Mediterranean Marine Science Volume 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species A. zeNetoS1, M.E. ÇINAR2, M.A. pANcucci - pApAdopoulou1, J.g. hARMeliN3, g. fuRNARi4, f. ANdAloRo5, N. bellou1, N. STREFTARIS1 and h. zibRoWiuS3 1 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Anavissos 19013, Attica, Greece 2 Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 3 Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille, UMR 6540 DIMAR, Station Marine d’Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France 4 Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Botanica, Via A. Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca Scientiica e Tecnologica Applicata al Mare (ICRAM), Via E. Amari 124 90139 Palermo, Italy 5 e-mail: zenetos@ath.hcmr.gr Abstract This collaborative effort by many specialists across the Mediterranean presents an updated annotated list of alien marine species in the Mediterranean Sea. Alien species have been grouped into six broad categories namely established, casual, questionable, cryptogenic, excluded and invasive, and presented in lists of major ecofunctional/taxonomic groups. The establishment success within each group is provided while the questionable and excluded records are commented in brief. A total of 963 alien species have been reported from the Mediterranean until December 2005, 218 of which have been classiied as excluded (23%) leaving 745 of the recorded species as valid aliens. Of these 385 (52%) are already well established, 262 (35%) are casual records, while 98 species (13%) remain “questionable” records. The species cited in this work belong mostly to zoobenthos and in particular to Mollusca and Crustacea, while Fish and Phytobenthos are the next two groups which prevail among alien biota in the Mediterranean. The available information depends greatly on the taxonomic group examined. Thus, besides the three groups explicitly addressed in the CIESM atlas series (Fish, Decapoda/Crustacea and Mollusca), which are however updated in the present work, Polychaeta, Phytobenthos, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are also addressed in this study. Among other zoobenthic taxa suficiently covered in this study are Echinodermata, Sipuncula, Bryozoa and Ascidiacea. On the contrary, taxa such as Foraminifera, Amphipoda and Isopoda, that are not well studied in the Mediterranean, are insuficiently covered. A Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 63 gap of knowledge is also noticed in Parasites, which, although ubiquitous and pervasive in marine systems, have been relatively unexplored as to their role in marine invasions. Conclusively the lack of funding purely systematic studies in the region has led to underestimation of the number of aliens in the Mediterranean. Emphasis is put on those species that are current or potential threats to the marine ecosystems, namely the Worst Invasive Alien Species providing their record across major groups. Keywords: Alien taxa; Establishment success; Worst IAS; Mediterranean. Introduction The signiicance of alien species in marine ecosystems worldwide has been highlighted in recent years. International organisations (UNEP/MAP/RAC/SPA, FAO/ DIAS, IUCN, ICES, IMO, CIESM) and the scientiic community have addressed the issue through articles, review papers, databases and directories. The most representative and recent work regarding the distribution, impact and management of invasive aquatic species in Europe can be found in a series of papers compiled in one edition by LEPPAKOSKI et al. (2002). STREFTARIS et al. (2005) have summarised and compiled a list of alien species in European Seas including 615 species in the Mediterranean up to the end of 2003 plus 23 additional species from litterature accessible within 2004. This led them to consider the Mediterranean as a major recipient of alien species. Following POR (1978) who focused on introductions via the Suez Canal, the socalled Lessepsian migrators, ZIBROWIUS (1992) attempted a compilation of data on alien species in the Mediterranean. He pointed out that while taxa with well-known taxonomy and established historical distribution records (e.g. benthic organisms, ish) have received more attention than other groups, many of the small, less-conspicuous, lessstudied species are necessarily overlooked, leading to an underestimation of the extent of aliens’ presence. 64 The chaos in nomenclature and fragmentary and sporadic information, based widely on selective scientiic interest, prompted CIESM to issue a series of atlases (GOLANI et al., 2002; GALIL et al., 2002; ZENETOS et al., 2004). The list of STREFTARIS et al. (2005) intended to include as many seemingly valid records as possible and compared trends between the various European Seas. However, even in this work the effort has been focused on certain taxonomic groups, mainly ish and benthos (major “popular” groups treated extensively in the recent CIESM atlas series) while many pelagic groups have not even been mentioned. Other recent efforts to compile updating lists in marine algae, phytoplankton and zooplankton are those by ATHANASIADIS (2002); CORMACI et al. (2004) ; VERLAQUE et al. (2005); GÓMEZ, 2005; UYSAL et al., (2002); BOUILLON et al. (2004). However, in spite of these efforts, one should remain aware, that as stated by STREFTARIS et al. (2005), there are arguments against the accuracy and validity of registration of various groups (these authors specially mentioned bryozoans, entoprocts, hydroids, sponges, polychaetes, oligochaetes, amphipods, latworms, nematodes, nemerteans). As an important step in the ongoing review of implementation of the European Community Biodiversity Policy, a broad consultative process culminating in a conference in Malahide, Ireland (25-27 May, 2004), reconirmed Invasive Alien Species (IAS) as Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 a priority issue. The Environment Council, on 28 June, 2004 asked the Commission to come forward with a communication taking the “Message from Malahide” into account. Under the Sixth Framework Programme, there are currently ongoing Communityfunded research projects and collaborative partnerships which address marine IAS issues, ALARM (Assessing Large-scale environmental Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods) and DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe) being two of those. The latter aims to create an inventory of IAS that threaten European environments structured in such a way as to provide the basis for prevention and control of biological invasions. In January 2005, the European Environment Agency commenced a project on “Streamlining European 2010 Biodiversity Indicators” (SEBI2010). One of the expert groups (Group 5) in this project is addressing the indicator on “number and cost of IAS”. The cumulative increase in the number of alien species in Europe over time, with 1900 as a baseline, is one of the irst indicators to be demonstrated at European level (http://biodiversity-chm.eea.eu.int/information/indicator). The aim of the current work (a collaborative effort by many specialists across the Mediterranean) is to present an updated annotated list of alien marine species in the Mediterranean Sea including information on excluded species. Emphasis is put on those species that are current or potential threats to the marine ecosystems, namely the Worst Invasive Alien Species. occurring outside their historically known range (occupied naturally) and beyond their natural dispersal potential (minor climate ocscillations) as a result of direct or indirect introduction or care by humans. Synonyms are non-native, non-indigenous, foreign, and exotic. Established: Introduced or feral population of species established in the wild with freeliving, self-maintaining and self-perpetuating populations unsupported by and independent of humans (EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2004). As established here are also classiied species with at least two records spread over time and space in the sense of CIESM atlas series. Synonym: Naturalized. Casual: Casual species are identiied those having been recorded only once (no more than twice for ishes) in the scientiic literature: they are presumed to be non-established in the basin. In this paper casual is used in the same sense as alien in the CIESM atlas series. Questionable: Species with insuficient information - ‘suspects’. Also native/ new entries not veriied by experts. Species with taxonomic status unresolved. cryptogenic: Species with no deinite evidence of their native or introduced status according to CARLTON (1996) and species whose probable introduction has occurred “in early times” and not been witnessed e.g., prior to 1800. Often these species are excluded from lists of aliens or included among the established ones. In this review we considered it best to separate them. Methodology The list is updated based on species records up to December 2005. Alien species have been grouped into six broad categories namely established, casual, questionable, cryptogenic, excluded and invasive. Alien: Species, subspecies or lower taxa Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Excluded: We have tabulated those species fulilling some of CIESM’s criteria for exclusion such as: o Misidentiication o Native species, falsely identiied as alien or exotic: species formerly considered exotic and later revealed to be indigenous. o Spurius records. This category relects a 65 problem which is speciic to molluscs. The shells of molluscs are liable to be transported by man for food or ornament and left in places where they do not live. Invasive: Introduced species that have overcome biotic and abiotic barriers, and are able to disseminate away from their area of initial introduction through the production of fertile offspring with noticeable impact. An earlier presentation by RICHARDSON et al. (2000) did not refer to impact. In many deinitions the term invasive is also associated with established species which are agents of change and threaten native biological diversity (IUCN, 2002) or species that threaten the diversity or abundance of native species, the ecological stability of infested ecosystems, economic activities dependent on these ecosystems and/or human health (EPA, 2001). In this paper we are adapting the deinition that encompasses impacts as an essential dimension for the categorisation of an alien species as invasive. Commented synonyms. In compiling the list, for taxonomic groups other than those treated by CIESM atlas series, we came across various records which needed further investigation. Thus we addressed experts in the ields of phytoplankton, zooplankton, phytobenthos, various invertebrate groups such as amphipods, polychaetes etc. In addition, the ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), and the ALGAEBASE (Information on the algae of the world, including terrestrial, marine, and freshwater forms) websites were visited. The species removed from the list as synonyms are presented in the list of excluded. 66 The species lists are presented in 9 units which are ecofunctional/taxonomic groups. These are: 1: Fish, 2: Zoobenthos/Mollusca, 3: Zoobenthos/Polychaeta, 4: Zoobenthos/ Crustacea, 5: Zoobenthos /Miscellanea, 6: Parasites, 7: Phytoplankton, 8: Zooplankton and 9: Phytobenthos. The reasoning for questioning or excluding some species per group is presented in detail only for the Bryozoa. A full list of the experts who contributed in various ways is provided in the ackowledgements. Results A total of 963 species have been reported as aliens from the Mediterranean until December 2005, 218 of which are classiied as excluded and 745 as valid species among which 98 as questionable (Fig. 1). The species retained as aliens in this study belong mostly to zoobenthos and in particular to Mollusca, while Fish and Phytobenthos are the next two groups rich in species. In the lists that follow, the establishment success within each group is provided with no further comments for the species established and those with casual records. In contrast, the questionable and excluded records are commented in brief (citation of source and reason for exclusion, questioning the validity). No details are provided for the excluded species of Mollusca, Fish and Decapoda treated extensively in the CIESM atlas series and the reader is referred for further details on those to (GOLANI et al., 2002; GALIL et al., 2002; ZENETOS et al., 2004). It should be pointed out that many of the questionable records are expected to be clariied in the near future and most probably moved to the casual records. Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Fig. 1: Establishment success of recorded alien species including non-valid records. Species lists per group 1. Fish Fish established Note: * denotes species reported as casual in CIESM 2005 on line *Acanthurus monroviae Alepes djedaba Apogon pharaonis Atherinomorus lacunosus Callionymus ilamentosus Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus falciformis Chelon carinata Crenidens crenidens Cynoglossus sinusarabici Diplodus bellottii Dussumieria elopsoides *Enchelycore anatina Epinephelus coioides Epinephelus malabaricus Etrumeus teres Fistularia commersonii Gymnammodytes semisquamatus Hemiramphus far Herklotsichthys punctatus Himantura uarnak Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 *Lagocephalus sceleratus Lagocephalus spadiceus Lagocephalus suezensis Leiognathus klunzingeri Liza haematocheila Microchirus hexophthalmus Oxyurichthys petersi Pagellus bellottii Parexocoetus mento Pelates quadrilineatus Pempheris vanicolensis *Petroscirtes ancylodon Pisodonophis semicinctus Platycephalus indicus Plotosus lineatus Pomadasys stridens Psenes pellucidus Pteragogus pelycus Rhabdosargus haffara Sargocentron rubrum Saurida undosquamis Scarus ghobban Scomberomorus commerson Seriola carpenteri Seriola fasciata Siganus luridus Siganus rivulatus Silhouetta aegyptia Sillago sihama Solea senegalensis *Spratelloides delicatulus Sphoeroides pachygaster Sphyraena chrysotaenia *Sphyraena lavicauda Stephanolepis diaspros Synaptura lusitanica Syngnathus rostellatus Terapon puta Tetrosomus gibbosus Trachyscorpia cristulata echinata Upeneus moluccensis Upeneus pori 67 Fish casual Note: underlined species are new species post CIESM 2005 on line Abudefduf vaigiensis Anarhichas lupus Arius parkii Beryx splendens Centrolabrus exoletus Chaunax suttkusi Cheilopogon furcatus Chilomycterus spilostylus Coryogalops ochetica Diodon hystrix Fistularia petimba Galeocerdo cuvier Gephyroberyx darwini Halosaurus ovenii Heniochus intermedius Hippocampus fuscus Hyporhamphus afinis Iniistius pavo Lutjanus argentimaculatus Makaira indica Microchirus boscanion Muraenesox cinereus Omobranchus punctatus Papilloculiceps longiceps Pinguipes brasilianus Priacanthus hamrur Pseudupeneus prayensis Pterois miles Rachycentron canadum Rastrelliger kanagurta Rhizoprionodon acutus Rhynchoconger trewavasae Scorpaena stephanica Seriola rivoliana Sorsogona prionota Sphoeroides marmoratus Sphyrna mokarran Synagrops japonicus Torquigener lavimaculosus Tylerius spinosissimus Tylosurus choram Tylosurus crocodilus Fish Questionable Species Alopias superciliosus Torpedo sinuspersici Dasyatis sp. cf. tortonesei Gaidropsarus granti  Pampus argenteus Cited by SAAD et al., 2005 Reasoning Insuficient data, origin uncertain SAAD et al., 2004 Insuficient data SAAD et al., 2005 Complex taxonomy ZACHARIOUMAMALINGA, 1999 ŠOLJAN, 1975 Insuffcient data, origin uncertain See details  Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788). A specimen of silver pomfret captured in Rijeka (northern Adriatic) in 1896, was initially identiied as Stromateus iatola. The specimen, which is preserved in the collection of the Zoological Museum of Zagreb, was tentatively identiied as Pampus argenteus by ŠOLJAN (1975), but he doubted its identiication. The validity of the record was re-examined by DULČIĆ et al. (2004) who claim that the record of 1896 represents the irst lessepsian migrant in the Mediterranean. Fish excluded: for reasoning see GOLANI et al. (2002) Ammodytes tobianus Aphanius dispar Apogon taeniatus Arius thalassinus Borostomia antarcticus 68 Bothus pantherinus Caranx gallus Caranx kiliche Carcharhinus brevipinna Carcharhinus melanopterus Cataetyx laticeps Clupea kowal Coryphaenoides guentheri Demichthys unicolor Dussumieria acuta Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Epinephelus coromandelicus Epinephelus morrhua Epinephelus tauvina Gobius couchi Gobius roulei Hemiramphus gamberur Hemiramphus marginatus Hemiramphus unifasciatus Hyporhamphus dussumieri Hyporhamphus xanthopterus Istiophorus gladius Laemonema latifrons Lepidion guentheri Lipophrys pholis Melanostigma atlanticum Oxyurichthys papuensis Parablennius pilicornis Parexocoetus brachypterus Pempheris molucca Pempheris oualensis Pristis pectinata Remora australis Rhinobatos halavi Sardinella sirm Sargus noct Scarichthys coerulopunctatus Sebastapistes nuchalis Serranus melanurus Serranus morrhua  Sphoeroides spengleri Sphyraena viridensis Squalus megalops Therapon jarbua Trichiurus haumela Upeneus asymmetricus Upeneus barberinus Upeneus tragula Upeneus vittatus  Sphoeroides spengleri, originally reported by REINA-HERVÁS et al. (2004), has been added to the excluded list since it is regarded a misclassiication of Sphoeroides marmoratus (M. Vacchi pers. commun.) 2. Zoobenthos/Mollusca Mollusca established Notes: underlined are new species post CIESM 2005 on line Bold indicates cryptogenic species Acteocina mucronata Adelactaeon amoenus Adelactaeon fulvus Afrocardium richardi Alvania dorbignyi Amathina tricarinata Anadara demiri Anadara inaequivalvis Anadara natalensis Aplysia dactylomela Brachidontes pharaonis Bulla ampulla Bursatella leachi Cellana rota Cerithiopsis pulvis Cerithiopsis tenthrenois Cerithium scabridum Chama paciica Chelidonura fulvipunctata Chrysallida ischeri Chrysallida maiae Chrysallida pirintella Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Cingulina isseli Clathrofenella ferruginea Clementia papyracea Crassostrea gigas Crepidula aculeata Crepidula fornicata Cycloscala hyalina Cylichnina girardi Dendrostrea frons Diala varνa Diodora funiculata Diodora ruppellii Discodoris lilacina Divalinga arabica Elysia grandifolia Ergalatax contracta Ergalatax obscura Erosaria turdus Favorinus ghanensis Finella pupoides Flabellina rubrolineata Fulvia australis Fulvia fragilis Fusinus verrucosus Gafrarium pectinatum Gastrochaena cymbium Gibborissoa virgata Haminoea callidegenita Haminoea cyanomarginata Hiatula ruppelliana Hypselodoris infucata Laternula anatina Littorina saxatilis Mactra lilacea Mactra olorina Malvufundus regulus Melibe imbriata Mercenaria mercenaria Metaxia bacillum Murex forskoehlii Musculista perfragilis Musculista senhousia Mya arenaria Natica gualteriana 69 Octopus aegina Paphia textile Perna picta Pinctada margaritifera Pinctada radiata Plocamopherus ocellatus Polycerella emertoni Pseudochama corbieri Pseudominolia nedyma Purpuradusta gracilis notata Pyrunculus fourierii Rapana venosa Rhinoclavis kochi Rissoina bertholleti Ruditapes philippinarum Saccostrea commercialis Saccostrea cucullata Sepia pharaonis Sepioeuthis lessoniana Siphonaria crenata Smaragdia souverbiana Spondylus spinosus Strombus persicus Styloptygma beatrix Syphonota geographica Syrnola fasciata Tellina valtonis Teredo navalis Thais lacera Thais sacellum Theora lubrica Timoclea maurica Trochus erythraeus Turbonilla edgarii Xenostrobus securis Zafra savignyi Zafra selasphora Mollusca casual Note: underlined species are new species post CIESM 2005 on line Acar plicata Aeolidiella indica Anadara inlata Angiola punctostriata Antigona lamellaris Atactodea glabrata Caloria indica Cantharus tranquebaricus Cardites akabana Cerithium egenum Cerithium nesioticum Chama aspera Chiton hululensis Chlamys lischkei Chromodoris annulata Chromodoris quadricolor Circenita callipyga Clypeomorus bifasciatus Conus fumigatus Cuthona perca Dendrodoris fumata Diplodonta cf. subrotunda 70 Dosinia erythraea Electroma vexillum Elysia tomentosa Engina mendicaria Glycymeris arabicus Haliotis pustulata cruenta Hinemoa cylindrica Iolaea neofelixoides Leucotina cfr. eva Lienardia mighelsi Limopsis multistriata Modiolus auriculatus Murchisonella columna Nassarius arcularius plicatus=N. obvelatus? Nerita sanguinolenta Octopus cyanea Odostomia lorioli Oscilla jocosa Oxynoe viridis Palmadusta lentiginosa lentiginosa Petricola hemprichi Petricola pholadiformis Planaxis griseus Pleurobranchus forskalii Polycera hedgpethi Psammotreta praerupta Retusa desgenettii Rissoina spirata Semipallium coruscans coruscans Septifer forskali Siphonaria belcheri Sphenia rueppelli Spondylus nicobarius Sticteulima cf. lentiginosa Stomatella impertusa Syrnola cinctella Trapezium oblongum Tremoctopus gracilis Vexillum depexum Voorwindia tiberiana Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Mollusca questionable Note: * denotes species collected alive from biofouling on the pillars of a gas platform, which had been towed from Australia to its current position off the coast of Ashqelon (Israel) (MIENIS, 2004). Species Acteocina crithodes Cited by MIENIS, 2004 SHARON et al., Alectryonella crenulifera 2005 MIENIS, 2004 Angulus lacca TERLIZZI et al.,  Aplysia parvula 2003 MIENIS, 2004 Atys cylindricus MIENIS, 2004 *Barbatia trapezina Reasoning Insuficient data One specimen epibiont on a spiny oyster Insuficient data Identiication uncertain See remark under table Insuficient data MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 Old record (1927-32), shells in museum collection Insuficient data 1 single shell from Caesarea 1966 Its record merits further investigation (MIENIS, 2001b) Offshore gas platform March 2003 MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 MIENIS, 2004 Insuficient data *Hyotissa hyotis MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 *Isognomon ephippium MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 Callista lorida MIENIS, 2005 Cerithium columna MIENIS, 2003a Cerithium erythraeoense /Cerithium nodulosum *Chama asperella *Chama brassica elatensis Ethminolia hemprichi HAAS, 1937 *Leiosolenus hanleyanus MIENIS, 2004 *Malvufundus decurtatus MIENIS, 2004 LUBINEVSKY & Nanostrea exigua MIENIS, 2005 *Parahyotissa imbricata MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 Offshore gas platform March 2003 Record based on one specimen only Offshore gas platform March 2003 Patelloida saccharina MIENIS, 2004 Insuficient data Pedicirce sulcata MIENIS, 2004 Insuficient data *Planostrea pestigris MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 *Plicatula chinensis Offshore gas platform March 2003 Rhinoclavis sinensis MIENIS, 2004 BEN-ELIAHU & HOVE TEN, 1992 BARASH & DANIN, 1977 MIENIS, 2004 Rissoina ambigua MIENIS, 2004 Insuficient data. Turkey Pteria occa Rapana rapiformis Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Insuficient data Insuficient data Insuficient data 71 Sabia conica *Septifer bilocularis Spondylus groschi Spondylus cf. multisetosus Strombus mutabilis BARASH & DANIN, 1986 MIENIS, 2004 Offshore gas platform March 2003 LAMPRELL, 1998 Complex taxonomy ÇEVIKER, 2001 Complex taxonomy MIENIS, 2001a Common species in souvenir trade Insuficient data (MIENIS, 2004)  Aplysia parvula Guilding in Mörch, 1863 was originally described from St. Thomas, Lesser Antilles, in the Caribbean. It has been recorded worldwide between about 40° N and 40° S. The species recorded as Aplysia parvula in the Indo-Paciic area is clearly different from the Mediterranean specimens attributed to this species. So, two or more species may be involved worldwide under this name. The Mediterranean specimens may be young specimens of Aplysia punctata (J. Templado, pers. commun.) Mollusca excluded (including very old records): For reasoning see ZENETOS et al. (2004) Aglaja taila Anadara notabilis Aplysia juliana Arctinula groenlandica Aspella anceps Atys blainvilliana Berthellina citrina Bittium proteum Bursa marginata Callostracum gracile Cerithium caeruleum Cerithium echinatum Chromodoris clenchi Clelandella infucata Conus arenatus Coralliobia madreporarum Crassostrea virginica Cybium rubiginosum Cylichna cf. mongii Cyprea pantherina Dolabrifera holboelli Erronea caurica Galeomma polita Gibbula cineraria Hippopus hippopus Hochstetteria munieri Laevicardiumm lavum Latirus polygonus Linga aurantia Littorina abtusata Littorina littorea Lophiotoma indica Mactrinula tryphera Mazatlantica cosentini Melanochlamys seurati Mesalia opalina Monetaria annulus Monetaria moneta Natica marochiensis Notarchus indicus Parvicardium hauniense Penicillus vaginiferus Petalifera gravieri Placopecten magellanicus Polynices lacteus Potamides conicus Pusionella nifat Rissoina chesneli Rissoina decussata Saxidomus purpuratus Scaliola elata Sclerodoris cf. tuberculata Spondylus limbatus Spondylus spectrum Staphylaea nucleus Strigatella virgata Strombus lentiginosus Umbonium vestiarium Vasum turbinellus Additional excluded mollusca post ZENETOS et al. (2004) Species Octopus macropus Cited by BELLO et al., 2004 Trochus niloticus Tricornis tricornis Vexillum cadaverosum MIENIS, 2003b MIENIS, 2004 MIENIS, 2004 72 Reasoning Known in the Mediterranean Lefkaditou, pers. commun. Only shells, old records Fragment of a shell only Incorrect locality data Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 3. Zoobenthos/Polychaeta polychaeta established Note: bold indicates cryptogenic species Branchiomma boholense Branchiomma luctuosum Ceratonereis mirabilis Desdemona ornata Eunice tubifex Eusyllis kupfferi Ficopomatus enigmaticus Glycinde bonhourei Hydroides cf. branchyacanthus Hydroides dianthus Hydroides diramphus Hydroides elegans Hydroides heterocerus Hydroides homoceros Hydroides minax Hydroides operculatus Leonnates decipiens Leonnates indicus Leonnates persicus Linopherus acarunculata Metasychis gotoi Nereis zonata persica Notomastus aberans Notomastus mossambicus Pileolaria berkeleyana Pista unibranchia Polydora cornuta Pomatoleios kraussii Prionospio saccifera Pseudonereis anomala Spirobranchus tetraceros Spirorbis marioni Streblospio gynobranchiata polychaeta casual Amphicorina pectinata Fabriciola ghardaqa Hydroides albiceps Hydroides steinitzi Laonome elegans Leiochrides australis Lepidonotus tenuisetosus Longibranchium atlanticum Lumbrinereis neogesae Lumbrineris inlata Neanthes willeyi Nereis gilchristi Oenone cf. fulgida Ophyotrocha japonica Paradyte cf. crinoidicola Perinereis nuntia Prionospio pulchra Prionospio pygmaea Sphaerosyllis longipapillata Streblosoma hesslei polychaeata questionable Species Cirriformia semicincta Cossura coasta Epidiopatra hupferiana Cited by LAUBIER, 1966; BITAR & KOULI-BITAR, 2001 BOGDANOS & FREDJ, 1983 CANTONE & FASSARI, 1982 Eunice indica BEN-ELIAHU, 1976 Eurythoe complanata FAUVEL 1937; ERGEN & ÇINAR, 1997 Isolda pulchella CANTONE, 2001 Lysidice collaris BEN ELIAHU, 1972a Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Reasoning Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Probably confused with the native species L. margaritacea 73 Lysidice natalensis Naineris quadraticeps Notopygos crinita Mediomastus capensis Platynereis cf. australis Protodorvillea egena Streptosyllis arenae Terebella ehrenbergi Timarete anchylochaeta BITAR & KOULI-BITAR, 2001 HARMELIN, 1969a A. Castelli, pers. commun. OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2004 GRAVINA & SOMASCHINI, 1990; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2002a A. Castelli, pers. commun. OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2004 A. Castelli, pers. commun. OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2004 CASTELLI & LARDICCI, 1986 BEN ELIAHU 1972b; ÇINAR, 2005 LAUBIER, 1966; BITAR & KOULI-BITAR, 2001 Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain Insuficient data, identiication is not certain polychaeata excluded Species Amphicorina eimeri Bhawania goodei Branchiosyllis exilis Chrysopetalum debile Dispio uncinata Fabricia ilamentosa Hydroides novaepommeraniae 74 Cited by GAMBI et al., 1983 BITAR & KOULIBITAR, 2001 MONRO, 1937; BEN ELIAHU 1972b LAUBIER, 1966 ICES, 2001 GIANGRANDE & CASTELLI, 1986; SIMBOURA, 1990 ZIBROWIUS & BITAR, 1981 as H. grubei Reasoning Atlanto-Mediterranean Circumtropical Widespread even in the eastern Atlantic Native: type locality Villefranche widespread in the Atlantic Misidentiication of Pseudofabriciola analis and P. longipyga Undeterminable juvenile (HOVE TEN & BEN ELIAHU, 2005) Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Monticellina dorsobranchialis Neopseudocapitella brasiliensis Opisthosyllis brunnea HARMELIN, 1969a; BEN ELIAHU 1972b GRAVINA & SOMASCHINI, 1990 MONRO, 1937 Paleonotus chrysolepis BITAR & KOULIBITAR, 2001 Prionospio salzi Questa caudicirra Rhodine loveni Scoloplos (Leodomas) chevalieri candiensis Spirobranchus giganteus LAUBIER, 1970 SOMASCHINI & GRAVINA 1993 FAUVEL, 1957; BEN ELIAHU 1972a HARMELIN, 1969a LAUBIER, 1966 Type locality Atlantic, widespread in the Mediterranean and Atlantic A circumtropical species Widespread even in the eastern Atlantic Cosmopolitan Endemic in the Mediterranean Questa mediterranea sp. n. GIERE & ERSEUS, 1998 Type locality north Atlantic, widespread in Mediterranean and Atlantic Type locality Crete, endemic species for the eastern Mediterranean Misidentiication, the reports belong to S. tetraceros 4. Zoobenthos/Crustacea Crustacea established decapoda+Stomatopoda Alpheus audouini Alpheus inopinatus Alpheus migrans Alpheus rapacida Atergatis roseus Calappa pelii Callinectes sapidus Carupa tenuipes Charybdis helleri Charybdis longicollis Dorippe quadridens Dyspanopeus sayi Erugosquilla massavensis Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Eucrate crenata Herbstia nitida Ixa monodi Leptochela pugnax Leucosia signata Libinia dubia Marsupenaeus japonicus Melicertus hathor Metapenaeopsis aegyptia Metapenaeopsis mogiensis consobrina Metapenaeus monoceros Metapenaeus stebbingi Micippa thalia Myra subgranulata Ogyrides mjoebergi Palaemonella rotumana Penaeus semisulcatus Percnon gibbesi Pilumnopeus vauquelini Portunus pelagicus Rhithropanopeus harrisii Trachysalambria palaestinensis 75 Crustacea (other than Decapoda) Note: species in bold are ancient records, possibly cryptogenic Amphipoda Cirripedia Cumacea Isopoda Caprella scaura, Elasmopus pectenicrus, Maera hamigera, Stenothoe gallensis, Cymadusa ilosa Balanus improvisus, Balanus eburneus, Balanus reticulatus, Balanus trigonus, Elminius modestus, Megabalanus tintinnabulum Eocuma sarsii Paracerceis sculpta, Sphaeroma walkeri Crustacea casual Notes: * denotes species described as established in CIESM 2005 on line underlined are new species post CIESM 2005 on line Decapoda Amphipoda Isopoda Tanaidacea Actumnus globulus, Ashtoret lunaris, Calappa hepatica, Callinectes danae, Cryptosoma cristatum, Daira perlata, Dromia spinirostris, Eriocheir sinensis, Halimede tyche, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, *Heteropanope laevis, *Hyastenus hilgendori, Leptochela aculeocaudata, Lucifer hanseni, Macrophthalmus graeffei, Menaethius monoceros, Merhippolyte ancistrota, Notopus dorsipes, Panulirus ornatus, Periclimenes calmani, Pilumnus hirsutus, Plagusia squamosa, Processa macrodactyla, Scyllarus caparti, Scyllarus posteli, Solenocera crassicornis, Sphaerozius nitidus, Thalamita gloriensis Bemlos leptocheirus, Gammaropsis togoensis, Photis lamelligera Apanthura sandalensis, Paradella dianae Leptochelia dubia crustacea questionable Note: * denotes species described as established in CIESM 2005 on line Species Cited by Reasoning Cosmopolitan: known from E. Atlantic as T. africana (D’ UDEKEM D’ACOZ, 1999) Widely distributed Decapoda *Thalamita poissonii HOLTHUIS, 1956 Cumacea Iphinoe crassipes haifae BACESCU, 1961a Crustacea excluded: for reasoning see GALIL et al. (2002) Automate branchialis Chaceon maritae Charybdis sexdentata Gonodactylaceaus falcatus Gonodactylus chiragra Hymenopenaeus debilis Panulirus regius 76 Peneopsis serrata Persephona mediterranea Pethrolisthes boscii Petrolisthes digitalis Philyra globosa Plagusia chabrus Platymaia wyvillethomsoni Portunus sanguinolentus Synalpheus tumidomanus Thalamita admete Thenus orientalis Uca coarctata Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Additional excluded Crustacea post GALIL et al. (2002) Species Lucifer typus (Decapoda) Urocaridella antobrunii (Decapoda) Echinogammarus pungentoides (Amphipoda) Unciolella lunata (Amphipoda) Kalliapseudes omercooperi (Tanaidacea) Apseudes intermedius (Tanaidacea) Cited by HENDRICKX & ESTRADANAVARRETE, 1994 YOKES & GALIL, 2004 Reasoning Atlanto-Mediterranean COGNETTI, 1994 Native: type locality Po estuary BELLAN–SANTINI et al., 1998 BACESCU, 1961b Native: Described from Algeria LARWOOD, 1940 Wide distribution: Atlantic, Indo-Paciic Misidentiication of Urocaridella n. sp. (YOKES & GALIL, in press) Wide distribution: Atlantic, Indo-Paciic 5. Zoobenthos/Miscellanea Miscellanea established Group Species Echinodermata Asterina burtoni, Ophiactis savignyi, Ophiactis parva, Synaptula reciprocans Amphisorus hemprichii, Astacolus insolithus, Astacolus sublegumen, Heterostegina depressa, Planogypsina acervalis, Planogypsina squamiformis, Amphistegina lobifera Haliplanella lineata Oculina patagonica, Acabaria erythraea Bugainvillia niobe, Macrorhynchia philippina, Garveia franciscana, Gonionemus vertens, Clytia hummelinckii Cassiopea andromeda Herdmania momus, Botryllus schlosseri, Microcosmus squamifer, Phallusia nigra, Polyandrocarpa zorritensis, Rhodosoma turcinum, Symplegma brakenhielmi Ammothea hilgendori, Anoplodactylus digitatus, Anoplodactylus californicus Foraminifera Cnidaria/Actinaria Cnidaria/Anthozoa Cnidaria/Hydrozoa Cnidaria/Scyphozoa Tunicata/Ascidiacea Arthropoda/Pycnogonida Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 77 Miscellanea casual Group Echinodermata Sipuncula Cnidaria/Anthozoa Cnidaria/Hydrozoa Ascidiacea Species Amphioplus laevis Apionsoma trichocephalus, Phascolosoma scolops Diadumene cincta Diphasia margarita, Euphysora bigelowi Ascidia cannelata, Ascidia cf. savignyi, Eusynstyela hartmeyeri, Microcosmus exasperatus, Symplegma viride Miscellanea questionable Group Species Enteropneusta Saccoglossus querneyi Sipuncula Porifera Arthropoda/ Pycnogonida 78 Cited by STEUER, 1939 Reasoning Old record, insuficient data Wide distribution, Atlantic, Indian Ocean Aspidosiphon mexicanus MURINA & ZAVODNIC, 1986 WESENBERG- Wide distribution, its Aspidosiphon elegans LUND, 1957 mode of introduction is disputed by POR, 1978 BURTON, 1936 Unveriied record, Haliclona viridis J. Vacelet pers. commun. BURTON, 1936 Unveriied record, Cinachyrella J. Vacelet pers. commun. australiensis Lissodendoryx schmidti TSURNAMAL, Unveriied record, 1969 J. Vacelet pers. commun. TSURNAMAL, Unveriied record, Geodia micropunctata 1969 J. Vacelet pers. commun. TSURNAMAL, Unveriied record, Hyrtios erecta 1969 J. Vacelet pers. commun. BURTON, 1936 Unveriied record, Mycale erythraeana J. Vacelet pers. commun. BURTON, 1936 Unveriied record, Reniera spinosella J. Vacelet pers. commun. Old record, insuficient Pigrogromitus timsanus ARNAUD, 1987 data circum-tropical and Mediterranean R. Bamber pers. commun. Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Miscellanea excluded Reasoning Absent from the Mediterranean According to BOUILLON et al., 2004 all previous records from E. Mediterranean are B. niobe BOUILLON et al., 2004 Group Porifera Species Haliclona loosanoffi Cited by SOEST, 1976 Cnidaria/ Hydrozoa Bugainvillia platygaster GOY et al., 1988 Cnidaria/ Hydrozoa Ascidiacea BILLARD, Pennaria disticha 1926 australis Ecteinascidia turbinata HARANT, 1927 Old records circumtropical, A. Ramos, pers.commun. PÉRÈS, 1954 Old records circumtropical Botrylloides nigrum A. Ramos, pers.commun. TADDEI Confused origin: see Frenulina RUGGIERO, LOGAN et al., 2004 sanguinolenta 2000 Brachiopoda Other Miscellanea: bRYozoA The following list is partial as it only includes published records. A survey of bryozoans in progress from Lebanon (J.G. Harmelin, in prep.) will show evidence of several new Lessepsian immigrants well established in the Levantine basin. Furthermore, it is most likely that a thorough study of the bryozoan assemblages from Mediterranean harbours and sites of oyster culture will bring evidence of introduced species. Among the species recorded by HASTINGS (1927) in the collection by the Cambridge Expedition in the Suez Canal (1924), only those collected at Port Said are considered here. Questionable and excluded records are discussed below. Species *origin establishment Cited by success Rhynchozoon lareyi RS, IO established ÜNSAL & D’HONDT, 1979 Scrupocellaria jolloisii Smittina malleolus RS, IO established HASTINGS, 1927 RS, IO established D’HONDT, 1988 Tricellaria inopinata IP established Aeverrillia setigera PO, Atlantic D’HONDT & OCCHIPINTI, 1985 HASTINGS, 1927 Celleporaria aperta Celleporella carolinensis Electra tenella casual circumtropical casual W Atlantic casual/ established W Atlantic casual Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 HASTINGS, 1927 OCCHIPINTI AMBOGI & D’HONDT, 1996 ROSSO, 1994 79 Hippopodina fegeensis Reteporella jermanensis Pherusella brevituba PO casual POWELL, 1969 RS casual D’HONDT, 1988 PO casual CHIMENZ GUSSO & D’HONDT, 2005 OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 1986 POWELL, 1969 circumtropical questionable Crepidacantha poissonii IP questionable Hippaliosina acutirostris RS, IP questionable Parasmittina egyptiaca IP excluded Arachnoidea protecta Thalamoporella gothica (Busk) indica Watersipora subtorquata IP excluded ?? excluded HASTINGS, 1927 CHIMENZ GUSSO et al., 1998 POWELL, 1969; BITAR & KOULI-BITAR, 2001 D’HONDT, 1988 *Origin: IO=Indian Ocean, IP=Indo-Paciic, RS=Red Sea, PO=Paciic Ocean Aeverrillia setigera (Hincks, 1887) This ctenostomate bryozoan widely distributed in warm waters, including Australia, Indonesia and Brazil, has never been noticed again in the Mediterranean since its inding by HASTINGS (1927). CHIPINTI AMBROGI (1986) considering its occurrence in the Gulf of Suez (BALAVOINE, 1959), this species has also been listed from Madeira and Canaries. The speciic status of the Atlanto-Mediterranean material should thus be re-examined. Celleporaria aperta (Hincks, 1882) This species was fouling barges in the Suez Canal in 1924 (HASTINGS, 1927). It was collected in 1968 at Ashod Port and Acre by POWELL (1969), who previously found it in the southern Red Sea (POWELL, 1967). The alleged circumtropical (from Cape Verde to Philippines), eurybathic distribution of this species may indicate the existence of a species group. Hippaliosina acutirostris Canu & Bassler, 1929 The record of this Indo-Paciic species in the Levantine basin (POWELl, 1969) is questionable. Particularly diagnostic features of the avicularium are not visible on the illustration by POWELL (1969), who curiously did not compare his specimens with H. depressa (Busk, 1854), a Mediterranean endemic particularly abundant in the eastern basin (HARMELIN, 1969b; HAYWARD, 1974). Hippaliosina acutirostris is known from the Philippines and various Indo-Paciic localities (HARMER, 1957). Crepidacantha poissonii (Audouin, 1826) This ‘circumtropical’ species has not been recorded again in the Mediterranean since the inding of OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI (1986) on rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica from the Apulian coast of Italy. Although presumably considered as a lessepsian species by OC80 Parasmittina egyptiaca (Waters, 1909) Species recorded from the Red Sea and the Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Indian Ocean, and only once from the Mediterranean (HASTINGS, 1927). However, the identiication of Parasmittina species is dificult and the bryozoan fauna of the Eastern Mediterranean is poorly documented. Arachnoidea protecta Harmer, 1915 Arachnoidea protecta was only known from the Celebes archipelago (Indonesia). As noticed by CHIMENZ GUSSO et al. (1998), the present knowledge of the geographic distribution of A. protecta is probably very partial because of the dificulty to notice and identify this inconspicuous ctenostomate bryozoan. However, the morphological divergence observed between the Celebes and Mediterranean forms may justify the existence of a new species. Thalamoporella gothica (Busk) indica (Hincks, 1880) ? = Thalamoporella harmelini Soule, Soule & Chaney, 1999 The intricate status of the form described by Hincks was clariied by SOULE et al. (1999), who gave it a species rank, T. indica (Hincks, 1880). This species is presently known only from the Indian Ocean. In the same paper they described a new species, T. harmelini, from a specimen collected at Beirut, Lebanon. The differences between T. harmelini and the Mediterranean specimens from Israel igured by POWELL (1969) and D’HONDT (1988) appear to be light and may fall within the range of variation of this species. Presently known only from the Levantine basin, Thalamoporella harmelini cannot be considered as an alien species. Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny, 1852) D’HONDT (1988) recorded both W. subtorquata and W. cucullata (Busk, 1854) from the same Israeli locality (Acre old harbour, 12m) but did not comment the differences observed between these specimens. Considering that W. cucullata has been described from the Aegean Sea and that the assessment of morphological differences between Watersipora species requires precise comparative studies (SOULE & SOULE, 1975), it seems preferable not to include W. subtorquata among the alien bryozoans in the Mediterranean. 6. Parasites Monogenea establishment success casual Digenea questionable Trematoda casual Protozoa casual Crustacea/Copepoda established Crustacea/Cirripedia established Crustacea/Cirripedia casual Group Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Species Neothoracocotyle acanthocybii: accidental parasite on ish Hysterolecitha sigani: accidental parasite on wild Siganidae (DIAMANT, 1989). Never observed again Hirudinella ventricosa: accidental parasite on ish Bonamia ostrea: accidentally with aquaculture Mytilicola orientalis, Myicola ostreae: on oyster beds Heterosaccus dollfusi: mostly on Charybdis longicollis (GALIL & LÜTZEN, 1998) Loxothylacus texanus: on Callinectes sapidus 81 7. Zooplankton zooplankton established Group Copepoda Ctenophora Cnidaria/Scyphozoa Siphonophora Cnidaria/Hydrozoa Species Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa, Acartia centrura, Arietellus pavoninus, Calanopia elliptica, Calanopia media, Centropages furcatus, Labidocera madurae, Labidocera pavo, Paracartia grani, Pontellina plumata, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Pteriacartia josephinae Mnemiopsis leidyi Rhopilema nomadica Forskalia formosa Eucheilota paradoxica, Moerisia carine, Tetrorchis erythrogaster zooplankton casual Group Copepoda Cnidaria/Hydrozoa Cnidaria/Scyphozoa 82 Species Acartia (Acanthacartia) fossae, Calanopia biloba, Calanopia minor, Corycaeus speciosus, Eucalanus crassus, Eucalanus subcrassus, Euchaeta concinna, Labidocera agilis, Labidocera detruncata, Labidocera orsinii, Oncaea rufa, Paracalanus crassirostris, Parvocalanus elegans, Parvocalanus latus, Scaphocalanus amplius, Scaphocalanus brevirostris, Scolecithrix valens, Spinocalanus terranovae Aequorea conica, Kantiella enigmatica, Laodicea ijiana, Nubiella mitra, Paracytaeis octona, Russellia mirabilis Phyllorhiza punctata Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 zooplankton questionable Group Species Cited by Canuellina insignis POR, 1972 Enhydrosoma hopkinsi POR, 1972 Copepoda Robertsonia salsa POR, 1972 Scottolana longipes POR, 1964 Stenhelia inopinata POR, 1972 Stenhelia minuta POR, 1964 Reasoning Old record. Only in Bardawil lagoon Old record. Only in Bardawil lagoon Old record. Only in Bardawil lagoon Possible pre-lessepsian element (POR, 1978) Old record. Only in Bardawil lagoon Possible pre-lessepsian element (POR, 1964) zooplankton excluded Reasoning Native: Described as new Acartia hasanii species in the area Native: Described as new Paracartia ioannae species in the area Native: Described as new Paracartia janetae Copepoda species in the area Native: First described in Paramphiascella POR, 1972 Mediterranean sirbonica THOMPSON & Not in Mediterranean: Pseudodiaptomus salinus SCOTT, 1903 WALTER, 1998 POR, 1967 Insuficient data Scottolana bulbosa GUERGUESS & Insuficient data Chaetognatha Sagitta neglecta HALIM, 1973 (CASANOVA, 1985) Ctenophora HAAS, 1942 Insuficient data Coeloplana sp. According to BOUILLON GAMULIN & et al., (2004), it is a neritic Siphonophora Muggiaea atlantica KRŠINIĆ, 1999 cosmopolitan species Globigerina bulloides LAKKIS et al., circumtropical 1996 Globigerinoides ruber LAKKIS et al., cosmopolitan Foraminifera 1996 Orbulina universa LAKKIS et al., cosmopolitan 1996 Group Species Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Cited by ÜNAL et al., 2002 ÜNAL et al., 2002 ÜNAL et al., 2002 83 8. Phytoplankton phytoplankton established Note: bold indicates cryptogenic species Alexandrium andersonii Alexandrium catenella Alexandrium taylori Ceratium breve Chaetoceros coarctatus Coolia monotis Gonyaulax grindley Gymnodinium catenatum Gymnodinium fusus Ostreopsis ovata Phaeocystis poucheti Skeletonema tropicum Additional established species cited in GÓMez, 2005 Ceratoperidinium cf. yeye Gonyaulax ligustica Gymnodinium canus Gymnodinium sphaeroideum Gyrodinium acutum Leptodiscus medusoides Oxytoxum areolatum phytoplankton casual Asterodinium gracile Chattonella antiqua Lingulodinium polyedrum Ostreopsis lenticularis Ostreopsis cf. siamensis Prorocentrum mexicanum Protoceratium pepo Trichodesmium erythreum Additional casual species cited in gÓMez, 2005 Alexandrium insuetum Amphidinium inlatum Amphidinium lissae Amphidinium vasculum Amphidoma elongata Amphisolenia complanata Centrodinium elongatum Cochlodinium turbineum Craspedotella pileolus Gonyaulax rugosum Gymnodinium attenuatum Gymnodinium lineatum Gymnodinium lira Gymnodinium multilineatum Gymnodinium ovulum Gymnodinium ravenescens Gymnodinium sulcatum Gymnodinium translucens Gyrodinium biconicum Gyrodinium rubricaudatum Heterodinium crassipes Heterodinium dubium Histioneis detonii Parahistioneis acutiformis Petalodinium porcelio Protoperidinium tregoubofii Pyrodinium bahamense Triposolenia longicornis Warnowia pulchra phytoplankton questionable Species Ceratium egyptiacum Cited by DOWIDAR, 1972 Gymnodinium breve SATSMADJIS & FRILIGOS, 1983 84 Reasoning Origin questionable. Deined by HALIM (1990) near Suez canal. Absent from the IP. Complex taxonomy Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Gymnodinium mikimotoi Gyrodinium aureolum Heterosigma cf. akashiwo ICES, 2001 Complex taxonomy MOSCATELLO et al., 2004. Complex taxonomy BIZSEL & BIZSEL, 2002 Insuficient data phytoplankton excluded Species Alexandrium minutum Alexandrium pseudogoniaulax Alexandrium tamarense Rhizosolenia alata Scrippsiella precaria Cited by HALIM, 1960 Reasoning Native: type locality Alexandria BIECHELER, 1952 Native: type locality France WALLENTINUS, 2002 KIMOR, 1973 MONTRESOR & ZINGONE, 1988 Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Native: type locality Naples 9. Phytobenthos phytobenthos established Acetabularia calyculus Acrochaetium codicola Acrothamnion preissii Acrothrix gracilis Agardhiella subulata Aglaothamnion feldmanniae Ahnfeltiopsis labelliformis Antithamnion amphigeneum Antithamnion pectinatum Apoglossum gregarium Asparagopsis armata Bonnemaisonia hamifera Botryocladia madagascariensis Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa scalpelliformis Caulerpa taxifolia Chondria collinsiana Chondria curvilineata Chondria polyrhiza Chondria pygmaea Chondrus giganteus f. labellatus Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Chordra ilum Chrysonephos lewisii Chrysymenia wrightii Cladophoropsis javanica Codium fragile tomentosoides Codium taylorii Colpomenia peregrina Derbesia rhizophora Fucus spiralis Galaxaura rugosa Grateloupia asiatica Grateloupia lanceolata Grateloupia patens Grateloupia subpectinata Grateloupia turuturu Grifithsia corallinoides Halophila stipulacea Halothrix lumbricalis Herposiphonia parca Hypnea cornuta Hypnea spinella Hypnea valentiae Laurencia okamurae Leathesia difformis Lithophyllum yessoense Lomentaria hakodatensis Lophocladia lallemandii Monostroma obscurum Neosiphonia harveyi Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa Padina boergesenii Pleonosporium caribaeum Polysiphonia morrowii Pterosiphonia tanakae Sarconema iliforme Sargassum muticum Scytosiphon dotyi Solieria dura Stypopodium schimperi Ulva pertusa Undaria pinnatiida Womersleyella setacea 85 phytobenthos casual Heterosiphonia japonica Hypnea spicifera Neomeris annulata Padina antillaru Padina boryana Plocamium secundatum Porphyra yezoensis Antithamnionella ternifolia Audouinella robusta Audouinella subseriata Caulerpa mexicana Ceramium strobiliforme Dasya sessilis Derbesia boergesenii Rhodymenia erythraea Sarconema scinaioides Solieria iliformis Sorocarpus sp. Sphaerotrichia irma Symphyocladia marchantioides phytobenthos questionable Species ICES/IOC/IMO, 2003 Reasoning Needs conirmation (ALGAEBASE). According to PERRONE et al., 2006 it is a Taxon inquirendum Taxonomy of species uncertain. Synonymy with A. elegans questioned Insuficient data VERLAQUE, 1994 Identiication uncertain Cited by Acanthophora muscoides ZEYBEK et al., 1986 Antithamnionella sublittoralis Batophora sp. Cladophora cf. patentiramea Goniotrichopsis sublittoralis Hypnea variabilis Laminaria japonica Laurencia caduciramulosa Laurencia intricata Laurencia chondrioides Laurencia majuscula Parvocaulis parvula RIBERA SIGUAN, 2002 ZEYBEK et al., 1986 PEREZ et al., 1984 Probably confused with species of Stylonema Not documented records Insuficient data FURNARI et al., 2001 Taxonomic complexity MAGNE, 1992 Probably confused with other species of Laurencia Overlook deep water species. Probably confused with BOISSET et al., 1998 Chondria sp. CACCAMESE et al., 1986 Probably confused with L obtusa GODEH et al., 1992 ALEEM, 1948 Polysiphonia atlantica BEN MAIZ et al., 1986 Polysiphonia kampsaxiii Polysiphonia paniculata Rhodophysema georgei Sargassum latifolium AYSEL, 1984 LAURET, 1970 VERLAQUE, 1981 ZEYBEK et al., 1986 86 Probably Tethyan relict Probably confused with other Mediterranean species of Polysiphonia Insuficient data Insuficient data Insuficient data Not documented records Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 phytobenthos excluded A. Not occuring in the Mediterranean Species Audouinella spatoglossi Cited by ALEEM, 1950 Cystoseira myrica Gracilaria arcuata Gracilaria disticha Hypnea esperi VERLAQUE, 1994 BOUDOURESQUE & RIBERA, 1994 VERLAQUE, 1994 LIPKIN, 1972 Hypnea nidiica REINBOLD, 1898 Mastocarpus stellatus Spatoglossum variabile FURNARI et al., 2003 ALEEM, 1950 Spatoglossum asperum LUNDBERG, 1989 Reasoning Old record based on cast ashore thalli Doubtful old record Doubtful record: GARGIULO et al. (1992) Old record to be conirmed Nomenclatural and taxonomic complexity ATHANASIADIS (1987) Old record based on cast ashore thalli Misidentiication Old record based on cast ashore thalli Misidentiication b. occurring in the Mediterranean Species  Acanthophora nayadiformis Antithamnion decipiens Cited by BOUDOURESQUE & RIBERA, 1994 Various authors Antithamnionella elegans Antithamnionella spirographidis  Asparagopsis taxiformis Bryopsis plumosa Ceramium bisporum CORMACI & FURNARI, 1988 RIBERA & BOUDOURESQUE, 1995 VERLAQUE, 1994 GIACCONE, 1969 SARTONI & BODDI, 2002 Cladophora liebetruthii DURAL & AYSEL, 1996 Chondrophycus papillosus Cladosiphon zosterae ZEYBEK, 1969 Desmarestia viridis Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 BATTIATO & PONTE, 1975 VERLAQUE, 1981 Reasoning Tethyan relict Native: type locality: Nice, France Native: type locality: Naples Native: type locality: Trieste Tethyan relict Not introduced/ cosmopolitan Probably confused with C. codii Old record: present in the Mediterranean Sea since 1854 Tethyan relict Not introduced/ cosmopolitan KÜTZING, 1849: Adriatic 87 Dipterosiphonia dendritica Ectocarpus siliculosus VERLAQUE, 1981 Not introduced BELLEMO et al., 1999 Not introduced Ganonema farinosum Halymenia ulvoidea VERLAQUE, 1994 ALEEM, 1993 Hypnea musciformis Microdictyon tenuius GIACCONE, 1969 ZEYBEK, 1969 Myrionema strangulans AYSEL, 1997 Pilayella littoralis Polysiphonia fucoides BEN MAIZ et al., 1986 BOUDOURESQUE & RIBERA, 1994 GIACCONE 1969 RIBERA et al., 1992 CURIEL et al., 1994 Tethyan relict Endemic species of the Mediterranean Sea Not introduced/ cosmopolitan Old record: present in the Mediterranean Sea since 1860 Cosmopolitan several ancient reports of this species Not introduced Known in ancient lora as P. violacea Not introduced Not introduced Not introduced FURNARI et al., 1999 ZEYBEK et al., 1986 DELILE, 1813 BATTELLI & TAN, 1998 Native: Type locality: Algeria Old record: Istria, 1901 Not introduced Not introduced. Polysiphonia elongata Punctaria tenuissima Radicilingua thysanorhizans Spyridia hypnoides Sphacelaria rigidula Ulva fasciata Ulva scandinavica  Species classiied among the potentially invasive ones in the Mediterranean by VERLAQUE et al. (2005).  Species classiied among the most invasive ones in the Mediterranean, by VERLAQUE et al. (2005). Synonyms / Misidentiications / Species updates In the lists that follow, the irst name is the current name used in this paper. For full synonymity of ish, decapods and molluscan the reader is referred to the CIESM atlas volumes 1 to 3. Fish Apogon pharaonis = Apogon nigripinnis Chelon carinata = Liza carinata Liza haematocheila = Mugil soiuy Sphyraena pinguis = Sphyraena chrysotaenia Sphyraena obtusata = Sphyraena lavicauda 88 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 zoobenthos Group Synonyms/misidentiications Mollusca/Cephalopoda Octopus aegina = Octopus kagoshimenis polychaeta Branchiosyllis exilis = Branchiosyllis uncinigera = Syllis exilis Branchiomma boholene = Branchiomma cingulata = Dasychone cingulata Chrysopetalum debile =Chrysopetalum sp. Hydroides diramphus = Hydroides lunulifera Hydroides novaepommeraniae = Hydroides grubei Hydroides operculatus = Hydroides inornata Linopherus acarunculata = Pseudeurythoe acarunculata Neanthes willeyi = Neanthes capensis Nereis zonata persica = Nereis persica Leonnates indicus = Leonnates jousseaumei Spirobranchus tetraceros = Spirobranchus jousseaumei Crustacea/Decapoda Erugosquilla massavensis = Squilla africana Crustacea/Tanaidacea Kalliapseudes omercooperi = Cristapseudes omercooperi crustacea/Amphipoda Maera hamigera=Linguimaera caesaris Arthropoda/ Anoplodactylus californicus = Anoplodactylus portus pycnogonida echinodermata Synaptula reciprocans = Synaptula nigra porifera Ascidiacea bryozoa Cnidaria/Hydrozoa Haliclona viridis = Callyspongia viridis Cinachyrella australiensis = Chrotella cavernosa Lissodendoryx schmidt = Damiriana schmidti Hyrtios erecta = Heteroneme erecta Botrylloides nigrum = Metrandrocarpa nigra Ecteinascidia turbinata = Ecteinascidia moorei Botryllus schlosseri = Botryllus violaceus Aeverrillia setigera = Buskia setigera Celleporaria aperta = Holoporella aperta Parasmittina egyptiaca = Smittia egyptiaca Reteporella jermanensis = Sertella jermanensis Macrorhynchia philippina = Lytocarpus philippinus zooplankton Enhydrosoma hopkinsi = Enhydrosoma vicinum Spinocalanus terranovae = Ctenocalanus citer Stenhelia inopinata = Sunaristes inopinata Scottolana longipes = Canuella longipes Sagitta neglecta = Aidanosagitta neglecta Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 89 phytoplankton Alexandrium catenella=Gonyaulax catenella Alexandrium minutum = Alexandrium lusitanicum Alexandrium tamarense = Gonyaulax tamarensis Ceratium egyptiacum= Ceratium pulchellum Coolia monotis = Ostreopsis monotis = Glenodinium monotis Gonyaulax grindleyi = Protoceratium reticulatum Gymnodinium mikimotoi = Gymnodinium nagasakiense = Gyrodinium aureolum Gymnodinium breve = Karenia brevis Gymnodinium fusus = Pseliodinium vaubanii Prorocentrum mexicanum = Prorocentrum maximum Rhizosolenia alata = Rhizosolenia truncata = Rhizosolenia alata f. indica Pyrodinium bahamense= Pyrodinium schilleri phytobenthos Acrochaetium (Rhodothamniella) codicola = Audouinella codicola Agardhiella subulata (also reported as Solieria chordalis) Antithamnion amphigeneum = Antithamnion algeriense Antithamnion pectinatum: quoted as Antithamnion nipponicum Asparagopsis armata = Falkenbergia rufolanosa Audouinella robusta = Acrochaetium sargassicola Chondrophycus papillosus = Laurencia papillosa Cladophoropsis javanica = Cladophora/Cladophoropsis zollingeri Dasya sessilis = Dasya sp. Galaxaura rugosa = Galaxaura lapidescens Grateloupia asiatica = Grateloupia sp. and erroneously as Grateloupia ilicina Grateloupia patens = Prionitis patens Grateloupia subpectinata = Grateloupia ilicina var. luxurians= Grateloupia luxurians Grateloupia turuturu: recorded as Grateloupia doryphora Heterosiphonia japonica = Dasysiphonia sp. Hypnea spicifera = Hypnea harveyi Hypnea spinella = Hypnea cervicornis Hypnea valentiae var. hamulosa = Fucus hamulosa Mastocarpus stellatus: recorded as Gigartina stellata and Petrocelis cruenta Microdictyon tenuius: quoted as Microdictyon agardhianum Monostroma obscurum = Ulvaria obscura Myrionema strangulans= Myrionema vulgare Neosiphonia harveyi = Polysiphonia mottei = Polysiphonia harveyi Padina antillarum= Padina tetrastromatica Parvocaulis parvula =Acetabularia parvula= Acetabularia moebii Porphyra yezoensis: recorded as P. tenera Pterosiphonia tanakae = Pterosiphonia sp. Sphacelaria rigidula= Sphacelaria furcigera Sphaerotrichia divaricata is a misidentiication of Sphaerotrichia irma Spyridia hypnoides= Spyridia aculeata Stypopodium schimperi = Stypopodium tubruqense = Stypopodium zonale Womersleyella setacea =Polysiphonia setacea 90 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 Worst Invasive Alien Species in the Mediterranean coastal ecosystem Among invasive alien species, a list of the worst invasive species threatening biodiversity in Europe has been endorsed by the SEBI2010 Working Group 5. The list is not an indicator by it self. However, it can be developed into an indicator and it will serve as a basis for more speciic indicators focusing on impacts and economic cost of invasive alien species. Further, and perhaps most importantly, it is a very powerful awareness tool. As worst IAS threatening biodiversity have been deined species that: a. have a serious impact on biological diversity e.g. severe impacts on ecosystem structure and function (alteration of habitat, competing with native species, entering food chain, altering energy and nutrient low etc.); replacement of native species throughout a signiicant proportion of its range; hybridization with native species; and threats to unique biodiversity (e.g. habitats in need of conservation measures, isolated ecosystems, endemic species). b. may have negative consequences for human activities, health and/or economic interests (e.g. are pests, pathogens or vectors of disease) Documenting impacts of marine invaders is a subject of hot debate. The evidence and nature of the impact of invasive species on particular ecosystems and habitats are often unclear and it appears that it is the interaction between invaders and other anthropogenic stresses that inluence the impact (RUIZ et al., 1999). Invasion success depends not only on the invader’s advantage over potential native enemies/competitors but also on the environmental characteristics of the host ecosystem (primarily species richness and disturbance) and the level of stress already Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 imposed on it (SIMBERLOFF, 1989 ; RIBERA, 1995; COHEN & CARLTON, 1998; GOODWIN et al., 1999; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2000; KEANE & CRAWLEY, 2002). The adverse impacts of invasive species on genetics, populations, ecosystems and economics in the Mediterranean have been discussed to some extent in synthetic studies (BOUDOURESQUE, 1994 ; BOUDOURESQUE & RIBERA, 1994; VERLAQUE, 1994; RIBERA, 1995; GOLANI, 1998; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2000; 2001; 2002a; 2002b; GALIL, 2000a, and 2000b; ZIBROWIUS, 2002 ; BOUDOURESQUE & VERLAQUE, 2002a and 2002b; GALIL & ZENETOS, 2002; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI & SAVINI, 2003; GOFAS & ZENETOS, 2003). In the Mediterranean, stressed environments (polluted or physically degraded) appear to be more prone to invasion than pristine sites (RIBERA & BOUDOURESQUE, 1995, GALIL, 2000b; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2000; RIBERA SIGUAN, 2002; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI & SAVINI, 2003). The fact that mariculture introductions are mostly restricted to lagoonal or estuarine habitats and vessel-transported aliens to polluted harbours (ZIBROWIUS, 1992), environments that are known for their low biodiversity, support this theory. A recent study of macrofouling organisms concluded that many more species are found in a polluted than in a non-polluted marina (KOÇAK et al., 1999). However, there are suggestions of the opposite. According to KLEIN et al., (2005) there is no relationship between the number of introductions, diversity of the host ecosystem and disturbance acting on the community when examining the impact of introduced macrophytes on the shallow subtidal macrophytic assemblages along the French Mediterranean coast. 91 Invasive records A number of alien species have been described as invasive or locally invasive by different authors in different parts of the Mediterranean. The qualiication as invasive is based on their proliferation, and/or their geographical spread and/or impact on native populations. The Worst Invasive Species among them are presented below per ecofunctional/ taxonomic group. 1. Fish The term invasive is debatable if used for describing the present situation in the Levantine Sea given the lack of reliable information on distribution and abundance prior to the opening of Suez Canal (GOLANI, 1998). Notwithstanding, deinite changes in ish assemblages in the Levantine ecosystem have been attributed to Lessepsian migrants (GOLANI et al., 2002; GOREN & GALIL, 2005; HARMELIN-VIVIEN et al., 2005; SAAD, 2005). Eighteen of the alien ish species were already considered as very common and of positive economic importance by GOLANI et al. (2002). These are: Alepes djedaba, Atherinomorus lacunosus, Dussumieria elopsoides, Etrumeus teres, Gymnammodytes semisquamatus, Hemiramphus far, Herklotsichthys punctatus, Liza carinata, Sargocentron rubrum, Saurida undosquamis, Scomberomorus commerson, Siganus luridus, S. rivulatus, Sillago sihama, Sphyraena chrysotaenia, Solea senegalensis, Upeneus moluccensis and Upeneus pori. Seriola fasciata and Fistularia commersonii now have to be added to that list, following recent records of their spread across the Mediterraenan. Abundant populations of alien ish without direct economic use are also included in the worst IAS since they are considered as pests, an economic burden to ishermen who have to discard them from their gear (GOLANI et al., 2002: Sphoeroides pach92 ygaster, Cynoglossus sinusarabici, Stephanolepis diaspros, Lagocephalus spadiceus, Lagocephalus suezensis and Callionymus ilamentosus). 2. Zoobenthos/Mollusca Ten species of molluscs have been described as locally invasive: the gastropods Cerithium scabridum, Rhinoclavis kochi, Strombus persicus and Bursatella leachi and the bivalves Pinctada radiata and Brachidontes pharaonis in the eastern Mediterranean, the gastropod Rapana venosa and the bivalves Anadara inaequivalvis, Musculista senhousia, and Xenostrobus securis in the northern Adriatic and the western Mediterranean lagoons (GOFAS & ZENETOS, 2003). In addition, the bivalves Chama paciica and Spondylus spinosus have been regarded as invasive in the Levantine (ZENETOS et al., 2004) and in the western Mediterranean lagoons Crepidula fornicata has been found to compete with commercial shellish (BLANCHARD, 1996). When assessing the scale and impact of ship transported alien fauna in the Mediterranean ZIBROWIUS (2002) regarded the following molluscan species as invasive, primarily based on their spread: Crepidula aculeata (Alicante harbour Spain), Anadara demiri (in the Adriatic and Aegean Seas along with the aforementioned A. inaequivalvis) and Mya arenaria (with mass proliferation in the Berre lagoon near Marseilles). More recently the bivalve Musculista senhousia also proliferated in Berre lagoon. Bivalves originally imported for aquaculture purposes such as the venus clam Ruditapes philippinarum, the Paciic oyster Crassostrea gigas and Anadara inaequivalvis are well known examples of negative impact caused by alien species in the Mediterranean, as it has been demonstrated in the case of the Venice lagoon. They are out-competing native species (OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2000) and their harvesting has Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 caused heavy stress on bottom communities and the whole lagoon ecosystem (OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2002b; PRANOVI et al., 2003; 2004). The cryptogenic shipworm Teredo navalis can be included here, being one of the most effective and harmful marine invaders (HOPPE, 2002). 3. Zoobenthos/Polychaeta Various species have been considered as invasive in various parts of the Mediterranean. Pomatoleios kraussii has been highly successful in the Levantine basin (Lebanon, G. Bitar & H. Zibrowius, unpublished; Iskenderun Bay, M.E. Çinar, unpublished), Hydroides elegans, H. dianthus and Spirorbis marioni in harbour environments all over the Mediterranean. In addition to P. kraussii, various other lessepsian serpulids spread over the Levantine area. Among these, Hydroides minax now seems to be omnipresent and may locally have particular dense populations. Of the soft bottom species Branchiomma luctuosum, Polydora cornuta, Streblospio gynobranchiata, Leonnates persicus and Pseudonereis anomala have to be added to the worst IAS (ÇINAR et al., 2002; 2005; ÇINAR & ERGEN, 2005; KAMBOUROGLOU & NICOLAIDOU, 2006). 4. Zoobenthos/Crustacea A number of alien decapod crustaceans have been described as abundant in the Mediterranean. More common are: Charybdis helleri and Charybdis longicollis (the latter constituting 70 % of the benthic biomass on sandy-silt bottoms off the Israeli coast (GALIL, 1986). Further species have been described as either abundant or very abundant and have an impact on the environment and/or the economy (GALIL et al., 2002): Dyspanopeus sayi (very abundant in the Venice lagoon), Marsupenaeus japonicus (very abundant in the Levantine and southern Turkey), Metapenaeus monoceros, M. stebbingi, Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 and Penaeus semisulcatus (abundant along the Levantine coast), Callinectes sapidus (common in Greece), Portunus pelagicus (abundant along the Levantine since the 1920’s, presently rare), Melicertus hathor (locally common and of some commercial importance in Iskenderun Bay), and Erugosquilla massavensis (abundant in the eastern Levantine and southeastern Turkey). In addition, the decapods Libinia dubia (in Tunisia), Rithropanopaeus harrissi (established in North Adriatic lagoons along with Dispanopeus sayi), and the amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus (Levantine Sea and Venice lagoon) have been regarded as invasive (ZIBROWIUS, 2002). The shrimps Alpheus lobidens and A. edwardsii have also been reported as invasive in the Eastern Mediterranean (GALIL & ZENETOS, 2002). The Atlantic crab Percnon gibessi, irst recorded in the central Mediterranean (RELINI et al, 2000) has rapidly spread to the western and eastern Mediterranean (THESSALOULEGAKI et al., 2006). 5. Zoobenthos/Miscellanea ZIBROWIUS (2002) regarded the following species as invasive primarily based on their spread: Oculina patagonica (Scleractinian coral reported in Spain, Ligurian coast of Italy, Alexandria, Lebanon, Israel and recently in Turkey and Greece); the ascidian Microcosmus exasperatus (dense populations in Mediterranean harbours). The echinoderm Asterina burtoni has been regarded as invasive in the Eastern Mediterranean (GALIL & ZENETOS, 2002). In addition, the bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata was discovered to have a profound impact on the bryozoan community by colonizing all possible hard substrata in the Lagoon of Venice and out competing the native species (OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2000; OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI & SAVINI, 2003). However, the synergy between the invader and the stress already imposed in the ecosystem is not clear 93 (OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2000). Two foraminiferan species, namely, Amphistegina lobifera and Amphisorus hemprichii show invasive characteristics. A. lobifera populations have been expanded to such an extent that the dead tests locally accumulated as a 30-60cm thick layer on the sea bed [Antalya, Kaş, Kekova, Beş Adalar and Üç Adalar] (MERIÇ et al., 2002 ; 2004; YOKES & MERIC, 2004). Amphistegina lobifera has been reported on the Eastern Mediterranean coasts as far as Cyprus (HYAMS et al., 2002) and Amphisorus hemprichii has been reported in Southwestern Turkey and Israel (B. Yokes, pers. commun.) 6. Parasites Parasites are ubiquitous and pervasive in marine systems, yet their role in marine invasions is relatively unexplored. Although data on parasites of marine organisms exist, the extent to which parasites can mediate marine invasions, or the extent to which invasive parasites and pathogens are responsible for infecting or potentially decimating native marine species have not been examined. Parasitic copepods that infect shellish have been widely introduced with the transport and culture of bivalves. Mytilicola orientalis and Myicola ostrae are both parasitic copepods of the Paciic oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Asia, where they are native. Both species infect native bivalves and M. orientalis is considered a serious pest (HOLMES & MINCHIN, 1995). 7. Zooplankton The zooplanktonic jellyish Rhopilema nomadica have been reported as invasive in the Levantine (Eastern Mediterranean) (GALIL et al., 1990). The jellyish has entered the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal in the 1970s, and since the mid 1980s forms large swarms annually along the Levantine coast. When the jellyish swarms draw nearer shore they adversely affect tourism, isheries 94 and coastal installations. 8. Phytoplankton Algal species responsible for the occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms have been regarded as invasive. The toxics Alexandrium catenella, Ostreopsis ovata and Coolia monotis and the non toxic dinolagellate Alexandrium taylori have been detected in the western Mediterranean (PENNA et. al., 2005; GIACOBBE & YANG, 1999; GARCÉS et al., 1999; GARCÉS et al., 2000; SIMONI et al., 2003, 2004; BASTERREXTEA et al., 2005), and also in Greece (STRATEGY Workshop, 2004). Alexandrium catenella toxic blooms have been reported in the western Mediterranean (GARCÉS et al., 2000; VILA et al., 2001) and concern has been raised about the eastern Mediterranean (MIKHAIL, 2001) for the same species. The presence of Gymnodinium catenatum in the western Mediterranean has also been perceived as a probable ‘protagonist of future red tides events’ (GÓMEZ & CLAUSTRE, 2001) but has not been included in the worst IAS as it is regarded a potentially invasive species. 9. Phytobenthos Many authors have provided lists of invasive macrophytes in Mediterranean. WALLENTINUS (2002) for example has provided a different aspect where 25 macroalgae are considered as invasive and nine as highly invasive. A more accurate account has been provided by Mediterranean experts. Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa aff. var. cylindracea are perhaps the most notorious invaders in the Mediterranean. In many cases their invasive spread has radically altered the structure and function of native ecosystems causing a decrease in macrofaunal and macroalgal biodiversity (RUITTON & BOUDOURESQUE, 1994 ; BOUDOURESQUE et al., 1995; HARMELIN-VIVIEN et al., 1996 ; CECCHERELLI & CAMPO, Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 2002; BALATA et al., 2004; PIAZZI et al., 2005; RUITTON et al., 2005). In fact the invasive proliferation of Caulerpa taxifolia, the ‘killer algae’ (MEINESZ, 1999), consists the most infamous example of the impact of invasive species in the Mediterranean. According to BOUDOURESQUE & VERLAQUE (2002a), and references therein, at least eight phytobenthic species can be described as invasive organisms in the Mediterranean as “they play a conspicuous role in the recipient ecosystems, becoming the dominant species and/or taking the place of keystone species”. These are: Acrothamnion preissii in western Italy, Asparagopsis armata in the north-western basin, Lophocladia lallemandii in the Balearic Islands, Womersleyella setacea in western Italy, Corsica and the Aegean Sea, Sargassum muticum in Thau lagoon, France, Stypopodium schimperi in the eastern Mediterranean, especially along the Levantine coasts, Caulerpa racemosa aff. var. cylindracea in various localities throughout the Mediterranean and Caulerpa taxifolia along the French and Italian Rivieras. An additional species, Halophila stipulacea in the Eastern Mediterranean, can be tentatively added to this list. A speciic study on algal introductions to European waters (ALIENS project: VERLAQUE et al., 2005) considered as generally invasive the following species: Asparagopsis armata, Heterosiphonia japonica, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Colpomenia peregrina, Codium fragile, Grateloupia turuturu, Antithamnion pectinatum and Undaria pinnatiida. Discussion Of the examined records about 23% are excluded. A total of 745 alien species are reported, 98 of which (13%) are questionable records. The available information depends greatly on the taxonomic group examined. The establishment success per ecofunctional/ taxonomic group is shown in Figure 2. In the sections that follow the state of art in species Fig. 2: Establishment success per ecofunctional Pycnogonida/taxonomic group. Miscellanea (zoobenthos) include Foraminifera, Echinodermata, Ascidiacea, Cnidaria, Sipuncula, Pycnogonida, Enteropneusta, Porifera and Bryozoa. Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 95 diversity and distribution and in alien monitoring per ecofunctional/taxonomic group is discussed. to the increased interest of malacologists and the relatively easy collection/identiication of mollusca. 1. Fish Fish is a well studied group in the Mediterranean. The paper version of the CIESM atlas (GOLANI et al., 2002) enumerated 90 alien species. By December 2005 the updated CIESM check-list of alien species included 8 more species (CIESM on line, 2005). As with all groups, more intensive observations and modiications of the status of the already reported species, have increased the number of aliens which is now 110 species. Species of uncertain origin, reported in latest publications such as that of SAAD (2005) are tentatively classiied as questionable. Nomenclature composes the major concern for monitoring alien ish species. Considering that Oficial Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology is not updated, we normally use the FISHBASE names that are generally used by ichthyologists. The FISHBASE is not a perfect instrument; for example, Mugil soiuy Basilewsky, 1855 and Chelon haematocheilus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) are both listed as valid names in FISHBASE as separated species. However, there is presently no other common reference point for ichthyologists world-wide and it is the reference list for “Species 2000 catalogue of life”. 3. Zoobenthos/Polychaeta Absence of an updated monograph of polychaetes covering all families is an obstacle for determining changes in polychaete diversity in the Mediterranean. FAUVEL’s outdated fauna (1923; 1927) is still widely used for identifying polychaetes, leading to erroneous lists and confusions as a number of species have been synonymized or proved to be absent in the Mediterranean while many additional species were discovered. However, promising attempts have been recently made in the understanding of the superfamily Aphroditoidea (BARNICH & FIEGE, 2003), and the families Glyceridae (BÖGGEMANN, 2002), Goniadidae (BÖGGEMANN, 2005) and Syllidae (SAN MARTÍN, 2003). Within Polychaeta, more reliable evidence of Lessepsian migration is only known in Nereidae and Serpulidae. Records of alien species within the families Syllidae, Cirratulidae, Maldanidae, Terebellidae seem to be speculative. Another possibility, that should not be neglected, is that the seemingly IndoPaciic species recognized in the Mediterranean might be Miocene relicts. Currently 69 species are described as valid records. 2. Zoobenthos/Mollusca Mollusca are also well studied in the Mediterranean. By the end of 2002, 139 alien species were recorded and 62 species were excluded as spurious records (GOFAS & ZENETOS, 2003). As suggested by GOFAS & ZENETOS (2003), there is still a pool of about 90 species reported from the Suez Canal, which are likely to be found in the Mediterranean in the near future. Indeed, the number of molluscan alien species has increased to 196, of which 31 are recorded as questionable. The rate of increase is due 96 4. Zoobenthos/Crustacea (85 species) 4.1. Decapoda A well studied group with a recent inventory (D’ UDEKEM D’ACOZ, 1999), a photographic website of the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the adjacent continental waters decapoda (CRUSTIKON) and the CIESM atlas with regular updates online 4.2. Amphipoda There are few alien species documented even on a worldwide scale. Although there are a lot of carcinological studies in the Mediterranean, very few have been identiied as Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 aliens which represent 1.7% of the total amphipod fauna of the region (KOCATAŞ et al., 2002). The recent inventories of BELLAN-SANTINI et al., (1998), BELLANSANTINI & COSTELLO (2001), BELLAN-SANTINI & RUFFO (2003) and the AMPHIPODA homepage, accurately list the species’ distribution. However, as BELLANSANTINI & RUFFO (2003) report “….we have no conirmation on the true origin of these species…”. 4.3. Isopoda One of the least studied groups; not even an inventory exists for the whole Mediterranean. Effort is increasing, but at a regional scale: covering Spain only (JUNOY & CASTELLÓ, 2003) and Italy (ARGANO et al, 1995). Collections from Lebanon are under current study by J. Castelló (Barcelona, Spain) and it is assumed that some Indo-Paciic species not yet reported will be ‘discovered’. A new species known from tropical areas was recorded in Salerno harbour (Tyrrhenian Sea, southern Italy): it is probably Mesanthura romulea (LORENTI et al., in press). 4.4. Tanaidacea Relatively few comprehensive faunal lists of Tanaidacea exist. The only recent comprehensive study of this group in the Mediterranean by S. Riggio tends to cover the fauna observed in Italy (ARGANO et al., 1995). The collection from the Lebanon studied by R. Bamber (pers. commun.) bears no evidence of newcomers from the Red Sea. 5. Zoobenthos/Miscellanea (66 species) 5.1. Arthropoda / pycnogonida Four species have been recorded so far, three of which are established. The taxon is well studied in Italy and France and in addition to a review in 1987 (ARNAUD, 1987) there are regular updates on the distribution of the species in Italy including alien ones Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 (CHIMENZ GUSSO & LATTANZI, 2003). 5.2. porifera Studies on Porifera in general in the Mediterranean and Red Seas are poor. To the very experienced J. Vacelet, the identiications and interpretations, by BURTON (1936) and TSURNAMAL (1969) do not seem reliable (J. Vacelet, pers. commun.). It is therefore dificult to compare the species new to the Mediterranean with the Red Sea fauna since the Red Sea sponge fauna is not well known. Hence, the presence of Red Sea species in the SE Mediterranean cannot be excluded. A recent collection from the Lebanon included two new species which cannot be aliens from the Red Sea (PEREZ et al., 2004). But incertitudes prevail concerning other species under study. 5.3. Ascidiacea Ascidians have a great invasive potential, and their expansion in the Mediterranean harbours and marinas since the seventies is well documented. Interest has revived and Italian (MASTROTOTARO & DAPPIANO, 2005), and Spanish (RAMOS et al., 1992) experts are examining material from Mediterranean ports. To ascertain the spread of Microcosmus squamiger and M. exasperatus in the Mediterranean, the material in the collection of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, was re-examined and the identiicatiion of specimens previously classiied as M. exasperatus revised. The results show that specimens unambiguously attributable to M. squamiger are common in Spain, France, Italy and Morocco (TURON & NISHIKAWA, 2005; A. Ramos pers. commun). This instance illustrates the crucial importance of taxonomy in studies of invasive species. 5.4. Cnidaria/Anthozoa The Mediterranean is the irst area in the world where the invasion by an alien scleractinian coral has been reported. The coral in 97 question is now commonly known as Oculina patagonica and is considered to be of temperate Atlantic-South American origin. This invasive coral in the Mediterranean was hypothesised (ZIBROWIUS, 1974) to be the same species as a coral described from the Holocene beach deposit from Argentina. The invasive Mediterranean form still needs to be compaired with live samples from the presumed area of origin. It is exceptional that a scleractinian coral invades a distant area. The second case recognized is the spreading of Tubastraea over the tropical American Atlantic. Cnidaria/Hydrozoa The knowledge of the biogeography of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa is far from being complete not only due to the continuous recording of new species in the basin, but also due to insuficient or geographically too concentrated research efforts, so leading to ineficient coverage of distribution areas. All presently known Mediterranean hydrozoan species including hydroids, hydromedusae and siphonophores are well covered in the recent book of BOUILLON et al. (2004). Species newly entered the Mediterranean basin via the Suez canal were irst compiled by POR (1978). According to BOUILLON et al 2004, not many of Por’s records were noticed until recent times. A modest collection from Lebanon is under study. The study of the Hydrozoa of the Alboran Sea has led to many new records of Atlantic origin which are however not treated in this study. 5.5. bryozoa Bryozoans are common components of fouling communities and can disperse over long distances on rafting substrates. Despite these capacities, the number of non-indigenous species recorded in the Mediterranean is relatively modest (ROSSO, 2003; D’HONDT, in press). The latest record 98 presented as an alien was Pherusella brevituba, which was collected from Ustica Island in 1996 growing on Posidonia leaves (CHIMENZ GUSSO & D’HONDT, 2005). Together with other species of Bryozoa previously recorded in Italian waters, it should better be considered a cryptogenic species, being inconspicuous and belonging to a dificult taxonomic group. 5.6. foraminifera It is far more dificult to document the invasion of alien meiofaunal elements into the Mediterranean Sea, as early records are signiicantly scarce. However, benthic foraminifera have a good preservation potential and may be present in large numbers, tending to leave behind a superior record of their presence over time, in comparison with macrofaunal elements. A recent, extensive study on benthic foraminifera from the shallow continental shelf along the SE Mediterranean (HYAMS, 2001) indicates that nearly 20% of the local Foraminifera species are suspected to be of an exotic origin. The ability to make this estimation may in part be attributed to the recent publication of the Atlas of Recent Foraminiferida of the Gulf of Aqaba (HOTTINGER et al., 1993) and modern compilations of Mediterranean species (YANKO et al., 1998), which enable comparison of the benthic Foraminifera assemblages in both regions. According to B. Yokes (pers. commun.) in Turkish waters there are more than 30 alien lessepsian Foraminifera species. The new indings are to be published by the local scientists. 6. Parasites Parasites of Mediterranean lessepsian immigrants have been investigated very little over the years pioneered by Ilan Paperna in the early 70s. Only few scientists have been looking for parasitological aspects in the wild. Alien monogeneans have been reported more commonly from freshwater ish Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 species than from marine ishes. In an early parasitological study of Lessepsian Siganidae, the digenean Hysterolecitha sigani was mentioned from the rabbitish Siganus luridus and S. rivulatus (DIAMANT, 1989). Later studies concluded that there is no serious data on potentially Lessepsian trematodes (DIAMANT, 1998). Cymothoids (Isopoda) are a group of crustaceans typically parasitic of teleost ishes. However, they are poorly studied animals and some groups remain completey undescribed. Studies of parasitic isopods on Lessepsian ish are in progress in the Levantine. The best known parasites in the Mediterranean are the benthic copepods Mytilicola orientalis and Myicola ostreae on oyster beds. They were likely introduced with infected oysters imported for culture. A rhizocephalan barnacle, Heterosaccus dollfusi, followed its portunid host crab, Charybdis longicollis, from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean Sea (GALIL & LÜTZEN, 1998). Other reports of rhizocephalans introduced with their hosts are anecdotal and lack conirmation (TORCHIN et al., 2002). 7. Zooplankton Only 18 zooplanktonic alien species seem to be well established in the Mediterranean, while 32 are considered casual or questionable records. The continuity of the marine pelagic environment, as well as the seasonality of species appearance have to be considered as the most important causes of this lack of information (VAN DER SPOEL, 1994). The eastern Mediterranean zooplankton have been distinctly understudied until the second half of the 20th century while a large number of species of Atlantic origin found in the Western Basin during the past century have been reported without any attempt to discriminate if their presence was due to natural water exchange or human mediation. Moreover, the huge increase of Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 aquaculture and commercial and tourism activities during the last century have obviously enhanced the transport of planktonic species in ballast waters. Relatively few seem to be planktonic lessepsian migrants, even though it is believed that their contribution will increase with time, due to the decreasing of the Nile fresh water inlow into the Mediterranean and lower salinity in the Bitter lakes (HALIM, 1990). 8. Phytoplankton The list of Mediterranean Indo-Paciic taxa is full of dubious or poorly known species. As an example of a recent Erythrean invader Ceratium egyptiacum was reported by HALIM (1990). The taxon shows variable morphology associated with the stress of environmental changes (salinity > 47psu) in the Suez Canal (DOWIDAR, 1972). It was reported only from the proximity of the Suez Canal, with no records in the Indian or Paciic Oceans. The absence of information on several groups such as the dinolagellates before the opening of the Suez Canal hinders attempts to determine biogeographical origins of present Mediterranean species (GÓMEZ, 2005). HALIM (1990) reported a tentative list of 17 Mediterranean Indo-Paciic species. Most of these dinolagellates have been also reported in the Tyrrhenian Sea. However, the Indo-Paciic origin of these species is questionable due to the fact they were also reported in the Atlantic. Furthermore, as with many other groups, several of the species are dubious or invalid taxa. Results of recent EU funded research projects such as STRATEGY as well as compiled works for a few countries have been considered in this update i.e. LAKKIS (1984; 1990), LAKKIS & ZEIDANE (1988; 2004), LAKKIS et al. (1990; 1996; 2002), MALT et al. (1989) (Lebanon); SIMONI et al. (2003) (Italy), VILLA et al. (2001) (Spain), KORAY (2002) (Turkey). One of the latest indings is the planktonic diatom Skeletonema tropicum which was 99 found for the irst time in the Gulf of Naples, in the autumn of 2002 (SARNO et al., 2005) and seems to be established in the Gulf. 9. Phytobenthos A well studied group with many representatives. Easy access to alien plants and high level of expertise at Mediterranean scale has resulted in the recognition of a high number of aliens especially in transitional waters (west Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea lagoons). However, many species considered as introduced in literature are under criticism. To a great extend this was due to the chaos in nomenclature and literature. The issue is partly resolved in a recent review (CORMACI et al., 2004) which is further updated in the current work. The establishment success still remains unclear for some records. Discrepancies were brought forward among specialists and the results of the ALIENS project (VERLAQUE et al., 2005). However, genetics along with mophological studies are expected to further clarify the situation. For example, Asparagopsis taxiformis is a red alga, originally described from an Egyptian specimen (DELILE, 1813), but considered a cosmopolitan member of subtropical and tropical communities worldwide. A debate has risen whether the species is introduced, or native. In this work, Asparagopsis taxiformis is proposed to be excluded (tethyan relict), along with Acanthophora naydaformis although they are considered as invasive by some Mediterranean specialists. Genetic studies in A. taxiformis have demonstrated that several strains co-occur in the Mediterranean and one of them is deinitely introduced (ANDREAKIS et al., 2004). The same situation applies for Desmarestia viridis; it is believed that the strains reported in the coastal lagoons have been introduced with oysters imported from NE Atlantic or NW Paciic (M. Verlaque pers. commun.). 100 Conclusions The number of alien biota in the Mediterranean appears to be underestimated. Some hot spot areas for possible species introductions such as the coast of the Levantine basin, North Africa coasts, big commercial harbours and estuarine areas are not well studied. The biased scientiic interest towards taxa with well-known taxonomy and established historical distribution records (e.g. benthic organisms, ish) coupled with the chaos in nomenclature and fragmentary and sporadic information have lead to a possible underestimation of the extent of aliens’ presence particularly of the small, less-conspicuous, less-studied species. Thus, despite the collective effort, the information presented in these annotated lists depends greatly on the taxonomic group examined. On-going monitoring studies along the coasts of the Mediterranean reveal continuous changes in the biodiversity of the region and evidence new alien species. At the same time genetics becomes an increasingly powerful tool in further investigating the identity and origin of many species that, constitute complexes of what may be cryptogenic or sibling (closely related) species. Most studies focus on ecological problems and omit the precise identiication of species collected. This is mainly due to the lack of funding for supporting essentially systematic studies and concomitantly the extinction of taxonomists. Over the last 5 years the scientiic interest on alien species in the Mediterranean has revived and many new aliens are recorded each year. Within 2006, at least ten new alien species have been recorded, nine of them in the eastern Mediterranean. Services like the new on-line journal “Aquatic Invasions” (http://www.aquaticinvasions.ru), ensure a rapid publication and communication of new indings. In order to maintain a valid list of the alien species in the Mediterranean, it becomes necessary to ensure its continuous updating and revision and promote more systematic Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 efforts supported by modern taxonomical tools such as genetics. tributions to this project are gratefully acknowledged. Addendum Fish: Daniel Golani (Israel); Adib Saad (Syria), Maria Corsini-Foka (Greece) Mollusca: Baki Yokes (Turkey); Serhat Albayrak (Turkey); Jose Templado (Spain) Amphipoda: Denise Bellan-Santini (France); Sandro Ruffo (Italy) foraminifera: Baki Yokes (Turkey); Ahuva Almogi-Labin (Israel) porifera: Eleni Voultsiadou (Greece); Jean Vacelet (France) pycnogonida: Valerio Bartolino (Italy); Roger Bamber (U.K.) Ascidia: Alfonso Ramos (Spain) zooplankton: Sami Lakkis (Lebanon); Ahmet Kideys (Turkey); Ioanna Siokou-Frangou (Greece); Jean Paul Casanova (France) phytoplankton: Fernando Gómez (France), Sami Lakkis (Lebanon); Kalliopi Pagou, Olympia Gotsis-Skretas (Greece) phytobenthos: Inger Wallentinus (Sweden), Athanasios Athanasiadis (Sweden); Jose Rico (Spain); Marc Verlaque (France). After the original deadline of December 2005, additional alien species have been recognized. The following 10 species are just those that came to our attention. These are: a. the Indo-Paciic crab Charybdis feriata caught in a gillnet off Barcelona (ABELLÓ & HISPANO, 2006) b. the isopod Cymothoa indica parasitizing mainly barracudas (Sphyraenidae) from Lebanon (TRILLES & BARICHE, 2006) c. the parasitic cymothoid isopod Anilocra pilchardi n. sp., from off Lebanon (BARICHE & TRILLES, 2006) d. the western Atlantic ascidian Distaplia bermudensis, found for the irst time in 2000 at Taranto (Ionian Sea, southern Italy), where an abundant population of colonies is now present (MASTROTOTARO & BRUNETTI, 2006); e. the Indo-Paciic mantis shrimp Clorida albolitura from Ashdod, Israel (AHYONG & GALIL, 2006); f. the needle-spined urchin Diadema setosum from off Kaş peninsula, Turkey (YOKES & GALIL, 2006); g. the ish Platax teira captured off Bodrum (S. Turkey), possibly a specimen escaped from aquaculture facilities (BILECENOĞLU & KAYA, 2006); h. the ish Parupeneus forsskali, from Tasuηu (Levantine coast of Turkey) (ÇINAR et al., 2006); i. the ish Nemipterus japonicus from Haifa Bay (GOLANI & SONIN, 2006) and j. the ish Decapterus russelli from Haifa Bay (GOLANI, 2006) Acknowledgements Taxonomic expertise for identifying organisms was provided by the following individuals, whose generous efforts and conMedit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 63-118 References ABELLÓ, P. & HISPANO, C., 2006. The capture of the Indo-Paciic crab Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Invasions, 1 (1): 13-16. http:// www.aquaticinvasions.ru/2006/AI_ 2006_1_1_Abello_Hispano.pdf AHYONG, S.T. & GALIL, B.S., 2006. First Mediterranean record of the Indo-West Paciic mantis shrimp, Clorida albolitura Ahyong & Naiyanetr, 2000 (Stomatopoda, Squillidae). Aquatic Invasions, 1(3): 191-193. ALEEM, A.A., 1948. 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