum (Gundlach in W.C.H. Peters, 1861f). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1861(11): 1003–1004. (Cryptodacus vittatus) Synonym: Arrhyton bivittatum Cope, 1862b. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMB 4096, 283 and 220 mm specimens (J. Gundlach, 1839–1842), other syntype lost fide Bauer et al. (1995: 81). Type locality: “Cuba” [Greater Antilles]. Restricted to Cárdenas, Matanzas Prov., Cuba fide & Garrido (1981: 208). Distribution: A. Schwartz Cuba (Camagüey, Habana, Holguin, Matanzas, Oriente, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus, Via Clara and Pinos Is). ASPIDELAPS Fitzinger, 1843 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Aspidoelaps A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Cyrtophis Sundevall in A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849, Aspidilaps – Pringle, 1954 (nomen incorrectum), and Crytophis – V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Natrix lubrica Laurenti, 1768. Distribution: Southern Africa. Sources: Mertens, 1955, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, 1974, Broadley, 1968a, 1983, Buys & Buys, 1983, Branch, 1988, Marais, 1992, 2004, Golay et al., 1993, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Slowinski et al., 1997, Keogh, 1998, Broadley & Baldwin, 2006, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. 1. Aspidelaps lubricus (Laurenti, 1768). Synop. Rept.: 80. (Natrix lubrica) Synonyms: Coluber latonia Daudin, 1803b, Naia somersetta A. Smith, 1826, Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi Bogert, 1940, and Aspidelaps lubricus infuscatus Mertens, 1954b. Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by Seba (1735: pl. 43, fig. 3), lost fide Golay et al. (1993: 113). Type locality: “Africanus, ex Promontorio Bonae Spei” [= Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Prov., SW South Africa, 34º21’S, 18º28’E, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Southwestern Angola (Namibe), Namibia (Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Omaheke, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa) and 57 Snakes of the World W South Africa (Eastern Cape, S Free State, Northern Cape, Western Cape), NSL–1415 m. 2. Aspidelaps scutatus (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838– 1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept. (App.): 22. (Cyrtophis scutatus) Synonyms: Naia fula-fula Bianconi, 1849a (nomen incorrigendum), Naja fulafula – W.C.H. Peters, 1882d (nomen corrigendum), Aspidelaps scutatus bachmani Mertens, 1954, and Aspidelaps scutatus intermedius Broadley, 1968. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.83 (formerly BMNH 1863.2.21.90), a 190–205 mm specimen (A. Smith, 27 Aug.–10 Sept. 1835). Type locality: “Kaffirland and the country towards Port Natal, South Africa,” (in error fide V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a: 273, probably from further north, i.e. Mozambique). Restricted to the confluence of the Marico and Crocodile rivers, north-western Transvaal fide Broadley (1968d: 1) [= NW Limpopo Prov., NE South Africa, 24º11’S, 26º52’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Southern Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Sofala), SW Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Masvingo, Matebeleland North, Matebeleland South), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgaligadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, North East, North West, Southern), Namibia (Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Khomas, Okavango, Omaheke, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa) and NE South Africa (Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga), NSL–1670 m. Sources: Broadley, 1968d, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Pienaar et al., 1978, Auerbach, 1987, Shine et al., 1996, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Boulenger (1896a: 391) listed a BMNH juvenile from Natal as one of A. Smith’s types (confirmed fide V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1937: 263), leading Mertens (1955: 108) to restrict type locality to Natal. FitzSimons (1962a: 273) believed type locality of Natal to be in error (as the species does not occur there). Broadley restricted type locality to a site visited by A. Smith in 1835. ASPIDITES W.C.H. Peters, 1877a (nomen substitutum) (Pythonidae) Synonyms: Aspidiotes Krefft, 1864a–b (nomen praeoccupatum), Aspidiotus W.C.H Peters, 1876b (nomen praeoccupatum), and Aspiditis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Aspidiotes melanocephalus Krefft, 1864a. Distribution: Australia. Sources: Stimson, 1969, L.A. Smith, 1981a, Storr et al., 1986, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Hoser, 1989, 2000b, 2003a, 2012b, Ehmann, 1992, D.G. Barker & Barker, 1994, Wall, 1998b, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Cogger, 2000, Torr, 2000, Rawlings et al., 2008 and Schleip & O’Shea, 2010. 1. Aspidites melanocephalus (Krefft, 1864a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 32(1): 20–22, 2 figs. (Aspidiotes melanocephalus) Synonyms: Aspidites melanocephalus adelynensis Hoser, 2000b & 2012b (nomen illegitimum), Aspidites melanocephalus davieii Hoser, 2000b (nomen illegitimum), and Aspidites melanocephalus rickjonesii Hoser, 2009b & 2012b (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.2 (formerly BMNH 1866.2.13.27), a 2388 mm female (G. Krefft, 1861–1864). Type locality: “Port Denison, N.E. Australia” (in error). Corrected to Bowen, Queensland fide Cogger et al. (1983: 202). Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, N Western Australia, Bathurst, Melville, Montgomery, Quail, Uwins and Valencia Is.), NSL–760 m. Sources: L.A. Smith, 1981a, Storr et al., 1986, Hoser, 1989, 2000b, 2003a, 2012b, Ehmann, 1992, Wall, 1998b, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Rawlings et al., 2008. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Krefft (1864b: 225–226, 2 figs.). 2. Aspidites ramsayi (Macleay, 1882). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (1881–1882) 6(4): 813. (Aspidiotes ramsayi) Synonyms: Aspidites collaris Longman, 1913, Aspidites ramsayi panoptes Hoser, 2000b & 2012b (nomen illegitimum), Aspidites ramsayi richardjonesii Hoser, 2000a (nomen illegitimum), and Aspidites ramsayi neildavieii Hoser, 2009b & 2012b (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, MMS, a 1905 mm specimen (J. Ramsay via E.P. Ramsay, 1880), lost fide Stimson (1969: 2). Type locality: “near Fort Bourke” [New South Wales, Australia] in error and corrected to Tyndarie fide Shea (2012: 149). Distribution: Central Australia (NW New South Wales, S Northern Territory, SW Queensland, N South Australia, Western Australia), NSL–650 m. Sources: Waite, 1894b and Krauss, 1994. ASPIDOMORPHUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Pseudelaps A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Pseudoelaps Jan, 1859a (nomen praeoccupatum), Apisdomorphus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Birbon & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Psudoelaps – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Pseudelas – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Aspidomophus – Obst, Richter & Jacob, 1984 (nomen incorrectum), and Aspidomorphis – Schwaner, A 58 A Snakes of the World Baverstock, Dessauer & Mengden, 1985 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elaps muellerii Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: New Guinea and adjacent islands. Sources: Brongersma, 1934, McDowell, 1967, O’Shea, 1996, Keogh et al., 1998, Scanlon, 2003a, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Sanders et al., 2008, Metzger et al., 2010, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: All three species contain multiple cryptic species fide Metzger et al. (2009: 7). 1. Aspidomorphus lineaticollis (F. Werner, 1903b). Zool. Anz. (1902) 26(693): 251 (footnote). (Pseudelaps muelleri lineaticollis) Synonyms: Aspidomorphus mülleri lineatus Brongersma, 1934 (nomen incorrigendum), Aspidiomorphus schlegeli – Brass, 1959 (nomen incorrectum), Aspidomorphus muelleri lineatus – Klemmer, 1963 (nomen corrigendum), and Aspidomorphus linegicollis – McDowell, 1969a (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, NMW 27387, a 475 mm female (B. Geisler & H. Geisler, 1890–1902, via W. Schlüter). Type locality: “Neuguinea” [= New Guinea]. Distribution: Eastern Papua New Guinea (Madang, Milne Bay, Morobe, Oro, Sudest, Fergusson, Goodenough, Misima, Normanby, Trobriand & Woodlark Is.), NSL– 400 m. 2. Aspidomorphus muellerii (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 182, 2: 452–454, pl. 16, figs. 16–17. (Elaps muellerii) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Elaps mülleri Schlegel, 1837 (nomen incorrigendum), Elaps müllerii Schlegel, 1837 (nomen incorrigendum), Diemenia muelleri – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b (nomen corrigendum), and Aspidomorphus mülleri interruptus Brongersma, 1934 (nomen incorrigendum), and Aspidomorphus muelleri interruptus – Klemmer, 1963 (nomen corrigendum). Types: Syntypes (2), RMNH 1402–03, a male and female, 456 and 405 mm specimens (S. Müller, Aug. 1828). Type locality: “la côte occidentale de la Nouvelle Guinée” [= Lobo, Triton Bay, West Papua Prov., Indonesia fide McDowell, 1967: 521]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (West Papua, Mansinam, Misool, Salawati, Seram) and Papua New Guinea (Central, Eastern, East New Britain, East Sepik, Gulf, Milne Bay, New Ireland, Northern, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain, West Sepik, Duke of York Is.), 500– 1500 m. Remarks: Original description listed E. mülleri (1: 182 & pl. 16) and E. müllerii (2: 452). 3. Aspidomorphus schlegelii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9(49): 35. (Diemenia schlegelii) Synonyms: Pseudelaps muelleri insulae T. Barbour, 1908, Pseudelaps muelleri concolor F. Werner, 1925, and Aspidomorphus schlegelli – Brongersma, 1952 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.18.43, a female, and BMNH 1946.1.18.86. Type locality: “island of Misol” [= Misool, Papua Prov., E Indonesia]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (Papua, Batanta, Biak, Jamna, Jobi, Misool, Mysore, Salawati, Waigeu) and ext. NW Papua New Guinea (West Sepik). ASPIDURA Wagler, 1830 (Natricidae) Synonyms: Haplocercus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Heptagerrhon Fitzinger, 1861, Aspiduraz – Theobald, 1876 (nomen incorrectum), and Asidura – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Scytale brachyorrhos F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1971, 1980a, Gans & Fetcho, 1982, A. Silva, 1990 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Haplocercus a synonym of Aspidura fide Pyron et al. (2013: 975). 1. Aspidura brachyorrhos (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 517. (Scytale brachyorrhos) Synonym: Calamaria scytale Schlegel, 1837. Type: Holotype, IRSNB, a 207 mm specimen (P.-A.J. Drapiez, 1819–1827), lost fide Gans & Fetcho (1982: 285). Type locality: “Java” [W Indonesia] (in error). Corrected to Ceylon [= Sri Lanka] fide H. Boie (1831: 188). Restricted to Sri Lanka fide Gans & Fetcho (1982: 286). Distribution: Southern Sri Lanka (Central, Western), 350–1220 or 1400 m. Source: E.H. Taylor, 1953b. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825: pl. 22). 2. Aspidura ceylonensis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 15. (Haplocercus ceylonensis) Synonym: Aspidura carinata Jan, 1862b. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.12.27, a male (R. Templeton, 1839–1851), and BMNH 1946.1.12.6, a 483 mm female (H. Cuming, 1836–1840). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. 59 Snakes of the World Distribution: Central Sri Lanka (Central, Sabaragamuwa, Uva), 1070–2140 (2300) m. Sources: Wall, 1921g, 1923c, M.A. Smith, 1943, E.H. Taylor, 1953b, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1969, 1980a, A. Silva, 1983, 1990b, 2001, 2009 and Somaweera, 2006. Remarks: Transferred from Haplocercus to Aspidura fide Pyron et al. (2013: 975). 3. Aspidura copii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a. Rept. Brit. India: 203, pl. 18, fig. e. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.9, a 419 mm male. Type locality: Not stated, but presumed to be Ceylon [= Sri Lanka] fide Günther (1864a: 203). Distribution: Southern Sri Lanka (Central, Uva, Western), 30–2130 m. Source: Willey, 1906. Distribution: Central Sri Lanka (Central, Uva), 750–2100 m. Sources: A. Silva, 2009 and Ukuweia & Dawundasekara, 2012. Remarks: Malnate (1971: 3072) erroneously listed type as ANSP 3309. ASTHENODIPSAS W.C.H. Peters, 1864a (Pareatidae) Type: Holotype, CM 83455, a 199 mm male (C. Gans, Aug. 1972). Type locality: “Kanawarella Group Estate (near Namunukula), at 1520 m, Sri Lanka,”[= Uva Prov., SE Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Southeastern Sri Lanka (Uva). Known only from vicinity of type locality, 1500–1520 m. Synonyms: Amplycephalus Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822b (nomen rejiciendum), Amblycephalus Schlegel, 1826a (nomen praeoccupatum), Amblycephalus H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (nomen praeoccupatum), Amplyaphalus – F. Boie, 1827 (nomen incorrectum), Amblicephalus Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen emendation), Emblycephalus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, & bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Amblycerhalus – Kulagin, 1888 (nomen incorrectum), Astenodipsas Lidth de Jeude, 1891 (nomen emendatum), and Internatus Yang & Rao in Rao & Yang, 1992. Type species: Asthenodipsas malaccana W.C.H. Peters, 1864a. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and W Indonesia. Sources: Rao & Yang, 1992, David & Vogel, 1996, Iskandar & Colijn, 2001, Grossmann & Tillack, 2003, Zaher et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Hoser, 2012q. 5. Aspidura drummondhayi Boulenger, 1904d. Spolia Zeylan. 2(7): 95–96, pl., 4 figs. 1. Asthenodipsas laevis (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 520. (Amblycephalus laevis) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.12.45–46, a 202 mm male and 223 mm female (H.M. Drummond-Hay, March–May 1903). Type locality: “Hopewell estate, Balangoda...the probable elevation being from 3,500 to 4,200 feet above sea level” [= Sabaragamuwa Prov., S Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Southern Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa, Southern), 1040–1280 m. Synonyms: Amblycephalus laevis H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), and Amblycephalus laevis Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum). Type: Lectotype, RMNH 986B, a 374 mm female (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823), designated by Grossman & Tillack (2003: 180). Type locality: “Java, Indonesia” via lectotype selection. Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Southern Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, W Phatthalung, E Trang), Laos (Houaphan, Xiangkhouang), West Malaysia (Johore, Pahang, Selangor), East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and W Indonesia (Bangka, Java, S Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Natuna Besar, Siberut, Serasan, Sumatra), 350–1625 m. Sources: A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Flower, 1896, Rooij, 1917, 1922, M.A. Smith, 1930c, Haas, 1950, B.L. Lim, 1963, 1964, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Heang, 1987, Dring et al., 1990, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Stuebing, 1991, B.L. Lim et al., 2002, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2010. 4. Aspidura deraniyagalae Gans & Fetcho, 1982. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 51(14): 299–301, fig. 6 (left). 6. Aspidura guentheri Ferguson, 1876. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 44(1): 819–820. Types: Syntypes (12), BMNH 1946.1.12.16–26 and MCZ 28467, males, females and juveniles, longest syntype 157 mm (W. Ferguson, 1839–1877). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Southern Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Western), NSL–500 m. 7. Aspidura trachyprocta Cope, 1860d. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12(2): 75–76. Synonym: Heptagerrhon bivittatum Fitzinger, 1861. Type: Holotype, ANSP 3308, a 208 mm specimen (H. Cuming, 1836–1840). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. A 60 A Snakes of the World Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Photograph of lectotype in Grossman & Tillack (2003: fig. 4). 2. Asthenodipsas malaccanus W.C.H. Peters, 1864a. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1864(4): 273–274, pl., figs. 3, 3a–3d. (Asthenodipsas malaccana) Synonyms: Pareas dorsopictus Edeling, 1870, and Amblycephalus malaccanus ventrilineatus Angel, 1941. Type: Holotype, ZMB 5041, a 215 mm female (W. Baumgarten), lost fide R. Günther (in litt.). Type locality: “der Nähe von Malacca” [= Melaka, southwestern West Malaysia]. Corrected to Malay Peninsula fide Boulenger (1912c: 210) [= West Malaysia]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Extreme S Thailand (Yala), West Malaysia (Melaka, Pahang, Selangor), East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and W Indonesia (E Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Siberuat, Sumatra), 245–1000 m. Sources: Lidth de Jeude, 1890, Boulenger, 1912c, M.A. Smith, 1930c, Haas, 1950, Batchelor, 1958, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Grandison, 1972, B.L. Lim & Sharef bin Kamarudin, 1975, Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2007b, 2012. Remarks: Photograph of holotype in Grossman & Tillack (2003: fig. 3). 3. Asthenodipsas vertebralis (Boulenger, 1900a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5(27): 307–308. (Amblycephalus vertebralis) Synonym: Amblycephalus tropidonotus Lidth de Jeude, 1923. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.14 (formerly BMNH 1900.7.18.5), a 460 mm specimen (L. Wray, Jr.). Type locality: “Maxwell’s Hill, Larut, 3000 feet elevation, Perak, Malay Peninsula” [= West Malaysia, elevation 915 m]. Distribution: West Malaysia (W Pahang, Perak, Tioman Is.) and W Indonesia (W Sumatra), 915–2010 m. Sources: Smedley, 1932a, C.P. Haas, 1950, B.L. Lim, 1967a, Grandison, 1972, Sly, 1976, Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, B.L. Lim et al., 2002, Grossmann & Tillack, 2003, Youmans et al., 2003, Grismer, 2011 and I. Das, 2012. Remarks: Photograph of type in Grossman & Tillack (2003: fig. 2). ASTROTIA J.G. Fischer, 1855 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Astiotia – Reid, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), Astrotea – Cahill, Heatwole & Goldman, 1973 (nomen incorrectum), and Aristrotia – B.D. Sharma in B.D. Sharma & Kumari, 1998a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hydrus stokesii Gray in Stokes, 1846a. Distribution: Marine waters of Indo-Australia, including Arabian Sea, Arafura Sea, Bay of Bengal, Coral Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, Indian Ocean, South China Sea, Strait of Malacca and Timor Sea. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1926a, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Mao & Chen, 1975, Cogger et al., 1983a, Tweedie, 1983, Gasperetti, 1988, Golay et al., 1993, O’Shea, 1996, A.R. Rasmussen, 1997, Cogger, 2000, M.S. Khan, 2002, 2006, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Wells, 2007, Kharin & Czeblukov, 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012, A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: Original description reprinted in J.G. Fischer, 1856a. Kharin & Czeblokov, 2009 placed this genus with Distiera and Enhydrina in a new tribe Disteirini. A synonym of Hydrophis fide Sanders et al., 2013. 1. Astrotia stokesii (Gray in Stokes, 1846a). Discov. Australia (App.): 502, pl. 3. (Hydrus stokesii) Synonyms: Hydrophis schizopholis P. Schmidt, 1846, Hydrus annulatus Gray, 1849, Hydrophis güntheri Theobald, 1868b (nomen praeoccupatum), Hydrophis granosa J. Anderson, 1871a, Hydrophis guttata Murray, 1887, Astrossii stokesii – W.P. Lowe, 1932 (nomen incorrectum), Astrokia stokesi – Ruiter, 1958 (nomen incorrectum), Astoria stokesi – Sawai, 1976 (nomen incorrectum), Astroria stokesi A. Silva, 1976 (nomen incorrectum), Astrocia stokessi – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum), and Hydrophis guentheri Cogger et al., 1983a (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.12 (formerly BMNH III.9.1.d), an adult female (J.L. Stokes, 1837–1843). Type locality: “Australian Seas.” Distribution Indo-Australia. Pakistan, India (West Bengal), Sri Lanka, Thailand (Chon Buri, Pattani), Vietnam (Gulf of Tonkin to Gulf of Thailand), China, Taiwan, West Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, E Indonesia (Papua, Aru Is.), S Papua New Guinea (Western) and Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia). ATHERIS Cope, 1862 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Chloroechis Bonaparte, 1849 (nomen rejiciendum), Poecilostolus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a, Antheris – Giglioli, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Adenorhinos Marx & Rabb, 1965, Adenorhinus Dowling in Dowling & Duellman, 1978 (nomen emendatum), Adenorphinus – Underwood, 1979 (nomen incorrectum), and Woolfvipera Hoser, 2012v (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Echis squamigera Hallowell, 1855b. 61 Snakes of the World Distribution: West, cen. and East Africa. Sources: Broadley, 1968a, 1989, 1996b, 1998b, Groombridge, 1980, Ashe & Marx, 1988, Marx et al., 1988, Golay et al., 1993, Herrmann & Joger, 1995, 1997, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Broadley, 1996b, 1998b, J.B. Rasmussen & Howell, 1998, Herrmann et al., 1999, Joger & Courage, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, D. Lawson et al., 2001, Lenk et al., 2001b, Spawls et al., 2002, Mallow et al., 2003, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Wüster et al., 2008, Branch & Bayliss, 2009, Phelps, 2010, Menegon et al., 2011 and Hoser, 2012d, v. Remarks: Official Generic Name fide Opinion 1634 (ICZN, 1991). McDiarmid et al. (1999: 353–354) discuss type species of Atheris and status of Chloroechis Bonaparte. 1. Atheris acuminata Broadley, 1998b. Herpetol. J. 8(3): 129–130, figs. 11–12. Type: Holotype, NMZB 13950, a 440 mm male (Mrs. C. Allen, 3 May 1994). Type locality: “forest near Nsere Lodge, Kyambura Game Reserve, just south of lake George, Ankole District, western Uganda (00º09’S: 30º08’) at an altitude of ca. 950 m. Distribution: Southwestern Uganda (W Western), 950 m. Known only from holotype. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. Remarks: A synonym of A. hispida fide Lawson et al., 2001. Taxonomic status problematic fide Dobiey & Vogel, 2007. 2. Atheris anisolepis Mocquard, 1887c. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1886–1887) (7) 11(1): 89. Synonym: Atheris laeviceps Boettger, 1887a. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 1886.242, a 650 mm specimen, designated by Broadley (1998b: 128). Type locality: “Alima [River]- Leketi, Congo” [= Alima River at Leketi, Cuvette Region, Congo, 1°36’S, 14°57’E, elevation 370 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Gabon (HautOgooué), S Congo (Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Plateau), W Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo), NSL–800 m. Source: J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995. Remarks: A synonym of A. squamigera fide Lawson & Ustach, 2000. Atheris laeviceps a valid species fide J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève (1995: 50). 3. Atheris barbouri Loveridge, 1930. Proc. New England Zool. Club 11: 107–108. Type: Holotype, MCZ 29055, a 369 mm male (A. Loveridge, 1 Jan. 1930). Type locality: “Dabaga, Uzungwe Mountains, southeast of Iringa, Tanganyika Territory, altitude 6000 feet” [= Dabaga, Uzungwa Mountains, Iringa Region, cen. Tanzania, 8°06’S, 35°55’E, elevation 1980 m]. Distribution: Southern Tanzania (Udzungwa and Ukinga Mts. of Dodoma, Iringa, Morogoro), 1700–1980 m. Source: J.B. Rasmussen & Howell, 1998. 4. Atheris broadleyi D. Lawson, 1999. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(4): 794–797, fig. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UTA 37801 (formerly DPL 3608), a 660 mm female (D.P. Lawson, 1 June 1994). Type locality: “vicinity Lipondji village, East Prov., Cameroon (2°23’05”N, 15°25’41”E)” [= elevation 540 m] Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Cameroon (Adamaoua, Est, Centre, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud), SW Central African Republic (Sangha), Gabon (Estuaire, Ngounié, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem) and Congo (Cuvette), 330–985 m. Sources: D. Lawson et al., 2001 and Chirioi & LeBreton, 2007. 5. Atheris ceratophora F. Werner, 1896a. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien (1895) 45: 194, pl. 5, figs. 1a–e. Synonym: Atheris ceratophorus – Boulenger, 1896a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.23 (formerly BMNH 1895.4.8.5), a 420 mm female (A. Müller. 1893–1895). Type locality: “Usambara (Deutsch-Ostafrika)” [= Usambara Mountains, Tanga Prov., SE Tanzania]. Distribution: Southeastern Tanzania (Usambara, Udzungwe and Uluguru Mts. of Iringa, Morogoro, Tanga), 700–2000 m Sources: J. B. Rasmussen & Howell, 1982, W. Böhme, 1987, Emmrich, 1997 and Spawls et al., 2002. 6. Atheris chlorechis (Pel, 1851). Ned.Tijdschr. Jagtkunde 1: 172–173. (Vipera chlorechis) Synonyms: Vipera chloroechis Schlegel, 1855 (nomen emendatum), Toxicoa chloroëchis Cope, 1860 (nomen emendatum), Atheris polylepis W.C.H. Peters, 1864c, Atheris chloroëchis W.C.H. Peters, 1864c (nomen emendatum), Atheris proximus Rochebrune, 1885, and Atheris chloraechis Cansdale, 1981 (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, RMNH 1648 (H.S. Pel, 1851), designated by M.S. Hoogmoed in Hughes & Barry (1969: 1030). Type locality: “Boutry” [= Butre, near Fort Batenstein, Western Region, Ghana, 24°49’N, 1°55’W, elevation 35 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Forests of West Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Southern), Liberia, S Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Taï), S Ghana (Eastern, Western) and S Togo (Plateaux), NSL–560 m. A 62 A Snakes of the World Sources: Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Hughes, 1983, Broadley, 1989, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, W. Böhme et al., 2011 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Official Specific name fide Opinion 1634 (ICZN, 1991). Bogert (1940: 104) considered a subspecies of A. squamiger (Hallowell). See Remarks under A. chloroechis in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 355) regarding A. chlorechis Schlegel, 1855. Occurs in Guinea-Bissau fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 355). Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). Luiselli in Phelps (2010: 242) indicated that this species probably does not occur in Nigeria. 7. Atheris desaixi Ashe, 1968. J. East Africa Nat. Hist. Soc. Natl. Mus. 27(1): 53–55, figs. 1–2, 2 pls. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1969.338 (formerly NMK 1626), a 645 mm female (F. De Saix, 3 July 1967). Type locality: “near Chuka, Lat. 0°20’S. Long 37°.35’E... in rain forest at an altitude of c. 1,600 metres, Kenya.” Distribution: Central Kenya (cen. Eastern), 1600–1700 m. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. 8. Atheris hirsuta Ernst & Rödel, 2002. Herpetol. J. 12: 55–57, figs. 2–3. Type: Holotype, SMNS 11333, a 480 mm male (R. Ernst, 20 Sept. 2000). Type locality: “about 6 km West of the “Station de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale” (SRET 5°50’N 7°19’W), Taï National Park, Ivory Coast” [elevation 200 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Ivory Coast (Guiglo), 200 m. Known only from type locality. 9. Atheris hispida Laurent, 1955. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 51(1–2): 138–139. Synonym: Atheris hispidus – Meirte, 1992. Type: Holotype, MRAC 15841, a female (A. Prigogine, 1950). Type locality: “Lutunguru, Kivu” [= Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Distribution: East Africa. Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Orientale, Sud-Kivu), ext. SW Uganda (S Western), SW Kenya (Western) and NW Tanzania (Kagera), 800–2400 m. Sources: Pitman, 1974, Broadley, 1998b and Spawls et al., 2002. 10. Atheris katangensis Witte, 1953. Explor. Parc Natl. Upemba, Rept. (6): 301–303, figs. 107a–c, pl. 3, fig. 4, pl. 21, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2207, a 397 mm male (G.-F. de Witte, 19 May 1947). Type locality: “Mubale-Munte (région du confluent), sous-affluent et affluent de la rive droite de la Lufira (alt. 1.480 m)” [= Parc National de l’Upemba, Katanga Prov., Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Distribution: Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), 1250–1480 m. 11. Atheris mabuensis Branch & Bayliss, 2009. Zootaxa (2113), 44–49, figs. 2–5. Type: Holotype, PEM 17901, a 303 mm male (native, 20 Oct. 2008). Type locality: “main forest camp, Mount Mabu (16º17’12”S, 36º24’14”E, 1000m a.s.l., Zambezia Prov., northern Mozambique.” Distribution: Northern Mozambique (Zambézia), 1000– 1550 m. 12. Atheris matildae Menegon, Davenport & Howell, 2011. Zootaxa (3120): 44–50, fig. 1 (left). Type: Holotype, MTSN 9344, a 637 mm male (O. Kibure & O. Mwaipungu, Feb. 2009). Type locality: “forest fragment in Southern Highlands of Tanzania, at about 1995 m.” Distribution: Southwestern Tanzania (SE Mbeya or SW Iringa), 2000 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Remarks: Exact locality not disclosed for conservation reasons. 13. Atheris nitschei Tornier, 1902a. Zool. Jahrb. (1901) 15(2): 589–590, 2 figs. Synonym: Atheris woosnami Boulenger, 1906b. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMB 17669 (Eggel) and ZMB 20480 (H. Ziemann, 1900–1901). Type locality: “Mpororosumpf, zwischen den Papyrusstauden, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika” [= Mpororo Swamp, Rwanda, near Uganda border fide Loveridge (1942: 313) and Broadley (1998: 121)]. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (ext. NE Katanga, Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu), SW Uganda (Kigezi, Toro), W Rwanda, W Burundi, NW Tanzania, 1600–2750 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1942, Pitman, 1974, D. Lawson et al., 2001 and Spawls et al., 2002. 14. Atheris rungweensis Bogert, 1940. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 77(1): 104–106, fig. 18. (Atheris nitschei rungweensis) Type: Holotype, AMNH 39186, a 450 mm female (R. Boulton & L. Boulton, 1929). Type locality: “Rungwe Mountains, Tanganyika Territory” [= Rungwe Mtn., Mbeya Region, SW Tanzania, ca. 9°07’S, 33°38’E]. 63 Snakes of the World Distribution: Eastern Africa. Western Tanzania (Kigoma, Mbeya, Rukwa), NE Zambia (Northern), N Malawi (Northern), 800–2000 m. Sources: Sweeney, 1961, Broadley, 1998b, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley et al., 2003. Remarks: A valid species fide Broadley in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 357) and Spawls et al. (2002: 492). 15. Atheris squamigera (Hallowell, 1855b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1854–1855) 7(5): 193. (Echis squamigera) Synonyms: Atheris squamatus– Cope, 1862c (nomen incorrectum), Toxicoa squamata – Cope, 1862c (nomen incorrectum), Poecilostolus burtonii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a, Atheris lucani Rochebrune, 1885, Atheris squamiger Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum), and Atheris squamigera robusta Laurent. 1956a , Type: Holotype, ANSP 6949, a 546 mm specimen (M.P. Bellonni-Duchaillu). Type locality: “Near the river Gaboon, Guinea” [= Gabon River, Gabon]. Distribution: Central Africa. Togo, S Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Rivers), S Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Central African Republic (Haut-Mbomou, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Sangha), Gabon (Estuaire, HautOgooué, Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette-Ouest, Lekoumou, Pool, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), N Angola (Cabinda, Lunda Norte), S Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western), SW Kenya (Western) and NW Tanzania (Kagera), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Mertens, 1965c, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, D.P. Lawson, 1993, 1999, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Broadley, 1998b, D.P. Lawson & Ustach, 2000, D.P. Lawson et al., 2000, Spawls et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Togo record needs confirmation fide Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 351). Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). 16. Atheris subocularis J.G. Fischer, 1888a. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 5: 5, pl. 1, figs. 2a–e, pl. 2, fig. 11. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.80 (formerly BMNH 1899.12.16.139), a 543 mm specimen (J. Voss). Type locality: “Kamerun” [= Cameroon]. Distribution: Southwestern Cameroon (Sud-Ouest), 240– 300 m. Sources: D. Lawson et al., 2001, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Dobiey & Vogel, 2007. Remarks: Possibly occurs in SE Nigeria fide B. Lawson (2001: 742). ATRACTASPIS A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (Atractaspididae) Synonyms: Brachycranion Hallowell, 1854c, Brachychranion – Cope, 1860b (nomen incorrectum), Eurystephus Cope, 1862c, Actractaspis – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Attractaspis – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Melanelaps Wall, 1906b, Melanoseps Boulenger, 1920 (nomen emendatum), Atrataspis – Hedges, 1983 (nomen incorrectum), and Hoseraspea Hoser, 2012L (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Atractaspis bibronii A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849. Distribution: Africa, Middle East and Arabia. Sources: F. Werner, 1913, Laurent, 1945, 1950a, McDowell, 1961, 1986, Pasqual, 1962, Bourgeois, 1968, Broadley, 1968a, 1991b, Cadle, 1983, 1988, Hughes, 1983, Wallach, 1991, Meirte, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Underwood & Kochva, 1993, Ulber, 1994, Heise et al., 1995, Spawls & Branch, 1995, David & Ineich, 1999, Duefel & Cundall, 2003, Kelly et al., 2003, 2009, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Atractaspis andersonii Boulenger, 1905e. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16(92): 180. Synonym: Melanelaps mcphersoni Wall, 1906b. Types: Syntypes (6), BMNH 1946.1.18.14–18 and BMNH 1946.1.18.21, longest syntype 550 mm (G.W. Bury, 1901–1903). Type locality: “El Kubar, Upper Hushabi, South Arabia” [= El Kubar, Ad Dali’ Govern., SW Yemen, 13°45’N, 44°45’E, elevation 1350 m]. Distribution: Arabia. Western Saudi Arabia (Jazan, Makkah), Oman (Dhofar) and Yemen (Abyan, Ad Dali’, Aden, Ibb), NSL–1460 m. Sources: Gasperetti, 1988, Y. Werner & Werner, 1990 and David & Ineich, 1999. Remarks: Five syntypes listed fide Boulenger (1905e: 180) and Gasperetti (1988: 427) designated all five as the “holotype” but BMNH catalogue also lists 1946.1.18.21 as a type. 2. Atractaspis aterrima A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 363. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.87 (formerly BMNH 1863.10.5.13), a 361 mm female (Grant). Type locality: “West Africa.” A 64 A Snakes of the World Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Southern Senegal (Kédougou, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Gambia (Lower River), Guinea–Bissau (Bolama Is.), Guinea (Boffa, Conakry, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Northern, Southern, Western), Liberia (Grand Cape Mount), Ivory Coast (Aboisso, Abidjan, Adiopodoumé, Bondoukou, Bouna, Daloa, Ferkéssédougou, Lagunes), SW Mali (Sikasso), W Burkina-Faso (Centre, HautsBassins, Sud-Ouest), Ghana (Accra, Ashanti, Central, Volta, Upper West, Western), Togo (Kara, Plateaux), S Benin (Zou), Nigeria (Anambra, Benue, Imo, Kaduna, Lagos, Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), SW Chad (Chari-Baguirmi), Gabon, Central African Republic (Haute-Sangha, Kemo-Gribingui, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (N Equateur, N Orientale), N Uganda (W Northern), and SE Tanzania (Iringa, Morogoro), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Menzies, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, 2013, J.B. Rasmussen, 2005a, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012 and Chirio, 2013. 3. Atractaspis battersbyi Witte, 1959. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 60(3–4): 350–351. Type: Holotype, MRAC 20567, a 525 mm male (N’Kele, 1957). Type locality: “proviennent de Bolobo, (Territ. de Mushie), Congo belge” [= W Equateur Prov., NW Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2°10’S, 16°14’E, elevation 315 m]. Distribution: Western Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Kinshasa), 315 m. Remarks: A synonym of irregularis fide Hughes, 1983. 4. Atractaspis bibronii A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849. Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 71, figs. a–d, 2 pp. Synonyms: Atractaspis inornatus A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849, Atractaspis rostrata A.C.L.G. Günther, 1868, Atractaspis coarti Boulenger, 1901a, Atractaspis katangae Boulenger, 1901a, and Atractaspis bitronii – Falk, 1923 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.18.19, a female, syntypes 591 mm and 457 mm (A. Smith, 1831–1834), location of other syntype unknown. Type locality: “eastern districts of the Cape Colony, South Africa” [= KwaZulu Natal Prov., E South Africa fide Broadley, 1983: 221]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Southern Somalia (Shabeellaha Hoose), SE Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), SE Kenya (Coast), Tanzania (Iringa, Kigoma, Lindi, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Piwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Tanga, Zanzibar Is.), SE Rwanda, E Burundi, Malawi (Southern), Mozambique (= Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Sofala, Bazaruto Is.), NE Angola (Lunda Norte), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, NorthWestern, Southern, Western), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, North West, South East, Southern), Namibia (Erongo, Karas, Khomas, Okavango, Omaheke, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa), Swaziland and E South Africa (E Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Bocage, 1867a, Mertens, 1955, 1971, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley, 1983, 1990b, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, 1991b, Branch, 1988, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 5. Atractaspis boulengeri Mocquard, 1897a. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 3(1): 54–55. Synonyms: Atractaspis matschiensis F. Werner, 1897b, Atractaspis schultzei Sternfeld, 1917, Atractaspis boulengeri mixta Laurent, 1945, Atractaspis boulengeri schmidti Laurent, 1945, and Atractaspis boulengeri vanderborghti Laurent, 1956a. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1896.562, a 202 mm specimen (E. Haug, 1895–1897). Type locality: “les environs de Lambaréné, sur le bas Ogooué, Gabon, [= Lambaréné, Moyen-Ogooué Prov., Gabon, 20°42’S, 10°14’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southwestern Cameroon (Centre, Littoral, Sud, Sud-Ouest), S Congo (Kouilou, Sangha), Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo, Moyen-Ogooué, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), SW Central African Republic (Lobaye) and N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Katanga, Nord-Kivu, Orientale), 10–770 m. Sources: J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Mocquard (1897d: 16–17). Collector of type spelled Huaug fide MNHN catalogue. 6. Atractaspis congica W.C.H. Peters, 1877d. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1877(10): 616, figs. 2, 2a–2c. Synonym: Atractaspis congica orientalis Laurent, 1945. Type: Holotype, ZMB 8644. Type locality: “Chinchoxo (Westafrika)” [= Chinchoxo, Cabinda Prov., NW Angola, 5°33’S, 12°11’E, elevation 20 m]. 65 Snakes of the World Distribution: Central Africa. Southwestern Cameroon (Littoral, Sud, Sud-Ouest), S Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou), S Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa), Angola (Lunda Norte, Moxico) and N Zambia (Northern, North-Western), 10–1150 m. Sources: Laurent, 1964a, Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995 and M. Griffin, 2003. Remarks: Probably occurs in N Botswana fide Auerbach (1987: 180). 7. Atractaspis corpulenta (Hallowell, 1854c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1854–55) 7(3): 99. (Brachycranion corpulentum) Synonyms: Atractaspis leucura Mocquard, 1886, and Atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis Laurent, 1958. Type: Holotype, ANSP 6902, a 508 mm specimen (H.A. Ford, 1851–1854). Type locality: “Liberia, W. coast of Africa,” (in error fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1031). Corrected to Gabon fide Hallowell (1857b: 70). Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Sierra Leone, Liberia (Montserrado, Margibi), S Ivory Coast (Guiglo, Tabou), S Ghana, S Nigeria (Cross River, Rivers), SW Cameroon (Centre, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), SW Central African Republic (Lobaye), Congo (Plateau, Sangha), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Orientale), 10–965 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Courtois, 1979, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Chippaux, 2006 and Chirio & Ineich, 2006. Remarks: Probably occurs in Togo fide and Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 353). 8. Atractaspis dahomeyensis Bocage, 1887b. J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa 11(44): 196–197. Synonyms: Atractaspis caudalis Sternfeld, 1908a, and Attractaspis dohomeyensis – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, MBL T-108 (formerly MBL 2147), a 490 mm specimen (F. Newton, 1884–1887), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “pris à Zomaï, Dahomey” [=Zomai, Benin]. Distribution: West Africa. Southeastern Senegal (Tambacounda), Guinea, S Mali (Sikasso), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Bouna, Katiola, Lagunes), W Burkina-Faso (Centre, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), S Ghana (Accra), N Togo (Plateaux, Savanes), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Zou), S Niger (Maradi), Nigeria, SW Cameroon (Sud-Ouest) and N Central African Republic (Haute-Kotto, Vakaga), 20–200 m. Sources: Chabanaud, 1916a, Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Stucki-Stirn, 1979, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. 9. Atractaspis duerdeni Gough, 1907a. Rec. Albany Mus. 2: 178–179, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, PEM 7938 (formerly AMG) (S. Blackbeard, 3 May 1904). Type locality: “Serowe, in the north-eastern Kalahari” [= Serowe, Central District, Botswana, 22°23’S, 26°43’E, elevation 1135 m]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Northern Namibia (Otjozondjupa), SE Botswana (Central, Kweneng, South East, E Southern) and South Africa (Gauteng, Limpopo), 1100–1470 m. Sources: Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Broadley, 1991b and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 10. Atractaspis engaddensis G. Haas, 1950. Copeia 1950(1): 52, fig. 1. Synonyms: Atractaspis engaddenis – Efrati, 1969 (nomen incorrectum), Attractaspis engaddensis – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum), and Atractaspis engeddensis – Kirchberg & Davidson, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, HUJ, a 650 mm specimen (H. Mendelssohn, 1940s). Type locality: “En-Geddi on the western side of the Dead Sea Palestine” [= Ein Gedi, Southern Distr., S Israel, 31°27’N, 35°23’E, elevation 305 m BSL]. Distribution: Middle East, Egypt and Arabia. Southern Israel (SE Northern, Southern, West Bank), W Jordan (Amman, Aqaba, Balqa, Karak, Madaba), NE Egypt (South Sinai) and W Saudi Arabia (Asir, Ha’il, Madinah, Makkah, Tabuk), 300 m BSL–2135 m. Source: Gasperetti, 1988, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Amr & Disi, 2011 and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. 11. Atractaspis engdahli Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913b. Arkiv Zool. 8(20): 5–6, fig. 1. Types: Syntypes (2), NHR 2421, a 415 mm specimen (T. Engdahl), location of other syntype unknown. Type locality: “Kismayu, near Juba river in the northeastern corner of British East Africa” [= Kismayu, Jubbada Hoose Region, S Somalia, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Southern Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hose, Shabeellaha Hoose) and NE Kenya (N NorthEastern), NSL–1150 m. Sources: Lanza, 1983a, 1990b and Spawls et al., 2002. A 66 A Snakes of the World 12. Atractaspis fallax W.C.H. Peters, 1867a. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1866(12): 890–891. Type: Holotype, ZMB 5564 (C. von der Decken, 1864–1865). Type locality: “Kiriame, Ostafrika” [= Giriama, Coast, Kenya, 3°49’S, 39°35’E, elevation 185 m]. Distribution: Eastern Africa. South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), SE Ethiopia (Bale, Hararge, Shoa, Sidamo, Wollo), Somalia (Bari, Bay, Gedo, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Mudug, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer), SE Kenya (Coast, S Eastern, Rift Valley, Lamu Is.) and ext. NE Tanzania, 185–1200 m. Sources: Hughes, 1983, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 13. Atractaspis irregularis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843). Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh. 10: 264– 266, pl. 3, figs. 1–3. (Elaps irregularis) Synonyms: Atractaspis bipostocularis Boulenger, 1905a, Atractaspis conradsi Sternfeld, 1908a, Atractaspis schoutedeni Witte, 1930b, Atractaspis babaulti Angel, 1934a, Atractaspis irregularis loveridgei Laurent, 1945, Atractaspis irregularis parkeri Laurent, 1945, Atractaspis irregularis uelensis Laurent, 1945, Atractaspis irregularis angeli Laurent, 1950, and Atractaspis coalescens Perret, 1960. Type: Holotype, ZMUC 6885, a 349 mm specimen (J.R. Chenon, 1826–1836). Type locality: “Guinea” [= coast of Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1027]. Restricted to vicinity of Accra, Ghana fide J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes (1997: 14, 16). Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, S Ghana, S Togo (Plateaux), S Nigeria (Ondo, Rivers), S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud–Ouest), Gabon, Congo (Bouenza, Brazzaville, Kouilou, Plateau, Pool), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, SudKivu), N Angola, Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), Rwanda, Burundi, cen. Kenya (Central, Nyanza, S Rift Valley, Western), NW Tanzania (Kigoma), S South Sudan, Eritrea (Northern Red Sea) and Ethiopia (Hararge, Kefa, Sidamo, Wollega), NSL– 2000 m. Sources: Bourgeois, 1963b, Aylmer, 1922, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, 1999, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Largen and Spawls, 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Atractaspis coalescens Perret considered a synonym based on Hughes (pers. comm.) and Wallach (unpubl. data). 14. Atractaspis leleupi Laurent, 1950. Rev. Bot. Afr. 43(4): 351–352. (Atractaspis congica leleupi) Type: Holotype, RGMC 18700, a 390 mm female (N. Leleup, Jan. 1950). Type locality: “Station d’études des l’IRSAC sur le massif des Kundelungu (1.750 m.), Champ de termitières” [= Katanga Prov., SE Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Emended to Station d’études de la Seram, plateau des Kundelungu, Haut Katanga fide Laurent (1956a: 310). Distribution: Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), 1750 m. Sources: Witte, 1953 and Broadley & Cotterill, 2004. 15. Atractaspis leucomelas Boulenger, 1895a. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 15: 16, pl. 4, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, MSNG 28847, a 575 mm female (V. Bottego, 16-20 Oct. 1892). Type locality: “Ogaden, Somali” [= Ogaden, Hararge Prov., E Ethiopia, 6°58’N, 44°02’E, elevation 780 m]. Distribution: Northeast Africa. Eastern Ethiopia (Hararge), Djibouti and ext. NW Somalia (Awdal), 285–780 m. Sources: Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 16. Atractaspis magrettii Scortecci, 1928. Atti Soc. Ital. So. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 67(3–4): 308–309, fig. 6. Type: Holotype, MSNM 1796, a male (P. Magretti, Jan.– Mar. 1900). Type locality: “Mandafená, Eritrea.” Distribution: Eastern Sudan (Ash Shaqiyah) and Eritrea (Gash-BarkaNorthern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea), South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria) and W Ethiopia (Illubabor), 400–2400 m. Sources: Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Largen, 1997 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Possibly occurs in N Somalia fide Largen & Rasmussen (1993: 333). 17. Atractaspis microlepidota A.C.L.G. Günther, 1866. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 18(103): 29, pl. 7, fig. c. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.6 (formerly BMNH 1866.4.24.2), a 508 female (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1857–1866). Type locality: “probably...West Africa.” Distribution: Extreme W Africa. Extreme S Mauritania (Guidimaka, Trarza), Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kaolack, Thiès), and Gambia, NSL–70 m. 67 Snakes of the World Sources: Hughes, 1983, Broadley, 1994, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2000, 2006b, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006 and J.-F. Trape et al., 2006. 18. Atractaspis micropholis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9(49): 36–37, pl. 3, fig. e. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.7 (formerly BMNH 1865.7.28.5), a 330 mm female (S.G.J. Mivart, 1862–1865). Type locality: “Africa.” Restricted to N Nigeria fide J.-F. Trape et al. (2006: 8). Distribution: West Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kédougou, Louga, Tambacounda, Thiès), NW Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire), S Mali (Koulikoro, Sikasso), S Niger (Maradi, Zinder) and N Nigeria (Bauchi, Borno, Sokoto), NSL–830 m. Sources: Papenfuss, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b and J.-F. Trape et al., 2006. 19. Atractaspis phillipsi T. Barbour, 1913b. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 26: 148. Type: Holotype, MCZ 8782 a 312 mm juvenile (J.C. Phillips & G.M. Allen, Feb. 1913). Type locality: “Singa, Prov. of Sennaar, eastern AngloEgyptian, Sudan” [= Singa, Sennar Prov., Sudan, 13°11’N, 33°57’E, elevation 430 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Sudan (Blue Nile, Sennar), 430 m. Source: Broadley, 1994. 20. Atractaspis reticulata Sjöstedt, 1896. Zool Anz. 19: 516–517. Synonyms: Atractaspis heterochilus Boulenger, 1901a, and Atractaspis reticulata brieni Laurent, 1956. Type: Holotype, ZMUU 1796, an 800 mm specimen (native, Feb. 1892). Type locality: “Kamerun, Ekundu” [= Ekundu, Cameroon] (in error). [= Okundi, Cross River State, Nigeria fide Ineich & LeBreton (2007: 636), 6°24’N, 8°48’E, elevation 185 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southeastern Nigeria (Cross River), S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord, NordOuest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), SW Central African Republic (Lobaye), Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo, OgoouéMaritime), N Congo (Sangha) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), NSL–1300 m. Sources: Roux-Estève, 1965, D. Lawson, 1993, Chippaux, 2006 and Chirio & LeBreton, 2007. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Sjöstedt (1897: 28–29, pl. 1, figs. 1a-d, pl. 3). Occurs in Ghana fide Hughes (1983: 342). 21. Atractaspis scorteccii H.W. Parker, 1949. Zool. Verh. (6): 109–111. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1949.2.3.9, an 840 mm male. Type locality: “Haud, 46°20’ E. X 8°15’ N., 2100 ft., Somaliland” [= Haud, Togdheer Region, N Somalia, elevation 675 m]. Distribution: Eastern Ethiopia (Hararge) and N Somalia (Bari, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed), 600–1100 m. Sources: Cherchi, 1958, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 22. Atractaspis watsonii Boulenger, 1908g. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2(7): 94. Synonym: Atractaspis nigra Pelligrin, 1909. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.5, a 570 mm female (C.F. Watson, 1906–1908). Type locality: “Sokoto, Upper Niger, Africa” [= Sokoto, Sokoto State, NW Nigeria, 13°03’N, 5°15’E, elevation 295 m]. Distribution: West Africa. Extreme S Mauritania (Guidimaka, Hodh El Gharbi), N Senegal (SaintLouis), S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Nord, Centre-Sud, Est, Sahel, Volta-Noire), S Niger (S Maradi, S Tahoua), N Nigeria (Gongola, Sokoto), SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), N Cameroon (Adamaoua, Extreme-Nord, Nord), N Central Africa Republic (Vakaga) and SW Sudan (Janub Darfur), 100–670 m. Sources: Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, J.-F. Trape et al., 2006 and Chiro & LeBreton, 2007. Remarks: Previously a synonym of A. microlepidota. Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 153). ATRACTUS Wagler, 1828b (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Brachyura Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822b (nomen rejiciendum), Urobrachys Fitzinger, 1843, Isoscelis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Isocelis – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Attractus – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Atractis – Tornier, 1904 (nomen incorrectum), Atractopsis Despax, 1910, and Atractopisis – Dunn, 1928b (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Atractus trilineatus Wagler, 1828b. Distribution: Lower Central America and N South America. Sources: Savage, 1960, Roze, 1961, J.A. Peters & OrejasMiranda, 1970, Dixon & Soini, 1977, 1986, Hoogmoed, 1980, Cadle, 1984b, 1985, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, G. Köhler et al., 2001, Schargel & García-Perez, 2002, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Zaher et al., 2005, 2009, Passos, 2008, Passos et al., 2009d–e, 2010 and Passos & Lynch, 2010. Remarks: Official Generic Name fide Opinion 2210 (ICZN, 2008b). A 68 A Snakes of the World 1. Atractus acheronius Passos, Rivas-Fuenmayor & Barrio-Amorgós, 2009b. Amphibia-Reptilia 30(2): 234–236, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, MHNLS 398, a 581623 mm female (C. Alemán, 1950). Type locality: “upper Río Negro Valley (2200–2400), Sierra de Perijá, municipality of Machiques de Perijá (09º52’N, 72º48’W), state of Zulia, Venezuela.” Distribution: Venezuela (Zulia), 2400 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Alemán, 1953 and Passos et al., 2009b. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as MHNSL 1760 fide Alemán (1953: 217). Type locality elevation listed as 2400 m fide Alemán (1953: 217). 2. Atractus albuquerquei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983b. Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi (Zool.) (2) (123): 6–8, figs. 1–3, pl. 1, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MPEG 12946, a 418–420 mm male. Type locality: “Vila Nova, PA-256, próximo ao rio Timboteua, rodovia Tomé-Acu-Parago minas” [= Vila Nova, on the road PA-256, in forested area south of the river Guamá, near the river Timboteua, between Tomé-Açu and Paragominas, Pará State, Brazil, 2°41’S, 47°55’W, elevation 50 m fide Zaher et al., 2005: 20]. Distribution: Central Brazil (Acre, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, E Pará, Rondônia), 50–735 m. Source: Zaher et al., 2005. Remarks: Photograph of type in Zaher (2005: fig. 1). 3. Atractus alphonsehogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983b. Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi (Zool.) (2) (123): 25–27, figs. 2–3, pl. 2, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MPEG 14928, a 239 mm male. Type locality: “Bela Vista, 75 km da PA-242, rodovia Braganca-Viseu” [= Pará State, Brazil]. Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas) and Brazil (Maranhas, Pará). Sources: Cunha & Nascimento, 1984, Martins & Oliveira, 1993 and Prudente & Passos, 2008. 4. Atractus altagratiae Passos & Fernandes, 2008. Zootaxa (1849): 60–63, figs. 1–6. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 7888, a 275 mm male (H. Sick, 1957). Type locality: “upper Cururú River (07º12’S, 58º04’W, ca. 44 m), tributary of Teles Pires River, Municipality of Itaituba, State of Pará, Brazil.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Pará), 45 m. 5. Atractus andinus Prado, 1944. Ciencia 5(4–5): 111, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, CSJ 516 (formerly CSJ 231), a 287 mm female (R.H. Daniel, 1943). Type locality: “Andes, Colombia.” Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia), 1535 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Passos et al., 2009c. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Prado (1946b: 109, fig. 1) 6. Atractus apophis Passos & Lynch, 2010. Herpetol. Monogr. (24): 150–152, figs. 1a–c, 2a–b. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH 10822, a 433 mm male (A. Bello, 30 Oct. 1993). Type locality: “Parque Arqueológico San Augustín, municipality of San Augustín (01º 53’ N, 76º 16’ W, ca. 1640 m), department of Huila, Colombia.” Distribution: Colombia (Huila), 1500–1640 m. Known only from type locality. 7. Atractus arangoi Prado, 1940b. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1939) 13: 15–16, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, ILS 136, a 395 mm female (R.P. Fray Miguel, 1938–1939), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “Colombia.” Distribution: Southern Colombia (Putumayo), 255 m. Source: Nicéforo-Maria, 1942. 8. Atractus atratus Passos & Lynch, 2010. Herpetol. Monogr. (24): 154–156, figs. 5, 6a–b. Type: Holotype, IAvH 151, a 552 mm female. Type locality: “Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de Los Guacharos (ca. 1800 m), municipality of Acevedo, department of Huila, Colombia.” Distribution: Colombia (Huila), 1700–2000 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. 9. Atractus attenuatus C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3532): 2–6, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, AMNH 19998, a 420 mm male (H. Nicéforo-María, 16 May 1921). Type locality: “Sabanalarga, on Cauca River, [6°51’N, 75°49’W, Department of Antioquia], Colombia. The type locality, Sabanalarga (Nicéforo María, 1942: 87, map), lies on the east bank of the Río Cauca at an elevation of about 1000 m (Paynter, 1997: 372), in the northern end of the Cordillera Central.” Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia), 1000 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Passos et al., 2009c. 69 Snakes of the World 10. Atractus avernus Passos, Chiesse, Torres-Carvajal & Savage, 2009d. Herpetologica 65(4): 397–398, fig. 8. Type: Holotype, MLS 2725, a 177 mm female (H. Nicéforo-María). Type locality: “Paraíso (01º 14’ N, 75º 37’ W, ca. 480 m), municipality of Florencia, Department of Caquetá, Colombia.” Distribution: Colombia (Caquetá), 480 m. 11. Atractus badius (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 540. (Brachyorrhos badius) Synonyms: Brachyorrhos badius H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Rabdosoma badium rubinianum Jan, 1862b, Rabdosoma badium subbicinctum Jan, 1862b, Rabdosoma dubium Jan, 1862b, and Atractus micheli Mocquard, 1904a. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 120C, a 338 mm female, designated by Hoogmoed (1980: 11). Type locality: “Java” [W Indonesia] (in error). Corrected to Guyane [= Guianas] fide RMNH catalogue and specimen label. Restricted to Cayenne, French Guiana fide Savage (1960: 80) and Paramaribo, Suriname fide Hoogmoed (1980: 11). Distribution: Amazonian South America. Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, La Guejira, Magdelena, Norte de Santander, Valle del Cauca), Venezuela (Carabobo, Distrito Federal), Guyana, Suriname (Marowijne, Suriname), French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru (Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios) and NE Brazil (Pará), NSL–3005 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Hoogmoed, 1979, 1980, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Cei, 1994, Starace, 1998, Doan & Arriaga, 2000, Kok, 2006 and Passos et al., 2009c. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). 12. Atractus balzani Boulenger, 1898k. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 19(39): 129–130. Type: Holotype, MSNG CE 28873, a 400 mm specimen (L. Balzan, 1892). Type locality: “Missiones Mosetenes, Bolivia” [= Campanario de Covendo, La Paz Department, Bolivia, 15°47’S, 66°59’W. elevation 515 m]. Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz), 515 m. Known only from type locality. 13. Atractus biseriatus Prado, 1941d. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1940) 14: 26, pl., lower fig. Type: Holotype, ILS 187, a 237 mm male (N. Díaz-Berrío), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “Manizales, Colombia” [= 5°04’N, 75°31’W, elevation 2150 m] (in error). Corrected to Villamaría, Colombia fide Nicéforo-Maria (1942: 92) and E.R. Dunn in Savage (1960: 80) [= Villamaría, Caldas Department, Colombia, 5°03’N, 75°31’W, elevation 1950 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Caldas), 1950–2150 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Nicéforo-Maria, 1942, Passos & Arredondo, 2009 and Passos et al., 2009c. 14. Atractus bocki F. Werner, 1909b. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 26: 228, fig. 5. Synonym: Atractus canedii Scrocchi & Cei, 1991. Type: Holotype, formerly ZMH, a 365 mm specimen (C.A. Bock, 1904–1909), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Cochabamba, Bolivia” [= Cochabamba, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia, 17°23’S, 66°10’W, elevation 2575 m]. Distribution: Bolivia (Cochabamba) and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tumbaya), 350–2575 m Sources: Scrocchi & Cei, 1991, Cei, 1994, R. Fernandes, 1995b and Passos et al., 2005, 2007, 2009a. Remarks: Passos et al., 2009a considered A. canedii a synonym. 15. Atractus bocourti Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 306. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.24, a 390 mm female (H.J. Veitch, 1890–1894). Type locality: “Acomayo, N. Peru” [= Acomayo, Huanuco Department, Peru, 9°46’S, 76°05’W, elevation 2200 m]. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Colombia, Ecuador and N Peru (Huanuco, Loreto), 90–2200 m. Sources: Nicéforo-Maria, 1942 and K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943c. 16. Atractus boettgeri Boulenger, 1896a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 645. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.29, a 350 mm female (F.H. Rolle, 1864–1896). Type locality: “Yungas, Bolivia” [= Sierra de las Yungas, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia]. Distribution: Central Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), 195 m. Sources: C.J. McCoy, 1971, Zaher et al., 2005 and SalazarBravo et al., 2010. Remarks: Type is illustrated in Zaher et al. (2005: 28). 17. Atractus boulengerii Peracca, 1896b. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino 11(252): 1, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, MSNTO 1832 (formerly MRSN 1727), a male. Type locality: “America meridionale” [= South America]. Distribution: Columbia (Valle de Cauca), NSL–100 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009e. A 70 A Snakes of the World 18. Atractus caete Passos, Fernandes, Bérnils & Moura-Leite, 2010. Zootaxa (2364): 7–9, figs. 1, 2a, 3a–b. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 16936, a 408 mm female (A.R. Melgarejo, 1986). Type locality: “municipality of Quebrângulo (09º19’S, 36º28’W, ca. 360 m), state of Alagoas, Brazil.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas), 300–500 m. 19. Atractus carrioni H.W. Parker, 1930a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 5(26): 208–209, 2 figs. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.70 (formerly BMNH 1929.10.30.1), a 480 mm female (C. Carrión-Mora, 1929). Type locality: “Loja, Ecuador (2200 metres)” [= Loja, E Loja Prov., S Ecuador, 3°59’S, 79°12’W, 2200 m]. Distribution: Southern Ecuador (Loja), 1435–2500 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Source: H.W. Parker, 1932a. 20. Atractus caxiuana Prudente & Santos-Costa, 2006. Zootaxa (1285): 22–27, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, MPEG 19964, a 249 mm male. Type locality: “‘Estação Científica Ferreira Penna’, Flona de Caxiuanã, Pará State, Brazil (1°42’33”S 51°31’45”W), 0 m.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Pará), NSL. Sources: Passos & Fernandes, 2008 and Prudente & Passos, 2008. Remarks: Holotype erroneously listed as MPEG 19657 fide Prudente & Passos (2010: 402). 21. Atractus charitoae Silva-Haad, 2004. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 28(108): 417–418, figs. 7–9. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH 10095 (formerly JSH 1162), a 255 mm male (native, 1989). Type locality: “Taraira, Colombia, departamento del Vaupés. Región limítrofe entre Colombia y Brasil, en las márgenes del río del mismo nombre (00° 29’ 38” N 69° 40’ 11” E.)” [elevation 120 m]. Distribution: Colombia (Vaupés), 120 m. Known only from type locality. 22. Atractus chthonius Passos & Lynch, 2010. Herpetol. Monogr. (24): 157–159, figs. 7a–c, 8a–b. Type: Holotype, ICN 5662, a 328 mm male. Type locality: “Finca Meremburg, Santa Leticia (02º 14’ N, 76º 10’ W, ca. 2400 m), between municipalities of Popayán in the department of Cauca and La Plata in the department of Huila, Colombia.” Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Huila), 1500–2400 m. 23. Atractus clarki Dunn & Bailey, 1939. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 86(1): 8–9. Type: Holotype, MCZ 28800, a 313 mm female (native, 1938). Type locality: “Mine at Santa Cruz de Cana, Darien, Panamá” [= ca. 7°46’ N, 77°41’ W, 500 m fide C.W. Myers, 2003: 10]. Distribution: Eastern Panama (Darién) and NW Colombia (Antioquia, Chaco, Valle de Cauca), 100–1500 m. Sources: C.W. Myers, 2003, Passos & Arredondo, 2009, and Passos et al., 2009e. 24. Atractus collaris Peracca, 1897e. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino 12(284): 4–5, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “a cononacco piccolo villaggio sul Rio Cononaco chef a parte dell’alto bacino idrografico delle Amazzoni. Cononacco si trova a nord ovest di Yquitos e fa parte del Perù, Perù orietale” [= village on Río Cononaco, NW of Iquitos (elevation 200 m), Loreto Department, E Peru]. Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas), E Ecuador, and NE Peru (Loreto), 100–200 m. Sources: Savage, 1955, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Prudente & Passos, 2008, and Vigle, 2008. Remarks: Type not in MSNTO fide Andreone & Gavetti (2007: 87). 25. Atractus crassicaudatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 103–104. (Rabdosoma crassicaudatum) Synonym: Atractus fuhrmanni Peracca, 1914. Types: Syntypes (4), MNHN 601, MNHN 7205, MNHN 1999.7938, and USNM 11138 (formerly USNM 387), longest syntype 420 mm (J.P. Goudot & Riéfer, 1822– 1825 or 1837–1842). Type locality: “la Nouvelle-Grenade...dans les environs de Bogota” [= Bogotá, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia, 4°36’N, 74°05’W, elevation 2630 m]. Distribution: Panama, Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Santander, Valle del Cauca) and Venezuela, 1000–3500 m. Source: Auth, 1994. Remarks: Cochran (1961: 208) listed “New Granada (Panama-Colombia), JPP” as data for the USNM syntype. Nicéforo-María (1942: 93) and Pérez-Santos & Moreno (1988: 72) listed Venezuela as part of Distribution. 26. Atractus darienensis C.W. Myers, 2003. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3391): 16–20, figs. 1b, 2b, 3b, 6, 9a. Type: Holotype, KU 110274 (formerly CWM 6095), a 346 mm female (C.W. Myers, 25 Jan. 1966). Type locality: “500 m above sea level on the north end of the Serranía de Pirre, Prov. of Darién, eastern Panama. 71 Snakes of the World The type locality, a temporary forest camp, is situated roughly at 8°00’N, 77°43’W.” Distribution: Eastern Panama (Darién), 500 m. Known only from type locality. 27. Atractus depressiocellus C.W. Myers, 2003. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3391): 20–22, figs. 1c, 2c, 3e. Type: Holotype, AMNH 119876, a 750 mm female (G. Barratt, Jr., 31 Oct. 1974). Type locality: “Cerro Azul (Cerro Jefe) region, Prov. of Panamá, Panama. The type locality is in the general region of Cerro Jefe on the Piedras-Pacora Ridge, at about 9°14’N, 79°23’W.” Distribution: Eastern Panama (Panamá), 200–800 m. Source: C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006. 28. Atractus duboisi (Boulenger, 1880). Bull. Soc. Zool. France 5: 44. (Rabdosoma duboisi) Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2008, a 335 mm male (E. De Ville, 1874). Type locality: “Andes de l’Équateur” [= Andes of Ecuador]. Distribution: Montane cloud forest of Ecuador (Imbabura, Napo, Morona-Santiago), 1500–2200 m. Sources: Passos & Arredondo, 2009 and Passos et al., 2009d. 29. Atractus duidensis Roze, 1961. Acta Biol. Venez. 3(7): 110–111. Type: Holotype, AMNH 36609, a 355 mm male (Tyler Exped., 28 Jan. 1929). Type locality: “Cumbre del Cerro Duida, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela; unos 2050 metros de altura” [= Cerro Duida Mountain, Amazonas Territory, S Venezuela, ca. 3°21’N, 65°42’W, elevation 2050 m]. Distribution: Southern Venezuela (cen. Amazonas), 2000–2150 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a and Lancini, 1986. 30. Atractus dunni Savage, 1955. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 68: 14–15. Synonym: Rhabdosoma maculatum Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 5986 (formerly PM 5986), a 305 mm female. Type locality: “l’Équateur” [= Ecuador]. Distribution: Northeastern Ecuador (Cotopaxi, Pastaza, Pichincha). Source: Cisneros-Heredia, 2005a. Remarks: MNHN 5986 listed as type of Rabdosoma maculatum Bocourt fide MNHN catalogue. Records from Peru are erroroneous fide Cisneros-Heredia (2005a: 93). 31. Atractus echidna Passos, Mueses-Cisneros, Lynch & Fernandes, 2009e. Zootaxa (2293): 8–10, fig. 5. Type: Holotype, UV-C 7718, a 248 mm male. Type locality: “eastern San Antonio, Flor de la Briza, corregimiento Robles (01º42’N, 78º42’W, ca. 10 m), municipality of Tumaco, department of Nariño, Colombia.” Distribution: Southwestern Colombia (Nariño), 10 m. Known only from type locality. 32. Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, 1955. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 68: 15–16. Type: Holotype, FMNH 23529 (formerly CM 23529), a 198 mm male (R.W. Chadwick, March 1936). Type locality: “`Llangate area’, Ecuador (probably refers to the Llanganate Distribution of eastern Tungurahua Prov.).” Distribution: Central Ecuador (Tungurahua). Known only from type locality. Source: Passos et al., 2012. Remarks: Type locality listed as Ecuador: Oriente Prov. (now = Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Morona-Santiago, Sucumbios and Zamora-Chinchipe) fide FMNH catalogue. 33. Atractus edioi N.J. Silva, Rodrigues-Silva, Ribeiro, Souza & Souza, 2005. Pap. Avul. Zool. 49(3): 34–36, figs. 2a–b. Type: Holotype, MZUSP 13371, a 390 mm female (C. do Amaral-Sousa, 29 Jan. 2002). Type locality: “Brasil: Goiás: Município de Minaçu, UHE Cana Brava (12°25’17”S, 48°09’43”W). Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Goiás). 34. Atractus elaps (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 241–242. (Rhabdosoma elaps) Synonyms: Rabdosoma brevifrenum Jan, 1862b, Atractus elaps tetrazonus Amaral, 1931a, and Geophis diplozeugus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.45, a 381 mm specimen (L. Fraser, 1857–1858). Type locality: “Guayaquil” [Ecuador]. (probably in error fide J.A. Peters (1960a: 506) and Savage (1960: 81). Distribution: Northern Amazonia. Eastern Colombia (Amazonas, Boyacá, Caqueta, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Meta, Narino, Putumayo, Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Zamora-Chinchipe), W Brazil (Amazonas, Rondonia) and N Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios), 100–1640 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Hoogmoed, 1980, Lancini, 1986, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Abuys, 2003, Silva-Haad, 2004, Duellman, 2005, Kok, 2006, Vigle, 2008 and Navarrete et al., 2009. A 72 A Snakes of the World Remarks: Possibly occurs in Suriname fide Hoogmoed (1980: 16) and Guyana fide Starace (1998: 125). Kok (2006: 28) noted that the A. elaps of Silva-Haad, 2004, are A. poeppigi. 35. Atractus emigdioi Gonzáles Sponga, 1971. Monogr. Cientif. Inst. Pedagogico (3): 3–4, figs. 2–5. Type: Holotype, MCNC 5629, a 415 mm female (E. Gonzáles-Sponga, 20 Aug. 1971). Type locality: “Campamento del M.O.P., a 19 km. de Boconó, en la vía Valera-Trujillo, Estado Trujillo, Venezuela...a 2.100 mts. de altura.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Lara, Mérida, Trujillo), 2100 m. Sources: Lancini, 1986 , Barros-Blanco, 2000, Esqueda et al., 2001, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 36. Atractus emmeli (Boettger, 1888b). Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges. 1888: 192–195, 3 figs. (Geophis emmeli) Type: Lectotype, SMF 19364 (SMF-B 8311, 1a), a 303 mm male (F. Emmel, 1888), designated by Mertens (1967a: 94). Type locality: “Mapiri, Nebenfluss des oberen Beni, Bolivien” [= Río Mapiri, tributary of Río Beni, La Paz Department, Bolivia, ca. 15°25’S, 67°49’W, 500 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northwestern Bolivia (Beni, La Paz) and SE Peru (Arequipa, Cusco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios), 500–2400 m. Source: K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943c. 37. Atractus eriki Esqueda, La Marca & Bazo, 2005a. Herpetotropicos 2(2): 88–90, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, ULABG 6693, a 310 mm male (A.R. Angarita Matheus, 10 April 2004). Type locality: “sector Media Luna, Escuque, 7.38 Km E Valera, aprox. 1000 m de elevación, 9º18’N y 70º40’W, Municipio Escuque, Estado Trujillo, Venezuela.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo), 1000 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 38. Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, 1903a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 11(65): 483–484. Types: Syntypes (8), BMNH 1946.1.7.12–19, longest syntype 480 mm (S. Briceño, 1886–1903). Type locality: “Merida, Venezuela, at an altitude of 1600 metres” [= Merída, Merída State, W Venezuela, 8°36’N, 71°09’W, elevation 1600 m]. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Norte de Santander) and W Venezuela (Mérida), 1000–1950 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Barros-Blanco, 2000, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 39. Atractus favae (Filippi, 1840). Biblio. Ital. 99: 16. (Calamaria favae) Synonyms: Elaps hypospilus Wagler, 1830, and Rabdosoma longicaudatum A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Type: Holotype, not designated, MPI. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Northern Guyana (Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper DemeraraUpper Essequibo) and N Suriname, NSL–20 m. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1980, Chippaux, 1987, Kok, 2006, Passos et al., 2009b and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Possibly a distinct genus fide Hoogmoed (1980: 19). Possibly occurs in French Guiana fide Chippaux (1987: 88). 40. Atractus flammigerus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 540. (Brachyorrhos flammigerus) Synonyms: Brachyorrhos flammigerus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), and Geophis alasukai Gasc & Rodrigues, 1979b. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 118A, a 340 mm female (S.J. Brugmans Cabinet), designated by Hoogmoed (1980: 20). Type locality: “Guyane” [= French Guiana] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Paramaribo, Suriname fide Hoogmoed (1980: 24). Distribution: Northern South America. Guyana, Suriname (Marowijne, Nickerie, Suriname), French Guiana, Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios) and Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), NSL–500 m. Sources: Dixon & Soini, 1977, Gasc & Rodriguez, 1979b, Cunha & Nacimento, 1983b, Hoogmoed, 1983, Chippaux, 1987, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Starace, 1998 and Duellman, 2005. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Some Brazilian records may refer to A. snethlaeae. 41. Atractus francicopaivai Silva-Haad, 2004. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 28(108): 426–428, figs. 24–25. Type: Holotype, ICN 10100 (formerly JSH 1155), a 180 mm male (J. Silva-Haad, 1989). Type locality: “Colombia, Puerto Córdoba, en el corregimiento de La Pedrera, en el departamento de Amazonas, a orillas del río Caquetá (01° 09’ 38” N, 69° 40’ 00” Oeste)” [= elevation 170 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (NW Amazonas), 170 m. Source: Kok, 2006. 73 Snakes of the World 42. Atractus francoi Passos, Fernandes, Bérnils & Moura-Leite, 2010. Zootaxa (2364), 12–15, figs. 2b–c, 5. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 17537 (formerly DZUFRJ 1742), a 473 mm male (M.C. Carlo, 17 July 2006). Type locality: “Fazenda Recanto, Serra do Piloto (22º50’S, 44º03’W, ca. 600 m). Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), 600–1000 m. 43. Atractus fuliginosus (Hallowell, 1845a). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1844–45) 2(9): 243– 244. (Coluber fuliginosus) Type: Holotype, ANSP 3333, a 413 mm specimen (S. Ashmead, 1835–1845). Type locality: “Republic of Columbia, within two hundred miles of Caraccas” (in error). Corrected to Venezuela fide Roze (1958d: 2). Distribution: Northern Venezuela (Distrito Federal, Guárico, Sucre), 1200–2000 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 44. Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 68: 12–13. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 82887 (formerly UM 82887), a male (C. Altenberg & B.G. Butler, summer 1935). Type locality: “Morona-Santiago Prov., Ecuador.” Distribution: Ecuador (Morona-Santiago). Remarks: A subspecies of A. collaris fide Dixon & Soini (1977: 34 & 1986: 91) but a valid species fide Prudente & Passos (2008: 727). 45. Atractus gigas C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006. Amer. Mus. Novit. (532): 8–12, figs. 5–7. Type: Holotype, FHGO 194, a 1040 mm female (V. Zak, Jan. 1990). Type locality: “Bosque Protector Río Guajalito, antigua Hacienda Las Palmeras, old highway between Quito and Santo Domingo, 1900 m, Pichincha, Ecuador (00°14’S, 78°49’W).” Distribution: Ecuador (Cotopaxi, Pichincha) and Peru (Cajamarca), 600–2300 m. Source: Passos et al., 2010. 46. Atractus guentheri (Wucherer, 1861). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 29(1): 115–116, pl. 19, fig. 1. (Geophis guentheri) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Geophis güntheri Wucherer, 1861 (nomen incorrigendum), Rabdosoma univittatum Jan, 1862b, and Atractus guentheri – Amaral, 1930f (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.76 (formerly BMNH 1861.3.23.16), a 327 mm male (O.E.H. Wucherer, 1859–1860). Type locality: “Caunavieras, which is to the south of the city of Bahia, Prov. of Bahia, Brazil” [= Canavieiras, Bahia State, Brazil, 15º41’S, 38º57’W, near sea level]. Distribution: Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas) and SE Brazil (SE Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo), NSL–300 m. Sources: R. Fernandes & Puorto, 1994, Lema, 1994, R. Fernandes 1995a, R. Fernandes & Argólo, 1999, Passos et al., 2010 and Hamdan & Lira-da-Silva, 2012. Remarks: Nicéforo-María (1942: 93) listed Venezuela. 47. Atractus guerreroi C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 2008. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. (308): 114–118, figs. 67–69. Type: Holotype, EBRG 3403, a 250 mm male (R. Guerrero, 6–8 Feb. 1988). Type locality: “summit of Auyantepui at 5º46’N, 62º32’W, 2100 m, elevation, Bolívar, Venezuela.” Distribution: Southeastern Venezuela (Bolívar), 2100 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 48. Atractus heliobelluomini Silva-Haad, 2004. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 28(108): 428–429, figs. 28–29. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH 10103 (formerly JSH 639), a 158 mm female (J. Silva-Haad, Nov. 1975). Type locality: “Colombia, departamento de Amazonas, La Pedrera, en el cerro Jupatí, a 300 m de altitud (01° 19’ 42” Sur, 69° 30’ 33” Oeste).” Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas), 300 m. Sources: Kok, 2006 and Passos et al., 2009b. 49. Atractus hoogmoedi Prudente & Passos, 2010. Copeia 2010(3): 397–399, figs. 1b, 3. Type: Holotype, MPEG 13268, a 187 mm juvenile male (F.P. do Nascimento, 1975). Type locality: “Brazil, state of Pará, municipality of Capitão Poço, 04º45’S, 47º04’W, ca. 48 m elev., at locality of Santa Luzia.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Pará), 50 m. 50. Atractus hostilitractus C.W. Myers, 2003. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3391): 22–25, figs. 1d, 2d, 3c, 9b. Type: Holotype, AMNH 130330, a 374 mm female (T. Quintero, 29 Oct. 1967). Type locality: “at ‘Morti Hydro’ [about 100–200 m elev., at 8°52’28”N, 77°54’19”W], Rio Morti, Prov. of Darién, Panama.” Distribution: Eastern Panama (Darién), 100–200 m. A 74 A Snakes of the World 51. Atractus imperfectus C.W. Myers, 2003. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3391): 25–28, figs. 3d, 9c, 10. 56. Atractus lasallei Amaral, 1931a. Bull. Antivenin Amer. 4(4): 87–88. Type: Holotype, MCZ 50213, head and neck only (Panama Snake Census Surv., 1936). Type locality: “Piedras-Pacora Ridge, [Prov. of Panamá], Panama.” Precise locality is unknown, but a more-orless central point on this divide is 9°16’ N, 79°20’ W fide C.W. Myers (2003: 25). Distribution: Central Panama (Panamá). Type: Holotype, IB 5315 (formerly ILS 4), a 400 mm male (H. Nicéforo-María, 1908–1931), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Sampedro (north of Medellin, Antioquia), Colombia” [= San Pedro, S of Medellín, Antioquia Department, Colombia, 6°28’N, 75°33’W, elevation 2535 m]. Distribution: Extreme NW South America. Northern Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca) and W Venezuela, 1500–2750 m. Source: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988. 52. Atractus indistinctus Prado, 1940b. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1939) 13: 16, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, ILS 166, a 444 mm female (C. Hernández Yaruro, 1938–1939), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “Ocaña, departamento norte de Santander, Colombia” [= Ocaña, Norte de Santander Department, Colombia, 8°14’N, 73°21’W, elevation 1265 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander), 1200–1265 m. 53. Atractus insipidus Roze, 1961. Acta Biol. Venez. 3(7): 106–107. Type: Holotype, MBUCV 3957, a 235 mm male (Panchenco, 1952). Type locality: “Poste M-1, cerca río Uraricapará, frontera Venezuela–brasil, unos 400 metrs. de altura.” Distribution: Southeastern Venezuela (Bolívar) and Brazil (Maranhao), 400 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Kok, 2006, Passos & Fernandes, 2008 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 54. Atractus iridescens Peracca, 1896b. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino 11(252): 2–3, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, MZUT 1830 (formerly MZUT 1726), an adult male (Viale). Type locality: “America meridionale” [= South America]. Distribution: Northwestern Colombia (Antioquia, Chaco, Nariño), 50–150 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009e. 55. Atractus lancinii Roze, 1961. Acta Biol. Venez. 3(7): 112–114. Type: Holotype, MCN 574, a 342 mm female (R. Lancini, Aug. 1958). Type locality: “El Junquito, Distrito Federal, Venezuela; 1.900 metros de altura.” Distribution: Northern Venezuela (Aragua, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Miranda, Yaracuy), 800–2000 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Barros-Blanco, 2000, Esqueda et al., 2001 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 57. Atractus latifrons (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1868). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 1(6): 415, pl. 19, fig. b. (Geophis latifrons) Synonym: Elaps herthae Ahl, 1927. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.52, a 254 mm specimen, (J. Hauxwell, ). Type locality: “Pebas” [= Pébas, Loreto Department, Peru, 3°11’S, 71°47’W, elevation 125 m]. Distribution: Amazonia. Colombia (Amazonas, Caqueta, Putumayo, Vaupés), French Guyana (Cayenne), Suriname (Marowijne), NE Peru (Loreto), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, ? Ceará, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz), 90–500 m. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1980, Cunha & Nascimento, 1983b, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, Starace, 1998, Silva-Haad, 2004, Embert et al., 2006 and Moravec & Aparcio, 2006. Remarks: Hoogmoed (1979: 275) listed Amazonian Ecuador. 58. Atractus lehmanni Boettger, 1898. Kat. Rept. Senck. Mus. 2: 80. Type: Lectotype, SMF 19355 (formerly SMF-B 8310a), a 296 mm female (F.C. Lehmann, 1894), designated by Mertens (1967: 91). Type locality: “Cuenca, Prov. Azanay, Ecuador” [= Cuenca, Azuay Prov., Ecuador, 2°54’S, 78°59’W, elevation 2500 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Valle de Cauca) and S Ecuador (Azuay), 2500–2600 m. Sources: Savage, 1960 and Passos & Arredondo, 2009. 59. Atractus limitaneus (Amaral, 1935c). Mem. Inst. Butantan 9: 219–210, figs. 1–3. (Leptocalamus limitaneus) Type: Holotype, IB 9196 (formerly ILS 125), a 175 mm male (H. Nicéforo-María, 1908–1935), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “La Pedrera, near the Brazilian-Colombian boundary, Colombia” [= La Pedrera, Río Caquetá, 75 Snakes of the World Amazonas Department, SE Colombia, 1°20’S, 69°35’W, elevation 90 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (E Amazonas), 90 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Prudente & Passos, 2008. 60. Atractus longimaculatus Prado, 1940b. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1939) 13: 17, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, ILS 170, a 372 mm male (H. NicéforoMaría, July 1938), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “Região do Quindío, Colombia” [= Nevada Quindío, Caldas Department, Colombia fide Savage, 1960: 81] (in error). Corrected to Pacho, a village NE of Zipaquirá, central Colombia fide Nicéforo-María (1942: 93) [= Pacho, Cundinamarca Department, cen. Colombia, 5°08’N, 74°10’W, elevation 1830 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Cundinamarca), 1830 m. 61. Atractus loveridgei Amaral, 1930a. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 4(2): 28. Type: Holotype, MCZ 29059, a 360 mm female (H. Nicéforo-María, 1908–1930). Type locality: “Jerico, central Colombia” [= Jericó, Antioquia Department, Colombia, 5°47’N, 75°47’W, elevation 1850 m]. Distribution: Northern Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Santander), 1050–3005 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009c. 62. Atractus macondo Passos, Lynch & Fernandes, 2008. Herpet. J. 18: 180–181, fig. 5. Type: Holotype, IAvH 15 (formerly IND-R 15), a 383 mm male (G. Toro). Type locality: “Parque Nacional Natural Isla de Salamanca (10º58’N, 74º30’W, approximately 3m), municipality of Sifionuavo, Department of Magdalena, Colombia.” Distribution: Northern Colombia (Magdalena), NSL. 63. Atractus maculatus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 204–205. (Isoscelis maculata) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.46 (formerly BMNH 1851.3.12.151), a 343 mm male. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Brazil fide BMNH catalogue. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia) and SE Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, E São Paulo), NSL–500 m. Sources: R. Fernandes, 1995a, Moura-Leite et al., 1996, R. Fernandes et al., 2000, Marques et al., 2001 and Passos et al., 2010. Remarks: Nicéforo-María (1942: 93) listed Bolivia and Colombia (Jericó). 64. Atractus major Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 307. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.9.7.27, a 145 mm male (C. Buckley, 1856–1880), designated by Savage (1960: 50). Type locality: “Canelos, Napo-Pastaza Prov., Ecuador” [= Canelos, Pastaza Prov., NE Ecuador, 1°35’S, 77°45’W, elevation 500 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northwestern Amazonia. Eastern Ecuador (Napo), SE Colombia (Amazonas, Cundinamarca, Nariño), S Venezuela (Amazonas, Táchira), Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios) and W Brazil (Amazonas, Pará), 100–2630 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Costa Prudente & Santos Costa, 2004, SilvaHaad, 2004, Duellman, 2005, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005, C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006, Vigle, 2008 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 65. Atractus manizalensis Prado, 1940b. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1939) 13: 17–18, fig. 4. Type: Holotype, ILS 172, a 370 mm male (N. Díaz-Berrío, 1938–1939), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “Colombia.” Restricted to the región of Manizales, Cordillera Central de las Andes, Colombia fide Nicéforo-María (1942: 93) and further restricted to Villamaria, Caldas Department, Colombia fide E.R. Dunn in Savage (1960: 82) [= 5°03’N, 75°31’W, elevation 1950 m]. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Quindo), 1950–2150 m. Sources: R. Fernandes, 1995a, Passos et al., 2009c and Rojas-Morales, 2012b. 66. Atractus mariselae Lancini, 1969. Publ. Ocas. Mus. Cienc. Nat. (15): 4–5, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, MCNC 3971, a 325 mm male (M. UrosaSambrano, 5 Sept. 1966). Type locality: “en el jardín posterior de una vieja casa de Boconó, Estado Trujillo, a unos 1.225 metros sobre el nivel del mar, Venezuela” [= Boconó, Trujillo State, W Venezuela, 9°15’N, 70°15’W, elevation 1225 m]. Distribution: Western Venezuela (Táchira, Trujillo), 1225 m. Sources: Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 67. Atractus matthewi Markezich & Barrio-Amorgós, 2004. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 40(3): 112–117, figs. 1a, 2. Synonym: Atractus nororientalis D. Sánchez, Sousa, Esqueda & Manzanilla, 2005. Type: Holotype, AMNH 29316, a 365 mm male (G.H.H. Tate, 1921–1929). A 76 A Snakes of the World Type locality: “Venezuela: Estado Sucre, Carápas, 10º07’56”N, 63º53’00”W.” Distribution: Northeastern Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Sucre), ca. 1400–2130 m. Sources: Sánchez et al., 2005, Kok et al., 2007 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 68. Atractus medusa Passos, Mueses-Cisneros, Lynch & Fernandes, 2009e. Zootaxa (2293): 15–17, figs. 10a–b, 11. Type: Holotype, IAvH 2981 (formerly VR 1213), a 385 mm male (J.V. Rueda). Type locality: “Playa Blanca, Gorgona Island (03º00’N, 78º12’W, ca. 0 m), municipality of Guapi, department of Cauca, Colombia.” Distribution: Western Colombia (Cauca: Gorgona Is.), NSL. 69. Atractus melanogaster F. Werner, 1916. Zool. Anz. 47(11): 309. Type: Neotype, ICN 10030, a 283 mm male (J.D. Lynch & J.V. Rueda, 29 May 1981), designated by Passos & Lynch (2010: 160). Type locality: “Quebrada Perales (2420 m), Vereda La Palma, 11.4 km west of the municipality of Cajamarca (04º 27’ N, 75º 26’ W), department of Tolima, Colombia” via neotype selection. Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia, Tolima), 1800–2200 m. Sources: Duellman, 1979 and Passos & Lynch, 2010. Remarks: LMB holotype lost fide M. Berec in Passos & Lynch (2010: 160). 70. Atractus melas Boulenger, 1908a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 1(1): 114–115. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.33 (formerly BMNH 1908.5.29.54), a 235 mm female (M.G. Palmer, 1907–1908). Type locality: “Los Mangos, S.W. Colombia, altitude 300 m” [= Los Cisneros or Juntas, Valle de Cauca Department, Colombia, 3°46’N, 76°45’W fide Savage, 1960: 82 and Passos et al., 2009e: 18]. Distribution: Western Colombia (Antioquia, Chaco, Valles, Valle de Cauca), 80–300 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009e. 71. Atractus meridensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005. Herpetotropicos 2(1): 10–12, figs. 9–10. Type: Holotype, ULABG 4341, a 437 mm male (E. La Marca, 22 March 1997). Type locality: “Venezuela, Estado Mérida, Municipio Pueblo Llano, en patio trasero vivienda, 1705 m.s.n.m., a 1 Km del Puente sobre el río Santo Domingo en la vía principle desde La Mitsús hasta San Domingo, ya 500 m del cruce de acceso a la Población de Las Piedras, 08º52’45”N, 70º39’09”W.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Barinas, Mérida), 1200–2200 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 72. Atractus michelae Esqueda & La Marca, 2005. Herpetotropicos 2(10): 14–16, figs. 12–13. Type: Holotype, ULABG 2672, a 345 mm female (M. Ataroff, 14 June 1989). Type locality: “Venezuela, Estado Mérida, Municipio Arzobispo Chacón, cerca de la población de Canagua, aprox. 1700 m.s.n.m., coordenadas estimadas 8º10’24”N, 71º28’52”W.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira), 1000–1700 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 73. Atractus microrhynchus (Cope, 1868b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20(2): 102. (Rhabdosoma microrhynchum) Type: Neotype, DHMECN 3008, a 329 mm male (F. Sornoza, March 2005), designated by Passos et al. (2005: 377). Type locality: “Reserva Biológica Buenaventura (03°38’55”S, 79°45’50”W, ca. 600 m asl), Parroquia piñas, Cantón Piñas, El Oro Province, Ecuador” via neotype designation. Distribution: Western Ecuador (El Oro, Guayas, Los Ríos) and NW Peru (Tumbes), 50–800 m. Sources: Dixon & Soini, 1977 and Passos et al., 2009e, 2012b. Remarks: Holotype erroneously listed as USNM 6693 fide J.A. Peters (1960a: 507) and ANSP 6693 fide fide Savage (1960: 52), lost fide N. Gilmore in Passos et al. (2012b: 377). 74. Atractus mijaresi Esqueda & La Marca, 2005. Herpetotropicos 2(1): 16–17, figs. 14–15. Type: Holotype, ULABG 4697, a 369 mm male (N. Jáuregui, 5 May 1997). Type locality: “Venezuela, Estado Mérida, Distributionl, Mucurubá, parte alta, 2405 m.s.n.m., 08º42’34”N, 70º59’17”W.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Mérida), 2405 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 75. Atractus modestus Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 304, pl. 15, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.30, a 379–380 mm male (L. Fraser, 1857–1859). Type locality: “W. Ecuador.” Distribution: Western Ecuador (Azuay, Cotopaxi, Morona-Santiago, Pichincha), 2400–2560 m. 77 Snakes of the World Source: Passos et al., 2007. 76. Atractus multicinctus (Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866). Icon. Gén. Ophid. 1(10): 7, pl. 4, figs. 5, a, d–g, n, p. v. (Rabdosoma badium multicinctum) Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Lima,” Lima Department, Peru,” (in error fide Savage, 1960: 54, and Passos et al., 2009e: 24). Distribution: Southwestern Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Valle del Cauca) and NW Ecuador (Azuay, Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago), NSL–770 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009e. 77. Atractus multidentatus Passos, Rivas-Fuenmayor & Barrio-Amorgós, 2009b. Amphibia-Reptilia 30(2): 236–238, figs. 3–4. Type: Holotype, CVULA 7080, a 172 mm female (R. Alarcón-Gallegos, 1979–1982). Type locality: “quebrada El Paraiso, La Vega (8º32’N, 71º14’W, ca. 1000 m), State of Mérida, Venezuela.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Mérida), 1000 m. Known only from type locality. 78. Atractus nasutus Passos, Arredondo, Fernandes & Lynch, 2009c. Copeia 2009(3): 425–428, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, CSJ 561, a 199 mm male (H. Daniel, 1954). Type locality: “Colombia, Antioquia department, San Pedro municipality, Vereda La Lana, 06º26’52, 75º36’26”W, ca. 2600 m.” Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia), 2600 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. 79. Atractus natans Hoogmoed & Prudente, 2003. Zool. Meded. 77: 428–437, figs. 1, 3–4. Synonym: Atractus emersoni Silva-Haad, 2004. Type: Holotype, MPEG 18836, a 308 mm female (M.S. Hogmoed & T.C.S. Ávila-Pires, 1 Aug. 1994). Type locality: “near flutuarte at confluence of Paraná Apara and Rio Mamirauá, Estação Mamiraua, Municipio de Uarini, Amazonas, Brazil, 3°02’57.2”S 64°50’59.7”W, 50 m.” Distribution: Amazonia. Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas), N Brazil (Amazonas, Para) and ext. NE Peru (Loreto), NSL–100 m. Sources: Passos & Fernandes, 2008 and Passos et al., 2012b. 80. Atractus nicefori Amaral, 1930a. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 4(2): 28. Type: Holotype, MCZ 29058, a 420+ mm male (R.H. Apolinar-Enrique & R.H. Daniel). Type locality: “Jerico, central Colombia” [= Jericó, Antioquia Department, Colombia, 5°47’N, 75°47’W, elevation 1850 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca), 1570–2600 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009c. 81. Atractus nigricaudus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943c. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., (Zool.) 24(28): 327–328. Type: Holotype, MCZ 45909, a 367 mm female (W.F. Walker, 18 Dec. 1938). Type locality: “Huachon, in the upper part of the Paucartambo Valley, east of Cerro de Pasco, Department of Junin, Peru. Altitude 10,000 feet.” Distribution: Central Peru (Junin, Pasco), 1800–3365 m. Source: Passos & Arredondo, 2009. 82. Atractus nigriventris Amaral, 1933c. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1932) 7: 116. Type: Holotype, IB (formerly ILS 82), a 365 mm female (R.P. Ernesto Catalalina), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Chita (sudeste de San Gil), Colombia” [= Chita, SE of San Gil (6°34’N, 73°08’W, 1170 m), Santander Department, Colombia]. Distribution: Northern Colombia (Boyacá, Santander), 1500–3005 m. 83. Atractus obesus Marx, 1960. Fieldiana: Zool. 39(38): 411–413, fig. 71. Type: Holotype, FMNH 69661, a 762 mm female (P. Hershkovitz, April 1951). Type locality: “Santa Bárbara, a site at base of Cerro Frontino, upper Río Urrao, a tributary of Río Penserisco, Cordillera Occidental, Antioquia, Colombia... at an altitude of 2700 meters” [= 5°53’N, 75°34’W, elevation 2700 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca,), 1400–2700 m. Sources: C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006 and Passos et al., 2009c. 84. Atractus obtusirostris F. Werner, 1916. Zool. Anz. 47(11): 309–310. Type: Lectotype, ZMH 4428 (formerly ZMH 33, 181), a 254 mm male (A.H. Fassl, Jan.–March 1910), designated by Passos & Lynch (2010: 163). Type locality: “Cañon del Tolima, (= Combeima River; west Ibague, 04° 26’ N, 75° 14’W, ca. 1100 m), department of Tolima, Colombia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Colombia (Caldas, Tolima), 1100– 2200 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1924a and Passos & Arredondo, 2009. A 78 A Snakes of the World 85. Atractus occidentalis Savage, 1955. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 68: 16–17. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1916.5.23.5 (formerly BMNH 1916.5.23.5), a 265 mm male (W. Goodfellow, 1914–1915). Type locality: “Mindo, Pichincha Prov., Ecuador” [= 2°56’S, 78°47’W, elevation 1280 m]. Distribution: Central Ecuador (Chimborazo, Pichincha), 800–1250 m. Source: Passos et al., 2012. 86. Atractus occipitoalbus (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 16–17, pl. 8, fig. 5th (Rabdosoma occipitoalbum) Type: Holotype, ZSM 1395/0, a 508 mm female (F.J.C.M. Wagner, 1857–1860), lost fide Franzen & Glaw (2007: 258), probably destroyed 24–25 April 1944 or 11 April 1945 during World War II. Type locality: “occidentali della Ande nell’Ecuadore all’ altezza di 4000 piedi.” Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (Putumayo), E Ecuador (Orellana, Morona-Santiago) and Peru (Cusco, Ucayali), 200–1220 m. Sources: Henle & Ehrl, 1991, Silva-Haad, 2004, Vigle, 2008 and Passos et al., 2009d. 87. Atractus ochrosetrus Esqueda & La Marca, 2005. Herpetotropicos 2(1): 18–20, figs. 16–17. Type: Holotype, ULABG 4698, a 322 mm male (E. La Marca, 12 Jan. 1999). Type locality: “Venezuela, Estado Mérida, Municipio Tovar, en la via de Bailadores a “La Y”, El Delgadito, approx. 2600 m.s.n.m. , 08º13’06”N, 71º52’26”W.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira), 2600–2705 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 88. Atractus oculotemporalis Amaral, 1932a. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 5(3): 67. (Atractus oculotemporalis) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Atractus oculo-temporalis Amaral, 1932a (nomen incorrigendum), and Atractus oculotemporalis – J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, IB 6390 (formerly ILS 46), a 460 mm female (R.H. Apolinar-Enrique & R.H. Daniel), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Jericó, west of Medellín, central Colombia” [= Jericó, Antioquia Department, Colombia, 5°47’N, 75°47’W, elevation 1850 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia), 1850–1970 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Passos et al., 2009c. 89. Atractus orcesi Savage, 1955. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 68, 17–18. Type: Holotype, CAS-SU 15622 (formerly SU 15622), a 307.5 mm male (J. Olalla, Oct. 1952). Type locality: “Loreto, Napo-Pastaza Prov., Ecuador” [= Loreto, Orellana Prov., NE Ecuador, 00º 41’ S, 77º 18’ W, 410 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Colombia (Cauca, Huila, Putumayo) and E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucúmbios), 410–3000 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009d. 90. Atractus paisa Passos, Arredondo, Fernandes & Lynch, 2009c. Copeia 2009(3): 428–431, fig. 6. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH 10698, a 392 mm female (A. Hincapié, 31 March 1996). Type locality: “Colombia, Antioquia department, Sonsón municipality, 05º43’N, 75º19’W, San Francisco, 2600 m.” Distribution: Northwestern Colombia (Antioquia), 2220– 2600 m. 91. Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, 1935c. Mem. Inst. Butantan 9: 220, fig. 4. Type: Holotype, IB 9192, a 315 mm male (R.H. IsidoroRegis), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Pamplona, (near the VenezuelanColombian boundary), Colombia.” [= Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia, 7°23’N, 72°39’W, elevation 2400 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Colombia (Norte de Santander) and W Venezuela (Táchira), 1560–2400 m. Sources: Schargel & García-Pérez, 2002, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Amaral (1937b: 1763, fig. 2). 92. Atractus pantostictus R. Fernandes & Puorto, 1994. Mem. Inst. Butantan 55(Suppl. 1): 8–12, figs. 1–3, 5. Type: Holotype, IB 54844, a 273 mm male (M.S. Santos, 30 June 1992), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil,”[= Franco da Rocha, São Paulo State, SE Brazil, 23°19’S, 46°43’W, elevation 770 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Tocantins), 200–1200 m. Sources: R. Fernandes, 1995b, Passos et al., 2005, 2010 and Passos & Fernandes, 2008. 79 Snakes of the World 93. Atractus paraguayensis F. Werner, 1924a. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Natur. Kl., Abt. 1, 133(1–3): 40. Type: Holotype, NMW 23443 (formerly NMW 130), a 365 mm female (G. Wieninger, 1900–1904). Type locality: “Paraguay.” Distribution: Paraguay, NE Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Ríos) and S Brazil (Paraná), 30–1000 m. Sources: R. Fernandes, 1995b and Passos et al., 2005, 2010. 94. Atractus paravertebralis Henle & Ehrl, 1991. Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 42(2): 160–161, figs. 9a–b. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 39705, a 450 mm specimen (K. Henle & A. Ehrl, 28 Jan. 1983). Type locality: “Peru; Departamento Madre de Dios; Baja Tambopata; in Sekundärwald” [= Río Tambopata, Madre de Dios Department, SE Peru, ca. 12°53’S, 69°25’W, elevation 225 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Peru (Madre de Dios), 225 m. Known only from type locality. 95. Atractus paucidens (Mocquard in Despax, 1910). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 16(7): 372. (Atractopsis paucidens) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1906.245 (formerly MNHN 3422A), a 320 mm female (P. Rivet, 1901–1906). Type locality: “Santo-Domingo de los Colorados, Équateur, 560 mètres” [= Santo Domingo, Pichincha Prov., N Ecuador, 0°15’S, 79°10’W, elevation 550 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Ecuador (Pichincha), 200– 600 m. Source: Passos et al., 2009e. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Mocquard (1911: 31–32, pl. 2, figs. 2–2c). 96. Atractus pauciscutatus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943c. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., (Zool.) 24(28): 326–327. Type: Holotype, FMNH 36725, a 330 mm female (F. Woytkowski, 14 May 1940). Type locality: “Carpapata, in the upper Chanchamayo Valley, northeast of Tarma, Department of Junin, Peru. Altitude 10,500 feet.” Distribution: Central Peru (Junin), 3200 m. Known only from type locality. 97. Atractus peruvianus (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 12–13. (Rabdosoma peruvianum) Type: Holotype, MNHN, a 280 mm specimen. Type locality: “Peru.” Distribution: Peru. Known only from type specimen. 98. Atractus poeppigi (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 11–12, pl. 8, fig. 1. (Rabdosoma pöppigi) Type: Holotype, NMW, a 570 mm specimen. Type locality: “Brasile” [= Brazil]. Distribution: Eastern Colombia (Amazonas, Vaupés), N Peru (Amazonas, Loreto) and W Brazil (Amazonas), 100–250 m. Sources: Dixon et al., 1976, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Zaher et al., 2005 and Kok, 2006. 99. Atractus potschi R. Fernandes, 1995a. J. Herp. 29(3): 417–418, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, IB 48438, a 290 mm male (A. J. Santos, 19 July 1985), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Maceió, State of Alagoas, Brazil” [= 09º40’S, 35º43’W, sea level fide Passos et al., 2010: 30]. Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Sergipe), NSL– 1200 m. Sources: Freitas, 1999, Pires-Lima et al., 2000, Passos et al., 2010 and Angôlo et al., 2011. 100. Atractus punctiventris Amaral, 1933c. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1932) 7: 117–118. Type: Holotype, IB (formerly ILS 102), a 325 mm male (H. Nicéforo-María, 1908–1933), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Villavicencio, Meta (leste de Bogotá), Colombia” [= Villavicencio, Meta Department, Colombia, 4°09’N, 73°38’W, elevation 535 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Meta), 465–535 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Passos & Fernandes, 2008. 101. Atractus resplendens F. Werner, 1901a. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 51: 598. (Atractus torquatus resplendens) Type: Holotype, ? NMW or ZMB, a 378 mm specimen (R. Haensch, 1899–1900), location of type unknown fide J.A. Peters (1960: 508). Type locality: “Ecuador.” Distribution: Eastern Ecuador (Chimborazo, SantiagoZamora, Tungurahua), 1100–1900 m. 102. Atractus reticulatus (Boulenger, 1885b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 16(92): 87. (Geophis reticulatus) Synonym: Atractus reticulatus scrocchii Alvarez, Rey & Cei, 1992. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.7 (formerly BMNH 1885.6.26.10), a 315 mm female (H.F.I. von Ihering, 1880–1885). Type locality: “S. Lorenzo, on the southern border of the Lagoa dos Patos, Prov. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil” A 80 A Snakes of the World [= São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 31º22’S, 51º59’W, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Southern South America. Paraguay (Rivera), S Brazil (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), NE Uruguay (Rivera) and Argentina (Corrientes, Formosa, Tucumán), NSL– 1100 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1894a, Alvarez et al., 1992, Cei, 1994, Lema, 1994, R. Fernandes, 1995b, Giraudo, 2001, Carreira-Vidal et al., 2004, 2005, 2012b and Passos et al., 2005, 2010. 103. Atractus riveroi Roze, 1961. Acta Biol. Venez. 3(7): 114–116. Type: Holotype, AMNH 36615, a 485 mm male (Tyler Duida Exped., 20 April 1929). Type locality: “Cerro Duida en el subpáramo sabanero de la cumbre, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela; unos 1800 metros de altura.” Distribution: Southern Venezuela (Amazonas), 1000– 2000 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Hoogmoed, 1979, Lancini, 1986 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 104. Atractus ronnie Passos, Fernandes & BorgesNojosa, 2007. Copeia 2007(4): 789–791, figs. 1a–c, 2a–b. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 14194, a 301 mm female (D. M. Borges-Nojosa, 10 April 1998). Type locality: “Brazil, Ceará State, Serra de Baturité, municipality of Pacoti, Granja, 04º10’S, 38º55’W, ca. 800 m.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Ceará), 500–900 m. Sources: Passos & Fernandes, 2008, Loebmann et al., 2009 and Passos et al., 2010. 105. Atractus roulei Mocquard in Despax, 1910. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 16(7): 370–371. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1906.243, a 450 mm specimen (P. Rivet, 1902–1906). Type locality: “Alausi, à 2,350 mètres d’altitude, l’Equateur” [= Alausí, Chimborazo Prov., Ecuador, 2°12’S, 78°51’W, elevation 2350 m]. Distribution: Southern Ecuador (Azuay, Bolívar, Chimborazo, El Oro), 1200–2785 m. Sources: Duellman, 1979 and N.J. Silva, et al., 2005. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Mocquard in Despax (1911: 30–31, pl. 2, figs. 1–1b). 106. Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, 1946a. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (493): 2–5. Synonym: Atractus nebularis Bernal-Carlo & Roze, 1997. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 48298, a 600 mm female (W.W. Brown, 25 July 1899). Type locality: “San Sebastian, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, at an altitude of 6500 feet” [= San Sebastian, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Mountains, N Magdalena Department, N Colombia, ca. 11°’N, 74°W, elevation 1980 m]. Distribution: Northern Colombia (César, Magdalena), 1200–2500 m. Sources: Barros-Blanco, 2000, C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006 and Passos et al., 2008. Remarks: See Passos et al. (2008: 179–180) for remarks on elevation. 107. Atractus sanguineus Prado, 1944. Ciencia 5(4–5): 111, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, CSJ 517 (formerly CSJ 232), a 424 mm male (R.H. Daniel, 1943). Type locality: “Yarumal, N. de Medellin, Colombia” [= Yarumal, Antioquia Departament, cen. Colombia, 6°58’N, 75°26’W, elevation 2350 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia), 2300–2350 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Passos & Arredondo, 2009 and Passos et al., 2009c. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Prado (1946b: 110, 1 fig.). 108. Atractus schach (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 540. (Brachyorrhos schach) Synonym: Brachyorrhos schach H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum). Type: Lectotype, RMNH 119A, a 192 mm male (RMNH Ancient Cabinet, 1820), designated by Hoogmoed (1980: 34). Type locality: “Guyane” [= Guyana] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Mamadam, Saramacca River, distr. Brokopando, Suriname fide Hoogmoed (1980: 35). Distribution: Northern Amazonia. Guyana (East BerbiceCorrentyne), Suriname (Brokopondo, Commewijne, Nickerie, Saramacca), NW French Guiana (N SaintLaurent-du-Maroni) and N Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará), 20–230 m. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1980, Cunha & Nascimento, 1983b, Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires, 1991, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, Starace, 199, Abuys, 2003 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 109. Atractus serranus Amaral, 1930b. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 4(3): 65. Type: Holotype, IB 7238, a 700 mm specimen (M. Costilho, 1930), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “northermost section of the Serra de Paranapiacaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil” [= near the municipality of São Paulo, E São Paulo State, SE Brazil, 23°33’S, 46°38’W, elevation 800 m fide Passos et al., 2010: 43]. 81 Snakes of the World Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (E Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), 700–1000 m. Sources: Marques et al., 2001 and Passos et al., 2005, 2010. Remarks: Amaral (1930b: 65) incorrectly listed the type as IB 5315 fide Passos et al. (2010: 40). 110. Atractus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, 1983b. Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) (123): 19–21, pl. 2, figs. 2–3. (Atractus flammigerus snethlageae) Type: Holotype, MPEG 10131, a 218 mm male. Type locality: “Colônia Nova, rio Gurupi, Pará, rodovia BR-316, 10 km antes do Gurupi” [= Colônia Nova, along Rîo Grupi at BR 316, E Para State, NE Brazil, 1°49’S, 46°10’W, elevation 30 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Amapá, E Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Pará, Rondônia), ext. N Bolivia (Pando) and single record for Argentina (Chaco), NSL– 500 m. Sources: Martins & Oliveira, 1993, Frota, 2000a, SilvaHaad, 2004 and Gonzales & Embert, 2008. Remarks: Unconfirmed reports from Colombia and Peru (Silva-Haad, 2004: 439). 111. Atractus steyermarki Roze, 1958c. Acta Biol. Venez. 2(25): 301–302. Type: Holotype, FMNH 69920 (formerly CNHM 69920), a 270 mm male (C. Griffin, 9 April 1953). Type locality: “Chimantá Tepui, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela; 1.430 metros de altura” [= ca, 5°18’N, 62°14’W]. Distribution: Southeastern Venezuela (Bolívar) and Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Potaro-Siparuni), 1430– 2440 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: The W Guyana record of Hoogmoed (1979: 275) needs confirmation. Holotype illustrated in C.W. Myers & Donnelly (2008: figs. 70–71). 112. Atractus surucuru Prudente & Passos, 2008. J. Herp. 42(4): 724–727, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, MPEG 19146, a 418 mm female (S. Almeida, 19 Nov. 1991). Type locality: “Serra do Surucucu (02º47’N, 63º40’W, approximately 1000 m), State of Roraima, Brazil.” Distribution: Northern Brazil (Roraima), 1000 m. 113. Atractus taeniatus L.E. Griffin, 1916. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 7(3): 173–174, pl. 28, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, CM 117, a 218 mm male (J. Steinbach, Aug. 1906–Nov. 1925). Type locality: “near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia” [= Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, 17°48’S, 63°10’W, elevation 425 m]. Distribution: Southern South America. Southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia), E Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and NE Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Misiones), 370 m. Sources: C.J. McCoy, 1971, Cei, 1994, Lema, 1994, R. Fernandes, 1995b, Lema, 1995, Moura-Leite et al., 1996, Rey & Lions, 1997a and Giraudo & Scrocchi, 2002. 114. Atractus tamaensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005. Herpetotropicos 2(1): 20–22, fig. 19. Type: Holotype, MHNLS 8307, a 283 mm male (A. Agudo, 7 Aug. 1980). Type locality: “Venezuela, Estado Táchira: Municipia Junin: Betania Macizo de Tamá, apox. 2.100 m.s.n.m., coordenadas estimadas 7º24’21”N, 72º24’29”W.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Táchira), 2100 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. 115. Atractus tamessari Kok, 2006. Zootaxa (1378): 20–26, figs. 1–2a–b, 3, 4a, 4c. Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2640 (formerly PK 1365), a 397 mm male (P.J.R. Kok, P. Benjamin & G. Seegobin, 23 March 2006). Type locality: “tributary of Elinkwa River, ESE Kaieteur National Park, ca. 500 m elevation, Potaro-Siparuni District, Guyana (5°08’09”N, 59°25’28”W).” Distribution: Eastern Venezuela and cen. Guyana (Potaro-Siparuni), 500 m. Sources: Rivas-Fuenmayor et al., 2012 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 116. Atractus taphorni Schargel & García-Pérez, 2002. J. Herp. 36(3): 398–400, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MCNG 1905, a 423 mm male (A. Lobo, 26 June 1993). Type locality: “La Carbonera, Cordillera de Mérida, 2200 m, Mérida, Venezuela (8°37’52”N, 71°22’08”W).” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Mérida), 1700–2200 m. Sources: Esqueda & La Marca, 2005 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 117. Atractus thalesdelemai Passos, Fernandes & Zanella, 2005. Herpetologica 61(2): 210–213, figs. 1–2. Synonym: Atractus kangueryensis Cacciali, Villalba & Yanosky, 2007a. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 10052, a 303 mm male (N. Zanella, 30 Jan. 2001). A 82 A Snakes of the World Type locality: “Fazenda da Brigada Militar, Municipality of Passo Fundo (28° 14’ 30” S, 52° 21’ 27” W), State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.” Distribution: Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and S Paraguay (Itapúa), 100–700 m. Sources: Lema, 1994 and Passos et al., 2010. 118. Atractus titanicus Passos, Arredondo, Fernandes & Lynch, 2009c. Copeia 2009(3): 431–433, figs. 7–8. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH 10697, a 473 mm female (native, 5 March 1996). Type locality: “Colombia, Antioquia department, Sonsón municipality, 05º43’N, 75º19’W, Quebrada San Andrés, ca. 2400 m.” Distribution: Western Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Valle de Cauca), 1800–2400 m. Source: Rojas-Morales, 2012b. 119. Atractus torquatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 101–103. (Rabdosoma torquatum) Synonyms: Brachyorrhos torquatus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Brachyorrhos torquatus F. Boie, 1827 (nomen nudum), Calamaria badia Schlegel, 1837, Rabdosoma varium Jan, 1862b, Atractus davidhardi Silva-Haad, 2004, Atractus janethae Silva-Haad, 2004 and Atractus lucilae SilvaHaad, 2004. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 437, a male (A.C.V.M.D. d’Orbigny, 11 Nov. 1830–21 June 1831 or 17 Sept.–17 Nov. 1832), designated by Savage (1960: 66). Type locality: “Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia” [= Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, 17°48’S, 63°10’W, elevation 425 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Amazonia. Colombia (Amazonas), SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana (Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo, Nickerie, Para, Saramacca), French Guiana (Cayenne), N Brazil (Amazonas), NE Peru (Loreto) and E Bolivia (Santa Cruz), NSL–600 m. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1980, Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires, 1991, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, C.L. Barrio-Amorgós et al., 1999, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Silva-Haad, 2004, Kok, 2006, Navarrete et al., 2009, Passos & Prudente, 2012 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Lectotype designation of RMNH 114 and restriction of type locality to Paramaribo, Suriname fide Hoogmoed (1980: 36) are invalid. Bolivia (Santa Cruz de La Sierra) record doubtful fide Passos & Prudente (2012: 13). 120. Atractus trihedrurus Amaral, 1926a. Arch. Mus. Nac. Brazil 26: 105–106, pl. 2, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, IB 3098, a 610 mm male (J. Naderer, 17 Oct. 1924), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “S. Bento, Estado de Santa Catharina,” Brazil” [= 26º15’S, 49º23’W, ca. 870 m. fide Passos et al., 2010: 47]. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), 500–1400 m. Sources: Marques et al., 2001, Lema, 2005 and Passos et al., 2005, 2010. 121. Atractus trilineatus Wagler, 1828b. Isis von Oken 21(7): 742, pl. 10, figs. 1–4. Synonyms: Coluber brachyurus Kuhl, 1820 (nomen praeoccupatum), Brachyorrhos brachyurus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Brachyorrhos kuhli Schlegel, 1826a (nomen rejiciendum), Brachyorrhos kuhlii H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (nomen rejiciendum), Rabdosoma lineatum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Rabdosoma punctatovittatum Jan, 1862b, and Rabdosoma trivirgatum Jan, 1862b. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 48, a 205 mm female, designated by Hoogmoed (1982: 134–135). Type locality: “Java” [W Indonesia] (in error fide Hoogmoed, 1982: 131) via lectotype selection. Restricted to South America fide Savage (1960: 83) and British Guiana fide Roze (1966a: 88). Distribution: Northern South America. Northeastern Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Sucre), Trinidad & Tobago (Huevos, Little Tobago, Tobago, Trinidad), N Guyana (Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper Demerara-Berbice) and N Brazil (Amazonas, Roraima), NSL–105 m. Sources: Parker, 1935, Beebe, 1946, Roze, 1966a, Emsley, 1977, Lancini, 1986, Hoogmoed, 1982, 1983, Martins & Oliveira, 1993, J.C. Murphy, 1997, Boos, 2001, Kok, 2006, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide ICZN Opinion 2210 (2008: 239). 122. Atractus trivittatus Amaral, 1933c. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1932) 7: 118. Type: Holotype, IB (formerly ILS 84), a 180 mm male (H. Nicéforo-María, 1908–1932), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Chita, (sudeste de San Gil), Colombia” [= Chita, SE of San Gil (6°34’N, 73°08’W, 1170 m), Santander Department, Colombia]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Boyacá, Casanare, Norte de Santander), 1170–3005 m. 83 Snakes of the World 123. Atractus turikensis Barros-Blanco, 2000. Anartia 11: 3–6. figs. 1, 2a–c (paratype). 127. Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1905b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15(89): 455. Type: Holotype, MBLUZ 301, a 439 mm male (A. Viloria & F. Herrera, 20 March 1991). Type locality: “Campamento 1800 (fig. 3, ver punto número 1), Mesa Turik, Altitud 1800 msnm, Sierra de Perijá, Estado Zulia, Venezuela.” Distribution: Western Venezuela (Zulia), 1800 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.7.7 (formerly BMNH 1905.5.31.74) (Briceño), designated by Roze (1961b: 108). Type locality: “Mérida, Venezuela” [= Fuqueros, Estado Mérida, Venezuela, 1630 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northwestern Venezuela (Mérida, Zulia), 1200–2500 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Barros-Blanco, 2000, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005, Rojas-Runjaic et al., 2007 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Syntypes BMNH 1946.1.5.12–15 [Merida, 1630 m] and BMNH 1946.1.7.7 [Fuqueros, 2500 m] fide P. Campbell (in litt.). 124. Atractus typhon Passos, Mueses-Cisneros, Lynch & Fernandes, 2009e. Zootaxa (2293): 26–29, figs. 17–18. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH 10901, a 372 mm male (B. Cépeda & J.J. Mueses-Cisneros, 14 July 2006). Type locality: “Reserva Natural Biotopo Selva Húmeda (01º25’M. 78º17’W, ca. 600 m), vereda Berlin, El Diviso, municipality of Barbacoas, department of Nariño, Colombia.” Distribution: Western Colombia (Nariño), 600 m. Known only from type locality. 125. Atractus univittatus (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 15. (Rabdosoma univittata) Type: Holotype, ZMH 2851 (formerly ZMH 482), a 300 mm specimen. Type locality: “Caracas” [= Caracas, Distrito Federal State, Venezuela, 10°29’N, 66°54’W, elevation 925 m]. Distribution: Northern Venezuela (Aragua, Barinas, Cojedes, Distrito Federal, Mérida, Miranda, Portuguesa) and Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago), 100– 1100 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, J.C. Murphy, 1997, Boos, 2001, Markezich, 2002, Schargel & Castoe, 2003, Esqueda & La Marca, 2005, Rivas-Fuenemayer & Barrio-Amorgós, 2005, Hallermann, 2006 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of A. fuliginosus fide Rivas-Fuenmayor et al. (2012: 39). 126. Atractus variegatus Prado, 1942a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1941) 15: 379, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, ILS 201, a 345 mm male (H. NicéforoMaría, 1908–1941), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “La Uvita, departamento de Boyacá, Colômbia” [= La Uvita, Boyacá Department, Colombia, 6°16’N, 72°33’W, elevation 3050 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Boyacá), 3050 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Remarks: Duellman (1979: 455) listed elevation of 4000 m. 128. Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, 1941d. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1940) 14: 25–26, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, ILS 184, a 296 mm male (H. NicéforoMaría, 1908–1940), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. Type locality: “Ocaña, ao norte de Bucaramanga, Colombia” [= Ocaña, Norte de Santander Department, Colombia, 8°14’N, 73°21’W, elevation 1200 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Colombia (Norte de Santander), 1200 m. Known only from type locality. 129. Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, 1904b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13(78): 451. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.6, a 470 mm female (G.R. Ockendon, 1902–1904). Type locality: “Santo Domingo, Carabaya, Peruvian Andes, altitude 6000 feet” [= Santo Domingo, Cordillera de Carabaya, Puno Department, SE Peru, 1830 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Peru (Cusco, Puno), 1830 m. 130. Atractus vittatus Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 304, pl. 15, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.47, a 405 mm female. Type locality: “Caracas, Venezuela” [= Caracas, Distrito Federal State, Venezuela, 10°29’N, 66°54’W, elevation 925 m]. Distribution: Northern Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Federal), 800–1800 m. Sources: Duellman, 1979 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: A member of Geophis fide Savage (1960: 31), an Atractus fide Roze (1961: 108–109), and incertae sedis fide J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda (1970: 327). 131. Atractus wagleri Prado, 1945. Ciencia 6(2): 61, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, ILS 228, a 411 mm female (H. Daniel, 1943), destroyed by fire 9–10 April 1948. A 84 A Snakes of the World Type locality: “Humbo (Boyacá), Colômbia” [= Humbo, Quíama, Boyacá Department, Colombia, 5º36’N, 74º16’W, 1035 m]. Distribution: Northern Colombia (Boyacá, Santander), 740–1200 m. Source: Passos & Arredondo, 2009. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Prado (1946b: 110–111, 1 fig.). 132. Atractus werneri Peracca, 1912. Mém. Soc. Neuchâtel Sci. Nat. (1914) 5: 102. Synonym: Atractus colombianus Prado, 1940b. Type: Holotype, MHNN 91.506 (formerly MZN 75 & MHNN 3), a 245 mm female (O. Fuhrmann, 1910). Type locality: “Cafetal Argélia, près Viota (C. or Dép. Cundinamarca), alt. 1830 m, Colombie” [= 04º 26’ N, 74º 31’ W fide Passos & Lynch, 2010: 166]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Cundinamarca), 1200– 1830 m. Source: Passos & Lynch, 2010. Remarks: Schätti (1986a: 98) and Andreone & Gavetti (2007: 65, 88) discussed publication date, which has previously been cited as 1913 or 1914. 133. Atractus zebrinus (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. 2(1): 11, 15–16, pl. 8, fig. 3rd (Rabdosoma zebrinum) Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, a 150 mm specimen, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (S Bahia, Espírito Santo, S Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), 500–1700 m. Sources: Fernandes et al., 2000 and Passos et al., 2005, 2010. Remarks: Bahia record needs confirmation fide Passos et al. (2010: 52). 134. Atractus zidoki Gasc & Rodrigues, 1979a. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (4) 1A(2): 548–552, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1977.1601, a 285 mm male (P. Grenand, 1971–1977). Type locality: “Trois-Sauts, Haut Oyapock, Guyane française” [= village of Trois Sauts, Haut Oyapock basin, Cayenne Department, SE French Guiana, 2°14’N, 52°52’W, elevation 170 m]. Distribution: Northern South America. Eastern Colombia (Amazonas), Suriname (Brokopondo, Marowijne), Guyana (Potaro-Siparuni), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni) and N Brazil (Amapá, Pará), 150–500 m. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1980, Cunha & Nascimento, 1983b, 1984, Starace, 1998, Silva-Head, 2004, Means, 2007, Prudente & Passos, 2008 and Prudente & Passos, 2010. ATRETIUM Cope, 1861e (nomen substitutum) (Natricidae) Synonym: Tropidophis Gray, 1849a (nomen prae­occupatum). Type species: Coluber schistosus Daudin, 1803d. Distribution: Southern Asia. Source: Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Atretium schistosum (Daudin, 1803d). Hist. Nat. Rep. 7: 132–133. (Coluber schistosus) Synonyms: Tropidonotus dimidiatus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a, Tropidonotus dimidiatus Schlegel, 1826b, Tropidonotus dimidiatus F. Boie, 1827, Tropidonotus moestus Cantor, 1839, Tropidonotus surgens Cantor, 1839, Coluber flavus Fitzinger, 1861 (nomen nudum), and Helicops flaviventris Fitzinger, 1861. Type: Lectotype, a 483 mm specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1801: 5–6, pl. 4) (native, 1781– 1791), designated herein. Type locality: “Bengale” [= Bangladesh and NE India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, or West Bengal)] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Eastern India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, S West Bengal), Nepal (Dadeldhura, Ilam, Jhapa, Rupandehi, Sankhuwasabha, Surkhet) and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North-Central, North-Western, Northern, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), 75–1680 m. Sources: Wall, 1912d, M.A. Smith, 1943, Kramer, 1977, P. Silva, 1969, 1980, Whitaker, 1975, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Somaweera, 2006, R.C. Sharma, 2007 and A. Silva, 2009. 2. Atretium yunnanensis J. Anderson, 1879. Anat. Zool. West. Yunnan (1878) 1: 822–823. (Atretium schistosum yunnanensis) Synonym: Helicops schistosus andersonii Wall, 1909. Types: Syntypes (3), ZSI 4191–92 (formerly IMC 4191– 92), 876 and 629 mm specimens, and ZSI 4196 (formerly IM 4196), a 780 mm male (J. Anderson [First Yunnan Exped.], 13–23 May 1868 [Muangla] & 10–22 Aug. 1868 [Hotha]). Type locality: “Muangla and Hotha at elevations of 2,000 and 4,500 feet, Western Yunnan” [= Lianghe, Yingjiang County, 24°48’N, 98°18’E, elevation 1050 m, and Husa’achangzuxiang, Longchuan County, 24°28’N, 97°54’E, elevation 1435 m, W Yunnan Prov., SW China]. Distribution: Southern China (ext. W Yunnan), 800–1435 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Zhao & Adler, 1993, I. Das et al., 1998 and Zhao, 2006. 85 Snakes of the World ATROPOIDES Werman in Campbell & Brodie, 1992 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Atropos Rüppell, 1845 (nomen praeoccupatum), Atropus J.W. Müller, 1865 (nomen emendatum), Atropes – L.C. Stuart, 1948 (nomen incorrectum), and Adelynhoserserpenae Hoser, 2012c (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Trimeresurus nummifer picadoi Dunn, 1939b. Distribution: Mesoamerica. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar,1989, 2004, Werman 1992, Kraus et al., 1996, Werman, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Castoe et al., 2003, 2005, 2009, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Luna-Reyes & Suárez-Velázquez, 2008, E.N. Smith & Ferrari-Castro, 2008, Jardin et al., 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Atropoides indomitus E.N. Smith & Ferrari-Castro, 2008. Zootaxa (1948): 59–66, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, UTA 52952, 573 mm male (J.A. FerrariCastro, 17–22 May 2002). Type locality: “near the edge of Quebrada de Botaderos, Montaña de Botaderos, Departamento de Colón, Honduras, 670 m (15º26’03.4” N 86º08’37.3” W).” Distribution: Eastern Honduras (Colón, Olancho), 670– 1200 m. Source: McCranie, 2011a. 2. Atropoides mexicanus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpet. Gén. 7(2): 1521–1522. (Atropos mexicanus) Synonyms: Atropos mexicanus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), and Bothriechis nummifera notata J.G. Fischer, 1880, Type: Holotype, MNHN 7612. Type locality: “Coban, capitale de la Prov. de la VeraPaz, (Republique de Guatemala, Amérique centrale)” [= Cobán, SW Alta Verapaz Dept., cen. Guatemala, 15°28’N, 90°22’W, elevation 1325 m]. Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southern Mexico (Chiapas, S Tabasco), S Belize (Belize, Cayo, Stann Creek, Toledo), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Huehuatenango, Izabal, Petén), El Salvador (Chalatenango), NW Honduras (Atlántida, Copán, Cortés, Santa Bárbara), Nicaragua (Matagalpa, Río San Juan), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Limón, Puntarenas, San José) and W Panama (Canal Zone, Chiriquí, Coclé, Colón), NSL–1600 m. Sources: Mocquard, 1909, K.P. Schmidt, 1941, L.C. Stuart, 1948, 1963, Burger, 1950, E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Mertens, 1952c, Neill & Allen, 1960, R.W. Henderson & Hoevers, 1975, Villa, 1984, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Casas-Andreau et al., 1996, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, Jadin et al., 2010, McCranie, 2011a and Ray, 2011. 3. Atropoides nummifer (Rüppell, 1845). Mus. Senck., Amph. 3: 313. (Atropos nummifer) Synonyms: Bothrops nummifer veraecrucis Burger, 1950, Lachesis nummifera – Boettger, 1898, Bothriochis mammifera – Recinos, 1913 (nomen incorrectum), and Adelynhoserserpenae Hoser, 2012c (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, SMF 21196 (formerly SMF-R III.KK.1a & SMF-B 9544, 1a) (E. Rüppell, 1840). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Mexico fide Boettger (1898: 138). Restricted to Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico fide Burger (1950: 62). Distribution: Eastern Mexico (Hidalgo, N Oaxaca, E Puebla, ext. SE San Luis Potosí, Veracruz), 670–1800 m. 4. Atropoides occiduus (Hoge, 1966a). Mem. Inst. Butantan (1965) 32: 130. (Bothrops nummifer occiduus) (nomen substitutum) Synonyms: Bothrops affinis Bocourt, 1868 (nomen praeoccupatum), and Bothrops nummifer occidduus – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (3), MNHN 1194–96. Type locality: “Saint-Augustin (Guatémala), versant occidentale de la Córdillère. 610 mètres d’altitude.” Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southeastern Mexico (SE Chiapas), S Guatemala and W El Salvador (Ahuachapán, Chalatenango, La Libertad, San Vicente, Sonsonate), 610–1700 m. Sources: Castoe et al., 2003 and G. Köhler et al., 2005. 5. Atropoides olmec (Pérez-Higareda, Smith & JuliáZertuche, 1985). Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 21(3): 97–99, fig. 1. (Porthidium olmec) Type: Holotype, UNAM-LT 1300, a 660 mm female (G. Pérez-Higareda, Sept. 1981). Type locality: “crest of Cerro Egega, 1100 m, Los Tuxtlas uplands, municipality of Catemaco, southern Veracruz, México” [= 18°25’N, 95°07’W]. Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (Chiapas, SE Oaxaca, S Veracruz) and cen. Guatemala (Alta Verapaz), 530– 1100 m. Source: Castoe et al., 2003. Remarks: Possibly conspecific with Atropoides nummifer fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (1989: 325). A 86 A Snakes of the World 6. Atropoides picadoi (Dunn, 1939b). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 52: 165. (Trimeresurus nummifer picadoi) Type: Holotype, USNM 37753, a 345 mm female (E. Fernandez). Type locality: “La Palma, 4500 feet, north of San Jose, Costa Rica” [= La Palma, 1.4 km N San José (9°55’N, 84°05’W), San José Prov., cen. Costa Rica, elevation 1372 m]. Distribution: Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José) and W Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí), 15–2000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, V. Martinez, 1983, N.J. Scott et al., 1983, Werman, 1984, Savage & Villa, 1986, Solis, 1991, Savage, 2002 and Zaher et al., 2012. Remarks: The basal species of Cerrophidion clade fide Zaher et al., 2012, presenting a nomenclatural problem as Trimeresurus nummifer picadoi Dunn is type species of Atropoides Werman [publ. June 1992], which has priority over Cerrophidion Campbell & Lamar [publ. Aug. 1992] either making Cerrophidion a junior synonym of Atropides or recognizing both genera, but in either case requiring a new generic name for the five “Atropoides” species. †AUSTRALOPHIS Gómez, Báez & Rougier, 2008 (Anilioidea incertae sedis) Type species: †Australophis anilioides Gómez, Báez & Rougier, 2008. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Sources: Gómez et al., 2008 and Albino, 2011b. 1. †Australophis anilioides Gómez, Báez & Rougier, 2008. Cretaceous Res. 29(3): 483–485, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, MML–PV 181, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Bajo Trapulcó (39º47’02”S, 66º42’17”W), 150 km south-west of Lamarque, Rio Negro Prov., northern Patagonia, Argentina. Lower member of Allen Formation (Malargile Group, southern margin of the Neuquén Basin), Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian.” Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (CampanianMaastrichtian: 65.5–83.6 mya) of Argentina. AUSTRELAPS Worrell, 1963a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Austrelops – Porter, 1972 (nomen incorrectum), and Australaps – Carpenter, 1986 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hoplocephalus superbus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Southeastern Australia. Sources; Kinghorn, 1964, S. Phillips, 1980, Shine & Allen, 1980, Lombardi, 1985, Schwaner et al., 1985, Shine, 1987b, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Gow, 1989, Hoser, 1989, 2009a, 2012e, Rawlinson, 1991, Ehmann, 1992, Fearn & Munday, 1995, Greer, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Sanders et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Austrelaps labialis (Jan, 1859a). Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 11: 124, 128. (Alecto labialis) Type: Neotype, SAMA 26414, a 550–554 mm female, designated by Rawlinson (1991: 127). Type locality: “Islet 477, Pelican Lagoon, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Australia” via neootype selection. Distribution: Extreme S Australia (ext. SE South Australia, Kangaroo Is. and islets), NSL–625 m. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Jan (1859e: pl. c, fig. no. 3). 2. Austrelaps ramsayi (Krefft, 1864c). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 32(1): 180–181, 3 figs. (Hoplocephalus ramsayi) Synonyms: Hoplocephalus bransbyi Macleay, 1878a, Hoplocephalus brankysi – Goldman, Hill & Stanbury, 1969 (nomen incorrectum), Austrelaps superbus victoria Saint-Girons & Détrait, 1980 (nomen nudum), and Austrelaps paulinus Wells & Wellington, 1985. Type: Neotype, AMS 31922 (formerly MM MR1362, 541), a 412 mm specimen, designated by Rawlinson (1991: 128). Type locality: “Moss Vale, New South Wales (34° 33’ S, 150° 23’ E), Australia, Australia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Australia (E New South Wales, E Victoria), NSL–2000 m. Sources: G. Swan, 1990, Hoser, 1991 and Shea & Sadlier, 1985, 1999. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Krefft (1865a: 67, 3 figs.). Holotype (AMS 6642) lost fide Rawlinson (1991: 128). 3. Austrelaps superbus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 217. (Hoplocephalus superbus) Synonyms: Alecto schmidti Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Alecto schmidtii Jan, 1873 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870– 1881, Austrelaps superbus australia – Saint-Girons Détrait, 1980 (nomen incorrectum), and Danisonia superba – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.37, a 725 mm male (R.C. Gunn, July 1832–Jan. 1847), designated by Rawlinson (1991: 126). Type locality: “Tasmania” [Australia]. 87 Snakes of the World Distribution: Southeastern Australia (E New South Wales, ext. SE South Australia, S Victoria, Tasmania, Bruny, Cape Barren, Chalky, Clarke, Flinders, Hunter, King, Maria, Outer Sister, Preservation and Three Hummock Is.), NSL–2125 m. Sources: F. McCoy, 1878b, Littlejohn, 1962 and M.J. Smith, 1975. AZEMIOPS Boulenger, 1888 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Azemops – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), and Azemiophis – Cope, 1900 (lapsus calami). Type species: Azemiops feae Boulenger, 1888h. Distribution: Eastern Asia. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Liem et al., 1971, Marx & Rabb, 1972, B. Hu et al., 1980, Zhao & Zhao, 1981, Yuan, 1983a, J.C. Murphy, 1984, Lombard et al., 1986, Tian et al., 1986, Price 1987a, Maes, 1989, Song, 1990, Cadle, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Knight & Mindell, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Heise et al., 1995, Orlov, 1995, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Underwood, 1999, Orlov et al., 2000 Kelly et al., 2003, Leviton et al., 2003, Mallow et al., 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Zhao, 2006, Wüster et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Phelps, 2010, I. Das, 2012, Hoser, 2012d, and Yao, 2012. 1. Azemiops feae Boulenger, 1888h. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 6: 603, pl. 7. Type: Holotype, MSNG 30891, a 610 mm specimen (L. Fea, 1886). Type locality: “Kakhien Hills, north of Tenasserim, Burma” [= Kachin Hills, Tanintharyi State, S Myanmar]. Distribution: Eastern Asia. Southern China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), N Myanmar (Kachin), and N Vietnam (Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Vinh Phu), 700–2000 m. A B BALANOPHIS M.A. Smith, l938 (Natricidae) Type species: Tropidonotus chrysargus ceylonensis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Sources: Wall, 1921g, M.A. Smith, 1943, Deraniyagala, 1955, McDowell, 1961, P. Silva, 1969, 1980a, Mahendra, 1984, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009, Somaweera, 2006 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of Rhabdophis fide Young & Kardong (1996: 273). 1. Balanophis ceylonensis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 71. (Tropidonotus chrysargus ceylonensis) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.15.25, a juvenile male (H. Cuming, 1836–1840). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), 915–1220 m. BAMANOPHIS Schätti & Trape, 2008 (Colubridae) Type species: Periops dorri Lataste, 1888. Distribution: West Africa. Sources: Hughes & Barry, 1969, Villiers, 1975, Roman, 1984, 2008, J.-F. Trape, 1997, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Schätti & Trape, 2008 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. 1. Bamanophis dorri (Lataste, 1888). Naturaliste (2) 10(38): 227. (Periops dorri) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.13.3 (formerly BMNH 1920.1.20.3742), a 735 mm female, and BMNH 1946.1.14.82 (formerly BMNH 1920.1.20.3785), a 435 mm female (E. Dorr, 3–4 June 1887). Type locality: “dans le fort et à côté du fort de Bakel, Haut-Senegal” [= Bakel, Senegal, 14º52’N, 12º31’W, elevation 25 m, a French fortress and garrison in the border triangle of Senegal with Mali and Mauritania, below the junction of the Senegal and Falémé Rivers fide Schätti & Trape, 2008: 598]. Distribution: West Africa. Southern Mauritania (Assaba, Hodh El Gharbi), S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Sikasso), E Senegal (Kédougou, Tambacounda), W Guinea (Kindia, Labé, Mali), S Burkina-Faso (Est, B Hauts-Bassins), NE Ghana (N Norther), N Togo (Savanes) and N Benin, 25–600 m. Remarks: Probably occurs in N Ivory Coast, SW Niger and NW Nigeria fide Schätti & Trape (2008: 604). †BAVARIOBOA Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993 (Boidae) Type species: †Bavarioboa hermi Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993. Distribution: Upper Oligocene to middle Miocene of Germany and Turkey, upper and middle Oligocene of France; lower Miocene of France, Bohemia, Czech Republic, Germany and ? Portugal. Sources: Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993, 2003, Ivanov, 2002 and Szyndlar & Hosgör, 2012. 1. †Bavarioboa bachensis Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Booidea Oligocene Miocene Europe: 24–25, figs. 5a–e. Type: Holotype, USTL ESP 601, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Espeyrasse (Phosphorites du Quercy complex, France), middle Oligocene (MP 26).” Distribution: Middle Oligocene (Arvernian, MP 26: 23.0–28.4 mya) of France. 2. †Bavarioboa crocheti Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Booidea Oligocene Miocene Europe: 28–38, figs. 9a–e. Type: Holotype, USTL PDS 3102, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Pech-Desse (Phosphorites du Quercy complex, France), late Oligocene (MP 28).” Distribution: Upper Oligocene (Arvernian, MP 28: 23.0– 28.4 mya) of France. 3. †Bavarioboa hermi Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. (192): 7–9, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, BSPG 1976 XXII 5859, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Petersbuch 2 near Eichstätt, Bayern, southern Germany. Lower Miocene (middle Orleanian; MN 4).” Distribution: Lower Miocene (Orleanian, MN 4: 16.0– 16.9 mya) of S Germany and Czech Republic. 89 90 B Snakes of the World 4. †Bavarioboa herrlingensis Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Booidea Oligocene Miocene Europe: 41–44, figs. 15e–i. Type: Holotype, SMNS 59441-3, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Herrlingen 11 (Germany), late Oligocene (MP 28/30).” Distribution: Upper Oligocene (Arvernian, MP 28/30: 23.0–28.4 mya) of Germany. 5. †Bavarioboa minuta Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Booidea Oligocene Miocene Europe: 38–40, figs. 14l–p. Type: Holotype, SMNS 58196-1, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Herrlingen 8 (Germany), late Oligocene (MP 28).” Distribution: Upper Oligocene (Arvernian, MP 28: 23.0– 28.4 mya) of Germany. 6. †Bavarioboa ultima Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Booidea Oligocene Miocene Europe: 54–56, figs. 24g–k. Type: Holotype, SMNS 59091-3, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Rothenstein 13 (Germany), middle Miocene (MN 5).” Distribution: Middle Miocene (Orleanian, MN 5: 13.7– 16.0 mya) of Germany. Source: Szyndlar, 2009. 7. †Bavarioboa vaylatsae Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Booidea Oligocene Miocene Europe: 26–27, figs. 6b–f. Type: Holotype, USTL MPF 1102, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Mas-de-Pauffié (Phosphorites du Quercy complex, France), middle Oligocene (MP 26).” Distribution: Middle Oligocene (Arvernian, MP 26: 23.0–28.4 mya) of France. BITIA Gray, 1842d (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Bitia Gray, 1840 (nomen nudum), Hipistes Gray, 1849a, Hypistes – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), and Hipistis – F. Werner, 1929a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Bitia hydroides Gray, 1842d. Distribution: Tidal rivers and coastal marine waters of SE Asia, including Andaman Sea and Straits of Malacca. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Gyi, 1970, Jayne et al., 1995, J.C. Murphy, 2007b, Alfaro et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Bitia hydroides Gray, 1842d. Zool. Misc. 2(May): 64. Synonyms: Homalopsis hydrina Cantor, 1847, and Hipistes fasciatus Gray, 1849a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.38 (formerly BMNH III.15.1.a), a dessicated male. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Southern Myanmar (Bago), S Thailand (Bangkok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya), Singapore and West Malaysia (Kedah, Johor, Pinang, Penang Is.). Remarks: E.H. Taylor (1965: 927) questioned the Thailand record of Boulenger, 1896a. BITIS Gray, 1842e (Viperidae) Synonyms: Cobra Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Echidna Merrem, 1820 (nomen praeoccupatum), Clotho Gray, 1840 (nomen nudum), Clotho Gray, 1842e (nomen praeoccupatum), Echidne – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Calechidna Tschudi, 1846, Echidua – Reichenow, 1874 (nomen incorrectum), Echidra – Kingsley, 1888 (nomen incorrectum), Bitus – Hewitt, 1912 (nomen incorrectum), Hallowellius A.F.T. Reuss, 1939a, Hindius A.F.T. Reuss, 1939a, Macrocerastes A.F.T. Reuss, 1939a, and Keniabitis Lenk, Herrmann, Joger & Wink, 1999. Type species: Echidna arietans Merrem, 1820 (nomen protectum). Distribution: Africa. Fossil record: Pliocene and Pleistocene of Tanzania. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Broadley, 1967a, 1968a, 1983, Haacke, 1975, Derleyn, 1977, Ashe & Marx, 1988, Branch, 1988, Golay et al., 1993, Herrmann & Joger, 1995, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Wallach, 1998a, David & Ineich, 1999, Herrmann et al., 1999, Lenk et al., 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Lenk et al., 2001b, Mallow et al., 2003, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Krecsák, 2007, Wüster et al., 2008, Phelps, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: Pliocene material of Laetoli, Tanzania represents either †Bitis olduvaiensis or a new species fide Rage & Bailon (2011: 472–473). Lenk et al., 1999 resurrected two subgenera (Calechidna and Macrocerastes) and described one (Keniabitis), which was supported by Wüster et al. (2008: 454), with species as follows: Bitis (arietans), Calechidna (albanica, armata, atropos, caudalis, cornuta, heraldica, inornata, peringueyi, rubida, schneideri, xeropaga), Keniabitis (worthingtoni), and Macrocerastes (gabonica, nasicornis, parviocula, rhinoceros). Broadley’s (pers. comm.) remarks on the Lenk et al., 1999 recognition of Macrocerastes as a subgenus was that “this name was not accompanied by a description that states in words, characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon [ICZN 4th Ed., Article 13.1.1]; on the same grounds I rejected Hindius.” 91 Snakes of the World 1. Bitis albanica Hewitt, 1937. Vert. Fauna E Cape Prov. (2): 76–77, pl. 21, fig. 3. (Bitis cornuta albanica) Type: Lectotype, PEM 8279 (formerly AMG 6860), a 193 mm male (W. Pannell), designated by Branch (1999a: 57). Type locality: “Kleinpoort, near Committees, 25 km ENE of Grahamstown (33º14’S, 26º46’E; 3326BB), Grahamstown District, Eastern Cape Prov., South Africa” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southwestern South Africa (Eastern Cape), 50–500 m. Sources: Branch, 1994, 1997, 1999. Remarks: Photograph of the lectotype in Branch (1999a: 58). A subspecies of B. cornuta fide Mallow et al., 2003. 2. Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820). Syst. Amph.: 152. (Echidna arietans) Synonyms: Cobra clotho Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Cobra lachesis Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber clotho Gmelin, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber hebraiecus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber bitin Bonnaterre, 1790 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber intumescens Donndorf, 1798 (nomen rejiciendum), Vipera severa Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber clotho G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen rejiciendum), Vipera inflata Burchell, 1822, Vipera brachyura Cuvier, 1829, Clotho lateristriga Gray, 1842e, Bitis lachesis somalica H.W. Parker, 1949, Bitis arientans – Boquet, 1964 (nomen incorrectum), Bitis arietans peghullae G.D. Stewart, 1973 (nomen ineditum), Bitis areitans – Warrell et al., 1976 (nomen incorrectum), and Bitis arientas – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by Seba (1735: 55, pl. 54, fig. 4), designated herein. Type locality: “Promontorio bonae spei” [= Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Prov., SW South Africa, 34º21’S, 18º28’E, elevation 20 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Africa and SW Arabia. NW Western Sahara (Saguia El Hamra), SW Morocco (Agadir, Tan Tan, Tiznit), SW Mauritania (Brakna, Guidimaka, Trarza), Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kaolack, Kédougou, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thiès), Gambia (Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bissau, Bolama, Bubaque, Orango and Soga Is.), Guinea (Beyla, Boffa, Boké, Kissidougou, Kouroussa, Macenta, Télimélé), SE Algeria, S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, Sikasso, S Tombouctou), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern), Ivory Coast (Bouna, Ferkéssédougou, Toumodi), Ghana (Upper West), Burkina-Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, SudOuest, Volta-Noire), Togo (Kara, Maritime, Plateuax, Savanes), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Collines, Plateau, Zou), S Niger (Agadez, Maradi, Niamey, Zinder), Nigeria (Gongola, Kaduna), S Chad (Mayo-Kebbi Ouest), SE Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea (Anseba, Gash-Barka, Northern Red Sea, Southern), Ethiopia (Arussi, Bale, Gemu Gofa, Gojjam, Gondar, Hararge, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo, Tigre, Wollega, Wollo), Somalia (Awdal, Bakool, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed, Coiama Is.), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Esrt, Centre, Extreme-Nord, Nord, Nord-Ouest), SE Gabon (Haut-Ogooué), Central African Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Haute-Kotto, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), Congo (Bouenza, Brazzaville, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Pool), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), Kenya (Central, Coast, Eastern, North-Eastern, Nairobi, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Piwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga), E Angola (Lunda Norte, Moxico), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambézia), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, North East, North West, South East, Southern), Namibia (Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Okavango, Omaheke, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa), Swaziland, W Lesotho, South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape), SW Saudi Arabia (Asir, Bahah, Jazan, Makkah), W Oman (Dhofar) and Yemen (Ad Dali’, Al Hudaydah, Amanat Al Asimah, Ibb, Sa’dah, Sana’a, Ta’izz), NSL–3500 m. Sources: Angel, 1933b, H.W. Parker, 1949, Capocaccia, 1955, Mertens, 1955, 1971, Laurent, 1956a, Sweeney, 1961, Laurent, 1964a, Menzies, 1966, J.A. Peters & Broadley, 1967, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Pitman, 1974, Janecek, 1976, Roman, 1980, Broadley, 1983, Buys & Buys, 1983, Hughes, 1983, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Gasperetti, 1988, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Niças, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Schleich et al., 1996, Bons & Geniez, 1997, Herrmann & Joger, 1997, Branch, 1999b, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Geniez et al., 2004, Branch et al., 2005, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Pauwels & Salle, 2009, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, W. Böhme et al., 2011, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012, Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 and Chirio, 2013. B 92 B Snakes of the World Remarks: BMNH 11.2.3a (dry specimen from The Gambia) listed as type fide BMNH catalogue. Hybridization discussed by Hughes (1968: 371, B. gabonica x B. nasicornis) and Broadley & Parker (1976: 81, B. arietans x B. gabonica). 3. Bitis armata (A. Smith, 1826). Edinburgh New Philos. J. 1: 251. (Vipera armata) Synonym: Vipera atropoides A. Smith, 1846 in 1838–1849. Type: Neotype, PEM 6796, a 372 mm male (M. Scott, 26 Feb. 1991), designated by Branch (1999a: 56). Type locality: “Koppie Alleen Road, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Prov., South Africa (34º29’S, 20º28’E; 3420AD; reserve grid BB32)” via neotype designation. Distribution: Extreme SW South Africa (Western Cape), NSL–200 m. Source: Branch, 1999a. 4. Bitis atropos (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 216. (Coluber atropos) Synonyms: Vipera montana A. Smith, 1826, Echidna ocellata Tschudi, 1845, Bitis atropos unicolor V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1959, Bitis atropus – G.W. Ferguson, 1977 (nomen incorrectum), and Bitis atropoides Gans, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-96 [or Lin-97] (formerly MAFR) a 500 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “America” (in error). Probably from Cape of Good Hope [= Western Cape Prov., SW South Africa, 34°21’S, 18°28’E, elevation 20 m] fide V.F.M. FitzSimons (1962: 343). Distribution: Southern Africa. Eastern Zimbabwe (Manicaland), W Mozambique, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, W KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Western Cape), NSL–3000 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1947, 1962a, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Botha, 1986, Spawls & Branch, 1995, W.R. Branch, 1997, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Namibia records doubtful fide M. Griffin (2003: 136). 5. Bitis caudalis (A. Smith, 1839 in 1838–1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 7, 2 pp. (Vipera [Cerastes] caudalis) (nomen substitutum) Synonym: Vipera ocellata A. Smith, 1838 (nomen praeoccupatum). Types: Syntypes (5), BMNH 1865.5.4.153a–e, 3 males and 2 females (A. Smith, 1828–1837), longest syntype 350 mm, lost fide Broadley & Rage in Golay et al. (1993: 260). Type locality: “north of the Cape Colony, South Africa.” Distribution: Southwestern Africa. Southwestern Angola (Namibe), Namibia (Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa), Botswana (Central, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kweneng, Southern), SW Zimbabwe (Matebeleland North, Matebeleland South) and W South Africa (W Eastern Cape, Gauteng, Limpopo, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape), NSL–1665 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Haacke, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Buys & Buys, 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: V.F.M. FitzSimons (1937: 264) reported the types lost but photographs of syntypes in Auerbach (1987: fig. [p. 203]). 6. Bitis cornuta (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 6: 188–190. (Vipera cornuta) Synonyms: Vipera lophophris Cuvier, 1829, and Vipera lophophrys – Wagler, 1830 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, not designated, a 300–450 mm specimen (W. Paterson, 31 Aug. 1779), lost fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 362). Type locality: “between Deepe Kloaf, or Water Val, and Great, or Sea Fountain, country of the Hottentots, and Caffraria” [= Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Prov., SW South Africa]. Restricted to McDougall’s Bay (2916BD), Little Namaqualand, Northern Cape Prov., South Africa fide Branch (1999a: 53). Distribution: Namibia (Hardap, Karas, Kunene, Omaheke) and W South Africa (W Northern Cape, Western Cape), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Haacke, 1975 and Branch, 1988, 1989, 1997, 1999a. Remarks: Holotype illustrated in Paterson (1789 & 1790: pl. 15). BMNH 1905.3.7.162 and TM 57965 from Port Nolloth are topotypes fide Branch (1999a: 53). 7. Bitis gabonica (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 1428–1430, pl. 80 bis, figs. 1–3. (Echidna gabonica) Synonyms: Bitis javonica – Suzuki & Iwanaga, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), and Bitis jabonica – Mohamed et al., 1971 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, MNHN 4012 (C.-E. Aubry-Lecomte & Chaval, 1853–1854), designated by Hughes & Barry (1969: 1030). Type locality: “Gabon” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Cen, E and S Africa. Southeastern Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Rivers), S Cameroon (Sud Ouest (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Mbomou, 93 Snakes of the World Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Sangha), Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Likouala, Niari, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Katanga, Maniema, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), S Uganda (Central, Western), SW Kenya (Western), W Rwanda (Ruhengeri), E Tanzania (Lindi, Mtwara, Piwani, Tanga), E Angola (Lunda Norte, Moxico), N Zambia (Copperbelt, Luapula, Northern, North-Western), N Malawi (Northern), E Zimbabwe (Manicaland), cen. Mozambique (Manica, Sofala) and NE South Africa (NE KwaZulu-Natal), NSL–2300 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Sweeney, 1961, Berry, 1963, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988, Luiselli et al., 1998b, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Luiselli & Akani, 1998c, 2003, Spawls et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Bitis gabonica, B. nasicornis, and B. rhinoceros are at the same taxonomic level fide Lenk et al. (1999, 2001). 8. Bitis heraldica (Bocage, 1889). J. Sci. Math. Phy. Nat. Lisboa (2) 1(2): 127–128, fig. 1. (Vipera heraldica) Type: Holotype, MBL 2127, a 325 mm specimen (H.C. Capello & R. Ivens, March–April 1884), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “sur les bords de la rivière Calae, l’un des affluents du Cunene, entre le 13 et le 14 parallèle à l’est de Caconda, Angola” [= Caluè River, tributary of the Cunene River, E of Caconda, Huíla District, SW Angola, 13°44’S, 15°04’E, elevation 1700 m]. Distribution: Western Angola (Bengo, Bíe, Huambo, Huíla), 1650–1700 m. Source: Mertens, 1958. 9. Bitis inornata (A. Smith, 1838 in 1838–1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 4, 2 pp. (Echidna inornata) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.13 (formerly BMNH 1865.5.4.166), a 337 mm specimen (J. Leib). Type locality: “Sneeubergen, or Snow-mountains, which are situated immediately behind the village of Graaff Reynet, South Africa” [= Sneeuwberg, near GraaffReinet, W Eastern Cape Prov., South Africa, 32°01’S, 24°13’E, elevation 1600 m]. Distribution: Southern South Africa (Eastern Cape Western Cape), 1600–1800 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Broadley, 1983, 1990 and W.R. Branch, 1988, 1989, 1997, 1999a. 10. Bitis nasicornis (G. Shaw & Nodder, 1792 in 1789–1813). Nat. Misc. 3: pl. 94, 3 pp. (Coluber nasicornis) Synonyms: Vipera hexacera A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, and Bitis nasicorais – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH, an 890 mm specimen (E. Jenkins), lost fide Golay et al. (1993: 262). Type locality: “interior parts of Africa.” Restricted to coast of Guinea fide J.T. Reinhardt (1843: 273) [= Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1030]. Distribution: Central and E Africa. Guinea-Bissau (Bubaque Is.), E Guinea (Dalaba, Kouroussa, Labé, Lélouma, Macenta, Nzérékoré), Liberia (Montserrado, Margibi), S Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), S Ghana (Accra), ? Benin, SE Nigeria (Anambra, Cross River, Imo, Rivers), S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Gabon (Estuaire, Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), SW Central African Republic (Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Sangha), S Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Orientale, Sud-Kivu, Idjwi Is.), NE Zambia (Luapula, Northern), South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), S Uganda (Central, Western), SW Kenya (Western) and W Rwanda, NSL–2650 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Lamar, 1997b, Luiselli & Akani, 1998b, 2003, Luiselli et al., 1998c, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Krecsák, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: The holotype was obtained from the master of a Guinea vessel fide G. Shaw & Nodder (1792 in 1789– 1813: 3). Unconfirmed specimens from NE Tanzania (Uluguru and/or Usambara) fide Spawls et al. (2002: 481). 11. †Bitis olduvaiensis Rage, 1973b. Fossil Vert. Africa 3: 4, 5–6, figs. 1a–d, pl. 1, figs. 5–8. Type: Holotype, NMT, one left maxilla. Type locality: “FLK I, Main dig, Zinjanthropus level, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania” [= Villafranchian Bed I]. Distribution: Lowermost Pleistocene (Villafranchian: 1.0–1.1 mya) of Tanzania. Known only from type locality. Source: Rage & Bailon, 2011. B 94 Snakes of the World 12. Bitis parviocula W. Böhme, 1977. Monit. Zool. Ital. (2, Suppl.) 9(3): 60–67, figs. 1, 2A, 3C. B Type: Holotype, ZFMK 16803, a 752 mm female (G. Nikolaus, 18 Oct. 1975). Type locality: “Doki River Bridge (8°20’N-35°56’E), bei Yambo (= Yembo), an der Strasse von Metu nach Bedelle, Provinz Illubabor, SW-Äthiopien” [= Ethiopia]. Distribution: Southern Ethiopia (Bale, Illubabor, Kefa), 1700–2800 m. Sources: Golay et al., 1993, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Spawls & Branch, 1995, David & Ineich, 1999, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: A valid species fide Golay et al., 1993, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Mallow et al., 2003. 13. Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger, 1888d). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 2(8): 141. (Vipera peringueyi) Type: Holotype, SAM 1852, a 250 mm specimen (L.A. Péringuey, 1884–1889), lost fide Stander in Golay et al. (1993: 263). Type locality: “Damaraland, 10 miles east of Walfisch Bay, South Africa.” [= 10 mi. E of Walvis Bay, Erongo District, Namibia, ca. 23°01’S, 14°31’E. elevation 5 m]. Distribution: Southern Angola (Cuanza Sul) and W Namibia (W Erongo, W Hardap, W Karas, W Kunene), NSL–1750 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Robinson & Hughes, 1978, Broadley, 1983 and Buys & Buys, 1983. 14. Bitis rhinoceros (Schlegel, 1855). Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. 3: 316–317. (Vipera rhinoceros) Types: Syntypes (5), RMNH 1643–46 (H. Pel, 1850) and RMNH 1647 (H. Pel & Ferrier, 1843). Type locality: “Goud-kust, fusschen hat Kaap de Drie Punten en hat fort Acre” [= Gold Coast between Cap Three Points and Accra, Ghana]. Designated as Dabocrom (RMNH 1644–47) and Cote d’Or (RMNH 1643) fide RMNH catalogue. Distribution: West Africa. Guinea (Dalaba, Kouroussa, Labé, Lélouma, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western, Sherbo Is.), Liberia (Montserrado, Margibi), S Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Bouaflé, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), S Ghana (Accra), S Togo (Centrale, Plateaux) and Benin, NSL–1500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Hughes, 1983, Lenk et al., 1999, 2001, M. Griffin, 2003, Ineich, 2003, Villiers & Condamin, 2005, W. Böhme et al., 2011, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: A valid species fide Lenk et al. (1999: 36). Namibia record from Otjimbingwe in error fide M. Griffin (2003: 196). 15. Bitis rubida W.R. Branch, 1997. So. Afr. J. Zool. London 32(2): 38–42, fig.1. Type: Holotype, PEM 12582, a 344 mm male (S.A. Botha, 3 Sept. 1986). Type locality: “Jeep track above Farm Driehoek, Cedarberg Mountains, Western Cape Prov., 32°25’44”S, 19°12’30”E, alt. 1380 m; 3219AC.” Distribution: Southwestern South Africa (Eastern Cape, S Northern Cape, Western Cape), 300–1380 m. Source: Branch, 1999aa. 16. Bitis schneideri (Boettger, 1886a). Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges. 13: 8–10, pl. 1, figs. 1a–e. (Vipera schneideri) Synonyms: Bitis caudalis paucisquamatus Mertens, 1954b, and Bitis paucisquamata – V.F.M. Fitzsimons, 1962. Type: Holotype, SMF 21019 (formerly SMB-B 9498d), a 282 mm female (O. Schneider, 1886). Type locality: “Angra Pequenia, Südwest-Afrikas.” [= Angra Pequena, Lüderitz Bay, Karas District, Namibia, ca. 26°42’S, 15°22’E]. Distribution: Southwestern Namibia (W Karas) and SW South Africa (NW Northern Cape), NSL–65 m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Haacke, 1975, Broadley, 1983, and M. Griffin, 2003. Remarks: A synonym of B. caudalis fide McDiarmid et al., 1999. 17. Bitis worthingtoni H.W. Parker, 1932c. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 38(257): 221–222. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.90 (formerly BMNH 1932.5.2.8), a 275 mm male (E.B. Worthington [Cambridge Exped.], 1930–1931). Type locality: “shore of Lake Naivasha, Kenya” [=Lake Oleidon, Lake Naivasha National Park, S Rift Valley Prov., S Kenya, 0°46’S, 36°22’E, elevation 1930 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Kenya (S Rift Valley), 1500– 2000 m. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. 18. Bitis xeropaga Haacke, 1975. Cimbebasia 4A(5): 116–117, pls. 1–2. Type: Holotype, TMP 42305, a 395 mm male (A. Maritz, 3 Aug. 1972). Type locality: “Dreikammberg on north bank of ODistribution River, Lüderitz district, South West Africa (16°52’E, 28°05’S, alt. about 300 m)” [= Karas District]. Distribution: Southern Namibia (Karas) and W South Africa (NW Northern Cape), 300–1000 m. Sources: Broadley, 1983 and M. Griffin, 2003. 95 Snakes of the World BLYTHIA Theobald, 1868b (Colubroidea incertae sedis) Synonyms: Blythea Theobald, 1876 (nomen emendatum), Aproaspidops Annandale, 1912, Aproaspidelaps – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), Asproaspidops – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), and Blythis – B.D. Sharma in B.D. Sharma & Kumari, 1998a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Calamaria reticulata Blyth, 1854a. Distribution: Southern Asia. Sources: Boulenger, 1913g, M.A. Smith, 1943, Mahendra, 1984, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Ao et al., 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Zhao, 2006, R.C. Sharma, 2007, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Blythia reticulata (Blyth, 1854a). J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 23(3): 287–288. (Calamaria reticulata) Synonym: Aproaspidops antecursorum Annandale, 1912. Types: Syntypes (2), ZSI 7028–29 (formerly IMC), longest syntype 305 mm (W. Robinson, 1841–1854). Type locality: “Asám” [= Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland states, NE India]. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland), SW China (Xizang) and NW Myanmar (Chin, Kachin), 145–2000 m. BOA Linnaeus, 1758 (Boidae) Synonyms: Constrictor Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Boarius Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (nomen emendatum), Draco Oken, 1816 (nomen rejiciendum), Boas – S.W. Garman, 1884 (nomen incorrectum), Boaus A.L. Herrera, 1899 (nomen emendatum), and †Pseudoepicrates Auffenberg, 1963. Type species: Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Latin America and Lesser Antilles. Fossil records: Lower-middle Miocene of Panama, lower Miocene of USA, upper Pliocene of Argentina, and Pleistocene of Mexico. Possible record from lower Eocene fide Albino & Carlini (2008: 85). Sources: Auffenberg, 1963, Kluge, 1991, 1993a–b, Tolson & R.W. Henderson, 1993, H. Bosch, 1994, Henderson et al., 1995, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, Starace, 1998, Wall, 1998a, Vosjoli et al., 1998, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Binder, 2002, G. Köhler et al., 2005, J.R. Berry, 2006, Bonny, 2007, Hes et al., 2007, Russo, 2007, Albino & Carlini, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Ugueto & Rivas, 2010, Albino, 2011a, McCranie, 2011a and Head et al., 2012. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 2019 fide Opinion 1045 (ICZN, 1976). Vences et al., 2001, recognized Acrantophis and Sanzinia as distinct genera after Kluge, 1991, synonymized them with Boa. Boa nebulosa and B. orophias are valid species fide R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. 1. Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 215. Synonyms: Boa orophias Linnaeus, 1758, Constrictor formosissimus Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Constrictor auspex Laurenti, 1768, Constrictor diviniloquus Laurenti, 1768, Constrictor rex serpentum Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Boa divinatrix Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber glyripeta Bechstein, 1802b, Boa imperator Daudin, 1803b, Boa eques Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, Boa diviniloquax mexicana Jan, 1863b, Boa occidentalis Phillipi, 1873, Boa ortonii Cope, 1878a, Boa constrictor isthmica S.W. Garman, 1884, Epicrates sabogae Barbour, 1906, Constrictor constrictor amarali Stull, 1932b, Constrictor constritor – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Constrictor constrictor sigma H.M. Smith, 1943a, †Neurodromicus stanolseni Vanzolini, 1952, †Neurodromicus barbouri Vanzolini, 1952, †Neurodromicus stanolseni Auffenberg, 1963, Constrictor constrictor nebulosus Lazell, 1964, Boa constrictor melanogaster Langhammer, 1983, and Boa constrictor longicauda Price & Russo, 1991. Type: Lectotype, NHR Lin-10 (formerly MAFR), an 890 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.), designated by Hoge (1964d: 51). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error fide Hoge, 1964a: 51). Distribution: Latin America. The Lesser Antilles (Dominica, St. Lucia), Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, ext. SW Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán, María Cleofas, María Madre and María Magdalena Is.), Belize (Belize, Cayo, Corazal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Izabal, Petén), El Salvador (Ahuachapán, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, La Libertad, La Paz, Morazán, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Bárbara. San Vicente, Sonsonate), Honduras (Atlántida, Choluteca, Colón, Cortés, El Paraíso, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Islas de la Bahía, Lempíra, Olancho, Santa Bárbara, Valle, Yoro, Cayo Cochino Grande, Cayo Cochino Pequeña, Guanaja, Roatán and Utila Is.), Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Atlántico Sur, Chinandaga, Jinotega, Matagalpa, Rio San Juan, Rivas, Great Corn Is.), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama, Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántica, Bolívar, Caldas, Caquita, Casanare, Cauca, Chaco, Cordobá, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Sucre, Tolima), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, B 96 B Snakes of the World Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Vargas, Zulia, Margarita Is.), Trinidad and Tobago (Diego, Monos, Tobago, Trinidad), Guyana (Barimi-Waini, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper DemeraraBerbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Surinam (Brokopondo, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Ecuador (Napo), NW Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Huanuco, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Piura, San Martín, Túmbres), Brazil (Amazonas, Aragoas, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sol, Minas Gerais, Pará, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia, São Paulo, Sergipe), Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Concepción) and Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Mendoza, Pasco, Salta, San Luís, Santiago del Estero), NSL–2300 m. Sources: Quelch, 1898b, Stull, 1932b, E.H. Taylor, 1954, Lazell, 1964, Carrillo de Espinoza, 1966, Cunha, 1968, Stimson, 1969, Matz & Matz, 1970, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Vanzolini et al., 1980, Brygoo, 1983, Langhammer, 1983, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Chippaux, 1987, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Price & Russo, 1991, Boos, 1992, Joy, 1992, Pitts et al., 1992, Albino, 1993, Tolson & R.W. Henderson, 1993, H. Bosch, 1994, D.R. Norman, 1994, Casado-B. & Boltan, 1996, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, Benitez-Gálvez, 1997, Fogel, 1997, Vosjoli, 1997, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, Vences et al., 2001, Lemos-Espinal et al., 2001, 2002a–b, Markezich, 2002, Savage, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Breuil, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Burbrink, 2005, Duellman, 2005, Boback, 2006, Boback & Carpenter, 2007, N. Herrera et al., 2007, Russo, 2007, Cacciali, 2008, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009, Berry, 2010, McCranie & Orellana, 2011, Travers et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2561 fide Opinion 1045 (ICZN, 1976). BOAEDON Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (Lamprophiidae) Synonyms: Boedon A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Holuropholis A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Alopecion A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Boedon A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen emendatum), Eugnathus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Boodon A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (nomen emendatum), Catapherodon Rochebrune, 1885 (nomen substitutum), Eugnatus – Boacge, 1887c (nomen incorrectum), Boaeodon – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Theleus Cope, 1893a, Boaodon Chabanaud, 1917c (nomen emendatum), Catophaerodon – V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962 (nomen incorrectum), Holurophis – Mertens, 1965c (nomen incorrectum), Bodedon – Gasperetti, 1974 (nomen incorrectum), and Boadedon – McCallum, 1986 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Lycodon fuliginosus H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Africa, Yemen and Seychelles. Sources: Loveridge, 1957a, V. FitzSimons, 1962a, 1974, Roux-Estève & Guibé, 1965b, Dunger, 1971b, Broadley, 1983, Kelly et al., 2003, 2009, 2011, Marais, 2004, Vital et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid genus fide Kelly et al., 2011. 1. Boaedon abyssinicus (Mocquard, 1906a). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 12(5): 249–250. (Lamprophis abyssinicus) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1905.188, a 483 mm female (M. de Rothschild, 1904–1905). Type locality: “Akaki, en Abyssinie” [= Akaki, Shoa Prov., Ethiopia, 8°57’N, 38°45’E, elevation 2215 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa), 1500–2300 m. Sources: Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: A valid species fide Largen & Rasmussen (1993: 345). Photographs of holotype in Largen & Rasmussen (1993: figs. 3a–c). 2. Boaedon arabicus H.W. Parker, 1930c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 6(35): 596–597, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1903.1.28.14, a 710 mm female (G.W. Bury, 1901–1903). Type locality: “El Kubar, Amiri Country, S.W. Arabia” [= El Kubar, Ad Dali’’ Govern., SW Yemen, 13°48’N, 44°45’E, elevation 1350 m]. Distribution: Western Yemen (Ad Dali’, Sana’a, Ta’izz), 500–2200 m. Sources: Gasperetti, 1988 and Hughes, 1997. Remarks: A valid species fide Hughes (1997: 72). 3. Boaedon capensis A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 364–365. (Boaedon capense) Synonyms: Boaedon quadrilineatum variegatum Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Boaedon quadrilineatum variegatum Jan, 1870 in 1870–1881, and Boodon mentalis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c. Types: Syntypes, MNHN, a 674 mm specimen (A. Smith, 1828–1837), and MNHN, a 567 mm specimen (C.F.F. Krauss, 7 May 1838–22 April 1840). Type locality: “environs du Cap” [= vicinity of Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Prov., SW South Africa, ca. 34°21’S, 18°28’E, elevation 20 m]. 97 Snakes of the World Distribution: Eastern Africa. Northwestern and SW Somalia (Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed), E Kenya (Coast), E Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Morogoro, Mtwara, Piwani, Tabora, Tanga, Mafia, Pemba and Zanzibar Is.), Malawi (Southern), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia), Zambia (Central, Eastern, Southern), Namibia (Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Omaheke, Otjozondjupa), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, North East, North West, Southern, Tuli), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Swaziland (Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni), W Lesotho, South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape), NSL–1350 m. Sources: Uthmöller, 1937, 1941b, H.W. Parker, 1949, Manaças, 1955, 1959, Vesey-FitzGerald, 1958, Broadley, 1959, Sweeney, 1961, Roux-Estève & Guibé, 1965a–b, Menzies, 1966, Papenfuss, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Thorpe & McCarthy, 1978, Lanza, 1983, 1990, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Gasperetti, 1988, Gras, 1988, Hermann, 1989a, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Hughes, 1997, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Branch et al., 2005, Largen & Spawls, 2010 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Boaedon capensis a valid species fide Hughes, (1997: 73). Taxonomy of L. fuliginosus complex (arabicus-capensis-fuliginosus-lineatus-maculatus) unresolved and therefore Distributions are only approximate. 4. Boaedon erlangeri Sternfeld, 1908a. Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freude Berlin: 92. (Boodon erlangeri) Type: Holotype, ZMB 27419 (C. von Erlanger & O.R. Neumann, 1900–1901). Type locality: “Somaliland” [= Somalia] (in error). Corrected to Ethiopia fide Largen & Rasmussen (1993: 347). Distribution: Western Ethiopia (Bale, Gojjam, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo, Wollega), 820–2800 m. Sources: Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Photographs of the type in Largen & Rasmussen (1993: figs. 4a–c). 5. Boaedon fuliginosus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 551. (Lycodon fuliginosus) Synonyms: Lycodon fuliginosus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Lycodon fuliginosus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Lycodon unicolor Schlegel, 1837, Alopecion variegatum Bocage, 1867b, Boodon bipraeocularis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c, and Boodon lineatus lineolata Bocage, 1895. Type: Holotype, not designated, formerly RMNH, lost fide Brongersma in Roux-Estève & Guibé (1965b: 397). Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia] (in error). Corrected to Africa fide V.F.M. FitzSimons (1962a: 119). Restricted to South Africa or possibly Ghana fide Brongersma in Roux-Estève & Guibé (1965b: 397). Distribution: Susaharan Africa. Southwestern Morocco (Agadir, Tan Tan), N Western Sahara (Saguia El Hamra), SW Mauritania (Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Guidimaka, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Trarza), Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kaolack, Kédougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Gambia (MacCarthy Island, Western), Guinea–Bissau (Biombo, Bissau, Tombali, Bubaque Is.), Guinea (Beyla, Boké, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Southern), Liberia (Montserrado), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Bouaflé, Toumodi), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Nord, CentreOuest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire, Sahel), Ghana (Upper West, Volta), Togo (Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Borgou, Collines, Zou), Niger (Dosso, Maradi, Niamey), Nigeria (Bauchi, Gongola, Kaduna, Kwara, Lagos, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto), SW Chad (MayoKebbi), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud–Ouest), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui, Basse-Kotto, Kemo-Gribingui, Mbomou, OmbellaMpoko), E Gabon (Haut-Ogooué), S Congo (Bouenza, Brazzaville, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Niari, Plateau, Pool), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Katanga, Maniema, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Angola (Benguela, Bié, Cabinda, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huíla, Lunda Norte, Malanje, Moxico), South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria, Western Equatoria), Eritrea (Anseba, Central, Gash-Barka, Northern Red Sea, Southern), Ethiopia (Arussi, Bale, Gemu Gofa, Gojjam, Gondar, Hararge, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo, Tigre, Wollega, Wollo), Somalia (Bari, Bay, Gedo, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Sanaag, Woqooyi Galbeed), W Kenya (Central, N Eastern, Nairobi, N North-Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western), NW Uganda (Madi, West Nile), Rwanda (Butare, Byumba, Gisenyi, Kibungo, Kigali), Burundi (Bururi, Muyinga, Ruyigi), W Tanzania (Arusha, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Mara, Mbeya, Mwanza, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga) and N Zambia (Copperbelt, Luapula, Northern, North-Western, Western), NSL–2150 m. Sources: Bocage, 1895, K.P. Schmidt, 1923, Andersson, 1937, Uthmöller, 1937, 1941b, H.W. Parker, 1949, Villiers, 1950a, Manaças, 1955, 1959, Mertens, 1955, 1971, Laurent, 1956a, 1964a, Vesey-FitzGerald, 1958, Broadley, 1959, Sweeney, 1961, Johnsen, 1962, Witte, B 98 B Snakes of the World 1962, Doucet, 1963, Roussel & Villiers, 1965, RouxEstève & Guibé, 1965a–b, Menzies, 1966, Papenfuss, 1969, Dunger, 1971b, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Girardin, 1978, Thorpe & McCarthy, 1978, Roman, 1980, Hakansson, 1981, Lanza, 1983, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Gras, 1988, Hermann, 1989a, Le Berre, 1989, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Hughes, 1997, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Ineich, 2003, Geneiz et al., 2004, Branch et al., 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Ullenburch et al., 2010 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Chirio, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Includes Lamprophis lineatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril fide Roux-Estève & Guibé, 1965a–b, and Thorpe & McCarthey, 1978. Type locality restriction to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa fide Broadley (1971d: 73) invalid. Taxonomy of L. fuliginosus complex (arabicus-capensis-fuliginosus-lineatus-maculatus) unresolved and therefore Distributions are only approximate. 6. Boaedon geometricus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 142, 2: 111. (Lycodon geometricus) Synonyms: Coluber geometricus F. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber geometricus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), and Boodon seychellensis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 1888 and MNHN 7292, longest syntype 1040 mm (F. Péron [N.T. Baudin Géographe Voy.], 1800–1804). Type locality: Unknown. “Australie” [= Australia] fide MNHN catalogue (in error). Designated as Seychelles fide Nussbaum (1984: 362). Distribution: Seychelles (Frégate, Mahé, Praslin and Silhouette Is.), NSL–430 m. Sources: Rendahl, 1939, Honegger, 1966 and Nussbaum, 1984. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). 7. Boaedon guttatus (A. Smith, 1843 in 1838–1849). Illust. Zool. So. Afr., Rept. : pl. 23, 2 pp. (Lycodon guttatus) Synonym: Alopecion annulifer A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Type: ? Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.16, a 287 mm specimen (A. Smith, 1834–1836) (Army Med. College, 1908). Type locality: “beyond Kurrichane, South Africa” [= Gauteng Prov.] (probably in error). Corrected to Cape Province fide Broadley (1983: 88) [= Eastern Cape and Western Cape Prov., South Africa]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Southern Namibia (Karas), ext. S Mozambique (Maputo), Swaziland (Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni) and South Africa (Eastern Cape, E Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, S Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, Western Cape), NSL– 1200 m. Sources: Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988 and R. Hermann, 1991. Remarks: BMNH 1946.1.23.16 not a syntype fide V.F.M. FitzSimons (1937: 262). 8. Boaedon lineatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 363–364. Synonyms: Boaedon quadrivittatum Hallowell, 1857b, Boaedon quadrilineatum A.H.A. Duméril, 1859, Boodon lineatus angolensis Bocage, 1895, Boodon bedriagae Boulenger, 1906f, and Boodon lineatus plutonis F. Werner, 1902. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 6537 and MNHN 6562, two females, longest syntype 785 mm. Type locality: “Côte-D’or” [= Gold Coast, presumably Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1013]. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Kaolack, Kédougou, Kolda, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Guinea–Bissau (Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Tombali, Bolama Is.), Guinea (Boffa, Boké, Dubréka, Macenta, Mamou, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western), Liberia (Montserrado, Margibi), Ivory Coast (Abidjan), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Ouest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sahel), Ghana, Togo (Centrale, Plateaux, Savanes), S Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Collines, Zou), S Niger (Dosso, Maradi), Nigeria (Abia, Adamawa, Benue, Kaduna, Katsina, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, Sokoto, Taraba), SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), São Tome and Príncipe (Príncipe and São Tomé Is.), N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Sud-Ouest), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui, Haut-Kotto, Mbomou, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham Pende, Sangha), S Gabon (Nyanga), Congo (Kouilou), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Orientale), SE South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria) and Uganda, 100–1700 m. Sources: Sternfeld, 1908b, Villiers, 1950a, 1951a, Monard, 1951, Manaças, 1957, Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Capoccacia, 1961b, Perret, 1961, Roux-Estève & Guibé, 1965a–b, Dunger, 1971b, Pitman, 1974, Thorpe & McCarthy, 1978, Roman, 1980, Joger, 1990, J.B. Rasmussen, 1991, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Hughes, 1997, 2013, Ineich, 2003, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Kunz, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Chirio, 2009, W. Böhme et al., 2011, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012 and Chirio, 2013. 99 Snakes of the World Remarks: Type locality of MNHN 6537 is Bissao fide MNHN catalogue. Taxonomy of L. fuliginosus complex (capensis-fuliginosus-lineatus-maculatus) unresolved and therefore Distributions are only approximate. 9. Boaedon maculatus H.W. Parker, 1932b. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 102(2): 363–364, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1931.7.20.393, a 250 mm female (R.H.R. Taylor, 10 March 1930). Type locality: “Bihen (8°25’ N., 48°25’ E.), 1500 ft., British Somaliland.” Distribution: Northeast Africa. Eastern Ethiopia (Hararge), Djibouti and Somalia (Bakool, Bari, Galguduud, Nugaal, Togdheer), NSL–500 m. Sources: H.W. Parker, 1949, Lanza, 1983a, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Taxonomy of L. fuliginosus complex (capensisfuliginosus-lineatus-maculatus) unresolved and therefore Distributions are only approximate. 10. Boaedon olivaceus (A.H.A. Duméril, 1856). Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 8: 466. (Holuropholis olivaceus) Synonyms: Boodon poensis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c, and Boaedon olivaceus stirnensis Stucki-Stirn, 1979. Type: Holotype, MNHN 3408, a 650 mm specimen (C.E. Aubry-Lecomte, 1849–1854). Type locality: “Gabon.” Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Guinea (Boké, Kindia, Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone, S Liberia (Grand Cape Mount, Montserrado), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Danané, Lagunes), S Ghana (Eastern), S Togo (Plateaux), S Nigeria (Cross River, Lagos, Rivers), S Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), W Central African Republic (Bangui, Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Kouilou, Pool, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Kivu, Orientale), N Angola (Cabinda, Lunda Norte), S Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western) and W Rwanda, NSL–2000 m. Sources: Bocage, 1895, Sternfeld, 1908a–b, Loveridge, 1941a, Monard, 1951, Laurent, 1954a, Perret & Mertens, 1957a, Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Knoepffler, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Dunger, 1971b, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, Trape, 1985, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, Joger, 1990, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). 11. Boaedon virgatus (Hallowell, 1854c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1854–1855) 7(3): 98. (Coelopeltis virgata) Synonyms: Boaedon nigrum J.G. Fischer, 1856b, Boaedon quadrivirgatum Hallowell, 1857b, and Boodon ventralis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c. Types: Syntypes (3), ANSP 10260–62, a 710 mm, a 660 mm and a 521 mm specimen (H.A. Ford, 1851–1854). Type locality: “Liberia, west coast of Africa.” Corrected to Gaboon, west coast of Africa [= Gabon] fide Hallowell (1857b: 56). Distribution: West Africa. Gambia (Kombo Saint Mary, Western), SE Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone (Southern), Liberia (Grand Cape Mount, Montserrado, Margibi, Nimba), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Man, Tabou), S Ghana (Eastern), S Togo (Kara, Plateaux), Benin, S Nigeria (Cross River, Lagos, Ogun, Rivers), S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé Is.), Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié), Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Niari) and W Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Kinshasa), 10–1000 m. Sources: Sternfeld, 1908a, 1909b, Loveridge, 1938b, 1941a, Monard, 1951, Perret & Mertens, 1957a, E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Menzies, 1966, Villiers, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Dunger, 1971b, Hakansson, 1981, Trape, 1981, Hughes, 1983, 2013, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Three syntypes of Boaedon quadrivirgatum Hallowell (1857b) also syntypes of Coelopeltis virgata Hallowell (1854c). †BOAVUS Marsh, 1871 (Tropidophiidae) Synonyms: †Protagras Cope, 1872, and †Protagaras – Williston & Gregory, 1925 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: †Boavus occidentalis Marsh, 1871. Distribution: Lower Eocene of USA, middle Eocene of USA, lower Oligocene of USA, and middle Miocene of USA. Sources: Marsh, 1877, Gilmore, 1938, Holman, 1979b, 2000a and Rage, 1984b. 1. †Boavus affinis Brattstrom, 1955a. J. Paleont. 29(1): 148–149, fig. 1a. Type: Holotype, LACM 5119 (formerly CIT 5119), one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “C.I.T. locality 180, upper Eocene, Sespe formation, north side of Simi Valley, Ventura County, California. In a small exposure of red beds in a large B 100 B canyon on the east side of the first canyon west of Tapo Canyon or 2.9 miles N. 39.5° E. of Santa Susana Bench Mark 961.” Distribution: Middle Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6–16.3 mya) of USA (Texas) and middle Eocene (33.9–46.2 mya) of USA (California). Remarks: Rage (1984b: 17) noted that assignment to the genus †Boavus is doubtful. 2. †Boavus brevis Marsh, 1871. Amer. J. Sci. Arts (3) 1(5): 324–325. Type: Lectotype, YPM 468 (formerly PMNH 468), one trunk vertebra (H.B. Sargent, 3 Sept. 1870), designated by Gilmore (1938: 28). Type locality: “Grizzley Buttes, Uinta Co., Wyoming. Bridger, Middle Eocene” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming). Known only from type locality. Remarks: Lectotype illustrated in Gilmore (1938: fig. 8). 3. †Boavus idelmani Gilmore, 1938. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. (9): 29–35, figs. 9–10, pls. 1–2. Type: Holotype, a 960 mm skeleton (M. Idelman via E.S. Weinberg coll., 1938), lost fide Bruner (1991: 26). Type locality: “Fossil Basin, probably near Fossil, Uinta Co., Wyo., Green River formation, Eocene.” Distribution: Middle Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming). Known only from type locality. Source: Grande, 1980. Remarks: A cast of the holotype is present in the AMNH 3850. 4. †Boavus occidentalis Marsh, 1871. Amer. J. Sci. Arts (3) 1(5): 323–324. Synonyms: †Boavus agilis Marsh, 1871, and †Protagras lacustris Cope, 1872. Type: Lectotype, YPM 511 (formerly PMNH 511), one trunk vertebra (O.C. Marsh, Sept. 1870), designated by Gilmore (1938: 19). Type locality: “Grizzly Buttes, Uinta County, Wyoming. Middle Eocene, Bridger (horizon B)” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming) and lower Oligocene (Orellan: 33.3–33.9 mya) of USA (South Dakota). Remarks: Lectotype illustrated in Gilmore (1938: fig. 2). BOGERTOPHIS Dowling & Price, 1988 (Colubridae) Synonym: Bogertophus – Ernst & Ernst, 2003 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber subocularis A.E. Brown, 1902b. Distribution: Southwestern USA and N Mexico. Snakes of the World Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene of SW USA (New Mexico, Texas). Sources: Dowling, 1957a, Stebbins, 1985, Dowling & Price, 1988, R. Price, 1990a, Staszko & Walls, 1994, Schulz, 1996, Rodríguez-Robles & Jesús-Escobar, 1999, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Utiger et al., 2002 and Pyron & Burbrink, 2009a. 1. Bogertophis rosaliae (Mocquard, 1899). Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (4) 1: 321–323, pl. 12, figs. 1–1b. (Coluber rosaliae) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1892.438, an 853 mm female (L. Diguet, 1889–1892). Type locality: “Santa Rosalia, Basse-Californie” [= Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur State, NW Mexico, 27°20’N, 112°16’W, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Extreme SW USA (ext. S California) and NW Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur), NSL–1520 m. Sources: Price, 1990b, P.R. Brown, 1997 and Grismer, 2002. 2. Bogertophis subocularis (A.E. Brown, 1902b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1901) 53(3): 492–494, fig., pl. 29. (Coluber subocularis) Synonyms: Elaphe sclerotica H.M. Smith, 1941L (nomen rejiciendum), and Elaphe subocularis amplinotus Webb, 1990. Type: Holotype, ANSP 13733, a 1590 mm male (E. Meyenberg, 18 June 1901). Type locality: “Davis Mountains, fifty miles southwest of Pecos, near the head of Toyah Creek, Jeff Davis County, Texas” [USA]. Restricted to vicinity of Madera Canyon, Little Aguja Canyon, and Big Aguja Canyon fide D. Rhoads & Salmon (2012: 271). Distribution: Southwestern USA (S New Mexico, SW Texas) and N Mexico (E Chihuahua, Coahuila, NE Durango, W Nuevo León), 450–1800 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (New Mexico, Texas). Sources: H.M. Smith, 1953c, Worthington, 1980, Webb & Ferguson, 1986, Parmley, 1990, Webb, 1990, Cranston, 1993a, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Lemos-Espinal et al., 2004b and D. Rhoads, 2008. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2093 fide Opinion 745 (ICZN, 1965c). BOIGA Fitzinger, 1826a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Ibiba Gray, 1825 (nomen rejiciendum), Cephalophis Fitzinger, 1843, Dipsadomorphus Fitzinger, 1843, Eudipsas Fitzinger, 1843, Gonyodipsas Fitzinger, 1843, Macrocephalus Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen Snakes of the World praeoccupatum), Cephalopholis – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Dipsamorphus – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Goniodipsas A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Opetiodon A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Triglyphodon A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Triglijphodon Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Triglypodon – Bleeker, 1860 (nomen incorrectum), Tryglyphodon A.-H.-A. Duméril, 1859 (nomen emendatum), Cephalopis – Westphal-Castelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Pappophis Macleay, 1877, Trigliphodon – Rochebrune, 1885 (nomen incorrectum), Borga – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Opeliodon – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Liophallus Cope, 1895c, Dipsadoides Annandale, 1905b, Dipsadamorphus – Kinghorn, 1929 (nomen incorrectum), Opetidon – Maki, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Tryglophodon – Hughes & Barry, 1969 (nomen incorrectum), Boigo – Majupuria, 1981 (nomen incorrectum), and Boigan – Hedges, 1983 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber irregularis Merrem in Bechstein, 1802a. Distribution: Africa, Asia, East Indies and Pacific islands. Sources: Stejneger, 1907, F. Werner, 1924c, M.A. Smith, 1943, Haas, 1950, Loveridge, 1957a, Leviton, 1970a, Greene, 1989, I. Das, 1998a, Wallach, 1998a, Gravlund, 2001, Orlov & Ryabov, 2002, Groen, 2008, I. Das, 2010, 2012, Ramadhan et al., 2010, and Hoser, 2012ab Remarks: Official Generic Name fide Opinion 1374 (ICZN, 1986a). 1. Boiga andamanensis (Wall, 1909j). Rec. Ind. Mus. 3(1): 153–154. (Dipsadomorphus andamanensis) Types: Syntypes (6), ZSI 7928–30, ZSI 8641, ZSI 15192, and ZSI 15198. Type locality: “Andamans” [= Andaman & Nicobars, E India, Bay of Bengal]. Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman and Long Is.). Sources: Orlov & Ryabov, 2002 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. 2. Boiga angulata (W.C.H. Peters, 1861c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1861(4): 688–689. (Dipsas [Dipsadomorphus] angulata) Synonym: Dipsas guiraonis Steindachner, 1867a. Type: Holotype, ZMB 4000, a 1015 mm male (F. Jagor, 1859–1860). Type locality: “Insel Leyte, Philippinen” [= Leyte Island, Philippines]. Restricted herein to NE shore of Leyte Is. between Tacloban (11°15’N, 125°00’E) and Dulag (10°57’N, 125°02’E), the 30 km (airline) distance covered by Jagor’s sojourn to Leyte. Distribution: Philippines (Catanduanes, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Polillo), NSL–2500 m. 101 Sources: Leviton, 1970a, Ross & Gonzales, 1992 and Ferner et al., 2001. Remarks: Probably conspecific with B. drapiezii Boie fide Leviton (1970a: 297), but a valid species fide Gaulke (2011: 240). 3. Boiga barnesii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1869). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 37(1): 506, pl. 40, fig. 2. (Dipsas barnesii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.33, a 550–584 mm male (R.H. Barnes, 1858–1869). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Southwestern Sri Lanka (Central, Sabaragamuwa, Western), 220–575 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1896a, Wall, 1921g, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. De Silva, 1969, 1980a–b, A. Silva & Pradeep, 2005 and Somaweera, 2006. 4. Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909j). Rec. Ind. Mus. 3(2): 152. (Dipsadomorphus beddomei) Synonym: Boiga ranawanei Samarawiekrama, Samarawiekrama, Wijesena & Orlov, 2005. Types: Syntypes (7), BMNH, longest syntype 1095 mm (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882). Type locality: “Ceylon; Kandy, Matheran” [=Kandy, Central Prov., Sri Lanka, 7°17’N, 80°38’E, elevation 500 m, and Matheran, Maharashtra State, India, 18°59’N, 73°16’E, elevation 750 m]. Restricted to Sri Lanka fide Taylor (1950b: 576). Distribution: Southern India (Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern), NSL–750 m. Sources: Wall, 1909g, 1921g, E.H. Taylor, 1950b, Inger et al., 1984, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Samarawickrama et al., 2005 and N. Khaire, 2006. Remarks: A synonym of Boiga ceylonensis Günther fide M.A. Smith, 1943 and Deraniyagala, 1955. 5. Boiga bengkuluensis Orlov, Kudryavtzev, Ryabov & Shumakov, 2003. Russ. J. Herp. 10(1): 30–34, col. figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, ZMMU 10416, a 1673 mm female (S. Kudryavtsev & S. Mamet, 23 April 1998). Type locality: “Rejiang (region around Curup and Kapahiang Towns), Rejianglebong Prefecture, Bengkulu Prov., Sumatra, Indonesia; 3°28’S, 102°32’E; 500 m elevation.” Distribution: Western Indonesia (Sumatra) and S Thailand (Pattani), 500 m. Remarks: The S Thailand record is likely B. drapiezii fide Vogel (in litt.). Possibly occurs in West Malaysia fide I. Das (2010: 261). B 102 6. Boiga bourreti Tillack, Ziegler & Quyet, 2004. Sauria 26(4): 4–8, figs. 1–10. B Type: Holotype, ZFMK 82921, an 1155 mm female (natives, 25 April 2004) Type locality: “immergrünen Primärwald nordwestlich des Phong Nha-Ke Bang Nationalparks, Distrikt Minh Hoa, Provinz Quang Binh, Vietnam, 550 m NN.” Distribution: Central Vietnam (Kon Tum, Quang Binh), 550 m. Sources: Ziegler et al., 2006, 2010 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 7. Boiga ceylonensis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 176. (Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis) Synonyms: ? Coluber boyuna A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), and Boiga ceylonensis dakhunensis Deraniyagala, 1955. Types: Syntypes (7), BMNH 1946.1.1.29, a juvenile male (R. Templeton, 1839–1851), BMNH 1946.1.4.71, an adult female (A. Paul, 1847–1849), BMNH 1946.1.4.75, a juvenile male (R. Templeton, 1839–1851) and BMNH (4), adult and juvenile males (H. Cuming, 1836–1840). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Anaimalai and Meghamalai Hills of Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka (Central, North-Central, Uva, Western), 310–1525 m. Sources: Wall, 1909j, 1921g, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1969, 1980, Inger et al., 1984, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009, N. Khaire, 2006 and Hutton & David, 2009. 8. Boiga cyanea (Bibron in A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 1079–1080. (Triglyphodon cyaneum) Synonyms: Triglyphodon cyaneum A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Dipsas nigromarginata Blyth, 1854a, Dipsas hexagonatus Blyth, 1855b, and Dipsas bubalina A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a. Type: Holotype, not designated, an 1887 mm specimen (Smith), location unknown. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Eastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Darjeeling, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal, Nicobar Is.), Bangladesh, Nepal (Chitawan, Kathmandu, Makwanpur), Bhutan (Mongar), S China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand (Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Loei, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phang Nga, Phetchabun, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Roi Et, Si Sa Ket, Surat Thani, Tak, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uttaradit), Cambodia (Kampong Speu, Kampot, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Pursat, Koh Khlap Is.), Laos, Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung, Binh Phuoc, Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Kien Giang, Kon Giang, Kon Tum, Lao Cai, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Snakes of the World Tay Ninh), West Malaysia (Perlis) and islands in Gulf of Thailand, 40–2100 m. Sources: Bourret, 1936b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, CampdenMain, 1970a, C.B. Frith, 1977a, Jiang & Huang, 1984, Ambu & Ng, 1991, B. L. Lim & Ratnam, 1996, Zhao & Adler, 1993, I. Das, 1994, Das & Chandra, 1994, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Ao et al., 2004, Tillack et al., 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Tillack, 2006, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, B.L. Stuart et al., 2006, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. 9. Boiga cynodon (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 549. (Dipsas cynodon) Synonym: Pareas waandersi Bleeker, 1860a. Type: Holotype, RMNH 974, a 2098 mm specimen (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823). Type locality: “Sumatra” [= W Indonesia] (in error). Corrected to Java, Indonesia fide RMNH catalogue. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Eastern India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madbya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), S Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammart, Narathiwat, Phang Nga, Ranong, Surat Thani, Trang, Yala), Cambodia, Myanmar, West Malaysia (Pahang, Pinang, Perlis, Penang and Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Nias, Riau Arch., Sumatra) and Philippines (Basilan, Culion, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Sibutu, Tawitawi), NSL–1300 m. Sources: Deuve, 1964, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Leviton, 1968b, Campden-Main, 1970a, Kroon, 1973, Tweedie, 1983, B.E. Smith, 1993, Stuebing, 1994a, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Ferner et al., 2001, Malkmus et al., 2002, Orlov et al., 2003, Pauwels et al., 2005, I. Das, 2007b, Mohapa et al., 2009 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825), a specimen with 270 V & 145 SC (RMNH 974 has 269 V & 152 SC fide M.S. Hoogmoed in litt.). 10. Boiga dendrophila (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 549. (Dipsas dendrophila) Synonyms: Coluber peruvianus G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen dubium), Dipsas dendrophilus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Dipsas dendrophilus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Dipsas dendrophilus Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen nudum), Dipsas dendrophila javanica Schlegel, 1844, Triglyphodon gemmicinctum A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Triglyphodon dendrophilum – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Triglyphodon gemmicinctum A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Triglijphodon gemmicinctum Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Triglijphodon 103 Snakes of the World dendrophilum Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Triglyphodon melanotus Bleeker in Boulenger, 1896a (nomen ineditum), Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus annectens Boulenger, 1896a, Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus latifasciatus Boulenger, 1896a, Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus melanotus Boulenger, 1896a, Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus multicinctus Boulenger, 1896a, Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus regularis Boulenger, 1896a, Boiga dendrophila divergens E.H. Taylor, 1922a, Naja celebensis Ahl, 1933b, Boiga dendrophila occidentalis Brongersma, 1934, Boiga dendrophila atra Kopstein, 1936, and Boiga dendrophila levitoni Gauke, Demegillo & Vogel, 2004. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 7626 [Celebes] and RMNH 932 [Java], a female (C.G.C. Reinwardt, April 1816– June 1822). Type locality: “îles Celebes” [= Sulawesi, Indonesia] and “Java” [= W Indonesia]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Southern Thailand (Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Pattani, Patthalung, Phang Nga, Ranong, Satun, Trang, Yala), Cambodia (Kampot, Koh Kong), Vietnam (Binh Duong, Gia Lai, Ho Chi Minh City), West Malaysia (Pahang, Pinang, Seribuat Arch.: Besar, Sibu, Tioman), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Babi, Bali, Bangka, Battan, Batu, Belitung, Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Nias, Pinang, Pulu Ubin, Riau Arch., Sulawesi, Sumatra) and Philippines (Balabac, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar), NSL–600 m. Sources: Mertens, 1961b, Leviton, 1970a, Brongersma, 1934, Tweedie, 1983, G. Vogel, 1990, 2000, Ross & Lazell, 1991, Ross & Gonzales, 1992, B.E. Smith, 1993, I. Das, 1994, David & Vogel, 1996, Lamar, 1997b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Ferner et al., 2001, Malkmus et al., 2002, Orlov et al., 2003, Gauke et al., 2004, Tillack et al., 2004, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Grismer, 2011 and McKay & Lilley, 2012. 11. Boiga dightoni (Boulenger, 1894b). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1893–1894) 8(4): 528, 1 pl. (Dipsas dightoni) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.32, an 1100 mm female (S. Dighton, Jan. 1893). Type locality: “Pirmaad, at an altitude of 3,300 feet” [= Pirmed, Peermade or Azhutha, Travancore Hills, Kerala, SW India, 9°34’N, 76°59’E, elevation 1000 m]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Kerala), 700–1000 m. Sources: Inger et al., 1984, Murthy, 1985, 1990 and R.C. Sharma, 2007. 12. Boiga drapiezii (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 549. (Dipsas drapiezii) Synonyms: Triglijphodon drapiezii Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), and Dipsas drapiezii bancana W.C.H. Peters, 1867. Type: Holotype, RMNH 1006 (H. Boie, Dec. 1825–Sept. 1827). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Southern Thailand (Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phang Nga, Ranong, Trang), Vietnam (Gai Lai), West Malaysia (Johor, Perak, Perlis, Selanger, Seribuat Arch.: Tinggi, Tioman), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Natuna Arch., Sumatra) and the Philippines (Ambon, Palawan, Tawitawi), 500– 1000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Leviton, 1970a, Tweedie, 1983, Matsui et al., 1984, Welch, 1988, Gaulke, 1994b, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Orlov et al., 2003, Tillack et al., 2004, Chuaynkern & Makchal, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Onn et al., 2010, Grismer, 2011 and I. Das, 2012. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Possible syntype is RMNH 1008 (Padang, Sumatra, S. Müller, 1836). S. Müller was in Padang, Sumatra from June 1833–Dec. 1835. 13. Boiga forsteni (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 1077–1078. (Triglyphodon forsteni) Synonyms: Triglyphodon forstenii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Triglyphodon tesselatum A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Triglyphodon tessellatum A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Dipsas forsteni ceylonensis J. Anderson, 1871b, Boiga forsteni haematus Deraniyagala, 1955, Boiga forsteni marpila Deraniyagala, 1955, and Boiga forsteni leucohaematus Deraniyagala, 1960a. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7624 (formerly RMNH), a 1472 mm specimen (E.A. Forsten, 1838–1843). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southern Asia. India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, S Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchananpur, Rupandehi, Sunsari, Surkhet) and Sri Lanka (Eastern, NorthCentral, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Uva, Western), 200–2200 m. Sources: Deraniyagala, 1955, 1960, Daniel, 1962, P. Silva, 1969, Singh, 1972, Hallermann et al., 2001, A. Silva, B 104 B 2001, 2009, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006 and Mohapatra et al., 2009. Remarks: MNHN 7624 from Indonesia listed as type fide MNHN catalogue. Four color morphs occur in Orissa, India fide Mohapatra et al., 2009. 14. Boiga fusca (Gray, 1842c). Zool. Misc. 2(Apr.): 54. (Dendrophis [Ahetula] fusca) Synonyms: Dipsas boydii Macleay, 1884b, and Dipsas ornata Macleay, 1888. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.28 (J. Gilbert & J. Gould, 1840–1842). Type locality: “north coast of New Holland; Port Essington, Australia,”[= ruins at tip of Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory, N Australia, ca. 11°09’N, 132°00’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northern and E Australia (E New South Wales, N Northern Territory, E Queensland, N Western Australia, Bathurst, Bigge, Brampton, Byam Martin, Coronation, Cotton, Fletcher, Groote Eylandt, Horn, Indian, Inglis, Jungulu, Koolan, Lindeman, Lizard, Marchinbar, Melville, Middle Osborn, Milingimbi, Molema, Murray, Saint Andrew, Shaw, Tiwi, Wessel Marchinbar and Wigram Is.), NSL–995 m. Source: Cogger & Lindner, 1974. Remarks: A valid species fide Orlov & Ryabov, 2002. 15. Boiga gocool (Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835). Illust. Indian Zool. 2(19–20): pl. 83, fig. 1. (Dipsas gocool) Synonym: Boiga gokool A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.59, an 840 mm female illustrated by Hardwicke in fig. 32 (T. Hardwicke, 1756–1823). Type locality: “Bengal” [= Bangladesh and NE India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal)]. Distribution: South Asia. Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, North Bengal, Sikkim), Bangladesh and Bhutan, NSL– 1000 m. Sources: Whitaker & Captain, 2004, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009 and A. Das et al., 2010. Remarks: M.A. Smith (1943: 529) designated pl. 32 in T. Hardwicke’s collection a lectotype. Original specific orthography on plate 83, text and index is gocool. Holotype is illustrated in A. Das et al. (2010: 166, fig. 5). Occurs in Myanmar fide M.F. Ahmed et al. (2009: 83). 16. Boiga guangxinensis Wen, 1998. Sichuan J. Zool. 17(2): 51–52. Type: Holotype, GMU 82020, adult male (native, 1982). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Longgang Nature Reserve, Longzhou City, Guangxi, Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (22°20’N and 107°4’E).” Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southern China (Guangxi), E Laos and N Vietnam (Bac Giang, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Quang Binh, Rinca, Sumba, Tay Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phu), 150–1100 m. Sources: Orlov et al., 2000, 2003, Tillack et al., 2004, Ziegler et al., 2006 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 17. Boiga hoeseli Ramadhan, Iskandar & Subasri, 2010. Asian Herpetol. Res. (2) 1(1): 23–24, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, MZB Oph. 1242, a 1518 mm female (J.M. Vianney, 3 Sept. 1958). Type locality: “Larantuka, Flores, Nenggara Islands, Indonesia” [= Larantuka, E Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur Prov., SE Indonesia, 8°21’S, 122°59’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Southern Indonesia (Alor, Flores, Komodo, Lombok, Rinca, Sumba, Sumbawa, Tenggara). Source: Lang, 2011. 18. Boiga irregularis (Merrem in Bechstein, 1802a). Lacépède’s Natur. Amph. 4: 239–240, pl. 37, fig. 1. (Coluber irregularis) Synonyms: Hurria pseudoboiga Daudin, 1803, Natrix mollii Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Triglyphodon flavescens A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Triglyphodon flavescens A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Triglyphodon irregulare – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Triglijphodon flavescens Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Triglijphodon irregulare Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Dipsas pallida Jan, 1863, Pappophis flavigastra Macleay, 1877, Pappophis laticeps Macleay, 1877, and Dipsas aruanus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1883. Type: Holotype, specimen described and illustrated in Bechstein (1802: pl. 37, fig. 1), lost fide Iskandar & Colijn (2001: 39). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: East Indies. Indonesia (Papua, Ambon, Aru Is., Batjan, Boano, Buru, Sulawesi, Goram, Halmahera, Kai Is., Manipa, Misool, Morotai, Salawati, Sangihe, Schouten, Seram), Philippines (Sulu Arch., Ternate), Papua New Guinea (Central, East Sepik, Eastern Highlands, Gulf, Milne Bay, Madang, Morobe, Western, Western Highlands, Balaun, Bobo, Boboa, Bougainville, Daru, Duke of York, Fergusson, Goodenough, Karkar, Kiriwina, Manus, New Britain, New Ireland, Normanby and Rabaul Is.) and Guam (introduced), NSL–2286 m. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Brongersma, 1933e, V.M. Tanner, 1950, McDowell, 1984, Bosch, 1985, Fritts et al., 1987, Fritts, 1988, Savidge, 1991, Ehmann, 1992, O’Shea, 105 Snakes of the World 1996, Rodda et al., 1999, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Sajdak, 2010. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1374 (ICZN, 1986a). 19. Boiga jaspidea (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 1093–1097. (Triglyphodon jaspideum) Synonyms: Triglyphodon jaspideum A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Dipsas fusca Motlley & Dillwyn, 1855 (nomen praeoccupatum), Dipsas boops A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, and Dipsadoides decipiens Annandale, 1905. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7627 (formerly RMHN) (Dutch Java Exped., 1820–1836). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Greater Sundas. Southern Thailand (Phang Nga, Pattani), Vietnam (Dong Nai, Lam Dong), West Malaysia (Johor, Pinang, Perlis), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan Is.), Brunei and W Indonesia (Bangka, Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Nias, Sumatra), NSL–1525 m. Sources: Westermann, 1942, Brongersma, 1947a, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Matsui et al., 1984, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Malkmus et al., 2002, Orlov et al., 2003, Tillack et al., 2004, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Ziegler et al., 2010 and I. Das, 2012. 20. Boiga kraepelini Stejneger, 1902a. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15: 16–17. Synonyms: Boiga sinensis K.P. Schmidt, 1925, and Boiga multitemporalis Bourret, 1935c. Type: Holotype, ZMH 1565 (O. Warburg, 1888–1889). Type locality: “Kelung, Formosa” [= Keelung, Keelung Co., Taiwan, 25°07’N, 121°43’E, elevation 90 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southeastern China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Taiwan (Hsinchu, Keelung, Kaohsiung, Nantou), Laos (Khammouan) and Vietnam (Bac Giang, Cao Bang, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Lang Son, Nghe An, Quang Tri, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phue), 90–1100 m. Sources: Stejneger, 1907, Maki, 1931, C.H. Pope, 1935, Kuntz, 1963, Zhao & Adler, 1993, G. Vogel, 1994, M. Huang et al., 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, 2003, Tillack et al., 2004, Zhao, 2006, Truong et al., 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009, Ziegler et al., 2010 and Yao, 2012. 21. Boiga multifasciata (Blyth, 1860). Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 29(1): 114. (Dipsas multifasciata) Type: Holotype, ZSI 7861 (formerly IMC 7861), a 368 mm specimen (J.C. Browne, 1857–1860). Type locality: “neighborhood of Subathoo” [= Subhathu, near Simla, Himachal Pradesh State, India, 30°58’N, 77°00’E, elevation 1300 m]. Distribution: Himalayas. Northern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal), Nepal (Chitwan, Dolakha, Kaski, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Sankhuwasabha) and Bhutan (Trashiyangtse), 1300–3100 m. Sources: Tiwari & Shah, 2004 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. 22. Boiga multomaculata (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 549. (Dipsas multomaculata) Synonyms: Coluber aldrovandi Merrem, 1820 (nomen oblitum), Natrix sturmii Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Dipsas multimaculatus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Dipsas multimaculatus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Dipsas multimaculatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Boiga multimaculata hainanensis Mell, 1931a, Boiga multimaculata indica Mell, 1931a, and Boiga multimaculata sikiangensis Mell, 1931a. Types: Syntypes (2), RMNH 978–79 (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, Dec. 1825–Sept. 1827). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Greater Sundas. Southern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guanxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Macau, E India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, West Bengal), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Yangon), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong San, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchabun, Prachin Buri, Rayong, Saraburi, Tak, Udon Thani, Uttardit), Cambodia (Kampong Speu, Kampot), Laos (Luang Prabang), Vietnam (Bac Kan, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dak Nang, Da Nang, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Ha Tay, Ha Giang, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh City, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phuc), Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL–2130 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Karsen et al., 1986, Easton & Leung-Va, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Farkas & Fritz, 1999a, Orlov et al., 2000, Tillack et al., 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, McKay, 2006, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Ziegler et al., 2010. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825) but credit given to Reinwardt. In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Dipsas multomaculata F. Boie is designated a nomen protectum and Coluber aldrovandi Merrem a nomen B 106 Snakes of the World oblitum. Sulawesi records doubtful fide Land & Vogel (2005: 248). B 23. Boiga nigriceps (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 359. (Dipsas nigriceps) Synonyms: Dipsas hoffmanseggii W.C.H. Peters, 1867, Dipsadomorphus pallidus Boulenger, 1903, and Boiga nigriceps brevicauda M.A. Smith, 1926b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.58, a 1651 mm male (Zool. Soc. London, 1863). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Greater Sundas. Southern China (Guangxi), S Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phatthalung, Ratchaburi, Songkhla, Surat Thoni), West Malaysia (Johor, Selanger, Seribuat Arch.: Aur, Tioman), East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Nias, Siberut, Simeulue, Sumatra), NSL–1100 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Zhao & Adler, 1993, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002, Orlov et al., 2003, Wood et al., 2008 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Vogel (in litt.) states that Boiga brevicauda is a valid species. 24. Boiga nuchalis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1875). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 43(1): 233. (Dipsas nuchalis) Types: Syntypes (5), BMNH 1874.4.29.933–37, four males and a juvenile, longest syntype 1118 mm (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1875). Type locality: “forests on the western coast of Malabar, Southern India” [= Kerala State, SW India]. Distribution: India (Maharashtra, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu) and Nepal (Makwanpur), 200–1875 m. Sources: Wall, 1909j, M.A. Smith, 1943, Inger et al., 1984, Malhotra & Davis, 1991, Schleich & Kästle. 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. Remarks: A synonym of B. ceylonensis Günther fide M.A. Smith, 1943. 25. Boiga ochracea (Theobald in A.C.L.G. Günther, 1868). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 1(6): 425. (Dipsas ochraceus) Synonym: Dipsadomorphus stoliczkae Wall, 1909j. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.2.60–61, an 889 mm male and 762 mm female (D. Browne). Type locality: “Pegu” [Myanmar] (in error). Corrected to near Rangoon and at Maulmain fide Theobald (1868a: 54), [= Yangon (16°48’N, 96°09’E, elevation 40 m), Yangon Div., and Mawlamyine (16°29’N, 97°38’E, elevation 30 m), Mon Div., S Myanmar]. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal, Andaman Is.), Nepal (Chitwan, Gandaki, Ilam, Kaski, Kathmandu, Makwanpur, Sankuwasabha), Bhutan (Mongar), NE Bangledesh (Chittagong, Sylhet) and S Myanmar (Bago, Tanintharyi), 20–2100 m. Sources: Kramer, 1977, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Agarwal et al., 2010, Rahman, 2012a and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: Günther attributed the name to Theobald. Collector of types W. Theobald fide Günther (1868: 425) and Theobald (1876: 196). Günther (1868: 425) lists longest type as 1118 mm. Boulenger (1896a: 66) listed three juveniles from Burma as syntypes. BMNH 1874.4.29.1193–94 and BMNH 1889.3.25.37– 39 (from Burma), and BMNH 1872.4.17.119, BMNH 1872.4.17.386, BMNH 1894.12.31.55 and BMNH 1909.3.9.13–15 (from India) listed as syntypes fide BMNH catalogue. 26. Boiga philippina (W.C.H. Peters, 1867b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1867(1): 27. (Dipsas philippina) Type: Holotype, NMW 23401, a 590–690 mm specimen (C. Semper, April 1860–Dec. 1861). Type locality: “Ylaces im nordwesttheile von Luzon, Philippinen” [= Ilocos Prov., Luzon Is., Philippines fide Leviton, 1970a: 312, ca. 16°N, 121°E]. Distribution: Philippines (N Luzon). Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922 and Leviton, 1970a. 27. Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908b). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1907–1908) 18(2): 272–273, pl., figs. 6–10. (Dipsadomorphus quincunciatus) Type: Holotype, ZSI 16131, a 610–914 mm specimen. Type locality: “almost certainly Tinsukia, Assam” [= Tinsukia, Assam State, NE India, 27°29’N, 95°22’E, elevation 125 m]. Distribution: Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam) and N Myanmar (Kachin), 125 m. Source: M.A. Smith, 1940b. Remarks: Type sent to BMNH and lost fide M.A. Smith (1943: 353) but BMNH catalogue indicates that it was never received. 28. Boiga saengsomi Nutaphand, 1985. Thai Zool. Center Yrbk. 1(1): 4 unnumbered pp., 4 figs. Synonym: Boiga mahasomi Nutaphand, 1985. Type: Lecotype, NSM 52-3795 (formerly TNRC 52-3795), a 1618–2039 mm female (B. Saengmahasom, 1985), designated by Nutaphand et. al. (1991: 159). Type locality: “Ban Kanom, Amphoe Khao Phanom, Krabi Prov. (Amphoe Khao Phanom is 50 kilometers northeast of Krabi city at an elevation of 150 meters above sea level)” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Peninsular Thailand (Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani, Trang), 150–180 m. 107 Snakes of the World Sources: M.J. Cox, 1991b, Nutaphand et. al., 1991, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999 and I. Das, 2010. Remarks: This species was renamed B. mahasomi by Nutaphand in later publications to honor the collector of the type but the action is invalid under the ICZN Code. 29. Boiga schultzei E.H. Taylor, 1923. Philippine J. Sci. 22D(5): 552–553, pl. 3, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, formerly WS, a 1410 mm specimen (C.M. Weber), location unknown. Type locality: “Palawan, Philippine Islands.” Distribution: Western Philippines (Palawan). Remarks: Previously a subspecies of B. drapiezii. 30. Boiga siamensis Nutaphand, 1971. “Poisonous snakes of Thailand”: 60–61, fig. p. 64 (upper). (Boiga sp. siamensis and Boiga cynodon siamensis) Synonym: Boiga ocellata Kroon, 1973. Type: Neotype, FMNH 191997, a 1625 mm male (R.F. Inger, 7 April 1969), designated by Pauwels et al. (2008: 104). Type locality: “Sakaerat, Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand” via neotype selection. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, West Bengal), Bangladesh (Sylhet), Myanmar (Bago, Kachin), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chumpon, Kamphaeng, Kanchanaburi, Loei, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Ratchaburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi, Sakhon Nakhon Tak, Udon Thani), Cambodia (Kampot, Koh Kong), Laos and S Vietnam (Dong Nai, Lam Dong, Tay Ninh), 50–1780 m. Sources: Kroon, 1973, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Stuart, 1999, Orlov & Ryabov, 2002, Orlov et al., 2003, Ao et al., 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Pauwels et al., 2005, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010 and Rahman, 2012b. Remarks: FMNH 191997 is also the type of B. ocellata Kroon. Tillack et al. (2004: 12) thus incorrectly recognized B. ocellata. 31. Boiga tanahjampeana Orlov & Ryabov, 2002. Russ. J. Herp. 9(1): 34–37, figs. 1–10. Type: Holotype, ZISP 21938, a 1605 mm male (B. Soetanto & V.I. Odinchenko, Sept. 1999). Type locality: “Tanahjampea Island, Sulawesi Selatan Prov., Indonesia.” Distribution: Central Indonesia (Sulawesi). Known only from type locality. Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. 32. Boiga trigonata (Schneider in Bechstein, 1802a). Lacépède’s Naturg. Amph. 4: 256–257, pl. 40, fig. 1. (Coluber trigonatus) Synonyms: Coluber sagittatus G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber catenularis Daudin, 1803e, and Dipsadomorphus trigonata melanocephalus Annandale, 1904. Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 20–21, pl. 15) (P. Russell, 1781–1791), designated herein. Type locality: “Vizagapatam, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E, elevation 25 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Iran (Hormizghan, Kerman, Razavi Khorasan, Sistan va Baluchestan), S Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikastan, Afganistan, Pakistan (W Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh), India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal), Bangladesh, Nepal (Bara, Bardiya, Bhojpur, Chitwan, Dadeldhura, Dang, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kapilbastu, Kaski, Kathmandu, Makwanpur, Parsa, Rupandehi, Saptari, Surkhet, Tanahu), Bhutan and Sri Lanka (Central, Northern, North-Central, North-Western, Uva), NSL–2100 m. Sources: Wall, 1908e, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1969, 1980, Singh, 1972, Bannikov et al., 1977, Kramer, 1977, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009, Latifi , 1991, Szczerbak, 1994, Hallermann et al., 2001, M.S. Khan, 2002, R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007, Ananjeva et al., 2004, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006 and Masroor, 2012. Remarks: Original description based on P. Russell (1796: 20–21, pl. 15). Khan (2002: 97) recognized Boiga melanocephala as a distinct species. 33. Boiga wallachi I. Das, 1998a. J. So. Asian Nat. Hist. 3(1): 60–64, figs. 1a–b, 2a–c. Type: Holotype, ZSI 25133 (formerly ID/AN 97), a 1006 mm male (I. Das & S. Bhaskar, 22 March 1994). Type locality: “Kopen Heat (= Dakoank), 06° 48’N; 93° 41’E, Great Nicobar Island (= Sambelong), Bay of Bengal, India.” Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Great Nicobar and Little Nicobar Is.). Sources: Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and Vijayakumar & David, 2006. 34. Boiga walli M.A. Smith, 1943. Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph. 3: 349. (Boiga ochracea walli) Type: Holotype, not designated, ? BMNH. Type locality: “Burma” [= Myanmar]. Distribution: Eastern India (Anadaman & Nicobars) and S Myanmar (Tanintharyi), NSL–300 m. B 108 Source: I Das, 2010. Remarks: A valid species fide I. Das (pers. comm.). B BOIRUNA Zaher, 1996b (Xenodontidae) Type species: Oxyrhopus maculatus Boulenger, 1896a. Distribution: Southern South America Fossil records: Lower to middle Pleistocene of Argentina. Sources: Zaher, 1996b and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Boiruna maculata (Boulenger, 1896a). Cat. Snakes Brit . Mus. 3: 110, pl. 6, figs. 2-2a. (Oxyrhopus maculatus) Synonyms: Brachyruton occipitoluteum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, and Brachyryton plumbeus maculatum Jan, 1863. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.33, a 1400 mm female. Type locality: “Uruguay.” Distribution: Southeast South America. Brazil (Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, W Mato Grosso do Sul), E Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Asunción, Boquerón, Central, Misiones, Neembucú), Uruguay (Artigas, Cerro Largo, Paysandú, Rocha, Salto, Trienta y Tres) and Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), 30–880 m. Sources: Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, Nugueira, 2001, Cabrera, 2004, Carreira-Vidal et al., 2005, Kacoliris et al., 2006, Cacciali, 2008 and Scanferla et al., 2009. 2. Boiruna sertaneja Zaher, 1996. Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 14(2): 297–299, fig. 4a–b. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 2384, a 1320 mm male. Type locality: “Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil” [= Barreiras, W Bahia State, Brazil, 12°09’S, 45°00’W, elevation 575 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, ? Tocantins), NSL–785 m. Source: Recorder et al., 2011. BOLYERIA Gray, 1842a (Bolyeriidae) Synonyms: Uroleptes Fitzinger, 1843, Platygaster A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844, Uroleptis A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Urolepis – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Bolgeria – Chenu & Desmarest, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), Eurolepis Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Euroleptes Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen Snakes of the World incorrectum), Urolepis Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Bolieria Boulenger, 1893a (nomen emendatum), and Boliera – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Eryx multocarinata H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Mauritius and nearby islands, Indian Ocean. Sources: Vinson, 1949, Anthony & Guibé, 1952, Guibé, 1958, Stimson, 1969, Hecht & LaDuke, 1988, Tonge, 1990, Wall, 1998b, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Winters, 2011. 1. Bolyeria multocarinata (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 513. (Eryx multocarinata) Synonyms: Tortrix pseudo-eryx Schlegel, 1837 (nomen incorrigendum), Platygaster multicarinatus A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Bolyeria multicarinata Gray, 1849 (nomen emendatum), Tortrix pseudoeryx – Giebel, 1862 (nomen corrigendum), and Bolieria multicarinata Boulenger, 1893a (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 7185, a 540 mm (svl) male (F. Péron & C.A. Lesueur, 1800–1804). Type locality: “environs de Port Jackson” [Australia] (in error). Corrected to Round Island near Mauritius fide MNHN catalogue, Guibé (1958: 204) and Guibé & Roux-Estève (1972: 129). Distribution: Mauritius and adjacent islands (Flat, Gunner’s Quoin, Pass and Round Is.). Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Effectively extinct ca. 1980 fide Day (1989: 252). BORIKENOPHIS Hedges & Vidal in Hedges, Couloux & Vidal, 2009 (Xenodontidae) Type species: Alsophis portoricensis J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862. Distribution: Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Fossil record: Pleistocene of the West Indies (Puerto Rico). Sources: Hedges et al., 2009, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Borikenophis portoricensis (J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862). Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. (1862–1863) 24(10–18): 221–123. (Alsophis portoricensis) Synonyms: Alsophis anegadae T. Barbour, 1917b, Dromicus variegatus K.P. Schmidt, 1926a, Alsophis nicholsi Grant, 1937, Alsophis nicholsi richardi Grant, 1946b, Alsophis portoricensis aphantus A. Schwartz, 109 Snakes of the World 1966, and Alsophis portoricensis prymnus A. Schwartz, 1966. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMUC 60460 and NMW 14836a–b, longest syntype 798 mm (A.H. Riise, 1858–1862), latter destroyed 6 Nov. 1944 during World War II. Type locality: “Portorico” [= Puerto Rico, Greater Antilles]. Distribution: Puerto Rico bank. Puerto Rico (Aguadilla, Arecibo, Bayamón, Carolina, Humacao, Juana Díaz, Ponce, Toa Baja, Utuado, Vegsa Baja, Caya de Muertos, Cayo Santiago, Culebra, Desecheo, Platillo, and Vieques Is.), U.S. Virgin Is. (Buck, Lovango Cay, Mona, Peter, Salt, St. Thomas) and British Virgin Is. (Mosquito Is.), NSL–450 m. Sources: A. Schwartz, 1966, Philibosian & Yntema, 1976 and Rivero, 1978, 1998. 2. Borikenophis sancticrucis (Cope, 1862b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(1): 76. (Alsophis sancticrucis) Synonyms: Alsophis sanctae-crucis Boulenger, 1894a (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (2+), ANSP 5404, longest syntype 1270 mm (E.D. Copedon.), other syntypes lost fide A. Schwartz & Henderson (1991: 576). Type locality: “St. Croix Id., W. Indies” [= St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is., bet. 17°41–47’N and 64°34–54’W]. Distribution: U.S. Virgin Islands (Green Cay, St. Croix). Sources: A. Schwartz, 1966 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 1996b. Remarks: Possibly extinct fide Moreno, 1991. 3. Borikenophis variegatus (K.P. Schmidt, 1926a). Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) (1917–1929) 12(12): 160–162, fig. 4. (Dromicus variegatus) Type: Holotype, FMNH 266 (W.W. Brown, Jr., 13 Feb. 1892). Type locality: “Isla Mona, West Indies” [bet. 18°03–07’N and 67°51–57’W]. Distribution: Puerto Rico (Mona Is.). Remarks: A valid species fide Hedges et al. (2009: 8) Possibly occurs on Desecheo Is. fide A. Schwartz & Henderson (1991: 574) and R.W. Henderson & Schwartz (2009: 361). BOTHRIECHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1859b (Viperidae) Synonyms: Teleuraspis Cope, 1860b, Thamnocenchris Salvin, 1860, Thanatos Posada-Arango, 1889a, Thanatophis Posada-Arango, 1889b (nomen emendatum), Botriechis – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Telesuraspis – Cope, 1891b (nomen incorrectum), Brothriechis – Brazil, 1911 (nomen incorrectum), Brotriechis – Brazil, 1911 (nomen incorrectum), Thamnocentris – Amaral, 1930f (nomen incorrectum), Bothreichis – L.C. Stuart, 1948 (nomen incorrectum), Teleurasphis – Burger, 1971 (nomen incorrectum), and Teleuraspia – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Bothriechis nigroviridis W.C.H. Peters, 1859b. Distribution: Latin America. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Burger, 1971, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1971, Villa et al., 1988, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 1992, 2004, Gosner, 1989, Maes, 1989, Schätti & Kramer, 1991, 1993, Crother et al., 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Kraus et al., 1996, Vidal et al., 1997, 1999, Werman, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Salomão et al., 1999, J.A. Campbell & Smith, 2000, Taggart et al., 2001, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, LunaReyes & Suárez-Velázquez, 2008,, Castoe et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: Bothriechis and Bothriopsis are probably independent lineages fide Werman (1997: 32) but LDH enzymes failed to distinguish Bothriopsis from Bothrops. 1. Bothriechis aurifer (Salvin, 1860). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 28(1): 459–460, pl. 32, fig. 1. (Thamnocenchris aurifer) Synonym: Bothriechis aurifera – Cope, 1871b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.71 (formerly BMNH 1864.1.26.32), an 872 mm specimen (R. Owen, 1859–1860). Type locality: “Cobán, Vera Paz, Guatemala, 4500 feet” [= Cobán, Alta Verapaz Department, Guatemala, 15°28’N, 90°22’W, elevation 1325 m]. Distribution: Extreme SE Mexico (E Chiapas) and cen Guatemala (Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Sierra de Chuacus, and Sierra de las Minas in Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Quiché), 1200–2300 m. Source: J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003. Remarks: Some specimens have been reported from lower elevations fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 296). 2. Bothriechis bicolor (Bocourt, 1868). Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) (5) 10: 202. (Bothrops bicolor) Synonyms: Bothrops bernoullii F. Müller, 1878a, Bothriechis bernouilii Cope, 1887c (nomen emendatum), Bothrops bernouillii Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum), and Bothrops ornatus Julía-Zertuche & Manuel-Varela, 1978. Types: Syntypes (4), MNHN 1362, MNHN 6137, and BMNH 1946.1.17.74 (formerly MNHN & BMNH 1895.4.30.38), location other syntype unknown. Type locality: “des forêts de Saint-Augustin, département de Solola (Guatémala), sur le versant occidental de la Cordillère. 610 mètres d’altitude” [= forests of San B 110 B Agustin on western slope of cordillera, Sacatepequez Department, Guatemala, 14°33’N, 90°44’W, elevation 610 m.] Distribution: Southern Mexico (SE Chiapas) and S Guatemala (Chimaltenango, San Marcos, Sololá, Suchitepéquez), 500–2000 m. Sources: Alvarez del Toro, 1982, J.A. Campbell & Smith, 2000 and Suárez-Velázquez & Luna-Reyes, 2009. Remarks: MNHN 6137 not listed as a syntype in MHNH catalogue. 3. Bothriechis lateralis W.C.H. Peters, 1862c. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1862(12): 674. Types: Syntypes (4), ZMB 2979–81 and ZMB 8974 (K. Hoffmann, 1853–1859) fide Bauer et al. (1995: 80). Type locality: “Costa Rica vom Vulcan Barbo...aus Veragua” [= Volcán Barba, Heredia Department, Costa Rica, 10°08’N, 84°06’W, and Veragua Prov., cen. Panama]. Distribution: Costa Rica (Cordillera de Tilarán, Cordillera Central, Cordillera de Talamanca in Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José) and W Panama (Chiriquí, Coclé, Lérida, Panamá), 500–2135 m (most abundant between 1200–1800 m fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004: 300). Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Villa, 1984, Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. Remarks: Records from Nicaragua unconfirmed fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 300). Snakes of the World Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB 2986–88, longest syntypes 360 mm and 344 mm (K. Hoffmann, 1853–1859). Type locality: “Vulcan von Barbo, Costa Rica” [= Volcán Barba, Heredia Department, Costa Rica, 10°08’N, 84°06’W]. Distribution: Costa Rica (Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca in Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José ) and ext. W Panama (Chiriquí), 1150–3000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Villa, 1984, Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 6. Bothriechis rowleyi (Bogert, 1968b). Amer. Mus. Novit. (2341): 3–7, figs. 1a–c, 2. (Bothrops rowleyi) Synonym: Bothrops nigroviridis macdougalli H.M. Smith & Moll, 1969. Type: Holotype, AMNH 100669, an 875 mm male (J.S. Rowley, 24 April 1967). Type locality: “a ridge that extends northward from Rancho Vicente, Colonia Rodolfo Figueroa, approximately 5 miles west of Cerro Baúl...approximately 1520 meters, on the headwaters of the Río Grijalva, roughly 30 kilometers to the north and slightly to the east of San Pedro Tapánatepec, in the Distrito de Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (NW Chiapas, ext. SE Oaxaca), 1060–1830 m. Sources: Lynch & Smith, 1965, 1966, H.M. Smith & Moll, 1969 and Gutberlet, 1995. 4. Bothriechis marchi (T. Barbour & Loveridge, 1929b). Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 3(1): 1–3, fig. 1. (Bothrops nigroviridis marchi) 7. Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1845). Nachr. Georg-Augusts-Univ. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen (3): 42, pl. 1, figs. 5–6. (Trigonocephalus schlegelii) Type: Holotype, MCZ 27260, a 560 mm female (D. March, Nov. 1928). Type locality: “the Gold Mines at Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras Republic” [= El Oro, Municipio de Quimistán, in the Sierra del Espíritu Santo northwest of the town of Quimistán fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004: 301]. Distribution: Northwestern Honduras (Atlántida, Cortés, Santa Bárbara, Yoro) and Nicaragua (Nuevo Segovia), 500–1840 m. Sources: L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, L.D. Wilson & McCranie, 1992, G. Köhler, 1999b, 2003 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: J.A. Campbell & Smith (2000: 1009) discuss the Santa Bárbara locality. Synonyms: Lachesis nitidus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1859c, Bothrops nigroadspersus Steindachner, 1870b, Teleuraspis nitida – Cope, 1871b, Thanatos torvus Posada-Arango, 1889a, Thanatophis colgadora García, 1896, and Teleuraspis birri Posada-Arango, 1909. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 32554 (formerly ZMG 121/261), a 174 mm specimen (C. Degenhardt, 1839–1845). Type locality: “Provinz Popayan, etwa 2° N.B. und 301° L., Neu-Grenada” [= W Colombia, probably on the Pacific versant fide Myers & Böhme, 1996: 17]. Distribution: Latin America. Southern Mexico (N Chiapas), N Guatemala (Izabal region, Petén), S Belize (Cayo, Orange Walk), N Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Cortés, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, Yoro), E Nicaragua (Jinotega, Matagalpa, Río San Juan), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Barro Colorado, Boca del Toro, Colón, Panamá), Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántica, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Norte de Santander, Santander, Valle), W Venezuela (Táchira), N Ecuador (Chimborazo, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Manabí, Pichincha) and Peru (Tumbes), NSL–2640 m. 5. Bothriechis nigroviridis W.C.H. Peters, 1859b. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859(3): 278, pl., fig. 4. (Bothrops nigroviridis) (nomen corrigendum) Synonym: Bothrops nigro-viridis F. Müller, 1877 (nomen illegitimum). Snakes of the World Sources: Pifano et al., 1950, E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Werman, 1984, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Schätti & Kramer, 1993, Kuch & Friere, 1995a, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Solórzano et al., 1999, G. Köhler, 2000, Koch & Freire, 2001, Savage, 2002, Navarrete et al., 2009, McCranie, 2011a, RivasFuenmayor et al., 2012 and Rojas-Morales, 2012b. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Berthold (1846: 13, pl. 1, figs. 5–6). See C.W. Myers & Böhme, 1996 for summary of Berthold papers. Type locality designation of near Popayán, Cauca Dept., Colombia, 2°27’N, 76°37’W, elevation 1800 m fide Dunn & Stuart (1951: 56) in error fide C.W. Myers & Böhme (1996: 17). Records for Amazonas, Venezuela need confirmation fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 306). 8. Bothriechis supraciliaris (E.H. Taylor, 1954). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 36(2): 791–794, fig. 39. (Bothrops schlegelii supraciliaris) Type: Holotype, KU 31977, a 400 mm specimen (native, 1947, via O. Chavarría, 1952). Type locality: “mountains near San Isidro del General, San José Prov., Costa Rica” [= mountains in vicinity of San Isidro de El General, W slope of Sierra Talamanca, San José Prov., Costa Rica, 9°22’N, 83°42’W, elevation 715 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Costa Rica (Puntarenas, San José) and Panama (Chiriquí), 800–1700 m. Sources: Solórano et al., 1998, Crother in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 247) and De Jesús, 2007. 9. Bothriechis thalassinus J.A. Campbell & Smith, 2000. Rev. Biol. Trop. 48(4): 1002–1009, figs. 1, 2a–b. Type: Holotype, UTA 46526, a 442 mm male (E.N. Smith, 30 Aug. 1997). Type locality: “Finca la Firmeza, Sierra de Caral, Izabal, Guatemala, 900 m (15°22’29”N, 88°41’44”W).” Distribution: Eastern Guatemala (Chiquimula, Izabal) and W Honduras (Copán, Ocotepeque, Santa Bárbara), 200–1750 m. Source: McCranie, 2011a. BOTHRIOPSIS W.C.H. Peters, 1861a (Viperidae) Synonyms: Brothriopsis – Cope, 1887c (nomen incorrectum), Bothriops – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Botriopsis – Marschall, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Bothiriopsis – Canton, 1895 (nomen incorrectum), and Bothropsis – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Bothrops taeniatus Wagler in Spix, 1824. Distribution: South America. 111 Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 1992, 2004, Gosner, 1989, Maes, 1989, Werman, 1992, 1997, Golay et al., 1993, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Salomão et al., 1999, Vidal et al., 1999, Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Fenwick et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: Not a valid genus fide Salomão et al., 1999 but valid fide McDiarmid et al., 1999 and J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004. 1. Bothriopsis bilineata (Wied-Neuwied, 1821). Reise Brasil. 2: 339. (Cophias bilineatus) Synonyms: Coluber arges Linnaeus, 1758, Trigonocephalus bilineatus unicolor Jan 1859b, (nomen nudum), Trigonocephalus arboreus Cope, 1870, Lachesis bilineata – Boettger, 1898, Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus Hoge, 1966a, and Bothriopsis bilineatus smaragdina – J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989. Type: Holotype, not designated, (A.M.P, zu WiedNeuwied, 2 Jan.–5 Feb. 1816), lost fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 248). Type locality: “Brasilien” [= Brazil]. Restricted to Villa Vicosa (= ciudad Marobá), on Rio Perhuype, Estado Bahia, Brazil fide Hoge & Lancini (1962: 17). Distribution: Northern South America. Southern Colombia (Amazonas, Vaupés), SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni), Suriname (Nickerie), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), N Brazil (Bahiá, Espírito Santo, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza), E Peru (Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco) and N Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Cunha, 1967, Cunha & Niciemento, 1978, 1993, Morales & McDiarmid, 1996, Starace, 1998, Lehr, 2001, Duellman, 2005, Harvey et al., 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009, Wallach, 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Original description reprinted in WiedNeuwied (1825c: 483). 2. Bothriopsis chloromelas (Boulenger, 1912b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 10(58): 423–424. (Lachesis chloromelas) Synonym: Bothrops chrysomelas Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.17.66 (formerly BMNH 1911.12.13.63), and BMNH 1946.1.19.51–52, longest syntype 740 mm (E. Boettger, 1905–1910). Type locality: “Huancabamba, E. Peru, above 3000 feet” [= Huancabamba, Pasco Dept., Peru, 23°12’S, 75°33’W, elevation 1700 m]. Distribution: Peru (Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Pasco), 1000–2000+ m. Sources: Harvey et al., 2003, 2005. B 112 B 3. Bothriopsis medusa (Sternfeld, 1920a). Senckenbergiana 2(6): 180–181, figs. 1–2. (Lachesis medusa) Synonym: Bothrops eneydae Sandner-Montilla, 1976. Type: Holotype, SMF 21202 (formerly SMF-M 9540, 1a), a 460 mm male (F. Müller, 1877). Type locality: “Caracas, Venezuela” [= Caracas, Distrito Federal State, Venezuela, 10°29’N, 66°54’W, elevation 925 m]. Distribution: Cordillera de la Costa of N Venezuela (Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Miranda), 475–2000 (2800) m. Sources: Pifano & Römer, 1949a and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: The taxonomic status of B. eneydae is unclear and the type is lost. 4. Bothriopsis oligolepis (F. Werner, 1901c). Abh. Ber. Kön. Zool. Anthro. Ethno. Mus. Dresden (1900/01) 9(2): 12–13. (Lachesis bilineatus oligolepis) Synonyms: Lachesis peruvianus Boulenger, 1903b, Bothrops chrysomelas – Amaral, 1926b (nomen incorrectum), and Bothrops peruviana – Amaral, 1930f. Type: Holotype, MTD D1714, an 805 mm female (A. Baessler, 1889). Type locality: “Bolivien” [= Bolivia]. Distribution: Southeastern Peru (Cusco, Junin, Puno) and NW Bolivia (La Paz), 1500–2500 m. Sources: Schätti & Kramer, 1993, Harvey et al., 2005 and Fenwick et al., 2009. Remarks: A synonym of B. pulchra fide Schätti & Kramer (1993: 244). 5. Bothriopsis pulchra (W.C.H. Peters, 1862c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1862(12): 672–673. (Trigonocephalus pulcher) Synonyms: Bothrops albocarinata Shreve, 1934, Bothrops alticola H.W. Parker, 1934, Bothrops albocarinatus – J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, and Bothrops alticolus – J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970. Type: Holotype, ZMB 3868, a female (formerly Quito Mus.). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Southcentral Colombia (Putomayo), Ecuador (Loja, MoronaSantiago, Napo, Pastaza) and N Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto), 300–3000 m. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1955, Peréz-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1992 and Kuch, 1997. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1938 (ICZN, 1999b: 220). It was previously believed that the type locality was Quito but J.A. Peters (1955: 347) repeated Peters’ (1862: 672) statement that the type was from the museum in Quito. Reports from Amazonian Ecuador and Peru probably refer to another species fide Snakes of the World J.A. Campbell & Lamar (1989: 221). A synonym of B. oligolepis fide Schätti & Kramer, 1993. 6. Bothriopsis taeniata (Wagler in Spix, 1824). Serp. Brasil. Sp. Nov.: 55, pl. 21, fig. 3. (Bothrops taeniatus) Synonyms: Atropos castelnautii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Bothrops castelnaudi A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Atropos castelnautii – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854c (nomen incorrectum), Teleuraspis castelnaui – Cope, 1860b (nomen incorrectum), Bothriopsis quadriscutatus W.C.H. Peters, 1861, Bothriopsis castelnavii – Cope, 1871b (nomen incorrectum), Bothrops lichenosa Roze, 1958c, Bothriopsis quadricarinatus – Hoge, 1966a (nomen incorrectum), and Bothrops lichenosus – Roze, 1966a. Type: Neotype, MNHN 1582, an 800 mm specimen (F.L.N.C.L. de Castelnau & E. Deville, June 1843–Aug. 1847), designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 337). Type locality: “State of Goiás, Brasil” via neotype selection. Restricted to “stretch of [the Amazon] river between the mouth of the [Río] Tajapuru (01°02’S, 51°02’W) and the mouth of the [Río] Negro (03°08’S, 59°55’W) and the parallel waterways (“paranás” and “furos”) normally followed by travelers in small boats” fide Vanzolini (1981: xxvi). Distribution: Amazonia. Southern Colombia (Amazonas, Boyacá, Cundinamarca), SE Venezuela (Bolívar), Guyana (Potaro-Siparuni), Suriname (Nickeria), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Zamora-Chinchipe), N Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), E Peru (Huánuco) and ext. N Bolivia (La Paz, Pando), NSL– 2135 m. Sources: Sandner-Montilla, 1978, Cunha & Nascimento, 1972, 1975a, 1982, 1993, Peréz-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Starace, 1998, I. Freire et al., 2003, Means, 2004a, Harvey et al., 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Holotype lost fide Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 337). BOTHROCHILUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Pythonidae) Synonyms: Nardoa Gray, 1842a (nomen praeoccupatum), Botriochilus – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Botriocheilus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum), Botrochilus – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Nardoana Berg, 1901 (nomen substitutum), Nordoana – Berg, 1901 (nomen incorrectum), and Bothrocheilus – Greene & Burghardt, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Snakes of the World Type species: Tortrix boa Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Northeastern Papua New Guinea. Sources: Jan & Sordelli, 1864 in 1860–1866, F. Werner, 1900c, Loveridge, 1948, McDowell, 1975a, Cogger et al., 1983a, Kluge, 1993b, O’Shea, 1996, Lamar, 1997b, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Rawlings et al., 2008 and Schleip & O’Shea, 2010. 1. Bothrochilus boa (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 129, 2: 22–23. (Tortrix boa) Synonym: Nardoa schlegelii Gray, 1842a. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7172, a 345–390 mm male (R-P. Lesson & P. Garnot [Coquille Voy.], Aug. 1822–March 1825). Type locality: “Nouvelle Irlande” [= New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago, eastern Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: Northeastern Papua New Guinea (East New Britain, Morobe, West New Britain, Arawe, Duke of York, Dyaul, Garu, Gasmata, Green, Kavieng, Mioke, Namatanai, New Britain, New Hanover, New Ireland, Tatau and Umboi Is.). Remarks: Sulawesi and Tokelau Is. records doubtful fide McDowell (1975a: 49). BOTHROCOPHIAS Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001 (Viperidae) Type species: Bothrops hyoprora Amaral, 1935. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 1992, 2004, Golay et al., 1993, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Gutberlet & J.A. Campbell, 2001, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Fenwick et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Bothrocophias campbelli (Freire-Lascano, 1991). Publ. Trab. Cient. Ecuador, Univ. Técn. Machala 2: [1–2], 3 figs. (Bothrops campbelli) Synonym: Porthidium almawebi Schätti & Kramer, 1993 (nomen substitutum). Type: Holotype, INHMT 1956, a 906 mm male (Serpentario Laboratorios Veterinarios, 5 Aug. 1989). Type locality: “Recinto Huagal-Sacramento, cantón Pallatanga, Provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador. 1500 – 2000 mts de altura.” Distribution: Western Ecuador (Chimborazo, Cotopaxí, El Oro, W Imbabura, Pichincha), 1300–2000 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1992, Schätti & Kramer, 1993 and Cisneros-Heredia et al., 2006. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1939 (ICZN, 1999a: 220). Photograph of holotype in J.A. Campbell & Lamar (1992: fig. 4 [bottom]). 113 2. Bothrocophias colombianus (Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940). Arkiv. Zool. 33A(1): 15. (Bothrops microphthalmus colombianus) Synonym: Porthidium colombianum – Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schätti & Toriba, 1993. Type: Holotype, NHR 3114, a 1360 mm specimen (K. von Sneidern, 1938–1940). Type locality: “Colombia, Cauca, La Costa, the pacific coastal slopes of the Western Cordilleras…at the same meridian as El Tambo and at an altitude of about 800 m” [= ca. 2°30’N latitude]. Distribution: Western Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca), 800–2000 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1992, 2004 and Wüster et al., 1999. Remarks: Transferred to this genus fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004. 3. Bothrocophias hyoprora (Amaral, 1935). Mem. Inst. Butantan 9: 222, figs. 7–8. (Bothrops hyoprora) Synonyms: Bothrops pessoai Prado, 1939, and Bothrops hyoprorus – Klemmer, 1963. Type: Holotype, IB 9199 (formerly ILS 142), a 240 mm male, destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “La Pedrera, Colombia, near the BrazilianColombian boundary” [= La Pedrera, Amazonas State, SE Colombia, 1°18’S, 69°43’W, elevation 90 m]. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Southeasterm Colombia (Amazonas, Caqueta, Casanare, Putumayo, Vaupés), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastazá, Sucumbíos, Zamora-Chinchipo), NE Peru, N Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia) and N Bolivia, NSL–1000 m. Sources: Niceforo-María, 1938, Amaral, 1944d, 1955e, 1977, Hoge, 1949, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Schätti & Kramer, 1993, Duellman & Mendelson III, 1995, Cisneros-Heredia et al., 2006 and Bernarde et al., 2011. Remarks: Possibly occurs in S Guianas and an unconfirmed report from SW Venezuela fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 330). 4. Bothrocophias microphthalmus (Cope, 1875b). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1876) (2) 8(2): 182–183. (Bothrops microphthalmus) Synonyms: Lachesis pleuroxanthus Boulenger, 1912b, and Bothrops microphthalma – Amaral, 1930f. Type: Holotype, ANSP 11515, an 885 mm specimen (J. Orton, autumn 1867–winter 1868). Type locality: “the Huallaga between Balsa Puerto and Moyabamba, Peru” [= Río Huallaga between Balsa Puerto and Moyobamba (6°02’S, 76°58’W, elevation 880 m), San Martin Dept., N Peru]. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Colombia (Boyacá, Casanare, Cundimarca, Norte de Santander), B 114 B Ecuador (Chinchipe, Morena-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Tungurahua, Zamora), Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios) and ext. NE Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz), 900–2350 m. Sources: Nicéforo-Maria, 1964, Kuch & Freire, 1995b, Harvey et al., 2005 and Cisneros-Heredia et al., 2006. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Brazil and the northern and southern populations may represent separate species fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 333). 5. Bothrocophias myersi Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3316): 7–9, fig. 3 (col.). Type: Holotype, AMNH 109812, a 689 mm female (C.W. Myers & J.W. Daly, 16–17 Feb. 1973). Type locality: “Quebrada Guanguí, 0.5 km above the Río Patia, Department of Cauca, Colombia, 100–200 m. Distribution: Coastal SW Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Valle de Cauca), 75–200 m. BOTHROLYCUS A.C.L.G. Günther, 1874b (Lamprophiidae) Synonym: Botrolycus – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Bothrolycus ater A.C.L.G. Günther, 1874b. Distribution: Central Africa. Sources: Witte, 1962, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Bothrolycus ater A.C.L.G. Günther, 1874b. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 42(1): 444, pl. 57, fig. b. Synonyms: Pseudoboodon albopunctatus Andersson, 1901, and Pseudoboodon brevicaudatus Andersson, 1901. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.42, a 457 mm female (Higgins). Type locality: “Camaroon Mountain” [= Cameroon]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southwestern Cameroon (Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Ngounié, Ogooué-Lolo), SW Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou) and E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), 10–1500 m. BOTHROPHTHALMUS W.C.H. Peters, 1863c (Lamprophiidae) Synonyms: Bothrophtalmus – Tornier, 1901 (nomen incorrectum), Bothopthalmus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Bothropthalmus – Cansdale, 1961 (nomen incorrectum), and Botrophthalmus – Roux-Estève, 1965 (nomen incorrectum). Snakes of the World Type species: Bothrophthalmus lineatus W.C.H. Peters, 1863c. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Source: Chippaux, 2006. 1. Bothrophthalmus brunneus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 356, pl. 6, fig. e. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.1, an 813 mm female. Type locality: “Fernando Po” [= Equatorial Guinea]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Cameroon (Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, SudOuest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Gabon (Ngounié, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Ivindo) and Congo (Kouilou, Plateau, Sangha), 10–820 m. Sources: Mertens, 1965c, Stucki-Stirn, 1979, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. Remarks: A valid species fide Pauwels & David, 2008a. 2. Bothrophthalmus lineatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1863c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(6): 287–288. (Elaphis [Bothrophthalmus] lineatus) Synonyms: Bothrophthalmus lineatus Schlegel in Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (nomen nudum), Bothrophthalmus melanozostus Jan, 1863, Bothrophthalmus lineatus infuscatus Buchholz & Peters in W.C.H. Peters, 1875, and Bothrophthalmus modestus J.G. Fischer, 1886. Type: Holotype, ZMB 1820, a 1045 mm specimen. Type locality: “Guinea” [= Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1013]. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone, Liberia (Montserrado, Margibi, Nimba), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou), S Ghana (Eastern), S Benin (Cotonou, Plateau), Nigeria (Delta), Cameroon (Centre), S Central African Republic (Haut-Mbomou, Lobaye, Sangha), S Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), NE Angola (Lunda Norte) and Uganda (Central, Western), NSL–2300 m. Sources: Amaral, 1944c, Loveridge, 1957a, E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Thys van den Audenaerde, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Luiselli et al., 1998a, 1999, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Kelly et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and W. Böhme et al., 2011. Remarks: Probably occurs in Togo fide and Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 353). 115 Snakes of the World BOTHROPOIDES Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson, 2009 (Viperidae) Type species: Bothrops neuwiedi Wagler in Spix, 1824. Distribution: Eastern and S South America. Sources: Maes, 1989, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004, Fenwick et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Bothropoides alcatraz (Marques, Martins & Sazima, 2002). Herpetologica 58(3): 304–309, figs. 1, 2 (upper), 3 (left). (Bothrops alcatraz) Type: Holotype, IB 62545, a 520 mm male (O.A.V. Marques, M. Martins, M.E. Oliveira, D.N. Pereira & A. Martensen, 15 Dec. 1999), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Alcatrazes Island (24°06’S, 45°42’W), São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil.” Distribution: Brazil (São Paulo: Alcatrazes and Mar Virado Is.), NSL–265 m. Sources: Wüster et al., 1999, Cicchi et al., 2007 and Barro et al., 2012. 2. Bothropoides diporus (Cope, 1862d). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(5): 347. (Bothrops diporus) Synonym: Bothrops neuwiedii meridionalis Amaral, 1930c. Type: Holotype, USNM 12380 (formerly ANSP 5401), a 1027 mm specimen (T.J. Page [La Plata Exped.], Sept. 1853–Feb. 1855). Type locality: “Vermejo River region.” Expanded to Vermejo River region (boundary of Paraguay and Argentina)” fide Cochran (1961: 161). Distribution: Southern South America. Southeastern Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Paraguay and Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Río Negro, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), NSL–700 m. Sources: Abalos & Baez, 1963, Yanosky et al., 1996, Martínez & Avila, 2003, V.X. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008 and Minoli et al., 2011. Remarks: Probably occurs in ext. S Bolivia fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 414). 3. Bothropoides erythromelas (Amaral, 1923). Proc. New England Zool. Club 8: 96–97. (Bothrops erythromelas) Synonym: Coluber punctulatus Raddi, 1820 (nomen oblitum). Type: Holotype, IB 3030, a 520–540 mm female (P. Silva, Jan. 1921), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “January, near Joazeiro, State of Bahia, Brazil.” Corrected to Jaguarary (e Não January, como Sahiu na Nota Previa), proximo de Joazeiro, Estado da Bahía, Brazil fide Amaral (1926a: 114). Distribution: Eastern Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, ext. E Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Vanzolini et al., 1980 and Freitas, 1999. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Amaral (1916a: 114–115, pl. 4, figs. 1–3). In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Bothrops erythromelas Amaral is designated a nomen protectum and Coluber punctulatus Raddi a nomen oblitum. 4. Bothropoides insularis (Amaral, 1922a). Anex. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1921) 1(1): 18–32, pl. 3, figs. 1–5, pl. 4. (Lachesis insularis) Type: Holotype, IB 1996, a 735 mm female (A. do Amaral, Nov. 1920), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Ilha da Queimada Grande, situada no litoral do Estado de S. Paulo, a cêrca de 40 milhas a S.O. da barra de Santos, Brasil.” Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo: Queimada Grande Is.), NSL–200 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Amaral, 1922b, Hoge et al., 1960, Duarte et al., 1995, Marques et al., 2002, Wüster et al., 2005, Bovo et al., 2012 and Barro et al., 2012. 5. Bothropoides jararaca (Wied-Neuwied, 1824a). Isis von Oken 14(10): 1103. (Cophias jararaca) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Vipera maculata Laurenti, 1768 (nomen oblitum), Cophias jajaraca Wied-Neuwied, 1824a (nomen incorrigendum), Bothrops leucostigma Wagler in Spix, 1824, Cophias jararaca – Wied-Neuwied, 1824 in 1822–1831 & 1825c (nomen corrigendum), Cophias jararakka – Wied-Neuwied, 1825c (nomen incorrectum), and Craspedocephalus brasiliensis Gray in A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 1400 mm specimen (A.P.M. zu Wied-Neuwied, 5 Feb.–12 April 1816), location unknown. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Lagoa d’Arara am Mucuri, Brasil fide Wied-Neuwied (1825b: 481) [= Morro d’Arara, 30 km above mouth of Rio Mucuri ext. S. Bahia, SE Brazil, 17°32’s, 39°35’W]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (S Bahia, Espírito Santo, S Goiás, SE Mato Grosso, S Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, N Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Anchieta, Búzios, Cananéia, Cardoso, Comprida, Franceses, Porchat, Porcos, Santo Amaro, São Sebatião, São Vicente and Vitória Is.), SE Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Itapúa) and N Argentina (Misiones), NSL–1000 m. B 116 B Sources: Amaral, 1925c, Hoge et al., 1978a, Sazima, 1992, Cei, 1994, N. Gomes & Puorto, 1993, Freitas, 1999, Marques et al., 2002, Wüster et al., 2004, Duarte Roche & Van Sluys, 2006, Cicchi et al., 2007, Cacciali, 2008, Monzel, 2009 and Barro et al., 2012. Remarks: Supplemental original description in WiedNeuwied (1824b: pl. 3 & 1825c: 470–483). Plate 3 in original description is labelled Cophias atrox but corrected in text to Cophias jararaca. McDiarmid et al. (1999: 262–263) discussed the type and spelling of specific name. In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Cophias jararaca Wied-Neuwied is designated a nomen protectum and Vipera maculata Laurenti a nomen oblitum. Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 336) and Frazer & Glaw (2007: 261) discussed taxonomic status of Bothrops leucostigma Wagler. 6. Bothropoides lutzi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915). Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 17(3): 4, 1 pl., 3 figs. (Lachesis pictus lutzi) Synonyms: Bothrops iglesiasi Amaral, 1923 & 1926a, and Bothrops neuwiedii piauhyensis Amaral, 1925b. Type: Holotype, MNRJ AL 5337 (formerly IOC), a 675 mm specimen (A. Lutz, 1912). Type locality: “Rio S. Francisco, Bahia, Brasil inteiro” [= Río São Francisco, Bahia State, Brazil]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, E Goiás, N Minas Gerais, W Pernambuco, Piauí, Tocantins), NSL–800 m. Sources: V.X. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008 and Loebmann, 2009c. Remarks: An unconfirmed record from Americana, São Paulo may represent a disjunct population fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 415). 7. Bothropoides mattogrossensis (Amaral, 1925c). Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med. 2: 60, pl. 14, fig. 6., pl. 16, fig. 6. (Bothrops neuwiedii mattogrossensis) Synonym: Bothrops neuwiedii boliviana Amaral, 1927a. Type: Holotype, IB 3011, an adult female (D.A. Correia, 25 Feb. 1922), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Miranda, Matto-Grosso” [= Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul State, SE Brazil, 20°15’S, 56°22’W, elevation 130 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (S Amazonas [isolated populations], Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, São Paulo, Tocantins), SE Peru (Puno), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes) and Argentina (Salta), NSL–500 m. Sources: N.J. Silva, 2000, Monteiro et al., 2006, Cacciali, 2008 and V.X. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008. Snakes of the World 8. Bothropoides neuwiedi (Wagler in Spix, 1824). Serp. Brasil. Sp. Nov.: 56–57, pl. 22, fig. 1. (Bothrops neuwiedi) Synonyms: Crotalus urutú Liais, 1872 (nomen incorrigendum), Bothrops urutu – Lacerda, 1884 (nomen corrigendum), Bothrops atrox meridionalis F. Müller, 1885, Bothrops neuwiedii bahiensis Amaral, 1925c, Bothrops neuwiedii goyazensis Amaral, 1925c, Bothrops neuwiedii minasensis Amaral, 1925c, Bothrops neuwiedii paranaensis Amaral, 1925c, and Bothrops neuwiedii fluminensis Amaral, 1933a. Type: Lectotype, ZSM 2348/0, a 720–744 mm male (J.B. von Spix & K.F.P. von Martius, Sept. 1818–April 1819), designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 338). Type locality: “provincia Bahiae, Brésil” [= Bahia Prov., NE Brazil]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina) and E Bolivia (Beni, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, Tarija), NSL–1000+ m. Sources: Amaral, 1925c, Fernandez & Abe, 1991, Cei, 1994, D.R. Norman, 1994, Peñaranda et al., 1994, Moro, 1996, Yuki, 1997b, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, N.J. Silva, 2000, Pérez & Avila, 2000, Pérez et al., 2003, Harvey et al., 2005, V.X. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008, Monzel, 2009 and Rodrigues et al., 2012. Remarks: ZSM 2348/0 is probably the holotype fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 269) and Franzen & Glaw (2007: 261). 9. Bothropoides pauloensis (Amaral, 1925c). Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med. 2: 59–60, pl. 14, fig. 6, pl. 16, fig. 6. (Bothrops neuwiedii pauloensis) Type: Holotype, IB 3013, adult male (J.S. Queiroz, Sept. 1922), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Leme, São Paulo, Brazil” [= Leme, São Paulo State, SE Brazil, 22°11’S, 47°24’W, elevation 620 m]. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, São Paulo) and E Bolivia (Santa Cruz), NSL–800 m. Sources: N.J. Silva, 2000, Jansen, 2006, Monteiro et al., 2006 and V.X. Silva & Rosrigues, 2008. 10. Bothropoides pubescens (Cope, 1870). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1869–1870) 11(81): 157–158. (Trigonocephalus [Bothrops] pubescens) Synonym: Bothrops neuwiedii riograndensis Amaral, 1925c. Type: Neotype, MZUSP 5874, adult male (F. Achaval & C. Prigioni, 1952), designated fide X.V. Silva & Rodrigues (2008: 71). Type locality: “Pozo Hondo, Tambores: Departmento de Tacuarembó: Uruguay” via neotype selection. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay (Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Durango, Snakes of the World Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San José, Tacuarembó, Treinta y Tres), NSL–500 m. Sources: Hoge, 1959d, N.J. Silva, 2000, Carreira-Vidal et al., 2005, M.T. Hartmann et al., 2005 and V.X. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008. Remarks: Lectotype designation by V.X. Silva & Rodrigues (2008: 71) incorrect since holotype is lost. BOTHROPS Wagler in Spix, 1824 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Bathrops – Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen incorrectum), Botrops – Senna, 1886 (nomen incorrectum), Botrops García, 1896 (nomen emendatum), Bothropsus A.L. Herrera, 1899 (nomen emendatum), Botthrops – Brazil, 1914 (nomen incorrectum), Bothropos – Tomas-Rodas, 1938 (nomen incorrectum), Bothsrops – Pifano & Römer, 1949b (nomen incorrectum), Bothropus – Tamayo, 1962 (nomen incorrectum), Daraninus Hoser, 2012g (nomen illegitimum), and Jackyhoserea Hoser, 2012g (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Coluber lanceolatus Bonnaterre, 1790. Distribution: Latin America. Fossil records: Lower/middle Pleistocene (Ensenadan) of Argentina. Sources: Amaral, 1944c, Hoge, 1966a, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Burger, 1971, Hoge & RomanoHoge, 1971, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a, Werman, 1986b, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 1992, 2004, Maes, 1989, Schätti et al., 1990, Golay et al., 1993, Schätti & Kramer, 1993, Kraus et al., 1996, Salomão et al., 1997, Vidal et al., 1997, Werman, 1997, 1999, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Salomão et al., 1999, Vidal et al., 1999, Scanferla & Nenda, 2005, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Fenwick et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: The following genera and species have been separated from Bothrops: Atropoides (indomitus, mexicanus, nummifer, occiduus, olmec), Bothriechis (aurifer, bicolor, lateralis, marchi, nigroviridis, rowleyi schlegelii supraciliaris thalassinus), Bothriopsis (bilineata, chloromelas, medusa, oligolepis, pulchra, taeniata), Bothrocophias (campbelli, colombianus, hyoprora, microphthalmus, myersi), Bothropoides (alcatraz, diporus, erythromelas, insularis, jararaca, lutzi, mattogrossensis, neuwiedi, pauloensis, pubescens), Cerrophidion (barbouri, godmani, petlalcalensis, picadoi, tzotzilorum), Porthidium (arcosae, dunni, hespere, lansbergii, nasutum, ophryomegas, porrasi, volcanicum, yucatanicum) and Rhinocerophis (alternatus, ammodytoides, cotiara, fonsecai, itapetiningae, jonathani). 117 1. Bothrops andianus Amaral, 1923. Proc. New England Zool. Club 8: 103–104. (Bothrops andiana) Type: Holotype, MCZ 8832, a 605 mm male (G.F. Eaton, 1912). Type locality: “Machu Picchu, Department of Cusco, Peru, about 9000–10,000 ft. altitude.” Distribution: Southern Peru (Cusco, Puno) and Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz), 1800–3300 m. Source: Harvey et al., 2005. 2. Bothrops asper (S.W. Garman, 1884). Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. (1883) 8(3): 124. (Trigonocephalus asper) (nomen protectum) Synonyms: Bothrops atrox dirus Jan, 1863 (nomen nudum), Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus Cope, 1868 (nomen oblitum), Trigonocephalus asper lanceolati Garman, 1884, Bothrops atrox septentrionalis F. Müller, 1885, Bothrops quadriscutatus Posada-Arango, 1889b, Bothrops xanthogramma – Amaral, 1930f, Bothrops neuwiedii venezuelenzi Briceõ-Rossi, 1934, Bothrops xantogrammus Hoge, 1966a (nomen emendatum), and Bothrops xantogramma Hoge, 1966a (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, MCZ 2718, head only (Maack). Type locality: “Obispo, on the Isthmus of Darien” [= Panama]. Distribution: Latin America. Southern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, S Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Belize (Belize, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo), Guatemala (Petén), N Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Cortés, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, Santa Bárbara), E Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Atlántico Sur, Jinotega) Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José, Caño Is.), Panama, Colombia (Cundinamarca, Gorgona Is.), Ecuador (Chimborazo, Pichincha), N Venezuela (Zulia) and Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), NSL– 2640 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Roze, 1958d, Dixon, 1984, J.D. Johnson & Dixon, 1984, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Markezich & Taphorn, 1993, J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000, Wüster et al., 1997, J.C. Murphy, 1997, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Sasa & Barrantes, 1998, Savage, 2002, Townsend et al., 2006, Navarrete et al., 2009, Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al., 2009, Sasa et al., 2009, Suárez-Velázquez & Luna-Reyes, 2009, Wasco, 2009, Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: A synonym of Bothrops atrox fide Schätti & Kramer (1993: 235) and Markezich & Taphorn (1993: 253). Possibly a single variable species fide Wüster et al. (1997: 99). J.A. Campbell submitting request to ICZN to conserve the name B. asper since both colombiensis and xanthgrammus have priority. B 118 3. Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 222. (Coluber atrox) B Synonyms: Coluber ambiguus Gmelin, 1789, Vipera weigeli Daudin, 1803e (nomen substitutum), Cophias holosericeus Wied-Neuwied, 1821, Bothrops furia Wagler in Spix, 1824, Bothrops tessellatus Wagler in Spix, 1824, Trigonocephalus colombiensis Hallowell, 1845a, Bothrops affinis Gray, 1849a, Bothrops amarali Breciño-Rossi, 1934, Bothrops neuvoiedii venezuelenzi – Breciño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Bothrops lanceolatus aidae Sandner-Montilla, 1981, Bothrops atrox aidae Vanzolini, 1986 (nomen substitutum), and Bothrops lanceolatus nacaritae Sandner-Montilla, 1990. Types: Syntypes (2), NHR Lin-100 (formerly MAFR), a 452 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.), and NHR Lin-101 (formerly MAFR), a 725 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Asia,” (in error fide Hoge et al., 1978b: 48). Restricted to Suriname fide K.P. Schmidt & Walker (1943c: 295). Distribution: South America. Southeastern Colombia (Boyacá, Norte de Santander), S Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Vargas, Zulia), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Marowijne, Nickerie, Saramacca), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Amazonian Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), E Ecuador (Chimboraza, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Zamora-Chinchipe), E Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno) and N Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), NSL–1585 m. Sources: Procter, 1918, Amaral, 1925c, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, 1982a, 1993, Peréz-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Markezich & Taphorn, 1993, Schätti & Kramer, 1993, Morales & McDiarmid, 1996, Wüster et al., 1996, 1997, 1999, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Salomão et al., 1999 MijaresUrrutia & Arends, 2000, Duellman, 2005, Harvey et al., 2005, C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Bothrops colombiensis a valid species fide Navarrete et al. (2009: 66). 4. Bothrops ayerbei Folleco-Fernández, 2010. Rev. Noved. Colomb. 10(1), 45–48, figs. 7–9. Type: Holotype, MHNUC SE-237, a 1270 mm male (S. Ayerbe-González, 2 Feb. 2000). Type locality: “Vereda Corralejas, Municipio de Sotará, Departamento del Cauca (Colombia) (2°16’07”N 76°39’18”W).” Snakes of the World Distribution: Southwestern Colombia (Cauca), 400–1800 m. 5. Bothrops barnetti H.W. Parker, 1938b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 2(11): 447, 450. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.71 (formerly BMNH 1926.3.24.40), a 573+ mm male (B. Barnett, 1923–1926). Type locality: “the mouths of the Quebradas Honda and Perines, between Lobitos and Talara, northern Peru” [= mouths of the Quebrada Honda and Quebrada Pariñas, 4°31’S, 81°17’W, elevation NSL, between Lobitos (4° 28’S, 81° 17’W, elevation 25 m) and Talara (4°35’S, 81°16’W, elevation 10 m), Piura Department, NW Peru]. Distribution: Coastal N Peru (La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura), NSL. Remarks: Possibly occurs in SW Ecuador fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 381). The generic placement of this taxon is uncertain. 6. Bothrops brazili Hoge, 1954a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1953) 25(1): 15–16, figs. 1–6, 7b. Type: Holotype, IB 14721, an 1158 mm female (F. AlvesSoares & H. Renkichi), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Tomé Assú, Acará Mirim River, State of Pará, Brazil.” Distribution: Amazonia. Southern Colombia (Amazonas Guainia, Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolívar), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Potaro-Siparuni), Suriname (Nickerie, Saramacca), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Zamora-Chinchipe), N Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhão, N Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima) E Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios) and N Bolivia (Beni), NSL–460 m. Sources: Cunha & Nascimento, 1975c, 1978, 1993, PerézSantos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Schätti & Kramer, 1993, Morales & McDiarmid, 1996, Starace, 1998, CisnerosHeredia, 2004a, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 7. Bothrops caribbaeus (S.W. Garman, 1887b). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24(126): 285. (Trigonocephalus caribbaeus) (nomen protectum) Synonyms: Bothrops sabinii Gray, 1842b, Bothrops subscutatus Gray, 1842b, and Bothrops caribbaea – Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988. Type: Lectotype, MCZ 4814 (S.W. Garman, 1873–1887), designated by Lazell (1964: 250). Type locality: “St. Lucia” via lectotype selection. Restricted to Grand’Anse, Saint Lucia fide Lazell (1964: 251). Distribution: Lesser Antilles (coastal Saint Lucia), NSL– 200 m. 119 Snakes of the World Sources: Gosner, 1987, Powell & Wittenberg, 1998, Wüster et al., 1999, 2000, Breuil, 2003 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. Remarks: Guyana locality data for B. sabinii and B. subscutatus in error fide Underwood (1993: 5). 8. Bothrops isabelae Sandner-Montilla, 1979. Mem. Cient. Ofidiol. (4): 3–11, 5 figs. Type: Holotype, IVO Bi-1, a 1020 mm male (R. QuinteroSerra, 15 June 1979). Type locality: “Siete kilómetros al SE. de Guanare, Estado Portuguesa, a poco metros de la carretera que va de Guanare a Gualnarito…a 182 mts. sobre el nivel del mar” [= 7 km SE Guanare, Portuguesa State, W Venezuela, ca. 9°01’N, 69°44’W, elevation 182 m]. Distribution: Western Venezuela (Barinas, Mérida, Portuguesa, Yaracuy, Trujillo, Zulia), 180 m. Sources: Fenwick et al., 2009 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Holotype was alive at time of description. A synonym of B. atrox fide Markezich & Taphorn (1993: 253). 9. Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda, 1884. Léçons Venin Serpents Brésil: 8–10. Synonym: Lachesis jararacuçu Brazil, 1914 (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, MNRJ, a 1500 mm specimen, lost fide Vanzolini in Golay et al. (1993: 46). Type locality: “la Prov. do Rio de Janeiro, Brésil” [= Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil]. Distribution: Southeastern South America. Southeastern Brazil (SE Bahia, Espírito Santo, SE Mato Grosso, S Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, NW Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Anchieta, Bom Abrigo, Cannanéia, Cardoso, Comprida, Grande, Porchat, Santo Amaro, São Sebastião, São Vicente and Vitória Is.), ext. SE Bolivia (Santa Cruz), SE Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Itapúa) and ext. NE Argentina (Misiones), NSL–700 m. Sources: Amaral, 1925c, Lema & Leitão de Aravjo, 1980, Cei, 1994, Freitas, 1999, Wüster et al., 1999, DuarteRocha & Van Sluys, 2006, Cicchi et al., 2007 and Cacciali, 2008. 10. Bothrops lanceolatus (Bonnaterre, 1790). Ophiologie: 10–11, pl. 38, fig. 1. (Coluber lanceolatus) Synonyms: Vipera caerulescens Laurenti, 1768 (nomen oblitum), Coluber glaucus Gmelin, 1789 (nomen oblitum), Coluber brasiliensis Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber lanceolatus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber tigrinis Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber hastatus Suckow, 1797, Vipera lanceolata – Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a, Vipera brasiliniana Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b (nomen substitutum), Coluber megaera G. Shaw, 1802, Vipera brasiliana – Daudin, 1803c (nomen corrigendum), Vipera tigrina – Daudin, 1803c, Vipera chloris Gravenhorst, 1807, Bothrops cinereus Gray, 1842b, and Vipera coerulescens – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (2), specimens described and illustrated in Lacépède (1789: 121–131, pl. 5, fig. 1), lost fide Guibé in Lazell (1964: 255). Type locality: “Martinique” [= Martinique, Lesser Antilles]. Restricted to Morne Capot, between Ajoupa– bouillon and Lorrain, Martinque fide Lazell (1964: 255). Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Martinque), NSL–1300 m. Sources: Hoge, 1953e, Lazell, 1964, Gosner, 1987, Wüster et al., 1999, Breuil, 2003 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. Remarks: A synonym of B. atrox/asper fide J.D. Johnson & Dixon (1984: 329). 11. Bothrops leucurus Wagler in Spix, 1824. Serp. Brasil. Sp. Nov.: 57–58, pl. 22, fig. 2. Synonyms: Bothrops megaera Wagler in Spix, 1824 (nomen praeoccupatum), and Trimeresurus pradoi Hoge, 1948. Type: Lectotype, ZSM 2698/0 B, a 282 mm juvenile (J.B. von Spix, Sept. 1818–April 1819), designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 335). Type locality: “provinciae Bahiae, Brésil” [= Bahia State, NE Brazil]. Listed as Bahia, actually Salvador, Brazil fide Hoge & Romano-Hoge (1981a: 200) (in error fide Vanzolini, 1981: xxiv). Distribution: Eastern Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe), 50–400 [900] m. Sources: Amaral, 1955d, Wüster et al., 1997, Wüster et al., 1997, 1999, Freitas, 1999, Puorto et al., 2001, Lima Duarte et al., 2003 and Rezende de Carvalho & Barreto Nacimento, 2005. Remarks: A synonym of B. neuwiedi Wagler in J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda (1970: 49). Closely related to B. atrox fide Wüster et al., 1997. 12. Bothrops lojanus H.W. Parker, 1930b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 5(29): 568–569. (Bothrops lojana) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.19.84 (formerly BMNH 1930.1.30.1), a 488 mm male (C. Carrión-Mora, 1930). Type locality: “vicinity of Loja City, Ecuador, (2200 metres)” [= near Loja, Loja Prov., S Ecuador, 3°59’S, 79°12’W, elevation 2200 m]. Distribution: Southern Ecuador (E. Loja, ZamoraChinchipe), 2100–2300 m. Sources: Peréz-Santos & Moreno, 1991 and Schätti & Kramer, 1993. B 120 13. Bothrops marajoensis Hoge, 1966a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1965) 32: 123–125. B Type: Holotype, IB 18143, a 952 mm male (A.R. Hoge, 20 Aug. 1958), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Severino, Island of Marajó, State Pará, Brasil” [= Marajó Is., mouth of Río Amazonas, E Pará State, NE Brazil, ca. 0°53’S, 49°38’W, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Coastal northern Brazil (Amapá, ? Maranhão, Pará, Marajó Is.), NSL–15 m. Sources: Wüster et al., 1996, 1997, 1999. Remarks: A synonym of B. atrox fide Cunda & Nascimento (1993: 126). 14. Bothrops marmoratus V. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008. Phyllomedusa 7(1): 72–77, figs. 1d, 16a–c, 17a–b. Type: Holotype, IB 55055, a 585 mm female (F. RodriguesAlves, 29 June 1993), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Ipameri (17º43’S, 48º09’W), State of Goiás, Brazil.” Distribution: Central Brazil (Goiás, W Minas Gerais, Tocantins), 785 m. Remarks: V. Silva & Rodrigues (2008: 72) erroneously listed holotype figures as 12 and 13. 15. Bothrops moojeni Hoge, 1966a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1965) 32: 126–127, pl. 4. Type: Holotype, IB 23397, a 1468 mm female (Fundação Zoobotânica, 17 April 1962), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil” [= Brasília, Distrito Federal State, Brazil, 15°47’S, 47°56’W, elevation 1065 m]. Distribution: Eastern Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Piauí, São Paulo, Tocantins), E Bolivia (Santa Cruz), E Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Concepción, San Pedro) and NE Argentina (Misiones), 250–1500 m. Sources: Vanzolini, 1961, 1991, Cei, 1994, Freitas, 1999, Wüster et al., 1996, 1997, 1999, Buongermini & Waller, 1999, Harvey et al., 2005, Cacciali, 2008 and Recorder et al., 2011. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of B. atrox (Linnaeus) fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 2004, Wüster et al., 1997. 16. Bothrops muriciensis Ferrarezzi & Freire, 2001. Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro (440): 2–6, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 7036, a 619 mm female (S.T. Silva, 20 April 1995). Type locality: “Brazil: Alagoas: Murici, Fazenda Bananeira (9°14’S, 35°48’W, 640m)” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas), 400–640 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Source: Freitas et al., 2012. Snakes of the World 17. Bothrops osbornei Freire-Lascano, 1991. Publ. Trab. Cient. Ecuador, Univ. Técn. Machala 2: [2–4], 3 figs. Synonym: Bothriechis mahnerti Schätti & Kramer, 1991. Type: Holotype, INHMT 1924, a 396 mm female (Serpentario Laboratorios Veterinarios, 17 June 1989). Type locality: “Sacramento, Cantón Pallatanga, Provincia del Chimborazo, Ecuador.” Distribution: Eastern Ecuador (Cajamarca, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Pichincha) and ext. N Peru (Tumbes), 500– 2000 m. Sources: Schätti & Kramer, 1991, 1993 and Coloma et al., 2000. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as INHMT 1925 on cover figure (but INHMT 1924 in text and on two other figures). 18. Bothrops otavioi Barro, Grazziotin, Sazima, Martins & Sawaya, 2012. Herpetologica 68(3), 421–425, figs. 2–3, 4a. Type: Holotype, IB 78572 (formerly CC 58), a 456 mm male (F.C. Centeno & T.H. Condez, 11 Aug. 2010). Type locality: “‘Trilha da Vitória’ (23º44’28”S, 45º01’16”W; datum = WGS 84: Figs. 1 and 4B), Vitória Island, Ilhabela Archipelago, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.” Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo: Vitória Is.), NSL–200 m. Known only from type locality. 19. Bothrops pictus (Tschudi, 1845). Arch. Naturg. 11(1): 166. (Lachesis picta) Type: Lectotype, MHNN 6 (formerly MZN 114) (J.J. von Tschudi, Aug. 1838–Feb. 1841), designated by Schätti (1986a: 100). Type locality: “Montagnes élevées du Pérou” [= high mountains of Peru] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Coastal W Peru (Ancash, Arequipa, Ica, Libertad, Lima), 500–2300 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1992 and YarlequéChocas, 2000. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Tschudi (1846: 61–63, pl. 10). The generic status of this species is uncertain. Werner’s (1901) Bolivian record unverified fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 404). 20. Bothrops pirajai Amaral, 1923. Proc. New England Zool. Club 8: 99–100. Synonym: Bothrops neglecta Amaral, 1923 & 1926a. Type: Holotype, IB 3008, an 1130 mm female (P. da Silva, Dec. 1921), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Ilheos, Bahia, Brazil” [= Ilhéus, SE Bahia State, E Brazil, 14°48’S, 39°02’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Extreme E Brazil (E Bahia, possibly Minas Gerais), NSL–500 m. Source: Freitas, 1999. 121 Snakes of the World Remarks: Supplemental original description in Amaral (1926a: 120, pl. 4, fig. 8). 21. Bothrops punctatus (García, 1896). Ofidios Venen. Cauca: 30–31, pl. 8. (Lachesis punctata) Synonyms: Thanatos montanus Posada-Arango, 1889a, Lachesis monticellii Peracca, 1910, Bothrops leptura Amaral, 1923, and Bothrops punctatus – Dunn, 1944. Type: Holotype, not designated (E. García, 1887–1895), lost fide Nicéforo-María (1939: 92). Type locality: “las montañas del Dagua” [= mtns. of Dagua, Valle del Cauca Department, W Colombia, ca. 3°39’N, 76°42’W]. Distribution: Extreme E Panama (Darién), W Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Valle del Cauca) and NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas) 915–2300 m. Sources: Freire-Lascano, 1991, Schätti & Kramer, 1991 and Daza, et al., 2005. 22. Bothrops rhombeatus García, 1896. Ofidios Venen. Cauca: 20–22, pl. 2. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Botrops rhomboatus García, 1896 (nomen incorrigendum), and Botrops rhombeatus García, 1896 (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, not designated (E. García, 1887–1895), location unknown. Type locality: “las tierras calientes del valle que en las montañas del Cauca, en los bosques espesos, á orillas de los ríos affuentes del Cauca, en el Guachal, el Bolo, el Amaime, y en los cañaverales de las haciendas” [= Río Guachal, Río Bolo and Río Amaime, Valle del Cauca Dept., NW Colombia, bet. 3°36–41’N, 76°25– 28’W, elevation 950 m]. Distribution: Western Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Córdoba, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca), 950– 2600 m. Source: Folleco-Fernández, 2010. Remarks: Specific name spelled rhomboatus (text) and rhombeatus (plate). 23. Bothrops roedingeri Mertens in Titschack, 1942. Beitr. Fauna Perus 11: 284–285. Type: Holotype, SMF 6017, a 328 mm juvenile (native, 12 June 1936). Type locality: “Hacienda Huayuri” [= Huayuri, Ica Prov., W Peru, 14°32’S, 75°18’W, elevation 465 m]. Distribution: Coastal W Peru (Ancash, Arequipa, Ica, La Libertad, Lima), NSL–500 m. Source: Pesantes-Segura, 2000. Remarks: Type locality spelled Huayri fide Vanzolini (1986a: 5) and located near Nazca (14°50’S, 74°56’W, 575 m) fide J.C. Campbell & Lamar (1989: 222). Probably a synonym of B. pictus fide J.C. Campbell & Lamar (1989: 223). 24. Bothrops sanctaecrucis Hoge, 1966a. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1965) 32: 133–134, pl. 9 (middle fig.). Type: Holotype, IB 24575, a female with 44 mm head, destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Oromomo, Rio Secure, upper Beni, Bolivia.” Distribution: Central Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), NSL–450 m. Sources: Miranda et al., 1991 and Harvey et al., 2003, 2005. 25. Bothrops venezuelensis Sandner-Montilla, 1952. Monogr. Cien. Inst. Terap. Exp. Lab. “Veros” 9(21): 3–4, 6 figs. Synonyms: Bothrops venezuelae Sandner-Montilla, 1961 (nomen emendatum), and Bothrops pifanoi SandnerMontilla & Römer, 1961. Type: Holotype, UCV BV-1, a specimen ≤ 1200 mm. Type locality: “Boca de Tigre’ en la Serranía de El Avila en el Distrito Federal al Norte de Caracas (Distrito Federal es lo que aquí es Cundinamarca!), Venezuela.” Distribution: Northern Colombia (Boyacá, Norte de Santander) and Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Aragua, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Trujillo, Yaracuy), 590–2800 m. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1968, Lancini, 1979, Esqueda & LaMarca, 1999, Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, Markezich, 2002, Navarrete et al., 2009 and Mendoza et al., 2012. BOULENGERINA Dollo, 1886 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Limnonaja K.P. Schmidt, 1923, Boulangerina – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Paranaja Loveridge, 1944b, Boulangeria – Boquet, 1948 (nomen incorrectum), and Parahaja – Anon., 1979 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Naja annulata Buchholz & Peters in W.C.H. Peters, 1876a. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: F. Werner, 1923b, Bogert, 1943, Klemmer, 1968, Broadley, 1968c, 1974, Minton et al., 1970, Golay, 1985, Ulber, 1995, Golay et al., 1993, Keogh, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Slowinski & Keogh, 2000, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Wüster et al., 2007, Hoser, 2009c, 2012a, e, Wallach et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009, 2012. 1. Boulengerina annulata (Buchholz & Peters in W.C.H. Peters, 1876a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1876(2): 119–120. (Naja annulata) Synonyms: Aspidelaps bocagei Savage, 1884b, Boulengerina stormsi Dollo, 1886, and Boulengerina dybowskii Mocquard, 1897d. B 122 B Type: Holotype, ZMB 8772, a female (R. Buchholz, 1874–1875). Type locality: “Dorfe Mbusu (Eliva Sonange am Ogowe), Westküste Afrikas” [= Eliva Sonange, near Ogooué River, Ogooué-Maritime Prov., W Gabon, ca. 1°S, 9°E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Cameroon (Est, Centre, Littoral, Sud, Sud-Ouest), SW Central Africa Republic (Ombella-Mpoko, Sangha), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooué, MoyenOgooué, Ngounié, Nyanga, Ogooué-Ivindo, OgoouéLolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), S Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Plateau), NW Angola (Cabinda), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, NE Katanga, Kinshasa, Orientale, SE Sud-Kivu), SW Burundi (Bujumbura, Bururi), ext. W Tanzania (Kigoma, Rukwa) and NE Zambia (N Luapula, N Northern), NSL–1065 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1895i, Witte, 1962, Broadley, 1968a, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Pauwels & Lavoué, 2004, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Wüster et al., 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. Remarks: Collector of type is Zenker fide R. Günther (in litt.). Lake Mweru, Zambia record requires verification fide Broadley et al. (2003: 107). 2. Boulengerina christyi Boulenger, 1904c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14(79): 14–15. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.94 (formerly BMNH 1904.6.10.3), a 465 mm specimen (J.E. Dutton, C. Christy & J.L. Todd, Sept. 1903–June 1904). Type locality: “near Leopoldville, Congo” [= vicinity of Kinshasa, Kinshasa Prov., SW Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4°20’S, 15°19’E, elevation 265 m]. Distribution: Southern Congo (Brazzaville) and SW Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Kinshasa), 265–1190 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Sources: Witte, 1962, Broadley, 1968a, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1990, J.B. Rasmussen, 1991, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Chippaux, 2006 and Wüster et al., 2007. 3. Boulengerina melanoleuca (Hallowell, 1857b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1857–1858) 9(3): 61–62. (Naja haje melanoleuca) Synonyms: Aspidelaps bocagei Sauvage, 1884, Naja haje leucosticta J.G. Fischer, 1885b, Naja melanoleuca subfulva Laurent, 1955, Naja melanoleuca aurata Stucki-Stirn, 1979, and Naja melanolenca – Elter, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (4), ANSP 6875–78, longest syntypes 2070 mm and 1670 mm (H.A. Ford, 1851–1857). Type locality: “Gaboon country, West Africa” [= Gabon]. Snakes of the World Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kolda, Tambacounda, Thiès), Gambia (MacCarthy Island, Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bafatá, Oio, Bolama, Bubaque and Orango Is.), Guinea (Dubréka, Kindia, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern), Liberia (Grand Gedeh, Montserrado, Margibi, Nimba), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Agnebi, Bouaflé, Bouna, Guiglo, Lagunes, San Pédro, Sassandra, Tabou, Toumodi), W Burkina Faso (CentreOuest, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Ghana (Accra, Eastern), S Togo (Centrale, Kara, Plateaux), N Benin (Borgou, Zou), Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Kaduna, Kwara, Oyo, Rivers), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud–Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé Is.), Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooué, MoyenOgooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Central African Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, KemoGribingui, Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Sangha), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Platea, Sanghau), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu, Idjwi Is.), South Sudan (Bahr Al Ghazal, Eastern Equatoria), W Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa), S Somalia (Jubbada Hoose), Kenya (Central, Coast, Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western), Uganda (Central, Eastern, W Northern, Western, Busi, Massambwa, Sanga and Sese Is.), Rwanda (Cyangugu, Kibungo), Burundi (Bujumbura, Bururi, Ngozi, Ruyigi), Tanzania (Arusha, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mtwara, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Tanga, Kagera, Mafia and Zanzibar Is.), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Sofala, Tete, Zambézia, Bazaruto, Inhaca and Portuguese Is.), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Zambia (Copperbelt, Central, Eastern, Luapula, Northern, North-Western), Angola (Benguela, Cuanza Norte, Lunda Norte, Malanje), E Zimbabwe (Manicaland) and ext. NE South Africa (E KwaZuluNatal), NSL–2700 m. Sources: Bocage, 1895, Angel, 1922, Aylmer, 1922, Flower, 1931, Andersson, 1937, Uthmöller, 1937, 1941a, Bogert, 1940, Monard, 1940, 1951, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1947, 1962, 1974, H.W. Parker, 1949, Laurent, 1950c, 1956a, 1960, 1964a, 1973a, Villiers, 1950a, 1951b, 1956b, 1966, Loveridge, 1957a, Manaças, 1958, 1982, E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Capocaccia, 1961b, Sweeney, 1961, P. Johnsen, 1962, Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Roux-Estève, 1965, 1969a, V.J. Wilson, 1965, Knoepffler, 1966, Menzies, 1966, Blackwell, 1967, Broadley, 1968c, 1971d, 1983, 1990, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Roman, 1969, 1973b, 1976, 1980, Hulselmans & Verheyen, 1970, Hulsemans et al., 1970, Pitman, 1974, Stevens, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Courtois & Chippaux, 123 Snakes of the World 1977, Girardin, 1978, Rosselot, 1978, Spawls, 1978, Stucki-Stirn, 1979, Trape, 1981, 1985, Derleyn et al., 1983, Lanza, 1983a, MacKay & MacKay, 1985, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, Patterson, 1987, Branch, 1988, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Spawls & Branch, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Luiselli & Angelici, 2000, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Largen & Spawls, 2010, W. Böhme et al., 2011, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Naja subfulva a valid species fide Chirio & Ineich (2006: 54). 4. Boulengerina multifasciata (F. Werner, 1902). Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 52(1): 347. (Naia multifasciata) Synonyms: Elapechis duttoni Boulenger, 1904c and Naja multifasciata anomala Sternfeld, 1917. Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2015 (formerly IRSNB 359 & IRSNB 6097), a 525–550 mm male (L. Rom, 16 Jan. 1894). Type locality: “der oberen Maringa, Congo” [= Upper Moringa River, Tshuapa Distr., SE Equateur Prov., NW Democratic Republic of the Congo, bet. 0°51’N, 20°42’E, elevation 350 m, & 0°17’N, 23°02’E, elevation 525 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southeastern Cameroon (Centre, Est, Sud), N Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo, WoleuNtem), N Congo (Sangha), SW Central African Republic (Sangha) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Sufd-Kivu), 300–800 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1944b, Laurent, 1956b, Perret, 1960 and Trape & Lang, 1990, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1990, 1995, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. BRACHYOPHIDIUM Wall, 1921a (Uropeltidae) Synonyms: Brahyophlbium – Murthy, 1986 (nomen incorrectum), Brachyiophidium – Murthy, 1990d (nomen incorrectum), and Brahyophlium – B.D. Sharma in B.D. Sharma & Kumari, 1998a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Brachyophidium rhodogaster Wall, 1921a. Distribution: Southern India. Sources: Wall, 1922b, 1924f, Procter, 1924, M.A. Smith, 1943, Angel, 1947, Laurent, 1948, Constable, 1949, Gans, 1966, Murthy, 1975, 1981c, 1982b, Rajendran, 1985, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and Gower et al., 2005. 1. Brachyophidium rhodogaster Wall, 1921a. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1921–1922) 28(1): 41–42, pl., figs. a–d. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.15.60 (formerly BMNH 1921.3.4.13), a 178 mm female (St. Joseph’s College). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Sacred Heart College, Shembaganur, India, ca. 6500 feet [= Sacred Heart College, Shembaganur, 5 km. N Kodaikanal, Palani Hills, S Tamil Nadu State, S India, 10°15’N, 77°29’E, elevation 1980 m] fide Wall (1922b: 556). Distribution: Southern India (Western and Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu), 1280–2100 m. BRACHYOPHIS Mocquard, 1888 (Atractaspididae) Synonyms: Brachiophis Palacky, 1898 (nomen emendatum), and Branchyophis – Gasperetti, 1974 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Brachyophis revoili Mocquard, 1888. Distribution: Somalia. Sources: Witte & Laurent, 1947, Lanza, 1966, 1983a, 1990b, Gasperetti, 1988, Wallach, 1991, Underwood & Kochva, 1993, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Brachyophis cornii Scortecci, 1932c. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 71: 268–269. (Brachyophis revoili cornii) Type: Lectotype, MZUF 2491, a 177 mm female (G. Stefanini & N. Puccioni, 1924), designated by Lanza (1966: 40). Type locality: “fra Durgale e Magghiole, Somalia settentrionale” [= between Durghale (5°35’N, 48°15’E, elevation 90 m) and Magghiole, E Galguduud Region, cen. Somalia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Somalia (Galguduud, Mudug), 20–90 m. Source: Scortecci, 1931. Remarks: A valid species fide Wallach (unpubl. data). Photographs of lectotype in Lanza (1966: pl. 15, fig. 3, pl. 17, figs. 6 [left], 7 [left]). 2. Brachyophis krameri Lanza, 1966. Monit. Zool. Ital. 74(1–3): 41–42, fig. 1b, pl. 15, fig. 2, pl. 19, figs. 10–11, pl. 20, fig. 13. (Brachyophis revoili krameri) Type: Holotype, MZUF 3934, a 180 mm female (native, 16 Aug. 1964). Type locality: “Geriban (Somalia settentrionale, circa 48° 50’ E X 7° 15’ N)” [= Geriban, Mudug Region, cen. Somalia, ca. 48°50’E, 7°15’N, elevation 200 m]. Distribution: Northern Somalia (NE Mudug), 200 m. Remarks: Lanza (1966: 41) lists pls. I, V–VII for the new species. B 124 3. Brachyophis revoili Mocquard, 1888. Mém. Soc. Philom. Paris 1888: 125–128, pl. 11, figs. 3–3d. B Types: Syntypes (3), MNHN 1884.691A, MNHN 1884.692, and BMNH 1946.1.3.86 (formerly MNHN 1884.693), a female, longest syntype 252 mm (G. Révoil, 1884). Type locality: “Çomalis” [= Somalia]. Distribution: Southern Somalia (Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Mudug) and W Yemen, NSL–90 m. Source: Scortecci, 1932a. BRACHYORRHOS Kuhl BRACHYORRHOS Kuhl in Schlegel, 1826a (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Brachyorrhus Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Brachyorros – Doria, 1874 (nomen incorrectum), Oxyorrhos J.G. Fischer, 1879, Atractocephalus Sauvage, 1879, Brachyorhos – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Brachyorhhus – Ditmars, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), and Brachyrhos – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber albus Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Indonesia. Sources: Rooij, 1917, C. Haas, 1950, J.C. Murphy, 2007, 2012b and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: J.C. Murphy (2007: 269) listed genus as Homalopsidae incertae sedis. Undetermined Brachyorrhos occur on Banda, Batjan, Haruku, Nusa Laut and Saparua fide J.C. Murphy et al. (2012: 511). 1. Brachyorrhos albus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 218. (Coluber albus) Synonyms: Elaps jockischii Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), and ? Calamaria brachyorrhos S. Müller, 1857 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-19 (formerly MAFR), a 460 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error). Corrected to Ambon, Indonesia fide J.C. Murphy et al. (2012b: 507). Distribution: Southern Indonesia (Ambon, Aru Is., Banda, Bisa, Haruku, Nusa Laut, Saparua, Seram) and Papua New Guinea (Raja Ampat Is.), NSL–845 m. Remarks: Iskander & Colijn (2001: 41) list the type as ZIUS from Ambon, Indonesia. Mainophis robusta Macleay a synonym fide J.C. Murphy (2007: 211). Timor records doubtful fide J.C. Murphy et al. (2012b: 505). 2. Brachyorrhos gastrotaenius (Bleeker, 1860e). Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Indië (5) 22(2): 42–43. (Rabdion gastrotaenia) Synonym: Oxyorrhos fusiformis J.G. Fischer, 1879. Snakes of the World Type: Holotype, BMNH 1863.12.4.25, a 194 mm female (C.G.C.F. Greiner, 1856). Type locality: “Amboina, Molukschen Archipel” [= Ambon, Maluku, E Indonesia]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Maluku: Ambo, Burun), 775–1450 m. Remarks: Type locality erroneously designated as Buru, SMNS 1327 listed as lost syntypes, RMNH 3977 as cotype, and BMNH 6312425 as holotype, and publication erroneously listed as Sumatra paper fide J.C. Murphy et al. (2012b: 508). Photograph of head of BMNH “holotype” in J.C. Murphy et al. (2012b: fig. 4b). 3. Brachyorrhos raffrayi (Sauvage, 1879b). Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1878–1879) (7) 3: 62–63 (Atractocephalus raffrayi) Synonym: Brachyorrhos albus conjunctus J.G. Fischer, 1880. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 5174, a 530–580 mm female (M.J.A. Raffray, 1876–1879), designated by J.C. Murphy et al. (2012b: 509). Type locality: “Ternate, Indonesia” [= Ternate Is., ] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Maluku: Batjan [MNHN 5782], Ternate). 4. Brachyorrhos wallacei J.C. Murphy, Mumpuni, Lang, Gower & Sanders, 2012b. Raffles Bull. Zool. 60(2): 510, fig. 4d. Type: Holotype, MZB 3463, a 722 mm female. Type locality: “Jailolo, Halmahera,” Indonesia. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Halmahera). BRACHYUROPHIS A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Rhinelaps A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b, Hornea Lucus & Frost, 1896, and Simonelaps – Mattison, 1986 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Brachyurophis semifasciata A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a. Distribution: Australia. Sources: Thomson, 1934, Kinghorn, 1964, Storr, 1968, 1985, 1986, Cogger et al., 1983a, Shine, 1984a, 1985a, Golay, 1985, Longmore, 1986, Scanlon & Shine, 1988, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Gow, 1989, Hoser, 1989, 2012e, Hutchinson, 1990, Cogger, 1992, Clarke & How, 1995, Horner, 1998, Keogh et al., 1998, How & Shine, 1999, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Sanders et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid genus fide Metzger et al. (2010: 409). 125 Snakes of the World 1. Brachyurophis approximans (Glauert, 1954). West. Aust. Nat. 4(4): 85, 1 fig. (Rhynchoelaps approximans) Type: Holotype, WAM 10768 (D.W.H. Shilling, June 1953). Type locality: “Muccan Station, north-western Australia (Lat. 23°30’S., Long. 120°E.)” [= Muccan Station, NW Western Australia, W Australia, 20°40’S, 120°04’E, elevation 95 m]. Distribution: Western Australia (W Western Australia, Barrow and Varanus Is.), 10–1040 m. Sources: Storr, 1979 and Storr et al., 2002. Remarks: Type locality coordinates in Glauert (1954: 85) in error fide Storr (1968: 89), who cited them as 20°38’. 2. Brachyurophis australis (Krefft, 1864c). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 32(1): 180, 4 figs. (Simotes australis) Types: Syntypes (2), formerly BMNH, longest syntype 290–292 mm female (J.C. Cox & J. Francis via G. Krefft), lost fide Cogger et al. (1983: 235). Type locality: “neighbourhood of Port Curtis” and “Clarence River” [= vicinity of Port Curtis, E Queensland, 23°55’S, 151°21’E, elevation NSL, and Clarence River, ext. NE New South Wales, E Australia]. Port Curtis locality emended to Burdekin River in Queensland [= 20°39’S, 146°59’E, elevation 175 m] fide Krefft (1869: 52). Distribution: Southeastern Australia (New South Wales, ext. SE Queensland, SE South Australia, NW Victoria), 20–1045 m. Sources: A.C.L.G. Günther, 1865, Krefft, 1869, Mackay, 1949, Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Coventry & Robertson, 1991, G. Swan, 1999 and Swan et al., 2004. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Krefft (1865a: 66). A.C.L.G. Günther (1865: 97) reported that Krefft sent Clarence River specimen BMNH and Boulenger (1896a: 363) listed it but did not call it a type. Krefft (1864c & 1865) reported first specimen from Port Curtis and second from Clarence River, but Krefft (1869: 52) listed Clarence River specimen as first discovered and second specimen from Burdekin River. 3. Brachyurophis fasciolatus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9(49): 34, pl. 5, fig. b. (Rhinelaps fasciolatus) Synonyms: Vermicella fasciata Stirling & Zietz, 1893, and Hornea pulchella Lucus & Frost, 1896. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.19.12, a 335–343 mm female (F.H. DuBoulay, 1862–1872). Type locality: “Perth, West Australia” [= Perth, SW Western Australia, SW Australia, 31°56’S, 115°50’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Southern Australia (NW New South Wales, Northern Territory, ext. SW Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Dirk Hartog Is.), NSL– 700 m Sources: Covacevich & Couper, 1991, Bush et al., 1995 and Storr et al., 2002. 4. Brachyurophis incinctus (Storr, 1968). J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. (1967) 50(3): 89–90. (Vermicella semifasciata incincta) Type: Holotype, WAM 26844 (formerly NTM 2301), a 261–292 mm male (K.R. Slater, 16 Oct. 1964). Type locality: “near Alice Springs, Northern Territory, in 23° 46’ S, 133° 53’ E, Australia.” Distribution: Central Australia (S Northern Territory, ext. NW Queensland), 50–895 m. Sources: Covacevich & Couper, 1991 and Horner, 1998. 5. Brachyurophis morrisi (Horner, 1998). The Beagle 14: 64–68, fig. 1. (Simoselaps morrisi) Type: Holotype, NTM 22951, a 301 mm male (K. Aland & A. Yumbulul, 10 Oct. 1992). Type locality: “southern end of Elcho Island, 12°03’S 135°34’E, Northern Territory, Australia.” Distribution: Extreme N Australia (N Northern Territory, Woodah Is.), 10–60 m. Source: S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988. 6. Brachyurophis roperi (Kinghorn, 1931). Rec. Aust. Mus. 18(5): 267, fig. 1 (Rhynchoelaps roperi) Synonyms: Rhynchoelaps campbelli Kinghorn, 1929, Rhychoelaps smithii Kinghorn, 1931, Rhynchelaps woodjonesii Thomson, 1934, Brachyurophis woodjonesii Worrell, 1963 (nomen illegitimum), and Brachyurophis murrayi Wells & Wellington, 1985. Type: Holotype, AMS 9930, a 295 mm specimen (K. Langford-Smith, May 1929). Type locality: “Roper River, North Australia” [Australia]. Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory, N Western Australia, Bathurst and Melville Is.), NSL–785 m. Remarks: A valid species fide Hutchinson (1990: 404). Rhynchoelaps campbelli Kinghorn a valid species fide Hutchinson (1990: 404) and Shea & Sadlier (1999: 52). Both taxa prevously synonyms of S. semifasciatus (A.C.L.G. Günther). 7. Brachyurophis semifasciatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 11(61): 21–22, pl. 3, fig. b. (Brachyurophis semifasciata) Synonyms: Pseudoelaps rhinostoma Jan, 1863b, and Pseudoelaps rhodostomus Jan, 1873 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.19.11, a 300–330 mm male (F.H. DuBoulay, 1862–1863), designated by Wells & Wellington (1985: 44). Type locality: “Western Australia?” via lectotype selection. B 126 B Distribution: Western Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia, S Western Australia, Melville Is.), NSL–805 m. Sources: Kinghorn, 1929, Hoser, 1989, Bush et al., 1995, Storr et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Edwards, 2009. Remarks: Type locality originally listed as Baranquilla (New Granada) [= Baranquilla, Colombia] (in error), corrected to West Australia ? fide Boulenger (1896a: 364). †BRANSATERYX Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 (Boidae) Type species: †Bransateryx vireti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972. Distribution: Lower Oligocene to lower Miocene of France, Czech Republic, Germany and Kazakhstan. Sources: Rage, 1984b, Szyndlar, 1994, Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993, Szyndlar & Rage, 1993, Kordikova, 1998 and J. Müller, 1998. 1. †Bransateryx vireti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972. Ann. Paléont. (Vert.) 58(1): 97–102, fig. 7, pl. 2, figs. 1–6. Synonym: †Bransateryx septentrionalis Szyndlar, 1987. Type: Holotype, MNHN Cod 1, one caudal vertebra. Type locality: “Coderet (Allier). Oligocène supérieur (Chattien?), France.” Distribution: Upper Oligocene (Arvernian: 23.0–28.4 mya) of France, middle Oligocene (11.1–13.7 mya) of Germany, and lower Miocene (Agenian: 20.0–23.0 mya) of France, Czech Republic and Germany. BRYGOPHIS Domergue & Bour, 1988 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) (nomen substitutum) Synonym: Perinetia Domergue, 1988 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Perinetia coulangesi Domergue, 1988. Distribution: Madagascar. Sources: Domergue, 1988, Domergue & Bour, 1988, Glaw & Vences, 1994, Andreone & Raxworthy, 1998, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Brygophis coulangesi (Domergue, 1988). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (4) 10(1): 135–138, figs. 1a–f. (Perinetia coulangesi) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1977.817 (formerly CAD 801/S), a 1203 mm female (J. Thiel, 8 Nov. 1968). Type locality: “Forêt de Fiherenana, en zone occidentale de la forêt de l’Est, à une cinquantaine de km, au nord de Périnet, altitude 1000 m environ, Madagascar” [= Fiherenana forest, 50 km N Andasibe (18°56’S, Snakes of the World 48°25’E, 915 m), Toamasina Prov., E Madagascar, ca. 18°35’S, 48°15’E, elevation 1000 m]. Distribution: East-central Madagascar (Majunga, Toamasina), 1000–1200 m. BUHOMA Ziegler, Vences, Glaw & Böhme, 1997 (Elapoidea incertae sedis) Synonym: Swileserpens Hoser, 2012t (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Geodipsas vauerocegae Tornier, 1902b. Distribution: Central and East Africa. Sources: Ziegler et al., 1997, Gravlund, 2001, Spawls et al., 2002, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012t. 1. Buhoma depressiceps (F. Werner, 1897b). Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 47: 402–403. (Tropidonotus depressiceps) Synonyms: Geodipsas mapanjensis Andersson, 1901, and Geodipsas depressiceps marlieri Laurent, 1956a. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMB, 331 and 277 mm specimens (P.R. Preuss [Zintgraff Exped.], 1889–1902). Type locality: “Barombi-Station, Kamerun” [= Barombi Mbo, Sud-Ouest Prov., SW Cameroon, 4°40’N, 9°24’E, elevation 315 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southwestern Cameroon (Centre, Littoral, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Gabon (Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou, Sangha), E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), SW Uganda (Western) and NW Burundi (Bubanza), 315–2200 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, Capoccacia, 1961b, Witte, 1962, Mertens, 1965c, Knoepffler, 1966, Pitman, 1974, Derleyn, 1978a, J.-F. Trape, 1985, J.-F. Trape & RouxEstève, 1995, Chippaux 2006, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2006 and Chirio & LeBreton, 2007. Remarks: Geodipsas depressiceps marlieri possibly a valid species fide Ziegler et al. (1997: 108). 2. Buhoma procterae (Loveridge, 1922). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 92(2): 313–314. (Geodipsas procterae) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.48, a 386 mm male (A. Loveridge, 1 March 1921). Type locality: “On path in thick bush-country, Uluguru Mts., 3 miles from Morogoro, Tanganyika Territroy, at an altitude of about 3000 ft.” [= 3 mi. E Morogoro (6°49’S, 37°40’E), Morogoro Region, E Tanzania, ca. 6°50’S, 37°40’E, elevation 915 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Tanzania (Udzungwa and Uluguru Mts. of Iringa, N Morogoro), 915–2140 m. Source: J.B. Rasmussen et al., 1995. Snakes of the World 127 3. Buhoma vauerocegae (Tornier, 1902b). Zool. Anz. 25(683–684): 703–704. (Geodipsas vauerocegae) 2. Bungarus bungaroides (Cantor, 1839a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 7(1): 33. (Elaps bungaroides) Types: Syntypes, ZMB 17557, female (J. Küttner, H. Böhler, & F. Sammler), lost fide R. Günther (in litt.) Type locality: “Usambara (Deutsch-Ost-Afrika)” [= Usambara Mountains, Tanga Region, NE Tanzania]. Distribution: Northeastern Tanzania (Usambara and Uluguru Mts. of Tanga, N Morogoro), 1000–1300 m. Sources: J.B. Rasmussen, 1981 and J.B. Rasmussen et al., 1995. Synonym: Alecto bungaroïdes A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.91, a juvenile (T.E Cantor, 1834–1839, via British East India Comp.). Type locality: “Chirra Punji, Indicorum” [= Cherrapunji, East Khasi Hills, S Meghalaya State, NE India, 25°18’N, 91°42’E, elevation 1485 m]. Distribution: Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal), ext. E Nepal (Ilam), Bhutan, S China (Yunnan), ext. N Myanmar (Kachin) and N Vietnam (Yen Bai), 250– 2040 m. Sources: Shah, 1999, Kizirian et al., 2002, Leviton et al., 2003, Orlov et al., 2003, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Kuch et al., 2005, Wangyal, 2011 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. BUNGARUS Daudin, 1803a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Bongarus Fischer, 1808 (nomen emendatum), Pseudo-boa Oppel, 1811b (nomen praeoccupatum), Aspidoclonion Wagler, 1828, Bungaras – Bonaparte, 1832 in 1832–1841 (nomen incorrectum), Aspidoclonium Agassiz, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Megaerophis Gray, 1849b, Aspidoclanion – Mason, 1852 (nomen incorrectum), Aspidoclonian – Mason, 1852 (nomen incorrectum), Bngarus – Bleeker, 1859b (nomen incorrectum), Aspidoclanion – F. Mason, 1860 (nomen incorrectum), Xenurelaps A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Bangurus – Stoliczka, 1870d (nomen incorrectum), Henurelaps – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Magaerophis Marschall, 1873 (nomen emendatum), Pseudoboa – Boulenger, 1896a (nomen corrigendum), Aspidoclomion – Maki, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Maegerophis – Bourret, 1938 (nomen incorrectum), Bungrus – Hanvivatvong, Phanuphak, Lowcharoenkul, Benyajati & Sakulramrung, 1987 (nomen incorrectum), and Bungarum – Ota, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Pseudoboa fasciatus J.G. Schneider, 1801. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Fossil record: Miocene of Pakistan. Sources: Wall, 1908f, F. Werner, 1923b, Kopstein, 1932a, M.A. Smith, 1943, Klemmer, 1963, Joger, 1984, Toriba, 1987, Golay et al., 1993, Slowinski, 1994, Keogh, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Slowinski & Keogh, 2000, Head, 2005, Zaher et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 2149 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). 1. Bungarus andamanensis Biswas & Sanyal, 1978. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75(1): 179–182, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, ZSI 20895/1, a 715 mm specimen (A. Bayley de Castro, 18 June 1926). Type locality: “Port Blair, S. Andaman” [= Port Blair, South Andaman Is., Andaman & Nicobars, E India, Bay of Bengal, 11°37’N, 92°44’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Long and South Andaman Is.), NSL–15 m. Source: Whitaker & Captain, 2004. 3. Bungarus caeruleus (J.G. Schneider, 1801). Hist. Amph. 2: 284–285. (Pseudoboa caerulea) Synonyms: Boa lineata G. Shaw, 1802, Boa latotecta Hermann in F. Boie, 1827, Bungarus arcuatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Bungarus coeruleus Jan, 1863b (nomen emendatum), Bungarus coeruleus – Keegan, 1956 (nomen incorrectum), Bungarus ceruleus – Homma, 1974 (nomen incorrectum), and Bungarua caeruleus – Banerjee & Siddiqui, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, a 737 mm specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 1–2, pl. 1), designated by Klemmer (1963: 279). Type locality: “Vizagapatam (Indien)” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E, elevation 25 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Pakistan (S Balochistan, F.A.T.A., Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh), India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Anchal, Utter Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (Banke, Bara, Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang, Dhanusa, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Kapilbastu, Makwanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Rupandehi, Saptari, Sunsari, Surkhet, Udyapur), E Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Eastern, North-Central, Northern, NorthWestern, Sabaragamuwa, Uva, Western), 100–1500 m. Sources: Wall, 1913d, Bhatnagar, 1960, Kramer, 1977, Khan, 1985a, 2002, Khan & Tasnim, 1986a, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Castoe et al., 2007a, Ganesh & Chandramouli, 2011, Masroor, 2012 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: Original descrioption based on P. Russell (1796: 1–2, pl. 1). The paralectotype (ZMB 2787) from Museum Blochianum (“India orientali”) has been discovered fide Bauer (1998: 138). MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 3952 and MNHN 7686–88 as syntypes. B 128 4. Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 223. (Coluber candidus) B Synonyms: Pseudoboa krait J.G. Schneider, 1801, Bungarus semifasciatus F. Boie, 1827, Bungarus arcuatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Bungarus semifasciatus A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Bungarus javanicus Kopstein, 1932a, and Bungaris candidus – Bruno, 1985 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-89 (formerly MAFR), a 925 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error). Distribution: Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Vietnam (Binh Phuoc, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Kon Tum, Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Tay Ninh, Thua Thien-Hue), S Cambodia (Kampot, Mondulkiri), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Lampang, Loei, Lop Buri, Nakhon Ratchasima, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phetchabun, Surin, Trang and Koh Kut Is.), West Malaysia (Kedah, Kuala Lumpur, Perak, Perlis), Singapore, and Indonesia (Bawean, Bali, Java, Karimunjawa, Sumatra), NSL–1525 m. Sources: Wall, 1908f, M.A. Smith, 1914a, Bergman, 1962a, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Lim & Lim, 1992, Jintakune & Chanhome, 1995, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Kuch et al., 2005, Lang & Vogel, 2005, B.L. Stuart et al., 2006, Kuch & Mebs, 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010. Remarks: Sulawesi record doubtful but possibly occurs on Kalimantan fide Lang & Vogel (2005: 259). Bungarus javanicus a valid species fide Toriba in Golay et al. (1993: 120). 5. Bungarus ceylonicus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1964a. Rept. Brit. India: 344. Synonym: Bungarus ceylonicus karavala Deraniyagala, 1955. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.19.20, a 664 mm specimen (H. Cuming, 1836–1840), designated by Deraniyagala (1955: 68). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka] Distribution: Southern Sri Lanka (Central, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), NSL–750 m. Sources: Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1980a and A. Silva, 1990a–b. 6. Bungarus fasciatus (J.G. Schneider, 1801). Hist. Amph. 2: 283–284. (Pseudoboa fasciata) Synonyms: Coluber fasciatus G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber platurinus G. Shaw, 1802, Bungarus annularis Daudin, 1803b, Bungarus semicinctus Duvernoy, 1832, Aspidoclonion schneideri Fitzinger, 1861, Bungarus fasciatus bifasciatus Mell, 1930, Bungarus fasciatus insularis Mell, 1930, Bungurus fasciatus – McDowell, 1969a (nomen incorrectum), Bungaris fasciatus – H. Snakes of the World Fox, 1977 (nomen incorrectum), and Bungrus fasciatus – Hanvivatvong, Phanuphak, Lowcharoenkul, Benyajati & Sakulramrung, 1987 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (2), ZMB 2771–72, longest syntype 1651 mm (P. Russell & natives, 1781–1791). Type locality: Unknown. “Indien” [= India] fide ZMB catalogue. Restricted to “Mansoor Cottah, Bengal, India” [= Ganjam, Orissa State, SE India, 19°23’N, 85°03’E, elevation NSL] fide P. Russell (1801: 53). Distribution: Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Eastern India (N Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Bangladesh, Nepal (Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Kapilbastu, Morang, Parsa, Sunsari), Bhutan, S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Yunnan), Macau, Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Kachin, Magway, Mandalay, Rakhine, Yangon), Thailand (Ang Thong, Ayutthaya, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chumphon, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nonthaburi, Pattani, Phetchabun, Ranong, Samut Prakan, Saraburi, Sing Buri, Surin, Tak, Uthai Thani), Laos (Attapu, Borikhan, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangphrabang, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Vientiane, Xaignabouri, Xekong, Xiangkhouang), Vietnam (Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Ninh, Binh Phuoc, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Hai Duong, Hanoi, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh City, Kien Giang, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Nighe An, Ninh Binh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai), Cambodia, West Malaysia (Pinang), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL–2500 m. Sources: Wall, 1911c, C.H. Pope, 1935, Leviton, 1955, Bergman, 1962a, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Deuve, 1970, Tweedie, 1983, Karsen et al., 1986, Kuch, 1991, Jintakune & Chanhome, 1995, Zug & Mitchell, 1995, David & Vogel, 1996, Bauer, 1998, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Xie et al., 1998, Stuebing & Liger, 1999, Zug et al, 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, Malkmus et al., 2002, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Leviton et al., 2003, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Castoe et al., 2007a, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, I. Das, 2012 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: Description based on P. Russell (1796: 5, pl. 3). Official Specific Name no. 2785 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). Type locality listed as Indien [= India] fide ZMB catalogue. Snakes of the World 7. Bungarus flaviceps J.T. Reinhardt, 1843. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh. 10: 267– 269, pl. 3, fig. 4. Synonyms: Megaerophis formosus Gray, 1849b, Bungarus flaviceps baluensis Loveridge, 1938a, and Maticora intermedia Westermann, 1942. Type: Holotype, ZMUC 65301, a 1256 mm specimen (B.W. Westermann, 1801–1817). Type locality: “Java” [= W Indonesia]. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Greater Sundas. Southern Myanmar (Tanintharyi), S Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tsu, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, Lam Dong), Cambodia, Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang Nga, Ratchaburi), West Malaysia (Perak, Perlis, Pinang), East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Banka, Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Nias, Sumatra), 550–1550 m. Sources: Brongersma, 1933e, 1947a, 1948b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Jintakune & Chanhome, 1995, David & Vogel, 1996, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Kuch & Götzke, 2000, Malkmus et al., 2002, Leviton et al., 2003, Orlov et al., 2003, McGuire & Kuch, 2005 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 8. Bungarus lividus Cantor, 1839a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 7(1): 32. Type: Lectotype, specimen illustrated in colored sketch of T.E. Cantor (1834–1837: no 1) in RSL, designated by M.A. Smith (1943: 418). Type locality: “Assam” [= Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram or Nagaland State, NE India] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northeastern India (Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal), Nepal (Chitwan, Udayapur) and Bangladesh, 340 m. Sources: Wall, 1911j, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. 9. Bungarus magnimaculatus Wall & Evans, 1901. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1900–1901) 13(4): 611–612. (Bungarus caeruleus magnimaculata) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1908.6.23.90 (formerly IMC), a 1219–1308 mm specimen (J.C. Thompson a.k.a. V. Kühne, Jan.–June 1900), designated by M.A. Smith (1943: 417). Type locality: “Meiktila, Upper Burma” [= Meiktila, Mandalay State, cen. Myanmar, 20°52’N, 95°51’E, elevation 245 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Myanmar (Mandalay, Sagaing, S Shan, Yangon), 10–245 m. Source: Leviton et al., 2003. 129 10. Bungarus multicinctus Blyth, 1860. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 29(1): 98. Synonyms: Bungarus wanghaotingi C.H. Pope, 1928b, Bungarus multicinctum – Mell in Ahl, 1930, Bungaris multicinctus – Bertke, Watt & Tu, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), and Bungarus multicinctis – Bernheimer, Weinstein & Linder, 1986 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, IMC, a 1220 mm skin without head (R. Swinhoe, 1855–1860 [Amoy] or 7 June–1 July 1858 [Formosa]), lost fide M.A. Smith (1943: 416). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Amoy [= Xiamen Shi, Fujian Prov., S China] fide C.H. Pope (1935: 335), M.A. Smith (1943: 416), Klemmer (1963: 281) and Golay et al. (1993: 120), Formosa [= Taiwan] fide Stejneger (1907: 397) and Maki (1931: 153) and both China and Formosa fide C.H. Pope (1935: 335). Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southeastern China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Macau, Taiwan, Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay, Yangon), N Laos, N Vietnam (Bsc Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Hanoi, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Lang Son, Nghe An, Son La, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phuc), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Stejneger, 1907, Maki, 1931, Mao, 1961, Kuntz, 1963, Karsen et al., 1986, Easton & Leung-Va, 1993, Xie et al., 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, Kuch et al., 2005b, Kuch & Mebs, 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Xiang & Li, 2009. Remarks: The only two snakes reported in Blyth (1860: 98) are represented by dried skins and the other (Python molurus) is stated to be from Formosa, suggesting a type locality of Taiwan. Robert Swihoe first lived in Amoy (1855–1860), became British Vice-Consul in Formosa (1861–1873 but earlier collected in Formosa in 1856 and 1858) and then became Consulate in Amoy (1863–1873), Ningpo and Chefoo. Zhao & Adler (1993: 265), David & Ineich (1999: 69), Zhao (2006: 292), Zhang (2009: 127) and Shi (2011:256) are equivocal concerning the type locality. 11. Bungarus niger Wall, 1908f. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1907–1908) 18(4): 712–713, 715–716. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.63 (formerly BMNH 1860.3.19.1257), a juvenile female (F. Wall, 17 May 1907), designated by Toriba in Golay et al. (1993: 121). Type locality: “Tindharia, eastern Himalayas, India” [= Tindharia, N West Bengal State, NE India, 26°51’N, 88°20’E, elevation 875 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, North Bengal, Sikkim, Uttarakand), Nepal (Kaski), Bhutan and N Bangladesh, 100–1800 m. Sources: Wall, 1911j, Tillack & Grossman, 2001, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Grosselet et al., 2004, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Theophilus et al., B 130 B 2008, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: Supplemental original descriptions in wall (1909d: 355 & 1910c: 838–840, pl. figs. 4–7). Type locality restriction to Tindharia, eastern Himalayas [300–1370 m] fide M.A. Smith (1943: 417) irrelevant. 12. Bungarus sindanus Boulenger, 1897f. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1897–1898) 11(1): 73–74, pl., 4 figs. Synonym: Bungarus sindanus razai Khan, 1985a. Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.18.54–55, [Sukkur] (L.J. Mountford) and BMNH 1946.1.19.16 [Umarkot] (H.E. Watson), longest syntype 1300 mm. Type locality: “Umarkot” and “Sukkur, Sindh” [= Umarkot, S Sindh Prov., 25°24’N, 69°43’E, elevation 10 m and Sukkur, 27°41’N, 68°51’E, elevation 60 m, N Sindh Prov., SE Pakistan]. Restricted to Sindh Basin fide Boulenger (1897f: 73). Distribution: Pakistan (N Balochistan, Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh) and W India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan), 10–1180 m. Sources: Wall, 1913d, Schleich & Kästle, 2002 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. Remarks: Resurrected as a valid species fide Khan, 1984b, 1985a. 13. Bungarus slowinskii Kuch, Kizirian, Truong, Lawson, Donnelly & Krebs, 2005. Copeia 2005(4): 823–828, figs. 3–5. Type: Holotype, IEBR 1172 (formerly LACM FS 843), a 1350 mm male (Q.T. Nguyen & D. Kizirian, 1 Oct. 2001). Type locality: “Vietnam, Yen Bai Prov., Van Yen District, from a stream near Na Hau Commune, 21°46’N, 104°32’E, 540 m.” Distribution: Central Laos (Khammouane) and N Vietnam (Lao Cai, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Thua Snakes of the World Thien-Hue, Yen Bai), 140–1300 m. Possibly occurs up Red River Valley in Yunnan, China fide Kuch et al. (2005: 828). Sources: Kien & Truong, 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Kharin et al., 2011. 14. Bungarus walli Wall, 1907a. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1906–1907) 17(3): 608–609, 1 pl., 6 figs. Type: Lectotype, from BMNH 1946.1.18.51–53 series, a 1511 mm male (F. Wall and natives, 6–29 Aug. 1906), designated by Wall (1924b: 24). Type locality: “Fyzabad, Oudh” [= Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, N India, 26°47’N, 82°09’E, elevation 100 m]. Distribution: Northern India (Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), SE Nepal and Bangladesh (Chittagong), NSL–155 m. Sources: Wall, 1924b, 1928, Klemmer, 1963, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: The first new species discovered by F. Wall after 11.5 years of laborious field work, which is why he claimed “sufficient excuse for commemorating the event and attaching my own name to it.” 15. Bungarus wanghaotingi C.H. Pope, 1928b. Amer. Mus. Novit. (325): 3–4. Type: Holotype, AMNH 35320, a 484 mm female (W. Granger, Nov. 1926). Type locality: “Yuan Kiang, southwestern Yunnan Province, China” [= Yuanjiang, SW Yunnan Prov., SW China, 23°36’N, 102°00’E, elevation 400 m]. Distribution: Myanmar (Kachin, Rakhine, Sagaing, Yangon) and SW China (Yunnan), 400–900 m. Source: A valid species fide Leviton et al., 2003. Remarks: Supplemental original description in C.H. Pope (1929: 469). C C CAAETEBOIA Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leitve & Bonatto, 2009 (Xenodontidae) Type species: Liophis amarali Wettstein, 1930. Distribution: Eastern Brazil. Sources: Dixon, 1980, Marques et al., 2001, Zaher et al., 2009,Vidal et al., 2010 and Passos et al., 2012a. 1. Caaeteboia amarali (Wettstein, 1930). Zool. Anz. 88(1–4): 93–94, fig. 1. (Liophis amarali) Type: Holotype, NMW 23107, a 527 mm specimen (P. Branchhardt don., May 1929). Type locality: “Bello Horizonte, Staat Minas Geraës, Brasilien” [= Belo Horizonte, cen. Minas Gerais State, E Brazil, 19°55’S, 43°56’W, elevation 865 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), 865 m. CACOPHIS A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c (Elapidae) Synonyms: Petrodymon Krefft, 1865b, and Cachophis – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Cacophis krefftii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Distribution: Eastern Australia. Sources: Krefft, 1869, Shine, 1980b, Cogger et al., 1983a, Mengden, 1983, Shine, 1985a, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Hoser, 1989, 2012e, Hutchinson, 1990, Ehmann, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Greer, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Scanlon, 2003a, Scanlon & Lee, 2004 and Sanders et al., 2008. 1. Cacophis churchilli Wells & Wellington, 1985. Aust. J. Herp. (Suppl. 1): 45. Type: Holotype, AMS R74464 (G. Churchill, 1968). Type locality: “Black Mountain Road, near Kuranda, Queensland, (16 49’S x 14S 38’E), Australia.” Distribution: Northeastern Australia (Queensland, Lindeman Is.), NSL–855 m. Sources: S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Covacevich & McDonald, 1993, Shea & Sadlier, 1999 and Scanlon, 2002. 2. Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 31(1): 319, fig. 3. Synonyms: Cacophis harrietti flavicollis McDowell, 1967 (nomen nudum), and Cacophis harrietti harrietti – McDowell, 1967 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, AMS 142007 (formerly AMS 6676), a 305 mm specimen (F.A. Blackman, 1855–1869), designated by Cogger (1979: 204). Type locality: “Warro, Port Curtis, Queensland, Australia” [= 23°25’S, 150°31’E, elevation NSL] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Eastern Australia (ext. NE New South Wales, E Queensland), NSL–825 m. Source: Shea & Sadlier, 1999. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Krefft (1869b: 74, pl. 11, figs. 5–5a.). 3. Cacophis krefftii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 361. Synonym: Cacophis fordei Krefft, 1869b. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.60, a 305 mm specimen (J.F. Wilcox, June 1847–Sept. 1850), designated by Cogger et al. (1983: 219). Type locality: “probably from Port Macquarie” [New South Wales, Australia] (in error). “North of the Clarence River, N.S.W” via lectotype selection. Restricted to north of the Clarence at Ipswich, Queensland fide Krefft (1869: 74) [= Ipswich, Queensland, Australia, 27°37’N, 152°46’E, elevation 35 m]. Distribution: Eastern Australia (E New South Wales, ext. SE Queensland), NSL–1005 m. Remarks: The types were donated by G. Krefft fide Günther (1863c: 361). 4. Cacophis squamulosus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 1235–1236. (Pseudelaps squamulosus) Synonyms: Pseudelaps squamulosus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Diemansia cucullata A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b, Pseudoelaps atropolios Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Pseudoelaps atropolios Jan, 1873 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7667 (J. Verreaux, 1844). Type locality: “Tasmanie” [= Tasmania, Australia]. (in error fide Cogger et al., 1983a: 219). Distribution: Southeastern Australia (E New South Wales, ext. SE Queensland), NSL–1245 m. 131 132 †CADURCERYX Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 (Boidae) C Type species: †Cadurceryx filholi Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972. Distribution: Middle to upper Eocene of France. Source: Rage, 1984b. Remarks: Upper Eocene material believed to represent a second species fide Rage (1978: 209). 1. †Cadurceryx filholi Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972. Ann. Paléont. (Vert.) 58(1): 91–93, figs. 6a–c, pl. 1, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNHN Qu 301, one anterior cloacal vertebra with both synapophyses and additional processes. Type locality: “phosphorites du Quercy, anciennes collections, localité non précisée: âge: presque certainement Eocène supérieur, France.” Probably Headonian, upper Eocene fide Rage (1984b: 24). Distribution: Middle Eocene (Lutetian: 37.2–48.6 mya) and upper Eocene (Priabonian: 33.9–37.2 mya) of France. †CADURCOBOA Rage, 1978 (Boidae) Type species: †Cadurcoboa insolita Rage, 1978. Distribution: Middle Eocene of France, upper Eocene of France and United Kingdom. Sources: Rage, 1978, 1984b, Holman & Harrison, 1998a and Rage & Augé, 2010. Remarks: An unidentified species known from upper Eocene of United Kingdom fide Milner et al. (1982). 1. †Cadurcoboa insolita Rage, 1978. Palaeovertebrata 8(2–4): 210–213, figs. 6, 7a–b. Type: Holotype, UPVI SNB 1000, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Sainte-Néboule, Lot (Phosphorites du Quercy), Eocène supérieur” [France]. Emended to Headonian fide Rage (1984b: 31). Distribution: Middle Eocene (37.2–48.6 mya) and upper Eocene (Priabonian: 33.9–37.2 mya) of France and United Kingdom (England). CALABARIA Gray, 1858b (Calabariidae) Synonyms: Rhoptrura W.C.H. Peters, 1858, and Roptrura Sauvage, 1884 (nomen emendatum). Type species: Eryx reinhardtii Schlegel, 1848. Distribution: Western and cen. Africa. Sources: Gray, 1858e, Tornier, 1901, E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Stimson, 1969, Snakes of the World Underwood, 1976, Hughes, 1983, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, Kluge, 1993a, 1999a, Heise et al., 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Lamar, 1997b, Luiselli & Akani, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Luiselli et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, R. Lawson et al., 2004, Chippaux, 2006, Noonan & Chippindale, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: A synonym of Charina fide Kluge, 1993. 1. Calabaria reinhardtii (Schlegel, 1848). Bijdr. Dierk. 1: 2–3, pl. (Eryx reinhardtii) Synonyms: Calabaria fusca Gray, 1858b, and Roptrura petiti Sauvage, 1884. Type: Holotype, ZMB 1471, a 457 mm specimen (J.T. Reinhardt, 1845–1847). Type locality: “Côte d’or” [= Ghana]. Restricted to Aqua Pim (= Akwapim) [= Akwapim, Eastern Prov., S Ghana, 5°58’N, 1°05’W, elevation 120 m] fide Hughes & Barry (1969: 1010). Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Liberia (Bong, Gbarpolu, Loffa, Margibi, Montserrado), Ivory Coast (Abidjan), S Ghana (Eastern), Togo (Plateaux), Benin, S Nigeria (Cross River, Delta), S Cameroon (Central, Est, Littoral, NordOuest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooué, Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Nyanga, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), SW Central African Republic (Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Sangha), S Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou, Niari, Pool) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Kivu, Orientale), NSL–1050 m. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). †CALAMAGRAS Cope, 1873 (Boidae) Synonyms: †Aphelophis Cope, 1873, †Calamagros – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), and †Aphelopsis Stromer, 1910 (nomen emendatum). Type species: †Calamagras murivorus Cope, 1873. Distribution: Lower Eocene of USA, France and Kyrgyzstan, middle Eocene of USA, upper Eocene of Canada, lower Oligocene of USA and Mongolia, upper Oligocene of USA, and lower Miocene of USA. Sources: Gilmore, 1938, Holman, 1979b, 2000a, and Rage, 1984b. 1. †Calamagras angulatus Cope, 1873. Synop. New Vert. Tertiary Colorado: 16. Type: Holotype, AMNH 1654, one trunk vertebra (E.D. Cope, summer 1873). 133 Snakes of the World Type locality: “Cedar Creek, Colorado (Whitneyan or Orellan, middle or late Oligocene)” [= early Oligocene fide Holman, 2000a: 288]. Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Orellan: 33.3–33.9 mya) of USA (Colorado, South Dakota), upper Oligocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska, Wyoming), and lower Miocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska). Source: Holman, 1976b. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Cope (1874a: 518). 2. †Calamagras floridanus Auffenberg, 1963. Tulane Stud. Zool. 10(3): 162–163, fig. 11. Type: Holotype, UF 6150, one trunk vertebra (W. Auffenberg, 1954). Type locality: “Boulder Bar, Thomas Farm, Gilchrist County, Florida, lower Miocene, Arikareean, Hawthorne formation.” Distribution: Lower Miocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Florida). Known only from type locality. Remarks: Listed as middle Miocene fide (Holman, 1979b: 211). 3. †Calamagras gallicus Rage, 1977b. Herpetologica 33(4): 459–460, figs. 1a–b. Type: Holotype, MNHN GR 7896, one caudal vertebra. Type locality: “Grauves (Département de la Marne, France). Lower Eocene = Ypresian (correlated with the Wasatchian of North America).” Distribution: Lower Eocene (Ypresian: 48.6–55.8 mya) of France. Known only from type locality. 4. †Calamagras murivorus Cope, 1873. Synop. New Vert. Tertiary Colorado: 15. Synonyms: †Aphelophis talpivorus Cope, 1873, and †Calamagras truxalis Cope, 1873. Type: Holotype, AMNH 1603, six trunk vertebrae (E.D. Cope, summer 1873). Type locality: “Cedar Creek, northeastern Colorado” [USA]. Emended to Oligocene, Oreodon Beds fide Gilmore (1938: 42) and White River Formation, lower Oligocene (Orellan) of Cedar Creek locality, Logan County, Colorado fide Holman (2000a: 63). Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Orellan: 33.3–33.9 mya) of the USA (Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota). Remarks: Original description reprinted in Cope (1874a: 517). 5. †Calamagras platyspondyla Holman, 1976b. Herpetologica 32(1): 89, figs. 1a–b. Type: Holotype, USNM 4512, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Loc. I, Lower Gering formation: University of Nebraska State Museum Locality MO-119 (NW 1/4, SE 1/4, sec. 32, T 20 N, R 52 W, 10.46 km S and 2.01 km W of Bayard, Morrill County, Nebraska), Lower Miocene.” Emended to lower Gering formation, late Oligocene (early Arikareean)-6, Durnal locality, Morrill County, Nebraska fide Holman (2000a: 64) Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Arikareean: 20.6– 30.8 mya) of USA (Florida), and upper Oligocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska, Wyoming). Sources: Holman, 1977d and Holman & Harrison, 2001. 6. †Calamagras primus M.K. Hecht in McGrew, 1959. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 117(3): 142–143, pl. 54, figs. 1–5. Type: Holotype, AMNH 3828, one middle trunk vertebra (P.O. McGrew & field crews, 1950–1952). Type locality: “Locality 5, on the south side of Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area at the northern end of the Green River Basin, about 15 miles from the southwest flank of the Wind River Mountains and 25 miles north of the village of Farson, in southeast corner of Sublette County, Wyoming (T 27-29N, R 103-106 W), [USA]; late Bridgerian, middle Eocene.” Distribution: Middle Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming) and possibly lower Eocene (50.3–55.4 mya) of USA (New Mexico). Source: Sullivan & Lucus, 1988. 7. †Calamagras turkestanicus Danilov & Averianov, 1999. Geodiversitas 21(1): 86–91, figs. 1a–d, 2a–d, 3a–d. Type: Holotype, ZISP PH 1/2, one anterior/middle trunk vertebra (A.O. Averianov, 1988–1993 and I.G. Danilov & A.O. Averianov, 1995). Type locality: “Andarak 2, Fergana Valley, Kyrgystan; Alay beds, lower Eocene (late Ypresian).” Distribution: Lower Eocene (Ypresian: 48.6–55.8 mya) of Kyrgyzstan. 8. †Calamagras weigeli Holman, 1972. Canad. J. Earth Sci. 9(12): 1626, figs. 7a–b. Type: Holotype, SMNH 1437, one posterior trunk vertebra (Saskatchewan Mus. Nat. Hist., 1960–1963). Type locality: “early Oligocene, Cypress Hills Formation, north branch of Calf Creek in L.S. 4, Sec. 8, Twp. 8, Distribution 22, W 3rd mer., elevation 3600 ft (1100 m), 10 mi (16 km) northwest of Eastend, Saskatchewan.” Emended to late Eocene (Chadronian) fide Holman (2000a: 67). Distribution: Upper Eocene (Chadronian: 33.9–38.0 mya) of Canada (Saskatchewan), and lower-middle Miocene (Barstovian, Hemingfordian and Arikareean: 13.6– 30.8 mya) of USA (South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming). Sources: Holman, 1976a, 1976c, 1977b. C 134 CALAMARIA H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (Calamariidae) C Synonyms: Changulia Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835, Typhlocalamus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872a, Caramaria – Oshima, 1910 (nomen incorrectum), Galamaria – Okada, 1932 (nomen incorrectum), Keiometopon E.H. Taylor, 1962, Calameria – Witte, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), Calamalia – F.-T. Peng & Chang, 1968 (nomen incorrectum), Crottyreedus Hoser, 2012aj (nomen illegitimum), Freudreedus Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum), and Oxyreedus Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Calamaria linnaei H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Sources: Inger & Marx, 1965, Grismer et al., 2004, Koch et al., 2009, Orlov, 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Official Generic Name fide Opinions 18 (ICZN, 1926) & Opinion 2196 (ICZN, 2008). 1. Calamaria abramovi Orlov, 2009. Russ. J. Herp. 16(2): 147–151, figs. 1–6. Type: Holotype, ZISP 25569, a 482 mm female (N.L. Orlov, 15 Sept. 1998). Type locality: “from above Mang Xang Village, Ngoe Linh Mountain, Dac Glei District, Kon Tum Prov., Vietnam (15º05’ N 107º57’ E, elevation 1700m).” Distribution: Southern Vietnam (Kon Tum), 1700 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Orlov et al., 2010. 2. Calamaria abstrusa Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 179–180, fig. 49. Type: Holotype, NMW 17026, a 170 mm male (J. Schild, 1890–1904). Type locality: “Padang, Sumatra” [= Padang, Sumatera Barat Prov., W Sumatra, W Indonesia, 0°57’S, 100°21’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (Nias, W Sumatra), NSL. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. 3. Calamaria acutirostris Boulenger, 1896c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17(101): 394. Type: Lectotype, NMBA 1686, a 250 mm male (P. & F. Sarasin, 1893–1896), designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 73). Type locality: “Celebes: Mount Bonthain, Loka” [= Loka, Mt. Lompobatang, South Sulawesi Prov., Sulawesi, Indonesia, 5°19’S, 119°54’E, elevation 1200 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Indonesia (SW Sulawesi), 1065– 1200 m. Snakes of the World Sources: Bosch, 1985, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. Remarks: Lectotype erroneously listed as NMBA 1681 fide Inger & Marx (1965: 74). 4. Calamaria albiventer (Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835). Illust. Indian Zool. 2(19– 20): pl. 86, figs. 6–9. (Changulia albiventer) Synonyms: Calamaria indragirica Schenkel, 1901, and Calamaria ornata F. Werner, 1909b. Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.2.10 (formerly BMNH 1860.3.19.1269a–b) and BMNH 1946.1.2.18 (formerly BMNH 1898.9.22.39), three females (T. Hardwicke, 1756–1823). Type locality: “Pinang” [= Penang Is., Pinang State, NW Malay Peninsula, 5°22’N, 100°14’E]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. West Malaysia (Perak, Pinang), Singapore and W Indonesia (E Sumatra), NSL–1370 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, David & Vogel, 1996 and Grismer et al., 2010. Remarks: M.A. Smith (1943: 530) designated pl. 124 in T. Hardwicke’s collection a lectotype. Inger & Marx (1965: 96) listed 3 syntypes with BMNH 1860.3.19.1269 having 2 specimens. 5. Calamaria alidae Boulenger, 1920a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 5(27): 282–283. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.64 (formerly BMNH 1920.1.16.22), a 220 mm specimen (C.J. Brooks, 1912–1917). Type locality: “Lebong Tandai in Benkoelen, Sumatra” [= Lebong Tandai, Bengkulu Prov., W Sumatra, W Indonesia, 3°01’S, 101°54’E, elevation 150 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 240]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Sumatra), 150 m. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. 6. Calamaria apraeocularis M.A. Smith, 1927. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 97(1): 224–225. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.48 (formerly MAS 8542 & BMNH 1926.8.20.157), a 285 mm female (M.A. Smith, 15 Jan.–15 Feb. 1924). Type locality: “Djikoro, on the south-western slopes of Mt. Bonthain, about five kilometers distant from Malakadji, at an altitude of about 1200 metres, South Celebes” [= Cikoro, Mt. Lompobatang, South Sulawesi Prov., Sulawesi, Indonesia, ca. 5°25’S, 119°52’E, elevation 1200 m] Distribution: Central Indonesia (SW Sulawesi), 1200 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Bosch, 1985, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. 135 Snakes of the World 7. Calamaria banggaiensis Koch, Arida, McGuire, Iskandar & Böhme, 2009. Zootaxa (2196): 21–26, figs. 2, 4, 6, 8. Type: Holotype, MZB 3230 (formerly AK 182), a 201 mm female (A. Koch & E. Erida, 28 Aug. 2005). Type locality: “approximately 5 m elevation, southeast of Desa (= village) Banggai (1º37’23”S, 123º32’16E”), Pulau Banggai, Kepulauan Banggai, east of Central Sulawesi (Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah), Indonesia.” Distribution: Central Indonesia (cen. Sulawesi: Banggai and Peleng), NSL. Source: Koch, 2012. 8. Calamaria battersbyi Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 208–209. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1896.2.17.13, a 92 mm male (F.H. Rolle, 1864–1896). Type locality: “Tandjong, southeastern Borneo” [= SE Kalimantan]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (SE Kalimantan). 9. Calamaria bicolor A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 78–81. Synonyms: Calamaria macrurus Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria hosei Günther, 1896b, Calamaria semiannulata Boettger, 1898, and Calamaria picteti Peracca, 1899. Type: Holotype, RMNH 68, a 281 mm male (S. Müller, spring 1831–May 1832). Type locality: “Ile de Bornéo” [= Kalimantan, cen. Indonesia]. Distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Indonesia (cen. Java, Kalimantan), 1200 m. Sources: T. Vogt, 1925, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2012. 10. Calamaria bitorques W.C.H. Peters, 1872b. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1872(7): 585–586. Type: Holotype, ZMB 7444. Type locality: “Philippinen” [= Philippines]. Listed as Luzon in ZMB catalogue fide Inger & Marx (1965: 106). Distribution: Northern Philippines (Luzón, Panay), 850 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922a and Gaulke & Vogel, 2005. 11. Calamaria boesemani Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 171–172. Type: Holotype, GNM 3230 (formerly NHMG), a 116 mm female (W. Kaudern, Dec. 1919). Type locality: “Pinapuan (?Pinapolan) near Luwuk and Biak, near the tip of the eastern peninsula, Celebes” [= Pinapuan, near Luwuk (0°51’S, 123°03’E, 45 m), E Sulawesi, Indonesia]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (E Sulawesi), 45 m. Known only from holotype. Sources: Bosch, 1985, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. 12. Calamaria borneensis Bleeker, 1860b. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Indië (5) 22(1): 296. Synonyms: Calamaria borneensis Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum), Rabdosoma borneensis Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum), and Rhabdosoma borneensis Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.66, a 220 mm specimen (P. de Bleeker, 1857–1860). Type locality: “Borneo (Sintang)” [= Pasar Sintang, Kalimantan Barat State, W Kalimantan, Indonesia, 0°05’N, 111°29’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (W Kalimantan), NSL–350 m. Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Rooijen & Rooijen, 2007. 13. Calamaria brongersmai Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 118–119. Type: Holotype, GNM 3229 (formerly NHMG), a 225 mm male (W. Kaudern, Dec. 1919). Type locality: “Penapuan (?Pinapolan) near Luwuk and Biak, near the tip of the eastern peninsula, Celebes” [= Pinapuan, near Luwuk (0°51’S, 123°03’E, 45 m), E Sulawesi, Indonesia]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (cen. and E Sulawesi), 45 m. Sources: S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007 and Koch, 2012. 14. Calamaria buchi Marx & Inger, 1955. Fieldiana: Zool. 37: 195–196, fig. 26. Type: Holotype, FMNH 71697, a 389 mm female (Buch, 1953). Type locality: “Dalat, Viet Nam, Indo-China. Altitude 1,500 feet” [= Da Lat, Lam Dong Prov., Vietnam, 11°56’N, 108°28’E, elevation 1500 m]. Distribution: Southeast Vietnam (Ha Tinh, Lam Dong), 450–1500 m. Sources: Ziegler & Le, 2005, Ziegler et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Orlov et al., 2010. 15. Calamaria butonensis S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. J. Herp. 41(2): 237–240, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, MZB 3125, a 176 mm male (G.R. Gillespie, S. Howartd, D. Lockie, M. Scroggie & Boeadi, 21 June 2002). Type locality: “Kakenauwe Reserve at 5°11’0”S, 122°53’40”E, and 150 m elevation, Sulawesi, Indonesia.” Distribution: Central Indonesia (Sulawesi), 150–430 m. Sources: G.R. Gillespie et al., 2005 and Koch, 2012. C 136 16. Calamaria ceramensis Rooij, 1913. Bijdr. Dierk. 19: 26–27. C Synonym: Calamaria jeudei Kopstein, 1926. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMA 10083 (2), 210 and 245 mm specimens (L F. de Beauford, Feb. 1910). Type locality: “Honitetu, West-Ceram, Archipelago indico, [= Honitétu, W Seram, Maluku, E Indonesia].” Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Maluku: Ambon, Saparua, Seram). Sources: Bosch, 1985, S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007 and Koch et al., 2009. Remarks: Syntype photographs in Koch et al. (2009: figs. 3, 5, 7, 9) 17. Calamaria concolor Orlov, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ananjeva & Ho, 2010. Russ. J. Herp. 17(3): 237–239, figs. 1–6. Type: Holotype, ZISP 30185 (formerly IEBR A.2010.02), a 578 mm male (T.D. Tran, April 2009). Type locality: “Bach Ma Peak, Bach Ma National Park, on the Eco-tourist trail, Thua Thien-Hue Prov., Vietnam (16º11’16.7” N, 107º50’36.1” E; altitude 1400 m.a.s.l.).” Distribution: Central Vietnam (Thua Thien-Hue), 1400 m. Known only from type locality. 18. Calamaria crassa Lidth de Jeude, 1922. Zool. Meded. 6(4): 248–249. Type: Holotype, RMNH 4692, a 460 mm male (E. Jacobson, June 1917). Type locality: “Gunung Talamau (1300 M.) (Ophir districts), Padang Highlands, central-Sumatra” [= Mount Talakmau, Sumatera Barat Prov., W Sumatra, W Indonesia, 0°04’N, 99°59’E, elevation 1300 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 243]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Sumatra), 1300 m. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. 19. Calamaria curta Boulenger, 1896d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 18(103): 62–63. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.52 (formerly BMNH 1896.4.29.35), a 315 mm female (A.H. Everett, 1896). Type locality: “S. Celebes, 2000 feet,” [= S Sulawesi, E Indonesia, elevation 610 m]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (ext. SW Sulawesi), 610– 1800 m. Sources: Bosch, 1985, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. 20. Calamaria doederleini Gough, 1902. Zool. Anz. 25(681): 645–646. (Calamaria doederleini) (nomen corrigendum) Synonym: Calamaria döderleini Gough, 1902 (nomen incorrigendum). Snakes of the World Type: Holotype, MZUS (unnumbered), a 285–288 mm male (C. Koschinsky, 1899), lost fide David & Vogel (1996: 49). Type locality: “East Sumatra, Langkat” [= Langkat Prefecture, Aceh Prov., N Sumatra, W Indonesia, 3°40’N, 98°10’E, elevation 100 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 240]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (N Sumatra), 100 m. Known only from type locality. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of C. pavimentata semidoliata F. Werner fide Inger & Marx (1965: 239). 21. Calamaria eiselti Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 175–177, fig. 47. Type: Holotype, NMW 16703.1, a 343 mm male (F. Steindachner, don. 1896). Type locality: “Padang, Sumatra” [= Padang, Sumatera Barat Prov., Sumatra, W Indonesia, 0°57’S, 100°21’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Sumatra), NSL. Known only from type locality. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. 22. Calamaria everetti Boulenger, 1893d. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 61(1): 525. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2 (formerly BMNH 1893.3.6.52), a 100 mm specimen (A.H. Everett, 1872– 1876 or 1885–1890). Type locality: “Sarawak” [= Borneo]. Emended to Senah branch of Sarawak River, First Division fide Inger & Marx (1965: 134). Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Indonesia (N Kalimantan), 1500 m. Remarks: Does not occur in the Philippines (Palawan) fide Gaulke & Vogel (2005: 19). 23. Calamaria forcarti Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 184–185. Type: Holotype, NWM 16710, a 177 mm male (F. Steindachner, 1900). Type locality: “Deli, Sumatra” [= Medan region (3°35’N, 98°41’E, ca. 25 m), N Sumatra, W Indonesia fide David & Vogel, 1996: 49]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (N Sumatra, Nias), 25 m. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. 24. Calamaria gervaisii A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 76–78. Synonyms: Calamaria mindorensis Boulenger, 1895f, Calamaria gervaisii iridescens E.H. Taylor, 1917, Calamaria tropica E.H. Taylor, 1922a, Calamaria hollandi E.H. Taylor, 1923, and Calamaria polillensis E.H. Taylor, 1923. 137 Snakes of the World Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 7202a–b (formerly MNHN 2314.7202), longest syntype 194 mm (F. Eydoux & F.L.A. Souleyet, 1829–1832), location of other syntype unknown. Type locality: “Java” [W Indonesia] (in error fide Inger & Marx, 1965: 106). Restricted to Luzon, Philippines fide Marx & Inger (1955: 182) but rescinded fide Inger & Marx (1965: 107). Distribution: Philippines (Basilan, Catanduanes. Cebu, Corregidor, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Tablas), NSL–1525 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922, Leviton, 1959b and Ross & Gonzales, 1992. 25. Calamaria gialaiensis Ziegler, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009. Curr. Herp. 27(2): 72–75, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, IEBR A.714, a 457 mm male (V.S. Nguyen, April 1999). Type locality: “Kon Ka Kinh, K Bang District, Gia Lai Province, Vietnam, 1,300 m asl” [= 14º18’N, 108º24’E]. Distribution: Southern Vietnam (Gia Lai), 1300 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Orlov et al., 2010. 26. Calamaria gimlettii Boulenger, 1905b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15(89): 456. Synonyms: Calamaria doerianense Brongersma, 1928, and Calamaria fraseri E.H. Taylor, 1962. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.71 (formerly BMNH 1905.2.7.7), a 265 mm specimen (J.D. Gimlette, 1890–1905). Type locality: “Kelantan, Malay Peninsula” [= Kelantan State, West Malaysia]. Distribution: West Malaysia (Johor, Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan), Singapore (Pawai Is.), Aur Is. and Riau Arch. (Durian, Galang Is.), NSL–1500 m. Source: I Das, 2010. Remarks: A valid species fide I. Das (2010: 266). 27. Calamaria grabowskyi J.G. Fischer, 1885a. Arch. Naturg. 51(1): 50–52, pl. 4, figs. 1a–e. Synonyms: Calamaria baluensis Boulenger, 1893d, and Calamaria moultoni Dunn, 1923a. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.5.25–26 (formerly BMNH 1886.5.13.14–15), a 457 mm and 428 mm female (F. Grabowsky, 1880–1884). Type locality: “Distrikt Dusson Timor...bei Telang, ...bei Tameanglaijang, Südost-Borneo” [= Telang and Tamiang Layang, Dusson Timor Distr., SW Kalimantan, cen. Indonesia, ca. 2°06’S, 114°00’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Kalimantan), 25–1430 m. Sources: Stuebing, 1994a, Stuebing & Inger, 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2007b. 28. Calamaria gracillima A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 40(1): 594–595, pl. 39, fig. a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.62 (formerly BMNH 1872.2.19.77), a 279 mm female (A.H. Everett, 1869–1872). Type locality: “Matang in the district of Sarawak, Borneo” [= Kampong Matang, First Division, Kidi Distr., W Sarawak, East Malaysia, 1°35’N, 110°14’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: East Malaysia (Sarawak), 15–500 m. 29. Calamaria griswoldi Loveridge, 1938a. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 51: 43–44. (Calamaria lumbricoidea griswoldi) Type: Holotype, MCZ 43580, a 505 mm female (J.A. Griswold, Jr., 14 July 1937). Type locality: “Luidan River, near Bundutuan, Mount Kinabalu, British North Borneo, at an altitude circa 3,340 feet” [= Luidan River near Bundu Tuhan, Sabah, East Malaysia, 6°00’N, 116°32’E, elevation 1500 m]. Distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Brunei, 1020–1800 m. Sources: Malkmus, 1987, 1989, Stuebing & Inger, 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2007b. 30. Calamaria hilleniusi Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 96–98, fig. 25. Type: Holotype, ZMA 10078, a 317 mm male (H.A. Lorentz, 24 May 1909). Type locality: “Samarinda, Indonesian Borneo” [= Samarinda, E Kalimantan, cen. Indonesia, 0°29’S, 117°09’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Indonesia (E Kalimantan), NSL. 31. Calamaria ingeri Grismer, Kaiser & Yaakob, 2004. Hamadryad 28(1–2): 1–2, figs. 3–4. Type: Holotype, FMNH 262246, a 177 mm female (G. Grossmann & F. Tillack, 23 July 2002). Type locality: “98 m above sea level in lowland dipterocarp forest on the west side of Pulau Tioman along the Tekek-Juara trail, 1.9 km east of Kampung Tekek, Pahang, West Malaysia.” Distribution: West Malaysia (Pahang: Tioman Is.), 100 m. Sources: Grismer & Khang Aun, 2008 and Grismer, 2011. 32. Calamaria javanica Boulenger, 1891a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 7(39): 279–280. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.41 (formerly BMNH 1873.5.3.21), a 185 mm male (J.C. Ploem). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Distribution: Western Indonesia (Belitung, Java). C 138 33. Calamaria joloensis E.H. Taylor, 1922b. Philippine J. Sci. 21D(2): 203–204, pl. 7, figs. 2–3. C Type: Holotype, CAS 60901 (formerly EHT 1855), a 150 mm specimen (E.H. Taylor, 30 Oct. 1920). Type locality: “central Jolo, Philippine Islands” [= Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago, SW Philippines]. Distribution: Southwestern Philippines (Sulu Arch.: Jolo). Known only from type locality. Source: Leviton, 1959b. 34. Calamaria lateralis Mocquard, 1890a. Naturaliste (2) 12(80): 154. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1889.194, a 245 mm male (J. Whitehead, 1885). Type locality: “Kina Balu, Bornéo” [= Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, East Malaysia]. Emended to North Borneo, Mt. Kina Balu, between 1,000 and 4,000 or even 6,000 feet fide Mocquard (1890b: 118), [= Mt. Kinabalu, N Sabah, NE East Malaysia, 6°05’N, 116°30’E, elevation 300–1800 m]. Distribution: East Malaysia (N Sabah) and W Indonesia (cen. Java). Source: Malkmus et al., 2002. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Mocquard (1890b: 136–137, pl. 8, figs. 4a–c). Type listed as MNHN C231789.194 fide Inger & Marx (1965: 146). 35. Calamaria lautensis Rooij, 1917. Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 2: 163–164, fig. 66. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 4716A, designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 70). Type locality: “Pulo si Laut, Cocos Islands” via lectotype selection [= Pulau Kokos, 40 km NW of Simeulue, W Indonesia, 2°45’N, 95°50’E]. Distribution: Extreme W Indonesia (Kokos Is.). Remarks: Lectotype designation of ZMA 10111 (Pulu si Laut, E.R. Jacobson, 21 Aug. 1913) fide Daan & Hillenius (1966: 137) appears to be invalid by Inger & Marx’s earlier selection. However, Haas (1950: 569) declared the type to be in ZMA. 36. Calamaria leucogaster Bleeker, 1860b. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Indië (5) 21(1): 293. Synonyms: Calamaria arcticeps A.C.L.G. Günther, 1866, Calamaria beccarii W.C.H. Peters, 1872d, Calamaria brookii Boulenger, 1895, and Calamaria smithi Dunn, 1923a. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.3.76 (formerly BMNH 1863.12.11.141), a 140 mm specimen, and RMNH 3994, a 225 mm specimen (P. de Bleeker, 1842–1860). Type locality: “Sumatra (Ampat-lawang)” [= Pendopo or Tanjungraya region, Sumatera Selatan Prov., SE Sumatra, W Indonesia, 2°19’S, 105°12’E, elevation 400 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 237, 245]. Snakes of the World Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (? Java, cen. Kalimantan, Sumatra), 100–1000 m. Sources: David & Vogel, 1996 and Malkmus et al., 2002. Remarks: MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 1889.194 as a type. 37. Calamaria linnaei H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Isis von Oken 20(6): 539–540. Synonyms: Coluber symmetricus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Calamaria maculosa H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria multipunctata H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria reticulata H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria tesselata H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria maculosa Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Calamaria multipunctata Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Calamaria reticulata Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Calamaria tesselata Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Calamaria maculosa Reinwardt in F. Boie, 1827, Calamaria multipunctata Reinwardt in F. Boie, 1827, Calamaria reticulata Reinwardt in F. Boie, 1827, Calamaria versicolor Ranzani, 1837, Calamaria hybida Fitzinger, 1861, Calamaria linnaei bilineata Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria linnaei contaminata Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria versicolor rhomboidea Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria linnaei transversalis Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria linnaei tessellata Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria rhomboidea interjecta Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Calamaria linnaei bilineata Jan & Sordelli, 1865 in 1860–66 Calamaria linaei contaminate Jan & Sordelli, 1865 in 1860–66, Calamaria versicolor rhomboidea Jan & Sordelli, 1865 in 1860–1866, Calamaria linnaei transversalis Jan & Sordelli, 1865 in 1860–1866, Calamaria brevis Boulenger, 1894a, Calamaria sondaica T. Barbour, 1908, Calamaria linnaei multilineata F. Werner, 1909c, Calamaria borneensis ventrimaculata HoltzingerTenerer, 1916, and Calamaria margaritophora gastropicta Holtzinger-Tenerer, 1920. Type: Holotype, RMNH 27, a 243 mm male (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Western Indonesia (Bangka, Java), 600– 1500 m. Sources: Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854c, C. Haas, 1941 and Bergman, 1965.s Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Official Specific Name fide Opinion 2196 (ICZN, 2008a). Snakes of the World 38. Calamaria longirostris S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. J. Herp. 41(2): 240–241, figs. 4–5. Type: Holotype, MZB 3127, an adult female (G.R. Gillespie, S. Howard, D. Lockie, M. Scroggie & Boeadi, June–Sept. 2000–2002). Type locality: “the Lambusango Reserve at 5°12’59”S, 122°52’10”E, at 400m elevation, Sulawesi, Indonesia.” Distribution: Central Indonesia (Sulawesi), 400 m. Sources: G.R. Gillespie et al., 2005 and Koch, 2012. 39. Calamaria lovii Boulenger, 1887a. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 19(111): 169, 3 figs. Synonyms: Calamaria lowi Mocquard, 1890 (nomen emendatum), Calamaria ventralis Cochran, 1923, Calamaria javanica lineata Brongersma, 1928, Calamaria lowi wermuthi Inger & Marx, 1965, Calamaria lowi ingermarxi Darevsky & Orlov, 1992 (nomen incorrigendum), and Calamaria lowi ingermarxorum Darevsky & Orlov, 1992 (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.63 (formerly BMNH 1887.2.7.18), a 265 mm male (H.B. Low, 1869–1887). Type locality: “Rejang River, Sarawak, Borneo” [= East Malaysia]. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Southern Thailand, S Vietnam (Gia Lai), West Malaysia, East Malaysia (Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Java, E Kalimantan), NSL–750 m. Sources: Leong, 2004, Ziegler & Le, 2005, I. Das, 2007b, 2012, Ziegler et al., 2008, V.S.Nguyen et al., 2009, Orlov et al., 2010 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Original spelling as C. lovii is evidently (but not explicitly) named after the collector H.B. Low. The use of “v” instead of “w” is due to it’s latinization (i.e. “w = v” in Latin). 40. Calamaria lumbricoidea H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Isis von Oken 20(6): 540. Synonyms: Calamaria lumbricoidea H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria lumbricoidea Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Calamaria temmincki A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Calamaria vermiformis A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Calamaria grayi A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Calamaria alkeni Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria dimidiata Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria melanorhynchos Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria flaviceps A.C.L.G. Günther, 1865, Calamaria philippinica Steindachner, 1867d, Calamaria stahlknechtii Stoliczka, 1873, Calamaria variabilis Lidth de Jeude in Weber, 1890, Calamaria vermiformis sumatranus Lidth de Jeude in Weber, 1890, Calamaria bungaroides F. Werner, 1901d, Calamaria göringi T. Vogt, 1925, and Calamaria bruegeli Mertens, 1924. 139 Type: Lectotype, RMNH 10543 (formerly RMNH 42) (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823), designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 77). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Malay Peninsula and East Indies. Southern Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Pattani), West Malaysia (Johor, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Great Natuna, W Java, ext. E Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Natuna Besar, Nias, Sumatra) and Philippines (Basilan, Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Negros, Samar), 200–1675 m. Sources: T. Vogt, 1925, C. Haas, 1941, Leviton, 1959b, Inger & Marx, 1962, Ross & Lazell, 1991, Stuebing, 1994a, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Malkmus et al., 2002, Orlov et al., 2010, Grismer, 2011 and I. Das, 2012. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). 41. Calamaria lumholtzii Andersson, 1923. Nyt Mag. Naturk. 61(7): 123–124. Synonym: Calamaria raveni Cochran, 1923. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMUO 2010 (formerly ZMK), 209 and 101 mm females (C. Lumholtz, Sept. 1915). Type locality: “Tumbang Maruwei, Central-Borneo” [= Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (cen. Kalimantan). 42. Calamaria margaritophora Bleeker, 1860b. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Indië (5) 21(1): 285, 94–295. Synonyms: Calamaria maculolineata W.C.H. Peters, 1863d, Calamaria hoevenii Edeling, 1870, and Calamaria margaritifera Boulenger, 1894a (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.2.9 (formerly BMNH 1863.12.11.146), a 284 mm female, and RMNH 3975A, a 297 mm specimen (H.J. Alken, Nov. 1857). Type locality: “Java, Sumatra (Ampat-lawang).” Restricted to Ampat Lawang, Sumatra fide Inger & Marx (1965: 167) [= Pendopo or Tanjungraya region, Sumatera Selatan Prov., SE Sumatra, W Indonesia, 2°19’S, 105°12’E, elevation 400 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 237, 245]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (SE Sumatra), 945 m. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. Remarks: MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 1912.55 as a type. Records from Java incorrect fide Inger & Marx (1965: 170). Javan type locality possibly in error as C 140 Snakes of the World Bleeker (1860b: 285) only lists C. margaritophorus from Sumatra (but in description adds Java as habitat). C Remarks: Boulenger’s (1896c: 395) type length of 1900 mm is an obvious typo. 43. Calamaria mecheli Schenkel, 1901. Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel (1901–1902) 13(1): 165–166, figs. 4–4b. 47. Calamaria nuchalis Boulenger, 1896d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 18(103): 62. Type: Lectotype, NMBA 1699, a 210 mm female (A. von Mechel, 1895–1901), designated by Kramer (1978: 659). Type locality: “Indragiri, Sumatra” [= Indragiri River region, Riau Prov., E Sumatra, W Indonesia, ca. 0°22’S, 103°26’E fide David & Vogel, 1996: 239] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Sumatra). Source: David & Vogel, 1996. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.3.73 (formerly BMNH 1896.4.29.34), a 180 mm male (A.H. Everett, 1896). Type locality: “S. Celebes” [= Sulawesi, Indonesia]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (cen. and SW Sulawesi). Sources: Bosch, 1985, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. 44. Calamaria melanota Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866. Icon. Gén. Ophid. 1(10): 6, pl. 1, figs. 5, a–b, d, g, p, r, v. (Calamaria linnaei melanota) Synonyms: Calamaria linnaei gastrogramma Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria linnaei melanota Jan, 1862b (nomen nudum), Calamaria benjaminsii Edeling, 1864a, and Calamaria electa T. Barbour, 1927. Type: Holotype, RMNH 37, a 168–260 mm specimen (C.A.L. Schwaner, 1845). Type locality: “Borneo” [= Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Distribution: Borneo. Southwestern East Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (S Kalimantan). 45. Calamaria modesta A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 74–76. Synonyms: Calamaria monochrous Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria elegans Rooij, 1917, Calamaria Simeulueensis Rooij, 1817, Calamaria bogorensis Lidth de Jeude in Weber, 1890, and ? Calamaria mjoebergi Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1925. Type: Holotype, MNHN 3299, a 157 mm female. Type locality: “ile de Java” [W Indonesia]. Distribution: Greater Sundas. East Malaysia (Sabah) and W Indonesia (W Java, Simeulue, cen. Sumatra), 900– 1430 m. Sources: David & Vogel, 1996 and Malkmus et al., 2002. 46. Calamaria muelleri Boulenger, 1896c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17(101): 394–395. Type: Lectotype, NMBA 1690, a 190 mm female (P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1893–1896), designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 99). Type locality: “Loka, Bonthain Peak, about 3500 feet, Celebes” [= Loka, Mt. Lompobatang, South Sulawesi Prov., Sulawesi, Indonesia, 5°19’S, 119°54’E, elevation 1200 m] Distribution: Central Indonesia (cen. and ext. SW Sulawesi), 1200–1600 m. Sources: Bosch, 1985, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. 48. Calamaria palavanensis Inger & Marx, 1965. Fieldiana: Zool. 49: 134–136, fig. 35. Type: Holotype, CAS 62151, a 289–315 mm male (E.H. Taylor, 1912–1920). Type locality: “Palawan Island” [Sulu Arch., SW Philippines]. Distribution: Southwestern Philippines (S Palawan). Source: Leviton, 1959b. 49. Calamaria pavimentata A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 71–73. Synonyms: Calamaria quadrimaculata A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Calamaria siamensis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Calamaria berezowskii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1896a, Calamaria pavimentata semidoliata F. Werner, 1896b, Calamaria pfefferi Stejneger, 1901d, Calamaria pavimentata uniformis M.A. Smith, 1921a, Calamaria pavimentata formosana Maki, 1931, Calamaria pavimentata banaensis Bourret, 1934c, Calamaria pavimentata annamensis Bourret, 1937a, and Calamaria pavimentata miyarai Takara, 1962. Type: Holotype, MNHN 3298, a 207 mm male. Type locality: “Java” [W Indonesia] (in error fide Inger & Marx, 1965: 212). Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southern Myanmar (Bago, Chin, Kachin), Thailand (Lampang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Surat Thani), SE China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, W Sichuan, Zhejiang, Lanyu Is.), Taiwan, S Japan (Ryukyus: Miyakojima, Okinawajima and Yonagunijima Is.), Laos (Champasak, Xiangkhouang), Vietnam (Cao Bang, Da Nang, Gao Bang, Hai Duong, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Lam Dong, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Son Lai, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai, Cu Lao Ba Mun Is.), Cambodia, and West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Pinang, Selangor, Jarak, Pinang and Tioman Is.), 245–2000 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, M.A. Smith, 1943, Takara, 1962, E.H. Taylor, 1965, M. Mori, 1984, Ota, 1982, Tweedie, 1983, Gu et al., 1987, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Darevsky, 1999, Lazell, 1999, Orlov et al., 2000, Ziegler & Le, 2005, Zhao, 2006, Wogan et al., 2008, Ziegler et 141 Snakes of the World al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009, Orlov et al., 2010 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 1948.92 from Vietnam as holotype. Possibly occurs in Hong Kong, China fide Karsen et al. (1998: 162). 50. Calamaria prakkei Lidth de Jeude, 1893. Notes Leyden Mus. 15: 252–254. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 4360, a 172–245 mm male (J.C. Prakke, 1887–1893), designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 121). Type locality: “North Borneo: Sandakan District: Sandakan Bay” [= Sandakan Bay vicinity E Sabah, East Malaysia, 5°51’N, 118°03’E] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Singapore and N East Malaysia (N Sabah), 15 m. 51. Calamaria rebentischi Bleeker, 1860b. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Indië (5) 21(1): 293. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.4.68 (formerly BMNH 1863.12.4.27), a 270–280 mm male (P. de Bleeker, 1842–1860). Type locality: “Borneo (Sinkawang)” [= Singkawang, W Kalimantan, Indonesia, 0°55’N, 108°59’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (ext. W Kalimantan). Known only from type locality. Source: S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007. 52. Calamaria sangi Q.T. Nguyen, Koch & Ziegler, 2010a. Hamadryad (2009) 34(1): 2–3, figs. 1–6. Type: Holotype, IEBR 360, a 373 mm female (P.R. Nguyen & A. Kuznetsov, 12 Jan. 2001). Type locality: “Mang Canh Commune (14º41.950” N, 108º14’642” E), Kon Plong District, Kon Tum Prov., Vietnam, 1.200 m asl.” Distribution: Southern Vietnam (Kon Tum), 1200 m. Source: Orlov et al., 2010. 53. Calamaria schlegeli A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 81–83. Synonyms: Calamaria leucocephala A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Calamaria agamensis Bleeker, 1859e (nomen nudum), Calamaria agamensis Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria dumerili Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria roelandti Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria sinkawangensis Bleeker, 1860b, Calamaria cuvieri Jan, 1862b, Calamaria nigroalba A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Calamaria martapoerensis Edeling, 1864a (nomen incorrigendum), Calamaria iris Boettger, 1873, Calamaria martapurensis Edeling, 1865 (nomen corrigendum), and Keiometopon booliati E.H. Taylor, 1962. Type: Holotype, RMNH 10424 (formerly RMNH 68), a 250 mm specimen (S. Müller, 1836–1837). Type locality: “ile de Bornéo” [= Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Distribution: Peninsular Thailand (Pattani), West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Pinang, Selangor, Penang Is.), Singapore, N East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) and Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Java, W and E Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL–1600 m. Sources: K.F.L. Lim & Lee, 1989, Stuebing, 1994a, David & Vogel, 1996, S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007 and Orlov et al., 2010. 54. Calamaria schmidti Marx & Inger, 1955. Fieldiana: Zool. 37: 197–198, fig. 27. Type: Holotype, USNM 130240, a 253 mm female (D.H. Johnson, 1 Aug. 1951). Type locality: “Bundu Tuhan, Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo, at 4,500 ft” [= Bundu Tuhan, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, East Malaysia, 6°00’N, 116°32’E, elevation 1370 m]. Distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah), 1370–1570 m. Sources: Malkmus, 1989, 1994 and I. Das, 2012. 55. Calamaria septentrionalis Boulenger, 1890c. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 58(1): 34. Types: Syntypes (7), BMNH 1947.3.6.60–61 (formerly BMNH 1891.1.28.1–2) [Hong Kong], 1946.1.3.72 [Hong Kong], 1946.1.7.28–31 [Kiu Kiang], longest syntypes 347 mm and 285 mm females (A.E. Pratt [Kiu Kiang], 1887–1890, and H.M.S. Challenger Voy. [stn. 206], 16 Nov. 1874–6 Jan. 1875 [Hong Kong]). Type locality: “Kiu Kiang and Hong Kong” [= Wu-suih, about three days’ journey or 9 mi. S of the American Central China Mission in Kiu-kiang fide Pratt (1892: 3–5) = Wusüeh, SE Hubei Prov., cen. China, 29°50’N, 115°41’E fide Pope (1935: 502) and Hong Kong, Hong Kong Prov., SE China fide Günther, 1888: 169]. Distribution: Eastern China (Anhui, Fujien, Guangdong, N Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, SW Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Chu Shan Is.) and N Vietnam (Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Quang Binh, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Vinh Phuc), 50–1500 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Lazell & Liao, 1986, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Zou & Chen, 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, Ziegler & Le, 2005, Zhao, 2006, Ziegler et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Orlov et al., 2010. Remarks: A.C.L.G. Günther (1888: 169) listed four types from Kiu Kiang and one juvenile from Hong Kong. Boulenger (1894a: 349) listed seven types, six from Kiu Kiang (3 males, 3 females) and one juvenile from Hong Kong. Inger & Marx (1965: 218) and V.S. Nguyen et al. (2009: 291) listed two syntypes (BMNH 1947.3.6.60– 61) from Kiu Kiang. C 142 56. Calamaria suluensis E.H. Taylor, 1922a. Snakes Phil. Is.: 189–190. C Synonym: Calamaria pendleburyi M.A. Smith, 1931b. Type: Neotype, FMNH 76294, a 287 mm female (R.F. Inger, 22 May 1956), designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 123). Type locality: “Deramakot, North Borneo” via lectotype selection [= Sandakan Bay vicinity (5°51’N, 118°03’E), E Sabah, East Malaysia]. Distribution: East Indies. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Indonesia (E Kalimantan) and SW Philippines (Cagayan Sulu), 915–1430 m. Sources: Leviton, 1959b and Malkmus et al., 2002. Remarks: BSM holotype destroyed January 1945 during World War II; neotype locality is 180 km from Taylor’s type locality of Cagayan Sula, Philippines fide Inger & Marx (1965: 123). 57. Calamaria sumatrana Edeling, 1870. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indië (7) 31(1): 379–380. Type: Neotype, ZMA 10237, a 227 mm female (L.P. de Bussy, 1908–1909), designated by Inger & Marx (1965: 181). Type locality: “Deli, Medan, Sumatra” [= Delitua, Medan, Sumatera Utara Prov., N Sumatra, W Indonesia, 3°30’N, 98°41’E, elevation 20 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 239, 245] via neotype selection. Distribution: Western Indonesia (cen. and N Sumatra). Source: David & Vogel, 1996. Remarks: Syntypes lost fide Inger & Marx (1965: 181). 58. Calamaria thanhi Ziegler & Le, 2005. Zootaxa (1042): 29–36, figs. 1–6. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 82920, a 455 mm female (native, 16 June 2003). Type locality: “adjacent to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Dan Hoa Commune, Minh Hoa District, Quang Binh Prov., Vietnam.” Distribution: Central Vietnam (Quang Binh). Sources: Ziegler & Le, 2006, 2007, Ziegler et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Orlov et al., 2010. 59. Calamaria ulmeri Sackett, 1940a. Not. Nat. (41): 2. Type: Holotype, ANSP 21535, a 307+ mm female (F.A. Ulmer, 11 April 1939). Type locality: “about 40 kilometers northwest of Blangkedjeren, Atjeh Prov., Sumatra (elevation 6800 ft.)” [= 40 km NW Blangkedjeren, Aceh Prov., Sumatra, W Indonesia, 3°59’N, 97°20’E, elevation 2070 m fide David & Vogel, 1996: 238]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (NW Sumatra), 2070– 2080 m. Known only from type locality. Source: David & Vogel, 1996. Snakes of the World 60. Calamaria virgulata H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Isis von Oken 20(6): 540. Synonyms: Calamaria virgulata H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria virgulata Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Calamaria brachyura Boulenger, 1895f, Calamaria anceps F. Werner, 1896b, Calamaria gracilis Boulenger, 1896d, Calamaria collaris Boulenger, 1897g, Calamaria mearnsi Stejneger, 1907b, Calamaria albopunctata T. Barbour, 1908, Calamaria quinquetaeniata Despax, 1912, Calamaria egregia T. Barbour, 1927, and Calamaria zamboangensis Leviton, 1952. Type: Holotype, RMNH 39 (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: East Indies. East Malaysia (Sabah), Indonesia (ext. W Java, N Kalimantan, Nias, Nunukan, Riau Arch., Sulawesi, cen. Sumatra) and S Philippines (Mindanao, Palawan, Sulu Arch.) 30–1800 m. Sources: Leviton, 1952, 1959b, David & Vogel, 1996, Malkmus et al., 2002, Grismer et al., 2004, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and S.D. Howard & Gillespie, 2007 . Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Photographs of holotype in Inger and Marx (1965: fig. 52). 61. Calamaria yunnanensis Chernov, 1962. Zool. Inst. Akad. Sci. SSR Trudy 30: 383, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, ASIZB, a 245 mm male (A.K. Zagulayev, 31 May 1956). Type locality: “TSindhun (Ching tung district), Yunnan Prov., China, 1100–1200 m.” Distribution: Southwestern China (Yunnan) and N Laos (Phongsali), 1100–1200 m. Sources: Zhao & Adler, 1993, Ziegler & Le, 2005, B.L. Stuart & Heatwole, 2008, Ziegler et al., 2008 and Orlov et al., 2010. Remarks: Possibily a synonym of C. pavimentata or C. septentrionalis fide Inger & Marx (1965: 239). CALAMODONTOPHIS Amaral, 1963 (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Calamodon Amaral, 1935a (nomen praeoccupatum) and Calamadontophis – Obst, Richter & Jacob, 1984 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Calamodon paucidens Amaral, 1935a. Distribution: Southern Brazil. Sources: Amaral, 1937a, 1977, Bailey, 1966, Pagini & Lema, 1987 and Zaher et al., 2009. 143 Snakes of the World 1. Calamodontophis paucidens (Amaral, 1935a). Mem. Inst. Butantan 9: 204, fig. 1. (Calamodon paucidens) Type: Holotype, IB 8847, a 360 mm male (O.M. Freitas, 19 Nov. 1934), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “S. Simão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.” Distribution: Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay (Rocha, Treinta y Tres), 40 m. Sources: Franco et al., 2001, 2006, Carreira-Vidal & Lombardo, 2008 and Carreira-Vidal et al., 2012b. Remarks: Gender of type female fide Amaral (1935a: 204). 2. Calamodontophis ronaldoi F.L. Franco, Carvalho Cintra & Lema, 2006. So. Amer. J. Herp. 1(3): 219– 221, figs. 1–3. Synonym: Calamodontophis dorsolineatus Lema, 2002 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, IB 55914 (formerly MHNCI 1726), a 344 mm female (don. April 1987), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “municipality of General Carneiro (26°25’S; 51°18’W–983 m a.s.l.), state of Paraná, Brazil. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Paraná), 825–985 m. CALAMOPHIS A.B. Meyer, 1874 (Homalopsidae) Type species: Calamophis jobiensis A.B. Meyer, 1874. Distribution: New Guinea. Sources: J.C. Murphy, 2012 and J.C. Murphy et al., 2012b. Remarks: A valid genus fide J.C. Murphy et al. (2012b: 511). Publication date listed as 1875 fide McDowell (1975: 77). 1. Calamophis jobiensis A.B. Meyer, 1874. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1874(2):135. Type: Holotype, MTKD 1026 (A.B. Meyer, 1873), destroyed 13–14 Feb. 1945 during World War II. Type locality: “Jobi, Neu-Guinea” [= Yapen Is., Indonesia]. Restricted to Ansus, SW Yapen Is., West Papua Prov., E Indonesia [= 1º46’S, 135°47’E, elevation NSL] fide J.C. Murphy (2012: 517). Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (West Papua: Yapen Is.), NSL. Known only from type locality. Source: J.C. Murphy et al., 2012b. 2. Calamophis katesandersae J.C. Murphy, 2012. Raffles Bull. Zool. 60(2): 518–520, fig. 3a. Type: Holotype, MSNG 56343.1, a 223 mm female (A.A. Bruijn, Dec. 1875). Type locality: “Andai, West Papua, Indonesia (~0°54’58”S, 134°00’25”E).” Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (West Papua), 35 m. Known only from type locality. 3. Calamophis ruuddelangi J.C. Murphy, 2012. Raffles Bull. Zool. 60(2): 520, fig. 3b. Type: Holotype, MNHN 5175, a 261 mm male (M.J.A. Raffray, 1877). Type locality: “Ambuaki in the Tamrau Mountains (~0º46’S, 132º57’E) West Papua.” Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (West Papua), 550–770 m. 4. Calamophis sharonbrooksae J.C. Murphy, 2012. Raffles Bull. Zool. 60(2): 521. Type: Holotype, MSNG 30193.1, a 315 mm male (A.A. Bruijn, 1875). Type locality: “Mount Arfak, West Papua, Indonesia (~1º05’00”S, 133º55’00”E).” Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (West Papua), 1300–1700 m. Known only from type locality. CALAMORHABDIUM Boettger, 1898 (Calamariidae) Type species: Calamorhabdium kuekenthali Boettger, 1898. Distribution: Indonesia. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Sackett, 1940a, C. Haas, 1950 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: David & Vogel (1996: 57) noted that ANSP 21951 (C. “kuenkenthali”) from Sumatra is probably an undescribed species. 1. Calamorhabdium acuticeps Ahl, 1933b. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 19: 579–580. Type: Holotype, ZMB 34315, a 114 mm female (G. Heinrich, 21 Nov. 1930). Type locality: “Nord-Celebes (Ile-Ile, 1700 m)” [= Mt. Ileile, N Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1°0.3’N, 121°50’E, elevation 1700 m]. Distribution: Central Indonesia (N Sulawesi), 1700 m. Known only from holotype. Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. Remarks: Holotype photographs are in Lang & Vogel (2005: figs. 53–54). 2. Calamorhabdium kuekenthali Boettger, 1898. Kat. Rept. Senck. Mus. 2: 82. Type: Lectotype, SMF 19384 (formerly SMF-B 8330 a), a 205 mm female (W.G. Kükenthals, 1893–1894), designated by Mertens (1967a: 91). C 144 C Type locality: “Insel Batjan, Molukken” via lectotype selection, [= Bacan Island, Maluku, E Indonesia, ca. 0°34’N, 127°31’E]. Distribution: Indonesia (Bacan, N Sumatra), 500 m. Remarks: Sackett’s (1940a: 3) specimen (ANSP 21951) agrees in all characters except coloration, but anterior third of body is digested down to the skeleton so head scutellation is unknown. CALLIOPHIS Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Maticora Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835, Gongylocormus Fitzinger, 1843, Pseudelaps Fitzinger, 1843, Calophis Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Matirora – Agassiz, 1844 in 1844–1845 (nomen incorrectum), Doliophis Girard, 1858a, Helminthoelaps Jan, 1858, Callophis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1859 (nomen emendatum), Congylocormus – Westphal-Castelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Adeniophis W.C.H. Peters, 1871b, Adenophis – Sclater, 1891 (nomen incorrectum), Callophus – E. Bartlett, 1896a (nomen incorrectum), Dollophis – Brazil, 1911 (nomen incorrectum), Aspis T. Barbour, 1914 (nomen praeoccupatum), Calliopis – Takahashi, 1930 (nomen incorrectum), Calliophils – Maki, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), and Daliophis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Calliophis gracilis Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, Klemmer, 1963, Leviton, 1964b, McDowell, 1986, Welch, 1988, Golay et al., 1993, Keogh, 1988, David & Ineich, 1999, Ota et al., 1999, Slowinski & Keogh, 2000, Slowinski et al., 2001, Castoe et al., 2007a, E.N. Smith et al., 2008, 2012, Zaher et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: Maticora a synonym of Calliophis fide Slowinski et al. (2001: 238). 1. Calliophis beddomei M.A. Smith, 1943. Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph. 3: 423. (Callophis beddomei) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.99, a 565 mm female (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882). Type locality: “Shevaroy Hills, British India” [= Shevaroy Hills, Tamil Nadu, S India, ca. 11°50’N, 78°13’E]. Distribution: Southern India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu), 1380 m. 2. Calliophis bibroni (Jan, 1858b). Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 10: 518, 526–527. (Elaps bibroni) Synonym: Elaps cerasinus Beddome, 1864. Type: Holotype, MNHN 5070, a 489 mm specimen. Snakes of the World Type locality: “Indes orientales” [= Southern Asia and East Indies]. Restricted to Western Ghats fide Deepak et al. (2010:1). Distribution: Western Ghats of SW India (S Karnataka, N Kerala, NW Tamil Nadu), NSL–1220 m. Source: Deepak et al., 2010. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Jan (1859e: pl. b, fig. no. 6). 3. Calliophis bivirgatus (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 556. (Elaps bivirgatus) Synonyms: Elaps bivirgatus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Elaps bivirgatus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Elaps flaviceps Cantor, 1839, Elaps bivirgatus javanica Schlegel, 1844, Elaps tetrataenia Bleeker, 1859c, Elaps bivirgatus quadrivirgata Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Maticora bivirgata – Kopstein, 1932b. Type: Holotype, RMNH 1435, a 595 mm male (H. Kuhl, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1821). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Peninsular Thailand (Narathiwat, Pattani, Songkha, Trang, Yala), West Malaysia (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pinang, Selangor, Penang Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and W Indonesia (Bangka, Bantan, Bintan, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawi, Nias, Riau Arch., Sumatra), NSL–1375 m. Sources: Schlegel & Müller, 1844a, Brongersma, 1948b, Wegner, 1954, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Toriba, 1989c, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Malkmus et al., 2002 and Auliya, 2006. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825) but F. Boie credited authorship to H. Kuhl. Unconfirmed reports from Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. 4. Calliophis castoe E.N. Smith, Ogale, Deepak & Giri, 2012. Zootaxa (3437): 53–62, figs. 3c, 4, 6–7. Type: Holotype, BNHS 3461, a 536 mm male (H. Ogale, 12 Sept. 2009). Type locality: “Amboli, Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, India, [ca. 15.958790° N 73.994686° E).” Distribution: Southwestern India (Goa, NW Karanataka, S Maharashtra), 10–715 m 145 Snakes of the World 5. Calliophis gracilis Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835. Illust. Indian Zool. 2(19–20): pl. 86, figs. 1–3. Synonym: Elaps nigromaculatus Cantor, 1839. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.16.17 (T. Hardwicke, 1756–1823). Type locality: “Penang” [= Penang Is., Pinang State, NW Malay Peninsula, 5°22’N, 100°14’E] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Peninsular Thailand (Pattani), West Malaysia (Johor, Pinang, Selangor, Penang Is.), Singapore and W Indonesia (Sumatra), NSL–900 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983 and David & Vogel, 1996. Remarks: M.A. Smith (1943: 530) designated pl. 120 in T. Hardwicke’s collection a lectotype. 6. Calliophis haematoetron E.N. Smith, K. Manamendra-Arachchi & R. Somaweera, 2008. Zootaxa (1847): 21–26, figs. 1, 2 (upper), 3 (upper). Type: Holotype, WHT 1621, a 371 mm female (M.M. Bahir & S. Nanayakkara, 7 June 1997). Type locality: “Wasgomuwa National Park, [Central Prov.], Sri Lanka, ca. 90 m (ca. 7.648056º N 80.93583º E).” Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central), 90 m. Remarks: Sister group to all other elapids and therefore a separate genus fide Pyron et al. (2013: 976). 7. Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768). Synop. Rept.: 106. (Aspis intestinalis) Synonyms: Elaps furcatus Schneider, 1801, Coluber intestinalis G. Shaw, 1802, Vipera furcata – Daudin, 1803c, Elaps gracilis Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Maticora lineata Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835, Elaps tri-lineatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrigendum), Elaps melanototaenia Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum), Elaps thepassi Bleeker, 1859c, Callophis intestinalis bifurcatus W.C.H. Peters, 1862b (nomen nudum), Elaps furcatus trilineatus – Jan, 1863b (nomen corrigendum), Callophis furcatus nigrotaeniatus W.C.H. Peters, 1863d, Callophis intestinalis javanica A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Callophis intestinalis malayana A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Callophis intestinalis philippina A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Callophis bilineatus W.C.H. Peters, 1881e, Adeniophis malayanus – A.B. Meyer, 1886, Adeniophis philippinus – A.B. Meyer, 1886, Elaps sumatranus Lithe de Jeude in Weber, 1890, Callophis intestinalis suluensis Steindachner, 1891, Doliophis intestinalis annectens Boulenger, 1896a, Doliophis intestinalis everetti Boulenger, 1896a, Doliophis intestinalis vertebralis F. Werner, 1900d, Calamaria klossi M.A. Smith, 1926b, Maticora intestinalis bilineata – Loveridge, 1944a, Maticora intestinalis immaculata Loveridge, 1944a, Maticora intestinalis nigrotaeniata – Haas, 1950, Maticora intestinalis nigrotaenita – Wegner, 1954 (nomen incorrectum), and Elaps melanotaenia Ulber, 1995 (nomen nudum). Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by Seba (1735: 4, pl. 2, fig. 7), designated herein. Type locality: “Africa,” (in error) via lectotype selection. Corrected to Java, Indonesia fide Leviton (1964a: 529). Distribution: Southeast Asia and East Indies. Peninsular Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Krabi, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phatthalung, Yala), Vietnam (Gai Lai, Lang Son), East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), West Malaysia (Johor, Kelantan, Kuala, Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri, Pahang, Perak, Pinang, Selangor, Bakong, Pinang, Tockus, Terengganua and Tioman Is.), Singapore, Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Nias, Riau Arch., S Sulawesi, Sumatra), Brunei and Philippines (Balabac, Busuanga, Culion, Dinagat, Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Samar, S Tagalog), NSL–1525 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922a, Wegner, 1954, Ross & Lazell, 1991, B.E. Smith, 1993, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002, Pauwels et al., 2002, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and McKay & Lilley, 2012. Remarks: M.A. Smith (1943: 530) designated pl. 122 in T. Hardwicke’s collection a lectotype of Maticora lineata Gray. Type lost fide Toriba in Golay et al. (1993: 151). Sulawesi records doubtful fide Lang & Vogel (2005: 262). 8. Calliophis maculiceps (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 232. (Elaps maculiceps) Synonyms: Elaps atrofrontalis Sauvage, 1877, Callophis maculiceps univirgatus M.A. Smith, 1915d (nomen praeoccupatum), Callophis hughi Cochran, 1927, Calliophis maculiceps punctulatus Bourret, 1934b, Calliophis maculiceps michaelis Deuve, 1961a, Calliophis maculiceps smithi Klemmer, 1963 (nomen substitutum), Calliophis maculiceps malcolmi E.H. Taylor, 1965 (nomen substitutum), and Calliophis maculiceps malcolmi Nutaphand & Tumvipart, 1982 (nomen substitutum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1858.4.20.6, an adult female (Zool. Soc. London), designated by Leviton et al. (2003: 424). Type locality: “East Indies” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Southern Myanmar (Mon, Tanintharyi, Yangon), Thailand (Chai Nat, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kanchanaburi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lop Buri, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nong Khai, Lamphu, Pattani, Phetchabun, Phang Nga, Phuket, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Roi Et, Saraburi, Surat Thani, Trang, Uthai Thani, Tao Is.), Laos (Khammouane, Savannakhet, Sedone, Vientiane), Cambodia (Kampong Chhnang), S Vietnam (Ba C 146 C Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Duong, Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Ho Chi Minh City, Kien Giang, Tay Ninh), and West Malaysia (Kedah, Perak, Perlis), NSL–1330 m. Sources: Cochran, 1927, E.H. Taylor, 1965, CampdenMain, 1969a, Deuve, 1970, Tweedie, 1983, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Leviton et al., 2003, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2012. Remarks: Previously in the genus Maticora. 9. Calliophis melanurus (G. Shaw, 1802). Gen. Zool., Amph. 3(2): 552–553. (Coluber melanurus) Synonyms: Vipera trimaculata Daudin 1803c, and Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus Deraniyagala, 1951. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.86, a 250–280 mm specimen (P. Russell, June 1788). Type locality: “near Nerva, Bengal, India” [= Nerva, Uttar Pradesh, NE India]. Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal) and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, NorthCentral, North-Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva), 500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1950, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1980, A. Silva, 1990a–b, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006 and E.N. Smith et al., 2008. Remarks: Description based on P. Russell (1796: 12–13, pl. 8). 10. Calliophis nigrescens A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 9(50): 131–132. (Callophis nigrescens) Synonyms: Elaps malabaricus Jerdon, 1854, Callophis concinnus Beddome, 1863a, Callophis pentalineatus Beddome, 1871, Callophis pectolineatus – F. Müller, 1887 (nomen incorrectum), and Callophis nigrescens khandallensis Wall, 1913g. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.17.78 (formerly FPM), a 762 mm female, location of other syntype unknown. Type locality: “British India” [= India]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), 900–2100 m. Sources: Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and N. Khaire, 2006. Remarks: Bangladesh record doubtful fide Whitaker & Captain (2004: 366). CALLOSELASMA Cope, 1860b (nomen substitutum) (Viperidae) Synonyms: Tisiphone Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen praeoccupatum), Leiolepis A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Liolepis Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Calloselaema – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Caloselasma – Canton, 1895 (nomen incorrectum), and Leiolephis – W.L. Burger, 1971 (nomen incorrectum). Snakes of the World Type species: Trigonocephalus rhodostoma Kuhl, 1824. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Sources: Bergman, 1961b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Chernov, 1957, Gloyd, 1979, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a, 1983, Chiasson et al., 1989, Maes, 1989, Gloyd & Conant, 1990, Kardong, 1990, Golay et al., 1993, Jintakune & Chanhome, 1995, Daltry et al., 1996, 1997, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Parkinson et al., 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Malhotra & Thorpe, 2000, Ziegler et al., 2001, Gumprecht et al., 2004, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, Bain et al., 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Geissler et al., 2011, I. Das, 2012 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: Generic status questionable fide J.A. Campbell & Whitmore, 1989. A synonym of Hypnale fide Kraus et al., 1996. A valid genus fide McDiarmid et al., 1999. 1. Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824). Bull. Sci. Nat. Géol., Paris 2: 80. (Trigonocephalus rhodostoma) Synonyms: Trigonocephalus orophrias Oppel in Kuhl, 1824 (nomen nudum), Trigonocephalus rhodostoma H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Trigonocephalus rhodostoma Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Trigonocephalus praetextatus Gravenhorst, 1832, Calloselasma rhodostomus – Cope, 1860b, Ancistrodon annamensis Angel, 1933a, and Ankystrodon rhodostoma – Duong, 1962 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, RMNH 1510 (C.G.C. Reinwardt, 1816–1821). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia] Distribution: Thailand (Bueng Kan, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphang Phet, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Lampang, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phathalung, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phitsanulok, Phrae, Phuket, Prachinburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Rayong, Sakon Nakhon, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Tak, Trang, Trat, Udon Thani, Yala), Cambodia (Kam Pot, Koh Khang, Kampong, Koh Kong, Mondolkiri), Laos (Khammouan, Savannakhet, Vientiane, Xekong, Xiangkhouang), S Vietnam (An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, Gai Lai, Ninh Thuan, Tay Ninh), West Malaysia (Kedah, Perlis) and Indonesia (Java, Kangean, Karimundjawa), NSL–1900 m. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Possibly occurs in Myanmar fide Dowling & Jenner (1988: 10) but Sumatra unlikely fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 273). Authorship discussed by McDiarmid et al. (1999: 273). 147 Snakes of the World CANDOIA Gray, 1842a (Boidae) Synonyms: Cenchris Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen substitutum), Cenchrus Swainson, 1839 (nomen praeoccupatum), Tropidoboa Hombron & Jacquinot in Jacquinot & Guichenot, 1842, Erebophis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1877, and Erobophis – K.L. Williams & Wallach, 1989 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Boa carinata Schneider, 1801. Distribution: Australasia. Sources: Stimson, 1969, McDowell, 1979, M. McCoy, 1980, 2006, Kluge, 1991, Harlow & Shine, 1992, Walls, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Austin, 2000 and H.M. Smith et al., 2001c. 1. Candoia aspera (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1877). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 45(1): 132, pl. 21. (Erebophis asper) Synonym: Enygrus asper schmidti Stull, 1932b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.33 (formerly BMNH 1877.2.24.23), a 737 mm specimen (G. Brown, 1875–1877). Type locality: “Duke-of-York Island” [= New Ireland Prov., Bismarck Archipelago, NE Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (Papua, Batanta, Biak, Japen, Misool, Salawati, Seleo, Waigeu, Valise) and Papua New Guinea (Central, East Sepik, Enga, Eastern Highlands, Gulf, Madang, Milne Bay, Morobe, Northern, Western, West Sepik and Baluan, Duke of York, Karkar, Manus, New Britain, New Hanover, New Ireland, Los Negros, Lou, Manus, Rambutyo and Umboi Is.), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Stull, 1932b, O’Shea, 1996 and J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003. Remarks: A single Bougainville record unconfirmed fide McDowell (1979: 59). 2. Candoia bibroni (A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844). Erpét. Gén. 6: 483–484. (Enygrus bibroni) Synonyms: Tropidoboa de bibron Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842 (nomen illegitimum), and Boa australis Montrousier, 1860. Types: Syntypes (5), MNHN 61–61A, MNHN 1313, and MNHN 3276–77, longest syntype is 2489 mm (J.B. Hombron & H. Jacquinot, 1837–1840). Type locality: “l’ile Viti.” [= Viti Levu Is., Fiji]. Distribution: Pacific Islands. Solomons (Bellona, Bio, Makira, Olu Malau, Reef Islands, Rennell, San Cristobal, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Tapua, Three Sisters, Ugi, Utupua, Vanikoro), Vanuatu (Vanua Lava), New Hebrides (Aoba, Espiritu Santo, Maewo, Malekula, Mau), Loyalty Is. (Lifou, Maré, Ouvéa, Tiga), Fiji Is. (Fulanga, Kandavu, Kia, Koro, Lakemba, Levu, Navandra, Navutuiloma, Ongea, Ovalau, Rotuma, Vanua Belavu, Viwa, Vomo, Yangganga), Wallis and Futuna (Futuna), Western Samoa (Savaii, Upolú) and American Samoa (Ta’u). Sources: Amerson et al., 1982, Gill, 1995, Crombie & Pregill, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Bauer & Sadlier, 2000. 3. Candoia carinata (Schneider, 1801). Hist. Amph. 2: 261–263. (Boa carinata) Synonyms: Boa variegata Thunberg, 1807, Enygrus ocellatus Wagler, 1830 (nomen nudum), Boa ocellata Wagler, 1830 (nomen nudum), Cenchris ocellata Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen nudum), Enygrus carinnatus – F. Werner, 1898b (nomen incorrectum), Enygris carinatus – W.C. Brown & Fehlmann, 1958 (nomen incorrectum), and Candoia carinata tepedeleni H.M. Smith & Chiszar in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c. Type: Lectotype, ZFMK 35503 (formerly ZMG 18a), designated by McDowell (1979: 28). Type locality: Unknown via lectotype selection. Designated as Amboina [= Ambon Island, S Maluku, SE Indonesia, ca. 3°39’S, 128°10’E] fide W. Böhme et al. (1998: 6). Distribution: Indonesia (Papua, Ambon, Angaur, Ansus, Banda, Batanta, Djamna, Goram, Haruku, Java, Jobi, Karekelong, Laut, Liki, Misool, Salawati, Sangihe, Saparua, Seram, Sulawesi, Tanimbar, Ternate, Timor) and Papua New Guinea (East Sepik, Gulf, Madang, Morobe, Southern Highlands, Western, Aware, Babase, Baluan, Duke of York, Kairiru, Karkar, Lou, Manus, Mioko, New Britain, New Hanover, New Ireland, Manam, Mussau, Rambutyo, Sturt, Tabar and Tench Is.), NSL–1525 m. Sources: V.M. Tanner, 1950, O’Shea, 1996, Crombie & Pregill, 1999 and Lang & Vogel, 2005. Remarks: Type rediscovered by W. Böhme et al. (1998: 6). A paralectoatype (ZMB 1496 from “Java, [Indonesia]”) exists fide Bauer et al. (2002: 167). 4. Candoia paulsoni (Stull, 1956). Copeia 1956(3): 185–186. (Enygrus carinatus paulsoni) Synonyms: Candoia paulsoni mcdowelli H.M. Smith & Chiszar in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c, Candoia paulsoni rosadoi H.M. Smith & Chiszar in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c, Candoia paulsoni sadlieri H.M. Smith & Chiszar in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c, Candoia paulsoni tasmai H.M. Smith & Tepedelen in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c, and Candoia paulsoni vindumi H.M. Smith & Chiszar in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c. Type: Holotype, MCZ 14521, a 567 mm male. Type locality: “Ugi Island, Solomon Islands” [Papua New Guinea]. C 148 C Distribution: Austro-Papua. Eastern Indonesia (Ambon, Banda, Batanta, Batjan, Goram, Halmahera, Haruku, Misool, Morotai, Salawati, Sangihe, Saparua, NE Sulawesi, Tanimbar, Talaud, Ternate), Papua New Guinea (Central, Madang, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capitol, Northern, Western, West Sepik, Ambittle, Babase, Bougainville, Buka, Dobu, Fergusson, Goodenough, Kiriwina, Kitava, Misima, Nissan, Normanby, Paneati, Rossel, Samarai, Shortland, Slade, Sudest, Tagula, Tabar, Trobriand, Umboi and Woodlark Is.) and Solomons (Bagga, Bellona, Bio, Choiseul, Fatura, Florida, Ganongga, Gatukai, Guadalcanal, Malaita, Mbanika, Mono, Nggatokae, Ranongga, Rennel, San Cristobal, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Isabel, Shortland, Simba, Treasury, Tulagi, Vangunu, Vella Lavella), NSL–1830 m. Sources: O’Shea, 1996, Kraus & Allison, 2004 and Lang & Vogel, 2005. 5. Candoia superciliosa (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 360–361. (Enygrus superciliosus) Synonym: Candoia superciliosa crombiei H.M. Smith & Chiszar in H.M. Smith, Chiszar, Tepedelen & Breukelen, 2001c. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.16.47 (formerly BMNH 1863.10.2.7) and BMNH 1946.1.16.50 (formerly BMNH 1863.10.2.8), longest syntype 470 mm (G.L. King). Type locality: “Pelew Islands” [= Palau, ca. 7°31’N, 134°35’E]. Distribution: Palau Islands (Angaur, Babeldaub, Beliliou, Koror, Ngcheangel, Ngeaur, Ngemelachel, Ngerechur, Ngercheu, Ngerduais, Ngerekebesang, Ngerukeuid, Ngeruktabel, Ngetmeduch, Oreor, Pkulaklim). CANTORIA Girard, 1858a (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Hydrodipsas W.C.H. Peters, 1859a, Cantoris – Oshima, 1944 (nomen incorrectum) and Djokoiskandarus J.C. Murphy, 2011. Type species: Cantoria violacea Girard, 1858a. Distribution: Tidal rivers and coastal marine waters of SE Asia and Esat Indies. Sources: Gyi, 1970, Voris et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy, 2007, 2011, Alfaro et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Cantoria annulata Jong, 1926a. Zool. Anz. 67(11– 12): 304. Type: Holotype, ZMA 11065, a 625 mm female (W.C. van Heurn, 1920–1921). Type locality: “Prins Frederik Hendrik Insel Neu-Guinea.” [= Yos Sudarso Is., SE Papua Prov., E Indonesia, bet. 7º22’–8°56’S, 137°39’–139º05’E]. Snakes of the World Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (Papua) and SW Papua New Guinea (Western, Bobo, Daru Is.), NSL. Sources: F. Parker, 1982 and O’Shea, 1996. Remarks: Transferred to Djokoiskandarus fide J.C. Murphy (2011: 233). 2. Cantoria violacea Girard, 1858a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1857) 9(6): 182. Synonyms: Hydrodipsas elapiformis W.C.H. Peters, 1859a, Cantoria elongata A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a (nomen novum), and Cantoria dayana Stoliczka, 1870a–d. Type: Holotype, USNM 5523 (C. Wilkes [U.S. Explor. Exped.], 19 Jan.–25 Feb. 1842). Type locality: “Singapore.” Distribution: Southeastern Asia. India (Andaman & Nicobars: North Andaman, Middle Andaman Is.), Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Mon), peninsular Thailand (Phuket, Phuket Is.), West Malaysia, Singapore, East Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (Sumatra, TimorLeste), NSL. Sources: Girard, 1858b, C.B. Frith & Boswall, 1978, Tweedie, 1983, Mahendra, 1984, M.J. Cox, 1991b, David & Vogel, 1996, Manthey & Grossmann, 1997, Ghodke & Andrews, 2002 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Girard (1858b: 156–158, 1858c: pl. 11, figs. 7–10). Sumatra and Timor records doubtful fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 60). CARAIBA Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 (Xenodontidae) Synonym: Haitiophis Hedges & Vidal in Hedges, Couloux & Vidal, 2009. Type species: Liophis andreae J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862. Distribution: Cuba and Hispaniola. Sources: A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1960, R. Thomas & Garrido, 1967, Hedges et al., 2009, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and Burbrink et al., 2012. 1. Caraiba andreae (J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862). Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn (1862– 1863) 24(10–18): 214–216. (Liophis andreae) Synonyms: Dromicus cubensis S.W. Garman, 1887b, Leimadophis nebulatus T. Barbour, 1916a, Leimadophis andreae orientalis T. Barbour & Ramsden, 1919, Dromicus andreae peninsulae Schwartz & Thomas, 1960, Dromicus andreae melopyrrha R. Thomas & Garrido, 1967, and Antillophis andreae morenoi Garrido, 1973. 149 Snakes of the World Types: Syntypes (2), ZMUC 60766–67, longest syntype 314 mm (C. Hygom & F. Andréa). Type locality: “Havanna, Cuba” [= Havana, Habana Proc., Cuba, 23°07’N, 82°23’W, elevation 35 m]. Distribution: Cuba (Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Ciego de Aviula, Granma, Guantánamo, Habana, Holguín, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara, Cantiles, Guajaba, Juventud and Santa María Is.), NSL–100 m. 2. Caraiba anomala (W.C.H. Peters, 1863c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(6): 282–283. (Zamenis anomalus) Type: Holotype, ZMB 2269, an 825 mm specimen. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Haiti (Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud-Ouest, Tortue Is.) and W Dominican Republic (Baoruco, Monte Cristi, Beata Is.). CARPHOPHIS Gervais in d’Orbigny, 1843 (Carphophiidae) Synonyms: Carphophiops Gervais in d’Orbigny, 1843, Carpophis A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Celuta Baird & Girard, 1853, Carphophis Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen praeoccupatum), Coluta – Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (nomen incorrectum), Carphoptis – Cope, 1862f (nomen incorrectum), Celata – WestphalCastelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Carphoris – Hurter, 1893 (nomen incorrectum), Carphopiops – McAtee, 1907 (nomen incorrectum), Carphosis – Dunn, 1928 (nomen incorrectum), Caryophis – Haltom, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), and Carphopis – A.F. Scott & Snyder, 1968 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber amoenus Say, 1825. Distribution: Southeastern USA. Fossil records: Pleistocene of USA. Sources: Clark, 1970, Rossman, 1973, Cadle, 1984c, Holman, 2000a, Ernst et al., 2003a and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4(2): 237–238. (Coluber amoenus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Coluber amaenus Say, 1825 (nomen incorrigendum), Coluber cineritius Gravenhorst, 1807 (nomen oblitum), Carphophiops vermiformis Gervais in D’Orbigny, 1843, and Celuta helenae Kennicott, 1859a. Types: Syntypes (5), ANSP (4), 276 mm, 264 mm, 262 mm, 216 mm and 118 mm specimens, and a 244 mm specimen (W.L. Stewart coll.), all lost fide Ernst et al. (2003: 774.3). Type locality: “Pennsylvania” [USA]. Restricted to vicinity of Philadelphia fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 184). Distribution: Southeastern USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, N Georgia, S Illinois, S Indiana, Kentucky, ext. SE Louisiana, Maryland, S Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, SE NewYork, North Carolina, S Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia), NSL–1310 m. Fossil records: Lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida), middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) of USA (West Virginia), middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Maryland), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholbrean II) of USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia). Sources: Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, Palmer & Braswell, 1995 and Ernst et al., 2003b. Remarks: Var. A of Say (1825: 238) might be considered the holotype. In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Coluber amoenus Say is designated a nomen protectum and Coluber cineritius Gravenhorst a nomen oblitum. 2. Carphophis vermis (Kennicott, 1859). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 11(3): 99–100. (Celuta vermis) Type: Holotype, USNM 2180 (P.R. Hoy, 1854). Type locality: “Missouri” [USA]. USNM catalogue entry for type reads Cooper County fide Ernst et al. (2003c: 775.1). Distribution: Central USA (Arkansas, ext. SW Illinois, ext. SE Iowa, E Kansas, ext. N Louisiana, Missouri, ext. SE Nebraska, E Oklahoma, ext. NE Texas, ext. SW Wisconsin), 60–610 m. Fossil records: Middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Arkansas), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Missouri, Texas). Sources: Clark, 1968, Fitch, 1999, Werler & Dixon, 2000 and Ernst et al., 2003c. CASAREA Gray, 1842a (Bolyeriidae) Synonyms: Centrophis Hemprich in Fitzinger, 1843, Caseara A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Leptoboa A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844, Cascara – A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen incorrectum), Leptolon – Giglioli, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Caesarea – F. Werner, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), and Casaria – H.W. Parker & Grandison, 1977 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Boa dussumieri Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Mauritius, Indian Ocean. Fossil record: Subrecent of Mauritius. Sources: Anthony & Guibé, 1952, Guibé, 1958, Stimson, 1969, Vinson, 1975, McAlpine, 1981, Cundall & Irish, 1986, 1989, M.K. Hecht & LaDuke, 1988, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Maiscano & Rieppel, 2007 and Winters, 2011. C 150 1. Casarea dussumieri (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 176, 2: 396–397. (Boa dussumieri) (nomen corrigendum) C Synonyms: Boa dussumiri Schlegel, 1837 (nomen incorrigendum) and Boa dussumieri Gray, 1842a (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 9, a 420 mm female (J.-J. Dussumier, 1816–1837). Type locality: “l’île ronde, près de Maurice” [= Round Island, near Mauritius, Indian Ocean, bet. 19°51–52’S and 57°47–48’E]. Distribution: Mascarenes (Flat, Gunner’s Quoin, Passe, Round, Mauritius Is.). Remarks: Incorrect original spelling corrected in Schlegel (1839 in 1837–1844: 55, pl. 17, figs. 1–5). Recently extinct on Mauritius fide Arnold (1980a: 41) but captive colony on Jersey Island. CATHETORHINUS Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (Typhlopidae) Type species: Cathetorhinus melanocephalus Duméril & Bibron, 1844. Distribution: Old World. Sources: Duméril & Bibron, 1844, Wallach & Pauwels, 2008, Cheke, 2010 and Winters, 2011. 1. Cathetorhinus melanocephalus Duméril & Bibron, 1844. Erpét. Gén. 6: 270–271. Type: Holotype, MNHN 138, a 183 mm male (F. Péron & C.A. Lesueur [N.T. Baudin Géographe Voy.], Oct. 1800–1804). Type locality: Unknown. Landfalls during the Péron and Lesueur voyage include Mauritius, Australia and Timor fide Wallach & Pauwels (2008: 121). Distribution: Old World. Remarks: Possibly an extant specimen of fossil Typhlops cariei from Mauritius fide Cheke (2010: 102). CAUSUS Wagler, 1830 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Distichurus Hallowell, 1842, Heterophis W.C.H. Peters, 1862a, Dinodipsas W.C.H. Peters, 1882b, Cansus – Mocquard, 1896b (nomen incorrectum), Caussus – Lindemann, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), and Causas – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Sepedon rhombeata Lichtenstein, 1823. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Witte, 1962, Broadley, 1968a, Golay et al., 1993, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Underwood, 1999, Lenk et al., 2001b, Mallow et al., Snakes of the World 2003, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Phelps, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Causus bilineatus Boulenger, 1905d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16(92): 114. (Causus rhombeatus bilineatus) Synonym: Causus lineatus Laurent, 1955. Types: Syntypes (5), BMNH 1905.5.29.36–40, males and females (W.J. Ansorge, June–July 1903, Nov. 1903– Feb. 1904, & end of 1904). Type locality: “Pungo Andongo, Canhoca, between Benguella and Bihé, Angola” [= between Benguela (12°35’S, 13°25’E) and Bié (12°23’S, 16°57’E), W Angola]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), NE Rwanda (Byumba), Angola (Benguela, Bié, Cuanza Norte, Huambo, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe) and NW Zambia (Luapula, North-Western, Western), 725–1800 m. Sources: Laurent, 1964a, Manaças, 1982, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003 and J.B. Rassmussen, 2005a. Remarks: Localities listed as Duque de Bragança, Malanje Prov. (09°06’S, 15°57’E), Quissange River, Benguela Prov. (12°26’S, 14°03’E), Caconda, Huíla Prov. (13°44’S, 15°04’E) and Huíla, Huíla Prov. (15°03’S, 13°33’E) fide Bocage (1895: 146). 2. Causus defilippii (Jan, 1863a). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(2): 225–226. (Heterodon defilippii) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Heterodon de filippii Jan, 1863a (nomen incorrigendum), Causus rostratus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c, Causus defilippii Mocquard, 1892a (nomen corrigendum), Causus rostratus Mocquard, 1892b (nomen praeoccupatum), and Causus dephillippii – Rose, 1955 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, MSNM (formerly MHNG & MZUT 2836), lost fide Broadley in Golay et al. (1993: 264). Type locality: “Buenos Ayres” [= Buenos Aires, Argentina] (in error). Corrected to Africa fide Broadley (1971d: 102). Restricted to Transvaal [= Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Gauteng Prov., NE South Africa] fide Elter (1982: 20, 55). Distribution: East and S Africa. Eastern Democratic Republic of the Coingo (Sud-Kivu), SE Kenya (Coast), Tanzania (Iringa, Linda, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Pwani, Ruvuma, Tanga, Zanzibar), Zambia (Central, Eastern, Northern, Southern), Malawi (Central, Southern), Mozambique (Gaza, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambézia), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Swaziland and NE South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga), NSL–1800 m. 151 Snakes of the World Sources: A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864b, Mocquard, 1891b, Sweeney, 1961, Broadley, 1971, 1983, FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Pienaar et al., 1983, Branch, 1988, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Branch et al., 2005 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Probably occurs in Namibia fide M. Griffin (2003: 130) and E Botswana fide Auerbach (1987: 205). 3. Causus lichtensteinii (Jan, 1859c). Rev. Mag. Zool. (1858) (2) 11: 511. (Aspidelaps lichtensteinii) Synonym: Dinodipsas angulifera W.C.H. Peters, 1882b. Type: Holotype, formerly NMBA, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Côte-d’Or.” [= Gold Coast, presumably Ghana]. Distribution: Western and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone, Liberia, S Ivory Coast (Guiglo, Tabou), S Ghana (Eastern), S Nigeria, S Cameroon (Adamaoua, Est, Centre, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, OgoouéMaritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Pool, Sangha), SW Central Africa Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Sangha), SE Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kinshasa, Katanga, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), W Zambia (North-Western), Angola (Benguela, Lunda Norte), S Uganda (Central, Western) and SW Kenya (Western), NSL–2100 m. Sources: Roux-Estéve, 1965, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Leston, 1970, Pitman, 1974, Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Akani et al., 2001, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. Remarks: Probably occurs in Togo fide and Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 353). Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). See Akani et al. (2001: 192) for discussion of its occurrence in Nigeria. 4. Causus maculatus (Hallowell, 1842). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8(2): 337–338, pl. 19. (Distichurus maculatus) Type: Holotype, ANSP 6897, a 293 mm specimen (S.M.E. Goheen, 1836–1838). Type locality: “Liberia, Western Africa.” Distribution: Western and cen. Africa. Southwestern Mauritania (Trarza), W Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kaolack, Kédougou, Kolda, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Gambia (MacCarthy Island), GuineaBissau (Bafatá, Cacheu, Tombali), Guinea (Boké, Dalaba, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western, Sherbo Is.), Liberia (Bong, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Loffa, Montserrado, Margibi, Nimba), S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, Sikasso, S Tombouctou), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Adzopé, Bouaké, Bouna, Daloa, Dix-Huit Montagnes, Ferkéssédougou, Guiglo, San Pédro, Tabou, Toumodi), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, Nord, Sahel, SudOuest, Volta-Noire), Ghana (Accra, Ashanti, BrongAhafo, Central, Eastern, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western), Togo (Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes), Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Zou), S Niger (Dosso, Niamey, S Diffa), Nigeria (Abuja, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bayelsa, Bendel, Cross River, Delta, Gongola, Kaduna, Kano, Kwara, Lagos, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto), S Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Guéra, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha, Vakaga), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), E Gabon (Haut-Ogooué, Ogooué-Ivindo), Congo (Bouenza, Brazzaville, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Pool), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), NE Angola (Cuanza Sul, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul), E South Sudan, S Ethiopia (Illubabor, Shoa, Wollega), and W Uganda (Western), NSL–1950 m. Sources: Mertens, 1965c, Hughes, 1978, 2013, Roman, 1980, Hakansson, 1981, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, Lawson, 1993, Spawls & Branch, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2000, 2006b, Akani et al., 2001, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Luiselli et al., 2004a, J.B. Rasmussen, 2005a, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, W. Böhme et al., 2011, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. 5. Causus resimus (W.C.H. Peters, 1862a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1862(1): 277–278, figs. 4–4b. (Heterophis resimus) Synonyms: Causus jacksonii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c, Causus nasalis Stejneger, 1894b, and Causus resimus angolensis Bocage, 1895. Type: Holotype, ZMB 4370, a 295 mm specimen (A. von Barnim & R. Hartman, 1859–1860). Type locality: “Sennâr, vom Gebel-Ghule” [= Jebol Ghule, Sennar Prov., SE Sudan]. Distribution: Central and E Africa. Ghana (BrongAhafo), Nigeria (Abia, Abuja, Borno), S Chad (ChariBaguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi, Salamat), N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord), N Central African Republic C 152 C (Vakaga), NE Democratic Republic of the Congo (Nord-Kivu, Orientale), SE Sudan (Sennar), E Sudan, South Sudan, S Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Kefa), Somalia (Bay, Gedo, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western), S Kenya (Coast, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western), Rwanda, N Burundi, Tanzania (Kagera, Mara, Mwanza), and Angola (Benguella, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Lunda Norte, Namibe), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Pitman, 1974, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Hughes, 1987, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Akani et al., 2001, Spawls et al., 2002, J.B. Rasmussen, 2005a, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Distribution consists of numerous disjunct populations. 6. Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein, 1823). Verzeich. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Univ. Berlin: 106. (Sepedon rhombeata) Synonyms: Naja v-nigrum F. Boie, 1827, Naja rhombeata – Schlegel, 1837, and Causus rhombeatus taeniata Sternfeld, 1912. Types: Syntypes (2–3), ZMB 2768–69 and ? ZMB 2770, longest syntype 457 mm (G.L.E. Krebs, 1821–1829). Type locality: “Prom. B. sp.” [= Promontorium Bonae Spei or Cape of Good Hope, South Africa]. Restricted to districts of Uitenhage, Kirkwood and Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Prov., South Africa fide Bauer (2000: 57). Distribution: Eastern Africa. Northeastern Nigeria (Gongola ), Central African Republic (Ouham-Pende), South Sudan, Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Gojjam, Gondar, Hararge, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo, Tigre), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), SW Kenya (Central, S Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, S Rift Valley, Western), cen. Rwanda, W Burundi, SW Tanzania (S Iringa, Kigoma, Mbeya, Rukwa, Ruvuma), SE Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), NE Angola (Lunda Norte, Moxico), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Mozambique (Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Niassa, Sofala, Tete), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, N Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), NE Namibia (Caprivi, E Kavango), N Botswana (North West, North East), Swaziland, Lesotho and E South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZuluNatal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, E Western Cape), NSL– 2200 m. Sources: Barros e Cunha, 1935, Sülter, 1962, Witte, 1962, Laurent, 1964a, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Hughes, 1977, FitzSimons, 1974, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Hughes, 1978, Broadley, 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Massary & Ineich, 1994, Bauer, 2000, Snakes of the World Akani et al., 2001, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, J.B. Rasmussen, 2005a, Chippaux, 2006, Largen & Spawls, 2010 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. CEMOPHORA Cope, 1860e (Colubridae) Synonyms: Stasiotes Jan, 1862b, Cemaphora – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), and Cernophora – BriceñoRossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber coccineus Blumenbach, 1788. Distribution: Eastern and S USA. Fossil records: Pleistocene of SE USA. Sources: K.L. Williams et al., 1966, K.L. Williams & Wilson, 1967, Christman, 1980, Dowling et al., 1983, K.L. Williams, 1985, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, 1998, Trauth, 1993, Holman, 1995a, 2000a, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Keogh, 1996, Tennant, 1997, Rodríguez-Robles & Jesús-Escobar, 1999, Werler & Dixon, 2000 and Pyron & Burbrink, 2009a. 1. Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788). Voigt’s Mag. Physik Naturg. 5(1): 10–12, pl. 1. (Coluber coccineus) Synonyms: Coluber doliatus Linnaeus, 1766 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber dumfrisiensis Sowerby, 1804, Coluber coccinaenus Kirtland, 1838 (nomen emendatum), Cemophora copei Jan, 1863a, and Cemophora coccinea lineri K.L. Williams, Brown & Wilson, 1966. Type: Holotype, ZMG (A. Garden, 1750–1761), lost fide K.L. Williams & Wilson (1967: 112). Type locality: “Florida und Neu-Spanien” [USA and Mesoamerica]. Restricted to Florida, USA fide K.L. Williams & Wilson (1967: 112). Distribution: Southeastern USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, ext. S Illinois, ext. S Indiana, W Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, S Missouri, E New Jersey, North Carolina, E Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, ext. E Texas, Virginia), NSL–600 m. Fossil records: Lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Florida, Virginia). Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2187 fide Opinion 804 (ICZN, 1967). Collins (1991: 43) suggested that C. lineri be recognized as a valid species. CERASTES Laurenti, 1768 (nomen protectum) (Viperidae) Synonyms: Aspis Laurenti, 1768 (nomen rejiciendum), Cerastes Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (nomen nudum), Haemorrohous Fitzinger, 1823, Gonyechis Fitzinger, 153 Snakes of the World 1843, Gongechis – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Cerates – K.P. Schmidt, 1941 (nomen incorrectum), and Conyechis – A.S. Romer, 1956 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber cerastes Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: North Africa and SW Asia. Sources: Villiers, 1950a, Schnurrenberger, 1959, Broadley, 1968a, Papenfuss, 1969, Joger, 1984, Y.L. Werner et al., 1991, Y.L. Werner & Sivan, 1991, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Herrmann & Joger, 1995, Spawls & Branch, 1995, David & Ineich, 1999, Herrmann et al., 1999, Joger & Courage, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Lenk et al., 2001b, Mallow et al., 2003, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Stümpel & Joger, 2009, Phelps, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1539 fide Opinion 661 (ICZN, 1963b). 1. Cerastes boehmei Wagner & Wilms, 2010. Bonn Zool. Bull. 17(2): 300–302, figs. 2.1, 3–5. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 58054, a 219 mm female (T. Holtmann, 1991). Type locality: “Tunisia, SW Remada, east of Djebei National Park, close to the road midway between Beni Kandeche (Bani Kheddacvhe) and Ksar el Hallouf” [= SW Remada (32°19’N, 10°23’E, 300 m), Tatouine Govern., cen. Tunisia]. Distribution: Central Tunisia (Tatouine), 300 m. 2. Cerastes cerastes (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 217. (Coluber cerastes) Synonyms: Coluber cornutus Linnaeus in Hasselquist, 1762, Coluber baetaen Forskal in Niebuhr, 1775, Vipera aegyptiaca Daudin, 1803c, Crastes preuini Fitzinger, 1823, Cerastes hasselquistii Gray, 1842e, Echidna atricauda A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (partim), Vipera avicennae Jan, 1859a (part), Cerastes cornutus mutila Doumergue, 1901, Cerastes cerates – Weissenberg et al., 1991 (nomen incorrectum), and Cerastes cerastes hoofieni Y.L. Werner & Sivan in Y.L. Werner, Sivan, Kushnir & Motro, 1999. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-98 (formerly MAFR), an anterior body section (F. Hasselquist, 7 July 1750, via. Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Oriente” [= Egypt]. Rashid, Nile delta [= Rasheed, Kafr El-Shaikh Govern., NE Egypt] fide Hasselquist (1762: 70–72, 315–322). Restricted to Egypt fide Flower (1933: 830) and to southern Judaea fide K.P. Schmidt (1939b: 88). Distribution: North Africa and Arabia. Western Sahara (Rio de Oro, Saguia El Hamra), W Mauritania (Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Inchiri, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza), S Morocco (Boulemane, Figuig, Kaar Es Souk, Ouarzazate, Tan Tan), Algeria (Adrar, El Bayadh, Illizi, Naama, Saida, Tamanrasset), NE Mali (Gao), Niger (Agadez, Diffa, Tahoua, Zinder), Tunisia (Nabeul, Sousse, Zaghouan), Libya (Ajdabiya, Al Butnan, Al Jabal Al Gharbi, Al Jurfah, Al Kurfah, Awbari, Banghazi, Ghat, Nalut, Murzuq, Surt), N Chad (Kanem, Tibetsi), N Sudan (Al Bahr Al Ahmar, Ash Shamaliyah), Egypt (Alexandria, Assiut, Aswan, Beheira, Beni Suef, Cairo, El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Faiyum, Giza, Ismailia, Matrouh, Minya, New Valley, North Sinai, Qena, South Sinai, Sohag, Suez), SW Israel (W Southern), SW Saudi Arabia (Qizan) and Yemen, NSL– 1500 m. Sources: Doumergue, 1901, Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963, A. Davidson, 1964, Johann, 1973, Gasperetti, 1988, Y.L. Werner et al., 1991, 1999, Leviton et al., 1992, Sterer, 1992, Y.L. Werner & Sivan, 1992, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Y.L. Werner, 1994, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Bogaerts, 1998, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Geniez et al., 2004, Chippauz, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 1910 fide Opinion 661 (ICZN, 1963c). Photograph of head of “holotype” in Y.L. Werner & Sivan (1992: fig. 1), who listed holotype as lost and NHR Lin-98 as a paratype. Type locality restriction of S Judea fide K.P. Schmidt (1939: 88) invalid. 3. Cerastes gasperettii Leviton & Anderson, 1967. Proc. California Acad. Sci. (4) 35(9): 183–184, fig. 12 (Cerastes cerastes gasperettii) Synonyms: Cerastes cerastes karlhartli Sochurek, 1974 (nomen nudum) and Cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni Werner & Sivan in Y.L. Werner, Sivan, Kushnir & Motro, 1999. Type: Holotype, CAS 97826, a 580 mm male (J. Gasperetti, 23 Aug. 1964). Type locality: “Beda Azan [23°41’ N., 53°28’ E.], Abu Dhabi [Abu Zaby],” United Arab Emirates. Distribution: Arabia and Middle East. Syria, ext. SE Israel (E Southern), Jordan (Aqaba, Karak, Maan, Tafilah, Zarqa), S Iraq, Saudi Arabia (Asir, Eastern, Jawf, Jazan, Madinah, Makkah, Northern, Qasim, Riyadh, Tabuk), Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Sharjah), Oman (Aden, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Dhofar), Yemen (Abyan, Al Jawf, Al Hudaydah, Hadhramaut, Mahwit, Ma’rib, Shabwah) and SW Iran (Khuzestan), NSL–1600 m. Sources: Y.L. Werner, 1987, 1994, Gasperetti, 1988, Leviton et al., 1992, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Y.L. Werner et al., 1999, Disi et al., 2001, Baker et al., 2004, Amr & Disi, 2011 and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. 4. Cerastes vipera (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 216. (Coluber vipera) Synonyms: Aspis cleopatrae Laurenti, 1768, Coluber aegypticus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Vipera aegyptia Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, C 154 C 1801a, Vipera aegyptiaca Daudin, 1803d (nomen substitutum), Aspis cleopatra Gray, 1842e (nomen emendatum), Cerastes richiei Gray, 1842e, Cerastes ritchii Gray, 1849 (nomen emendatum), Echidna atricauda A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (partim), Vipera avicennae Jan, 1859a (part), Vipera avizennae – Strauch, 1869 (nomen incorrectum), and Cerastes vipera inornatus F. Werner, 1929b. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-99 (formerly MAFR), a 380 mm male (F. Hasselquist, 7 July 1750, via Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Aegypto” [= Egypt]. Rashid, Nile delta [= Rasheed, Kafr El-Shaikh Govern., NE Egypt] fide Hasselquist (1762: 70–72, 315–322). Distribution: North Africa and Middle East. Western Sahara (Rio de Oro, Saguia El Hamra), Mauritania (Adrar, Brakna, Dahklet Nouadhibou, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza), S Morocco (Kaar Es Souk, Ouarzazate, Tan Tan), Algeria (Adrar, Bechar, Illizi, Naama, Tamanrasset), Tunisia (Gafsa, Sousse), N Mali (Gao, Tombouctou), N Niger (Agadez, Zinder), Libya (Ajdabiya, Al Jabar Al Gharbi, Awbari, Banghazi, Surt, Tarabulus), Chad, N Egypt (El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Faiyum, Giza, Ismailia, Matrouh, Minya, N New Valley, North Sinai, South Sinai, Suez), SW Saudi Arabia (Jazan), SW Israel (W Southern) and Jordan, NSL–1500 m. Sources: Mayet, 1903, Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Jooris & Fourmy, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Bogaerts, 1998, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Geniez et al., 2004, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Remarks: Record from Lebanon rejected fide Joger (1984: 42). CERATOPHALLUS Cope, 1893a (Natricidae) Type species: Coluber vittatus Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Singapore and Indonesia. Sources: Bergman, 1950a, 1950b, K.F.L. Lim & Lee, 1989, David & Vogel, 1996 and Manthey & Grossmann, 1997. Remarks: A valid genus fide Dubey et al., 2012, P. Gou et al., 2012, and Zaher et al., 2012. 1. Ceratophallus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 219. (Coluber vittatus) Type: Holotype, NHR (formerly MAFR), lost fide Andersson (1899: 5). Type locality: “America,” (in error). Distribution: Singapore and Indonesia (Bangka, Java, Sumatra, Weh), NSL–100 m. Remarks: Introduced into Singapore fide K.K.P. Lim & Chou (1990: 54). Sulawesi records doubtful fide Lang & Vogel (2005: 258). Snakes of the World †CERBEROPHIS Longrich, Bhullar & Gauthier, 2012b (Alethinophidia incertae sedis) Type species: †Cerberophis robustus Longrich, Bhullar & Gauthier, 2012b. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of USA. Source: Longrich et al., 2012a. 1. †Cerberophis robustus Longrich, Bhullar & Gauthier, 2012b. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(52): 21397–21398, fig. 1-I. Synonym: Boidae indeterminate Bryant, 1989. Type: Holotype, UCMP 130696 (formerly V80096), one trunk vertebra. Type species: “Hell Creek Formation, Garfield/McCone Counties, Montana; Late Cretaceous, ≤1.8 Ma before K-T boundary.” Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 65.5– 67.3 mya) of USA (Montana). Remarks: Illustration of holotype in Bryant (1989: figs. 11a–b). CERBERUS Cuvier, 1829 (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Hurria Daudin, 1803b, Huria Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (nomen incorrectum), Hurianus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (nomen emendatum), Hurriah Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (nomen incorrectum), Hurrias Oken, 1817 (nomen emendatum), Strephon Goldfuss, 1820 (nomen substitutum), Hurrix – Ritgen, 1828 (nomen incorrectum), Cerbus – Locard, 1875 (nomen incorrectum), Hyrria – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Cerburus – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), and Hurrianus – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hydrus rynchops Schneider, 1799. Distribution: Tidal rivers and coastal marine waters of Indo-Australia. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922a, F. Werner, 1923b, Gyi, 1970, Voris et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy, 2007b, Alfaro et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009, J.C. Murphy et al., 2012 and J.C. Murphy, 2012a. 1. Cerberus australis (Gray, 1842d). Zool. Misc. 2(May): 65. (Homalopsis australis) Synonyms: Homolopsis australis Gray, 1842c (nomen nudum), Cerberus rynchops novaeguineae Loveridge, 1948, and Cerberus montgomeryi Wells & Wellington, 1985. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.40 (J. Gilbert, 1840–1842). Snakes of the World Type locality: “North Coast of New Holland; Port Essington” [= ruins at tip of Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory, N Australia, ca. 11°09’N, 132°00’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (S Papua, Sumba Is.) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, ext. N Queensland, ext. N Western Australia, Channel, Melville, Mirree and Sir Graham Moore Is.), NSL–250 m. Sources: O’Shea, 1996 and Karns et al., 2000. Remarks: J.C. Murphy et al. (2012a: 9) listed type locality as ~12°28’S, 130°54’E. 2. Cerberus dunsoni J.C. Murphy, Voris & Karns, 2012a. Zootaxa (3484): 11–12, fig. 5 (paratype). Type: Holotype, AMNH 116021, an 813+ mm female. Type locality: “Micronesia, Palau Islands: Arakabesang (formerly Ngerekebesang) Island (~7º29’N, 134º27’E).” Distribution: Palau (Arakabesang, Babeldaob and Oreor Is.), NSL–80 m. Source: Crombie & Pregill, 1999. 3. Cerberus microlepis Boulenger, 1896a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 18–19, pl. 2, fig. 2–2a. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.7.24–25, two females, longest syntype 660 mm (H. Cuming, 1836–1840). Type locality: “Philippines.” Restricted to vicinity of Lake Buhi, Luzon Island fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 69, 2012: 13). Distribution: Philippines (Luzon), 60 m. 4. Cerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799). Hist. Amph. 1: 246–247. (Hydrus rynchops) Synonyms: ? Boa moluroides Schneider, 1801, Hydrus cinereus G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber cerberus Daudin, 1803d, Hurria bilineata Daudin, 1803d, Python rhynchops Merrem, 1820 (nomen emendatum), Coluber decipiens Oppel in H. Boie, 1826 (nomen nudum), Homalopsis rufotaeniatus Wagler, 1833, Cerberus grantii Cantor, 1836b, Cerberus cinereus Cantor, 1839, Cerberus russelii Fitzinger, 1843, Homalopsis rhynchops Cantor, 1847, Cerberus unicolor Gray, 1849a, and Homalopis rhinchops – F. Mason, 1852 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, a 1029 mm specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 23, pl. 17) (Snodgrass, July 1788), designated herein. Type locality: “Ganjam, India” [= Ganjam, Orissa State, SE India, 19°23’N, 85°03’E, elevation NSL] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Ganjam, India (~19°22’N, 85°03’E) fide J.C. Murphy et al. (2012a: 14). Distribution: Southern Asia. India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Krusadai Is., Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman, Long and Nicobar Is.), Sri Lanka (Eastern, North-Central, Southern, Western), Bangladesh, 155 Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Mon, Rakhine, Tanintharyi, Yangon) and peninsular Thailand (Phang Nga, Ranong), NSL–10 m. Sources: Wall, 1918e, M.A. Smith, 1943.H. Taylor, 1965, P. Silva, 1969, Whitaker, 1969, Singh, 1972, Mahendra, 1984, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Koch, 2012. Remarks: Original description based upon Russell (1796: 23, pl. 17). May occur in Pakistan fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 73) based on Murray, 1886. 5. Cerberus schneiderii (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 171, 2: 341, pl. 13, figs. 6–7. (Homalopsis schneiderii) Synonyms: Elaps boaeformis Schneider, 1801 (nomen dubium), Hurria schneideriana Daudin, 1803d (nomen dubium), Python elapiformis Merrem, 1820 (nomen dubium), Python molurus Merrem, 1820 (nomen dubium), Homalopsis molurus H. Boie, 1826, Coluber obtutsatus Reinwardt in H. Boie, 1826 (nomen nudum), Homalopsis obtusatus Fitzinger, 1826a, rhinchops Cantor, 1847 (nomen emendatum), and Cerberus acutus Gray, 1849. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 1173, an 867 mm female described and illustrated by Schlegel (1837: 341–343, pl. 13, figs. 6–7) (J.T. Reinhardt, 1845–1847), designated by J.C. Murphy et al. (2012a: 17). Type locality: “Timor” [S Indonesia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeast Asia and East Indies. Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima, Pak Phanang, Phuket, Trang), Cambodia, S Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ca Mau, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang), West Malaysia (Kerala, Pinang, Selangor, Seribuat Arch.: Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Ambon, Babi, Bali, Bangka, Batjan, Buru, Enggano, Erde, Flores, Fredrick Hendrik, Goram, Halmahera, Java, Kalamantan, Komodo, Lembata, Lombien, Lombok, Mentawai, Nako, Natuna, Nias, Riau Arch., Rinca, Roti Timor, Sanghe, Saparua, Seram, Simeulue, Sula, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Sumba, Talaud, Ternate, Weh, West Timor, Wetar), Timor-Leste and Philippines (Bantayan, Bohol, Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Dinagat, Jagoliaou, Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo Romblon), NSL–80 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, C. Haas, 1950, R. Bergman, 1955b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Saint-Girons, 1972a, Tweedie, 1983, Ross & Lazell, 1991, Ehmann, 1992, Ross & Gonzales, 1992, David & Vogel, 1996, O’Shea, 1996, McKay, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Kaiser et al., 2011. Remarks: Photographs of lectotype in J.C. Murphy et al. (2012a: figs. 9a, c). C 156 CERCOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Xenodontidae) C Type species: Dendrophis auratus Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Eastern South America.. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1983, 1997 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 157, 2: 227–228. (Dendrophis aurata) Type: Holotype, RMNH 813, a 570 mm male (H.H. Dieperink, 1831). Type locality: “Paramaribo, Suriname” [= Paramaribo, Paramaribo District, Suriname, 5°49’N, 55°10’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Suriname (Paramaribo) and SE Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), NSL. Snakes of the World Distribution: Southern Mexico (SE Oaxaca, Chiapas) and S Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Sacatepéquez, Suchitepéquez, Totonicapán), 1220–3490 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Solórzano, 1992, Sasa, 1997 and G. Köhler, 1999b. 2. Cerrophidion petlalcalensis López-Luna, Vogt & Torre-Loranca, 1999. Herpetologica 55(3): 382–387, fig. 1, 3–7, 9. Type: Holotype, UNAM-LTH 3454, a 395 mm male (M. Angel de la Torre-Loranca; 29 June 1997). Type locality: “Cerro de Petlalcala, Municipio San Andres Tenejapan, Veracruz, México, 18°47’ N and 97°06’ W at 2100 m. The locality is 10 km south of the town of Orizaba, Veracruz.” Distribution: Eastern Mexico (W Veracruz), 2100–2300 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Remarks: May occur in SE Puebla and N Oaxaca fide López-Luna et al. (1999: 388). CERROPHIDION J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1992 (Viperidae) Type species: Bothriechis godmani A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Distribution: Southern Mexico and Central America. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 1992, 2004, Minton, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Kraus et al., 1996, David & Ineich, 1999, López-Luna et al., 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Castoe et al., 2005, 2009, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Jadin, 2010b and Jadin et al., 2011, 2012. 1. Cerrophidion godmani (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 364– 365, pl. 6, fig. g. (Bothriechis godmani) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Bothriechis godmanni A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c (nomen incorrigendum), Bothrops brammianus Bocourt, 1868, Bothriechis scutigera J.G. Fischer, 1880, and Bothriechis trianguligera J.G. Fischer, 1883. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.80 (formerly BMNH 1864.1.26.40), a 446 mm female (F.D. Godman & O. Salvin, 1859–1865), designated by L.C. Stuart (1963: 129). Type locality: “Duenas and other parts of the tableland of Guatemala” [= San Miguel Dueñas, SW Sacatepéquez Department, S Guatemala, ca. 1450 m, 14°31’N, 90°48’W], via lectotype selection. 3. Cerrophidion sasai Jadin, Townsend, Castoe & Campbell, 2012. Zool. Scripta 41(5): 5–7, figs. 2a–c. Type: Holotype, UTA 51399, a 713 mm male (M. Sasa, 8 Nov. 2001). Type locality: “San Ramos de Tres Ríos, Departamento de San José, Costa Rica.” Distribution: Lower Central America. Costa Rica (Alajuela, San José) and ext. W Panama (Chiriquí), 1340–1465 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Solórzano, 1992, Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 4. Cerrophidion tzotzilorum (J.A. Campbell, 1985). J. Herp. 19(1): 48–50, figs. 1–3. (Bothrops tzotzilorum) Type: Holotype, UTA 9641, a 386 mm male (J.A. Campbell, 8 June 1979). Type locality: “10.9 km ESE San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico, elevation 2320 m.” Distribution: Extreme SE Mexico (Meseta Central of cen. Chiapas), 2050–2500 m. Sources: Lazcano-Villarreal-Barrero & Gongora-Arones, 1988, Auth et al., 2000b, G. Köhler, 2001 and Jadin, 2010a. 157 Snakes of the World 5. Cerrophidion wilsoni Jadin, Townsend, Castoe & Campbell, 2012. Zool. Scripta 41(5): 7–10, figs. 4–5. Type: Holotype, UTA 52953, a 648 mm female (E.N. Smith, 1 Feb. 2005). Type locality: “Cerro Azul, Parque Nacional Montaña de Botaderos, Departamaento de Olancho, Honduras, 15.3783aºN/86.14200ºW, elevation 1420 m.” Distribution: Upper Central America. El Salvador (Chalatenango, Santa Ana) and Honduras (Cortés, Fraqncisco Morazán, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Yoro), 1220–2200 m. Sources: L.D. Wilson & Myer, 1985, J.A. Campbell & Solórzano, 1992, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004, Wilson & McCranie, 2004 and McCranie, 2011a. CHAMAELYCUS Boulenger, 1919a (Lamprophiidae) Synonym: Oophilositum H.W. Parker, 1933b. Type species: Chamaelycus christyi Boulenger, 1919a. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Sources: Witte, 1962, Chifundera, 1990, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Chamaelycus christyi Boulenger, 1919a. Rev. Zool. Afr. 7(1): 22. Type: Holotype, MRAC, a 370 mm male (C. Christy, 1912–1914). Type locality: “Madié (district de l’Ituri), Congo Belge” [= Medje, Orientale Prov., NE Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2°49’N, 27°35’E, elevation 735 m]. Distribution: Southern Congo and NE Democratic Republic of the Congo (Nord-Kivu, Orientale), 700– 1650 m. Sources: J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1990 and Chippaux, 2006. 2. Chamaelycus fasciatus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 196–197. (Alopecion fasciatum) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.29, a 203 mm female (Rich). Type locality: “West Africa.” Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southwestern Senegal (Ziguinchor/Kolda), Guinea (Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Dix-Huit Montagnes), S Ghana, S Togo (Plateaux), S Benin, S Nigeria, Cameroon (Est, Centre, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Littoral, Bioko Is.), Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Maritime), SE Central African Republic (Sangha), Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale) and ext. W Uganda (W Western), 500–1200 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Hughes, 1983, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2007 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). Chamaelycus werneri a valid species fide J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève (1995: 47). 3. Chamaelycus parkeri (Angel, 1934b). Bull. Soc. Zool. France 59(5): 417–419. (Oophilositum parkeri) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1934-11, a male (G. Babault, 1912–1920). Type locality: “Kabulire (dans les forêts situées à l’Ouest du lac Kivu, alt. 1.040 m.)” [= Kabulire, Sud-Kivu Prov., E Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Distribution: Central Africa. Northern Congo (Sangha), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, SudKivu, Orientale) and Angola, 400–1040 m. Sources: J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estéve, 1990, Chippaux, 2006 and Chirio & LeBreton, 2007. Remarks: Holotype is male fide Laurent (1956a: 126). Probably occurs in SE Cameroon fide Chirio & LeBreton (2007: 392). 4. Chamaelycus werneri (Mocquard, 1902b). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 8(6): 412. (Lycophidium werneri) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1901.551, a 350 mm female (E. Haug, 1895–1901). Type locality: “à environ 50 kilomètres au Sud-Ouest de Lambaréné, Gabon” [= ca. 50 km SW Lambaréné (0°42’S, 10°14’E, elevation 25 m), SW Moyen-Ogooué Prov., W Gabon]. Distribution: West Africa. Central Cameroon (Adamaoua), Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué) and S Congo (Brazzaville), 1035 m. Sources: Bogert, 1940, Hughes, 1983 and LeBreton, 1999. CHAPINOPHIS J.A. Campbell & Smith, 1998 (Dipsadidae) Type species: Chapinophis xanthocheilus J.A. Campbell & Smith, 1998. Distribution: Guatemala. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Smith, 1998, G. Köhler, 2001, Zaher et al., 2009 and Mulcahy et al., 2011. 1. Chapinophis xanthocheilus J.A. Campbell & Smith, 1998. Herpetologica 54(2): 210–216, figs. 1, 4. Type: Holotype, UTA 35919, a 518 mm male (R.F. Savage, 8 April 1993). C 158 C Type locality: “approximately 5 km ENE Finca Miranda on trail to Aldea Vega Larga, 2300 m, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala...slopes of the Rio Vega Larga watershed at about 15°05’48”N, 90°00’20”W.” Distribution: Central Guatemala (Baja Verapaz), 1830– 2300 m. CHARINA Gray, 1949a (Boidae) Synonyms: Wenona Baird & Girard, 1852c, Pseudoeryx Jan, 1862a (nomen praeoccupatum), Wenonia – Jan, 1862a (nomen incorrectum), Chamia – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Charinae – Engelmann & Obst, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Tortrix bottae Blainville, 1835. Distribution: Western North America. Fossil records: Lower, middle and upper Miocene of W USA and S-cen. Canada, upper Pliocene of USA, and upper Pleistocene of USA. Sources: Stimson, 1969, Kluge, 1988a, 1993a, Walls, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Holman, 2000a and Lawson et al., 2004. Remarks: Genus synonymized with Calabaria fide Kluge (1993a: 299) but revalidated fide Lawson et al. (2004: 292). 1. Charina bottae (Blainville, 1835). Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) 4(3): 289–290, pl. 26, figs. 1–1b. (Tortrix bottae) Synonyms: Wenona isabella Baird & Girard, 1852c, Wenona plumbea Baird & Girard, 1852c, Charina brachyops Cope, 1888, and Charina bottae utahensis Van Denburgh, 1920c. Type: Holotype, MNHN 730, a 600 mm specimen (P.E. Botta, 1827–1829). Type locality: “Californie” [= California, USA]. Restricted to coast Distribution opposite Monterey, California fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 157). Distribution: Extreme SW Canada (S British Columbia) and NW USA (N California, Idaho, W Montana, N Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, W Wyoming), 535–2590 m. Fossil records: Upper Pliocene (Blancan) of USA (Washington), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (California). Sources: V.M. Tanner & Tanner, 1939, Nussbaum & Hoyer, 1974, Stewart, 1977, 1988, Nussbaum et al., 1983, Stebbins, 1985, H.A. Brown et al., 1995, Bell & Meade, 1996, P.R. Brown, 1997, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Rodríguez-Robles et al., 2001 and Parmley & Walker, 2003. Remarks: Occurs in NW Colorado fide Rodríguez-Robles et al. (2001: fig. 1). Snakes of the World 2. †Charina prebottae Brattstrom, 1958. Bull. So. California Acad. Sci. 57(1): 6–7.0. Types: Syntypes (2), MVP 45242, two middle trunk vertebrae (R.H. Telford & R.L. Schultz). Type locality: “Upper Miocene, Barstow formation, Barstow Syncline, San Bernardino County, California” [= Middle Miocene fide Holman, 2000a: 69]. Distribution: Lower Miocene (ArikareeanHemingfordian: 16.3–20.6 mya) of USA (Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming), middle Miocene (Barstovian: 10.3–16.3 mya) of USA (California, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming), upper Miocene (Hemphillian: 4.9–10.3 mya) of USA (Nebraska, Texas) and W Canada (Saskatchewan), Pliocene (1.8–4.9 mya) of USA (Washington), and Pleistocene (0.01–1.8 mya) of USA (California). Sources: Holman, 1976a, 1979b, 2003, Parmley, 1988 and Parmley & Holman, 1995. 3. Charina umbratica Klauber, 1943d. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(7): 83–84. (Charina bottae umbratica) Type: Holotype, SDSNH 12101, a 264 mm male (C. Searl, 1 July 1929). Type locality: “Fern Valley, near Idyllwild, San Jacinto Mountains at elevation 5800 ft., Riverside County, California,” USA. Distribution: Southwestern USA (S California), 1560– 1765 m. Sources: Stebbins, 1986 and Rodríguez-Robles et al., 2001. Remarks: A valid species fide Rodríguez-Robles et al. (2001: 234). †CHEILOPHIS Gilmore, 1938 (Boidae) Type species: †Cheilophis huerfanoensis Gilmore, 1938. Distribution: Lower to middle Eocene of USA. Sources: H, Miller, 1955, Holman, 1979a, 2000a, Rage, 1984a–b, Sullivan & Lucas, 1988 and Longrich et al., 2012b. 1. †Cheilophis huerfanoensis Gilmore, 1938. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. (9): 79–80, figs. 34a–d. Type: Lectotype, AMNH 5195, one middle trunk vertebra (AMNH Exped., 1918), designated by Rage (1984a: 219). Type locality: “two miles north of Gardner, Custer County, Colorado, USA. Upper Huerfano, early Bridgerian, early middle Eocene” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Wasatchian: 50.3–55.4 mya) of USA (New Mexico) and middle Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Colorado). 159 Snakes of the World CHERSODROMUS J.T. Reinhardt, 1861b (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Opisthiodon W.C.H. Peters, 1861b and Schmidtophis E.H. Taylor, 1949. Type species: Chersodromus liebmanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1861b. Distribution: Southern Mexico. Sources: H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Dixon & Ketchersid, 1969, Cadle, 1984b, G. Köhler et al., 2001 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Chersodromus liebmanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1861b. Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn (1860) 22: 243–245, pl. 4, figs. 10–11. Synonyms: Chersodromus liebmanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1861a (nomen nudum), Chersodromus nigricans Kröyer in J.T. Reinhardt, 1861a, Opisthiodon torquatus W.C.H. Peters, 1861b, and Dirosema collare F. Werner, 1900a. Type: Holotype, ZMUC 60561, a 250 mm male (R.W. Liebmann, 1841–1843). Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to Cuautlapan, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 347) and to Mirador, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Braestrup (1963: 240). Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz), 1800–1840 m. Sources: H.M. Smith & Braestrup, 1963, CansecoMaquez & Flores-Villela, 1995, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 and Mancilla-Moreno, 1998. 2. Chersodromus rubriventris (E.H. Taylor, 1949). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33(2): 193–194. (Schmidtophis rubriventris) Type: Holotype, LSUMZ 577, a 308 mm specimen (C.R. Shaw, 1946–1947). Type locality: “near Xilitla (Xilitla Region) San Luis Potosí, México” [= vicinity of Xilitla (21°23’N, 98°59’W, elevation 660 m), San Luis Potosí State, NE Mexico]. Distribution: Central Mexico (E Querétaro, San Luis Potosí), 660 m. CHILOMENISCUS Cope, 1860f (Colubridae) Type species: Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope, 1860f. Distribution: Extreme SW USA and NW Mexico. Sources: H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Banta & Leviton, 1963, R.W. Murphy & Ottley, 1984, Stebbins, 1985, McPeak, 2000 and Grismer et al., 2002a. 1. Chilomeniscus savagei Cliff, 1954. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 12(5): 71–72, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, CAS-SU 14034, a 234 mm female (J.M. Savage, 3 April 1952). Type locality: “southwest coast of Cerralvo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico.” Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (Baja California del Sur: Ceralvo Is.). 2. Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope, 1860f. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12(8): 339. Synonyms: Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861e, Chilomeniscus ephippicus Cope, 1867a, Chilomeniscus stramineus fasciatus Cope, 1892a, Chilomeniscus punctatissimus Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921a, and Chilomeniscus stramineus esterensis Hoard, 1939. Types: Syntypes (5), USNM 4674a–b, USNM 6495a–b, and ANSP 3405, longest syntype 229 mm (J. Xantus, Dec. 1859). Type locality: “Cape St. Lucas, Lower California” [= Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur State, NW Mexico, 22°53’N, 109°55’W, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (SW Arizona) and NW Mexico (Baja California, W Sonora and Cedros, Monserrate, San José and San Marcos Is.), NSL–915 m. Sources: Fowlie, 1965, Powers & Banta, 1974b, Wong, 1997 and Bartlett & Tennant, 2000. CHILORHINOPHIS F. Werner, 1907a (Atractaspididae) Synonyms: Chilorinophis – Loveridge, 1924c (nomen incorrectum), Parkerophis T. Barbour & Amaral, 1927, and Chilorpinophis – Isemonger, 1983 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Chilorhinophis butleri F. Werner, 1907a. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Sources: Battersby, 1950, Witte & Laurent, 1947, Loveridge, 1958, Wallach, 1991, Meirte, 1992, Underwood & Kochva, 1993, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Chilorhinophis butleri F. Werner, 1907a. Kaiserliche Akad. Wiss. Wien 26: 480. Synonyms: Parkerophis carpenteri H.W. Parker, 1927a and Chilorhinophis carpenteri liwalensis Loveridge, 1951a. Type: Holotype, NMW 14729, a 315 mm specimen (F. Werner, 30 March 1905). Type locality: “Mongalla” [= Mangalla, Central Equatoria Prov., S South Sudan, 5°12’N, 31°46’E, elevation 470 m]. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southeastern South Sudan (Central Equatoria), SE Tanzania (Lindi, Mtwara) and NE Mozambique (Cabo Delgado), 40–520 m. C 160 Sources: Meirte, 1992 and Spawls et al., 2002. Remarks: Supplemental original description in F. Werner (1907c: 1881, pl. 3, figs. 8a–d). Chilorhinophis carpenteri a synonym fide A. Resetar in Wallach (1991: 416). C 2. Chilorhinophis gerardi (Boulenger, 1913c). Rev. Zool. Afr. 3(1): 103, 2 figs. (Apostolepis gerardi) Synonym: Chilorhinophis gerardi tanganyikae Loveridge, 1951a. Type: Holotype, MRAC 1205, a 315 mm male (P. Gérard, 1906–1913). Type locality: “Kikondja, Katanga, Congo Belge” [= Kikondja, cen. Katanga Prov., SE Democratic Republic of the Congo, 8°12’S, 26°25’E, elevation 585 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), W Tanzania (Kigoma, Rukwa), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern) and N Zimbabwe (N Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Midlands), 585–1300 m. Sources: FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. CHIONACTIS Cope, 1860e (nomen substitutum) (Colubridae) Synonym: Lamprosoma Hallowell, 1857a (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell, 1854a. Distribution: Southwestern USA and NW Mexico. Fossil records: Pleistocene of SW USA. Sources: Stickel, 1943, Klauber, 1951, Fowlie, 1965, Stebbins, 1985, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a and Mahrdt et al., 2001 1. Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854a). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7(3): 95. (Rhinostoma occipitale) Synonyms: Lamprosoma annulatum Baird, 1859a, Sonora occipitalis klauberi Stickel, 1941, Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951, and Chionactis saxatilis Funk, 1967. Type: Holotype, USNM 8030, a 229 mm specimen (R.S. Williamson [Pacific Railroad Surv.], 1853–1854). Type locality: “Mohave Desert, California” [USA]. Listed as “Fort Mojave” fide USNM catalogue. Restricted to the western Mojave Desert in the vicinity of the Mojave River fide Klauber (1951: 154). Distribution: Southwestern USA (SW Arizona, SE California, S Nevada) and ext. NW Mexico (NE Baja California Norte, ext. NW Sonora), NSL–1500 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona, California). Snakes of the World Sources: Elvin, 1963, Cross, 1979, P.R. Brown, 1997, Mahrdt et al., 2001b, Grismer, 2002 and D.A. Wood et al., 2008. Remarks: Holotype based on specimen depicted in Hallowell (1859: pl. 4, figs. 2a–c) fide Klauber (1951: 153). 2. Chionactis palarostris (Klauber, 1937b). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 8(27): 363–365. (Sonora palarostris) Synonyms: Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber, 1951 and Chionactis palarostris seri Blake, 1970 (nomen ineditum). Type: Holotype, SDSNH 26771 (formerly LMK 26771), a 312 mm male (G. Lindsay, April 1937). Type locality: “5 miles south of Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico.” Corrected to six miles south of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico fide Blake in Mahrdt et al. (2001c: 732.1). Distribution: Southwestern USA (SW Arizona) and NW Mexico (NW Sonora), NSL–760 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona). Sources: Mahrdt et al., 2001c and H.M. Smith et al., 2005. CHIRONIUS Fitzinger, 1826a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Erpetodrius H. Boie in F. Boie, 1826, Erpetodryas H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen emendatum), Erpetodrias – H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (nomen incorrectum), Macrops Wagler, 1830, Herpetodrys Wagler, 1830 (nomen emendatum), ? Coronella Bonaparte, 1831a (nomen praeoccupatum), Herpetodryas Schlegel, 1837 (nomen emendatum), Hylophis Fitzinger, 1843, Phyllosira Cope, 1862d, Herpetodryos – J.W. Müller, 1865 (nomen incorrectum), Herpetodrias – Steindachner, 1876 (nomen incorrectum), Herpedodryas – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Leptastes Philippi, 1899 (nomen nudum), Leptastes Philippi in Quijada, 1916, Herpelodryas – Guibé, 1958 (nomen incorrectum), and Shironius – Hoge & Maranhão-Niña, 1964 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber carinatus Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Central America and South America. Sources: Bailey, 1955, Donoso-Barros, 1969a, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Wiest, 1978, Cunha & Nascimento, 1983c, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Dixon et al., 1995 and Hollis, 2006. Remarks: Hollis (2006: 444–445) elevated seven subspecies to species: Chironius carinatus flavopictus to C. flavopictus; C. carinatus spixii to C. spixii; C. fuscus leucometapus to C. leucometapus; C. multiventris cochranae to C. cochranae; C. m. foveatus to C. foveatus; C. m. septentrionalis to C. septentrionalis; C. quadricarinatus maculoventris to C. maculoventris. Snakes of the World 1. Chironius bicarinatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1820a). Reise Brasil. 1: 181, col. pl. (Coluber bicarinatus) Synonym: Natrix bicarinata – Wagler in Spix, 1824. Type: Holotype, ? ZSM 1752/0, an 1125+ mm female (A.M.P. zu Wied-Neuwied, 26 Nov.–19 Dec. 1815. Type locality: “an dem Sandufer einer Lagoa...unweit Villa do Espirito-Santo, wohin man noch einen Weg von 5 Legoas hat” [= lake near Rio Jacu, within five leagues of Villa do Espírito Santo, Estado Espírito Santo, Brazil, fide Wiest, 1978: 79]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (E Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, ext. E Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, Búzios, Cananéia, Cardoso, Comprida, Grande, Mar Virado, Porchat, Santo Amaro, São Sebatião and São Vicente Is.), NE Uruguay (Artigas, Cerro Largo, Rio Negro, Salto) and NE Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Missiones, Salta), NSL–1850 m. Sources: P. Müller, 1969b, Cei, 1994, Carreira-Vidal et al., 2005, Duarte Roche & Van Sluys, 2006, Carreira-Vidal & Lombardo, 2007a, Cicchi et al., 2007 and Morato et al., 2011. 2. Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 223. (Coluber carinatus) Synonyms: Coluber subfuscus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber chironius Donndorff, 1798, Coluber moschatus Donndorff, 1798, Coluber null Donndorff, 1798, ? Coluber flaviceps Gravenhorst, 1807, Coluber pickeringii Hallowell, 1845a, Herpetodryas carinatus carinatissima Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Herpetodryas carinatus decalepis Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Herpetodryas carinatus glabra Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Herpetodryas carinatus macrophthalma Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Herpetodyas carinatus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-33 (formerly MAFR), a 1500 mm male (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error fide Hoge, 1964d: 53). Corrected to Suriname fide Hoge (1962c: 53). Distribution: Northern South America. Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Monagas, Miranda, Sucre), Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Commewijne, Para, Paramaribo), French Guiana (Cayenne, SaintLaurent-du-Maroni), Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios) and N Brazil (Alagras, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Pará, Pernambuco, Roraima, Sergipe), NSL–1115 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, Roze, 1966a, Vanzolini et al., 1980, Lancini, 1986, Chippaux, 1987, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Markezich, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Solórzano, 2004, Navarrete et al., 2009, Kok, 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 161 3. Chironius challenger Kok, 2010. Zootaxa (2611): 32–37, figs. 1, 2a–c, 3a, 4d, 6 (upper and lower left). Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2659, a 720 female (J.R. Philippe & J.R. Kok, 25 Nov. 2007). Type locality: “southeastern slope of Maringma Tepui, Cuyuni-Mazaruni District, Guyana (05º 12’ N, 060º 35’ W, 1500 m elevation).” Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar) and Guyana (CuyuniMazaruni, Potaro-Siparuni), 1400–2090 m. Source: C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 4. Chironius exoletus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 223. (Coluber exoletus) Synonyms: Coluber pyrrhopogon Wied-Neuwied, 1824b and Zaocys tornieri F. Werner, 1896b. Type: Holotype, ZMUU 150 (formerly JA), a 1020 mm female, fide L. Wallin (1992: 226) and L. Wallin in Dixon et al. (1995: 92). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error). Partially corrected to South America and India fide Gmelin (1789: 1110). Corrected to America fide Wagler (1830: 180). Restricted to Brazil fide Fitzinger (1843: 60). Distribution: Lower Central America and South America. Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Chiriquí, Darién, Panamá), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Cauca, Huila, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Vaupés), SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Zulia), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Marowijne, Paramaribo), French Guiana (Cayenne), Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Máranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, E Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, Cananéia, Cardoso, Comprida, Grande, Mar Virado, Porchat, Santo Amaro and São Vicente Is.), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas, Imbabura, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha), E Peru (Amazonas, Ayacucho, Cusco, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno), N Bolivia (Cochabamba, El Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz) and ext. NE Argentina (Misiones), NSL–2400 m. Sources: P. Müller, 1969b, Hoge et al., 1976–1977, Cunha & Nascimiento, 1982d, 1983, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Cei, 1994, Starace, 1998, Frota & Yuki, 2002, Savage, 2002, Duarte-Rocha & Van Sluys, 2006, Cicchi et al., 2007, Navarrete et al., 2009, Kok, 2010 and Morato et al., 2011. Remarks: Holotype designation of ZMUU 135 fide Hoge et al. (1978b: 41–42) in error. C 162 5. Chironius flavolineatus (Jan, 1863b). Elen. Sist. Ofidi: 80. (Herpetodryas carinatus flavolineata) C Type: Lectotype, formerly MSNM, specimen illustrated in Jan & Sordelli (1869 in 1866–1870, 2[31]: pl. 2, fig. 5), designated by Dixon et al. (1995: 112), destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Brazil” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Eastern South America. Eastern Brazil (Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, W Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, E Mato Grosso, Mato Gross do Sul, Minas Gerais, SE Pará, Paraiba, Paraná, W Pernambuco, Rondônia, São Paulo, Tocantins), cen. Bolivia (El Beni, Santa Cruz) and E Paraguay, 20–1380 m. Sources: Moura-Leite et al., 1996, Colli & Péres, 1997, 1998, Pinto et al., 2010 and Albuquerque & Freitas, 2011. Remarks: Dixon et al. (1995: 112) claimed figure for type was labeled 3 but it was labeled 5 (there is no fig. 3) and is the third figure from the top. 6. Chironius flavopictus (F. Werner, 1909b). Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 26: 220. (Herpetodryas carinatus flavopicta) Type: Lectotype, ZMH 651 (formerly ZMH 3513), a 1530 mm female (F. von Buchwald, 10 June 1902), designated by Dixon et al., (1995: 78). Type locality: “Ecuador, Guayaquil” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Southern Costa Rica (Alajuela, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Boca del Toro, Canal Zone, Chiriquí, Chocó, Cocle, Colón, Darién, Herrera, Panamá, Veraguas), NW Colombia (Atlántico, Caldas, Cauca, S Chocó, Nariño, Valle, Vichada) and W Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas), NSL–750 m. Sources: Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. Remarks: A valid species fide Hollis (2006: 445). 7. Chironius foveatus Bailey, 1955. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Michigan (571): 10. Type: Holotype, MN 1840, a 2281–2267 mm male (V. Rosa). Type locality: “Rio Fortuna, Ilhéus, Bahia,” Brazil. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo). Remarks: A valid species fide Hollis (2006: 445). 8. Chironius fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 222–223. (Coluber fuscus) Synonyms: Coluber saturninus Linnaeus, 1758, Natrix cinnamonea Wagler in Spix, 1824, Natrix dysgena Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), and Herpetodryas sebastus Cope, 1861c. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-34 (formerly MAFR), a 955– 1005 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Asia” (in error). Corrected to Suriname fide Wiest (1978: 159). Distribution: Northern South America. Eastern Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Meta, Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo IslandsWest Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper DemeraraBerbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo, Marowijne), French Guiana (Cayenne, St. Laurent-du-Maroni), E Ecuador (Chimborazo, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Maranhao, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, São Paulo, Cardoso, Porchat, Santo Amaro and São Vicente Is.), E Peru (Amazonas, Ayacucho, Cusco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Pasco) and N Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz), 100–3500 m. Sources: Pérez-Santos & Morelos, 1991, Starace, 1998, Lehr, 2001, Duellman, 2005, Cicchi et al., 2007, C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Kok, 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Photograph of C. fuscus type in Kok (2010: 41, fig. 8) and head of type in Hoge & Maranhao-Niña (1964: figs. 5, 7). 9. Chironius grandisquamis (W.C.H. Peters, 1868a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1868(7): 451. (Spilotes grandisquamis) Synonyms: Herpetodryas melas Cope, 1886b, Herpetodryas schlüteri F. Werner, 1899a (nomen incorrigendum), Herpetodryas schlueteri J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 (nomen corrigendum), and Herpetodryas vicinus Boulenger, 1915e, and Herpetodryas vicimus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, ZMB 3940, a 2207 mm male. Type locality: “Costa Rica.” Distribution: Central America and ext. NW South America. Northern and SE Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Cortés, El Paraiso, Gracias a Dios, Olancho), E Nicaragua (Atlántico Sur, Chontales, Jinotega, Matagalpa, Rio San Juan, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Canal Zone, Chiriquí, Colón, Darién, Panamá, Veraguas), W Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Meta, Nariño, Valle, Gorgona Is.) and NW Ecuador (Cotopaxi, Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Pichincha), NSL– 2400 m. Sources: Amaral, 1944g, E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, PérezSantos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, McCranie et al., 2006, Mareno-Arias et al., 2008, McCranie, 2011a and Travers et al., 2011. 163 Snakes of the World 10. Chironius laevicollis (Wied-Neuwied, 1824b). Isis von Oken 17(6): 666. (Coluber laevicollis) Type: Holotype, not designated, an 1858 mm specimen (A.M.P. zu Wied-Neuwied, 26 Nov. 1815), location unknown. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as “am Ufer des Flusses Itabapuana erlegt, als sie von der Fazenda de Muribeca aus jene Urwälder der Purís durchstreiften” fide Wied-Neuwied (1825c: 298–299), [= Lower Rio Itabapoana, on boundary between Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil fide Dixon et al., 1995: 135]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, E Mina Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Cardoso, Comprida, São Sebastião and São Vicente Is.), NSL–1000 m. Sources: P. Müller, 1969b, Marques & Puorto, 1996 and Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: Record from Paraguay doubtful fide Dixon et al. (1995: 135). 11. Chironius laurenti Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat., Torino (1993) (13): 141–146, fig. 39. Synonym: Chironius dixoni Wiest, 1978 (nomen ineditum). Type: Holotype, AMNH 101815, an 1846 mm male (W.P. Maclean, 8 Sept. 1965). Type locality: “Bolivia, Department of Beni, Rio Mamoré, ca. 23 km W San Javier” [= ca. 14°36’N, 65°00’W, elevation 150 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Mato Grosso) and Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), 150 m. 12. Chironius leucometapus Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat., Torino (1993) (13): 123– 126, fig. 31. (Chironius fuscus leucometapus) Synonym: Chironius fuscus leucometapus Wiest, 1978 (nomen ineditum). Type: Holotype, AMNH 53317, a 1474 mm male. Type locality: “Peru, Department of Junin, Chanchamayo.” Distribution: Peru (Huanuco, Junin, San Martin), 500– 3500 m. Remarks: A valid species fide Hollis (2006: 445). 13. Chironius maculoventris Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat., Torino (1993) (13): 181–184, fig. 55. (Chironius quadricarinatus maculoventris) Synonym: Chironius multriventris maculoventris Wiest, 1978 (nomen ineditum). Type: Holotype, UZMK 60816, a 1067 mm male (native, 26 Oct. 1878) Type locality: “Argentina, Prov. of Corrientes, Plata Staterne.” Distribution: Western Paraguay (Boquerón, Presidente Hayes) and NE Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Salta), 50–275 m. Remarks: A valid species fide Hollis (2006: 445). 14. Chironius monticola Roze, 1952a. Acta Biol. Venez. 1(5): 100–102, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, MBUCV 2019, a 1225 mm female (J. Racenis, 15 July 1951). Type locality: “la carretera Caracas-El Junguito, cerca de El Junquito, Distrito Federal, Venezuela, en una altura de 1.850 metros sobre el nivel del mar.” Distribution: Northwestern South America. Western Colombia (Antioquía, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Nariño), NW Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Mérida, Miranda, Táchira), Ecuador (Chimborazo, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Loja, MoronaSantiago, Napo, Pastaza, Tungurahua, ZamoraChinchipe), Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Huanuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martín) and cen. Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), 90–2930 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Lamar, 1997b, Esqueda & La Marca, 1999, Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, Navarrete et al., 2009 and Rojas-Morales, 2012b. 15. Chironius multiventris K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943a. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 24(26): 282–283. Type: Holotype, FMNH 38250, a 1226–1250 mm female (Valdivia). Type locality: “Department of Madre de Dios, Peru.” Restricted to Selvas de Rio Madre de Dios fide Dixon et al. (1995: 168). Distribution: Northern South America. Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas, Guainía), S Venezuela (Amazonas), Guyana (Barima-Waini, CuyuniMazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo, Nickerie, Para), French Guiana (Cayenne), E Ecuador (Chimborazo, Napo, Pastaza), E Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pará), Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhão, Rondônia, Roraima, Cananéia, Cardoso, Santo Amaro, São Sebastião and São Vicente Is.) and Bolivia (Beni), NSL–1200 m. Sources: Chippaux, 1987, Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires, 1991, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Moura-Leite et al., 1996, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Marques et al., 2001, Embert, 2002a, Abuys, 2003, Duellman, 2005, Duarte-Rocha & Van Sluys, 2006, Cicchi et al., 2007, Klaczko et al., 2010, Kok, 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. C 164 16. Chironius quadricarinatus (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 548. (Erpetodryas 4 dricarinatus) C Synonyms: Tyria quadricarinata Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen nudum) and Phyllosira flavescens Cope, 1862d. Type: Holotype, RMNH 605 (formerly NMW), a 952 mm male (J. Natterer, 1817–1835). Type locality: Unknown. Listed as “Bresil” [= Brazil] fide RMNH catalogue. Restriction to Asunción, Paraguay fide Bailey (1955: 15) invalid. Distribution: Southeastern South America. Southeastern Brazil (Goiás, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Tocantins), E Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija), Paraguay (Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Guairá, Neembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro) and N Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes), NSL–1100 m. Sources: Cei, 1994, Argólo, 1998a, Leynaud Bucher, 1999, Embert, 2002b, Cacciali, 2008 and Pinto et al., 2010. 17. Chironius scurrulus (Wagler in Spix, 1824). Serp. Brasil. Sp. Nov.: 24–26, pl. 8. (Natrix scurrula) Synonyms: Dendrophis viridis A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron Duméril, 1854a, Herpetodryas holochlorus Cope, 1875b, and Chironius barrioi Donoso-Barros, 1969a. Type: Lectotype, ZSM 2628/0, an 1475+ mm male (K.F.P. von Martius, Dec. 1919–Feb. 1820), designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 329). Type locality: “in aquosis fluminis Japura, Brasil” [= Río Japura, Amazonas State, NW Brazil, from 0°24’S, 72°17’W to 3°08’S, 64°66’W fide Vanzolini, 1981: xxvi) via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas, Meta, Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Sucre), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo, Marowijne, Nickerie, Paramaribo), French Guiana (St. Laurent-du-Maroni), Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhao, Pará), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), E Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, San Martin) and N Bolivia (El Beni, La Paz, Pando), NSL– 840 m. Sources: Hoge & Naranhão, 1964, Hoge, 1969a, Lancini, 1986, Hoogmoed, 1983, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, RivasFuenmayor & La Marca, 2001a, Duellman, 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009, Kok, 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Original description listed plate as pl. 9 in error. Snakes of the World 18. Chironius septentrionalis Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat., Torino (1993) (13): 173– 177, fig. 52. (Chironius multiventris septentrionalis) Synonym: Chironius multiventris septentrionalis Wiest, 1978 (nomen ineditum). Type: Holotype, AMNH 98228, a 1651 mm male (W. Beebe, 1942–1946). Type locality: “Venezuela, Estado Aragua, Rancho Grande, near Maracay” [= Rancho Grande, near Maracay (10°15”N, 67°36’W, 450 m), Aragua State, N Venezuela]. Distribution: Northern Venezuela (Aragua, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Guárico, Lara, Miranda, Sucre, Trujillo) and Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), NSL– 1200 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid species fide Hollis (2006: 445). 19. Chironius spixii (Hallowell, 1845). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2(9): 241. (Coluber spixii) Type: Holotype, ANSP 5641, a 1692 mm female (S. Ashmead, 1835–1845). Type locality: Unknown. Restricted to Venezuela fide Roze (1958d: 2). Distribution: Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Magdalena, Meta, Sucre, Vichada) and Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátequi, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Yaracuy, Zulia), 50–460 m. Source: Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid species fide Hollis (2006: 445). 20. Chironius vincenti (Boulenger, 1891f). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 59(3): 355. (Herpetodryas carinatus vincenti) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1890.11.25.21A, a 706 mm female (H.H. Smith via F.D. Godman, 1890), designated by Dixon et al. (1995: 195). Type locality: “St. Vincent, Lesser West Indies” [= Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Lesser Antilles, 13°15’N, 61°11’W] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Saint Vincent Is.), 20–600 m. Sources: Henderson et al., 1988, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 1996c, 2009. Remarks: Photograph of the type in Dixon et al. (1995: fig. 59). Possibly endangered fide Dixon et al. (1995: 200). 165 Snakes of the World CHITULIA Gray, 1849 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Aturia Gray, 1840 (nomen nudum), Asturia Gray, 1842c (nomen nudum), Aturia Gray, 1842d (nomen praeoccupatum), Dolichodira Wall, 1921g, Micromastophis Wall, 1921g, and Polypholophis Wall, 1921g. Type species: Chitulia inornata Gray, 1849a. Distribution: Marine waters of Indo-Australia, including Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arafura Sea, Bay of Bengal, Bight of Bangkok, Bismarck Sea, Coral Sea, Damman Channel, East China Sea, Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Carpentaria, Gulf of Martaban, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Thailand, Indian Ocean, Java Sea, Kimanis Bay, Manila Bay, Marudu Bay, Oquair Bay, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, SW Pacific Ocean, Visayan Sea, and Yellow Sea. Sources: Kharin, 2007, 2012, Wells, 2007, I. Das, 2010, 2012, Kharin & Dotsenko, 2012 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: A subgenus of Hydrophis fide McDowell (1972a: 226) and A. Rasmussen (1992: 91). 1. Chitulia belcheri (Gray, 1849a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 46. (Aturia belcheri) Synonym: Hydrophis beleheri – L. Rogers, 1903 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.97 (formerly BMNH III.3.2.a & BMNH 1842.11.22.30), an 805 mm male (E. Belcher, 1843–1846). Type locality: “New Guinea,” (possibly in error fide McCarthy & Warrell (1991: 163). Distribution: Southeast Asia and East Indies. Southern Thailand (Chanthanaburi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Samut Sakhon), S Vietnam, Indonesia (Papua, Java, Karima Djava, S Kalimantan, Sulawesi) and Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Western). Sources: M.A. Smith, 1935, McCarthy & Warrell, 1991, Kharin, 2005a, A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2007 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. Remarks: Type reported to be female fide Boulenger (1896a: 296). Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1950b, P. Silva 1980a, A.R. Rasmussen, 1992 and McCarthy, 1993. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as ZMB 4677 in original description. A subspecies of Leioselasma cyanocinctus (Daudin) fide Deraniyagala (1955: 86). 3. Chitulia inornata Gray, 1849a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 56. Synonyms: Chitulia fasciata Gray, 1849a, Thalassophis schlegelii P. Schmidt, 1852, Hydrophis controversa Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Hydrophis manillae Owen, 1859 (nomen nudum), Hydrophis controversus Jan, 1863b, Hydrophis longiceps A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a (nomen substitutum), Distira cyanosoma Wall, 1913e, Hydrophis inormata – Kinghorn, 1929 (nomen incorrectum), Hydrophis inornatus ocellus Kinghorn, 1929, Hydrophis inormatus – Beirn, 1979 (nomen incorrectum), and Hydrophis inornataus – Culotta & Pickwell, 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.27 (formerly BMNH III.7.1.a), adult female (E. Belcher, 1843–1846). Type locality: “Indian Ocean” (in error). Distribution: Northern Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) and Arabia. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922a, Voris, 1972, A.R. Rasmussen, 1989b, Kharin & Czeblukov, 2005 and Kharin & Dotsenko, 2012. Remarks: Type reported to be male fide Boulenger (1896a: 290). A subspecies of Hydrophis ornatus (Gray) fide Klemmer (1963: 353) and McDowell (1972a: 232). Specimens from the China and Japan area possibly in error. 4. Chitulia laboutei (A. R. Rasmussen & Ineich, 2000). Hamadryad 25(2): 94–97, figs. 1–3. (Hydrophis laboutei) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1999.6574, a 610 mm male (P. Laboute, 22 July 1988). Type locality: “Chesterfield Reefs, New Caledonia (20°21.98’S, 161°04.87’E), most likely caught at a depth of 62 meters.” Distribution: New Caledonia (Chesterfield Reefs). Known only from the type series. 2. Chitulia bituberculata (W.C.H. Peters, 1873a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1872(12): 855–856, pl. 2, figs. 2–2d. (Hydrophis bituberculatus) 5. Chitulia lamberti (M.A. Smith, 1917c). J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2(4): 340. (Hydrophis lamberti) Synonyms: Distura bituberculata – Oshima, 1944 (nomen incorrectum) and Leioselasma bitubercualata – Culotta & Pickwell, 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, ZMB 4647, a 1090–1120 mm female (J. Nietner, 1870). Type locality: “Colombo (Ceylon)” [= Colombo, Western Prov., Sri Lanka, 6°56’N, 79°52’E]. Distribution: Sri Lanka and S Thailand (Phuket Is.). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.20 (formerly MAS 1112 & BMNH 1921.2.11.13), an 860 mm female (M.A. Smith, Sept. 1916). Type locality: “mouth of the Meklong River, Gulf of Siam.” Emended to Bight of Bangkok, Thailand fide M.A. Smith (1926a: 83). Distribution: Southeast Asia and Philippines. Thailand (Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhran), Singapore, C 166 Vietnam (Mekong River) and cen. Philippines (South Gigante). Sources: A.R. Rasmussen, 1989b, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011. C 6. Chitulia lapemoides (Gray, 1849a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 46. (Aturia lapemoides) Synonyms: Hydrophis holdsworthii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b, Hydrophis stewartii J. Anderson, 1872, Distira lapemioides Boulenger, 1890a (nomen emendatum), and Distira lapimoides – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.7.2 (formerly BMNH III.3.3.a), a 610 mm female (Zool. Soc. London), designated by A.C.L.G. Günther (1864a: 375). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Eastern Saudi Arabia (Ash Shar Qiyah), Bahrain, United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah), N Oman, S Iran (Bushehr, Hormozghan), S Pakistan (Balochistan, Sindh), W and E India (Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, S Thailand (Phuket, Samut Sakhon, Phuket Is.), Singapore and West Malaysia (Penang Is.). Sources: Wall, 1924e, Kennedy, 1937, Volsoe, 1939, Toriba & Sawai, 1981, 1989, Tamiya et al., 1983a, A.R. Rassmussen, 1987, 1989b, 1993, Gasperetti, 1988, Gallagher, 1990, McCarthy & Warrell, 1991, Leviton et al., 1992, M.S. Khan, 2002 and A. Silva, 2009. Remarks: Type locality redundantly restricted to Ceylon [= Sri Lanka] fide E.H. Taylor (1950b: 589). 7. Chitulia mamillaris (Daudin, 1803d). Hist. Nat. Rept. 7: 340–342. (Anguis mamillaris) Synonyms: Hydrophis tesselatus Murray, 1886 and Hydrophis mammillaris Wall, 1906f (nomen emendatum). Type: Neotype, BMNH 1861.12.30.38, a 650–660 mm male (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882), designated by M.A. Smith (1926a: 89). Type locality: “Vizagapatam, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E]. Distribution: Southern Pakistan (Sindh) and India (Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal). Sources: Wall, 1921g, Minton, 1966, Talukdar & Dattagupta, 1980 and M.S. Khan, 2002. Remarks: Original description based on P. Russell (1796: 49, pl. 44). Holotype lost fide M.A. Smith (1926: 89). 8. Chitulia ornata (Gray, 1842d). Zool. Misc. 2(May): 61. (Aturia ornata) Synonyms: Hydrophis ocellata Gray, 1849, Hydrophis laevis Lütken, 1863 (nomen praeoccupatum), Hydrophis Snakes of the World ellioti A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Hydrophis godeffroyi W.C.H. Peters, 1873a, Distira andamanica Annandale, 1905a, Distira mjoebergi Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913, Distira godeflovi – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), Distira ornate godeffroi – Takahashi, 1935 (nomen incorrectum), Hydrophis ornatus maresinensis Mittleman, 1947, Hydrophis ornate godeffrayi – Wang & Wang, 1956 (nomen incorrectum), Hydrophis maresianus Klemmer, 1963 (nomen emendatum), Hydrophis ernata – Deraniyagala, 1974 (nomen incorrectum), Hydrophis oranatus – Tamiya & Puffer, 1974 (nomen incorrectum), and Hydrophis elliotti – Culotta & Pickwell, 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.72 (formerly BMNH III.3.1.a), a juvenile male. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Indian Ocean fide A.C.L.G. Günther (1864a: 377). Distribution: Indo/Sino-Australia. Kuwait, Iran (Hormozghan, Tanb Is.), Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, N Oman, Pakistan (Astola Is.), India (Andaman & Nicobars, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Western), Myanmar (Rakhine), Thailand (Pattani, Phang Nga, Phuket, Samut Sakhon, Phuket Is.), S Vietnam (Dong Nai, Ho Chí Minh, Thuân Hai), China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Shandong), Taiwan, ext. S Japan (Ryukyus: Amamioshima and Ishigakishima Is.), Philippines (Cebu, Gigante, Luzon, Negros, Palawan, Panay, South Gigante), West Malaysia, East Malaysia (Sabah), E Indonesia (Papua: Aru Is., Java), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch., Gulf, West), Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia), New Caledonia and Kiribati. Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Wall, 1907h, 1921g, Maki, 1931, Bourret, 1934g, Volsoe, 1939, Mittleman, 1947, Romer, 1958, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Redfield et al., 1978, B.L. Lim, 1982, F. Parker, 1982, M. Mori, 1986, Tian et al., 1986, Gasperetti, 1988, A.R. Rasmussen, 1989b, Stuebing, 1991, Toriba & Nakamoto, 1991, O’Shea, 1996, Bauer & Sadlier, 2000, Ineich & Laboute, 2002, M.S. Khan, 2002, Leviton et al., 2003, Whitaker & Captain, 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009 and A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011 9. Chitulia pachycercos (J.G. Fischer, 1855). Fam. Seeschlang.: 44–46. (Hydrophis pachycercos) Synonym: Hydrophis pachycerios – Jan, 1859b (nomen incorrectum). Type: Neotype, ZMUC 661230, a 1030 mm female (native, Sept. 2000), designated by A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2007: 290). Type locality: “fish market at the Phat Thien harbour, ca. 200 km S Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Prov., S Vietnam” via neotype selection. Distribution: Southern Vietnam (South China Sea). Source: A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011. 167 Snakes of the World Remarks: Holotype (ZMH 390) destroyed in July 1943 during World War II fide H.-W. Koepcke in A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2007: 288). Previously a synonym of C. belcheri. 10. Chitulia sibauensis (A.R. Rasmussen, Auliya & Böhme, 2001). Herpetologica 57(1): 24–25, figs. 1, 3. (Hydrophis sibauensis) Type: Holotype, ZFMK 64891, a 735 mm gravid female (M. Auliya, 12 Dec. 1996). Type locality: “Sibau Kecil (00°52’N, 112°55’E) in Putussibau, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Distribution: Central Indonesia (Kalimantan). 11. Chitulia stricticollis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 376, pl. 25, fig. r. (Hydrophis stricticollis) Synonyms: Hydrophis neglectus Wall, 1906f and Distira neglecta – Wall, 1909a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.90 (formerly BMNH 1860.3.19.1296), a 343 mm specimen (Brit. East India Comp.). Type locality: “British India” [= India]. Restricted to Bay of Bengal, India fide Boulenger (1896a: 284), and M.A. Smith (1943: 459). Distribution: Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka, E India (Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Bangladesh and Myanmar (Bago, Yangon). Source: Wall, 1921g. Remarks: A questionable record from the Sunda Sea (ZMB). 12. Chitulia torquata (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 369–370, pl. 25, fig. h. (Hydrophis torquata) Synonyms: Hydrophis diadema A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Hydrophis tuberculatus M.A. Smith, 1915c, Hydrophis siamensis M.A. Smith, 1917c, Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi M.A. Smith, 1920, Hydrophis torquatus aagardi – Tweedie, 1953 (nomen emendatum), Hydrophys torquatus – Anthony, 1955 (nomen incorrectum), and Hydrophis torquatus aagaard – M.W. Lin, 1975 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (5), BMNH 1946.1.3.82–86 (formerly BMNH 1925.9.22.1–5), two adult females, one juvenile male, and two juveniles, longest syntype 584 mm (T.E. Cantor, 1836–1846, via British East India Comp.). Type locality: “coast of Pinang” [= Penang Is., Pinang State, NW Malay Peninsula, 5°22’N, 100°14’E]. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Greater Sundas. Southern China (Guangdong), Myanmar (Bago), W Cambodia (NE Pursat, SW Siem Reap), Thailand (Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Pattani), West Malaysia (Johore, Perak, Pinang, Selangor, Penang Is.) and Indonesia (“Borneo,” Sumatra). Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Voris, 1985, Ineich, 1996, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011. Remarks: A.C.L.G. Günther (1864a: 370) listed only four syntypes. †CHOTAOPHIS Head, 2005 (Colubridae) Type species: †Chotaophis padhriensis Head, 2005. Distribution: Miocene of Pakistan. Source: Head, 2005. 1. †Chotaophis padhriensis Head, 2005. Palaeont. Electron. 8(1): 18–19, figs. 9.1–9.5. Type: Holotype, H-GSP 24346, one trunk vertebra (E.H. Linday & W.R. Downs III). Type locality: “Y-367 (8.95 Ma), Potwar Plateau of northcentral Pakistan; Dhok Pathan Formation, Winnewala, Miocene. Distribution: Middle Miocene (7.3–9.0 mya) of Pakistan. CHRYSOPELEA H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Chrysopelea H. Boie in F. Boie, 1826, Tyria Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen praeoccupatum), Chrypopelea – Schlegel, 1837 (nomen incorrectum), Coronophis Fitzinger, 1843, Dryodynastes Fitzinger, 1843, Eremophis Gistel, 1848 (nomen substitutum), Oligotropis A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Dryiodynastes – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum), Chrysopeleia – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Chrysochlora – Andersson, 1899 (lapsus calami), Chrysophelea – Floerikhe, 1912 (nomen incorrectum), Crysopelea – E.H. Taylor, 1917 (nomen incorrectum), Tryria – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Chrysopeleas – Saint-Girons, 1972b (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber ornata G. Shaw, 1802. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Sources: F. Werner, 1924c, Meise & Henning, 1935, M.A. Smith, 1943, C. Haas, 1950, Mertens, 1968b and Mahendra, 1984. 1. Chrysopelea ornata (G. Shaw, 1802). Gen. Zool., Amph. 3(2): 477–478. (Coluber ornatus) Synonyms: Coluber ibiboca Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber ibiboboca Daudin, 1803c, Coronella russellii Blyth, 1854a (nomen nudum), Chrysopelea ornata ornatissima F. Werner, 1925, Chrysopelea ornata lankavae Deraniyagala, 1945, and Chrysopelea ornata sinhaleyus Deraniyagala, 1945. C 168 C Types: Syntypes (3), specimens described and illustrated by Seba (1734: 148, pl. 94, fig. 7) and Seba (1735: 8, pl. 7, fig. 1 & 60, pl. 61, fig. 2), location unknown. Type locality: “Ceilonica,” “Amboinensis” and “Ceilanica,” respectively [= Sri Lanka and Ambon, Indonesia]. Restricted to East Indian islands fide Deraniyagala (1945: 106); further restricted to Ceylon [= Sri Lanka] fide Leviton (1964c: 137). Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. Eastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, S Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Eastern, North-Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Western), Bangladesh, Nepal (Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kapilbastu, Makwanpur, Sunsari, Udayapur), Bhutan (Sarpang), Myanmar (Yangon), S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Yunnan), Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Cao Mau, Dak Lak, Da Nang, Dong Nam, Gia Lai, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Nghe An, Ninh Thuan, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Dai, Hon Thom Is.), Laos (Champasak), Cambodia (Kampong Speu, Kampot), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Lampang, Loei, Lop Buri, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Pattani, Phang Nga, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ratchaburi, Sakhon Nawan, Trat, Udon Thani), West Malaysia (Kedah, Perlis, Langkawi Is.) and Indonesia (Kalamantan, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Wall, 1908a, Leviton, 1964c, E.H. Taylor, 1965, P. Silva, 1969, Campden-Main, 1970a, Saint-Girons, 1972a, G. Sharma & Nakhasi, 1980, Tweedie, 1983, Basu, 1989, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009, Vyas, 1990, Zhao & Adler, 1993, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Darevsky, 1999, Orlov et al., 2000, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, Zhao, 2006, Ziegler et al., 2007, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Wangyal, 2012. 2. Chrysopelea paradisi H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827. Isis von Oken 20(6): 547. Synonyms: Coluber constrictorius Donndorff, 1798 (nomen oblitum), Chrysopelea paradisi H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Chrysopelia paradisi Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Chrysopelea paradisi celebensis Mertens, 1968b, and Chrysopelea paradisi variabilis Mertens, 1968b. Type: Neotype, RMNH 885, a female (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, 1826), designated by Mertens (1968b: 203). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Eastern India (Andaman and Nicobars: Andaman Is.), peninsular Myanmar, peninsular Thailand (Phang Nga, Phuket, Snakes of the World Satun), West Malaysia (Perak, Pinang, Sibu Tengah Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Is., Natuna Is., Nias, Riau Arch., Sulawesi, Sumatra, Weh) and Philippines (Balabac, Bantayan, Banton, Basilan, Bongao, Bubuan, Camiguin, Cebu, Dinagat, Jolo, Kalotkot, Leyte, Luzon, Marongas, Medis, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sibutu, Sanga Sanga, Tawitawi), NSL–1525 m. Sources: Leviton, 1964c, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Mertens, 1968b, Tweedie, 1983, Gaulke, 1994b, Gaulke & Altenbach, 1994, Stuebing, 1994a, David & Vogel, 1994, Sison & Gonzales, 1995, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, McKay, 2006, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Holotype lost fide Guibé in Mertens (1968: 203). In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Chrysopelea paradisi H. Boie is designated a nomen protectum and Coluber constrictorius Donndorff a nomen oblitum. 3. Chrysopelea pelias (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 224. (Coluber pelias) Synonyms: Chrysopelea erythrochloris H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Chrysopelia erythrochloris Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum),Chrysopelea erythrolmelas F. Boie, 1827 (nomen nudum), Dendrophis chrysochloros Schlegel, 1837, Chrysopelea erythrochloris Schlegel, 1837 in 1837–1844, Chrysopelea hasseltii Bleeker, 1860c (nomen nudum), and Chrysopelea chrysochlora Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-83 (formerly MDG), a 975 mm specimen. Type locality: “Indiis” [= India]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. Eastern India (Andaman Is.), Thailand (Chon Buri, Krabi, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phetchabun, Prachin Buri, Roi Et, Sakhon Nakhon, Saraburi, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Tak), West Malaysia (Johor, Panang, Perak, Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Bangka, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Is., Natuna Is., Nias, Riau Arch., Sumatra), NSL–600 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Ferner et al., 2001, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Holotype length listed as 563 mm fide Vestergren in Mertens (1968b: 210). 4. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron F. Boie, 1827. Isis von Oken 20(6): 547. Synonyms: Chrysopelea rhodopleuron H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Chrysopelia rhodopleuron 169 Snakes of the World Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Chrysopelea vicina A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b, and Chrysopelea viridis J.G. Fischer, 1880. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 889, a 1490 mm female (C.G.C. Reinwardt, 26 June–19 July 1821), designated by Mertens (1968: 211). Type locality: “Ambon, Indonesia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Indonesia (Ambon, Aru Is., Banda, Batjan, Buru, Manipa, Misool, Nusa Laut, Sangi, Sulawesi, Sangihe Is., Seram, Tanimbar). Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. 5. Chrysopelea taprobanica M.A. Smith, 1943. Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph. 3: 254. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.83 (formerly BMNH 1906.7.21.1), a 960 mm female (Lodge). Type locality: “Kanthali, Ceylon” [= Kantalai, N Eastern Prov., NE Sri Lanka, 8°21’N, 81°00’E, elevation 50 m]. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, Northern, North-Central, North-Western), 50 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1950b and P. Silva, 1969. Remarks: BMNH 1946.1.9.75 listed as holotype fide BMNH catalogue. †CHUBUTOPHIS Albino, 1993 (Boidae) Type species: †Chubutophis grandis Albino, 1993. Distribution: Lower Eocene of Argentina. Source: Albino, 1993. 1. †Chubutophis grandis Albino, 1993. Hist. Biol. 7: 57–60, fig. 4. Type: Holotype, MLP 83-III-1-150, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Southern slope of Valle Hermoso, near Boliche Alma Gaucha, southeast of Chubut Prov. Gran Barranca Member, Sarmiento Formation. Casamayoran Land-Mammal Age (Early Eocene).” Distribution: Lower Eocene (Casamayoran: 48.0–54.0 mya) of Argentina. CLELIA Fitzinger, 1826a (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Cloelia Wagler, 1830 (nomen emendatum), Claelia Bonaparte, 1831 (nomen emendatum), Deiropeda Fitzinger, 1843, Hydroscopus Fitzinger, 1843, Rhinoscytale Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen nudum), Chloe Agassiz, 1847, Diropeda Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Brachyrruton A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Brachyruton A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Brachyrrhyton – Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (nomen incorrectum), Brachyrrutron Marschall, 1873 (nomen emendatum), Brachyrhyton – F. Werner, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Brachyrhytum – Boettger, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), and Barbourina Amaral, 1924b. Type species: Coluber clelia Daudin, 1803c. Distribution: Latin America and Lesser Antillies. Fossil records: Lower/middle Pleistocene (Ensenadan) of Argentina. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Achaval, 1973, Cadle, 1984a, Scrocchi & Viñas, 1990, Zaher, 1996, 1999, Vidal et al., 2000, Morato et al., 2003, Reichle & Embert, 2005, Scanferla, 2006, N.J. Scott et al., 2006, Jansen et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Zaher et al., 2009 transferred C. bicolor, C. montana and C. quimi to Mussurana. 1. Clelia clelia (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 6: 330–331, pl. 78. (Coluber clelia) Synonyms: ? Coluber peruvianus Gravenhorst, 1807, Natrix cloelia – Merrem, 1820, Clelia daudinii Fitzinger, 1826a, Rhinoscytale cloelia Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen nudum), Oxiropus cloelia – BriceñoRossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Pseudoba cloelio – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Clelia clelia immaculata H.M. Smith, 1942l (partim), and Clelia clelia groomei Greer, 1965a. Types: Syntypes (2), formerly MNHN, longest syntype 864 mm (F.M. Daudin & F. Levaillant coll.), lost fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1945: 36). Type locality: “Suriname en Amérique” [= Suriname, South America]. Distribution: Mesoamerica and South America. Belize (Cayo, Stann Creek, Toledo), N Guatemala (Izabal, Petén), Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, El Paraiso, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, Yoro), Nicaragua (Atlántico Sur, Jinotega, Rivas), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Chiriquí, Colón), N and W Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Cauca, Caqueta. César, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Valle del Cauca, Vaupés, Gorgona Is.), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), Grenada, Dominica, Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia), Guyana (Essequibo IslandsWest Demerara), Suriname (Brokopondo, Saramacca, Suriname), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurentdu-Maroni), N Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia), Ecuador (Bolívar, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, MaronaSantiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahura, Zamora-Chinchipe), W Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, San Martin, Ucayali), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, C 170 C Central, Itapúa, Misiones, Neembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro) and NE Argentina (E Chaco, Corrientes, E Formosa, E Santa Fe), NSL–2500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Williams & Francini, 1991, Aquino et al., 1996, Lee, 1996, 2000, Zaher, 1996, 1999, J.C. Murphy, 1997, Tiranti & Avila, 1997, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Martins & Oliveira, 1998, Starace, 1998, G. Köhler, 1999, 2001, 2003, MijaresUrrutia & Arends, 2000, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Rivas-Fuenmayor & La Marca, 2001b, Lehr, 2001, Markezich, 2001, Giraudo, 2002, Savage, 2002, Abuys, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Solórzano, 2004, Duellman, 2005, McCranie et al., 2006, CisnerosHeredia et al., 2007, Cacciali, 2008, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009, Navarrete et al., 2009, McCranie, 2011, Travers et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: The northernmost extension of the Distribution is unclear and C. clelia may occur in S Mexico (Zaher, 1996, Campbell, 1998b). La Pampa, Argentina record of Tiranti & Avila (1997: 109) needs confirmation. Villa et al. (1988: 61) erroneously listed El Salvador. 2. Clelia equatoriana (Amaral, 1924b). J. Washington Acad. Sci. 14(9): 201–202. (Barbourina equatoriana) Type: Holotype, USNM 62790, a 300 mm male (F.W. Goding, April 1920). Type locality: “sent from Guayaquil, Ecuador.” Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Costa Rica (Nuevo Is.), E Panama (Darién), W and N Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Santander, Valle de Cauca) and NW and Ecuador (Amazonas, Guayas, Napo, Pichincha), 245–1785 m. Sources: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Zaher, 1996 and Rojas-Morales, 2012b. Remarks: Costa Rican material is either C. equatoriana or C. scytalina fide Savage, 2002. 3. Clelia errabunda Underwood, 1993. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. (Zool.) 59(1): 3–4, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1889.8.14.25, a 1440 mm male (G.A. Ramage, 1889). Type locality: “St. Lucia, West Indies” [= Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles]. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (St. Lucia), now extinct fide R.W. Henderson & Powell (2009: 362) Sources: Underwood, 1995 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. Remarks: Record from Dominica undoubtedly in error fide Underwood (1995: 5). Snakes of the World 4. Clelia hussami Morato, Franco & Sanches, 2003. Phyllomedusa 2(2): 94–98, figs. 1a–c. Type: Holotype, IB 32859, a 602 mm female (L. Miynarczk, 9 Feb. 1972), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “município de Cruz Machado (26°01’S, 51°20’W, 940 m), estado do Paraná, Brasil.” Distribution: Southern Brazil (S Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, N Santa Catarina), 760–1050 m. Source: Borger-Martins et al., 2005. 5. Clelia langeri Reichle & Embert, 2005. J. Herp. 39(3): 380–382, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNK 867, a 1162 mm male (F.A. Langer, 14 April 1994). Type locality: “the area of Villa Merced (18°6’S, 64°11’W), Prov. Florida, Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, about 1300 m altitude in the inter-Andean dry valleys.” Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz and probably Tarija), 900–1500 m. 6. Clelia plumbea (Wied-Neuwied, 1820a). Reise Brasil. 1: 25. (Coluber plumbeus) Type: Holotype, AMNH 3481, adult male (A.P.M. zu Wied-Neuwied, Sept. 1815). Type locality: “von São João, etwas nördlich von Cabo Frio, Brasilien” [= between Cabo Frio and Rio São João, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Distribution: Southeastern South America. Southern Brazil (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Cardoso, Grande, São Sebastião and São Vicente Is.), Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Itapúa) and NE Argentina (Misiones), NSL–1065 m. Sources: Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, 1993, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Lema, 1994, Zaher, 1999, Giraudo, 2002, Giraudo & Scrocchi, 2002, Duarte-Rocha & van Sluys, 2006, N.J. Scott et al., 2006 and Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: Resurrected as a valid species fide Zaher (1996: 310). 7. Clelia scytalina (Cope, 1867b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1866) 18(4): 320. (Scolecophis scytalinus) Synonyms: Oxyrhopus proximus Bocourt, 1897, and Clelia clelia immaculata H.M. Smith, 1942l. Type: Holotype, USNM 6581, a 584 mm specimen (C.H. Berendt, 1865–1867). Type locality: “near Tabasco, Mexico.” Emended to San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico fide Cochran (1961: 212). 171 Snakes of the World Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southern Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz), N Belize (Corozal), Guatemala, Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, San José) and Panama, NSL–2000 m. Sources: García & Ceballos, 1994, Lee, 1996, 2000, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004 and Sasa et al., 2010. Remarks: MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 7871 and MNHN 1899.54–55 as types. Probably occurs in Nicaragua fide G. Köhler (1999: 66). CLONOPHIS Cope, 1889b (Natricidae) Synonyms: Cora Jan, 1863b, Olonophis – Surface, 1906 (nomen incorrectum), and Clanophis – Hankinson, 1917 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Regina kirtlandii Kennicott, 1856. Distribution: Central and NE USA. Sources: Conant, 1943, Rossman, 1963b, Rossman & Powell, 1985, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, 1998, Harding, 1997, Shupe & Zimmerer, 1998, Alfaro & Arnold, 2001, Zaher et al., 2009 and Frymire & Scott, 2012. 1. Clonophis kirtlandii (Kennicott, 1856). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8(2): 95–96. (Regina kirtlandii) Type: Lectotype, USNM 1514, a 509 mm female (R.W. Kennicott, 1853–1855), designated by Conant (1943: 317). Type locality: “West Northfield, Illinois” [USA] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central USA (N Kentucky, cen. and NE Illinois, Indiana, ext. S Michigan, NE Missouri, Ohio, W Pennsylvania, Tennessee), 90–670 m. Remarks: USNM 1514 erroneously listed as holotype fide Rossman & Powell (1985: 364.1). Pennsylvania records are questionable . COELOGNATHUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Calognathus – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Cynophis Gray, 1849b, Compsosoma A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Plagiodon A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Campsosoma – Jan, 1857 Campilodon Jan, 1861c (nomen emendatum), Composoma – E.H. Taylor, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), Compsoma – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Plagionon – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Caelognatus – Saint-Girons, 1972 (nomen incorrectum), and Euanedwardsserpens Hoser, 2012p (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Coluber radiatus F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Sources: Schulz, 1996, Helfenberger, 2001, Utiger et al., 2005, Burbrink & Lawson, 2007, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Hoser, 2012p. 1. Coelognathus enganensis (Vinciguerra, 1892). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 12: 524–525. (Coluber enganensis) Types: Syntypes (2), MSNG 32307–08, two adult females. Type locality: “Bua Bua, Engano,” Indonesia. Distribution: Southern Indonesia (Lesser Sundas: Engano). Sources: Auffenberg, 1980, Bosch, 1985 and Lang, 2011. Remarks: A valid species fide Bosch (1985: 22–23). 2. Coelognathus erythrurus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 175–177. (Plagiodon erythrurus) Synonyms: Elaphis melanurus celebensis Jan, 1863b, Elaphis melanurus manillensis Jan, 1863b, Coluber walli F. Werner, 1924, and Elaphe erythrura psephenoura Leviton, 1979g. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 7224 (J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard [Coquille or Astrolabe Voy.], 1822–1829), designated by Leviton (1979: 103). Type locality: “Samar Island, Philippine Islands” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Philippines (Bohol, Camiguin, Catanduanes, Cebu, Dinagat, Guimaras, Jolo, Leyte, Luzón, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Pacijan, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Ponson, Poro, Samar, Siasi) and Indonesia (Butung, Peleng, Sulawesi, Butung, Tawitawi), NSL–1065 m. Sources: Leviton, 1979, den Bosch, 1985, Schulz, 1988c, 1989f, Ross & Gonzales, 1992, B.E. Smith, 1993 and Gaulke & Altenbach, 1994. 3. Coelognathus flavolineatus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 145, 2: 141–143, pl. 5, figs. 11–12. (Coluber flavolineatus) Synonyms: Coluber flavolineatus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber flavo-lineatus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen illegitimum), Coluber melanopsis F. Boie, 1827, Coluber melanurus F. Boie, 1827 (nomen oblitum), Coluber melanura – Schlegel, 1837, Compsosoma melanurus Bleeker, 1859c (nomen nudum), Elaphis melanurus bivirgata Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Elaphis melanurus bivirgata Jan, 1867 in Jan & Sordelli, 1866–1879. Types: Syntypes (4), RMNH 418 (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, 1836) [Java], RMNH 422 (S. Müller, June 1833–Dec. 1835) [Padang, Sumatra], RMNH 424 (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, Dec. 1825–Sept. 1827) [Java], and RMNH 425 [Sumatra]. Type locality: “îles de Java et de Sumatra” [Indonesia]. Restricted to Java fide M.A. Smith (1943: 148). C 172 C Further restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman Is.), ext. S Myanmar (Tanintharyi, Mergui Arch.), Cambodia (Pursat), peninsular Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Phang Nga, Phuket, Satun, Surat Thani), Vietnam (Binh Phuac, Gia Lai), West Malaysia (Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pinang, Selangor, Penang and Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, and Indonesia (Bali, Banggai, Bangka, Belitung, Bintan, Galang, Java, Kalimantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Weh), NSL–1500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Schulz, 1987c, 1988o, Stuebing 1991, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999 Malkmus et al., 2002, P. Wood et al., 2003, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, McKay, 2006, J.C. Murphy et al., 2006, Grismer et al., 2008 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. Remarks: Reinwardt credited as collector by Schlegel (1837: 141). In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Coluber flavolineatus Schlegel is designated a nomen protectum and Coluber melanurus F. Boie a nomen oblitum. 4. Coelognathus helena (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 6: 277–280, pl. 76, fig. 1. (Coluber helena) Synonyms: Cynophis bistrigatus Gray, 1849b, Herpetodryas malabaricus Jerdon, 1854, Cynophis malabariensis carinata F. Müller, 1878b, and Elaphe helena monticollaris Schulz, 1992b. Type: Lectotype, a 698 mm specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 37–38, pl. 32) (P. Russell, April 1781–1791), designated herein. Type locality: “Vizagapatam, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E, elevation 25 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Southeastern Pakistan (S Sindh), India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammur and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Oris (Gandaki, Lumbini, Nayayasa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Utter Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (Chitwan, Kaski, Kathmandu, Makwanpur, Palpa, Sunsari, Tanahu), Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North-Central, Northern, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), 610–1980 m. Sources: Wall, 1913a, 1921g, E.H. Taylor, 1950b, P. Silva, 1969, Kramer, 1977, Mahendra, 1984, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, Murthy & Chandrasekhar, 1989, A. Silva, 1990b, 2009, Schulz, 1992b, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Snakes of the World Nande & Deshmukh, 2007, Hutton & David, 2009 and Royans & Knight, 2009. 5. Coelognathus philippinus (L.E. Griffin, 1909b). Philippine J. Sci. 4A(6): 597–598. (Elaphe philippina) Type: Lectotype, CAS 62143 (formerly LEG 17 & BSM 291), a 1727 mm female (C.M. Weber, Feb. 1909), designated by Leviton (1979: 114). Type locality: “Iwabig, Palawan, Philippine Islands” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Philippines (Balabac, Bongao, Busuanga, Culion, Palawan, Sanga Sanga, Sibutu, Tawitawi). Sources: W.C. Brown & Alcala, 1970 and Leviton, 1979. 6. Coelognathus radiatus (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 536. (Coluber radiatus) Synonyms: Natrix semiornata Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Coluber radiatus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber radiatus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Coluber quadrifasciatus Cantor, 1839b, and Tropidonotus quinque Cantor, 1839b. Types: Syntypes (4), RMNH 432, a 1545 mm specimen, RMNH 433, RMNH 47573 (formerly RMNH 432), and RMNH 47574 (formerly RMNH 432) (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, Dec. 1825–Sept. 1827). Type locality: “Java, Indonesia” by type locality restriction fide C.H. Pope (1935: 261). Further restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14), ca. 6°43’S, 106°44’E]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. Northeastern India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, S Bihar, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), E Nepal (Dhankuta, Kaski, Kathmandu, Makwanpur, Sankhuwasabha), N Bhutan (Trashigang), Bangladesh, S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Yunnan, Nan Ao Is.), Vietnam (entire country), Laos (Champasak), Cambodia, Thailand (Loei, Saraburi, Songkhla), Myanmar (Yangon), West Malaysia (Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pinang, Selangor, Terengganu, Mergui Arch.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Bangka, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL–1480 m. Sources: Wall, 1914b, Kopstein, 1932a, Leviton et al., 1956, Bergman, 1961a, L. Swan & Leviton, 1962, E.H. Taylor, 1965, R. Bhatnagar, 1969, 1975, Saint Girons, 1972a, Kramer, 1977, Tweedie, 1983, Mahendra, 1984, Karsen et al., 1986, Schulz, 1986d, 1988k, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, Zhao & Adler, 1993, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Lazell, 1999, Orlov et al., 2000, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, McKay, 2006, I. Das, 2007b, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Wangyal, 2011. 173 Snakes of the World Remarks: Type locality restriction of C.H. Pope (1935: 261) resulted in four Javan syntypes. Kramer (1977: 641) erroneously referred to the series as the holotype. Paralectotypes are RMNH 47573–74, two juveniles. 7. Coelognathus subradiatus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 144, 2: 136–137. (Coluber subradiatus) Synonyms: Elaphis nyctenurus Jan, 1863b, and Coluber melanurus timoriensis Bethencourt-Ferreira, 1897b. Types: Syntypes (4), RMNH 435, a 1360–1560 mm specimen, RMNH 403, RMNH 47575 (formerly RMNH 403), and RMNH 47576 (formerly RMNH 435) (S. Müller, Oct. 1828– Nov. 1829). Type locality: “île de Timor” [= Timor, Lesser Sundas, S Indonesia]. Distribution: Lesser Sundas of S Indonesia (Adonare, Alor, Ende, Flores, Komodo, Lombien, Lombok, Rinca, Roti, Semau, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar) and Timor-Leste, NSL–1185 m. Sources: Bethencourt-Ferreira, 1898, Boulenger, 1898a, Rooij, 1917, Mertens, 1930, Brongersma, 1934, Kopstein, 1937, C. Haas, 1950, Darevsky, 1964, Auffenburg, 1980, Bosch, 1985, Schulz, 1988c, 1989f, Kaiser et al., 2011 and O’Shea et al., 2012. Remarks: Most of the RMNH syntypes were exchanged with other institutions fide M.S. Hoogmoed (in litt.). Paralectotypes now RMNH 403, RMNH 434a–b, 2130 mm and 870 mm specimen, RMNH 47575, RMNH 76, a 560 mm specimen, and BMNH 1946.1.6.16, an adult male. COLLORHABDIUM Smedley, 1932a (Calamariidae) Type species: Collorhabdium williamsoni Smedley, 1932a. Distribution: West Malaysia. Sources: Smedley, 1932a, Tweedie, 1983, Wallach, 1988, Leong & Lim, 2001, B.L. Lim et al., 2002 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Collorhabdium williamsoni Smedley, 1932a. Bull. Raffles Mus. (1931) (6): 120–121, figs. 3a–b, pl. 2, fig. b. Types: Syntypes (4), BMNH 1946.1.6.55 (formerly RMBR), ZRC 2.2168–69 (formerly RMBR), longest syntype 236 mm male (K.B. Williamson & native, 1930), location of other type unknown. Type locality: “Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Malay Peninsula” [= Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Pahang State, cen. West Malaysia, 4°28’N, 101°23’E, elevation 1465 m]. Distribution: West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak) and Singapore, 1465–1860 m. †COLOMBOPHIS Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977 (Aniliidae) Type species: †Colombophis portai Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977. Distribution: Middle Miocene of Colombia and Venezuela, and upper Miocene of Brazil. Sources: Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977, Rage, 1984b, Head et al., 2006, Gómez et al., 2008 and Hsiou et al., 2010. 1. †Colombophis portai Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977. Ann. Paléont. (Vert.) 63(2): 174–178, fig. 4a, pl. 1, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNHN VIV 6, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Los Mangos, près de La Venta, Dépt. Huila, Colombie. Fish Bed de la Formation Villavieja. Miocène moyen (= Friasien).” Distribution: Middle Miocene (Friasain: 15.5–16.3 mya) of Colombia (Huíla) and Venezuela (Falcón). Source: Head, 2006. 2. †Colombophis spinosus Hsiou, Albino & Ferigolo, 2010. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 55(3): 371–375, figs. 6. a–e. Type: Holotype, UFAC-PV 2953, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Talismã locality, Punus River, Amazonas State, Brazil. Late Miocene, Solimões Formation.” Distribution: Upper Miocene (Huayquerian: 6.8–9.0 mya) of Brazil (Amazonas). Remarks: Holotype erroneously listed as UFAC-PV 2359 in Hsiou et al. (2010: fig. 6). COLUBER Linnaeus, 1758 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Caluber – Sturm, 1802 (nomen incorrectum), Colubro – Oken, 1816 (nomen incorrectum), Scoliophis Davis, Bigelow & Gray, 1817, Colaber – Wyder, 1817 (nomen incorrectum), Colubur – Wied-Neuwied, 1825b (nomen incorrectum), Coluher – Brüggemann & Wigand, 1838 (nomen incorrectum), Colubrum – Gené, 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Scaliophis Agassiz, 1845 (nomen emendatum), Bascanion Baird & Girard, 1853, Bascanian – Slack, 1876 (nomen incorrectum), Bascaniun – A.M. Ross, 1878 (nomen incorrectum), Colubcr – Rochebrune, 1885 (nomen incorrectum), Coluteer – A.W. Butler, 1887 (nomen incorrectum), Basacnium – Velasco, 1890a (nomen incorrectum), Bacanium – Velasco, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Colubus – E. Bartlett, 1896 (nomen incorrectum), Colnber – Seiss, 1903 (nomen incorrectum), Columber – C.E. Lord & Scott, 1924 (nomen incorrectum), Scioliophis – Gould, 1930 (nomen incorrectum), C 174 C Coluder – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Colober – Lindberg, 1932 (nomen incorrectum), Columber – A.H. Wright & Wright, 1952 (nomen incorrectum), Coluder – Bogdanov, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), Colouber – Schwab, 1984 (nomen incorrectum), and Colluber – D.-T. Yang & Su, 1984 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: USA, Mexico, upper Central America. Fossil records: Upper Miocene to upper Pleistocene of USA. Fossils unassigned to species within the Distribution of Coluber constrictor include upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Nevada), middle Pliocene (Blancan II, III) of USA (Idaho, Nebraska), upper Pliocene (Blancan V) of USA (Idaho), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Missouri, Tennessee). Possibly some North American Coluber fossil records are Masticophis. Sources: Blainville, 1818, Ortenburger, 1928, Inger & Clark, 1943, L.D. Wilson, 1973a, Schätti, 1986b, Schätti & Wilson, 1986, Schätti, 1988a, Holman, 2000a, Nagy et al., 2004 and Utiger et al., 2005. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 2148 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). The following genera and species have been separated from Coluber: Bamanophis (dorri), Dolichophis (caspius, cypriensis, gyarosensis, jugularis, laurenti, schmidti), Hemerophis (socotrae, zebrinus), Hemorrhois (algirus, hippocrepis, nummifera, †pouchetii, ravergieri), Hierophis (andreanus, †caspioides, †freybergi, gemonensis, †robertmertensi, viridiflavus), and Platyceps (afarensis, atayeri, brevis, collaris, elegantissimus, florulentus, gracilis, insulanus, karelinii, largeni, messanai, najadum, rhodorachis, rogersi, rubriceps, saharicus, schmidtleri, sinai, somalicus, taylori, thomasi, variabilis, ventromacularus). 1. Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 216. Synonyms: Coluber ovivorus Linnaeus, 1758, Coluber ligament Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Scoliophis atlanticus Davis, Bigalow & Gray, 1817, Coluber relox Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1818a, Coluber flaviventris Say in E. James, 1823, Coluber mormon Baird & Girard, 1852a, Bascanion foxii Baird & Girard, 1853, Bascanion fremontii Baird & Girard, 1853, Bascanion vetustus Baird & Girard, 1853, Bascanium anthicum Cope, 1862c, Coryphodon oaxaca Jan, 1863, Zamenis conirostris, Cope, 1895b, Zamenis stejnegerianus Cope, 1895b, Bascaniun constrictor – A.M. Ross, 1878 (nomen incorrectum), Zamenis acuminatus Cope, 1899a, Coluber ortenburgeri L.C. Stuart, 1934a, Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn & Wood, 1939, Coluber constrictor haasti Bell, 1952, Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1953, Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955, Coluber constrictor etheridgei L.D.Wilson, 1970, and Coluber constrictor latrunculus L.D. Wilson, 1970. Snakes of the World Type: Holotype, ? NHR Lin-456 (formerly MDG), a 1380 mm female (P. Kalm, Sept. 1748–Feb. 1751, via Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Canada,” (possibly in error). Probably vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA fide Dunn & Wood (1939: 1). Distribution: North America. Southern Canada (S British Columbia, SW Ontario, S Saskatchewan), USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), N Guatemala (Petén) and SW Belize (Cayo), NSL–2440 m. Fossil records: Upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Nebraska, Texas), lower Pliocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma), middle Pliocene (Blancan II, III) of USA (Kansas, Texas), upper Pliocene (Blancan V) of USA (Kansas, Nebraska), Pleistocene of USA (Illinois), lower/middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida, Kansas, Pennsylvania), middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Nebraska), middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Arkansas, Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean I, II) of USA (Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia). Sources: Ortenburger, 1928, Shannon, 1950, Auffenberg, 1955, Fitch, 1963, L.D. Wilson, 1970a, 1978, Christman, 1980, P.S. Corn & Bury, 1986, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, H.A. Brown et al., 1995, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Lee, 1996, 2000, Harding, 1997, Tennant, 1997, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Trauth, 1998, Fitch, 1999, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a, D.L Thomas et al., 2000, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Burbrink et al., 2008 and Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010. Remarks: Six unnamed clades derived from mDNA analysis fide Burbrink et al. (2008: 286). Official Specific Name no. 2784 fide Opinion 1201 (ICZN, 1982a). COLUBROELAPS Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009 (Colubridae) Type species: Colubroelaps nguyenvansangi Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009. Distribution: Vietnam. Snakes of the World Sources: Orlov et al., 2009 and Ziegler & Nguyen, 2010. 1. Colubroelaps nguyenvansangi Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009. Russ. J. Herp. 16(3): 235–236, figs. 1–6, 7d–g, 8a–d, 9a–c, 10–19. Type: Holotype, ZISP IEBR 25686, a 500 mm female (V.S. Nguyen, May 2003). Type locality: “Loc Bac Forest Enterprise, Lam Dong Prov., southern Vietnam (elevation 720 m, 11º47’07” N, 107º36’14” E).” Distribution: Southern Vietnam (Binh Phuoc, Lam Dong), 720 m. Known only from holotype. COMPSOPHIS Mocquard, 1894b (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Synonyms: Geodipsas Boulenger, 1896a, Conspsophie – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum) and Cempsophis – Guibé, 1958 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Compsophis albiventris Mocquard, 1894b. Distribution: Madagascar. Sources: Guibé, 1958, Cadle, 1996bb, Ziegler et al., 1997, Glaw and Vences, 2007, Glaw et al., 2007b, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Geodipsas synonymized fide Ziegler et al. (1997: 110) and Glaw et al. (2007: 60). 1. Compsophis albiventris Mocquard, 1894b. C.R. Somm. Seances Soc. Philom. Paris (17): 8–9. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1893.212, a 167 mm specimen (C. Alluaud & Belly, 1892–1893). Type locality: “la montagne d’Ambre, Madagascar” [= Ambohitra, N Antsiranana Prov., N Madagascar, 12°30’S, 49°10’E fide Cadle, 1996b: 50]. Distribution: Northern Madagascar (N Antsiranana), 860–1250 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. 2. Compsophis boulengerii (Peracca, 1892). Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino 7(112): 3–4, pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a–d. (Tachymenis boulengerii) Synonym: Geodipsas heimi Angel, 1936a. Type: Holotype, MZUT 1874, a 348 mm male (G. Pittarelli). Type locality: “Madagascar – Valle dell’Umbi (Andrangoloka)” [= Umbi River valley, Andrangolaoka, E Antananarivo Prov., Madagascar, 19°02’S, 47°55’E, elevation 1385 m]. Distribution: Eastern Madagascar (Atananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina), 600–1400 m. Source: Cadle, 1996b. 175 3. Compsophis fatsibe (Mercurio & Andreone, 2005). Zootaxa (1903): 62–67, figs. 1–3. (Geodipsas fatsibe) Type: Holotype, MRSN 1922, a 522 mm male (F. Andreone, H. Randriamahazo & J.E. Randrianirina, 28 Jan. 1996). Type locality: “western slope of Anjanaharibe-Sud Massif, Valley of Analabe River, 14°46.62’S, 49°26.60’E, 1050 m a.s.l., Befandriana Fivondronana, Mahajanga Faritany (Majunga Prov.), Madagascar.” Distribution: Northern Madagascar (Mahajanga), 1050 m. 4. Compsophis infralineata (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1882). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 9(52): 265–266, 2 figs (unnumbered). (Tachymenis infralineatus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1895.10.29.61, a 761 mm female (W.D. Cowan, 1882) fide Cadle (1996b: 58). Type locality: “Eastern Betsileo” [Madagascar], [= N Fianarantsoa Prov., cen. Madagascar]. Distribution: Southeastern Madagascar (Antsiranana, Atananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina, Toliara), 300– 2000 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1896a and Henkel & Schmidt, 2000. Remarks: BMNH labeled/catalogued holotype (BMNH 1946.1.7.20 (formerly BMNH 1882.5.8.1), a 787 mm female, in error fide Cadle (1996b: 58). 5. Compsophis laphystius (Cadle, 1996b). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 155(2): 35–41, fig. 1. (Geodipsas laphystia) Type: Holotype, MCZ 181390 (formerly JEC 13169), a 622 mm male (J.E. Cadle, 2 Jan. 1996). Type locality: “Talatakely, Ranomafana National Park, 950–1,000 m, Fivondronana Ifanadiana, Fianarantsoa Prov., Madagascar [21°16’S, 47°25’E].” Distribution: Eastern Madagascar (Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina), 550–1100 m. Remarks: Some records of C. infralineata are very likely this species fide Cadle (1996b: 36). 6. Compsophis vinckei (Domergue, 1988). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (4) 10A(1): 140–141, figs. 3a–d. (Geodipsas vinckei) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1977.818 (formerly CAD 973/S), a 495 mm male (M. Vincke, late March 1970). Type locality: “Station de pisciculture de Périnet (Analamazaotra), Madagascar” [= Lake Alaotra, Toamasina Prov., Madagascar, ca. 17°28’S, 48°32’E, elevation 770 m]. Distribution: Madagascar (Toamasina), 770 m. C 176 7. Compsophis zeny (Cadle, 1996b). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 155(2): 44–49, figs. 4, 6 (upper). (Geodipsas zeny) C Type: Holotype, MCZ 181161, a 281 mm male (J.E. Cadle, 11 Jan. 1993). Type locality: “Approximately 7 km SW (airline) Midongy du Sud [Midongy Atsimo], near Rianambo (“high waterfall”) on Lalampo River, 670 m elev., Fivondronana Midongy du Sud, Prov. Fianarantsoa, Madagascar [23°39’S, 46°57’E].” Distribution: Southeastern Madagascar (Fianarantsoa), 670–980 m. †CONANTOPHIS Holman & Harrison, 2000 (Booidea incertae sedis) Type species: †Conantophis alachuaensis Holman & Harrison, 2000. Distribution: Lower Oligocene of USA (Florida). Source: Holman & Harrison, 2000. 1. †Conantophis alachuaensis Holman & Harrison, 2000. Acta Zool. Cracov 43(1–2): 128–130, figs. 1a–e. Type: Holotype, UF 190831, one middle trunk vertebra (UF field crews, 1966–1967). Type locality: “I-75 Local Fauna (Florida Natural History Museum Locality AL018), 1.5 km WSW Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida; Early Oligocene (Whitneyan).” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Whitneyan: 30.8–33.34 mya) of USA (Florida). CONIOPHANES Hallowell in Cope, 1860e (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Scydropus Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Glaphyrophis Jan, 1863b, Hydrocalamus Cope, 1885a, Glaphirophis – Senna, 1886 (nomen incorrectum), Caniophanes – Velasco, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Conophianes – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Hidrocalamus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Cottonserpens Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum), Daraninserpens Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum), Laidlawserpens Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum), and Smythserpens Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Coronella fissidens A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Southern USA and Latin America. Sources: Bailey, 1939a, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Cadle, 1984b, 1989, Villa et al., 1988, J.A. Campbell, 1989, Zaher et al., 2009 and Mulcahy et al., 2011. Snakes of the World 1. Coniophanes alvarezi J.A. Campbell, 1989. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 102(4): 1036–1038, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, UTA 12256 (formerly JAC 9389), a 375 mm male (J.A. Campbell, 7 Aug. 1983). Type locality: “11.3 km ESE Teopisca, 2073 m elevation, Chiapas, Mexico” [= 11.3 KM ESE Teopisca (16°32’N, 92°28’W, elevation 1780 m), Chiapas State, S Mexico]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Meseta Central of Oaxaca), 2010–2135 m. 2. Coniophanes bipunctatus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 36–37. (Coronella bipunctata) Synonyms: Glaphyrophis pictus Jan, 1863a and Coniophanes bipunctatus biseriatus H.M. Smith, 1940. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.58, a 432 mm male. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as British Honduras [= Belize] fide K.P. Schmidt (1941: 504). Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southeastern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, S Veracruz, Yucatán), Belize (Belize, Cayo, Orange Walk, Stann Creek), N Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Petén), N Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Cortés, Gracias a Dios, Islas de la Bahía, Roatán), E Nicaragua (Granada, Nueva Segovia), Costa Rica (Heredia, Limón) and NW Panama (Escudo de Veraguas Is.), NSL–1370 m. Sources: C.W. Myers, 1969a, L.D. Wilson & Hahn, 1973, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2001, 2004, McCranie et al., 2006 and McCranie, 2011a. 3. Coniophanes dromiciformis (W.C.H. Peters, 1863c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(6): 273–275. (Tachymenis dromiciformis) Synonym: Coniophanes signatus S.W. Garman, 1892b. Types: Syntypes (8), ZMB 3729a–b, ZMB 3730a–c and ZMB 4550a–c, longest syntype 390 mm (C. Reiss, 1860) Type locality: “Umgegend von Guayaquil” [= vicinity of Guayaquil, Guayas Prov., SW Ecuador, 2°12’S, 79°54’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Ecuador (Guayas), NSL–100 m. Sources: C.W. Myers, 1969a and Cadle, 1989. Remarks: Bauer et al. (1995: 75) listed only five syntypes (ZMB 3729, 4550). Records from Peru (ANSP 3736, MCZ 12426) doubtful fide Cadle (1989: 422–423). 4. Coniophanes fissidens (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 36. (Coronella fissidens) Synonyms: Coniophanes proterops Cope, 1860, Coniophanes punctigularis Cope, 1860, Dromicus chitalonensis F. Müller, 1878a, Erythrolamprus violaceus 177 Snakes of the World Cope, 1887b, Coniophanes brevifrons Bailey, 1937a, Coniophanes fissidens andresensis Bailey, 1937a, Coniophanes fissidens dispersus H.M. Smith, 1941n, Coniophanes fissidens convergens Shannon & Smith, 1950, and Coniophanes fissidens obsoletus Minton & Smith, 1960. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.20, a 489 mm female (A. Sallé, 1846–1856), designated by H.M. Smith (1941n: 104). Type locality: “Mexico” via lectotype selection. Restricted to San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico by H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 350). Distribution: Mesoamerica and NW South America. Southern Mexico (N Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, S Michoacán, NE Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, S San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Belize (Belize, Cayo, Stann Creek), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Escuintla, Izabal, Petén, Quezaltenango, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Suchitepéquez, Zacapa), Honduras (Atlántica, Colón, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Lempira, Olancho, Yoro), El Salvador (Ahuachapán, La Libertad, Morazán, San Salvador, Sonsonate), Nicaragua (Matagalpa, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Coclé, Colón, Darién, Panamá), Colombia (Antioquia, Santander, San Andrés Is.), NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Pichincha) and ext. NW Peru, NSL–1970 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, C.B. Fisher, 1968, C.W. Myers, 1969a, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, J.A. Campbell, 1989, 1998b, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Lee, 1996, 2000, G. Köhler, 1999b, Mejenes-López et al., 1999, Savage, 2002, Farr et al., 2004, G. Köhler et al., 2004, McCranie et al., 2006, Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011a. 5. Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859a). U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. (1858) 2(2): 23, pl. 19, fig. 1. (Taeniophis imperialis) Synonyms: Glaphyrophis lateralis Jan, 1863b, Dromicus clavatus W.C.H. Peters, 1864b, and Coniophanes imperialis copei Hartweg & Oliver, 1938. Type: Holotype, USNM 2060 (S.L. Van Vliet [U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv.], 1854–1855). Type locality: “Brownsville, Texas” [= Cameron Co., ext. SE Texas, USA, 25°54’N, 97°30’W, elevation 10 m] (possibly in error). Corrected to Matamoras, Tamaulipas, Mexico [= Matamoros, ext. NE Mexico, 25°52’N, 97°30’W, elevation 5 m] fide Girard (1854: 227), Yarrow (1882: 97) and Cochran (1961: 216). Distribution: Southern USA to N Central America. USA (S Texas), Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Belize (Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo), N Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Petén) and N Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Copán, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Islas de la Bahía, Yoro, Cayo Cochino and Utila Is.), NSL–2200 m. Sources: C.J. McCoy, 1969, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, G. Köhler, 1996a, Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011a Remarks: Brownsville and Matamoros face each other across the Rio Grande River [= U.S.-Mexican border]. 6. Coniophanes joanae C.W. Myers, 1966a. Copeia 1966(4): 665–667, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, KU 93502, a 365–369 mm female (C.W. Myers, 27 May 1965). Type locality: “on the southeastern slope of Cerro Pirre (also called “Mount Pirri” and “Cerro Cana”), Serranía de Pirre, 1440 m above sea level, Darién, Panama.” Distribution: Eastern Panama (Darién, Panamá), 800– 1440 m. Source: C.W. Myers, 1969a. 7. Coniophanes lateritius Cope, 1862a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1861) 13(9): 524. Type: Neotype, BYU 13793, a 193 mm male (W.W. Tanner & W.G. Robinson, Jr., 5 Sept. 1957), designated by W.W. Tanner & Robinson (1960a: 60). Type locality: “7.5 miles north of Magdalena, northwestern Jalisco, Mexico” via neotype designation. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Colima, ? Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora), NSL–1850 m. Sources: H.M. Smith & Grant, 1958a, Wellman, 1959, Ponce-Campos & Smith, 2001 and Castro-Franco & Bustos-Zagal, 2004. Remarks: Holotype lost fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1945: 41). H.M. Smith & Taylor’s (1945: 41) neotype designation of FMNH 100032 (formerly EHT-HMS 5198) for C. lateritius invalidated by H.M. Smith & Grant’s (1958b: 22) recognition of C. melanocephalus. 8. Coniophanes longinquus Cadle, 1989. Herpetologica 45(4): 412–417, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, FMNH 231779, a 336 mm male (J.E. Cadle, 22 June 1987). Type locality: “1 km (airline) NNW Monte Seco, approximately 80 km ESE Chiclayo, 1300–1340 m elevation, Río Zaña, Department of Cajamarca, Peru.” Distribution: Northwestern Peru (SW Cajamarca), 1200– 1430 m. 9. Coniophanes melanocephalus (W.C.H. Peters, 1870a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1869(12): 876–877. (Tachymenis melanocephala) Type: Holotype, ZMB 6656 (Berkenbusch, 1868–1869), lost fide Bauer et al. (1995: 75). C 178 C Type locality: “Puebla, Mexicos (Matamoros u.a.O.).” Restricted to “Matamoros (Izúcar), Mexico” [= Izucar de Matamoros, W Puebla State, S Mexico, 18°36’N, 98°28’W, elevation 1285 m] fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 341). Distribution: Southern Mexico (Michoacán, Morelos, W Puebla), 400–1275 m. Sources: H.M. Smith & Grant, 1958a, Bauer et al., 1995, Ponce-Campos & Smith, 2001 and Carbajal-Márquez et al., 2011a. Remarks: A valid species fide Ponce-Campos & Smith (2001: 14). 10. Coniophanes meridanus K.P. Schmidt & Andrews, 1936. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 20(18): 179. Type: Holotype, FMNH 19427, a 313 mm (svl) female (E.R. Blackburn). Type locality: “Merida, Yucatan” [= Merida, W Yucatán State, SE Mexico, 20°58’N, 89°37’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico (N Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán), NSL–270 m. Sources: C.J. McCoy, 1969 and Lee, 1996, 2000. Remarks: Type collected by E.W. Andrews fide Bailey (1939:43). 11. Coniophanes michoacanensis Flores-Villela & Smith, 2009. Herpetologica 65(4): 404–407, figs.1, 2a. Type: Holotype, MZFC 10398, a 561 mm female (O. Flores-Villela, 26 Feb. 1992). Type locality: “El Farito, 8 km. NW Caleta de Campos, 17 m elevation, Municipio de Aquila, Michoacán, Mexico (18.1014º N, 102.8173º W).” Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacán), NSL–800 m. Source: Mertz et al., 2012. 12. Coniophanes piceivittis Cope, 1870. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1869–1870) 11(81): 149–150. Synonyms: Tachymenis taeniata W.C.H. Peters, 1870a and Coniophanes frangivirgatus J.A. Peters, 1950. Types: Syntypes (2), USNM 30264–65 (formerly USNM 248), a 542 mm male and 481 mm female (A.-L.-J.-F. Sumichrast, 1855–1869). Type locality: “Chihuitan, Tehuantepec, Western Mexico” [= Chihuitan, Ciudad Ixtepec, SE Oaxaca State, S Mexico, 16°33’N, 95°05’W, elevation 50 m]. Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southern Mexico (Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Querétaro, Veracruz), Guatemala (Huehuetenango, Quiché, Zacapa), W Honduras (Choluteca, Comayagua, Copán, Francisco Morazán, Yoro), El Salvador (Cuscatlán, La Libertad, San Miguel, San Salvador, Sonsonate), Nicaragua (Granada, Jinotepa, Managua) and Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José), NSL–1300 m. Snakes of the World Sources: Hall, 1951, E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Martin, 1955, Neill & Allen, 1960, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Harrison, 1992, G. Köhler, 1999b, G. Köhler et al., 2004, N. Herrera et al., 2007 and Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010. Remarks: Bailey (1939: 29) indicated both syntypes are 30265. 13. Coniophanes quinquevittatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 975–977. (Homalopsis quinquevittatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Homalopsis quinque-vittatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrigendum), Scydropus mexicanus Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Calopisma quinquevittatum – Jan, 1863b (nomen corrigendum), Calopisma quinquevittatum mexicana Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Coniophanes quinquevittatum mexicana Jan, 1865c, and Hydrops lubricus Cope, 1871b. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 516, a 758 mm specimen (P.M.A. Morelet, 1849), and MNHN 3766. Type locality: “la Prov. de Peten dans l’Amérique centrale (République de Guatemala)” [= Petén Prov., Guatemala]. Restricted to Flores, Petén, Guatemala fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 318). Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Tabasco, S Veracruz, Yucatán) and N Guatemala (Petén), NSL–200 m. Sources: Lee, 1996, 2000 and J.A. Campbell, 1998b. Remarks: MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 3766 from “Indies occidentals.” 14. Coniophanes sarae Ponce-Campos & Smith, 2001. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 37(1): 10–11. Type: Holotype, UNAM 13030, a 125 mm female (P. Ponce-Campos, 1–5 July 1999). Type locality: “near Tehuantepec, municipality of Chinicuila (18°42’07.7”N, 103°18’22.3”W), 1390 m, Michoacan.” Distribution: Western Mexico (W Michoacán), 800–1500 m. 15. Coniophanes schmidti Bailey, 1937. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (362): 1–2. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 73043, a 547 mm male (E. Creaser, 30 June 1932). Type locality: “Chichen Itzá, Yucatán” [= Chichen-itza, Yucatán State, SE Mexico, 20°41’N, 88°34’W, elevation 35 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Yucatán), Guatemala (cen. Petén) and Belize (Cayo), NSL–600 m. Sources: C.J. McCoy, 1969, Harrison, 1992, Lee, 1996, 2000 and J.A. Campbell, 1998b. 179 Snakes of the World 16. Coniophanes taylori Hall, 1951. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34(1), 208–211, pl. 24, figs. 1–2. (Coniophanes piceivittis taylori) Type: Holotype, FMNH 100868 (formerly EHT-HMS 23523), a 340 mm male (E.H. Taylor, 1940). Type locality: “Agua del Obispo, Gro.” [= Agua del Obispo Hacienda, between Tierra Colorado and Chilpancingo, Guerrero State, W Mexico, 17°18’N, 99°28’W, elevation 915 m fide Mendelson et al., 2005: 12]. Distribution: Western Mexico (Guerrero), 915 m. Remarks: Elevated to specific status by Flores-Villela & Smith, 2009. †CONIOPHIS Marsh, 1892 (Alethinophidia incertae sedis) Synonyms: †Comophis – Gowanloch in Gowanloch & Brown, 1943 (nomen incorrectum) and †Henophis J.G. Armstrong, 1976. Type species: †Coniophis precedens Marsh, 1892. Distribution: Middle Cretaceous of Sudan, upper Cretaceous of USA, Paleocene of Brazil, middle Paleocene of USA, middle Eocene of France and USA, and upper Eocene of France. Sources: M.K. Hecht, 1959, Fox 1975, Holman, 1979b, 2000, Rage, 1984b, 1998, Bryant, 1989, J.D. Gardner & Cifelli, 1999, Gómez et al., 2008 and Longrich et al., 2012a–b. Remarks: An undescribed species is known from Utah fide J.D. Gardner & Citelli (1999: 91–94). Possibly occurs in Canada and Bolivia. Sister group to all Serpentes fide Longrich et al. (2012a: 207). 1. †Coniophis carinatus M.K. Hecht in McGrew, 1959. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 117(3): 138–139, pl. 52, figs. 1–5. Type: Holotype, AMNH 3826, one middle trunk vertebra (P.O. McGrew & field crews, 1950–1952). Type locality: “Locality 5, on the south side of Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area at the northern end of the Green River Basin, about 15 miles from the southwest flank of the Wind River Mountains and 25 miles north of the village of Farson, in the southeast corner of Sublette County, Wyoming (T 27-29N, R 103106W), [USA]; late Bridgerian, middle Eocene.” Distribution: Middle Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming, Colorado). 2. †Coniophis cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler, 1978. J. Paleont. 52(2): 480–482, figs. 1a–e. Type: Holotype, MNA Pl. 1612, one trunk vertebra (J.G. Armstrong, 1974–1975). Type locality: “MNA site A (= MNA 107) on the hogback South, 7 1/2’ quadrangle, T26N, R16W (108°29’10”W Long., 36°29’10”N Lat.), (thirty miles southwest of Farmington, New Mexico; Fruitland formation, upper Campanian, upper Cretaceous.” Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 65.5– 72.1 mya and Campanian, 72.1–83.6 mya) of USA (Montana, New Mexico). Source: J.D. Gardner & Citelli, 1999. 3. †Coniophis dabiebus Rage & Werner, 1999. Paleont. Afr. 35: 94–95, figs. 6–8. Type: Holotype, TUB Vb-673, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan. Wadi Abu Hashim Member of Wadi Milk Formation; Cenomanian.” Distribution: Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian: 93.9– 100.5 mya) of Sudan. Known only from type locality. 4. †Coniophis platycarinatus M.K. Hecht in McGrew, 1959. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 117(3): 139, pl. 53, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, AMNH 3827, one middle trunk vertebra (P.O. McGrew and field crews, 1950–1952). Type locality: “Locality 5, on the south side of Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area at the northern end of the Green River Basin, about 15 miles from the southwest flank of the Wind River Mountains and 25 miles north of the village of Farson, in the southeast corner of Sublette County, Wyoming (T 27-29N, R 103106W), [USA]; late Bridgerian, middle Eocene.” Distribution: Middle Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming). Known only from type locality. 5. †Coniophis precedens Marsh, 1892. Amer. J. Sci. (3) 43(257): 450, figs. 1a–e. Type: Holotype, USNM 2134, one trunk vertebra (J.B. Hatcher, 1892). Type locality: “Ceratops beds of Wyoming, Laramie Formation” [Peterson Quarry, Niobrara County, Wyoming (Lance formation, upper Maastrichtian, upper Cretaceous)]. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian: 65.5– 72.1 mya) of USA (Montana, Wyoming), and possibly Canada (Alberta) and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Sources: Gilmore, 1938, Fox, 1975 and Rage, 2011. Remarks: Fox (1975: 1558–1560) described Coniophis cf. precedens from the upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada but Rage (1984b: 13) questioned the identification. Rage (2011: 62) listed Coniophis cf. precedens from Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sister group to all Serpentes fide Longrich et al. (2012a: 207). CONOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1860d (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Eudromus S.W. Garman, 1884, Canophis – Maass-Berlin, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), and Whittonserpens Hoser, 2012ai (nomen illegitimum). C 180 C Type species: Conophis vittatus W.C.H. Peters, 1860d. Distribution: Mesoamerica. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1941a, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Wellman, 1963, Cadle, 1984c, Villa et al., 1988 Zaher et al., 2009 and Vidal et al., 2010. 1. Conophis lineatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 936–938, pl. 73, figs. 1–4. (Tomodon lineatum) Synonyms: Conophis vittatus Cope, 1861e (nec Peters), Conophis concolor Cope, 1867b, Conophis pulcher Cope, 1869b, Conophis pulcher similis Bocourt, 1886 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bibron & Mocquard, 1870–1909, Conophis lineaticeps Cope, 1900 (nomen substitutum), Conophis lineatus similis H.M. Smith, 1941e, Conophis lineatus dunni H.M. Smith, 1942m, Conophis pulcher plagosus H.M. Smith, 1942m, and Conophis morai Pérez-Higareda, López-Luna & H.M. Smith, 2002. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 3738, a 600 mm specimen (A. Ghiesbreght & F. Schlumberger), designated by Wellman (1963: 267). Type locality: “Mexique” [= Mexico] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 351). Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán), Belize (Belize, Cayo), Guatemala (El Progreso, Huehuetenango, Jutiapa, Petén, Sacatepequez, Santa Rosa, Zacapa), El Salvador (Ahuachapán, Cabañas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, La Libertad, La Paz, La Unión, Morazán, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, Usulután), Honduras (Choluteca, Colón, Comayagua, Cortés, El Paraíso, Francisco Marazán, Gracias a Dios, Intibucá, Lempira, Vallé), W Nicaragua (Chinandega, Estelí, León, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa) and Costa Rica (Alajuela, Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Bocourt, 1886 in Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, E.H. Taylor, 1951, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Lee, 1996, 2000, Auth et al., 1998b, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, G. Köhler, 1999b, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Savage, 2002, Barragan-Vázquez et al., 2004, G. Köhler et al., 2004, Solórzano, 2004 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Conophis concolor a valid species fide PérezHigareda et al. (2002: 31). Colombia record of PérezSantos & Moreno (1988: 129) in error fide Auth et al. (1998: 107). 2. Conophis morai Pérez-Higareda, López-Luna & Smith, 2002. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 38(1): 27–31, figs. 1, 3–4. Type: Holotype, UNAM-LT 3662, a 664 mm male (R. Mora, 12 April 1999). Type locality: “Ejido Ruiz Cortines on the southeastern slope of San Martin Tuxla Volcano, 1050 m, southern Veracruz, México” [=Ejido Ruiz Cortines, SE Volcan Snakes of the World San Martin Tuxtlas, S Veracruz State, SE Mexico, 18°32’N, 95°09’W, elevation 1050 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (S Veracruz), 200– 1050 m. 3. Conophis vittatus W.C.H. Peters, 1860d. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860(10): 519–520, pl., figs. 3–3d. Synonyms: Conophis sumichrastii sumichrastii Cope, 1875a, Conophis sumichrasiti viduus Cope, 1875a, and Conophis vittatus videns Cope, 1900. Type: Holotype, ZMB 3819, a 555 mm male (Hamburg dealer). Type locality: Unknown. Restricted to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico fide H.M. Smith (1941a: 119) and to Laguna Coyuca, Guerrero, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 331). Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, ? Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla) and Guatemala (Huehuetenango), NSL–2000 m. Sources: H.M. Smith et al., 1993, Benitez-Gálvez, 1997, Matias-Ferrer & Murillo, 2004a, N. Herrera et al., 2007 and Acevedo et al., 2011. Remarks: Hamburg dealer who sold the type reported the boat originated from “Neu-Orleans im Mississippi.” Durango, Mexico record needs confirmation fide Webb (2001: 159). CONOPSIS A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Toluca Kennicott in Baird, 1859, Achirhina Jan, 1862b, Epirhina Jan, 1862b, Exorhina Jan, 1862b, Oxyrhina Jan, 1862b, Oxyrrhina – Troschel, 1863 (nomen incorrectum), Ogmius Cope, 1870 (nomen substitutum), Oxyrrhina Dugès, 1887 (nomen emendatum), Ognius – Ocaranza, 1930 (nomen incorrectum), Agmius – Ditmars, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), and Conepsis – W.W. Tanner & Avery, 1982 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Conopsis nasus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Southern Mexico. Sources: E.H. Taylor & Smith, 1942b, Bogert & Oliver, 1945, H.M. Smith & Laufe, 1945b, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Goyenechea, 1995 and Goyenechea & Flores-Villella, 2002, 2006. 1. Conopsis acuta (Cope in Ferrari-Pérez, 1886). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 9(11): 189. (Ogmius acutus) Type: Holotype, USNM 30552, a 249 mm specimen (A.-L.-J.-F. Sumichrast, 1855–1869). Type locality: “Tuchitan, on the Pacific side of the isthmus of Tehuantepec” [= Juchitán, Oaxaca State, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1950: 338] (in error 181 Snakes of the World fide Goyenechea & Flores-Villela, 2006: 6). Restricted to 2 miles east of Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico fide Goyenechea & Flores-Villella (2006: 6), 17°20’N, 96°29’W, elevation 2100 m]. Distribution: Central Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz), 1800–2660 m. Sources: García-Vázquez et al., 2008a. 2. Conopsis amphisticha (H.M. Smith & Laufe, 1945b). Herpetologica 3(1): 5–10. (Toluca amphisticha) Type: Holotype, USNM 120950, a 262 mm male (W.S. Miller, 15 March 1944). Type locality: “Xuimygopk, 8,650 feet, about two-thirds of the distance from Ayutla to Cacalotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla), 1700– 3080 m. Source: Casas-Andreu et al., 1996. 3. Conopsis biserialis E.H. Taylor & Smith, 1942b. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 28(15): 333–325, fig. 2, pl. 31, fig. 1, pl. 35, fig. 9. Type: Holotype, FMNH 100062 (formerly EHT-HMS 23648 & EHT-CC x-2166), a 293 mm specimen (E.H. Taylor, 1940). Type locality: “10 mi. west of Villa Victoria, México” [= 10 mi. W Villa Victoria, México State, cen. Mexico, ca. 19°25’N, 100°07’W, elevation 2600 m]. Distribution: Central and S Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, E Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro, Tlaxcala), 1900–2600 m. Sources: Reyes-Velasco et al., 2009 and Canseco-Márquez & Gutiérrez-Mayén, 2010. 4. Conopsis lineata (Kennicott in Baird, 1859a). U.S.Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. (1858) 2(2): 23, pl. 21, fig. 2. (Toluca lineata) Synonyms: Stenorrhina defilippii Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Stenorrhina varians Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Oxyrhina defilippii Jan, 1862b, Oxyrhina varians Jan, 1862b, and Chionactis diasii Cope in FerrariPérez, 1886. Type: Holotype, USNM 2103 (J. Potts, 1848–1855). Type locality: “Valley of Mexico.” Distribution: Central and S Mexico (District Federal, Guanajuato, ?Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, cen. Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, S San Luis Potosí, Tlaxcala, cen. Veracruz, Zacatecas), 1750–3100 m. Sources: Casas-Andreu et al., 1996, Benitez-Gálvez, 1997 and Carbajal-Márquez et al., 2012. 5. Conopsis megalodon (E.H. Taylor & Smith, 1942b). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 28(15): 338–339, fig. 4, pl. 30, fig. 1, pl. 35, fig. 1. (Toluca megalodon) Synonym: Toluca conica E.H. Taylor & Smith, 1942b. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 25077 (formerly EHT-HMS 23640 & EHT-CC x-2162), a 251 mm specimen (E.H. Taylor, 10 July 1940). Type locality: “summit of Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Oaxaca” [= Cerro San Felipe, Benito Juárez National Park, cen. Oaxaca State, Mexico, 17°10’N, 96°41’W, elevation 3050 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (cen. Guerrero, Oaxaca), 2200–3050 m. Sources: Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 and Canseco-Márquez & Gutiérrez-Mayén, 2010 . 6. Conopsis nasus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 6–7. Synonyms: Oxyrhina maculata Jan, 1862b, Epirhina tessellata Jan, 1862b, Oxyrrhina maculata anomala Dugès, 1869, Conopsis nasus heliae Cuesta-Terron, 1930, Conopsis nasus labialis W.W. Tanner, 1961, and Gyalopion atavus Leviton & Banta, 1961. Type: Neotype, BMNH 1883.4.16.38, a 295 mm male (A. Forrer, 16 April 1883), designated by Goyenechea & Flores-Villela (2000: 286). Type locality: “Milpas, Durango, Mexico” [= Milpas, Durango State, NW Mexico, 24°00’N, 104°38’W, elevation 1885 m] via neotype selection. Distribution: Northern Mexico (Aguascalientes, S Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Oaxaco, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, E Sinaloa, Zacatecas), 1515–2950 m. Sources: W.W. Tanner, 1961, J.D. Johnson, 1978a, BenitezGálvez, 1997 and McCranie & Wilson, 2001b. Remarks: Holotype in BMNH lost fide Goyenechea & Flores-Villela (2000: 285). Photograph of neotype in Goyenechea & Flores-Villela (2000: fig. 1). CONTIA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Carphophiidae) Synonym: Lodia Baird & Girard, 1853. Type species: Calamaria tenuis Baird & Girard, 1852c. Distribution: Extreme W USA and Canada. Sources: W.W. Tanner, 1967, Nussbaum et al., 1983, Cadle, 1984c, Stebbins, 1985, H.A. Brown et al., 1995, P.R. Brown, 1997, Leonard & Ovaska, 1998, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Feldman & Spicer, 2002, Pinou et al., 2004, Zaher et al., 2009 and Feldman & Hoyer, 2010. Remarks: A distinct population may exist in the southern Sierra Nevadas of California (Tulare Co.) fide Feldman & Hoyer (2010: 262). C 182 1. Contia longicaudae Feldman & Hoyer, 2010. Copeia 2010(2): 257–261, fig. 4. C Type: Holotype, CAS 231505, a 343 mm female (R.F. Hoyer, 7 July 1998). Type locality: “California, Mendocino County, 8.6 km E of junction with Highway 1 via State Route 128, 39º10’18”N, 123º39’48”W, 5 m elevation.” Distribution: Northwestern USA (NW California, SW Oregon), NSL–80 m. Source: Norman et al., 2012. 2. Contia tenuis (Baird & Girard, 1852c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6(5): 176. (Calamaria tenuis) Synonyms: Contia mitis Baird & Girard, 1853, and Ablabes purpureocauda A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Type: Holotype, USNM 7289, ca 200 mm specimen (C. Wilkes [U.S. Explor. Exped.], 19–24 June 1841). Type locality: “Puget Sound” [Washington, USA]. Restricted to vicinity of Gravelly Lake/Chambers Creek, Pierce County, Washington, USA fide Leonard & Ovaslea (1998: 4). Distribution: Extreme SW Canada (SW British Columbia, S Vancouver, South Pender Is.) and W USA (N California, W Oregon, cen. Washington), NSL–2010 m. Sources: Blaustein et al., 1995, Hoyer, 2001 and Feldman & Spicer, 2002. †COPROPHIS Parris & Holman, 1978 (Alethinophidia incertae sedis) Type species: †Coprophis dakotaensis Parris & Holman, 1978. Distribution: Middle Oligocene of USA. Sources: Parris & Holman, 1978 and Holman, 2000a. Remarks: Possibly a member of the Booidea or Anilioidea fide Rage (1984b: 58). 1. †Coprophis dakotaensis Parris & Holman, 1978. Herpetologica 34(3): 259–260, figs. 1a–b. Type: Holotype, PU 20732A, one trunk vertebra, (South Dakota School Mines & Tech., before 1969). Type locality: “Big Badlands of South Dakota, Pennington and Shannon counties, USA; Scenic Member of the Brule Formation, Orellan Age, (approximate Middle Oligcene).” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Orellean: 33.3–33.9 mya) of USA (South Dakota). Known only from type locality. CORALLUS Daudin, 1803b (Boidae) Synonyms: Caramus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (nomen substitutum), Xiphosoma Wagler in Spix, Snakes of the World 1824, Xyphosoma Gray, 1825 (nomen emendatum), Xiphophosoma Schinz, 1833 (nomen emendatum), Xiphosoma Gray, 1842a (nomen praeoccupatum), Xiphosoma A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen praeoccupatum), Chrysenis Gray, 1860a, Diphosoma – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902 (nomen incorrectum), Xenoboa Hoge, 1954, Corollus – D.E. Willard, 1977 (nomen incorrectum), and Corallis – Pinney, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Boa hortulana Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Lower Central America, Amazonia and Lesser Antilles. Sources: Stull, 1935, Carrillo de Espinoza, 1966, Roze, 1966a, Stimson, 1969, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Matz & Matz, 1973, McDowell, 1975a, Chippaux, 1987, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, R.W. Henderson, 1993a, 1997, 2002, Henderson et al., 1995, Stafford & R.W. Henderson, 1996, Walls, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, R.W. Henderson & Paiers, 2012 and Colston et al., 2013. 1. Corallus annulatus (Cope, 1875a). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1876) (2) 8(2): 129, pl. 28, figs. 6a–b. (Xiphosoma annulatum) Synonym: Boa annulata colombiana Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940. Type: Holotype, USNM 32480, a 755 mm specimen (W.M. Gabb, 1873–1875). Type locality: “southern portion of the region of Costa Rica which lies east of the elevated mountain Distribution which traverses that country” [= Limón Prov., E Costa Rica]. Distribution: Central America and NW Colombia. Southeastern Guatemala (Izabal), Honduras (Cortés, Gracias a Dios, Santa Bárbara), SE Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Atlántico Sur), E Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Heredia, Limón), Panama and ext. W Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó, Santander), NSL–400 m. Sources: Villa et al., 1988, R.W. Henderson, 1993b, 2002, L.D. Wilson & McCranie, 1994, E.N. Smith & Acevedo, 1997, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, Daza, 2005, McCranie et al., 2006 and McCranie, 2011a. 2. Corallus batesii (Gray. 1860a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 28(1): 132. (Chrysenis batesii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1859.12.28.12, a juvenile (H.W. Bates, May 1850–Dec. 1851, June–Nov. 1852, Sept.– Dec. 1854, June–Sept. 1855 or May 1856–Jan. 1858). Type locality: “Upper Amazon” [= upper Amazon River, Amazonas State, NW Brazil]. Restricted to the Río Amazonas west of the Rio Negro fide Henderson et al. (2009: 575). Distribution: Amazonia. Colombia (E Amazonas, Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Córdoba, Meta), E 183 Snakes of the World Ecuador (Napo), N Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Goias, Mato Grosso, Maranhao, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), E Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Díos, Pasco) and N Bolivia (Beni, La Paz), 10–1000 m. Source: Henderson et al., 2009. 3. Corallus blombergi (Rendahl & Vestergren, 1941). Arkiv Zool. 33A(5): 1–2, figs. 6–7. (Boa annulata blombergi) Type: Holotype, NRS 3141, a 1320 mm specimen (R. Blomberg, 1937). Type locality: “Rio Zamora, a tributary of the Rio Santiago, eastern Ecuador” [= Morona-Santiago Prov.] (probably in error fide Henderson et al., 2001: 43). Distribution: Western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas, Los Ríos), NSL–200 m. Source: Henderson et al., 2001. 4. Corallus caninus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 215. (Boa canina) Synonyms: Boa hipnale Linnaeus, 1758, Boa aurantiaca Laurenti, 1768, Boa exigua Laurenti, 1768 (nomen substitutum), Boa thalassina Laurenti, 1768 (nomen substitutum), Boa bojobi Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Boa isebequensis Bonnaterre, 1790, Boa flavicans Suckow, 1797, Boa hipnale G. Shaw, 1802, Xiphosoma araramboya Wagler in Spix, 1824, and Xiphosoma caninum A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844. Type: Lectotype, NHR Lin-8 (formerly MAFR), a 1440 mm specimen, designated by Stimson (1969: 10). Type locality: “America” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northern South America. Eastern Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Monagas), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Brokopondo, Para, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Suriname), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni) and NE Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Chippaux, 1987, R.W. Henderson, 1993c, Starace, 1998, Lehr, 2001, Doan & Arizábal, 2002, Abuys, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Kivit & Wiseman, 2005, Vidal et al., 2005, Pizzatto et al., 2007, Beddard, 2008, Henderson et al., 2009, Navarrete et al., 2009, J.D. Sánchez et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: A complex of multiple, undescribed species fide Vidal et al. (2005: 502). 5. Corallus cookii Gray, 1842a. Zool. Misc. 2(Mar.): 42. Synonym: Corallus hortulanus melanea Gray, 1849a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.50 (formerly BMNH IV.8.1d), an 861 mm male (E. Cook). Type locality: “America,” (in error). Corrected to West Indies fide Gray (1849a: 98). Restricted to St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles fide Henderson (1997: 207). Distribution: Lesser Antilles. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (St Vincent), 70–500 m. Sources: Tolson & R.W. Henderson, 1993, R.W. Henderson, 2002, Beddard, 2008 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. 6. Corallus cropanii (Hoge, 1954b). Mem. Inst. Butantan (1953) 25(1): 27–28, figs. 1–5, col. pl. (Xenoboa cropanii) Type: Holotype, IB 15200, a 1113–1275 mm male (J. Santos), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Miracatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil” [= Miracatu, Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State, SE Brazil, 24º17’S, 47º28’W, elevation 50 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo), NSL–60 m. Sources: Amaral, 1978, Kluge, 1991, R.W. Henderson & Puorto, 1993, Pizzatto et al., 2007 and Machado-Filho et al., 2011. Remarks: Photograph of the holotype in Machado-Filho et al. (2011: fig. 1). 7. Corallus grenadensis (T. Barbour, 1914a). Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 44: 327. (Boa grenadensis) Type: Holotype MCZ 7791, an 1170 mm male (G.M. Allen, 20 Aug. 1910). Type locality: “St. George’s, Grenada.” Distribution: Lesser Antilles (Baliceaux, Bequia, Canouan, Carriacou, Grenada, Ile Quatre, Mayreau, Mustique, Union), NSL–520 m. Sources: R.W. Henderson, 2002 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. 8. Corallus hortulanus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 215–216. (Boa hortulana) Synonyms: Boa enydris Linnaeus, 1758, Vipera bitis Laurenti, 1768, Vipera madarensis Laurenti, 1768, Boa ambleocephala Donndorff, 1798, Boa merremi J.G. Schneider, 1801, Boa annulata G. Shaw, 1802, Boa obtusiceps Bechstein, 1802b, Boa elegans Daudin, 1803b, Corallus obtusirostris Daudin, 1803b, Boa stellaris Gravenhorst, 1807, Boa broderie Cuvier, 1816, Boa elegans Surinamensis Schneider, 1821, Xiphosoma dorsuale Wagler in Spix, 1824, Xiphosoma ornatum Wagler in Spix, 1824, Xiphosoma hortulanum Fitzinger, 1826a, Scytale zigzag Schinz, 1833, Boa modesta A. Reuss, 1834, Corallus maculatus Gray, 1842a, Boa dubia Guilding in Gray, 1849a, and Boa enydrys albina Briceño-Rossi, 1934. C 184 C Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-7 (formerly MDG), a 1275 mm specimen. Type locality: “America.” Distribution: South America. Colombia (Amazonas, Atlántico, Caquetá, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Cuyubi-Mazaruni, DemeraraMahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, MahaicaBerbice, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Sipaliwini), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Espiritu Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, Santo Amaro Is.), E Ecuador (Napo), Peru (Cusco, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, San Martín) and Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Schinz, 1833, Emsley, 1977, Chippaux, 1987, Duellman & Salas, 1991, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1991, R.W. Henderson, 1991, 1993d, 1997, 2002, Tolson & R.W. Henderson, 1993a, Puorto & R.W. Henderson, 1994, R.W. Henderson & Hedges, 1995, Henderson et al., 1996b, McDiarmid et al., 1996, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Savage, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Duellman, 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009, Morato et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 9. †Corallus priscus Rage, 2001. Palaeovertebrata 30(3–4): 122–124, fig. 6. Type: Holotype, DGM 1332-R, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “São José de Itaboraí, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; middle Paleocene.” Distribution: Middle Paleocene (Itaboraian: 57.0–59.0 mya) of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Source: Rage, 2011. 10. Corallus ruschenbergerii (Cope, 1875a). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1876) (2) 8(2): 129. (Xiphosoma ruschenbergerii) Synonyms: Xiphosoma ruschenbergii – Boulenger, 1893a (nomen incorrectum), Corallus cookei ruschenbergi – Boettger, 1989 (nomen incorrectum), and Boa salmonidia Briceño-Rossi, 1934. Type: Holotype, ANSP 10325, a 1530 mm female (W.S.W. Ruschenberger, 1826–1829 or 1854–1857). Type locality: “Panama” [= Panama city, Panama]. Distribution: Lower Central America and N South America. Southern Costa Rica (Puntarenas), Panama, Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, César, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Sucre, Valle de Cauca), Venezuela (Amacuro, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Snakes of the World Zulia, Margarita Is. ) and Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), NSL–600 m. Sources: Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, R.W. Henderson, 2002 Esqueda & La Marca, 2004, Solórzano, 2004, Rivas-Fuenemayer & BarrioAmorgós, 2005, J.C. Murphy, 2007, Navarrete et al., 2009, Ugueto & Rivas, 2010 and Sajdak, 2010. CORONELAPS Lema & Hofstadler-Deiques, 2010 (Dipsadidae) Type species: Elapomorphus lepidus J.T. Reinhardt, 1861b. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Sources: L. Müller, 1927, Lema & Hofstadler-Deiques, 1995, 2010 and Marques et al., 2001. 1. Coronelaps lepidus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1861b). Vidensk. Medd. Natur. Foren. Kjöbenhavn (1860) 22: 239–242, pl. 4, figs. 6–9. (Elapomorphus lepidus) Synonyms: Elapomorphus lepidus J.T. Reinhardt, 1861a (nomen nudum) and Elapomorphus coronatus Sauvage, 1877. Type: Holotype, ZMUC 63821, a 575 mm female (J.T. Reinhardt, 2 April 1855). Type locality: “en Fazenda, Feijão cru kaldet, en Miilsvei fra Arrayal de Bicudo, en lille kun faa Aar gammel By ved Rio da casca, altsaa i Provindsen Minas’ östlige med Urskov bevoxede Deel” [= Fazenda Feixâo Cru, Minas Gerais, Brazil fide L. Müller (1927: 301), ca. 1.5 km from the village of Arraial do Bicudo, near the Casca River, Minas Gerais, Brazil fide Lema (1984: 59), or Bicuda, Casca River, Minas Gerais State, Brazil fide Lema & Hofstadler-Deiques (1995: 97), ca. 20°13’S, 42°40’W, elevation 375 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (E Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), 375 m. CORONELLA Laurenti, 1768 (Colubridae) Synonyms: ? Berus Wyder, 1817 (partim), Coronnella – Fiztinger, 1824 (nomen incorrectum), Zacholus Wagler, 1830, Decagerron Bonaparte, 1840 (nomen nudum), Zaccholus – Schinz, 1840 (nomen incorrectum), Calonotus Jan, 1863, Caronella – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Zacholis – Blanford, 1876 (nomen incorrectum), Cornella – Blanchard, 1942 (nomen incorrectum), Wallophis F. Werner, 1929a, Comella – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Zocholus – Capocaccia, 1959 (nomen incorrectum), Coronela – Hoge & Maranhão-Niña, 1964 (nomen incorrectum), Coranella – Taub, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), and Sharonhoserea Hoser, 2012aa (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768. Snakes of the World Distribution: Europe, NW Africa and SW Asia. Fossil records: Middle Miocene to upper Pleistocene of Europe. Fossils unassigned to species include lower Pleistocene (Calabrian: 0.8–1.8 mya) of France and upper Pleistocene (Tarantian: 0.01–0.13 mya) of Moldavia. Sources: Sanchiz, 1980, Holman, 1985, 1998a, 2000b, Szyndlar, 1991a, Capula et al., 1995, Utiger et al., 2002, 2005, Ivanov, 2007 and Hoser, 2012aa. 1. Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768. Synop. Rept.: 84, pl. 5, fig. 1. Synonyms: Coluber levis Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber versicolor Razoumowsky, 1789, Coluber coronella Bonnaterre, 1790, Coluber ferruginosus Sparrman, 1795, Coluber oculus cati Suchow, 1798, Coluber alpinus Güldenstedt in Georgi, 1801, Coluber cupreus Güldenstedt in Georgi, 1801, Coluber ponticus Güldenstedt in Georgi, 1801, Coluber tetragonus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b, Coluber thuringicus Bechstein, 1801, Coluber gallicus Hermann, 1804, Coluber laevis Hermann, 1804, Coluber caucasius Pallas, 1814, Coluber pustulatus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814, Natrix hybrida Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Natrix dumfrisiensis Fleming, 1828, Coluber nebulosus Ménétriés, 1832, Coluber caucasicus Ménétriés, 1832, Zacholus fitzingerii Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1836 (nomen substitutum), Zacholus italicus Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1836 (nomen nudum), Calamaria coronata Schlegel, 1837, Zacholus meridionalis Fitzinger, 1853 (nomen nudum), Simotes semicinctus W.C.H. Peters, 1862b, Coronella austriaca aegyptiaca Jan, 1863b, Coronella austriaca caucasica Jan, 1863b, Coronella vernalis Gistel, 1868, Coronella austriaca marginata Fatio, 1872, Coronella austriaca pallida Fatio, 1872, Coronella austriaca italica E. Schrieber, 1875 (nomen substitutum), Coronella laevis leopardina F. Müller, 1885, Coronella austriaca fitzingeri conjuncta Camerano, 1891 (nomen illegitimum), Zacholus italicus Camerano, 1891 (nomen nudum), Coronella austriaca fasciata Durigen, 1897, Coronella austriaca immaculata Durigen, 1897, Coronella austriaca concolor F. Werner, 1897d, Coronella austriaca lateralis F. Werner, 1897d, Coronella austriaca quadritaeniata F. Werner, 1897d, Coronella austriaca sparsa Durigen, 1897, Coronella austriaca taeniata Durigen, 1897, Coronella austriaca scalaris Sternfeld, 1911, Coronella austriaca veithi E. Schrieber, 1912, and Coronella austriaca acutirostris Malkmus, 1995a. Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “circa Viennam” and “America” [= vicinity of Vienna, Austria and America]. Restricted to Austria fide Mertens & Müller (1928: 48) Distribution: Europe and SW Asia. Southern United Kingdom (S England), S Norway, S Sweden (Grinda Is.), ext. S Finland, N Portugal (Braga, Bragansa, Coimbra, Guarda, Porto, Vila Real, Viseu), N Spain 185 (Albacete, Ávila, Barcelona, Burgos, Castellón, Cuenca, Gerona, W Guadalajara, Granada, Guipúzcoa, Logroño, Lugo, N Madrid, Navarra, Orense, Oviedo, Pontevedra, Santander, S Segovia, Soria, Tarragona, Teruel, N Valencia, Vizcaya, Zaragossa), France (Ain, Aisne, Allier, Alpes-Maritimes, Ardèche, Ardennes, Ariège, Aube, Aude, Aveyron, Bas-Rhin, Basses-Alpes, Basses-Pyrénées, Belfort, Calvados, Cantal, Cher, Charente, Charente-Maritime, Corrèze, Côte-d’Or, Côte-du-Nord, Creuse, Deux-Sèvres, Dordogne, Doubs, Drôme, Essonne, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Finistère, Gard, Gironde, Haut-Rhin, Haute-Garonne, Haute-Loire, Haute-Marne, Haute-Saöne, Haute-Savoie, HauteVienne, Hautes-Alpes, Hautes-Pyrénées, Hérault, Illeet-Vilaine, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Isère, Jura, Loire, Loire-Atlantique, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Lozère, Maineet-Loire, Manche, Marne, Mayenne, Meurthe-Moselle, Meuse, Morbihan, Moselle, Nièvre, Nord, Oise, Orne, Puy-de-Dôme, Pyrénées-Orientales, Rhône, Saöneet-Loire, Sarthe, Savoie, Seine-et-Marne, SeineMaritime, Somme, Tarn, Val-d’Oise, Var, Vaucluse, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges, Yonne, Yvelines, Corsica Is.), Belgium (Antwerpen, Hainaut, Liège, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur), Luxembourg, Netherlands (Drente, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord Brabant, Overijsssel, Utrecht), Germany, Switzerland (Aargau, Appenzell Inner-Rhoden, Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden, Bern, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Fribourg, Genève, Glarus, Graubünden, Jura, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, Schwyz, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Vaud, Valais, Zug, Zürich), Italy (Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Toscana, TrentinoAlto Adige, Umbria, Valle d’Aosta, Veneto, Sardinia and Sicily Is.), Austria (Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Upper Austria, Vienna, Vorarlberg), Czech Republic (Jihocesky, Jihomoravsky, Praha, Severocesky, Severomoravsky, Stredocesky, Vychodocesky, Zapadocesky), Poland (Dolnoslaskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie, Lubelskie, Lubuskie, Malopolskie, Mazowieckie, Opolskie, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Pomorskie, Slaskie, Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie, Wielkopolskie, Zachodniopomorskie), Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia (Mljet Is.), Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Gabrovo, Grand Sofiya, Kardzhali, Lovech, Kyustendil, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Plovdiv, Rousse, Silistra, Smolyan, Sofiya, Targovishte, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Vidin), Albania, N Greece (Samothráki Is.), N Turkey, Moldavia, Ukraine, SW Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, W Kazakhstan and NW Iran (East Azarbaijan, Central, Ghilan), NSL–2250 m. Fossil records: Lower Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 14: 4.2–4.9 mya) of Hungary, middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2–4.2 mya) of Moldavia and Slovakia, upper Pliocene (Villanyian, MN 16: 2.6–3.2 mya) of Austria C 186 C and Moldavia, lower Pleistocene (Calabrian: 0.8–1.8 mya) of Austria, Czech Republic and Poland, middle Pleistocene (Ionian: 0.13–0.78 mya) Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and United Kingdom, and upper Pleistocene (Tarantian: 0.01–0.13 mya) of Bulgaria, France, Germany, Poland and Serbia. Sources: Bruno, 1966, 1984, Stewart, 1971, Hopkins, 1974, Bannikov et al., 1977, Bruno & Maugeri, 1977, Spellenberg & Phelps, 1977, Arnold & Burton, 1978, Street, 1979, Goddard, 1980, 1984, Frazer, 1983, Happ, 1985, Engelmann, 1993, Strijbosch & van Gelder, 1993, Venczel, 1994, Malkmus, 1995a, Monney, 1996, Borkin et al., 1997, Mikátová et al., 2001, Petkovski et al., 2000, Cabela et al., 2001, Hofer et al., 2001, F.P. Pérez, 2001, O’Brian, 2002, Spellerberg, 2002, Glowacinski & Rafinski, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Völkl & Käsewieter, 2003, Sindaco et al., 2006, Renner & Vitzthum, 2007, Trapp, 2007, Tillack et al., 2008, Creemers & Delft, 2009, Tuniyev et al., 2009, Valakos et al., 2009, Vacher & Geniez, 2010, Stojanov et al., 2011, Jablonski et al., 2012 and Szyndlar, 2012. 2. Coronella brachyura (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1866). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 18(103): 27, pl. 6, figs. a–a’. (Zamenis brachyurus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.24, a 432 mm female (A. Leith-Adams, 1849–1854). Type locality: “Poonah (Dekkan)” [= Pune, Deccan Trap Hills, W Maharashtra State, W India, 18°31’N, 73°51’E, elevation 565 m]. Distribution: Western India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra), 10–565 m. Sources: Abdulali, 1935, M.A. Smith, 1943, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Vyas & Patel, 2007, Nande & Dsehmukh, 2007 and Ingle & Sarsavan, 2011. 3. Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 6: 432–434. (Coluber girondicus) Synonyms: Coluber meridionalis Daudin, 1803c, Coluber riccioli Metaxa, 1823, Coluber strigatus Risso, 1826, Coluber rubens Gachet, 1829, Decagerron girondicum Hemprich in Bonaparte, 1840 (nomen nudum), Coronella girundica A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Coronella laevis hispanica Boettger, 1869, and Rhinechis amaliae Boettger, 1881b. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 520 mm specimen (Rodrigues), location unknown. Type locality: “Bordeaux” [Gironde Department, SW France]. Distribution: Southern Europe and ext. N Africa. Portugal (Beja, Braga, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Portalegre, Porto, Sertubal, Vila Real), Spain (Álava, Alicante, Almería, Andorra, Aragon, Ávila, Badajoz, Burgos, Cáceres, Cádiz, Castellón, Catalonia, S Ciudad Real, Córdoba, Snakes of the World Cuenca, Gerona, Granada, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Huesca, Jaén, La Coruña, NE Léon, Lérida, Logroño, Lugo, Madrid, Málaga, Murcia, Navarra, Orense, Oviedo, Pontevedra, Salamanca, Santander, Segovia, W Seville, Soria, Tarragona, Teruel, Toledo, Valencia, Vizcaya, Zamora, Zaragossa), S France (Ain, Alpes-Maritimes, Ardèche, Ariège, Aude, Aveyron, Basses-Alpes, Basses-Pyrenées, Bouches-du-Rhône, Charente Maritime, Corrèze, Dordogne, Drôme, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Alpes, HautesPyrénées, Hérault, Isère, Landes, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Lozère, Pyrénes-Orientales, Rhône, Tarn, Tarn-etGaronne, Var, Vauclose), Italy (Abruzzi, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, S Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, N Puglia, Toscana, Umbria, Veneto), N Morocco (Al Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Chechaouene, Khenitra, Marrakech, Meknes, Nador, Tangier, S Taza, Tetouan), N Algeria (Aïn Témouchent, Annaba, Naama, Oran, Tlemcen) and N Tunisia (Jendouba, Le Kef, Nabeul, Zaghouan), NSL–3000 (3200) m. Fossil records: Middle Pleistocene (Ionian: 0.13–0.78 mya) of France and Spain, and upper Pleistocene (Tarantian: 0.01–0.13 mya) of Spain. Sources: Chpakowsky & Chnéour, 1954, Domergue, 1959, Bruno, 1966, 1984, Steward, 1971, Bruno & Maugeri, 1977, Arnold & Burton, 1978, Street, 1979, Castanet & Guyetant, 1989, Dusej, 1993, Agrimi & Luiselli, 1994, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Pleguezuelos, 1998, Salvador & Pleguezuelos, 2002, Sindaco et al., 2006, Feriche et al., 2008 and Vacher & Geniez, 2010. Remarks: Type not in MNHN. 4. †Coronella miocaenica Venczel, 1998. Acta Zool. Cracov. 41(1): 6–10, fig. 5a–e, 6a–h. Type: Holotype, HGIM V20617, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Polgárdi 4 “Lower” limestione quarry near the village of Polgárdi (W-Hungary). Uppermost Miocene; Pontian or Upper Turolian (MN 13).” Distribution: Middle Miocene (Astaracian, MN 7–8: 11.1– 12.8 mya) of Romania and upper Miocene (Turolian, MN 13: 4.9–7.3 mya) of Hungary. Sources: Venczel, 1998, Venczel & Stiuca, 2008 and Szyndlar, 2012. CRASPEDOCEPHALUS Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Atropos Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (nomen nudum), Crasedocephalus Gray, 1825 (nomen emendatum), Atropos Wagler, 1830 (nomen praeoccupatum), Megaera Wagler, 1830 (nomen praeoccupatum), Crassedocephalus – Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen incorrectum), Craspidocephalus – Swainson, 187 Snakes of the World 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Megara – Gray, 1840 (nomen incorrectum), Megera – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Maegera – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum), Atrops – Rüppell, 1845 (nomen incorrectum), Atropus – J.W. Müller, 1865 (nomen incorrectum), Atropophis W.C.H. Peters, 1872d (nomen substitutum), Atropopos – C.P.J. Haas, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Atropophus – Leviton, 1968b (nomen incorrectum), Atropohis – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975a (nomen incorrectum), and Crasdocephalus – Hoge & RomanoHoge, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Craspedocephalus puniceus Kuhl, 1824. Distribution: India, SE Asia and Indonesia. Sources: Maslin, 1942, M.A Smith, 1943, Maslin, 1945, Klemmer, 1963, Leviton, 1964d, W. Burger, 1971, Kramer, 1977, Maes, 1989, Malhotra & Davis, 1991, Golay et al., 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Kraus et al., 1996, David & Vogel, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Malhotra & Thorpe, 1997, 2000, 2004c, Ziegler et al., 2001, Giannasi et al., 2001a, G. Peng & Fuji, 2001, David et al., 2002, 2009, 2011, Gumprecht et al., 2004, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Grismer et al., 2006a, 2008b, Sanders et al., 2006, Dawson et al., 2008, Ganesh et al., 2008, Orlov et al., 2008, 2009, David et al., 2011c, P. Guo & Wang, 2011, Sumontha et al., 2011 and Hoser, 2012d, o. 1. Craspedocephalus andalasensis (David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006). Zootaxa (1293): 55–64, figs. 23–26. (Trimeresurus andalasensis) Type: Holotype, SMF 22429, a 442 mm male (H.R. Roomaker, 1929). Type locality: “Nord-Sumatra, Atjeh, Tawar-See, Takengon, 1200 m ü. NN Lake Tawar, Takengon, Aceh Province, Sumatra Island, Indonesia, 1200 msl.” Distribution: Western Indonesia (N Sumatra), 500–1200 m. Sources: David & Vogel, 1997 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 2. Craspedocephalus borneensis (W.C.H. Peters, 1872d). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 3: 41–42. (Atropophis borneensis) Synonym: Bothrops sandakanensis Lidth de Jeude, 1893. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB 7146 (R. Abendroth) and MSNG CE 8383a–b (G. Doria and O. Beccari, 1865–1868). Type locality: “Sarawack auf Borneo” [= Sarawak, East Malaysia]. Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and cen. Indonesia (Kalimantan), NSL–1200 m. Sources: Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975a, Toriba, 1992b, David & Vogel, 1996, Manthey & Grossmann, 1997, Steubing & Inger, 1999, Ziegler et al., 2001, Malkmus et al., 2002, David et al., 2006 and I. Das, 2007b, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Previously a synonym of T. puniceus but a valid species fide David & Gernot (1996: 160). 3. Craspedocephalus brongersmai (Hoge, 1969d). Cienc. Cult. (1967) 21(2): 459–460. (Trimeresurus brongersmai) Type: Holotype, RMNH 5654A, a 406 mm male (E. Jacobson, April 1913). Type locality: “Lugu, Simeulue, Sumatra” [= Lugu, Simeulue Is. off W coast of Sumatra, Indonesia]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (Mentawai Arch.: Siberut and Simeulue). Sources: Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975a, David et al., 2006 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Possibly occurs on Nias and Batu Is. fide David et al. (2006: 68). 4. Craspedocephalus gramineus (G. Shaw, 1802). Gen. Zool., Amph. 3(2): 420–421. (Coluber gramineus) Synonyms: Coluber viridis Bechstein, 1802, Vipera viridis Daudin, 1803c, Trigonocephalus fario Jan, 1859b (nomen nudum), Colubar gramineus – F. Mason, 1860 (nomen incorrectum), Bothrops viridis fario Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Bothrops viridis genei Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Trimeresurus occidentalis C.H. Pope & Pope, 1933, Type: Holotype, not designated, a 762 mm specimen described and illustrated in P. Russell (1796: 13–14, pl. 9) (native, Oct. 1788), location unknown. Type locality: “hills in the vicinity of Vizagapatam, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E]. Distribution: Southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, ? West Bengal), NSL–400+ m. Sources: Wall, 1905g, Stejneger, 1927, C.H. Pope & Pope, 1933, Bergman, 1961b, Regenass & Kramer, 1981, David & Vogel, 1998, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006 and David et al., 2011c. Remarks: Type locality in error fide Hoge & RomanoHoge (1981: 257–258), who suggested Java, Indonesia was more accurate. 5. Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (1853) 22(6): 523. (Trigonocephalus [Cophias] malabaricus) Synonyms: Trigonocephalus wardii Jerdon, 1854, Trimeresurus anamallensis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, and Lachesis coorgensis C. Rao, 1917. Types: Syntypes (?), longest syntype 600 mm, lost fide M.A. Smith (1943: 513). C 188 C Type locality: “West Coast, Peninsula of India” [= SW India]. Restricted to Western Ghats, SW India fide M.A. Smith (1943: 513). Distribution: Southwestern India (Western Ghats of Karanataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), 500– 2135 m. Sources: Regenass & Kramer, 1981, Inger et al., 1984, Malhotra & Davis, 1991, David & Vogel, 1998, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Hutton & David, 2009 and Chandramouli & Ganesh, 2010. Remarks: Types not in BMNH fide M. Lang (in litt.). Syntypes of T. anamallensis BMNH 1946.1.18.73–74, BMNH 1946.1.19.82, BMNH 1946.1.19.89, BMNH 1946.1.19.93–95, and BMNH 1946.1.20.3. 6. Craspedocephalus puniceus Kuhl, 1824. Bull. Sci. Nat. Géol., Paris 2: 80. Synonyms: Vipera punicea H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Vipera punicea Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Cophias punicea – F. Boie, 1827, and Atropos acontia Gray, 1842b. Types: Syntypes (3), RMNH 1557 and RMNH 1558a–b, three females (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, Dec. 1820– Sept. 1823). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (Java, Mentawai Arch., Simeulue, S Sumatra, Tinjil), 500–1600 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1928a, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1976, Tweedie, 1983, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Nutaphand et al., 1991, Toriba, 1992b, Hodges, 1993, David & Vogel, 1996, Inger & Tan Fui Lian, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Ziegler et al., 2001, Ryabov et al., 2002, David et al., 2006 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Photographs of a syntype in David et al. (2006: figs. 5–6). David et al. (2006: 33–37) identified a closely related but possibly undescribed species from cen. Sumatra (including Mentawai, Natuna and Anambas Is.). 7. Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011). Zootaxa (2757): 9–14, fig. 5. (Cryptelytrops rubeus) Type: Holotype, FMNH 262718, a 590 mm female (B.L. Stuart, K. Sok and T. Neang, 1 Nov. 2003). Type locality: “O Kamen Stream, Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area (formerly part of Samling Logging Concession), O’Rang District, Mondolkiri Province, Cambodia (12.326 N, 107.092 E), 500 m elevation.” Distribution: Eastern Cambodia (Mondolkiri) and S Vietnam (Bien Hoa, Cu Chi, Ho Chi Minh City), NSL– 500 m. Snakes of the World 8. Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842b). Zool. Misc. 2(Mar.): 49. (Trimeresurus strigatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Trimesurus strigatus Gray, 1842b (nomen incorrigendum), Atropos darwinii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Atropos darwini A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Trigonocephalus neelgherriensis Jerdon, 1854, Trimesurus neilgherriensis Beddome, 1862 (nomen emendatum), Trimeresurus strigolus – Theobald, 1868b (nomen incorrectum), Trigonocephalus nilghiriensis Theobald, 1876 (nomen emendatum), and Trimeresurus strigatus – Theobald, 1876 (nomen corrigendum). Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.18.78–79 (formerly AMSC & BMNH I.2.3a–b). Type locality: “Cape of Good Hope?” [= South Africa] (in error) and “Madras?” [= India]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Western Ghats of Kerala, Tamil Nadu), 915–2400 m. Sources: David & Vogel, 1998 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004. Remarks: A.F. Stimson doubted that BMNH 1946.1.18.78– 79 were types in 1977 note in BMNH catalogue fide M. Lang (in litt.), supported by the fact that the collection probably decayed or was destroyed fide R. PrysJones in Alström & Olsson (1999: 549). A member of Protobothrops fide Krauss et al. 1996: 769) but a valid Trimeresurus fide Herrmann et al. (2004b: 219). 9. Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798). Zool. Beytr. Linn. Natursyst. 3: 203. (Coluber trigonocephalus) (nomen substitutum) Synonyms: Coluber capite-triangulatus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber capitetriangulatus Bonnaterre, 1790, Vipera trigonocephala – Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a, Trigonocephalus nigromarginatus Kuhl, 1820, Trigonocephalus sagittiformis Schinz, 1822 (nomen substitutum), and Megaera olivacea Gray, 1842b. Type: Holotype, not designated, a male specimen based upon Lacépède (1789: 132, pl. 5, fig. 2) (King of France’s cabinet), location unknown. Type locality: “Africae regno Whida” [= Kingdom of Whydah, West Africa] (in error). Correctly designated as l’Isle Saint-Eustache [= Sri Lanka] fide Lacépède (1789: 132). Distribution: Sri Lanka (North-Central, North-Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Deraniyagala, 1955, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a, P.H. Silva, 1980a, A. Silva, 1990a–b, 2001, 2009, Nanayakkara, 1994, Malhotra & Thorpe, 1997, David & Vogel, 1998, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Somaweera, 2006. Snakes of the World 10. Craspedocephalus wiroti (Klemmer in Trutnau, 1981). Schlangen 2: 188, fig. 43. (Trimeresurus wiroti) Type: Holotype, SMF 69695, a 285 mm male (W. Nutaphand, 20 June 1979). Type locality: “100–150 km südlich von Surat Thani (SüdThailand) an den Hängen des Khao Luang zwischen Amphoe Thung Son und Amphoe Chawang (Provinz Nakhon Si Thammarat)…auf dem Khao Wang Hip in Höhenlagen zwischen 500 und 1196 m bei den aus etwa 10–12 Bambushütten bestehenden Ortschaften Ban Hui Hip und Amphoe Lan Saka” [= vicinity of villages Ban Hui Hip and Amphoe Lan Saka, Khao Wang Hip mtns., Nakhon Si Thammarat Prov., S Thailand, approximately 8°18’N, 99°43’E, elevation 1050 m]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula. Southern Thailand (Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Surat Thani, Trang) and West Malaysia (Johore, Pahang, Perak, Selangor), 500–1195 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, Nutaphand et al., 1991, Toriba, 1992, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Grismer et al., 2010. Remarks: Nutaphand et al. (1991: 151) listed type as female. A valid species fide David et al. (2006: 45). CRISANTOPHIS Villa, 1971b (Dipsadidae) Type species: Conophis nevermanni Dunn, 1937b. Distribution: Central America. Sources: Wellman, 1963, Villa, 1971b, 1988a, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Villa et al., 1988, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, G. Köhler et al., 2005, Zaher et al., 2009, Vidal et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011a. 1. Crisantophis nevermanni (Dunn, 1937b). Copeia 1937(4): 214. (Conophis nevermanni) Type: Holotype, ANSP 22423, a 470 mm female (M. Valerio, 1927–1933). Type locality: “Rio Poas de Aserri (a few miles south of San José), Costa Rica.” Distribution: Central America. Southwestern Guatemala, El Salvador (San Miguel), ext. S Honduras (Choluteca, Vallé), W Nicaragua (Chinandega, Chontales, Grenada, Jinotega, León, Managua, Matagalpa, Rivas) and NW Costa Rica (Guanacaste, San José), NSL–1395 m. CROTALUS Linnaeus, 1758 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Crotalophorus Gronovius, 1763 (nomen illegitimum), Crotalophorus Houttuyn, 1764, Caudisona Laurenti, 1768, Crotalinus RafinesqueSchmaltz, 1815 (nomen emendatum), Crotalurus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1820 (nomen emendatum), 189 Crotulurus – Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1820 (nomen incorrectum), Uropsophus Wagler, 1830, Crotalis – Duvernoy, 1833 (nomen incorrectum), Urocrotalon Fitzinger, 1843, Urocrotalum Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Candisoma – Chenu & Desmarest, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), Uropscephus Chenu & Desmarest, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), Campilodon Jan, 1861c (nomen emendatum), Aploaspis Cope, 1867a, Uropsaphus – Gigliloi, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Aechmophrys Coues in Wheeler, 1875, Aploaspsis – Yarrow, 1875 (nomen incorrectum), Haploaspis Cope, 1883d (nomen emendatum), Caudisoma – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen emendatum), Uropsopus – Cope, 1894c (nomen incorrectum), Crotallus – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), Paracrotalus A.F.T. Reuss, 1930c (nomen substitutum), Candisona – Haltom, 1931, Crotalux – H.W. Parker & Grandison, 1977 (nomen incorrectum), Aploapis – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 (nomen incorrectum), Haploapis – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 (nomen incorrectum), Uropsophys – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 (nomen incorrectum), Crotulus – Kundert, 1984 (nomen incorrectum), Cottonus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Crutchfieldus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Cummingea Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Edwardsus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illigitimum), Hoserea Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Matteoea Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Mullinsus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Piersonus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Pillotus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Sayersus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Smythus Hoser, 2009d & 2012f (nomen illegitimum), Piersonius Hoser, 2012f (nomen illegitimum) and Rattlewellsus Hoser, 2012f (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: North America and Latin America. Fossil records: Upper Miocene to upper Pleistocene of USA and Pleistocene of Mexico. Fossils unassigned to species include upper Miocene (Clarendonian) of USA (Nebraska), upper Pliocene (Blancan) of USA (Washington), lower/middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Texas), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Utah). Sources: Klauber, 1936b–c, 1937a, 1938, 1939a, 1940d, 1952, 1956a, 1972, 1997, Gloyd, 1940, A.H. Wright & Wright, 1957, Brattstrom, 1964, Hoge, 1966a, Harris & Simmons, 1977, 1978a–b, B. Armstrong & Murphy, 1979, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a, Stebbins, 1985, 2003, Stille, 1987, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 2004, Maes, 1989, Minton, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Knight et al., 1993, Ulber, 1993, Holman, 1995a, 2000a, Parmley & Holman, 1995, Kraus et al., 1996, Rubio, 1998, 2010, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000a, Bushar et al., 2001 and R.W. Murphy, 2002, Parmley & Walker, 2003, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Valencia-Hernández, 2006, Beaman C 190 C & Hayes, 2008, W.K. Hayes et al., 2008, Hoser, 2009d, 2012d, f, Hubbs & O’Connor, 2009, Parmley & Hunter, 2010 and Ernst & Ernst, 2012. Remarks: Official Generic Name fide Opinion 18 (ICZN, 1926). 1. Crotalus abyssus Klauber, 1930b. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 114–117, pl. 11, fig. 1. (Crotalus confluentus abyssus) Type: Holotype, SDSNH 2216 (formerly LMK 2216), a 905 mm male (E.D. McKee, 15 Sept. 1929). Type locality: “Tanner Trail 300 ft. below the south rim of the Grand Canyon, Coconino County, Arizona.; altitude approximately 7000 ft.” [= USA, elevation 2135 m]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (N Arizona), 1220–2135 m. Sources: Fowlie, 1965 and Pook et al., 2000. Remarks: A valid species fide Douglas et al. (2008: 38). 2. Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4(42): 368–369, fig. 2. Synonyms: Crotalus rhombifer Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a, Crotalus rhombiferus Brickell, 1805, †Crotalus adamanteus pleistofloridensis Brattstrom, 1954, and †Crotalus giganteus Brattstrom, 1954. Type: Holotype, not designated (A.M.F.J. Palisot de Beauvois, summer, 1796), lost fide Gillispie (1992: 40). Type locality: “southern parts of the United States” [= SE USA]. Restricted to Charleston, South Carolina fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 230). Distribution: Southeast USA (S Alabama, Florida, Florida Keys, S Georgia, ext. SE Louisiana, ext. S Mississippi, SE North Carolina, E South Carolina), NSL–500 m. Fossil records: Lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida) and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Florida). Sources: Christman, 1980, McCranie, 1980a, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Tennant, 1997, Holman, 2000a and W.H. Martin, 2000. Remarks: Palisot’s entire American collection lost in shipwreck off Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1798 as he returned to Europe (Gillispie, 1992). Extirpated in many parts of Distribution. 3. Crotalus aquilus Klauber, 1952. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego (26): 24–25, fig. 2. (Crotalus triseriatus aquilus) Synonym: Crotalus triseriatus quandrangularis Harris & Simmons, 1978b. Type: Holotype, MCZ 27843, a 543 mm female (W.W. Brown, 1923). Type locality: “near Alvarez, San Luis Potosí, Mexico” [= 22°02’N, 100°36’W, elevation 2350 m]. Snakes of the World Distribution: Central Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, NE Michoacán, Querétaro, S San Luis Potosí, NW Veracruz), 1600– 3110 m. Sources: Dorcas, 1991, 1992, McCranie & Wilson, 2001b, Bryson et al., 2011 and Reyes-Velasco et al., 2012. 4. Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard, 1853. Cat. No. Amer. Rept., Serp. 1: 5–6. Synonyms: Crotalus cinereous LeConte in Hallowell, 1852a (nomen rejiciendum), Caudisona atrox sonoraensis Kennicott, 1861, Crotalus tortugensis Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921b, and Crotalus tortuguensis Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1971 (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, USNM 7761, an 838 mm specimen (J.H. Clark [U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv.], 1850–1852, via J.D. Graham). Type locality: “Indianola” [Calhoun County, SE Texas, USA, 28°31’N, 96°19’W, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (S Arizona, W Arkansas, ext. SE California, S Kansas [possibly introduced], ext. S Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, cen. & W Texas) and N Mexico (ext. NE Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, ? Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Nuevo León, SE Oaxaca, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, N Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas, Tiburón, Tortuga, Turner and San Pedro Martir Is.), NSL–2440 m. Fossil records: Middle Pliocene (Blancan III) of USA (Texas), middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Texas), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas). Sources: Stejneger, 1940, Klauber, 1927, 1930b, Stebbins, 1985, Van Devender & Bradley, 1994, Degenhardt et al., 1996, P.R. Brown, 1997, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Grismer, 2002, Matlock & Rehmeier, 2002, Gumprecht, 2008, MatiasFerrer & Murillo, 2004b, Trauth et al., 2004 and Castoe et al., 2007b. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 505 fide Opinion 365 (ICZN, 1955c). 5. Crotalus basiliscus (Cope, 1864). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 16(3): 166. (Caudisona basilisca) Type: Holotype, USNM 53586 (formerly SIM 6118), skin of a 1260 mm specimen (J. Xantus, 1859–1861). Type locality: “Near Colima, Mexico.” Restricted to Colima, Colima, Mexico [= 19°15’N, 103°43’W, elevation 490 m] fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 328). Distribution: Western Mexico (ext. SW Chihuahua, Colima, Jalisco, NW Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, ext. S Sonora, Zacatecas), NSL–2450 m. Sources: McCranie, 1981, Chiszar & Smith, 2004, LemosEspinal et al., 2004a–b and Ahumada-Carrillo et al., 2011. 191 Snakes of the World Remarks: Probably conspecific with C. molossus Baird & Girard fide McCranie (1981: 283.2). 6. Crotalus caliginis Klauber, 1949b. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(6): 90. (Crotalus viridis caliginis) Synonym: Crotalus viridis caligensis – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, SDSNH 2800, a mm male (E.H. Quayle, 2 June 1930). Type locality: “South Coronado Island off the northwest coast of Baja California, Mexico” [= Coronado Sur Is., NW Baja California Norte, ext. NW Mexico, bet. 32°23’–25’N & 117°14’–15’W, elevation NSL–300 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (N Baja California Norte: Coronado Sur Is.), NSL–300 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: McPeak, 2000 and Pook et al., 2000. Remarks: A valid species fide Grismer (2001: 20, 2002: 340). 7. Crotalus catalinensis Cliff, 1954. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 12(5): 80–82, pl. 7, fig. 4. Synonym: Crotalus catalensis – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, CAS-SU 15631 (formerly SU 15631), a 701 mm female (B. Firstman, J.C. Briggs & F.S. Cliff, 27 March 1953). Type locality: “Isla Santa Catalina in the Gulf of California, Mexico.” Restricted to northeast end of the Isla Santa Catalina fide Leviton & Banta (1956: 218). Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (Baja California Sur: Santa Catalina Is.). Sources: R.W. Murphy & Crabtree, 1985, Beaman & Wong, 2001 and Grismer, 2002. Remarks: Original figure lised as fig. 3 fide Cliff (1954: 80). 8. Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1854–1855) 7(3): 95–96. Synonyms: Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944, Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Savage & Cliff, 1953, and Cortalus cerastes – Brode in D.F. Williams, Toth, Evans, Brode & Reed, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, ANSP 7098 (formerly USNM 352), a 248 mm female (A.L. Heermann [R.S. Williamson, Pacific Railroad Surv.], 1853–1854). Type locality: “Borders of the Mohave river, and in the desert of the Mohave” [California, USA]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (W Arizona, SE California, S Nevada, ext. SW Utah) and NW Mexico (NE Baja California Norte, NW Sonora, Tiburón Is.), 75 m BSL–1830 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona). Sources: Klauber, 1927, 1944, Savage & Cliff, 1953, T.W. Brown & Lillywhite, 1992, Secor, 1994, P.R. Brown, 1997, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a, Grismer, 2002, Douglas et al., 2006 and Sievert, 2008. Remarks: Elevation usually below 1200 m fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 538). 9. Crotalus cerberus (Coues in Wheeler, 1875). Explor. Surv. W of 100 th Merid. 5: 606–607. (Caudisona lucifer cerberus) Types: Syntypes (4), ANSP 7085 (formerly EC 509), skin of an 850 mm male, ANSP 7086 (formerly EC 510), ANSP 7087 (formerly EC 672), and ANSP 7088 (formerly EC 511), a head and neck (E. Coues, July 1864). Type locality: “San Francisco Mountains, Arizona” [= Coconino Co., Arizona]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (cen. Arizona, ext. SW New Mexico), 2440–3660 m. Sources: Klauber, 1949, Fowlie, 1965, Pook et al., 2000 and Brennan & Holycross, 2006. Remarks: Two of Coues specimens (ANSP 7086–87) from type locality not considered syntypes fide Klauber (1949: 84). A valid species fide Douglas et al. (2008: 38). 10. Crotalus concolor Woodbury, 1929. Bull. Univ. Utah 20(6): 1–3, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UUZM 306, a 700 mm male (R.V. Chamberlin, Sept. 1929). Type locality: “King’s Ranch, Garfield Co., at base of the Henry Mtns.” [= Utah, USA]. Distribution: Western USA (ext. NW Colorado, NE Utah, ext. SW Wyoming), 1220–2440 m. Sources: Pook et al., 2000, Lewis, 2011 and Young, 2011. Remarks: A valid species fide Douglas et al. (2008: 38). 11. Crotalus culminatus Klauber, 1952. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego (26): 65–67. (Crotalus durissus culminatus) Type: Holotype, FMNH 126616 (formerly EHT 5224), a 382 mm female (E.H. Taylor & H.M. Smith, 1936). Type locality: “El Sabino near Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico” [= 19°25’N, 102°01’W, elevation 1600 m]. Distribution: Western Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca), 90–1600 m. Sources: Wüster et al., 2005 and Sanchez de la Vega et al., 2012. Remarks: A subspecies of Crotalus simus fide Campbell and Lamar (2004: 583). 12. Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 214. Synonyms: Crotalus dryinus Linnaeus, 1758, Caudisona gronovii Laurenti, 1768, Caudisona orientalis Laurenti, C 192 C 1768, Caudisona terrifica Laurenti, 1768, Crotalus exalbidus Boddaert, 1778, Crotalus immaculatus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a, Crotalus strepitans Daudin, 1803b, Crotalus cumanensis Humboldt in Humboldt & Bonpland, 1813, Crotalus loeflingii Humboldt in Humboldt & Bonpland, 1813, Crotalus cascavella Wagler in Spix, 1824, Caudisona durissa – Cope, 1861e, Crotalus horridus unicolor Lidth de Jeude, 1887, Crotalus pulvis Ditmars, 1905, Crotalus terrificus collirhombeatus Amaral, 1927c, Crotalus terrificus collilineatus Amaral, 1927c, Crotalus terrificus crotaminicus Moura-Gonçalves, 1956 (nomen nudum), Crotalus durissus marajoensis Hoge, 1966a, Crotalus durissus ruruima Hoge, 1966a, Crotalus durissus trigonicus Harris & Simmons, 1978a, Crotalus pifanorum Sandner-Montilla, 1980, Crotalus maricela Rodriguez & Rojas Suárez, 1995 (nomen nudum), and Crotalus maricelae García-Pérez, 1995 (nomen nudum). Type: Neotype, RMNH 12857, an adult male, designated by Savage et al. (2005: 370). Type locality: “2.5 km east of Tibiti, Saramacca District, Suriname (ca. 5º33’N, 55º54’W)” via neotype selection. Distribution: South America. Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Meta, Tolima), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Vargas, Zulia, Maragarita and Los Testigos Is.), Netherlands Antilles (Aruba), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), NE Suriname (Commewijne), N French Guiana (N Cayenne, N Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), ext. SE Peru (Puno), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande Do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Marajo Is.), cen. Bolivia (Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Asunción, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Neembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro), Uruguay (Artigas, Maldonado, Rivera, Treinta y Tres, Tucuarembó), and NE Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), NSL–1000 [2800] m. Sources: Gloyd & Kauffeld, 1940, Amaral, 1944e, E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Klauber, 1952, Hoge, 1966a, Lancini, 1967, Harris & Simmons, 1972a–b, 1978a, Vanzolini et al., 1980, Sandner-Montilla, 1983, McCranie, 1984, 1986, 1993a, Villa, 1984, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Chippaux, 1987, Cei, 1994, D.R. Norman, 1994, Lee, 1996, Moro, 1996, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, Snakes of the World Parkinson, 1999, Esqueda et al., 2001, Savage, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Carreira-Vidal et al., 2005, Harvey et al., 2005, Rivas-Fuenemayer & Barrio-Amorgós, 2005, Wüster et al., 2005, Quijada-Mascareñas et al., 2007, Cacciali, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Ugueto & Rivas, 2010, Prigioni et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Holotype lost fide Klauber (1952: 60). Type locality restriction to Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 348) rejected fide Hoge (1966a: 137). Type locality restriction to Paramaribo, Suriname fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 540) invalid due to neotype designation. Crotalus pifanorum a valid species fide Navarrete et al. (2009: 66). 13. Crotalus enyo (Cope, 1861e). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13(7): 293. (Caudisona enyo) Synonyms: Crotalus enyo cerralvensis Cliff, 1954 and Crotalus enyo furvus Lowe & Norris, 1954. Type: Lectotype, ANSP 7159 (formerly JX 4663), a 755 mm male, head, skin and tail (J. Xantus, May–June 1859), designated by Klauber (1956a: 34). Type locality: “Lower California” [Mexico]. Restricted to Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico fide Klauber (1956a: 34). Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (S Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur; Carmen, Cerralvo, Espíritu Santos, Partida Sur, San Francisco, San José, San Marcos Is. in Gulf; Magdalena, Santa Margarita Is. in Pacific). Sources: Klauber, 1931c, Cliff, 1954, Lowe & Norris, 1954, Beaman & Grismer, 1994, and Grismer, 2002. 14. Crotalus ericsmithi J.A. Campbell & FloresVillela, 2008. Herpetologica 64(2): 247–251, figs. 1–3, 4c. Type: Holotype, UTA 55372, a 540 mm male (E.N. Smith). Type locality: Carretera La Laguna–bajitos de la Laguna. Guerrero, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico, 1037 m. The coordinates for this locality are 17.55330ºN, 100.77472º W.” Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Guerrero), 1035 m. 15. Crotalus estebanensis Klauber, 1949b. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11(6): 104–106, pl. 6, fig. 2. (Crotalus molossus estebanensis) Type: Holotype, SDSNH 26792 (formerly LMK 26792), a 737 mm female (G. Allan Hancock Exped., 17 April 1937). Type locality: “San Estéban Island, in the middle of the Gulf of California, Mexico, Lat. 28° 40’ N.” Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (San Estéban Is.). Remarks: A valid species fide Grismer (1999: 462). 193 Snakes of the World 16. Crotalus helleri Meek, 1905. Field Columb. Mus. Publ. (Zool.) 7(1): 17–18, pl. 2. Synonyms: Crotalus hallowelli Cooper, 1870 (nomen nudum) and Crotalus viridis hellari – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, FMNH (formerly CNHM 1272), a 957 mm specimen (E. Heller, May–July 1902). Type locality: “San Jose, Lower California” [= San José, N Baja California Norte, ext. NW Mexico, 29°32’N, 114°42’W, elevation 535 m]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (SW California, Santa Catalina Is.) and NW Mexico (Baja California Norte, N Baja California Sur), NSL–3350 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (California). Sources: Klauber, 1949, Holman, 2000a, Pook et al., 2000 and Lemm, 2006. Remarks: A valid species fide Douglas et al. (2008: 38). 17. Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 214. Synonyms: Crotalus boiquira Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Crotalus atricaudatus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a, Crotalus zetazomae Brickell, 1805, Crotalinus cyanurus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1818b, Crotalus catesbaei Hemprich, 1820, Crotalus durissus concolor Jan, 1859b, Crotalus durissus melanurus Jan, 1859b, Crotalus durissus mexicana Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Crotalus fasciatus Higgins, 1873, and Crotalus durissus cincolor – Notestein, 1905 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-102 (formerly MAFR), a tail with 12 rattle segments (P. Kalm, Sept. 1748–Feb. 1751, via Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “America.” Restricted to vicinity of New York City, New York, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 227). Distribution: Eastern North America. Southeastern Canada (S Ontario) and E USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, N Florida, Georgia, Illinois, S Indiana, S and E Iowa, E Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, W Maryland, Massachusetts, ext. SE Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, ext. SE Nebraska, S New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, E Oklahoma, S and N Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, E Texas, S Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, SW Wisconsin), NSL–2000 m. Fossil records: Upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Nebraska), upper Pliocene (Blancan V) of USA (Nebraska), Pleistocene of USA (Massachusetts), lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I [?]) of USA (Pennsylvania), middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Arkansas, Maryland, Nebraska, Texas, West Virginia), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia). Sources: Pisani et al., 1972, Odum, 1979, Collins & Knight, 1980, C.W. Brown & Ernst, 1986, W.S. Brown, 1993, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Harding, 1997, Tennant, 1997, Fitch, 1999, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Clark et al., 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Furman, 2007. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. fide Opinion 92 (ICZN, ). Extirpated in many areas of Distribution. 18. Crotalus intermedius Troschel in J.W. Müller, 1865. Reisen Ver. Staat., Can. Mex. 3: 613–614. Synonyms: Crotalus intermedius Fischer, 1882 (nomen praeoccupatum), Crotalus omiltemanus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902, Crotalus triseriatus gloydi E.H. Taylor, 1942a, Crotalus gloydi lautus H.M. Smith in H.M. Smith & Laufe, 1945b (nomen nudum), and Crotalus gloydi lautus H.M. Smith, 1946. Type: Holotype, ZIB (formerly JWM), a 419 mm female, destroyed during World War II. Type locality: “Mexico” [in one of the following states based on Müller’s expedition: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Mexico, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla or Veracruz fide Klauber, 1952: 10] Distribution: South-central Mexico (cen. Guerrero, SE Hidalgo, Oaxaca, SE and cen. Puebla, SW Tlaxcala, W Veracruz), 2000–3050 m. Sources: McCranie, 1991 and Alvarado-Diaz & Campbell, 2004. Remarks: Michoacán record is C. transversus E.H. Taylor (= C. tancitarensis) fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (1989: 349). 19. Crotalus lannomi W.W. Tanner, 1966b. Herpetologica 22(4): 298, fig. 1b. Type: Holotype, BYU 23800, a 638 mm female (J.R. Lannom, Jr., 26 June 1966). Type locality: “1.8 miles west of the pass, Puerto Los Mazos, or 22 miles west by road from the Rio Tuxcacuesco, a branch of the Rio Armeria on Mexican Highway No. 80, Jalisco, Mexico” (in error). Corrected to Arroyo el Tigre, 12 km SW by road from original type locality, at 550 m elevation fide J.R. Lannom in Reyes-Velasco et al., 2010: 24]. Distribution: Western Mexico (Colima, Jalisco), 550– 1150 m. Sources: W.W. Tanner, 1986, J.A. Campbell & FloresVillela, 2008 and Reyes-Velasco et al., 2010. 20. Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13(6): 206. (Caudisona lepida) Synonyms: Crotalus palmeri S.W. Garman, 1887c, Crotalus lepidus klauberi Gloyd, 1936b, Crotalus semicornutus E.H. Taylor, 1944b, Crotalus lepidus morulus Klauber, 1952, Crotalus lepidus maculosus W.W. Tanner, Dixon & Harris, 1972, Crotalus lepidus C 194 C castaneus Julía-Zertuche & Treviño-Saldaña, 1978a, and Crotalus lepidus clauberi – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (2), two heads (W.H. Emory [U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv.], 1848–1855), lost fide Stejneger (1895: 458). Type locality: “Presidio del Norte and Eagle Pass” [Texas, USA]. Restricted to Presidio (del Norte), Presidio County, Texas fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 362). Distribution: Southwestern USA (SE Arizona, S New Mexico, SW Texas) and N and N Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, N Jalisco, E Nayarit, W Nuevo León, W San Luis Potosí, SE Sinaloa, NE Sonora, SW Tamaulipas, S Zacatecas), 600–2700 m. Fossil records: Upper Pliocene (Blancan V) of USA (Arizona), and lower/middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Arizona). Sources: Gloyd, 1936b, Klauber, 1952, Zweifel, 1954b, Julia-Zertuche & Treviño-Saldaña, 1980, Dorcas, 1992, Van Devender & Bradley, 1994, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Forstner et al., 1997, Schwinford, 1999, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Bryson & Mueller, 2001, Allsteadt et al., 2006, M.S. Price, 2009 and Bryson et al., 2011. 21. Crotalus lutosus Klauber, 1930b. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 100–106, pl. 10, fig. 1. (Crotalus confluentus lutosus) Synonym: Crotalus viridis letuous – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, SDSNH 1814 (formerly LMK 1814), an 832 mm male (C.B. Perkins, 12 May 1929). Type locality: “10 miles northwest of Abraham on the road to Joy, Millard County, Utah. Altitude approximately 4650 ft.” [= USA, elevation 1415 m]. Distribution: Western USA (NW Arizona, NE California, S Idaho, Nevada, SE Oregon, W Utah), 1220–2745 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Idaho). Sources: A.H. Wright & Wright, 1957, Fowlie, 1965, Nussbaum et al., 1983, Holman, 2000a, Pook et al., 2000 and St. John, 2002. Remarks: A valid species fide Douglas et al. (2008: 38). 22. Crotalus mitchellii (Cope, 1861e). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13(7): 293–294. (Caudisona mitchellii) Synonyms: Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1867a, Crotalus mitcheli Belding, 1887 (nomen emendatum), Crotalus goldmani K.P. Schmidt, 1922, Crotalus mitchelli aureus Kallert, 1927 (nomen nudum), Crotalus mitchellii muertensis Klauber, 1949b, Crotalus mitchellii angelensis Klauber, 1963, and Crotalus mitchellii angelicus Hoge, 1966 (nomen emendatum).. Snakes of the World Type: Holotype, USNM 5291b, an 1118 mm skin (J. Xantus, 1859–1861), lost fide Klauber (1956a: 38). Type locality: “Cape St. Lucas, Lower California” [= Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 22°53’N, 109°55’W, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (W Arizona, SE California, ext. SW Nevada, ext. SW Utah) and NW Mexico (ext. NW Sonora, Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur: Angel de la Guarda, Carmen, Cerralvo El Muerto, Espíritu Santo, Monserrate, Partida Sur, Piojo, Smith, Salsipuedes, San José Is. in Gulf; Santa Margarita Is. in Pacific), NSL–2400 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Nevada). Sources: Klauber, 1927, 1930a, 1936a, 1952, McCrystal & McCoid, 1986, Strimple, 1992, Grismer, 1993, P.R. Brown, 1997, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, 1999, 2002, Holman, 2000a, Douglas et al., 2006, 2007 and Meik et al., 2010. Remarks: The types of C. enyo and C. mitchellii (four specimens: three enyo and one mitchellii) were both assigned USNM 5291. Grismer, 1999 & 2002 recognizes C. mitchellii muertensis and C. m. angelensis as valid species. 23. Crotalus molossus Baird & Girard, 1853. Cat. No. Amer. Rept., Serp. 1: 10–11. Synonyms: Caudisona molossa Cope, 1867a (nomen emendatum), Crotalus molossus nigrescens Gloyd, 1936a, and Crotalus basiliscus oaxacus Gloyd, 1948, and Crotalus moloosus – Miranda, 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, USNM 485, an 861 mm male (J.H. Clark [U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv.], 1850–1852, via J.D. Graham). Type locality: “Fort Webster, St. Rita del Cobre, N. Mex.” Restricted to Fort Webster Copper Mines, New Mexico fide Baird (1859a: 14), [= Santa Rita del Cobre copper mines, Grant County, New Mexico, USA]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (Arizona, SW New Mexico) and Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, S Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, SW Hidalgo, E Jalisco, SW México, N Michoacán, N Morelos, E Nayarit, SW Nuevo León, W Oaxaca, cen. Puebla, Querétaro, W San Luis Potosí, Sonora, ext. N Sinaloa, ext. SW Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, W Veracruz, Zacatecas, Tiburón Is.), NSL–2590 (3750) m. Sources: Stejneger, 1940, Gloyd, 1936a, 1948, Klauber, 1949b, A. Price, 1980, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Grismer, 1999, 2002, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Fernandez et al., 2003 and Lemos-Espinal et al., 2004. Remarks: Type locality listed as Sonora, Mexico fide Baird (1859b: 16) and Yarrow (1882: 78). 195 Snakes of the World 24. Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, 1840. No. Amer. Herp. 4: 115–117, pl. 24. Synonyms: Crotalus oregonus Holbrook, 1842a (nomen emendatum), Crotalus lucifer Baird & Girard, 1852c, Crotalus hallowelli Cooper in Cronise, 1868 (nomen nudum), Crotalus oreganus niger Kallert, 1927 (nomen nudum), and Crotalus confluentus decolor Klauber, 1930b. Type: Holotype, ANSP 7158 (formerly ANSP 840), a shrivelled 337–381 mm specimen (T. Nuttall, May 1834–Aug. 1835). Type locality: “west of the Rocky Mountains, on the banks of the Oregon or Columbia river, in the Oregon territory” [= Oregon fide ANSP jar labels and Van Denburgh, 1898: 141]. Restricted to The Dalles, Wasco County, Oregon, USA fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 360), to confluence of Columbia and Snake rivers, Washington, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953: 232) and between Walla Walla, Washington and the Pacific Coast fide Klauber (1956a: 53). Distribution: Extreme SW Canada (S British Columbia) and W USA (NW Arizona, N California, NW Idaho, Oregon, E Washington), NSL–3655 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (California). Sources: Klauber, 1927, 1949, A.H. Wright & Wright, 1957, Nussbaum et al., 1983, Stebbins, 1985, 2003, Quinn, 1987, M.L. Johnson, 1995, Storm et al., 1995, P.R. Brown, 1997, Holman, 2000a, Pook et al., 2000, K. Ashton & Queiroz, 2001, Douglas et al., 2002 and Brennan & Holycross, 2006 Remarks: Holbrook (1840: pl. 24) incorrectly numbered in text as pl. 29. A valid species fide Douglas et al. (2008: 38). 25. Crotalus ornatus Hallowell, 1855a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1854–1855) 7(5): 192–193. Type: Holotype, USNM 486, head, tail and connecting skin from an 1134–1162 mm female (A.L. Heermann [J.G. Parke, Pacific Railroad Surv.], 1854). Type locality: “Near Pecos River, N.W. Texas” [USA]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (New Mexico, W Texas) and N Mexico (N Coahuila), 1220–1980 m. Remarks: A valid species fide C.G. Anderson & Greenbaum, 2012. Photographs of holotype in C.G. Anderson & Greenbaum (2012: fig. 10). 26. Crotalus polystictus (Cope, 1865). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17(4): 191–192. (Caudisona polysticta) Synonyms: Crotalus lugubris Jan, 1859b, e (nomen rejiciendum), Crotalus lugubris multimaculata Jan, 1863b (nomen oblitum), Crotalus lugubris multimaculata Jan, 1874 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881, and Crotalus jimenezii Dugès, 1877. Type: Holotype, formerly USNM, a 603 mm specimen, lost fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1945: 173). Type locality: “Table Land, Mexico.” Restricted to Tupátaro, Guanajuato, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 330). Distribution: South-central Mexico (Aguascalientes, NE Colima, Distrito Federal, S Guanajuato, S Hidalgo, Jalisco, N México, N Michoacán, N Morelos, N Puebla, S Querétaro, ? Tlaxcala, W Veracruz, S Zacatecas), 1450–2740 m. Sources: McCranie, 1976 and Setzer et al., 2009. Remarks: May occur in S Durango fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (2004: 571). Official Specific Name no. 506 fide Opinion 366 (ICZN, 1955c). In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Caudisona polysticta Cope is designated a nomen protectum and Crotalus lugubris multimaculata Jan a nomen oblitum. 27. Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895b. Proc. California Acad. Sci. (1895–1896) (2) 5: 856–857. Synonym: Crotalus triseriatus miquihuanus Gloyd, 1940. Type: Holotype, CAS-SU 1702 (formerly SU 1702), a 447 mm male (W.W. Price, July–Aug. 1893). Type locality: “Huachuca Mts., Arizona” [= Cochise Co., SE Arizona, USA]. Distribution: Extreme SW USA (SE Arizona) and N Mexico (Aguascalientes, W Chihuahua, SE Coahuila, Durango, N Nayarit, S Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, NE Sonora, SW Tamaulipas, SW Zacatecas), 1220– 3200 m. Sources: Gloyd, 1940, Fowlie, 1965, McCranie, 1980b, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Alvarado-Diaz & Campbell, 2004 and Reyes-Velasco et al., 2012. Remarks: Type locality listed in Pima County, Arizona fide Leviton (1953b: 132). Probably occurs in E Sinaloa, Jalisco and Zacatecas fide McCranie (1980b: 266.2). 28. Crotalus pusillus Klauber, 1952. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego (26): 34–40. Type: Holotype, FMNH 39112, a 652 mm male (F.A. Shannon, 25 June–20 July 1941). Type locality: “Tancítaro, Michoacán, Mexico, altitude 5000 feet.” Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Guerrero, S Jalisco, W Michoacán), 1525–2380 m. Sources: Duellman, 1961, Armstrong & Murphy, 1979, McCranie, 1983a, Bryson et al., 2011 and ReyesVelasco et al., 2012. Remarks: Distribution as presently known involves three disjunct populations. 29. Crotalus ravus Cope, 1865. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17(4): 191. Synonyms: Caudisona rava – Cope, 1865, Sistrurus ravus brunneus Harris & Simmons, 1978b, Sistrurus C 196 C ravus lutescens Harris & Simmons, 1978b, Sistrurus ravus exiguus J.A. Campbell & Armstrong, 1979, and Sistrurus ravus sinaloensis Juliá-Zertuche, 1982 (nomen illegitimum). Types: Syntypes (2), USNM 25050–51, a 212 mm and 200 mm specimen (C. Sartorius, 1863). Type locality: “Table land of Mexico.” Emended to south tableland, Veracruz, Mexico fide Cochran (1961: 171). Restricted to Totalco, Veracruz, Mexico fide H. M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 351). Distribution: Southern Mexico (Distrito Federal, cen. Guerrero, México, Morelos, ext. N Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, W Veracruz), 850–3050 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Armstrong, 1979, McCranie, 1988, Pérez-Higareda & Smith, 1991, Camarillo & Smith, 1992, Benitez-Gálvez, 1997, R.W. Murphy et al., 2002, Campos-Rodriguez & Mendoza-Quijano, 2004 and Bryson et al., 2011. 30. Crotalus ruber Cope, 1892a. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. (1891–1892) 14(882): 690–691. (Crotalus adamanteus ruber) Synonyms: Crotalus exsul S.W. Garman, 1884 (nomen suppressum), Crotalus lucasensis Van Denburgh, 1920b, Crotalus atrox elegans K.P. Schmidt, 1922, Crotalus ruber lorenzoensis Radcliffe & Maslin, 1975, and Crotalus ruber monserratensis Harris & Simmons, 1978b. Type: Holotype, USNM 9209, a 1245 mm male. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as southern California fide Klauber (1956: 41). Restricted to Dulzura, San Diego Co., California, USA fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 356) and to vicinity of San Diego, California, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 230). Distribution: Extreme SW USA (ext. SW California) and NW Mexico (Baja Califonia Norte, Baja California Sur, Angel de la Guarda, Danzante, Monserrate, Pond, San José, San Lorenza Sur, San Marcos Is. in Gulf, Cedros, Santa Margarita Is. in Pacific), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Klauber, 1927, 1930b, 1949a, Radcliffe & Maslin, 1975, Harris & Simmons, 1978b, Grismer et al., 1994, R.W. Murphy et al., 1995, P.R. Brown, 1997, Grismer, 1999, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Beaman & Dugan, 2006 and Douglas et al., 2006. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1960 (ICZN, 2000a). The paralectotype (652b) consists of a head and tail only. Grismer (1999: 461) considered C. ruber lorenzoensis a distinct species. 31. Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13(6): 207–208. (Caudisona scutulata) Synonyms: Caudisona lepturus Kennicott, 1861 (nomen ineditum), Crotalus salvini A.C.L.G. Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902, Crotalus californicus Kallert, 1927 Snakes of the World (nomen nudum), and Crotalus confluentus kellyi Amaral, 1929a. Type: Holotype, ANSP 7069 (formerly USNM 5027b) (B.J.D. Irwin, 30 Jan. 1861). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as “Fort Buchanan, (Tucson) Arizona” [= 5 km SW Sonoita in Hog Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., SE Arizona, SW USA, 31°40’N, 110°42’W, elevation 1425 m] fide Cope (1900: 1160). Distribution: Southwestern USA (Arizona, S California, ext. S New Mexico, S Nevada, ext. SW Texas, ext. SW Utah) and N Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, NE Guanajuato, Hidalgo, N and E Jalisco, NE México, W Nuevo León, Puebla, cen. Querétaro, W San Luis Potosí, NE Sonora, ext. SW Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, N Puebla, W Veracruz, Zacatecas), [NSL] 1800–2500 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona). Sources: A. Price, 1982, Stebbins, 1985, Degenhardt et al., 1996, P.R. Brown, 1997, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Matias-Ferrer & Murillo, 2004c and Cardwell et al., 2013. Remarks: Photographs of the type in Cardwell et al. (2013: figs. 1, 2b–c), who discuss the history and confusion of purported types. Type locality designated as Mojave Desert, California fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 229). Type locality restriction to Wickenburg, Maricopa Co., Arizona, USA fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 353) invalid. 32. Crotalus simus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a. Hist. Nat. Rept. 3: 202–203. Synonym: Crotalus terrificus copeanus Amaral, 1937d (nomen substitutum). Type: Neotype, UTA 52032, an adult male, designated by Savage et al. (2005: 370). Type locality: “Vicinity of El Arenal, San Vicinte, Departamento de Zacapa, Guatemala, 360 m elevation (14.880176º N, 89.861817º W)” via neotype selection. Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southern Mexico (ext. SW Campeche, Chiapas, SE Oaxaca, cen. & S Veracruz), Guatemala (Petén), El Salvador (Cabañas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, La Libertad, La Unión, Santa Ana, San Miguel, San Vicente, Sonsonate), W Honduras (Choluteca, Comayagua, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Santa Bárbara, Valle, Yoro), W Nicaragua (Chontales, Matagalpa, Río San Juan) and Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José), NSL–2200, usually below 1000 m. Sources: N. Herrera et al., 2007 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Holotype lost fide Thireau (1991: 4). 33. Crotalus stejnegeri Dunn, 1919. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 32: 214–216. Type: Holotype, USNM 46586, a 590 mm male (E.W. Nelson & E.A. Goldman, 19 July 1897). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Plumosas, Sinaloa, Mexico” [= Plomosas, S Sonora, W Mexico, 23º04’N, 105º30’W, elevation 965 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (W Durango, SE Sinaloa), 480–1200 m. Sources: W.W. Tanner, 1966, 1976, Collins, 1982, Webb, 1984, Strimple, 1998 and J.A. Campbell & FloresVillela, 2008. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as USNM 46486 fide Dunn (1919: 215). Probably occurs in N Nayarit fide J.A. Campbell & Lamar (1989: 363). 34. Crotalus stephensi Klauber, 1930a. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 108–109. (Crotalus confluentus stephensi) Type: Holotype, MVZ 6699, a 591 mm male (J. Grinnell, 8 Oct. 1917). Type locality: “two miles west of Jackson Springs, Panamint Mts., altitude 6200 ft., Inyo County, California.” Distribution: Southwestern USA (SE California, SW Nevada), 1900 m. Source: M.E. Douglas et al., 2007. 35. Crotalus tancitarensis Alvarado-Díaz & Campbell, 2004. Herpetologica 60(2): 281–283, fig. 1a. Type: Holotype, INIRENA 309, a 356 mm female (J. Alvarado-Diaz & A. Estrada Virgen, 17 July 2002). Type locality: “Cerro Tancítaro, Michoacán, Mexico, 3225 m elevation (coordinates 19° 24’ 13” N, 102° 19’ 45” W).” Distribution: Western Mexico (Michoacán), 1525–3225 m. Source: Alvarado-Díaz et al., 2007. 36. Crotalus tigris Kennicott in Baird, 1859a. U.S.Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. (1858) 2(2): 14, pl. 4. Type: Holotype, USNM 471 (A.C.V. Schott [U.S.-Mex. Bound. Surv.], 1854–1855). Type locality: “Sierra Verde and Pozo Verde, Gila and Colorado Deserts.” [= Sasabe, Sonora, Mexico fide Klauber, 1956a: 43, or Arizona, USA fide Cochran, 1961: 171]. Distribution: Extreme SW USA (S Arizona, possibly ext. SW New Mexico fide Degenhardt et al., 1996: 361) and NW Mexico (Sonora, Tiburón Is.), NSL–2400 m. Sources: Klauber, 1931c, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Grismer 2002 and Douglas et al., 2006. Remarks: Three syntypes (USNM 471–73) listed fide Yarrow (1882: 74), with USNM 473 now = ANSP 7160 fide Klauber (1956a: 43). USNM 471 designated the lectotype fide Klauber (1956a: 43) and Cochran (1961: 171); however, Kennicott listed USNM 471 as the type 197 and he examined at least two specimens (i.e., dorsal rows 21–23) so his selection represents a holotype. 37. Crotalus totonacus Gloyd & Kauffeld, 1940. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 6(2): 12–14, fig. 1. Synonyms: Crotalus durissus neoleonensis JuliáZertuche & Trevino-Saldaña in Harris & Simmons, 1978b (nomen nudum) and Crotalus durissus tolanacus – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, CA 4469, a 945–972 mm female (W. Woolems, May 1933) Type locality: “Panaco Island, about 75 miles south of Tampico, Veracruz, Mexico, 12 miles inland from Cabo Rojo.” Distribution: Northeastern Mexico (Hidalgo, cen. Michoacán, cen. Nuevo León, N Querétaro, E San Luis Potosí, S Tamaulipas, N Veracruz), NSL–1680 m. Sources: P. Martin 1958, Auth et al., 2000b and RamírezBautista et al., 2010. Remarks: Photograph of holotype in Gloyd & Conant (1940: pl. 17, fig. 1). 38. Crotalus transversus E.H. Taylor, 1944b. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 30(4): 47–49, figs. 1a–e, pl. 6, fig. b. Type: Holotype, FMNH 100129 (formerly EHT-HMS 30001), a 464 mm female (E. Powell, 14 Aug. 1942). Type locality: “about 55 km. SW México (city), near Tres Marias (Tres Cumbres), Morelos, México, elevation about 10,000 ft.,” (probably in error). Restricted to Laguna Zempoala, Mexico State, Mexico fide Davis & Smith (1953: 141) (also in error). Any of six or more lakes known as Lagunas de Zempoala (or Cempoala), NW Morelos, Mexico fide J.A. Campbell (1988a: 450.1). Distribution: South-central Mexico (Distrito Federal, ext. NW Morelos, cen. México), 2870–3430 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell, 1988a, Camarillo & Campbell 1993, 2002, Alvarado-Diaz & Campbell, 2004 and García-Vázquez et al., 2008b. 39. Crotalus triseriatus (Wagler, 1830). Natur. Syst. Amph.: 176. (Uropsophus triseriatus) Synonyms: Crotalus lugubris Jan, 1859a (partim), Crotalus triseriata Cope, 1867a, Crotalus pallidus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902, Crotalus triseriatus anahuacus Gloyd, 1940 (partim), and Crotalus triseriatus armstrongi J.A. Campbell, 1978. Types: Syntypes (4), ZMB 2908–11. Type locality: “Mexico.” Distribution: South-central Mexico (Colima, Distrito Federal, S Hidalgo, cen. Jalisco, México, N Michoacán, N Morelos, cen. Puebla, Tlaxacala, W Veracruz), 2085–4570 m. Sources: Gloyd, 1940, Harris & Simmons, 1978b, Dorcas, 1992, Reyes-Velasco et al., 2009 and Bryson et al., 2011. C 198 C Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 507 fide Opinion 366 (ICZN, 1955). Type locality restriction to Alvarez, San Luis Potosí, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 342) invalid since C. triseriatus does not occur there (Alvarez is the type locality of C. aquilus). 40. Crotalus tzabcan Klauber, 1952. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego (26): 71–73. (Crotalus durissus tzabcan) Type: Holotype, FMNH 36168, a 537 mm male (E.W. Andrews, 28 Oct. 1939). Type locality: “Kantunil, Yucatán, Mexico” [= Kantunil, cen. Yucatán, SE Mexico, 20°47’N, 89°03’W, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Yucatan Peninsula. Southeastern Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán), NSL–175 m. Source: Wüster et al., 2005. 41. Crotalus vegrandis Klauber, 1941b. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(30): 334–335. Type: Holotype, CM 17384, a 636 mm male (H.A. Beatty, 1939). Type locality: “Maturin Savannah, near Uracoa, Sotillo District, State of Monagas, Venezuela” [= Maturín savanna, vicinity of Uracoa, E Monagas State, NE Venezuela, 9°00’N, 62°21’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Venezuela (Anzoátegui, E Monagas), 30–300 m. Sources: Hoge, 1966, Roze, 1966, Lancini, 1967, 1986, Harris & Simmons, 1978, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, La Marca, 1997, Kornacker, 1999, J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 2004, Navarrete et al., 2009 and RivasFuenmayor et al., 2012. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in Roze (1966: figs. 74–76) and Lancini (1967: fig. 1). A valid species fide Rivas-Fuenmayor et al. (2012: 43). 42. Crotalus viridis (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1818b). Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev. 4(1): 41. (Crotalinus viridis) Synonyms: Crotalus confluentus Say in E. James, 1823, Crotalus confluentis – Harlan, 1835 (nomen incorrectum), Crotalus lecontei Hallowell, 1852a, Crotalus confluentus pulverulentus Cope, 1883d, and Crotalus confluentus nuntius Klauber, 1935a. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 610 mm specimen (J. Bradbury, 25 April 1811), location unknown. Type locality: “the Upper Missouri prairies” [USA]. Restricted to Gross, Boyd County, Nebraska, USA fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 358), and to Pierre, South Dakota, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953: 231). Distribution: Extreme SW Canada (SE Alberta, SW Saskatchewan), W USA (NE Arizona, E Colorado, E cen. Idaho, ext. W Iowa, W Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, SW North Dakota, W Oklahoma, W South Dakota, W Texas, ext. SE Utah, Wyoming) and Snakes of the World ext. N Mexico (ext. N Chihuahua, ext. NW Coahuila, N Sonora), 1370–3050 m. Fossil records: Upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Nebraska), lower Pliocene (Hemphillian) of USA (Oklahoma), middle Pliocene (Blancan II) of USA (Kansas), upper Pliocene (Blancan V) of USA (Kansas), Pleistocene of USA (Iowa), middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Colorado, Nebraska), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean I, II) of USA (Kansas). Sources: Klauber, 1930a, 1935a, 1936c, A.H. Wright & Wright, 1957, Fowlie, 1965, Nussbaum et al., 1983, Stebbins, 1985, Quinn, 1987, Lemos-Espinal et al., 1994, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Conant & Collins, 1998, Hammerson, 1999, Pook et al., 2000, Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, A. Russell & Bauer, 2000, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Holman, 2000a, Ashton & Queiros, 2001, Grismer 2001b, Douglas et al., 2002, Brennan & Holycross, 2006, Lemos-Espinal & Smith, 2007a–b, Holycross et al., 2008, Lewis, 2011 and Young, 2011. Remarks: The following species separated from Crotalus viridis (abyssus, caliginis, cerberus, concolor, helleri, lutosus, oreganus) fide Pook et al., 2000 and Douglas et al. 2008. 43. Crotalus willardi Meek, 1906. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. (1905) 7(1): 18–19, pl. 3. Synonyms: Crotalus willardi meridionalis Klauber, 1949, Crotalus willardi silus Klauber, 1949, Crotalus willardi amabilis J.D. Anderson, 1962, Crotalus willardi obscurus Harris & Simmons, 1974 (nomen nudum), and Crotalus willardi obscurus Harris & Simmons, 1976. Type: Holotype, FMNH 902, a 415 mm female (F.C. Willard, 1896–1906). Type locality: “Tombstone, Arizona” [USA] (in error). Corrected to above Hamburg, middle branch of Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mtns., Cochise Co., Arizona, USA, elevation ca. 2135 m fide Swarth (1921: 83). Distribution: Extreme SW USA (ext. SE Arizona, ext. SW New Mexico) and NW Mexico (W Chihuahua, W Durango, N Sonora, ext. W Zacatecas), 1460–2750 m. Sources: Hartman, 1911, Klauber, 1949b, Bogert & Degenhardt, 1961, J.D. Anderson, 1962, Harris & Simmons, 1975, 1976, Stebbins, 1985, Barker, 1992, Degenhardt et al., 1996 and Bartlett & Tennant, 2000. CROTAPHOPELTIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Heterurus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, ? Aspidolaeme Bibron in A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854, Crotaphopheltus – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Herurus – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), Crotophopeltis – Corkill, 1935 (nomen incorrectum), Cratophopeltis – Domergue, 1955 (nomen incorrectum), Crotapeltis – Dessauer, 1967 199 Snakes of the World (nomen incorrectum), and Crottaphopeltis – StuckiStirn, 1979 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coronella hotamboeia Laurenti, 1768. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Loveridge, 1957a, Broadley, 1968b, Roman, 1974b, J.B. Rassmussen, 1985a, Gravlund, 2001 and Wallach et al., 2010. 1. Crotaphopeltis barotseensis Broadley, 1968b. Fieldiana: Zool. 51(10): 135, figs. 1a–b, 2. Type: Holotype, FMNH 134249, a 544 mm female (R.G. Japp, 24 March 1962). Type locality: “Kalabo, Barotseland, Zambia” [= Kalabo, NW Western Prov., W Zambia, 5°00’S, 22°41’E, elevation 1025 m]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Western Zambia (Western), ext. NE Namibia (Caprivi) and NW Botswana (W North West), 950–1025 m. Sources: Auerbach, 1987, Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988, J.B. Rasmussen, 1997a, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 2. Crotaphopeltis braestrupi J.B. Rassmussen, 1985a. Steenstrupia 11(4): 114, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, CAS 153373, a 480 mm male (L.G. Hoevers & P.M. Johnson, 1 Nov. 1977). Type locality: “Lower Juba Valley: ca. Mareri, Juba Sugar Project, Somalia” [= N and S of Mareri (0°26’N, 42°43’E, elevation 20 m), Lower Juba Valley, SE Jubbada Dhexe Region, S Somalia]. Distribution: Southern Somalia (Bay, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose) and SE Kenya (Coast, S North-Eastern), NSL– 600 m. Sources: Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Spawls et al., 2002. 3. Crotaphopeltis degeni (Boulenger, 1906e). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 76(3–4): 572, figs. 97a–c. (Leptodira degeni) Synonym: Leptodeira attarensis F. Werner, 1908. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.9.96–97 (formerly BMNH 1906.5.30.7–8), a male and female, longest syntype 450 mm (E.J.E. Degen, 1895–1905). Type locality: “Entebbe, Uganda” [= Entebbe, Central Prov., S Uganda, 0°03’N, 32°28’E, elevation 1170 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Northern Cameroon (Extreme-Nord), N Central African Republic (Vakaga), S Sudan (An Nil Al Abyad), E South Sudan (Jonglei), W Ethiopia (Illubabor), S Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western) SW Kenya (Nyanza, S Rift Valley, Western) and SW Tanzania (Iringa-Mbeya, Rukwa), 315–2700 m. Sources: Pitman, 1974, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, J.B. Rasmussen, 1997a, J.B. Rasmussen et al., 2000, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 4. Crotaphopeltis hippocrepis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843). Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh. 10: 251–252, pl. 1, figs. 18–20. (Dipsas hippocrepis) Synonym: Crotaphopeltis acarina Roman, 1974b. Type: Holotype, ZMUC 63127, a 240 mm female (J.R. Chenon, 1826–1836). Type locality: “Guinea” [= coast of Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1027]. Restricted to vicinity of Accra, Ghana fide J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes (1997: 14, 16). Distribution: West Africa. Western Guinea (Kindia, Télimélé), Sierra Leone, W Burkina-Faso (CentreEst, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo (Centrale, Plateaux), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora), S Niger (Maradi), N Nigeria (Kaduna, Kano, Plateau), N Cameroon (Adamaoua, N Est, Extreme-Nord, Nord, Nord-Ouest), and Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Gribingui, Ouaka, Ouham), 320–1475 m. Sources: Roman, 1980, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997, J.B. Rasmussen et al., 2000, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Chirio, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: A valid species fide J.B. Rassmussen, 1985a. 5. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Laurenti, 1768). Synop. Rept.: 85. (Coronella hotamboeia) Synonyms: Coronella virginica Laurenti, 1768, Coluber rufescens Gmelin, 1789, Coluber hotamboeja Bonnaterre, 1790 (nomen emendatum), Coluber bicolor Leach in Bowdich, 1819, Ophis albocinctus Duvernoy, 1832, Ophis heterurus Duvernoy, 1832, Dipsas inornatus A. Smith, 1849, Oxyrhopus melanocrotaphus Cope, 1860e, Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia kageleri Uthmöller, 1939, Tarbophis barnumbrowni Bogert, 1940, and Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia ruziziensis Laurent, 1956a. Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “India orientali” [= Eastern India] (in error). Corrected to Africa fide Loveridge (1957a: 271). Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Southwestern Mauritania (Trarza), Senegal (Fatick, Kédougou, Tambacounda), Gambia (MacCarthy Island, Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bafaté, Biombo, Bissau, Cacheu), Guinea (Kissidougou, Kouroussa, Macenta, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern), Liberia, Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Bouaflé, Bouaké, Bouna, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso, SW Tombouctou), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, Nord, Sahel, Sud-Ouest, VoltaNoire), N Ghana (Upper East, Upper West), Togo (Kara, Maritime, Plateaux), Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Collines), Niger (Tahoua), Nigeria C 200 C (Cross River, Delta), S Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, MayoKebbi), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, ExtremeNord, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud-Ouest), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, KemoGribingui, Haut-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Mbomou, Ombella Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, OuhamPende, Sangha, Vakaga), Gabon (Haut-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Maritime), Congo (Bouenza, Brazzaville, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Pool), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), NE Angola (Lunda Sul, Moxico), SE Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Gojjam, Gondar, Hararge, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo, Wollega), S Somalia (Bakool, Hiraan, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Alessandra Is.), Kenya (Coast, S Eastern, NorthEastern, Rift Valley), Angola (Cuando-Cubango), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western, Kome and Sese Is.), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (Arusha, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pwani, Ruvuma, Tanga, Kagera, Zanzibar Is.), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Mozambique (Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Bazaruto and Inhaca Is.), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), E Botswana (Gabornoe, Kweneng, North West, South East), N Namibia (Caprivi, Okavango, Otjozondjupa), Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape), NSL–2500 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, Doucet, 1963, Menzies, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Roman, 1980, Hakansson, 1981, Broadley, 1983, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Branch & McCartney, 1993, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Keogh et al., 2000, J.B. Rasmussen et al., 2000, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2004, 2006b, Branch et al., 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Ullenburch et al., 2010, and Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012, Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Broadley (1983: 245) suggested that C. kageleri Uthmöller, is probably a valid species. Snakes of the World 6. Crotaphopeltis tornieri (F. Werner, 1908). Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Natur. Kl. (1907) 116(1): 1876. (Leptodira tornieri) Type: Holotype, ZMH 652 (formerly ZMH 4576), a juvenile male (A. Müller). Type locality: “Usambara (Deutsch-Ostafrika)” [= Usambara Mountains, Tanga Prov., NE Tanzania, ca. 4°45’N, 38°30’E]. Distribution: Southeastern Tanzania (Iringa, Lindi, Morogoro, Mtwara, Rukwa, Tanga) and N Malawi (Northern), 610–1220 m. Sources: Broadley, 1968a, J.B. Rasmussen, 1993a and Spawls et al., 2002. Remarks: Resurrected by Broadley, 1968b. CRYOPHIS Bogert & Duellman, 1963 (Dipsadidae) Type species: Cryophis hallbergi Bogert & Duellman, 1963. Distribution: Southern Mexico. Sources: Bogert & Duellman, 1963, Cadle, 1984b, Villa et al., 1988, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996, Zaher et al., 2009 and Mulcahy et al., 2011. 1. Cryophis hallbergi Bogert & Duellman, 1963. Amer. Mus. Novit. (2162): 4–9, figs. 1, 4–6. Type: Holotype, KU 70901, a 650 mm male (W.E. Duellman, 27 June 1962). Type locality: “6 kilometers south of Campamento Vista Hermosa, at an elevation of 1865 meters, at the northern periphery of the Sierra de Juárez, Distrito de Ixtlán, Oaxaca, Mexico...near latitude 17°50’ N., longitude 96° 20’ W., on the drainage of the Río San Cristobal, to the southwest of Valle Nacional.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (ext. N Oaxaca), 1150– 1865 m. CRYPTOPHIDION Wallach & Jones, 1994 (Colubridae) Type species: Cryptophidion annamense Wallach & Jones, 1994. Distribution: Central Vietnam. Sources: Pauwels & Meirte, 1997 and Wallach & Jones, 1997. 1. Cryptophidion annamense Wallach & Jones, 1994. Cryptozoology (1992) 11: 5–12, figs. 1–3. Type: Iconotypes (3) of holotype, MCZ-SC K948–50 (C.E. Snyder, 1968). 201 Snakes of the World Type locality: “West of Da Nang, Quang Nam-Da Nang Prov., central Vietnam, ca. 16°N, 108°E, presumably in the Annam Highlands.” Distribution: Central Vietnam (Quang Nam-Da Nang). Known only from type locality. Remarks: Holotype lost fide Wallach & Jones (1997: 5). A synonym of Xenopeltis unicolor fide Pauwels & Meirte (1997: 99–100) and Iskandar & Colijn (2001: 32). CUBOPHIS Hedges & Vidal in Hedges, Couloux & Vidal, 2009 (Xenodontidae) Type species: Coluber cantherigerus Bibron, 1840 in Ramón de la Sagra, 1838–1843. Distribution: Cuba, Bahamas and Cayman Islands. Sources: Hedges et al., 2009, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Cubophis cantherigerus (Bibron, 1840 in Ramón de la Sagra, 1838–1843). Hist. Fís. Polít. Nat. Cuba 2(2): pl. 27, figs. 1–5. (Coluber cantherigerus) Synonyms: Dromicus angulifer Bibron, 1843 in Ramón de la Sagra, 1838–1843, Dromicus unicolor A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Dromicus angulifer adspersus Gundlach & Peters in W.C.H. Peters, 1864b, Alsophis brooksi Barbour, 1914a, Alsophis cantherigerus spielmani Grant, 1959, Alsophis cantherigerus pepei A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1960, and Alsophis cantherigerus schwartzi Lando & Williams, 1969. Types: Syntypes (6), MNHN 3545–46, MNHN 3561–63, and MCZ 2195 (formerly MNHN), longest syntype 1250 mm (D. Ramón de la Sagra, 1824–1835). Type locality: “Cuba.” Distribution: Cuba (Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Ciego de Aviula, Granma, Guantánamo, Habana, Holguín, Matanzas, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara, Juventud, Little Swan, Los Canarreos Arch., Sabana-Camagüey Arch., San Felipe and Swan Is.), NSL–300 m. Sources: H.M. Smith & Grant, 1958c, A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1960, Lando & Williams, 1969, NovoRodriguez & Arazoza-Rodriguez, 1986 and Seidel & Franz, 1994. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Bibron, 1843 in Ramón de la Sagra (1838–1843: 133–134). Original description reprinted in Bibron, 1843 in Ramón de la Sagra (1841–1843: 222–224, pl. 27, figs. 1–5). 2. Cubophis caymanus (S.W. Garman, 1887a). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24(126): 276–277. (Alsophis caymanus) Types: Syntypes (5), MCZ 6020a–e, adult, halfgrown and juvenile specimens (W.B. Richardson, 31 Aug. 1886). Type locality: “Grand Cayman Island” [Cayman Islands, West Indies]. Distribution: Cayman Is. (Cayman Brac, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman Is). Sources: Grant, 1940c and Hedges et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid species fide Hedges et al. (2009: 9). 3. Cubophis fuscicaudus (S.W. Garman, 1888). Bull. Essex Inst. 20: 106–107. (Alsophis fuscicauda) Type: Holotype, MCZ 6235, an adult (C.J. Maynard, 1888). Type locality: “Cayman Brac, Caymans” [West Indies]. Distribution: Cayman Is. (Cayman Brac). Remarks: A valid species fide Hedges et al., 2009. 4. Cubophis ruttyi (Grant, 1940c). Bull. Inst. Jamaica (Sci.) (1): 50–51, figs. 5–6. (Alsophis angulifer ruttyi) Type: Holotype, MCZ 44876 (formerly CG 2656), an 840+ mm female (C. Grant, 9 April 1938). Type locality: “Little Cayman” [Island, Cayman Islands, West Indies]. Distribution: Cayman Is. (Little Cayman Is.). Remarks: A valid species fide Hedges et al. (2009: 9). 5. Cubophis vudii (Cope, 1862b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(1): 74. (Alsophis vudii) Synonyms: Diadophis rubeseans Cope, 1885b, Alsophis vudii aterrimus T. Barbour & Shreve, 1935, Alsophis vudii raineyi T. Barbour & Shreve, 1935, Alsophis vudii utowanae T. Barbour & Shreve, 1935, and Alsophis vudii picticeps Conant, 1937a. Types: Syntypes (6), ANSP 5567 and ANSP 5569–71 (H.C. Wood, Jr.), and ANSP 5598–99 (H. Bryant, 1859), longest syntype 991 mm. Type locality: “New Providence Id., Bahamas.” Distribution: Bahama Bank. Bahama Is. (Acklins, Andros, Berry, Binimi, Cat, Crooked, Eleuthera, S Exumas, Grand Bahama, Great Inagua, Little San Salvador, Long, New Providence, S Ragged, Sheep Cay). CYCLOCORUS A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (Colubroidea incertae sedis) Synonyms: Cyclochorus Jan, 1857 (nomen emendatum) and Cyclorus – Obst, Richter & Jacob, 1984 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Lycodon lineatus J.T. Reinhardt, 1843. Distribution: Philippines. Sources: Leviton, 1967, Alcala, 1986 and Zaher et al., 2009. C 202 1. Cyclocorus lineatus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843). Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh. 10: 241– 244, pl. 1, figs. 7–9. (Lycodon lineatus) C Synonyms: Cyclochorus maculatus Jan, 1870 in Jan & Sordelli, and Cyclocorus lineatus alcalai Leviton, 1967. Type: Holotype, ZMUC 60489, a 318 mm female. Type locality: “in insula Manillae” [Manila, SW Luzón Is., N Philippines, 14º36’N, 120º59’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Philippines (Catanduanes, Cebu, Guimaras, Inampulugan, Lubang, Luzón, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Pacijan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Tablas, Zambales), NSL–1525 m. Sources: Ross & Gonzales, 1992, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997 and Ferner et al., 2001. 2. Cyclocorus nuchalis E.H. Taylor, 1923. Philippine J. Sci. (1922) 22D(5): 543–545, pl. 3, figs. 1–2. Synonym: Cyclocorus nuchalis taylori Leviton, 1967. Type: Holotype, CAS 62558 (formerly EHT 1428), a 444 mm male (E.H. Taylor, 30 Sept. 1920). Type locality: “Pasananka, Zamboanga, Philippine Islands” [= Pasonanca, ext. W Mindanao Is., S Philippines, ca. 6°56’N, 122°04’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southern Philippines (Basilan, Camiguin, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar, Siargao), NSL–760 m. CYCLOPHIOPS Boulenger, 1888h (Colubridae) Synonyms: Eurypholis Hallowell, 1861 (nomen praeoccupatum), Entechinus Cope, 1895a Entacanthus Cope, 1900 (nomen emendatum), Entracanthus – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), and Pheodrys – Yao, 2012 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Cyclophiops doriae Boulenger, 1888h. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Sources: Bourret, 1936b, M.A. Smith, 1943, Cundall, 1981 and Zhao & Adler, 1993. 1. Cyclophiops doriae Boulenger, 1888h. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 6: 599, pl. 6, figs. 1–1b. Type: Lectotype, MSNG 30384A (L. Fea, 1886), designated by Capocaccia (1961a: 105). Type locality: “Monti ad Est di Bhamò: Kakhien Hills (Birmania)” [= mountains to the east of Bhamò (24°15’N, 97°14’E), ext. SE Kachin Division, Myanmar] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northeastern India, N Myanmar (Kachin) and ext. SW China (SE Yunnan), 100–1375 m. Sources: Wall, 1925b, Murthy, 1985, 1986 and R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007. Snakes of the World 2. Cyclophiops hamptoni (Boulenger, 1900d). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6(34): 409. (Ablabes hamptoni) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.5.32 (formerly BMNH 1900.9.20.15), a 1050 mm female (H. Hampton, 1898–1900). Type locality: “Magok, on the Irawaddi, about 12 miles north of Mandalay, Burma” [= Mogok, N Mandalay Div., cen. Myanmar, 22°55’N, 96°32’E, elevation 1125 m]. Restricted to Ruby Mines, Mogok, Myanmar fide Wall (1924a: 865). Distribution: Central Myanmar (Mandalay), 1125 m. Known only from type locality. Remarks: A synonym of E. doriae (Boulenger) fide Mahendra (1984: 271). 3. Cyclophiops herminae (Boettger, 1895c). Zool. Anz. 18(479): 269–270. (Ablabes herminae) Type: Holotype, SMF 19308 (formerly SMF-B 8277a), a 580 mm male (B. Schmacker, 1895). Type locality: “ Liukiu-Inseln, angeblich von Yaeyama auf Mijakoshima, Südgruppe” [= Miyako-jima Is., Yaeyama group, Okinawa Prefecture, S Ryukyu Archipelago, 24°47’N, 125°20’E]. Distribution: Extreme S Japan (Ryukyus: Aragusukujima, Haterumajima, Hatomajima, Irabujima, Ikemajima, Iriomotejima, Ishigakishima, Kayamajima, Kohamajima, Kurimajima, Kuroshima, Miyakojima, Nakanogamijima, Ogamijima, Shimojijima, Taketomijima, Taramajima and Yonagunijima Is.). Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Maki, 1931, Nakamura & Uéno, 1963 and M. Mori, 1986. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Boettger (1895e: 110–111). 4. Cyclophiops major (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 120. (Cyclophis major) Synonyms: Herpetodryas chloris Hallowell, 1861, Coluber delacouri M.A. Smith, 1930b, and Liopeltis major bicarinata Maki, 1931. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.68, a 775 mm female (H. Cuming, 1836–1840). Type locality: “Near Ningpo, China” [= vicinity of Ningbo, NE Zhejiang Prov., E China, 29°51’N, 121°33’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southeastern China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Zhoushan Is.), Taiwan and N Vietnam (Cao Bang, Ha Tay, Lao Cai, Quang Binh, Vinh Phu), 50–1500 m. Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Maki, 1931, Bourret, 1934e, C.H. Pope, 1935, Kuntz, 1963, Mao, 1964, Romer, 1979a, Orlov et al., 2000, Ziegler et al., 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Yao, 2012. 203 Snakes of the World 5. Cyclophiops multicinctus (Roux, 1907b). Zool. Anz. 31(24): 762–763. (Ablabes multicinctus) Synonyms: Ablabes retrofasciatus Angel, 1920c, Zamenis moi M.A. Smith, 1921a, Ablabes multicinctus bicolor Angel, 1929, and Liopeltis sinii Fan, 1931. Type: Holotype, NMBA 1 (formerly MHNN 70), a 1060 mm specimen (Klauser). Type locality: “Tonkin” [= N Vietnam]. Restricted to Red River, N Vietnam fide Schätti (1986a:100). Distribution: Southeast Asia. Southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, S Yunnan), N Laos (Xiangkhouang) and Vietnam (Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Da Nang, Hai Duong, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Koa Tum, Lai Châu, Lao Cai, Ninh Binh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Thai Nguyen, Thua ThienHue, Vinh Phú), 100–1135 m. Sources: Bourret, 1934e, C.H. Pope, 1935, M.A. Smith, 1943, Campden-Main, 1970a, Deuve, 1970, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 6. Cyclophiops semicarinatus (Hallowell, 1861). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1860) 12(11): 493–494. (Eurypholis semicarinatus) Synonyms: Cyclophis nebulosus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1868 and Liopeltis semicarinata fritzei Maki, 1931. Type: Lectotype, USNM 7316, a 502 mm specimen (C. Wright, Nov. 1854), designated by Maki (1931a: 112). Type locality: “Loo Choo, near Napa” [= vicinity of Naha, SW Okinawa-jima, Ryukyu Arch., ext. S Japan] via lectotype selection. Distribution:ExtremeSJapan(Ryukyus:Agunijima,Akajima, Amamioshima, Amurojima, Fukajijima, Gishifujima, Gushikawajima, Gusukujima, Hamahigajima, Hatejima, Haterumajima, Hyanzajima, Iejima, Iheyajima, Ikeijima, Ikemajima, Irabujima, Iriomotejima, Ishigakijima, Izenajima, Kakeromajima, Kerumajima, Kikaijima, Kohamajima, Korijima, Kubajima, Kudakajima, Kumejima, Kurimajima, Kuroshima, Maejima, Minnjima, Miyagijima, Miyakojima, Nakajima, Nakanogamijima, Nohojima, Ogamijima, Ohajima, Ojima, Okierabujima, Okinawajima, Sesokojima, Shimojishima, Taketomijima, Taramajima, Tokashikijima, Tokunoshima, Tonakijima, Tsukenjima, Ukejima, Ukibarujima, Yabuchijima, Yaguchijima, Yakabijima, Yanahajima, Yonagunijima, Yorojima, Yoronjima and Zamamijima Is.). Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Maki, 1931, M. Mori, 1982, Toriba, 1991 and Ota et al., 1995. Remarks: Hallowell’s 536 mm length for the type appears to be the mean for both specimens fide Stejneger (1907a: 340). CYCLOTYPHLOPS Bosch & Ineich, 1994 (Typhlopidae) Type species: Cyclotyphlops deharvengi Bosch & Ineich, 1994. Distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi). Sources: Bosch & Ineich, 1994, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. 1. Cyclotyphlops deharvengi Bosch & Ineich, 1994. J. Herp. 28(2): 208–209, figs. 4–8. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1990.4279, a 146 mm specimen (L. Deharveng [‘Maros 88’ Exped.], 12 July 1988). Type locality: “Malawa, between Maros and BoneWatampone, Selatan Prov., southeastern Sulawesi, Indonesia, at an elevation of approximately 500 m.” Distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi), 500 m. Known only from type locality. CYLINDROPHIS Wagler, 1828 (Cylindrophiidae) Synonyms: Cijlindrophis Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Cylindrophus – M.A. Smith, 1914b (nomen incorrectum), Cilyndrophis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Culindrophis – McDowell, 1975 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Anguis ruffa Laurenti, 1768. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. Sources: McDowell, 1975a, Bosch, 1985, Welch, 1988, Cundall et al., 1994, Stuebing, 1994b, L.A. Smith & Sidik, 1998, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Iskandar & Colijn, 2001, Gower et al., 2005 and Gómez et al., 2008. 1. Cylindrophis aruensis Boulenger, 1920b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 6(31): 108. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.16.72–73 (formerly BMNH 1900.2.9.16–17), a 169 mm and 167 mm male (F.H. Rolle, 1864–1900). Type locality: “Aru Island” [E Maluku Prov., E Indonesia]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Maluku: Aru Arch.). Source: McDowell, 1975a. Remarks: Record from Aru Islands doubtful and type locality in error fide Iskandar & Colijn (2002: 23). 2. Cylindrophis boulengeri Roux, 1911. Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) 30(5): 500. Type: Holotype, SMF 16996, a 550 mm specimen (J. Elbert, 1909). Type locality: “Wetar, Iliwaki” [= Iliwaki, Wetar Is., Maluku Prov., SE Indonesia, 7°48’S, 126°18’E]. Distribution: Southeastern Indonesia (Maluku: Baber, Timor, Wetar). C 204 3. Cylindrophis engkariensis Stuebing, 1994b. Raffles Bull. Zool. 42(4): 969–972, figs. 1–2. C Type: Holotype, ZRC (formerly RBS 8821), a 485 mm male (R.B. Stuebing, 12 Aug. 1993). Type locality: “Nanga Segerak (1°25’N 122°00’E), 245 m asl, headwaters of the Engkari River, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Lubok Antu District, Second Division, Sarawak, Malaysia.” Distribution: East Malaysia (Sarawak), 245 m. Sources: I. Das, 2010, 2012. 4. Cylindrophis isolepis Boulenger, 1896d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 18(103): 62. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.47 (formerly BMNH 1896.4.29.45), a 430 mm specimen (A.H. Everett, 1896). Type locality: “Jampea Island” [= Tanahjampea Is., Selayar Arch., South Sulawesi Prov., S Indonesia, ca. 7°05’S, 120°41’E]. Distribution: Southern Indonesia (S Sulawesi: Tanahjampea Is.). Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. Remarks: Photographs of the holotype in Lang & Vogel (2005: figs. 128–129). 5. Cylindrophis lineatus Blanford, 1881. Proc. Zool. Soc.. London 49(1): 217–218, pl. 20. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.16.5 (formerly RMBR & BMNH 1903.6.2.3), a 635 mm specimen (N.B. Dennys, 1878–1881). Type locality: “island of Singapore” (in error fide Stuebing 1991: 327). Corrected to Borneo fide Smedley (1932b: 11). Distribution: East Malaysia (W Sarawak) and Indonesia (Kalimantan) Sources: C. Haas, 1950, Stuebing, 1991 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: BMNH catalogue lists Singapore as type locality fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 153). 6. Cylindrophis maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 228. (Anguis maculata) Synonyms: Anguis decussata Laurenti, 1768, Anguis hepatica Laurenti, 1768, Anguis tessellata Laurenti, 1768, and Cylindrophis curticeps Jerdon, 1854. Types: Syntypes (3), NHR Lin-14a–c (formerly MAFR), a 420 mm, 325 mm and 270 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “America” (in error). Corrected to Ceylon [= Sri Lanka] fide Deraniyagala (1955: 5). Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, North-Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), NSL–1200 m. Sources: Wall, 1921g, M.A. Smith, 1943, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1980 and Bachman, 1985. Remarks: Considered a subspecies of C. ruffus (Laurenti) fide Mahendra 1936, 1984. Snakes of the World 7. Cylindrophis melanotus Wagler, 1828 in 1828– 1833. Descr. Icon. Amph.: pl. 5, 2 pp. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Cylindrophe melanoto Wagler, 1828 in 1828– 1833 (nomen incorrigendum), Cylindrophis melanotus Wagler, 1830 (nomen corrigendum), Cylindrophis melanota A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844, Tortrix rufa celebica Schlegel, 1844, Tortrix rufa celebensis Gray, 1849 (nomen emendatum), Cylindrophis melanota Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Cylindrophis celebensis M.A. Smith, 1927, and Cylindrophis heinrichi Ahl, 1933b. Type: Holotype, RMNH 19 (formerly MLB) (A.J. van Delden, 1825–1828). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Célèbes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia] fide A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron (1844: 595) and RMNH catalogue. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Bacan, Buton, Halmahera, Kepulauan, Sangihe, Sula, Sulawesi, Tabukan), NSL–1200 m. Sources: Malkmus, 1993a, Lang & Vogel, 2005 and Koch, 2012. Remarks: Possible types include RMNH 17 (Celebes, E.A. Forsten) and RMNH 18 (Manado, E.A. Forsten) but Forsten collected in East Indies from ca. 1838–1843. A.H.A. Duméril & Bibron (1844: 595) listed collectors of type as J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard. 8. Cylindrophis opisthorhodus Boulenger, 1897d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19(113): 506. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.16.48–49 (formerly BMNH 1897.6.21.39–40), longest syntype 230 mm (A.H. Everett, 1895–1896). Type locality: “Lombok...at an altitude of 1500 feet” [= Lombok Is., Lesser Sundas, S Indonesia, elevation 455 m] . Distribution: Lesser Sundas of S Indonesia. (Flores, Komodo, Lombok, Sumbawa), NSL–455 m. Sources: T. Barbour, 1912b, Rooij, 1917, F. Werner, 1922b, Mertens, 1930 and Auffenberg, 1980. 9. Cylindrophis ruffus (Laurenti, 1768). Synop. Rept.: 71. (Anguis ruffa) Synonyms: Anguis rufus Gmelin, 1789 (nomen emendatum), Anguis striatus Gmelin, 1789, Anguis scytale P. Russell, 1801 (nomen praeoccupatum), Anguis rufa G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen emendatum), Scytale scheuchzeri Merrem, 1820, Eryx binotata Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Eryx kuhlii Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Eryx shilay Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Cylindrophis resplendens Wagler, 1828a, Anguis rufa javanica Gray, 1849a, and Cylindrophis rufus burmanus M.A. Smith, 1943. Type: Holotype, formerly MG, lost fide Iskandar & Colijn (2002: 24). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Surinamei” [= Suriname] (in error). Corrected to Java, Indonesia fide Schlegel (1837: 11). Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southern China (Fujian, Hainan, Hong Kong), S Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Thailand (Chon Buri, Krabi, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang Nga, Phetchabun, Prachin Buri, Roi Et, Sakhon Nakhon, Saraburi, Sisaket, Sukhothai, Tak), Cambodia, Laos (Champasak), Vietnam (An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City, Kien Giang, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Tay Ninh, Thua ThienHue, Vinh Phuc), West Malaysia (Pinang), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Bangka, Batjan, Belitung, Buton, Java, Kalimantan, Kepulanan, Riau Arch., Sulawesi, Sangihe Arch., Sumatra), NSL–1675 m. 205 Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, Bergman, 1953b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Mahendra, 1984, Adler et al., 1992, Toriba, 1992c, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Orlov et al., 2000, Malkmus et al., 2002, Lang & Vogel, 2005, Ziegler & Phong, 2005, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 10. Cylindrophis yamdena L.A. Smith & Sidik, 1998. Raffles Bull. Zool. 46(2): 421–423, figs. 2a–b, 3–4. Type: Holotype, WAM 112252 (to be deposited in MZB), a 628 mm male (R.E. Johnstone, D.J. Kitchener, R.A. Howe; 23 April 1993). Type locality: “Latdalam, Yamdena Island in 7°59’S, 131°09’E, Tamimbur Archipelago, Indonesia.” Distribution: Southeastern Indonesia (Maluku: Tanimbar Arch.: Yamdena). C D DABOIA Gray, 1842e (Viperidae) Synonyms: Daboia Gray, 1840 (nomen nudum), Chersophis Fitzinger, 1843, and Daboya – S. Hatori, 1913 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber russelii G. Shaw & Nodder, 1797 in 1789–1813. Distribution: Southern Asia and North Africa. Fossil records: Middle Pliocene of Spain. Possible records from the lower-middle Miocene of France fide Szyndlar & Rage, 1999. Sources: Szyndlar, 1986, Brodmann, 1987, Golay et al., 1993, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Szyndlar & Rage, 1999, Lenk et al., 2001b, Mallow et al., 2003, Wüster et al., 2008, Stümpel & Joger, 2009, Phelps, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. Remarks: Includes Daboia russelii and D, palaestinae fide Groombridge, 1980, 1986, and D. mauritanica and D. deserti fide Lenk et al., 2001b. 1. Daboia deserti (J. Anderson, 1892). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 60(1): 20–23, pl. 1, figs. 6–7. (Vipera lebetina deserti) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.28 (formerly BMNH 1891.5.4.150), a 707 mm female (native, May–June, 1890). Type locality: “Duirat, on the confines of Tripoli, South Tunisia” [= Douirat, Ghomrassen Governate, Tunisia, 32°59’N, 10°15’E, elevation 400 m]. Distribution: Tunisia (Ariana, Bizerte, Kairouan, Sousse, Tataouine) and NW Libya (Gharyan), NSL–400 m. Sources: Billing & Schätti, 1984, Nilson & Andrén, 1988b, Herrmann et al., 1992, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Herrmann & Joger, 1997 and Bogaerts, 1998. Remarks: A valid species fide Brodmann, 1987 and Herrmann et al., 1992. Possibly a subspecies of D. mauritanica fide U. Joger in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 383). Coastal records from Tunisia may belong to this species fide Spawls & Branch (1995: 138). Possibly occurs in NE Algeria fide Spawls & Branch (1995: 139). 2. †Daboia maghrebiana (Rage, 1976). Géol. Méditerr. 3(2): 64–65, figs. 7–8, 1 pl., fig. 14. (†Vipera maghrebiana) Type: Holotype, MNHN BML 905, one right maxilla. Type locality: “Beni Mellal, Maroc, Miocène” [= Beni Mellal, Morocco, Miocene]. Distribution: Middle Miocene (Astaracian, MN 7/8: 11.1– 12.8 mya) of Morocco. Known only from type locality. Sources: Rage, 1984b, Nilson & Andrén, 1997 and Szyndlar & Rage, 1999. Remarks: Closely related to Macrovipera lebetina fide Rage (1984b: 56). 3. Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 27. (Clotho mauritanica) Synonyms: Echidna mauritanica A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron in Guichenot, 1848 (nomen nudum), Vipera minuta Eichwald, 1851 (nomen nudum), Vipera confluenta Cope, 1863a, Vipera mauretanica – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Type: Lectotype, MNHN 4017, a female (A. Guichenot, 1840–1842), designated by J. Anderson (1892: 20). Type locality: “Algiers” [= Algiers, Algiers Wilaya, NW Algeria, 36°37’N, 3°00’E, elevation 80 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution; Northwestern Africa. Northern Western Sahara (ext. NE Rio de Oro, Saguia El Hamra), Morocco (Agadir, Azilal, Chechaouene, El Kelaa Des Srarhna, Figuig, Khemisset, Khenitra, Meknes, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat, Settat, Tangier, Tan Tan, Taounate, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit), N Algeria (El Oued, Ouargla) and N Tunisia (Ariana, Kairouan, Sousse), 10–2300 m. Sources: Billing & Schätti, 1984, Brodmann, 1987, Nilson & Andrén, 1988b, Herrmann et al., 1992, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Herrmann & Joger, 1997 and Bogaerts, 1998. Remarks: David & Ineich (1999: 324–325) discussed authorship. 4. †Daboia maxima (Szyndlar, 1988). Acta Zool. Cracov. 31(27): 698–702, fig. 6. (†Vipera maxima) Type: Holotype, MNCN 10032, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Middle Pliocene (MN 15) of Layna (Prov. of Soria, Spain).” Distribution: Middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2– 4.2 mya) Spain (Soria). Known only from type locality. Remarks: Allocation to Daboia due to relationship with D. russelii fide Nilson & Andrén (1997: 40). 5. Daboia palaestinae (F. Werner, 1938b). Zool. Anz. 122(11–12): 316–317, figs. 3–4. (Vipera Palaestinae) Synonyms: Vipera palastinae – Condrea & Vries, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), Vipera palestina – J.H. Brown & 207 D 208 D Bowles, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), Vipera palistinae Minton, 1971 (nomen emendatum), Daboia palestinae Esterbauer, 1987 (nomen emendatum), Vipera palgestinae – García, Huang & Pérez, 1989 (nomen incorrectum), and Vipera palaestina – Janssen, Freyvogel & Meier, 1990 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, ZSM 70/1938, a 975 mm female (E.H. Taylor, 13 July 1936). Type locality: “Haifa, Palästina” [= Haifa, Hefa District, Israel, 32°50’N, 34°58’E, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Middle East. Northwestern Jordan (Ajloun, Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Jarash, Karak, Madaba, Tafilah), N Israel (Central, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, N Southern, Tel Aviv, West Bank), Lebanon (Beirut, El Jnoub, Liban-Nord, MontLiban, Nabatiye) and W Syria (Halab, Homs, Latakia, Tartus), 20–1600 m. Sources: Mendelssohn, 1963, Hraoui-Bloquet, 1981, Herrmann & Joger, 1997, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Amr & Disi, 2011, Bar & Haimovitch, 2011 and Volynchik, 2011. Remarks: Photograph of type in Franzen & Glaw (2007: fig. 23). A member of Daboia fide Groombridge, 1980, 1986, Lenk et al., 2001b and Mallow et al., 2003. 6. Daboia russelii (G. Shaw & Nodder, 1797 in 1789– 1813). Nat. Misc. 8: pl. 291, 2 pp. (Coluber russelii) Synonyms: Coluber daboie Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber idolum Suckow, 1797, Coluber trinoculus Schneider in Bechstein, 1802, Vipera daboya Daudin, 1803c (nomen substitutum), Vipera elegans Daudin, 1803c, Coluber triseriatus Hermann, 1804, Vipera daboia Merrem, 1820 (nomen substitutum), Natrix coillepidota Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Natrix semimaculata Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Daboia pulchella Gray, 1842e, Daboia russellii Gray, 1849 (nomen emendatum), Vipera russelli nordicus Deraniyagala, 1945, Vipera russellis – Ouyang & Lin, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), and Vipera ruselli – Sawai, 1979 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH II.1.1a (P. Russell & natives, 1781–1791), designated by Golay et al. (1993: 268). Type locality: “coast of Coromandel, India” [= Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu States, SE India] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Asia. Eastern Pakistan (ext. SE Balochistan, Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh), India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Bangladesh, Nepal (Bardiya, Chitwan, Kanchanpur, Mahottari, Nawalparasi, Parsa, Saptari, Siraha), Bhutan, S China (Hunan, Yunnan), and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North-Central, NorthWestern, Northern, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western), NSL–2755 m. Snakes of the World Sources: Wall, 1905d, 1907c, 1917, M.A. Smith, 1943, Brongersma, 1958, Bergman, 1961b, P. Silva, 1980a, A. Silva, 1990b, 2009, Wuster et al., 1992, Jintakune & Chanhome, 1995, Belt et al., 1997, Herrmann & Joger, 1997, Nilson & Andrén, 1997, Wüster, 1998b, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, M.S. Khan, 2002, 2006, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Zhao, 2006, Thorpe et al., 2007, Xiang & Li, 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012, Masroor, 2012 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: BMNH catalogue lists BMNH II.1.1a as holotype. Original description based on P. Russell (1796: 10–11, pl. 7), deposited in BMNH and redrawn by Shaw & Nodder (1789 in 1789–1813: pl. 291). Orthography of specific epithet discussed by David & Ineich (1999: 313–314) and McDiarmid et al. (1999: 373–375). 7. †Daboia sarmatica (Chkhikvadze & Lungu in Zerova, Lungu & Chkhikvadze, 1987). Proc. Zool. Inst. Leningrad (1986) 158: 92, fig. 2. (†Vipera sarmatica) Type: Holotype, SIPT 18/72–1, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Kalfa, village in Moldavia State, northern Black Seaside, USSR, late Miocene (middle Sarmatian).” Distribution: Upper Miocene (Sarmatian: 11.6–12.7 mya) of Russia (Moldavia). Known only from type locality. Source: Nilson & Andrén, 1997 8. Daboia siamensis (M.A. Smith, 1917a). J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2(3): 223–224, fig. 1. (Vipera russelli siamensis) Synonyms: Vipera russelli limitis Mertens, 1927a, Vipera russeli formosensis Maki, 1931, Vipera russellii sublimitis Kopstein, 1936, Vipera russellii formosenses – Sifford & Johnson, 1978 (nomen incorrectum), Vipera russelli simamensis – Nakada et al., 1984 (nomen incorrectum), and Vipera russeli burmanus Maung Maung Aye in Gopalakrishnakone & Tan, 1987 (nomen substitutum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.8 (formerly BMNH 1927.11.24.1), a 565 mm specimen. Type locality: “Sam Kok, Central Siam, about 60 km. N. of Bangkok” [= Sam Khok, Pathum Thani Prov., Thailand, 14°04”N, 100°31’E, elevation 5 m]. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Lesser Sundas. Southern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi), Taiwan, Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Shan, Yangon), Thailand (Ayutthaya, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chumphon, Kamphaeng, Lop Buri, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Samut Prakan, Saraburi, Suphan Buri), Cambodia (Sosophan) and S Indonesia (? Adonara, Ende, Flores, E Java, 209 Snakes of the World Komodo, Lembata, Lombien, Rinca, Solar, Sumbawa), NSL–2755 m. Sources: Kuntz, 1963, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Auffenberg, 1980, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Wüster et al., 1992, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Belt et al., 1997, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Leviton et al., 2003, Thorpe et al., 2007, Lang, 2011, I. Das, 2012 and McKay & Lilley, 2012. Remarks: Golay et al. (1993: 268) listed two syntypes as BMNH 1920.10.10.1–2. Presence in the Lesser Sundas due to human activities in 18th–19th centuries fide Leviton et al., (2003: 440). †DAKOTAOPHIS Holman, 1976a (Dipsadidae) Type species: †Dakotaophis greeni Holman, 1976a. Distribution: Lower to middle Miocene of cen. USA. Sources: Holman, 1976a, 1979a, 1996a, 2000a and Rage, 1984b. 1. †Dakotaophis greeni Holman, 1976a. Herpetologica 32(1): 45–47, figs. 4a–d. Type: Holotype, SDSM 8380, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Black Bear Quarry II, designated SDSM locality V673, Bennett County, South Dakota, USA, Rosebud Formation, early Hemingfordian, lower middle Miocene.” Distribution: Lower Miocene (Hemingfordian: 16.3– 20.6 mya) of USA (Nebraska), lower-middle Miocene (Hemingfordian-Barstovian: 13.6–20.6 mya) of USA (South Dakota), and middle Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6– 16.3 mya) of USA (South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming). Fossil records: Lower Miocene (Hemingfordian) of USA (Nebraska, South Dakota), lower/middle Miocene (Hemingfordian or Barstovian) of USA (Wyoming), and middle Miocene (Barstovian) of USA (Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas). Remarks: Holman (1979b: 45) erroneously listed the type as SDSM 9380. DARLINGTONIA Cochran, 1935 (Xenodontidae) Type species: Darlingtonia haetiana Cochran, 1935. Distribution: Southwestern Hispaniola. Sources: A. Schwartz, 1970b, A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1965, 1975, A. Schwartz & Rossman, 1976, A. Schwartz, 1986, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1988, 1991, H.M. Smith & Wallach, 1993, Powell & R.W. Henderson, 1994a, Rodríguez-Robles & Greene, 1996, Hedges et al., 2009, Henderson and Powell, 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Darlingtonia haetiana Cochran, 1935. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40(6): 375. Synonyms: Darlingtonia haetiana perfector A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1965 and Darlingtonia haetiana vaticinata A. Schwartz, 1970b. Type: Holotype, MCZ 38252, a 288 mm female (P.J. Darlington, Oct. 1934). Type locality: “Roche Croix, northeastern foothills, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti, about 5000 feet altitude.” Distribution: Hispaniola. Southwestern Haiti (Grand’Anse, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est) and SW Dominican Republic (Perdenales), 300–1700 m. Remarks: A valid genus fide Grazziotin et al. (2012: 22) but a synonym of Ialtris fide Hedges et al. (2009: 19). DASYPELTIS Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Anodon A. Smith, 1829 (nomen rejiciendum), Analcis Wagler, 1830, Rachiodon Jourdan, 1834 (nomen substitutum), Raphiodon – Jourdran, 1834 (nomen incorrectum), Deirodon Owen, 1841 in 1840–1845 (nomen substitutum), Dirodon Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Rhachiodon – Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (nomen incorrectum), and Dasipeltis – Scortecci, 1931 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber scaber Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Gans, 1959, Gravlund, 2001, Kelly, 2003, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006a and S. Trape et al., 2012. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 979 fide Opinion 387 (ICZN, 1956b). 1. Dasypeltis abyssinica (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 496–497, pl. 81, figs. 1–3. (Rachiodon abyssinicus) Synonym: Rachiodon abyssinicus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum). Type: Lectotype, MNHN 6567, a 755 mm specimen (Cartin-Dillon), designated by J.-F. Trape & Mané (2006a: 53). Type locality: “Abyssinie” [= Eritrea and Ethiopia] via lectotype designation. Distribution: Eritrea (Anseba) and Ethiopia. Sources: Trape & Mané, 2006a. Remarks: A valid species fide J.-F. Trape & Mané (2006a: 53). 2. Dasypeltis atra Sternfeld, 1913a. Wiss. Ergebn. Dtsch. Zentr.-Afr.-Exped. (1912) 4: 272. (Dasypeltis scabra atra) Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB, longest syntype 830 mm (R. Grauer, 1909–1911), lost fide R. Günther (in litt.). D 210 D Type locality: “Randbergen am Nordwestufer des Tanganyika-Sees” [= NW shore of Lake Tanganyika, SE Sud-Kivu Prov., E Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southeastern South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), N Ethiopia (Arussi, Gondar, Gojjam, Hararge, Illubabor, Shoa, Wollega), E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu, Idjwi Is.), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), W Kenya (Eastern, Nairobi, Rift Valley, Western), N Rwanda, N Burundi, and N Tanzania (Kilimanjaro), (610) 1500–3000 m. Sources: Gans, 1964, Pitman, 1974, Largen & Rassmussen, 1993, Neças, 1995, Hughes, 1997, Gravlund et al., 1998, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley & Bates, 2009 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 3. Dasypeltis confusa J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006a. Bull. Soc. Herp. France (119): 28–31, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MNHN 2006.0303 (formerly IRD S-3105), a 696 mm female (native, March 1993–Feb. 1994). Type locality: “Ibel (12°3’N, 12°23’W), Tambacounda.” Distribution: West Africa. Southern Senegal (Kédougou, Kolda, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Gambia (Central River), Guinea-Bissau (Biombo, Bissau, Tombali), Guinea (Boffa, Boké, Faranah, Forécariah, Kindia, Kouroussa, Mandiana, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Northern, Southern), Togo (Centrale, Kara, Plateaux, Savanes), Benin (Atakora, Collines, Kouffo, Zou), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud), Gabon (Haut-Ogooué, Moyen-Ogooué, OgoouéMaritime), Central African Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Vakaga), Congo (Brazzaville, Lekoumou, Niari, Pool) and W Democratic Republic of the Congo, 15–1550 m. Sources: J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, Pauwels & Salle, 2009, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012, Chirio, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in S. Trape et al. (2012: figs. 6a, 7a). Previous records of D. scabra from Gabon probably D. confusa fide Pauwels & Salle (2009: 23). Possibly a synonym of D. scabra fide Hughes (2013: 114). 4. Dasypeltis fasciata A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849. Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: footnote, p. 2 of text to pl. 73. Synonyms: Dipsas carinatus Hallowell, 1844b (nomen praeoccupatum), Rachiodon scaber subfasciatus Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Dasypeltis macrops Boulenger, 1907a. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 559 mm male (A. Smith, 1829), lost fide Gans (1959: 89). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Sierra Leone.” Distribution: Central Africa. Senegal (Fatick, Tambacounda), Gambia (Kombo Saint Mary), GuineaBissau, SE Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), S Mali (Sikasso), Liberia, S Ivory Coast (Daloa, Guiglo, Tabou), S Ghana, Togo (Plateaux), S Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Rivers), Southern Cameroon (Est, Centre, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), S Chad, Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha), N Gabon (Estuaire, Ogooué-Ivindo, Wolem-Ntem), Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Plateau, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Kivu, Orientale) and W Uganda (W Western), NSL–1380 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Pitman, 1974, Roman, 1980, Hakansson, 1981, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). 5. Dasypeltis gansi J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006a. Bull. Soc. Herp. France (119): 32–37, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2613 (formerly IRD S-6537), a 608 mm male (May 2003–April 2004). Type locality: “Mahamouda Chérif (12°58’N, 16°30’W), Basse Casamance, Senegal.” Distribution: West Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Kédougou, Kolda, Tambacounda, Saint-Louis, Thiès, Ziguinchor), Gambia, Guinea (Koundara, Siguiri), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Ségou, Sikasso), Togo (Kara, Maritime, Plateaux), S Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Collines, Kouffo), Nigeria, N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord), Burkina-Faso (Centre, CentreEst, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, Nord, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Niger (Dosso, Maradi, Niamey), SW Chad (Chari-Baguirmi) and South Sudan, NSL–910 m. Sources: J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chiriuo & LeBreton, 2007, Chirio, 2009, Ullenburch et al., 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in S. Trape et al. (2012: figs. 6d, 7d). 6. Dasypeltis inornata A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849. Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 73, figs. a–e, 2 pp. Synonyms: Rachiodon immaculatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Rachiodon immaculatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, and Rachiodon scaber unicolor Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.47 (formerly BMNH 1865.5.4.164), a 656–737 mm male (A. Smith, 1825–1837). 211 Snakes of the World Type locality: “south-central districts of the Cape Colony, and also in Kaffirland” [= Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal provinces, South Africa]. Distribution: Western Swaziland and SE South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalunga), NSL– 1440 m. Sources: Broadley, 1983, Branch, 1988 and Cockeran & Haagner, 1993. Remarks: BMNH catalogue lists BMNH 1946.1.2.47 as “one of the types” (M. Lang, in litt.). V.F.M. FitzSimons (1962: 174), Broadley (1990: 261) and Gans (1959: 135) attribute A. Smith (1849: App. p. 20) to this species but it refers to Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia fide Branch & Bauer (2005: 8). 7. Dasypeltis latericia J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006. Bull. Soc. Herp. France (119): 37–42, fig. 3. (Dasypeltis gansi latericia) Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2615 (formerly IRD S-2088), a 751 mm female (native, March 1992–Feb. 1993). Type locality: “Boundoukondi (12°31’N, 12°20’W), Tambacounda.” Distribution: West Africa. Southeastern Senegal (Kédougou), Guinea (Koundara, Siguiri, Sikasso) and SW Mali (Bamako, Kayes, Koulikoro), 80–400 m. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in S. Trape et al. (2012: figs. 6b, 7b). A valid species fide S. Trape et al. (2012: 491). 8. Dasypeltis medici (Bianconi, 1859). Mem. Accad. Sci. Inst. Bologna 10: 501–502, pl. 26. (Dipsas medici) Synonyms: Dasypeltis scaber fasciolata W.C.H. Peters, 1868a, Dasypeltis elongata Mocquard, 1888, and Dasypeltis medica lamuensis Gans, 1957. Type: Holotype, IBI, a 531 mm male (Michaeli via C. Fornasini, 1842–1847), lost fide Gans (1959: 157). Type locality: Unknown. Listed as Mosambique [= Mozambique] fide Jan & Sordelli (1872: 3 in 1870– 1881). Probably Inhambane, Mozambique fide Broadley (1983: 265). Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southern Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Alessandra Is.), SE Kenya (Coast, Lamu Is.), E Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Morogoro, Mtwara, Piwani, Tanga, Mafia and Zanzibar Is.), S Zambia (E Southern), Malawi (Northern, Southern), Mozambique (Cabo Delgado, Inhambane, Sofala, Zambézia, Bazaruto Is.) and E Zimbabwe (Manicaland), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Gans, 1957, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, 1990b, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Branch, 1988, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Bianconi (1850–1870: 277–278, pl. 14). 9. Dasypeltis palmarum (Leach in Tuckey, 1818). Exped. River Zaire: 408–409. (Coluber palmarum) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.35, juvenile male (J. Cranch [Tuckey Exped.] via W.E. Leach, 1816). Type locality: “in palm trees at Embomma” [= Boma, Bas-Congo Prov., SW Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5°51’S, 13°03’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Congo (Kouilou), W Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Kinshasa) and NW Angola, 15–275 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995 and Chippaux, 2006. 10. Dasypeltis parascabra S. Trape, Mediannikov & Trape, 2012. C. R. Biol., Paris 335(7): 492–493, figs. 3–5, 6c, 7c. Type: Holotype, MNHN 2010.438 (formerly IRD 1555G), a 605 mm gravid female (native, June–Oct. 2005). Type locality: “Dalakan, Guinea (9°58’N, 9°32’W)” [= Dalakan, Kankan Prov., E Guinea, elevation 400 m]. Distribution: West Africa. Eastern Guinea (Kankan, Kouroussa), Liberia (Nimba), Ivory Coast (Toumodi), Ghana (Eastern), Togo (Plateaux) and S Nigeria (Lagos), NSL–430 m 11. Dasypeltis sahelensis J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006a. Bull. Soc. Herp. France (119): 43–47, fig. 4. Type: Holotype, MNHN 2006.0315 (formerly IRD S-4804), a 498 mm male (native, June–Oct. 2000). Type locality: “Tialé (15°14’N, 16°49’W), Senegal” [= Thiès Prov., W Senegal, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: West Africa. Morocco (Agadir, Ouarzazate, Tan Tan), N Western Sahara (W Saguia El Hamra), SW Mauritania (Trarza), N Senegal (Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thiès), S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Ségou, SW Tombouctou) and S Niger (W Agadez, S Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, W Zinder), 20–350 m. Source: J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in S. Trape et al. (2012: figs. 6e, 7e). 12. Dasypeltis scabra (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 223. (Coluber scaber) Synonyms: Anodon typus A. Smith, 1828, Dasypeltis scaber breviceps W.C.H. Peters, 1864c, Dasypeltis scaber capensis W.C.H. Peters, 1864c, Dasypeltis scaber mossambicus W.C.H. Peters, 1864c, Dasypeltis lineolata W.C.H. Peters, 1878, Tropidechis dunensis De Vis, 1911, and Dasypeltis scabra loveridgei Mertens, 1954b. Type: Holotype, NHR (formerly MAFR), a female (Mus. Drottn), lost fide Andersson (1899: 5) and Gans (1959: 87). D 212 D Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error). Corrected to South Africa fide Flower (1933: 818). Restricted to Namibia or Limpopo, South Africa fide Gans (1959: 87). Distribution: Eastern Africa and SW Arabia. NE Egypt (Faiyum), SE Sudan (An Nil Al Azraq, Sennar), Ethiopia (Arussi, Bale, Gemu Gofa, Gojjam, Gondar, Hararge, Shoa, Sidamo, Wollega), Eritrea (Anseba, Northern Red Sea, Southern), Somalia (Bay, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed, Alessandra Is.), Kenya (Central, Coast, North-Eastern, Nyanza, S Rift Valley, Western), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), E Rwanda, E Burundi, Tanzania (Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Piwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Kagera, Sese, Ukerewe, and Zanzibar Is.), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Niassa, Sofala, Tete), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), NE Angola (Lunda Norte), Namibia (Caprivi, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kagatleng, Kweneng, North East, North West), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Swaziland, W Lesotho and South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, Western Cape), SW Saudi Arabia (Asir, Jazan) and W Yemen (Ad Dali’, Aden, Ibb), NSL–2100 m. Sources: Jourdan, 1833, Barros e Cunha, 1935, Mertens, 1955, 1971, Sweeney, 1961, Stemmler, 1971b, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Buys & Buys, 1983, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et al., 1983, Branch, 1988, Gasperetti, 1988, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Lopez et al., 1993, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Geniez et al., 2004, Chippaux, 2006, Scheurer, 2007, Largen & Spawls, 2010 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 679 fide Opinion 387 (ICZN, 1956b). †DAUNOPHIS Swinton, 1926 (Pythonidae) Type species: †Daunophis langi Swinton, 1926. Distribution: Pliocene of Myanmar. Source: Rage, 1984b. Snakes of the World 1. †Daunophis langi Swinton, 1926. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 17(99): 344–348, pl. 16. Type: Holotype, HMG V 1230, an 1170 mm nearly complete skeleton (H.F. Lang). Type locality: “oil-shale exposed in a quarry at Tichara, near Mepale, on the eastern side of the Dawna Hills, South Burma, Pliocene age.” Distribution: Pliocene (1.8–4.9 mya) of Myanmar. Known only from holotype. Remarks: Genus of doubtful validity fide Rage (1984b: 18). †DAWSONOPHIS Holman, 1979b (Boidae) Type species: †Dawsonophis wyomingensis Holman, 1979b. Distribution: Upper Eocene of USA. Sources: Rage, 1984b and Holman, 2000a. Remarks: Possibly an undescribed subfamily of the Boidae fide Holman (2000a: 39). 1. †Dawsonophis wyomingensis Holman, 1979b. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48(6): 105–106, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, CM 14444, one trunk vertebra and fragment of adjacent vertebra (C. Black, M. Dawson & P. Robinson, 1962). Type locality: “Badwater Creek area, SESE, S. 14, T. 39 N., R. 89 W, Natrona County, Wyoming. Referred to as locality 6. Late Eocene, Uintan Mammal Age. Hendry Ranch Member” [= Middle Eocene fide Holman, 2000a: 37]. Distribution: Middle or upper Eocene (Uintan: 42.0–46.2 mya) of USA (Wyoming). Known only from type locality. DEINAGKISTRODON Gloyd, 1979 (Viperidae) Synonym: Dienagkistrodon – Zhong & Wu, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Halys acutus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888b. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Sources: Maki, 1931, C.H. Pope, 1935, Kuntz, 1963, Keegan et al., 1965, Zhao, 1982, 2006, M.-H. Huang & Qu, 1983, Maes, 1989, Gloyd & Conant, 1990, Kardong, 1990, Cadle, 1992, Minton, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Mao, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Parkinson et al., 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, P. Guo et al., 1999a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Malhotra & Thorpe, 2000, Orlov et al., 2000, Ziegler et al., 2001, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Orlov et al., 2003, Gumprecht et al., 2004, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang 213 Snakes of the World & Li, 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012, Malhotra et al., 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Deinagkistrodon acutus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 1(3): 171–172, pl. 12. (Halys acutus) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.19.56–58 (formerly BMNH 1881.1.30.59–61), three males, longest syntype 1168 mm (A.E. Pratt, 2 April–4 Aug. 1887). Type locality: “mountains north of Kiu Kiang, on the Yantsze river, China,” (in error). Corrected to Wu-suih, about three days’ journey or 9 mi. S of the American Central China Mission in Kiu-kiang fide Pratt (1892: 3–5), [= Wusüeh, SE Hubei Prov., cen. China, 29°50’N, 115°41’E fide C.H. Pope (1935: 502]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Central and S China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Taiwan, N Laos and N Vietnam (Cao Bang, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Vinh Phuc), NSL–1500 m. Remarks: Original description reprinted in A.C.L.G. Günther (1892b: 242). Type locality is on the Yangtze River just north of Jiangxi Prov. DEMANSIA Gray, 1842c (Elapidae) Synonyms: Demansia Gray, 1842b (nomen nudum), Diemansia A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (nomen emendatum), Diemensia – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b (nomen incorrectum), Diemenia A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863 (nomen praeoccupatm), Diemennia A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863 (nomen substitutum), Diemannia Steindachner, 1867 (nomen emendatum), Elapocephalus Macleay, 1878b (nomen praeoccupatum), Elapidocephalus A.C.L.G. Günther in Macleay, 1884b (nomen nudum), Elapocranium Macleay, 1884b (nomen praeoccupatum), Demensia – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), and Diemena – Boquet, 1964 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Lycodon reticulatus Gray, 1842c. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Sources: F. Werner, 1923b, Storr, 1978, 1985, Cogger et al., 1983a, Golay, 1985, Storr et al., 1986, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Hoser, 1989, 2012e, Ehmann, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Greer, 1997, Keogh, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Scanlon, 2003, Shea & Scanlon, 2007, Sanders et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Demansia angusticeps Macleay, 1888b. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (1887–1888) (2) 3(2): 417–418. (Diemenia angusticeps) Type: Holotype, AM 31921 (formerly MMS 712), a 671 mm female (W.W. Froggatt, March–Dec. 1887). Type locality: “vicinity of King’s Sound, North-West Australia.” Emended to a few miles round Derby fide Macleay (1888a: 1018). Distribution: Northern Australia (NW Northern Territory, ext. NW Queensland, ext. N Western Australia), 10–415 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1896a, Shea, 1998 and Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Remarks: Photograph and illustrations of head of holotype in Shea & Scanlon (2007: figs. 2–3). 2. Demansia calodera Storr, 1978. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 6(3): 294–295, fig. 2. (Demansia olivacea calodera) Type: Holotype, WAM 54992, a 416 mm female (G. Harold & M. Peterson, 29 Aug. 1976). Type locality: “Tamala, Western Australia, in 26°42’ S,113°42’ E.” Distribution: Western Australia (W Western Australia, Bernier and Dirk Hartog Is.), NSL–70 m. Source: Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Remarks: Photograph and illustrations of head of holotype in Shea & Scanlon (2007: figs. 4–5). 3. Demansia flagellatio Wells & Wellington, 1985. Aust. J. Herp. (Suppl. 1): 45. Type: Holotype, AM 64867, a 535 mm male (D. Stammer). Type locality: “Mt. Isa district, Queensland, Australia.” Distribution: Northern Australia (NW Queensland, Bustard Is.), NSL–350 m. Source: Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Remarks: Illustrations of head of holotype in Shea & Scanlon (2007: fig. 6). 4. Demansia olivacea (Gray, 1842c). Zool. Misc. 2(Apr.): 54. (Lycodon olivaceus) Synonyms: Elapocephalus ornaticeps Macleay, 1878b, Demansia elivacea – McDowell, 1967 (nomen incorrectum), and Demansia olivacia – Limpus, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (3), from BMNH 1841.10.13.4–45 series, lost fide Shea & Scanlon (2007: 125–126). Type locality: “North Coast of Australia; Port Essington.” Restricted to Port Essington, Australia fide Cogger & Lindner (1974: 90). Distribution: Southern Papua New Guinea (Western, Daru Is.) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland, N Western Australia, Bathurst, Groote Eylandt, Koolan, Melville and Wargul Wargul Is.), NSL–505 m. Sources: Cogger & Lindner, 1974, Storr, 1978, Shine, 1980c and Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Remarks: Boulenger (1896a: 324) erroneously listed two Richardson specimens (BMNH 1946.1.18.40 and BMNH 1946.1.18.95) (formerly BMNH 1844.5.13.7 and D 214 Snakes of the World BMNH 1844.9.3) as syntypes fide Cogger & Lindner (1974: 90–91). 5. Demansia papuensis Macleay, 1877. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (1877–1878) 2(1): 40. (Diemenia papuensis) D Synonym: Demansia papuensis melaena Storr, 1978. Type: Holotype, AMS 31919 (formerly MMS 713), a 1676 mm specimen (W.J. Macleay, 1875). Type locality: “New Guinea, ‘probably’ Hall Sound.” Distribution: Austro-Papua. Eastern Indonesia (SE Papua), S Papua New Guinea (Central, Western) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland, ext. N Western Australia, Bremer, Cotton, Elcho, Inglis, Koolan, Milingimbi and Wigram Is.), NSL–590 m. Source: O’Shea, 1996. Remarks: Type locality doubtful fide Shea (1998: 51–52). 6. Demansia psammophis (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 182, 2: 455. (Elaps psammophis) Synonym: Pseudelaps psammophidius A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen substitutum). Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 7663A, a 353–360 mm male, and MNHN 7666, a 710–720+ mm female lacking a skull (J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard [Astrolabe Voy.], July 1827). Type locality: “Nouvelle Hollande” [= Australia]. Restricted to King George’s Sound fide A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (1854b: 1234). Distribution: Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Westwern Australia, Dirk Hartog Is.), NSL–1095 m. Sources: Guibe & Roux-Esteve, 1972a, Shine, 1980c and Bush et al., 1995. 7. Demansia quaesitor Shea in Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Rec. Aust. Mus. 59(2): 127–129, figs. 11–12. Type: Holotype, NTM 16836, a 596 mm male (J. Woinarski, 29 May 1991). Type locality: “’Hodgson Downs’, Mt. Langdon, NT, Australia.” Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory, ext. NW Queensland, ext. N Western Australia, North Maret Is.), 45–300 m. 8. Demansia reticulata (Gray, 1842c). Zool. Misc. 2(Apr.): 54. (Lycodon reticulatus) Synonym: Demansia reticulata cupreiceps Storr, 1978. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.19.79 (G. Krefft, 1838), designated by Storr (1978: 297). Type locality: “Australia.” Distribution: Western Australia (S Northern Territory, South Australia, W Western Australia, Kangaroo Is.), NSL–685 m. 9. Demansia rimicola Scanlon in Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Rec. Aust. Mus. 59(2): 130–132, figs. 14–15. Type: Holotype, AMS 62257, an 804 mm male (A. Greer, E. Cameron, H. Cogger, R. Sadlier & P. Webber, 17 July 1977). Type locality: “61.4 km N Muttaburra via Hughenden Hwy, Qld (22º10’S 144º15’E), Australia.” Distribution: Central Australia (ext. NW New South Wales, N Northern Territory, Queensland, NE South Australia, ext. N Western Australia), 10–375 m. 10. Demansia rufescens Storr, 1978. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 6(3): 292–293. (Demansia olivacea rufescens) Type: Holotype, WAM 52747, a 573 mm female (W.H. Butler, 2 May 1976). Type locality: “Marandoo minesite, near Mt Bruce, Western Australia, in 22°40’ S, 118°10’ E” [Australia]. Distribution: Western Australia (W Western Australia, Barrow, Dolphin and Hermite Is.), NSL–1040 m. Source: Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Remarks: Illustrations of head of holotype in Shea & Scanlon (2007: fig. 17). 11. Demansia shinei Shea in Shea & Scanlon, 2007. Rec. Aust. Mus. 59(2): 135–136, figs. 18–19. Type: Holotype, NTM 6489, a 640 mm male (P. Horner, J. Griffiths & K. O’Brien, 18 March 1979). Type locality: “Frewena, NT, in 19º25’S 135º24’E, Australia.” Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory, ext. N Western Australia), 225–420 m. 12. Demansia simplex Storr, 1978. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 6(3): 290–291. Type: Holotype, WAM 13841 (A.M. Douglas & G.F. Mees, July 1960). Type locality: “Kalumburu, Western Australia, in 14°17’ S, 126°40’ E” [Australia]. Distribution: Northern Australia (N Northern Territory, ext. N Western Australia, Melville Is.), NSL–315 m. 13. Demansia torquata A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 9(49): 130, pl. 9, fig. 10. (Diemansia torquata) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.41, a 573–586 mm female (F.M. Rayner, July, 1859). Type locality: “Percy Islands” [= Queensland, Australia]. Distribution: Northeastern Australia (ext. NW New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Dent, 215 Snakes of the World Fantome, Hayman, Hook, Long, Palm, Penrith and Magnetic Is.), 40–600 m. Sources: Shine, 1980c and Shea & Sadlier, 1999. Remarks: Photograph of holotype in Shea & Scanlon (2007: fig. 21). 14. Demansia vestigiata (De Vis, 1884b). Brisbane Courier 39(8324): 5. (Hoplocephalus vestigiatus) Synonyms: Diemenia atra Macleay, 1884b and Diemenia maculiceps Boettger, 1898. Type: Holotype, QM J206. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Central, East Sepik, Gulf, Western) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, NE Queensland, ext. N Western Australia, Melville and Mornington Is.), NSL–510 m. Sources: F. Parker, 1982, Ingram, 1990, Golay et al., 1993, Shea, 1996, 1998 and H.M. Smith and Wallach, 1997. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1940 (ICZN 1999). Original description reprinted in De Vis (1884c: 138–139). DENDRELAPHIS Boulenger, 1890 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Dendrophys – J. Henle, 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Dendrophis Wagler in Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen praeoccupatum), Dendelaphis – F. Werner, 1901b (nomen incorrectum), Dendorophis – Cohn, 1905 (nomen incorrectum), Dendralaphis – M.A. Smith, 1915c (nomen incorrectum), Dendrolaphis – Luard, 1917 (nomen incorrectum), Dendrelaphus – Ditmars, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Dendriphis – BriceñoRossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Tachyophis Mertens, 1934a (nomen rejiciendum), Dendrellaphis – Negi, 1992 (nomen incorrectum), Dendrelophis – B.D. Sharma in B.D. Sharma & Kumari, 1998 (nomen incorrectum), Charlespiersonserpens Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum), Dorisious Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum), Downieea Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum), Macmillanus Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum), and Mulvanyus Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Ahaetulla caudolineata Gray, 1834 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835. Distribution: Indo-Australia. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Meise & Henning, 1932, Mertens, 1934a, M.A. Smith, 1943, Haas, 1950, F. Parker, 1982, Mahendra, 1984, McDowell, 1984, Wallach, 1998a, Ziegler & Vogel, 1999, Rooijen & Vogel, 2008a–b, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Hoser, 2012ab. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1310 fide Opinion 524 (ICZN, 1958a). 1. Dendrelaphis andamanensis (J. Anderson), 1871a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 39(1): 184–185. (Dendrophis pictus andamanensis) Type: Holotype, ZSI 7714 (formerly IM), an 815 mm specimen. Type locality: “Andamans” [Andaman & Nicobars, E India, Bay of Bengal]. Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Little Andaman, Long, Middle Andaman, North Andaman, South Andaman, Great Nicobar Is.). Sources: Biswas & Sanyal, 1980, R.C. Sharma, 2003, Rooijen & Vogel, 2008a and Vogel & Rooijen, 2011a. 2. Dendrelaphis ashoki Vogel & Rooijen, 2011a. J. Herp. 45(1): 106–107, fig. 7. Type: Holotype, CAS 17222, an 895 mm female (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882). Type locality: “Anamalais, India” [= Anaimalai Hills, S Western Ghats, Kerala/Tamil Nadu, S India, ca. 10°22’N, 77°08’E]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Western Ghats of Kerala, Tamil Nadu), 2100 m. 3. Dendrelaphis bifrenalis (Boulenger, 1890a). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 338. (Dendrophis bifrenalis) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.6.4, a 1030 mm female, BMNH 1946.1.10.19, a 991 mm male (A. Paul), and a juvenile. Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, Northern, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Western), NSL–1150 m. Sources: Wall, 1921g, E.H. Taylor, 1950b, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1969, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009, Malhotra & Davis, 1991 and Vogel & Rooijen, 2011c. Remarks: A subspecies of D. pictus (Gmelin) fide Meise & Henning, 1932 and Mertens, 1934a. 4. Dendrelaphis biloreatus Wall, 1908a. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1907–1908) 18(2): 273–274, pl. figs. 1–5. Synonym: Dendrophis gorei Wall, 1910c. Type: Holotype, BMNH, a 690–700 mm specimen (native, June, 1907). Type locality: “Sadiya on the Bramaputra, 70 odd miles north-east of Dibrugarh, Assam” [= Sadiya, Assam State, NE India, 27º50’N, 95º40’E, elevation 125 m]. Distribution: Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, N West Bengal), SW China (Xizang) and NE Myanmar (Shan, Yangon), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Wall, 1910c, 1921g, 1923d, Zhao, 2006, I. Das, 2010 and Vogel & Rooijen, 2011b–c. D 216 Snakes of the World 5. Dendrelaphis calligastra (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1867). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20(115): 53. (Dendrophis calligastra) D Synonyms: Dendrophis aruensis G. Doria, 1875, Dendrophis darnleyensis Macleay, 1877, Dendrophis katowensis Macleay, 1877, Dendrelaphis schlenckeri Ogilby, 1898, Dendrophis calligastra keiensis Mertens, 1926, and Dendrophis calligaster distinguendus Meise & Henning, 1932. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1867.5.6.71, a 914 specimen (E. Dämel, 1867). Type locality: “Cape York, Australia” [Queensland]. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Eastern Indonesia (Papua, Aru, Babbar, Batanta, Halmahera, Jobi, Kei, Mefoor, Salawati, Schouten, Tanimbar, Ternate, Waigeo, Valise), coastal Papua New Guinea (Central, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Gulf, Madang, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital District, Western, West New Britain, West Sepik, Bismarck, Daru, d’Entrecasteaux, Ferguson, Louisiade Is.) and ext. NE Australia (NE Queensland, Torres Strait Is.), NSL–1150 m. Sources: V.M. Tanner, 1950, Cogger et al., 1983a, O’Shea, 1996 and Cogger, 2000. 6. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835). Illust. Indian Zool. 2(13–14): pl. 81. (Ahaetulla caudolineata) Synonyms: Leptophis caudalineatus Cantor, 1847, and Dendrophis octolineata A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.21 (formerly BMNH 1858.2.17.19). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as West Malaysia fide Meise & Hennig (1932: 281), but Sri Lanka fide BMNH catalogue. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Southern Myanmar, Mergui Arch., S Thailand (Narathiwat, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong), West Malaysia (Johor, Pahang, Pinang, Penang and Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan Is.), Brunei and Indonesia (Aceh, Babi, Bangka, Batu, Belitung, Besar, Kalimantan, Kangean Arch., Mentawai Arch., Natuna Arch., Nias, Pemanggil, Riau Arch., Seribuat Arch., Tengah, Tinggi, Sumatra), NSL–1525 m. Sources: Leviton, 1961a, 1970b, P. Silva, 1969, I. Das, 2007b, 2012 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 1572 fide Opinion 524 (ICZN, 1958a). Records from Java doubtful fide Rooijen & Vogel (2012: 11). 7. Dendrelaphis caudolineolatus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1869). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 37(1): 506, pl. 40, fig. 1. (Dendrophis caudolineolata) Synonyms: Dendrophis gregorii Haly, Dendrophis effrenis F. Werner, 1909b. 1888 and Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.23.21, a 610 mm male (R.H. Barnes, 1858–1869) and BMNH 1858.2.17.19 (H.H. Higgins, 1856–1858). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Sabaragamuwa, Southern) and S India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), NSL–655 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, E.H. Taylor, 1965, A. Silva, 1990 and R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007. 8. Dendrelaphis chairecacos (F. Boie, 1827). Isis Von Oken 20(6): 541. (Dendrophis chairecacos) Type: Neotype, BMNH 1924.10.13.15, a 485 (svl) mm male (A.F. Abercromby, 1888–1921), designated by Rooijen & Vogel (2009: 197). Type locality: “Kottayam. Travancore (South India)” [= Kottayam, Kerala State, ext. SW India, 9°36’N, 76°32’E, elevation 5 m] via neotype selection. Distribution: Southern India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), NSL. Sources: Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c, 2009. Remarks: Skin of holotype in BMNH lost fide Bolenger (1894: 88–89). Photograph of neotype in Rooijen & Vogel (2009: fig. 3). Resurrected from synonymy of D. schokari fide Rooijen & Vogel, 2009. 9. Dendrelaphis cyanochloris (Wall, 1921f). Rec. Ind. Mus. 22(2): 155. (Dendrophis pictus cyanochloris) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1940.3.4.27 (formerly IM 7734), an 850 mm male, designated by M.A. Smith (1943: 244). Type locality: “Darjeeling” [West Bengal State, NE India, 27°02’N, 88°16’E, elevation 2100 m] via lectotype selection and restriction fide Meise & Henning (1932: 290). Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Northeastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, West Bengal), Bhutan (Mongar), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Kachin, Mandalay), Thailand (Narathiwat, Phang Nga, Prachin Buri, Udon Thani), West Malaysia (Pahang, Pinang, Penang and Tioman Is.) and Singapore, NSL–3000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chanard et al., 1999, Leong, 2005, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Vogel & Rooijen, 2007, Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, Grismer, 2011, Wangyal, 2011 and Vogel et al., 2012a. Remarks: Wall’s donation of a Burmese specimen from Mergui (Tenasserim Division) that he designated as the type (BMNH 1946.3.4.27) [and type locality restriction of M.A. Smith, 1943: 244] invalid as it was not among the syntypes (only Kachin and Mandalay Divisions). Photographs of the lectotype in Vogel & Rooijen (2007: figs. 7–8). 217 Snakes of the World 10. Dendrelaphis flavescens Gaulke, 1994b. Herpetol. J. 4(4): 138–140, fig. 2. (Dendrelaphis caudolineatus flavescens) Type: Holotype, SMF 74846, a 1260 mm female. Type locality: “Sanga-Sanga, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines.” Distribution: Southwestern Philippines (Sulu Arch.: Bongao, Bubuan, Sanga-Sanga, Sibutu, Sitanki, Tawitawi). Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922a and Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. Remarks: Photograph of the type in Rooijen & Vogel (2012: fig. 6). 11. Dendrelaphis formosus (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 542. (Dendrophis formosa) Synonyms: Dendrophis formosus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum) and Dendrophis formosus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, RMNH 877, a 1470 mm specimen (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, 1825–1827). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Southern Thailand (Narathiwat, Phang Nga, Yala), West Malaysia (Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Pinang, Perak, Penang Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Bangka, Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Riau Arch., Sumatra), NSL–1500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Tweedie, 1983, Lim & Lim, 1992, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, I. Das, 2007b, Vogel & Rooijen, 2007 and Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Neotype designation of Vogel & Van Rooijen (2007: 30–31) invalid as the specimen appears to be Boie’s holotype. Photographs of the type in Vogel & Rooijen (2007: figs. 3–4) 12. Dendrelaphis fuliginosus L.E. Griffin, 1909a. Philippine J. Sci. 6D: 55–56. Type: Neotype, FMNH 67409, a 780 mm male (D.S. Rabor, 1935–1977), designated by Rooijen & Vogel (2012: 12).. Type locality: “Negros, Philippines” via neotype selection. Distribution: Central Philippines (Banton, Bantayan, Cagayancillo, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Ticao). Source: Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. Remarks: Holotype in BSM destroyed in Jan. 1945 during World War II fide Leviton (1970b: 390). Photograph of neotype in Rooijen & Vogel (2012: fig. 7). 13. Dendrelaphis gastrostictus (Boulenger, 1894a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 86–87, pl. 4, figs. 3–3b. (Dendrophis gastrostictus) Synonyms: Dendrophis meeki Boulenger, 1895b, Dendrophis nouhuysii Lidth de Jeude, 1911b, and Charlespiersonserpens gastrostictus tyeipperae Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.20, an 1120 mm male (M.A. Linden). Type locality: “N. W. New Guinea” [= West Papua Prov., E Indonesia]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (Papua, West Papua) and Papua New Guinea (Bay, Central, Eastern Highlands, Gulf, Milne, Morobe, Simbu, Western, Western Highlands, Normanby and Fergussen Is.), NSL–1475 m. Source: O’Shea, 1996. 14. Dendrelaphis girii Vogel & Van Rooijen, 2011c. Taprobanica 3(2): 80–83, figs. 2–3. Type: Holotype, BNHS 3494, a 1026 mm male (S. Kehimkar & V. Giri, 30 Sept. 2004). Type locality: “Castle Rock, District Belgaum, Karanataka, India” [= Castlerock, E Karnataka State, SW India, 15°24’N, 74°20’E, elevation 615 m]. Distribution: Western Ghats of SW India (E Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), 615 m. 15. Dendrelaphis grandoculis (Boulenger, 1890a). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 337. (Dendrophis grandoculis) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.27, a 1200–1219 mm female (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882), by locality restriction of Meise & Henning (1932: 286). Type locality: “Tinnevelly Hills, South India” via type locality restriction. Distribution: Western Ghats of SW India (S Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), 610–1290 m. Sources: Malhotra & Davis, 1991, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and Chandramouli & Ganesh, 2010. 16. Dendrelaphis grismeri Vogel & Rooijen, 2008. Herpetozoa 21(1–2): 21–27, figs. 15–16. Type: Holotype, RMNH 40176, an 825 mm female (B. Moens, 1862). Type locality: “Wahaaij, côte N. O. de Céram (Wahai, northeast coast of Seram)” [= Wahaaij, Seram, Maluku, E Indonesia]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Ambon, Boana, Manipa, Misol, Seram). D 218 17. Dendrelaphis haasi Rooijen & Vogel, 2008a. Amphibia-Reptilia 29(1): 108–110, figs. 4, 5a–d. D Type: Holotype, RMNH 5507, a 905 mm male (J.D. Pasteur, 1890). Type locality: “Nias, Indonesia” [= Nias Is., off NW coast of Sumatra, W Indonesia, ca. 1°08’N, 97°31’E]. Distribution: West Malaysia (Tioman) and W Indonesia (Belitung, Borneo, Java, Mentawai Arch., Nias, Sumatra). Source: Rooijen & Vogel, 2008a. 18. Dendrelaphis hollinrakei Lazell, 2002. Mem. Hong Kong Nat. Hist. Soc. 25: 46–49, figs. 19a, 20. Type: Holotype, MCZ 173278, a 651 mm female (B. Hollinrake, 1971–1984). Type locality: “Shek Kwu Chau, 22°12’N, 113°59’E, South China Sea.” Distribution: Southeastern China (Shek Kwu Chau Is.). 19. Dendrelaphis humayuni Tiwari & Biswas, 1973. J. Zool. Soc. India 25(1–2): 59–60, fig. 2c. Type: Holotype, ZSI 22386, an 829 mm specimen (D.P. Sanyal, 1 May 1966). Type locality: “Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar Island” [Andaman & Nicobars, E India, Bay of Bengal]. Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Great Nicobar Is.) and West Malaysia (Malacca, Pinang). Sources: Biswas & Sanyal, 1977a, 1980, Vijayakumar & David, 2006 and Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c. 20. Dendrelaphis inornatus Boulenger, 1897d. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19(113): 507. Synonym: Dendrophis pictus timorensis M.A. Smith, 1927. Types: Syntypes (4), BMNH 1946.1.23.23–26, males and females, longest syntype 1200 mm (A.H. Everett, 1895–1896). Type locality: “Sumba and Savu” [Lesser Sunda Islands, S Indonesia]. Restricted to Sumba fide Meise & Hennig (932: 287). Distribution: Lesser Sundas of S Indonesia (Alor, Flores, Komoto, Lombien, Moyo, Pandar, Rinca, Roti, Sawu, Semau, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar) and TimorLeste, NSL–300 m. Sources: Kaiser et al., 2011 and Lang, 2011. 21. Dendrelaphis kopsteini Vogel & Rooijen, 2007. Zootaxa (1394): 34–38, figs. 9–12. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1962.1052, a 1410 mm female (P. Pfeffer). Type locality: “Endau river, State of Johore, Federation of Malaysia” [= Endau River, Johore State, SE West Malaysia]. Snakes of the World Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Peninsular Thailand (Nakhon Si Tammarat, Phang Nga), West Malaysia (Johore, Pahang, Perak, Perlis), Singapore and W Indonesia (Mentawai Arch., Sumatra), NSL–1100 m. Sources: I. Das, 2007a, 2012 and Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c. 22. Dendrelaphis levitoni Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. Zootaxa (3272): 13–15, fig. 9. Type: Holotype, CAS 15803, a 980 mm female (A. Seale, 6 July 1908). Type locality: “Puerto Princesa, Palawan, P.I.” [= Puerto Princesa, cen. Palawan, SW Philippines, 9°58’N, 118°47’E, elevation 70 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Philippines (Balabac, Busuanga, Candaraman, Palawan), 70 m. 23. Dendrelaphis lorentzii (Lidth de Jeude, 1911b). Nova Guinea (Zool.) 9(2): 274, pl. 8, figs. 2a–c. (Dendrophis lorentzii) Synonym: Charlespiersonserpens jackyhoserae Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, RMNH 4710, an 820 mm specimen (H.A. Lorentz [First Dutch New Guinea Exped.], 18 July 1907). Type locality: “Sabang, Nouvelle-Guinée” [= Sabang, Merauke, on Lorentz River, S Papua Prov., E Indonesia, 4°46’S, 138°47’E, elevation 30 m]. Distribution: New Guinea. Eastern Indonesia (S Papua) and Papua New Guinea (Morobe, Western), NSL–665 m. Source: O’Shea, 1996. 24. Dendrelaphis luzonensis Leviton, 1961a. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ. (2): 1–4. (Dendrelaphis caudolineatus luzonensis) Type: Holotype, CAS 61134, a 1264 mm female (E.H. Taylor, April 12–July, 1920). Type locality: “Los Baños, Laguna Prov., Luzon Island, Philippines” [= 14°10’N, 121°15’E, elevation 30 m]. Distribution: Northern Philippines (Luzon, Camaguin Arch.). Sources: Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. 25. Dendrelaphis marenae Vogel & Rooijen, 2008. Herpetozoa 21(1–2): 13–21, figs. 9–14, 17. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1994.59, a 960 mm female (Montamo-Ray, 1880). Type locality: “Prov. Albay, island of Luzon, Philippines.” Distribution: East Indies. Indonesia (Sulawesi: Buton) and Philippines (Balabac, Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Busuanga, Calauit, Camiguin, Candaraman, Catanduanes, Cebu, Culion, Kalotkot, Leyte, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Snakes of the World Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Siquijor, Surigao), NSL–1000 m. Source: Koch, 2012. 26. Dendrelaphis modestus Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 91, pl. 4, fig. 4. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.6.65–66 (formerly BMNH 1878.1.31.4–5), 1130 mm and 785 (svl) females (H.M.S. Challenger Voy. [Stn. 197], 15–17 Oct. 1874). Type locality: “Ternate” [Maluku, Indonesia]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Maluku: Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai, Ternate) Source: Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. 27. Dendrelaphis ngansonensis (Bourret, 1935d). Bull. Gén. Instr. Publ. 14(9): 292. (Dendrophis pictus ngansonensis) Type: Holotype, VNUH M.449 (formerly RLB M.449, a 1067 mm specimen (M. Clémençon, 1934). Type locality: “Ngân-Son, Tonkin (Alt. 700m)” [= Ngân Son, Bac Kan Prov., N Vietnam, 22°26’N, 106°01’E, elevation 700 m]. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Southern China (Hainan, Yunnan), Thailand, N Laos (Xiangkhouang) and N Vietnam (Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Ha Tinh, Lang Son, Ninh Binh, Nghe An, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Son La, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phuc), 400–1100 m. Sources: Ziegler & Vogel, 1999, Orlov et al., 2000, Bain et al., 2007, Nicodemo & Bain, 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Cox et al., 2013. 28. Dendrelaphis nigroserratus Vogel, Rooijen & Hauser, 2012a. Zootaxa (3392): 39–41, figs. 4a, 6. Type: Holotype QSMI 1282, a 428 mm female (S. Hauser, 13 Oct. 2011). Type locality: “Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary, Umphang district, province Tak, Thailand. Found on Highway 1090, at 5.1 km north and uphill from the bridge over the Mae Klong Khi, near the Karen village of Mae Klong Khi, c. 1100 m a.s.l.” Distribution: Myanmar (Mergui) and Thailand (Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Tak), 900–1350 m. 29. Dendrelaphis oliveri (E.H. Taylor, 1950b). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33(14): 555–557, pl. 18, fig. 1. (Ahaetulla oliveri) Type: Holotype, formerly EHT-HMS 30388 & EHT-CC 1184, a 756 mm specimen (E.H. Taylor, 1944), location unknown. Type locality: “12 miles north of Trincomalee, Ceylon” [= near Nilaveli, 18 km N Trincomalee, N Eastern Prov., 219 NE Sri Lanka, ca. 8°43’N, 81°11’E, elevation 3–5 m fide Bauer & Silva, 2007: 5]. Distribution: Northeastern Sri Lanka (Eastern), NSL. Known only from type locality. 30. Dendrelaphis papuensis Boulenger, 1895e. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 16(95): 409. Synonym: Charlespiersonserpens papuensis lizelliottae Hoser, 2012ab (nomen illegitimum). Types: Syntypes (5), BMNH 1946.1.6.57–61, two males and three females, longest syntype 1050 mm (A.S. Meek, 1894). Type locality: “Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea” [= Trobriand Is., Milne Bay Prov., E Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Central, Milne Bay, Morobe, Northern, Western, Fergusson, Rossel, Sudest, Trobriand and Woodlark Is). Source: O’Shea, 1996. 31. Dendrelaphis philippinensis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1879a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 47(1): 78, pl. 4. (Dendrophis philippinensis) Synonym: Dendrelaphis caeruleatus Griffin, 1909a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.69 (formerly BMNH 1877.10.9.62), a 1060 mm female (A.H. Everett, March– May, 1878). Type locality: “North Mindanao” [Philippines]. Distribution: Eastern and S Philippines (Basilan, Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Kalotkot, Leyte, S Leyte, S Luzon, Mindanao, Polillo, Samar, Siquijor, Surigao). Source: Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. Remarks: Photograph of the type in Rooijen & Vogel (2012: fig. 12). 32. Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789). Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1(3): 1116. (Coluber pictus) Synonyms: Coluber boiga Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber decorus G. Shaw, 1802, Ahaetulla fasciata Link, 1807, Coluber plinii Merrem, 1820, Dendrophis polychroa Reinwardt in F. Boie, 1827, Ahaetulla bellii Gray in Hardwicke & Gray, 1834, Dendrophis lateralis Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835, Bungarus filum A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Dendrophis pictus polychroa Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), and Ahaetulla boiga intermedia Mertens, 1927b. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-37 (formerly MAFR), a 940 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Waigiu [= Waigeo, West Papua Prov., E Indonesia, 0°12’S, 130°50’E] fide F. Boie (1827: 543). Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Southern China (Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, SW Yunnan), Vietnam (An Giang, Bac Giang, Binh Duong, Binh D 220 D Thuan, Ca Mau, Dak Nang, Da Nang, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Gia Lai, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Lao Cai, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Tay Ninh), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chumphon, Khon Kaen, Loei, Lop Buri, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang Nga, Prachin Buri, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Trang), Cambodia (Preah Vihear), West Malaysia (Perak, Perlis, Aceh, Besar, Mawat, Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Papua, West Papua, Ambon, Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Belitung, Boano, Borneo, Butung, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Manipa, Mentawei Arch., Misool, Natuna, Nias, Riau Arch., Roti, Sangihe Arch., Seram, Sula Arch., Sulawesi, Sumatra, Ternate, Timor) and Philippines (Bohol, Bongao, Busuanga, Cagayan, Catanduanes, Cebu, Culion, Guimaras, Jolo, Lapac, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Siargao, Sula, Tawitawi), NSL–1705 m. Sources: Wall, 1910a, Bergman, 1955d, Leviton, 1970b, Auffenberg, 1980, Karsen et al., 1986, Ross & Gonzales, 1992, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Gaulke, 1994b, Gaulke & Altenbach, 1994, Kovae et al., 1995, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Xie et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Ziegler & Vogel, 1999, Malkmus et al., 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c, Vogel & Rooijen, 2008, 2011a, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Sajdak, 2010, Grismer, 2011 and T. Hartmann et al., 2013. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 1574 fide Opinion 525 (ICZN, 1958b). Original color sketches of holotypes of Ahaetulla belli by Hardwicke (1756–1823) (2: fig. 9) and Dendrophis lateralisby Hardwicke (1756– 1823) (2: fig. 11) in BMNH. Type locality restrictions of Borneo fide Mertens (1930: 188) and Java fide Meise & Hennig (1932: 289) are invalid. 33. Dendrelaphis proarchos (Wall, 1909d). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1909–1910) 19(2): 347. (Dendrophis proarchos) Type: Holotype, not designated, one specimen (St. Joseph’s College, Darjeeling). Type locality: “Darjeeling” [West Bengal State, NE India, 27°02’N, 88°16’E, elevation ca. 2100 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Northeastern India (Assam, Sikkim), Myanmar (Kachin, Rakhine, Shan), Laos (Phongsali) and Vietnam (Tonkin), 2100 m. Source: Vogel & Rooijen, 2011a. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Wall (1910c: 827–829, figs. a–d), who listed 24 syntypes (of which BMNH 1908.6.23.27–28 are known and BMNH 1908.6.23.27 was described by Vogel & Rooijen, 2011: 108) with type localities of “Dibrugarh” [21 spec.], “Sadiya” [1 spec.], “North Lakhimpur (Dejoo)” [1 spec.], and “Doom Dooma” [1 spec.]. Type locality Snakes of the World restriction to Dibrugarh, Assam fide M.A. Smith (1943: 242) invalid. 34. Dendrelaphis punctulatus (Gray in King, 1827). Surv. West. Aust. 2: 432. (Leptophis punctulatus) Synonyms: Elaps lewisii Gray in Grey, 1841b, Dendrophis olivacea Gray, 1842c, Dendrophis lineolata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842, Dendrophis prasinus Girard, 1858a, Dendrophis striolatus W.C.H. Peters, 1867, Dendrophis punctulatus astrostriata A.B. Meyer, 1874, Dendrophis punctulatus fasciata A.B. Meyer, 1874, Dendrophis gracilis Macleay, 1875, Dendrophis breviceps Macleay, 1877, Dendrophis macrops A.C.L.G. Günther, 1877, Dendrophis olivacea Macleay, 1878b (nec Grey), Dendrophis bilorealis Macleay, 1884a, Dendrophis elegans Ogilby, 1891, and Dendrophis papuae Ogilby, 1891. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.34, a 1219 mm specimen (J. Hunter, 1818–1822). Type locality: “Careeing Bay, on the north coast, Australia” [= N Western Australia, 15°06’S, 125°00’E fide Cogger et al., 1983a: 211]. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Eastern Indonesia (Papua, West Papua), Papua New Guinea (Central, East New Britain, East Sepik, Eastern Highlands, Gulf, Madang, Milne Bay, Northern, Western, West New Britain, West Sepik, New Britain, New Ireland and Normanby Is.) and N and E Australia (E New South Wales, N Northern Territory, E Queensland, ext. N Western Australia, Angustus, Bathurst, Bickerton, Centre, Corneille, Coronation, Cotton, Croker, Groote Eylandt, Hawknest, Hayman, Hidden, King Hall, Koolan, Lachlan, Lindeman, Melville, North, North Goulburn, Vanderlin and Woodah Is.), NSL–1850 m. Sources: J. White, 1790, Hoser, 1989, O’Shea, 1996, Crombie & Pregill, 1999, Cogger, 2000 and Kraus & Allison, 2004. 35. Dendrelaphis salomonis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9(49): 25. (Dendrophis salomonis) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.5.97 and BMNH 1946.1.6.11, longest syntype 813 mm (G. Krefft, 1861–1872). Type locality: “Solomon Islands.” Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay, North Solomons, Buka, Buin, Bougainville; Mismia and Sudest Is.) and Solomon Islands (Fauro, Choiseul, Kolombangara, New Georgia, Santa Cruz, Santa Isabel, Malaita, Guadalcanal), 10–20 m. Source: O’Shea, 1996. Snakes of the World 36. Dendrelaphis schokari (Kuhl, 1820). Zool. Vergl. Anat.: p. 80–82. (Dipsas schokari) Type: Neotype, RMNH 842, a 735 mm female (G.A. Frank, 1853), designated by Rooijen & Vogel (2008b: 39). Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka] via neotype designation. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western). Sources: A. Silva, 1990b, 2009, Somaweera, 2006 and Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c, 2009. Remarks: A valid species fide Rooijen & Vogel (2008c: 33). Syntypes in AG destroyed by fire in 1906 fide Rooijen & Vogel (2008c: 38). Photographs of neotype in Rooijen & Vogel (2008b: figs. 5–6). 37. Dendrelaphis striatus (Cohn, 1905). Zool. Anz. 29(17): 543–544. (Dendrophis pictus striatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonym: Dendorophis pictus striata Cohn, 1905 (nomen incorrigendum) Types: Syntypes (2), UMB, a 775 mm female and 640 mm male (P. Cassens-Brake). Type locality: “Sumatra, Asahau” [= Asahan River, NE Sumatra, W Indonesia, ca. 2°57’N, 99°48’E]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Peninsular Thailand (Nakhon Si Tammarat, Phang Nga), West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Tioman Is.) and W Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL–300 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, G. Vogel, 1990, 1995, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Wood et al., 2003, Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c, Grismer, 2011 and Vogel et al., 2012a. 38. Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger, 1888h). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 6: 600, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a–2b. (Dendrophis subocularis) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.6.10, a juvenile male, and MSNG CE 30455, a female, longest syntype 820 mm (M.L. Fea, 1886). Type locality: “Bhamò, Burma” [= Bhamo, S Kachin Division, N Myanmar, 24°15°N, 97°14’E, elevation 115 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Northeastern India, S China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan), Myanmar (Yangon), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchabun, Tak, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani), N Laos, Cambodia and N Vietnam (Hai Duong, Lam Dong, Ninh Thuau, Quang Nam), NSL–1620 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Campden-Main, 1970a, Saint-Girons, 1972a, Zhao & Adler, 1993, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Zug et al., 1998, Zhao, 2006 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 221 Remarks: An isolated Java population is distinct but unnamed fide Rooijen & Vogel (2010: 90). 39. Dendrelaphis terrificus (W.C.H. Peters, 1872a). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1872(7): 583–584. (Dendrophis terrificus) Type: Lectotype, ZMB 7416, a 307 mm juvenile (A.B. Meyer, Dec. 1870–Nov. 1871), designated by Leviton (1970b: 389, 391) and Rooijen & Vogel (2012: 20). Type locality: “Gorontalo, Sulawesi” [Indonesia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Indonesia (N Sulawesi). Sources: Lang & Vogel, 2005, Koch, 2012 and Rooijen & Vogel, 2012. Remarks: Type locality restriction of Borongan, Samar Is., Philippines fide Meise & Hennig (1932: 281) invalid. 40. Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 6: 430–431. (Coluber tristis) Synonyms: Coluber scandens Bechstein, 1802a, Leptophis mancas Bell, 1825, Natrix comberi Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Natrix diana Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Dendrophis maniar Russell in F. Boie, 1827, Chrysopelea boiei A. Smith, 1836, Dendrophis boii Cantor, 1839, Coluber cumberi A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Dendrophis pictus vertebralis Jan, 1863b, Dendrophis multimaculatus Higgins, 1873, Dendrophis helena F. Werner, 1893, and Dendrelaphis tristis trapobanensis Wall, 1921. Type: Neotype, SMF 58442, a 665 mm male (H. Schetty), designated by Rooijen & Vogel (2008b: 40). Type locality: “Calcutta, India” [= Kolkata, West Bengal State, NE India, 22°34’N, 88°22’E, elevation 5 m] via neotype designation. Distribution: Southern Asia. Eastern Pakistan (Punjab), NE India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Kalutara), Bangladesh, Nepal (Bardiya, Chitwan, Ilam, Kailali, Mahottari, Makwanpur, Palpa, Panchthar, Rupandehi, Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung), Bhutan (Sarpang) and Myanmar, NSL–2000 m. Sources: Wall, 1910c, k, P. Silva, 1969, Kramer, 1977, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Rooijen & Vogel, 2008c, 2009, I. Das, 2010, Masroor, 2012 and Wangyal, 2012. Remarks: Holotype lost fide Rooijen & Vogel (2008b: 37). Photographs of neotype in Rooijen & Vogel (2008b: figs. 9–10). Pakistan record doubtful fide M.S. Khan (2002: 206). D 222 41. Dendrelaphis underwoodi Rooijen & Vogel, 2008b. Raffles Bull. Zool. 56(1): 191–193, figs. 1–2. D Type: Holotype, RMNH 7447, a 900 mm female (J. Semmelink, 1872–1875). Type locality: “Radjamandala, West Java, 335 meters” [= Rajamandala, Jawa Barat Prov., Java, W Indonesia, 7°15’S, 108°11’E, elevation 335 m]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Java), 335–900 m. 42. Dendrelaphis walli Vogel & Rooijen, 2011b. Bonn. Zool. Bull. 60(1): 22–23, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, CAS 234880, a 710 mm female (A.K. Shein & T. Nyo, 23 Aug. 2005). Type locality: “Myanmar (Chin State: Mindat township, Mindat District, 21 26 43.5 N, 94 00 24.0 E, 3582 ft).” Distribution: Southern Myanmar (Chin), 1090 m. DENDROASPIS Schlegel, 1848 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Dinophis Hallowell, 1852c, Dendroëchis J.G. Fischer, 1855 (nomen incorrigendum), Dendraspis A.H.A. Duméril, 1856 (nomen praeoccupatum), Deniraspis – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Denraspis – Maass-Berlin, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Dendrospis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Dendroapsis – Ionides, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Dendraspsis – Anthony, 1955 (nomen incorrectum), and Dendropsis – Tanner & Avery, 1982 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elaps jamesoni Traill, 1843. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Klemmer, 1963, Broadley, 1968a, 1983, Pitman, 1974, Branch, 1979, Saint-Girons & Detrait, 1980, Golay et al., 1993, Slowinskii & Keogh, 2000, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Kelly et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1598 fide Opinion 709 (ICZN, 1964b). 1. Dendroaspis angusticeps (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838– 1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 70, figs. a–d, 2 pp. (Naia angusticeps) Synonym: Dendroaspis sjostedti Lönnberg, 1907. Type: Holotype, not designated, an 1842 mm specimen (A. Smith, 1831–1834), lost fide Broadley in Golay et al. (1993: 128). Type locality: “Natal and in the country to the eastward, towards Delegoa Bay, South Africa” [= KwaZulu Natal, South Africa and Maputo Bay, Mozambique]. Restricted to Natal [= KwaZulu Natal Prov., South Africa] fide Loveridge (1942: 306). Distribution: Eastern South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu Natal), NSL–210 m. Snakes of the World Sources: FitzSimons, 1946a, 1974, Broadley, 1983 and Sajdak, 2010. Remarks: Holotype not in RSM or BMNH. 2. Dendroaspis intermedius A.C.L.G. Günther, 1865. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 15(86): 98, pl. 3, fig. c. (Dendraspis intermedius) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.48, a 1397 mm male (C.J. Meller, 1861–1864). Type locality: “Zambesi River” [= Zambezi River, Tete or Sofala/Zambézia Prov., cen. Mozambique]. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (SE Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Maniema, Orientale), SE Kenya (Coast, Eastern), E Tanzania (Arusha, Coast, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Piwani, Ruvuma, Tanga, Mafia and Zanzibar Is.), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), S Mozambique (Inhambane, Manica, Maputo) and E Zimbabwe (Manicaland), NSL–1700 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1950, Witte, 1953, Sweeney, 1961, Ionides & Pitman, 1965, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Chifundera, 1990, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: A valid species fide W. Wüster (unpubl. data). Probably occurs in S Somalia fide Lanza (1983a: 229). Records from Democratic Republic of the Congo rejected fide David & Ineich (1999: 78). 3. Dendroaspis jamesoni (Traill, 1843). Edinburgh New Philos. J. 34(67): 54–55, 2 figs. (Elaps jamesoni) Synonyms: Dendraspis welwitschii A.C.L.G. Günther, 1865, Dinophis fasciolatus J.G. Fischer, 1885b, Dendraspis neglectus Bocage, 1888, and Dendraspis jamesoni kaimosae Loveridge, 1936a. Type: Holotype, NMSZ 1869.3.147 (formerly TST & RSM), an 1867 mm specimen (T.S. Traill family). Type locality: “Demerara, Equinoxial America” [= Guyana, South America] (in error). Designated as West Indies fide NMSZ catalogue. Restricted to West Africa fide Mertens (1938: 49). Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Guinea-Bissau (Bissau, Bolama Is.), S Ghana (Accra, Volta, Western), S Togo (Plateaux), S Benin (Cotonou), S Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Rivers), S Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé), Central African Republic (Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Sangha), Gabon (Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Pool, Sangha), NE Angola (Lunda Norte), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu, Idjwi Is.), N Zambia (Luapula, Northern, Snakes of the World North-Western), SE Sudan, S South Sudan (SW Eastern Equatoria), S Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western), Rwanda (Butare), SW Burundi (Bururi), SW Kenya (Nyanza, Western) and NW Tanzania (Kagera), NSL– 2300 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1936a, Witte, 1962, Laurent, 1964a, Mertens, 1965c, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Derleyn, 1977, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Herman et al., 1990, Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Luiselli et al., 2000, Spawls et al., 2002, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Auliya et al., 2012. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 1989 fide Opinion 709 (ICZN, 1964b). Original description reprinted in Traill in Schlegel (1843: 179, pl. 2, figs. 19–20). Hughes & Barry (1969: 1028), listed two syntypes although Traill clearly stated he had only one specimen at the time of description; he later (in Schlegel, 1843: 179) mentioned a headless BMNH specimen as belonging to this taxon. BMNH 1946.1.20.43 listed as a syntype fide Hughes & Barry (1969: 1028) and ZMB 2817 reported as a possible syntype. Reports from Benin, Ivory Coast and N Zambia need confirmation. 4. Dendroaspis polylepis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864c. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 32(1): 310. (Dendraspis polylepis) Synonyms: Dendraspis antinorii W.C.H. Peters, 1873b, Dendraspis mamba Gough, 1907b, Dendroaspis polyelepis – Ibrahim & Masr, 1975 (nomen incorrectum), and Dendroaspis polylepasis – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.53, an 1829 mm skin (J. Kirk [Zambezi Exped.], 1858–1864). Type locality: “regions bordering the Zambezi, including those of the Nyassa Lake.” Restricted to Zambesi River, Mozambique fide Loveridge (1953: 290). Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Kédougou, Tambacounda, Thiès), Guinea (Kindia, Kouroussa, Télimélé), N Ivory Coast (Ferkéssédougou), SW Burkina-Faso (Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest), Cameroon (Adamaoua), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haut-Mbomou, OmbellaMpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Katanga, Nord-Kivu, Orientale), Angola (Benguela, Huambo, Luanda), SE South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), Eritrea (Anseba/Northern Red Sea), Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Gondar, Hararge, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo), W Somalia (Awdal, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe, Woqooyi Galbeed), Kenya (Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, N North-Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western), N Uganda (Eastern, Northern), E Rwanda, Tanzania (Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pwani, Rukwa, Tanga, 223 Manda Is.), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Malawi (Southern), Mozambique (Gaza, Manica, Maputo, Sofala), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Namibia (Hardap, Khomas, Kunene, Otjozondjupa), Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kweneng, North West, Southern), Swaziland, Lesotho and NE South Africa (E Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West), NSL–1830 [2000] m. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1946a, H.W. Parker, 1949, Loveridge, 1950, Villiers, 1954b, Mertens, 1955, 1971, Sweeney, 1961, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Buys & Buys, 1983, Pienaar et al., 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Spawls et al., 2002, Greenbaum et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Lebreton & Chirio, 2004, Greenbaum & Carr, 2005, J.-F. Trape et al., 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Castoe et al., 2007a, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Baynham, 2010a, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Maritz & Alexander, 2010, Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Probably occurs in Togo fide and Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 353). 5. Dendroaspis viridis (Hallowell, 1844c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1844–1845) 2(6): 172. (Leptophis viridis) Synonyms: Dinophis hammondii Hallowell, 1852c, Dendroëchis reticulata J.G. Fischer, 1855, and Dendroaspis viridis hallowelli Yeomans, 1993 (nomen ineditum). Type: Lectotype, ANSP 6893, a 572 mm female (S.M.E. Goheen, 1836–1838), designated by Malnate (1971: 3673). Type locality: “Liberia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: West Africa. Southwestern Senegal (Ziguinchor), Gambia (Western), Guinea-Bissau (Bolama and Bubaque Is.), Guinea (Boffa, Boké, Conakry, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Northern, Southern, Western, Sherbo Is.), Liberia, Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Bouna, Daloa, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), S Ghana (Eastern, S Western), Togo (Kara, Plateaux), N Benin (Atlantique, Zou) and S Nigeria (Delta), NSL–400 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Menzies, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Hakansson, 1981, Greenbaum & Carr, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012, Chirio, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: Two female syntypes (ANSP 6892–93) listed fide Hughes & Barry (1969: 1029). D 224 DENDROLYCUS Laurent, 1956a (Lamprophiidae) D Type species: Lycophidium elapoides A.C.L.G. Günther, 1874b. Distribution: West Africa. Sources: K.P. Schmidt, 1923, Laurent, 1952, Witte, 1962, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Gonwouo et al., 2007, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Dendrolycus elapoides (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1874b). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 42(1): 444–445. (Lycophidium elapoides) Synonym: Lycophidion elapoides angusticinctus Laurent, 1952. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.32, a 381–410 mm male (H.H. Higgins, 1856–1974). Type locality: “Camaroon Mountains” [= Cameroon Mtns., SW Cameroon]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Cameroon (Sud, Sud-Ouest), Congo and NE Democratic Republic of the Congo (Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), 620–1400 m. DENDROPHIDION Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Dendrophidium Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum) and Cacocalyx Cope, 1895c. Type species: Herpetodryas dendrophis Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Latin America. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Lieb, 1988, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988,1989a, Villa et al., 1988, Cadle, 2012a–b and Cadle & Savage, 2012. 1. Dendrophidion apharocybe Cadle, 2012a. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 160(4): 198–209, figs. 1, 2a, 14c–d. Type: Holotype, LACM 148593, a 908 mm male (C. Dock, C. Lieb & C. Toft, 9 Dec. 1974). Type locality: “Finca La Selva, 40 m elevation, Heredia Province, Costa Rica.” Distribution: Lower Central America. Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Chontales, Matagalpa, Río San Juan), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón) and Panama (Bocas del Toro, Coclé, Darién, Panamá, San Blas), 40–1530 m. 2. Dendrophidion atlantica Freire, Caramaschi & Gonçalves, 2010. Zootaxa (2719): 63–66, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 17108 (formerly CRE 8598), a 1040 mm male (U. Gonçalves, 5 Dec. 2006). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Mata do Engenbo Coimbra (08º59’S, 35º53’W, 526 m above sea level), Municipality of Ibateguara, State of Alagoas, Northwestern Brazil.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas), 80–525 m. 3. Dendrophidion bivittatum (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 540– 541. (Leptophis bivittatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Leptophis bi-vittatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen incorrigendum), Thamnosophis bivittatus Jan, 1863b (nomen corrigendum), Tropidonotus subradiatus Jan, 1865c, and Herpetodryas tetrataenia A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 517 and MNHN 1906.3460, longest syntype 680 mm. Type locality: “Nouvelle-Grenade (Amérique du Sud)” [= Colombia]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Santander, Tolima, Valle), 500–2630 m. Source: Rojas-Morales, 2012b. 4. Dendrophidion boshelli Dunn, 1944a. Caldasia 2(10): 475–476. Type: Holotype, ICNMNH, a 252 mm (svl) female (J. Boshell, Oct. 1943). Type locality: “Volcanes, 250 m. alt., Municipio de Caparrapí, Cundinamarca, Colombia.” Distribution: Central Colombia (Cundinamarca, Santander), 250–500 m. 5. Dendrophidion brunneum (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 116. (Herpetodryas brunneus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.98, an 867+ mm female. Type locality: “Guayaquil” [=Guayaquil, Guayas Prov., SW Ecuador, 2°12’S, 79°54’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Central Ecuador (Azuay, Chimborazo, El Oro, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja) and NW Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Piura, Tumbes), 15–2650 m. Sources: Kuch & Freire, 1993 and Cadle, 2010, 2012b. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in Cadle (2012b: figs. 28–29). A.C.L.G. Günther (1858: 116) listed length of holotype as 991 mm (see remarks by Cadle, 2012b: 308). 6. Dendrophidion clarkii Dunn, 1933a. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. (8): 78. Type: Holotype, MCZ 34878, a 1067–1078 mm male (E.R. Dunn, August 1932). 225 Snakes of the World Type locality: “El Valle de Anton, Panama” [= Anton Valley, Cocle Prov., cen. Panama, 8°36’N, 80°08’W, elevation 590 m]. Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Coclé, Darién, Panamá, San Blas), W Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca) and W Ecuador (Carchi, Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Loja, Pichincha), 30–1800 m. Sources: L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Lieb, 1991a, Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Savage, 2002, Stafford, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, McCranie, 2011a and Cadle & Savage, 2012. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in Cadle & Savage (2012: figs. 4–6). Dendrophidion clarkii separated from D. nuchale fide McCranie (2011a: 106–107). 7. Dendrophidion crybelum Cadle, 2012a. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 160(4): 209–217, figs. 2c, 12, 14b. Type: Holotype, LACM 148599 (formerly CRE 3182), an 850 mm male (J.E. DeWeese & R.T. Harris, Sept. 1972). Type locality: “Finca Las Cruces, near San Vito de Java, 4 km S San Vito, 1,200 m elevation, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica.” Distribution: Southwestern Costa Rica (Puntarenas) and W Panama (Chiriquí), 1100–1330 m. 8. Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 153, 2: 196–197. (Herpetodryas dendrophis) Synonyms: Herpetodryas poitei A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a and Herpetodryas dendrophis schlegeli Jan, 1863b. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 41, an 505–515 (svl) mm female (P.-A. Poiteau, 1818–1822), designated by Lieb (1988: 165). Type locality: “Cayenne, French Guiana” [= Cayenne, Cayenne Dept., N French Guiana, 4°55’N, 52°20’E, elevation 5 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northern Amazonia. Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas, Cauca, Cundinamarca) SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana (MahaicaBerbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini), N French Guiana (N Cayenne, NW Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), NW Brazil (Alagoas, Amazonas, Pará), E Peru (Amazonas, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios) and E Ecuador (MoronaSantiago, Napo, Pastaza), 50–1000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, Chippaux, 1987, Lieb, 1988, Starace, 1998, Freire, 1999a, Doan & Arizábal, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Natera-Mumaw, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Freire et al., 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Photographs of lectotype in Lieb (1988: fig. 2). 9. Dendrophidion graciliverpa Cadle, 2012b. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 130(6): 296–305, figs. 20–21, 23, 26a. Type: Holotype, AMNH 110584 (formerly CWM 12250), a 964 mm male (C.W. Myers & J.W. Daly, 11 Feb. 1974). Type locality: “3 km E Pasaje, 30 m elevation, El Oro province, Ecuador [03°20’S, 79°49’W].” Distribution: Western Ecuador (Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Imbabura, Los Ríos, Loja, Pichincha, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas), 15–1750 m. 10. Dendrophidion nuchale (W.C.H. Peters, 1863c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(6): 285–286. (Herpetodryas nuchalis) Synonym: Dendrophidion clarkii Dunn, 1933a. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB, longest syntype 1018 mm (J. Gollmer, 1856–1861), lost fide G. Peters in Lieb (1988: 166–167). Type locality: “”Caracas” [= Caracas, Caracas State, N Venezuela, 10°29’N, 66°54’W, elevation 935 m]. Distribution: Northern Venezuela (Aragua, Carabobo, Guárico, Miranda, Yaracuy, Zulia), 100–1270 m. Sources: Roze, 1966, Lieb, 1988, 1991a, Esqueda et al., 2001, Natera-Mumaw, 2008, Freire et al., 2010 and Cadle & Savage, 2012. Remarks: Neotype designation of USNM 129579 fide Lieb (1988: 167, fig. 4) invalid via Art. 75.2 of the Code fide Cadle & Savage (2012: 5). At least seven disjunct populations fide Lieb (1988: 167). Separation D. clarkii from D. nuchale discussed by McCranie (2011a: 106–107). 11. Dendrophidion paucicarinatum (Cope, 1894d). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 46: 202–203. (Drymobius paucicarinatus) Type: Holotype, AMNH 17268 (formerly MNCR 116), a 1230 mm specimen (B. Carranza). Type locality: “La Candelaria, Bruno Carranza, Costa Rica” [= Monte Redondo, Canton de Aserri, San José Prov., Costa Rica [= 9°47’N, 84°08’E, elevation 1170 m] fide Savage (1974: 82). Distribution: Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José, Bonita Is.) and W Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí), 1040–1500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 195l, Lieb, 1988, 1991b, Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 12. Dendrophidion percarinatum (Cope, 1894a). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1893) 31: 344–345. (Drymobius percarinatus) Type: Lectotype, AMNH 17366 (formerly MNCR 326), an 815–834+ mm specimen (G.K. Cherrie, 13 Dec. 1891), designated by H.M. Smith (1941h: 73). D 226 D Type locality: “Boruca, Costa Rica” [= Boruca, Puntarenas Prov., cen. Costa Rica, 9°00’N, 83°19’W, elevation 545 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central America and NW South America. Eastern Honduras (Atlántida, Colón, Gracias a Dios, Olancho), E Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Boaco, Jinotega), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Canal Zone, Colón, Darién, Los Santos, Panamá, San Blas, Veragua), W Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Chocó, Risaralda, Valle, Valle del Cauca) and N Venezuela (Aragua, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Miranda, Zulia), NSL–1200 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1954, Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Lieb, 1996, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, McCranie et al., 2006, RojasRunjaic & Infante Rivero, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Cadle, 2010, McCranie, 2011a and Cadle, 2012b. Remarks: Photographs of lectotype in Cadle (2012b: figs. 4–6). 13. Dendrophidion prolixum Cadle, 2012b. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 130(6): 282–296, figs. 10–11. Type: Holotype, AMNH 109721 (formerly CWM 11618), a 754 mm male (C.W. Myers & J.W. Daly, 9 Feb. 1973). Type locality: “Quebrada Guanguí, 0.5 km above Río Patia (upper Saija drainage), 100–200 m, Cauca department, Colombia [about 02°50’N, 77°25’W].” Distribution: Western Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca) and NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Imbabura), 20–1190 m. 14. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum Cadle & Savage, 2012. Zootaxa (3513): 23–33, fig. 15. Type: Holotype, LSUMZ 8901 (formerly AWP 177), a 1459 mm male (S.M. Russell & A.W. Palmisano, 19 July 1963). Type locality: “1 mi W Baldy Sibun, Cayo district, Belize [17°00’N, 88°46’W].” Distribution: Central America. Southeastern Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Izabal), Belize (Cayo, Stann Creek, Toledo), N Honduras (Atlántida, Cortés, Olancho, Yoro), SE Nicaragua (Río San Juan) and Costa Rica (Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas), 30–970 m. Sources: Savage, 2002, G. Köhler, 2008 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: LSUMZ catalogue lists Russell as sole collector of type fide C. Austin in Cadle & Savage (2012: 23). 15. Dendrophidion vinitor H.M. Smith, 1941h. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 54: 74–75. Type: Holotype, USNM 110662 (formerly HMS 7280), a 510+ mm female (H.M. Smith & R.B. Smith, 21 May 1939). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Piedras Negras, Guatemala” [= Piedras Negras, NW Petén Department, NW Guatemala, 17°11’N, 91°15’W, elevation 195 m]. Distribution: Mesoamerica and ext. NW South America. Southeastern Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán), S Belize (Toledo), N Guatemala (Petén, Alta Verapaz), Honduras (Gracias a Dios, Olancho), E Nicaragua (Atlántico Sur, Jinotega, Matagalpa, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, ? San José), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Canal Zone, Darién, Panamá, San Blas) and NW Colombia, NSL–1360 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1954, Lieb, 1988, 1991c, CasasAndreu et al., 1996, Lee, 1996, 2000, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, G. Köhler, 1999b, Stafford & Meyer, 2000, Solórzano, 2004, McCranie et al., 2006, McCranie, 2011a and Cadle, 2012a. Remarks: Photograph of holotype in Cadle (2012a: fig. 1). DENISONIA Krefft, 1869a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Desidonia – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), and Dewisonia – Anon., 1944 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hoplocephalus maculatus Steindachner, 1867a. Distribution: Australia. Sources: Cogger et al., 1983a, Wallach, 1985, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Hoser, 1989, 2012e, Hutchinson, 1990, Greer, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Denisonia devisi Waite & Longman, 1920. Rec. So. Aust. Mus. 1(3): 178–179, fig. 36, pl. 27, fig. 2. (Denisonia maculata devisi) (nomen substitutum) Synonym: Hoplocephalus ornatus De Vis, 1884a (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Holotype, QM J199 (F.A. Blackman, 1855–1874). Type locality: “near Surat, Western Queensland, Australia” [= 27°09’S, 149°04’E, elevation 250 m]. Distribution: Eastern Australia (N New South Wales, S Queensland), 15–375 m. Source: De Vis, 1884a. 2. Denisonia maculata (Steindachner, 1867a). Reise Öster. Novara 1: 81–82, pl. 3, figs. 3–5. (Hoplocephalus maculatus) Synonyms: Denisonia ornata Krefft, 1869a and Hoplocephalus muelleri J.G. Fischer, 1885b. Types: Syntypes (2), NMW 19801.1–2, a 318 mm and 241 mm specimen (F. Steindachner [Novara Exped.], 1866). Type locality: “Neu-Südwales” [= New South Wales, Australia]. Restricted to Rockhampton, Queensland fide R. MacKay (1956: 29). 227 Snakes of the World Distribution: Eastern Australia (NE New South Wales, SE Queensland, North West Is.), NSL–260 m. DIADOPHIS Baird & Girard, 1853 (Carphophiidae) Synonyms: Diodophis – A.W. Butler, 1887 (nomen incorrectum) and Diadophus – Bogert, 1930 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber punctatus Linnaeus, 1766. Distribution: North America and Mexico. Fossil records: Upper Miocene to upper Pleistocene of USA. Sources: Dowling et al., 1983, Holman, 2000a, Pinou et al., 2004 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. †Diadophis elinorae Auffenberg, 1963. Tulane Stud. Zool. 10(3): 170–171, fig. 18 (upper). Type: Holotype, UF 6413 (W. Auffenberg, early 1950s– 1960), one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Haile VI, Locality A.-(R 17 E, T 9 S, NW 1/4 and SW 1/4, Sec. 24): 0.2 miles east of Route 235, near the town of Haile, Alachua County, Florida; elevation approximately 84 feet; Alachua formation, Middle Pliocene, Hemphillian.” Distribution: Upper Miocene (Hemphillian: 4.9–10.3 mya) of USA (Florida) and lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I: 0.9–1.9 mya) of USA (Florida). Sources: Holman, 1979a, 1981a, Meylan, 1982 and Rage, 1984b. Remarks: Upper Miocene fide Rage (1984b: 46). 2. Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766). Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 376. (Coluber punctatus) Synonyms: Coluber torquatus G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber edwardsii Merrem, 1820, Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard, 1853, Diadophis docilis Baird & Girard, 1853, Diadophis regalis Baird & Girard, 1853, Diadophis pulchellus Baird & Girard, 1853, Ablabes occipitalis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Diadophis arnyi Kennicott, 1859a, Diadophis dysopes Cope, 1860e, Diadophis punctatus pallidus Cope, 1860e, Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Cope, 1860e, Diadophis texensis Kennicott, 1860, Diadophis punctatus laetus Jan, 1863a, Diadophis punctatus dugesii Villada, 1875, Diadophis punctatus modestus Bocourt, 1886 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bibron & Mocquard, 1870–1909, Diadophis amabilis occidentalis Blanchard, 1923b, Diadophis amabilis similis Blanchard, 1923b, Diadophis amabilis vandenburgii Blanchard, 1923b, Diadophis anthonyi Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923, Diadophis regalis arizonae Blanchard, 1923b, Diadophis regalis blanchardi K.P. Schmidt & Smith, 1944, and Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, 1968. Type: Holotype, not designated (A. Garden, 1760–1761), location unknown. Type locality: “Carolina” [USA]. Restricted to Charleston, South Carolina fide Klauber (1948: 6). Distribution: North America and Mexico. Southeastern Canada (New Brunswick, S Nova Scotia, S Ontario, S Quebec), USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Santa Catalina Is., SE Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida: Big Pine Key; Georgia, Idaho, ext. W and SE Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Naushon, Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket Is., Michigan, ext. E Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, E Nebraska, NW Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, W Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, ext. SE South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, S Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin) and N Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Islas Todos Santos Sur and San Martin in Pacific Ocean, NW Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, W Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, NE Sonora, W Veracruz, Zacatecas), NSL–2400 m. Fossil records: Middle/upper Pleistocene (Irvingtonian II) of USA (Maryland) and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean I, II) of USA (Alabama, Calfornia, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia). Sources: Blanchard, 1942, K.P. Schmidt & Smith, 1944, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Logier & Toner, 1961, Gehlbach, 1974, Fitch, 1975, Christman, 1980, Vogt, 1981, Cadle, 1984c, Stebbins, 1985, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, Brown et al., 1995, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Pinou et al., 1995, Degenhardt et al., 1996, P.R. Brown, 1997, Harding, 1997, Tennant, 1997, Fitch, 1999, R.D. Bartlett & Tennant, 2000, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Grismer, 2001b, McCranie & Wilson, 2001b, 2002 and Fontanella et al., 2008. Remarks: Probably two distinct species fide Pinou et al. (1995: 105) but 14 distinct lineages based on mtDNA fide Fontanella et al. (2008: 1066). DIAPHOROLEPIS Jan, 1863b (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Diaphorelepis – Dunn, 1944e (nomen incorrectum), Diapharolepis – Dunn, 1935 (nomen incorrectum), Diphorolepis – Savage, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), Diaphrolepis – Holman, 1967 (nomen incorrectum), and Diaphorolepsis – Phelps, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Diaphorolepis wagneri Jan, 1863b. Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. D 228 Sources: Bogert, 1964, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Diaphorolepis laevis F. Werner, 1923a. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 36: 160–161. D Type: Holotype, NMW 14860, a 495 mm specimen (A.H. Fassl, 1910). Type locality: “Columbien” [= Colombia]. Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Cundinamarca, Tolima), 1310–2600 m. 2. Diaphorolepis wagneri Jan, 1863b. Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 98. Type: Holotype, ZSM 2708/0 (formerly MM), a 684 mm female (F.J.C.M. Wagner, 1857–1860). Type locality: “Ande dell’ Ecuadore” [= Andes of Ecuador]. Distribution: Panama and NW South America. Eastern Panama (Darién), Colombia and Ecuador, 100–1460 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1897, Bogert, 1964, Franzen & Glaw, 2007 and P. Wagner et al., 2012. DIEUROSTUS Berg, 1901 (nomen substitutum) (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Eurostus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen praeoccupatum) and Eurostrus – W.C.H. Peters, 1859a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Eurostus dussumierii A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b. Distribution: Tidal rivers and coastal marine waters of SW India. Sources: Gyi, 1970, Mahendra, 1984, J.C. Murphy, 2007, A.B. Kumar & Captain, 2011, Chandrmouli et al., 2012 and A.B. Kumar et al., 2012. Remarks: A valid genus fide A.B. Kumar et al. (2012: 481), previously a synonym of Enhydris. Hypsirhina malabarica F. Werner possibly a valid species fide A.B. Kumar et al. (2012: 481). 1. Dieurostus dussumierii (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 953–955, pls. 84, 77, fig. 1. (Eurostus dussumierii) Synonyms: Eurostus dussumierii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum) and Hypsirhina malabarica F. Werner, 1913. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 3751, a 640–673 mm female with skull removed, designated by Gyi (1970: 121). Type locality: “Bengal” [= Bangladesh or NE India] (in error) via lectotype selection. Corrected to Malabar coast fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 109). Restricted to west coast of North Kerala, India fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 109). Snakes of the World Distribution: Southwestern India (Kerala), NSL–45 m. Remarks: Gyi (1970: 122) measured type as 665 mm. J.C. Murphy (2007b: 109) listed MNHN 3751 and 5751 as paratypes, then (p. 111) as MNHN 3751 and 5753 (3572), and finally (p. 113) as MNHN 3751 (type) and MNHN 5752 (3572). A.B. Kumar et al. (2012: 483) erroneously listed the holotype as MNHN c3458 (which is a collection shelving number). Photograph of lectotype in Chandrmouli et al. (2012: fig. 1a). †DINILYSIA Woodward, 1901 (†Dinilysiidae) Type species: †Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Sources: Estes et al., 1970, Frazetta, 1970, M.K. Hecht, 1982, Rage, 1977a, 1984b, Rage & Albino, 1989, Bonaparte, 1991, M. Lee, 1997, Caldwell & Lee, 2001, Caldwell & Albino, 2002, M. Lee & Scanlon, 2002, Scanlon & Lee, 2002, Albino & Caldwell, 2003, Scanlon, 2003b, Albino, 2011a, Filippi & Garrido, 2012 and Zaher & Scanferla, 2012. 1. †Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 70(2): 176–179, pl. 20, figs. 1–1c, 2. Type: Holotype, MLP 26-410, an articulated skull, jaws and most of the vertebral column (S. Roth). Type locality: “red sandstones of Neuquen, Patagonia, supposed to be of Cretaceous age” [= Boca del Sapo, Neuquén Prov., N Argentina; Neuquén group, Rio Colorado formation, Coniacian, early upper Cretaceous fide Bonaparte, 1991: 26]. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Santonian: 83.5–85.8 mya, or Coniacian: 85.8–89.3 mya ) of Argentina. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in Zaher & Scanferla (2012: figs. 1, 5, 6b, 20). Estes et al. (1970: 25) reported type locality to be near Río Neuquén, Chubut Territory, but Rage in Hecht (1982: 523) corrected it to Neuquén Prov. DINODON A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Dinodon A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Eumesodon Cope, 1860e, Lepidocephalus Hallowell, 1861 (nomen praeoccupatum), Dianodon Cope, 1893a (nomen emendatum), Adiastema F. Werner, 1925, and Donodon – Anon., 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Lycodon rufozonatus Cantor, 1842a. Distribution: Asia. 229 Snakes of the World Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, C.H. Pope, 1935, M.A. Smith, 1943, Deuve, 1970, B. Hu et al., 1980, Zhao & Adler, 1993 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of Lycodon fide Pyron et al. (2013: 976). 1. Dinodon flavozonatum C.H. Pope, 1928b. Amer. Mus. Novit. (325): 2–3. Type: Holotype, AMNH 34371, a 965 mm male (C.H. Pope, April–Sept. 1926). Type locality: “Kuatun, a village in the mountains of Ch’ungan Hsien, northwest Fukien Prov., China” [= Guadun, in Wuyishan Mtns., ext. N Fujian Prov., SE China, 27°45’N, 117°50’E, elevation 900–1200 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Southeastern China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), N Vietnam (Lai Chau, Vin Phuc) and N Myanmar (E Shan), 400–1100 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006 and I. Das, 2010. Remarks: Original description reprinted in C.H. Pope (1929: 433–434, figs. 12–13). 2. Dinodon gammiei (Blanford, 1878a). Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1878(6): 141–142. (Ophites gammiei) Type: Holotype, ZSI 8447 (formerly IMC 8447), an 800 mm specimen (J.A. Gammie, 1865–1878). Type locality: “Cinchona plantations, British Sikkim” [= Sikkim State, NE India]. Emended to Chichona plantation in South-eastern Sikkim, Himalayas fide Blanford (1878b: 131), [= Mungpu cinchona plantation, Darjeeling District, N West Bengal, India, ca. 27°00’N, 88°25’E fide Mistry et al., 2007: 271]. Distribution: Northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, N West Bengal), 1700–2285 m. Sources: I. Das, 1999a, Mistry et al., 2007 and Agarwal et al., 2010. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Blanford (1878b: 130–131). Photographs of the type in Mistry et al. (2007: fig.1). Type locality erroneously listed as Cinchona plain, Darjeeling fide M.A. Smith (1943: 271). 3. Dinodon meridionale Bourret, 1935b. Bull. Gén. Instr. Publ. 14(7): 241–242, fig. 1. (Dinodon rufozonatum meridionale) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1938.129, a 926 mm male (R.L. Bourret, 1934). Type locality: “Chapa, Indochine française” [= Sa Pa, Sa Pa Distr., W Lao Cai Prov., ext. N Vietnam, 22°20’N, 103°51’E, elevation 1500 m]. Distribution: Southern China (S Guangxi, SE Yunnan), N Laos (Xiangkhouang) and N Vietnam (Bac Giang, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Ninh Binh, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Guang, Vinh Phuc), 200–1700 m. Sources: Orlov & Ryabov, 2004 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 4. Dinodon orientale (Hilgendorf, 1880). Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freude Berlin 1880(8): 115–117, pl., figs. 1–5. (Ophites orientalis) Synonyms: Ophites japonicus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1880c, and Eumesodon carinatus F. Müller, 1885. Type: Holotype, ZMB 9419, a 300 mm specimen (F. Hilgendorf, May 1874). Type locality: “Tokio, Japan” [= Tokyo, Tokyo Prefecture, cen. Japan, 35°41’N, 139°42’E, elevation 35 m]. Distribution: Exteme E Russia (S Kuril Is.) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Fukuejima, Iwojima, Kanagawa, Shimokoshikijima, Takeshima, Okinoshima, Oshima, Sadogashima, Tanegashima and Yakushima Is.), NSL–45 m. Sources: Maki, 1931, Bannikov et al., 1977, M. Mori, 1984, Shibata, 1988, Mizukami et al., 1989, Toriba, 1991 and Toda & Okada, 1999. 5. Dinodon rosozonatum S.-Q. Hu & Zhao in Zhao, 1972 Mater. Herpetol. Res. Chengeu 1: 36 Type: Holotype, CIB 64-III-6089, a 1060 mm male (native, 21 May 1964). Type locality: “Dali of Diaulo Shan, Hainan Island, Guangdong Prov., China, altitude 200 m.” Distribution: Extreme S China (Hainan) and Vietnam (Quang Binh, Quang Tri), 80–580 m. Sources: Maslov & Kotlobay, 1998, Zhao et al., 1998, Zhao, 2005, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Shi, 2011. Remarks: Original description reprinted in S.-Q. Hu & Zhao (1975: 379–380, pl. 1, fig. 2). 6. Dinodon rufozonatum (Cantor, 1842a). Zool. Chusan: pl. 11. (Lycodon rufozonatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Lycodon rufo-zonatus Cantor, 1842a (nomen incorrigendum), Dinodon cancellatum A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Lycodon rufozonatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (nomen corrigendum), Coronella striata Hallowell, 1856a, Dinodon rufozonatus formosana Boettger, 1885b, Dinodon rufozonatum walli Stejneger, 1907a, Adiastema cervinum F. Werner, 1925, Dinodon rufozonatum williamsi K.P. Schmidt, 1925b, and Dinodon rufozonatum yunnanense Mell, 1931a. Type: Holotype, not designated (T.E. Cantor, July 1840– March 1841, via the British East India Comp.), location unknown. Type locality: “island of Chusan, or Great Chusan, is situated on the East Coast of China, between the 30° and 31° of North latitude and the 122° and 123° of East longitude; separated from the nearest mainland, Keeto D 230 D Point, by an arm of the sea, about ten miles across” [= Zhoushan Is., Zhoushan Arch., Zhejiang Prov., E China]. Distribution: East Asia. Southern China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, N Laos, N Vietnam (Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Tuyen Quang, Vinc Phuc), Russia (Primorsky), South Korea (Kyonggi-do), North Korea (Hwanghae-pukto, Kaesong-chigu, Kangwon-do, Pyongan-namdo) and S Japan (Ryukyus: Aragusukujima, Haterumajima, Hatomajima, Irabujima, Ikemajima, Iriomotejima, Ishigakishima, Kayamajima, Kohamajima, Kurimajima, Kuroshima, Miyakojima, Nakanogamijima, Nakanoishma, Ogamijima, Okinawajima, Shimojijima, Taketomijima, Taramajima, Tsushima and Yonagunijima Is.), 400– 1100 m Sources: Supplemental original description in Cantor (1842b: 483). M.A. Smith, 1928b, C.H. Pope, 1935, Shannon, 1956, Kuntz, 1963, M. Mori, 1984, 1986, Szyndlar & Hung, 1987, Kudrjavtsev & Mamet, 1989a–b, Toriba, 1990a, Kohno & Ota, 1991, Zou & Chen, 1998, Orlov et al., 2000, Zhao, 2006, San & Lee, 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009 and Yao, 2012. 7. Dinodon semicarinatum (Cope, 1860e). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12(6): 263. (Eumesodon semicarinatus) Synonym: Lepidocephalus fasciatus Hallowell, 1861. Type: Holotype, ANSP 3479, a 940 mm specimen (W. Heine [No. Pacific Explor. Exped.], 1853). Type locality: “Loo Choo” [= Ryukyu Islands, S Japan]. Distribution: Extreme S Japan (Ryukyus: Agunijima, Akajima, Amamioshima, Amurojima, Fukajijima, Gishifujima, Gushikawajima, Gusukujima, Hamahigajima, Hatejima, Hyanzajima, Iejima, Iheyajima, Ikeijima, Izenajima, Kakeromajima, Kerumajima, Kikaijima, Korijima, Kubajima, Kudakajima, Kumejima, Maejima, Miyagijima, Nakajima, Nohojima, Ohajima, Ojima, Okierabujima, Okinawajima, Sesokojima, Tokashikijima, Tokunoshima, Tonakijima, Tsukenjima, Ukejima, Ukibarujima, Yabuchijima, Yaguchijima, Yakabijima, Yanahajima, Yorojima, Yoronjima and Zamamijima Is.), NSL–270 m. Sources: M. Mori, 1986, Toriba, 1990a and A. Mori et al., 1999. 8. Dinodon septentrionale (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1875). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 43(1): 233. (Ophites septentrionalis) Synonym: Dinodon septentrionale chapaensis Angel & Bourret, 1933. Snakes of the World Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.96, a 2108 mm female (T.C. Jerdon, 1836–1852). Type locality: “northern parts of India.” Restricted to the Himalayas or Assam fide Blanford (1878a: 131), the Himalayas or Khasi Hills fide Boulenger (1893a: 324), and the E. Himalayas or Khasi Hills fide M.A. Smith (1943: 270). Distribution: Northeastern India (Assam, Mizorán, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal), Bhutan (Trashiyangtse), S China (Yunnan), N Myanmar (Kachin, Kayin, Mon), N Thailand (Chiang Mai), N Cambodia (Mondolkiri), N Laos (Xiangkhouang) and N Vietnam (Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Tinh, Lai Cai, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Quang Binh, Thua Thien-Hue, Vinh Phuc), 220–2100 m. Sources: Kuntz, 1963, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Orlov et al., 2000, 2003, Ao et al., 2004, B.L. Stuart et al., 2006, Zhao, 2006, Yang, 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Wangyal, 2011. DIPSADOBOA A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Chamaetortus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864c, Anoplodipsas W.C.H. Peters, 1869, Dipsadophidium Lindholm, 1905a, Dipsoglyphophis T. Barbour & Amaral, 1927, Dipsadaboa – P.S.M. Berry, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), Dipsoglyphophas – H.A. Skinner, 1973 (nomen incorrectum), and Dipsadotoa – W.W. Tanner & Avery, 1982 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Dipsadoboa unicolor A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Laurent, 1951, Loveridge, 1957a, J.B. Rasmussen, 1979, 1993b, 1996 and Gravlund, 2001. 1. Dipsadoboa aulica (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864c). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 32(1): 310, pl. 26, fig. 2. (Chamaetortus aulicus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.33, a 330 mm female (J. Kirk [Zambezi Exped.], 1858–1864). Type locality: “regions bordering the Zambesi, including those of the Nyassa Lake” [= vicinity of Zambezi River (Tete, Sofala & Zambézia Prov.s), Mozambique and Lake Nyassa, S Malawi]. Restricted to Zambezi fide Boulenger (1896a: 153) and to Zambezi River fide Loveridge (1957a: 272). Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southern Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe), SE Tanzania (Lindi), S Malawi (Southern), S Mosambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Maputo, Sofala, Tete, Zambézia), SE Zimbabwe (Masvingo, S Matebeleland South, S Midlands), Swaziland and NE South Africa (NE KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, E Mpumalanga), NSL– 650 m. Sources: Broadley & Stevens, 1971, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et Snakes of the World al., 1983, Branch, 1988, J.B. Rasmussen, 1989a, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 2. Dipsadoboa brevirostris (Sternfeld, 1908b). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 3(4): 411–412, figs. 5–6. (Dipsadomorphus brevirostris) Synonym: Leptodira guineensis Chabanaud, 1920b. Type: Holotype, ZMB, a 580 mm specimen (Riegler), lost fide J.B. Rasmussen (1989b: 257). Type locality: “Jabassi, Kamerun” [= Yabassi, Littoral, Cameroon, 04°30’N, 09°58”E, elevation 125 m]. Distribution: West Africa. Guinea (Boké, Kindia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone (Northern), Liberia (Montserrado), S Ivory Coast (Toumodi), S Ghana (Accra, Ashanti, Eastern), S Nigeria (Ondo) and SW Cameroon (Littoral), 100–180 m. Sources: Roux-Estève, 1969a, J.B. Rasmussen, 1989b, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, W. Böhme et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Two other syntypes (ZMB 21709–09a) of Dipsadoboa brevirostris were redetermined as D. duchesnii fide L. Müller (1910: 605) and J.B. Rasmussen (1989b: 250). Probably occurs in Togo fide and Segniagbeto et al. (2011: 353). 3. Dipsadoboa duchesnii (Boulenger, 1901a). Ann. Mus. Congo (Zool.) 2C(1): 10, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1a–1c. (Leptodira duchesnii) Synonyms: Dipsadomorphus viridis Sternfeld, 1908b, Dipsadomorphus brevirostris Sternfeld, 1908b (partim), Leptodira nigeriensis F. Werner, 1913, Chamaetortus aulicus ellenbergeri Chabanaud, 1917a, and Dipsadomorphus myops Chabanaud, 1918a. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.39 (formerly BMNH 1901.6.19.1), a 780 mm male (C. de la Kethulle & J.M. Gilson, 1893–1896), designated by Hughes & Barry (1969: 1020). Type locality: “Mandungu, Itimbiri River, CongoKinshasa” [= Mandongo, Orientale Prov., NE Democratic Republic of the Congo] via lectotype selection. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southern Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Edo, Rivers), S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), SW Central African Republic (Sangha), Gabon (Estuaire, Moyen-Ogooué, OgoouéMaritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu) and W Uganda, NSL–1200 m. Sources: Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Hughes, 1983, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, J.B. Rasmussen, 1989b, 1993, 1994, Lawson, 1993, Luiselli 231 et al., 2001, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. 4. Dipsadoboa flavida (Broadley & Stevens, 1971). Arnoldia, Rhodesia 5(11): 5–10, fig. 1. (Chamaetortus aulicus flavidus) Synonym: Dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi J.B. Rasmussen, 1989a. Type: Holotype, NMZB 23124 (formerly UM), a 655 mm male (R.A. Stevens, Jan. 1969). Type locality: “a reedbed on Chisambo Tea Estate, Mlanje, southern Malawi, at c. 650 metres above sea-level.” Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southern Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe), SE Kenya (Coast, S Eastern, S North-Eastern), E Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Lindi, Morogoro, Mtwara, Pwani, Ruvuma, Tanga, Zanzibar Is.), S Malawi (Southern) and Mozambique (Maputo, Sofala), NSL– 730 m. Sources: J.B. Rasmussen, 1989a, Broadley, 1990b and Spawls et al., 2002. 5. Dipsadoboa shrevei (Loveridge, 1932a). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 45: 83–84. (Crotaphopeltis shrevei) Synonym: Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia kageleri Üthmöller, 1939. Type: Holotype, MCZ 32471, a 930 mm male (K.H. Prior, 1931). Type locality: “Missao de Dondi, Bella Vista, via. Lobito, Angola” [= Missão do Dondi, Huambo Distr., Angola, 12°32’S, 16°15’E, elevation 1750 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Katanga, Kinshasa, Sud-Kivu), E Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Lindi), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Luapula, Northern, North-Western, Western) and E Angola (Bié, Huambo, Moxico), 780–1750 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, 1964a, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley et al., 2003. Remarks: Photographs of holotype in J.B. Rasmussen (1986: fig. 6). 6. Dipsadoboa underwoodi J.B. Rasmussen, 1993b. Steenstrupia 19(4): 169–174, figs. 30–31. Type: Holotype, ZSM 162/1909/1, a 520 mm male (K.S. Rhode, 1909). Type locality: “Mukonjefarm, Mundame (04°35’N 09°31’E), Cameroon.” Distribution: West Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, S Ghana, Togo, SE Nigeria, S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest) and Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), 10–1650 m. Sources: Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Franzen & Glaw, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. D 232 Remarks: Holotype erroneously listed as ZSM 162E/1909 by Rasmussen (1993b: 169). 7. Dipsadoboa unicolor A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 183–184. D Synonyms: Heterurus bicolor Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Heterurus bicolor Jan, 1871 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870– 1881, Dipsadoboa assimilis Matschie, 1893a, and Dipsadoboa unicolor viridiventris Laurent, 1956a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.4.84, a 584 mm female (C. Rich). Type locality: “West Africa.” Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Guinea-Bissau, Guinea (Boké, Dalaba, Kindia, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékoré, Télimélé), Sierra Leone, Liberia, S Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Dix-Huit Montagnes, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), Ghana, Togo (Plateaux), S Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), SW Cameroon (Centre, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Gabon, Congo (Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), SW Uganda (Central, Western), W Rwanda, W Burundi, and W Tanzania (Kigoma), 80–3000 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Witte, 1975, Hughes, 1983, D. Lawson, 1993, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio and Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Probably occus in Central African Republic fide Chirio & Ineich (2006: 46). 8. Dipsadoboa viridis (W.C.H. Peters, 1869). Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1869(5): 442–443, pl. 1, fig. 4. (Anoplodipsas viridis) Synonyms: Crotaphopeltis elongata T. Barbour, 1914c, and Dipsadoboa elongata gracilis Laurent, 1956a. Type: Holotype, ZMB 6451, a 720 mm specimen, lost fide J.B. Rasmussen (1993b:174). Type locality: “Neu-Caledonien” [= New Caledonia] (in error). Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Nzérékoré), Liberia, Ivory Coast (Dix-Huit Montagnes), Ghana, Togo (Plateaux), Nigeria, S Cameroon (Est, Centre, Littoral, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), SW Central African Republic (Lobaye), Gabon (Estuaire, Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Maritime, WoleuNtem), Congo (Kouilou, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Kivu, Orientale), Rwanda (Nyansa) and Burundi, 10–2135 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Witte, 1975, Courtois & Chippaux, 1977, Bauer et al., Snakes of the World 1995, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. 9. Dipsadoboa weileri (Lindholm, 1905a). Jahrb. Nassau Ver. Naturk. Wiesbaden 58: 186–187. (Dipsadophidium weileri) Synonym: Dipsadoboa isolepis Boulenger, 1907a. Type: Holotype, MWNH 1238, adult female (J. Weiler, 1905), destroyed Aug. 1940–March 1945 during World War II. Type locality: “Umgegend von Bibundi (Kamerun)” [= vicinity of Bibundi, Sud-Ouest Prov., SW Cameroon, 4°13,N, 9°01’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Nzérékoré), Togo, Cameroon (Adamaoua, Est, Centre, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, OgoouéMaritime, Woleu-Ntem), Central African Republic (Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Ouaka, Sangha), Congo, E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Orientale), S South Sudan (SW Eastern Equatoria), Rwanda (Nyansa) and S Uganda (Central, Western), NSL–1000 m. Sources: L. Müller, 1910, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008, W. Böhme et al., 2011 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. 10. Dipsadoboa werneri (Boulenger, 1897b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19(111): 281. (Leptodira werneri) Synonym: Dipsadomorphus reticulatus F. Werner, 1909d. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.32 (formerly BMNH 1897.1.29.8), a 370 mm male (A. Müller via F. Werner). Type locality: “Usambara, German East Africa” [= Usambara Mountains, N Tanga Prov., NE Tanzania]. Distribution: Northeastern Tanzania (Tanga), 880–1200 m. Sources: J.B. Rasmussen, 1986 and Spawls et al., 2002. Remarks: Collector of holotype listed as F. Werner fide Boulenger (1897b: 281) but Werner sent the specimen to Boulenger. Photographs and head illustration of holotype in J.B. Rasmussen (1986: figs. 1–2). DIPSAS Laurenti, 1768 (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Bungarus Oppel, 1811, Dypsas Goldfuss, 1820 (nomen emendatum), Pholidolaemus Fitzinger, 1843, Pholidodumus – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Cleone Gistel, 1848 (nomen nudum), Dipsadomorus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Leptognathus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Stremmatognathus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Dipsamorus – Chenu & Desmarest, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), 233 Snakes of the World Dipsus – Locard, 1875 (nomen incorrectum), Leptognatho – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Dipsammodorus – Lohmeyer, 1882 (nomen incorrectum), Stemmatognathus – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Neopareas A.C.L.G. Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902, Dipsasus A.L. Herrera, 1899 (nomen emendatum), Dipsademorus – Mocquard, 1908 in A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909 (nomen incorrectum), Leptognatus – Phisalix, 1917b (nomen incorrectum), Heterorhachis Amaral, 1923, Strematognathus – Amaral, 1926 (nomen incorrectum), Dispas – Banerji, 1929 (nomen incorrectum), Leptonathus – Ocaranza, 1930 (nomen incorrectum), Hererorhachis – Ditmars, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Leptognatus – Maass-Berlin, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Heterorchachis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Heterorhachia – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Neoparias – E.H. Taylor, 1951 (nomen incorrectum), and Dipsias – Deraniyagala, 1955 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Dipsas indica Laurenti, 1768. Distribution: Latin America. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1960b, 1965, J.A. Peters & OrejasMiranda, 1970, Gravlund, 2001, Cadle, 2007, Harvey & Embert, 2009, Harvey et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009, Fernandes et al., 2010 and Mulcahy et al., 2011. 1. Dipsas albifrons (Sauvage, 1884). Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1883–1884) (7) 8: 145. (Dipsadomorus albifrons) Synonym: Dipsas albifrons cavalheiroi Hoge, 1950. Type: Lectotype, IB 17746 (formerly MNHN 6106), a 520 mm female (H. Ferry), designated by Passos et al. (2005: 26) and destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Brésil” [= Brazil]. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Alcatrazes, Queimada Grande and São Sebastião Is.), NSL–800 m. Sources: Hoge, 1950, Marques et al., 2001, Passos et al., 2005 and Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: A listed syntype as MNHN 6106 fide J.A. Peters (1960b: 121). Photograph of lectotype in Passos et al. (2005: fig. 5). Distributional gaps discussed in Passos et al. (2005: 30). Paraguay records rejected fide Cacciali (2006: 77). 2. Dipsas alternans (J.G. Fischer, 1885). Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 2: 105–107, pl. 4, fig. 8. (Leptognathus alternans) Synonyms: Sibynomorphus barbouri Amaral, 1923 & 1926a and Sibynomorphus garbei Amaral, 1923 & 1926a. Type: Neotype, IB 64465, a 730 mm male (F.O. Forenza, 3 Oct. 2001), designated by Passos et al. (2004: 384) and destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Sítio Rancho Colina da Vitória, Municipality of Juquitiba (23°55’S, 47°04’W), State of São Paulo, Brazil,” by neotype designation. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Espírito Santo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, São Sebastião Is.), NSL–725 m. Source: Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: Revalidated fide Passos et al., 2004. Neotype illustrated by Passos et al. (2004: fig. 1). 3. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger, 1896a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 452, pl. 23, figs. 2–2a. (Leptognathus andiana) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.12. Type locality: “Quito, Ecuador” [probably a shipping point fide Cadle & Myers, 2003: 25]. Distribution: Western Ecuador (Bolívar, Esmeraldas, Los Rios, Pichincha), 1140–1750 m. Sources: Cadle & Myers, 2003 and Cisneros-Heredia, 2004. 4. Dipsas articulata (Cope, 1868c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20(2): 135. (Leptognathus articulata) Type: Holotype, ANSP 10113, a 673 mm male (R.W. Mitchell, 1857–1861). Type locality: “Veraguas, Costa Rica” (in error). Corrected to Cocuyas de Veraguas, New Grenada [= Cocuyas de Veraguas, a gold mine near the Río Concepción, N Veraguas Prov., cen. Panama, ca. 8°45’N, 81°00’W, elevation 100 m] fide Cope (1860e: 266). Distribution: Western Panama (Bocas del Toro, Veraguas), 55–850 m. Sources: Brattstrom & Howell, 1954, E.H. Taylor, 1954, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, Lotzkat et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011a. 5. Dipsas baliomelas Harvey, 2008. Herpetologica 64(4): 423–427, figs. 1, 3. Type: Holotype, UTA 3363, a 393 mm male (J.F. Taulman). Type locality: “35 km WSW Vista Hermosa (Cañon Sardinata), Serranía de la Macarena, Meta, Colombia, ‘3700 ft’ (=1128 m), between 2°15’–3°15’N latitude and 73°45’–74°10’W longitude.” Distribution: Central Colombia (SW Meta), 1130 m. 6. Dipsas bicolor (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1895 in 1885– 1902). Biol. Cen.-Amer., Rept. Batr.: 178–179, pl. 56, fig. c. (Neopareas bicolor) Synonym: Neopareas tricolor Brattstrom & Howell, 1954. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1894.10.1.39, a 546 mm specimen (R.A. Rix, 1893–1894). Type locality: “Nicaragua, Chontales Mines” [= Chontales gold and silver mines, vicinity of Santo Domingo, NE D 234 D Chontales Dept., Nicaragua, 12°16’N, 85°00’W, elevation 500 m]. Distribution: Central America. Southeastern Honduras (El Paraíso, Gracias a Dios, Olancho), E Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Chontales, Jinotega, Nuevo Segovia, Rio San Juan) and Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, San José), 10–1000 m. Sources: Belt, 1874, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Savage, 2004, Solórzano, 2004, and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: A valid species fide McCranie (2011a: 279). 7. Dipsas brevifacies (Cope, 1866). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 18(2): 127. (Tropidodipsas brevifacies) Synonyms: Dipsadomorus fasciatus Bocourt, 1884 and Leptognathus torquatus Cope, 1885a. Type: Holotype, USNM 24886 (formerly USNM 753), a 244 mm male (A.C.V. Schott, 27 Sept. 1865). Type locality: “Yucatan” [Mexico]. Distribution: Yucatán Peninsula. Southeastern Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán, Carmen Is.) and N Belize (Belize, Corozal, Orange Walk), NSL–300 m. Sources: Kofron, 1982a, Lee, 1996, 2000 and J.A. Campbell, 1998. 8. Dipsas bucephala (G. Shaw, 1802). Gen. Zool., Amph. 3(2): 422–423. (Coluber bucephalus) Synonym: Leptognathus cisticeps Boettger, 1885a. Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by Seba (1834: 71, pl. 43, fig. 4), designated herein. Type locality: “Ceylon” [= Sri Lanka] (in error) via lectotype selection. Restricted to Brazil fide J.A. Peters (1960: 73). Distribution: Southern South America. Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo), Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Asunción, Canindeyú, Itapúa, Paraguarí) and Argentina (Misiones), 270– 2000 m. Sources: Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975b, Cacciali, 2006 and Harvey & Embert, 2009. 9. Dipsas catesbeji (Seetzen, 1796b). Myer’s Zool. Arch. 2: 66. (Coluber catesbeji) Synonyms: Dipsas catesbeji Seetzen, 1795 (nomen nudum), Dipsas catesbaei F. Boie, 1827 (nomen emendatum), Dipsas catesbyi Schlegel, 1837 (nomen emendatum), and Sibynomorphus macedoi Prado & Hoge, 1947. Types: Syntypes (2), none designated, an 807 mm and 651 mm specimen, lost fide J.A. Peters (1960: 56). Type locality: “Wahrscheinlich Amerika” [= probably America]. Restricted to Suriname and Cayenne [= French Guiana] fide Schlegel (1837: 279). Snakes of the World Distribution: Northern South America. Eastern Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo, Santander, Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas), N Guyana (Barima-Waini, CuyuniMazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, PotaroSiparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Para, S Sipaliwini), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurentdu-Maroni) Ecuador (Chimborazo, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Zamora-Chinchipe), E Peru (Amazonas, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Puno, San Martin), N Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rondônia) and NE Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), NSL–940 m. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1956, Chippaux, 1987, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Starace, 1998, Lehr, 2001, Doan & Arizábal, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Duellman, 2005, Harvey & Embert, 2009, Lima & Prudente, 2009, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Original orthography of catesbeji was presumed a typographical error, but that spelling is consistently used in Seetzen (1795: 320; 1796a: 66) whereas Catesby’s name was correctly spelled. Possibly closer to Sibynomorphus than other Dipsas fide Lima & Prudente (2009: 43–44). Colombian records from Medellín (1538 m) and Bogotá (2630 m) need confirmation fide Perez-Santos & Moreno (1988: 142). Paraguay records rejected fide Cacciali (2006: 77). 10. Dipsas chaparensis Reynolds & Foster, 1992. Herpetol. Monogr. (6): 101–102, fig. 9. Type: Holotype, USNM 257869, an 830 mm female (M.S. Foster, 14 Nov. 1979). Type locality: “Parjacti, 83.2 km by road NE Cochabamba on road to Villa Tunari, Chapare Prov., Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia, elevation approximately 2044 m.” Distribution: Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), 1850– 2045 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Starace, 1998 and Harvey & Embert, 2009. 11. Dipsas copei (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9(49): 30. (Leptognathus copei) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.21.4 (formerly BMNH 1866.8.14.329), a 650 mm male (T.G. van Lidth de Jeude coll., 1866). Type locality: “Suriname” [= Suriname]. Distribution: Guianas. Eastern Venezuela (Amazonas), Guyana (Essequibo Islands-West Demeara) and Suriname, NSL–1180 m. Sources: Abuys, 2003, Passos et al., 2004, Harvey, 2008 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: A valid species fide Harvey, 1999 and RivasFuenmayor et al., 2012. Dipsas copei synonymized with D. incerta and holotype of D. copei (BMNH 235 Snakes of the World 1946.1.21.4) designated neotype of D. incerta fide Passos et al. (2004: 389); if the two taxa are separate species as Harvey (2008: 436) demonstrated, the neotype designation is invalid. Holotype illustrated by Passos et al. (2004: fig. 5). 12. Dipsas elegans (Boulenger, 1896a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 452–453, pl. 23, fig. 3. (Leptognathus elegans) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.21.77 (formerly BMNH 1871.2.7.36), a 301–310 mm specimen (A.-L.-J.-F. Sumichrast, 1855–1869). Type locality: “Tehuantepec” [= Oaxaca State, Mexico] (in error). Distribution: Western Ecuador (Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Imbabura, Pichincha), 500–1920 m. Sources: Kofron, 1982 and Cadle, 2005 Remarks: Holotype illustrated by Cadle (2005: fig. 1). 13. Dipsas ellipsifera (Boulenger, 1898h). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 66(1): 117–118, pl. 12, fig. 2. (Leptognathus ellipsifera) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.21.26 (formerly BMNH 1898.4.28.87), a 465 mm male, designated by Cadle (2005: 77). Type locality: “Ibarra” [= Ibarra, Imbabura Prov., N Ecuador, 0°22’N, 78°08’W, elevation 2235 m]. Distribution: Northern Ecuador (Imbabura), 570–2600 m. Source: Cadle, 2005. Remarks: Photograph of lectotype in Cadle (2005: fig. 2). 14. Dipsas gaigeae (Oliver, 1937). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (360): 22–23. (Sibynomorphus gaigeae) Type: Holotype, UMMZ 80221, a 287 mm male (J.A. Oliver, 26 July 1935). Type locality: “Paso del Río, Colima, Mexico.” [= Periquillo, Haciendo Paso del Río, Colima State, Mexico fide Kofron, 1982b: 289]. Distribution: Western Mexico (Colima, SW Jalisco, Michoacán), NSL–610 m. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1964, Harris & Simons, 1967, Hale, 1977, Kofron, 1982b and Reyes-Velaso et al., 2008. 15. Dipsas gracilis (Boulenger, 1902a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 9(49): 57. (Leptognathus gracilis) Synonyms: Leptognathus hammondii Boulenger, 1920b and Sibynomorphus macrostomus Amaral, 1925. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.21.24–25, two males, longest syntype 770 mm (W.F.H. Rosenberg, 1896–1901). Type locality: “St. Javier, 60 feet, North-western Ecuador” [= San Javier, lower Cachabi/Cachavi River, Esmeraldas Prov., NW Ecuador, 1°04’N, 78°47’W, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Northwestern South America. ? Western Colombia (Chocó), W Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas, Los Rios, Pichincha) and NW Peru (Piura, Tumbes), 20–500 m. Sources: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991 and Cadle, 2005. Remarks: Colombian record doubtful fide Cadle (2005: 123): possibly D. viguieri. Dipsas gracilis and D. viguieri possibly conspecific fide Harvey (2008: 429). 16. Dipsas incerta (Jan, 1863b). Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 101. (Leptognathus incertus) Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Guajana francese” [= French Guiana]. Distribution: Northern South America. Southeastern Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and SW Brazil (Roraima), 525–1020 m. Sources: Marques et al., 2001, Passos et al., 2004, Harvey, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009 and Fernandes et al., 2010. Remarks: Dipsas copei synonymized with D. incerta and holotype of D. copei (BMNH 1946.1.21.4 from Suriname) designated neotype of D. incerta fide Passos et al. (2004: 389); if the two taxa are separate species as Harvey (2008: 436) demonstrated, the neotype designation is invalid. Holotype illustrated in Passos et al. (2004: fig. 5). 17. Dipsas indica Laurenti, 1768. Synop. Rept.: 90. Synonyms: Dipsadomorus indicus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Pholidolaemus gracilis Fitzinger, 1861, and Dipsas indica ecuadorensis J.A. Peters, 1960b. Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by Seba (1734: 71, pl. 43, fig. 5), designated and lost by J.A. Peters (1960b: 68). Type locality: “Zeylona” [= Sri Lanka] (in error). Corrected to Amazonian region of South America [= Amazonia] fide J.A. Peters (1960b: 68). Distribution: South America. Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana (Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Commewijne), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), E Peru (Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Putumayo, Ucayali), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Bahía, Ceará, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rondônia), Bolivia (Pando), Paraguay (Alto Paraná, S Boquerón, Itapúa, S Presidente Hayes) and NE Argentina (Misiones), NSL–1000 m. Sources: J.A. Peters, 1960b, Hoge, 1969b, Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975b, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, D 236 D Snakes of the World Sazima, 1989, Cei, 1994, Alves & Argôlo, 1998, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Marques et al., 2001, Argôlo & Alves, 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Duellman, 2005, Montechiaro et al., 2006, Cicchi et al., 2007, Harvey & Embert, 2009, Cacciali, 2008, Natera-Mumaw & Battiston, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Sajdak, 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 18. Dipsas maxillaris (F. Werner, 1909c). Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst. Ökol. Geog. Tiere) 28(3): 279. (Leptognathus maxillaris) Type: Holotype, IRSNB 2026 (formerly IRSNB 120), a 335 mm female (Linden, 17 Nov. 1857). Type locality: “Tabasco, Mexico” (in error). Corrected to South America fide Kofron (1982a: 46). Distribution: South America. Known only from holotype. Sources: Laurent, 1949 and Lang, 1990. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as IRSNB 3042 fide Laurent (1949: 15) and J.A. Peters (1960b: 48). Publication date listed as 1909 fide cover of separate (nos. 1–5 = 1909, no. 6 and vol. = 1910). F. Werner’s bibliography by Wettstein (1941: 36). Possibly a synonym of D. elegans. 19. Dipsas neivai Amaral, 1926a. Arch. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro 26: 108–109, pl. 2, figs. 9–11. Type: Holotype, IB 307, a 680 mm male (J.E.A. Coutinho, 30 July 1912), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Caratinga, Estado de Minas Geraes, Brasil” [= Caratinga, E Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil, 19°47’S, 42°08’W, elevation 835 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (E Bahia, E Minas Gerais), 145–835 m. Remarks: A valid species fide Cicchi et al. (2007: 230). 20. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn, 1933b). Copeia 1933(4): 193–194. (Sibynomorphus nicholsi) Type: Holotype, MCZ 37884, a head and neck (H.C. Clark, early 1933). Type locality: “Mid-basin of Chagres River and mouth of Pequeni River, Panamá” [= junction of Río Pequeni with Río Boquerón, in upper drainage of Río Chagres, Panamá Prov., Panama, 9º21’N, 79º33’W, elevation 80 m]. Distribution: Central Panama (Canal Zone, Coclé, Colón, Darién, Panamá), NSL–960 m. Sources: Cadle & Myers, 2003 and C.W. Myers et al., 2007. 21. Dipsas oreas (Cope, 1868b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20(2): 109. (Leptognathus oreas) Synonyms: Leptognathus andrei Sauvage, 1884 and Leptognathus robusta L. Müller, 1923. Type: Holotype, ANSP 10115 (formerly ANSP 6707), a 660–691 mm male (J. Orton, autumn 1867–winter 1968). Type locality: “the elevated valley of Quito” [Ecuador] (probably in error fide J.A. Peters, 1955: 347). Distribution: Western Ecuador (Chimborazo, Guayas, Loja) and Peru (Cajamarca, Piura), 1400–2900 m. Sources: Kofron, 1982a, Orcés & Almendáriz, 1987, Cadle & Myers, 2003 and Cadle, 2005. Remarks: Photograph of holotype in Kofron (1982: fig. 2). 22. Dipsas pakaraima MacCulloch & Lathrop, 2004b. Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(1): 240–244, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, ROM 41233, a 625 mm male (R. Edward, 21 Oct. 2000). Type locality: “northeast plateau of Mount Ayanganna, in the Pakaraima Distribution, western Guyana, 05°24’N, 059°57’W, elevation 1490 m.” Distribution: Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni), 1490 m. Known only from type locality. Source: C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Similarities between Dipsas temporalis, D. pakaraima and D. vermiculata separate them from the rest of Dipsas fide Harvey (2008: 436). 23. Dipsas pavonina Schlegel, 1837. Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 162, 2: 280–281. Synonym: Leptognathus pavonimus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (5), MNHN 435, RMNH 1022a–b, one syntype 620 mm, and RMNH 1024 (formerly MNHN), a 720 mm specimen (T.G. van Lidth de Jeude), location of other syntype unknown. Type locality: “Guyanes” [= Guianas]. Distribution: Amazonia. Colombia (Amazonas), S Venezuela (Amazonas), Guyana (Demerara-Mahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara), Suriname (Para, Wanica), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurentdu-Maroni), N Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), NE Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios) and ext. N Bolivia (La Paz, Pando), NSL–200 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Starace, 1998, Abuys, 2003, Harvey & Embert, 2009, Lima & Prudente, 2009, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: See remarks under D. catesbyi. Iquitos, Peru record doubtful fide Dixon & Soini (1986: 103). MNHN 435 not listed as a syntype fide MNHN catalogue. 24. Dipsas peruana (Boettger, 1898). Kat. Rept. Senck. Mus. 2: 128. (Leptognathus peruana) Synonyms: Leptognathus boettgeri F. Werner, 1901c, Leptognathus latifrontalis Boulenger, 1905c, Lepto­ gnathus boliviana F. Werner, 1909b, Leptognathus 237 Snakes of the World palmeri Boulenger, 1912b, Leptognathus polylepis Boulenger, 1912b, and Leptognathus latifasciatus Boulenger, 1913b. Type: Holotype, SMF 20801 (formerly SMF-B 9448a), a 610 mm female (F. Emmel, 1890). Type locality: “Sta. Ana in der peruanischen Provinz Cusco” [= Santa Ana, Cusco Department, Peru, 13°31’S, 71°59’W, elevation 3470 m]. Distribution: Western Venezuela (Aragua, Barinas, Lara, Mérida, Miranda), NE Colombia (Boyacá), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno) and N Bolivia (La Paz, Pando), 500–2400 (3470) m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Esqueda & La Marca, 1999, Fernandes et al., 2002, Cadle, 2005, Harvey & Embert, 2009, Lima & Prudente, 2009 and Rivas-Fuenmayor et al., 2012. Remarks: Dipsas latifrontalis possibly a valid species fide Rivas-Fuenmayor et al. (2012: 44). 25. Dipsas petersi Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975b. Mem. Inst. Butantan 39: 52–56, figs. 2, 4, 9–11. (Dipsas indica petersi) Type: Holotype, IB 23460, a female (V. Rodrigues, 1 Nov. 1963), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Pedro de Toldeo, São Paulo, Brazil” [= Pedro de Toledo, SE São Paulo State, SE Brazil, 24°17’S, 47°14’W, elevation 85 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Espirito Santo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, E São Paulo, E Paraná, NE Santa Catarina, Cardoso, Santo Amaro, São Sebastião and São Vicente Is.), NSL–85 m. Source: Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: A valid species fide Cicchi et al. (2007: 230). 26. Dipsas praeornata (F. Werner, 1909b). Mitt. Natur. Mus. Hamburg 26: 240. (Leptognathus praeornata) Type: Holotype, formerly ZMH, a 733 mm female (R. Rauschenplat), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Venezuela.” Distribution: Cordillera de Costa of N Venezuela (Aragua, District Federal, Libertador, Miranda). Source: Harvey & Embert, 2008. Remarks: A valid species fide Harvey & Embert (2008: 85) and Harvey (pers. comm.). 27. Dipsas pratti (Boulenger, 1897e). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20(120): 523. (Leptognathus pratti) Synonyms: Leptognathus triseriatus Cope, 1899b, Leptognathus nigriceps F. Werner, 1916, Dipsas niceforoi Prado, 1941b, and Dipsas tolimensis Prado, 1941f. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.52, a 770 mm female (A.E. Pratt, 1896–1897). Type locality: “Medellin, Republic of Colombia” [= Medellín, Antioquia Department, Colombia, 6°14’N, 75°35’W, elevation 1480 m]. Distribution: Cordillera Central of N Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Santander, Tolima) and W Venezuela (Zulia), 1500–2400 m. Sources: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Moreno-Arias et al., 2006, T.R. Barros-Blanco et al., 2012 and RivasFuenmayor et al., 2012. 28. Dipsas sanctijoannis (Boulenger, 1911a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 7(37): 24–25. (Leptognathus sanctijoannis) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Leptognathus sancti-joannis Boulenger, 1911a (nomen incorrigendum), Leptognathus sancti-johannis F. Werner, 1916 (nomen substitutum), Sibynomorphus caucanus Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940, and Dipsas sanctijoannis J.A. Peters, 1960 (nomen corrigendum). Types: Syntypes (4), BMNH 1946.9.8.56–58 (formerly BMNH 1910.7.11.34–36), a 577 mm female and 600 mm specimen, and MCZ 83209 (formerly BMNH 1946.9.8.55), a 482 mm male (G. Palmer, 1909). Type locality: “Pueblo Rico, slopes of San Juan River, Colombian Choco, 5200 feet” [= Pueblo Rico, Risaralda Dept., cen. Colombia, 5°11’N, 76°04’W, elevation 2120 m]. Distribution: Cordilleras of N Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Nariña, Quindio, Risaralda, Valle), 995–2300 m. Sources: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988 and RojasMorales, 2012b. 29. Dipsas sazimai Fernandes, Marques & Angólo, 2010. Zootaxa (2691): 58–60, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, MNRJ 15136, a 743 mm male (C.C. Siqueira & W.C. Kiefer, 30 Oct. 2005). Type locality: “Brazil, state of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Casimiro de Abreu (22º28’S, 42º12’W, ca. 80l m).” Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), 40–800 m 30. Dipsas schunkii (Boulenger, 1908a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 1(1): 115. (Leptognathus schunkii) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.21.10–12, longest syntype 920 mm (C. Schunke). Type locality: “Chanchamayo, E. Peru” [= Chanchamayo Prov., Junin Dept., E Peru]. Distribution: Cordillera Oriental of Peru (Junin, Piura), 1000–1300 m. D 238 31. Dipsas temporalis (F. Werner, 1909b). Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 26: 241–242, fig. 13. (Leptognathus temporalis) D Synonym: Leptognathus spurrelli Boulenger, 1913d. Type: Holotype, formerly ZMH, a 520 mm specimen (E. Krause, 1900–1909), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Esmeraldas, Ecuador” [= Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas Prov., NW Ecuador, 0°57’N, 79°40’W, elevation 80 m]. Distribution: Panama (Canal Zone, Darién, Panamá, Veraguas), NW Colombia (Chocó, Córdoba, Esmeraldas) and ext. NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas), NSL– 1000 m. Sources: Dunn & Bailey, 1939, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Cadle, 2005, Harvey 2008, Lotzkat et al., 2010 and Carvajal-Cogollo et al., 2011a. Remarks: Similarities between Dipsas temporalis, D. pakaraima and D. vermiculata separate them from the rest of Dipsas fide Harvey (2008: 436). 32. Dipsas tenuissima E.H. Taylor, 1954. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 36(11): 771–774, figs. 28a–c, 29. Type: Holotype, KU 31961, a 555 mm specimen (E.H. Taylor, 10 July 1952). Type locality: “approximately 15 km. WSW San Isidro del General, on Dominical Road, in swamp, Costa Rica” [= 15 km WSW San Isidro de General, San José Prov., W Costa Rica, ca. 9°21’N, 83°45’W, elevation 800 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Costa Rica (Puntarenas, San José) and ext. W Panama (Chiriquí), NSL–970 m. Sources: Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 33. Dipsas trinitatis H.W. Parker, 1926c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 18(104): 206–207. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1926.5.1.1, a 275 mm male (E. Lehner). Type locality: “Trinity Hill Reserve, Trinidad, British West Indies.” Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), NSL–60 m. Sources: J.C. Murphy, 1997, Boos, 2001 and Harvey & Embert, 2009. Remarks: Previously a subspecies of D. variegata. 34. Dipsas variegata (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 477. (Leptognathus variegatus) Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 7299 (F. Levaillant, 1765– 1780) and RMNH 995 (G. Vrolik, 1800–1830), longest syntype 798 mm. Type locality: “Suriname.” Distribution: Panama and N South America. Eastern Panama (Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Is.), Colombia (Tolima), Venezuela (Amazonas, Aragua, Barinas, Snakes of the World Bolívar, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Guárico, Mérida, Miranda, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Yaracuy), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Demerara-Mahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Marowijne), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Brazil (Alagoas, Amazonas, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Cananéia and São Sebastião Is.), Ecuador (Chimbaraza, Pichincha, Loja), SE Peru (Madre de Dios) and Bolivia (Cochababa, La Paz), NSL–2154 m. Sources: Amaral, 1944h, Roze, 1966a, Amaral, 1978, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Porto & Fernandes, 1996, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Markezich, 2002, Calcaño & Barrio, 2003a, Lotzkat et al., 2008, Harvey & Embert, 2009, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Type locality listed as Guyane hollandaise [= Suriname] fide MNHN catalogue. 35. Dipsas vermiculata J.A. Peters, 1960b. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (114): 65–67, pl., figs. 2b–c. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 118063 (formerly EPN 741), a 609 mm male (R. Olalla, 1954). Type locality: “Chichirota, Lower Bobonaza River, NapoPastaza Prov., Ecuador.” Distribution: Eastern Ecuador (Napo, Morona-Santiago, Pastaza) and NW Peru (Amazonas, Loreto), 100–230 m. Source: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991. Remarks: Similarities between Dipsas temporalis, D. pakaraima and D. vermiculata separate them from the rest of Dipsas fide Harvey (2008: 436). 36. Dipsas viguieri (Bocourt, 1884). Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7) 8: 136–137. (Leptognathus viguieri) Type: Holotype, MNHN 6203, a 570 mm male (C. Viguier, Nov. 1876–April 1878). Type locality: “Isthme de Darien” [= Darién Prov., Panama]. Distribution: Eastern Panama (Canal Zone, Darién, Panamá) and Colombia (? Chocó, Piura), NSL–60 m. Source: Cadle, 2005. Remarks: Colombian record of D. gracilis may be this species fide Cadle (2005: 123). DIPSINA Jan, 1863a (Psammophiidae) Synonym: Dipsida – F.W. FitzSimons, 1912 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coronella multimaculata A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849. 239 Snakes of the World Distribution: Southwestern Africa. Sources: Broadley, 1983, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Chirio & Ineich, 1991, Marais, 2004, Kelly et al., 2008, 2009, Vidal et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 1. Dipsina multimaculata (A. Smith, 1847 in 1838– 1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 61, figs. a–c, 2 pp. (Coronella multimaculata) Types: Syntypes (2), none designated, longest syntype 330 mm (A. Smith, 1828), location unknown. Type locality: “in the country of the Bushmen, near to the ODistribution River” [= Bushmanland, NW Northern Cape Prov., South Africa]. Distribution: Southwestern Africa. Namibia (Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Omaheke, Otjozondjupa), SW Botswana (Kgalagadi) and W South Africa (W Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape), NSL–1110 m. Remarks: Types not present in RSM or BMNH fide V.F.M. FitzSimons (1937: 262). DISPHOLIDUS Duvernoy, 1832 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Bucephalus A. Smith, 1828 (nomen praeoccupatum), Erymnus Wagler, 1830, Dispholides – Filippi, 1840 (nomen incorrectum), Bucephala Gray, 1840 (nomen emendatum), Dryomedusa Fitzinger, 1843, Bucephali Hopley, 1882, Dyspholidus – Peracca, 1909 (nomen incorrectum), Diopholidus – R. Kraus & Werner, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Dispolidus – Scortecci, 1943 (nomen incorrectum), and Disphoridus – Anon., 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Bucephalus typus A. Smith, 1828. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Angel, 1933b, Laurent, 1955, 1956a, Mertens, 1955, 1971, Hoesch, 1960, Sweeney, 1961, Broadley, 1962a, 1983, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Laurent, 1964a, Menzies, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Roman, 1980, Branch, 1982, 1988, Buys & Buys, 1983, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Pienaar et al., 1983, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, David & Ineich, 1999, Broadley & Wallach, 2002, Clauss & Clauss, 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Marais, 2004, Branch & Bauer, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Ullenburch et al., 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 1. Dispholidus typus (A. Smith, 1828). So. Afr. Comm. Adv. 3(144): 2. (Bucephalus typus) Synonyms: Coluber macrolepidotus G. Shaw, 1802, Bucephalus belli A. Smith, 1828, Bucephalus gutturalis A. Smith, 1828, Bucephalus jardinii A. Smith, 1828, Dispholidus lalandii Duvernoy, 1832, Dendrophis colubrina Schlegel, 1837, Bucephalus viridis A. Smith, 1838, Bucephalus capensis A. Smith, 1841 in 1838– 1849, Dendrophis pseudodipsas Bianconi, 1849a, Bucephalus typus angolensis Bocage, 1866a, Thrasops jacksonii mossambicus Mertens, 1937, Dispholidus typus kivuensis Laurent, 1955, Dispholidus typus punctatus Laurent, 1955, and Dispholidus typus occidentalis Perret, 1961 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, RSM, a 1340 mm male, designated by FitzSimons (1937: 263). Type locality: “eastern districts of South Africa” via lectotype selection. Restricted to Old Latakoo (= Lattakoo or Lithako), approx. 27°S, 24°E., i.e., btwn. Kuruman and Taung, N. Cape Prov., South Africa fide V.F.M. FitzSimons (1962a: 196). Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Southern Senegal (Dakar, Tambacounda), Gambia, Guinea–Bissau (Cacheu, Tombali, Bolama Is.), Guinea (Dalaba, Nzérékoré), SW Mali (Koulikoro, Sikasso), Sierra Leone (Northern, Southern), Liberia, Guinea (Dalaba, Kindia, Nzérékoré), Ivory Coast (Bouaké, Bouna, Ferkéssédougou, Guiglo, Tabou), Ghana (Upper West), Togo (Kara, Maritime, Plateaux). S Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Collines, Zou), S BurkinaFaso (Centre-Ouest, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Rivers), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest), SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haute-Sangha, HautMbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), Gabon, S Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Eritrea (Northern Red Sea, E Southern, Dahlak Is.), S Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Hararge, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo), Somalia (Bay, Galguduud, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Woqooyi Galbeed), Kenya (Central, Coast, Eastern, NorthEastern, Nyanza, Western), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western) Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Piwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Kagera, Mafia, Pemba and Zanzibar Is.), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Sofala, Tete, Bazaruto and Inhaca Is.), Malawi (Central, Northern, Southern), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Angola (Cuando Cubango, Lunda Norte, Moxico), N Namibia (Caprivi, Erongo, Khomas, Okavango, Omaheke, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa), D 240 D Botswana (Central, Gaborone, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, North East, North West, Southern, Tuli), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa (Eastern Cape, NW Free State, Gauteng, KwaZuluNatal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape), NSL–2400 m. Remarks: Original description reprinted in A. Smith (1829: 441–442). Old Latakoo (Lithako) was the principle Kraal of the Batlaping tribe fide Loveridge (1957a: 273). Pemba Is., Tanzania population probably a valid species fide Hughes in Broadley & Wallach, 2003. DISTEIRA Lacépède, 1804 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Disteria Gray, 1825 (nomen emendatum), Distera – Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen incorrectum), Hydrus Gray, 1842d (nomen praeoccupatum), Distira Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Deisteira A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Distura – Westphal-Castelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Distina – Williston, 1914 (nomen incorrectum), Melanomystax Wall, 1921g, Disteia – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), and Distera – Boquet, 1948 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hydrus major G. Shaw, 1802. Distribution: Coastal waters of Australasia, including Arafura Sea, Bay of Bengal, Coral Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, and Timor Sea. Sources: Wall, 1909a, M.A. Smith, 1926a, McDowell, 1972a, A.R. Rasmussen, 1994, David & Ineich, 1999, Wells, 2007, Kharin & Czeblukov, 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: A synonym of Hydrophis fide Sanders et al., 2013. 1. Disteira kingii (Boulenger, 1896a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 276–277. (Hydrophis kingii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.10 (formerly BMNH II.6.5.a), a 1200 mm male (P.P. King, 1818–1822). Type locality: “N. Australia” [= northern Australia]. Distribution: Southern Papua New Guinea (Western) and N Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Great Barrier Reef and Barrow Is.). Sources: L.A. Smith, 1974, Cogger, 1975, Cogger et al., 1983a, Storr et al., 1986 and O’Shea, 1996. Remarks: Holotype is female fide Boulenger (1896a: 277). 2. Disteira major (G. Shaw, 1802). Gen. Zool., Amph. 3(2): 558–559, pl. 124. (Hydrus major) Synonyms: Disteira doliata Lacépède, 1804, Ophinectes major Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1817, Pelamis shavii Snakes of the World Merrem, 1820 (nomen substitutum), Hydrophis mentalis Gray, 1842d, Disteira dumerilii Jan, 1859b, Hydrophis lacepedei Jan, 1859b, Pelamydoidis major – Fitzinger, 1861, and Distira nasalis De Vis, 1905. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.24 (formerly BMNH III.6.8.a), an 1118 mm male, designated by A.C.L.G. Günther (1864a: 364). Type locality: “Indian Ocean” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Southern Papua New Guinea (Western), Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, W and N Western Australia, Great Barrier Reef and Melville Is.) and New Caledonia. Sources: L.A. Smith, 1974, Cogger, 1975, Cogger et al., 1983a, Storr et al., 1986, O’Shea, 1996, Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997, Bauer & Sadlier, 2000 and Ineich & Laboute, 2002. 3. Disteira nigrocincta (Daudin, 1803d). Hist. Nat. Rept. 7: 380–382. (Hydrophis nigrocinctus) Synonyms: Hydrophis nigro-cinctus – Duvernoy, 1832 (nomen illegitimum), Hydrophis nigro-cincta – ViaudGrand-Marais, 1880b (nomen illegitimum), Hydrophis nigrocyneta – Anon., 1902 (nomen incorrectum), Distira hendersoni Boulenger, 1903e, and Distira hendorsoni – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.13 (formerly BMNH 1896.3.25.5), a 1016 mm female (P. Russell, 1781–1791). Type locality: “Bengale” [India]. Specified as The Sunderbunds fide P. Russell (1801: 57) [= Sundarbans, Ganges River delta, SW Bangladesh and SE West Bengal, India, bet. 21.5–23°N, 88–91.5°E]. Distribution: Southesat Asia. Eastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. Sources: Wall, 1921g and M.A. Smith, 1943. Remarks: Original description based upon specimen depicted in P. Russell (1801: 6–7, pl. 6). Type locality is the salt water rivers which intersect that part of Bengal called the Sunderbunds fide P. Russell (1801: 7). 4. Disteira walli Kharin, 1989. Vestn. Zool. 1989(1): 29–31. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1864.4.7.6, a 560 mm male (P. de Bleeker, 1842–1860). Type locality: “Malay Archipelago” [= West Malaysia]. Distribution: West Malaysia. Known only from holotype. DITAXODON Hoge, 1958a (Xenodontidae) Type species: Philodryas taeniatus Hensel, 1868. Distribution: Southern Brazil. Sources: Hoge, 1958a, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Amaral, 1978, Moura-Leite et al., 1996, R.A. Thomas et al., 2006 and Zaher et al., 2009. Snakes of the World 1. Ditaxodon taeniatus (Hensel, 1868). Arch. Naturg. 34(1): 331–332. (Philodryas taeniatus) Type: Neotype, IB 10545, a 543 mm male, designated by R.A. Thomas et al. (2006: 95), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Palmeire (25º20’S 50º00’W, 860 m), state of Paraná, Brazil” via neotype selection. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo), 800–1800 m. Remarks: Illustrations of lost holotype (ZMB 5980) mandible, maxilla and scale micro-ornamentation in Hoge (1985a: figs. 5–6, 8c–d ). Photograph of destroyed neotype in Thomas (2006: fig. 1). Sea level record doubtful fide R.A. Thomas et al. (2006: 94). DITYPOPHIS A.C.L.G. Günther, 1881 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Synonyms: Dityophis – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum) and Didypophis – Dowling in Dowling & Duellman, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Ditypophis vivax A.C.L.G. Günther, 1881a. Distribution: Yemen (Socotra Island). Sources: H.W. Parker, 1949, Corkill & Cochrane, 1965, Showler, 1994, Underwood, 1999, Gravland, 2001, Nagy et al., 2003, Rösler & Wranik, 2004, Lawson et al., 2005, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and Razzetti et al., 2011 1. Ditypophis vivax A.C.L.G. Günther, 1881a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 49(4): 462–463, pl. 40. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.4.83 (formerly BMNH 1881.3.5.4), a 356 mm female (I.B. Balfour, 1879–1880). Type locality: “Island of Socotra” [Yemen, Arabian Sea]. Distribution: Yemen (Socotra Is.), NSL–870 m. DOLICHOPHIS Gistel, 1868 (Colubridae) Synonym: Eremiophis Fitzinger, 1843. Type species: Coluber caspius Gmelin, 1789. Distribution: Eurasia. Fossil records: Upper Pliocene to upper Pleistocene of Europe. Sources: Schätti & Wilson, 1986, Schätti & Utiger, 2001 and Nagy et al., 2004, 2010. 1. Dolichophis caspius (Gmelin, 1789). Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1(3): 1112. (Coluber caspius) Synonyms: Coluber jaculator Pallas, 1799, Coluber bicolor Georgi, 1800, Coluber acontistes Pallas, 1814, Coluber thermalis Pallas, 1814, Coluber trabalis Pallas, 1814, Natrix sheltopuszik Wagler, 1825 (nomen 241 ineditum), and Coluber griseocoeruleus Dwigubsky, 1832. Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “ad littora maris Caspii” [= shore of Caspian Sea, SW Asia]. Restricted to Jaikische Steppen, Gebiet des unteren Ural-Flusses [= Yaik steppes of the lower Ural River, Russia and Kazakhstan] fide Mertens & Müller (1928: 46). Distribution: Southeastern Europe and ext. W Asia. Hungary, S Romania (Calarasi, S CarasSeverin, Constanta, Galati, Ialomita, Mehedinti, Tulcea, Vrancea), E Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, S Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Kardzhali, Lovech, Kyustendil, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Rousse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Stara Zagora, Targovishte, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol), Macedonia, Greece (Andros, Chios, Corfu, Crete, Euboea, Goekce, Ikaria, Karpathos, Kasos, Kea, Kithnos, Lesvos, Likorima, Limnos, Samos, Samothraki, Serifos, Sifnos, Siros, Spetsai, Tinos, Thasos), W Turkey (Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Balikesir, Bursa, Denizli, Edirne, Gaziantep, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kastamonu, Kirklareli, Kocaeli, Konya, Manisa, Mugla, Sinop, Tekirday, Imroz Is.), Moldavia, S Ukraine, SW Russia (Dagestan), ext. NW Georgia, ext. NE Turkey and ext. NE Azerbaijan, NSL–915 m. Fossil records: Upper Pliocene (Villanyian, MN 16–17: 1.8–3.2 mya) of Austria and Hungary, lower Pleistocene (Calabrian: 0.8–1.8 mya) of Austria, Czech Republic, Romania and Ukraine, middle Pleistocene (Ionian: 0.13–0.78 mya) of Austria and Bulgaria, and upper Pleistocene (Tarantian: 0.01–0.13 mya) of Bulgaria and Czech Republic. Sources: Buresch & Zonkoff, 1934, Fuhn & Vancea, 1961, Baran, 1976a, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Kotenko et al., 1986, Szczerbak & Böhme, 1993a, Schätti, 1993a, Ataev et al., 1994, Borkin et al., 1997, Holman, 1998a, Szyndlar, 1991a, Petkovski et al., 2000, Baker et al., 2002, Valakos et al., 2004, Ivanov, 2007, Trapp, 2007, Valakos et al., 2008, Kretecki et al., 2009, Tuniyev et al., 2009 and Stojanov et al., 2011. Remarks: Original description based on Lepechin (1769: 513–514, pl. 21), with type locality near Krassno Jar on the Jaikian Steppes, lower Ural River, Caspian Sea shore fide Zinner (1972: 24). 2. Dolichophis cypriensis (Schätti, 1985). Rev. Suisse Zool. 92(2): 472–475, figs. 1–2. (Coluber cypriensis) Type: Holotype, MHNG 2206.30, an 869 mm female (native, 14 April 1983). Type locality: “zwischen Arakapás und Kalokhorio, Zypern” [= between Arakapás and Kalokhorio, Cyprus]. Distribution: Southern Cyprus, NSL–1900 m. D 242 Sources: Utiger & Schätti, 2004, Venchi et al., 2006 and Baier et al., 2009. Remarks: Illustrations of head of holotype in Baier et al. (2009: figs. 226–227). D 3. Dolichophis gyarosensis (Mertens, 1968a). Senck. Biol. 49(3–4): 181–184, figs. 1–2, 4. (Coluber gemonensis gyarosensis) Type: Holotype, ZFMK 4332, a 675 mm (svl) male (K. Buchholz, 28–31 Aug. 1963). Type locality: “Insel Gyaros (= Gioura), Cycladen” [= Gioura Is., Northern Sporades, Greece, 39°23’N, 24°10’E]. Distribution: Southern Greece (N Sporades). Known only from type locality. Sources: W. Böhme, 1993b and Utiger & Schätti, 2004. 4. Dolichophis jugularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 225. (Coluber jugularis) Synonyms: Coluber colloruber Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber jugularis G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber hannasch Seetzen, 1855, Zamenis viridiflavus asiana Boettger, 1880b, Zamenis gemonensis tauricus Venzmer, 1919, and Dolichophis jugularis zinneri Cattaneo, 2012. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-28 (formerly MAFR), a 1415 mm specimen (F. Hasselquist, 1749–1752). Type locality: “Aegypto” [= Egypt] (in error fide Flower, 1933: 808). Corrected to Palestine or Syria fide Flower (1933: 808), Syria fide Bodenheimer (1944: 59), and SW Turkey in the surroundings of Selcuk and Ephesus fide Zinner (1972: 16). Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Eastern Greece (Aegean Is., Kálimnos, Kos, Léros, Rhodes, Sími, Tílos), S Turkey (Adana, Antalya, Diyarbakir, Gaziantep, Icel, Isparta, Izmir, Konya, Mugla, Mus, Urfa, Tunceli), Cyprus, Syria (Damascus), W Lebanon (Beirut, Beqaa, El Jnoub, Liban-Nord, Mont-Liban, Nabatiye), Jordan (Ajloun, Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Jarash, Karak, Maan, Madaba, Mafraq, Tafilah), Israel (Central, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, N Southern, Tel Aviv, West Bank), ext. NE Egypt (NE North Sinai), N Iraq (As Kuwait, Sulaymaniyah, Al Anbar, Al Basrah), Kuwait and W Iran (Khuzestan), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Anderson, 1898, Flower, 1933, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Hraoui-Bloquet, 1981, Schätti, 1987, 1993a, Al-Mohanna et al., 1997, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Valakos et al., 2008, Baier et al., 2009, Amr & Disi, 2011 and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Snakes of the World 5. Dolichophis schmidti (Nikolsky, 1909b). Mitt. Kaula Mus. Tiflis 4: 303–304. (Coluber schmidti) Synonym: Coluber erythrogaster Fischer von Waldheim, 1832 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Lectotype, MNKNU 14935 (formerly ZCIKU 268), a 390 mm (R.H. Schmidt & A.B. Schelkovnikov, 29 March 1907), designated by Vedmederya et al. (2009: 208). Type locality: “in salsis Adzi, Mugan centr” [= Mugan’ Steppe, Azerbaijan] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Eastern Turkey (Adana, Amasya, Ankara, Artvin, Bingöl, Gaziantep, Kars, Konya, Urfa, Van), Syria, N Jordan (Amman, Jarash, Mafraq), N Iran (Kordestan), ext. SW Armenia, Azerbaijan, E Georgia, ext. SW Russia and S Turkmenistan, 75–785 m. Sources: Muskhelishvilli, 1970a, Bosoglu & Baran, 1980, Disi, 1985, Leviton et al., 1992, W. Böhme, 1993, Szczerbak & Böhme, 1993b, Schätti, 1993a, Szczerbak, 1994, Baker et al., 2002 and Amr & Disi, 2011. Remarks: Photograph of head of holotype in Vedmederya et al. (2009: fig. 8). Original description erroneously cited as vol. 3 (1908) fide Schätti (1988: 22). Type locality restriction of Tbilisi, Georgia fide Szczerbak & Böhme (1993b: 169) invalid. DREPANOIDES Dunn, 1928b (nomen substitutum) (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Cloelia Jan, 1863b (nomen praeoccupatum), Drepanodon Peracca, 1896a (nomen praeoccupatum), Drepranodon – Amaral, 1930f (nomen incorrectum), Drepanpdon – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Pseudoclelia Rendahl & Vestergren, 1941, and Dreprenadon – Cunha & Nascimento, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Cloelia anomala Jan, 1863b. Distribution: Northern South America. Sources: Peracca, 1896a, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Vanzolini, 1986a, PérezSantos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Starace, 1998, Vidal et al., 2000, Duellman, 2005, Zaher et al., 2009, Avila & Kawashita-Ribeiro. 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 1. Drepanoides anomalus (Jan, 1863b). Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 92. (Cloelia anomala) Synonyms: Drepanodon astigmaticus Peracca, 1896a, Arrhyton quenselii Andersson, 1901, and Pseudoclelia guttata Rendahl & Vestergren, 1941. Type: Lectotype, MHNN 4 (formerly MZN 100) (J.J. von Tschudi, 1838–1842), designated by Schätti (1986a: 100). Type locality: “Amérique méridionale” [= South America] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Peru fide Peracca (1896a: 5) and Schätti (1986a: 100). 243 Snakes of the World Distribution: Western Amazonia. Southern Colombia (Putumayo), Guyana, E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), E Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios), N Bolivia (Beni, La Paz) and W Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia), 50–500 m. Remarks: Type locality erroneously listed as Brazil fide J.A. Peters (1960a: 518). DROMICODRYAS Boulenger, 1893a (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Synonyms: Lianthera Cope, 1893a, Dromycodrias – Jourdran, 1904 (nomen incorrectum), Dromicordyas – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Dromycodryas – Brygoo, 1983 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Herpetodryas bernierii A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a. Distribution: Madagascar. Sources: Jourdran, 1904, Andersson, 1910, Guibé, 1958, Brygoo, 1983, 1987, Gravlund, 2001, A. Mori et al., 2006, Glaw & Vences, 2007, Glaw et al., 2007a, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Dromicodryas bernierii (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 211–212, pl. 66, figs. 1–4. (Herpetodryas bernierii) Synonyms: Herpetodryas bernierii trilineata Boettger, 1881d (partim), Herpetodryas bernieri ramavali Kaudern, 1922, and Liopholidophis pseudolateralis Guibé, 1954. Types: Syntypes (3), MCZ 1966 (formerly MNHN 68), an 843 mm female (C.A.C.J. Bernier, 1844), USNM 6221 (Hérail) and MNHN (R.-P. Lesson & P. Garnot [Coquille Voy.], Aug. 1822–March 1825). Type locality: “Madagascar” and “l’Ile de France,” (latter in error fide Brygoo, 1983: 38). Restricted to Madagascar fide Bouleneger (1896a: 190). Distribution: Madagascar (Antsiranana, Atananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, S Toliara), NSL– 515 m. Sources: Henkel & Schmidt, 2000 and A. Mori et al., 2006. 2. Dromicodryas quadrilineatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 212–218. (Herpetodryas quadrilineatus) Synonym: Herpetodryas bernierii trilineata Boettger, 1881 (partim). Type: Holotype, MNHN 7245 (Clouet or C.A.C.J. Bernier, 1847). Type locality: “Madagascar.” Distribution: Northern Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Nosy Be Is.), NSL–1000 m. Source: Henkel & Schmidt, 2000. Remarks: Holotype collected by Mr. Clouet and paratypes by Bernier fide Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (1854a: 212) but Bernier is listed as holotype collector fide MNHN catalogue. DROMOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1869 (Psammophiidae) Synonyms: Philodendros Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen rejiciendum) and Philodendrus Agassiz, 1847 (nomen rejiciendum). Type species: Dendrophis praeornata Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Sources: F. Werner, 1924c, Loveridge, 1940, Brandstätter, 1995, 1996, Hughes, 1999, Gravlund, 2001, Nagy et al., 2003, Lawson et al., 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Kelly et al., 2008, 2009, Vidal et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012u. Remarks: A valid genus fide Hughes (2013: 115) but a synonym of Psammophis fide Kelly et al. (2008: 1045). 1. Dromophis lineatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 1124–1126. (Dryophylax lineatus) Synonyms: Psammophis sibilans tumbensis Schenkel, 1901 and Psammophis brevirostris temporalis F. Werner, 1902. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 7643–44, longest syntype 910 mm (B. d’Arnaud [Second or Third White Nile Exped.], 1840–1850). Type locality: “Nil blanc” [= White Nile River, bet. Al Khartum (15°35’N, elevatuon 390 m), An Nil Al Abyad Prov., SE Sudan, and Juba (4°42’N, elevation 500 m), Upper Nile, Jonglei or Central Equatoria Prov., South Sudan]. Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Fatick), Gambia, Guinea–Bissau (Bafatá, Bissau, Tombali), Guinea (Boké, Conakry, Dalaba, Kerouane, Kindia, Télimélé, Tumbo Is.), Sierre Leone (Northern, Southern, Western), Ivory Coast (Daloa, Toumodi), SW Mali (Koulikoro), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, Sahel, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), N Ghana (Upper West), Togo (Kara, Plateaux, Savanes), Benin (Alibori, Atlantique, Collines), NE Nigeria, SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Nord, Sud), Central African Republic (BaminguiBangoran, Lobaye, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha), Congo (Brazzaville, Plateau), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, BasCongo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Angola, SE Sudan (An Nil Al Abyad), E South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Upper Nile), W Ethiopia (Illubabor), SW Kenya (Western), Uganda (Central, Northern), W Burundi (Bujumbura), W Tanzania D 244 D (S Iringa, W Kigoma, Mbeya), Zambia (Central, Northern, Southern, Western), N Malawi (Northern), ext. W Zimbabwe (W Matebeleland North), ext. NE Nambia (E Caprivi) and ext. NE Botswana (NE North West), 250–1800 m. Sources: Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Roman, 1980, Broadley, 1983, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Auerbach, 1987, Branch, 1988, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, J.-F.J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Broadley et al., 2003, M. Griffin, 2003, Hughes, 2004, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Largen & Spawls, 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 and Chirio, 2013. 2. Dromophis praeornatus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 157–158, 2: 236–237. (Dendrophis praeornata) Synonym: Dromophis praeornatus gribinguiensis Angel, 1921. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7610, a 236–611 mm male (G.S. Perrotet, 1822–1832). Type locality: “le pays de Walo au Senegal” [= Kingdom of Waalo along lower Senegal River bet. Atlantic Ocean (15°57N, 16°30’W, elevation NSL) and Djeol (16°03’N, 13°24’W, elevation 45 m), N Senegal]. Distribution: West Africa. Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kédougou, Matam, Saint-Louis, Thiès), Gambia, Guinea (Kerouane, Kouroussa, Télimélé), S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, Sikasso), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, Sahel, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Ivory Coast (Bouna, Daloa), Ghana (Accra, Upper East, Upper West), S Togo (Kara, Plateaux, Savanes), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora), S Niger (Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Zinder), Nigeria (Plateau), S Chad (Lac), N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord) and Central African Republic (Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Vakaga), NSL–1210 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1940, Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, J Roman, 1980, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Greenbaum & Carr, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1384 (ICZN 1986b). †DRYINOIDES Auffenberg, 1958 (Carphophiidae) Type species: †Dryinoides oxyrhachis Auffenberg, 1958. Distribution: Middle Miocene of N-cen. USA. Sources: Holman, 1979b, 2000a, Meylan, l982 and Rage, 1984b. Snakes of the World Remarks: †Dryinoides sp. from Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) of USA (Florida) fide Meylan (1982: 46). 1. †Dryinoides oxyrhachis Auffenberg, 1958. Amer. Mus. Novit. (1874): 2–8, figs. 1 (top row), 2, 3a, 3h, 3m. Type: Holotype, AMNH 7524, a fragmentary skull and 21 thoracic vertebrae (C.C. Mook & C.S. Williams, 1925). Type locality: “Madison Valley, Gallatin County, Montana; Lower Clay, Madison Valley formation, upper Miocene (Barstovian).” [= Middle Miocene fide Rage (1984b: 46) and Holman, 2000a: 292]. Distribution: Middle Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6–20.6 mya) of USA (Montana). Known only from type locality. DRYMARCHON Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Georgia Baird & Girard, 1853, Geoptyas Steindachner, 1867b, Morenoa Dugès, 1905, Crymarchon – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Dryonarchon – Huene, 1956 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber corais F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Southeastern USA and Latin America. Fossil records: Pleistocene of USA (Florida), and Holocene of Mexico and USA (Florida). Sources: Amaral, 1930i and Wüster et al., 2001a. 1. Drymarchon caudomaculatus Wüster, Yrausquin, & Mijares-Urrutia, 2001a. Herpetol. J. 11: 159–162, figs. 1a–d. Type: Holotype, EBRG 3412, a 1562 mm female (W. Wüster & J.L. Yrausquin, 16 July 1997). Type locality: “On the road to Los Tablones, 1 km from the junction with the new Coro-Churuguara road, Municipio Colima, Estado Falcón, Venezuela. The locality is situated approximately 1 km from the village Las Dos Bocas (11°18’N, 69°24’W), in the eastern foothills of the Sierra de San Luis, at an altitude of approximately 110 m.” Distribution: Northwestern Venezuela (Falcón, Zulia), 110–150 m. Sources: Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, InfanteRivero, 2005 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 2. Drymarchon corais (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 537. (Coluber corais) Synonyms: Coluber reticularis Daudin, 1803c (nomen nudum), Coluber flavicolis Hancock, 1830, Geoptyas collaris Steindachner, 1867b, Geoptyas flaviventris Steindachner, 1867b, Phrynonax suborbitalis W.C.H. Peters, 1868, Spilotes corais xanthurus A. Brown, 1893, Snakes of the World Phrynonax angulifer F. Werner, 1923a, Drymanchor corais corais – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Drymarcho corais corais – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, not designated, lost fide Hoge (1964d: 55). Type locality: “America.” Restricted to South America fide A.E. Brown (1901: 44) and to Belem, Pará, Brazil fide K.P. Schmidt (l953a: 192). Distribution: South America. Colombia (Guajira), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Sucre, Zulia), Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Guyana (PomeroonSupenaam), N Suriname (Para, Paramaribo), N French Guiana (N Cayenne, N Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), W Ecuador (Loja, Pichincha), ext. NW and E Peru (Cusco, Loreto, Madre a Dios, Piura), N Bolivia (El Beni, La Paz, Pando), Brazil (Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rondônia, São Paulo, Tocantins), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro) and N Argentina (Chaco), NSL– 2750 m. Sources: Amaral, 1930i, Roze, 1966a, Lancini, l986, Chippaux, 1987, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Cei, 1994, Starace, 1998, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, Wüster et al., 2001a, Abuys, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Cacciali, 2008, Mendoza & Lucero, 2009 and Navarrete et al., 2009. 3. Drymarchon couperi (Holbrook, 1842a). No. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 3: 75–77, pl. 16. (Coluber couperi) Type: Holotype, ANSP 3937 (J.H. Couper, 1829–1842) Type locality: “dry pine hills, south of the Altamaha” [= Altamaha River, Georgia, USA]. Restricted to Wayne Co., Georgia, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953: 193). Distribution: Southeastern USA (ext. S Alabama, Florida: Florida Keys; SE Georgia: St. Catherine’s Is.; ext. S South Carolina), NSL–150 m. Fossil records: Lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Alabama, Florida). Sources: Speake et al., 1978, Ashton & Ashton, 1988, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Collins, 1991, Couper et al., 1996, Crother et al., 2000, Holman, 2000a and Krysko et al., 2011. 4. Drymarchon margaritae Roze, 1959b. Nov. Cient. Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. La Salle (25): 1–3, 2 figs. Type: Holotype, MHNLS 569, a 1300 mm male (J.A. Roze, 18 Dec. 1951). Type locality: “Cerra de San Francisco de Macanas, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, 350 m.” 245 Distribution: Northeastern Venezuela (Nueva Esparta: W Margarita Is.), 350–500 m. Sources: Roze, 1962, Wüster et al., 2001a, RivasFuenmayor et al., 2005 and Ugueto & Rivas, 2010. Remarks: A valid species fide Wüster et al. (2001: 163). 5. Drymarchon melanurus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 224–225. (Spilotes melanurus) Synonyms: Spilotes erebennus Cope, 1860f, Morenoa orizabensis Dugès, 1905, Drymarchon corais melanocercus H.M. Smith, 1941m (nomen rejiciendum), Drymarchon corais rubidus H.M. Smith, 1941m, Drymarchon corais unicolor H.M. Smith, 1941m, and Drymarchon corais cleofae Brock, 1942, Type: Lectotype, MNHN 3185, a 2217 mm specimen, designated by McCranie (1980: 200). Type locality: “Mexique” [= Mexico] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Mesoamerica and NW South America, Southeastern USA (S Texas), Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, ext. SW Chihuahua, E Coahuila, Colima, Durango, ? Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, México, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, S Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas, María Cleofas and María Madre Is.), Belize (Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Huehuetenango, Petén, Suchitépequez), Honduras (Atlántida, Choluteca, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, El Paraíso, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Islas de la Bahía, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Bárbara, Valle, Yoro, Guanaja, Roatán and Utila Is.), El Salvador (Ahuachapán, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, La Libertad, Morazán, San Salvador), Nicaragua (Chontales, Jinotega, Managua, Matagalpa, Río San Juan, Zelaya, Ometepec Is.), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Canal Zone, Darién, Barro Colorado Is.), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Distrito Especial, La Guajira, Santander, Tolima, Valle, Vichada), NW Venezuela (Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Mérida, Zulia) and Ecuador, NSL–1600 m. Sources: Niceforo Maria, l942, E.H. Taylor, 1951, McCranie, 1980c, Tennant, 1984, 1997, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, La Marca et al., 1995, Lee, 1996, J.A. Campbell, 1998, Crother et al., 2000, G. Köhler, 2000, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Wüster et al., 2001a, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, Duellman, 2005, G. Köhler et al., 2005, McCranie et al., 2005, 2006, N. Herrera et al., 2007, Navarrete et al., 2009, McCranie, 2011a, Muñiz-Martinez & ValdezLares, 2011, Orellana & Gutsche, 2011, Travers et al., 2011 and Ahumada-Carrillo & Vázquez-Huizar, 2012b. D 246 Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2094 fide Opinion 746 (ICZN, 1965d). A valid species fide Wüster et al. (2001: 163). Lectotype designation of USNM 1416 fide H.M. Smith (1963d: 233) invalid fide McCranie (1980: 200). D DRYMOBIUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Crossanthera Cope, 1893a and Drimobius – Brazil, 1911 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Extreme S USA and Latin America. Fossil record: Holocene of Mexico. Sources: L.D. Wilson, l975a and Villa et al., 1988. 1. Drymobius chloroticus (Cope, 1886b). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1885) 23(122): 278. (Dendrophidium chloroticum) Synonym: Drymobius brunneus Bocourt, 1890 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909. Type: Holotype, USNM 6755, a 1048 mm female (H. Hague, 1867–1884). Type locality: “Guatemala.” Restricted to Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala fide Cope (1887b: 69). Distribution: Southern Mexico (S Chiapas, Guerrero, S Oaxaca, S San Luis Potosí, Veracruz), S Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Chimaltenango, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez), El Salvador (Chalatenango, Santa Ana), Honduras (Atlántida, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, La Paz, Olancho, Yoro) and N Nicaragua (Estelí, Matagalpa), 500–2200 (2500) m. Sources: L.D. Wilson, 1970c, 1975b, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, López-Luna et al., 2001, G. Köhler et al., 2005, McCranie, 2011a and Mendoza-Hernández et al., 2011. Remarks: Drymobius chloroticus and D. melanotropis probably conspecific fide Savage (2002: 662). 2. Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 151, 2: 184–185. (Herpetodryas margaritiferus) Synonyms: Coluber chiametla G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen rejiciendum), Zamenis tricolor Hallowell, 1855c, Drymobius margaritiferus occidentalis Bocourt, 1890 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, Drimobius margaritiferus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus H.M. Smith, 1942j, and Drymobius margaritiferus maydis Villa, 1968. Type: Holotype, MNHN 7309, a 740–766 mm male (J. Barabino, 1831–1836). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Nouvelle Orléans” [= New Orleans, Louisiana, USA] (in error). Restricted to Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith (1942j: 383). Restricted to Cordobá, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 347). Restricted to Brownsville, Texas, USA fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 192). Distribution: Exteme S USA (ext. S Texas), Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, S Chihuahua, E Coahuila, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, ? Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, S Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Belize (Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Huehuetenango, Juitapa, Quiché, Petén, Suchitepéquez), El Salvador (Ahuachapán, Cabañas, La Libertad, La Paz, Usulután), Honduras (Atlántida, Choluteca, Colón, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, El Paraíso, Francisco Morozán, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, Santa Bárbara, Yoro), Nicaragua (Atlántico Sur, Estelí, Granada, León, Managua, Matagalpa, Rio San Juan, Rivas, Zelaya, Great Corn Is.), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama and ext. N Colombia (Bolívar, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena), NSL–1830 m. Sources: H.M. Smith, l942j, Villa, l968, L.D. Wilson, 1974, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Lee, 1996, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, G. Köhler, 1999b, Werler & Dixon, 2000, Savage, 2002, Lemos-Espinal et al., 2004a–b, G. Köhler et al., 2005, Carvajal-Cogollo et al., 2011b and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2850 fide Opinion 1246 (ICZN, 1983). 3. Drymobius melanotropis (Cope, 1875a). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1876) (2) 8(2): 134–135, pl. 26, fig. 1. (Dendrophidium melanotropis) Type: Holotype, USNM 32597, a 1240 mm male (W.M. Gabb, 1873–1875). Type locality: “southern portion of the region of Costa Rica.” Distribution: Lower Central America. Eastern Honduras (Colón, Gracias a Dios, Olancho), Nicaragua (Atlántico Sur, Estelí, Matagalpa, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón) and Panama, 60–1200 m. Sources: Gaige et al., 1937, E.H. Taylor, 1954, L.D.Wilson, 1970c, 1975c, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, McCranie et al., 2006 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Drymobius chloroticus and D. melanotropis probably conspecific fide Savage (2002: 662). 247 Snakes of the World 4. Drymobius rhombifer (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1860e). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 28(1): 236. (Coryphodon rhombifer) Synonym: Spilotes rhombifer W.C.H. Peters, 1879. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.96, an 1100 mm female (L. Fraser, 1857–1859). Type locality: “Esmeraldas, Ecuador” [= Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas Prov., NW Ecuador, 0°57’N, 79°40’W, elevation 80 m]. Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Eastern Nicaragua (Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Darién, Panamá), Colombia (Amazonas, Boyacá, Caquetá, Chocó, La Guajira, Meta, Narito, Tolima, Valle), Venezuela (Amazonas, Barinas, Bolívar, Zulia), S Guyana (Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), N Brazil (Amazonas, Roraima), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha), E Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios) and Bolivia (La Paz), NSL–1200 m. Sources; Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, O’Shea & Stimson, 1993, Starace, 1998, Passos, 2001, Calcaño & Barrio-Amorgós, 2002, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, Duellman, 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as BMNH 1946.1.12.94 fide J.A. Peters (1960a: 519). DRYMOLUBER Amaral, 1930j (Colubridae) Synonym: Drimoluber – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Herpetodryas dichroa W.C.H. Peters, 1863c. Distribution: South America. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Amaral, 1978, Lehr et al., 2004 and Caldeira-Costa et al., MS. 1. Drymoluber apurimacensis Lehr, Carrillo & Hocking, 2004. Copeia 2004(1): 47–49, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, MHNSM 20672, a 279 mm female (P. Hocking, 15 Jan. 2001). Type locality: “Abancay (13°38’38”S, 72°52’33”W, elevation 2500 m.), Provincia de Abancay, Departamento de Apurimác, Peru.” Distribution: Southern Peru (Apurimác), 2500–3300 m. 2. Drymoluber brazili (J. Gomés, 1918). Mem. Inst. Butantan 1(1): 81–82, pl. 14, fig. 2. (Drymobius brazili) Synonym: Drymobius rubriceps Amaral, 1923 & 1926a. Type: Holotype, IB 696, a 1590 mm male (TancredoFranca, Sept. 1914), destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Estação de Engenheiro Lisbôa, perto de Uberaba, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil.” Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahía, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Piauí, Rondônia, São Paulo, Tocantins) and Paraguay (Canindeyú), 330–1040 m. Sources: Amaral, 1935e, Nogueira, 2001, Suzart Argôlo, 2004 and Freitas et al., 2012a. 3. Drymoluber dichrous (W.C.H. Peters, 1863c). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(6): 284. (Herpetodryas dichroa) Synonyms: Herpetodryas occipitalis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1868, and Spilotes piceus Cope, 1868b. Type: Lectotype, ZMB 1661, an 827 mm male (G.W. Freyreiss), designated by Caldeira-Costa et al., MS. Type locality: “Brasilien” [= Brazil]. Distribution: Northern South America. Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Guaviare, Meta), SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper DemeraraBerbice), Suriname (Brokopondo, Commewjine, Marowjine, Sipaliwini), French Guiana (Cayenne), Ecuador (Azuay, Chimborazo, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellano, Pastaza, Sucumbios), E Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Huánaco, Juinín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, San Martin, Ucayali), N Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima) and Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), NSL–3500 m. Sources: Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, Starace, 1998, Freire, 2000, Passos & Brandão, 2002, Duellman, 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. DRYOCALAMUS A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Nympha Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen praeoccupatum), Odontomus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Hemidipsas A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Hydrophobus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b, Nymphophidium A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Nymphophidum Marschall, 1873 (nomen emendatum), Ulupe Blanford, 1878a, Odontonus – Senna, 1886 (nomen incorrectum), Dryacalamus – F. Werner, 1901b (nomen incorrectum), and Hydropholus – Deraniyagala, 1955 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Dryocalamus tristrigatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Southern Asia and East Indies. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. D 248 1. Dryocalamus davisoni (Blanford, 1878a). Proc. Asiatic Soc Bengal 1878(6): 141. (Ulupe davisoni) D Synonym: Odontomus nympha siamensis Bocourt, 1886. Type: Holotype, ZSI 3201 (formerly IMC 3201), a 711 mm specimen (Davison), lost fide I. Das et al. (1998: 158). Type locality: “Foot of Nawlabu hill, west of Tavoy” [= Nawlabu Hill, E of Dawei (14°05’N, 98°13’E), N Tanintharyi Div., S Myanmar, elevation 455 m]. Emended to the foot of Nawlabú Hill, east of Tavoy, in evergreen forest, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet above the sea, Tenasserim Burmaniae fide Blanford (1878b: 129–130). Distribution: Southeast Asia. Bhutan, S Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Thailand (Chanthaburi, Chon Buri, Krabi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phra Nakhon, Surat Thani), Cambodia (Kampot), Laos and Vietnam (Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Tay Ninh, Thanh Hoa), NSL–1900 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Saint Girons, 1972a, Chanard et al., 1999, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, I. Das, 1999a, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Orlov et al., 2011 and Wangyal, 2011. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Blanford (1878b: 129–130). Mahendra (1984: 211) listed “Southern China.” 2. Dryocalamus gracilis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 234–235. (Odontomus gracilis) Synonym: Odontomus fergusonii Haly, 1888. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.86, a 533 mm male (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1864). Type locality: “Anamallay Mountains, Madras Presidency, British India” [= Anamalai Hills, S Western Ghats, E Kerala /W Tamil Nadu States, SW India, ca. 10°22’N, 77°08’E]. Distribution: Southern Asia. Western and Eastern Ghats of India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu), N Sri Lanka (Northern, North-Central, North-Western) and SW Myanmar (Arakan: False Is.), NSL–200 m. Sources: Wall, 1921g, Jayaram, 1974, Dowling & Jenner, 1988, O’Shea, 2003 and A. Silva & Velarathne, 2005. Remarks: A synonym of Dryocalamus nympha (Daudin) fide Mahendra (1984: 211). 3. Dryocalamus nympha (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 6: 244–245, pl. 75, fig. 1. (Coluber nympha) Synonyms: Hydrophobus semifasciatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b, Odontomus nympha ceylonensis F. Müller, 1887, and Cochliophagus isolepis Müller, 1924. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.69, a 432–440 mm male described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 42, pl. 36) (Duffin via P. Russell, 1781–1791), designated by Kucharzewski & Tillack (2008: 47) Snakes of the World Type locality: “Vellore, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Nellore, Andhra Pradesh State, SE India, 14°27’N, 79°59’E, elevation 15 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka (Eastern, North Central, Northern, Sabaragamuwa, Southern), 15 m. Sources: Wall, 1909c, 1921g, P. Silva, 1969, A. Silva, 1990b, 2001, 2009 and Somaweera, 2006. Remarks: Description based on P. Russell (1796: 42–43, pls. 36–37). 4. Dryocalamus philippinus L.E. Griffin, 1909b. Philippine J. Sci. 4A(6): 596–597. Type: Neotype, CAS 62174, a 470 mm specimen (L.E. Griffin), designated by A.E. Leviton herein. Type locality: “Iwahig, Palawan Is., Palawan Prov., S Philippines” via neotype selection. Distribution: Southern Philippines (Balábac, Palawan). Remarks: Probably conspecific with Dryocalamus tristrigatus Günther fide Leviton (1959b: 262). Remarks: BSM holotype, a 241 mm specimen (W. Schultze), destroyed in Jan. 1945 during World War II. Neotype designation of Leviton (1959b: 263) was unpublished and therefore invalid. 5. Dryocalamus subannulatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 454–455. (Odontomus subannulatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Odontomus sub-annulatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Odontomus sub-annulatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen incorrigendum), Coronella prosopeion Bleeker, 1857b (nomen nudum), Odontomus subannulatus Bleeker, 1858b (nomen corrigendum), Hemidipsas ocellata A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Nymphophidium maculatum A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, and Dryocalamus davisonii tungsongensis Nutaphand, 1986. Type: Holotype, RMNH 985, a 600 mm specimen (S. Müller, 1833–1835). Type locality: “l’ile de Sumatra” [= W Indonesia]. Restricted to Padang, W. Sumatra fide C. Haas (1950: 553). Distribution: Malay Peninsula and East Indies. Peninsular Thailand (Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang Nga), West Malaysia (Johor, Perak, Pinang, Seribuat Arch.: Sibu, Tinggi, Tioman), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah), Brunei, W Indonesia (Mentawai Arch., Siberut Is., Riau Arch., Sumatra) and Philippines (Palawan), 200–350 m. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, David & Vogel, 1996, Casper & Burnham, 2001, Wood et al., 2008, Onn et al., 2010 and Grismer, 2011. 249 Snakes of the World 6. Dryocalamus tristrigatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 121–122. Synonym: Dryocalamus trilineatus A. Brown, 1902a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.78, a 360–368 mm female (Haslar, Mus.). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Borneo and Philippines. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, N Indonesia (Natuna Arch., Riau Arch.) and S Philippines (Balabac, Palawan), 100–610 m. Sources: Stuebing, 1991 and Dehling & I. Das, 2006. DRYOPHIOPS Boulenger, 1896a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Dryophops – Phisalix, 1922 (nomen incorrectum), Driophiops – Deuve, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), and Dryphiops – K.K.P. Lim & Chou, 1990 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Dipsas rubescens Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1930a, C. Haas, 1950 and Leviton, 1964c. 1. Dryophiops philippina Boulenger, 1896a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 3: 195, pl. 9, fig. 2. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.7, a male (J. Whitehead Exped., March–July 1895), designated by Leviton (1964c: 142). Type locality: “Cape Engano, northern Luzon” [= Cape Engaño, Cagayan Prov., N Luzon, Philippines, 18°35’N, 122°08’E, elevation 50 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Philippines (Luzón, Mindanao, Mindoro, Romblon, Sibuyan and Negros), NSL–1000 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1922a and B.E. Smith, 1993. 2. Dryophiops rubescens (Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835). Illust. Indian Zool. 2(19– 20): pl. 84, fig. 2. (Dipsas rubescens) Synonym: Dendrophis sumatrana Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.9.62, a female (T. Hardwicke,1756–1823 ) Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Bengal, India (in error) fide A.C.L.G. Günther (1858: 146). Corrected to Malay Peninsula fide Boulenger (1896a: 194). Distribution: Southeast Asia and East Indies. Peninsular Thailand (Narathiwat, Pattani, Phuket, Surat Thani, Trang), West Malaysia (Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Pinang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Phuket, Penang and Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Mentawai Arch., Natuna Arch., Sumatra) and S Philippines (Corón), NSL–500 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1925, 1965, Soderberg, 1967a, C.B. Frith, 1977a, Tweedie, 1983, K.F.L. Lim & Lee, 1989, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, I. Das, 2007b, 2010, 2012 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Label on jar of type reads “Bengal” but locality probably in Malay Peninsula fide E.H. Taylor (1965: 894). DRYSDALIA Worrell, 1961c (Elapidae) Type species: Hoplocephalus coronoides A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858. Distribution: Southern Australia. Sources: Coventry & Rawlinson, 1980, Shine, 1981a, Cogger et al., 1983a, Golay, 1985, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Hoser, 1989, 2012e, Hutchinson, 1990, Greer, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Sanders et al., 2008 and Zaher.et al., 2009. 1. Drysdalia coronoides (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 215–216. (Hoplocephalus coronoides) Synonyms: Alecto labialis Jan, 1873 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881 (nomen praeoccupatum), Denisonia nigra De Vis, 1905, and Elapognathus orri Wells & Wellington, 1985. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.39 (formerly BMNH 1852.1.15.29), a 423 mm female (R.C. Gunn, July 1832– Jan. 1847), designated by Coventry & Rawlinson (1980: 69). Type locality: “Van Diemens Land” [= Tasmania, Australia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Australia (Australian Capital Territory, E New South Wales, ext. SE South Australia, Tasmania, S Victoria, Babel, Badger, Cape Barron, Clarke, Curtis, Deal, Erith, Flinders, Great Dog, Inner Sister, King, Preservation and West Sister Is.), NSL– 2125 m. Sources: F. McCoy, 1878c and Littlejohn, 1962. 2. Drysdalia mastersii (Krefft, 1866a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 34(1): 370. (Hoplocephalus mastersii) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.42 (formerly BMNH 1866.6.13.2), a 285 mm female (G. Masters, 13 June 1866), designated by Coventry & Rawlinson (1980: 72). Type locality: “Flinder’s Distribution, South Australia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Australia (S South Australia, ext. W Victoria, ext. SE Western Australia, Fenelon and St. Francis Is.), NSL–315 m. D 250 3. Drysdalia rhodogaster (Jan, 1873 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881). Icon. Gén. Ophid. 3(44): 6, pl. 2, figs. 2, a–b, d, f–g, n, p, r, v. (Alecto rhodogaster) D Synonyms: Alecto rhodogaster Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Hoplocephalus collaris Macleay, 1887b, and Pseudelaps minutus D. Fry, 1915. Type: Holotype, ZMH 747 (formerly ZMH 477), a 314 mm specimen. Type locality: “Australia.” Distribution: Extreme SE Australia (SE New South Wales), NSL–2000 m. DUBERRIA Fitzinger, 1826a (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Synonyms: Homalosoma Wagler, 1830, Brachyblemma Wagler, 1833 (nomen substitutum), Duberia – Gray, 1841b (nomen incorrectum), Omalosoma – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Dauberria – Steindachner, 1867a (nomen incorrectum), Homolosoma – Sclater, 1891b (nomen incorrectum), Homalosona – Cope, 1892a (nomen incorrectum), and Homulosoma – Arnold, 1982 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber lutrix Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Sources: Loveridge, 1944b, Broadley, 1983, Vidal & Hedges, 2002, Lawson et al., 2005, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Duberria lutrix (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 216. (Coluber lutrix) Synonyms: Coluber duberria Merrem, 1790, Coluber angustus Suckow, 1797, Coluber tetragonus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b, Coluber arctiventris Daudin, 1803d, Coluber eratron Hermann, 1804, Cyclophis catenatus Theobald, 1868b, Homalosoma abyssinicum Boulenger, 1894a, Homalosoma lutrix atriventris Sternfeld, 1912, Duberria lutrix currylindahli Laurent, 1956a, and Duberria lutrix basilewskyi Skelton-Bougeois, 1961. Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error). [= shipment received via the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa fide Flower (1933: 818) and Loveridge (1933: 241). Distribution: Eastern Africa. Ethiopia (Arussi, Bale, Hararge, Shoa, Wollo), SW Kenya (Central, Nairobi, S Rift Valley), E Democratic Republic of the Congo (NE Katanga, Nord-Kivu, E Orientale), NE Tanzania (Kilimanjaro), Mozambique (Manica, Sofala, Tete), Swaziland and E South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Western Cape), NSL–3250 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1933, 1942, Laurent, 1956a, Broadley, 1958, Witte, 1962, Pitman, 1974, Branch, 1988, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Spawls et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Largen & Spawls, 2009. Snakes of the World 2. Duberria rhodesiana Broadley, 1958. Occ. Pap. Natl. Mus. So. Rhodesia 3B(22): 215–216. (Duberria lutrix rhodesiana) Type: Holotype, NMZB 916 (formerly NM/M 916), a 275 mm female (D.G. Broadley, 29 Dec. 1956). Type locality: “Chishawasha, near Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia” [= Chishawasha, Mashonaland East Prov., NE Zimbabwe, 17°46’S, 31°13’E, elevation 1400 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Zimbabwe (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West), 1100–1550 m. Sources: Broadley, 1959, Broadley & Cock, 1975 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: A valid species fide Broadley & Blaylock (2013: 227). 3. Duberria shirana (Boulenger, 1894a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 276, pl. 13, fig. 1. (Homalosoma shiranum) Type: Holotype, BMNH, a 310 mm female (H.H. Johnston, 1890–1894). Type locality: “Shiré Highlands, Nyasaland” [= Shire Highlands, Southern Region, Malawi, bet. 15°15’– 16°00’S, 35°00’–35°15’E]. Distribution: East Africa. Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (SW Katanga, Sud-Kivu), Burundi, SW Uganda (Central, Western), S Tanzania (Iringa, Ruvuma), NE Zambia (Northern) and N Malawi (Northern), 1800–2200 m. Sources: Loveridge, 1933, 1942, Bogert, 1940, Laurent, 1956a, Vesey-FitzGerald, 1958, Witte, 1962, Broadley & Howell, 1991 and Broadley et al., 2003. Remarks: A valid species fide McDowell (1987: 37). 4. Duberria variegata (W.C.H. Peters, 1854). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1854(11): 622. (Homalosoma variegatum) Type: Holotype, ZMB 4802, a 325 mm female (W.C.H. Peters, June 1843–Aug. 1847). Type locality: “Inhambane” [Inhambane Prov., Mozambique, 23°52’S, 35°23’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Southern Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Maputo, Inhaca Is.) and NE South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), NSL–50 m. Sources: Haacke & Burton, 1978, Branch, 1988 and Broadley, 1990a. †DUNNOPHIS M.K. Hecht, 1959 (Tropidophiidae) Type species: †Dunnophis microechinis M.K. Hecht, 1959. Snakes of the World Distribution: Middle Eocene-upper Eocene of USA, lower Eocene-lower Oligocene of Belgium, France, Germany and Portugal, and middle Paleocene of USA. Sources: Rage, 1984b, 1991, McDowell, 1987, Duffaud & Rage, 1997, Holman, 2000a and Szyndlar et al., 2008. 1. †Dunnophis cadurcensis Rage, 1974. Palaeovertebrata 6(3–4): 297–299, fig. 8. Type: Holotype, USTL MAL 600, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Malpérié, Phosphorites du Quercy, Eocène supérieur” [= Malpérié, Tarn-et-Garonne Prov., France; Phosphorites du Quercy, Headonian, upper Eocene fide Rage, 1984b: 29]. Distribution: Upper Eocene (Priabonian, MP 17–20, 33.9–37.2 mya) of France. 2. †Dunnophis matronensis Rage, 1973a. C.R. Somm. Soc. Géol. France 3: 76–77, figs. a–e. Type: Holotype, MNHN GR 7892, one middle trunk vertebra. 251 Type locality: “Grauves (Marne, France); Cuisien, Éocène moyen” [= lower Rhenanian, lower Eocene fide Rage, 1984b: 29]. Distribution: Lower Eocene (Neustrian, MP 8/9: 48.6– 55.8 mya, and Rhenanian, MP 11: 48.6 mya) and middle Eocene of France. Source: Rage & Augé, 2010. 3. †Dunnophis microechinis M.K. Hecht, 1959. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 117(3): 144–145, pl. 56, figs. 1–5. Type: Holotype, AMNH 3830, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Locality 5 (T.27-29N., R. 103–106 W.), vicinity of Tabernacle Butte and Elk Mountain, 25 miles north of the village of Farson, southeast corner of Sublette County, Wyoming, USA.” Distribution: Lower Eocene (Bridgerian: 46.2–50.3 mya) of USA (Wyoming). Known only from type locality. Source: Holman, 2000a. D E ECHINANTHERA Cope, 1894c (Xenodontidae) Synonym: Caapora Bailey in Di-Bernardo, 1992. Type species: Aporophis cyanopleurus Cope, 1885a. Distribution: South America. Sources: Di-Bernardo, 1992, C.W. Myers & Cadle, 1994, Schargel et al., 2005, A.P. Santos et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Vidal et al., 2010. 1. Echinanthera amoena (Jan, 1863a). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(2): 268–269. (Enicognathus amoenus) Type: Holotype, formerly MSNM, a 590 mm specimen, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (S Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), 500–1450 m. Source: Marques et al., 2001. Remarks: Liophis incertae sedis fide Dixon (1980: 5). 2. Echinanthera cephalomaculata Di-Bernardo, 1994. Biocièncias 2(2): 79–81, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MCP 5118 (formerly IVB 1478), a 561 mm female (F. Pedro Celestino, Dec. 1992). Type locality: “Pedra Talhada, município de Quebrângulo, estado de Alagoas, Brasil” [= Serra da Pedra Talhada, Quebrângulo municipality Alagoas State, NE Brazil, (9°19’S, 36°28’W, elevation 380 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas), 380 m. Known only from type locality. 3. Echinanthera cephalostriata Di-Bernardo, 1996. The Snake 27(2): 120–123, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, MCP 5871, a 686 mm male (W. Regis, 18 Jan. 1963). Type locality: “Serra de Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil” [= 22°25’S, 42°58’W, elevation 895 m]. Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janiero, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Cardoso, Santo Amaro, São Sebastião and São Vicente Is.), 600–900 m. Sources: Marques et al., 2001, Cicchi et al., 2007 and Argôlo & Jesus, 2008. 4. Echinanthera cyanopleura (Cope, 1885a). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1884) 22: 191–192. (Aporophis cyanopleurus) E Types: Syntypes (2), ANSP 11198–99, longest syntype 805 mm (H.H. Smith [Morgan Exped.], 1870). Type locality: “Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, probably São Joao do Monte Negro.” Distribution: Southeastern and S Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná. Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) and NE Argentina (Misiones), 10–1025 m. Source: Giraudo et al., 1996. 5. Echinanthera melanostigma (Wagler in Spix, 1824). Serp. Brasil. Sp. Nov.: 17–18, pl. 4, fig. 2. (Natrix melanostigma) Type: Lectotype, ZSM 199/0, a 716+ mm male (J.B. von Spix & K.F.P. von Martius, Sept. 1818–April 1819), designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983: 327) Type locality: “provinciae Bahiae” [= Bahia State, NE Brazil] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (SE Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santo Amaro and São Vicente Is.), 1100 m. Sources: Lema, 1987, Lima-Silveira et al., 2004a and Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: Dixon (1980: 11) listed as incertae sedis under Liophis. 6. Echinanthera undulata (Wied-Neuwied, 1824b). Isis von Oken 14(6): 667. (Coluber undulatus) Synonym: Rhadinaea binotata F. Werner, 1909b. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 677 mm specimen (Wied-Neuwied, 25 Sept.–23 Nov. 1815), location unknown. Type locality: “Brasilien” [= Brazil]. Restricted to Parahyba [= Paráiba State], Brazil fide Wied-Neuwied (1825c: 332). Distribution: Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas) and E Brazil (S Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Comprida and São Vicente Is.), NSL–1025 m. Sources: Pérez-Santos, 1986, Marques et al., 2001 and Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: Incertae sedis fide C.W. Myers (1974: 22) and Dixon (1980: 17). Possibly occurs in E Ecuador and Guianas fide Hoogmoed (1979: 276). 253 254 ECHIOPSIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Elapidae) E Synonyms: Echinopsis – Tschudi, 1846 (nomen incorrectum), Alecto Jan, 1859a (nomen praeoccupatum), Brachyaspis Boulenger, 1896a (nomen praeoccupatum), Brachyaspi – Brazil, 1911 (nomen incorrectum), and Echropsis – Wallach, 1985 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Naja curta Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Southern Australia. Sources: Storr, 1980, Shine, 1982, Cogger et al., 1983a, Mengden, 1985a, Storr et al., 1986, Hutchinson, 1990, Bush et al., 1995, Greer, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Sanders et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: A synonym of Notechis fide Storr, 1982 and Wallach, 1985. 1. Echiopsis curta (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 185, 2: 486–487, and (Naja curta) Synonyms: Hoplocephalus temporalis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1862b, Echiopsis carata – Mushinsky, 1987 (nomen incorrectum), and Echiopsis curta martinekae Hoser, 2012ac (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 953, a 475+ mm male (J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard [Astrolabe Voy.], July 1827). Type locality: “dans les environs du Port du Roi Georges, à la Nouvelle Hollande” [= vicinity of King George’s Sound, SW Western Australia, ext. SW Australia]. Distribution: Southern Australia (ext. SW New South Wales, S South Australia, ext. NW Victoria, SW Western Australia), NSL–640 m. Remarks Original description reprinted in Schlegel (1844 in 1837–1844: 140, pl. 48, figs. 18–20). ECHIS Merrem, 1820 (Viperidae) Synonyms: Scythale I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 1827 (nomen emendatum), Toxicoa Gray, 1849a, Enchis – Haltom, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Ecchis – Rosenfeld, Kelen & Nudel, 1964 (nomen incorrectum), and Turanechis Cherlin, 1990. Type species: Pseudoboa carinata J.G. Schneider, 1801. Distribution: Northern Africa, Middle East and S Asia. Sources: Hughes, 1976a, Arnold, 1980b, Cherlin, 1983, 1990, Joger, 1984, J.S. Ashe & Marx, 1988, Gasperetti, 1988, Cherlin & Borkin, 1990, Auffenberg & Rehman, 1991, Ineich & Tellier, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Spawls & Branch, 1995, Herrmann & Joger, 1995, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Herrmann et al., 1999, Joger & Courage, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Lenk et al., 2001b, Mallow et al., 2003, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Arnold et al., 2009, Pook et al., 2009, Stümpel & Joger, 2009, Phelps, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. Snakes of the World Remarks: Genus paraphyletic fide Herrmann & Joger (1997: 55). 1. Echis borkini Cherlin, 1990. Proc. Zool. Inst., USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 211–212. (Echis varia borkini) Synonym: Echis varia borkini Cherlin, 1990b (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1899.12.5.181, a 555 mm specimen (W.R. Ogilive-Grant & Zorber, 1899). Type locality: “Arábie, Lahij” [= Lahij, Lahij Governate, Yemen, 13°04’N, 44°53’E, elevation 140 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Saudi Arabia and W Yemen (Aden, Lahij, San’a), 140 m. Source: Pook et al., 2009. Remarks: A valid species fide Pook et al. (2009: 793). 2. Echis carinatus (J.G. Schneider, 1801). Hist. Amph. 2: 285–286. (Pseudoboa carinata) Synonyms: Boa horatta G. Shaw, 1802, Scytale bizonatus Daudin, 1803b, Boa horrata – Gray, 1825 (nomen incorrectum), Scytale zic zac Gray, 1825 (nomen incorrigendum), Echis ziczac Gary, 1849 (nomen corrigendum), Vipera noratta – Jerdon, 1854 (nomen incorrectum), Coluber gariba Seetzen, 1855, Vipera superciliosa Jan, 1859b, Echis carinatus nigrocincta Ingoldby & Procter, 1923 (nomen nudum), Echis carinatus sinhaleyus Deraniyagala, 1951, Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler, 1968a, Echis carinatus astolae Mertens, 1970, Echis carinatus sinahleyus – Hughes, 1976a (nomen incorrectum), Echis carinas – Latifi, 1978 (nomen incorrectum), Echis multisquamatus Cherlin, 1981, Echis soshureki soshureki – Cherlin, 1990 (nomen incorrectum), and Echis carinatus sinhalensis Auffenberg & Rehman, 1991 (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, a 381 mm specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 2–3, pl. 2) (Bonniveaux, 1778), designated herein. Type locality: “Arni, India” [= Yavatmal, Maharashtra State, W India, 20°23’N, 78°07’E, elevation 450 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Arabia, SW and S Asia. United Arab Emirates (Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah), N Oman (Al Batinah, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Muscat, Masirah Is.), SE Iraq, Iran (Bushehr, Fars, Hormozghan, Kerman, Khuzestan, Sistan va Baluchestan), Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Afghanistan (Helmand), Pakistan (Balochistan, F.A.T.A., Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh, Astola Is.), India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu, N Karnataka, Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu), Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Eastern, Northern, NorthWestern, Southern, Iranetivu and other Is.) NSL–2000 m. Sources: Wall, 1908e, 1921g, M.A. Smith, 1943, H.W. Parker, 1949, Deraniyagala, 1951, 1955, Deoras, 1965, Snakes of the World Stemmler, 1965, Singh, 1972, Drewes & Sacherer, 1974, Whitaker, 1978a, P. Silva, 1980a, J. Daniel, 1983, Latifi, 1991, Gasperetti, 1988, A. Silva, 1990b, 2009, Auffenberg & Rehman, 1991, M.S. Khan, 2002, 2006, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, Somaweera, 2006, Pook et al., 2009 and Masroor, 2012. Remarks: Original description based on P. Russell (1796: 2–3, pl. 2). Sokotra record questionable fide Golay et al. (1993: 270). 3. Echis coloratus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1878. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 46(1): 978. (Echis colorata) (nomen protectum) Synonyms: Echis froenata A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen suppressum), Echis coloratus terraesanctae Babocsay, 2003. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.20.84 (formerly BMNH 1878.9.28.6), a 686 mm female (R.F. Burton, 1877). Type locality: “Jerbel Shárr, at an altitude of 4500 feet above the level of the sea, Midian” [= Jabal Shar Mountain, W Tabuk Govern., ext. NW Saudi Arabia, 27°39’N, 35°45’E, elevation 1370 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Africa, Middle East and Arabia. Eastern Egypt (Al Ahmar, El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Cairo, North Sinai, South Sinai, Suez), NE Sudan, S Israel (SE Northern, Southern, West Bank), W Jordan (Ajloun, Aqaba, Balqa, Irbid, Karak, Maan, Madaba, Tafilah), W Saudi Arabia (Asir, Bahah, N Eastern, Jazan, Madinah, Makkah, Qasim, Riyadh, Tabuk), E United Arab Emirates (Fujairah), Oman (Al Batinah, Ash Sharqiyah, Dhofar, Muscat, Musandam) and Yemen (Abyan, Aden, Hadhramaut, Ma’rib, Sa’dah, Sana’a, Shabwah), NSL–2600 m. Sources: J. Anderson, 1900, H.W. Parker, 1949, Mendelsson, 1965, Y. Werner, 1973, Arnold & Gallagher, 1977, Joger, 1987, Gasperetti, 1988, Schätti, 1989, Leviton et al., 1992, Wilms & Hulbert, 2000, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Baker et al., 2004, Amr & Disi, 2011 and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 2736 fide Opinion 1176 (ICZN, 1981b). 4. Echis hughesi Cherlin, 1990. Proc. Zool. Inst., USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 212–213, pl. 4, fig. 3. Synonym: Echis hughesi Cherlin, 1990 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1931.7.20.405, a 322 mm female (R. Taylor, 1931). Type locality: “Somalia, 10°02’N, 49°E” [= Within the Sol Haud, about 50 km from the Somalian coast and probably above 3000 ft (864 m) fide Hughes, 1976a: 365]. Distribution: Northern Somalia (NE Sanaag), 865 m. Remarks: Possibly conspecific with E. pyramidum. 255 5. Echis jogeri Cherlin, 1990. Proc. Zool. Inst., USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 209, pl. 5, fig. 2. Synonym: Echis jogeri Cherlin, 1990 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, MHNH 1993.144, a 283 mm (svl) female. Type locality: “Mali, 3 km from Tombokto” [= Timbuktu, Tombouctou Regiom, cen. Mali, 16°47’N, 3°01’W, elevation 270 m] (possibly in error fide Pook et al., 2009: 801). Distribution: West Africa. Senegal (Tambacounda), N Guinea and cen. Mali (Timbuktu), 80–270 m. Remarks: A valid species fide Pook et al. (2009: 793). Holotype erroneously listed as MNHN A 144 fide Cherlin (1990: 209). 6. Echis khosatzkii Cherlin, 1990. Proc. Zool. Inst., USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 213–214, pl. 4, fig. 2. Synonyms: Coluber hoelleik Forskal in Niebuhr, 1775 (nomen oblitum), and Echis khosatzkii Cherlin, 1990 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1897.3.11.117, a 464 mm male (J.T. Bent, 1893 via J. Anderson). Type locality: “Arabia, Hadhramaut” [= eastern Yemen]. Distribution: Eastern Yemen (E Aden) and probably S Oman fide Arnold et al. (2009: 273). Sources: Lenk et al., 2001b and Schätti, 2001. Remarks: A valid species fide Pook et al. (2009: 793). In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Echis khosatzkii Cherlin is designated a nomen protectum and Coluber hoelleik Forskal a nomen oblitum. 7. Echis leucogaster Roman, 1972. Notes Doc. Volta. 5(4): 7–12, figs. 3–8. (Echis carinatus leucogaster) Type: Holotype, CVRS 191, a 700 mm female, lost fide Golay et al. (1993: 271). Type locality: “Boubon, à 20 km au Nord de Niamey, Niger” [= Niamey Dept., ext. SW Niger, 13°36’ N, 1°56’E, elevation 200 m]. Distribution: North Africa. Southern Morocco (Tan Tan), S Algeria (Tamanrasset), N Western Sahara (Saguia El Hamra), Mauritania (Adrar, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Tagant), Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda), Gambia, NW Guinea (Koundara), N Mali (Gao, Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, S Tombouctou), NE Burkina-Faso (Sahel), Niger (Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder), N Nigeria and Chad (Kanem), 120–1325 m. Sources: Roman, 1975, 1976, 1980, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Geniez et al., 2004, Chippaux, 2006 and J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b. Remarks: Cherlin & Borkin (1990: 188) proposed the name Echis arenicola for two West African populations whereas the type locality of E. arenicola is Egypt. As E. arenicola appears to be conspecific with E. pyramidum, it is not recognized herein. A subspecies of E. arenicolus (= E. pyramidum) fide Schleich et al. (1996: E 256 Snakes of the World 541). Possibly a valid species fide Pook et al. (2009: 12). Possibly occurs in Tunisia and SW Libya fide Cherlin (1990: 217). 8. Echis megalocephalus Cherlin, 1990. Proc. Zool. Inst., USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 212, pl. 4, fig. 1. E Synonym: Echis megalocephalus Cherlin, 1990 (nomen nudum). Type: Holotype, ZISP 19430.1, a 601 mm male (Russian Navy surgeon). Type locality: “island in southern Red Sea” [= Nokra Is., Dahlak Archipelago, Red Sea, Ethiopia (= Nokra Is., Northern Red Sea Prov., E Eritrea, 15°42’N, 39°56’E) fide Borkin & Cherlin, 1995: 136]. Distribution: Eritrea (Northern Red Sea: Nokra Is.). Known only from type locality. Sources: Schätti, 2001 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Probably occurs on Andeber Is. fide Schätti (2001: 145). Possibly a synonym of E. pyramidum. 9. Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970. Rev. Suisse Zool. 77(2): 273–274, figs. 1–2. (Echis carinatus ocellatus) Type: Holotype, NMBA 17692, a 400 mm female (M. Lamantellerie, 12 May 1962). Type locality: “Haute Volta, Garango, 048 N, 033 W” [= Garango, Centre-Est Dept., SE Burkina Faso, 11°48’N, 0°34’W, elevation 300 m]. Distribution: West Africa. Extreme SW Mauritania (Trarza), Senegal (Dakar, Kédougou, Kolda, Matam, Tambacounda), Gambia, E Guinea (Faranah), S Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Ségou, Sikasso, S Tombouctou), Ivory Coast (Daloa, Duékoué, Ferkéssédougou, Toumodi), Burkina-Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, CentreNord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, Sahel, SudOuest, Volta-Noire), Ghana (Accra, Brong-Ahafo, Eastern, Northern, Upper East, Upper West), Togo (Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes), Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Borgou, Collines, Ouémé, Zou), ext. SW Niger (Dosso, Niamey), Nigeria (Anambra, Benue, Gongola, Kaduna, Kwara, Plateau, Sokoto), ext. SW Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Tandjile), N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord) and W Central African Republic (Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham-Pende), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Hughes, 1976a, 2013, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2004, 2006b, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Ullenbruch et al., 2010 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. 10. Echis omanensis Babocsay, 2004. Syst. Biodiv. 1(4): 506–510, figs. 2–3. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1973.2113, a 600 mm male (E.N. Arnold, 28 May 1973). Type locality: “Wadi as Siji, region of Masafi (25°18’N 56°10’E), United Arab Emirates.” Distribution: Northern Oman (Al Dakhiliyah,) and E United Arab Emirates, NSL–1000 m. Source: Grossmann et al., 2012. Remarks: A valid species fide Pook et al. (2009: 793). 11. Echis pyramidum (I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 1827 in Savigny, 1809–1829). Desc. Rept. Égypt 1(1): 152–154, pl. 8, fig. 1. (Scytale pyramidum) Synonyms: Echis arenicola H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827, Echis pavo A. Reuss, 1834, Vipera echis Schlegel, 1837, Echis carinatus leakeyi Stemmler & Sochurek, 1969, Echis pyramidum lucidus Cherlin, 1990, Echis varia darevskii Cherlin, 1990 (nomen nudum), and Echis varia darevskii Cherlin, 1990. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 4031, a 457 mm female, designated by Stemmler & Sochurek (1969: 90). Type locality: “Kaire, Egypte” [= Cairo, Cairo Govern., NE Egypt, 30°03’N, 31°14’E, elevation 30 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: North Africa and Arabia. N Algeria, N Tunisia (Medinine), N Libya, Egypt (Assiut, Beni Suef, Cairo, SE El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Faiyum, Matrouh), NE Central African Republic (Vakaga), SE South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), Eritrea (Anseba, Gash-Barka, Northern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea, Andeber and Nacra Is.), Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Hararge, Kefa, Shoa, Sidamo, Tigre, Wollo), Djibiouti, N Somalia (Awdal, Bari, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Woqooyi Galbeed), N Kenya (N Eastern, N North-Eastern, N Rift Valley), SW Saudi Arabia (Jazan), W Oman (Dhofar) and Yemen (Abyan, Ad Dali’, Aden, Al Hudaydah, Hadhramaut), NSL–1700 m. Sources: Stemmler, 1971a, 1972c, Drewes, 1972, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Gasperetti, 1988, Schätti, 1989, 2001, Schleich et al., 1996, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Pook et al., 2009 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: See discussion of the original description date in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 381). 12. Echis varius A. Reuss, 1834. Mus. Senck. 1: 160–162, pl. 7, figs. 2a–b. (Echis varia) Synonym: Echis carinatus aliaborri Drewes & Sacherer, 1974. Type: Holotype, SMF 21058 (formerly SMF-R III.J.J.1.a & SMF-B 9505a), a 565 mm female (E. Rüppell, 1828). Type locality: “Abyssinien, nördliche Africa” [= Ethiopia, N Africa]. Emended to Nubia fide Boettger, 1898: 135 [= SE Egypt or, more probably, the Nubian Desert of NE Sudan]. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. Northeastern Sudan (El-Bahr El-Ahmar), N Somalia (Bari, Mudug, Nugaal, Samaag, Woqooyi Galbeed) and NE Kenya (N NorthEastern), 300 m. Remarks: Possibly a valid species fide Pook et al. (2009: 793). Possibly a subspecies/synonym of E. pyramidium. Snakes of the World EIRENIS Jan, 1863a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Pediophis Fitzinger, 1843, Psilosoma Jan, 1863b (nomen praeoccupatum), Eiremias – WestphalCastelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Pseudocyclophis Boettger, 1888, Eireinis – Taub, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), Eirinis – Taub, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), Eiremis – J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), Eirensis – Murthy, 1972b (nomen incorrectum), Elrensis – Gasperetti, 1974 (nomen incorrectum), Collaria Dotsenko, 1989, and Eoseirenis Nagy, Schidtler, Joger & Wink, 2003. Type species: Coronella modesta Martin, 1838. Distribution: Northeastern Africa and SW Asia. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, K.P. Schmidt, 1939b, Chernov, 1948, G. Haas, 1961, R.J. Clark & Clark, 1973, Baran, 1976, Schmidtler & Schmidtler, 1978, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Dotsenko, 1985, 1989, Latifi, 1991, Nagy et al., 2003, 2004 and Mahlow et al., 2013. Remarks: Nagy et al., 2003 and Zaher et al., 2012, divided Eirenis thusly: Eirenis (aurolineatus, modestus, persicus), Eoseirenis (decemlineatus), and Pediophis (africanus, barani, collaris, coronella, coronelloides, eiselti, levantinus, lineomaculatus, medus, punctatolineatus, rechingeri, rothii, thospitis). Closely related to Hierophis fide Nagy et al. (2004: 231). 1. Eirenis africanus (Boulenger, 1914c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 14(84): 483–484. (Contia africana) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.5.33, a 400 mm female (W.P. Lowe, [Lynes-Lowe Exped.], 1913–1914). Type locality: “Erkowit, Red Sea Prov. of the Soudan” [= Ar Kaweit, El-Bahr El-Ahmar Prov., NE Sudan, 18°46’N, 37°06’E, elevation 1100 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. Northeastern Sudan (El-Bahr El-Ahmar), Eritrea (Northern Red Sea) and Djibouti, 1000–2300 m. Sources: Scortecci, 1930a, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 2. Eirenis aurolineatus (Venzmer, 1919). Arch. Naturg. (1917) 83A(11): 103–104. (Contia collaris aurolineata) Types: Syntypes (2), ZMB, a 224 mm and 206 mm specimen (G. Venzmer, Jan.–Oct. 1916). Type locality: “Bulghar Dagh aus etwa 1000 m Höhe, im cilicischen Taurus, Süd-Kleinasiens” [= Bolkar Daglari, Taurus Mountains, E Mersin Prov., S Turkey, 37°15’N, 34°20’E, elevation 1000 m]. Distribution: Southern Turkey (Adana, Mersin), 500– 1800 m. Sources: Schmidtler, 1993, 1997. 257 3. Eirenis barani Schmidtler, 1988. Salamandra 24(4): 204–208. Synonym: Eirenis barani bischofforum Schmidtler, 1997. Type: Holotype, ZSM 293/88, a 306 mm male (J.F. Schmidtler & H. Schmidtler, 27 May 1988). Type locality: “Akdam, 35 km W Kozan (Prov. Adana), ca. 650 m ü. M., Süden der Türkei.” Distribution: Southern Turkey (Adana), 100–1100 m. Sources: Schmidtler, 1988, 1997. 4. Eirenis collaris (Ménétriés, 1832). Cat. Zool. Voy. Caucase: 67–68. (Coluber collaris) Synonyms: Coluber reticulatus Ménétriés, 1832, and Contia collaris macrospilota F. Werner, 1903a. Types: Syntypes (2), ZISP 1546–47 (formerly AIS), longest syntype 279 mm (E. Ménétriés, July 1830). Type locality: “près du Bèchebermak, non loin de la Côte occidentale de la mer Caspienne, Caucase” [= Beshbarmak, on the W side of the Caspian Sea, in the Caucasus = Mt. Besparmak, Mus Prov., E Turkey, 38°56’N, 41°24’E, elevation 1465 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Eastern Turkey (Adryaman, Hatay, Kars, Malatya, Mardin, Mus, Sanhurfa, Urfa), ext. SW Armenia, E Georgia, Azerbaijan, SW Russia (Dagestan), ext. NE Iraq and W Iran (Central, East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, West Azarbaijan, Zanjhan), 500–2500 m. Sources: Elpatjewsky, 1902, Rai, 1965, R.J. Clark & Clark, 1973, Baran, 1976a, Bannikov et al., 1977, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Darevsky & Bakradze, 1982, Latifi, 1991, Leviton et al., 1992, Schmidtler & Baran, 1993a, Baran et al., 2004 and Tuniyev et al., 2009. 5. Eirenis coronella (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 134, 2: 48–49. (Calamaria coronella) Synonyms: Eirenis fasciatus Jan, 1863a, Eirenis coronella fraseri K.P. Schmidt, 1939b, Eirenis arabica G. Haas, 1961, Eirenis coronella fennelli Arnold, 1982, and Eirenis coronella ibrahimi Sivan & Werner, 2003. Type: Neotype, HUJ 8410, a 273 mm female (Y.L. Werner, 23 Mar. 1970), designated by Sivan & Werner (2003: 49). Type locality: “Israel: Negev: near Negev crossroads (Zomet Hanagev), Israeli Grid 13500525” via neotype selection. Distribution: Southwestern Asia and Egypt. Northeastern Egypt (North Sinai, South Sinai), Syria (Damascus), Lebanon, Israel, Jordan (Ajloun, Amman, Aqabah, Irbid, Jarash, Karak, Maan, Madaba, Mafraq, Tafilah), NW Iraq (Irbil), SW Iran (Khuzestan) and NE and SW Saudi Arabia (Asir, Eastern, Makkah, Northern, Riyadh), 60–2300 m. Sources: C.A. Reed & Marx, 1959, Baran, 1976, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Arnold, 1982, Latifi, 1991, Gasperetti, 1988, Leviton et al., 1992, Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994, Disi et al., 2001, Sivan & Werner, 2003, Baker et al., E 258 2004, Baran et al., 2004, Shwayat et al., 2009 and Amr & Disi, 2011. Remarks: Holotype lost fide Sivan & Werner (2003: 48). Photograph of neotype in Sivan & Werner (2003: fig. 5). Type locality restriction of Syria fide K.P. Schmidt (1939: 78) invalidated by neotype selection. E 6. Eirenis coronelloides (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 34. (Homalosoma coronelloides) Synonym: Contia brevicauda Nikolsky, 1907. Type: Neotype, HUJ 21223 (formerly ZDEU 122/1975/2), a 224 mm male (native, 11 May 1975), designated by Sivan & Werner (2003: 53). Type locality: “Turkey: Birecik (Urfa prov.)” via neotype selection. Distribution: Middle East. Southeastern Turkey (Gaziantep, Sanliurfa, Urfa ), Syria (Homs), NW Jordan (Amman, Karak, Mafraq, Zarqa), Israel (Southern, West Bank), ext. NE Egypt (Sinai) N Iraq (Baghdad, Irbil), and W Iran (Kermanshah), 570–750 m. Sources: Y. Werner, 1988, Nagy et al., 2003, Sivan & Werner, 2003, Amr & Disi, 2011, Avci & Olgun, 2011, Bar & Haimovitch, 2011, and Nilson & RastegarPouyani, 2011. Remarks: Holotype in MNHN lost fide Sivan & Werner (2003: 53). Photograph of neotype in Sivan & Werner (2003: fig. 7). 7. Eirenis decemlineatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 327. (Ablabes decemlineatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Ablabes decemlineata A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Ablabes decem-lineatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen incorrigendum), Eirenis collaris inornata Jan, 1863a, Eirenis collaris decemlineata – Jan, 1863a (nomen corrigendum), Eirenis collaris quadrilineata Jan, 1863a, and Contia condoni Boulenger, 1920h. Type: Holotype, MNHN 3389, a 760 mm specimen. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southeastern Turkey (Adana, Gaziantep, Icel, Mus, Siirt, Tunceli), Syria (Homs), Lebanon (S Beqaa, Mont-Liban), Israel (Central, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, West Bank), NW Jordan (Ajloun, Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Jarash, Madaba, Tafilah, Zarqa), Iraq, and Iran, 915–1350 m. Sources: R.J. Clark & Clark, 1973, Baran, 1976, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Hraoui-Bloquet, 1981, Ilani, 1983a, Schmidtler & Eiselt, 1991, Leviton et al., 1992, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Schmidtler et al., 2009, Shwayat et al., 2009, Amr & Disi, 2011, and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Remarks: Has been considered a subspecies of collaris. A Cyprus record needs confirmation. Snakes of the World 8. Eirenis eiselti Schmidtler & Schmidtler, 1978. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 81: 384–386, pl. 1, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, CAS 105438, a 298 mm male (R.J. Clark & E. D. Clark, 7 May 1967). Type locality: “25 km W Viransehir (Prov. Urfa/Türkei), ca. 700 mü NN.” Distribution: Southeastern Turkey (Adana, Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Gaziantep, Maras, Mardin, Siirt, Urfa), 500–1600 m. Sources: Baran, 1976 and Schmidtler, 1997. 9. Eirenis kermanensis Rajabizadeh, Schmidtler, Orlov & Soleimani, 2012. Russ. J. Herp. 19(4): 311–313, figs. 2a–b, 3a–b. (Eirenis [Pediophis] kermanensis) Type: Holotype, ICSTZM 7H1062, a 308 mm female (G. Soleimani, May 2008). Type locality: “Iran, Kerman province, Sarduieh region, Babe Karafs village, (29°16’ N 57°15’ E), 2800 m a.s.l.” Distribution: Central Iran (Kerman), 2800 m. 10. Eirenis levantinus Schmidtler, 1993. Spixiana 16(1): 87–88, figs. 11. Type: Holotype, ZSM 14/1991, a 334 mm female (J.F. Schmidtler & H. Schmidtler, 23 May 1991). Type locality: “6 km SW Karaisali (Prov. Adana; Nr. 17 auf der Karte), Süd-Anatolien” [= Karaisali, Adana Prov., S Turkey, 37°15’N, 35°04’E, elevation 240 m]. Distribution: Middle East. Cyprus, S Turkey (Adana, Hatay, Icel), NW Syria, Lebanon (Beqaa, Mont-Liban), and ext. N Israel (N Golan Heights, N Northern), 50–1100 m. Sources: Ilani, 1983a, Schmidtler, 1997, Sindaco et al., 2000, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Franzen & Glaw, 2007, Baier et al., 2009, Schmidtler et al., 2009, and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. 11. Eirenis lineomaculatus K.P. Schmidt, 1939b. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 24(7): 80–81. (Eirenis lineomaculata) Type: Holotype, FMNH 21909, a 217 mm male (P.Y. Shuwayhat, 1934). Type locality: “Jordan Valley, Palestine” [= NE Israel]. Distribution: Middle East. Southern Turkey (Antalya, Adana, Hatay, Maras), W Syria, Lebanon (S Beqaa, Liban-Nord, Mont-Liban, Nanatiye), N Israel (Central, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, West Bank), and NW Jordan (Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Karak, Maan, Mafraq, Tafilah, Zarqa), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Basoglu, 1970, Baran, 1976a, Schmidtler & Schmidtler, 1978, Basoglu & Baran, 1980 and Disi, 1985, Ilani, 1983a, Y.L. Werner, 1995, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Shwayat et al., 2009, Amr & Disi, 2011, and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Snakes of the World 12. Eirenis medus (Chernov in Terent’ev & Chernov, 1940). Opred. Presmy. Zem.: 151. (Contia medus) Types: Syntypes (4+), none designated, at least 2 males and 2 females, longest syntype 320 mm, location unknown. Type locality: “Iran and southern Turkmenia” [= Iran and Turkmenistan]. Distribution: Kopet Mountains of S Turkmenistan and N Iran (Central, Ghilan, Khuzestan, Razavi Khorasan, West Azarbaijan, Turkmenistan, Zanjhan), 20–2000 m. Sources: Terent’ev & Chernov, 1949, 1965, Bannikov et al., 1977, Latifi, 1991 and Szczerbak, 1994. 13. Eirenis modestus (W.C.L. Martin, 1838). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 6(1): 82. (Coronella modesta) Synonyms: Coluber nigricollis Dwigubsky, 1832 (nomen rejiciendum), Tyria argonauta Eichwald, 1839, ? Psammophis moniliger Nordmann, 1840 in Demidoff, Tysia argonauta Carus & Engelmann, 1861 (nomen incorrectum), Ablabes modestus semimaculata Boettger, 1876, Contia modesta werneri Wettstein, 1937, and Eirenis modestus cilicius Schmidtler, 1993. Types: Syntypes (4), 4BMNH 1850.10.21.21–22, longest syntype 292 mm (K. Abbot [Euphrates Exped.], 1835–1837). Type locality: “Euphrates” [River] and “Trebizond,” [= Trabzon, Trabzon Prov., NE Turkey]. Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Eastern Greece (Chios, Furni, Mytilene, Samos), Cyprus, Turkey (Adana, Adiyaman, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Burdur, Bursa, Cahakkale, Denizli, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Istanbul, Izmir, Kars, Kocaeli, Konya, Lesvos, Maras, Mus, Manisa, Mugla, Nigde, Siirt, Trabzon), W Syria, Lebanon (Beirut, Beqaa, MontLiban), N Israel, ext. SW Russia (Dagestan), Armenia, S Georgia, Azerbaijan and NW Iran (Central, Zanjhan), NSL–2440 m. Sources: Elpatjewsky, 1902, G. Haas, 1951, Wettstein, 1953, Bannikov et al., 1977, Baran, 1976, 1986, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Hraoui-Bloquet, 1981, Schmidtler, 1988, 1993, 1997, Schmidtler & Eiselt, 1991, Obst & Baran, 1993, Schmidtler & Baran, 1993b, Valakos et al., 2004, 2008 and Tuniyev et al., 2009. Remarks: See Mahlow et al. (2013: 44) for discussion of type locality. 14. Eirenis persicus (J. Anderson, 1872). Proc. Zool. Soc.London 40(1): 392–393, fig. 8. (Cyclophis persicus) Synonyms: Pseudocyclophis walteri Boettger, 1888d, Contia angusticeps Boulenger, 1894a, Contia transcaspica Nikolsky, 1903a, Contia persica nigrofasciata Nikolsky, 1907, Contia mcmahoni Wall, 1911d, and Contia zebrina Wall, 1923e. Type: Holotype, ZSI 4828 (formerly IMC 4828), a 155 mm specimen (Persian Mus. coll.). 259 Type locality: “Bushire, Persia” [= Bushehr, NW Bushehr Prov., SW Iran, 28°55’N, 50°50’E, elevation 25 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Southeastern Turkey (Adryaman, Hakkari, Mardin, Sanhurfa, Siirt, Urfa), ext. SE Armenia, S Turkmenistan, N Iraq (At Tamim), Iran (Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Central, East Azarbaijan, Fars, Khuzestan) and Pakistan (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh), 25–2200 m. Sources: Wall, 1908d, 1923d, Nikolsky, 1916, Procter, 1921, Corkill, 1932b, M.A. Smith, 1943, C.R. Reed & Marx, 1959, S.C. Anderson, 1963, Rai, 1965, Minton, 1966, G. Haas & Werner, 1969, Eiselt, 1970, Leviton & Anderson, 1970a, Baran, 1976a, 1982, Bannikov et al., 1977, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, M.S. Khan, 1980, 1982, 2002, Dotsenko, 1985, Latifi, 1991, Agasyan, 1987, Szczerbak, 1994, Baran et al., 2004 and Tuniyev et al., 2009. Remarks: M.A. Smith (1943: 188) erroneously listed the holotype in BMNH. Probably occurs in Afghanistan fide Leviton and Anderson (1970a: 197). 15. Eirenis punctatolineatus (Boettger, 1893a). Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges. 1892: 147–148. (Cyclophis modestus punctatolineata) Synonyms: Zamenis bornmüllerorum F. Werner, 1903c, Contia schelkovnikovi Nikolsky, 1909b, Contia condoni Boulenger, 1920f, Eirenis iranica K.P. Schmidt, 1939, and Eirenis punctatolineatus kumerloevei Eiselt, 1970. Type: Holotype, SMF 19288 (formerly SMF-B 8261,1a), a female (J. Valentin, 1890). Type locality: “Russisch-Armenien” [= Karabakh Highlands, E Armenia]. Distribution: Southeastern Turkey (Adryaman, Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Kars, Siirt, Van), Armenia, S Azerbaijan and Iran (Central, East Azarbaijan, Fars, Hamadan, Kerman, Kordestan, Lorestan, West Azarbaijan, Zanjhan), 200–2000 m. Sources: Eiselt, 1970, 1976, R.J. Clark & Clark, 1973, Baran, 1976a, Bannikov et al., 1977, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Franzen & Sigg, 1989, Schmidtler & Eiselt, 1991, Baran et al., 2004 and Tuniyev et al., 2009. 16. Eirenis rechingeri Eiselt, 1971. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 75: 375–380, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 2, figs. 2, 5. Type: Holotype, NMW 19688, a 344 mm male (F. Ressl, 16 April 1970). Type locality: “57 km W Schiras (= 8 km E Dashtarjan, an der alten Strasse nach Schiras), ca. 2100 m ü.d.M., Iran.” Distribution: Southwestern Iran (Fars), 2100 m. Known only from type locality. E 260 17. Eirenis rothii Jan, 1863a. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(2): 259–260. E Type: Holotype, ZSM 75/0, a 787 mm specimen (Roth). Type locality: “Gerusalemme” [= Jerusalem, E Jerusalem Distr., cen. Israel, 31°46’N, 35°13’E, elevation 775 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Southern Turkey (Adiyaman, Antalya, Gaziantep, Hatay), Syria (Homs, Latakia), S Lebanon (S Beqaa), N Israel (Central, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Tel Aviv, West Bank), Jordan (Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Jarash, Maan, Madaba, Mafraq, Tafilah) and NW Iraq (Irbil, Kirkuk), 700–2000 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1939, C.A. Reed & Marx, 1959, Eiselt, 1970, Baran, 1976a, Basoglu & Baran, 1980, Ilani, 1983a, Disi et al., 1988, 2001, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Shwayar et al., 2009, Amr & Disi, 2011 and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Remarks: Photograph of the type in Franzen & Glaw (2007: 252, fig. 19). 18. Eirenis thospitis Schmidtler & Lanza, 1990. Amphibia-Reptilia 11(4): 363–367, figs. 1–4. Synonym: Eirenis hakkariensis Schmidtler & Eiselt, 1991. Type: Holotype, MZUF 33663, a 416 mm male (P. Crucitti & A. Campese, 9 Aug. 1988). Type locality: “2-3 km N-NE of Van, about 2000 m a.s.l. (E Turkey).” Distribution: Extreme E Turkey (Van), 1500–2000 m. Source: Schmidtler & Eiselt, 1991. ELACHISTODON J.T. Reinhardt, 1863 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Elastistoda – Theobald, 1868b (nomen incorrectum), Elaschistodon – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), and Elanchistodon – Negi, 1992 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elachistodon westermanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1863. Distribution: South-central Asia. Sources: Wall, 1913c, M.A. Smith, 1943, Gans & Williams, 1954, R. Fleming & Fleming, 1973, Mahendra, 1984, Basu, 1989, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Captain et al., 2005, N. Khaire, 2006, Nande & Deshmukh, 2007 and Dodge, 2008. 1. Elachistodon westermanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1863. Overs. Kon. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. Kjöbenhavn 1(2): 206–209, figs. 1–5. Type: Holotype, ZMUC R6401, a 784 mm female (B.W. Westermann, 1801–1817). Type locality: “Rungpore, et Distrikt i den nordøstlige Deel af Bengalen, som mod Øst begraendses af Floden Berampooter og mod Nord støder op til Bhootan og Snakes of the World Cooch Behar” [= district in NE Bengal, bordered in the east by the Brahmaputra River and in the north by Bhutan and Cooch Behar fide Neilson in Gans (1955: 1) or Rangpur Distr., N Bangladesh, ca. 25°45’N, 89°14’E]. Distribution: Southern Asia. Central Nepal (Chitwan), NE India (NE Bihar, Maharashtra, Uttaranachal, West Bengal) and Bangladesh (Dacca, Rangpur), 250–500 m. ELAPHE Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Coluber F. Boie, 1826 (nomen praeoccupatum), Elaphis Bonaparte, 1834 in 1832–1841, Leptophidium Hallowell, 1861, Natrix Cope, 1862c (nomen praeoccupatum), Phyllophis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a, Elephas – F. Werner, 1895 (nomen incorrectum), Spaniopholis Mocquard, 1897, Elaphs – Fan, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Phillophis Maki, 1931 (nomen emendatum), Phyliophis – Gans, 1949 (nomen incorrectum), Elapho – Bleakney, 1958 (nomen incorrectum), Elape Kuhn, 1963 (nomen emendatum), Elpahe – Chiu & Wong, 1974 (nomen incorrectum), and Elahe – Mahendra, 1984 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber quatuorlineatus Lacépède, 1789. Distribution: Eurasia. Fossil records: Lower Pliocene to upper Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. Fossils unassigned to species include lower Miocene (Orleanian, MN 3: 16.9–20.0 mya) of Czech Republic, lower/middle Miocene (Orleanian/ Astaracian, MN 5/6: 12.8–16.0 mya) of Germany, middle Miocene (Astaracian, MN 6–8: 11.1–13.7 mya) of France and Hungary, upper Miocene (Villesian, MN 9: 9.7–11.1 mya) of Italy and Ukraine, upper Miocene (Turolian, MN 13: 4.9–7.3 mya) of Italy, middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2–4.2 mya) of France, and Pleistocene of Spain and Ukraine. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Maki, 1931, C.H. Pope, 1935, Bourret, 1936d, M.A. Smith, 1943, Bhatnagar, 1975, B. Hu et al., 1980, Tian et al., 1986, Szyndlar, 1991a, 2012, Staszko & Walls, 1994, Holman, 1995a, Keogh, 1996, Schulz, 1996, Rodríguez-Robles & Jesús-Escobar, 1999, Helfenberger, 2001, Lenk et al., 2001a, Ivanov, 2002, Utiger et al., 2002, 2005, Burbrink & Lawson, 2007 and Zaher et al., 2012. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1229 fide Opinion 490 (ICZN, 1957). Original description of Elaphis reprinted in Bonaparte, 1840. The following genera and species have been separated from Elaphe: Bogertophis (rosaliae, subocularis), Coelognathus (erythurus, enganensis, flavolineatus, helenus, philippinus, radiatus, subradiatus), Euprepiophis (conspicillatus, mandarinus, perlaceus), Gonyosoma (jansenii, oxycephala), Maculophis (bellus), Oocatochus (rufodorsatus), Oreocryptophis (porphyraceus), Orthriophis (cantoris, hodgsonii, moellendorffi, taeniurus), Pantherophis (alleghaniensis, bairdi, †buisi, emoryi, 261 Snakes of the World gloydi, guttatus, †kansensis, obsoleta, †pliocenicus, slowinskii, spiloides, vulpinus), Pseudelaphe (flavirufa), Rhynchophis (boulengeri, frenata, prasina), Senticolis (triaspis), and Zamenis (†algorensis, hohenackeri, †kohfidischi, †kormosi, lineata, †lobsingensis, longissima, †longivertebrata, †paralongissima, persica, †praelongissima, scalaris, situla, †szyndlari). Allocation of extinct species based on morphology and geography. 1. Elaphe anomala (Boulenger, 1916). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 17(99): 243–244. (Coluber anomalus) Synonyms: Elaphe schrencki besenbruchi L. Müller, 1923, and Elaphe maculata Ma & Zong, 1984. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.1 (formerly BMNH 1916.1.15.20), a 1770 mm male (A.L. Hall). Type locality: “Chihfeng, N. E. Chihli Prov., northern China” [= Chifeng, Nei Mongol Prov., N China, 42°15’N, 118°53’E, elevation 585 m]. Distribution: Northern China (Anhui, Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Zhejiang), North Korea and South Korea, 585 m. Sources: Ji & Wen, 1997, Xu, 2001, Zhao, 2006, San & Lee, 2007, Treu, 2008, An et al., 2010 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: Previously a synonym of E. schrenkii. 2. Elaphe bimaculata K.P. Schmidt, 1925b. Amer. Mus. Novit. (175): 3. Type: Holotype, AMNH 24640, a 770 mm female (C.H. Pope, Sept.– Oct. 1921). Type locality: “Ningkwo, Anhwei, China” [= ? Ningbo, Zhejiang Prov., E China, 29°52’N, 121°33’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Eastern China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang), North Korea and South Korea, 1000 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Fang & Wang, 1983, Schulz, 1986b, 1988i, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Zou & Chen, 1998, Zhao, 2006 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: Supplemental original description in K.P. Schmidt (1927b: 531–532, fig. 17). Previously a synonym of E. schrenkii. A subspecies of E. schrenckii fide An et al. (2010: 15). 3. Elaphe carinata (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 295–296, pl. 21, fig. b. (Phyllophis carinata) Synonyms: Coluber phyllophis Boulenger, 1891a (nomen rejiciendum), Spaniopholis souliei Mocquard, 1897c, Spaniopholis kreyenbergi Müller, 1907, Elaphe osborni K.P. Schmidt, 1925a, Coluber camilloschneideri T. Vogt, 1927, Elaphe carinata ornithophaga Bourret, 1936b, Elaphe carinata yonaguniensis Takara, 1962, and Elaphe carinata deqinensis D. Yang & Hu, 1983. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.58 (formerly BMNH 1869.9.29.3), a 533 mm specimen. Type locality: “China.” Restricted to Lu Shan Mtns., S of Jiujiang on Lake Poyang, Jiangxi Prov., China, 29°30’N, 116°00’E fide Schulz (1992f: 6). Distribution: Eastern Asia. Southern and E China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Lanyu Is.), NW Vietnam (Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Pescadores Is.), Taiwan (Botel-Tobago Is.) and ext. S Japan (Ryukyu Arch.), 450–2900 m. Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Maki, 1931, Bourret, 1937a, C. Wang & Wang, 1956, C. Wang, 1962, Kuntz, 1963, Kuntz & Ming, 1970, D. Yang & Su, 1984, M. Mori, 1986, W. Gao, 1987, Schulz, 1992c, 1992f, Zhao & Adler, 1993, H.M. Smith et al., 1995, Orlov et al., 2003, Gumprecht, 2004b, Zhao, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 1867 (ICZN, 1997). 4. Elaphe climacophora (H. Boie, 1826). Isis von Oken 18(2): 210–211. (Coluber climacophorus) Synonym: Coluber virgatus Schlegel, 1837. Types: Syntypes (8), RMNH 382, RMNH 386, a 2020 mm specimen, RMNH 390, RMNH 47577 (formerly RMNH 386), RMNH 47578 (formerly RMNH 386), RMNH 47579 (formerly RMNH 386), RMNH 47580 (formerly RMNH 386), RMNH 47581 (formerly RMNH 386) (P.F.B. von Siebold, 1817–1829). Type locality: “Decima, Japan, [= Dejima Is., previously in Nagasaki harbor, now part of Nagasaki, Japan, 32°45’N, 129°52’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Extreme E Russia (Kuril Arch., Kunashiri Is.) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Ryukyus: Awajishima, Fukuejima, Hisakeshima, Iwoshima, Kamikoshikijima, Kamishima, Kammurijima, Kuchinoerabujima, Kuchinoshima, Mageshima, Nakadorishima, Nishinoshima, Sadogashima, Shimojima, Shimokoshikijima, Shodoshima, Takeshima, Tanegashima, Tsushima, Ukishima and Yakushima Is.), NSL–1325 m. Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Rendahl, 1933, Gans & Oshima, 1952, Koba, 1955, Hadley & Gans, 1972, Bannikov et al., 1977, Goris & Naganuma, 1979, M. Mori, 1982, Ota, 1983, Schulz, 1985b, 1988f, A. Mori, 1994 and Ratnikov, 2004. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene of Japan. Remarks: Original description reprinted in H. Boie (1827b: 257–259). RMNH paralectotypes include RMNH 390 and RMNH 47577–81. Other possible paralectotypes include ZMA 13616a–b and ZMA 13996 fide Schulz (1996: 95). Type locality possibly in error fide Siebold in Temminck & Schlegel (1838: iii), who mistakenly corrected it to East Indies. E 262 5. Elaphe davidi (Sauvage, 1884). Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7) 8: 144. (Tropidonotus davidi) E Synonyms: Coluber halli Boulenger, 1914a, and Elaphe dione coreana G. Song, 1961. Type: Holotype, MNHN 6154 (formerly MNHN 1867.86), a 700 mm specimen (J.P.A. David, 1862–1869). Type locality: “Chine” [= China]. Distribution: Northeastern China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Nei Monggol, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi) and S North Korea (Kaesong, Kangwon, North Hwanghae, Pyongyang, South Hwanghae, South Pyongan), 100–1000 m. Sources: Szyndlar, 1985b, Szyndlar & Hung, 1987, Jia, 1988, Schulz, 1989a, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Helfenberger & Schätti, 1998, Xu, 2001 and San & Lee, 2007. 6. Elaphe dione (Pallas, 1773). Reise Russ. Reichs 2(2): 717–718. (Coluber dione) Synonyms: Coluber tataricus Güldenstedt in Georgi, 1801, Coluber diana Latreille, 1802 in Sonini & Latreille, Coluber dione cumana Pallas, 1814, Coluber maeota Pallas, 1814, Coluber eremita Eichwald, 1831, Coluber maeoticus Rathke, 1837, Elaphis dione temporalis Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Zamenis pellioti Mocquard, 1910, Coluber czerskii Nikolsky, 1914, Elaphe dione niger Golubev, 1923, and Elaphe dione tenebrosa Sobolewski, 1929. Type: Holotype, not designated, location unknown. Type locality: “in desertis salsis versus mare Caspium, Provinzen Russischen Reich” [= salt steppes near the Caspian Sea, Russia]. Restricted to Gratscheffskoi outpost near Semijarsk, Irtysh area, Semipalatinsk Distr., Kazakhstan fide Mertens & Müller (1928: 47). Distribution: Central Asia. Southern Russia (Dagestan), S Ukraine, ext. SE Georgia, S Armenia, E Azerbaijan (Sara Is.), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadzhikistan, N Iran (Mazanderan, Semnan), ext. N Afghanistan (Kunduz), Mongolia (Bayan Khongor, Bayan Ulegei, S Bulagan, Dornod, Dzubkhan, N East Gobi, N Gobi, Khentei, Middle Gobi, Selenga, South Gobi, Tov, Ubsa Nor), N China (Anhui, Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Nei Monggol, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Xinjiang), North Korea (Chagang, Kangwon, North Hamgyong, North Hwanghae, North Pyongan, Ryanggang, South Pyongan, South Hwanghae) and South Korea (Kyonggi, Seoul, South Chungchong, and Chejudo Is.), 75–3500 m. Fossil records: Middle Miocene of Kazakhstan. Sources: Strauch, 1873, Stejneger, 1907a, Nikolsky, 1916, Emelianov, 1929, Okada, 1935, Shannon, 1956, Webb et al., 1962, Leviton & Anderson, 1970a, Steward, 1971, Bannikov et al., 1977, Schulz, 1986a, 1988h, Szyndlar & Hung, 1987, Borkin et al., 1990a–b, Obst & Szczerbak, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Szczerbak, 1994, Kordikova, 1998, Kordikova et al., 1998, Adnagulov et Snakes of the World al., 2000, Xu, 2001, Ratnikov, 2004, San & Lee, 2007, Tuniyev et al., 2009, True, 2012, and Yao, 2012. 7. Elaphe quadrivirgata (H. Boie, 1826). Isis von Oken 18(2): 209–210. (Coluber quadrivirgatus) Synonyms: Coluber vulneratus H. Boie, 1826, ? Leptophidium dorsale Hallowell, 1861, Elaphis bilineatus Hallowell, 1861, Elaphis quadrivirgatus atra Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Elaphis quadrivirgatum atra Jan, 1867 in Jan and Sordelli, 1866–1870, Elaphis quadrivirgatus interrupta Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Elaphis quadrivirgatus interrupta Jan, 1867 in Jan & Sordelli, 1866–1870, and Elapte quadrivirgatus – Pavloff, 1926 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (6), RMNH 396a–f, longest syntype 775 mm (P.F.B. von Siebold, 1823–1829). Type locality: “Decima, Japan, [= Dejima Is., previously in Nagasaki harbor, now part of Nagasaki, Japan, 32°45’N, 129°52’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Extreme E Russia (Kuril Is.: Kunashiri Is.) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyus: Awajishima, Fukuijima, Hisakashima, Kamikoshikijima, Kamishima, Kammurijima, Kozushima, Kuchinoshima, Kushinoerabujima, Mageshima, Mikurajima, Nakadorishima, Niijima, Nishinoshima, Oshima, Sadogashima, Shikinejima, Shikoku, Shodoshima, Shikoko, Shimojima, Shimokoshikijima, Tadanaejima, Takeshima, Tanegashima, Toshima, Yakujima, Yakushima Is.), NSL–2000 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene of Japan. Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Takara, 1962, Nakamura & Uéno, 1963, Bannikov et al., 1977, Ota, 1983, M. Mori, 1984 and Schulz, 1987b, 1988n, 1996. Remarks: Original description reprinted in H. Boie (1827b: 254–257). Ryukyu record (Okinawa) in error fide Maki (1931a: 83). Type locality possibly in error fide Siebold in Temminck & Schlegel (1838: iii), who mistakenly corrected it to East Indies. 8. Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lacépède, 1789). Hist. Nat. Serp. 2(2): 82 & 2(3): 163–164, pl. 7, fig. 1. (Coluber quatuorlineatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Coluber quatuor-lineatus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen incorrigendum), Coluber quadristriatus Donndorff, 1798, Coluber nauii Donndorff, 1798, Coluber quarter-radiatus Gmelin, 1799 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber pictus Georgi, 1801, Coluber quadrilineatus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b, Coluber elaphis G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen rejiciendum), Elaphis quaterradiatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Coluber quadriradiatus Erhard, 1858, Elaphis quaterradiatus – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (nomen corrigendum), Elaphis dione graeca Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Elaphis cervone Schreiber, 1875 (nomen substitutum), Coluber quaterradia – Paolucci, 263 Snakes of the World 1880 (nomen incorrectum), Elaphis sauromates graeca Bedriaga, 1881 in 1881–1882, Elaphis sauromates muenteri Bedriaga, 1881 in 1881–1882, Coluber quatuorlineatus – Boulenger, 1894a (nomen corrigendum), Elaphe quatuorlineata praematura F. Werner, 1935, Elaphe quatuorlineata parensis Cattaneo, 1999, and Elaphe quatuorlineata scyrensis Cattaneo, 1999. Type: Holotype, not designated, an 1143 mm specimen (King of France’s cabinet, Paris), location unknown. Type locality: Unknown. Designated as Provence, France fide Mertens & Müller (1928: 47). Distribution: Southeastern Europe. Southern Italy (Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, ? EmiliaRomagna, Lazio, Marche, Molise, Puglia, Toscana, Umbria), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece (Sporades and Cyclades: Antimílos, Ias, Iráklia, Kéa, Míkonos, Mílos, Naxos, Páros, Skhoinoúsa, Skíathos, Skíros, Thíra), NSL–2500 m. Fossil records: Lower Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 14: 4.2–4.9 mya) of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Hungary, middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2–4.2 mya) of Moldavia and Slovakia, upper Pliocene (Villanyian, MN 16–17: 1.8–3.2 mya) of Austria and Hungary, lower Pleistocene (Calabrian: 0.8–1.8 mya) of Austria, Czech Republic and Hungary, middle Pleistocene (Ionian: 0.13–0.78 mya) of Austria, Bulgaria, Greece and Romania, and upper Pleistocene (Tarantian: 0.01–0.13 mya) of Bulgaria and Croatia. Sources: Steinheil, 1913a, Buresch & Zonkow, 1934, Wettstein, 1937, 1953b, Q. Buchholz, 1961, Fuhn & Vancea, 1961, Mertens, 1961c, Buchholz & SchultzeWestrum, 1964, Bruno, 1966, 1977, 1984, R.J. Clark, 1967a, 1994, Muskhelishvili, 1970a, Kratzer, 1973, Lotze, 1973, Baran, 1976a, Bannikov et al., 1977, Szyndlar, 1986, Latifi, 1991, Szyndlar, 1991a, 2012, W. Böhme & Szczerbak, 1993, Kubykin, 1994, Szczerbak, 1994, Borkin et al. 1997, Holman, 1998a, Cattaneo, 1999, Petkovski et al., 2000, Ratnikov, 2004, Sindaco et al., 2006, Ivanov, 2007, Trapp, 2007, Valakos et al., 2008 and Stojanov et al., 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 1436 fide Opinion 490 (ICZN, 1957). 9. Elaphe rechingeri F. Werner, 1932. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien (Math.-Nat.) 69(20): 232. Type: Holotype, NMW 16672, an 800 mm (svl) male (K.H. Rechinger, June–July 1932). Type locality: “Inseln Amorgos, (süd-östliche Cycladen), Cycladenarchipel” [= Amorgos Is., cen. Cyclades, SE Greece, bet. 36°46’–56’N & 25°44’–26°05’E]. Distribution: Southeastern Greece (Amorgos Is.). Remarks: A valid species fide R. Clark (1994: 93). 10. Elaphe sauromates (Pallas, 1814). Zool. RossoAsiat. 3: 42. (Coluber sauromates) Synonyms: Coluber alpestris Pallas, 1814, Coluber pictus Pallas, 1814, Coluber xanthogaster Andrzejowsky, 1832, Coluber cereus Dwigubsky, 1832, Coluber fulvus Dwigubsky, 1832, Coluber poecilopholus Fischer von Waldheim, 1832, Coluber taeniothys Fischer von Waldheim, 1832, Elaphis parreyssii Fitzinger, 1833, Bothriophis erythrogaster Eichwald, 1837, Coluber poecilocephalus Brandt, 1838, and Sauromates parreysi – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, not designated (P.S. Pallas, 1768–1774), location unknown. Type locality: “isthmum Perecopensum.” Restricted to Perekop Isthmus, Crimea, S Ukraine [= 46°10’N, 33°42’E, elevation NSL] fide Mertens & Müller (1928: 47). Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Albania, S Romania, Bulgaria (Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Kardzhali, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Rousse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Stara Zagora, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Yambol), E Greece (Samothrace and Thasos Is.), Turkey (Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Aydin, Balikesir, Bursa, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Eskisehir, Izmir, Kars, Kayseri, Kocaeli, Konya, Tokat. Trabzon, Usak), ext. W Syria, S Lebanon (Mont-Liban), ext. N Israel (N Golan Heights), Moldavia, S Ukraine, SW Russia (Dagestan), E Georgia, S Armenia, Azerbaijan, SW Kazakhstan, NW Turkmenistan and W Iran (Bakhtaran, East Azarbaijan, Hamadan, West Azarbaijan, Zanjhan), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Ilani, 1983a, Lenk et al., 200l, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Trapp, 2007, Valakos et al., 2008, Tuniyev et al., 2009, Bar & Haimovitch, 2011 and Stojanov et al., 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name no. 1437 fide Opinion 490 (ICZN, 1957). A valid species fide Lenk et al. (2001: 336). 11. Elaphe schrenckii (Strauch, 1873). Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (7) 21(4): 100–102. (Elaphis schrenckii) Type: Lectotype, ZISP 3706 (formerly AIS 415), a 1950 mm specimen (L. von Schrenck, 1856), designated fide Maki (1931a: 101). Type locality: “Khinggan Military Post, SE Siberia, E Russia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Nei Monggol, Jilin), ext. E Mongolia (E Dornov), ext. SE Russia and North Korea (Kangwon), 75–900 m. Sources: Shannon, 1956, Webb et al., 1962, Bannikov et al., 1977, Ji et al., 1985, Schulz, 1985c, 1988d, 1988g, P. Wang, 1986, Y. Yang et al., 1986, Szyndlar & Hung, 1987, Borkin et al., 1990a–b, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Adnagulov et al., 2000, Ratnikov, 2004, San & Lee, 2007 and Treu, 2008. E 264 Remarks: Type locality listed as Chinganski Post fide Nikolsky (1916: 141). 12. Elaphe zoigeensis S. Huang, Ding, Burbrink, Yang, Huang, Ling, Chen & Zhang, 2012. Asian Herpetol. Res. (2) 3(1): 41–43, figs. 3–4. E Type: Holotype, HUM 20110001, an 880 mm female (native, 26 July 2010). Type locality: “20 m from mouth of Jiangzha Hot Spring (3200 m elevation, N34°12’18”, E102°42’48”) in Zoige County, Sichuan, China.” Distribution: Southern China (Sichuan), 3200 m. Source: Ling et al., 2010. ELAPOGNATHUS Boulenger, 1896a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Elicognatus – Sumichrast, 1880 (nomen incorrectum), and Elapoqnathus – Anon., 1979 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hoplocephalus minor A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c. Distribution: Extreme SW Australia. Sources: Cogger et al., 1983a, Storr et al., 1986, Gow, 1989, Hutchinson, 1990, Ehmann, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Greer, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Keogh et al., 2000, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Sanders et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: A synonym of Notechis fide Storr, 1982; a synonym of Rhinoplocephalus fide Wallach, 1985. 1. Elapognathus coronatus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 182, 2: 454–455. (Elaps coronatus) Synonyms: Trimesurus olivaceus Gray in Grey, 1841b, Elaps melanocephalus Gray & Neill, 1845 (nomen praeoccupatum), and Elapognathus resolutus Wells & Wellington, 1985. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 321 (formerly MNHN 4696), a 305–309 mm male (J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard [Coquille or Astrolabe Voy.], 1822–1829), designated by Coventry & Rawlinson (1980: 67). Type locality: “King George Sound, Western Australia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Extreme SW Australia (ext. SW Western Australia, Mondrain, North Twin Peak and Wilson Is.), NSL–640 m. Sources: Storr et al., 1986, Bush et al., 1995 and Shea & Sadlier, 1999. 2. Elapognathus minor (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 362–363. (Hoplocephalus minor) Types: Syntypes (5 plus skull), BMNH 1946.1.18.64 [= Boul. a], a female (Swan River, Haslar, 1863), BMNH Snakes of the World 1946.1.20.71 [= Boul. b], a male (Swan River), MCZ 77635 (formerly BMNH 1946.1.19.13 [= Boul. c], a 445 mm female, BMNH 1946.1.19.14–15 [= Boul. d–e] (S. Australia), a male and juvenile, and BMNH 1964.962 [= Boul. g] (skull from MCZ 76635, formerly BMNH 1946.1.19.13). Type locality: “Swan River, S.W. Australia.” Distribution: Extreme SW Australia (ext. SW Western Australia), 10–150 m. Source: Shine, 1986b. Remarks: Syntypes denoted above with Boulenger (1896a: 357) catalogue letters. MCZ 76635 has skull removed fide Cogger et al. (1983: 225). ELAPOIDIS F. Boie, 1827 (Natricidae) Synonyms: Elapodis H. Boie in F. Boie, 1826 (nomen nudum), Elapodes – Schlegel, 1837 (nomen incorrectum), Elapoides Jan, 1862b (nomen emendatum), and Elapiodes – S.W. Garman, 1884 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elapoidis fuscus F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: East Malaysia and Indonesia. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Kopstein, 1938, C. Haas, 1941, 1950, Bergman, 1958a, Capocaccia, 1976, David & Vogel, 1996, Vogel & G. Köhler, 1996 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Elapoidis fuscus F. Boie, 1827. Isis von Oken 20(6): 519. (Elapoidis fusca) Synonyms: Elapoidis fuscus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Calamaria elapoides Schlegel, 1837, and Elaphis sumatranus Bleeker, 1860b (nomen nudum). Types: Syntypes (2), RMNH 73 and RMNH 10427 (H. Boie & H.C. Macklot, 1825–1832). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah) and Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), 1000–1525 m. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). H. Boie sent numerous specimens to RMNH fide Schlegel (1837: 44). Collectors probably H. Boie & H.C. Macklot fide C. Haas (1950: 559). Boulenger (1893a: 307) listed an exchanged Javan female from RMNH, probably a type. ELAPOMORPHUS Weigmann in Fitzinger, 1843 (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Elapocephalus A.C.L.G. Günther in Gray, 1858g, and Elapomorpho Boettger, 1880b (nomen emendatum), Elapomorphis – Ditmars, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Elapomurphus – Prado, 1944 (nomen incorrectum), and Elapormorphus – Bellairs, 1969 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber quinquelineatus Raddi, 1820. 265 Snakes of the World Distribution: Eastern South America. Sources: Strauch, 1885, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Lema, 1979b, 1984, Ferrarezzi, 1993, Lema & Hofstadler-Deiques, 1995, Hofstadler-Deiques & Lema, 2005, Zaher et al., 2009 and Lema & HofstadlerDeiques, 2010. Remarks: Elapomorphus lepidus was transferred to Coronelaps. 1. Elapomorphus quinquelineatus (Raddi, 1820). Mem. Math. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena 18(2): 339–340, pl. (Coluber quinquelineatus) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Coluber 5-lineatus Raddi, 1820 (nomen incorrigendum), Duberria quinquelineata – Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen corrigendum), Calamaria blumii Schlegel, 1837, Elapsomorphus blumii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Elapocephalus taeniatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, and Elapomorphus accedens Jan, 1862b. Types: Syntypes (2), formerly IRMC (G. Raddi, 1817– 1818), location unknown. Type locality: “contorni di Rio-Janeiro, Brasile” [= vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil, 22°54’S, 43°14’W, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (S Bahia, Espírito Santo, E Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), NSL–350 m. Sources: Hoge, 1959e, Lema, 1984, 1992, 1994, Freitas, 1999, Marques et al., 2001 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: Types not in Modena or MZUF fide Hoge (1959e: 267), who reported only a single type (whereas Raddi listed two ventral counts). C.J. Cole et al. (2013: 493) erroneously cited a type as MNHN 3673 (syntype of Calamaria blumii Schlegel). Record without specific locality from Guyana or French Guiana (USNM 6180) fide C.J. Cole et al. (2013: 493). 2. Elapomorphus wuchereri Wucherer in A.C.L.G. Günther, 1861b. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 7(41): 415–416, 3 figs. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.96, an 1165 mm specimen (O.E.H. Wucherer, 1859–1860). Type locality: “Ilheus, Bahia” [= Ilhéus, Bahia State, Brazil, 14°48’S, 39°02’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, ? Rio de Janeiro), 10 m. Sources: A.C.L.G. Günther, 1861e and Lema & HofstadierDeiques, 2010. Remarks: Original description reprinted in A.C.L.G. Günther (1861e: 15–16, 3 figs.). ELAPOTINUS Jan, 1862b (Atractaspididae) Synonym: Elapotimus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elapotinus picteti Jan, 1862b. Distribution: Unknown. Sources: Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866 (13: pl. 3, fig. 1), Witte & Laurent, 1947, Wallach, 1991, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Elapotinus picteti Jan, 1862b. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 31–32. Type: Holotype, MHNG 279.37, a 312 mm male (M. Pelletier, Oct. 1840). Type locality: Unknown. “Tropical Africa ?” fide Boulenger (1896a: 245). Distribution: Unknown. Known only from the holotype and a topotype. Remarks: According to the MHNG minutes for 1840, Pelletier purchased 17 bottles of exotic reptiles that contained a series of 10 unidentified snakes (MHNG 279.33–279.42). MHNG 279.33–34 are listed as “? Guyane”. The locality column for MHNG 279.34– 279.42 is blank. Localities for lizards on the same catalogue page include Senegal and Madagascar. As an atractaspidid, the most likely origin is African but Madagascar is also a possibility. ELAPSOIDEA Bocage, 1866b (Elapidae) Synonyms: Elapsoidea Bocage, 1866a (nomen nudum), Elapechis Boulenger, 1896a (nomen substitutum), Elapoidea Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum), Alapsoidea – Anthony, 1955 (nomen incorrectum), and Elapsoides – Corkill, 1956 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elapsoidea guentherii Bocage, 1866b. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa. Sources: Loveridge, 1944b, Broadley, 1971b, Golay, 1985, Golay et al., 1993, Jakobsen, 1997, Keogh, 1998, David & Ineich, 1999, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. 1. Elapsoidea boulengeri Boettger, 1895b. Zool. Anz. 18(468): 62–63. Type: Holotype, SMF 20555 (formerly SMF-B 9361a), a 170 mm specimen (O. Boettger, 1895). Type locality: “Sambesi, Ostafrika” [= Zambezi River, East Africa]. Restricted to Boroma, Zambezi River, Zambezia Prov., cen. Mozambique fide M. Griffin (2003: 114). Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Sud-Kivu), W and SE Tanzania E 266 E (Kigoma, Mbeya, Mtwara, Ruvuma), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Malawai (Northern, Southern), Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Nampula, Sofala, Tete, Zambézia), Zimbabwe (Bulawayo, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), NE Namibia (Caprivi, Okavango), NE Botswana (Central, North East, North West), Swaziland and N South Africa (N KwaZulu-Natal, W Free State, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, E Northern Cape), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Sweeney, 1961, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Auerbach, 1987, Broadley, 1998a, M. Griffin, 2003 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 2. Elapsoidea broadleyi Jakobsen, 1997. Steenstrupia 22: 76–78, figs. 12–13. Type: Holotype, MZUF 21658, a 770 mm male (G. T. Castellani, 1970). Type locality: “Gelib (= Jilib, 0°28’N, 42°50’E), Somalia.” Distribution: Southern Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe), 25 m. 3. Elapsoidea chelazziorum Lanza, 1979. Monit. Zool. Ital. (2, Suppl.) 12(12): 238–243, figs. 1a–c, 2a– c4a–b. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Elapsoidea chelazzii Lanza, 1979 (nomen incorrigendum), and Elapsoidea chelazziorum Lanza, 1990b (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, MZUF 21964, a 415 mm male (A.M. Simonetta, 27 March 1977). Type locality: “in the garden of the University Campus (Faculty of Agriculture), about 6 km E of Afgoi (about 02°06’N-45°11’E, SE Somalia).” Distribution: Southern Somalia (NE Shabeellaha Hoose). Known only from type locality. Sources: Lanza, 1979, 1983a, 1990b. 4. Elapsoidea guentherii Bocage, 1866b. J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa 1(1): 70–71, pl. 1, figs. 3, 3a–b. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Elapsoidea güntherii Bocage, 1866b (nomen incorrigendum), Elapsoidea hessei Boettger, 1887a, Elapsoidea guentheri – Boettger, 1888e (nomen corrigendum), Elapsoidea güntherii – Bocage, 1895 (nomen incorrectum), and Elapsoidea decosteri scalaris Laurent, 1960. Type: Lectotype, MBL T-103 (formerly MBL 1935), a 400 mm specimen (J. d’Anchieta, 1865), designated by H.W. Parker (1949: 97), destroyed by fire 18 March 1968. Type locality: “Cabinda” [= Cabinda, Cabinda Distr., ext. NW Angola, 5°33’S, 12°11’E, elevation 20 m] via lectotype selection. Snakes of the World Distribution: CentralAfrica. Southern Congo (Kouilou), S Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Katanga, Kinshasa, Oriental, Sud-Kivu), Angola (Benguela, Bié, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza, Huíla, Moxico, Lunda Norte), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Northern, North-Western, Southern) and cen. Zimbabwe (Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Midlands), NSL–1700 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, Witte, 1962, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Broadley, 1959, 1983, Fouin, 1969, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Branch, 1988, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Broadley et al., 2003, Chippaux, 2006 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 5. Elapsoidea laticincta (F. Werner, 1919). Denks. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Natur. Kl. 96: 507–508, fig. 8. (Elapechis laticinctus) Type: Holotype, NMW 19068, a 237 mm female (F. Werner, 28 March 1914). Type locality: “Kadugli, Kordofan, Nuba-Berg-Provinz, Sudan” [= Janub Kurdufan Prov., S. Sudan, 11°01’N, 29°43’E, elevation 525 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Northern Cameroon (Adamaoua), S Chad, Central African Republic (Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (N Orientale), S Sudan (Janub Kurdufan), S Sudan (Janub Kurdufan), S South Sudan (S Central Equatoria, SW Eastern Equatoria, S Western Equatoria), NW Uganda (W Northern), and S Ethiopia (Sidamo), 270–1000 m. Sources: Pitman, 1974, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006 and Chirio & LeBreton, 2007. Remarks: Possibily conspecific with E. semiannulata moebiusi (Werner) fide Broadley, 1971b. 6. Elapsoidea loveridgei H.W. Parker, 1949. Zool. Verh. (6): 95–98. (Elapsoidea sundevallii loveridgei) Synonyms: Elapsoidea decosteri colleti Laurent, 1956a, and Elapsoidea decosteri multicincta Laurent, 1956a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.23.57 (formerly BMNH 1902.5.26.4), a 560 mm female (S.L. Hinde, 1896–1902). Type locality: “Machakos, Kenya Colony, 5400 ft.” [= Machakos, cen. Eastern Prov., cen. Kenya, 1°31’S, 37°16’E, elevation 1645 m]. Distribution: Eastern Africa. Southern Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Hararge, Illubabor, Sidamo), S Somalia (Jubbada Dhexe), E Democratic Republic of the Congo (E Nord-Kivu, E Orientale), S Uganda (Central, Eastern, Western), SW Kenya (Central, S Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, Nyanza, S Rift Valley, Western), Rwanda, Burundi (Buyogoma) and NE Tanzania (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Shinyanga, Tabora), 500–2300 m. Sources: Laurent, 1956a, Pitman, 1974, Spawls et al., 2002 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 267 Snakes of the World 7. Elapsoidea nigra A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 1(3): 332. Synonym: Elapechis niger – Boulenger, 1896a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.95 (formerly BMNH 1879.11.12.3), a 406 mm female (J. Kirk, 1865–1879). Type locality: “Ushambola” [= Usambara Mtns., N Tanga Prov., NE Tanzania]. Distribution: Northeastern Tanzania (Morogoro, Tanga), 300–1900 m. Source: Spawls et al., 2002. 8. Elapsoidea semiannulata Bocage, 1882a. J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa 8(32): 303. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Elapsoidea semi-annulata Bocage, 1882a (nomen incorrigendum), Elapsoidea semiannulata – Bocage, 1895 (nomen corrigendum), Elapsoidea moebiusi F. Werner, 1897b, and Elapsoidea decosteri huilensis Laurent, 1964a. Type: Holotype, MBL 1938 (J.A. d’Anchieta, 1882), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “Caconda, Angola” [= Caconda, Huila Prov., SW Angola, 13°44’S, 15°04’E, elevation 1635 m]. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southern Mauritania (Guidimaka), Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kolda, Tambacounda), Gambia (Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bissau, Tombali, Bubaque Is.), Guinea (Boké, Dubréka, Kouroussa, Télimélé), Ivory Coast (Bouna, Toumodi), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso), N Ghana (Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta), Togo (Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes), N Benin (Alibori, Atakora, Collines), Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Haute-Bassins, SudOuest, Volta-Noire), SW Niger (Dosso, Niamey), Nigeria (Bauchi, Benue, Gongola, Kaduna, Kwara, Niger, Plateau), N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord, Nord), S Chad (Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Kemo-Gribingui, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Vakaga), E Gabon (Haut-Ogooué), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette-Ouest, Plateau), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kinshasa, Katanga, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Angola (Benguela, Bié, Cuanza Norte, Huambo, Huíla, Moxico, Namibe), W Zambia (Western) and NE Namibia (Omaheke, Oshikoto), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Haacke & Finkeldey, 1967, Roman, 1973b, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Pienaar et al., 1983, Branch, 1988, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Broadley, 1998a, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Chirio, 2009, Ullenbruch et al., 2010, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012, Chirio, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: Unconfirmed reports from Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone. 9. Elapsoidea sundevalli (A. Smith, 1848 in 1838– 1849). Illust. Zool. So. Africa, Rept.: pl. 66, figs. a–c, 2 pp. (Elaps sundevalli) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Elaps sundervallii A. Smith, 1849 in 1838– 1849 (nomen incorrigendum), Elaps sunderwallii A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (nomen incorrigendum), Elapsoidea sundevallii – W.C.H. Peters, 1880a (nomen corrigendum), Elapsoidea decosteri Boulenger, 1888d, Elapsoidea sundevallii fitzsimonsi Loveridge, 1944b, Elapsoidea sundevallii longicauda Broadley, 1971b, and Elapsoidea sundevallii media Broadley, 1971b. Type: Holotype, NHR, a 549 mm specimen (C.J. Sunderwall), lost fide Hughes, in litt. Type locality: “Southern Africa to the eastward of the Cape Colony” [= KwaZulu-Natal Prov., South Africa]. Distribution: Southern Africa. Southern Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Maputo), ext. S Zimbabwe (S Matabeleland South, S Midlands), W Botswana (Ghanzi, S Kgalagadi, North West), Namibia (Okavango, Omaheke, Otjozondjupa), Swaziland and E South Africa (Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, NE Northern Cape), NSL– 1600 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, Hughes & Barry, 1969, FitzSimons, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Pienaar et al., 1983, Branch, 1988 and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. Remarks: Specific epithet sunderwallii corrected to sundevalli in errata sheet (although text, plate and index all use the –ii ending). 10. Elapsoidea trapei Mané, 1999. Bull. Soc. Herp. France (91): 13–16, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1999.6505, a 545 mm male (J.-F. Trape, 1 Aug. 1993). Type locality: “Ndébou, Tambacounda (12°31’N12°27’W), Senegal” [= Ndébou, S Kédougou Prov., SE Senegal, 12°31’N, 12°27’W, elevation 140 m]. Distribution: Extreme West Africa. Southern Mauritania (Guidimaka), SE Senegal (Dakar, S Kédougou, S Tambacounda), ext. W Mali and ext. N Guinea, NSL– 140 m. Sources: J.-F. Trape & Ineich, 2004, 2006b, Villiers & Condamin, 2005 and J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006. EMMOCHLIOPHIS Fritts & Smith, 1969 (Dipsadidae) Type species: Emmochliophis fugleri Fritts & Smith, 1969. Distribution: Northwestern Ecuador. Sources: Bogert, 1964, Fritts & Smith, 1969, Hillis, 1990, Sheil & Grant, 2001 and Zaher et al., 2009. E 268 1. Emmochliophis fugleri Fritts & Smith, 1969. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 72(1): 60–64, figs. 1a–c, 2a–c. E Type: Holotype, UIMNH 78795, a male (G. Key, 8–10 Feb. 1966). Type locality: “4 km. E Río Baba bridge, 24 km. S Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha, Ecuador, ca. 600 m.” Distribution: Ecuador (Pichincha), 600 m. Known only from type locality. 2. Emmochliophis miops (Boulenger, 1898h). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 66(1): 115, pl. 12, fig. 1. (Synophis miops) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.30 (formerly BMNH 1898.4.28.56), a 385–390 mm female (W.F.H. Rosenberg, Oct. 1897). Type locality: “Paramba, a farm on the W. bank of the River Mira, at 3500 feet altitude, western Ecuador.” Distribution: Ecuador (Carchi), 775 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Sheil, 1998. EMYDOCEPHALUS Krefft, 1869a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Emidocephalus Steindachner, 1913 (nomen emendatum), Emidocephalus – Angel, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Emydocephalis – Werler & Keegan, 1963 (nomen incorrectum), and Emydocepharus – Tamiya, 1987 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869a. Distribution: Marine waters of Sino-Australia, including Arafura Sea, Bohol Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Gulf of Carpentaria, SW Pacific Ocean and Timor Sea. Sources: Boulenger, 1908b, M.A. Smith, 1926a, Voris, 1966, Halstead, 1970, Cogger, 1975, 2000, Cogger et al., 1983a, McCarthy, 1986, Welch, 1988, A.R. Rasmussen, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. 1. Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 37(1): 322. Synonyms: Aipysurus chelonicephalus Bavay, 1869, Emydocephalus tuberculatus Krefft, 1869a, and Emydocephalus annualatus – M.W. Lin, 1975 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (2), AMS 454 and AMS 6633, longest syntype 762 mm. Type locality: “Probably the Australian seas.” Distribution: Indo-Australia. Vietnam, Philippines (Panglao), N Australia (NW Northern Territory, Queensland, N Western Australia, Ashmore and Cartier Is.), New Caledonia and Loyalty Is. Snakes of the World Sources: Boulenger, 1898l, 1903f, Alcala, 1986, Ehmann, 1992, Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997, Dotsenko, 1999, Bauer & Sadlier, 2000, Cogger, 2000, Ineich & Laboute, 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Krefft (1869b: 92). 2. Emydocephalus ijimae Stejneger, 1898. J. Sci. Coll., Imp. Univ. Tokyo 12(3): 223. Synonyms: Emydocephala ijimae – Mell, 1929 (nomen incorrectum), and Emydocephalis ijimae – Werler & Keegan, 1963 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, USNM 36517, an embryo taken from a gravid 890 mm female (Tashiro, 1888). Type locality: “Riu-Kiu Sea, around Riu-Kiu Archipelago” [= Ryukyus, S Japan]. Distribution: Southern Japan (Ryukyus: Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Takara Jima and Yaeyama Is.) and Taiwan (Botel Tobago Is.). Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Wall, 1909a, Maki, 1931, Shibata, 1960, Mao & Chen, 1980, M. Mori, 1986 and Xiang & Li, 2009. Remarks: USNM 36517, although reconfirmed as the holotype fide Stejneger (1907a: 413) is listed as a paratype fide Cochran (1961: 178). Stejneger (1907a 413), Wall (1909a: 187) and Maki (1931a: 179) erroneously listed original description in vol. 13. ENHYDRINA Gray, 1849a (Elapidae) Synonyms: Entrydrina – Phipson, 1887 (nomen incorrectum), Euhydrina – Phipson, 1888 (nomen incorrectum), Hydrina – Perrier, 1928 (nomen incorrectum), Endydrina – Schulze, Kükenthal & Hediger, 1929 in 1917–1929 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydria – Cowan & Hick, 1951 (nomen incorrectum), and Enhydrena – Chippaux & Goyffon, 1983 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803c. Distribution: Marine waters, estuaries and tidal rivers (up to 600 km upstream in Cambodia) of Indo-Australia, including Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bay of Bengal, Coral Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Thailand, Java Sea, Molucca Sea, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, Strait of Malacca and W Indian Ocean. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1926a, Cogger et al., 1983a, Golay et al., 1993, O’Shea, 1996, A.R. Rasmussen, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Wells, 2007, Kharin & Czeblukov, 2009, Zaher et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012, A. Silva et al., 2011 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: A synonym of Hydrophis fide Sanders et al., 2013. Snakes of the World 1. Enhydrina schistosa (Daudin, 1803c). Hist. Nat. Rept. 7: 386–387. (Hydrophis schistosus) Synonyms: Enhydris valakadin Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1817, Hydrophis cianura Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1817, Hydrophis hoglin Rafinesque-Schlmaltz, 1817, Hydrophis flaviventris Siebold, 1827, Hydrus valakadjen – H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826b (nomen incorrectum), Hydrus valakadyn – F. Boie (nomen incorrectum), 1827, Disteira russelii Fitzinger, 1827, Polyodontes annulatus Lesson, 1832 in Bélanger, 1831–1834, Hydrophis bengalensis Gray, 1842d, Hydrophis subfasciata Gray, 1842d, Thalassophis werneri P. Schmidt, 1852, Thalassophis werneria A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen emendatum), Enhydrina valacadyen – J. Anderson, 1872 (nomen incorrectum), Entrydrina bengaensis – Phipsoni, 1887 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrina vikadien – Boettger, 1892a (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrina valakadien Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum), Enhydrina velakadien – Flower, 1899 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrina valacadjen – Kathariner, 1900 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrina schistoza – Codoceo, 1957 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrina schitosa – Boquet, 1964 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrena schistose – Chippaux & Goyffon, 1983 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydria schistose – Murthy, 1986 (nomen incorrectum), and Enhydrina valacadien – Culotta & Pickwell, 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.7 (formerly RCSM & BMNH 1921.7.28.1), a 926 mm male. Type locality: “Bengale” [= Bangladesh or West Bengal, India]. Restricted to Tranquebar [= Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu State, SE India, 11°02’N, 79°51’E, elevation 5 m] fide M.A. Smith (1926a: 39). Distribution: Indo-Australia. Iraq, Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan (S Balochistan, S Sindh), India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Mergui Arch., Thailand (Chumphon, Samut Sakhno, Satun, Songkhla, Surat Thani), Cambodia, Grand Lac, S Vietnam (Binh Thuan to Ba Ria-Vung Tau), West Malaysia (Johore, Kelantan, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Trengganu, Penang Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Indonesia (S Papua, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra), Seychelles, S Papua New Guinea (Western) and N Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef). Sources: Wall, 1909a, 1914g, 1918b, 1919c, Rooij, 1917, Bourret, 1934f, M.A. Smith, 1943, Bergman, 1955c, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Minton, 1966, Chhapgar & Kewalramani, 1967, Halstead, 1970, Saint Girons, 1972, B.L. Lim & Sawai, 1975, Voris et al., 1978, Voris & Jayne, 1979, Voris & Moffett, 1981. Tweedie, 1983, Gasperetti, 1988, Ehmann, 1992, Leviton et al., 1992, Dutta & Acharjyo, 1993, Hallermann et al., 2001, M.S. Khan, 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 269 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and A.R. Rasmussen et al., 2011. Remarks: Original description based on P. Russell (1801: 11, pl. 10). 2. Enhydrina zweifeli Kharin, 1985. Zool. Zhur. 64(5): 786–787, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, AMNH 104340, a 690 mm male (O. Burton, Feb.–March 1966). Type locality: “New Guinea, District Sepik, mouth of Sepik River” [= East Sepik Distr., Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (East Sepik). Known only from the holotype. ENHYDRIS Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Enhydra – Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1817 (nomen emendatum), Natrix RafinesqueSchmaltz, 1817 (nomen praeoccupatum), Enydris Ritgen, 1828 (nomen emendatum), Hypsirhina Wagler, 1830, Hypserhina Gray, 1834 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835 (nomen incorrectum), Hypsirina Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835 (nomen emendatum), Potamophis Cantor, 1836a, Miralia Gray, 1842d, Raclitia Gray, 1842d, Hypsiscopus Fitzinger, 1843, Pelophis Fitzinger, 1843, Enhydra Agassiz, 1847 (nomen praeoccupatum), Noterophis Gistel, 1848, Phytolopsis Gray, 1849a, Hypsirrhina Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Tachyplotus J.T. Reinhardt, 1866, Pythonopsis W.C.H. Peters, 1871b (nomen substitutum), Homalophis W.C.H. Peters, 1871b, Phytonopsis – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Hipsirhina – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Hypsirhinus – Perrier, 1928 (nomen incorrectum), Hypsirhinae – Maass-Berlin, 1933 (nomen incorrectum), Hypsirhyna – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydres – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Phytonopsis – C.P.J. Haas, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Enhydrous – Taub, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), and Hypshirhina – Tiedemann & Häupl, 1980 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hydrus enhydris J.G. Schneider, 1799. Distribution: Tidal rivers, lakes, estuaries, marshes and coastal marine waters of SE Asia and East Indies. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, Gyi, 1970, Welch, 1988, J.C. Murphy & Voris, 1994, Voris et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy, 2007b, Alfaro et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Karns et al., 2010. Remarks: A polyphyletic genus with E. bocourti and E. punctata belonging to other genera fide Voris et al., 2002 and Karns et al. (2010: 28). J.C. Murphy (2011: 234) placed polylepis in the resurrected genus Pseudoferania Ogilby. Two undescribed species E 270 Snakes of the World (Enhydris towuti from cen. Sulawesi and Enhydris grey from SE Sulawesi) fide Iskandar & Tjan (1996: 43). 1. Enhydris albomaculata (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b). Erpét. Gén. 7(2): 974–975. (Homalopsis albomaculatus) (nomen corrigendum) E Synonyms: Homalopsis albo-maculatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrigendum), and Homalopsis albomaculatus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854c (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 934, a 370 mm male (O. Kunhardt, 1847). Type locality: “les environs de Padani, île de Sumatra” [= vicinity of Padang, Sumatera Barat Prov., Sumatra, W Indonesia, 0°57’S, 100°21’E]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (Java, Nias, Simeulue, Sinabang, Sumatra). Source: David & Vogel, 1996. Remarks: Java and Sumatra records doubtful fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 85). 2. Enhydris alternans (A. Reuss, 1834). Mus. Senck. 1: 155–156, pl. 9, figs. 3a–b. (Brachyorrhos alternans) Synonym: Homalopsis decussata Schlegel, 1837. Type: Lectotype, SMF 19465 (formerly SMF-R III.C.4.a & SMF-B 9004, 1a), a 127 mm specimen (Peitsch, 1827), designated by Mertens (1922: 181). Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: East Malaysia (Sarawak) and W Indonesia (Bangka, Belitung, Java, Sumatra). Sources: Bergman, 1960, Iskandar, 1987 and David & Vogel, 1996. 3. Enhydris bocourti (Jan, 1865c). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 3(2): 258–259. (Hypsirhina bocourti) Synonyms: Hypsirhina multilineata Tirant, 1885b, Hypsirhina gigantea F. Werner, 1923a, and Hypsirhina bocourtii soctDistributionnsis Bourret 1934d. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 613–613A, longest syntype 490 mm (F. Bocourt, 1862). Type locality: “Bangkok, R. di Siam” [= Bangkok, Bangkok Prov., Thailand, 13°43’N, 100°29’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Southern Thailand (Bangkok, Nakhon Sawan, Pattani, Phatthalung, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Surat Thani, Trang), Cambodia (Battambang, Kampong Chhang, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Koh Kong, Oddar Meanchey, Pursat, Siem Reap), Laos (Vientiane), S Vietnam (Binh Duong, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Dong Nai, Ho Chí Minh City, Kien Giang, Soc Trang, Táy Ninh) and N West Malaysia (Kedah), 190–200 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1928b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, CampdenMain, 1970a, Saint Girons, 1972a, Tweedie, 1983, M.J. Cox, 1991b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, I Das, 2010 and T. Hartmann et al., 2013. Remarks: India and Myanmar records likely based on E. sieboldi fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 95). 4. Enhydris chanardi J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2005. Raffles Bull. Zool. 53(1): 143–147, figs. 1a, 2. Type: Holotype, USNM 67516, a female (Hugh M. Smith, 1 May 1928). Type locality: “Bangkok (13°45’N 100°31’E), Thailand.” Distribution: Thailand (Bangkok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya). Remarks: Probably endemic to Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forest fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 99). 5. Enhydris doriae (W.C.H. Peters, 1871b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1871(10): 577. (Homalophis doriae) Types: Syntypes (2), MSNG CE 30665 (O. Beccari & M.J. Doria, 1865) and ZMB 7120, an 800 and 780 mm specimen. Type locality: “Sarawak” [East Malaysia]. Distribution: Borneo. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (W Kalimantan), NSL–500 m. Sources: J.C. Murphy et al., 2005 and I. Das, 2007b. Remarks: Original description reprinted in W.C.H. Peters (1872d: 38–39). W.C.H. Peters (1871b: 577) listed two syntypes. Gyi (1970: 130) stated both types are in MSNG but Capoccacia (1961a: 106) listed only one syntype. ZMB catalogue lists three syntypes, ZMS 7120–22. 6. Enhydris enhydris (J.G. Schneider, 1799). Hist. Amph. 1: 245–246. (Hydrus enhydris) Synonyms: Enhydris caerulea Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b, Hydrus atrocaeruleus G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber pythonissa Daudin, 1803d, Homalopsis aer Oppel in H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Homalopsis aer Oppel in H. Boie, 1826 (nomen nudum), Potamophis lusingtonii Cantor, 1836b, Homalopsis olivaceus Cantor, 1839b, Hypsirhina bilineata Gray, 1842d, Hypsirhina furcata Gray, 1842d, Hypsirhina trilineata Gray, 1842d, Potamophis lushingtonii Cantor, 1847 (nomen nudum), Hypsirhina enhydris albolineata Jan, 1863b (nomen incorrectum), Hypsirhina enhydris albolineata Jan, 1865c, Hypsirhina albolineata Morice, 1875a (nomen nudum), and Helicops indicus Annandale, 1905b. Type: Lectotype, specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 35, pl. 30), a 508 mm female (P. Russell, 1781–1791), designated herein. Type locality: “lake of Ankapilly, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Ankapalle, Andhra Pradesh, E India, 17°40’N, 83°09’E, elevation 20 m] via lectotype selection. 271 Snakes of the World Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. India (N Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), E Nepal (Bardiya, Dhanusa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Sunsari), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magwe, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon), Thailand (Bangkok, Chon Buri, Khon Kaen, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lop Buri, Narathiwat, Pattani, Phathalung), Cambodia (Kandal, Kompon Chan, Kampong Chnang, Siem Reap), Laos, Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Long An, Phu Yen, Soc Trang, Tay Ninh, Tien Giang), ext. SE China (Guangdong), West Malaysia (Kedah, Pinang, Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Papua, Bangka, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Weh), NSL–250 m. Sources: Wall, 1912d, C.H. Pope, 1935, Bergman, 1955a, Kuntz, 1963, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Campden-Main, 1970a, Saint-Girons, 1972, R. Fleming & Fleming, 1973, G. Sharma & Nakhasi, 1980, Tweedie, 1983, M.J. Cox, 1991b, Stuebing, 1991, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Leong & Tan, 2000, Karns 0et al., 2001, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Ao et al., 2004, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2005, I. Das, 2007b, M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Grismer, 2011. Remarks: Unconfirmed records from Hong Kong and Sri Lanka (Boulenger, 1896a: 7). Sulawesi records doubtful, probably Enhydris matannensis or E. plumbea, fide Lang & Vogel (2005: 251). Cox et al. (2013: 482) listed two syntypes as MHNL 42000343. 7. Enhydris gyii J.C. Murphy, Voris & Auliya, 2005. Raffles Bull. Zool. 53(2): 272–273, figs. 1a, 2, 3a–c. Type: Holotype, ZFMK 65824, a 766 mm female (M. Auliya, 27 Oct. 1996). Type locality: “Indonesia, Kalimantan Barat, Sungai Kapuas at Putussibau (0°52’N, 112°55’E), where the Sibau River empties into the Kapuas River, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan.” Distribution: Central Indonesia (W Kalimantan), 50 m. Source: I. Das, 2012. 8. Enhydris indica (Gray, 1842d). Zool. Misc. 2(May): 67. (Raclitia indica) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.2.36, a 324 mm female, and BMNH 1946.1.2.46, a 345 mm male (T. Hardwicke, 1756–1823). Type locality: “India” (in error). Corrected to Malay Peninsula fide Boulenger (1896a: 4). Distribution: West Malaysia (Perak, Selanger). Sources: Lim & Kamarudin, 1975 and Tweedie, 1983. Remarks: BMNH catalogue lists Malay Peninsula as type locality. Probably occurs in Singapore fide I.Das (2010: 326). 9. Enhydris innominata (Morice, 1875a). Faune Cochinchine Franç.: 58. (Hypsirhina innominata) Type: Holotype, MHNL 42000338, a female (A. Morice, 1870–1875). Type locality: “Tay-ninh, Cochinchina française” [= Tây Ninh, Tây Ninh Prov., S Vietnam, 11°22’N, 106°07’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Cambodia (Battambang, Kandal, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Pursat, Siem Reap) and S Vietnam (Kien Giang, Tay Ninh). Sources: M.A. Smith, 1929, E.H. Taylor, 1965, SaintGirons, 1971a, 1972a–b, M.J. Cox, 1991b, J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2005 and V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009. 10. Enhydris jagorii (W.C.H. Peters, 1863b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863(6): 245–247. (Hypsirhina [Eurostus] jagorii) Type: Holotype, ZMB 4746, a 470 mm male (F. Jagor, 1861–1863). Type locality: “Siam” [= Thailand]. Restricted to the vicinity of Bangkok, Thailand fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 131). Distribution: Southeast Asia. Eastern Thailand (Chanthaburi, Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Sisaket, Trat, Udon Thani), Cambodia (Kampong Speu), S Laos (Borikhan, Champhon, Khammouan, Savannakhet, Vapikhamthong, Xedon) and Vietnam (Bình Tri Thiên, Hâu Giang). Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Campden-Main, 1970a, Deuve, 1970, Saint-Girons, 1972a, M.J. Cox, 1991b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998 and J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2005. 11. Enhydris longicauda (Bourret, 1934d). Bull. Gén. Instr. Pub. 13(1): 20–22, fig. 4. (Hypsirhina longicauda) Types: Syntypes (3), MNHN 1948.95–96 and MNHN 1938.143 (formerly RLB K.1 [Tonlésap], a 530 mm specimen, RLB M.388 [Siem Réap], a 194 mm juvenile, & RLB M.425 [Tonlé Chma], a 226 mm juvenile) (Chevey, Inst. Océanographique Indochine). Type locality: “Tonlésap, (Grand Lacs du Cambodge)” [= Tonle Sap Lake, E Bat Dambang, SW Siem Reap, NE Pursat and W Kampong Thom Prov., Cambodia, bet. 12°30’–13°15’N, 103°42’–104°30’E, elevation 5 m], “Siem Réap” [= S Siem Reap Prov., Cambodia, 13°20’N, 103°50’E, elevation 10 m], and “Tonlé Chma” [= Tonle Cham, E Kamphon Cham Prov., Cambodia]. Distribution: Western Cambodia (E Battambang, E Kampong Cham, W Kampong Thom, NE Pursat, S Siem Reap), NSL–40 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943 and Saint-Girons, 1971. E 272 12. Enhydris maculosa (Blanford, 1881). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 49(1): 226. (Hypsirhina maculosa) (nomen substitutum) E Synonyms: Hypsirhina maculata Blanford, 1879a–b (nomen praeoccupatum), and Hypsirhina blanfordii Boulenger, 1890a (nomen substitutum). Type: Neotype, BMNH 1913.6.12.1, a 308 mm female, designated by J.C. Murphy (2007a: 282). Type locality: Unknown via neotype selection. Designated as Bassein in Pegu fide Blanford (1879a: 217) [= Pathein, Ayeyarwady Div., SW Myanmar, 16°46’N, 94°44’E, elevation 20 m]. Distribution: Southern Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago), NSL–20 m. Source: I. Das, 1999a. Remarks: Original description based on Blanford (1879a: 216–217) with supplemental original description in Blanford (1879b: 130–131). Holotype, ZSI 8207 (formerly IMC 8207), a 300 mm female (Baker), lost fide Sclater (1891: 245) and I. Das et al. (1998: 157). Record from Nias, Indonesia unconfirmed fide Iskandar & Colijn (2001: 91). 13. Enhydris matannensis (Boulenger, 1897g). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 65(1): 225–226, pl. 15, fig. 1. (Hypsirhina matannensis) Type: Holotype, NMBA 1735, a 240 mm male (P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1893–1896). Type locality: “Lake Matanna, South-eastern Celebes” [= Matano Lake, Central Sulawesi, bet. 2°25–34’S, 121°13–29’E, elevation 400 m]. Distribution: Central Indonesia. Sulawesi (Buton, Muna), 400–415 m. Sources: Iskandar, 1979 and Koch, 2012. 14. Enhydris pahangensis Tweedie, 1946. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 13(98): 142–144, 1 fig. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1947.1.1.70, a 220 mm male (M.W.F. Tweedie, April 1940). Type locality: “Kuala Tahan, River Tembeling, Pahang, between 500 and 1,000 feet altitude, and over 70 miles from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula.” Emended to King George V National Park (fide Gyi, 1970: 117–118) or the Taman Negara Game Reserve (fide Tweedie, 1983: 102) [= N Pahang State, West Malaysia 4°17’N, 102°25’E, elevation 150–300 m]. Distribution: West Malaysia (N Pahang, Terengganu), 150–300 m. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, Onn, 2009 and I. Das, 2012. 15. Enhydris pakistanica Mertens, 1959b. Senck. Biol. 40(3–4): 117–119, pl. 10, figs. 1a–b. Type: Holotype, SMF 56340, a 708 mm male (M.G. Konieczny, 5 June 1958). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Jati, unteres Indus-Gebiet, Sindh, WestPakistan” [= Jati, Induis River delta, Sindh Prov., Pakistan, 24°21’N, 68°16’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southern Pakistan (S Sindh), NSL–10 m. Sources: Minton, 1966 and M.S. Khan, 2002. 16. Enhydris plumbea (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 550. (Homalopsis plumbea) Synonyms: Homalopsis plumbea H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Homalopsis plumbea Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Hypsirhina hardwickii Gray, 1834 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835, and Helicops wettsteini Amaral, 1929b. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 1163 (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823), designated by Gyi (1970: 82). Type locality: “Java, Indonesia” via lectotype selection. Restricted to region of Mt. Pangerango and Mt. Salak, West Java, Indonesia fide Brongersma (1948b: 14). Emended to Tjihandjawar, at the foot of Mt. Pangerango, W. Java [ = Cihanyawar, Nagrak, Jawa Barat, W Java, SW Indonesia, 07°03’S, 108°40’E] fide Brongersma (1950: 1499). Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman and Great Nicobar Is.), S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Myanmar (Mandalay), Thailand (Bangkok, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Lampang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phetchaburi, Phrae, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Sakon Nakon, Saraburi, Trang), Laos (Attapu, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangphrabang, Phongsali, Savannakhet, Vientiane, Xaignabouli, Xekong, Xiangkhouang), Vietnam (An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Da Nang, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Ha Nam, Hanoi, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh City, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tai Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Long, Yen Bai), Cambodia (Kampong Chan, Kampong Cham, Kampot, Pursat, Siem Reap), West Malaysia (Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Pinang, Terengganu, Tioman Is.), East Malaysia (Sabah), Brunei and Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), NSL–1500 m. 273 Snakes of the World Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Maki, 1931, C.H. Pope, 1935, Bergman, 1960, Kuntz, 1963, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Rossman & Scott, 1968, Deuve, 1970, SaintGirons, 1972a, Romer, 1979a, Tweedie, 1983, Karsen et al., 1986, M.J.Cox, 1991b, Zhao & Adler, 1993, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Farkas & Fritz, 1999b, Orlov et al., 2000, Ghodke & Andrews, 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, I. Das, 2007b, Grismer et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009, Grismer, 2011 and Koch, 2012. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Page column in original description erroneously numbered “560.” 17. Enhydris punctata (Gray, 1849a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 68. (Phytolopsis punctata) Synonyms: Eurostus heteraspis Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum), Tachyplotus hedemanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1866, Pythonopsis borneensis W.C.H. Peters, 1871b, and Hypsirhina hageni Lidth de Jeude, 1890. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.2.37, a 370 mm female (Warwick). Type locality: “India,” (in error fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 160). Distribution: Malaysia and Greater Sundas. West Malaysia (Johore, Selangor, Terengganu), East Malaysia (Sarawak), Brunei and Indonesia (Bangka, Belitung, Java, W Kalimantan, Sumatra), NSL. Sources: Tweedie, 1983, Mahendra, 1984, David & Vogel, 1996, J.C. Murphy et al., 2005 and I. Das, 2007b. Remarks: Probably a collection of several species that are isolated in peat swamp forests and associated streams fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 160). Indian record discounted fide J.C. Murphy (2007b: 161). 18. Enhydris smithii (Boulenger, 1914e). J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 1(2): 69–70, 3 figs. (Hypsirhina smithii) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1948.1.2.27, a 400 mm female (native boy via Miller and M.A. Smith). Type locality: “Messrs. L.T. Leonowens, Ltd., river Menam at Bangkok” [= Louis T. Leonowens Company on Menam River at Bangkok, Bangkok Prov., cen. Thailand, 13°44’N, 100°31’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Central Thailand (Bangkok, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Prachuap Khiri Khan), NSL. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, M.J. Cox, 1991b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2005 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Remarks: A valid species fide M.J. Cox (1991b: 191) and I Das (2010: 328). 19. Enhydris subtaeniata (Bourret, 1934d). Bull. Gén. Instr. Pub. 14(1): 19–20, fig. 3. (Hypsirhina enhydris subtaeniata) Type: Lectotype, MNHN 1958.0474 (formerly RLB M.388), a 202–211 mm specimen, designated by I. Ineich in J.C. Murphy (2007b: 166). Type locality: “Kampong Speu, Cambodia” [= Kampong Speu, Kampong Speu Prov., S Cambodia, 11°28’N, 104°30’E, elevation 40 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Indochina. Eastern Thailand (Khon Kaen), Laos, Cambodia (Kampong Speu) and Vietnam (Ca Mau, Ho Chi Minh City, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Soc Trang, Tay Ninh), NSL–40 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Deuve, 1970a, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009 and Voris et al., 2012. 20. Enhydris vorisi J.C. Murphy, 2007a. Hamadryad 31(2): 283–285, figs. 1a, 1c. 1e. Type: Holotype, KU 92465, a 586 mm female (K.K. Gyi). Type locality: “Maubin, Ayeyarwady Division, Myanmar (about 16.73°N 95.65°E).” Distribution: Myanmar (Ayeyarwady), NSL. Known only from type locality. ENULIOPHIS McCranie & Villa, 1993 (Dipsadidae) Type species: Leptocalamus sclateri Boulenger, 1894a. Distribution: Central America and N South America. Sources: Netting, 1936b, E.H. Taylor, 1954, H. Greene, 1977, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Lips, 1993a, McCranie & Villa, 1993, Doan & Arizábal, 2002, Savage, 2002, G. Köhler, 2003, McCranie et al., 2003, G. Köhler et al., 2004, McCranie, 2004b, Solórzano, 2004, Zaher et al., 2009, McCranie, 2011a and Travers et al., 2011. Remarks: A synonym of Enulius fide Savage, 2002. 1. Enuliophis sclateri (Boulenger, 1894a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 251, pl. 12, fig. 1. (Leptocalamus sclateri) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.21.72, a 380 mm female (P.L. Sclater). Type locality: “S. America” [= South America] (in error). Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Northeastern Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua (Jinotega, Matagalpa), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Canal Zone, Herrera, Barro Colorado Is.), W Colombia (Antioquia, Santander, Tolima) and Peru (Madre de Dios), NSL–1285 m. E 274 ENULIUS Cope, 1871a (Dipsadidae) E Synonyms: Leptocalamus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b, and Enulis – L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Liophis flavitorques Cope, 1869b. Distribution: Latin America. Sources: Boulenger, 1894a, Dunn, 1938a, E.H. Taylor, 1951, H.M. Smith, Arndt & Sherbrook, 1967, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, McCranie & Villa, 1993, McCranie & G. Köhler, 1999 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Enulius bifoveatus McCranie & G. Köhler, 1999. Carib. J. Sci. 35(1–2): 15–17, figs. 1–3b. Type: Holotype, SMF 78514, a 321 mm male (G. Köhler & E. G. Köhler, 30 Aug. 1997). Type locality: “between Savannah Bight and East End (16°29.19’N, 85°50.30’W), less than 10 m elevation, Isla de Guanaja, Islas de la Bahia, Honduras.” Distribution: Honduras (Islas de la Bahía: N Guanaja), NSL. Sources: McCranie et al., 2005 and McCranie, 2011a. 2. Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1869b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1868) 20: 307–308. (Liophis flavitorques) Synonyms: Enulius murinus Cope, 1871a, Leptocalamus torquatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b, Geophis unicolor J.G. Fischer, 1880, Enulius sumichrasti Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, and Geagras longicaudatus Cope, 1885a. Type: Holotype, ANSP 3695, a 445 mm specimen (S. Buckow). Type locality: “the Magdalena river, New Grenada” [= Colombia]. Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southern Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, S Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla), S Guatemala (Jutiapa), El Salvador (Cuscatlán, La Libertad, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana), Honduras (Choluteca, Colón, Comayagua, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Intibucá, Islas de la Bahía, Yoro, Utila Is.), W Nicaragua (Chinandega, Granada, Managua, Matagalpa), W Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Chiriquí, Canal Zone, Darién, Los Santos, Barro Colorado, Flamenco and Pedro Gonzales Is.) ext. N Colombia (Atlántico, César, La Guajira, Sucre) and ext. NW Venezuela (Zulia), NSL–1800 m. Sources: Booth, 1959, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, PérezSantos & Moreno, 1988, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, Gutsche, 2003, Solórzano, 2004, CansecoMárquez et al., 2005, McCranie et al., 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009, McCranie, 2011a and Orellana, 2011. Snakes of the World 3. Enulius oligostichus H.M. Smith, Arndt & Sherbrooke, 1967. Nat. Hist. Misc. (186): 1–2. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 62740, a 275 mm male (R.G. Arndt & W.C. Sherbrooke, 8 July 1963). Type locality: “on Mexico Highway 54 between San Blas, Nayarit, and Mexico Highway 15 (5-15 miles NE San Blas), Mexico.” Distribution: Western Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, S Sinaloa), 1190 m. Sources: McDiarmid & Bezy, 1971 and Ponce-Campos, 2003. 4. Enulius roatanensis McCranie & G. Köhler, 1999. Carib. J. Sci. 35(1–2): 17–21, figs. 5–6a–b. Type: Holotype, SMF 78515, a 346 mm female (G. Köhler & E. G. Köhler, 2 May 1998). Type locality: “near Mud Hole Bay (16°20.88’N, 86°32.05W), less than 10 m elevation, Isla de Roatán, Islas de la Bahía, Honduras.” Distribution: Honduras (Islas de la Bahía: Roatán), NSL. Sources: McCranie et al., 2005 and McCranie, 2011a. †EOANILIUS Rage, 1974 (Aniliidae) Synonym: †Eonilius – Rage, 1974 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: †Eoanilius europae Rage, 1974. Distribution: Upper Eocene of France and United Kingdom, and upper Oligocene of Germany. Sources: Milner et al., 1982, Rage, 1984b, Cundall et al., 1993, Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993, Duffaud & Rage, 1997 and Gómez et al., 2008 1. †Eoanilius europae Rage, 1974. Palaeovertebrata 6(3–4): 278–281, figs. 1a–b, 2a–b. Type: Holotype, USTL MAL 550, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Malpérié; Eocène supérieur, Phosphorites du Quercy” [= Tarn-et Garonne Dept., France; Headonian fide Rage, 1984b: 13]. Distribution: Upper Eocene (Priabonian, MP 17–20: 33.9–37.2 mya) of France and United Kingdom. 2. †Eoanilius oligocenicus Szyndlar, 1994. J. Vert. Paleont. 14(1): 24–26, figs. 1f–j. Type: Holotype, SMNS 58196/2, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Herrlingen 8 (upper Oligocene, middle Arvernian, MP 28), near Ulm in Baden-Württemberg (southern Germany).” Distribution: Upper Oligocene (Chattian, MP 28: 23.0– 28.4 mya) of Germany. 275 Snakes of the World EPACROPHIS Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009 (Leptotyphlopidae) Type species: Glauconia boulengeri Boettger in Voeltzkow, 1913. Distribution: East Africa. Sources: Hahn, 1980a, Wallach, 1998b and McDiarmid et al., 1999. 1. Epacrophis boulengeri (Boettger in Voeltzkow, 1913). Reise Ostafrika: 354, pl. 25, fig. 1. (Glauconia boulengeri) Type: Holotype, SMF 16700 (formerly SMF-B 7066, a), a 110 mm specimen (A. Voeltzkow, 10–14 Feb. 1903). Type locality: “Insel Manda, Br. Ostafrika” [= Manda Island, Coast Region, E Kenya, 2°16’S, 40°57’E, elevation < 10 m]. Distribution: Eastern Kenya (N Coast: Manda & Lamu Is.), NSL–10 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, 1915c, Loveridge, 1936c, 1957a, Hallermann & Rödel, 1995, Broadley & Wallach, 1996, Wallach, 1996c, Spawls et al., 2002 and Broadley & Wallach, 2007a. Comment: Mertens (1922: 178 & 1967: 89) lists Voeltzkow collection date as 1905. 2. Epacrophis drewesi (Wallach, 1996c). J. Afr. Zool. 110(6): 426–428, fig. 1. (Leptotyphlops drewesi) Type: Holotype, CAS 85756, a 143 mm female (R.E. Leach & E.S. Ross, 26 Nov. 1957). Type locality: “Base of north slope of Mt. Kenya, 10 km south of and uphill from Isiolo (0°21’N, 37°35’E, 1250 m), south-central Eastern Province, central Kenya (about 1400 m).” Distribution: Central Kenya (cen. Eastern), 1400 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Spawls et al., 2002, 2006 and Broadley & Wallach, 2007a. 3. Epacrophis reticulatus (Boulenger, 1906d). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18(108): 441. (Glauconia reticulata) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.16.53 (formerly BMNH 1905.11.7.42), a 190 mm specimen (G.W. Bury, 1905). Type locality: “Wagga, Goolis Mountains, near Berbera, altitude 3000–4000 feet, Somaliland” [= Wagar, W Togdheer Region, NW Somalia, 10°02’N, 45°35’E, elevation 900–1200 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Somalia (Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed), 900–1315 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1915d, Parker, 1949, Hahn, 1978, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Hallermann & Rödel, 1995, Wallach, 1996 and Broadley & Wallach, 2007a. Comment: Possibly occurs in Ethiopia fide Largen & Rasmussen (1993: 324). EPHALOPHIS M.A. Smith, 1931a (Elapidae) Type species: Ephalophis greyae M.A. Smith, 1931a. Distribution: Marine waters of W Australia. Sources: McDowell, 1969b, 1974b, Burger & Natsuno, 1974, L. Smith, 1974, Cogger et al., 1983a, McCarthy, 1986, Gow, 1989, Golay et al., 1993, O’Shea, 1996, A.R. Rasmussen, 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, Cogger, 2000, Zaher et al., 2009, Bush & Maryan, 2011 and Hoser, 2012e. 1. Ephalophis greyae M.A. Smith, 1931a. Proc. Zool Soc. London 101(2): 397–398, pl. 1. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Ephalophis greyi M.A. Smith, 1931a (nomen incorrigendum), and Ephalophis greyae – Shea, 1996 (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.92 (formerly BMNH 1930.11.17.3), a 410 mm female (B. Grey, March 1930). Type locality: “Cape Boileau, north-west coast of Australia” [= N of Broome, N Western Australia]. Distribution: Western Australia (NW Western Australia). EPICRATES Wagler, 1830 (Boidae) Synonyms: Chilabothrus A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844, Chilobothrus A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Chilobotrus A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Cliftia Gray, 1849a, Epicarsius J.G. Fischer, 1856b, Homalochilus J.G. Fischer, 1856b, Chilabotrus Marschall, 1873 (nomen emendatum), Piesigaster Seoane, 1881, Epicrafes – Kempff-Mercado, 1975 (nomen incorrectum), Epicratis – Willard, 1977 (nomen incorrectum), and Boella H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 1992b. Type species: Boa cenchria Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Lower Central America, West Indies and South America. Fossil records: Pleistocene of the West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico). Sources: Amaral, 1955f, Stimson, 1969, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Matz & Matz, 1973, Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974, Tolson, 1987, Kluge, 1988a–b, 1989, Tolson & R.W. Henderson, 1993, Henderson et al., 1995, Rodriguez-Robles & Greene, 1996, Walls, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Noonan & Chippindale, 2006, Passos & Fernandes, 2008, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009 and Rivera et al., 2011. E 276 Remarks: Rivera et al., 2011 supported conclusions of Passos & Fernandes, 2008. 1. Epicrates alvarezi Abalos, Báez & Nader, 1964. Acta Zool. Lilloana 20: 218–223, fig. 3. (Epicrates cenchria alvarezi) E Type: Holotype, IAV, an 1100 mm female (M. Mendieta, 1 July 1959). Type locality: “Forres, Robles Department, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.” Distribution: Southeastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija), W Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boquerón) and N Argentina (Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Jujui, Santiago del Estero, San Miguel, Tucumán), 50–715 m. Sources: Cacciali, 2008 and Bellosa & Bisplinghof, 2012. 2. Epicrates angulifer Bibron, 1840 in Ramón de la Sagra, 1838–1843. Hist. Fís. Polít. Nat. Cuba 2(2): 129–130, pl. 25, figs. 1–3. Synonym: Boa brachyura Filippi, 1848. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 3292, probably a 1990 mm specimen, designated by Stimson (1969: 11). Type locality: “Cuba” via lectotype selection. Distribution: West Indies. Cuba (Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Guantánamo: Juventud Is.; Arch. de los Canarreos: Cayo Cantiles; Arch. SabanaCamagüey: Cayo Guajaba, Cayo Santa María; Habana, Pinar del Río, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Santiago de Cuba; Matanzas), NSL–325 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1901b, Lando & Williams, 1969, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1991 and R.W. Henderson & Arias B., 2001. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Sagra (1839– 1843: 215–217, pl. 25). Authorship has been attributed to Cocteau & Bibron, but H.M. Smith & Grant (1958: 216) demonstrated that the snake section was written solely by Bibron (as per footnote, p. 120). Spanish edition listed as vol. 8 fide A. Schwartz & Thomas (1975: 183) et al. 3. Epicrates assisi Machado, 1944. Bol. Inst. Vital Brazil 4(27): 61, pl. 1 (middle fig.). (Epicrates cenchria assisi) Synonym: Epicrates cenchria xerophilus Amaral, 1955f. Type: Holotype, IVB, lost fide Passos & Fernandes (2009: 19). Type locality: “Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil” [= Campina Grande, E Paríba State, NE Brazil, 7°14’S, 35°53’W, elevation 465 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe), NSL–465 m. Source: Bellosa & Bisplinghof, 2012. Remarks: Original description date (1945) and volume (5) incorrectly cited fide Passos & Fernandes (2009: 19). Snakes of the World 4. Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 215. (Boa cenchria) Synonyms: Boa flavescens Boddaert, 1783, Coluber tamachia Scopoli, 1788, Boa cenchris – Gmelin, 1789, Coluber dubius Gmelin, 1789, Coluber bitin Bonnaterre, 1790, Boa aboma Daudin, 1803b, Boa annulifer Daudin, 1803b, Boa ternatea Daudin, 1803b, Python liberiensis Hallowell, 1845, Epicrates cenchria gaigei Stull, 1938, and Epicrates cenchria hygrophilus Amaral, 1955f. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-6 (formerly MAFR), a 475 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Surinamei” [= Surinam]. Distribution: Amazonia. Colombia (Amazonas, Boyacá, Casanare, Coqueta, Huila, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupé), E Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Monagas, Táchira), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Saramacca, S Sipaliwini), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurentdu-Maroni), Ecuador (Morona, Napo, Pastaza), Brazil (Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, São Paulo, Sergipe), E Peru (Amazonas, Apurímac, Cusco, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, San Martin) and E Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz, Tarija), NSL–2750 m. Sources: Stull, 1938, Amaral, 1944f, 1955f, Carrillo de Espinoza, 1966, Roze, 1966a, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, Vanzolini et al., 1980, Chippaux, 1987, PérezSantos & Moreno, 1988, Abuys, 1989, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Fugler & Riva, 1990, J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, Cei, 1994, Marca & Soriano, 1995, Starace, 1998, Waller & Buongermini-P., 1998, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, H.E.A. Boos, 2001, Markezich, 2002, Passos & Franco, 2002, Savage, 2002, Abuys, 2003, Solórzano, 2004, Duellman, 2005, Pizzatto et al., 2007, Barrio-Amorgós & Diaz de Pascual, 2009, Navarrete et al., 2009, Passos & Fernandes, 2009, Bellosa & Bisplinghof, 2012 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. 5. Epicrates chrysogaster (Cope, 1871a). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1870) 11: 557–558. (Homalochilus chrysogaster) Synonyms: Dendrophilus tortilis J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862 (nomen ineditum), Epicrates relicquus T. Barbour & Shreve, 1935, and Epicrates chrysogaster schwartzi Buden, 1975. Type: Holotype, ANSP 10322, a 665 mm specimen (probably female) (A.J. Ebell). Type locality: “Turk’s Island” [Grand Turk, Turks & Caicos Is., West Indies]. Distribution: Southern Bahamas (Acklins, Crooked, Great Inagua, Sheep Cay) and Turks and Caicos (Big Ambergris Cay, Caicos, Grand Turk, Long Cay, Middle Caicos, North Caicos), NSL–10 m. 277 Snakes of the World Sources: Buden, 1975, R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009 and Reynolds, 2012. 6. Epicrates crassus Cope, 1862d. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(5): 349. Synonym: Epicrates cenchria polylepis Amaral, 1935e. Type: Holotype, USNM 12413 (formerly SIM 5409), a 920 mm specimen (T.J. Page [Paraguay Exped.], Sept. 1853–Jan. 1856). Type locality: “Cadosa, Parana River, Paraguay.” Corrected to Gardosa, Paraná River, Paraguay fide J.D. Williams & Francini (1991: 60). Distribution: Southern South America. Southeastern Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Rondônia, São Paulo, Tocantins), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón) and ext. NE Argentina (Missiones), 170–490 m. Sources: J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, D.R. Norman, 1994, Lema, 2002, Passos & Fernandes, 2009 and Bellosa & Bisplinghof, 2012. 7. Epicrates exsul Netting & Goin, 1944. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 30: 71–73, figs. 1a–c. Type: Holotype, CM 21408, a 555 mm male (A.C. Twomey, 6 Feb. 1942). Type locality: “Near Blackrock (approximately 26° 49’ N. lat. and 77° 25’ 30” W. long.) on the east coast of Great Abaco in the Bahama Islands.” Distribution: Northern Bahamas (Elbow Cay, Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Little Abaco) and Little Bahama Bank, NSL–10 m. Source: Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974. Remarks: Holotype erroneously listed as CM 21048 in original description. 8. Epicrates fordii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1861f). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 29(1): 142, pl. 23. (Pelophilus fordii) Synonyms: Chilabothrus maculatus J.G. Fischer, 1888c, Epicrates fordii agametus Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974, and Epicrates fordi manototus A. Schwartz, 1979b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.55 (formerly BMNH 1862.3.10.4), a 678 mm female (A. Sallé, 1846–1856). Type locality: “Western Africa” (in error). Restricted to the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, Dépt. de l’Ouest, Haiti fide Sheplan & Schwartz (1974: 104). Corrected to República Dominicana fide Wetherbee (1987: 63). Distribution: Hispaniola. Haiti (Artibonite, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Cabrit and Gonáve Is.) and ext. NW and S República Dominicana (Azua, Barahona, Independencia, Monte Cristi, Peravia, Catalina and Saona Is.), NSL–305 m. Sources: A.C.L.G. Günther, 1861d, J.G. Fischer, 1888c, Boulenger, 1893a, Cochran, 1941, Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974, A. Schwartz, 1979b, Obst et al., 1984 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2004. 9. Epicrates gracilis (J.G. Fischer, 1888c). Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. (1887) 5: 35–36, pl. 3, figs. 8a–b. (Chilabothrus gracilis) Synonym: Epicrates gracilis hapalus Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974. Types: Syntypes (2), NMW 21369, an 895 mm specimen (F.H. Rolle via F. Steindachner don.), and formerly ZMH, an 834 mm specimen (F.H. Rolle), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Cap Hayti” [= Cap Haitien, Nord Dept., N Haiti, 19°45’N, 72°12’W, elevation 5 m]. Distribution: Northern and SW Hispaniola. Southern Haiti (Ouest, Sud) and N and SW República Dominicana (Barahona, Dajabón, El Seibo, Espaillat, La Altagracia, Monte Cristi, Puerto Plata, Samaná, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez), NSL–305 m. Sources: Cochran, 1941 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2002. 10. Epicrates inornatus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843). Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. Math. Afh.(4) 10: 253–257, pl. 1, figs. 21–23. (Boa inornata) Synonyms: Piesigaster boettgeri Seoane, 1881, and Boella tenella H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 1992b. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMUC 5597–98 and ZMUC 55101, longest syntypes 1857 mm and 1800 mm (P.S. Ravn, 1816–1839). Type locality: “insula Porto-Rico, dansk-vestindiske” [= Puerto Rico, Danish West Indies]. Distribution: Puerto Rico (Bayamón, Caguas, Humacao, Las Marías, Luguillo, Mayagüez, Naguabo, Río Grande), NSL–1050 m. Sources: Rivero, 1978, 1998, Reagan, 1984, Wallach & Smith, 1992, J.B. Rasmussen & Hughes, 1997 and Pizzatto et al., 2007. 11. Epicrates maurus Gray, 1849a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 96. Synonyms: Cliftia fusca Gray, 1849a, Epicarsius cupreus J.G. Fischer, 1856b, Epicrates cupreus concolor Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Epicrates cupreus concolor Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, Epicrates cenchria barbouri Stull, 1938, Epicrates maurus colombianus Matz, 2004, and Epicrates maurus guayanensis Matz, 2004. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.40 (formerly BMNH VI.6.3a & BMNH 1846.7.23.2a), a 1209 mm male (D. Dyson, 1846). Type locality: “Venezuela.” Distribution: Lower Central America and N South America. Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Limón, Puntarenas, possibly ext. W San José), Panama (Canal E 278 E Zone, Coclé, Darién, Barro Colorado Is.), NW Colombia (Arauca, Atlántico, Antioquia, Bolívar, Caldas, Cansanare, César, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Norte de Santander, Sucre), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Vargas, Zulia, Margarita Is.), Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), N Guyana (BarimaWaini, Demerara-Mahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara), Suriname (Coronie, Nickerie, Sipaliwini), N French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni) and N Brazil (Amapá, Pará, Roraima), NSL–2630 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Emsley, 1977, Matz et al., 1982, Chippaux, 1987, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, Abuys, 2003, Solórzano, 2004, RivasFuenemayer & Barrio-Amorgós, 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009, Passos & Fernandes, 2009, Ugueto & Rivas, 2010, Bellosa & Bisplinghof, 2012 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: A valid species fide Chippaux (1987: 37) and Passos & Fernandes (2008: 14). 12. Epicrates monensis Zenneck, 1898. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 64(1–2): 64–66, pl. 3, figs. 58–62. Synonym: Epicrates inornatus granti Stull, 1933. Types: Syntypes (4), ZMH 2034a–d, a 1010 mm (svl) specimen, an 810 mm (svl) female, a 500 mm female and a 350 mm female (C. Beck, 1894), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Insel Mona bei Porto Rico” [= Mona Is. near Puerto Rico] Distribution: Greater Antilles. Puerto Rico (Cayo Diablo and Mona Is.), U.S. Virgin Is. (St. Thomas) and British Virgin Is. (Great Camanoe, Guana, Necker, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda), NSL–50 m. Sources: Meerwarth, 1901, K.P. Schmidt, 1926a, Stull, 1933, Rivero, 1978, 1998, Rivero et al., 1982, Nellis et al., 1983, Tolson, 1988 and Tolson et al., 2007. Remarks: McDiarmid et al. (1999: 198) listed 5 syntypes. Epicrates granti a valid species fide R.W. Henderson & Powell (2009: 250). 13. Epicrates striatus (J.G. Fischer, 1856b). Abh. Ges. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg 3: 102–106, pl. 2, figs. 2a–b. (Homalochilus striatus) Synonyms: Homalochilus multisectus Cope, 1862b, Homalochilus strigilatus Cope, 1862b, Epicrates versicolor Steindachner, 1864, Epicrates striatus fosteri T. Barbour, 1941, Epicrates striatus ailurus Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974, Epicrates striatus exagistus Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974, Epicrates striatus fowleri Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974, Epicrates striatus mccraniei Sheplan Snakes of the World & Schwartz, 1974, and Epicrates striatus warreni Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974. Types: Syntypes (2), ZMH 53–54, a 1902 mm and 1223 mm specimen (A. Sallé, 1849), destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “St. Thomas,” and “St. Domingo” [= St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic]. Restricted to the vicinity of Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, Dominican Republic fide Sheplan & Schwartz (1974: 66). Distribution: Bahamas and Hispaniola. Bahamas (Alligator Cay, Andros, Berry, Booby Cay, Cat, Chub Cay, Compass Cay, East Bimini, Easter Cay, Great Eleuthera, Exuma, Great Exuma, Great Harbour Cay, Little Ragged, Long, Mangrove Cay, Margaret Cay, New Providence, North Andros, North Bimini, Rose, South Bimini), Haiti (Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Gonáve, Tortue and Vache Is.) and Dominican Republic (SW Azua, Barahona, Dajabón, Distrito Nacional, Duarte, El Seibo, Espaillat, Independencia, La Vega, Monte Cristi, Puerto Plata, Samaná, La Altagracia, Pedernales, Sánchez Ramírez, San Cristóbal, San Juan, San Pedro de Macorís, Valverde, Saona Is.), NSL–1220 m. Source: Meerwarth, 1901. Remarks: Probably occurs on South Andros Is. and possibly Green Cay fide Sheplan & Schwartz, 1974. 14. Epicrates subflavus Stejneger, 1901a. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 23(1218): 469–470. Type: Holotype, USNM 14507 (Zool. Soc. Philadelphia, 25 Nov. 1885). Type locality: “Jamaica” [Greater Antilles]. Distribution: Jamaica (S Clarendon, Hanover, S St. Ann, S St. Catherine, St. Elizabeth, St. Thomas, Trelawny; Westmoreland, Goat Is.), NSL–40 m. Sources: Oliver, 1982, 1986. EPICTIA Gray, 1845 (Leptotyphlopidae) Synonyms: Stenostoma Wagler in Spix, 1824 (nomen praeoccupatum), Stenostona – Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1829 in 1822–1831 (nomen incorrectum), Sabrina Girard, 1858a, Stenostome – Westphal-Castelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Stenostomophis Rochebrune, 1884 (nomen substitutum), Stenostomus – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Sternostoma – Freiberg, 1939 (nomen incorrectum), Etenostoma – Roux-Estève, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), and Crishagenus Hoser, 2012am (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Typhlops undecimstriatus Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844. Distribution: North America and Latin America. Sources: Hahn, 1980, Wallach, 1998b and McDiarmid et al., 1999. 279 Snakes of the World 1. Epictia albifrons (Wagler in Spix, 1824). Serp. Brasil. Sp. Nov.: 68–69, pl. 25, fig. 3. (Stenostoma albifrons) Type: Holotype, ZSM 1348/0, a 183 mm specimen (J.B. von Spix & K.F.P. von Martius, 25 July–21 Aug. 1819), destroyed 11 April 1945 during World War II. Type locality: “in adjacentibus urbis Para [Santa Maria de Belém do Grão Pará]” [ = near Belém, Pará, Brazil, 01°27’S, 48°30’W, elevation NSL]. Possibly in error fide Cunha & Nascimento (1978: 31 and 1993: 11) and Avila-Pires et al. (2010: 70). Distribution: Amazonia. Colombia (Antioquía, Cundinamarca), SE Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcón, Lara, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Margarita Is.), Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire), Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad & Patos Is.), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Brokopondo, Commewijne, Marowijne, Nickerie, Saramacca, Suriname), French Guiana (Cayenne), Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), E Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Pasco) and E Bolivia (Beni, La Paz), NSL–2000 m. Sources: Nicéforo María, 1942, Bailey & Carvalho, 1946, H.M. Smith & List, 1958, Abalos et al., 1964, R. Thomas, 1965a, 1975, Orejas-Miranda, 1967, L.D. Wilson & Hahn, 1973, Emsley, 1977, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, Vanzolini et al., 1980, Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983, Cei, 1986, 1994, Fugler & Riva, 1990, Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995, Vanzolini, 1996, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Kornacker, 1999, J.C. Murphy, 1999, Lehr, 2000, Boos, 2001, Markezich, 2002, Buurt, 2005, Rivas-Fuenemayer & Barrio-Amorgós, 2005, Börschig, 2007, Franzen & Glaw, 2007, Avila-Pires et al., 2010 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: A synonym of Leptotyphlops tenellus fide Franco & Pinto (2009: 239) and others. Leptotyphlops tenellus recognized as distinct from L. albifrons by Klauber (1939b: 59), Orejas-Miranda (1967: 439) and Wallach in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 20). Populations on Bonaire, Margarita and Trinidad of uncertain affinity (could be Leptotyphlops albifrons, L. goudotii or L. magnamaculatus). References to this species in Ecuador are likely in error fide Cisneros-Heredia (2008: 179). The records from W Peru (Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995; Lehr, 2002: 196) are likely in error. Specimens reported from Paraguay, Uruguay and NW Argentina are probably in error (Cei, 1994). This species complex is in need of revision. Klauber (1939b: 59) stated that “L. albifrons, as usually defined, is a complex of a number of species and subspecies,” K.P. Schmidt & Walker (1943b: 305) asserted that there is “no doubt that the Leptotyphlops albifrons of authors is an omnium gatherum of species of varying degrees of distinctness,” and R. Thomas (1965a: 6) stated that “there is obviously more than one species [of Leptotyphlops albibrons] involved in the material that I have seen.” 2. Epictia albipuncta (Burmeister, 1861). Reise La Plata-Staaten 2: 527–528. (Stenostoma albipuncta) Synonyms: Stenostoma albipunctum Jan, 1861, Stenostoma flavifrons Weyenbergh in Napp, 1876, and Leptotyphlops abipunctus Hahn, 1980a. Type: Holotype, MLU IZH 461 (H. Burmeister, 1857–1860). Type locality: “Tucumán” [= San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán Province, N Argentina, 26°48’S, 65°13’W, elevation 470 m]. Distribution: Southern South America. Southern Peru, SE Bolivia (Beni, Chuquisaca, La Paz, Tarija), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Neembucú, Presidente Hayes) and N Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), 30–1250 m. Sources: Vanzolini, 1966, Freiberg, 1982, Fugler, 1982, Laurent, 1984, Fabrezi et al., 1985, Fugler & Riva, 1990, Cei, 1994, Aquino et al., 1996, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, Kretzschmar, 2006, Börschig, 2007 and Cacciali, 2008. Remarks: See McDiarmid et al. (1999: 20) and Kretzschmar (2006: 48) for remarks about the original description, which previously was attributed to Jan, 1861. Type locality possibly in error fide Laurent (1984: 29). 3. Epictia alfredschmidti (Lehr, Wallach, G. Köhler & Aguilar, 2002). Copeia 2002(2): 131–134, figs. 1–2. (Leptotyphlops alfredschmidti) Type: Holotype, MHNSM 20068, a 255 mm male (E. Lehr & C. Aguilar, 4 Feb. 1997). Type locality: “Malvas (09°55’36”S, 77°39’00”W, elevation 2940 m), Provincia de Huarmey, Departamento de Ancash, Peru.” Distribution: Western Peru (Ancash), 2940–3090 m. Source: Lehr, 2002. 4. Epictia ater (E.H. Taylor, 1940d). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. (1939) 26(15): 536–538, fig. 4. (Leptotyphlops ater) Synonym: Leptotyphlops nasalis Taylor, 1940d. Type: Holotype, USNM 79947, a 185 mm specimen (H.C. Kellers, 1928–1929). Type locality: “Managua, Nicaragua” [12°08’N, 86°15’W, elevation 100 m]. Distribution: Central America. El Salvador (Cuscatlán, La Libertad, Morazán, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate), W Honduras (Choluteca, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Intibucá, Lempira, Santa Barbara, E 280 E Valle, Yoro), W Nicaragua (Carazo, Chinandega, Estelí, Granada, Managua, Rivas) and NW Costa Rica (Alajuela, Guanacaste, N Puntarenas, Murciélagos Is.), NSL–1100 m. Sources: Dunn & Saxe, 1950, Villa, 1983, 1990b, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Sasa & Solórzano, 1995, G. Köhler, 1999b, Léon-Soler & Solórzano, 2000, Marineros, 2000, 2001a–b, 2003, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, G. Köhler et al., 2006 and Porras, 2011. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as USNM 79957 fide E.H. Taylor (1940d: 536 & 1944a: 156). 5. Epictia australis (Freiberg & Orejas-Miranda, 1968). Physis 28(76): 145–147, figs. 1–2. (Leptotyphlops australis) Type: Holotype, MACN 12525, a 245 mm female (M. Birabén & M.I. Hylton Scott, Jan. 1953). Type locality: “Valcheta, prov. Rio Negro, Argentina” [= 40°41’S, 66°10’W, elevation 185 m]. Distribution: Northern Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro, San Luis, Tucumán), Paraguay (Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Presidente Hayes), S Brazil (W Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay, 75–1000 m. Sources: Orejas-Miranda & Achaval, 1969, Lema & Fabián-Beurmann, 1977, Miranda & Tio-Vallejo, 1985, Cei, 1986, 1994, Lema, 1987, Scrocchi, 1990a, J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, Aquino et al., 1996, Cabrera, 2004, Scolaro, 2006 and Börschig, 2007. 6. Epictia bakewelli (Oliver, 1937). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (360): 16–17, fig. 1a. (Leptotyphlops bakewelli) Synonym: Leptotyphlops gadowi Duellman, 1956. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 80228 (J.A. Oliver & A. Bakewell, 26 July 1935). Type locality: “Paso del Río, Colima, Mexico” [18°54’N, 103°53’W, elevation 30 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca), 30–850 (1560) m. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1943a, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945 and Duellman, 1961, 1965. Remarks: Previously a subspecies of Leptotyphlops goudotii. 7. Epictia borapeliotes (Vanzolini, 1996). Pap. Avulsos Zool. 39(15): 282–284. (Leptotyphlops borapeliotes) Type: Holotype, MZUSP 9595 (formerly MR 87.6701) (M. Rodrigues, 1 Oct. 1987). Type locality: “Santo Inácio, Bahia, Brazil” [= 11°07’S, 42°43’W, elevation 525 m]. Snakes of the World Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe), NSL–845 m. Sources: Cordeiro & Hoge, 1974, Vanzolini et al., 1980, Ulloa, 2006 and Roberto & Veiga, 2009. 8. Epictia clinorostris Arredondo & Zaher, 2010. So. Amer. J. Herp. 5(3): 190–194, figs. 1a–b, 2a–b. Type: Holotype, MZUSP 17480, a 206 mm female (A.P. Soares, 5 Sept. 2007). Type locality: “Toricoejo locality, bank of Rio das Mortes, (15°14’21.6”S – 53°14’36.6”W), Municipality of Barra do Garças, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil” [elevation ca. 500 m]. Distribution: Central Brazil (W Goiás, E Mato Grosso), 500 m. 9. Epictia collaris (Hoogmoed, 1977). Zool. Meded. 51(7): 100–103, figs. 1a–c, pl. 1, pl. 2, figs. c–d. (Leptotyphlops collaris) Type: Holotype, RMNH 13468, a 102 mm specimen Suriname Exped., 12 Feb. 1949). Type locality: “Base Camp Nassau Mountains, distr. Marowijne, Suriname” [= ca. 04°48’N, 54°36’W, elevation ca. 500 m]. Distribution: Northern Suriname (Brokospondo, Marowijne) and N French Guiana (N Cayenne), NSL– 475 m. Sources: Hoogmoed, 1977, Gasc & Rodrigues, 1980, Chippaux, 1987, Starace, 1998 and Abuys, 2003. 10. Epictia columbi (Klauber, 1939b). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(14): 62–64, figs. 3a–b. (Leptotyphlops columbi) Type: Holotype, CM 1364, a 183 mm specimen (W.W. Worthington, 1909). Type locality: “Watling (or San Salvador) Island, Bahama Islands” [= 24°03’N, 74°29’W, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Bahamas (San Salvador Is. and satellites), NSL. Sources: Legler, 1959b, R. Thomas, 1965a, A. Schwartz & R.W. Henderson, 1991 and R.W. Henderson & Powell, 2009. 11. Epictia diaplocia (Orejas-Miranda, 1969). Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 10(124): 5–8, pl. 1, fig. 2. (Leptotyphlops diaplocius) Type: Holotype, AMNH 55654, a 170 mm specimen. Type locality: “Requena, Montecarmelo, Peru” [= Loreto Dept., NE Peru, 04°59’S, 73°59’W, elevation 110 m]. Distribution: Eastern Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios, San Martín) and NW Brazil (Amazonas, Rondônia), 45–1500 m. Snakes of the World Sources: Nascimento et al., 1988, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995, Martins & Oliveira, 1999 and Duellman, 2005. 12. Epictia goudotii (A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844). Erpét. Gén. 6: 330. (Stenostoma goudotii) Synonyms: Stenostoma goudottii – Cope, 1875a (nomen incorrectum), and Stenostoma fallax W.C.H. Peters, 1857b. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1068, a 148–151 mm male (J.P. Goudot, 1822–1826 or 1837–1842). Type locality: “la vallée de la Magdeleine, à la NouvelleGrenade” [= valley of the Río Magdalena, cen. Colombia]. Distribution: Panamá (Canal Zone), Colombia (Atlántica, Bolivar, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Santander, Tolima, Salamanca Is.) and Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Bolívar, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Yaracuy), NSL–1535 m. Sources: Nicéforo María, 1942, Roze, 1966a, Emsley, 1977, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, Kornacker, 1999, Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, Navarrete et al., 2009, Pinto et al., 2010 and Ugueto & Rivas, 2010. 13. Epictia magnamaculata (E.H. Taylor, 1940d). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. (1939) 26(15): 532–533, fig. 1. (Leptotyphlops magnamaculata) Synonym: Leptotyphlops albifrons margaritae Roze, 1952b. Type: Holotype, USNM 54760, a 167 mm female (F.J. Dyer, 9 April 1916). Type locality: “Utilla Id., Honduras” [= Útila Island, Islas de la Bahía, Honduras, 16°06’N, 86°55’W]. Distribution: Caribbean islands of SE Mexico (Quintana Roo: Cozumel Is.), N Honduras (Gracias a Dios, Islas de la Bahía, Bahia, Barbareta, Cisne, Cayo Cochino Grande, Cayo Cochino Pequeña, Grande, Guanaja, Roatán, Swan and Útila Is.), Colombia (Providencia, San Andrés) and Venezuela (Nueva Esparta: Margarita Is.), NSL–25 m. Sources: Dunn & Saxe, 1950, L.D. Wilson & Hahn, 1973, Lee, 1996, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, G. Köhler, 2001, 2003, McCranie et al., 2005, Pinto et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011. Remarks: Possibly also includes the populations on Suma Is., Bonaire, Margarita and Trinidad (McCranie et al., 2005: 127). 14. Epictia melanoterma (Cope, 1862d). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(5): 350. (Stenostoma melanoterma) Synonym: Leptotyphlops melanotermus Orejas-Miranda, 1964. 281 Types: Syntypes (2), ANSP 3297–98 (T.J. Page [Paraguay Exped.], Sept. 1853–Feb. 1855). Type locality: “Corrientes,” Argentina. Distribution: Southern South America. Southern Peru, SE Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina (Córdoba, Santa Fe), 20–1295 m. Sources: Laurent, 1984, Cei, 1993, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999 and Börschig, 2007. Remarks: A synonym of Epictia albipuncta fide Kretzchmar, 2006. 15. Epictia melanura (K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b). Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 24(27): 303–304. (Leptotyphlops melanurus) Type: Holotype, FMNH 34269, a 135 mm specimen (C.L. Hoyle, Nov. 1939). Type locality: “Chiclin, Libertad, Peru” [= Chiclin, La Libertad Dept., NW Peru, 07°50’S, 79°10’W, elevation 115 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Peru (La Libertad), 115 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b and Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995. 16. Epictia munoai (Orejas-Miranda, 1961). Acta Biol. Venez. 3(5): 85–89, figs. 1a–c. (Leptotyphlops munoai) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Leptotyphlops muñoai Orejas-Miranda, 1961 (nomen incorrigendum), Leptotyphlops munoai – J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 (nomen corrigendum), and Leptotyphlops munaoi – Hahn, 1980a (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, MBUCV 4547 (formerly MHNM 68), a 140 mm specimen (M.A. Klappenbach & P.R. San Martin, 12 Oct. 1956). Type locality: “Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Departamento de Tacuarembó, República Oriental del Uruguay” [= 31°57’S, 56°15”W, elevation 215 m]. Distribution: Southeastern South America. Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay (Central, Concepción, Neembucú, Presidente Hayes), Uruguay (Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Duranzo, Flores, Florida, Lavelleja, Maldonado, Paysandú, Río Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San José, Soriano, Tacuarembó, Treinta y Tres) and NE Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes, La Pampa, Misiones), 50–290 m. Sources: Orejas-Miranda, 1962, Miranda et al., 1982, Miranda & Tio-Vallejo, 1985, J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, Cei, 1994, Lema, 1994, Aquino et al., 1996, Giraudo, 2001, Carreira-Vidal, 2002, Achaval & Olmos, 2003, Carreira-Vidal et al., 2005, Cacciali, 2008 and Francisco et al., 2012. E 282 17. Epictia peruviana (Orejas-Miranda, 1969). Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 10(124): 9–10, pl. 2, fig. 1. (Leptotyphlops peruvianus) E Type: Holotype, AMNH 52437, a 94 mm specimen. Type locality: “Chanchamayo, Departamento Junín, Peru” [= Chanchamayo, near San Ramon, Chanchamayo District, N Departamento de Junín, cen. Peru, 11°08’S, 75°21’W, elevation 900 m]. Distribution: Central Peru (Junín), 900 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Rodrígues et al., 1993 and Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995 and Young & León, 1999. 18. Epictia phenops (Cope, 1875a). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1876) (2) 8(2): 128. (Stenostoma phenops) Types: Syntypes (8), USNM 12444 and USNM 30289– 95, longest syntype 156 mm (A.-L.-J.-F. Sumichrast, 1855–1869). Type locality: “Tehuantepec” [= Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, 16°21’N, 95°16’W, elevation 60 m] via type locality restriction of H.M. Smith & Taylor (1945: 24 & 1950: 340). Distribution: Southeastern México (N Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, N Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán, Cozumel Is.), Guatemala (Petén) and Belize (Corozal), NSL–1330 m. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1943a, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Cochran, 1961, Peréz-Higareda & Smith, 1991, Villela et al., 1991, Lee, 1996, G. Köhler et al., 2006, Flores-Benabib & Flores-Villela, 2008, Dixon & Lemos-Espinal, 2010, Márquez & Mayén, 2010, Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010 and McCranie, 2011. 19. Epictia rubrolineata (F. Werner, 1901c). Abh. Ber. Kön. Zool. Anthro.-Ethno. Mus. Dresden (1900–1901) 9(2): 6. (Glauconia albifrons rubrolineata) Synonym: Leptotyphlops rubrolineatus Hahn, 1980a. Type: Holotype, MTKD D-1752 (A. Baessler, 1899), destroyed 13 Feb. 1945 during World War II. Type locality: “Lima, Peru” [= Lima, Lima Dept., W Peru, 12°03’S, 77°02’W, elevation 150 m]. Distribution: Western Peru (W Lima), 150 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Schüz, 1929, Obst, 1977 and Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995. 20. Epictia rufidorsa (E.H. Taylor, 1940d). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. (1939) 26(15): 533–535, fig. 2. (Typhlops rufidorsum) Synonym: Leptotyphlops rufidorsus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b. Type: Holotype, USNM 49993, a 265 mm specimen (C.H. Townsend, 16 April 1913). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Lima, Peru” [= Lima, Lima Dept., W Peru, 12°03’S, 77°02’W, elevation 150 m]. Emended to Rimac Valley, 5300 ft. fide Cochran (1961: 194). Distribution: Western Peru (La Libertad, Lima), 1615 m. Sources: K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b and Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995. 21. Epictia signata (Jan, 1861b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 1(2): 188. (Stenostoma signatum) Synonyms: Glauconia signata Boulenger, 1893a, Leptotyphlops amazonicus Orejas-Miranda, 1969, and Leptotyphlops signatus Hahn, 1980a Type: Holotype, MNHN 3235, an 87 mm specimen (G. Jan, 1858). Type locality: Unknown. Restricted to northern Amazonian region of South America fide Hahn (1979: 59). Distribution: Northwestern Amazonia. Colombia and SE Venezuela (S Amazonas, Bolívar) and E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago), 125–2020 m. Sources: Jan & Sordelli, 1861 in 1860–1866, Jan, 1864, Boulenger, 1893a, Hoogmoed, 1977, Hahn, 1979a, Miyata, 1982, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, Kornacker, 1999, Pinto, 2010 and Pinto et al., 2010. Remarks: Holotype length erroneously reported by Jan (1864: 36) to be 130 mm, which is length of Sordelli’s figure in Jan & Sordelli [1861 in 1860-1866 (livr. 2): pl. 5, fig. 3]. Orton’s ANSP 3290, which Orejas-Miranda (1969: 4) suggested was from Amazonian Ecuador, likely in error for Venezuela fide Cisneros-Heredia (2008: 179). 22. Epictia striatula (H.M. Smith & Laufe, 1945a). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 58: 29–31, text figs. a–b, pl. 5, figs. a–b. (Leptotyphlops striatula) Synonym: Leptotyphlops striatulus McDiarmid et al., 1999. Type: Holotype, USNM 98889, a 241 mm specimen (M. Cárdenas, 1921–1945). Type locality: “Yamachi, in the Southern Yungas, Bolivia” [= Yanacachi, La Paz Dept., W Bolivia, 16°22’S, 67°45’W, elevation 1480 m]. Distribution: Western Bolivia (El Beni, Chuquisaca, La Paz) and Argentina (Salta), 155–2510 m. Sources: Laurent, 1984, Fugler & Riva, 1990, Cei, 1994, Börschig, 2007 and Pinto, 2010. 23. Epictia subcrotilla (Klauber, 1939b). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(14): 61–62, figs. 2a–b. (Leptotyphlops subcrotilla) Synonym: Leptotyphlops subcrotillus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b. Type: Holotype, CAS 14554, a 188 mm specimen (G. Baer, 1902). 283 Snakes of the World Type locality: “Grau Tombes, Northern Peru” (in error). Corrected to Grau, Tumbez fide Schmidt & Walker, 1943b: 303), [= Miguel Grau, Tumbes Dept., ext. N Peru, 03°34’S, 80°27’W, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Western Peru (La Libertad, Piura, Tumbes) and SW Ecuador (El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Manabí, Santa Elena), 10–95 m. Sources: K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b, Miyata, 1982, Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995, Purtschert, 2007 and Cisnero-Heredia, 2008. Remarks: Ecuadorian specimens from El Oro, Esmeraldas and Manabí provinces may belong to this species fide Cisneros-Heredia (2008: 179). 24. Epictia teaguei (Orejas-Miranda, 1964). Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 8(103): 4–6, pl. 2, figs. a–c, pl. 3, figs. a–c. (Leptotyphlops teaguei) Type: Holotype, MNHNU CH 910 (formerly CWW 12526A), a 139 mm specimen (W. Weyrauch, 24 June 1956). Type locality: “la margen izquierda del Río Chotano (Altitud: 2.350 metros) entre Chota y Cutervo, norte de Peru, vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Occidental; en savana, bajo piedras” [= Río Chotano, between Chota (06°34’S, 78°39’W) and Cutervo (06°23’S, 78°49’W), Cajamarca Dept., NW Peru, elevation 2350 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Peru (Cajamarca), 2200–2700 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Sources: Laurent, 1984, Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995 and Lehr et al., 2002. 25. Epictia tenella (Klauber, 1939). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(14): 59–61, figs. 1a–b. (Leptotyphlops tenella) Type: Holotype, AMNH 14269, a 177 mm specimen (W. Beebe, 1919). Type locality: “Kartabo, British Guiana” [= Kartabo, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara Region, Guyana, ca. 06°35’N, 58°35’W, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Northern South America. Southeastern Venezuela (Bolivar), Trinidad (St. George, St. Joseph), Guyana (Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, PotaroSiparuni) Suriname (Brokopondo, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Saramacca, Suriname), French Guiana (Cayenne) and N Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará), NSL–495 m. Sources: Orejas-Miranda & Zug, 1974, Hoogmoed, 1977, Chippaux, 1987, J.C. Murphy, 1997, Starace, 1998, Boos, 2001 and Abuys, 2003. Remarks: Considered a separate species (Klauber, 1939a, Orejas-Miranda, 1967; Orejas-Miranda in J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970; Wallach in McDiarmid et al., 1999), a junior synonym (Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983), or senior synonym (Franco & Pinto, 2009) of Leptotyphlops albifrons. 26. Epictia tesselata (Tschudi, 1845). Arch. Naturg. 11(1): 162–163. (Typhlops tesselatum) Synonyms: Typhlps tessellatus Jan, 1861b (nomen emendatum), and Stenostoma albifrons tessellata Jan & Sordelli, 1861 in 1860–1866 (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, MHNN 15 (formerly MZN 60) (J.J. von Tschudi, Aug. 1838–Feb. 1841), designated by Schätti (1986a: 102). Type locality: “Lima” [= Lima, Lima Dept., W Peru, 12°03’S, 77°02’W, elevation 155 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Western Peru (Lima), 155–990 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Sources: Jan & Sordelli, 1862 in 1860–1866, K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943b, Carrillo de Espinoza, 1970, Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995 and Lehr et al., 2002. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Tschudi (1846: 46–47). 27. Epictia tricolor (Orejas-Miranda & Zug, 1974). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 87(16): 167–171, figs. 1a–f. (Leptotyphlops tricolor) Type: Holotype, MHNJP 3487 (formerly MHNJP 669), a 295 mm male (A. Ramos, 24 Feb. 1966). Type locality: “Peru: Ancash Department, Huaylas Province, Huaylas District: Yunca Pampa, (2700 m).” Distribution: Western Peru (Ancash, Cajamarca, Lima), 2700–3250 m. Sources: Zug, 1977, Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995, Lehr et al., 2002 and Aguilar et al., 2007. 28. Epictia undecimstriata (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844). Abbild. Amph.: 36–37. (Typhlops undecimstriatus) Type: Holotype, MNHN, a 236 mm specimen (A.C.V.M.D. d’Orbigny, Nov. 1830), lost fide Hahn (1980a: 28). Type locality: “St. Crux de la Sierra, Amerika” [= Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz Dept., E Bolivia, 17°48’S, 63°10’W, elevation 425 m]. Distribution: Eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), 420 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Gray, 1845, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Fugler & Riva, 1990 and Börschig, 2007. 29. Epictia unicolor (F. Werner, 1913). Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg (1912) 30: 21. (Glauconia bilineata unicolor) Type: Holotype, ZMH 8401 (formerly ZMH 4823), a 165– 172 mm specimen (A. Brückmann, 9 Nov. 1910). Type locality: “wahrscheinlich von Brasilien” [= Brazil]. Distribution: Brazil. Known only from type locality. Source: Boundy & Wallach, 2008. E 284 30. Epictia vellardi (Laurent, 1984). Acta Zool. Lilloana 38(1): 30–31, figs. 1a–c. (Leptotyphlops vellardi) E Type: Holotype, FML 110, a 179 mm female (A. Vellard, Dec. 1944). Type locality: “Ciudad de Formosa. prov. de Formosa” [= Ciudad de Formosa, SE Formosa Prov., NE Argentina, 26°11’S, 58°11’W, elevation 65 m]. Distribution: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) and ext. N Argentina (Chaco, Formosa), 55–185 m. Sources: Laurent, 1984, Miranda & Tio-Vallejo, 1985, J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, Cei, 1994, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999 and Francisco et al., 2012. 31. Epictia weyrauchi (Orejas-Miranda, 1964). Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 8(103): 1–4, pl. 1. (Leptotyphlops weyrauchi) Type: Holotype, MNHNU CH 911 (R. Golbach, 14 June 1962). Type locality: “la Ciudad de Tucumán (Altitud: 436 metros), Prov. Tucumán, Rep. Argentina.” Distribution: Argentina (Chaco, Córdoba, Formosa, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), 435 m. Sources: Fabrezi et al., 1985, Cei, 1993, Vanzolini, 1996 and Leynaud & Bucher, 1999. Remarks: A synonym of L. albipunctus fide Kretzschmar, 2006. ERISTICOPHIS Alcock & Finn, 1897 (Viperidae) Synonym: Eristocophis Wall, 1906d (nomen emendatum). Type species: Eristicophis macmahonii Alcock & Finn, 1897. Distribution: South Asia. Sources: Blanford, 1897, Wall, 1906d, M.A. Smith, 1943, Krishna & Dave, 1956, Marx & Rabb, 1965, Minton, 1966, Joger, 1984, Latifi, 1985, J.S., Werman, 1986a, Ashe & Marx, 1988, Department of Defense, 1991, Golay et al., 1993, David & Ineich, 1999, Herrmann et al., 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Lenk et al., 2001b, M.S. Khan, 2002, Mallow et al., 2003, Wüster et al., 2008, Phelps, 2010 and Hoser, 2012d. 1. Eristicophis macmahonii Alcock & Finn, 1897. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (1896) 65(4): 564–565, pl. 15, figs. 1–1a. Synonyms: Eristocophis mcmahoni F. Wall, 1925a (nomen emendatum), Pseudocerastes latirostris Guibé, 1957, and Eristophis macmohoni – Khole, 1991 (nomen incorrectum). Types: Syntypes (8), BMNH 1946.9.8.11 (formerly BMNH 1896.12.22.14), head and part of body, BMNH 1946.9.8.61 (formerly BMNH 1896.12.12.11), and ZSI Snakes of the World 14179–84 (formerly IMC), longest syntype 648 mm (A.H. MacMahon & F.P. Maynard [Afghan-Baluch Bound. Comm.], 30 March–May 1896). Type locality: “Amirchah, 3300 feet, Zeh, 2500 feet, Drana Koh, Robat I., 4300 feet, Afghan-Baluch boundary” [= Robat I (29°33’N, 63°38’E, 1310 m), S Afghanistan and Drana Koh (29°14’N, 61°57’E, 900 m), Zeh (29°15’N, 62°11’E, 760 m ) and Amir Cháh (29°15’N, 62°30’E, 1000 m), W Pakistan]. W. Baluchistan fide BMNH catalogue or the desert south of the Helmand River, Baluchistan fide M.A. Smith (1943: 493). Distribution: Southwest Asia. Southeastern Iran (Kerman, Sistan va Baluchestan), SW Afghanistan (Helmand, Heart, Nimroze) and NW Pakistan (SW Balochistan), 760–1310 m. Remarks: BMNH 1946.9.8.61 recorded as holotype in BMNH catalogue fide I. Das in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 383). Alcock referred to as sole author of new genus and species fide Blanford (1897: 295). Unconfirmed record from Rajasthan, NW India fide Krishna & Dave, 1956. At least one of the type localities (Robat I) appears to be in Helmand Prov., Afghanistan. Two of the type localities are spelled differently on their map (pl. 11), Daran Koh and Amir Cháh. ERPETON Lacépède, 1801 (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Rhinopirus Merrem, 1820 (nomen substitutum), Herpeton Oken, 1816 (nomen rejiciendum), Herpeton Wagler, 1830 (nomen emendatum), Rhinopyrus Bonaparte, 1831 (nomen emendatum), Herpetum Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), and Herpedon – Maass-Berlin, 1933 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Erpeton tentaculatus Lacépède, 1801. Distribution: Tidal rivers, lakes, ponds and coastal marine waters of Indochina, including the Gulf of Thailand. Sources: Morice, 1875b, M.A. Smith, 1914c–d, Bourret, 1936b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Soderberg, 1966b, CampdenMain, 1970a, Cornelissen, 1970, Gyi, 1970, SaintGirons, 1972a, Winokur, 1977, Martinez & Behler, 1988, K.K.P. Lim & Lee, 1989, M.J. Cox, 1991b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Voris et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, J.C. Murphy, 2007b, Alfaro et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Erpeton tentaculatum Lacépède, 1801. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2(46): 169. Synonyms: Erpeton tentaculatus – Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b, Rhinopirus erpeton Merrem, 1820, and Homalopsis herpeton Schlegel, 1837. Type: Holotype, MNHN 22, a 500+ mm specimen (old Dutch coll.). Type locality: Unknown. 285 Snakes of the World Distribution: Indochina. Southern Thailand (Bangkok, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phattalung, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Prachuap Khiri Khan), S Cambodia (Kampot, Kandal, Kornpong Chhnang) and S Vietnam (An Gian, Binh Duong, Kien Giang, Long An, Tay Ninh), NSL–25 m. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Lacépède (1803: 284, pl. 50). ERYTHROLAMPRUS F. Boie, 1826 (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Erythrolampus – Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen incorrectum), Erythrophis Fitzinger, 1843, Rhinaspis Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen rejiciendum), Erythrolampas – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrectum), Erythrlomprus – Amaral, 1930f (nomen incorrectum), Erithrolamprus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Erythroglamprus – Machado, 1945 (nomen incorrectum), Erythtrolamprus – Villa, 1962 (nomen incorrectum), Erythrolomprus – Engelmann & Obst, 1981 (nomen incorrectum), and Erythrocamprus – Phelps, 1981 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber aesculapii Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Central America and South America. Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 and Vidal et al., 2000, 2010. 1. Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 220. (Coluber aesculapii) Synonyms: Coluber agilis Linnaeus, 1758, Coluber scutata Laurenti, 1768, Coluber nigrofasciatus Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber elegantissimus G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber linnaei G. Shaw, 1802 (nomen substitutum), Coluber atrocinctus Daudin, 1803c, Coluber venustissimus WiedNeuweid, 1822, Coluber binatus Lichtenstein, 1823, Elaps biannulatus Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Lycodon maximiliani F. Boie, 1827, Erythrolamprus bauperthuisii A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Erythrolamprus intricatus A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Erythrolamprus milberti A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b, Erythrolamprus albostolatus Cope, 1860e, Erythrolamprus aesculapii confluentus Jan, 1863a, Erythrolamprus aesculapii dicranta Jan, 1863a, Erythrolamprus aesculapii monozona Jan, 1863a, Erythrolamprus aesculapii tetrazona Jan, 1863a, and Erythrolamprus baileyi Roze, 1959a. Types: Syntypes (3), NHR Lin-84 (formerly MAFR), a 610 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.), NHR Lin-85 (formerly MAFR), 700 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.), and ZMUU 92 (C. Grill, 1747). Type locality: “Indiis” [= India] (in error fide Hoge, 1964d: 56). Corrected to Brazil fide Amaral (1977: 176). Restricted to Popayan, Bahia, Brazil fide Gasc & Rodrigues (1980: 575). Distribution: South America. Colombia (Atlántico, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Magdalena, Meta, Guaviare, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima, Valle, Vaupés), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Sucre), Guyana (Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Upper DemeraraBerbice), Suriname (Brokopondo, Suriname), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Brazilia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Barnabé, Cananéia, São Sebastião and São Vicente Is.), E Ecuador (Napo, Zamora-Chinchipe), Bolivia (El Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz, Sergipe), Peru (Huancabamba, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, San Martin, Ucayali), Paraguay (Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Itapúa, Misiones, Neembucú, Paraguarí) and ext. NE Argentina (Misiones), NSL–2300 m. Sources: Roze, 1959a, 1966a, Amaral, 1978, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, 1980, Abuys, 1983d, Dixon & Sonini, 1986, Lancini, 1986, Chippaux, 1987, PérezSantos & Moreno, 1988, Campbell & Lamar, 1989, Cei, 1994, J. Hardy & Boos, 1995, Marques, 1996b, Starace, 1998, H.E.A. Boos, 2001, Marques et al., 2001, Doan & Arazábal, 2002, Cicchi et al., 2007, Cacciali, 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Morato et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: NHR Lin-84 and Lin-85 lengths erroneously listed as 350 and 390 mm, respectively, fide Andersson (1899: 16). The lectotype designation of J.A. Peters (1960a: 520) is invalid as NHR possesses two syntypes and Peters did not provide a catalogue number. 2. Erythrolamprus bizonus Jan, 1863a. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(2): 314. (Erythrolamprus aesculapii bizona) Types: Syntypes (3), MHNG 464.30, MSNM and NMW. Type locality: “Bahia, Messico, Popayan, Cayenne, Brasile, Montevideo, Colombia” [= Mexico; Popayan, Colombia; Cayenne, French Guiana; Bahia, Brazil; Montevideo, Uruguay]. Restricted to Colombia fide Dunn & Bailey (1939: 12). Distribution: Lower Central America and ext. NW South America. Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Canal Zone, Darién, Barro Colorado Is.), Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Caldas, Cauca, César, Cundinamarca, Guaviare, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Santander, Valle), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad) and N Venezuela (Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Carabobo, Cojedes, Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Miranda, Portuguesa, Táchira, Trujillo, Zulia), NSL–2630 m. E 286 E Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, J. Hardy & Boos, 1995, G. Köhler, 1999b, Mijares-Urrutia & Arends, 2000, H.E.A. Boos, 2001, Markezich, 2002, Savage, 2002, Solórzano, 2004, Rivas-Fuenemayer & BarrioAmorgós, 2005, Navarrete et al., 2009 and RojasMorales, 2012b. Remarks: Type locality restriction of H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950: 364) rejected fide Dunn & Stuart (1951: 56). Possibly occurs in SE Honduras and Nicaragua fide G. Köhler (1999: 72). 3. Erythrolamprus guentheri S.W. Garman, 1884. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. (1883) 8(3): 63, 154. Synonym: Erythrolamprus albertguentheri Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012 (nomen substitutum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.19.57. Type locality: “Mexico (?)” (in error). Distribution: Eastern Ecuador (? Azuay, MoronaSantiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza) and Peru (Amazonas), 600–950 m. Sources: Fugler & Walls, 1978 and Perez-Santos & Moreno, 1991. Remarks: Original description on p. 63 as E. venustissimus var. D; the name guentheri on p. 154. Günther (1858: 48) and Boulenger (1896a: 203) list only a single juvenile specimen that should be the holotype. Three syntypes listed as BMNH 1946.1.8.5–6 and BMNH 1946.1.8.38. 4. Erythrolamprus mimus (Cope, 1869b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1868) 20: 307. (Opheomorphus mimus) Synonyms: Erythrolamprus aesculapii impar K.P. Schmidt, 1936d, and Erythrolamprus mimus micrurus Dunn & Bailey, 1939. Types: Syntypes (?), ANSP 3689, longest syntype 342 mm (E. Day), location of other syntypes unknown. Type locality: “a mining district in the higher regions of Equador or New Grenada” [= Ecuador or Colombia]. Distribution: Central America and NW South America. El Salvador, Honduras (Comayagua, Cortés, El Paraíso, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, Yoro), Nicaragua (Jinotega, Matagalpa, Rio San Juan, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas), Panama (Canal Zone, Darién), W Colombia (Atlántico, Antioquia, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Putumayo, Santander, Valle), E and NW Ecuador (Bolívar, Esmeraldas, Los Rios, Pichincha), Brazil (Rondônia) and E Peru, NSL–2000 m. Sources: L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Campbell & Lamar, 1989, Savage, 2002, Cisneros-Heredia, 2004c, Solórzano, 2004 and McCranie, 2011a. Snakes of the World Remarks: Malnate (1971: 369) lists ANSP 3689 as the holotype but Cope (1869b: 307) mentioned “specimens.” 5. Erythrolamprus ocellatus W.C.H. Peters, 1868b. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1868((12): 642. Type: Holotype, ZMB 5059. Type locality: Unknown. “Süd Amerika” [= South America] fide ZMB catalogue. Restricted to Tobago fide Emsley (1966a: 129). Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago), 45–140 m. Sources: Emsley, 1966a–b, 1977, J. Hardy, 1982, J. Hardy & Boos, 1995, J.C. Murphy, 1997 and H.E.A. Boos, 2001. Remarks: Taxonomic status questionable fide J.C. Murphy (1997: 174). 6. Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus Roze, 1959a. Acta Biol. Venez. 2(35): 530–533. Type: Holotype, MBUCV 3789, a 720 mm male (native, 1958). Type locality: “Cerca de Maracaibo, Estado Zulia,Venezuela, en la región montañosa” [= in the mountains near Maracaibo (10°39’N, 71°38’W), Zulia State, N Venezuela]. Distribution: Northern South America. Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca), W Venezuela (Distrito Federal, Mérida, Trujillo, Zulia) and NW Brazil (Amazonas), 100–1130 m, usually above 800 m. Sources: Roze, 1966a, Lancini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, J.C. Murphy, 1997, Fuentes & BarrioAmorgós, 1999a, Curcio et al., 2009b and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Probably occurs in ext. NE Colombia (La Guajira) fide Pérez-Santos & Moreno (1988: 164). ERYX Daudin, 1803d (Boidae) Synonyms: Clothonia Daudin, 1803d, Erix A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1806 (nomen emendatum), Haemorrohous Aldrovandi in Fitzinger, 1823, Gongylophis Wagler, 1830, Gonylophis – Swainson, 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Cusoria Gray, 1849a, Cursoria A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a (nomen emendatum), Congylophis – Westphal-Castelnau, 1870 (nomen incorrectum), Eryse – Angel, 1938 (nomen incorrectum), †Crythiosaurus Gilmore, 1943, Gongliophis – Mishima & Yamazato, 1970 (nomen incorrectum), Erys – Tiwari & Sharma, 1971 (nomen incorrectum), Ery – Witte, 1975 (nomen incorrectum), Gonglyophis – Branch, 1980 (nomen incorrectum), Neogongylophis Tokar, 1989a, and Pseudogongylophis Tokar 1989a. Type species: Anguis jaculus Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Southeastern Europe, N and E Africa and SW and cen. Asia. 287 Snakes of the World Fossil records: Lower Miocene of Czech Republic, France, Germany and Saudi Arabia, middle Miocene of France and Spain, upper Miocene of Mongolia, Spain and Ukraine, lower Pliocene of Greece and Ukraine, middle Pliocene of Greece and Ukraine, upper Pliocene of France, Greece and Turkey, Pliocene of Greece, and Pleistocene of Greece. Sources: Jan, 1865b, Tzarevsky, 1916, Stull, 1935, Stimson, 1969, Rage, 1972, Matz, 1974, Latifi, 1985, Stafford, 1986, Tokar, 1986, 1989a, 1995a–b, Sorensen, 1988, I. Das, 1991, Szyndlar & Schleich, 1994, Walls, 1998a and McDiarmid et al., 1999. Remarks: Fossils referrable to the Boidae are known from the Miocene of Italy and Morocco, and the Pliocene of France and Italy. Gongylophis a synonym of Eryx fide Noonan & Chippindale (2006: 352) but valid fide Tokar, 1995a–b and McDiarmid et al., 1999 (including G. colubrinus, G. conicus, G. muelleri and G. whitakeri). †Eryx moldaviensis Redkozubov, 2003 (nomen nudum) listed from MN 14–15 (2.9–4.5 mya) of Moldava. 1. Eryx borrii Lanza & Nistri, 2005. Trop. Zool. 18(1): 95–99, figs. 15–17. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1900.11.28.4, a 390 mm female (A. Donaldson-Smith, 28 Nov. 1900). Type locality: “Biji (400 m a.s.l.), Somalia” [= Biji, Woqooyi Galbeed Region, NW Somalia, ca. 10°10’N, 44°06’E, elevation 400 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Somalia (Woqooyi Galbeed), 400 m. Known only from holotype. Sources: Parker, 1949 and Largen & Rasmussen, 1993. 2. Eryx colubrinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 228. (Anguis colubrina) Synonyms: Eryx thebaicus Reuss, 1834, Eryx scutata Gray, 1842a, Eryx jaculus sennariensis Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Eryx jaculus sennariensis Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, Eryx thebaicus loveridgei Stull, 1932b, and Eryx rufescens Ahl, 1933a. Type: Holotype, not designated, lost fide Flower (1933: 805). Type locality: “Aegypto” [= Egypt]. Restricted to Thebes, Qena Prov., Upper Egypt fide Flower (1933: 804). Distribution: Northern Africa and Yemen. Central Niger (Agadez), Chad (Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est), Egypt (Assiut, Beni Suef, S El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Giza, Minya, Qena, Sohag), E Sudan (El-Bahr El-Ahmar, Al Jazirah, Ash Sharqiyah, Sennar), Eritrea, E Ethiopia (Bale, Gemu Gofa, Hararge, Shoa, Sidamo, Tigre, Wollo), Somalia (Awdal, Bakool, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Mudug, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed), Kenya (Coast, N Eastern, North-Eastern, N Rift Valley), NE Tanzania (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro), and W Yemen, 20–800 m. Sources: J. Anderson, 1898, Stull, 1932b, Flower, 1933, Villiers, 1950a, 1975, Papenfuss, 1969, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Gasperetti, 1988, Le Berre, 1989, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Spawls et al., 2002, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Lanza & Nistri, 2005, Baha El Din, 2006, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b and Largen & Spawls, 2010. 3. Eryx conicus (Schneider, 1801). Hist. Amph. 2: 268. (Boa conica) Synonyms: Boa viperina G. Shaw, 1802, Boa ornata Daudin, 1803b (nomen substitutum), Erix bengalensis Guérin-Méneville, 1830 in 1829–1844, Eryx conicus laevis W.C.H. Peters, 1869, Eryx conicus brevis Deraniyagala, 1951, and Eryx conicus gansi Rajendran, 1986. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB 1470 (C.S. John via M.E. Bloch coll.), Museo Barbyensi, and specimen described and illustrated by P. Russell (1796: 5–6, pl. 4). Type locality: “India orientali” [= eastern India] and “Madras” [= Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, SE India, 13°04’N, 80°15’E, elevation 10 m]. Restricted to Tronquebar [= Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu State, SE India, 11°02’N, 79°51’E, elevation 5 m] fide Stimson (1969: 17). Distribution: Southern Asia. Southern Pakistan (Balochistan, S Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh), India (Andaman & Nicobars, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), N Sri Lanka (E Eastern, Northern), Bangladesh and Nepal (Bardiya, Mugu, Parsa, Surkhet, Udayapur), 100–2680 m. Sources: Wall, 1911f, M.A. Smith, 1943, Deraniyagala, 1951, 1963, Minton, 1966, Singh, 1972, Rieppel, 1978, P. Silva, 1980a, Daniel, 1983, Khaire & Khaire, 1986, Tokar, 1986a, M.A.R. Khan, 1988, Hallermann et al., 2001, M.S. Khan, 2002, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and N. Khaire, 2006. Remarks: Original description based upon P. Russell (1796: 5–6, pl. 4) from Madras. Jar label for ZMB 1470 reads Tronquebar fide Bauer et al. (2002: 167). Daudin (1803b: 213) stated Barby. Kluge (1993a: 297) listed type locality as Tranquebar, Tanjore District, SE Madras. 4. Eryx elegans (Gray, 1849a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 107. (Cusoria elegans) Synonym: Eryx jaculus czarewskii Nikolsky, 1916. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1843.7.21.70 (formerly BMNH IV.19.1a), adult female (East India Company). Type locality: “Afghanistan.” E 288 Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Southern Turkmenistan, N Iran (East Azarbaijan, Razavi Khorasan) and N Afghanistan (Badghis, Kabul), 1800–2440 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, Nikolsky, 1916, Terent’ev & Chernov, 1949, 1965, Fuhn & Vancea, 1961, S.C. Anderson & Leviton, 1969, Bannikov et al., 1977, Tokar, 1989b and Szczerbak, 1994. E 5. Eryx jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 228. (Anguis jaculus) Synonyms: Anguis cerastes Linnaeus, 1758, Boa turcica G. Olivier, 1801, ? Tortrix gracilis Merrem, 1820, Eryx familiaris Eichwald, 1831, Boa charontis Seetzen, 1855, Eryx jaculus teherana Jan, 1865 in De Filippi, Eryx persicus Nikolsky, 1907, Eryx montanus Nikolsky, 1909b, Eryx jaculus proprius Tzarevsky, 1916, and Eryx jaculus urmianus Rostombekov, 1928. Type: Lectotype, NHR Lin-12 (formerly MAFR), a 530 mm specimen, designated by J. Anderson (1898: 244), lost fide Stimson (1969: 18). Type locality: “Aegypto” [= Egypt]. Distribution: Southeastern Europe, SW Asia and N Africa. Macedonia, SE Romania, Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad, Haskovo, Kardzhali, Plovdiv, Pazardzhik, Pleven, Sliven, Stara Zagora, Veliko Tarnovo, Vratsa), SW Albania, Macedonia, Greece (Amorgós, Antikáros, Attica, Ios, Iráklia, Kálimnos, Káros, Kas, Kérkira, Kímolos, Límnos, Lesvos, Mílos, Náxos, Páros, Peloponnese, Políaigos, Síkinos, Spétsai, Tínos), Turkey (Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Aydin, Balikesir, Bitlis, Hatay, Icel, Istanbul, Izmir, Kars, Kayseri, Mugla, Siirt, Urfa, Usak), Israel (Central, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv, West Bank), Syria (Damascus), Lebanon (Beqaa, Mont-Liban), Jordan (Ajloun, Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Jarash, Karak, Maan, Madaba, Mafraq, Tafilah), NE Saudi Arabia, ext. SW Russia (Dagestan), SE Georgia, S Azerbaijan, Armenia, S Turkmenistan, Iraq, NW Iran (Central, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Kermanshahan, Khuzestan, Kordestan, Mazandaran, Razavi Khorasan, Sistan va Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan), NE Morocco (Figuig, Nador, Oujda), N Algeria (Batna, M’Sila, Ouahran), Tunisia (Beja, Gafsa, Gabès, Kairouan, Kasserine, Le Kef, Medenine, Sfax, Siliana, Sousse, Tebessa, Tunis, Zaghouan, Kerkennah Is.), N Libya (Benghazi, Jabal al-Akhdar, Tripoli) and N Egypt (Alexandria, Beheira, Cairo, Daqahlia, Giza, Kafr El-Shaikh, Matrouh, North Sinai, Sharkeya), NSL– 1500 m. Sources: Strauch, 1873, J. Anderson, 1898, Mayet, 1903, Nikolsky, 1916, F. Werner, 1921b, Wall, 1923f, Chernov, 1939, F. Werner, 1939, Terent’ev & Chernov, 1949, 1965, G. Haas, 1951, Chpakowsky & Chnéour, 1954, Wettstein, 1953b, Karaman, 1955, Khalaf, 1959, Marx, 1968, R.J. Clark, 1967b, 1989, Lotze, 1973, Bannikov et al., 1977, Hraoui-Bloquet, Snakes of the World 1981, Wütschert, 1984, Blanc & Nouira, 1988, Le Berre, 1989, Petrusev et al., 1990, Tokar, 1991, Tokar & Obst, 1993, Szyndlar & Schleich, 1994, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Petkovski et al., 2000, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Joger, 2003, Valakos et al., 2004, Trapp, 2007, Tuniyev et al., 2009, Amr & Disi, 2011, Bar & Haimovitch, 2011 and Stojanov et al., 2011. Remarks: Illustration of lectotype in J. Anderson (1898: pl. 33A, fig. 1). Type locality restriction to Misir, Turkey fide Baran (1976a: 15) invalid. Probably occurs in Sinai, Egypt fide Y. Werner, 1982. 6. Eryx jayakari Boulenger, 1888e. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 2(12): 508–509. Synonym: Eryx fodiens Annandale, 1913. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.7.99 (formerly BMNH 1888.12.29.4), a 400 mm female (A.S.G. Jayakar, 1878–1888). Type locality: “Muscat, Arabia” [= Muscat, Muscat Govern., NE Oman, 23°37’N, 58°32’E, elevation 45 m]. Distribution: Arabia and Iran. Southern Saudi Arabia (Eastern, Jazan, Najran, Qasim, Riyadh), Kuwait (Fao Is.), Bahrain, United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah), Oman (Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Dhofar, Muscat), Yemen (Al Hudaydah, Hadhramaut, Shabwah) and SW Iran (Bushehr, Khuzestan), NSL–1100 m. Sources: Leviton & Anderson, 1967, Gasperetti, 1988, Latifi, 1991, Leviton et al., 1992 and Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994. 7. Eryx johnii (P. Russell, 1802). Indian Serp. 2: 18–20, pls. 16–17 (left fig.). (Boa johnii) Synonyms: Boa anguiformis Schneider, 1801, Eryx amica Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Eryx indicus Schlegel, 1837, Tortrix eryx Schlegel, 1837, and Eryx maculatus Hallowell, 1849. Type: Lectotype, a 762 mm specimen described and illustrated in P. Russell (1801: 18–19, pl. 16) (C.S. John), designated by M.A. Smith (1943: 113–114), lost fide Stimson (1969: 19). Type locality: “Tranquebar, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu State, SE India, 11°02’N, 79°51’E, elevation 5 m] Distribution: Southern Asia. Eastern Iran (Baluchistan, N Sistan va Baluchestan), SE Afghanistan (Kandahar), Pakistan (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh) and India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal) and cen. and Nepal (Banke, Bardiya, Mahottari, Parsa), NSL–960 m. 289 Snakes of the World Sources: Wall, 1911f, 1923f, M.A. Smith, 1943, Minton, 1966, Stemmler, 1969a, Bhati & Wadhawan, 1974, R. Sharma, 1974, 1982, Mahendra, 1984, Khaire & Khaire, 1986, M.S. Khan & Tasnim, 1986b, 1987, M.S. Khan, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and N. Khaire, 2006. 8. Eryx miliaris (Pallas, 1773). Reise Russ. Reichs. 2(2): 718. (Anguis miliaris) Synonyms: Anguis helluo Pallas, 1814, Eryx miliaris koslowi Bedriaga, 1907, Eryx miliaris roborowskii Bedriaga, 1907, Eryx miliaris nogaiorum Nikolsky, 1910b, Eryx miliaris incerta Tzarevsky, 1916, Eryx miliaris rarus Tzarevsky, 1916, Eryx miliaris tritus Tzarevsky, 1916, Eryx tataricus bogdanovi Tzarevsky, 1916, Eryx nogajorum –Terent’ev, 1926 (nomen incorrectum), and Eryx rickmersi F. Werner, 1930b. Type: Holotype, not designated, a 350 mm specimen, lost fide Stimson (1969: 19). Type locality: “versus mare Caspium, Provinzen Russischen Reichs” [= near Caspian Sea, Russia]. Restricted to N shore of the Caspian Sea between the Volga and Ural rivers, Kazakhstan fide Darevsky (1993: 60). Distribution: Western Asia. Southwestern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran (Esfahan, Hamadan, Khuzestan, Mazandaran, Razavi Khorasan, Sistan va Baluchestan, West Azarbaijan) W and NW Afghanistan (Badghis), NW China (Gansu, Nei Monggol, Xinjiang) and S Mongolia, 150–955 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1889d, Nikolsky, 1916, F. Werner, 1921b, 1930b, C.H. Pope, 1935, Terent’ev & Chernov, 1949, 1965, Steward, 1971, Bannikov et al., 1977, Latifi, 1985, Li & Wang, 1989, Darevsky, 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Scherbak, 1994, Shaposhninov, 2001, Xu, 2001, Tuniyev et al., 2009 and Yao, 2012. 9. †Eryx mongoliensis (Gilmore, 1943). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 81(4): 377–379, fig. 16. (†Crythiosaurus mongoliensis) Type: Holotype, AMNH 6629, an imperfect skull, posterior portions of both rami and two cervical vertebrae (AMNH Cen. Asiatic Exped., 1925). Type locality: “Grand Canyon, north of Tsagan Nor, Inner Mongolia; Hsanda Gol, Lower Oligocene.” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (28.4–33.9 mya) of Mongolia. Known only from type locality. 10. Eryx muelleri (Boulenger, 1892a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 9(49): 74–75. (Gongylophis muelleri) Synonym: Eryx muelleri subniger Angel, 1938. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1891.11.20.2, a 370 mm male (E. Marno, 1872–1876). Type locality: “Sennar, Nubia, [= Sennar Prov., SE Sudan, ca. 13°N, 34°E]. Distribution: West Africa. Southern Mauritania (Assaba, Brakna, Fatick, Kaolack, Hodh Ech Chargui, Trarza), Senegal (Dakar, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thiès, Ziguinchor), Gambia, Sierra Leone, S Mali (S Gao, Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, S Tombouctou), N Burkina Faso (Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Sahel, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), N Ivory Coast (Daloa), N Ghana (Upper East, Upper West), N Togo (Savanes), N Benin (Alibori), Niger (Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Zinder), SW Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Kanem), N Nigeria (Borno, Sokoto), N Cameroon (Extreme-Nord), SW Chad, N Central African Republic (Vakaga) and SE Sudan (Sennar), 300–470 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, Angel, 1938, Doucet, 1963, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Roman, 1980, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Le Berre, 1989, Li & Wang, 1989, Lanza & Nistri, 2005, Villiers & Condamin, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Chirio, 2009 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. 11. †Eryx primitivus Szyndlar & Schleich, 1994. Amphibia-Reptilia 15(3): 241–243, fig. 3j–l. Type: Holotype, IPS 9147, one posterior caudal vertebra. Type locality: “Gorafe 5 (Granada, Spain); middle Pliocene (MN 15).” Distribution: Middle Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15: 3.2– 4.2 mya) of Spain. Known only from type series. 12. Eryx somalicus Scortecci, 1939b. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. “Giacomo Doria,” Genova (1935–1939) 58: 269–270. Type: Lectotype, MSNM 581 (formerly MSNM 2118), a 225 mm specimen (G. Scortecci, 1931), designated by Lanza & Nistri (2005: 88). Type locality: “Dintorni di Mogadiscio” [= vicinity of Mogadishu, Mogadishu Region, S Somalia, 2°02’N, 45°21’E, elevation NSL] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northeast Africa. Extreme NE Central African Republic, Somalia (Bari, Galguduud, Mogadishu, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Sool, Togdheer) and E Ethiopia (E Hararge), NSL–1065 m. Sources: H.W. Parker, 1949, Gans & Laurent, 1965, Lanza, 1983, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Lanza & Nistri, 2005, Chippaux, 2006 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Holotype illustrated in Lanza & Nistri (2005: figs. 8–9, 11–12). 13. Eryx tataricus (Lichtenstein in Eversmann, 1823). Reise Orenburg Buchara: 146–147. (Boa tatarica) Synonym: Eryx speciosus Tzarevsky, 1916. E 290 E Type: Lectotype, ZMB 1461, a 420 mm specimen (E.F. Eversmann, 1820–1822), designated by Bauer et al. (2002: 167). Type locality: “Tataria” [= Tatarstan, SW Russia] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Aral Sea [SW Kazakhstan and NW Uzbekistan] fide M.S. Khan (2002: 72) invalid. Distribution: Central Asia. Western Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, SE Uzbekistan, ext. S Mongolia (S Bayan Hongor, S Gobi Altay, S Ömönö Gobi), ext. N China (Gansu, Nei Monggol, Ningxia, Xinjiang), W Iran (Central, East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, West Azarbaijan, Zanjhan), 380–2650 m. Sources: Chernov, 1959, Terentev & Chernov, 1965, Minton, 1966, Bannikov et al., 1977, Borkin et al., 1990a–b, Zhao & Adler, 1993 and M.S. Khan, 2002. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Lichtenstein (1823: 104). 14. Eryx vittatus Chernov, 1959. Trudy Inst. Zool. Parazit. 98: 129–130, fig. 10. (Eryx tataricus vittatus) Type: Holotype, ZISP 14009, a male (S.A. Chernov & A.V. Givozdev, 1934). Type locality: “Gissar Valley, 20 Km. southwest of Dushanbe, Tadzhik.” Distribution: West-central Asia. Eastern Kazakhstan, NW Kyrgyzstan, E Uzbekistan, ext. W China, E Iran, N Afghanistan (Badakhstan, Faryab, Kabul) and W Pakistan (NW Balochistan), 700–1800 m. Sources: S.C. Anderson & Leviton, 1969, Leviton & Anderson, 1970a and Tokar, 1989a. 15. Eryx whitakeri I. Das, 1991. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88(1): 93–96, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, ZSI 24810, a 550 mm female (Mangalore Snake Park, April 1990). Type locality: “Mangalore, Karnataka State, India” [= Mangalore, W Karnataka State, SW India, 12°55’N, 74°51’E, elevation 30 m]. Distribution: Southwestern India (Goa, W Karnataka, W Kerala, S Maharashtra), NSL–30 m. Sources: Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and N. Khaire, 2006. Snakes of the World 1. Etheridgeum pulchrum (F. Werner, 1924a). Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien (4): 3. (Padangia pulchra) Type: Holotype, NMW 23449, a 143–145 mm (svl) female (J. Schild, 1890–1904). Type locality: “Padang, Sumatra” [= Padang, Sumatera Barat Prov., W Sumatra, W Indonesia, 0°57’S, 100°21’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Western Indonesia (W Sumatra), NSL. Known only from the type specimen. Remarks: Supplemental original description in F. Werner (1924b: 54–55, fig. 8). EUNECTES Wagler, 1830 (Boidae) Synonyms: Cenchris Gronovius, 1763 (nomen illegitimum), Cenchrus Link, 1807 (nomen emendatum), Cenchrias – Oken, 1816 (nomen incorrectum), Eunectus – Swainson, 1839 (nomen incorrectum), Cenchrina – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum), Eunectis – Plateau, 1866 (nomen incorrectum), Euneces – Lydekker, 1901 (nomen incorrectum), Eunetes – Brazil, 1914 (nomen incorrectum), Enectes – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Enectus – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Eunictes – W.W. Tanner & Avery, 1982 (nomen incorrectum), and Maxhoserboa Hoser, 2012w (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Boa murina Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: South America. Fossil records: Middle Miocene of Colombia and upper Miocene of Brazil. Sources: Belluomini et al., 1960, Stimson, 1969, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Matz, 1981, Petzold, 1983, Henderson et al., 1995, Wall, 1998a, Wallach, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Dirksen & Böhme, 2005, Noonan & Chippindale, 2006 and Bisplinghof & Bellosa, 2007, Hsiou & Albino, 2009 and Hoser, 2012w. 1. Eunectes beniensis Dirksen, 2002. Anakondas: 169–174, figs. 115, 117–121. ETHERIDGEUM Wallach, 1988 (nomen substitutum) (Calamaridae) Synonym: Padangia F. Werner, 1924a (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Padangia pulchra F. Werner, 1924a. Distribution: Western Indonesia. Sources: Wallach, 1988, David & Vogel, 1996, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. Type: Holotype, AMNH 101924, a 1700 mm male (W.P. McLean, 30 Aug. 1964). Type locality: “Trinidad, Beni, Bolivia” [= Trinidad, Beni Dept., NE Bolivia, 14°50’N, 64°54’W, elevation 160 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Bolivia (Beni), 160 m. Source: Dirksen & Bohme, 2005. Remarks: Type locality erroneously listed as 11º08’N, 66º10’W fide Dirksen & Böhme (2005: 225.). 291 Snakes of the World 2. Eunectes deschauenseei Dunn & Conant, 1936. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 88: 505–506, pl. 14, fig. 2. 2009, Silva-Leite et al., 2010, Morato et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Type: Holotype, ANSP 20891, a 2477+ mm female (?) (Philadelphia Zoo via R.M. de Schauensee, 6 Oct. 1924). Type locality: “island of Marajo” [mouth of Río Amazonas, E Pará State, N Brazil, ca. 0°53’S, 49°38’W, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: Guianas. Guyana, Suriname (Marowijne), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni) and NE Brazil (Amapá, Pará, Marajó Is.), NSL–15 m. Sources: Amaral, 1948, 1977, P. Müller, 1970, Chippaux, 1987, Starace, 1998, Colares-Canto, 2000, Dirksen & R.W. Henderson, 2002, Abuys, 2003 and Pizzatto et al., 2004. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Suriname fide Dirksen & Henderson (2002: 755.2). 4. Eunectes notaeus Cope, 1862b. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14(1): 70. 3. Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 215. (Boa murina) Synonyms: Boa scytale Linnaeus, 1758, Boa glauca Boddaert, 1783, Coluber raninus Bonnaterre, 1790, Boa gigas Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a, Boa anacondo Daudin, 1803b, Boa aquatica WiedNeuwied, 1824b, and Eunectes barbouri Dunn & Conant, 1936. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-9 (formerly MAFR), a 930 mm specimen (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “America.” Restricted to South America fide Dirksen (2002: 31). Distribution: Amazonia. Southeastern Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Zulia), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper DemeraraBerbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Wanica), N French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurentdu-Maroni), Brazil (Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceará, Goias, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Piauí, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe), E Peru (Amazonas, Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios), NE Bolivia (Beni) and E Paraguay (Amambay, Canindeyú), NSL–750 m. Sources: Carrillo de Espinoza, 1966, Roze, 1966a, Emsley, 1977, Bellluomini et al., 1978, Holstrom & Behler, 1981, Chippaux, 1987, Lancini, 1986, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Strimple, 1993,1994, J.C. Murphy & R.W. Henderson, 1997, Dirksen & Böhme, 1998a–b, 2005, Starace, 1998, Abuys, 2003, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003, Duellman, 2005, Rivas et al., 2007, Cacciali, 2008, Infante-Rivero et al., 2008, Navarrete et al., Synonym: Epicrates wieningeri Steindachner, 1903b. Types: Syntypes (2), ANSP and USNM 4707, a 2845 mm specimen (T.J. Page [Paraguay Exped.], Sept. 1853–Jan. 1856), lost fide J.A. Peters in Stimson (1969: 22). Type locality: “Paraguay River and confluents” [ParaguayUruguay]. Restricted to 50 km SW Fuerte Coimbra on Río Paraguay at intersection of Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay [= 20°10’S, 58°10’W, elevation 85 m] fide Dirksen (2002: 41). Distribution: Southern South America. Southwestern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo), Bolivia, Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Misiones, Neembucú, Presidente Hayes), Uruguay (Artigas, Salto) and NE Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Salta, Santa Fe), 85–100 m. Sources: Cope, 1899b, Devincenzi, 1925, Lema & FabiánBeurmann, 1977, Amaral, 1978, J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, Cei, 1994, D.R. Norman, 1994, MouraLeite et al., 1996, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, CarreiraVidal et al., 2005 and Cacciali, 2008. 5. †Eunectes stirtoni Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977. Ann. Paleont. (Vert.) 63(2): 180–183, figs. 5b, 6a, pl. 1, figs. 2–3. Type: Holotype, MNHN VIV 7, one right prootic (R. Hoffstetter, J. de Porta, J. Perico & F. Etayo, 1966). Type locality: “Los Mangos près La Venta, Dépt. Huila, Colombia Fish Bed de la Formation Villavieja, Miocene Moyen (Friasien)” [= Los Mangos (= Les Manguiers) près La Venta, (3°19’ lat. N, 75°8’ long. W, 440 m d’alt.), situé à 5 km au nord-est de Villavieja, immédiatement au nord de la Quebrada La Venta se situé dans la valleé supérieure du Rio Magdalena, département de Huila, Colombie. Fish Bed de la Formation Villavieja. Miocène moyen (Friasian)]. Distribution: Middle Miocene (Friasien: 15.5–16.3 mya) of Colombia. Known only from type locality. Source: Hsiou & Albino, 2009. †EUPODOPHIS Rage & Escuillié, 2002 (†Pachyophiidae) Synonym: †Podophis Rage & Escuillie, 2000 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: †Podophis descouensi Rage & Escuillié, 2000. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon E 292 Sources: Rage & Escuillié, 2000, 2002, 2003a–b, Rieppel et al., 2003 and Bardet et al., 2008. Remarks: Replacement name for †Podophis Rage & Escuillié, 2000. 1. †Eupodophis descouensi (Rage & Escuillié, 2000). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris (Sci. Terre) 330: 513–520, figs. 1, 1a–c, 2a–d. (†Podophis descouensi) E Type: Holotype, MGF Rh-E.F. 9001–03, a nearly complete skeleton. Type locality: “Al Nammoura, Lebanon. Age: Cenomanian.” Distribution: Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian: 93.9– 100.5 mya) of Lebanon. Sources: Rage & Escuillié, 2000 and Houssaye et al., 2011. EUPREPIOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Proterodon Hallowell, 1861, Proterdon – Maki, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), and Sinoelaphe Hoser, 2012ad (nomen illegitimum). Type species: Coluber conspicillatus H. Boie, 1826. Distribution: East-central Asia. Sources: Schulz, 1996, Helfenberger, 2001, Utiger et al., 2002, 2005 and Burbrink & Lawson, 2007. 1. Euprepriophis conspicillatus (H. Boie, 1826). Isis von Oken 18(2): 211–212. (Coluber conspicillatus) Synonyms: Proterodon tessellatus Hallowell, 1861, Coluber conspicillatus nagasakai Namiye, 1903, and Elaphe japonica Maki, 1931. Types: Syntypes (7), RMNH 399, an adult, RMNH 400a–b, two juveniles, RMNH 401a–b, two adults, and BMNH (2), a male and juvenile, longest syntype a 381 mm female (J.C. Blomhoff, 1817–1824). Type locality: “Decima, Japan, [= Dejima Is., previously in Nagasaki harbor, now part of Nagasaki, Japan, 32°45’N, 129°52’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Extreme E Russia (Kunashiri Is.) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyus: Fukuejima, Hisakeshima, Kagoshima, Kamishima, Mageshima, Nakadorishima, Nishinoshima, Okinawajima, Takeshima, Tanegashima, Shimojima, Yakushima Is.), 100–3000 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene of Japan. Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Maki, 1931, M. Mori, 1984, Schulz, 1988a, 1988d and Toriba, 1990a. Remarks: Original description reprinted in H. Boie (1827b: 260–263). Possible types listed in Schulz (1996: 99) and Boulenger (1896a: 52). Type locality possibly in error fide Siebold in Temminck & Schlegel (1838: iii), who mistakenly corrected it to East Indies. Snakes of the World 2. Euprepiophis mandarinus (Cantor, 1842a). Zool. Chusan: pl. 12. (Coluber mandarinus) Synonyms: Ablabes pavo Annandale, 1912, Elaphe takasago Takahashi, 1930, Holarchus roulei Angel & Bourret, 1933, and Elaphe mondarina – Yao, 2012 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.12.97 (formerly BMNH 1860.3.19.6241), a 700 mm female (T.E. Cantor, July 1840–March 1841, via British East India Comp.). Type locality: “island of Chusan, or Great Chusan, is situated on the East Coast of China, between the 30° and 31° of North latitude and the 122° and 123° of East longitude; separated from the nearest mainland, Keeto Point, by an arm of the sea, about ten miles across” [= Zhoushan Is., Zhoushan Arch., Zhejiang Prov., E China]. Distribution: Eastern Asia. China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, NE India (E Arunchal Pradesh), N Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing) and N Vietnam (Dak Lak, Ha Tinh, Lai Chai, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Son La, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc), 450–3000 m. Sources: H.-F. Li et al., 1986, T. Smith, 1989, Schulz, 1990c, Schulz & Münzenmaier, 1990, Zhao, 1990a, Wei et al., 1992, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Orlov et al., 2000, Gumprecht, 2004c, Quyet & Ziegler, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Zhao, 2006, Bain et al., 2007, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Xiang & Li, 2009, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Cantor (1842b: 483). Possibly occurs in Laos fide I. Das (2010: 279). 3. Euprepiophis perlaceus (Stejneger, 1929). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 42: 129–130. (Elaphe perlacea) Type: Holotype, USNM 76257, an 1150 mm male (D.C. Graham, June 1928), lost fide Schulz (1996: 183). Type locality: “Yachow prefecture, Szechwan, China” [= Ya’an, Sichuan Prov., W China, ca. 30°N, 103°E]. Distribution: Western China (Sichuan). Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, Deng et al., 1983, Schulz, 1989b, Zhao, 1990a and Zhao & Adler, 1993. Remarks: A synonym of E. mandarinus (or a very closely related species) fide Utiger et al., 2002. EXALLODONTOPHIS Cadle, 1999 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Type species: Pararhadinaea albignaci Domergue, 1984b. Distribution: Madagascar. Sources: Cadle, 1999, Glaw et al., 2005b and Zaher et al., 2009. Remarks: Previously in Pararhadinaea. Snakes of the World 1. Exallodontophis albignaci (Domergue, 1984b). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (4) 6A(1): 153–155, figs. 2a–c, 3a. (Pararhadinaea albignaci) Type: Holotype, MNHN 1982.1221 (formerly CAD 970/S), a 237 mm male (J. Thiel, 5 Jan. 1970). Type locality: “Forêt tropicale d’Analamazaotra (Périnet); altitude 900 m” [=Analamazaotra forest, Andasibe, S Toamasina Prov., E Madagascar, 18°56’S, 48°25’E, elevation 900 m]. Distribution: East-central Madagascar (S Toamasina), 300–900 m. EXILIBOA Bogert, 1968c (Ungaliophiidae) Type species: Exiliboa placata Bogert, 1968c. 293 Distribution: Southern Mexico. Sources: Stimson, 1969, L. Hardy, 1989, Zaher, 1994, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996, Walls, 1998a, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Wilcox et al., 2002. 1. Exiliboa placata Bogert, 1968c. Amer. Mus. Novit. (2354): 6–13, figs. 1b, 2–4, 5a–b, 6a–b, 7, 8b. Type: Holotype, AMNH 100000, a 412 mm female (J.S. Rowley & C.M. Bogert, 10 Aug. 1967). Type locality: “near latitude 17° 37’ N. and longitude 96° 25’ W., at an elevation of approximately 2300 meters on the headwaters of the Río Valle Nacional on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Juárez, in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico,” Distribution: Sierra de Juárez of S Mexico (N Oaxaca), 2300–2500 m. E F †FALSERYX Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 (Tropidophiidae) Type species: †Falseryx petersbuchi Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Distribution: Lower Oligocene of Belgium, and lower Miocene of Czech Republic and Germany. Sources: Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 and Szyndlar et al., 2008. 1. †Falseryx neervelpensis Szyndlar, Smith & Rage, 2008. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 395–399, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, IRSNB 240, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Boutersem TGV (Belgium). Earliest Oligocene (MP 21).” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Rupelian, MP 21: 28.4– 33.9 mya) of Belgium. Known only from type locality. 2. †Falseryx petersbuchi Szyndlar & Rage, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea Europe: 60–62, figs. 26k–o. Type: Holotype, BSPG 1976 XXII 6124, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Petersbuch 2 (Germany), lower Miocene (MN 4).” Distribution: Lower Miocene (Orleanian, MN 4: 16.0– 16.9 mya) of Germany and Czech Republic. FARANCIA Gray, 1842d (Carphophiidae) Synonyms: Abastor Gray, 1849a, and Faranica – F. Werner, 1929a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber abacurus Holbrook, 1836. Distribution: Southeastern USA. Fossil records: Pleistocene of SE USA. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1938, J.C. Mitchell, 1982a, Cadle, 1984c, Cundall & Rossman, 1984, Dundee & Rossman, 1989, Ernst & Barbour, 1989, Conant & Collins, 1991, 1998, Palmer & Braswell, 1995, Tennant, 1997, Holman, 2000a, Gravlund, 2001 and Pinou et al., 2004. 1. Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836). No. Amer. Herp. 1: 119–120, pl. 23. (Coluber abacurus) Synonyms: Homalopsis reinwardtii Schlegel, 1837, Farancia drummondii Gray, 1842d, Farancia fasciata Gray, 1849a, and Homalopsis crassa Blyth, 1854a. Type: Holotype, ANSP 5146, a 1346 mm female (J.E. Holbrook, 1822–1836). Type locality: “South Carolina” [= USA]. Restricted to Charleston, South Carolina fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 185). Distribution: Southeastern USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, S Georgia, ext. S Illinois, ext. SW Indiana, W Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, ext. SE Missouri, E North Carolina, ext. SE Oklahoma, E South Carolina, W Tennessee, E Texas and ext. SE Virginia), NSL–150 m. Fossil records: Lower Pleistocene (Irvingtonian I) of USA (Florida), and upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Florida). Sources: Karges & McDaniel, 1982, McDaniel & Karges, 1983, Dundee, 1992, Robinette & Trauth, 1992, Palmer & Braswell, 1995 and Werler & Dixon, 2000. 2. Farancia erytrogramma (Palisot de Beauvois in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801b). Hist. Nat. Rept. 4: 141–142. (Coluber erytrogrammus) Synonyms: Coluber erythrogrammus Daudin, 1803c (nomen emendatum), Duberria ancoralis Berthold, 1842, Homalopsis parviceps Blyth, 1854a, and Farancia erytrogramma seminola Neill, 1964. Type: Holotype, not designated (A.M.F.J. Palisot de Beauvois, spring–summer, 1796), lost fide Gillispie (1992: 40). Type locality: “Amérique septentrionale” [= North America]. Restricted to lower Cooper River, in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina fide Harper (1940: 714) and Neill (1964: 261). Distribution: Coastal plain of SE USA (cen. and S Alabama, N and cen. Florida, S Georgia, SE Louisiana, S Maryland, S Mississippi, E North Carolina, E South Carolina, E Virginia), NSL–150 m. Sources: Gordon, 1957, Neill, 1964, Gibbons et al., 1977, J.C. Mitchell, 1982b and R. Miller & Zyla, 1992. Remarks: Palisot’s entire American collection lost in shipwreck off Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1798 as he returned to Europe (Gillispie, 1992). Restriction of the type locality to Alachua County, Florida fide K.P. Schmidt (1953a: 185) rejected fide Neill (1957: 141 and 1964: 261). FERANIA Gray, 1842d (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Pythomorphus Fitzinger, 1843, Phytomorphus Gray, 1849 (nomen emendatum), Trigonurus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Phytonomorphus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum), Feranioides 295 F 296 Carlleyle, 1869, Feronia – Phipson, 1888 (nomen incorrectum), Feranoides Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum), and Feraniodes – Gyi, 1970 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Homalopsis sieboldii Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Rivers of South Asia. Sources: Gyi, 1970 and A.B. Kumar et al., 2012. Remarks: A valid genus fide A.B. Kumar et al. (2012: 483), previously a synonym of Enhydris. F 1. Ferania sieboldii (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 172, 2: 349–350, pl. 13, figs. 4–5. (Homalopsis sieboldii) Synonym: Feranioides jamnaeticus Carlleyle, 1869. Type: Holotype, RMNH 1168, a 760 mm specimen. Type locality: “Bengale” [= Bangladesh and NE India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, West Bengal)]. Distribution: Southern Asia. Northern India (Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Bangladesh, Nepal (Bardiya, Chitwan, Kanchanpur) and Myanmar (Bago), NSL–200 m. Sources: Wall, 1898, 1908k, M.A.R. Khan, 1988, Hallermann et al., 2001, Schleich & Kästle, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, Thakur & Watve, 2008 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: Penang record doubtful fide Wall (1923c: 350 and 1924a: 867). Possibly occurs in Myanmar fide I. Das (2012: 150). FICIMIA Gray, 1849a (Colubridae) Synonyms: Ficinia – Gray, 1849a (nomen incorrectum), Amblymetopon A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Amblymepon – Marschall, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Ficinea – Velasco, 1896 (nomen incorrectum), and Ficinea – Velasco, 1890a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Ficimia olivacea Gray, 1849a. Distribution: South-central USA, Mexico and upper Central America. Fossil record: Pleistocene of USA (New Mexico). Sources: H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1941, L.M. Hardy, 1975b– c, 1990 and Mendoza-Quijano & Smith, 1993. 1. Ficimia hardyi Mendoza-Quijano & Smith, 1993. J. Herp. 27(4): 407–409, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MZFC 4877, a 358 mm male (F. Mendoza-Quijano, 13 Jan. 1985). Type locality: “3.8 km NW Zoquizoquipán (10 km W Zacualtipán), municipality of Metztitlán, Hidalgo, Mexico, 1480 m.” Distribution: Central Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí), 1200–2280 m. Snakes of the World Sources: Hernández-Ibarra et al., 1999 and RamirezBautista et al., 1999. 2. Ficimia olivacea Gray, 1849a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 80. Synonym: Ficimia elaiacroma Jan, 1862b. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.5.44–45, a 451 and 361 mm male (H. Finck). Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 350). Distribution: East-central Mexico (Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, Morelos, Oaxaca, S Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, S Tamaulipas and Veracruz), 100–2300 m. Sources: L.M. Hardy, 1978, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 and Castro-Franco & Bustos Zagal, 2004. 3. Ficimia publia Cope, 1866. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 18(2): 126. Synonyms: Ficimia ornata Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, Ficimia publia taylori H.M. Smith, 1947, and Ficimia publia wolffsohni Neill, 1965. Type: Lectotype, USNM 16428 (formerly SIM 625 or 726), a 233 mm male (A.C.V. Schott, 28 July 1865), designated by L.M. Hardy (1975b: 135). Type locality: “Yucatan” [= Yucatán State, Mexico]. Restricted to Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 352). Distribution: Mesoamerica. Southeastern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán), Belize (Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk), Guatemala (Escuintla, Petén) and NW Honduras (Atlántida, Cortés, Yoro), NSL–1620 m. Sources: L.M. Hardy, 1980b, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, García & Valtierra-Azotla, 1996, Lee, 1996, J.A. Campbell, 1998b, Canseco-Márquez & GutiérrezMayén, 2010 and McCranie, 2011a. 4. Ficimia ramirezi H.M. Smith & Langebartel, 1950. J. Washington Acad. Sci. (1949) 39(12): 411–412, fig. 1 (right). Type: Holotype, UIMNH 3767, a 313–325 mm male (J. Ramirez, 6 March 1949). Type locality: “1 league north of Niltepec, Oaxaca, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, México” [= 5 km N Santiago Niltepec, Oaxaca, S Mexico, ca. 16°36’N, 94°37’W, elevation 80 m]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca), 80 m. Known only from type locality. Source: L.M. Hardy, 1979. 297 Snakes of the World 5. Ficimia ruspator H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1941. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 31(8): 364–365, figs. 5, 10, 12. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 25064 (formerly EHT-X 1523 & EHT-HMS 23646), a 142–164 mm female (E.H. Taylor & H.M. Smith, 29 July 1940). Type locality: “3 miles east of Tixtla (about 10 miles east of Chilpancingo), Guerrero,” Mexico. Distribution: Southern Mexico (cen. Guerrero). Known only from type locality. Source: L.M. Hardy, 1980a. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Morelos fide L.M. Hardy (1980a: 243.1). 6. Ficimia streckeri E.H. Taylor, 1931. Copeia 1931(1): 5–6. Type: Holotype, KU 9140, a 285–298 mm female (E.H. Taylor, 13 July 1930). Type locality: “three miles east of Rio Grande City, Texas.” [= Starr County]. Distribution: Extreme S USA (S Texas) and NE Mexico (ext. NE Hidalgo, E Nuevo León, Puebla, E San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), NSL–1500 m. Sources: Hardy, 1976a, Canseco-Marquez et al., 2000 and Werler & Dixon, 2000. Remarks: Holotype erroneously listed as KU 4140 fide E.H. Taylor (1931: 5) and L.M. Hardy (1975b: 158 and 1990: 471.1). 7. Ficimia variegata (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 7–8. (Amblymetopon variegatum) Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.5.49, a 177 mm female (A. Sallé, 1846–1856), and BMNH 1946.1.6.78, a 385–394 mm female (H. Cuming, 1828–1830). Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to Guichicovi, Oaxaca, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 338). Distribution: Southern Mexico (Hidalgo, NE Oaxaca, S Veracruz), 50–2140 m. Sources: L.M. Hardy, 1975b, 1980c. FIMBRIOS M.A. Smith, 1921a (Xenodermatidae) Type species: Fimbrios klossi M.A. Smith, 1921a. Distribution: Indochina. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1921a, 1943, Campden-Main, 1970a, Ziegler et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Fimbrios klossi M.A. Smith, 1921a. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 91(2): 425, pl. 1, fig. 1. Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.15.87–88 (formerly MAS 2143 and MAS 2145), a 345 mm and 310 mm male, and BMNH 1965.1 (formerly MAS 2144), a 395 mm female (M.A. Smith & C. B. Kloss, March–May, 1917). Type locality: “at Dalat and Camly at 1500 metres, on the Langbian Plateau, Southern Annam, (Indo-China)” [= Da Lat (11°56’N, 108°28’E, 1485 m) and Cam Ly (12°01’N, 108°30’E, 1500 m), Lam Dong Prov., S Vietnam]. Restricted to Da Lat, S Vietnam fide Orlov et al. (2003: 220). Distribution: Indochina. Cambodia, Laos (Champasak) and S Vietnam (Da Lac, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Lam Dong, Quang Tri, Thua Thien-Hue), 690–1800 m. Sources: Orlov et al., 2003b and B.L. Stuart & Heatwole, 2008. 2. Fimbrios smithi Ziegler, David, Miralles, Kien & Truong, 2008. Zootaxa (1729): 39–41, figs. 2–8. Type: Holotype, IEBR 3157, a 440 mm male (V.K. Doan & V.H. Nguyen, 15 May 2005). Type locality: “Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Prov., central Vietnam, in the Cha Noi region at an altitude of ca. 350 m above sea level.” Distribution: Central Vietnam (Quang Binh), 350 m. Known only from type locality. †FLORIDAOPHIS Holman, 2000c (Colubridae) Type species: †Floridaophis auffenbergi Holman, 2000c. Distribution: Lower Oligocene of USA. Source: Holman, 1999. 1. †Floridaophis auffenbergi Holman, 2000c. Acta Zool. Cracov. (1999) 42(3): 450–451, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, UF 190884, one trunk vertebra (UF field crews, 1966–1967). Type locality: “I-75 Local Fauna (Florida Natural History Museum Locality AL018), 1.5 km WSW Gainesville, on the W side of I-75, Micanopy Quadrangle, NE1/4, Sec. 4, T10S, R19E, Alachua County, Florida; Early Oligocene (Whitneyan).” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Whitneyan: 30.8–33.3 mya) of the USA (Florida). Known only from type locality. FORDONIA Gray, 1842d (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Hydropsis Fitzinger, 1843, Hemiodontus A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen substitutum), and Ferdonia – Phipson, 1888 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Homalopsis leucobalia Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Tidal rivers, brackish estuaries and coastal marine waters of Indo-Australia. Sources: Schlegel & Müller, 1844a, Kopstein, 1931, C. Haas, 1950, Bergman, 1960, Gyi, 1970, C.B. Frith & MacIver, 1978, Cogger et al., 1983a, F. Parker, F 298 Snakes of the World 1982, Tweedie, 1983, Storr et al., 1986, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Gow, 1989, David & Vogel, 1996, O’Shea, 1996, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Cogger, 2000, Voris et al., 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, J.C. Murphy, 2007b, Alfaro et al., 2008, V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009, Zaher et al., 2009 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 171, 2: 345–346, pl. 13, figs. 8–9. (Homalopsis leucobalia) F Synonyms: Fordonia unicolor Gray, 1849a, Hemiodontus chalybaeus Jan, 1863b, Fordonia bicolor Theobald, 1868a, Fordonia papuensis Macleay, 1877, and Fordonia variabilis Macleay, 1878b. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 1161, a 690 mm female (H.C. Macklot & S. Müller, 1825–1832), designated by Iskandar & Colijn (2001: 92). Type locality: “Timor, Indonesia” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Indo-Australia. Eastern India (West Bengal, Andamans and Nicobars: Nicobar Is.), Bangladesh, S Myanmar (Yangon), ext. S Thailand (Phuket, Satun, Phuket Is.), Cambodia, ext. S Vietnam (Ca Mau, Soc Trang), West Malaysia (Penang), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), Indonesia (S Papua, Ambon, Java, Kalimantan, Seram, Sumatra, Timor, Weh, Yos Sudarso), Papua New Guinea (Central, Gulf, Western, Daru, Bobo, Bristow and Yule Is.) and N Australia (N Northern Territory, N Queensland, N Western Australia, Bentick, Elcho, Groote Eylandt, Marv, Melville, Milingimbi, Mornington and Yam Is.), NSL–195 m. Remarks: J.C. Murphy erroneously listed the collector as unknown. FURINA A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Brachysoma Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen praeoccupatum), Glyphodon A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Mainophis Macleay, 1877, and Lunelaps Worrell, 1961. Type species: Calamaria diadema Schlegel, 1837. Distribution: Austro-Papua. Sources: Storr, 1981a, Shine, 1981b, Cogger et al., 1983a, Shine, 1985a, S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988, Gow, 1989, Hoser, 1989, 2012e, Hutchinson, 1990, Greer, 1997, Cogger, 2000, Scanlon, 2003a, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Sanders et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Furina barnardi (Kinghorn, 1939). Rec. Aust. Mus 20(4): 258–259, figs. 1–2. (Glyphodon barnardi) Type: Holotype, CAS 77798, a 480 mm specimen (H.G. Barnard, 1936). Type locality: “Fifteen miles south from Duaringa, Queensland” [Australia]. Distribution: Northeastern Australia (Queensland), 20–400 m. Source: D. Ferguson et al., 2012. 2. Furina diadema (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 131, 2: 32–33. (Calamaria diadema) Synonyms: Rabdion occipitale Girard, 1858a, Cacophis blackmanii Krefft, 1869b, and Denisonia bancrofti De Vis, 1911. Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 3941, a 205 mm male, and MNHN 7668, a 260–320 mm male (J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard [Coquille or Astrolabe Voy.], 1822–1829). Type locality: “Nouvelle Hollande” [= Australia]. Restricted to Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia fide Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (1854b: 1239). Distribution: Eastern Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, S Northern Territory, E Queensland, E South Australia, Bentick Is.), NSL–1115 m. 3. Furina dunmalli (Worrell, 1955). Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W. (1953–1954): 41–42, 3 figs., 1 pl. (Glyphodon dunmalli) Type: Holotype, AMS 14809 (formerly JD), a 750 mm female (W. Dunmall, Jan. 1954). Type locality: “Glenmorgan, Queenland” [Australia, 27°15’S, 149°41’E, elevation 290 m]. Distribution: Eastern Australia (SE Queensland), 90–290 m. Remarks: Collector of type listed as Worrell fide Cogger (1979: 205). 4. Furina ornata (Gray, 1842c). Zool. Misc. 2(Apr.): 55. (Elaps ornatus) Synonyms: Brachysoma simile Macleay, 1878b, Denisonia bancrofti De Vis, 1911, and Pseudelaps christieanus Fry, 1915. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.21.76, a male (W. Buchanan, 1840–1842). Type locality: “Australia, (Swan River?).” Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, N South Australia, Western Australia, Barrow, Bathurst, Cotton, Groote Eylandt, Guluwuru, Horn, Koolan, Melville, North West, Prince of Wales, Thursday and Wessel Marchinbar Is.), NSL–1015 m. Source: Worrell, 1945. 5. Furina tristis (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858). Cat. Col. Snakes Brit.Mus.: 211. (Glyphodon tristis) Synonyms: Brachysoma triste – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863a, Mainophis robusta Macleay, 1877, Denisonia fenestrata De Vis, 1905, and Furina somarei Wells & Wellington, 1984. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.99, an 813 mm male (J. MacGillivray, 1842–1850). Type locality: “N.E. Coast of Australia.” Distribution: Southern Papua New Guinea (Central, Western, Daru Is.) and ext. N Australia (ext. NE Northern Territory, ext. N Queensland, Torres Strait and Lizard Is.), NSL–90 m. Sources: Whitaker et al., 1982, F. Parker, 1982 and O’Shea, 1996. G †GAIMANOPHIS Albino, 1996a (Boidae) Type species: †Gaimanophis tenuis Albino, 1996a. Distribution: Lower Miocene of Argentina. Source: Albino, 1996a. 1. †Gaimanophis tenuis Albino, 1996a. Neues Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 199(3): 421–424, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, MACN-CH 1004-1, one middle trunk vertebra. Type locality: “near Gaiman, southern cliff of the lower Chubut river valley, north-east Chubut Prov., Argentina; Trelew Member, Sarmiento Formation. Colhuehuapian land-mammal age (early Miocene).” Distribution: Lower Miocene (Colhuehuapian: 17.5–21.0 mya) of Argentina. †GANSOPHIS Head, 2005 (Colubridae) Type species: †Gansophis potwarensis Head, 2005. Distribution: Upper Miocene of Pakistan. Source: Head, 2005. 1. †Gansophis potwarensis Head, 2005. Palaeont. Electron. 8(1): 14–15, fig. 7b. Type: Holotype, H-GSP 49900, one trunk vertebra (E.H. Linday & W.R. Downs III). Type locality: “Y-908 (6.78 Ma), Potwar Plateau of northcentral Pakistan, Dhok Pathan Formation, Winnewala, Miocene.” Distribution: Middle Miocene (6.8 mya) of Pakistan. Known only from holotype. GARTHIUS Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004c (Viperidae) Type species: Trimeresurus chaseni M.A. Smith, 1931b. Distribution: East Malaysia. Sources: Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004c, I. Das, 2010, 2012 and Malhotra et al., 2010. 1. Garthius chaseni (M.A. Smith, 1931b). Bull. Raffles Mus. (5): 29, pl. 2, fig. 1. (Trimeresurus chaseni) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.18.84 (formerly BMNH 1929.12.22.115), a 645 mm male (F.N. Chasen & H.M. Pendlebury, April–May 1929). Type locality: “Kiau, a Dusun village at the foot of the mountain, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo, 3,000 ft. (The lower mountain zone),” [= Kampong Kiau, Mt. Kinabalu, N Sabah, NE East Malaysia, 6°02’N, 116°31’E, elevation 915 m]. Distribution: Northeastern East Malaysia (N Sabah), 915–1550 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. GEAGRAS Cope, 1875a (Colubridae) Synonym: Sphenocalamus J.G. Fischer, 1883. Type species: Geagras redimitus Cope, 1875a. Distribution: Southern Mexico. Sources: Hartweg & Oliver, 1940, H.M. Smith, 1943a, L.D. Wilson, 1987d and Casas-Andreu et al., 1996. 1. Geagras redimitus Cope, 1875a. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1876) (2) 8(2): 141–142. Synonyms: Sphenocalamus lineolatus J.G. Fischer, 1883, and Tantilla depressa Dunn, 1928a. Type: Holotype, USNM 30115 (formerly SIM 8), a 162– 166 mm male (A.-L.-J.-F. Sumichrast, 1855–1869). Type locality: “west side of the State of Tehuantepec, Mexico” [= Pacific versant of Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca State, Mexico]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (SE Oaxaca), 100–1000 m. GEOPHIS Wagler, 1830 (nomen substitutum) (Dipsadidae) Synonyms: Catostoma Wagler, 1830 (nomen oblitum), Rabdosoma A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853, Rhabdosoma Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856 (nomen praeoccupatum), Colobognathus W.C.H. Peters, 1859b, Geophidium W.C.H. Peters, 1861e, Colophrys Cope, 1868c, Parageophis Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mosquard, 1870–1909, Catastoma – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum), Dirosema Boulenger, 1894a, Seophis – Tornier, 1904 (nomen incorrectum), Colophris – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), and Geophidrium – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Catostoma chalybeum Wagler, 1830. 299 G 300 Distribution: Latin America. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1941c, H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945, Downs, 1967, Cadle, 1984b, Villa et al., 1988, Lips & Savage, 1994, L.D. Wilson et al., 1998, Townsend, 2006a, 2009, L.D. Wilson & Townsend, 2007, Savage & Watling, 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Pavón-Vázquez et al., 2011. Remarks: In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Geophis Wagler is designated a nomen protectum and Catostoma Wagler a nomen oblitum. 1. Geophis anocularis Dunn, 1920b. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 33: 127. G Type: Holotype, USNM 46556, a 287 mm male (E.W. Nelson & E.A. Goldman, 26 July 1894). Type locality: “Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico” [= Totontopec Villa de Morelos, Oaxaca State, S Mexico, 17°15’N, 96°02’W, elevation 1850 m]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca), 1850 m. Known only from the vicinity of type locality. Sources: J.A. Campbell et al., 1983 and Casas-Andreu et al., 1996. Remarks: Resurrected from synonymy of G. dubius fide J.A. Campbell et al., 1983. 2. Geophis bellus C.W. Myers, 2003. Amer. Mus. Novit. (3391): 30–33, figs. 11–14, 15c. Type: Holotype, KU 110703, a 201 mm male (C.W. Myers, 13 Dec. 1964). Type locality: “at 700 m above sea level near community of Altos de Pacora (east of Cerro Jefe), Prov. of Panamá, central Panama. The type locality is a few km northeastward of the summit of Cerro Jefe, upper Rio Pacora drainage, at roughly 9°15’N, 79°22’W.” Distribution: Eastern Panama (Darién), 700 m. Source: Savage & Watling, 2008. 3. Geophis betaniensis Restrepo & Wright, 1987. J. Herp. 21(3): 191–193, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, UV 7360, a 296 mm female (J.H. Restrepo, 18 Feb. 1984). Type locality: “Eastern slope of the Cordillera Occidental, at Corregimiento de Betania, 76°21’W and 4°23’N, 1680 m elev., Municipio de Bolivar, Departamento del Valle, Colombia.” Distribution: Western Colombia (Valle), 1680 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1989, Lips & Savage, 1994, C.W. Myers, 2003 and Savage & Watling, 2008. 4. Geophis bicolor A.C.L.G. Günther, 1868. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 1(6): 416. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.64, a 372 mm male (H. Doorman), designated by Downs (1967: 55). Snakes of the World Type locality: “neighbourhood of Mexico City, Mexico” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Mexico (Distrito Federal, W Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Veracruz), 1800–2600 m. Sources: Lara-Góngora & Flores-Villela, 1978, 1980 and H.M. Smith & Flores-Villela, 1993. 5. Geophis blanchardi E.H. Taylor & Smith, 1939. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. (1938) 25(13): 245–247, figs. 2a–d. Type: Holotype, FMNH 100037 (formerly EHT-HMS 5194 & EHT-CC 2194), a 388 mm female (E.H. Taylor, 14 Aug. 1936). Type locality: “about two miles southwest of Acultzingo, Veracruz, Mexico.” Distribution: Cloud forest of S Mexico (Oaxaca, SE Puebla, cen. Veracruz), 2240–2510 m. Sources: Canseco-Márquez et al., 2004 and CansecoMárquez & Austin, 2005. 6. Geophis brachycephalus (Cope, 1871b). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 23(2): 211–212. (Colobognathus brachycephalus) Synonyms: Colobognathus dolichocephalus Cope, 1871b, Geophis moestus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1872b, Geophis chalybaea quadrangularis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902, and Geophis bakeri E.H. Taylor, 1954 Type: Holotype, ANSP 3337, a 305–355 mm male (C.H. Van Patten, 1865–1871). Type locality: “near San José, Costa Rica” [= near San José, San José Prov., Costa Rica, 9°56’N, 84°05’W, elevation 1160 m]. Distribution: Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José) and W Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí), 15–2115 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Sasa, 1993, Savage, 2002, C.W. Myers, 2003 and Savage & Watling, 2008. Remarks: South American records of this species are tentatively assigned to G. nigroalbus fide C.W. Myers (2003: 38). 7. Geophis cancellatus H.M. Smith, 1941c. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 99(19): 1–2. Type: Holotype, USNM 46440, a 410 mm female (E.W. Nelson & E.A. Goldman, Feb. 1896). Type locality: “Chicharras, Chiapas, México, ca. 1035 m elevation.” Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (Chiapas), 1035–1230 m. Sources: Hartweg, 1959 and Landy et al., 1966. 301 Snakes of the World 8. Geophis carinosus L.C. Stuart, 1941b. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (452): 3–4. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 89082, a 240 mm male (L.C. Stuart, 2 Aug. 1940). Type locality: “Finca San Francisco, 27 km. northeast of Nebaj, El Quiché, Guatemala. Altitude, about 1175 m.” Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, S Veracruz) and W Guatemala (Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of El Quiché and Huehuetenango), 800–1500 m. Sources: Pérez-Higareda & Smith, 1991, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996, Lee, 1996 and Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2003. 9. Geophis chalybeus (Wagler, 1830). Natur. Syst. Amph.: 194. (Catostoma chalybeum) Synonym: Rhabdosoma guttulatum Cope, 1885b. Type: Holotype, ? ZSM 1940/0 (H.M. von Leuchtenberg), lost fide Franzen & Glaw (2007: 249), or ? MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during the World War II. Type locality: “Mexico.” Distribution: Eastern Mexico (cen. Veracruz), 1150–1800 m. Sources: Pérez-Higareda & Smith, 1991 and TorreLoranca et al., 2000. Remarks: Holotype possibly extant fide Downs (1967: 37). 10. Geophis championi Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 321–322, pl. 16, fig. 3. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.77, a 250 mm male (G.C. Champion & F.D. Godman, 1879–1883). Type locality: “Chiriqui, Panama” [= Chiriqui Prov., W Panama]. Distribution: Werstern Panama (Chiriquí), 1370 m. Sources: Dunn, 1942 and C.W. Myers, 2003. 11. Geophis damiani L.D. Wilson, McCranie & Williams, 1998. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 111(2): 410–413, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, USNM 498356, a 327 mm male (D. Almendarez, J.R. McCranie, L.D. Wilson & K.L. Williams, 26 July 1995). Type locality: “2.5 airline km NNE La Fortuna (15°26’N, 87°18’W), 1750 m elev., Departmento de Yoro, Honduras.” Distribution: Honduras (Yoro), 1550–1750 m. Sources: McCranie & Castañeda, 2004a, Townsend, 2009 and McCranie, 2011a. 12. Geophis downsi Savage, 1981. Copeia 1981(3): 549–551, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, LACM 130254, an adult male (N.J. Scott & OTS field crew, 14–16 July 1972). Type locality: “Costa Rica: Provincia de Puntarenas; Canton Corredores; Las Cruces Field Station and Botanical Garden, 4 km S San Vito de Jaba, 1,200 m.” Distribution: Southwestern Costa Rica (Cordillera Costeña of SE Puntarenas), 1100–1200 m. Sources: Savage, 1981, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 13. Geophis dubius (W.C.H. Peters, 1861e). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1861(10): 923–924. (Geophidium dubium) Synonym: Geophis fuscus J.G. Fischer, 1886. Type: Holotype, ZMB 4064, a 260 mm female. Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Southern Mexico (cen. and S Oaxaca, Puebla, cen. Veracruz), 1255–2800 m. Sources: Bogert & Porter, 1966b, J.A. Campbell et al., 1983, Pérez-Higareda & H.M. Smith, 1988, 1991, H.M. Smith & Pérez-Higareda, 1991, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 and Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2003. 14. Geophis duellmani H.M. Smith & Holland, 1969. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 72(1): 47–49, figs. 1, 2a, 3b. Type: Holotype, KU 87447, adult female (R.L. Holland, 19 June 1964). Type locality: “2 mi. S Vista Hermosa, 1750 m., Oaxaca, Mexico.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (N Oaxaca), 1570–1830 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell et al., 1983 and H.M. Smith & Flores-Villela, 1993. 15. Geophis dugesii Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909. Miss. Sci. Mex. Amér. Cen., Rept. 3(9): 573–574, pl. 37, figs. 1, 1a–e. Synonym: Geophis aquilonaris Legler, 1959c. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1883.278, a 220 mm male (O. Navarro via A.A.D. Dugès). Type locality: “Tangancicuaro (Mexique)” [= Tangancicuaro de Arista, Michoacán State, SW Mexico, 19°54’N, 102°08’W, elevation 1700 m]. Distribution: Western Mexico (Aguascalientes, SW Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, E Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas), 1400–2500 m. Sources: Dugès, 1884, H.M. Smith, 1939, Hartweg, 1959, Legler, 1959c, Webb, 1977, W.W. Tanner, 1985, Rodriguez-Torres & Vázquez-Díaz, 1990, VázquezDíaz & Quintero-Díaz, 1999, Enderson & Bezy, 2007, Recchio et al., 2007, Arenas-Monroy et al., 2012, García-Balderas & Quintero-Díaz, 2012 and R.A. Villa et al., 2012b. G 302 16. Geophis dunni K.P. Schmidt, 1932b. Copeia 1932(1): 8. Type: Holotype, MCZ 31870, a 310–367 mm female (W.B. Richardson, 1891–1927). Type locality: “Matagalpa, Nicaragua” [= Matagalpa, Matagalpa Dept., cen. Nicaragua, 12°55’N, 85°55’W, elevation 735 m]. Distribution: Central Nicaragua (Matagalpa), 735 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: G. Köhler, 1999b, Townsend, 2006, 2009 and Savage & Watling, 2008. Remarks: Holotype removed from the stomach of a Micrurus nigrocinctus. G 17. Geophis fulvoguttatus Mertens, 1952b. Zool. Anz. 149(5–6): 134–135. Type: Holotype, SMF 43248, a 150 mm specimen (A. Zilch, 26–27 Aug. 1951). Type locality: “Hacienda Monte Cristo, 2200 m. H., Gebirge von Metapan, Dept. Santa Ana, El Salvador.” Distribution: Western El Salvador (Santa Ana) and SW Honduras (Copán, Ocotepeque), 1680–2200 m. Sources: Mertens, 1952c, J.A. Campbell et al., 1983, McCranie & Wilson, 1991, G. Köhler, 1996b, G. Köhler et al., 2005, Townsend & Wilson, 2006b, Townsend, 2009 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Probably occurs in highlands of S Guatemala fide Townsend and Wilson (2006b: 158). 18. Geophis godmani Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 322, pl. 16, fig. 4. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.41, a 400–401 mm female (O. Salvin & F.D. Godman, 1861–1875), designated by Downs (1967: 72). Type locality: “Irazu, Costa Rica” [= Volcan Irazú, Cartago Prov., Costa Rica, 9°59’N, 83°51’W] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Central Costa Rica (Alajuela, SE Cartago, Puntarenas, San José) and W Panama (Chiriquí, Panamá), NSL–2200 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, Savage, 1981, 2002, Lips & Savage, 1994, C.W. Myers, 2003 and Solórzano, 2004. 19. Geophis hoffmanni (W.C.H. Peters, 1859b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859(3): 276, pl., figs. 2, 2a–c. (Colobognathus hoffmanni) Synonyms: Geophis acutirostris E.H. Taylor, 1954, and Geophis bartholomewi Brattstrom & Howell, 1954. Type: Lectotype, ZMB 1870, a 254 mm female (K. Hoffmann, 1853–1859), designated by Downs (1967: 156). Type locality: “Costa Rica” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Lower Central America and Colombia. Eastern Honduras (Colón, El Paraíso, Gracias a Dios, Snakes of the World Olancho), Nicaragua (Nueva Segovia, Matagalpa, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Chiriquí, Canal Zone, Cocle) and N Colombia, 20–1670 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, H.M. Smith & Smith, 1964, L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985, G. Köhler, 1999b, Savage, 2002, C.W. Myers, 2003, Solórzano, 2004, Townsend, 2006, 2009, Savage & Watling, 2008 and McCranie, 2011a. Remarks: Lectotype listed as ZMB 4003 fide Savage & Watling (2008: 588). 20. Geophis immaculatus Downs, 1967. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (131): 90–91. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 107297, a 305 mm female (L.C. Stuart, 18 April 1949). Type locality: “Guatemala, Quetzaltenango, Finca Lorena, Pacific versant of Guatemala; about 1700 meters above sea level.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (Chiapas) and SW Guatemala (Quetzaltenango), 1700 m. Source: Espinosa et al., 1999. 21. Geophis incomptus Duellman, 1959. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (605): 3–5, fig. 2, pl. 1 (lower, a paratype). Type: Holotype, UMMZ 118840 (formerly WED 12437), a 275 mm male (W.E. Duellman & J. Wellman, 18 June 1958). Type locality: “Dos Aguas, Michoacán, México (2100 meters).” Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Sierra de Coalcomán of Michoacán), 2100 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Bogert & Porter, 1966a and J.A. Campbell & Murphy, 1977a. 22. Geophis isthmicus (Boulenger, 1894a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 307–308. (Atractus isthmicus) (nomen substitutum) Synonym: Rhabdosoma zebrinum Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type: Holotype, MNHN 1984, a 155 mm female. Type locality: “Tehuantepec” [= Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca). Known only from the holotype. Sources: Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, Dunn, 1928 and Casas-Andreu et al., 1996. 303 Snakes of the World 23. Geophis juarezi Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2003. Herpetologica 59(4): 574–578, figs. 1a–c. Type: Holotype, MZFC 2236, a 275+ mm female (P. García & natives, April 1986) Type locality: “vicinity of Metates, municipality of Santiago Comaltepec, Sierra de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico, 17°39’ 03”N, 96°21’ 26”W, 900 m elevation.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (N Oaxaca), 800–1200 m. Known only from vicinity of the type locality. 24. Geophis juliai Pérez-Higareda, Smith & LópezLuna, 2001. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 37(2): 42–44, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, UNAM-LT 2775, a 314 mm male (native, 10 Aug. 1984). Type locality: “Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas (EBTLT), 150m, southern Veracruz, Mexico.” Distribution: Eastern Mexico (S Veracruz), 150–600 m. 25. Geophis laticinctus H.M. Smith & Williams, 1963. Herpetologica 19(1): 24–27, fig. 1. Synonym: Geophis laticinctus albiventris H.M. Smith & Holland, 1969. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 51352, a 384 mm female (T. MacDougall, 23 Dec. 1961). Type locality: “±1800 m., near Colonia Francisco I. Madero, municipality of Jitotol, Chiapas, México” [= vicinity of Francisco I. Madero (16°48’N, 93°46’W), W Chiapas State, SE Mexico, elevation ca. 1800 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (W Chiapas, Oaxaca), 600–2000 m. Sources: J.D. Johnson, 1976, 1979. Remarks: Type locality elevation probably in error as the highest mountains within 10 km are 1100 m. 26. Geophis laticollaris H.M. Smith, Lynch & Altig, 1965. Nat. Hist. Misc., Acad. Chicago Nat. Sci. (180): 2–4, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 57170, a 139 mm female (R. Altig, 29 June 1964). Type locality: “3 miles south of Putla, Oaxaca, Mexico” [= ca. 16°59’N, 97°56’W, elevation 750 m]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca), 750 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 1992a and PavónVázquez et al., 2011. Remarks: Previously a synonym of G. sallei. Possible relationship to G. russatus. 27. Geophis latifrontalis S.W. Garman, 1884. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. (1883) 8(3): 103. Synonym: Geophis semiannulatus H.M. Smith, 1941g. Type: Holotype, MCZ 4538, a 387 mm female (E. Palmer, Aug. 1879). Type locality: “mts. of Alvarez, fifty miles south of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.” Distribution: Central Mexico (SE Hidalgo, Querétaro, S San Luis Potosí, SW Tamaulipas), 800–2600 m. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1941 and Dixon & Thomas, 1974. 28. Geophis maculiferus E.H. Taylor, 1942a. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. (1941) 27(7): 119–121, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, UIMNH 25078 (formerly EHT-HMS 23552 & EHT-CC X-1648), a 152 mm male (E.H. Taylor, 14 Aug. 1940). Type locality: “on the `Huetamo’ road, about a kilometer north of the village of Cício, Michoacán, 17 Km. south of the Mexico-Guadalajara highway, Mexico” [= 1 km N Tzitzio, Michoacán, Mexico, 19°36’N, 100°55’W, elevation 1630 m fide Duellman, 1961: 97]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (NE Michoacán), 1630 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1941, Duellman, 1961 and Bogert & Porter, 1966a. Remarks: Duellman (1961: 97) erroneously listed the type as female. 29. Geophis mutitorques (Cope, 1885b). Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 22: 384. (Rhabdosoma mutitorques) Synonym: Rhabdosoma longiceps Cope in Ferrari-Pérez, 1886. Type: Lectotype, ANSP 14762, a 337 mm female (S. Bernad, 1885), designated by Downs (1967: 105). Type locality: “Zacualtipan, Mexico” [Hidalgo State, elevation 1975 m] via lectotype selection. Emended to highlands [= 2000–2200 m] above Zacualtipan, Mexico fide Malnate (1971: 369). Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz), usually 1500–2525 m. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1941 and Bogert & Porter, 1966. 30. Geophis nasalis (Cope, 1868c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20(2): 131, 3 figs. (Catostoma nasale) Type: Lectotype, ANSP 3320, a 293 mm female (C.H. Van Patten, 1865–1868), designated by Downs (1967: 160). Type locality: “near the city of Guatemala” [= near Guatemala city (14°38’N, 90°32’W, elevation 1520 m), Guatemala Dept., S Guatemala]. Distribution: Southeastern Mexico (SE Chiapas) and S Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Sacatepéquez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Sololá, Suchitepéquez), 600– 1830 m. G 304 31. Geophis nephodrymus Townsend & Wilson, 2006a. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 119: 151–155, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UF 142577, a 253 mm female (S.M. Hughes & J.H. Townsend, 11 July 2004). Type locality: “Sendero Las Minas” (15°29.525’N, 88°12.705’W), 1570 m elevation, Parque Nacional El Cusuco, Sierra de Omoa, Departamento de Cortés, Honduras.” Distribution: Honduras (Sierra de Omoa in Cortés), 1540–1780 m. Sources: Townsend 2006a, 2009, Townsend et al., 2006 and McCranie, 2011a. G 32. Geophis nigroalbus Boulenger, 1908j. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2(12): 522. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Geophis nigro-albus Boulenger, 1908j (nomen incorrigendum), Catastoma nigroalbum – Amaral, 1930f (nomen corrigendum), and Geophis negroalbus – C.W. Myers, 2003 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.50 (formerly BMNH 1909.4.30.71), a 134–135 mm male (N.G. Palmer). Type locality: “Pavas” [= La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca Dept., Colombia, 3°41’N, 76°35’W, elevation 1400 m]. Distribution: Panama (Panamá) and Colombia (Antioquia, Santander, Valle del Cauca), 1350–1680 m. Sources: Restrepo & Wright, 1987, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1989, Lips & Savage, 1994, Ibánez D., et al., 2001, C.W. Myers, 2003 and Savage & Watling, 2008. Remarks: Photographs of the holotype are in C.W. Myers (2003: figs. 15a, 16). 33. Geophis nigrocinctus Duellman, 1959. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (605): 1–3, fig. 1, pl. 1 (upper). Type: Holotype, UMMZ 118841 (formerly WED 12433), a 368 mm male (J. Wellman, 18 June 1958). Type locality: “Dos Aguas, Michoacán, México (2100 meters)” [= Dos Aguas, SW Michoacán State, SW Mexico, 18°48’N, 102°56’W, elevation 2215 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Jalisco, SW Michoacán), 1900–2100 m. Sources: J.A. Campbell & Murphy, 1977a and FloresVillela et al., 1995. 34. Geophis occabus Pavón-Vázquez, GarcíaVázquez, Blancas-Hernández & Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2011. Herpetologica 67(3): 334–339, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, MZFC 25530, a 178 mm female (J.C. Blancas-Hernández, summer, 2006). Type locality: “El Molote, municipality of Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero, Mexico (17º25’14.4”N, 100º10’15.7”W, datum = WGS84), elevation 1787 m.” Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Sierra Madre del Sur of S Guerrero), 1785–2015 m. Snakes of the World 35. Geophis omiltemanus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902. Biol. Cen.-Amer., Rept. Batr.: 92, pl. 33, fig. a. (Geophis omiltemana) Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.37, a 292 mm male (H.H. Smith, 1887–1889), designated by Downs (1967: 124). Type locality: “Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico” [= Omilteme, cen. Guerreo, SW Mexico, 17°33’N, 99°41’W, elevation 2440 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Guerrero, W Oaxaca), 2440 m. Sources: L.M. Hardy 1976 and J.A. Campbell, 1988. 36. Geophis petersii Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 321, pl. 16, fig. 2. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.31, a 200–208 mm male (H. Doorman), designated by Downs (1967: 166). Type locality: “City of Mexico” [= Mexico city, Distrito Federal, cen. Mexico, 19°26’N, 99°08’W, elevation 2245 m] via lectotype selection. Restricted to Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 335) but rejected fide Downs (1967: 168). Distribution: Southern Mexico (Distrito Federal, N Michoacán), 1800–2500 m. Sources: Hartweg, 1959 and Duellman, 1961. Remarks: Type locality dubious fide Duellman (1961: 98) and Downs (1967: 166). 37. Geophis pyburni J.A. Campbell & Murphy, 1977a. J. Herp. 11(4): 397–399, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, UTA 4404, a 299 mm female (J.A. Campbell, 8 July 1974). Type locality: “Rancho La Pastilla, ca. 2.5 airline kms. W. Dos Aguas, Sierra de Coalcomán, Michoacán, Mexico, 2164 m” [= 18°49’N, 102°58’W]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (SW Michoacán), 2000–2180 m. Known only from type locality. 38. Geophis rhodogaster (Cope, 1868c). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20(2): 130–131, 2 figs. (Colophrys rhodogaster) Type: Lectotype, ANSP 3317, a 305 mm female (C.H. Van Patten, 1865–1868), designated by Downs (1967: 93). Type locality: “the elevated country in the neighborhood of the city of Guatemala” [= highlands near Guatemala city (14°38’N, 90°32’W, elevation 1520 m), Guatemala Dept., S Guatemala] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Upper Central America. Southeastern Mexico (SW Chiapas), S Guatemala (Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango), Guatemala (San Marcos, Sololá), W El Salvador (Chalatenango, Santa Ana) and Honduras (Ocotepeque), 1500–2745 m. Sources: E.N. Smith, 1995, Nieto Montes de Oca, 2003, G. Köhler et al., 2005, Townsend, 2006, 2009, McCranie & Castañeda, 2007 and McCranie, 2011a. Snakes of the World 39. Geophis rostralis (Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866). Icon. Gén. Ophid. 1(12): 8, pl. 2, figs. 2, a–b, f–g, n–p, r, v. (Elapoides rostralis) Type: Holotype, ZMB 6407. Type locality: “Mexique” [= Mexico]. Distribution: Southern Mexico (Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca), 1680 m. Sources: H.M. Smith, 1959, Bogert & Porter, 1966, Downs, 1967 and J.A. Campbell et al., 1983. Remarks: Holotype listed as MNHN fide original description (p. 8). Possibly a synonym of G. dubius fide H.M. Smith et al. (1959: 267). See remarks in L.D. Wilson & Townsend (2007: 17). 40. Geophis russatus H.M. Smith & Williams, 1966a. J. Ohio Herp. Soc. 5(3): 90–91, fig. 1. (Geophis sallaei russatus) Type: Holotype, UIMNH 61409, a 323 mm male (T. MacDougall, 25 May 1965). Type locality: “La Concepción, near Putla, Oaxaca, México.” Distribution: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca), 1000 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 and Pavón-Vázquez et al., 2011. 41. Geophis ruthveni F. Werner, 1925. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Natur. Kl. Abt. I, 134(1–2): 60. Type: Holotype, NMW 16508, a 245 mm male (native, 1899). Type locality: “Sarapigui, Brasilien” [= Sarapigui, Brazil] (in error). Corrected to Sarapiqui, Costa Rica [= Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Heredia Prov., N Costa Rica, 10°27’N, 84°00’W, elevation 40 m] fide Dunn in Savage (1960f: 31) and Downs (1967: 75). Distribution: Northwestern Costa Rica (Alajuela, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón), 100–1600 m. Sources: Savage, 1981, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 42. Geophis sallaei Boulenger, 1894a. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2: 318, pl. 16, fig. 1. Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.27, a 232 mm female (A. Sallé, 1846–1856), designated by Downs (1967: 168). Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico [= Pluma Hidalgo, S Oaxaca State, S Mexico, 15°56’N, 96°25’W, elevation 1240 m] fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 338). Distribution: Southern Mexico (Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca), 1000–2000 m. Sources: Hartweg, 1959, H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 1992a, Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 and Pavón-Vázquez et al., 2011. 305 43. Geophis semidoliatus (A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a). Erpét. Gén. 7(1): 93–95. (Rabdosoma semidoliatum) (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: Rabdosoma semi-doliatum A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen incorrigendum), Catastoma semidoliatum – Cope, 1860b (nomen corrigendum), and Geophis semidoliata – A.C.L.G. Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902. Type: Lectotype, MNHN 4522, a 310 mm female (Parduracki), designated by Downs (1967: 133). Type locality: “Mexique” [= Mexico]. Restricted to Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico fide H.M. Smith & Taylor (1950a: 347). Distribution: Eastern Mexico (Hidalgo, E Puebla, cen. and S Veracruz), 500–1400 m. Sources: Hartweg, 1959, Pérez-Higareda & Smith, 1991, Canseco-Marquez et al., 2000, Pérez-Higareda et al., 2001 and Ramírez-Bautista et al., 2010. 44. Geophis sieboldi (Jan, 1862b). Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 2(1): 21–22, pl. 17. (Elapoides sieboldi) Types: Syntypes (4), MSNM (2), a 345 mm female and 155 mm male, NMW, a 360 mm male, and MM, a 340 mm female, probably all destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Messico” [= Mexico] and “Guadalupa” [= ? Guadalupe, Oaxaca, Mexico]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (México, S Michoacán). Sources: Lara-Góngora & Flores-Villela, 1980 and Savage and Watling, 2008. Remarks: Distribution uncertain fide Downs (1967: 171). Guerrero record in error fide Pavón-Vázquez et al. (2011: 339). 45. Geophis talamancae Lips & Savage, 1994. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 107(2): 410–413, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, LACM 147196 (formerly CRE 5343), a 212–218 mm female (K.R. Lips, 1 Sept. 1992). Type locality: “Costa Rica: Puntarenas Prov.: Cantón Coto Brus: Zona Protectora Las Tablas, Finca Jaguar, 1800 m elevation.” Distribution: Southwestern Costa Rica (Puntarenas) and W Panama (Chiriquí), 1200–1800 m. Sources: Savage, 2002, C.W. Myers, 2003, Solórzano, 2004 and Savage and Watling, 2008. Remarks: Holotype is a juvenile (not an adult) fide C.W. Myers (2003: 35). 46. Geophis tarascae Hartweg, 1959. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (601): 1–4, fig. 1, pl. 1. Type: Holotype, UMMZ 99151, a 302 mm male (N. Hartweg, 18 July 1947). G 306 Type locality: “at 5500 feet above sea level in the Parque Nacional on the outskirts of Uruapan, Michoacán” [Mexico]. Distribution: Southwestern Mexico (Cordillera Volcánica of Jalisco and Michoacán), 1400–1965 m. Sources: Dixon, 1968 and Medica et al., 1975. 47. Geophis tectus Savage & Watling, 2008. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 153: 585–586. G Type: Holotype, MCZ 19326, a 253 mm male (E.R. Dunn & C.B. Duryea, July–Aug. 1923). Type locality: “La Loma (= Buena Vista), Distrito de Chiriquí Grande, Provincia de Bocas del Toro, Panama; c. 8º50’N, 82º13’W (300 m).” Distribution: Panama (Bocas del Toro, Panamá), 40–1700 m. 48. Geophis zeledoni E.H. Taylor, 1954. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 36(11): 693–695, figs. 4a–c. Type: Holotype, KU 31992, a 397 mm female (E.H. Taylor, 24 July 1952). Type locality: “Finca Zeledón, between Volcán Barba and Volcán Poás (elev. circa 6000 ft.), Costa Rica.” Distribution: Costa Rica (probably Alajuela, Heredia, San José), 1830–2100 m. Sources: Savage, 2002, C.W. Myers, 2003, Solórzano, 2004 and Savage & Watling, 2008. Snakes of the World Types: Syntypes (2), MNHN 3758 and MNHN 7593, longest syntype 540 mm (J.F.T. Eydoux & F.L.A. Souleyet, Feb. 1836–Nov. 1837). Type locality: “Manille” [= Manila, Manila Prov., SW Luzon Is., N Philippines, 14°36’N, 120°59’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and East Indies. India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, N Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), SW Sri Lanka (Western), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Bago), S Thailand (Chon Buri), W West Malaysia (Perak, Selangor), East Malaysia (W Sarawak) and SW Philippines (Palawan), NSL–90 m. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Eydoux & Gervais (1837b: 70–72, pl. 30, figs. 4–6). Plates incorrectly labeled 15 in text (1837a: 5) and 29 in text (1837b: 70). †GERINGOPHIS Holman, 1976b (Boidae) Type species: †Geringophis depressus Holman, 1976b. Distribution: Lower and upper Oligocene of USA, and lower, middle and upper Miocene of USA. Sources: Holman, 1979b, 1982d, 1995b, 2000a, Rage, 1984b and Holman & Harrison, 2001. 1. †Geringophis depressus Holman, 1976b. Herpetologica 32(1): 90, figs. 2a–c. GERARDA Gray, 1849a (Homalopsidae) Synonyms: Campylodon A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen praeoccupatum), Campilodon Jan, 1861c (nomen emendatum), Campitodon Jan, 1862b (nomen incorrectum), Heleophis F. Müller, 1884, Heliophis – Cope, 1887c (nomen incorrectum), and Gerardia Boulenger, 1890 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Coluber prevostianus Eydoux & Gervais, 1837a. Distribution: Tidal rivers and coastal marine waters of SE Asia and East Indies. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, B.L. Lim, 1963b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Gyi, 1970, Singh, 1972, P. Silva, 1980a, Tweedie, 1983, M.A.R. Khan, 1988, Auth et al., 1990, M.J. Cox, 1991b, M.J. Cox et al., 1998, Porej, 2001, Voris et al., 2002, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, N. Khaire, 2006, J.C. Murphy, 2007b, Alfaro et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Das et al., 2013. 1. Gerarda prevostiana (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837a). Mag. Zool., Paris 7(3): 5–7, pl. 16, figs. 4–6. (Coluber [Homalopsis] prevostianus) Synonyms: Gerarda bicolor Gray, 1849a, and Heleophis flavescens F. Müller, 1884. Type: Holotype, UNSM 4517, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Loc. III. Apparently from center, S edge, SE 1/4, sec. 27, T 31 N, R 52 W, 4 miles S, 1/4 mile W of Crawford, Dawes County, Nebraska; Gering formation, Arikareean, lower Miocene.” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Orellan: 33.3–33.9 mya) of USA (South Dakota), upper Oligocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Wyoming), lower Miocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska), middle Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6–16.3 mya) of USA (Nebraska), and upper Miocene (Barstovian: 13.6–16.3 mya) of USA (Nebraska). Sources: Holman, 1977c–e, 1981b and Parmley & Holman, 2009. 2. †Geringophis robustus Holman & Harrison, 2001. Acta Zool. Cracov. 44(1): 30–33, figs. 5–7. Type: Holotype, UF 190837, one trunk vertebra (UF field crews, 1966–1967) Type locality: “I–75 Local Fauna (Florida Natural History Museum Locality AL018), 1.5 km WSW Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. Early Oligocene (Whitneyan).” Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Whitneyan: 30.8–33.3 mya) of USA (Florida). 307 Snakes of the World 3. †Geringophis vetus Holman, 1982d. Herpetologica 38(4): 490–491, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, KUVP 49126, one trunk vertebra (KU field crews, 1970’s). Type locality: “Site KU-NEBR-22, Brule Formation, Late Orellan Land Mammal Age of the middle Oligocene, in the vicinity of Toadstool Park area near Orella, Sioux County, Nebraska, 42°53’N; 103°35’W” [USA]. Distribution: Lower Oligocene (Orellan: 33.3–33.9 mya) of USA (Colorado, Nebraska and South Dakota). 4. †Geringophis yatkolai Holman, 1977c. Herpetologica 33(4): 443–444, figs. 1a–e. (nomen corrigendum) Synonyms: †Geringophis yatkolae Holman, 1977c (nomen incorrigendum), and †Geringophis yatkolai – Holman, 2000 (nomen corrigendum). Type: Holotype, UNSM 46514, one trunk vertebra (D.A. Yatkola). Type locality: “Harrison Formation, Locality 2, Lizard Quarry, Sioux County, Nebraska, late early Miocene” [USA]. Distribution: Lower Miocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska). Known only from type locality. GERRHOPILUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Gerrhopilidae) Type species: Typhlops ater Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844. Distribution: Asia. Sources: Hahn, 1980a, Wallach, 1998b, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Vidal et al. 2010. 1. Gerrhopilus andamanensis (Stoliczka, 1871). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 40(2): 428–429, pl. 25, figs. 9–12. (Typhlops andamanensis) Type: Holotype, NMW 15427 (formerly IMC), a 165 mm specimen (F. Stoliczka, Feb. 1874). Type locality: “Andaman islands” [= Andaman & Nicobars, E India, Bay of Bengal, ca. 12’30’N, 92°45’E]. Distribution: Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman Is.). Known only from type locality. Sources: Wall, 1923c, M.A. Smith, 1943, Biswas & Sanyal, 1980, R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007 and Kraus, 2005. 2. Gerrhopilus ater (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844). Abbild. Amph.: 39–40, pl. 32, figs. 29–31. (Typhlops ater) Synonym: Typhlops ater suturalis Brongersma, 1934. Type: Holotype, RMNH 3714, a 130 mm specimen (S. Müller, 1825–1832). Type locality: “Inner von Java” [= interior of Java, W Indonesia]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (West Papua, Bali, Buton, Halmahera, Salawati, Java, N Sulawesi, Ternate, Waigeo), NSL–1000 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, M.A. Smith, 1943, McDowell, 1974a, Inger et al., 1984, Murthy, 1990, Wallach, 1996d, 2009, R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007 and Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and Koch, 2012. 3. Gerrhopilus beddomii (Boulenger, 1890a). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 237. (Typhlops beddomii) Synonym: Typhlops beddomei Wall, 1923c (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (13), BMNH 1946.1.10.69–72 [Anaimalai], 1946.1.11.27–30 (formerly BMNH 1884.5.8.39–42) [Vizagapatnam], BMNH 1946.1.11.93–95 [Travancore], BMNH 1946.1.10.48 (formerly BMNH 1874.4.29.247) [Travancore], and MCZ 22372 (formerly BMNH) [Travancore], longest syntype 127 mm (R.H. Beddome, 1857–1882). Type locality: “Kimedy Hills (Vizagapatam district) and in the Anaimalai and Travancore Hills, between 2000 and 5000 feet” [= Kimedy Hills, NE Andhra Pradesh State, E India, and Anamalai Hills, E Kerala/W Tamil Nadu States, and Travancore Hills, S Kerala State, S Western Ghats, SW India, 600– 1500 m]. Distribution: Southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), 10–1525 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1993a, M.A. Smith, 1943, McDowell, 1974a, Inger et al., 1984, Murthy, 1990, Wallach, 1996d, 2009, R.C. Sharma, 2003, 2007 and Whitaker & Captain, 2007. 4. Gerrhopilus bisubocularis (Boettger, 1893d). Zool. Anz. 16(427): 336–337. (Typhlops bisubocularis) Type: Holotype, SMF 16683, a 131 mm specimen (H. Fruhstorfer, 1893). Type locality: “West-Java” [Indonesia]. Distribution: Indonesia (Jawa Barat). Sources: Mertens, 1967a, Wallach, 1996d and Kraus, 2005. Remarks: Possibly occurs on Sumatra fide Iskandar & Colijn (2001: 17). G 308 5. Gerrhopilus ceylonicus (M.A. Smith, 1943). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph.: 55–56. (Typhlops ceylonicus) G Type: Holotype, IMC, a 140 mm specimen. Type locality: “Peradeniya, Ceylon” [= Peradiniya, Central Prov., Sri Lanka, 7°16’N, 80°36’E, elevation 480 m]. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central), 480 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1980 and A. Silva, 1990. Remarks: A subspecies of G. mirus fide Deraniyagala (1955: 18). A valid species fide Hahn (1980: 54), McDiarmid et al. (1999: 95) and Somaweera (2006: 206). 6. Gerrhopilus depressiceps (Sternfeld, 1913b). Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1913(8): 384. (Typhlops depressiceps) Synonyms: Typhlops monochrus T. Vogt, 1932b, and Typhlops monochrous Loveridge, 1948 (nomen emendatum). Type: Holotype, ZMB 23986, a 328 mm specimen (? Sammler). Type locality: “Neuguinea” [= Papua New Guinea]. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (East Sepik, Madang, Milne Bay, Kiriwina, Morobe and Oro Is.). Sources: McDowell, 1974a, O’Shea, 1996, Wallach, 1996d, Fougopoulos, 2001, Bauer et al., 2002 and Kraus, 2005. Remarks: Type description clearly based on single specimen fide Wallach & Günther (2002: 163). 7. Gerrhopilus floweri (Boulenger in Flower, 1899). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 67(3): 654, pl. 37, fig. 2. (Typhlops floweri) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.10.55 (formerly BMNH 1898.11.8.26), a 210 mm specimen (S.S. Flower, Nov. 1896–Sept. 1898). Type locality: “Siam” [= Thailand]. Distribution: Southern Thailand (Bangkok, Chanthaburi, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Rayong) and S Vietnam (Hué), 110–205 m. Sources: E.H. Taylor, 1965, Wallach, 1996d, 2001, 2004, Niyomwan, 1999, Ineich et al., 2002, Kraus, 2005 and I. Das, 2010. 8. Gerrhopilus fredparkeri (Wallach in O’Shea, 1996). Snakes Papua New Guinea: 60. (Typhlops fredparkeri) Type: Holotype, MCZ 142651 (formerly MCZ-F 14163), a 149 mm female (F. Parker, 24 Oct. 1973). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Korobosea (9°29’S, 147°11’E), 9 km east of Port Moresby, Central Province, Papua New Guinea, 40–60 m.” Distribution: Southeastern Papua New Guinea (Central), 40–60 m. Known only from type locality. Source: Kraus, 2005. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Wallach (1996d: 111–113, figs. 2a–c). 9. Gerrhopilus hades (Kraus, 2005). J. Herp. 39(4): 592–593, figs. 1a–b. (Typhlops hades) Type: Holotype, BPBM 20819 (formerly FK 10449), a 127 mm male (F. Krause, 14 May 2004). Type locality: “forest along Rupu River at Bibikea, 11.33537°S, 154.22470°E, 280 m, Rossel Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.” Distribution: Southeastern Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay: Rossel Is.), NSL–280 m. 10. Gerrhopilus hedraeus (Savage, 1950). Proc. California Zool. Club 1(10): 49–50, figs. 2a–c. (Typhlops hedraea) Synonym: Gerrhopilus carollinehoserae Hoser, 2012am (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, CAS-SU 12346 (formerly SU 12346), a 130 mm specimen (A.W. Herre, 9 Aug. 1940). Type locality: “a coco palm bole about 1500 feet above Luzuriaga, approximately six miles southwest of Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, Philippine Islands” [= 10 km SW Dumaguete, Negros Is., cen. Philippines, ca. 09º16N, 123º13’E, elevation 450 m]. Distribution: Philippines (Bohol, Camotes, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros), 15–450 m. Sources: McDowell, 1974b, A.H. Wynn & Leviton, 1993 and Wallach, 1996d. Remarks: Illustrations of holotype mislabeled as figs. 1a–c in Savage (1950: 49) (but corrected in reprint). 11. Gerrhopilus inornatus (Boulenger, 1888b). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 1(5): 344. (Typhlops inornatus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.80 (formerly BMNH 1888.3.21.6), a 170 mm specimen (H.O. Forbes, 1885–1886). Type locality: “Camp of Sogere, in interior, 1750 feet above sea” [= Sogeri, Central District, Papua New Guinea, 09°25’S, 147°26’E, elevation 475–535 m]. Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Central, Milne Bay, Morobe, Northern, Western, Western Highlands), 275– 2730 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, McDowell, 1974b, O’Shea, 1996, Wallach, 1996d, Kraus & Allison, 2004 and Kraus, 2005. 309 Snakes of the World 12. Gerrhopilus mcdowelli (Wallach in O’Shea, 1996). Snakes Papua New Guinea: 61. (Typhlops mcdowelli) Type: Holotype, UPNG 7502, a 199 mm male. Type locality: “Hombron’s Bluff (9° 23’ S, 147° 20’ E), Central Province, Papua New Guinea, ca. 600 m.” Distribution: Southeastern Papua New Guinea (Central), 50–600 m. Source: Shea & Wallach, 2000. Remarks: Supplemental originbal description in Wallach (1996d: 108–111, figs. 1a–c). 13. Gerrhopilus mirus (Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866). Icon. Gén. Ophid. 1(1): 1, pl. 5, fig. 7, pl. 6, figs. 7a–c, f–g, n, p, r, v, x. (Typhlops mirus) Type: Holotype, RMNH 3721, a 135 mm specimen. Type locality: “Ceylan” [= Sri Lanka]. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Uva, Western), 10–1825 m. Sources: Wall, 1921, E.H. Taylor, 1947, Deraniyagala, 1955, P. Silva, 1980a, A. Silva, 1990, I. Das, 1996, Wallach, 1996d, R. Sharma, 2003, 2007 and Somaweera, 2006. 14. Gerrhopilus oligolepis (Wall, 1909d). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (1909–1910) 19(2): 339–340, 1 fig. (Typhlops oligolepis) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.85 (formerly BMNH 1924.5.19.1), a 140 mm specimen (Seal via Darjeeling Mus.). Type locality: “on a road in the Nagri Valley below Darjeeling at an altitude of about 5,000 feet” [= West Bengal State, NE India, ca. 27°00’N, 88°12’E, elevation 1525 m]. Distribution: Northeast India (West Bengal), 1525 m. Sources: G.E. Shaw et al., 1938, M.A. Smith, 1943 and Schleich & Kästle, 2002. Remarks: Probably occurs in E Nepal fide Schleich & Kästle (2002: 1004). 15 Gerrhopilus tindalli (M.A. Smith, 1943). Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph. 3: 53–54. (Typhlops tindalli) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.8.92–93, (formerly BMNH 1891.7.4.1–2) and BMNH 1946.1.8.95 (formerly BMNH 1893.11.2.1), longest syntype 175 mm. Type locality: “Nilambur, Malabar district” [= Nilambur, Kerala, S India, 11°16’N, 76°13’E, elevation 40 m]. Distribution: Southern India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), 40–750 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943 and R. Sharma, 2003, 2007. †GIGANTOPHIS C.W. Andrews, 1901 (†Madtsoiidae) Type species: †Gigantophis garstini C.W. Andrews, 1901. Distribution: Upper Eocene of Egypt and Libya. Sources: C.W. Andrews, 1906, Hoffstetter, 1961b and Rage, 1984b. 1. †Gigantophis garstini C.W. Andrews, 1901. Geol. Mag. (4) 8(10): 437–438, figs. 1a–c. Types: Syntypes, CGM C.10022, ca. 20 vertebrae and fragments of two ribs. Type locality: “Egypt.” Emended to Qasr-el-Sagha beds (Middle Eocene): north of Birket-el-Qurun, the Fayûm, Egypt fide C.W. Andrews (1906:307). Distribution: Upper Eocene (Bartonian: 37.2–40.4 mya) of Egypt and Libya. GLOYDIUS Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a (nomen substitutum) (Viperidae) Synonyms: Trigonocephalus Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822b (nomen praeoccupatum), Halys Gray, 1849a (nomen praeoccupatum), Trigonocephalophis – Bleeker, 1860e (nomen incorrectum), Trigonocephalo – Higgins, 1873 (nomen incorrectum), Halyx – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Trigonophalus – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Trigonscephalus – Brazil, 1911 (nomen incorrectum), Habys – Steindachner, 1913b (nomen incorrectum), Gloydins – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983 (nomen incorrectum), and Cloydius – Yao, 2012 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber halys Pallas, 1776. Distribution: Eurasia. Sources: Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981a, Y.-C. Chen et al., 1984, Maes, 1989, Gloyd & Conant, 1990, Kardong, 1990, A. Knight et al., 1992, Minton, 1992, Golay et al., 1993, Zhao & Adler, 1993, Kraus et al., 1996, Cullings et al., 1997, Parkinson et al., 1997, Vidal et al., 1997, David & Ineich, 1999, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Orlov & Barabanov, 1999, Parkinson, 1999, Shen et al., 1999, Gumprecht et al., 2004, Castoe & Parkinson, 2006, Malhotra et al., 2010, Hoser, 2012d and Xu et al., 2012. 1. Gloydius blomhoffi (H. Boie, 1826). Isis von Oken 18(2): 214–215. (Trigonocephalus blomhoffi) Synonyms: Trigonocephalus affinis Gray, 1849a, Trigonocephalus blomhoffii megaspilus Cope, 1860b, and Agkistrodon blomhoffii dubitatus Gloyd, 1977. Type: Holotype, ZMA 15179 (J.C. Blomhoff, 1817–1824). Type locality: “Decima, Japan, [= Dejima Is., previously in Nagasaki harbor, now part of Nagasaki, Japan, 32°45’N, 129°52’E, elevation 10 m] Distribution: Extreme E Russia (Kunashir and Sakhalin Is.) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoko, Amakusa, Awaji, Chichijima, Goto, Hachijojima, Iki, Ishigakijima, Izuoshima, Mageshima, Mishima, Oki, Oshima, Sado, Tanegashima, Teuri, Tsushima, Yagishiri, Yakushima Is.), NSL–1500 m. G 310 G Sources: Maki, 1931, Takara, 1962, Gloyd, 1972b, 1977, Bannikov et al., 1977, M. Mori, 1982, Szyndlar & Hung, 1987, Toriba, 1988, 1989b, Ji et al., 1989, Paik et al., 1993, Isogawa et al., 1994 and Wang & Zhao, 2007. Remarks: Original description reprinted in H. Boie (1827b: 266–268) with illustration of type in Siebold (1838: 6, figs. 1–10). Gloydiud ussuriensis a subspecies fide Gloyd & Conant (1990: 309) and Ji et al. (1989: 189). Conspecific with G. halys fide Ji et al. (1989: 185). Records from Kuril Arch. rejected fide Orlov & Barabanov (1999: 169). Type locality possibly in error fide Siebold in Temminck & Schlegel (1838: iii), who mistakenly corrected it to East Indies. Pescadores record suspect fide Gloyd & Conant (1990: 281). 2. Gloydius brevicaudus (Stejneger, 1907a). Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. (58): 463–464. (Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus) Synonyms: Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudatus Mori, 1928 (nomen emendatum), Ankistrodon halys brevicaudus – Pavloff, 1926 (nomen incorrectum), Ancistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus coloratus Pavloff, 1932 (nomen illegitimum), Ancistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus rubrum Pavloff, 1932 (nomen illegitimum), and Agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus Gloyd, 1977. Type: Holotype, USNM 17507, a 595 mm female (P.L. Jouy, 1885). Type locality: “Fusan, Korea” [= Busan, Busan Region, SE South Korea (Kwangwon, Kyonggi, North Chungchong, North Kyongsang, South Chungchong, South Kyongsang,), 35°11’N, 129°05’E, elevation 70 m]. Distribution: Northern China (Gansu, Heliongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Monggol), North Korea and South Korea, 70–1100 m. Sources: Toriba, 1988, Paik et al., 1998, P. Guo et al., 1999a, Orlov & Barabanov, 1999, 2000, Xu, 2001, Watkins-Colwell & Leenders, 2002, San & Lee, 2007, Wang & Zhao, 2007 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: Original description lists holotype as a male. A valid species fide Paik et al. (1998: 101) and P. Guo et al., (1999a.: 38). Previously a subspecies of G. blomhoffii. 3. Gloydius halys (Pallas, 1776). Reise Russ. Reichs 3(2): 703. (Coluber halys) Synonyms: Echidna aspis pallasii Merrem, 1820, Trigonocephalus caraganus Eichwald, 1831, Ancistrodon halys caucasicus Nikolsky, 1916, Ancistrodon halys paramonovi Nikolsky, 1931, Ancistrodon halys persicus Rendahl, 1933, Ancistrodon halys stejnegeri Rendahl, 1933, Agkistrodon halys cognatus Gloyd, 1977, Agkistrodon halys boehmei Nilson, 1983, Agkistrodon halys karaguana – Jucker, 1987 (nomen incorrectum), and Agkistrodon halys mogoi Bour, 1993. Snakes of the World Type: Neotype, ZISP 14784, a 714 mm male (P.S. Mikhno, 20 July 1930), designated by Orlov & Barabanov (1999: 175). Type locality: “Borgaiskaya steppe, 84 km W from Kyakhta town, Burin-Khan mountain, approximate 50°25’ N, 105°15’ E,” via neotype selection. Distribution: Central Asia. Southeastern Azerbaijan, N Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran, N Razavi Khorasan), Afghanistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Mongolia (Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayanolgiy, Bulgan, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovsgol, Hovd, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Uvs), Russia (S Siberia) and China (Gansu, Hebei, Jiangsu, Nei Monggol, Qinghai, Shanxi), 75–4000 m. Sources: Rendahl, 1933, Koba, 1938, Shannon, 1956, Goris 1967, Bannikov et al., 1977, Conant, 1982, Nilson, 1983, Ji et al., 1989, 1991, Toriba, 1989b, Borkin et al., 1990a–b, Cadle, 1992, Bour, 1993, Paik et al., 1993, Szczerbak, 1994, Kubykin & Brushko, 1998, Paik et al., 1998, Zou & Chen, 1998, Orlov & Barabanov, 1999, 2000 and Tuniyev et al., 2009. Remarks: Syntypes lost fide Orlov & Barabanov (1999: 171). Trigonocephalus caraganus possibly a synonym of G. saxatilis fide Paik et al. (1998: 101). 4. Gloydius himalayanus (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864a). Rept. Brit. India: 393–394, pl. 24, figs. a–a’. (Halys himalayanus) Synonym: Agkistrodon himalayana – Underwood, 1979. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.18.75 (formerly BMNH 1860.3.19.1189), (T.E. Cantor, 1834–1855, via British East India Comp.), and BMNH 1946.1.19.64 (formerly BMNH 1860.3.19.1358) (H.R.A. von Schlagintwelt, 1854–1858), two males, longest syntype 635 mm. Type locality: “Garhval, Himalayas (altitude 9000 feet),”[= Garhwal, Himalaya Mtns., Uttar Pradesh State, N India, elevation 2745 m]. Distribution: Himalayas of N Pakistan (Jammu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, N Punjab), N India (N Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, N Punjab, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal (Baglung, Dolpa, Doti, Ilam, Jumla, Kalikot, Kaski, Khotang, Manang, Mugu, Mustang, Myagdi, Parbat), 1525–3050 (4800) m. Sources: Wall, 1910g, Hubrecht, 1882, Kramer, 1977, Mahendra, 1984, M.S. Khan & Tasnim,1986c, Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987, Hallermann et al., 2001, M.S. Khan, 2002, Tiwari & Shah, 2004, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and S.K. Sharma et al., 2013. Remarks: Type locality erroneously listed as N West Pakistan fide Leviton (1968b: 559). Records from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Sikkim, India need confirmation fide Whitaker & Captain (2007: 414). 311 Snakes of the World 5. Gloydius intermedius (Strauch, 1868). Trudy. Russ. Estest. 1: 295–296. (Trigonocephalus intermedius) Synonyms: Trigonocephalus vittatus Maack, 1859 (nomen nudum), Ankistrodon halys intermedius – Pavloff, 1926 (nomen incorrectum), Ancistrodon halys intermedius viridis Pavloff, 1932 (nomen illegitimum), and Agkistrodon shedaoensis continentalis Zhao, 1980. Type: Lectotype, ZISP 2221, a 614 mm female (Schrenck, 1855), designated by Orlov & Barabanov (1999: 186). Type locality: “Cape Tyr, Amur River, Amurskaya Region, Russian Far East, approximate 49°11’ N, 130°54’ E” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Eastern Asia. Eastern Russia, NW China (Beijing, Gansu, Heilonjiang, Liaoning, Nei Monggol, Ninxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xinjiang), North Korea and South Korea, 500–3000 m. Sources: Schmidt, 1926b, Joger, 1984, M.-P. Huang, 1984, 1989, P. Guo et al., 1999a, Orlov & Barabanov, 1999, 2000, Adnagulov et al., 2000, Xu, 2001, Zhao, 2006 and Yao, 2012. 6. Gloydius lijianlii F. Jiang & Zhao, 2009. Acta Zool. Sinica 34(3), 642–645, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, CIB 95886, a male (X.-H. Wang & F. Jiang, 27 Sept. 2008). Type locality: “Daheishan Island (37°58’N, 121°35’E; alt. 174 m), Shandong, China.” Distribution: Eastern China (Shandong: Daheishan Is.), 175 m. 7. Gloydius monticola (F. Werner, 1922a). Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 59(24–25): 222. (Ancistrodon blomhoffii monticola) Synonym: Agkistrodon strauchi popei Mell, 1931a. Types: Syntypes (2), NMW 17089.1–2, two juveniles (H. Handel-Mazzetti, June 1915). Type locality: “Yao-Schan bei Lidjiang, NW-Yünnan, 3600 m, Süd-China.” [= Yaoshan, near Lijiang (26°54’N, 100°14’E), Yunnan Prov., SW China, elevation 3600 m]. Distribution: Southwestern China (NW Yunnan), 3600– 4000 m. Source: C.H. Pope, 1935. Remarks: Original description reprinted in F. Werner (1924b: 49). 8. Gloydius saxatilis (Emelianov, 1937). Bull. Far East. Br. Acad. Sci. USSR 1937(24): 26–31, 39–40, figs. 1a–c, 2. (Ancistrodon saxatilis) Synonym: Agkistrodon shedaoensis continentalis Zhao, 1980, and Gloydius saxatilis changdaoensis J.-L. Li, 1999. Types: Syntypes (39), ZIAS 9456, 13291–92 [Vladivostok] and ZIAS 13308 [Suchan], location of other syntypes unknown. Type locality: “near Vladivostok, Voroshilov-Ussuriski (formerly Nikolsk-Ussurisk) and river Sutchan” [= Vladivostok, 43°10,N, 131°56’E, elevation 65 m, Ussuriysk, 43°48’N, 131°57’E, elevation 20 m, S Primorsky Krai, Siberia, ext. E Russia]. Distribution: East Asia. Extreme E Russia (ext. SE Siberia), NE China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggol, Shanxi), North Korea and South Korea. Sources: Paik & Yang, 1989, Ji et al., 1991, Paik et al., 1993, 1998, P. Guo et al., 1999a, Xu, 2001, Zhao, 2006 and San & Lee, 2007. Remarks: Only two syntypes fide McDiarmid et al. (1999: 307): ZIAS #7, Zoolog. Cab. GDU, vic. Vladivostok (A.A. Emelianov, 30 Sept. 1927), a 220 mm juvenile, and ZIAS #17, D.V.U. Suchan (Gasovskii, 8 Aug. 1927), a 625 mm male. A subspecies of G. intermedius fide Gloyd & Conant (1990: 357). 9. Gloydius shedaoensis (Zhao, 1979b). Acta Herp. Sinica 1(1): 4–6, figs. 1–2. (Agkistrodon shedaoensis) Synonym: Gloydius shedaoensis qianshanensis J.-L. Li, 1999. Type: Holotype, CIB 79-I-0005, adult male (native, 19 June 1979). Type locality: “Shedao (Snake Island), situated about 24 nautical miles from and to the north-west of Lüshun (Port Arther), Liaoning Province, altitude below 215 m.” [= 38°57’N, 120°59’E, NE China]. Distribution: Northeastern China (Liaoning: Shedao Is.), NSL–215 m. Known only from type locality. Sources: Zhao, 1980, J.-L. Li, 1995, Orlov & Barab, anov, 1999 and Shine et al., 2002. 10. Gloydius strauchi (Bedriaga, 1912). Przewalski Cen.-Asien Reisen, Amph. Rept. 3(1): 728–732, pl. 10, figs. 1, 1a–1d. (Ancistrodon strauchi) Synonyms: Agkistrodon tibetanus T. Barbour, 1912a, Agkistrodon halys qinlingensis M.-T. Song & Chen, 1985, and Agkistrodon halys liupanensis N. Liu, Song & Luo, 1989. Type: Lectotype, ZISP 8534 (Dy-tschu, 1884), designated by Orlov & Barabanov (1999: 169). Type locality: “Daudsen-Lu (= Ta-Tsian-lu), Sichuan Province, China” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Western China (Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, E Xizang), 3150–4600 m. Sources: C.H. Pope, 1935, P. Guo et al., 1999a and Orlov & Barabanov, 2000, J.C. Murphy & Schlager, 2003 and Yao, 2012. Remarks: Gloydius qinlingensis and G. liupanensis valid species fide Xu et al., 2012. G 312 11. Gloydius tsushimaensis (Isogawa, Moriya & Mitsui, 1994). Jap. J. Herp. 15(3): 102–106, fig. 2. (Agkistrodon tsushimaensis) Type: Holotype, OMNH R3934, a 563 mm male (Yomeishu Seizo Research team, 28 July 1987). Type locality: “Yora-Naiin, Izuhara-cho, Shimoagatagun, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.” Distribution: Japan (Kyushu, Tsushima Is.), NSL–20 m. 12. Gloydius ussuriensis (Emelianov, 1929). Snakes Far East. Distr.: 123–130, figs. 38–41, pl. 1, fig. 49, pl. 5. (Ancistrodon blomhoffii ussuriensis) G Synonym: Agkistrodon caliginosus Gloyd, 1972b. Type: Lectotype, SRAR 125/46, a 645 mm male (P. Pravdin, 1927), designated by Chernov (1934: 356). Type locality: “the river Suchan” [= Suchan River, Primorsky Krai, Siberia, ext. E Russia] via lectotype selection. Distribution: East Asia. Extreme E Russia (SE Siberia), NE China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggol), North Korea, and South Korea (Quelpart Is.). Sources: Stejneger, 1907a, Chernov, 1934, Toriba, 1988, Golay et al., 1993, Paik et al., 1993, 1998, P. Guo et al., 1999a, Orlov & Barabanov, 1999, 2000, Adnagulov et al., 2000, Xu, 2001 and San & Lee, 2007. Remarks: Lectotype designation of ZISP 13327 fide Orlov & Barabanov (1999: 188) invalid. Toriba, 1988 considered caliginosis a synonym. †GOINOPHIS Holman, 1976b (Serpentes incertae sedis) Type species: †Goinophis minusculus Holman, 1976b. Distribution: Lower Miocene of USA. Sources: Rage, 1984b and Holman, 2000a. 1. †Goinophis minusculus Holman, 1976b. Herpetologica 32(1): 92–93, figs. 4a–d. Type: Holotype, UNSM 4521, one trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Loc. I. (Durnal Locality). Lower Gering (earliest part of the lower Miocene): University of Nebraska State Museum Locality MO-119 (NW 1/4, SE 1/4, sec. 32, T 20 N, R 52 W, 10.46 km S and 2.01 km W of Bayard, Morrill County, Nebraska” [USA]. Distribution: Lower Miocene (Arikareean: 20.6–30.8 mya) of USA (Nebraska. and Wyoming). GOMESOPHIS Hoge & Mertens, 1959 (Xenodontidae) Type species: Tachymenis brasiliensis Gomés, 1918. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Snakes of the World Sources: J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Amaral, 1978, Costa Prudente & Brandão, 1998, Marques et al., 2002 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Gomesophis brasiliensis (Gomés, 1918). Mem. Inst. Butantan 1(1): 78–80, pl. 14, fig. 1. (Tachymenis brasiliensis) Type: Holotype, IB 1316, a 466 mm female (Ribeiro & Irmaos, May 1917). Type locality: “Pindamonhangaba, Estado de São Paulo, à margem do rio Paraíba do Sul, Brasil” [= Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo State, SE Brazil, 22°55’S, 45°28’W, elevation 555 m]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo), 555 m. GONGYLOSOMA Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae) Synonym: Gonglyosoma – F. Werner, 1929a (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coronella baliodeira F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Greater Sundas. Sources: Leviton, 1964a, Grismer et al., 2003 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Gongylosoma baliodeira (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 539. (Coronella baliodeira) Synonyms: Coronella baliodeira H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Coronella baliodeira Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Ablabes baliodeirus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, Ablabes balioderus – A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a (nomen incorrectum), Ablabes baliodeiroides Bleeker, 1857a (nomen nudum), Ablabes baliodirus cinctus J.G. Fischer, 1885b, and Liopeltis baliodeirus cochranae E.H. Taylor, 1962. Types: Syntypes (2), RMNH 4035 and BMNH (formerly RMNH), one specimen male (? H. Kuhl, Dec. 1820– Sept. 1821). Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. Southern Thailand (Chanthaburi), West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Pinang, Selangor), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei and W Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Nias Arch., Riau Arch., Sumatra, Weh), NSL–1525 m. Sources: Rooij, 1917, Sworder, 1922, C. Haas, 1941, E.H. Taylor, 1962, 1965, B.L. Lim, 1963, Bergman, 1963, Leviton, 1964a, Stuebing, 1991, David & Vogel, 1996, Malkmus et al., 2002, McKay, 2006 and I. Das, 2007b, 2010. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). 313 Snakes of the World 2. Gongylosoma longicaudum (W.C.H. Peters, 1871b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1871(10): 574–575. (Ablabes longicaudus) Synonyms: Ablabes quinquestriatus F. Müller, 1878b, and Diadophis bipunctatus Lidth de Jeude, 1890. Types: Syntypes (2), MSNG CE 30385 and ZMB 7142 (G. Doria & O. Beccari, 1865), longest syntype 385 mm. Type locality: “Sarawak (Borneo)” [= East Malaysia]. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Greater Sundas. East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), West Malaysia (Pahang, Pinang, Selangor, Penang Is.) and W Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), NSL–610 m. Sources: B.L. Lim, 1967a, Grandison, 1972, Tweedie, 1983 and David & Vogel, 1996. Remarks: Original description reprinted in W.C.H. Peters (1872d: 35–36, pl. 5, figs 1–1c). Doria listed as sole collector fide W.C.H. Peters (1871b: 575). 3. Gongylosoma mukutense Grismer, Das & Leong, 2003. Herpetologica 59(4): 566–567, figs. 2–3. Type: Holotype, ZRC 2.5143, a 429 mm male (L.L. Grismer, C.A. Ledbetter, S. Guerrero, S.C. Newbold & R.E. Diaz, 10 July 2001). Type locality: “on the coast 0.5 km south of Kampung Mukut on the trail to Sungai Raya, Pulau Tioman (02°43-54’N; 104°07-3.5’E), Pahang, West Malaysia, at 10 m elevation.” Distribution: West Malaysia (Pahang: Tioman Is.), 10 m. Known only from vicinity of type locality. Sources: Grismer et al., 2003b, 2008a. 4. Gongylosoma nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870a). Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1870(4): 106. (Ablabes nicobariensis) Synonym: Abalbes nikobariensis – Theobald, 1876 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, ZSI 7201 (formerly IMC 7201), a 440– 445 mm female (F. Stoliczka, 1870). Type locality: “Nicobars” [= Nicobar Is., Andaman & Nicobars, E India, Bay of Bengal]. Emended to the Nancowry haven on Camorta (Nicobars) fide Stoliczka (1870d: 185). Distribution: India (Nicobar Is.: Camorta). Known only from type locality. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943 and I. Das, 1999a. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Stoliczka (1870b: 107) and supplemental original description in Stoliczka (1870d: 184–185, pl. 11, figs. 1, 1a–b). 5. Gongylosoma scriptum (Theobald, 1868a). J. Linn. Soc. London 10(41): 42. (Ablabes scriptus) Type: Holotype, ZSI 7207 (formerly IMC 7207) (T.M. Berdmore, 1855–1856). Type locality: “Martaban, British Birma” [= Mottama, Myanmar, 16°34’N, 97°37’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Southern Myanmar (Mon) and S Thailand (Chon Buri, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phet Buri, Phuket, Panjang Is.), 10 m. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1930a, 1943 and E.H. Taylor, 1965. Remarks: Theobald (1868b: 49) is a repeat of the original description. GONIONOTOPHIS Boulenger, 1893a (nomen substitutum) (Lamprophiidae) Synonyms: Gonionotus Mocquard, 1889 (nomen praeoccupatum), Gonyonotus Boulenger, 1891b (nomen emendatum), Cephalosimus Chabanaud, 1917a, Gonionothophis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Goniotophis – Monard, 1951 (nomen incorrectum), Gonisonotophis – Dunger, 1971a (nomen incorrectum), and Gonionotohis – Stucki-Stirn, 1979 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Gonionotus brussauxi Mocquard, 1889. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Sources: Mocquard, 1887a, Boulenger, 1891d, 1893a, Sternfeld, 1908b, Angel, 1933b, Loveridge, 1939, 1957a, McDowell, 1961, 1986, Doucet, 1963, Villiers, 1975, Kelly et al., 2003, Villiers & Condamin, 2005, Vidal et al., 2008 and Zaher et al., 2012. Remarks: Mehelya synonymized with Gonionotophis fide Vidal et al., 2008, but valid fide Zaher et al., 2012. 1. Gonionotophis brussauxi (Mocquard, 1889). Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1888–1889) (8) 1(12): 146–148, pl. 2, figs. 1–4. (Gonionotus brussauxi) Synonyms: Gonionotus vossi Boettger, 1892b, Simocephalus insignis Chabanaud, 1917a, and Gonionotophis brussauxi prigoginei Laurent, 1956a. Type: Holotype, MNHN 1890.54, a 440 mm female (E. Brussaux, 1886–1889). Type locality: “Loudinia-Niari, sur le fleuve Niari, entre Loango sur le littoral, et Brazzaville sur le fleuve Congo” [= between Ludinia and Niari Rivers, French Congo fide Loveridge (1939: 150). Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Cameroon, Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué, Ogooué-Ivindo, OgoouéLolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Central African Republic (Ngotto Forest), Congo (Kouilou, Lekoumou, Sangha), N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Nord-Kivu, Orientale), W Uganda (Western) and NE Angola (Lunda Norte), 10–1000 m. Sources: Perret, 1961, Laurent, 1954a, 1956a, Witte, 1962, D. Lawson, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Ineich et al., 2007. Remarks: MNHN catalogue entry for type reads Monts du Mayumbe à 80 km. de Loango entre Loango et Loudima (Rep. du Congo) fide M. Lang (in litt.). Togo record questionable fide Chippaux (2006: 61). G 314 2. Gonionotophis grantii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 360, pl. 5, fig. f. (Simocephalus grantii) G Synonym: Simocephalus rostralis Sternfeld, 1910b. Types: Syntypes (2), BMNH 1946.1.12.47–48 (formerly BMNH 1863.10.5.3a–b), two males, longest syntype 410 mm (Grant). Type locality: “West Africa.” Distribution: Western Africa. Western Senegal, Guinea– Bissau (Bissau), Guinea (Nzérékoré), Ivory Coast (Bouna, Toumodi), S Burkina Faso (Centre, CentreEst, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Volta-Noire), Ghana (Upper East), Togo (Kara, Plateaux), SW Niger (Niamey), Nigeria (Kwara, Plateau, Taraba), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Est, Extreme-Nord), SW Chad and Central African Republic (Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham), 200–1170 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, F. Werner, 1901b, Perret, 1961, fide Hughes & Barry (1969: 1011), Roman, 1969, 1980, Roux-Estève, 1969a, Dunger, 1971a, Hughes, 1983, 2013, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 152). 3. Gonionotophis klingi Matschie, 1893a. Sitz. Ges. Natur. Freunde Berlin 1893: 172–173. Type: Holotype, ZMB 13951, a 420 mm specimen (O.A.R. Büttner, 1890–1891). Type locality: “Bismarckburg, Togo, West-Afrika” [= near Sotouboua, Centrale Region, Togo, 8°34’N, 0°59’E, elevation 380 m]. Distribution: West Africa. Southeastern Guinea (Nzérékoré), Liberia (Sinoe), Ivory Coast (Guiglo, Tabou, Toumodi), S Ghana (SE Eastern), S Togo (Centrale, Plateaux) and SE Nigeria (Lagos), 380 m. Sources: Dunger, 1971a, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Roux-Estève, 1969a, Dunger, 1971a, Huselmans et al., 1971, Hughes, 1983, Chippindale, 1989, Ineich, 2003, Chippaux, 2006 and Segniagbeto et al., 2011. Remarks: Hughes & Barry (1969: 1011) pointed out erroneous type locality in Gans, 1959 and Loveridge, 1957a. Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 151). GONYOPHIS Boulenger, 1891c (Colubridae) Synonym: Goniophis – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Gonyosoma margaritatum W.C.H. Peters, 1871b. Distribution: Malaysia. Snakes of the World Sources: Rooij, 1917, C. Haas, 1950, Tweedie, 1983, Stuebing, 1991, Malkmus et al., 2002 and I. Das, 2010, 2012. 1. Gonyophis margaritatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1871b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1871(10): 578. (Gonyosoma margaritatum) Type: Holotype, MSNG 30613, a 1530 mm specimen (G. Doria & O. Beccari, 1865). Type locality: “Sarawak (Borneo)” [= East Malaysia]. Distribution: West Malaysia (Johore, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor), Singapore and East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), NSL–670 (2000) m. Remarks: Original description reprinted in W.C.H. Peters (1872d: figs. 3, 3a–c). Doria listed as collector fide W.C.H. Peters (1871b: 578). GONYOSOMA Wagler, 1828a (Colubridae) Synonyns: Gonyasoma Wagler, 1828 (nomen emendatum), Goniosoma A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen emendatum), Gonysoma Agassiz, 1847 (nomen emendatum), Alopecophis Gray, 1849b, Gonijosoma Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Aepidea Hallowell, 1861, Aepidia Marschall, 1873 (nomen emendatum), Allophis W.C.H. Peters, 1872c., and Gynyosoma – Murthy, 1986 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber oxycephalus F. Boie, 1827. Distribution: Southeastern Asia, Indonesia and Philippines. Sources: M.A. Smith, 1943, Dowling, 1958, Lopez & Maxson, 1995, Schulz, 1996, Gravlund, 2001, Helfenberger, 2001 and Burbrink & Lawson, 2007. Remarks: Official Generic Name no. 1230 fide Opinion 490 (ICZN, 1957). Burbrink & Lawson (2007: 186) transferred Elaphe frenata and E. prasina to Rhadinophis but they form a monophyletic clade with Rhynchophis fide Zaher et al., 2012. 1. Gonyosoma jansenii Bleeker, 1858e. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Indië (4) 16(2): 242. Synonym: Allophis nigricaudus W.C.H. Peters, 1872c. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.20 (formerly BMNH 1863.12.4.134), an adult male (A.J.F. Jansen, 1848– 1858, via P. de Bleeker). Type locality: “Manado, Celebes” [= Manado, ext. NE Sulawesi, 1°30’N, 124°50’E, elevation NSL]. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi). Sources: Boulenger, 1894a, P. Müller, 1895, Rooij, 1917, C. Haas, 1950, E.H. Taylor, 1965 and Bosch, 1985, Gumprecxht, 2004e and Koch, 2012. Remarks: P. Bleeker listed as source of type fide Boulenger (1894a: 58). 315 Snakes of the World 2. Gonyosoma oxycephalum (F. Boie, 1827). Isis von Oken 20(6): 537. (Coluber oxycephalus) Synonyms: Coluber oxycephalus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber oxycephalus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Gonyosoma viride Wagler, 1828a, Alopecophis chalybeus Gray, 1849b, Gonijosoma oxijcephalum Bleeker, 1856 (nomen emendatum), Aepidea robusta Hallowell, 1861, Coluber deroyi F. Werner, 1923, Coluber floweri F. Werner, 1925, and Composoma elegans F. Werner, 1926. Type: Holotype, RMNH 677 (C.G.C. Reinwardt, 1816–1821). Type locality: “Java” [SW Indonesia]. Distribution: Southeastern Asia and Indonesia. Eastern India (Andaman & Nicobars: Andaman Is.), S Myanmar (Rangoon, Tanintharyi), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Ratchasima, Narathiwat, Pattani, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ratchaburi, Satun, Tak, Trang, Trat, Uthai Thani), Laos, Cambodia (Kampot, Koh Kong, Siem Reap), S Vietnam (Dong Nai, Lâm Dong, Phú Khánh, Tây Ninh), West Malaysia (Kedah, Johore, Kelantan, Melaka, Pahang, Pinang, Perak, Penang and Tioman Is.), Singapore, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan Is.), Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Banka, Belitung, Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Karimata, Lombok, Mentawai Is.: South Pagai, Natuna Is., Nias, Riau Arch., Sumatra) and Philippines (Balabac, Bohol, Bongao, Dinagat, Lubang, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay), 20–1300 m. Sources: Flower, 1899, T. Barbour, 1912b, Robinson & Kloss, 1916, Rooij, 1917, M.A. Smith, 1928b, Mertens, 1930, Bourret, 1936b, Leviton, 1959b, E.H. Taylor, 1965, Campden-Main, 1970a, Deuve, 1970, Saint Girons, 1972a, H. Müller, 1991, Gaulke, 1994b, Staszko & Walls, 1994, David & Vogel, 1996, M.J. Cox et al.,1998, Chan-ard et al., 1999, Ferner et al., 2001, Malkmus et al., 2002, Gumprecht, 2004e, Whitaker & Captain, 2004, McKay, 2006, B.L. Stuart & Emmett, 2006 and I. Das, 2007b, 2010, 2012. Remarks: Original description based on H. Boie’s MS (1823–1825). Official Specific Name no. 1435 fide Opinion 490 (ICZN, 1957). Eastern Himalayas fide Flower (1899: 668) and S China fide Leviton (1959b: 301). Sulawesi records doubtful, probably Gonyosoma jansenii, fide Lang & Vogel (2005: 248). RMNH 675 and RMNH 677b collected by S. Müller in Borneo fide RMNH catalogue. GRAYIA A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (Natricidae) Synonyms: Heteronotus Hallowell, 1857b (nomen praeoccupatum), Graya A.-H.-A. Duméril, 1859 (nomen incorrectum), Glaniolestes Cope in Slack, 1862 (nomen substitutum), Lejonotus Jan, 1863b, Xenurophis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c, Macrophis Bocage, 1866a, and Gryia – Stucki-Stirn, 1979 Graya A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1859 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber smythii Leach, 1818. Distribution: West cen. and E Africa. Sources: Mocquard, 1897d, Boulenger, 1909b, 1915a, Witte, 1953, 1962, Laurent, 1956a, Perret, 1961, Dunger, 1972, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Kelly et al., 2003, Chippaux, 2006 and Chirio & Ineich, 2006. 1. Grayia caesar (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1863c). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12(71): 357, pl. 6, fig. c. (Xenurophis caesar) Synonym: Grayia longicaudata Mocquard, 1891. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.6.38 (formerly BMNH 1843.1.10.7), a 470 mm (svl) specimen (W. Raddon). Type locality: “Bioko” [= Bioko Is., Equatorial Guinea, 3°13–3°48’N, 8°25–8°58’E]. Distribution: Central Africa. Southern Cameroon (Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Gabon (Ogooué-Maritime, WoleuNtem), Congo (Kouilou, Plateau, Sangha), SW Central African Republic (Sangha, Haute-Sangha), Congo (Kouilou, Sangha) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Katanga, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), 265–1500 m. Sources: Mertens, 1965c, Roux-Estève, 1965, D. Lawson, 1993, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. 2. Grayia ornata (Bocage, 1866a). J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa 1(1): 47. (Macrophis ornatus) Synonyms: Grayia furcata Mocquard, 1887c, and Grayia striata Sternfeld, 1910c. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMB 7772 (formerly MBL), two adults and a juvenile, longest syntype 1640 mm (F.A.P. Bayão, 1864). Type locality: “l’interior d’Angola (Duque de Braganca)” [= Duque de Bragança, cen. Malanje Distr., Angola, 09°06’S, 15°57’E, elevation 1110 m]. Distribution: Central Africa. Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Estuaire, Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Nyanga, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Plateau, Sangha), W Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Ombella-Mboko, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), NE Angola (Lunda Norte, Malanje) and W Zambia (NorthWestern, Western), NSL–1140 m. Sources: Laurent, 1964a, Knoepffler, 1966, J.B. Rasmussen, 1991, Broadley et al., 2003 and Chirio & LeBreton, 2007. G 316 Remarks: Original description reprinted in Bocage (1866b: 67–68, pl. 1, figs. 2–2b). 3. Grayia smythii (Leach in Tuckey, 1818). Exped. River Zaire: 409. (Coluber smythii) G Synonyms: Coluber laevis Hallowell, 1844b (nomen praeoccupatum), Coronella triangularis Hallowell, 1854c, Grayia silurophaga A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858, Lejonotus schlegeli Jan, 1863b, and Grayia smithi Laurent, 1956a (nomen emendatum). Type: Lectotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.67 or BMNH 1946.1.5.16, a female specimen with 147 V + 93 SC (J. Cranch [Tuckey Exped.] via W.E. Leach, 1816), designated by Boulenger (1894a: 287). Type locality: “near Embomma, Congo” [= vicinity of Boma, Bas-Congo Prov., SW Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5°51’S, 13°03’E, elevation 15 m]. Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Southeastern Senegal (Kédougou, Kolda, Tambacounda, Ziguinchor), Gambia (Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bissau, Gabú), Guinea (Boké, Dabola, Kindia, Kouroussa, Macenta, Nzérékobé, Télimélé), Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western), Liberia (Grand Cape Mount, Montserrado, Nimba), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Bouaflé, Bouaké, Bouna, Daloa, Ferkéssédougou, Guiglo, Katiola, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), S Burkina Faso (Centre, Hauts-Bassins, Volta-Noire), Ghana (Ashanti, Eastern), Togo (Plateaux), Benin (Atlantique, Borgou, Plateau), SW Niger (Dosso), Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Bauchi, Cross River, Delta, Lagos, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), Gabon, Congo (Brazzaville, Kouilou, Likouala, Sangha), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Haut-Kotto, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Katanga, Kinshasa, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), Angola (Bié, Lunda Norte), South Sudan, Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western, Kome Is.), SW Kenya (Nyanza, Western) and NW Tanzania (Mara, Mwanza, Kagera), 15–1385 m. Sources: Sternfeld, 1908c, Manaças, 1957, Laurent, 1956a, 1964a, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Roux-Estève, 1965, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Roman, 1969, Dunger, 1972, Pitman, 1974, Roman, 1980, Joger, 1981, Hughes, 1983, 2013, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, D. Lawson, 1993, Akani & Luiselli, 2001b, Spawls et al., 2002, Ineich, 2003, Greenbaum & Carr, 2005, Luiselli et al., 2005, J.F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Auliya et al., 2012 and Chirio, 2013. Remarks: Laurent (1956a: 135), Meirtre (1992: 113) and Hughes (2013: 116) argue for correcting smythii to smithii. However, there is no indication that the species was named after the Dr. Smith of the expedition and P. Snakes of the World David pointed out that the name Smith can be transliterated into the Latin as Smythius, the genetive form being Smythii. Also, Art. 32.5 of the Code prohibits changing an incorrect original spelling unless there is clear evidence of an inadvertent error or else a correction in an errata sheet at the time of publication. 4. Grayia tholloni Mocquard, 1897d. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (8) 9(1): 11–12. Synonym: Grayia fasciata Boulenger, 1901a. Types: Syntypes (4), MNHNa–b (F.-R. Thollon, 1875– 1882), and MTa–b, longest syntype 810 mm, shortest syntype 282 mm. Type locality: “Brazzaville,” and “Congo francais” [= Brazzaville, Brazzaville Region, S Congo, 4°16’S, 15°17’E, elevation 285 m, and French Congo = Congo]. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southern Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, Kaolack, Kédougou), W Gambia (Banjul), N Nigeria (Adamawa, Benue, Kebbi, Plateau), SW Chad (Mayo-Kebbi), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Nord-Ouest, Ouest), Central African Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Ouham, Ouham-Pende), Congo (Brazzaville, Plateau, Pool), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, Orientale), NE Angola (Lunda), NW Zambia (Luapula, NorthWestern), South Sudan, SE Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa, Illubabor), SW Kenya (Nyanza, Western), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western), E Rwanda (Byumba, Kibungo), E Burundi (Bubanza, Bujumbura, Ruyigi) and W Tanzania (Kigoma, Mara, Mwanza, Rukwa, Kagera, Ukewere Is.), 265–1600 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1901a, Laurent, 1954b, Dunger, 1972, Pitman, 1974, Joger, 1990, Broadley & Howell, 1991, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 1995b, 2006, Pauwels, 1996, Spawls et al., 2002, Broadley et al., 2003, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 and Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Benin fide Hughes (2013: 152). GRYPOTYPHLOPS W.C.H. Peters, 1881b (Typhlopidae) Synonyms: Gryptotyphlops Boulenger, 1893a (nomen emendatum), and Cryptotyphlops – Nikolsky, 1916 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Onychocephalus acutus A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844. Distribution: India. Sources: Hahn, 1908a, Murthy & Rao, 1989, Wallach, 1994b, 1998b, 2003, McDiarmid et al., 1999, Whitaker & Captain, 2004 and N. Khaire, 2006. Snakes of the World 1. Grypotyphlops acutus (A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844). Erpét. Gén. 6: 333–334. (Onychocephalus acutus) Synonyms: Onychocephalus unilineatus A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844, Typhlops russellii Gray, 1845 (non Schlegel), Onychocephalus westermanni Lütken, 1863, Typhlops excipiens Jan, 1864, Onychocephalus malabaricus Beddome in A.C.L.G. Günther, 1875 (nomen nudum), Typhlops psittacus F. Werner, 1903b, Typhlops acuta Constable, 1949, and Typhlops acuts – Rajendran, 1986 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Neotype, UF 19902, a 381 mm specimen (W. Auffenberg, 23 June 1964), designated by Wallach (1994b: 214). Type locality: “one of the Kanheri Caves at the base of the Kanheri Hills, Kanheri National Park, 5 mi. E Borivli and ca. 20 mi. NNE Bombay, west-central India, elevation ca. 180 m, 19°14’N, 72°51’E” via neotype selection. Distribution: Peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), NSL–300 m. Sources: Wall, 1918a, M.A. Smith, 1943 and R. Sharma, 2003, 2007. Remarks: Holotype in MNHN lost fide Hahn (1980a: 49). GYALOPION Cope, 1860e (Colubridae) Synonym: Gyalopium Cope, 1863c (nomen emendatum). Type species: Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860e. Distribution: Southwestern USA and N Mexico. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene of SW USA. Sources: H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1941, L.M. Hardy, 1975a, 1976b, Holman, 1995a and R.D. Bartlett & Tennant, 2000. 317 1. Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860e. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12(6): 243. Type: Holotype, USNM 5284 (formerly SIM 4675), a 188– 190 mm male (B.J.D. Irwin, 1857–1860). Type locality: “near Ft. Buchanan, Arizona” [= 5 km SW Sonoita in Hog Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., SE Arizona, SW USA, 31°40’N, 110°42’W, elevation 1425 m]. Distribution: Southwestern USA (ext. SE Arizona, S New Mexico, SW Texas) and N Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, E Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán, S Nuevo León, Querétaro, NW San Luis Potosí, N Sonora, W Zacatecas), 300–2600 m. Fossil records: Upper Pleistocene (Rancholabrean II) of USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas). Sources: Stebbins, 1985, T. Van Devender & Bradley, 1994, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Ponce-Campos & Huerta-Ortega, 1999, Holman, 2000a, Werler & Dixon, 2000 and Ponce-Campos et al., 2001. Remarks: H.M. Smith & Taylor (1945: 71) erroneously listed the types as USNM 16427–28 (= Ficimia publia fide L.M. Hardy, 1975a: 117). 2. Gyalopion quadrangulare (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902). Biol. Cen.-Amer., Rept. Batr.: 99, pl. 35, fig. a. (Ficimia quadrangularis) Synonym: Ficimia desertorum E.H. Taylor, 1936a. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.1.75, a 305–319 mm specimen (A. Forrer, 1883). Type locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan in Sinaloa” [= Mazatlan, S Sinaloa State, NW Mexico, 23°14’N, 106°25’W, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Extreme SW USA (ext. S-cen Arizona) and NW Mexico (S Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, E Sonora), 15–1250 m. Sources: H.M. Smith et al., 2005a–b and H.M. Smith & Lemos-Espinal, 2006b. G H †HAASIOPHIS Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000 (†Pachyophiidae) Type species: †Haasiophis terrasanctus Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000. Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Israel. Sources: Tchernov et al., 2000, Lee & Scanlon, 2002, Rage & Escuillié, 2003, Rieppel et al., 2003 and Bardet et al., 2008. Remarks: Possibly a synonym of Simoliophis fide Rage & Escuillié (2003: 7). 1. †Haasiophis terrasanctus Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000. Science 287(5460): 2011– 2012, figs. 1–2. Type: Holotype, HUJ-PAL EJ 695, cranium, 155 trunk vertebrae and 12 caudal vertebrae from a 717 mm (svl) specimen. Type locality: “Limestone quarries of ‘Ein Yabrud, Judean hills, 20 km north of Jerusalem. Aminadav Formation or the slightly younger Bet-Meir Formation, middle part of the Judea Group, early to middle Cenomanian, basal Upper Cretaceous” [Israel]. Distribution: Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian: 93.9– 100.5 mya) of Israel. HAPSIDOPHRYS J.G. Fischer, 1856b (Colubridae) Synonyms: Hapsidrophis – Jan, 1857 (nomen incorrectum), Gastropyxis Cope, 1861c, Hapsidophis Reichenow, 1874 (nomen emendatum), Hapidophrys – Sauvage, 1877 (nomen incorrectum), Tropidophidion F. Werner, 1902, Hapsidophris – Sternfeld, 1908b (nomen incorrectum), Gastrophyxis – Boulenger, 1919 (nomen incorrectum), Gastrohis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Gastropyrix – Roux-Estève, 1965 (nomen incorrectum), Hapsidiphrys – Knoepffler, 1968 (nomen incorrectum), and Gastrophixis – Stucki-Stirn, 1979 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hapsidophrys lineatus J.G. Fischer, 1856b. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Sources: Sternfeld, 1917, Bogert, 1940, Loveridge, 1942, 1957a, Laurent, 1956a, Witte, 1962, Doucet, 1963, Roux-Estève, 1965, Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965, Broadley, 1966a, Dunger, 1973, Pitman, 1974, Villiers, 1975, J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995, Villiers & Condamin, 2005, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Jesus et al., 2009 and Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008. 1. Hapsidophrys lineatus J.G. Fischer, 1856b. Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg 3: 111, pl. 2, figs. 5a–b. Synonyms: Dendrophis nigrolineatus Lichtenstein, 1856, Hapsidophrys lineatus coeruleus J.G. Fischer, 1856b, and Gastropyxis orientalis F. Werner, 1909d. Types: Syntypes (3), ZMH 4399–4400 (formerly ZMH 102) and ZMH 39, a 958 mm, 932 mm and 781 mm specimen (C. Weiss, 1848), latter syntype lost. Type locality: “Elmine (West-Afrika)” [= Elmina, Central Region, Ghana, 5°05’N, 1°21’W, elevation NSL]. Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Southeastern Guinea, Sierra Leone, SE Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone (Southern), Liberia, Ivory Coast (Albidjan, Daloa, Lagunes, San Pédro), S Ghana, S Togo (Plateaux), S Benin (Maritime), S Nigeria (Abia, Anambra, Bayelsa, Delta, Lagos, Rivers), Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Central African Republic (Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Sangha, Lobaye, Mbomou, Ombella-Mpoko, Sangha), Gabon (Haut-Ogooué, Moyen-Ogooué, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Pool, Sangha), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa, NordKivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu), SW Uganda (Central, Western), SW Kenya (Nyanza, cen. Rift Valley, Western), NSL–1830 m. Sources: Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Knoepffler, 1966, Menzies, 1966, Luiselli et al., 2001, Spawls et al., 2002, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Hughes, 2013. Remerks: Possibly occurs in Rwanda fide Spawls et al. (2002: 364). 2. Hapsidophrys principis (Boulenger, 1906f). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (3) 2(42): 213, fig. 8. (Gastropyxis principis) Types: Syntypes (3), MSNG CE 28144A–B and BMNH 1946.1.5.99, longest syntype 1150 mm. Type locality: “Prince’s Island, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa” [= Príncipe Is., São Tomé & Príncipe, 1°32’– 1°43’N, 7°20’–7°28’E]. Distribution: São Tomé and Príncipe (Príncipe Is.), 100– 300 m. Sources: Manaças, 1958 and Capoccacia, 1961b. 319 H 320 Remarks: A valid species fide Jesus et al., 2009. 3. Hapsidophrys smaragdinus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 158, 2: 237–238. (Dendrophis smaragdina) H Synonyms: Chrysopelea smaragdina H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Chrysopelia smaragdina Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Leptophis gracilis Hallowell, 1844a, Hapsidophrys coeruleus J.G. Fischer, 1856b, and Tropidophidion steini F. Werner, 1902. Type: Lectotype, RMNH 909 (D.F. Eschricht, 1830– 1837), designated by Hoogmoed in Hughes & Barry (1969: 1017), longest syntype 750 mm. Type locality: “Côte de Guinée” [= coastal Ghana fide Hughes & Barry, 1969: 1017] via lectotype selection Distribution: West and cen. Africa. Gambia (Western), Guinea–Bissau (Bolama Is.), SE Guinea (Macenta, Nzérékoré), Sierra Leone (Southern), Liberia (Bong, Grand Gedah, Lofa, Bushrod Is.), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Guiglo, Lagunes, Tabou, Toumodi), Ghana (BrongAhafo, Eastern, Volta), Togo (Maritime, Plateaux), Benin (Atlantique, Borgou, Cotonou, Maritime, Zou), S Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Lagos, Rivers), S Cameroon (Centre, Est, Littoral, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest), Equatorial Guinea (Littoral, Bioko Is.), Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooué, Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounié, Nyanga, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo, Ogooué-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem), Central African Republic (Haut-Mbomou, HauteSangha, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, OmbellaMpoko, Sangha), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Niari, Plateau, Pool, Sangha), E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kinshasa, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, SudKivu), N Angola (Cabinda, Lunda Norte), S Uganda (Central, Western, Bunjako and Sese Is.) and NW Tanzania (Arusha, Kagera, Rubondo Is.), 600–2200 m. Sources: Johnsen, 1962, Laurent, 1964a, Doucet, 1963, Mertens, 1965c, Thys van den Audenaerde, 1966, Menzies, 1966, Villiers, 1966, Leston & Hughes, 1968, Hughes & Barry, 1969, Leston, 1970, Dunger, 1973, Hakansson, 1981, Hughes, 1983, 2013, J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, J.B. Rasmussen, 1991, D. Lawson, 1993, Gravlund, 2000a, Spawls et al., 2002, Leaché, 2005, Villiers & Condamin, 2005, Chippaux, 2006, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011 and Auliya et al., 2012. Remarks: Possibly occurs in Rwanda and Burundi fide Spawls et al. (2002: 365). †HEADONOPHIS Holman, 1993 (Colubroidea incertae sedis) Type species: †Headonophis harrisoni Holman, 1993. Distribution: Upper Eocene of United Kingdom. Snakes of the World Source: Holman, 1993. 1. †Headonophis harrisoni Holman, 1993. Tertiary Res. 14(4): 152–153, figs. 1a–e. Type: Holotype, MSUVP 1342, one trunk vertebra (D.L. Harrison, late 1980s–1992). Type locality: “Hatherwood Point, SW Headon Hill Locality, Isle of Wight, England. Totland Bay Member of the Headon Hill Formation (Upper Eocene).” Distribution: Upper Eocene (Chattian: 33.9–33.9 mya) of United Kingdom (England). Known only from type locality. †HECHTOPHIS Rage, 2001 (Boidae) Type species: †Hechtophis austrinus Rage, 2001. Distribution: Middle Paleocene of Brazil. Sources: Rage 2001, 2011. 1. †Hechtophis austrinus Rage, 2001. Palaeovertebrata 30(3–4): 116–118, fig. 2. Type: Holotype, DGM 1326-R, one middle trunk vertebra (J.S. Carvalho, 1949). Type locality: “São José de Itaboraí, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; middle Paleocene.” Distribution: Middle Paleocene (Itaboraian: 57.0–59.0 mya) of Brazil. †HELAGRAS Cope, 1883a (Boidae) Type species: †Helagras prisciformis Cope, 1883a. Distribution: Lower and middle Paleocene of USA, and middle Oligocene of USA. Sources: Holman, 2000a and Longrich et al., 2012b. Remarks: Hoffstetter & Rage (1972: 111) and Holman (1979a: 209) considered it an Erycine boid. 1. †Helagras orellanensis Holman, 1983. J. Herp. 17(4): 417–419, fig. 1. Type: Holotype, KUVP 49127, one trunk vertebra (KU field crews, 1970s). Type locality: “University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Site KU-NEBR-22, Brule Formation, late Orellan Land Mammal Age of the middle Oligocene, Toadstool Park Area near Orella, Sioux County, Nebraska, 42°53’N, 103° 35’W.” Distribution: Middle Oligocene (Orellan: 33.3–33.9 mya) of USA (Nebraska). Known only from type locality. Remarks: Lower Oligocene fide Holman (2000a: 75). 321 Snakes of the World 2. †Helagras prisciformis Cope, 1883a. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 20: 545–546. Type: Holotype, AMNH 1628, two posterior trunk vertebrae (D. Baldwin, 1881). Type locality: “Puerco Eocene.” Emended to San Juan Basin, northwestern New Mexico, USA fide Gilmore (1938: 81) and Rage (1984b: 25). Distribution: Lower Paleocene (Puercan: 63.3–65.5 mya) and middle Paleocene (Torrejonian: 60.2–63.3 mya) of USA (New Mexico). Sources: Gilmore, 1938, Holman, 1979a and Rage, 1984b. Remarks: Original description reprinted in Cope (1883b: 191). HELICOPS Wagler, 1828a (Xenodontidae) Synonyms: Tachynectes Fitzinger, 1843, Uranops Fitzinger, 1843, Stranops – A.-M.-C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (nomen incorrectum), Tachynectes Gray, 1849, and Uranops Gray, 1849. Type species: Coluber carinicaudus Wied-Neuwied, 1825c. Distribution: South America. Sources: Rossman in J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Rossman, 1974, Cadle, 1984a, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, 1991, Vidal et al., 2000 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 217. (Coluber angulatus) Synonyms: Coluber alidras Linnaeus, 1758, Coluber Surinamensis G. Shaw, 1802, Natrix aspera Wagler in Spix, 1824, Natrix lampronota Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Helicops cyclops Cope, 1869b, Helicops fumigatus Cope, 1869b, and Helicops caralina BriceñoRossi, 1934. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-17 (formerly MAFR), a 600 mm female (Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “Asia” (in error fide Hoge, 1964d: 56). Distribution: Northern South America. Colombia (Amazonas, Atlántico, Antioquia, Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Guaviare, Meta, Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Mérida, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Zulia), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Upper Demerara-Berbice), Suriname (Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Saramanca, Suriname), French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), E Ecuador (Napo, Pastaza), E Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, San Martin), E Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz) and N Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, ? Mato Grosso, Pará, ? Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima, Sergipe, Tocantins), NSL–2410 m. Sources: Hoge, 1960d, Roze, 1966a, Emsley, 1977, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, Abuys, 1983d, Chippaux, 1987, Dixon & Soini, 1986, Lancini, 1986, Duellman, 1990, 2005, Duellman & Salas, 1991, Henle & Ehrl, 1991, Perez-Santos & Moreno, 1991, Gorzula & Señaris, 1998, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Frota. 2005, RivasFuenemayer & Barrio-Amorgós, 2005, Infante-Rivero et al., 2008, Navarrete et al., 2009, Roberto et al., 2009, Morato et al., 2011 and C.J. Cole et al., 2013. Remarks: ZMUU has one Linnaean specimen fide Lönnberg (1896: 7). 2. Helicops carinicaudus (Wied-Neuwied, 1825c). Beitr. Natur. Brasil. 1: 300–304. (Coluber carinicaudus) Synonyms: Homalopsis carinicauda – Schlegel, 1837, Helicops trivittatus Cope, 1878b, and Helicops carinicauda triserialis Lindholm in Lampe & Lindholm, 1902. Type: Holotype, AMNH 3365, a 909 mm specimen (A.M.P. zu Wied–Neuwied, 26 Nov.–19 Dec. 1815). Type locality: “Urwäldern am Flusse Itapémirim (Itapémiri), Brasilien” [= Brazil, Estado do Espírito Santo, Río Itapémirim, from label in bottle containing holotype]. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (Espírito Santo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Caterina, São Paulo, Cannanéia, Cardoso, Comprida, Porchat, Santo Amaro and São Vicente Is.), NSL–925 m. Sources: Bertoni, 1918, Lema, 1958, 1961a, Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano, 1960, Lema & Fabían-Beurmann, 1977, J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, HofstadlerDieques & Cechin, 1992, Marques et al., 2001, Yuki & Lema, 2006 and Cicchi et al., 2007. Remarks: Colombian record (Magdalena Valley) needs confirmation fide Pérez-Santos & Moreno (1989: 174). 3. Helicops danieli Amaral, 1938b. Mem. Inst. Butantan (1937) 11: 232–233. Type: Holotype, IB 9872, a 235 mm female (“Hno. Daniel” J.G. Patiño, 1928–1938), destroyed by fire on 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Carare (Santander), Colombia” [= Carare, Puerto Parra, W Santander Dept., NW Colombia, 6°47’N, 74°06’E, elevation 90 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Chocó, Córdoba, Santander, Sucre), NSL–2050 m. Sources: Nicéforo-Maria, 1942 and Rossman, 2002b. Remarks: Usually occurs below 500 m fide Rossman (2002b: 592). H 322 4. Helicops gomesi Amaral, 1921. Anex. Mem. Inst. Butantan 1(1): 7–10, pl. 1, figs. 1–4. Type: Holotype, IB 1843, a 695 mm female (A.V. d’Alkmim, 4 Dec. 1919), destroyed by fire on 15 May 2010. Type locality: “Estação Costa Pinto, na linha Sorocabana, Estado de S. Paulo, Brasil.” Distribution: Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo), 750 m. Source: Valdujo & Nogueira, 2001. 5. Helicops hagmanni Roux, 1910a. Zool. Anz. 36(25): 439–440. H Synonym: ? Uranops lepricurii Fitzinger, 1867. Type: Holotype, NMBA 6281, a 630–634 mm male (G.A. Hagmann, 1894–1910). Type locality: “in der Nähe von Santarem, N. Brasilien” [= vicinity of Santarem, Pará State, N Brazil, 2°26’S, 54°42’W, elevation 35 m]. Distribution: Northern South America. Southern Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Vaupés [UTA R3782]), S Venezuela (Amazonas) and N Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), 35–70 m. Sources: Hoge, 1964d, Hoge et al., 1973, Rossman, 1975, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, Hoogmoed, 1979 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Type listed as female fide Roux (1910: 439). Type locality erroneously listed as near to Suriname fide Hoge (1967: 220) and Amazonas Dept. fide Rossman (1975: 415). Probably occurs in Peru fide Rossman (1975: 415). 6. Helicops infrataeniatus Jan, 1865c. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 3(2): 253. Synonyms: Helicops infrataeniatus Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Helicops carinicaudus gastrosticta Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Helicops carinicaudus gastrosticta Jan, 1865c, Helicops trivittatus Cope, 1877 (non Gray), Calopisma septemvittatum J.G. Fischer, 1879, Helicops baliogaster Cope, 1885a, and Helicops pictiventris F. Werner, 1897a. Type: Lectotype, ZMH 4331 (formerly ZMH B88 da), a 515 mm male, designated by Rossman (2000: 126). Type locality: “Suriname” [= Suriname] (in error fide Rossman, 2000: 126) via lectotype selection. Distribution: Southern Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), E Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Amambaty, Canindeyú, Itapúa, San Pedro), Uruguay (Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, Tacuarenbo, Treinta y Tres) and N Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe), NSL–925 m. Sources: Cei, 1994, Lema, 1995, Rossman, 2000, CarreiraVidal et al., 2005, Yuki & Lema, 2005, J. Köhler & Güsten, 2007, Cacciali, 2008 and Filho & Aoki, 2011. Remarks: Photographs of the lectotype in Rossman (2000: fig. 2). Snakes of the World 7. Helicops leopardinus (Schlegel, 1837). Essai Phys. Serp. 1: 173, 2: 358–359. (Homalopsis leopardina) Synonyms: Helicops prieurii A.-M.-C. Duméril, 1853 (nomen nudum), Helicops leprieurii A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a, and Helicops prieurii A.-M.-C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854c (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (2), RMNH 1158, a 480 mm male, and RMNH 1159, a 600 mm female (N.C. de Fremery). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: South America. Southern Colombia (Amazonas), Guyana, Suriname (Saramacca), N French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent du Moroni), Brazil (Amapá, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pernambuco, Piauí, Tocantins), E Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Asunción, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Neembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro, Kururu, Modesto, Talavera and Yacyreta Is.) and N Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Santa Fe), NSL–340 m. Sources: Vanzolini et al., 1980, Abuys, 1983d, Chippaux, 1987, F.D. Williams & Francini, 1991, Cei, 1994, Starace, 1998, Freitas, 1999, Leynaud & Bucher, 1999, Campos-Nogueira, 2001, Doan & Arizábal, 2002, Frota, 2005, Cacciali, 2008 and Recorder et al., 2011. 8. Helicops modestus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1861c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 7(42): 425–426, 2 figs. Synonyms: Helicops leprieurii moestus Jan, 1863b (nomen nudum), Helicops leprieurii moesta Jan, 1865c, and Helicops assimilis J.T. Reinhardt, 1866. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.14.42 (formerly RMNH), a 525 mm female. Type locality: “North America” (in error). Corrected to Tropical America fide A.C.L.G. Günther (1861c: 426). Distribution: Central and S Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), 970–1010 m. Sources: Nogueira, 2001 and Freitas & Santos, 2011. 9. Helicops pastazae Shreve, 1934. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. (8): 129–130. Type: Holotype, MCZ 36993, a 322 mm female (C. Spencer, Jan. 1931–Aug. 1932). Type locality: “along the Pastaza River, from Canelos to the Marañon River, Ecuador” [= Río Pastaza bet. Canelos (1°35’S, 77°45’W, 500 m), Pastaza Prov., Ecuador and Río Marañon junction (4°55’S, 76°25’W, 130 m), Loreto Dept., Peru]. Distribution: Northwestern South America. Venezuela (Barinas, Bolívar, Táchira, Zulia), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Meta, Norte de Santander), E Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, 323 Snakes of the World Pastaza, Zamora-Chinchipe) and N Peru (Amazonas, Loreto), NSL–1140 m. Sources: Rossman, 1976, Markezich & Rossman, 1992, Markezich, 2002 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Type erroneously listed as MCZ 36963 fide Shreve (1934: 130). Collection date listed as 1932 fide Rossman (1976: 4). 10. Helicops petersi Rossman, 1976. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Louisiana St. Univ. (50): 2–4, fig. 1 (paratype). Type: Holotype, USNM 196360 (formerly JAP 2758), a 573 mm male (J.A. Peters, 31 Oct.–3 Nov. 1958). Type locality: “from the east bank of the Mishualli River, 1 mile NE Tena, Napo-Pastaza Prov., Ecuador” [= 1 mi. NE Tena along Río Misahuallí, Napo Prov., NE Peru, ca. 0°59’S, 77°48’W, elevation 535 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Ecuador (Napo, Orellana, Sucumbios), 300–570 m. 11. Helicops polylepis A.C.L.G. Günther, 1861c. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 7(42): 426–427. Synonyms: Tachynectes chrysostictus Cope, 1862b, and Helicops spixii Jan, 1863b. Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.25, a 426 mm male. Type locality: “Upper Amazon” [= Río Amazonas, Amazonas State, NW Brazil]. Distribution: Northern South America. Southern Colombia (Amazonas, Meta, Putumayo), Ecuador (Oriente, [FMNH 23484]), E Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios), N Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz) and N Brazil (? Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão [UOMNH 31518], Mato Grosso, Pará), 200–1000 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1901b, Cunha & Nascimento, 1978, 1993, Duellman, 1990, 2005, Duellman & Salas, 1991 and Frota, 2005. 12. Helicops scalaris Jan, 1863b. Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 76. Synonym: Helicops hogei Lancini, 1964. Type: Holotype, MZUT, a 410 mm male, lost fide O. Elter in Rossman (2002a: 3). Type locality: “Venezuela.” Distribution: Extreme NW South America. Northern Colombia (Norte de Santander) and Venezuela (Amazonas, Delta Amacuro, Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo, Zulia), NSL–500 m. Sources: Jan, 1868 in Jan & Sordelli, 1866–1870, Lancini-V, 1964, 1986, Roze, 1966a, Perez-Bravo, 1978, Hoogmoed, 1979, Lancini, 1986, Rossman, 2002a and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: Photograph of the holotype of H. hogei in Rossman (2002a: fig. 11). 13. Helicops tapajonicus Frota, 2005. Phyllomedusa 4(1): 62–66, figs. 1–3. Type: Holotype, MCP 15380, a 582 mm female (J. Lúcio, 20 May 2001). Type locality: “Comunidade de Parauá (02°50’38” S, 55°10’54” W), margem direita do rio Tapajós, municipio e Santarém, estado do Pará, Brasil.” Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Pará), 15 m. 14. Helicops trivittatus (Gray, 1849a). Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.: 70–71. (Myron trivittatus) Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.13.99, an adult female (Zool. Soc. London). Type locality: Unknown. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil (Amapá, NE Mato Grosso, Pará, Tocatins, Marajó Is.), NSL–300 m. Sources: Boulenger, 1893a, Cunha & Nascimento, 1993 and Rossman, 2010. Remarks: Type specimen discussed by Rossman (2010: 272). A second specimen was labeled “India?” (in error). 15. Helicops yacu Rossman & Dixon, 1975. Herpetologica 31(4): 412–413. Type: Holotype, TCWC 39093, a 352 mm (svl) female (P. Soini, May 1972). Type locality: “Moropon, Departamento de Loreto, Peru.” Distribution: Eastern Peru (Loreto) and W Brazil (Acre), 100 m. Remarks: Probably a subspecies of H. pastazae Shreve fide Rossman & Abe (1979: 9). HELMINTHOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1860d (Anomalepididae) Synonyms: Idiotyphlops Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866, and Helmintophis – Hoffmann, 1890 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Typhlops frontalis W.C.H. Peters, 1860d. Distribution: Lower Central America and NW South America. Sources: F. Werner, 1921a, Dunn, 1944, Robb & Smith, 1966, J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970, Hahn, 1980a, Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1988, Wallach, 1993a, McDiarmid et al., 1999 and Tipton, 2005. Remarks: An undescribed species present on Trinidad fide Wynn & Wallach (unpubl. data). 1. Helminthophis flavoterminatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1857b). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1857(8): 402. (Typhlops flavoterminatus) Synonym: Typhlops multilatus F. Werner, 1900a. H 324 Types: Syntypes (6), ZMB 1426–30, and ZMH, longest syntype 240 mm (C. Moritz), the latter destroyed in July 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Carácas” [= Caracas, Distrito Federal State, N Venezuela, 10º29’N, 66º54’W, elevation 925 m]. Distribution: Northwestern Venezuela (Amazonas, Aragua, Distrito Federal, Miranda, Zulia) and W Colombia (Chocó, Norte de Santander), NSL–1800 m. Introduced into Mauritius. Sources: A.C.L.G. Günther, 1870, Roze, 1966a, Lancini & Kornacker, 1989, Wallach & Günther, 1997, MijaresUrrutia & Arends, 2000 and Navarrete et al., 2009. Remarks: ZMB catalogue records Moritz as collector, not Gollmer and Moritz as stated in original description fide Bauer et al. (2002: 158). H 2. Helminthophis frontalis (W.C.H. Peters, 1860d). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860(10): 517–518, pl., figs. 1, 1a–1c. (Typhlops frontalis) Types: Lectotype, ZMB 3925, possibly a 145 mm female (K. Hoffmann, 1853–1859), designated by Hahn (1980a: 2). Type locality: “Costa Rica” via lectotype selection. Distribution: Costa Rica (Alajuela, Heredia, San José) and W Panama (Chiriquí), 95–1435 m. Sources: Bocourt, 1882 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, E.H. Taylor, 1951, Savage, 2002 and Solórzano, 2004. 3. Helminthophis praeocularis Amaral, 1924a. Proc. New England Zool. Club 9: 28. Type: Holotype, MCZ 17960, a 214 mm specimen (H. Nicéforo-Maria, March 1924). Type locality: “Honda, Colombia” [= Honda, upper Río Magdalena Valley, Tolima Dept., cen. Colombia, 05º12’N, 74º45’W, elevation 210 m]. Distribution: Central Colombia (Antioquia, Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima), 200–1280 m. Source: Medem, 1965. HELOPHIS Witte & Laurent, 1942 (nomen substitutum) (Natricidae) Synonym: Pelophis Witte, 1922 (nomen praeoccupatum). Type species: Pelophis schoutedeni Witte, 1922. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sources: Witte, 1933a, 1962, Witte & Laurent, 1942 and Laurent, 1956b. 1. Helophis schoutedeni (Witte, 1922). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 10(3): 318–319. (Pelophis schoutedeni) Types: Syntypes (2), MRAC 2468, a 446 mm specimen (H. Schouteden, 24 Feb. 1924), and MRAC 2469, a 540 mm specimen (H. Schouteden, 23 May 1921). Snakes of the World Type locality: “Kwamouth (district du Moyen-Congo), Congo” [= W Bandundu Region, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3°20’S, 16°10’E] and “Tondu, sur le Lac Tumba (district de l’Équateur), Congo” [= W Equateur Prov., Democratic Republic of the Congo, 0°50’S, 18°10’E]. Distribution: Western Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kinshasa), 285–450 m. HEMACHATUS J. Fleming, 1822 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Sepedon Merrem, 1820 (nomen praeoccupatum), Haemacathus Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831 (nomen emendatum), Haemachates – Duvernoy, 1833b (nomen incorrectum), Spedon – Schinz, 1833 (nomen incorrectum), Sepidon Swainson, 1839 (nomen emendatum), Hamachates – A.-M.C., Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854b (nomen incorrectum), Sipedon – Lockington, 1886 (nomen incorrectum), Merremia Berg, 1901 (nomen substitutum), Sepedonophis H.M. Smith, 1936 (nomen substitutum), Hemachtus – J.H. Welsh, 1966 (nomen incorrectum), Haemachatus – H.A. Skinner, 1973 (nomen incorrectum), Haemachates – Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schätti & Toriba, 1993 (nomen incorrectum), and Hamachates – Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schätti & Toriba, 1993 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Coluber haemachates Bonnaterre, 1790. Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Sources: V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, 1974, Broadley, 1962c, 1983, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Keogh, 1998, Marais, 2004, Dobiey & Vogel, 2007, Zaher et al., 2009, Hoser, 2012e and Broadley & Blaylock, 2013. 1. Hemachatus haemachates (Bonnaterre, 1790). Tabl. Ency. Méth., Ophiol.: 31–32, pl. 37, fig. 2. (Coluber haemachates) Synonyms: Coronella catus Laurenti, 1768 (nomen oblitum), Vipera haemachate Lacépède, 1789 (nomen rejiciendum), Coluber hikkanella Bonnaterre, 1790, Hemachatus vulgaris Fleming, 1822, Natrix diphorolepidota Wagler, 1825 (nomen ineditum), Naia capensis A. Smith, 1826, Sepedon hemachata – Flower, 1929, and Hemachatus haemachatus – Moroz, Grotto, Goldblum & Vries, 1967 (nomen incorrectum). Type: Holotype, formerly MNHN, a 423 mm specimen (King of France’s cabinet, Paris), lost fide Broadley in Golay et al. (1993: 138). Type locality: “Le Japon, la Perse” [= Japan and Iran] (in error). Corrected to South Africa fide Bogert (1940: 87) and V.F.M. FitzSimons (1962a: 287). Distribution: Southeastern Africa. Eastern Zimbabwe (Manicaland), Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa 325 Snakes of the World (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga Western Cape), NSL–2500 m. Remarks: NHR Lin-1632 (MAFR, Mus. Drottn.) is a Linnaean specimen. In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Coluber haemachates Bonnaterre is designated a nomen protectum and Coronella catus Laurenti a nomen oblitum. HEMEROPHIS Schätti & Utiger, 2001 (Colubridae) Type species: Zamenis socotrae A.C.L.G. Günther, 1881a. Distribution: Yemen (Socotra Is.). Sources: Showler, 1994, Schätti & Utiger, 2001, Nagy et al., 2004 and Utiger et al., 2005. 1. Hemerophis socotrae (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1881a). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 49(2): 463, pl. 41. (Zamenis socotrae) Types: Syntypes (3), BMNH 1946.1.14.97–99, one male and two females, longest syntype 826–860 mm (I.B. Balfour, 1879–1880). Type locality: “Island of Socotra” [= Socotra Is., Yemen, Arabian Sea]. Distribution: Yemen (Socotra Is.), NSL– 900 m. Source: Razzetti et al., 2011. 2. Hemerophis zebrinus (Broadley & Schätti, 2000). Madoqua (1997) 19(2): 172–174, figs. 2–3, 5. (Coluber zebrinus) Type: Holotype, SMWN 8046, a 385 mm male (M. Lindeque & M. Griffin, 10 April 1991). Type locality: “near the Canene River, at Ruacana, western Owamboland, Namibia (17º25’S, 14º10’E).” Distribution: Namibia (Damaraland, Kaokoland, Owambo), 780 m. Source: Schätti, 1986b. HEMIASPIS Fitzinger, 1861 (Elapidae) Synonyms: Drepanodontis Worrell, 1961a, and Hemiaspus – Vitt, 1983 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Alecto signata Jan, 1859a. Distribution: Eastern Australia. Sources: Cogger et al., 1983a, Shine, 1987a, Gow, 1989, Hutchinson, 1990, Greer, 1997, Cogger, 2000, Scanlon & Lee, 2004, Sanders et al., 2008, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. 1. Hemiaspis damelii (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1876). J. Mus. Godeffroy 5(12): 46. (Hoplocephalus damelii) Synonyms: Hoplocephalus dämelii – F. Müller, 1878b (nomen incorrigendum), Hoplocephalus suboccipitalis Ogilby, 1892, and Denisonia daemelii Boulenger, 1896a (nomen emendatum). Types: Syntypes (3+), BMNH 1946.1.18.89–90 [Peak Downs], and ZMH 4369 (formerly ZMH 824) [Queensland], longest syntype 381 mm (Dämel), location of other syntypes unknown fide Cogger et al. (1983: 226). Type locality: “Rockhampton and Peak Downs, Australia” [= Rockhampton, 23°23’S, 150°31’E, elevation 15 m, and Peak Downs, 23°04’S, 148°10’E, elevation 220 m, SE Queeensland, Australia]. Distribution: Eastern Australia (SE Queensland, NE New South Wales), NSL–340 m. 2. Hemiaspis signata (Jan, 1859a). Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 11: 124, 128. (Alecto signata) Synonyms: Hoplocephalus signatus – De Vis, 1884, and Denisonia vagrans S.W. Garman, 1901. Type: Holotype, SMF-B 9338,2a, a 460 mm specimen (W. Kirchner & A. becker, 1847–1859), lost fide Cogger et al. (1983: 226). Type locality: “Nouvelle-Hollande” [= Australia]. Restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia fide Boettger (1898: 117). Distribution: Eastern Australia (ext. E Queensland, ext. E New South Wales, S Victoria), NSL–1320 m. Remarks: Supplemental original description in Jan (1859e: pl. C, fig. 4). Hallerman (1998: 206) listed holotype as ZMH 4433 (formerly ZMH 775) from Sydney (Kraft, 1861). HEMIBUNGARUS W.C.H. Peters, 1862b (Elapidae) Synonyms: Brachyrhynchus Fitzinger, 1843 (nomen praeoccupatum), Hemibungars – Noguchi, 1909 (nomen incorrectum), Hemibungaros – Brazil, 1914 (nomen incorrectum), Hemibungaus – Takahashi, 1930 (nomen incorrectum), and Hemibngarus – Maik, 1933 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Elaps calligaster Wiegmann in Meyen, 1834. Distribution: Philippines. Sources: Golay et al., 1993, David & Ineich, 1999, Ota et al., 1999, Slowinski et al., 2001, Castoe et al., 2007, Zaher et al., 2009 and Hoser, 2012e. Remarks: A valid genus fide Castoe et al. (2007a: 824). 1. Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann in Meyen, 1834). Nova Acta Caesar.-Leop. Carol. 17(1): 253– 254, pl. 20, fig. 2. (Elaps calligaster) Synonyms: Elaps caligaster – Jan, 1858, (nomen incorrectum), Naja fasciata W.C.H. Peters, 1861c (nomen H 326 H praeoccupatum), Hemibungarus gemianulis W.C.H. Peters, 1872b, Hemibungarus gemmiannulis – Boettger, 1886c (nomen incorrectum), and Hemibungarus mcclungi E.H. Taylor, 1922a. Type: Holotype, ZMB 2742, a 376–377 mm specimen (F.J.F. Meyen, 1830–1832), lost fide R. Günther (in litt.) Type locality: “Manila” [= Manila, Manila Prov., SW Luzon Is., N Philippines, 14°36’N, 120°59’E, elevation 10 m]. Distribution: Philippines (Catanduanes, Cebu, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Polillo), 10–800 m. Sources: Leviton, 1964b, McDowell, 1987, Ross & Gonzales, 1992, Gaulke & Altenbach, 1994, Kucharzewski & Tillack, 2007 and Siler et al., 2011. Remarks: Records for Balabac, Paraqua, Mindanao and Samar need confirmation fide Leviton (1964b: 544) and Kucharzewski & Tillack (2007: 54). HEMIRHAGERRHIS Boettger, 1893c (Psammophiidae) Synonyms: Rhamphophis – Boulenger, 1892d (lapsus calami), Hemirhagerchis – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Hemirhagerchis – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Hemirhagerhis – Palacky, 1898 (nomen incorrectum), Hemirhaggeris – Scortecci, 1931 (nomen incorrectum), Hemihagerrhis – Briceño-Rossi, 1934 (nomen incorrectum), Hemiphagerris – Ionides, 1950 (nomen incorrectum), Hemirhaggerhis – Laurent, 1964a (nomen incorrectum), Hemirhaggerrhis – H.A. Skinner, 1973 (nomen incorrectum), Hemirrhagerris – H.A. Skinner, 1973 (nomen incorrectum), Hemirhagerris – Dowling in Dowling & Duellman, 1978 (nomen incorrectum), and Hermirhagerrhis – Spawls, 1978 (nomen incorrectum). Type species: Hemirhagerrhis kelleri Boettger, 1893c. Distribution: Central and East Africa. Sources: Bogert, 1940, Loveridge, 1957a, V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962a, Lanza, 1983a, 1990b, Largen & Rasmussen, 1993, Brandstätter, 1995, Broadley & Hughes, 2000, Spawls et al., 2002, Vidal et al., 2008, Kelly et al., 2009 and Zaher et al., 2009. 1. Hemirhagerrhis hildebrandtii (W.C.H. Peters, 1878). Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1878(3): 205–206, pl. 2, fig. 6. (Ablabes hildebrandtii) Type: Holotype, ZMB 9282. Type locality: “Kitui (Ukamba)” [= Kitui Catholic Church, Ukamba Distr., S Eastern Prov., Kenya, 1°31’S, 37°14’E, elevation 1615 m]. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. South Sudan, SE Ethiopia (Bale, Hararge, Sidamo), SW Somalia (Bakool, Gedo), N Kenya (N North-Eastern, N Rift Valley) and NE Tanzania (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Tanga), 150–1615 m. Source: Largen & Spawls, 2010. Snakes of the World Remarks: Resurrected as a valid species fide Broadley & Hughes (2000: 9). 2. Hemirhagerrhis kelleri Boettger, 1893c. Zool. Anz. 16(417): 129. Synonym: Amplorhinus taeniatus Sternfeld, 1908e. Type: Lectotype, SMF 19906 (formerly SMF-B 9119, 1a), possibly a 350 mm adult female (C. Keller, 1893), designated by Mertens (1922:181). Type locality: “Abdallah, südlich vom Webiflusse, Somaliland” [= Abdula, S of Webi River, Hararge Prov., E Ethiopia, 9°27’N, 42°16’E, elevation 2485 m] via lectotype selection. Distribution: Northeastern Africa. South Sudan, SE Ethiopia (Bale, Hararge, Sidamo), Somalia (Bay, Gedo, Hiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mogadishu, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer), Kenya (Coast, North-Eastern, Lamu Is.) and N Tanzania (Arush), 200–2485 m. Source: Largen & Spawls, 2010. Remarks: Three syntypes listed in original description but one specimen listed by Boettger (1898: 99). Lectotype listed as holotype fide Broadley & Hughes (2000: 6–7). 3. Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia (A.C.L.G. Günther, 1864c). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 32(1): 309, pl. 26, fig. 1 (Coronella nototaenia) Synonyms: Amplorhinus güntheri Mocquard, 1906 (nomen incorrigendum). Type: Holotype, BMNH 1946.1.8.51, a 368 mm male (J. Kirk, 1858–1864). Type locality: “regions bordering the Zambesi” [= vicinity of Zambezi River, Mozambique]. Emended to Rios de Sena, Zambezi fide Boulenger, 1896a: 126 [= Villa de Senna, S bank of Zambezi River, Sofala Prov., Mozambique, 17°27’S, 35°02’E, elevation 75 m]. Distribution: West, cen. and E Africa. Southeastern Burkina Faso (Est), N Togo (Kara), N Benin (Alibori), S Niger (Maradi), SW Chad (Chari-Baguirmi), Central African Republic (Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham, Vakaga), S Sudan (Janub Kurdufan) W South Sudan (Bahr El Ghazal, Western Equatoria), Somalia (Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Shabeellaha Hoose), E Kenya (Eastern, NorthEastern, N Rift Valley), E Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Morogoro, Mwanza, Mtwara, Piwani, Rukwa, Tanga), E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga, Orientale), SW Angola (Huambo, Huíla), Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western), Malawi (Northern), S Mozambique (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Niassa, Sofala, Tete), Zimbabwe (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands), N Botswana (Central, North West), N Namibia (Caprivi,), Swaziland, and NE South Africa 327 Snakes of the World (KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga), NSL–1600 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971, Sweeney, 1961, Witte, 1962, Pitman, 1974, Broadley & Cock, 1975, Broadley, 1983, Roman, 1980, 1984, Branch, 1988, Haagner, 1990, Chirio & Ineich, 1993, Broadley et al., 2003, Marais, 2004, Branch et al., 2005, Chirio & Ineich, 2006, Chippaux, 2006, J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b, Chirio & LeBreton, 2007, Segniagbeto et al., 2011, Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 and Hughes, 2013. Remarks: Probably occus in Cameroon fide Chirio & LeBreton (2007: 448) and possibly occurs in Uganda fide Pitman (1974: 146). Record from Bas Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo doubtful fide Thys van den Audenaerde (1965: 380). 4. Hemirhagerrhis viperina (Bocage, 1873a). J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisbon (1)1: 222–223. (Psammophylax viperinus) Type: Holotype, MBL 1715, destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “Dombe (Benguella)” [= Dombe Grande, Benguela Distr., W Angola, 12°57’S, 13°06’E, elevation 45 m]. Distribution: Southwestern Angola (Benguela, Huambo, Huíla, Namibe) and N Namibia (Erongo, Kunene, Omaheke, W Otjozondjupa), 45–1400 m. Sources: Mertens, 1955, 1971 and Elzen, 1980. Remarks: A valid species fide Broadley & Hughes (2000: 7). HEMORRHOIS F. Boie, 1826 (Colubridae) Synonyms: Haemorrhois F. Boie, 1827 (nomen emendatum), and Periops Wagler, 1830. Type species: Coluber hippocrepis Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Southern Eurasia, Middle East and North Africa. Fossil records: Upper Pliocene to upper Pleistocene of Morocco and Spain. Sources: Welch, 1980, 1983a, Schätti & Wilson, 1986, Schátti & Utiger, 2001 and Nagy et al., 2004. 1. Hemorrhois algirus (Jan, 1863b). Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 60. (Periops algira) Synonyms: Periops hippocrepis algira Jan, 1857 (nomen nudum), Coluber algirus intermedius F. Werner, 1929b, and Coluber algirus villiersi Bons, 1962. Types: Syntypes (4), MNHN 3575, MNHN 7464, and formerly MSNM, destroyed in 1943 during World War II. Type locality: “Algeri, and Sphax d’ Algeria” [= Tunisia]. Distribution: Northwestern Africa. Northern Mauritania (Adrar, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Tiris Zemmour), Western Sahara (Rio de Oro, Saguia El Hamra), Southern Morocco (Agadir, Kaar Es Souk, Ouarzazate, Tan Tan, Tata, Tiznit), S Algeria (El Bayadh, Oran, Tamanrasset), S Tunisia (Gabès, Gafsa, Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, Medenine, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Sousse, Tataounie, Tunis, Tozeur, Djerba and Kerkennah Is.), Malta, N Libya (Ajbabiya, Al Jabar Al Akhdar, Al Murqub, Banghazi, Darnah, Gharyan, Misratah, Surt) and NW Egypt (NW Matrouh), NSL–1600 m. Sources: Doumergue, 1901, Mayet, 1903, Chpakowsky & Chnéour, 1954, Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963, Pozuelo, 1974, Bruno, 1984, Schätti, 1986d, 1993a, Lang, 1993, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Bogaerts, 1998, Geniez et al., 2004, Baha El Disi, 2006, Chippaux, 2006, Carranza et al., 2006 and J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b. Remarks: MNHN catalogue lists MNHN 1961.315 from Mauritania as holotype. A subspecies of Platyceps florulentus Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire fide Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963. 2. Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat. ed., 10, 1: 226. (Coluber hippocrepis) Synonyms: Coluber domesticus Linnaeus, 1766, Natrix bahiensis Wagler in Spix, 1824, Coluber diadema Gené, 1834, and Coluber hippocrepis nigrescens Cattaneo, 1985. Type: Holotype, NHR Lin-29 (formerly MAFR), a 340 mm specimen (P. Loeflingius, 1751, via Mus. Drottn.). Type locality: “America” (in error). Corrected to Spain, Iberian Peninsula fide Bruno (1968a: 176). Distribution: Iberian Peninsula and ext. NW Africa. Southern Portugal (Beja, Braga, Bragansa, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Portalegre, W Santarém, Setubal, Vila Real, Viseu), S Spain (S Albacete, Alicante, Almería, Ávila, Badajoz, Barcelona, Cáceres, Cádiz, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Córdoba, Gerona, Granada, Huelva, Huesca, Jaén, Lérida, Madrid, Málaga, Murcia, Salamanca, Seville, Tarragona, W Toledo, Valencia, Zamora), W Italy (S Sardinia), NW Morocco (Agadir, Al Hoceima, Al Jadida, Azilal, Beni Mellel, Boulemane, Casablanca, Chechaouene, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Essaouira, Fes, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenitra, Khouribga, Marrakech, Meknes, Nador, Oujda, Rabat, Safi, Settat, Tangier, Tan Tan, Taonate, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit), N Algeria (El Bayadh, Naama, Tlemcen) and Tunisia (Bizerte, Gabès, Jendouba, Nabeul, Tunis, Zembra Is.), NSL–2660 m. Fossil records: Upper Pliocene of Morocco, middle Pleistocene (Ionian: 0.13–0.78 mya) of Spain, and upper Pleistocene (Tarantian: 0.01–0.13 mya) of Spain. Sources: Doumergue, 1901, Mayet, 1903, Pozuelo, 1974, Bruno & Mangeri, 1977, Salvador, 1985, 1998, Schätti, 1986d, 1993b, Blanc, 1988, Bons & Geniez, 1996, Schleich et al., 1996, Bogaerts, 1998, Holman, 1998a, Pleguezuelos & Feriche, 1999, Bailon, 2000, Corti et al., 2000, Salvador & Pleguezuelos, 2002, Carranza et al., 2006, Sindaco et al., 2006 and Feriche et al., 2008. H 328 3. Hemorrhois nummifera (A. Reuss, 1834). Mus. Senck. 1: 135–137. (Coluber nummifer) H Synonyms: Coluber tyria Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen rejiciendum), Tyria linnaei Fitzinger, 1826a (nomen oblitum), Coluber barbarus H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber barbarus Schlegel, 1826b (nomen nudum), Coluber barbarus F. Boie, 1827 (nomen oblitum), Zamenis caudaelineatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (partim), Periops neglectus Jan, 1863b, Zamenis glazunowi Nikolski, 1896 (partim), Zamenis ater Venzmer, 1919, Elaphe dione plumbea Chernov, 1926, Zamenis venzmeri F. Werner, 1929 (partim), Coluber nummifer pallaryi Angel, 1936c, and Elaphe quatuorlineatus sauromates bahtiyari Bodenheimer, 1944 (nomen illegitimum). Type: Holotype, SMF 18236 (formerly SMF-R III.O.4.a & SMF-B 7407 a), a 914 mm female (E. Rüppel, 1832). Type locality: “Aegypten” [= Egypt]. Distribution: Southwestern Asia. Greece (Kalymnos, Kastellorizo, Kos, Leipsi, Leros, Syme, Rhodes), Cyprus, S Turkey, W Syria (Homs, Latakia), Lebanon (Beirut, Mont-Liban, Nabatiye), Israel (Central, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, N Southern, Tel Aviv, West Bank), Jordan (Ajloun, Amman, Balqa, Irbid, Jarash, Karak, Maan, Tafilah), NE Egypt (Cairo, South Sinai), S Armenia, N Iraq and NW Iran, 100–2000 m. Sources: F. Werner, 1939, Schätti & Agarian, 1985, Szczcerbak, 1994, Y.L. Werner, 1995, Bouskila & Amitai, 2001, Disi et al., 2001, Hraoui-Bloquet et al., 2002, Baier et al., 2009, Schätti et al., 2009, Tuniyev et al., 2009, Amr & Disi, 2011 and Bar & Haimovitch, 2011. Remarks: Official Specific Name fide Opinion 2282 (ICZN, 2011). In accordance with Art. 23.9.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), Tyria linnaei Fitzinger and Coluber barbarus F. Boie are designated nomina oblita. 4. Hemorrhois ravergieri (Ménétriés, 1832). Cat. Zool. Voy. Caucase: 69–70. (Coluber ravergieri) Synonyms: Coluber maculatus Dwigubsky, 1832, Coluber cliffordi Martin, 1838, Zamenis caudaelineatus A.C.L.G. Günther, 1858 (partim), Periops caudilineatus neva Jan in DeFilippi, 1865, Zamenis fedtschenkboi Strauch, 1873 (partim), Zamenis kaufmanni GrumGrzimailo, 1885, Zamenis glazunowi Nikolsky (1896 (partim), and Coluber ravergieri cernovi Mertens, 1952d.. Types: Syntypes (2), ZISP 8681–82 (formerly AIS), longest syntype 280–305 mm (Ravergier, 1828–1832). Type locality: “Géorgie,” “Prés de Bakou,” and “côtes occidentales de la mer Caspienne, Caucase.” [= Georgia; Baku, Azerbaijan; W coast of Caspian Sea in Caucasus Mtns., E Azerbaian]. Restricted to Georgia fide Flower (1933: 812) and Schätti & Agasian (1985: 110). Snakes of the World Distribution: Middle East and SW Asia. Lebanon (MontLiban), N Jordan (Mafraq), Israel (Golan Heights), NE Turkey, SE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, E Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadzhikistan, N Iran, N Afghanistan, cen. Pakistan (N Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), W China (Zingjiang) and W Mongolia, 30–4000 m. Fossil records: Upper Miocene/lower Plioicene of Kazakhstan. Sources: Minton, 1966, Leviton & Anderson, 1970a, Baran, 1976a, Bannikov et al., 1977, Hraoui-Bloquet, 1981, Schätti & Agasian, 1985, W. Böhme, 1993c, D