ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 459
SPECIES RICHNESS OF RECENT SCLERACTINIA
BY
STEPHEN D. CAIRNS
ISSUED BY
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A.
AUGUST 1999
SPECIES RICHNESS OF RECENT SCLERACTINIA
STEPHEN D. CAIRNS'
ABSTRACT
Most previous estimates of the number of valid, described Recent species (known species
richness) of Scleractinia have been unsupported guesses ranging from 1000-2500 species. The
actual number, based on a list of all senior synonyms, is approximately 1314, classified in 24
families and 220 genera (average number of species per genus = 5.97), 79 of the genera being
monotypic. The numbers of zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate species and genera are about the
same: e.g., zooxanthellates contributing to 48.2% of the genera and 49.5% of the species. Over
the last three decades an average of 16.1 new species of Scleractinia have been described each
year. Although the yearly rate of new descriptions is very uneven, the decadal trend appears to
indicate a gradual decrease in the number of newly described zooxanthellate species and genera,
balanced by an increase in the number of newly described azooxanthellate species and genera.
An estimate of total species richness was made based on the perceived ratio of described to
undescribed species of Scleractinia ascertained from the analysis of comprehensive faunistic
analyses and taxonomic revisions. This method estimates a minimum of 1479 species. A
second, less reliable method, which is based on the rates of species descriptions over time,
suggests a range of 1460-2628 species.
EPIGRAPH
"There are about 2500 living species of corals and over 5000 extinct ones; hence these animals
reached their height in past ages and are now on the decline." (Hyman, 1940: 620)
KNOWN SPECIES RICHNESS
Historical Estimates
Estimates of the number of valid, described, living (modern) species of Scleractinia range
from a low of 1000 (Kaestner, 1964) to a high of 2500 species (Hyman, 1940)(see Table 1).
Most of these estimates are educated guesses, not accompanied or based on a listing of actual
species names that would allow for hypothesis testing and constructive criticism. The first
publication purporting to list all scleractinian species was that of the World Conservation
'Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural Histoty, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560-0163
Manuscript reccivrd 6 November 1998; revised 7 April 1999
Table 1.-Estimates of Known and Total Species Richness of Scleractinia
Year
Author
Zooxanthellate
AzooxI-Pac Atl. Total anthellate
Total
585
70
656
*I314
-
-
>696 >781
Estimates of Known Species Richness:
Kiikenthal
1925: 825
1940:620
Hyman
1943: 77-90 Vaughan & Wells
1956: 360
Wells
1967:115
Kaestner
1967:79
Wilmoth
1981:120
Rosen
1982:611
Cairns & Stanley
1982:701
Dunn
1985:37
Naumov, et al.
1985: 18
Kiihlmann
1986: 179
Cairns, et al.
1986:l
Veron
1987:642,668 Chevalier
1988: 67
Schuhrnacher
1989: 35
Zibrowius
1990: 206
Brusca & Brusca
1991: 476
Jackson
1993: 60-136 WCMC
1995: 160
Veron
1997: 2
Cairns
1999 (herein) Cairns, Hoeksema
& van der Land
669
*allows for 11 facultative species
Estimates of Total Species Richness:
Based on partial inventory (see text)
Based on rate of description (see text)
-
-
>I479
1460-2628
Table 2.-Numbers of valid species (and genera), monotypic genera, and average number of
species per genus of the Recent Scleractinia, arranged by family from highest number of species
to lowest.
Family
Zooxanthellate
Azooxanthellate
656(109)
669(117)
*Facul- Total
tative
Monotypic
Genera
Ave.
Species
Per
Genus
Caryophylliidae
Acroporidae
Dendrophylliidae
Faviidae
Flabellidae
Poritidae
Turbinoliidae
Mussidae
Agariciidae
Fungiidae
Rhizangiidae
Pocilloporidae
Siderastreidae
Oculinidae
Fungiacyathidae
Pectinidae
Micrabaciidae
Merulinidae
Anthemiphylliidae
Guyniidae
Gardineriidae
Meandrinidae
Astrocoeniidae
Trachyphylliidae
Incertae Sedis
TOTALS:
ll(6) 1314(220)
79
5.97
*Facultative: Eleven species may occur in the zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate forms: three species of
Heterocyathus, two species of Heteropsammia, two species of Madracis, Astrangiapoculafa, and three species of
Oculina. These species are counted as both zooxanthellates and azooxanthellates, but only once in the total column
Cladocora also contains species, some of which are exclusively zooxanthellate, others exclusively azooxanthellate.
q
4
Monitoring Centre (WCMC, 1993), compiled by E. Wood for the purpose of listing all
scleractinian species regulated by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Although a worthy first attempt, this listing of 1040 species
is considered to be flawed (uncritical) in that it used outdated taxonomy, occasionally included
fossil species and genera, included some junior synonyms, and included some duplication of
names. It also employed a confusing, three-tiered system of categorizing species, i.e., nominal,
valid, and "well-established", and was far from complete regarding the azooxanthellate species.
The only other listing known to include all Recent scleractinian species was an
unpublished draft (1995) of 1259 species submitted at the Sixth International Conference on
Coelenterate Biology (ICCB VI) as part of a larger series included in the Unesco-IOC Register of
Marine Organisms (ed. J. van der Land, 1995). It is that list, which is herein corrected and
updated, that forms the basis for the 1314 species listed in the Appendix.
The Current Number
The current (end of 1998) number of 1314 valid, Recent scleractinian species (see
Appendix), is summarized by family in Table 2. From this compilation one can see that there are
24 families of Recent Scleractinia, containing 220 genera, 79 (36%) of which are monotypic.
Twelve families are exclusively zooxanthellate, 7 families are exclusively azooxanthellate, and 5
families contain genera having both ecological classes. In fact, eleven species and six genera are
facultative, existing in both the zooxanthellate or azooxanthellate forms, depending on the
environment (listed as a footnote to Table 2). The numbers of zooxanthellate and
azooxanthellate species is virtually the same, 656 (49.5%) vs 669 (50.5%), respectively.
Likewise, the number of genera is almost the same, with only a slight majority favoring the
azooxanthellates at both taxonomic levels. There is an average of 5.97 and a range of 1-49.8
species per genus. Since Cairns (1997) calculated a similar species average of 5.37 for the
exclusively azooxanthellate species, this ratio is approximately the same for both zooxanthellates
and azooxanthellates.
It should be stated at this point that the species concept used in this paper is the
morphospecies, or operational mo~photaxonomicunit (sensu Veron, 1995), first formalized for
scleractinian corals by Vaughan (1907: 4) as: "...a group of individuals connected among
themselves by intergrading characters and separated by distinct lacunae from all other individuals
or groups of individuals." Molecular, physiological, behavioral, and ecological evidence of
species distinction (see Lang, 1984) were undoubtedly used to help construct the list of coral
species, but these kind of data are not currently available for many species and not at all for fossil
species, which makes the morphospecies most appropriate when comparing faunas within the
fossil record. The "species problem" in corals is amply discussed by Veron (1995), including
ramifications of reticulate evolution and the philosophy of conceptual vs operational species
definitions. But, for the purposes of this paper, the traditional morphospecies is employed.
RATES OF NEW SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
Over the last 30.5 years (1968 to mid-1998) the rate of description of new species of
Scleractinia has been very uneven (Figure l), reflecting the aperiodic publication of major
faunistic revisions. (No judgment of the validity of these newly described species is made
herein.) In this time interval, 490 species were described, or an average of 16.1 species per year.
The uneveness of the yearly description totals is reflected in a range of 1-56 and a rather high
standard deviation of 12.3. However, when viewed on a decadal scale (Table 3), some trends are
apparent. Whereas the number of new species descriptions has seemed to reach a plateau over
the last 20 years, the zooxanthellate:azooxanthellatecomponents have altered dramatically.
There appears to be a decline in both the number of newly described species and genera of
zooxanthellate corals, which is replaced by an increase in the number of both genera and species
of azooxanthellate corals. In fact, no new genera of zooxanthellate were described in the last
decade, whereas 20 new azooxanthellate genera were described in the same time period. This
change in rates of description might suggest that the more accessible, shallow-water
zooxanthellate species are becoming fairly well known worldwide, especially at the generic level,
whereas the primarily deep-water azooxanthellate fauna is less well known and thus might
contribute more to the increase in described scleractinian species richness in the future.
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ESTIMATES OF TOTAL SPECIES RICHNESS
Armed with these statistics on the known fauna, it is tempting to predict the total species
richness of Scleractinia. One method of estimating global species richness in a taxon is the partial
inventory method, which relies on the perceived ratio of described to undescribed species
ascertained by a specialist in that group and/or by analysis of the literature. For instance, over the
last 20 years the average percentage of previously undescribed azooxanthellate species in 14
faunistic studies from 12 regions (Cairns, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1989, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1998,
1999, in press a; Cairns & Parker, 1992; Cairns & Keller, 1993; Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997;
Zibrowius, 1980) was 14.3% (range = 5.0-24.0%), or conversely 85.7% previously described. If
this average described ratio is assumed to apply to the entire currently known azooxanthellate
fauna (669 - 0.857), one might expect there to be 781 azooxanthellate species worldwide. If
similar logic is applied to zooxanthellate corals, a smaller ratio of 6.1% (range 0-18.2%)
undescribed, or conversely, 93.9% previously described species results. This
undescribed:described ratio is based on the following 15 publications covering six regions and
two taxonomic revisions: eastern Australia (Veron et al., 1976-1984); western Australia (Veron,
1985; Veron & Marsh, 1988); Japan (Veron, 1990, 1992); Viet Nam (Latypov, 1990, 1992); Red
Sea (Scheer & Pillai, 1983); Caribbean (Zlatarski, 1982); family Fungiidae (Hoeksema, 1989);
and genus Leptoseris (Dinesen, 1980). This average described ratio applied to the known
zooxanthellate fauna (656 - 0.939), results in the prediction of 698 species. Together, the
zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate estimates total 1479 (Table 1). To reiterate, the assumptions
implicit in this estimation are: 1) 13 14 currently known valid species, composed of 656
zooxanthellates and 669 azooxanthellates, and 2) a minimal undescribed component of 14.3% for
azooxanthellates and 6.1% for zooxanthellates.
Table 3.-Decadal trends in rates of description of species (and genera) of Recent zooxanthellate and
azooxanthellate Scleractinia. *Average for second decade corrected because Zoological Record volume
123 covered 1.5 years, making total period analyzed 30.5 years.
Zoological
Record
Volume
TOTAL
Years
of
Coverage
1968-97198
Zooxanthellate
Azooxantheilate
Total
Ave. Number
SpecieslYear
Growth
Rate (%)
Overall
Rate
279(15)
211(28)
490(43)
16 1
123
2 94
A second method of estimating diversity, developed by Hammond (1992), is based on an
analysis of time series of species description rates. First, one calculates the current growth rate
per annum of the taxon in question, i.e., the number of species described per year divided by the
total number of valid species. Using the average number of scleractinian species described per
year over the last 30 years (16.1) and the current total number of scleractinian species, this
equation is 16.1 -; 1314, or 1.23%, implying that over the last 30 years the number of
scleractinian species increased by about 1.23%/year, although due to synonymy this percentage is
certainly lower. Decadal rates are also given in Table 3. Secondly, Hammond calculates the
ratio of the current rate - overall rate, the overall rate being the average yearly rate of species
descriptions since 1758. Again, using the average number of scleractinian species described per
year over the last 30 years (16.1) and the overall rate of 1314 species + 240 years (=1998-1758),
yields the equation: 16.1 + (1314-240), or 2.94, implying that over the last 30 years corals have
been described at 2.94 times the post-Linnaean "average rate." Decadal rates are also listed in
Table 3. Hammond then compares these two ratios (the growth rate and current rateloverall rate)
with the ratios derived for other animal groups (which for scleractinian corals is coincidentally
the same as that for fish), and rather subjectively designates a value for "the proportion of
species described to date." According to Hammond these two ratios are consistent with taxa
having a "high" proportion of previously described species, i.e., 50-90%. Applying this
percentage to 1314 species results in an estimation of 1460-2628 species (see Table 2).
Assumptions implicit in this estimation are: 1) 1314 currently valid species, 2) all newly
described species are valid, and 3) acceptance of implications of species growth rates and overall
rates as intuited by Hammond (1992).
DISCUSSION
Methods for estimating global species richness of various taxa are highly controversial,
often conflicting, and usually difficult to apply. Useful reviews on this topic include: May
(1990), Hammond (1992, 1994), Stork (1993, 1997), and Colwell & Coddington (1994). Some
of these methods rely on the principle of taxon ratios, wherein a reference site is chosen for
which one element of the fauna is thought to be fairly well known (or at least well sampled),
providing an estimate of the described:undescribed species ratio for that taxon for that site. This
ratio is then applied to the currently known species richness of a larger area that includes the
reference site (hierarchical taxon ratio) or a separate geographic area (non-hierarchical taxon
ratio) to obtain estimates of species richness. The first method used in this paper, the "partial
inventory method," falls into this category and is patterned, in large part, on a study by
Hodkinson & Casson (1991), who attempted to determine global insect biodiversity using a
hierarchical taxon ratio. After extensive sampling of Hemiptera in northern Sulawesi, Hodkinson
& Casson determined that 62.5% of the collected species were undescribed. Then, making
family-by-family comparisons of Sulawesi to world species, they showed that the same
proportion of new species is likely to be found worldwide. Using these ratios and the currently
known species richness of Hemiptera, they were able to provide a reasonable estimate of the
worldwide Hemiptera species richness. Critics of this method (Stork, 1993, 1997; Hammond,
1994) point out that it is virtually impossible to claim that all species, whether insect or corals,
are known from any reference site, regardless of the intensity of collection. This is a valid
criticism, and for that reason the estimates that result from such studies should be considered as
minimum estimates. A second criticism of this method is the assumption that the
described:undescribed ratio of one well sampled area is representative of the rest of the world.
To ameliorate this criticism, I have chosen an average described:undescribed ratio from 18
regions and two taxonomic revisions, and furthermore established two different ratios, one for
zooxanthellates and the other for azooxanthellates.
Hammond's method of using trends in description rate to predict global species diversity has
been criticized by Erwin (1991) and Hammond (1992) himself, and is not a frequently used
estimator for species richness. Rates of description depend on many factors, including one's
species concept, the number of taxonomists working on a group at any period of time, and the
technology used to investigate species. There also appears to be a bias to describe species of
large body size and for which material is available, more commonly from temperate localities.
Finally, Hammond's classification of the "proportion of species described to date" is extremely
subjective (intuitive) and essentially undefined (unscientific). Also, the influence of new
technology on known species richness is unpredictable. For instance, molecular analysis
(allozymes) has suggested an increase in the number of Montnstraea sibling species (Knowlton
et al., 1992), whereas similar techniques have suggested a reduction in the number of recognized
Platygyra species (Miller & Benzie, 1997); however, molecular data "have generally been found
to support traditional morphological interpretations of species boundaries" (Wallace & Willis,
1994: 248; see also Willis, 1990). Synonymy of species is also a common result of more
thorough morphological examination of larger suites of specimens from more diverse areas.
Thus, the tendencies to increase the number of known species (e.g., discovery of sibling species)
are often offset by the synonymy of species based on morphological andlor molecular methods.
The overall effect is impossible to predict. Although Hammond's method is highly subjective
and rarely used, it is one of the few methods available to predict total scleractinian species
richness and does suggest, in my opinion, a reasonable range. On a purely intuitive basis, I would
estimate the total number of scleractinian species to be about 2100, implying that we have
described about 63% of the known fauna and that about 790 species remain to be described in
this order.
CONCLUSIONS
What drives some people to want to know how many species exist on this planet or, more
specifically, how many species occur in a particular taxon? The traditional answers are usually
threefold (May, 1990; Stork, 1993). A knowledge of species richness: 1) helps establish a
necessaty first step to understand how biological systems work and provides a baseline that
would allow for their conservation (ecology and conservation argument), 2) allows for the
potential use of a greater variety of species for pharmaceutical products (utilita~ianargument),
and 3) satisfies the simple, unadulterated curiosity to know (quixotic argument). In addition to
these traditional arguments, I would suggest that knowing the actual number of Recent
scleractinian species is a valuable reference point for comparisons to late Tertiary faunas (one
might call the Recent Benchmark or Paleontological Baseline argument). Hyman's (1940)
conclusion that corals are "on the decline" because there are now only 2500 living species and
5000 extinct ones, is incorrect and misleading in many ways. First, there are far fewer than 2500
valid living species; it is absurd to compare taxa from the Recent to the entire Phanerozoic;
comparing Mesozoic-Tertiary Scleractinia to Paleozoic Rugosa and Tabulata is illogical; and
finally the total number of reef scleractinian corals appears to vacillate in time (Budd, in press)
and is not a simple trend. And yet this ill-founded statement seems to have influenced two
generations of textbook writers and even coral biologists (Table 1). According to Veron (1995:
figs. 25, 36-38) and Scrutton (1997: fig. 2), Scleractinia stand at an all time maximum of generic
diversity, but can the same be said at the species level? In very thorough studies of the
Caribbean Neogene zooxanthellate Scleractinia, Budd, Stemann & Johnson (1994, Table 5) and
Budd, Johnson & Stemann (1996) found 67-100% more species throughout the Late Miocene to
Pliocene at 2 MY intervals than in the Recent, whereas Cairns (in press a, b) found considerably
more Recent azooxanthellate species (13 1 species) than in the comparable Caribbean Neogene
(49 species). Thus, whether the Caribbean zooxantheilates are on the decline and the
azooxanthellates are on the increase, or whether the latter assumption is due to the artefact of
"the pull of the Recent," it is essential to have an accurate baseline figure of Recent species
richness to even begin these or similar speculations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the following people who read earlier drafts of this manuscript and
provided valuable advice and suggestions: Nancy Budd, Vladimir Kosmynin, Bert Hoeksema,
and Timothy Werner. I also thank Peter Glynn for access to his advance list of reef corals from
the eastern Pacific.
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147-183.
Veron, JEN (1986) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Angus & Robertson Publishers,
North Ryde, 644 pp.
Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals
STEPHEN D. CAIRNS', BERT W. HOEKSEMA2 and JACOB VAN DER LAND2
PREFACE
Within the five cnidarian orders that contain species having calcified skeletons (i.e., the
"stony corals"), a11 valid, extant species are listed below in alphabetical order by family, genus,
and species. Their general distribution is indicated to the right of each species by numbers: 1,
western Atlantic; 2, eastern Atlantic; 3, Indian Ocean; 4, western and central Pacific; 5, eastern
Pacific; and 6 , Subantarctic and Antarctic regions. A question mark in a column indicates a
questionable occurrence in this region. For the scleractinians, the azooxanthellate species are
marked with an asterisk, the zooxanthellate are unmarked, and those 11 species that occur as both
forms are marked with a cross (+).
This is believed to be the first complete and critical listing of all 1574 species of extant
stony corals, consisting of 1314 scleractinians and 260 calcified hydrozoans. It is meant to
complement a similar Internet version of the same list to be released as part of the UNESCO-IOC
Register of Marine Organisms (ed., J. van der Land, National Museum of Natural History,
Leiden), the first draft of which was compiled in 1995. Although every effort was made to make
the list as complete and accurate as possible through 1998, we acknowledge that there are
certainly errors of omissions and interpretation. We consider this as a first effort to establish a
data base of all valid, extant species, and welcome any comments and corrections to the list. In
general, the first author was responsible for the accuracy of the species included in the
azooxanthellate Scleractinia, western Atlantic Scleractinia, and Stylasteridae, whereas the second
author was responsible for the Indo-West Pacific zooxanthellate Scleractinia and calcified
hydrozoans (Milleporidae). We acknowledge that there exist other calcified octocorallian
cnidarians that are not listed herein, pertaining to the families: Tubiporidae, Helioporidae,
Lithotelestidae, Coralliidae, and Isididae, as well as calcified hydrozoans of the genus
Pseudsolandauia.
We believe the value of such a list to be manifold. It serves as a documentation of the
species richness of larger taxa; it provides authorship and date of publication of all species; it
provides a starting point for identification of corals from various geographic regions; it serves as
'Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural Histo~y,Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560
>NationalMuseum of Natural History, Postbus 9517,2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
a point of reference before a new species is described; and it may help to avoid homonymy in
future described species, although one should be aware that fossil species are not listed in this
account.
Phylum CNIDARIA
Class ANTHOZOA
Subclass HEXACORALLIA
Order SCLERACTINIA
Distribution
Acroporidae
Acropora abrolhosensis Veron, 1985
Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846)
Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864)
Acropora akajimensis Veron, 1990
Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893)
Acropora arabensis Hodgson & Carpenter, 1996
Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora anstera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora awi Wallace & Wolstenholtne, 1998
Acropora azurea Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora batunai Wallace, 1997
Acropora branchi Riegl, 1995
Acropora brueggemanni (Brook, 1893)
Acropora bushyensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora cardenae Wells, 1986
Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846)
Acropora caroliniana Nemenzo, 1976
Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816)
Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891)
Acropora copiosa Nemenzo, 1967
Acropora crateriforrnis (Gardiner, 1898)
Acropora cuneata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846)
Acropora danai (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860)
Acropora dendrum (Bassett-Smith,l890)
Acropora derawaensis Wallace, I997
Acropora desalwii Wallace, 1994
Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora donei Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora echinata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora elegans (M. Edwards & Haime, 1860)
Acropora elseyi (Brook, 1892)
Acropora eurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879)
Acropora exquisita Nemenzo, 197 1
1
Acropora florida (Dana, 1846)
Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846)
Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892)
Acropora glauca (Brook, 1893)
Acropora grandis (Brook, 1892)
Acropora granulosa (M. Edwards & Haime, 1860)
Acropora halmaherae Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora hoeksemai Wallace, 1997
Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846)
Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846)
Acropora indiana Wallace, 1994
Acropora indonesia Wallace, 1997
Acropora insignis Nemenzo, 1967
Acropora intermedia (Brook, 189 1)
Acropora jacquelinae Wallace, 1994
Acropora kirstyae Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora kosurini Wallace, 1994
Acropora latistella (Brook, 1892)
Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893)
Acropora loisetteae Wallace, 1994
Acropora lokani Wallace, 1994
Acropora Iongicyathus (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860)
Acropora loripes (Brook, 1892)
Acropora lovelli Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora lutkeni Crossland, 1952
Acropora magnifica Nemenzo, 1971
Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora microphthalma (Verrill, 1869)
Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora mirabilis Quelch, 1886
Acropora monticulosa (Brueggemann, 1879)
Acropora mossambica Riegl, 1995
Acroposa multiacuta Nemenzo, 1967
Acropora nana (Studer, 1878)
Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846)
Acropora natalensis Riegl, 1995
Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora ocellata (Klunzinger, 1879)
Acropora palifera (Lamarck, 1816)
Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816)
Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954
Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902
Acropora parilis Quelch, 1886
Acropora pharaonis (M. Edwards & Haime, 1860)
Acropora plumosa Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora pocilloporina Wallace, 1994
Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891)
Acropora prolifera (Lamarck, 1816)
Acropora pruinosa (Brook, 1893)
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891)
Acropora rambleri Bassett-Smith, 1890
Acropora rohusta (Dana, 1846)
Acropora rosaria (Dana, 1846)
Acropora rudis (Rehherg, 1892)
Acropora russelli Wallace, 1994
Acropora samoensis (Brook, 189 1)
Acropora sarmentosa (Brook, 1892)
Acropora schmitti Wells, 1950
Acropora secale (Studer, 1878)
Acropora sekiseiensis Veron, 1990
Acropora selago (Studer, 1878)
Acropora simplex Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998
Acropora solitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora sordiensis Riegl, 1995
Acropora spicifera (Dana, 1846)
Acropora squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acropora stoddarti Pillai & Scheer, 1976
Acropora striata (Verrill, 1866)
Acropora suhglabra (Brook, 189 1)
Acropora subulata (Dana, 1846)
Acropora suharsonoi Wallace, 1994
Acropora sukamoi Wallace, 1997
Acropora tanegashimensis Veron, 1990
Acropora tenella (Brook, 1892)
Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846)
Acropora teres (Verrill, 1866)
Acropora togianensis Wallace, 1997
Acropora torihalimeda Wallace, 1994
Acropora toltuosa (Dana, 1846)
Acropora tumida Verrill, 1866
Acropora turaki Wallace, 1994
Acropora valenciennesi (M. Edwards & Haime, 1860)
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846)
Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954
Acropora verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora wallacea Veron, 1990
Acropora willisae Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora yongei Veron & Wallace, 1984
Anacropora forbesi Ridley, 1884
Anacropora matthai Pillai, 1973
Anacropora puertogalerae Nemenzo, 1964
Anacropora reticulata Veron & Wallace, 1984
Anacropora spinosa Rehberg, 1892
Astreopora cucullata Lamberts, 1980
Astreopora explanata Veron, 1985
Astreopora gracilis Bernard, I896
Astreopora incrustans Bernard, 1896
Astreopora lanibertsi Moll & Best, 1984
Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896
Astreopora macrostoma Veron & Wallace, 1984
Astreopora moretonensis Veron & Wallace, I984
Astreopora myriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816)
Astreopora ocellata Bernard, 1896
Astreopora suggesta Wells, 1954
Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897
Montipora altasepta Nemenzo, 1964
Montipora angulata (Lamarck, 1816)
Montipora australiensis Bernard, 1897
Montipora cactus Bernard, 1897
Montipora calcarea Bernard, 1897
Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846)
Montipora capitata Dana, 1846
Montipora capricornis Veron, 1985
Montipora cebuensis Nemenzo, 1976
Montipora circumvallata (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Montipora confusa Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora corbettensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Montipora crassituberculata Bernard, 1897
Montipora danae (M. Edwards & Haitne, 1851)
Montipora digitata (Dana, 1846)
Montipora edwardsi Bernard, 1879
Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897
Montipora effusa Dana, IS46
Montipora florida Nemenzo, I967
Montipora floweri Wells, 1954
Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766)
Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1846)
Montipora friabilis Bernard, 1897
Montipora gaimardi Bernard, 1897
Montipora granulosa Bernard, 1897
Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897
Montipora hirsuta Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora hispida (Dana, 1846)
Montipora hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954
Montipora incrassata (Dana, 1846)
Montipora informis Bernard, 1897
Montipora Lobulata Bernard, 1897
Montipora mactanensis Nemenzo, 1979
Montipora malampaya Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora millepora Crossland, 1952
Montipora mollis Bernard, 1897
Montipora monasteriata (Forskal, 1775)
Montipora nodosa (Dana, 1846)
Montipora orientalis Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora peltiformis Bernard, 1897
Montipora samarensis Nemenzo, 1967
Montipora setosa Nemenzo, 1976
Montipora solanderi Bernard, 1879
Montipora spongiosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Montipora spongodes Bernard, 1897
Montipora spumosa (Lamarck, 18 16)
Montipora stellata Bernard, 1897
Montipora stilosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Montipora striata Bernard, 1897
Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 18 16)
Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897
Montipora turtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Montipora undata Bernard, 1897
Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Montipora vessucosa (Lamarck, 1816)
Agariciidae
Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus, 1758)
Agaricia fragilis Dana, 1846
Agaricia grahamae Wells, 1973
Agaricia humilis Verrill, 1902
Agaricia lamarcki M. Edwards & Haime, 1851
Agaricia tenuifolia Dana, 1846
Agaricia undata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Coeloseris mayeri Vaughan, 1918
Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846)
Helioseris cucullata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Leptoseris amitoriensis Veron, 1990
Leptoseris cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Leptoseris explanata Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941
Leptoseris foliosa Dinesen, 1980
Leptoseris gardineri Van der Horst, 1921
Leptoseris hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907
Leptoseris incrustans (Quelch, 1886)
Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954
Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846)
Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907
Leptoseris solida (Quelch, 1886)
Leptoseris tenuis Van der Horst, 1921
Leptoseris tubulifera Vaughan, 1907
Leptoseris yabei (Pillai & Scheer, 1976)
Pachyseris foliosa Veron, 1990
Pachyseris gemmae Nemenzo, 1955
Pachyseris rugosa (Lamarck, 1801)
Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846)
Pavona hipastita Nemenzo, 1980
Pavona cactus (Forskil, 1775)
Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846)
Pavona danai (M. Edwards & Haime, 1816)
Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846)
Pavona diffluens Lamarck, 18 16
Pavona divaricata Lamarck, 1816
Pavona duerdeni Vaughan, 1907
Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 18 16)
Pavona frondifera Lamarck, 18 16
Pavona gigantea Verrill, 1869
Pavona lata Dana, 1846
*Caryophyllia cornulum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Catyophyllia corrugata Cairns, 1979
*Caryophyllia crosnieri Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Caryophyllia cyathus (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
*Caryophyllia decamera Cairns, 1998
*Caryophyllia dentata Moseley, 1876
*Caryophyllia diomedeae Marenzeller, 1904
*Caryophyllia eltaninae Cairns, 1982
*Caryophyllia ephyala Alcock, 1891
*Caryophyllia foresti Zibrowius, 1980
*Caryophyllia grandis Gardiner & Waugh, 1938
*Caryophyllia grayi (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Caryophyllia hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907
*Catyophyllia horologium Cairns, 1977
*Caryophyllia inornata (Duncan, 1878)
*Caryophyllia japonica Marenzeller, I888
*Catyophyllia jogashimaensis Eguchi, 1968
*Caryophyllia karubarica Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Caryophyllia Lamellifera Moseley, 1881
*Caryophyllia mabahithi Gardiner & Waugh, 1938
*Caryophyllia marmorea Cairns, 1984
*Caryophyllia octonaria Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Caryophyllia octopali Vaughan, 1907
*Catyophyllia paradoxus Alcock, 1898
*Caryophyllia paucipalata Moseley, 1881
*Caryophyllia pauciseptata Yabe & Eguchi, 1932
*Caryophyllia perculta Cairns, 1991
Taryophyllia planilamellata Dennant, 1906
*Caryophyllia polygona De Pourtalb, 1878
Tatyophyllia profunda Moseley, 1881
*Catyophyllia quadragenaria Alcock, 1902
*Ca~yophylliaquangdongensis Zou, 1984
*Caryophyllia ralphae Cairns, 1995
*Caryophyllia rugosa Moseley, 1881
Taryophyllia sarsiae Zibrowius 1974
*Catyophyllia scillaemorpha Alcock, 1894
*Caryophyllia scobinosa Alcock, 1902
*Caryophyllia secta Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Caryophyllia seguenzae Duncan, 1873
*Caryophyllia smithii Stokes & Broderip, 1828
"Caryophyllia solida Cairns, 1991
Taryophyllia spinicarens (Moseley, 1881)
*Caryophyllia spinigera Saville Kent, 1871
*Caryophyllia squiresi Cairns, 1982
*Caryophyllia stellula Cairns, I998
*Caryophyllia transversalis Moseley, 1881
*Caryophyllia unicristata Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Caryophyllia valdiviae Zibrowius & Gili, 1990
*Caryophyllia zanzibarensis Zou, 1984
*Caryophyllia zopyros Cairns, 1979
Catalaphyllia jardinei (Saville-Kent, 1893)
*Deltocyathus parvulus Keller, 1982
*Deltocyathus philippinensis Caims & Zibrowius, 1997
*Deltocyathus pourtalesi Cairns, 1979
*Deltocyathus rotulus (Alcock, 1898)
*Deltocyathus sarsi (Gardiner & Waugh, 1938)
*Deltocyathus stella Caims & Zibrowius, 1997
*Deltocyathus suluensis Alcock, 1902
*Deltocyathus taiwanicus Hu, 1987
*Deltocyathus varians Gardiner & Waugh, 1938
*Deltocyathus vaughani Yabe & Eguchi, 1932
*Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794)
*Desmophyllum striatum Cairns, 1979
'Ericiocyathus echinatus Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
Euphyllia ancora Veron & Pichon, 1979
Euphyllia cristata Chevalier, 1971
Euphyllia divisa Veron & Pichon, 1979
Euphyllia fimbriata (Spengler, 1799)
Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821)
Euphyllia paradivisa Verou, 1990
Euphyllia paraencora Veron, 1990
Euphyllia paraglabrescens Veron, 1990
Euphyllia yaeyamaensis (Shirai, 1980)
Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas, 1766)
*Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock, 1902)
Gyrosmilia interrupta (Ehrenberg, 1834)
iHeterocyathus aequicostatus M. Edwards & I-laime, 184
+Heterocyathus alternatus Verrill, 1865
*Heterocyathus hemisphericus Gray 1849
+Heterocyathus sulcatus (Verrill, 1866)
*Hoplangia durotrix Gosse, 1860
*Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (Marenzeller, 1904)
*Labyrinthocyathus facetus Cairns, 1979
*Labyrinthocyathus langae Cairns, 1979
*Labyrinthocyathus limatulus (Squires, 1964)
*Labyrinthocyathus quaylei (Durham, 1947)
*Lochmaeotrochus gardineri Cairns, 1999
*Lochmaeotrochus oculeus Alcock, 1902
'Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Montigyra kenti Matthai, 1928
Nemenzophyllia turbida Hodgson & Ross, 1981
*Nomlandia californica Durham & Barnard, 1952
*Oxysmilia circularis Cairns, 1998
*Oxysmilia corrugata Cairns, 1999
*Oxysmilia epithecata Cairns, 1999
*Oxysmilia rotundifolia (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Paraconotrochus antarctica (Gardiner, 1929)
*Paraconotrochus capense (Gardiner, 1904)
*Paraconotrochus zeidleri Cairns & Parker, 1992
*Paracyathus anderssoni Duncan, 1899
*Paracyathus arcuatus Lindstrdm, 1877
*Paracyathus cavatus Alcock, 1893
*Paracyathus conceptus Gardiner & Waugh, 1938
*Paracyathus ebonensis Verrill, 1866
*Paracyathus fulvus Alcock, 1893
*Paracyathus humilis Verrill, 1870
*Paracyathus indicus indicus Duncan, 1889
*P. indicus gracilis Alcock, 1893
*Paracyathus lifuensis Gardiner, 1899
*Paracyathus molokensis Vaughan, 1907
*Paracyathus montereyensis Durham, 1947
*Paracyathus parvulus Gardiner, 1899
*Paracyathus porcellanus Verrill, 1866
*Paracyathus profundus Alcock, 1893
*Paracyathus pruinosus Alcock, 1902
*Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842)
1
*Paracyathus rotundatus Semper, 1872
*Paracyathus stearnsii Verrill, 1869
*Paracyathus stokesii M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*Paracyathus vittatus Dennant, 1906
*Phacelocyathus flos (De Pouttalb, 1878)
1
*Phyllangia americana americana M. Edwards & Haime, 1849 1
*P. americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)
*Phyllangia consagensis (Durham & Barnard, 1952)
*Phyllangia dispersa Verrill, 1864
*Phyllangia echinosepes Ogawa, Takahashi & Sakai, 1997
*Phyllangia granulata Koch, 1886
*Phyllangia hayamaensis (Eguchi, 1968)
*Phyllangia mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)
'Phyllangia papuensis Studer, 1878
Physogyra exerta Nemenzo & Ferraris, 1982
Physogyra lichtensteini (M. Edwards & Haime, 185 1)
Plerogyra eyrysepta Nemenzo, 1960
Plerogyra simplex Rehberg, 1892
Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846)
Plerogyra turbida (Hodgson & Ross, 1981)
*Polycyathus andamanicus Alcock, 1893
*Polycyathus atlanticus Duncan, 1876
*Polycyathus difficilis Duncan, 1876
*Polycyathus fulvus Wijsman-Best, 1970
*Polycyathus furanaensis Verheij & Best, 1987
*Polycyathus fuscomarginatus (Klunzinger, 1879)
*Polycyathus hodgsoni Verheij & Best, 1987
*Polycyatbus hondaensis (Durham & Barnard, 1952)
*Polycyathus isabela Wells, 1982
*Polycyathus marigondoni Verheij & Best, 1987
*Polycyathus mnellerae (Abel, 1959)
*Polycyathus norfolkensis Cairns, 1995
*Polycyathus octuplns Cairns, 1999
*Polycyathus palifera (Verrill, 1869)
*Polycyathus persicus (Duncan, 1876)
*Polycyathus senegalensis Chevalier, 1966
1
*Polycyathus verrilli Duncan, 1889
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5
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*Pourtalosmilia anthopliyllites (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
*Pourtalosmilia conferta Cairns, 1978
*Premocyathus cornufomis (De Pourtaks, 1868)
*Premocyathus dentiformis (Alcock, 1902)
*Rhizosmilia gerdae Cairns, 1978
*Rhizosmilia data Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Rhizosmilia maculata (De Pourtales, 1874)
*Rhizosmilia multipaliferus Cairns, 1998
*Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993
*Rhizosmilia sagamiensis (Eguchi, 1968)
*Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873
*Stephanocyathus campaniformis (Marenzeller, 1904)
*Stephanocyathus coronatus (De Pourtalb, 1867)
*Stephanocyathus crassus (Jourdan, 1895)
*Stephanocyatlius diadema (Moseley, 1876)
*Stephanocyathus explanans (Marenzeller, 1904)
*Steplianocyathus laevifundus Cairns, 1977
*Stephanocyathus moseleyanus (Sclater, 1886)
*Stephanocyathus nobilis (Moseley, 1873)
*Stephanocyathus paliferus Cairns, 1977
*Stephanocyathus platypus (Moseley, 1876)
*Stephanocyathus regius Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Stephanocyathus spiniger (Marenzeller, 1888)
*Stephanocyathus weberianus Alcock, 1902
*Sympodangia albatrossi Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Tethocyathus cylindraceus (De Pourtales, 1868)
*Tetliocyathus minor (Gardiner, 1899)
*Tethocyathus recurvatus (De Pourtales, 1878)
*Tethocyathus variabilis Cairns, 1979
'Tethocyathus virgatus (Alcock, 1902)
*Thalamophyllia gasti (Doderlein, 1913)
*Thalamophyllia gombcrgi Cairns, 1979
*Thalamophyllia riisei (Duchassaing & Miclielotti, 1864)
*Thalamophyllia tenuescens (Gardiner, 1899)
*Trochocyathus aithoseptatus Cail-ns, 1984
*Trochocyathus apertus Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Trochocyatlius brevispina Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Trocliocyathus burchae (Cairns, 1984)
*Trochocyathus caryophylloides Alcock, 1902
*Trochocyathus cepulla Cairns, 1995
*Trochocyathus cinticulatus (Alcock, 1898)
*Trochocyathus cooperi (Gardiner, 1905)
*Trochocyatlius decamera Cairns, 1994
*Trochocyatlius discus Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Trochocyathus efateensis Cairns, 1999
*Trochocyatlius faciatus Cairns, 1979
*Trochocyathus fossulus Cairns, 1979
*Trochocyathus gardineri (Vaughan, 1907)
*Trochocyathus gordoni Cairns, 1995
*Trochocyathus liastatus Bourne, 1903
*Trochocyathus japonicus Eguchi, 1968
*Trochocyathus longispina Caims & Zibrowius, 1997
*Trochocyathus maculatus Cairns, 1995
*Trochocyathus mauiensis Vaughan, 1907
*Trochocyathus mediterraneus Zibrowius, 1980
*Trochocyathus oahensis Vaughan, 1907
*Trochocyathus patelliformis Cairns, 1999
*Trochocyathus philippinensis Semper, 1872
*Trochocyathus poiphyreus (Alcock, 1893)
*Trochocyathus rawsouii De Pourtales, 1874
*Trochocyathus rhombocolumna Alcock, 1902
*Trochocyathus semperi Cairns & Zibmwius, 1997
*Trochocyathus spinosocostatus Zibrowius, 1980
*Trochocyathus vasiformis Bourne, 1903
*Vaughanella concinna Gravier, 1915
*Vaughanella margaritata (Jourdan, 1895)
*Vaughanella multipalifera Cairns, 1995
*Vaughanella oreophila Keller, 1981
Dendrophylliidae
*Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1766)
*Balanophyllia bairdiana M. Edwards & Haiine, 1848
*Balanophyllia bayeri Cairns, 1979
*Balanophyllia bonaespei van der Horst, 1938
*Balanophyllia buccina Tenison-Woods, 1878
*Balanophyllia capensis Verrill, 1865
*Balanophyllia caribbeana Cairns, 1977
*Balanophyllia carinata (Semper, 1872)
*Balanophyllia cedrosensis Durham, 1947
*Balanophyllia cellulosa Duncan, 1873
'Balanophyllia chnous Squires, 1962
*Balanophyllia comiculans Alcock, 1902
*Balanophyllia cornu Moseley, I881
*Balanophyllia crassiseptuin Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Balanophyllia crassitheca Cairns, 1995
*Balanophyllia cumingii M. Edwards & H a h e , 1848
*Balanophyllia cyathoides (De Pourtaks, 1871)
*Balanophyllia dentata Tenison-Woods, 1879
*Balanophyllia desmophyllioides Vaughan, 1907
*Balanophyllia diademata van der Horst, 1927
*Balanophyllia diffusa Harrison & Poole, 1909
*Balanophyllia dineta Cairns, 1977
*Balanophyllia diomedeae Vaughan, 1907
*Balanophyllia dubia (Semper, 1872)
*Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 1864
*Balanophyllia elliptica (Tenison-Woods, 1878)
*Balanophyllia elongata (Moseley, 1881)
* Balanophyllia europaea (Risso, 1826)
*Balanophyllia floridana De Pouitales, 1868
*Balanophyllia galapagensis Vaughan, 1907
*Balanophyllia gemma (Moseley, 1881)
*Balanophyllia gemmifera Klunzinger, 1879
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*Balanophyllia generatrix Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Balanophyllia gigas Moseley, 1881
*Balanophyllia hadros Cairns, 1979
*Balanophyllia imperialis Kent, 1871
*Balanophyllia iwayamaensis Abe, 1938
*Balanophyllia laysanensis Vaughan, 1907
*Balanophyllia malouiensis Squires, 1961
*Balanophyllia palifera De Pourtales, 1878
*Balanophyllia parallels (Semper, 1872)
*Balanophyllia parvula Moseley, 1881
*Balanophyllia pittieri Vaughan, 1919
*Balanophyllia ponderosa van der Horst, 1926
*Balanophyllia profundicella Gardiner, 1899
*Balanophyllia rediviva Moseley, I88 l
*Balanophyllia regalis Alcock, 1893
*Balanophyllia regia Gosse, 1860
*Balanophyllia scabra Alcock, 1893
*Balanophyllia serrata Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Balanophyllia stimpsonii Verrill, 1865
*Balanophyllia tenuis van der Horst, 1922
*Balanophyllia teres Cairns, 1994
*Balanophyllia thalassae Zibrowius, 1980
*Balanophyllia troprobanae Bourne, 1905
*Balanophyllia wellsi Cairns, 1977
*Balanophyllia yongei Crossland, 1952
*Bathypsammia falloscoialis Squires, 1959
*Bathypsammia tintinnabulum (De Pourtales, 1868)
*Cladopsammia echinata Cairns, 1984
*Cladopsammia eguchii (Wells, 1982)
*Cladopsammia gracilis (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Cladopsammia manuelensis (Chevalier, 1966)
*Cladopsammia rolandi Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897
*Cladopsammia willeyi (Gardiner, 1900)
*Dendmphyllia aculeata Latypov, 1990
*Dendrophyllia alcocki (Wells, 1954)
*Dendrophyllia alternata De Pourtalk, I880
*Dendrophyllia arbuscula van der Horst, 1922
*Dendrophyllia boschmai boschmai van der Horst, 1926
*D. boschmai cyathelioides Yabe & Eguchi, 1965
*Dendrophyllia californica Durham, 1947
*Dendrophyllia cladonia van der Horst, 1927
*Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816)
*Dendrophyllia cribrosa M. Edwards & Haime, 185 1
*Dendrophyllia dilatata van der Horst, 1927
*Dendrophyllia florulenta Alcock, 1902
*Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe & Eguchi, 1934
*Dendrophyllia incisa (Crossland, 1952)
*Dendrophyllia indica Pillai, 1967
*Dendrophyllia johnsoni Cairns, 1991
*Dendrophyllia laboreli Zibrowius & Brito, 1984
*Dendrophyllia minuscula Bourne, 1905
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Montastraea valenciennesi (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
Moseleya latistellata Quelch, 1884
Oulastrea crispata (Lamarck, 18 16)
Oulophyllia bennettae (Veron, Pichon & Best, 1977)
Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816)
Parasimplastrea simplicitexta (Umbgrove, 1939)
Platygyra contorta Veron, 1990
Platygyra crosslandi (Matthai, 1928)
Platygyra daedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Platygyra lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Platygyra pini Chevalier, 1975
Platygyra ryukyuensis Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935
Platygyra sinensis (M. Edwards & Haime, 1849)
Platygyra verweyi Wijsman-Best, 1976
Platygyra yaeyamaensis (Eguchi & Shirai, 1977)
Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 18 16)
Solenastrea bournoni M. Edwards & Haime, 1850
Solenastrea hyades (Dana, 1846)
Flabellidae
*Blastotrochus nutrix M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*Falcatoflahellum rauolensis Cairns, 1995
*Flabellurn alabastrum Moseley, 1876
*Flabellurn angulare Moseley, 1876
*Flabellurn angustum Yabe & Eguchi, 1942
*Flabellurn aotearoa Squires, 1964
*Flabellurn apertum apertum Moseley, 1876
*F. apertum borealis Cairns, 1994
*Flabellurn arcuatile Cairns, 1999
*Flabellurn areum Cairns, 1982
*Flabellurn atlanticum Cairns, 1979
*Flabellurn australe Moseley, 1881
*Flabellurn campanulatum Holdsworth, 1862
*Flabellurn chunii Marenzeller, 1904
*Flabellurn conuis Moseley, 1881
*Flabellurn curvatum Moseley, 1881
*Flabellurn daphnense Durham & Barnard, 1952
*Flabellurn deludens Marenzeller, 1904
*Flabellurn flexuosum Cairns, 1982
*Flabellurn floridanum Cairns, 1991
*Flabellurn folkesoni Cairns, 1998
*Flabellurn galapagense M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*Flabellurn gardineri Cairns, 1982
*Flabellurn hoffmeisteri Cairns & Parker, 1992
*Flabellurn impensum Squires, 1962
*Flabellurn japonicum Moseley, 1881
*Flabellurn knoxi Ralph & Squires, 1962
*Flabellurn lamellulosum Alcock, 1902
*Flabellurn lowekeyesi Squires & Ralph, 1965
*Flabellurn macandrewi Gray, 1849
*Flabellurn magnificum Marenzeller, 1904
*Flabellurn marcus Keller, 1974
*Flabellurn n~arenzelleriCairns, 1989
*Flabellum rnessurn Alcock, 1902
*Flabellurn moseleyi De Pourtalks, 1880
*Flabellurn ongulense Eguchi, 1965
'Flabellurn patens Moseley, 1881
*Flabellurn pavoninum Lesson, 183 1
*Flabellurn politum Cairns, 1989
*Flabellum sexcostatum Cairns, 1989
*Flabellurn sibogae Gardiner, 1904
*Flabellurn thouarsii M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*Flabellurn transversale transversale Moseley, 1881
*F. transversale conicum Yabe & Eguchi, 1942
*F. transversale triangulare Eguchi, 1965
*Flabellurn tuthilli Moffmeister, 1933
*Flabellurn vaughani Cairns, 1984
*Javania antarctica (Gravier, 1914)
*Javania borealis Cairns, 1994
*Javania cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
*Javania californica Cairns, 1994
*Javania exserta Cairns, 1999
*Javania fusca (Vaughan, 1907)
*Javania insignis Duncan, 1876
*Javania lamprotichum Moseley, 1880
*Javania pseudoalabastra Zibrowius, 1974
*Monomyces pygmaea (Risso, 1826)
*Monomyces rubrum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
*Placotrochides frustum Cairns, 1979
*Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902
*Placotrochus laevis M. Edwards & Haime, 1846
*Placotrochus pedicellatus Tenison-Woods, 1879
*Polymyces fragilis (De Pourtal&s,1868)
*Polymyces montereyensis (Durham, 1947)
*Polymyces wellsi Cairns, 1991
*Rhizotrochus flabelliformis Cairns, 1989
*Rhizotrochus levidensis Gardiner, 1899
*Rhizotrochus niinoi Yabe & Eguchi, 1942
*Rhizotrochus tuberculatus (Tenison-Woods. 1879)
*Rhizotrochus typus M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*Truncatoflabellum aculeatum (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Truncatoflabellum angiostomum (Folkeson, 1919)
*Truncatoflabellum angustum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Truncatoflabellum arcuatum Cairns, 1995
*Truncatoflabellum australiensis Cairns, 1998
*Truncatoflabellum candeanum (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Truncatoflabellurn carinatum Cairns, 1989
*Truncatoflabellum crassum (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Truncatoflabellum cumingii (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
*Truncatoflabellum dens (Alcock, 1902)
*Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns, 1989
*Truncatoflabellum gardineri Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993
*Temnotrochus kermadecensis Cairns, 1995
*T~ncatoguyniairregularis Cairns, 1989
Meandrinidae
Ctenella chagius Matthai, 1928
Dendrogyra cylindricus Ehrenberg, 1834
Dichocoenia stellaris M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
Dichocoenia stokesi M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus, 1758)
Merulinidae
Boninastrea boninensis Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935
Hydnophora bonsai Veron, 1990
1-Iydnophora exesa (Pallas, 1766)
Hydnophora grandis Gardiner, 1906
Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 18 16)
Hydnophora pilosa Veron, 1985
Hydnophora rigida (Dana, 1846)
Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Merulina scabricula Dana, 1846
Merulina scheeri Head, 1983
Paraclavarina triangularis (Veron, Pichon & Best, 1977)
Scapophyllia cylindrica (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
Micrabaciidae
*Leptopenus antarcticus Cairns, 1989
*Leptopenus discus Moseley, 1881
*Leptopenus hypocoelus Moseley, 1881
*Leptopenus solidus Keller, 1977
'Letepsammia formosissima (Moseley, 1876)
*Letepsammia fissilis Cairns, 1995
*Letepsammia franki Owens, 1994
*Letepsammia superstes (Ortmann, 1888)
*Rhombopsammia niphada Owens, 1986
*Rhombopsammia squiresi Owens, 1986
*Stephanophyllia complicata Moseley, 1876
*Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock, 1902
*Stephanophyllia neglecta Boschma, 1923
Mussidae
Acanthastrea amakusensis Veron, 1990
Acanthastrea bowerbanki M. Edwards & Haime, 1857
Acanthastrea hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846)
Acanthastrea hillae Wells, 1955
Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Veron, 1990
Acanthastrea lordhowensis Veron & Pichon, 1982
Acanthastrea maxima Sheppard & Salm, 1988
Acanthastrea minuta Moll & Best, 1984
Acanthastrea rotundaflora Chevalier, 1975
Acanthophyllia deshayensiana (Michelin, 1850)
Australomussa rowleyensis Veron, 1985
Blastomussa merleti (Wells, 1961)
Blastomussa wellsi Wijsman-Best, 1973
Cynarina lacrymalis (M. Edwards & Haime, 1848)
lndophyllia macassarensis Best & Hoeksema, 1987
lsophyllastrea rigida (Dana, 1846)
Isophyllia sinuosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Lobophyllia corymbosa (ForskAl, 1775)
Lobophyllia costata (Dana, 1846)
Lobophyllia diminuta Veron, 1985
Lobophyllia hataii Yabe, Sugiyama & Eguchi, 1936
Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Lobophyllia pachysepta Chevalier, 1975
Lobophyllia robusta Yabe, Sugiyama & Eguchi, 193
Mussa angulosa (Pallas, 1766)
Mussismilia braziliensis (Verrill, 1868)
Mussismilia harttii (Verrill, 1868)
Mussismilia hispida (Verrill, 1901)
Mycetophyllia aliciae Wells, 1973
Mycetophyllia daniana M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
Mycetophyllia ferox Wells, 1973
Mycetophyllia lamarckiana M.Edwards &Haime, 1848
Mycetophyllia reesi Wells, 1973
Scolymia australis (M. Edwards & Haime, 1849)
Scolymia cubensis M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
Scolymia lacera (Pallas, 1766)
Scolymia vitiensis Brueggemann, 1877
Scolymia wellsii Laborel, 1967
Symphyllia agaricia M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
Symphyllia erythraea (Klunzinger, 1879)
Symphyllia hassi Pillai & Scheer, 1976
Symphyllia radians M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846)
Symphyllia valenciennesii M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
Symphyllia wilsoni Veron, 1985
Ocufinidae
Acrhelia horrescens (Dana, 1846)
*Archohelia rediviva Wells & Alderslade, 1979
*Bathelia candida Moseley, 1881
*Cyathelia axillaris (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Galaxea aka Nemenzo, 1980
Galaxea astreata (Lamarck, 1816)
Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Galaxea paucisepta Claereboudt, 1990
*Madrepora arbuscula (Moseley, 1881)
*Madrepora carolina (De Pourtalb, 1871)
*Madrepora kauaiensis Vaughan, 1907
*Madrepora minutiseptum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758
*Madrepora porcellana Moseley, 1881
Oculina arbuscula L. Agassiz, 1864
+Oculina diffusa Lamarck, 1816
Oculina patagonica De Angelis, 1908
*Oculina profunda Caims, 1991
Oculina robusta De Pourtaks, 1871
+Oculina tenella De Pourtales, 1871
Oculina valenciennesi M. Edwards & Haime, 1850
+Oculina varicosa Lesueur, 1821
*Oculina virgosa Squires, 1958
Schizoculina fissipara (M. Edwards & Haime, 1850)
*Sclerhelia hirtella (Pallas, 1766)
Simplastrea vesicularis Umbgrove, 1940
Pectiniidae
Echinophyllia aspera (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Echinophyllia echinata (Saville-Kent, 1871)
Echinophyllia echinoporoides Veron & Pichon, 1979
Echinophyllia maxima Moll & Best, 1984
Echinophyllia nishihirai Veron, 1990
Echinophyllia orpheeusis Veron & Pichon, 1979
Echinophyllia patula (Hodgson & Ross, 1981)
Echinophyllia tosaeusis Yabe & Eguchi, 1935
Mycedium elephantotus (Pallas, 1766)
Mycedium robokaki Moll & Best, 1984
Oxypora crassispinosa Nemenzo, 1980
Oxypora glabra Nemenzo, 1959
Oxypora lacera (Verrill, 1864)
Pectinia alcicomis (Saville-Kent, 1871)
Pectinia elongata Rehberg, 1892
Pectinia lactuca (Pallas, 1766)
Pectinia paeonia (Dana, 1846)
Pectinia teres Nemenzo, 1981
Physophyllia ayleni (Wells, 1934)
Pocilloporidae
*Madrack asanoi Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936
+Madrack asperula M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
*Madrack brueggemanni (Ridley, 188 1)
Madracis decactis (Lyman, 1859)
Madracis fomosa Wells, 1973
*Madrack hellana M. Edwards & Haime, 1850
*Madrack interjects Marenzeller, 1907
*Madrack kauaiensis Vaughan, 1907
Madracis kirbyi Veron & Pichon, 1976
Madracis mirabilis sensu Wells, 1973
*Madrack myriaster (M. Edwards & Haime, 1849)
+Madrack pharensis (Heller, 1868)
'Madrack profunda Zibrowius, 1980
Madracis senaria Wells, 1974
*Madrack singularis Rehberg, 1892
Palauastrea ramosa Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941
Pocillopora capitata Verrill, 1864
Pocillopora damicomis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pocillopora elegans Dana, 1846
Pocillopora eydouxi M. Edwards & Haime, 1860
Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846
Pocillopora vesrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Pocillopora woodjonesi Vaughao, 1918
Seriatopora caliendrum Ehrenberg, 1834
Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846
Stylophora kuehlmanni Scheer & Pillai, 1983
Stylophora mamillata Scheer & Pillai, 1983
Stylophora mordax (Dana, 1846)
Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1797)
Stylophora wellsi Scheer, 1964
Poritidae
Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925
Alveopora catalai Wells, 1968
Alveopora excelsa Vesrill, 1864
Alveopora fenestrata (Lamarck, 18 16)
Alveopora gigas Veron, 1985
Alveopora japonica Eguchi, 1968
Alveopora marionensis Veron & Pichon, 1982
Alveopora ocellata Wells, 1954
Alveopora spongiosa Dana, 1846
Alveopora tizardi Bassett-Smith, 1890
Alveopora vesrilliana Dana, 1872
Alveopora viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
Goniopora burgosi Nemenzo, 1955
Goniopora cellulosa Veron, 1990
Goniopora columna Dana, 1846
Goniopora djiboutiensis Vaughan, 1907
Goniopora eclipsensis Veron & Pichon, 1982
Goniopora fruticosa Saville-Kent, 1891
Goniopora lobata M. Edwards & Haime, 1860
Goniopora minor Crossland, 1952
Goniopora norfolkensis Veron & Pichon, 1982
Goniopora palmensis Veron & Pichon, 1982
Goniopora pandoraensis Veron & Pichon, 1982
Goniopora pendulus Veron, 1985
Goniopora planulata (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Goniopora polyformis Zou, 1980
Goniopora savignyi Dana, 1846
Goniopora somaliensis Vaughan, 1907
Goniopora stokesi M. Edwards & Haime, 1851
Goniopora stutchburyi Wells, 1955
Goniopora tenella (Quelch, 1886)
Goniopora tenuidens Quelch, 1886
Porites annae Crossland, 1952
Porites aranetai Nemenzo, 1955
Porites astreoides Lamarck, 18 16
Porites attenuata Nemenzo, 1955
Porites australiensi5 Vaughan, 1918
Porites baueri Squires, 1959
Porites branneri Rathbun, 1888
Porites colonensis Zlatarski, 1990
Porites compressa Dana, 1846
Porites cumulatus Nemenzo, 1955
Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846
Porites deformis Nemenzo, 1955
Porites densa Vaughan, 1918
Porites echinulata Klunzinger, 1879
Porites eridani Umbgrove, 1940
Porites evermanni Vaughau, 1907
Porites furcata Lamarck, 18 16
Porites gabonensis Gravier, 191 1
Porites heronensis Veron, 1985
Porites horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925
Porites iwayamaensis Eguchi, 1938
Porites latistella Quelch, 1884
Porites lichen Dana, 1846
Porites lobata Dana, 1846
Porites lutea M. Edwards & Haime, 1860
Porites mayeri Vaughan, 1918
Porites myrmidonensis Veron, 1985
Porites negrosensis Veron, 1990
Porites nigrescens Dana, 1846
Porites nodifera Klunzinger, 1879
Porites okinawensis Veron, 1990
Porites panamensis Verrill, 1866
Porites porites (Pallas, 1766)
Porites rus (ForskBI, 1775)
Porites sillimaniani Nemenzo, 1976
Porites solida (Forskal, 1775)
Porites somaliensis Gravier, 1910
Porites stephensoni Crossland, 1952
Porites sverdmpi Durham, 1947
Porites undulata (Klunzinger, 1879)
Porites vaughani Crossland, 1952
Stylaraea punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rhizangiidae
*Astrangia atrata (Dennant, 1906)
*Astrangia browni Palmer, 1928
*Astrangia californica Durham & Barnard, 1952
*Astrangia conferta Verrill, 1870
*Astrangia costata Verrill, 1866
*Astrangia dentata Verrill, 1866
*Astrangia eqnatorialis Durham & Barnard, 1952
'Astrangia haimei Verrill, 1866
*Astrangia howardi Durham & Barnard, 1952
'Astrangia macrodentata Theil, 1940
*Astrangia mercatoris Theil, 1941
+Astrangia poculata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
*Astrangia rathbuni Vaughan, 1906
*Astrangia solitaria (Lesueur, 1817)
*Astrangia woodsi Wells, 1955
*Cladangia exusta Liitken, 1873
*Cladangia gemmans Chevalier, 1966
*Culicia australiensis Hoffmeister, 1933
*Culicia cuticulata Klunzinger, 1879
'Culicia excavata M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
*Culicia fragilis Chevalier, 1971
*Culicia hoffmeisteri Squires, 1966
*Culicia quinaria Tenison-Woods, 1878
*Culicia rubeola (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
*Culicia smithii (M. Edwards & Haime, 1849)
*Culicia stellata Dana, 1848
*Culicia subaustraliensis OgawqTakahashi & Sakai, 1997
*Culicia tenella tenella Dana, 1848
*C, tenella natalensis (Duncan, 1876)
*Culicia tenuisepes Ogawa, Takahashi & Sakai, 1997
*Culicia verreauxi M. Edwards & Haime, I850
*Oulangia bradleyi Verrill, 1866
*Oulangia cyathiformis Chevalier, 1971
*Oulangia stokesiana stokesiana M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*O. stokesiana miltoni Yabe & Eguchi, 1932
Siderastreidae
Anomastrea irregularis Marenzeller, 1901
Coscinaraea columna (Dana, 1846)
Coscinaraea crassa Veron & Pichon, 1980
Coscinaraea exaesa (Dana, 1846)
Coscinaraea fossata (Dana, 1846)
Coscinaraea hazimanensis Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936
Coscinaraea marshae Wells, 1962
Coscinaraea mcneilli Wells, 1962
Coscinaraea monile (Forskil, 1775)
Coscinaraea wellsi Veron & Pichon, 1980
Horastrea indica Pichon, 1971
Psammocora brighami Vaughan, 1907
Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797)
Psammocora digitata M. Edwards & Haime, 1851
Psammocora explanulata Van der Horst, 1922
Psammocora haimeana M. Edwards & Haime, 1851
Psammocora nierstraszi Van der Horst, 1921
Psammocora obtusangula (Lamarck, 1816 )
Psammocora profundacella Gardiner, 1898
Psammocora stellata Verrill, 1866
Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898
Psammocora vaughani Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936
Pseudosiderastrea tayamai Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935
Siderastrea glynni Budd & G u m a n , 1994
Siderastrea radians (Pallas, 1766)
Siderastrea savignyana M. Edwards & Haime, 1850
Siderastrea siderea (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Trachyphylliidae
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Audouin,1826)
Turbinoliidae
*Alatotrochus rubescens (Moseley, 1876)
*Australocyathus vincentinus (Dennant, 1904)
*Conocyathus gracilis Cairns, 1998
*Conocyathus zelandiae Duncan, 1876
*Cryptotrochus brevipalus Cairns, 1999
'Cryptotrochus carolinensis Cairns, 1988
*Cryptotrochus javanus Cairns, 1988
*Cyathotrochus herdmani Bourne, 1905
*Cyathotrochus nascornatus Gardiner & Waugh, 1938
*Cyathotrochus pileus (Alcock, 1902)
*Deltocyathoides orientalis (Duncan, 1876)
*Deltocyathoides stimpsonii (De Pourtales, 1871)
*Dunocyathus parasiticus Tenison-Woods, 1878
*Endocyathopora laticostata Cairns, 1989
*Foveolocyathus alternans (Cairns & Parker, 1992)
*Foveolocyathus verconis Dennant, 1904
*Holcotrochus crenulatus Dennant, 1904
*Holcotrochus scriptus Dennant, 1902
*Idiotrochus emarciatus Duncan, 1865
*Idiotrochus kikutii (Yabe & Eguchi, 1941)
*Kionotrochus suteri Dennant, 1906
*Notocyathus conicus (Alcock, 1902)
*Notocyathus venustus (Alcock, 1902)
*Peponocyathus dawsoni Cairns, 1995
*Peponocyathus folliculus (De Pourtales, 1868)
*Peponocyathus minimus (Yabe & Eguchi, 1937)
*Platytrochus compressus (Tenison-Woods, 1878)
*Platytrochus hastatus Dennant, 1902
*Platytrochus laevigatus Cairns & Parker, 1992
*Platytrochus parisepta Cairns & Parker, 1992
*Pleoaochus venustus (Alcock, 1902)
*Pleotrochus zibrowii Cairns, 1997
*Pseudocyathoceras avis (Durham & Barnard, 1952)
*Sphenotrochus andrewianus M. Edwards & Haime, 1848
*Sphenotrochus aurantiacus Marenzeller, 1904
*Sohenotrochus auritus De Pourtal&. 1874
*Sphenotrochus evexicostatus Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993
*Sphenotrochus excavatus Tenison-Woods, 1878
*Sphenotrochus gardineri Squires, 1961
*Sphenotrochus gilchristi Gardiner, 1904
*Sphenotrochus hancocki Durham & Barnard, 1952
*Sphenotrochus imbricaticostatus Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993
3
3
3
*Sphenotrochus ralphae Squires, 1964
*Sphenotrochus squiresi Cairns, 1995
*Thrypticotrochus multilobatus Cairns, 1989
*Th~ypticotrochuspetterdi (Dennant, 1906)
*Trematotrochus corbicula (De Pourtalis, 1878)
*Trematotrochus hedleyi Dennant, 1906
*Tropidocyathus labidus Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
*Tropidocyathus lessoni (Michelin, 1842)
*Turbinolia stephensoni (Wells, 1959)
1
Incertae sedis
'Cylicia inflata De Pourtalb, 1878
Class Hydrozoa
Order Capitata
Milleporidae
Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus, I758
Millepora boschmai De Weerdt & Glynn, 1991
Millepora braziliensis Verrill, 1868
Millepora complanata Lamarck, 1816
Millepora dichotoma (ForskAl, 1775)
Millepora exaesa (Forskal, 1775)
Millepora foveolata Crossland, 1952
Millepora intricata Edwards, 1857
Millepora latifolia Boschma, 1948
Millepora murrayi Quelch, 1884
Millepora nitida Verrill, 1868
Millepora platyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834
Millepora squarrosa Lamarck, 18 16
Millepora striata Duchassaing & Michelotti, I864
Millepora tenera Boschma, 1949
Millepora tuberosa Boschma, 1966
Millepora xishaensis Zou, 1978
1
1
I
Order Filifera
*Hydractiniidre
Hydrocorella africana Stechow, 1921
Janaria mirablis Stechow, 1921
Polyhydra calcarea (Carter, 1877)
"Stylasteridae
Adelopora crassilabrum Cairns, 1991
Adelopora fragilis Cairns, 1991
Adelopora moseleyi Cairns, 199 1
Adelopora pseudothyron Cairns, 1982
Astya aspidopora Cairns, 1991
Astya subviridis (Moseley, 1879)
2
Calyptopora reticulata Boschma, 1968
Calyptopora sinuosa Cairns, 1991
Cheiloporidion pulvinatum Cairns, 1983
Conopora adeta Cairns, 1987
Conopora anthohelia Cairns, 1991
Conopora candelabrum Cairns, 199 1
Conopora dura Hickson & England, 1909
Conopora gigantea Cairns, 1991
Conopora laevis (Studer, 1878)
Conopora tetrastichopora Cairns, 1991
Conopora unifacialis Cairns, 1991
Conopora vemcosa (Studer, 1878)
Crypthelia affinis Moseley, 1879
Crypthelia balia Hickson & England, 1905
Crypthelia clausa Broch, 1947
Crypthelia cryptotrema Zibrowius, 1981
Crypthelia curvata Cairns, 1991
Crypthelia cymas Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia dactylopoma Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia eueides Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia floridana Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia formosa Cairns, 1983
Crypthelia fragilis Cairns, 1983
Crypthelia gigantea Fisher, 1938
Crypthelia glebulenta Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia glossopoma Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia insolita Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia japonica (M. Edwards & Haime, 1849)
Crypthelia lacunosa Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia medioatlantica Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
Crypthelia micropoma Cairns, 1985
Crypthelia papillosa Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia peircei De Pourtalds, 1867
Crypthelia platypoma Hickson & England, 1905
Crypthelia polypoma Cairns, 1991
Crypthelia pudica M. Edwards & Haime, 1849
Crypthelia ramosa Hickson & England, 1905
Crypthelia robusta Cairns, 1991
Crypthelia stenopoma Hickson & England, 1905
Crypthelia studeri Cairns, 1991
Crypthelia tenuiseptata Cairns, 1986
Crypthelia trophostega Fisher, 1938
Crypthelia vascomarquesi Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
Cyclohelia lamellata Cairns, 1991
Distichopora anceps Cairns, 1978
Distichopora anomala Cairns, 1986
Distichopora barbadensis De Pourtalks, 1874
Distichopora borealis borealis Fisher, 1938
D. borealis japonica Broch, 1942
Distichopora cervina De Pourtalc%, 187 1
Distichopora coccinea Gray, 1860
Distichopora contorta De Pourtales, 1878
Distichopora dispar Cairns, 199 1
Distichopora foliacea De Pourtales, 1868
Distichopora gracilis Dana, 1848
Distichopora irregularis Moseley, 1879
Distichopora laevigranulosa Cairns, 1986
Distichopora livida Tenison-Woods, 1879
Distichopora nitida Verrill, 1864
Distichopora profunda Hickson & England, 1909
Distichopora providentiae Hickson & England, 1909)
Distichopora rosalindae Cairns, 1986
Distichopora serpens Broch, 1942
Distichopora sulcata De Pourtales, 1867
Distichopora uniserialis Cairns, 1986
Distichopora vervoorti Cairns & Hoeksema, 1999
Distichopora violacea (Pallas, 1766)
Distichopora yucatanensis Cairns, 1986
Errina altispina Cairns, 1986
Errina antarctica (Gray, 1872)
Errina aspera (Linnaeus, 1767)
Errina atlantica Hickson, 1912
Errina bicolor Cairns, 1991
Errina boschmai Cairns, 1983
Errina capensis Hickson, 1912
Errina chathamensis Cairns, 1991
Errina cheilopora Cairns, 1983
Errina cochleata Pourtalb, 1867
Errina cooki Hickson, 1912
Errina cyclopora Cairns, 1983
Errina dabneyi (De Pourtales, 187 1)
Errina dendyi Hickson, 1912
Errina fissurata Gray, 1872
Errina gracilis Marenzeller, 1903
Errina hicksoni Cairns, 1991
Errina japonica Eguchi, 1968
Errina kerguelensis Cairns, 1983
Errina laevigata Cairns, 1991
Errina laterorifa Eguchi, 1964
Errina macrogastra Marenzeller, 1904
Errina novaezelandiae Hickson, 1912
Errina porifera Naumov, 1960
Errina reticulata Cairns, 1991
Errina sinuosa Cairns, 1991
Errinopora cestoporina Cairns, 1983
Errinopora latifundata Naumov, 1960
Errinopora nanneca Fisher, 1938
Errinopora pourtalesi (Dall, 1884)
Errinopora stylifera (Broch, 1935)
Errinopora zarhyncha Fisher, 1938
Errinopsis fenestrata Cairns, 1983
Errinopsis reticulum Broch, 1951
Gyropora africana Boschma, 1960
Inferiolabiata labiata (Moseley, 1879)
Inferiolabiata lowei (Cairns, 1983)
Inferiolabiata spinosa Cairns, 1991
Lepidopora acrolophos Cairns, 1983
Lepidopora biserialis Cairns, 1986
Lepidopora carinata (De Pourtalb, 1867)
Lepidopora clavigera Cairns, 1986
Lepidopora concatenata Cairns, 199 1
Lepidopora clyptocymas Cairns, 1985
Lepidopora decipiens Boschma, 1964
Lepidopora dendrostylus Cairns, 1991
Lepidopora diffusa Boschma, 1963
Lepidopora eburnea (Calvet, 1903)
Lepidopora glabra (De PourtalBs, 1867)
Lepidopora granulosa Cairns, 1983
Lepidopora microstylus Cairns, 1991
Lepidopora polystichopora Cairns, 1985
Lepidopora sarmentosa (Boschma, 1968)
Lepidopora symmetrica Cairns, 1991
Lepidotheca altispina Cairns, 1991
Lepidotheca brochi Cairns, 1986
Lepidotheca cervicornis (Broch, 1942)
Lepidotheca chauliostylus Cairns, 1991
Lepidotheca fascicularis (Cairns, 1983)
Lepidotheca horrida (Hickson & England, 1905)
Lepidotheca inconsuta Cairns, 1991
Lepidotheca macropora Cairns, 1986
Lepidotheca pourtalesi Cairns, 1986
Lepidotheca ramosa (Hickson & England, 1905)
Lepidotheca robusta Cairns, 1991
Lepidotheca tenuistylus (Broch, 1942)
Paraerrina decipiens Broch, 1942
Phalangopora regularis Kirkpatrick, 1897
Pliobothrus echinatus Cairns, 1986
Pliobothrus fistulosus Cairns, 1991
Pliobothms gracilis Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
Pliobothrus symmetricus De Pourtalks, 1868
Pliobothrus tubulatus (De PourtalBs, 1867)
Pseudoctypthelia pachypoma (Hickson & England, 1905)
Sporadopora dichotoma (Moseley, 1877)
Sporadopora micropora Cairns, 1991
Sporadopora mortenseni Broch, 1942
Stellapora echinata (Moseley, 1879)
Stenohelia concinna Boschma, 1964
Stenohelia conferta Boschma, 1968
Stenohelia echinata Eguchi, 1968
Stenohelia maderensis (Johnson, 1862)
Stenohelia pauciseptata Cairns, 1986
Stenohelia profunda Moseley, 1881
Stenohelia tiliata (Hickson & England, 1905)
1
I
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
Stenohelia umbonata (Hickson & England, 1905)
Stenohelia yahei (Eguchi, 1941)
Stephanohelia praecipua Cairns, 1991
Stylantheca papillosa (Dall, 1884)
Stylantheca petrograpta (Fisher, 1938)
Stylantheca porphyra Fisher, 193 1
Stylaster alaskanus Fisher, 1938
Stylaster amphiheloides Kent, 1871
Stylaster antillarum Zibrowius & Cairns, 1982
Stylaster asper Kent, 1871
Stylaster aurantiacus Cairns, 1986
Stylaster bellus (Dana, 1848)
Stylaster bilobatus Hickson & England, 1905
Stylaster bithalamus Broch, 1936
Stylaster blatteus (Boschma, 196 1)
Stylaster bocki Broch, 1936
Stylaster boreopacificus Broch, 1932
Stylaster boschmai (Eguchi, 1965)
Stylaster brochi (Fisher, 1938)
Stylaster brunneus Boschma, 1970
Stylaster californicus (Verrill, 1866)
Stylaster campylecus campylecus (Fisher, 1938)
S. campylecus parageus (Fisher, 1938)
S. campylecus tylotus (Fisher, 1938)
S. campylecus trachystomus (Fisher, 1938)
Stylaster cancellatus Fisher, 1938
Stylaster carinatus Broch, 1936
Stylaster cocosensis Cairns, 1991
Stylaster complanatus De Pourtales, 1867
Stylaster corallium Cairns, 1986
Stylaster crassior Broch, 1936
Stylaster densicaulis Moseley, 1879
Stylaster dentatus Broch, 1936
Stylaster divergens Marenzeller, 1904
Stylaster duchassaingi De Pourtaks, 1867
Stylaster eguchii (Boschma, 1966)
Stylaster elassotomus Fisher, 1938
Stylaster erubescens erubescens De Pourtalb, 1868
S. erubescens groenlandicus Zibrowius & Cairns, 199
S. erubescens britannicus Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
S. erubescens meteorensis Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
Stylaster eximius Kent, 1871
Stylaster filogranus De Ponrtalks, 1871
Stylaster flabelliformis (Lamarck, 1816)
Stylaster galapagensis Cairns, 1986
Stylaster gemmascens (Esper, 1794)
Stylaster gracilis M. Edwards & Haime, 1850
Stylaster granulosus M. Edwards & Haime, 1850
Stylaster hattorrii (Eguchi, 1968)
Stylaster horologium Cairns, 1991
Stylaster ibericus Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
Stylaster imbricatus Cairns, 1991
Stylaster incompletus (Tenison-Woods, 1883)
Stylaster incrassitus (Eguchi, 1941)
Stylaster inornatus Cairns, 1986
Stylaster laevigatus Cairns, 1986
Stylaster lonchitis Broch, 1947
Stylaster marenzelleri Cairns, 1986
Stylaster maroccanus Zibrowius & Cairns, 1992
Stylaster marshae Cairns, 1988
Stylaster microstriatus Broch, 1936
Stylaster miniatus (De Pourtalb, 1868)
Stylaster moseleyanus (Fisher, 1938)
Stylaster multiplex Hickson & England, 1905
Stylaster nobilis (Kent, 1871)
Stylaster norvegicus (Gunnerus, 1768)
Stylaster papuensis Zibrowius, 1981
Stylaster polymorphus Broch, 1936
Stylaster polyorchis (Fisher, 1938)
Stylaster profundus (Moseley, 1879)
Stylaster profundiporus Broch, 1936
Stylaster pulcher Quelch, 1884
Stylaster purpuratus (Naumov, 1960)
Stylaster ramosus Broch, 1947
Stylaster robustus (Cairns, 1983)
Stylaster rosaceus (Greeff, 1886)
1
Stylaster roseus (Pallas, 1766)
Stylaster sanguineus Valenciennes in M. Edw. & Haime,1850
Stylaster scabiosus Broch, 1935
Stylaster solidus Broch, 1935
1
Stylaster spatula Cairns, I986
Stylaster stejnegeri (Fisher, 1938)
Stylaster stellulatus Stewart, 1878
Stylaster subviolacea (Kent, 1871)
Stylaster tenisonwoodsi Cairns, 1988
Stylaster venustus (Verrill, 1870)
Stylaster verrillii (Dall, 1884)
Systemapora ornata Cairns, 1991
4
Unknown
5
2
2
3